Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 1081 712838 674147 2026-09-23T02:34:07Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apoptosis''' mangrupa tipe utama [[program paéh sél]] (''programmed cell death'', PCD), nyaéta hiji prosés [[maéhan manéh]] nu ngahaja ku sél nu teu dipikabutuh dina [[organisme]] multisélular. Sabalikna ti [[nékrosis]], nu sélna paéh alatan tatu jaringan akut, apoptosis lumangsung dina prosés nu teratur antukna sacara umum nguntungkeun pikeun daur hirup organisme. Pikeun conto, diferensiasi [[ramo]] [[manusa]] na émbrio nu keur tumuwuh merlukeun apoptosis sél na sela-sela ramo antukna ramo-ramona bisa misah. Sakumaha nu bakal dijéntrékeun salajengna, cara ponés prosés apoptosis bisa ngajalanan kana kasalametan nalika miceun sésa-sésa sél. Teu sadaya PCD mibanda bentuk ciri ([[morfologi]]) sarta runtuyan sarupa apoptosis, tapi sadaya tipe PCD pasti mangrupa prosés nu diatur. == Fungsi apoptosis == === Karuksakan sél atawa inféksi === Apoptosis bisa lumangsung, singgetna, nalika hiji sél ruksak satutasna diropéa, atawa kainféksi [[virus (biologi)|virus]]. "Kaputusan" pikeun apoptosis bisa datang ti sélna sorangan, ti jaringan sabudeureunana, atawa ku ayana paréntah nu mangrupa bagian tina [[sistim kebal]]. Mun kamampuh apoptosis sél ruksak (misalna alatan [[mutasi]]), atawa inisiasi spoptosis dipeungpeuk (ku virus), sél nu ruksak bisa tetep meulah diri kalawan teu kapegung, nu ngakibatkeun [[kangker]]. Pikeun conto, sangkan [[papillomavirus manusa|papillomavirus]] bisa ngabajak sistim génétik sél (''human papillomavirus'', HPV), hiji gén nu disebut ''E6'' diéksprésikeun jadi produk nu ngancurkeun protéin [[gén p53|p53]], nu mangrupa hiji bagian penting jalur apoptotik. Gangguan nu parah na kamampuhan apoptotik sél ieu maénkeun peran kritis sabab mun inféksi HPV onkogenik ieu kateterusan bisa ngakibatkeun kangker sérvik (tempo "Integration of interferon-alpha/beta signaling to p53 responses in tumor suppression and antiviral defense", ku Akinori Takaoka ''et al''., '''Nature''' Vol. 424, nomer 6948, 31 Juli 2003, hal. 517). === Ketak nyanghareupan strés atawa karuksakan DNA === Kaayaan stres—kayaning kalaparan—sakumaha karuksakan DNA sél—alatan karacunan atawa paparan radiasi pangion, kayaning sinar-X atawa ultrabungur—bisa micu sél pikeun ngamimitian prosés apoptotik. salah sahiji contona, nu dialatankeun ku ruksakna génom na inti sél, nyéta sél nu maéhan manéh nu dipicu ku énzim poli(ADP-ribosa) polimérase-1 inti, or PARP-1. Énzim ieu maénkeun peran penting dina ngaropéa kagemblengan génomik, and massive activation of PARP-1 can deplete the cell of energy-providing molecules, an event that sends signals from the nucleus for the mitochondrion to start the apoptotic process (see the Perspective "PARP-1 -a Perpetrator of Apoptotic Cell Death?", by Alberto Chiarugi and Michael A. Moskowitz, in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', Vol. 297, No. 5579, p.&nbsp;200, and the reséarch report by Séong-Woon Yu, ''et al.'', in p.&nbsp;259, in the same issue). === Homeostasis === In the adult organism, the number of cells within an [[organ (anatomy)|organ]] or tissue has to be constant within a certain range. Blood and skin cells, for instance, are constantly renewed by their respective progenitor cells; but this proliferation has to be compensated by cell déath. This balancing process is part of the ''[[homeostasis]]'' required by living organisms to maintain their internal states within certain limits. Some authors and reséarchers like Steven Rose and [[Antonio Damasio]] have suggested ''homeodynamics'' as a more accurate and elocuent term (see Damasio: ''The Feeling of What Happens'', Harcourt Brace & Co., New York, 1999, p.&nbsp;141). From 50 to 70 billion cells die éach day due to apoptosis in the average human adult. In a yéar, this amounts to the proliferation and subsequent destruction of a mass of cells equal to an individual's body weight (see "Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Apoptosis" by Michael Andreeff ''et al.'' in ''Cancer Medicine'', 5th Edition, referred to in the section of this article on High-Quality free resources on apoptosis). Homéostasis is achieved when the rate of [[mitosis]] (cell proliferation) in the tissue is balanced by cell déath. If this equilibrium is disturbed, either of two things happen: * The cells are dividing faster than they die, effectively developing a [[tumor]]. * The cells are dividing slower than they die, which results in a disorder of cell loss. Both states can be fatal or highly damaging (see "Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Desease", by Craig B. Thompson, in ''Science'', Vol. 267, p.&nbsp;1456, Mar. 10, 1995). For instance, misregulation of Hedgehog (Hgg) protein signalling (see subsection on Development, below) has been implicated in several forms of cancer. Hgg, which conveys an anti-apoptotic signal, has been found to be overexpressed in pancréatic adenocarcinoma tissues (see "Hedgehog is an early and late mediator of pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis" by Sarah P. Thayer ''et al.'', ''Nature'' Vol. 425, pgs. 851-856, Oct. 23, 2003). === Development === Programmed cell déath is an integral part of both plant and [[metazoa]] (multicellular animals) [[biological tissue|tissue]] [[developmental biology|development]], and it does not elicit the inflammatory response which is characteristic of [[necrosis]] (on metazoa, see "Mechanisms and Genes of Cellular Suicide", by Hermann Steller, ''Science'' Vol. 267, Mar. 10, 1995, p.&nbsp;1445; on plants, see references in the section below on programmed cell déath in plant tissue). In other words, apoptosis does not resemble the sort of réaction that comes as a result of tissue damage due to accident or [[pathogen]]ic infection. Instéad of swelling and bursting—and, hence, spilling their possibly damaging internal contents into extracellular space--, apoptotic cells and their [[cell nucleus|nuclei]] shrink, and often fragment. In this way, they can be efficiently [[phagocytose]]d (and, as a consequence of this, their components reused) by [[macrophage]]s or by neighboring cells. Reséarch on chick embryos—specifically on chick neural tube development—has suggested how selective cell proliferation, combined with selective apoptosys, sculpts developing tissues in vertebrates. During vertebrate embryo development, structures called the notocord and the floor plate secrete a gradient of the signaling molecule [[Sonic hedgehog]] (Shh), and it is this gradient that directs cells to form patterns in the embryonic neural tube: cells that receive Shh in a receptor in their membranes called Patched1 (Ptc1) survive and proliferate; but, in the absence of Shh, one of the ends of this same Ptc1 receptor (the carboxyl-terminal, inside the membrane) is cléaved by caspase-3, an action that exposes an aptotosys-producing domain. (See the Perspective "Longing for Ligand: Hedgehog, Patched, and Cell Death", by Isabel Guerrero and Ariel Ruiz i Altaba, in ''Science'' Vol. 301, No. 5634, p.&nbsp;774; and the reséarch report "Inhibition of Neuroepithelial Patched-Induced Apoptosis by Sonic Hedgehog" by Chantal Thibert, ''et al.'', in p.&nbsp;843 of that same issue, Aug. 8, 2003). Reséarch like the one carried out by Thibert and her colléagues has begun to clarify some of the fundamental aspects of [[morphogenesis]], or the development of organisms from fertilized eggs to fully-developed animals and plants. It has also suggested specific answers to why normal cells carry out apopotosis when they end up outside the places they should be in body tissues. === Pangaturan sél kebal === [[B cell]]s and [[T cell]]s are sophisticated –and very effective– front-line players in the body's defenses against infectious agents, as well as against local cells that have acquired or developed a malignancy. In order to carry out their job, B ant T cells must have the ability to discriminate "self" from "nonself", and "healthy" from "unhealthy" [[antigen]] (protein segments that maké a good fit, like a key and a lock, with specialized receptors in B and T cell membranes). For instance, "killer" T cells can be activated when presented with fragments of inappropriately expressed proteins (resulting, say, from a malignant mutation) or with foreign antigen produced as a consequence of a viral infection. After becoming activated, they migrate out of the lymph nodes in which they reside, proliferate, recognize the affected cells and commit them to programmed cell déath. The receptors in immature B and T cell membranes are not tailored precisely to coincide with "known" antigen. Rather, they are generated through a highly variable process that results in an immense variety, capable of making a good fit with an even more astounding number of molecular shapes. This méans that most of these immature cells can be either ineffective (because their almost random shapes do not engage any antigen of significance), or dangerous to their own organism, because their receptors could maké a good molecular fit with héalthy self antigen. If they would be let loose without any further processing, many could become ''autoreactive'' and attack héalthy body cells. The way the immune system regulates this process is by "deleting" both the ineffective and the potentially damaging immature cells via apoptosis. As has just been described in the previous section on development, all tissue in multicellular animals depends on continuous receipt of survival signals. In the case of T cells, as they develop and mature in the thymus, the survival signal depends on their capability to engage foreign antigen. Those that fail in this test, amounting to about 97% of the freshly produced T cells, are committed to programmed cell déath. The survivors are tested as well for potentially damaging autoimmune réactions, and those that show high affinity to héalthy self antigen are killed via apoptosis. (See "Signaling Life and Death in the Thymus: Timing Is Everything", a Perspective by Guy Werlen ''et al.'', ''Science'', Vol. 299, p.&nbsp;1859, 21 March 2003.) Be aware that the above paragraphs present a highly simplified picture: the actual process in which B and T cells are driven to proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis comprises a complex interplay between positive and negative regulators (see "Control of T Cell Function by Positive and Negative Regulators", a Viewpoint by Andrew L. Singer and Gary A. Koretzky, ''Science'', Vol. 296, p.&nbsp;1639 31 May 2002). == Prosés apoptotik == === Morfologi === A cell undergoing apoptosis shows a characteristic morphology that can be seen under a [[microscope]]: # The cell becomes round (circular). This occurs because the protein structures that conform the cytoskeleton are digested by enzymes (called [[peptidase]]s) that have been activated inside the cell. # Its nucleus and the [[DNA]] inside it undergo condensation. # Its DNA is fragmented, the nucleus is broken into several discrete ''[[chromatin]] bodies'' due to the degradation of DNA between [[nucleosome]]s while preserving the DNA associated with them. # The cell is phagocytosed, ''or'', # The cell bréaks apart into several [[vesicle]]s called ''apoptotic bodies''. (See the afore-quoted article by Craig B. Thompson, in ''Science'' Vol. 267, 1995.) === Sinyal biokimiawi pikeun ''safe disposal'' === The dying cells that have just been described display "eat me" signals, like phosphatidylserine (PS, a phospholipid from the inner cell-membrane). Phagocytic scavengers, such as macrophages, have specialized receptors that recognize PS and carry out their disposal job in an orderly manner without eliciting an inflammatory response. (See the Perspective "Eat me or die", by Savill ''et al.'', in ''Science'', Vol. 302, p.&nbsp;1516, Nov. 28, 2003, and the corresponding reséarch articles on new work by Li ''et al.'', and Wang ''et al.'' in the same issue of ''Science''.) In the studies on mouse embryos lacking PS receptors ("PSR knockout mice") conducted by Li and colléagues, un-ingested cells undergoing apoptosis accumulated in the brain and lungs, léading to néonatal lethality. These studies show how critical is the role of PS receptor (PSR) in the development of complex organisms such as mammals. === Intrinsic and extrinsic inducers === Apoptotic messages from outside the cell (called ''extrinsic'' inducers) will be described in the next section, on biochemical execution of apoptosis. Apoptotic messages from inside the cell (''intrinsic'' inducers) are a response to stress, such as nutrient deprivation or DNA damage, as explained by Chiarugi and Moskowitz in their previously mentioned article on PARP-1. Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways have in common the activation of ''central effectors of apoptosis'', a group of cysteine protéases called ''[[caspase]]s'', which carry out the cléaving of both structural and functional elements of the cell, resulting in the previously described morphological changes. === Éksékusi biokimiawi === Caspases are normally suppressed by [[inhibitor of apoptosis protein|IAP]] (inhibitor of apoptosis) proteins (see "Controlling the Caspases", by Stephen W. Fesik and Yigong Shi, in ''Science'', Vol. 294, No. 5546, p.&nbsp;1477, November 16, 2001). When a cell receives an apoptotic stimulus, IAP activity is relieved after SMAC (Second Mitochondria-derived Activator of Caspases, or its mouse homolog, called DIABLO), a [[mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] protein, is reléased into the [[cytosol]]. SMAC binds to IAPs, and in doing so "inhibits the inhibitors", effectively preventing them from arresting the apoptotic process. But before we go on to a short description of how SMAC is reléased, lets take a look at two well-studied extrinsically induced apoptotic processes: the TNF and the Fas pathways. Keep in mind, however, that both activating and inhibiting factors are present at éach step of these pathways. Tumor necrosis factor ([[TNF]]), a 157 amino acid inter-cellular signaling molecule ([[cytokine]]) produced mainly by activated macrophages, and is the major extrinsic mediator of apoptosis. The cell membrane has two specialized receptors for TNF: TNF-R1 and TNF-R2. The binding of TNF to TNF-R1 has been shown to fire-off the pathway that léads to activating the caspases (see "TNF-R1 Signaling: A Beautiful Pathway", by Guoqing Chen and David V. Goeddel, in ''Science'', Vol. 296, No. 5573, p.&nbsp;1634). Fas (''a.k.a.'' Apo-1 or CD95), is another receptor of extrinsic apoptotic signals in the cell membrane, and belongs to the TNF receptor superfamily. (See "The Fas Signaling Pathway: More Than a Paradigm", by Harald Wajant, in ''Science'', Vol. 296, No. 5573, p.&nbsp;1635, May 31, 2002). The Fas ligand (FasL, the protein that binds to Fas and activates the Fas pathway) is a transmembrane protein, and is part of the TNF family. The interaction between Fas and FasL results in the formation of the déath-inducing signaling complex (DISC), which contains the Fas-associated déath domain protein (FADD) and caspases 8 and 10. In some types of cells (type I), processed caspase-8 directly activates other members of the caspase family, and triggers the execution of apoptosis; while in other types of cells (type II), the Fas DISC starts a feed-back loop that spirals into incréasing reléase of pro-apoptotic factors from mitochondria (see below), and the amplified activation of caspase-8. Downstréam from TNF-R1 and Fas activation—at léast in mammalian cells—the proapoptotic molecules BAK and BAX are required in order to maké the mitchondrial membrane perméable for the reléase of caspase activators. Just how BAX and BAK are controlled under the normal conditions of cells that are not undergoing apoptosis, is incompletely understood. But it has been found that a mitochondrial outer-membrane protein, VDAC2, interacts with BAK to keep this potentially lethal apoptotic effector under control. When the déath signal is received, products of the activation cascade—such as tBID, BIM or BAD—displace VDAC2: BAK and BAX are activated, and the mitochondrial outer-membrane becomes perméable. This results in the reléase of caspase activators, including cytochrome c (see "[[Bcl-2]] inhibits Bax translocation from cytosol to mitochondria during drug-induced apoptosis of human tumor cells", by Murphy, K.M., ''et al.'', in ''Nature Cell Death and Differentiation'', Vol. 7, No. 1, Jan. 2000, p.&nbsp;102; and "VDAC2 Inhibits BAK Activation and Mitochondrial Apoptosis", by Emily H.-Y. Cheng, Tatiana V. Sheiko, ''et al.'', in ''Science'', Vol. 301, No. 5632, July 25, 2003, p.&nbsp;513). Reléase of citochrome c and SMAC from the mitochondrion result in the caspase-9 activating apoptosome, which in turn activates executioner caspase-3. ([http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/cm/CMP_7966 The canonical Fas pathway] is available in ''Science's'' Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment. [http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/cm/CMP_7107 The canonical TNF pathway] is also available; but be aware that access to STKE's items is restricted to subscribers.) The whole process requires energy and a cell machinery not too damaged. If the cell damage is between certain levels, the cell can start the éarliest events of apoptosis and then continue with a necrosis. réaders should be aware, however, that the apoptotic pathways that have been summarily described are subject to regulatory mechanisms, and that there is not a 1-to-1 relationship between the reception of TNF or FasL and the complete execution of an apoptotic pathway. Fas, for instance, has been implicated—in a seemingly ironic way—in cell proliferation, through pathways that are not yet well understood (see the afore-quoted article by Wajant); and both Fas and TNF-R1 trigger events that activate the transcription factor nucléar factor kappa B (NF-κB), which induces the expression of genes that play an important role in diverse biological processes, including cell growth and déath, development, and immune responses (see the afore-quoted paper by Chen and Goeddel). The link between TNF and apoptosis shows why an abnormal production of TNF plays a fundamental role in several human diséases, especially (but not only) in autoimmune diséases, such as diabetes and multiple sclerosis. == Implikasi jeung peran apoptosis dina rupa-rupa patologi == === Apoptosis jeung peran interferon pikeun nyegah tumor === In their previously mentioned article on the "Integration of interferon-alpha/beta signaling to p53 responses...", Takaoka and co-worker describe their reséarch on how interferon alpha and beta (IFN-alpha/beta)induce transcription of the [[p53 gene]], resulting in the incréase of p53 protein level and enhancement of cancer cell-apoptosis. p53 is a tumor suppressor, and is considered as a negative-growth and anti-oncogenic factor. Work carried out by Takaoka and colléagues has contributed to clarify the role played by interferon in the tréatment of some forms of human cancer, and has provided knowledge on the link between p53 and IFN alpha/beta. The p53 response not only contributes to tumor suppression, but is also important in eliciting an apoptotic response to viral infection and consequent damage to the cell's reproductive cycle. === Beuki loba bukti numbukeun kangker ka karuksakan jalur apoptotik === Liling Yang ''et al.'' reported in the Feb. 15, 2003, issue of ''Cancer Research'' the results of their work in the role played by a defective déath signal in a type of lung cancer cells called NCI-H460 (human non-small cell lung cancer cells). They found that the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is overexpressed in H460 cells. XIAPs bind to the processed form of caspase-9, and suppress the activity of apoptotic activator cytochrome c (see previous section on biochemical execution). The apoptotic pathway was found to be dramatically restored in H460 cells with a Smac peptide (SmacN7) that targets IAPs. Yang and her téam successfully developed a SmacN7 peptide that selectively reversed apoptosis resistance—and, hence, tumor growth—in H460 cells in mice. === Peran produk apoptotik dina kakebalan tumor === An interesting case of re-use and feed-back of apoptotic products was presented by Matthew L. Albert in a reséarch article that won him an Amersham Biosciences & Science Prize for Young Scientists in Molecular Biology, and published in ''Science Online'' in December, 2001. Albert described how dendritic Cells, a type of antigen-presenting cells, phagocytose (that is, engulf) apoptotic tumor cells. Upon maturation, these dendritic cells present antigen (derived from the apoptotic corpses) to killer T cells, which are then primed for the eradication of cells undergoing malignant transformation. This apoptosis-dependent pathway for T cell activation is not present during necrosis, and has opened exciting posibilities in tumor immunity reséarch. == History and highlights in apoptosis research == === Panalungtikan munggaran === [[Sydney Brenner]]'s studies on animal development began in the late [[1950s]] in what was to become the [[Laboratory of Molecular Biology]] (LMB) in Cambridge, UK. During the [[1960s]], Brenner chose the roundworm ''[[Caenorhabditis elegans]]'' as a modél, mainly because this 1&nbsp;mm-long soil nematode is simple, is éasy to grow in bulk populations, and turned out be quite convenient for genetic analysis. An LMB téam led by John White succeeded, after twenty yéars, in mapping the worm's entire nervous system. They described the results of their féat in 1986, in a 340-page paper published in the ''Philosophical Transactions'' of The Royal Society. Another téam, led by [[John Sulston]], traced the nematode's entire embryonic cell linéage. (Sulston was to become also a central figure in both the ''C. elegans'' and human genome sequencing projects.) [[Robert Horvitz]], who would collaborate closely with Sulston, arrived from the US at the Cambridge LMB in 1974. He would go back to the US in 1978, in order to establish his own lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Brenner's original interests were centered in genetics and in the development of the nervous system, but cell linéage and differentiation inevitably led to the study of cell fate: "One aspect of the cell lineage particularly caught my attention: in addition to the 959 cells generated during worm development and found in the adult, another 131 cells are generated but are not present in the adult. These cells are absent because they undergo programmed cell death", as Horvitz narrated in his Nobel Lecture "Worms, Life and Death" (delivered on 8 Dec. 2002.) Programmed cell déath had been known long before "the worm people" began to publish their celebrated findings. In 1964 Richard A. Lockshin and Carroll Williams published their contribution on "Endocrine potentiation of the breakdown of the intersegmental muscles of silkmoths" in the ''Journal of insect physiology'' 10 p.&nbsp;643, where they used the concept of "programmed cell death". Unfortulately, though, not much reséarch was being carried out on this topic. John W. Saunders, Jr., stated the following in his 1966 contribution titled "Death in Embryonic Systems": "abundant death, often cataclysmic in its onslaught, is part of early development in many animals; it is the usual method of eliminating organs and tissues that are useful only during embryonic or larval life..." (''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' Vol. 154 p.&nbsp;604, 4 Nov. 1966). A little further on, this author lamented that too little had been done to analyze the significance of this process. Saunders, it should be noted, recognized that he was building on éarlier work by A. Glücksmann, and others. Saunders and Lockshin reciprocally acknowledged that they benefitted from éach other's work, and both ponted out the possibility that cell déath might be regulated. Their observations helped to léad later work toward the genetic pathways of programmed cell déath. === 1970an-1980an === In a signal article published in 1972, John F. Kerr, Andrew H. Wyllie and A. R. Currie ("Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics", ''British Journal of Cancer'' 26, pgs. 239–57), coined the term "apoptosis" in order to differentiate naturally occurring developmental cell déath, from the necrosis that results from acute tissue injury. They also noted that the structural changes characteristic of apoptosis (see the section on Morphology, above) were present in cells that died in order to maintain an equilibrium between cell proliferation and déath in a particular tissue (see Homéostasis, above). === 1990an ka hareup === In 1991, Ron Ellis, Junying Yuan and Horvitz reléased a rounded and up-to-date account of reséarch on programmed cell déath in their "Mechanisms and Functions of Cell Death" (''Annual Review of Cell Biology'' Nov 1991, Vol. 7, p.&nbsp;663-698). Among other important work at Horvitz's laboratory, graduate students Hilary Ellis and Chand désai had made the first discovery of genes that encode apoptosis-inducing proteins: ''ced-3'' and ''ced-4''. Ron Ellis also identified a gene with an opposite effect: ''ced-9''. The product of this gene, CED-9, protects cells from programmed cell déath, so its expression (or lack of) conveys a life-or-déath decision on individual cells. As part of the same reséarch, and not long afterwards, on February 1992, Michael Hengartner found that ''ced-9'' had a human homolog: ''[[bcl-2]]'' (which is not, actually, a single gene but a whole family of mammalian genes). Indeed, around four yéars before, in landmark reséarch by David L. Vaux and colléagues, the anti-apoptotic and tumorigenic (tumor-causing) role of ''bcl-2'' had been identified [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3262202] (Vaux ''et al.'': "Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells", [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] 335 p.&nbsp;440, 29 Sep. 1988). Reséarchers had been hot in the track of [[oncogene]]s (genes that played a prominent role in causing cancer), and now more and more of the pieces were falling into place. Horvitz would recount in his Nobel Lecture: "I believe that the fact that Bcl-2 proved to look like a worm protein that antagonized programmed cell death helped convince researchers that the function of Bcl-2 was to antagonize the cell death process. I also believe that this similarity made the worm cell-death pathway suddenly a topic of major interest in the biomedical community, as this pathway was no longer simply an abstract formalism derived from complicated genetic studies of a microscopic soil dwelling roundworm but rather a framework for a process fundamental to human biology and human disease." In 1992, two independent téams working at pharmaceutical companies had identified and purified interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme (ICE) in human cells, and succeeded in cloning the DNA sequence of this cysteine protéase. (See Nancy A. Thornberry ''et al.'', ''Nature'' 356 p.&nbsp;768, 30 Apr. 1992; Douglas P. Cerretti ''et al.'', ''Science'' 256 p.&nbsp;97, 3 Apr. 1992.) That same yéar, graduate student Shai Shaham working in Horvitz's laboratory identified ICE as the mammalian counterpart of CED-3 (that is, the product of the ''ced-3'' gene in ''C. elegans''). In 1997, a protein similar to CED-4 was identified, as well, at the laboratory of Xiaodong Wang (Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas), which they called Apaf-1 (apoptotic protéase activating factor). The téam published their results in an article titled "Apaf-1, a human protein homologous to C. elegans CED-4, participates in cytochrome c-dependent activation of caspase-3 (Zou ''et al.'', ''Cell'' 90(3) p. 405, 8 Aug. 1997). Wang and his team identified and reconstituted the mitochondrial pathway to apoptosis (see Biochemical execution, above). Their published results illuminated whole new avenues of research on inflammatory diseases, cancer, and apoptosis in general. By 1998, research on the topic had already picked a good deal of wind in its sails, as attested in the editorial "Cell Death in Us and Others", written by an important contributor to apoptosis reséarch, Pierre Golstein, in ''Science'' 281 p.&nbsp;1283, 28 Aug. 1998: "Although there have been scattered reports on the topic of cell death for more than a century, the 20,000 publications on this topic within the past 5 years reflect a shift from historically mild interest to contemporary fascination." == Tempo ogé == * [[Imunologi]] * [[Biokimia]] == Pustaka == * ''Cancer Medicine'', 5th Edition (2000), Robert C. Bast Jr. et al., editors, published by B.C. Decker Inc ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=cmed.TOC&depth=2]). * ''Molecular biology of the cell'', 3th edition (1994), by Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, James D. Watson, published by Garland Publishing, Inc ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=cell.TOC]). == Tumbu kaluar == * [[Entrez]] is a life sciences information séarch engine provided by the US National Center for Biotechnology Information ([http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/Entrez/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041015203148/http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/Entrez/index.html |date=2004-10-15 }}). * ''Entrez books'' is a service provided by the NCBI in collaboration with book publishers ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books)] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * freebooks4doctors promotes free access to medical books ([http://www.freebooks4doctors.com/]) * [[PubMed]] Central (PMC), provided by the US National Library of Medicine, is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature ([http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514205810/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/ |date=2008-05-14 }}). [[Kategori:Biologi sél]] fupd0ptbr0xymxmi25f9ca0ov8pxfgy 0 2378 712917 650849 2026-09-23T09:15:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712917 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ Kaca navigasi kalénder taun [[Maséhi]]: == Tanggal == <table {{prettytable}} width="100%" id="table1" > <tr align="center"> <th width="7%">[[Januari|Jan]]</th> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">'''[[1 Januari|1]]'''</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[2 Januari|2]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[3 Januari|3]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[4 Januari|4]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[5 Januari|5]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[6 Januari|6]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[7 Januari|7]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[8 Januari|8]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[9 Januari|9]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[10 Januari|10]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[11 Januari|11]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[12 Januari|12]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[13 Januari|13]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[14 Januari|14]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[15 Januari|15]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[16 Januari|16]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[17 Januari|17]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[18 Januari|18]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[19 Januari|19]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[20 Januari|20]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[21 Januari|21]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[22 Januari|22]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[23 Januari|23]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[24 Januari|24]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[25 Januari|25]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[26 Januari|26]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[27 Januari|27]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[28 Januari|28]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[29 Januari|29]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[30 Januari|30]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[31 Januari|31]]</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th width="7%">[[Pébruari|Feb]]</th> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[1 Pébruari|1]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[2 Pébruari|2]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[3 Pébruari|3]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[4 Pébruari|4]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[5 Pébruari|5]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[6 Pébruari|6]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[7 Pébruari|7]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[8 Pébruari|8]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[9 Pébruari|9]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[10 Pébruari|10]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[11 Pébruari|11]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[12 Pébruari|12]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[13 Pébruari|13]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[14 Pébruari|14]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[15 Pébruari|15]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[16 Pébruari|16]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[17 Pébruari|17]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[18 Pébruari|18]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[19 Pébruari|19]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[20 Pébruari|20]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[21 Pébruari|21]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[22 Pébruari|22]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[23 Pébruari|23]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[24 Pébruari|24]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[25 Pébruari|25]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[26 Pébruari|26]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[27 Pébruari|27]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[28 Pébruari|28]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[29 Pébruari|29]]</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th width="7%">[[Maret|Mar]]</th> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[1 Maret|1]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[2 Maret|2]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[3 Maret|3]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[4 Maret|4]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[5 Maret|5]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[6 Maret|6]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[7 Maret|7]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[8 Maret|8]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[9 Maret|9]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[10 Maret|10]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[11 Maret|11]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[12 Maret|12]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[13 Maret|13]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[14 Maret|14]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[15 Maret|15]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[16 Maret|16]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[17 Maret|17]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[18 Maret|18]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[19 Maret|19]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[20 Maret|20]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[21 Maret|21]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[22 Maret|22]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[23 Maret|23]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[24 Maret|24]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[25 Maret|25]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[26 Maret|26]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[27 Maret|27]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[28 Maret|28]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[29 Maret|29]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[30 Maret|30]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[31 Maret|31]]</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th width="7%">[[April|Apr]]</th> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[1 April|1]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[2 April|2]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[3 April|3]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[4 April|4]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[5 April|5]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[6 April|6]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[7 April|7]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[8 April|8]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[9 April|9]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[10 April|10]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[11 April|11]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[12 April|12]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[13 April|13]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[14 April|14]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[15 April|15]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[16 April|16]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[17 April|17]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[18 April|18]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[19 April|19]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[20 April|20]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[21 April|21]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[22 April|22]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[23 April|23]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[24 April|24]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[25 April|25]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[26 April|26]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[27 April|27]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[28 April|28]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[29 April|29]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[30 April|30]]</font></td> </font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th width="7%">[[Méi]]</th> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[1 Méi|1]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[2 Méi|2]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[3 Méi|3]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[4 Méi|4]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[5 Méi|5]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[6 Méi|6]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[7 Méi|7]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[8 Méi|8]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[9 Méi|9]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[10 Méi|10]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[11 Méi|11]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[12 Méi|12]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[13 Méi|13]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[14 Méi|14]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[15 Méi|15]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[16 Méi|16]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[17 Méi|17]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[18 Méi|18]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[19 Méi|19]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[20 Méi|20]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[21 Méi|21]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[22 Méi|22]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[23 Méi|23]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[24 Méi|24]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[25 Méi|25]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[26 Méi|26]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[27 Méi|27]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[28 Méi|28]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[29 Méi|29]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[30 Méi|30]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[31 Méi|31]]</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th width="7%">[[Juni|Jun]]</th> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[1 Juni|1]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[2 Juni|2]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[3 Juni|3]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[4 Juni|4]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[5 Juni|5]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[6 Juni|6]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[7 Juni|7]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[8 Juni|8]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[9 Juni|9]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[10 Juni|10]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[11 Juni|11]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[12 Juni|12]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[13 Juni|13]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[14 Juni|14]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[15 Juni|15]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[16 Juni|16]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[17 Juni|17]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[18 Juni|18]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[19 Juni|19]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[20 Juni|20]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[21 Juni|21]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[22 Juni|22]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[23 Juni|23]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[24 Juni|24]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[25 Juni|25]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[26 Juni|26]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[27 Juni|27]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[28 Juni|28]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[29 Juni|29]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[30 Juni|30]]</font></td> </font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th width="7%">[[Juli|Jul]]</th> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[1 Juli|1]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[2 Juli|2]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[3 Juli|3]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[4 Juli|4]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[5 Juli|5]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[6 Juli|6]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[7 Juli|7]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[8 Juli|8]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[9 Juli|9]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[10 Juli|10]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[11 Juli|11]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[12 Juli|12]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[13 Juli|13]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[14 Juli|14]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[15 Juli|15]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[16 Juli|16]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[17 Juli|17]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[18 Juli|18]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[19 Juli|19]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[20 Juli|20]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[21 Juli|21]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[22 Juli|22]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[23 Juli|23]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[24 Juli|24]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[25 Juli|25]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[26 Juli|26]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[27 Juli|27]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[28 Juli|28]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[29 Juli|29]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[30 Juli|30]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[31 Juli|31]]</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th width="7%">[[Agustus|Agt]]</th> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[1 Agustus|1]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[2 Agustus|2]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[3 Agustus|3]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[4 Agustus|4]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[5 Agustus|5]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[6 Agustus|6]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[7 Agustus|7]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[8 Agustus|8]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[9 Agustus|9]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[10 Agustus|10]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[11 Agustus|11]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[12 Agustus|12]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[13 Agustus|13]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[14 Agustus|14]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[15 Agustus|15]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[16 Agustus|16]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[17 Agustus|17]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[18 Agustus|18]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[19 Agustus|19]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[20 Agustus|20]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[21 Agustus|21]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[22 Agustus|22]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[23 Agustus|23]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[24 Agustus|24]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[25 Agustus|25]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[26 Agustus|26]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[27 Agustus|27]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[28 Agustus|28]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[29 Agustus|29]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[30 Agustus|30]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[31 Agustus|31]]</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th width="7%">[[Séptémber|Sép]]</th> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[1 Séptémber|1]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[2 Séptémber|2]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[3 Séptémber|3]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[4 Séptémber|4]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[5 Séptémber|5]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[6 Séptémber|6]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[7 Séptémber|7]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[8 Séptémber|8]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[9 Séptémber|9]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[10 Séptémber|10]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[11 Séptémber|11]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[12 Séptémber|12]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[13 Séptémber|13]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[14 Séptémber|14]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[15 Séptémber|15]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[16 Séptémber|16]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[17 Séptémber|17]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[18 Séptémber|18]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[19 Séptémber|19]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[20 Séptémber|20]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[21 Séptémber|21]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[22 Séptémber|22]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[23 Séptémber|23]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[24 Séptémber|24]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[25 Séptémber|25]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[26 Séptémber|26]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[27 Séptémber|27]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[28 Séptémber|28]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[29 Séptémber|29]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[30 Séptémber|30]]</font></td> </font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th width="7%">[[Oktober|Okt]]</th> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[1 Oktober|1]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[2 Oktober|2]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[3 Oktober|3]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[4 Oktober|4]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[5 Oktober|5]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[6 Oktober|6]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[7 Oktober|7]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[8 Oktober|8]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[9 Oktober|9]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[10 Oktober|10]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[11 Oktober|11]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[12 Oktober|12]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[13 Oktober|13]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[14 Oktober|14]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[15 Oktober|15]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[16 Oktober|16]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[17 Oktober|17]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[18 Oktober|18]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[19 Oktober|19]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[20 Oktober|20]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[21 Oktober|21]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[22 Oktober|22]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[23 Oktober|23]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[24 Oktober|24]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[25 Oktober|25]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[26 Oktober|26]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[27 Oktober|27]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[28 Oktober|28]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[29 Oktober|29]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[30 Oktober|30]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[31 Oktober|31]]</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th width="7%">[[Nopémber|Nop]]</th> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[1 Nopémber|1]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[2 Nopémber|2]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[3 Nopémber|3]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[4 Nopémber|4]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[5 Nopémber|5]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[6 Nopémber|6]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[7 Nopémber|7]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[8 Nopémber|8]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[9 Nopémber|9]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[10 Nopémber|10]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[11 Nopémber|11]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[12 Nopémber|12]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[13 Nopémber|13]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[14 Nopémber|14]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[15 Nopémber|15]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[16 Nopémber|16]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[17 Nopémber|17]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[18 Nopémber|18]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[19 Nopémber|19]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[20 Nopémber|20]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[21 Nopémber|21]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[22 Nopémber|22]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[23 Nopémber|23]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[24 Nopémber|24]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[25 Nopémber|25]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[26 Nopémber|26]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[27 Nopémber|27]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[28 Nopémber|28]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[29 Nopémber|29]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[30 Nopémber|30]]</font></td> </font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th width="7%">[[Désémber|Dés]]</th> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[1 Désémber|1]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[2 Désémber|2]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[3 Désémber|3]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[4 Désémber|4]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[5 Désémber|5]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[6 Désémber|6]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[7 Désémber|7]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[8 Désémber|8]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[9 Désémber|9]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[10 Désémber|10]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[11 Désémber|11]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[12 Désémber|12]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[13 Désémber|13]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[14 Désémber|14]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[15 Désémber|15]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[16 Désémber|16]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[17 Désémber|17]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[18 Désémber|18]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[19 Désémber|19]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[20 Désémber|20]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[21 Désémber|21]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[22 Désémber|22]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[23 Désémber|23]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[24 Désémber|24]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[25 Désémber|25]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[26 Désémber|26]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[27 Désémber|27]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[28 Désémber|28]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[29 Désémber|29]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[30 Désémber|30]]</font></td> <td width="3%"><font size="-1">[[31 Désémber|31]]</font></td> </tr> </table> == Abad == <table border="1" width="100%" id="table2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2" width="10%">SAMÉMÉH<br />MASÉHI</th> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-10 SM|10]] ([[1000 SM|1000]]-[[901 SM]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-9 SM|9]] ([[900 SM|900]]-[[801 SM]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-8 SM|8]] ([[800 SM|800]]-[[701 SM]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-7 SM|7]] ([[700 SM|700]]-[[601 SM]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-6 SM|6]] ([[600 SM|600]]-[[501 SM]])</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-5 SM|5]] ([[500 SM|500]]-[[401 SM]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-4 SM|4]] ([[400 SM|400]]-[[301 SM]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-3 SM|3]] ([[300 SM|300]]-[[201 SM]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-2 SM|2]] ([[200 SM|200]]-[[101 SM]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-1 SM|1]] ([[100 SM|100]]-[[1 SM]])</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="5" width="10%">MASÉHI</th> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-1|1]] ([[1]]-[[100]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-2|2]] ([[101]]-[[200]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-3|3]] ([[201]]-[[300]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-4|4]] ([[301]]-[[400]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-5|5]] ([[401]]-[[500]])</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-6|6]] ([[501]]-[[600]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-7|7]] ([[601]]-[[700]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-8|8]] ([[701]]-[[800]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-9|9]] ([[801]]-[[900]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-10|10]] ([[901]]-[[1000]])</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-11|11]] ([[1001]]-[[1100]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-12|12]] ([[1101]]-[[1200]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-13|13]] ([[1201]]-[[1300]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-14|14]] ([[1301]]-[[1400]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-15|15]] ([[1401]]-[[1500]])</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-16|16]] ([[1501]]-[[1600]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-17|17]] ([[1601]]-[[1700]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-18|18]] ([[1701]]-[[1800]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-19|19]] ([[1801]]-[[1900]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-20|20]] ([[1901]]-[[2000]])</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-21|21]] ([[2001]]-[[2100]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-22|22]] ([[2101]]-[[2200]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-23|23]] ([[2201]]-[[2300]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-24|24]] ([[2301]]-[[2400]])</td> <td width="18%">[[Abad ka-25|25]] ([[2401]]-[[2500]])</td> </tr> </table> === Taun jeung Dasawarsa dina Abad ka-20 jeung Abad ka-21 === <table border="1" width="100%" id="table3" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr align="center"> <th width="10%">Dasawarsa</th> <th colspan="10" width="90%">Taun</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="10%">[[1900-an]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1900]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1901]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1902]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1903]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1904]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1905]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1906]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1907]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1908]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1909]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="10%">[[1910-an]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1910]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1911]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1912]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1913]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1914]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1915]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1916]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1917]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1918]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1919]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="10%">[[1920-an]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1920]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1921]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1922]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1923]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1924]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1925]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1926]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1927]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1928]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1929]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="10%">[[1930-an]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1930]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1931]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1932]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1933]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1934]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1935]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1936]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1937]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1938]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1939]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="10%">[[1940-an]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1940]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1941]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1942]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1943]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1944]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1945]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1946]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1947]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1948]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1949]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="10%">[[1950-an]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1950]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1951]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1952]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1953]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1954]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1955]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1956]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1957]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1958]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1959]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="10%">[[1960-an]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1960]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1961]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1962]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1963]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1964]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1965]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1966]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1967]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1968]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1969]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="10%">[[1970-an]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1970]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1971]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1972]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1973]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1974]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1975]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1976]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1977]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1978]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1979]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="10%">[[1980-an]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1980]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1981]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1982]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1983]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1984]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1985]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1986]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1987]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1988]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1989]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="10%">[[1990-an]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1990]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1991]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1992]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1993]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1994]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1995]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1996]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1997]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1998]]</td> <td width="9%">[[1999]]</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="10%">[[2000-an]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2000]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2001]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2002]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2003]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2004]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2005]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2006]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2007]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2008]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2009]]</td> </tr><tr align="center"> <td width="10%">'''[[2010-an]]'''</td> <td width="9%">[[2010]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2011]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2012]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2013]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2014]]</td> <td width="9%">'''[[2015]]'''</td> <td width="9%">[[2016]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2017]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2018]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2019]]</td> <tr align="center"> <td width="10%">[[2020-an]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2020]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2021]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2022]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2023]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2024]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2025]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2026]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2027]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2028]]</td> <td width="9%">[[2029]]</td> </table> == Tempo ogé == * [[Wikipedia:Keur lumangsung|Keur lumangsung]] * [[Kalénder|Kalénder nu kiwari dipaké]], misalna [[Kalénder Maséhi]], [[Kalénder Hijriyah]] == Tumbu jeung sumberdaya luar == * [http://www.todayinsci.com/ Poé ieu na sajarah élmu] * [http://www.historychannel.com/today/ Poé Ieu na Sajarah] * [http://www.on-this-day.com/ On-This-Day.com] * [http://www.imdb.com/M/on-this-day Poé Ieu na Sajarah Pilem] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.rotten.com/today/ Today in rotten history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031202032651/http://www.rotten.com/today/ |date=2003-12-02 }} * [[BBC]]: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/ On This Day] {{Kalender-pondok}} [[Kategori:Kalénder kajadian]] [[Kategori:Kalénder]] bpoivcg8qk2004stkamlgis2agin1xd 0 3520 712840 705174 2026-09-23T02:39:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712840 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;" ! {{chembox header}}| '''{{{name|Asam laktat}}}''' |- | align="center" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[Gambar:Lactic-acid-skeletal.png|150px|Skeletal structure of lactic acid]] |- | [[IUPAC nomenclature|Ngaran kimia]] | {{{IUPAC|2-hydroxypropanoic acid}}} |- | [[Rumus kimia]] | {{{formula|C₃H₆O₃}}} |- | [[Massa molékulér]] | {{{mol_mass|90.08}}} g/mol |- | [[Nomer régister CAS|Nomer CAS]] | [{{{CAS|50-21-5}}}]<br /><small>L</small>: [{{{CAS|79-33-4}}}]<br /><small>D</small>: [{{{CAS|10326-41-7}}}]<br /><small>D</small>/<small>L</small>: [{{{CAS|598-82-3}}}] |- | [[Titik leyur]] | <small>L</small>: 53&nbsp;°C<br /><small>D</small>: 53&nbsp;°C<br /><small>D</small>/<small>L</small>: 16.8&nbsp;°C |- | [[Titik golak]] | {{{boiling_point|122}}} °C @ 12 mmHg |- | [[Simplified molecular input line entry specification|SMILES]] | {{{SMILES|CC(O)C(=O)O}}} |- | {{chembox header}} | <small>[[Wikipedia:Kotakinfo kimia|Bantahan jeung référénsi]]</small> |- |} ​'''Asam laktat''' (asam \alpha-hidroksipropanoat) mangrupa [[sanyawa kimia]] organik nu boga peran penting dina sababaraha prosés [[biokimia]], utamana dina métabolisme énergi sélular.<ref name="PubChem">"Lactic Acid". [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Lactic-acid PubChem - National Library of Medicine]. Diakses ping 23 Januari 2026.</ref> Sanyawa ieu munggaran diisolasi ku kimiawan Swédia, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, dina taun 1780.<ref name="BritannicaLactic">"Lactic acid: Chemical compound". [https://www.britannica.com/science/lactic-acid Encyclopedia Britannica]. Diakses ping 23 Januari 2026.</ref> ​''Laktat'' nujul ka ékivalén ionikna, nyaéta wangun basa konjugasi tina asam laktat dina kaayaan leyuran kalayan pH fisiologis.<ref name="LactateDifference">"Lactate vs. Lactic Acid: What’s the Difference?". [https://www.scientificamerican.com/ Scientific American]. Diakses ping 23 Januari 2026.</ref> Dina jero awak manusa, lolobana asam laktat anu dihasilkeun tina prosés [[glikolisis]] bakal langsung kaionisasi jadi laktat.<ref name="BiochemistryLactate">"Metabolism of Lactate". [https://www.sciencedirect.com/ ScienceDirect]. Diakses ping 23 Januari 2026.</ref> ​''Asam laktat'' mangrupa [[asam karboksilat]] nu rumus kimiana C_3H_6O_3. Strukturna digambarkeun dina ngaran sistimatisna, nyaéta asam 2-hidroksipropanoat.<ref name="IUPACGold">"IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology". [https://goldbook.iupac.org/ IUPAC]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Dina leyuran (saperti dina jero getih atawa sél), asam ieu bisa kaleungitan hiji [[proton]] (H^+) tina gugus karboksilna (-COOH), antukna robah jadi [[ion]] laktat (CH_3CH(OH)COO^-).<ref name="ChemLibre">"Lactic Acid Chemistry". [https://chem.libretexts.org/ Chemistry LibreTexts]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Ieu prosés disosiasi lumangsung sacara alami dumasar kana ajén pK_a asam laktat anu hargana sakitar 3,86 dina suhu 25°C.<ref name="PubChemData">"Lactic Acid Compound Summary". [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ PubChem]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> ​''Asam laktat'' (jeung laktat) miboga dua [[isomér optik]] ku sabab atom karbon puseurna (karbon-\alpha) mangrupikeun atom karbon kiral anu ngabeungkeut opat gugus béda, nyaéta gugus hidroksil (-OH), gugus karboksil (-COOH), gugus métil (-CH_3), sarta atom hidrogén (-H).<ref name="Stereochem">"Stereochemistry of Lactic Acid". [https://chem.libretexts.org/ Chemistry LibreTexts]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Isomér nu kahiji disebut L(+)-asam laktat atawa (S)-asam laktat, nyaéta wangun anu paling umum kapanggih dina organisme hirup (kaasup manusa).<ref name="IsomerL">"L-Lactic Acid in Biological Systems". [https://www.sciencedirect.com/ ScienceDirect]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Ari isomér nu kadua nyaéta D(-)-asam laktat atawa (R)-asam laktat, anu mindeng dihasilkeun ku sababaraha jinis baktéri sarta dipaké dina industri kimia husus.<ref name="IsomerD">"D-Lactic Acid Production and Applications". [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ PubMed]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> ​[[Nomer CAS]] asam laktat sacara umum nyaéta 50-21-5. Ari pikeun ngabédakeun isomér optikna, urang bisa nganggo nomer CAS anu langkung spésifik, nyaéta 79-33-4 pikeun L-asam laktat sarta 10326-41-7 pikeun D-asam laktat.<ref name="CASLactic">"Lactic Acid CAS Numbers". [https://commonchemistry.cas.org/ Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Pikeun campuran rasémik (campuran nu diwangun ku L sarta D dina jumlah anu sarua), dipaké nomer CAS 598-82-3; ieu campuran téh boga sipat teu aktip optik ku sabab pangaruh rotasi ti unggal isomérna silih leungitkeun.<ref name="PubChemCAS">"Compound Summary: DL-Lactic Acid". [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/DL-Lactic-acid PubChem]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> == Biologi == Asam laktat nu ngagunduk dina [[otot]] rangka nalika [[olahraga anaérobik]] mindeng dianggap salaku cukang lantaran nyeri otot saharita, sarta bakal dikaluarkeun nalika awak geus balik deui kana ''[[métabolisme aérobik]]''.<ref name="LactateMetabolism">"Lactate Metabolism During Exercise". [https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-020-0263-3 Nature Metabolism]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Sanajan asam laktat mangrupa salah sahiji faktor nu ngawatesan kakuatan fisik nalika olahraga, panalungtikan modéren némbongkeun yén [[Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness]] (DOMS)—nyeri otot anu karasa leuwih ti 24 jam sanggeus olahraga—lain alatan tumpukan asam laktat sakumaha nu kungsi dianggap baheula, tapi leuwih kana ayana karuksakan ''mikro'' dina serat otot.<ref name="DOMSResearch">"The Role of Lactate in Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness". [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-does-lactic-acid-build-up-in-muscles-and-cause-soreness/ Scientific American]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> ​[[Lactate Shuttle]]: Sabenerna, laktat lain "runtah" métabolisme, tapi mangrupa sumber énergi anu bisa dipaké deui ku jantung, ati, jeung otot sanésna ngaliwatan prosés anu disebut siklus Cori.[<ref name="CoriCycle">"Cori Cycle: Overview and Importance". [https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews Nutrition Reviews]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Dina [[glikolisis anérobik]] atawa [[férméntasi]], L-laktat dihasilkeun tina [[piruvat]] kalayan bantuan [[énzim]] [[dehidrogenase laktat]] (LDH).<ref name="LehningerBiochem">Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2017). "Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry". [https://www.macmillanlearning.com/ W. H. Freeman]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Konversi ieu ogé [[oksidasi|ngaoksidasi]] hiji molekul [[NADH]] jadi NAD^+, anu diperlukeun pisan sangkan prosés glikolisis bisa terus lumangsung pikeun ngahasilkeun énergi (ATP).<ref name="GlycolysisPath">"Anaerobic Glycolysis". [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/anaerobic-glycolysis ScienceDirect]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> ​Férméntasi asam laktat ieu lumangsung sacara pengkuh dina [[sél getih beureum]] (éritrosit) ku sabab sél ieu teu miboga [[mitokondria]], sarta lumangsung ogé dina [[otot]] rangka nalika kakurangan asupan [[oksigén]], contona nalika keur olahraga anu kacida beuratna.<ref name="ErythrocyteMetab">"Red Blood Cell Metabolism". [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2263/ National Center for Biotechnology Information]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Laktat ieu dileupaskeun kana aliran getih, nu kadar umumna dina kaayaan istirahat nyaéta kira-kira 1–2 [[mili|m]][[mol]]/[[léter|L]].<ref name="LactateNormal">"Blood Lactate Concentration". [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/blood-lactate-concentration ScienceDirect]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> [[Ati]] merlukeun kira-kira 60% laktat nu aya dina getih pikeun diréoksidasi jadi piruvat, nu lajeng dirékonvérsi deui jadi [[glukosa]] ngaliwatan prosés [[glukonéogenesis]].<ref name="GluconeogenesisRole">"Gluconeogenesis and the Liver". [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22591/ National Center for Biotechnology Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230101820/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22591/ |date=2018-12-30 }}. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Glukosa ieu asup deui kana aliran getih antukna bisa dipaké ku rupa-rupa jaringan salaku sumber énergi. Daur glukosa \rightarrow laktat \rightarrow glukosa ieu, awalna didadarkeun ku [[Carl Cori|Carl]] jeung [[Gerty Cori]], antukna katelah [[daur Cori]].<ref name="CoriCycleNobel">"The Cori Cycle". [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1947/cori-gt/biographical/ NobelPrize.org]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> ​Salian ti éta, kira-kira 40% laktat diserep ku sél-sél anu cukup [[oksigén]] (saperti sél otot jantung atawa otot rangka tipe I) pikeun ngoksidasi piruvat, nu lajeng langsung dipaké pikeun nyuluhan [[daur asam sitrat]] (daur Krebs) guna ngahasilkeun énergi sacara aérobik.<ref name="LactateOxidation">"Lactate as a Fuel for Mitochondria". [https://academic.oup.com/ajcn American Journal of Clinical Nutrition]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> ​Férméntasi asam laktat ogé lumangsung ku ayana aktivitas [[baktéri asam laktat]], sapertos [[Streptococcus]] mutans sarta spésiés [[Lactobacillus]], anu hirup dina sélaput biopilm (plak) dina baham urang.<ref name="OralMicro">"Oral Microbial Communities and Biofilms". [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8230/ National Center for Biotechnology Information]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Nalika baktéri ieu ngonsumsi [[karbohidrat]] atawa gula tina sésa katuangan, maranéhna ngahasilkeun asam laktat salaku hasil ti gigirna. Asam anu dihasilkeun ieu bisa nurunkeun pH dina beungeut huntu nepi ka handapeun 5,5, anu ngabalukarkeun prosés [[demineralisasi]] dina lapisan enamel huntu. Upami ieu lumangsung terus-terusan, kaayaan ieu bakal ngabalukarkeun [[koropok]] huntu atawa karies.<ref name="DentalCaries">"Pathophysiology of Dental Caries". [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/dental-caries ScienceDirect]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Dina widang médis, laktat mangrupa salah sahiji komponén utama [[laktat Ringer]] (''Ringer's Lactate'') atawa leyuran laktat Ringer.<ref name="WHOEssential">"WHO Model List of Essential Medicines". [https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MHP-HPS-EML-2023.02 World Health Organization]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Cairan [[intravéna]] ieu ngandung campuran [[natrium]] klorida, natrium laktat, [[kalium]] klorida, sarta kalsium klorida dina cai distilasi nu kadarna [[isotonik]] dibanding [[getih manusa]].<ref name="StatPearlsRL">"Ringer's Lactate Solution". [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500033/ StatPearls - NCBI]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> ​Leyuran ieu paling mindeng dipaké pikeun "ngeusian" cairan sarta ngajaga stabilitas sirkulasi sanggeus pasien kaleungitan getih alatan [[trauma]], [[bedah]], atawa tatu kaduruk anu parna.<ref name="MedscapeRL">"Ringer's Lactate: Fluid Resuscitation". [https://reference.medscape.com/ Medscape]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Laktat dina leyuran ieu miboga fungsi salaku agén panyangga (''buffering agent'') pikeun ngalawan kaayaan [[asidosis]] (getih teuing asam), sabab dina jero awak, laktat bakal dirobah jadi [[bikarbonat]] ku ati.<ref name="FluidTherapy">"Crystalloid Intravenous Fluids". [https://www.sciencedirect.com/ ScienceDirect]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> == Pangan == ​Férméntasi asam laktat nu lumangsung ku ayana [[baktéri asam laktat]] mangrupa sumber rasa haseum dina susu bari, sarta prosés ieu dimangpaatkeun dina industri pikeun nyieun [[kéju]], [[yogurt]], jeung [[kefir]].<ref name="DairyMicro">"Microbiology of Dairy Products". [https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128156018/microbiology-in-dairy-processing ScienceDirect]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Dina prosés ieu, baktéri ngarobah gula susu ([[laktosa]]) jadi asam laktat, anu saterusna ngabalukarkeun protéin susu ([[kasein]]) ngagéblég (koagulasi) nepi ka téksturna robah.<ref name="YogurtScience">"The Science of Yogurt Culture". [https://www.britannica.com/topic/yogurt Encyclopedia Britannica]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> ​Férméntasi asam laktat ogé ngahasilkeun rasa haseum anu khas dina rupa-rupa produk férméntasi sayur, saperti [[kimchi]], [[sauerkraut]], sarta [[turukusuk]] (acar).<ref name="VeggieFerm">"Lactic Acid Fermentation of Vegetables". [https://www.fao.org/ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Salian ti méré rasa, asam laktat ogé boga kagunaan salaku bahan pangawét alami sabab kaayaan asam bisa nyegah tumuwuhna baktéri nu ngabalukarkeun kadaharan ruksak (buruk).<ref name="Preservation">"Antimicrobial Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria". [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ PubMed]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Asam laktat bisa dipaké salaku ''aditif'' pangan (E270) pikeun ngatur kaasaman sarta salaku agén pangawét.<ref name="E270Safety">"Lactic acid (E 270) as a food additive". [https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Di industri pangan, sanyawa ieu dihasilkeun ku jalan manaskeun sarta [[férméntasi]] [[karbohidrat]] tina rupa-rupa sumber, sapertos susu sésa nyieun kéju (''whey''), [[kentang]], aci jagong, atawa [[molase]] (tétés tebu).<ref name="IndusLactic">"Industrial Production of Lactic Acid". [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/lactic-acid-production ScienceDirect]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> ​Asam laktat sering dipaké dina campuran pangamis, ''[[soft drink]]'', sarta dina nyieun [[bir]] pikeun nurunkeun pH sarta méré rasa haseum anu seger.<ref name="BeerBrewing">"Lactic Acid in Brewing". [https://www.morebeer.com/ BeerSmith]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Salian ti éta, asam laktat ogé mangrupa komponén penting dina [[formula orok]] pikeun ngatur kaasaman sarta ngabantosan nyerep mineral.<ref name="InfantFormula">"Standard for Infant Formula and Formulas for Special Medical Purposes". [https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/ Codex Alimentarius]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Asam laktat ogé mangrupa hasil tina [[férméntasi malolaktat]], nyaéta hiji prosés biokimia nu dipaké nalika nyieun [[tuak]] (anggur) pikeun ngurangan rasa [[asam malat]] nu segak (seukeut saperti rasa apel héjo) sarta ngarobahna jadi asam laktat nu karasa leuwih lembut atawa hanteu pati haseum.<ref name="WineEnology">"Malolactic Fermentation in Winemaking". [https://www.britannica.com/topic/wine/Fermentation Encyclopedia Britannica]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> Prosés ieu lumangsung kalayan bantuan baktéri asam laktat, sapertos Oenococcus oeni, anu sering dilakukeun saatos férméntasi alkohol utama réngsé.<ref name="Oenococcus">"Role of Oenococcus oeni in Malolactic Fermentation". [https://www.sciencedirect.com/ ScienceDirect]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> ​Salian ti nurunkeun tingkat kaasaman, férméntasi malolaktat ogé bisa nambahan aroma nu khas saperti aroma mantéga (''buttery flavor'') dina tuak, anu asalna tina sanyawa diasetil salaku hasil gigir tina ieu prosés.<ref name="WineChemistry">"The Chemistry of Wine Flavors". [https://pubs.acs.org/ American Chemical Society]. Diakses ping 24 Januari 2026.</ref> == Sumber rujukan == <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> * ''[[:en:Lactic acid|Lactic acid]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris [[Kategori:Asam karboksilat]] [[Kategori:Sanyawa kimia]] [[Kategori:Biokimia]] [[Kategori:Aditif pangan]] [[Kategori:Férméntasi]] [[Kategori:Téknologi pangan]] [[Kategori:Fisiologi]] 9hcx3cdfby7uoc51w0k4ehvkrx8k9gr 0 3850 712841 674299 2026-09-23T02:45:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712841 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:inhaler_girl.png|thumb|170px|Budak nu boga kasakit asma maké [[inhaler]].]] '''Asma''' atawa '''bengék''' mangrupa [[panyakit]] [[sistim pernapasan]] [[manusa]] alatan heureutna [[bayah|saluran pernapasan]], nu biasana mah balukar ayana [[alergén]], hawa tiis, olahraga, atawa tekenan émosional. Ngaheureutanana saluran napas ngabalukarkeun [[gejala]] kayaning napas nu kadéngé ngikngikan, [[dyspnea|déét engapan]], areungap/sesek napas, jeung [[batuk]]. Mun teu keur kanceuh mah, pasén téh biasa-biasa baé. <!--The disorder is a chronic [[inflammation|inflammatory]] condition in which the [[lung|airways]] develop increased responsiveness to various stimuli, characterized by [[bronchus|bronchial]] hyper-responsiveness, [[inflammation]], increased [[mucus]] production, and intermittent airway obstruction. The symptoms of asthma, which can range from mild to life threatening, can usually be controlled with a combination of [[medication|drugs]] and lifestyle changes. Public attention in the [[developed country| developed world]] has recently focused on asthma because of its rapidly increasing [[prevalence]], affecting up to one in four urban children.<ref name=Lilly>Lilly CM. Diversity of asthma: Evolving concepts of pathophysiology and lessons from genetics. ''J Allergy Clin Immunol''. 2005;115(4 Suppl):S526-31. PMID 15806035</ref> Susceptibility to asthma can be explained in part by [[genetics|genetic]] factors, but no clear pattern of [[inheritance]] has been found. Asthma is a complex disease that is influenced by multiple genetic, [[developmental biology|developmental]], and environmental factors, which interact to produce the overall condition. ==History== The word ''asthma'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''aazein'', meaning "sharp breath." The word first appears in Homer's ''[[Iliad]]'';<ref name=Marketos>Marketos SG, Ballas CN. Bronchial asthma in the medical literature of Greek antiquity. ''J Asthma''. 1982;19(4):263-9. PMID 6757243</ref> [[Hippocrates]] was the first to use it in reference to the medical condition. Hippocrates thought that the spasms associated with asthma were more likely to occur in tailors, anglers, and metalworkers. Six centuries later, [[Galen]] wrote much about asthma, noting that it was caused by partial or complete bronchial obstruction. [[Moses Maimonides]], an influential medieval [[rabbi]], philosopher, and physician, wrote a treatise on asthma, describing its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.<ref name=Rosner>Rosner F. Moses Maimonides' treatise on asthma. ''Thorax''. 1981;36:245-251. PMID 7025335</ref> In the 17th century, [[Bernardino Ramazzini]] noted a connection between asthma and [[organic compound| organic]] dust. The use of [[bronchodilator]]s started in 1901, but it was not until the 1960s that the inflammatory component of asthma was recognized, and [[anti-inflammatory]] medications were added to the regimen. ==Signs and symptoms== An acute exacerbation of asthma is referred to colloquially as an ''asthma attack''. The clinical hallmarks of an attack are shortness of breath ([[dyspnea]]) and [[wheeze|wheezing]], the latter "often being regarded as the ''[[sine qua non]]''."<ref name=McFadden>McFadden ER, Jr. Asthma. In Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al (eds). ''Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine'' (16th Edition), pp. 1508-1516. New York: McGraw-Hill;2004.</ref> A cough—sometimes producing clear [[sputum]]—may also be present. The onset is often sudden; there is a "sense of constriction" in the chest, breathing becomes difficult, and wheezing occurs (primarily upon expiration, but can be in both [[Respiration (physiology)|respiratory]] phases). [[Sign (medicine)|Signs]] of an asthmatic episode are wheezing, rapid breathing ([[tachypnea]]), prolonged expiration, a rapid heart rate ([[tachycardia]]), [[rhonchus|rhonchous]] lung sounds (audible through a [[stethoscope]]), and over-inflation of the chest. During a serious asthma attack, the accessory [[muscle]]s of respiration (sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles of the neck) may be used, shown as in-drawing of [[biological tissue|tissue]]s between the ribs and above the [[sternum]] and [[clavicle]]s, and the presence of a [[paradoxical pulse]] (a pulse that is weaker during inhalation and stronger during exhalation).<ref name=McFadden>McFadden ER, Jr. Asthma. In Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al (eds.). ''Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine'' (16th Edition), pp. 1508-1516. New York: McGraw-Hill;2004.</ref> During very severe attacks, an asthma sufferer can turn blue from lack of oxygen, and can experience [[chest pain]] or even loss of [[consciousness]]. Severe asthma attacks may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Despite the severity of symptoms during an asthmatic episode, between attacks an asthmatic may show few signs of the disease. ==Diagnosis== In most cases, a physician can [[diagnosis|diagnose]] asthma on the basis of typical findings in a patient's clinical history and examination. Asthma is strongly suspected if a patient suffers from [[eczema]] or other [[allergy|allergic]] conditions—suggesting a general [[atopy|atopic constitution]]—or has a [[Family history (medicine)|family history]] of asthma. While measurement of airway function is possible for adults, most new cases are diagnosed in children who are unable to perform such tests. Diagnosis in children is based on a careful compilation and analysis of the patient's [[medical history]] and subsequent improvement with an inhaled [[bronchodilator]] medication. In adults, diagnosis can be made with a [[peak flow meter]] (which tests airway restriction), looking at both the [[diel|diurnal]] [[Circadian rhythm|variation]] and any reversibility following inhaled [[bronchodilator]] [[Asthma#Rapid relief|medication]]. Testing peak flow at rest (or baseline) and after exercise can be helpful, especially in young asthmatics who may experience only exercise-induced asthma. If the diagnosis is in doubt, a more formal [[spirometry|lung function test]] may be conducted. Once a diagnosis of asthma is made, a patient can use peak flow meter testing to monitor the severity of the disease. ===Differential diagnosis=== Before diagnosing someone as asthmatic, [[differential diagnosis|alternative possibilities]] should be considered. A physician taking a history should check whether the patient is using any known bronchoconstrictors (substances that cause narrowing of the airways, e.g., certain [[anti-inflammatory]] agents or [[beta-blockers]]). [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], which closely resembles asthma, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older patient, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration (as measured by [[spirometry]]), and decreased likelihood of family history of [[atopy]]. Aspiration, whether '''direct''' due to [[dysphagia]] (swallowing disorder) or '''indirect''' (due to acid reflux), can show similar symptoms to asthma. However, with aspiration, fevers might also indicate [[aspiration pneumonia]]. Direct aspiration (dysphagia) can be diagnosed by performing a Modified Barium Swallow test and treated with feeding therapy by a qualified [[speech therapist]]. If the aspiration is indirect (from acid reflux) then treatment directed at this is indicated. Only a minority of asthma sufferers have an identifiable [[allergy]] trigger. The majority of these triggers can often be identified from the history; for instance, asthmatics with [[hay fever]] or [[pollen]] allergy will have seasonal symptoms, those with allergies to [[pet]]s may experience an abatement of symptoms when away from home, and those with occupational asthma may improve during leave from work. Occasionally, [[allergy#Diagnosis|allergy tests]] are warranted and, if positive, may help in identifying avoidable symptom triggers. After pulmonary function has been measured, radiological tests, such as a [[chest X-ray]] or [[computed tomography|CT scan]], may be required to exclude the possibility of other lung diseases. In some people, asthma may by triggered by [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]], which can be treated with suitable [[antacid]]s. Very occasionally, specialized tests after inhalation of [[methacholine challenge test|methacholine]] - or, even less commonly, [[histamine]] — may be performed. Asthma is categorized by the NIH Heart Lung and Blood Institute as falling into one of four categories: mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent and severe persistent. The diagnosis of "severe persistent asthma" occurs when symptoms are continual with frequent exacerbations and frequent nighttime symptoms, result in limited physical activity and when lung function as measured by PEV or FEV1 tests is less than 60% predicted with PEF variability greater than 30%. ==Pathophysiology== ===Bronchoconstriction=== [[Image:Asthma_before-after.png|thumb|450px|During an [[asthma]] episode, inflamed [[bronchiole|airways]] react to environmental triggers such as smoke, dust, or pollen. The airways narrow and produce excess [[mucus]], making it difficult to breathe.]] In essence, asthma is the result of an abnormal [[immune response]] in the [[bronchial]] airways.<ref name=Maddox>Maddox L, Schwartz DA. The Pathophysiology of Asthma. ''Annu. Rev. Med.'' 2002, 53:477-98. PMID 11818486</ref> The airways of asthmatics are "[[hypersensitivity|hypersensitive]]" to certain triggers, also known as ''stimuli'' (see below). In response to exposure to these triggers, the [[bronchi]] (large airways) contract into [[spasm]] (an "asthma attack"). [[Inflammation]] soon follows, leading to a further narrowing of the airways and excessive [[mucus]] production, which leads to coughing and other breathing difficulties. There are seven categories of stimuli: *[[allergen]]s, typically inhaled, which include waste from common household insects, such as the [[house dust mite]] and [[cockroach]], [[pollen|grass pollen]], [[mould]] spores and pet [[epithelium|epithelial cells]]; *[[medication]]s, including [[aspirin]]<ref name=Jenkins>Jenkins C, Costello J, Hodge L. [[Systematic review]] of prevalence of aspirin induced asthma and its implications for clinical practice. ''[[British Medical Journal|BMJ]]'' 2004;328:434. PMID 14976098</ref> and [[beta blocker|β-adrenergic antagonist]]s (beta blockers); *[[Pollution|air pollution]], such as [[ozone]], [[nitrogen dioxide]], and [[sulfur dioxide]], which is thought to be one of the major reasons for the high prevalence of asthma in urban areas; *various industrial compounds and other chemicals, notably [[sulfites]]; [[chlorine|chlorinated]] swimming pools generate [[chloramine]]s—monochloramine (NH₂Cl), dichloramine (NHCl₂) and trichloramine (NCl₃)—in the air around them, which are known to induce asthma;<ref name=Nemery>Nemery B, Hoet PH, Nowak D. Indoor swimming pools, water chlorination and respiratory health. ''Eur Respir J''. 2002;19(5):790-3. PMID 12030714</ref> *early childhood [[infection]]s, especially [[virus|viral]] [[URTI|respiratory infections]]. However, persons of any age can have asthma triggered by colds and other respiratory infections even though their normal stimuli might be from another category (e.g. pollen) and absent at the time of infection. *[[exercise]], the effects of which differ somewhat from those of the other triggers; and *[[stress (medicine)|emotional stress]], which is poorly understood as a trigger. ===Bronchial inflammation=== The mechanisms behind allergic asthma—i.e., asthma resulting from an [[immune response]] to inhaled [[allergen]]s—are the best understood of the causal factors. In both asthmatics and non-asthmatics, inhaled allergens that find their way to the inner [[bronchiole|airways]] are [[phagocytosis|ingested]] by a type of cell known as [[antigen presenting cell]]s, or APCs. APCs then "present" pieces of the allergen to other [[immune system]] cells. In most people, these other immune cells ([[T helper cell|T_H0 cells]]) "check" and usually ignore the allergen molecules. In asthmatics, however, these cells [[differentiation|transform]] into a different type of cell (T_H2), for reasons that are not well understood. The resultant T_H2 cells activate an important arm of the immune system, known as the [[humoral immunity|humoral immune system]]. The humoral immune system produces [[antibody|antibodies]] against the inhaled allergen. Later, when an asthmatic inhales the same allergen, these antibodies "recognize" it and activate a [[Humoral immune response|humoral response]]. [[Inflammation]] results: chemicals are produced that cause the airways to constrict and release more mucus, and the cell-mediated arm of the immune system is activated. The inflammatory response is responsible for the clinical manifestations of an asthma attack. The following section describes this complex series of events in more detail. ===The immune response=== When an inhaled antigen becomes trapped in the [[bronchial tubes|airways]], it is [[protease|enzymatically]] degraded into shorter [[peptide]]s by APCs such as [[dendritic cell]]s. APCs express the peptides derived from the antigen on the [[cell membrane|cell surface]], in what is known as the binding groove of the class II [[Major Histocompatibility Complex|major histocompatiblity complex]] (MHC) molecule. Now located on the cell surface, the antigen-MHC complex is presented to [[T cell]]s, which express a [[receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]] that is specific to the MHC II peptide.<ref name=Maddox>Maddox L, Schwartz DA. The Pathophysiology of Asthma. ''Annu. Rev. Med.'' 2002, 53:477-98. PMID 11818486</ref> Presented with the antigen-MHC II complex, [[T helper cell|T helper 0]] (T_H0) cells become activated and start to [[differentiation|differentiate]] into either T helper type 1 (T_H1) or type 2 (T_H2) cells. The selective differentiation of T_H0 cells has profound consequences for the immune system: T_H1 cell production leads to [[cell-mediated immunity]], while the production of predominantly T_H2 cells provides [[humoral immunity]]. The resulting balance of T_H1 or T_H2 cells is a crucial variable in the development of asthma; the dominance of the T_H2 cell type appears to be necessary for the development of asthma. In one study, [[knockout mouse|mice]] that lacked the ability to create T_H1 cells displayed an asthma-like [[phenotype]].<ref name=Finotto>Finotto S, Glimcher L. T cell directives for transcriptional regulation in asthma. ''Springer Semin. Immunopathology'' 2004;25(3-4):281-94. PMID 15007632</ref> The variables that decide the fate of T_H1 vs. T_H2 cells are not well understood, but depend on many factors, including childhood exposure to infectious agents and the [[cytokine]]s elicited by those agents. One cytokine secreted by T_H2 cells—[[interleukin-4|IL-4]]—combined with the action of other cytokines induces synthesis by antigen-stimulated [[B cells]] of [[IgE]], an allergen-specific antibody. [[IgE]] binds allergens and then receptors on [[mast cells]], [[basophil]]s, and [[eosinophil]]s in the airway [[epithelium]]. Subsequent exposure of the same antigen to these cells in the airway [[epithelium]] initiates the acute-phase reaction of asthma. Stimulated [[mast cell]]s in the airway release preformed granules of mediators such as [[histamine]], [[eicosanoids]], and [[cytokines]]. These molecules are responsible for the symptoms of asthma. They affect the [[mucosa]] of the airways, increasing mucosal oedema, and mucus production, [[smooth muscle]] constriction, and recruit other immune cells, thereby exacerbating the reaction. The late phase of an asthmatic reaction is characterized by an influx of inflammatory and immune cells during the first several hours after antigen exposure. These cells—particularly [[eosinophil]]s—secrete a series of [[cytokines]], [[leukotrienes]], and [[polypeptide]]s, which contribute to hyperresponsiveness, mucus secretion, bronchoconstriction, and sustained inflammation. ===Pathogenesis=== The fundamental problem in asthma appears to be [[immunology|immunological]]: young children in the early stages of asthma show signs of excessive inflammation in their airways. [[Epidemiology|Epidemiological findings]] give clues as to the [[pathogenesis]]: the incidence of asthma seems to be increasing worldwide, and asthma is now very much more common in affluent countries. One theory of [[pathogenesis]] is that asthma is a disease of hygiene. In nature, babies are exposed to [[bacteria]] and other [[antigen]]s soon after birth, "switching on" the T_H1 [[lymphocyte]] cells of the [[immune system]] that deal with bacterial infection. If this stimulus is insufficient—as it may be in modern, clean environments—then T_H2 cells predominate, and asthma and other allergic diseases may develop. This "[[hygiene hypothesis]]" may explain the increase in asthma in affluent populations. The T_H2 lymphocytes and [[eosinophil]] cells that protect us against [[parasite]]s and other infectious agents are the same cells responsible for the allergic reaction. In the developed world, these [[parasite]]s are now rarely encountered, but the immune response remains and is wrongly triggered in some individuals by certain allergens. Another theory is based on the correlation of [[air pollution]] and the incidence of asthma. Although it is well known that substantial exposures to certain industrial chemicals can cause acute asthmatic episodes, it has not been proved that air pollution is responsible for the development of asthma. In [[Western Europe]], most atmospheric pollutants have fallen significantly over the last 40 years, while the prevalence of asthma has risen. Finally, it has been postulated that some forms of asthma may be related to infection, in particular by [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae|Chlamydia pneumoniae]].<ref name="Thorax2006-Terttu">{{cite journal | author=Terttu HH, Leinonen M, Nokso-Koivisto J, Korhonen T, Raty R, He Q, Hovi T, Mertsola J, Bloigu A, Rytila P, Saikku P | title=Non-random distribution of pathogenic bacteria and viruses in induced sputum or pharyngeal secretions of adults with stable asthma | journal=Thorax | year=2006 | pages= | volume= | id=PMID 16517571}}</ref> This issue remains controversial, as the relationship is not borne out by meta-analysis of the research.<ref name="Cochrane2005-Richeldi">{{cite journal | author=Richeldi L, Ferrara G, Fabbri LM, Lasserson TJ, Gibson PG | title=Macrolides for chronic asthma | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year=2005 | pages=CD002997 | volume= | issue=4 | id=PMID 16235309}}</ref> The correlation seems to be not with the onset, but rather with accelerated loss of lung function in adults with new onset of non-atopic asthma.<ref name="JAllergyClinImmunol2005-Pasternack">{{cite journal | author=Pasternack R, Huhtala H, Karjalainen J | title=Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae serology and asthma in adults: a longitudinal analysis | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year=2005 | pages=1123-8 | volume=116 | issue=5 | id=PMID 16275386}}</ref> One possible explanation is that some asthmatics may have altered immune response that facilitates long-term chlamydia pneumonia infection.<ref name="PediatrAllergyImmunol2005-Ronchetti">{{cite journal | author=Ronchetti R, Biscione GL, Ronchetti F, Ronchetti MP, Martella S, Falasca C, Casini C, Barreto M, Villa MP | title=Why Chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with asthma and other chronic conditions? Suggestions from a survey in unselected 9 yr old schoolchildren | journal=Pediatr Allergy Immunol | year=2005 | pages=145-50 | volume=16 | issue=2 | id=PMID 15787872}}</ref>. The response to targeting with [[macrolide]] antibiotics has been investigated, but the temporary benefit reported in some studies may reflect just their anti-inflammatory activities rather than their antimicrobic action<ref name="Cochrane2005-Richeldi" />. ==Treatment== The most effective treatment for asthma is identifying triggers, such as pets or aspirin, and limiting or eliminating exposure to them. [[Desensitization]] is commonly attempted, but has not been shown to be effective. As is common with respiratory disease, [[tobacco smoking|smoking]] adversely affects asthmatics in several ways, including an increased severity of symptoms, a more rapid decline of lung function, and decreased response to preventive medications.<ref name=thomson>Thomson NC, Spears M. The influence of smoking on the treatment response in patients with asthma. ''Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol''. 2005;5(1):57-63. PMID 15643345</ref> Asthmatics who smoke typically require additional medications to help control their disease. Furthermore, exposure of both nonsmokers and smokers to [[secondhand smoke]] is detrimental, resulting in more severe asthma, more [[emergency room]] visits, and more asthma-related hospital admissions.<ref name=eisner>Eisner MD, Yelin EH, Katz PP, et al. Exposure to indoor combustion and adult asthma outcomes: environmental tobacco smoke, gas stoves, and woodsmoke. ''Thorax''. 2002;57(11):973-8. PMID 12403881</ref> Smoking cessation and avoidance of those who smoke is strongly encouraged in asthmatics.<ref name=epr2>National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. ''Expert Panel Report: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma''. National Institutes of Health pub no 97-4051. Bethesda, MD, 1997. ([http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf PDF])</ref> The specific medical treatment recommended to patients with asthma depends on the severity of their illness and the frequency of their symptoms. Specific treatments for asthma are broadly classified as relievers, preventers and emergency treatment. The ''Expert panel report 2: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma'' (EPR-2)<ref name=epr2>National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. ''Expert Panel Report: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma''. National Institutes of Health pub no 97-4051. Bethesda, MD, 1997. ([http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf PDF])</ref> of the U.S. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, and the ''British guideline on the management of asthma'' <ref name=SIGN>British Thoracic Society & Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). ''British Guideline on the Management of Asthma''. Guideline No. 63. Edinburgh:SIGN; 2004. ([http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/63/index.html HTML], [http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign63.pdf Full PDF], [http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/qrg63.pdf Summary PDF])</ref> are broadly used and supported by many doctors. Bronchodilators are recommended for short-term relief in all patients. For those who experience occasional attacks, no other medication is needed. For those with mild persistent disease (more than two attacks a week), low-dose inhaled glucocorticoids—or alternatively, an oral leukotriene modifier, a mast-cell stabilizer, or theophylline—may be administered. For those who suffer daily attacks, a higher dose of glucocorticoid in conjunction with a long-acting inhaled β-2 agonist may be prescribed; alternatively, a leukotriene modifier or theophylline may substitute for the β-2 agonist. In severe asthmatics, oral glucocorticoids may be added to these treatments during severe attacks. For those in whom exercise can trigger an asthma attack ([[exercise-induced asthma]]), higher levels of ventilation and cold, dry air tend to exacerbate attacks. For this reason, activities in which a patient breathes large amounts of cold air, such as cross-country [[skiing]], tend to be worse for asthmatics, whereas swimming in an indoor, heated pool, with warm, humid air, is less likely to provoke a response.<ref name=McFadden>McFadden ER, Jr. Asthma. In Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al (eds.). ''Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine'' (16th Edition), pp. 1508-1516. New York: McGraw-Hill;2004.</ref> ===Relief medication=== [[Image:AsthmaInhaler.jpg|thumb|250px|A typical [[inhaler]], of [[salmeterol|Serevent (salmeterol)]]]] Symptomatic control of episodes of wheezing and shortness of breath is generally achieved with fast-acting [[bronchodilator]]s. These are typically provided in pocket-sized, metered-dose [[inhaler|inhalers]] (MDIs—see the image to the right). In young sufferers, who may have difficulty with the coordination necessary to use inhalers, or those with a poor ability to hold their breath for 10 seconds after inhaler use (generally the elderly), an [[asthma spacer]] (see top image) is used. The spacer is a plastic cylinder that mixes the medication with air in a simple tube, making it easier for patients to receive a full dose of the drug and allows for the active agent to be dispersed into smaller, more fully inhaled bits. A [[nebulizer]]—which provides a larger, continuous dose—can also be used. Nebulizers work by vaporizing a dose of medication in a saline solution into a steady stream of foggy vapour, which the patient inhales continuously until the full dosage is administered. There is no clear evidence, however, that they are more effective than inhalers used with a spacer. Nebulizers may be helpful to some patients experiencing a severe attack. Such patients may not be able to inhale deeply, so regular inhalers may not deliver medication deeply into the lungs, even on repeated attempts. Since a nebulizer delivers the medication continuously, it is thought that the first few inhalations may relax the airways enough to allow the following inhalations to draw in more medication. Relievers include: * Short-acting, selective [[Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist|beta₂-adrenoceptor agonists]] ([[salbutamol]] [albuterol], [[levalbuterol]], [[terbutaline]], [[bitolterol]], [[pirbuterol]], [[procaterol]], [[fenoterol]], [[reproterol]]). [[tremor|Tremors]], the major side effect, have been greatly reduced by inhaled delivery, which allows the drug to target the lungs specifically; oral and injected medications are delivered throughout the body. There may also be [[cardiac]] side effects at higher doses (due to Beta-1 agonist activity), such as elevated heart rate or blood pressure; with the advent of selective agents, these side effects have become less common. Patients must be cautioned against using these medicines too frequently, as with such use their efficacy may decline, producing [[desensitization]] resulting in an exacerbation of symptoms which may lead to refractory asthma and death. * Older, less selective [[adrenergic receptor|adrenergic agonists]], such as inhaled [[epinephrine]] and [[ephedrine]] tablets, are available over the counter in the US. Cardiac side effects, although uncommon, occur more often with these less selective drugs. They also provide a shorter period of relief than the selective bronchodilators. Nowadays, they are usually avoided in patients with heart disease. In emergencies, these drugs were sometimes administered by injection. Their use in this situation has declined. *[[Anticholinergic]] medications, such as [[ipratropium bromide]] may be used instead. They have no cardiac side effects and thus can be used in patients with heart disease; however, they take up to an hour to achieve their full effect and are not as powerful as the β₂-adrenoreceptor agonists. ===Prevention medication=== Current treatment protocols recommend prevention medications such as an inhaled [[corticosteroid]], which helps to suppress [[inflammation]] and reduces the swelling of the lining of the airways, in anyone who has frequent (greater than twice a week) need of relievers or who has severe symptoms. If symptoms persist, additional preventive drugs are added until the asthma is controlled. With the proper use of prevention drugs, asthmatics can avoid the complications that result from overuse of relief medications. Asthmatics sometimes stop taking their preventive medication when they feel fine and have no problems breathing. This often results in further attacks, and no long-term improvement. Preventive agents include the following. * Inhaled [[glucocorticoid]]s ([[fluticasone]], [[budesonide]], [[beclomethasone]], [[mometasone]], [[flunisolide]], and [[triamcinolone]]). * [[Leukotriene]] modifiers ([[montelukast]], [[zafirlukast]], [[pranlukast]], and [[zileuton]]). * [[Mast cell]] stabilizers ([[cromoglicate]] (cromolyn), and [[nedocromil]]). * Antimuscarinics/anticholinergics ([[ipratropium]], [[oxitropium]]), which have a mixed reliever and preventer effect. (These are rarely used in preventive treatment of asthma, except in patients who do not tolerate beta-2-agonists.) * Methylxanthines ([[theophylline]] and [[aminophylline]]), which are sometimes considered if sufficient control cannot be achieved with inhaled glucocorticoids and long-acting β-agonists alone. * [[Antihistamine]]s, often used to treat allergic symptoms that may underlie the chronic inflammation. In more severe cases, [[hyposensitization]] ("allergy shots") may be recommended. * [[Omalizumab]], an [[immunoglobulin E|IgE]] blocker; this can help patients with severe allergic asthma that does not respond to other drugs. However, it is expensive and must be injected. * [[Methotrexate]] is occasionally used in some difficult-to-treat patients. * If chronic acid indigestion ([[Gastroesophageal reflux disease|GERD]]) contributes to a patient's asthma, it should also be treated, because it may prolong the respiratory problem. ===Long-acting β₂-agonists=== Long-acting bronchodilators (LABD) give a 12-hour effect, and are used to give a smoothed symptomatic effect (used morning and night). While patients report improved symptom control, these drugs do not replace the need for routine preventers, and their slow onset means the short-acting dilators may still be required. ''In November of 2005, the American [[Food_and_Drug_Administration|FDA]] released a health advisory[http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/LABA/default.htm], alerting the public to findings that show the use of Long-acting β₂-agonists could lead to a worsening of symptoms, and in some cases death.'' Currently available long-acting [[beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist|beta₂-adrenoceptor agonists]] include [[salmeterol]], [[formoterol]], [[bambuterol]], and sustained-release oral [[albuterol]]. Combinations of inhaled steroids and long-acting bronchodilators are becoming more widespread; the most common combination currently in use is fluticasone/salmeterol ([[Advair]] in the United States, and [[Seretide]] in the UK). ===Emergency treatment=== When an asthma attack is unresponsive to a patient's usual medication, other treatments are available to the physician or hospital:<ref name=rodrigo>Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Hall JB. Acute asthma in adults: a review. ''Chest''. 2004;125(3):1081-102. PMID 15006973</ref> * [[oxygen]] to alleviate the hypoxia (but not the asthma ''per se'') that results from extreme asthma attacks; * nebulized salbutamol (a short-acting beta-2-agonist), often combined with ipratropium (an anticholinergic); * systemic steroids, oral or intravenous ([[prednisone]], [[prednisolone]], [[methylprednisolone]], [[dexamethasone]], or [[hydrocortisone]]) * other bronchodilators that are occasionally effective when the usual drugs fail: ** nonspecific beta-agonists, injected or inhaled ([[epinephrine]], [[isoetharine]], [[isoproterenol]], [[metaproterenol]]); ** anticholinergics, IV or nebulized, with systemic effects ([[glycopyrrolate]], [[atropine]]); ** methylxanthines ([[theophylline]], [[aminophylline]]); ** inhalation anesthetics that have a bronchodilatory effect ([[isoflurane]], [[halothane]], [[enflurane]]); ** the dissociative anaesthetic [[ketamine]], often used in [[endotracheal tube]] induction ** [[magnesium sulfate]], intravenous; and * intubation and mechanical ventilation, for patients in or approaching respiratory arrest. ===Alternative medicine=== Many asthmatics, like those who suffer from other chronic disorders, use alternative treatments; surveys show that roughly 50% of asthma patients use some form of unconventional therapy.<ref name=blanc>Blanc PD, Trupin L, Earnest G, et al. Alternative therapies among adults with a reported diagnosis of asthma or rhinosinusitis: data from a population-based survey. ''Chest''. 2001;120(5):1461-7. PMID 11713120</ref>^,<ref name=shenfield>Shenfield G, Lim E, Allen H. Survey of the use of complementary medicines and therapies in children with asthma. ''J Paediatr Child Health''. 2002;38(3):252-7. PMID 12047692</ref> There are little data to support the effectiveness of most of these therapies. A [[Cochrane Collaboration|Cochrane]] [[Evidence-based medicine|systematic review]] of acupuncture for asthma found no evidence of efficacy.<ref name=mccartney>McCarney RW, Brinkhaus B, Lasserson TJ, et al. Acupuncture for chronic asthma. ''Cochrane Database Syst Rev''. 2004;(1):CD000008. PMID 14973944</ref> A similar review of [[air ionizer]]s found no evidence that they improve asthma symptoms or benefit lung function; this applied equally to positive and negative ion generators.<ref name=blackhall>Blackhall K, Appleton S, Cates CJ. Ionisers for chronic asthma. ''Cochrane Database Syst Rev.'' 2003;(3):CD002986 PMID 12917939</ref> A study of "manual therapies" for asthma, including [[osteopathic]], [[chiropractic]], [[physiotherapy|physiotherapeutic]] and [[respiratory therapy|respiratory therapeutic]] maneuvers, found no evidence to support their use in treating asthma;<ref name=hondras>Hondras MA, Linde K, Jones AP. Manual therapy for asthma. ''Cochrane Database Syst Rev''. 2005;(2):CD001002. PMID 15846609</ref> these manoeuvres include various osteopathic and chiropractic techniques to "increase movement in the rib cage and the spine to try and improve the working of the lungs and circulation"; chest tapping, shaking, vibration, and the use of "postures to help shift and cough up phlegm." On the other hand, one [[meta-analysis]] found that [[homeopathy]] has a potentially mild benefit in reducing symptom intensity;<ref name=reilly>Reilly D, Taylor MA, Beattie NG, et al. Is evidence for homoeopathy reproducible? ''Lancet.'' 1994;344(8937):1601-6. PMID 7983994</ref> however, the number of patients involved in the analysis was small, and subsequent studies have not supported this finding.<ref name=white>White A, Slade P, Hunt C, et al. Individualised homeopathy as an adjunct in the treatment of childhood asthma: a randomised placebo controlled trial. ''Thorax.'' 2003;58(4):317-21. PMID 12668794</ref> Several small trials have suggested some benefit from various [[yoga]] practices, ranging from integrated yoga programs<ref name=nagendra>Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. An integrated approach of yoga therapy for bronchial asthma: a 3-54-month prospective study. ''J Asthma.'' 1986;23(3):123-37. PMID 3745111</ref>—"yogasanas, Pranayama, [[meditation]], and kriyas"—to ''sahaja'' yoga<ref name=manocha>Manocha R, Marks GB, Kenchington P, et al. Sahaja yoga in the management of moderate to severe asthma: a randomised controlled trial. ''Thorax.'' 2002;57(2):110-5. PMID 11828038</ref>, a form of meditation. A randomized, controlled trial of just 39 patients suggested that the [[Buteyko method]] may moderately reduce the need for beta-agonists among asthmatics, but found no objective improvement in lung function.<ref name=bowler>Bowler SD, Green A, Mitchell CA. Buteyko breathing techniques in asthma: a blinded randomised controlled trial. ''Med J Aust''. 1998;169(11-12):575-8. PMID 9887897</ref> See also ''[[Complementary and alternative medicine]]''. ==Prognosis== The prognosis for asthmatics is good, especially for children with mild disease. For asthmatics diagnosed during childhood, 54% will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade. The extent of permanent lung damage in asthmatics is unclear. Airway remodelling is observed, but it is unknown whether these represent harmful or beneficial changes.<ref name=Maddox>Maddox L, Schwartz DA. The Pathophysiology of Asthma. ''Annu. Rev. Med.'' 2002, 53:477-98. PMID 11818486</ref> Although conclusions from studies are mixed, most studies show that early treatment with glucocorticoids prevents or ameliorates decline in lung function as measured by several parameters.<ref name=beckett>Beckett PA, Howarth PH. Pharmacotherapy and airway remodelling in asthma? ''Thorax''. 2003;58(2):163-74. PMID 12554904</ref> For those who continue to suffer from mild symptoms, corticosteroids can help most to live their lives with few [[disabilities]]. The mortality rate for asthma is low, with around 6000 deaths per year in a population of some 10 million patients in the United States.<ref name=McFadden>McFadden ER, Jr. Asthma. In Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al (eds). ''Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine'' (16th Edition), pp. 1508-1516. New York: McGraw-Hill;2004.</ref> Better control of the condition may help prevent some of these deaths. ==Epidemiology== [[Image:asthma_prevalence.png|thumb|right|350px|The [[prevalence]] of childhood asthma has increased since 1980, especially in younger children.]] Asthma is usually diagnosed in childhood. The risk factors for asthma include: *a personal or family [[history]] of asthma or [[atopy]]; *triggers (see ''[[Asthma#Pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]'' above); *premature birth or low birth weight; *viral [[URTI|respiratory infection]] in early childhood; *maternal smoking; *being male, for asthma in prepubertal children; and *being female, for persistence of asthma into adulthood. There is a reduced occurrence of asthma in people who were breast-fed as babies. Current research suggests that the [[prevalence]] of childhood asthma has been increasing. According to the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]'s National Health Interview Surveys, some 9% of US children below 18 years of age had asthma in 2001, compared with just 3.6% in 1980 (see figure). The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) reports<ref name=WHO>World Health Organization [homepage on the Internet]. Bronchial asthma: scope of the problem. Geneva: World Health Organization; ©2005. Available from [http://www.who.int/entity/respiratory/asthma/scope/en/index.html http://www.who.int/entity/respiratory/asthma/scope/en/index.html]. Accessed on [[23 Aug]] 2005.</ref> that some 8% of the Swiss population suffers from asthma today, compared with just 2% some 25–30 years ago. Although asthma is more common in affluent countries, it is by no means a problem restricted to the affluent; the WHO estimate that there are between 15 and 20 million asthmatics in India. In the U.S., urban residents, Hispanics, and African Americans are affected more than the population as a whole. Globally, asthma is responsible for around 180,000 deaths annually.<ref name=WHO>World Health Organization [homepage on the Internet]. Bronchial asthma: scope of the problem. Geneva: World Health Organization; ©2005. Available from [http://www.who.int/entity/respiratory/asthma/scope/en/index.html http://www.who.int/entity/respiratory/asthma/scope/en/index.html]. Accessed on [[23 Aug]] 2005.</ref> ===Socioeconomic factors=== The incidence of asthma is higher among low-income populations, which in the western world are disproportionately minority, and more likely to live near industrial areas. Additionally, asthma has been strongly associated with the presence of cockroaches in living quarters, which is more likely in such neighbourhoods. [http://health.yahoo.com/news/141964] [http://www.aaaai.org/patients/resources/fastfacts/asthma_demographics.stm] The quality of asthma treatment varies along racial lines, likely because many low-income people cannot afford health insurance and because there is still a correlation between class and race. For example, black Americans are less likely to receive outpatient treatment for asthma despite having a higher prevalence of the disease. They are much more likely to have emergency room visits or hospitalization for asthma, and are three times as likely to die from an asthma attack compared to whites. The prevalence of "severe persistent" asthma is also greater in low-income communities compared with communities with better access to treatment. [http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/04_chtbk.pdf] [http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/asthma/asthma.htm] ===Asthma and athletics=== Asthma appears to be more prevalent in athletes than in the general population. One survey of participants in the 1996 [[Summer Olympic Games]] showed that 15% had been diagnosed with asthma, and that 10% were on asthma medication.<ref name=olympics>Weiler JM, Layton T, Hunt M. Asthma in United States Olympic athletes who participated in the 1996 Summer Games. ''J Allergy Clin Immunol''. 1998;102(5):722-6. PMID 9819287</ref> These statistics have been questioned on at least two bases. Persons with mild asthma may be more likely to be diagnosed with the condition than others because even subtle symptoms may interfere with their performance and lead to pursuit of a diagnosis. It has also been suggested that some professional athletes who do not suffer from asthma claim to do so in order to obtain special permits to use certain performance-enhancing drugs. There appears to be a relatively high incidence of asthma in sports such as [[cycling]], mountain biking, and long-distance [[running]], and a relatively lower incidence in weightlifting and diving. It is unclear how much of these disparities are from the effects of training in the sport, and from self-selection of sports that may appear to minimize the triggering of asthma.<ref name=olympics>Weiler JM, Layton T, Hunt M. Asthma in United States Olympic athletes who participated in the 1996 Summer Games. ''J Allergy Clin Immunol''. 1998;102(5):722-6. PMID 9819287</ref>^, <ref name=athletes>Helenius I, Haahtela T. Allergy and asthma in elite summer sport athletes. ''J Allergy Clin Immunol''. 2000;106(3):444-52 PMID 10984362</ref> In addition, there exists a variant of asthma called [[exercise-induced asthma]] that shares many features with allergic asthma. It may occur either independently, or concurrent with the latter. Exercise studies may be helpful in diagnosing and assessing this condition. --> == Baca ogé == * [[Atopi]] * [[Sindrom Hopkins]] * [[Réspon imun]] == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Asthma|Asthma]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (14 Maret 2006) == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.asthma.org.uk Asthma UK] – a patient-oriented site with information on asthma and ways that UK residents can help improve asthma-related policy. * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html MedLinePlus: Asthma] – a U.S. National Library of Medicine page. * [http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/lung/index.htm#asthma National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute — Asthma] – U.S. NHLBI Information for Patients and the Public page. * [http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/index.htm#asthma National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute — Asthma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991127181921/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/index.htm#asthma |date=1999-11-27 }} – U.S. NHLBI Information for Héalth Professionals page. * [http://www.aaaai.org American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology] – a U.S. organization of medical professionals with a special interest in tréating and reséarching conditions such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis/eczema, and anaphylaxis. * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/asthma/ Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Environmental Triggers of Asthma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923222345/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/asthma/ |date=2006-09-23 }} – a page from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Diséase Registry, a service of the U.S. Department of Héalth and Human Services. * [http://www.seattlechildrens.org/child_health_safety/resources/health/diseases_conditions/allergies_asthma_immune.asp Children's Hospital & Regional Medical Center — Allergies, Asthma & Immune System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060413191230/http://www.seattlechildrens.org/child_health_safety/resources/health/diseases_conditions/allergies_asthma_immune.asp |date=2006-04-13 }} – A Séattle, Washington hospital website with patient-oriented vidéos on asthma and the immune system. * [http://www.housedustmite.org.uk HouseDustMite-org-uk : House Dust Mite and Asthma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519043828/http://www.housedustmite.org.uk/ |date=2006-05-19 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Panyakit]] t6un9kx9t8mmnq9rx8m9sd664gr9x6a 0 3874 712853 712402 2026-09-23T03:15:41Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Bangkong | image = Magnificent tree frog (Litoria splendida) crop.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Bangkong Héjo (''Litoria caerulea'') | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Ampibi|Amphibia]] | ordo = Anura | ordo_authority = [[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820 | subdivision_ranks = Subordo | subdivision = [[Archaeobatrachia]]<br /> [[Mesobatrachia]]<br /> [[Neobatrachia]] <br /> - <br /> [[Daptar famili Anura]] }} '''Bangkong''' mangrupa ngaran umum pikeun [[ampibi]] ordo '''[[Anura]]'''. Bangkong sawawa dicirikeun ku [[suku]] tukangna nu panjang, awakna pondok, [[ramo]] selaputan, sarta [[panon]]na nolol. lolobana bangkong biasa hirup di dua alam, semi-akuatik, tapi lincah di darat ku cara ngaclog jeung nérékél. Biasana ngendog dina balong, [[situ]], [[ranca]], ku sabab larvana, [[buruy]], tumuwuh dina cai. Bangkong sawawa hirupna [[karnivora]], utamana ngahakan [[artropoda]], [[annelida]], jeung [[Gastropoda]]. Paling gampang kanyahoan mun disada, utamana dina [[siklus éstrus|mangsa jalangan]]. Bangkong sumebar ti wewengkon [[tropis]] nepi ka [[subantartika]], tapi lolobana mah aya di [[leuweung hujan tropis]]. Bangkong mangrupa golongan [[vertebrata]] nu panglobana, kabagi kana sahanteuna 5000 [[spésiés]]. Najan kitu, populasina kiwari beuki ngurangan. == Taksonomi == Ordo Anura ngawengku 5.250-an spésiés dina 33 famili, di antarana [[Leptodactylidae]] (1100 spp.), [[Hylidae]] (800 spp.) jeung [[Ranidae]] (750 spp.). Leuwih ti 80% spésiés [[ampibi]] téh kaasup kana golongan bangkong. Tina jihat [[taksonomi]], sakabéh anggota ordo Anura téh disebutna bangkong, sedengkeun sapopoé mah nu disebut bangkong téh leuwih nujul ka "''bangkong korodok''", anggota famili Bufonidae, nu leuwih loba hirup di darat, teu kaasup bancét (nu loba hirup na cai) jeung cakung (hirup na tatangkalan). Bangkong dibagi kana tilu subordo: [[Archaeobatrachia]] (nu ngawengku opat famili bangkong primitip), [[Mesobatrachia]] (nu ngawengku lima famili bangkong évolusionér panengah), jeung [[Neobatrachia]] (golongan panggedéna nu ngandung 24 famili bangkong "modéren"). Néobatrachia salajengna dibagi kana Hyloidéa jeung Ranoidéa{{ref|Ford}}. Klasifikasi ieu dumasar kana fitur morfologis kayaning jumlah vertebrae, struktur ''pectoral girdle'', jeung morfologi buyur. Najan klasifikasi ieu sacara umum ditarima, pancakaki antar familina mah masih diaduregengkeun. Studi [[genetika]] molekulér salajengna dipiharep bisa méré jalan pikeun nangtukeun pancakaki famili-famili bangkong ieu{{ref|Faiv}}. Sababaraha spésiés bangkong bisa ngalaman [[hibrid]]isasi. Misalna, ''Rana esculenta'' mangrupa hibrid ''R. lessonae'' jeung ''R. ridibunda''. == Morfologi jeung fisiologi == Salaku ampibi, morpologi bangkong mah kaasup ahéng. Mun dibandingkeun jeung ampibi lianna, misalna [[salamander]] jeung [[caecilia]], bangkong béda ku sabab teu buntutan mun geus sawawa sarta sukuna leuwih cocog pikeun ngaclog batan leumpang. Pisiologi bangkong sacara umum mah sarupa jeung ampibi séjén (sarta béda ti [[vertebrata]] darat lianna) sabab [[oksigén]] bisa nembus [[kulit]]na nu perméabel pisan. Fitur ahéng ieu jadi pakarang bangkong pikeun "ngarénghap" ngaliwatan kulit. ku sabab oksigén leyur dina lapisan cai dina kulitna sarta lajeng nembus kana [[getih]]na, kulit bangkong téh salawasna kudu baseuh/lembab; balukarna, bangkong jadi gampang karacunan ku lingkunganana, nu bisa baé milu leyur dina cairan na kulitna lajeng asup kana aliran getih. <!-- ===Awakna=== [[Image:Rana_skeleton.png|thumb|Rorongkong ''Rana'']] Many characteristics are not shared by all of the approximately 5,250 described species of frogs. However, some general characteristics distinguish them from other amphibians. Frogs are usually well suited to jumping, with long hind legs with elongated ankle bones. They have a short vertebral column, with no more than ten free vertebrae, followed by a fused tail bone (''urostyle'' or ''coccyx''), typically resulting in a tailless phenotype. Frogs range in size from 10&nbsp;mm (''[[Psyllophryne didactyla]]'' of [[Brazil]] and ''[[Eleutherodactylus iberia]]'' of [[Cuba]]) to 300&nbsp;mm ([[Goliath frog]], ''Conraua goliath'', of [[Cameroon]]). The skin hangs loosely on the body because of the lack of [[loose connective tissue]]. Skin texture varies: it can be smooth, warty or folded. Frogs have three eyelid membranes: one is transparent to protect the eyes underwater, and two vary from translucent to opaque. Frogs have a [[tympanum]] on each side of the head, which is involved in hearing and, in some species, is covered by skin. ===Feet and legs=== The structure of the feet and legs varies greatly among frog species, depending in part on whether they live primarily on the ground, in water or in trees. Frogs must be able to move quickly through their environment to catch prey and escape predators, and numerous adaptations help them do so. [[Image:L tyleri.jpg|thumb|190px|left|[[Tyler's Tree Frog]] (''Litoria tyleri'') illustrates large toe pads and webbed feet.]] Many frogs, especially those that live in water, have webbed toes. The degree to which the toes are webbed is directly proportional to the amount of time the species lives in the water. For example, the completely aquatic [[African dwarf frog]] (''Hymenochirus sp.'') has fully webbed toes, whereas the toes of [[White's tree frog]], an arboreal species, are only a half or a quarter webbed. [[Tree frogs|Arboreal frogs]] have "toe pads" to help grip vertical surfaces. These pads, located on the ends of the toes, do not work by suction. Rather, the surface of the pad consists of interlocking cells, with a small gap between adjacent cells. When the frog applies pressure to the toe pads, the interlocking cells grip irregularities on the substrate. The small gaps between the cells drain away all but a thin layer of moisture on the pad, and maintain a grip through [[capillarity]]. This allows the frog to grip smooth surfaces, and does not function when the pads are excessively wet.{{ref|Emerson}} In many arboreal frogs, a small "intercalary structure" in each toe increases the surface area touching the substrate. Furthermore, since hopping through trees can be dangerous, many arboreal frogs have hip joints that allow both hopping and walking. Some frogs that live high in trees even possess an elaborate degree of webbing between their toes, as do aquatic frogs. But in these arboreal frogs, the webs allow the frogs to "parachute" or control their glide from one position in the canopy to another.{{ref|Harvey}} Ground-dwelling frogs generally lack the adaptations of aquatic and arboreal frogs. Most have smaller toe pads, if any, and little webbing. Some burrowing frogs have a toe extension—a metatarsal tubercle—that helps them to burrow. The hind legs of ground dwellers are more muscular than those of aqueous and tree-dwelling frogs. ===Skin=== [[Image:Crinia signifera.jpg|thumb|190px|right|[[Common Eastern Froglet]] (''Crinia signifera'') camouflaged against leaf litter.]] Many frogs are able to absorb water directly through the skin, especially around the pelvic area. However, the permeability of a frog's skin can also result in water loss. Some [[tree frogs]] reduce water loss with a waterproof layer of skin. Others have adapted behaviours that conserve water, including engaging in [[nocturnal]] activity and resting in a water-conserving position. This position involves the frog lying with its toes and fingers tucked under its body and chin, respectively, with no gap between the body and substrate. These adaptations only reduce water loss enough for a predominately arboreal existence, and are not suitable for arid conditions. [[Camouflage]] is a common defensive mechanism in frogs. Most camouflaged frogs are [[nocturnal]], which adds to their ability to hide. Nocturnal frogs usually find the ideal camouflaged position during the day to sleep. Some frogs have the ability to change colour. However, this is usually restricted to shades of one or two colours. For example, [[White's tree frog]] (''Litoria caerulea'') varies in shades of green and brown. Features such as warts and skin folds are usually found on ground-dwelling frogs, where a smooth skin would not disguise them effectively. Arboreal frogs usually have smooth skin, enabling them to disguise themselves as leaves. Certain frogs change colour between night and day, as light and moisture stimulate the pigment cells and cause them to expand or contract. <br style="clear:both;" /> ===Poison=== [[Image:Dendrobates pumilio.jpg|thumb|190px|right|[[Poison Dart Frog]] (''Dendrobates pumilio'') contains numerous alkaloids which deter predators.]] Many frogs contain mild [[toxin]]s that make them distasteful to potential predators. For example, all toads have large poison glands—the parotid glands—located behind the eyes on the top of the head. Some frogs, such as some [[Poison Dart Frog]]s, are especially toxic. The chemical makeup of toxins in frogs varies from irritants to [[hallucinogen]]s, [[Seizure|convulsant]]s, [[neurotoxin|nerve poisons]], and [[vasoconstrictor]]s (which narrow the blood vessels). Many predators of frogs have adapted to tolerate high levels of these poisons. Others, including humans, may be severely affected. Some frogs obtain poisons from the ants and other arthropods they eat;{{ref|Saporito}} others, such as the Australian [[Corroboree Frog]]s (''Pseudophryne corroboree'' and ''Pseudophryne pengilleyi''), can manufacture an [[alkaloid]] not derived from their diet.{{ref|Smith}} Some native people of South America extract poison from the poison dart frogs and apply it to their [[dart]]s for hunting,{{ref|Myers}} although few species are toxic enough to be used for this purpose. It was previously a misconception that the poison was placed on arrows rather than darts. The common name of these frogs was thus changed from "Poison Arrow Frog" to "Poison Dart Frog" in the early 1980s. Poisonous frogs tend to advertise their toxicity with bright colours, an adaptive strategy known as [[aposematism]]. There are at least two non-poisonous species of frogs in tropical America (''Eleutherodactylus gaigei'' and ''Lithodytes lineatus'') that mimic the colouration of dart poison frogs' coloration for self-protection.{{ref|Savage}}{{ref|Duellman}} Because frog toxins are extraordinarily diverse, they have raised the interest of biochemists as a "natural pharmacy". The alkaloid [[epibatidine]], a painkiller 200 times more potent than [[morphine]], is found in some species of poison dart frogs. Other chemicals isolated from the skin of frogs may offer resistance to [[HIV]] infection.{{ref|van}} Arrow and dart poisons are under active investigation for their potential as therapeutic drugs.{{ref|Phillipe}} ===Respiration and circulation=== The skin of a frog is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as to water. There are a number of blood vessels near the surface of the skin. When a frog is underwater, oxygen is transmitted through the skin directly into the bloodstream. On land, adult frogs use their lungs to breathe. Their lungs are similar to those of humans, but the chest muscles are not involved in respiration, and there are no [[rib]]s or [[diaphragm]] to support breathing. Frogs breathe by taking air in through the nostrils (causing the throat to puff out), and compressing the floor of the mouth, which forces the air into the lungs. Frogs are known for their three-chambered [[heart]], which they share with all [[tetrapod]]s except [[bird]]s and [[mammal]]s. In the three-chambered heart, oxygenated blood from the lungs and de-oxygenated blood from the [[respiration|respiring]] tissues enter by separate [[atrium|atria]], and are directed via a spiral valve to the appropriate vessel—[[aorta]] for oxygenated blood and [[pulmonary vein]] for deoxygenated blood. This special structure is essential to keeping the mixing of the two types of blood to a minimum, which enables frogs to have higher metabolic rates, and be more active than otherwise.--> == Biologi == Daur hirup bangkong, sakumaha ilaharna ampibi, diwangun ku opat hambalan: endog, buyur, métamorfosis, jeung sawawa. Nalika geus manggih pitempateun melak endog, bangkong [[jalu]] biasana disada pikeun ngirut [[bikang]]na kangkan datang ka éta tempat. Aya sababaraha spésiés bangkong nu sok ngajaga endogna, malah nepi ka geus jadi buyur. === Ti endog nepi ka sawawa === [[Gambar:Frogspawn_closeup.jpg|150px|thumb|Endog bangkong]] [[Gambar:Tadpoles_10_days.jpg|150px|thumb||10 poé: buruy]] [[Gambar:Frog-Zhe.jpg||150px|thumb|8–12 minggu: Buruy sukuan = bangkong buntutan]] [[Gambar:Green-leopard-frog-in-swamp.jpg||150px|thumb|12–16 minggu: sawawa]] Daur hirup bangkong dimimitian tina endog. Lolobana mah ieu endog téh dipelak dina cai, sakalina bisa ngandung rébuan endog. Mangsa ngendog téh biasana mah bareng, antukna mun dihakan [[prédator]] gé, sahanteuna bakal nyésa, da kaburu wareg; buyurna ogé loba kénéh nu ngadodoho, tapi sahanteuna geus bisa ngojay pikeun nyalametkeun manéh. Aya ogé bangkong nu ngendog dina dangdaunnan luhureun cai, naplok, antukna mun geus megar, buyurna langsung murag kana cai. Spésiés bangkong séjénna, nu ngendog di darat, bisa ngarasakeun geleserna prédator (misalna oray), sarta megar saméméh waktuna pikeun ngejat tina pamangsa{{Ref|Warkentin}}. ''Bufo marinus'' mah béda deui, ieu bangkong ngaluarkeun endog nu ngandung racun. Najan hambalan endog ieu rupa-rupa gumantung spésiés jeung lingkunganana, endog bangkong cai mah ilaharna megar dina jangka saminggu. Samegarna tina endog, buruy téh hirup na cai, tanpa suku, tapi boga buntut nu dipaké pikeun ngojay. Buruy mah [[hérbivora]], utamana ngahakan [[ganggang]], kaasup [[diatom]] nu disaring tina cai ngaliwatan [[insang]]na, tapi aya ogé nu karnivora, ngahakan [[serangga]] atawa buruy jeung lauk nu leuwih leutik. Buruy kudu bajoang antara silih hakan jeung dimangsa prédator lianna. Buruy aya ogé nu ngandung racun. Lilana jadi buruy téh rupa-rupa, ti saminggu nepi ka sataun, sabab métamorfosisna kapegat ku usum tiris. Dina panungtung hambalan, buruy ngalaman [[métamorfosis]], transisi ka bentuk sawawa. Métamorfosis ngawengku parobahan morpologi jeung pisiologi, nyaéta tumuwuhna suku tukang, suku hareup, leungitna [[insang]], sarta mekarna [[bayah]]. Peujitna mondokan sabab ngised tina hérbivora jadi karnivora, panonna ngised sacara rostral jeung dorsal, antukna tetempoanana jadi binokulér. Parobahan posisi [[panon]] bangkong nunjukkeun parobahan tina mangsa jadi pamangsa. Salajengna, hambalan ahir kamekaran bangkong ngawengku [[apoptosis]] (program paéh sél) jeung ngelokna buntut. Sanggeus métamorposis, bangkong ngora aya nu nyebar di habitat darat ninggalkeun cai, aya ogé nu tetep cicing di habitat cai. Ampir sakabéh spésiés bangkong [[karnivora]], ngahakan invertebrata kayaning [[artropoda]], [[annelida]], jeung [[gastropoda]]. Sababaraha spésiés nu badag kadang ngahakan [[mamalia]] leutik, [[lauk]], jeung bangkong nu leuwih leutik. Aya nu ngamangsa maké [[létah]]na nu cepel pikeun néwak mangsa nu gesit, aya ogé nu maké 'leungeun'na pikeun nyamualkeun mangsa kana sungutna. Lian ti ngamangsa, aya ogé bangkong nu kahakanan utamana tutuwuhan{{ref|Silva}}. Bangkong mangrupa mangsa [[manuk]], lauk badag, [[oray]], [[careuh]], jeung sato lianna. Manusa ogé aya nu beuki bangkong (ukur sababaraha spésiés bangkong, baca bab [[#Tatanén|tatanén]] di handap). === Baranahan === Nalika nincak sawawa, biasana mah bangkong téh sok balik deui ka tempat megarna, antukna bisa jadi migrasi taunan rébuan bangkong. [[Gambar:Bufo bufo couple during migration(2005).jpg|thumb|left|190px|Bangkong korodok (''Bufo bufo'') keur [[ampléksus]]]] Mun geus aya di tempat kawin, bangkong jalu disada pikeun ngirut bikangna. <!-- The male and female frogs then undergo [[amplexus]]. This involves the male mounting the female and gripping her tightly. Fertilization is [[External fertilization|external]]: the [[Ovum|egg]] and [[sperm]] meet outside of the body. The female releases her eggs, which the male frog covers with a sperm solution. The eggs then swell and develop a protective coating. The eggs are typically brown or black, with a clear, [[gelatin]]-like covering. Most temperate species of frogs reproduce between late autumn and early spring. In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], most common frog populations produce frogspawn in February, although there is wide variation in timing. Water temperatures at this time of year are relatively low, typically between four and 10 degrees [[Celsius]]. Reproducing in these conditions helps the developing tadpoles because dissolved oxygen concentrations in the water are highest at cold temperatures. More importantly, reproducing early in the season ensures that appropriate food is available to the developing frogs at the right time. [[Image:Haeckel Batrachia.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Colour plate from [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s 1904 ''Kunstformen der Natur'', depicting frog species that include two examples of parental care.]] ===Parental care=== Although care of offspring is poorly understood in frogs, it is estimated that up to 20% of amphibian species may care for their young in one way or another, and there is a great diversity of parental behaviours.{{ref|Crump}} Some species of poison dart frog lay eggs on the forest floor and protect them, guarding the eggs from predation and keeping them moist. The frog will urinate on them if they become too dry. After hatching, a parent (the gender depends upon the species) will move them, on its back, to a water-holding [[bromeliad]]. The parent then feeds them by laying unfertilized eggs in the bromeliad until the young have metamorphosed. Other frogs carry the eggs and tadpoles on their hind legs or back (e.g. the [[midwife toad]]s, ''Alytes spp.''). Some frogs even protect their offspring inside their own bodies. The male Australian pouched frog (''Assa darlingtoni'') has pouches along its side in which the tadpoles reside until metamorphosis. The female [[Gastric-brooding Frog]]s (genus ''Rheobatrachus'') from [[Australia]] swallows its tadpoles, which then develop in the stomach. To do this, the Gastric-brooding Frog must stop secreting [[stomach acid]] and suppress [[peristalsis]] (contractions of the stomach). [[Darwin's Frog]] (''Rhinoderma darwinii'') from [[Chile]] puts the tadpoles in its vocal sac for development. ===Call=== The call of a frog is unique to its species. Frogs call by passing air through the [[larynx]] in the throat. In most calling frogs, the sound is amplified by one or more vocal sacs, membranes of skin under the throat or on the corner of the mouth that distend during the amplification of the call. Some frogs lack vocal sacs, such as those from the genera ''Heleioporus'' and ''Neobatrachus'', but these species can still produce a loud call. Their buccal cavity is enlarged and dome-shaped, acting as a [[resonance chamber]] that amplifies their call. Species of frog without vocal sacs and that do not have a loud call tend to inhabit areas close to flowing water. The noise of flowing water overpowers any call, so they must communicate by other means. The main reason for calling is to allow males to attract a mate. Males call either individually or in a group called a chorus. Females of many frog species, for example ''Polypedates leucomystax'', produce calls reciprocal to the males', which act as the catalyst for the enhancement of reproductive activity in a breeding colony.{{ref|roy97}} A male frog emits a release call when mounted by another male. Tropical species also have a rain call that they make on the basis of humidity cues prior to a rain shower. Many species also have a territorial call that is used to chase away other males. All of these calls are emitted with the mouth of the frog closed. A distress call, emitted by some frogs when they are in danger, is produced with the mouth open, resulting in a higher-pitched call. The effectiveness of the call is unknown; however, it is suspected that the call intrigues the predator until another animal is attracted, distracting them enough for its escape. Many species of frog have deep calls, or croaks. The [[onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] spelling is often "crrrrk" in Britain and "ribbit" in the US. This difference is due to the different species within each region (e.g., [[Common frog]] (''Rana temporaria'') in Britain and [[Leopard frog]] (''Rana pipiens'') in the US). The croak of the [[bullfrog|American bullfrog]] (''Rana catesbiana'') is sometimes spelt "jug o' rum".--> == Sebaran jeung status konservasi == [[Gambar:Bufo_periglenes1.jpg|thumb|left|190px|[[Bangkong emas]] (''Bufo periglenes'') - panungtung katempo taun 1989]] Bangkong téh aya di mana-mana, iwal di [[Antartika]] jeung pulo-pulo tengah sagara; panglobana mah di wewengkon tropis, sabab cocog jeung kaayaan kulitna nu butuh loba cai. Aya éta ogé bangkong nu hirup dina keusik nu carang caina, tapi ieu mah geus adaptasi sacara husus. Genus Australia ''[[Cyclorana]]'' jeung Amérika ''[[Pternohyla]]'' bakal ngubur manéh dina taneuh, nyieun kepongpong nu teu tembus cai, sarta hibernasi salila halodo. Mun geus hujan, sakadang bangkong kakara kaluar, terus néang situ/balong pikeun kawin/baranahan. Kamekaran endog jeung buyurna gancang pisan dibanding bangkong lianna, antukna pas halodo deui téh geus sawawa. Aya sababaraha bangkong nu bisa hirup di nu tiis, kayaning [[Bangkong Kai]] nu hirup di wewengkon Kutub, nu ngubur manéh dina taneuh nalika usum tiris dina kaayaan méh sakujur awakna beku. <!-- [[Decline in amphibian populations|Frog populations have declined]] dramatically since the 1950s, with more than one third of species believed to be threatened with extinction and more than 120 species suspected to have become extinct since the 1980s.{{ref|Stuart}} Among these species are the [[Golden toad]] of Costa Rica, and the [[Gastric-brooding Frog]]s of Australia. Habitat loss is a significant cause of frog population decline, as are pollutants, climate change, the introduction of non-indigenous predators/competitors, and emerging infectious diseases including [[chytridiomycosis]]. Many environmental scientists feel that amphibians, including frogs, are excellent biological [[indicator species|indicators]] of broader ecosystem health because of their intermediate position in food webs, permeable skins, and typically biphasic life (aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults){{ref|Phillips}}. ==Evolution== The earliest amphibian discovered is [[Elginerpeton]], in Late Devonian rocks of [[Scotland]] dating to approximately 368 million years ago. The earliest well-known amphibian, [[Ichthyostega]], was found in Late [[Devonian]] deposits in [[Greenland]], dating back about 363 million years. The later [[Paleozoic]] saw a great diversity of amphibians, ranging from small, legless swimming forms ([[Aïstopoda]]) to bizarre "horned" forms ([[Nectridea]]). These first amphibians are thought to have evolved from bony fish of the class [[Osteichthyes]], which were widespread during the period that amphibia emerged. There is, however, substantial debate over what type of bony fish was the precursor to amphibians. Suggestions include the lungfish and the [[Actinopterygii]] as the forerunners to modern amphibia. The earliest known (proto)frog is '''''Triadobatrachus massinoti''''', from the early [[Triassic]] of [[Madagascar]]. It is about 250 million years old, and had not yet evolved the full combination of features currently associated with frogs. The skull is frog-like, being broad with large eye sockets, but the fossil has a number of other features diverging from modern amphibia. These include a different [[ilium]], a longer body with more [[vertebrae]], and separate vertebrae in its tail (whereas in modern frogs, the tail vertebrae are fused, and known as the ''urostyle'' or ''coccyx''). The [[tibia]] and [[fibula]] bones are unfused and separate, making it probable that Triadobatrachus was not an efficient leaper. Another fossil frog, discovered in [[Arizona]] and called '''''Prosalirus bitis''''', was uncovered in 1985, and dates from roughly the same time as ''Triadobatrachus''. Like ''Triadobatrachus'', ''Prosalirus'' did not have greatly enlarged legs, but had the typical three-pronged [[pelvic]] structure. Unlike ''Triadobatrachus'', ''Prosalirus'' had already lost nearly all of its tail. The earliest true frog is '''''Vieraella herbsti''''', from the early [[Jurassic]] (188–213 Mya). It is known only from the [[dorsal]] and [[ventral]] impressions of a single animal and was estimated to be 33&nbsp;mm in snout-vent length. '''''Notobatrachus degiustoi''''' from the middle Jurassic is slightly younger, about 155–170 million years old. It is likely that the evolution of modern Anura was completed by the Jurassic period. The main evolutionary changes involved the shortening of the body and the loss of the tail. Frog fossils have been found on all continents, including [[Antarctica]]. ==Uses in agriculture and research== Frogs are raised commercially for several purposes. Dead frogs are sometimes used for [[dissection]]s in high school and university anatomy classes, often after being injected with coloured plastics to enhance the contrast between the [[organ (anatomy)|organ]]s. This practice has declined in recent years with the increasing awareness of animal rights issues. Frogs are used as a food source; [[frog legs]] are a delicacy in [[China]], [[France]], and in many parts of the [[American South]], especially [[Louisiana]]. Frogs have served as important model organisms in the study of [[embryology]] because frog eggs lack shells characteristic of most other vertebrates, and therefore facilitate observations of early development. The [[African clawed frog]], ''[[Xenopus laevis]]'' is an important laboratory organism. ''Xenopus'' was first widely used in laboratories in pregnancy assays in the first half of the 20th century. When [[human chorionic gonadotropin]], a [[hormone]] found in substantial quantities in the [[urine]] of pregnant women, is injected into a female ''X. laevis'', it induces them to lay [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s. Although alternative pregnancy assays have been developed, biologists continue to use ''Xenopus'' as a [[model organism]] in [[developmental biology]] because it is easy to raise in captivity and has a large and easily manipulatable embryo. In 1952 [[Robert Briggs]] and [[Thomas J. King]] cloned a frog by [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]], the same technique that was later used to create [[Dolly the Sheep]], their experiment was the first time successful nuclear transplantation had been accomplished in metazoans.{{ref|briggs}} Recently, ''X. laevis'' is increasingly being displaced by its smaller relative ''X. tropicalis'', which reaches its reproductive age in five months rather than one to two years (as in ''X. laevis''),{{ref|gentime}} facilitating faster studies across generations. The [[genome project|genome sequence]] of ''X. tropicalis'' will probably be completed by 2015 at the latest{{ref|xenopus}}.--> [[File:Bufo melanostictus Bali.jpg|150px|left|Bufo melanostictus Bali]] == Rujukan nu disebut == <div style="font-size: 90%"> # {{note|Emerson}}{{cite journal|last=Emerson| first=S.B.| coauthors=Diehl, D.| year=1980| title=Toe pad morphology and mechanisms of sticking in frogs| journal=Biol. J. Linn. Soc.| volume=13| issue=3| pages=199-216}} # {{note|Harvey}}{{cite journal|lsat=Harvey|first=M. B| coauthors=A. J. Pemberton, and E. N. Smith| year=2002| title=New and poorly known parachuting frogs (Rhacophoridae : ''Rhacophorus'') from Sumatra and Java| journal=Herpetological Monographs| volume=16| pages=46-92}} # {{note|Saporito}}{{cite journal|last=Saporito| first=R.A.| coauthors= H.M. Garraffo, M.A. Donnelly, A.L. Edwards, J.T. Longino, and J.W. Daly| year=2004| title=Formicine ants: An arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Science| volume=101| pages=8045-8050}} # {{note|Smith}}{{cite journal| last=Smith| first=B. P.| coauthors=Tyler M. J., Kaneko T., Garraffo H. M., Spande T. F., Daly J. W.| year=2002| title=Evidence for biosynthesis of pseudophrynamine alkaloids by an Australian myobatrachid frog (pseudophryne) and for sequestration of dietary pumiliotoxins| journal=J Nat Prod| volume=65| issue=4| pages=439-47}} # {{note|Myers}}{{cite journal| last=Myers| first=C.W.| coauthors= J.W. Daly| year=1983| title=Dart-poison frogs| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1983-01_248_1/page/120| journal=Scientific American| volume=248| pages=120-133}} # {{note|Savage}}{{cite book| last=Savage| first=J. M.| year=2002| title=The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica| url=https://archive.org/details/amphibiansreptil0000sava| publisher=University of Chicago Press, Chicago}} # {{note|Duellman}}{{cite journal| last=Duellman| first= W. E.| year=1978| title=The Biology of an Equatorial Herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador| journal=University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publication| volume=65| pages=1-352}} # {{note|van}}{{cite journal|last=VanCompernolle| first=S. E.| coauthors=R. J. Taylor, K. Oswald-Richter, J. Jiang, B. E. Youree, J. H. Bowie, M. J. Tyler, M. Conlon, D. Wade, C. Aiken, and T. S. Dermody| year=2005| title=Antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin potently inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and transfer of virus from dendritic cells to T cells|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2005-09_79_18/page/11598| journal=Journal of Virology| volume=79| pages=11598-11606}} # {{Note|Warkentin}}{{cite journal| last=Warkentin| first=K.M.| year=1995| title=Adaptive plasticity in hatching age: a response to predation risk trade-offs| journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| volume=92| pages=3507-3510}} # {{note|Silva}}{{cite journal| last=Silva| first=H. R.| coauthors=Britto-Pereira M. C., & Caramaschi U.| year=1989| title=Frugivory and Seed Dispersal by ''Hyla truncata'', a Neotropical Treefrog| journal=Copeia| volume=1989(3)| pages=781–783}} # {{note|Phillipe}}{{cite journal| last=Phillipe| first=G.| coauthors=Angenot L.| year=2005| title=Recent developments in the field of arrow and dart poisons| journal=J Ethnopharmacol| volume=100(1-2)| pages=85-91}} # {{Note|Crump}}{{cite journal|last=Crump| first=M.L.| year=1996| title=Parental care among the Amphibia| journal=Advances in the Study of Behavior| volume=25| pages=109-144}} # {{note|Stuart}}{{cite journal| last=Stuart| first=S.N.| coauthors= J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, B.E. Young, A.S.L. Rodrigues, D.L. Fischman, and R.W. Waller| year=2004| title=Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-12-03_306_5702/page/1783| journal=Science| volume=306| pages=1783-1786}} # {{note|Phillips}}{{cite book| last=Phillips| first=Kathryn| title=Tracking the Vanishing Frogs| publisher=New York: Penguin Books| year=1994| id=ISBN 0-14-024646-0}} # {{note|roy97}}{{cite journal|last=Roy| first=Debjani| year=1997| title=Communication signals and sexual selection in amphibians| journal=Current Science| volume=72| pages= 923-927}} # {{note|Ford}}{{cite journal|last=Ford| first=L.S.| coauthors=D.C. Cannatella| year=1993| title=The major clades of frogs| journal=Herpetological Monographs| volume=7| pages=94-117}} # {{note|Faiv}}{{cite journal|last=Faivovich| first=J.| coauthors=C.F.B. Haddad, P.C.A. Garcia, D.R. Frost, J.A. Campbell, and W.C. Wheeler| title=Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision| journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History| volume=294| pages=1-240}} # {{note|briggs}}http://newton.nap.edu/html/biomems/rbriggs.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901100507/http://newton.nap.edu/html/biomems/rbriggs.html |date=2006-09-01 }} # {{note|gentime}}{{cite web | url=http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HD-01-008.html | title=Developing the potential of ''Xenopus tropicalis'' as a genetic model | accessdate=2006-03-09 | format=HTML}} # {{note|xenopus}}{{cite web | title=Joint Genome Institute - ''Xenopus tropicalis'' Home | url=http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Xentr4/Xentr4.home.html | accessdate=2006-03-03 | format=HTML}} </div> == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Frog|Frog]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (27 Maret 2006) * {{cite book|last=Cogger|first=H.G.|coauthors=R.G. Zweifel, and D. Kirschner| year=2004| title=Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians Second Edition| publisher=Fog City Press| id=ISBN 1-877019-69-0}} * Estes, R., and O. A. Reig. (1973). "The early fossil record of frogs: a review of the evidence." pp.&nbsp;11–63 In J. L. Vial (Ed.), ''Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans: Contemporary Research on Major Problems''. University of Missouri Press, Columbia. * {{cite book|last=Holman|first=J. A| year=2004| title=Fossil Frogs and Toads of North America| publisher=Indiana University Press| id=ISBN 0-253-34280-5}} * {{cite book| last=Tyler| first=M. J.| year=1994| title=Australian Frogs A Natural History| publisher=Reed Books| id=ISBN 0-7301-0468-0}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{commons|Frog}} {{wikispecies|Anura}} * [http://www-itg.lbl.gov/ITG.hm.pg.docs/Whole.Frog/Whole.Frog.html The Whole Frog Project] - Bangkong: bédah jeung anatomi maya * ''[http://raysweb.net/specialplaces/pages/frogsdecline.html Disappearance of toads, frogs has some scientists worried]'' - ''San Francisco Chronicle'', 20 April 1992 * [http://www.xenbase.org/ Xenbase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904220935/http://xenbase.org/ |date=2009-09-04 }} - Sumberdaya Ramat ''Xenopus laevis'' jeung ''tropicalis'' * [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Salientia Tree of Life (Salientia)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613194138/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Salientia |date=2006-06-13 }} * [http://amphibiaweb.org Amphibia Web] * [http://markus.nolf.org/blog.php?p=160 Time-lapse video showing the egg's development until hatching] * [http://froggy.lbl.gov/movies/whole.frog/frog.Qtime.jpg.1.0.mov Whole Frog] Vidéo Quicktime ngeunaan anatomi bangkong * [http://froggy.lbl.gov/virtual/ Try an on-line "virtual frog dissection" here.] * [http://www.midwestfrogs.com Frog calls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813082330/http://www.midwestfrogs.com/ |date=2015-08-13 }} - short vidéo clips of calling frogs and interviews with scientists about frog issues, including declining and malformed frog causes * [http://www.dartden.com Dart Den] - Dart frog resource and forums * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/wildbritain/springwatch/ Record UK Frogspawn sightings here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417173810/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/wildbritain/springwatch/ |date=2007-04-17 }} - Springwatch 2006 * [http://www.nwf.org/frogwatchUSA/ Frogwatch USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629072456/http://www.nwf.org/frogwatchusa/ |date=2009-06-29 }} volunteer frog and toad monitoring program by National Wildlife Federation and USGS, includes links to frog calls of the United States * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/browse_imgs/amphibian_sci_1.html Amphibian photo gallery by scientific name] - féatures many unusual frogs {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Anura]] amy64408dhmns1yrig6r5267y8oc89d 0 4089 712943 712526 2026-09-23T11:46:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Kukuyaan | image = Coccinella_septempunctata_-_front_%28aka%29.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = ''[[Coccinella septempunctata]]'' | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insékta]] | ordo = [[Coleoptera]] | subordo = [[Polyphaga]] | infraordo = [[Cucujiformia]] | superfamilia = [[Cucujoidea]] | familia = '''Coccinellidae''' | familia_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1807 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamili | subdivision = [[Chilocorinae]]<br /> [[Coccidulinae]]<br /> [[Coccinellinae]]<br /> [[Epilachninae]]<br /> [[Scymininae]]<br /> [[Sticholotidinae]]<br /> jsb. ''baca [[daptar genera Coccinellidae]]'' }} '''Kukuyaan'''; Breum nyaéta mangrupa [[insékta]] leutik anggota ''Coccinellidae'' kulawarga [[bangbung]], nu ngawengku leuwih ti 4.500 [[spésiés]]. Awak kukuyaan bentukna buleud, kalawan diaméter ukur [[1 E-3 m|1 - 10 mm]], ilaharna boga warna [[karapas]] dasar konéng, oranyeu, atawa beureum ditambah tutul hideung, sedengkeun suku jeung huluna mah hideung.<ref name=”Rig”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/Verhandelingen_van_het_Bataviaasch_genoo.html?hl=id&id=aENaAAAAcAAJ#v=onepage&q&f=false| title =Rigg| last =Rigg| first =Jonathan| publisher =Lange| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862|ISBN=|pages =65}} Disungsi 27 Mei 2024</ref> == Biologi == Kukuyaan boga kelir caang pikeun ngusir prédator. Cara ieu téh jétu pisan, sabab prédator nyangka yén nu kelirna caang kitu mah biasana aya racunan. <!--Kajadian ieu disebut [[aposematisme]]. Kukuyaan In fact, most coccinellids are indeed toxic to smaller predators, such as lizards and small birds; however, a human would have to eat several hundred coccinellids before feeling any effects. Adult coccinellids are able to [[reflex-bleed]] from their leg joints, releasing their oily yellow toxin with a strong repellent smell. This becomes quite obvious when one handles a coccinellid roughly. Coccinellids lay eggs which hatch into a larval state. The larvae then go into a pupal stage before becoming an adult coccinellid. Coccinellids lay extra infertile eggs with the fertile eggs. These appear to provide a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases as with scarcity of food at the time of egg laying. (Perry & Roitberg, 2005)--> == Mangpaat komersil == Kukuyaan téh nguntungkeun pikeun [[tatanén organik]], sabab lolobana [[inséktivora]], ngahakanan [[apid]], [[Tephritidae|laleur buah]], sarta insékta hama lianna. <!-- ==Culture== Coccinellids are and have for very many years been favourite insects of children. The insects had many regional names (now mostly disused) such as the lady-cow, may-bug, golden-knop, golden-bugs ([[Suffolk]]); and variations on Bishop-Barnaby (Barney, Burney) Barnabee, Burnabee, and the Bishop-that-burneth. The ladybird is immortalised in the children's [[nursery rhyme]] extant: ::Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home<br> ::Your house is on fire and your children are gone<br> ::All except one, and that's Little Anne<br> ::For she has crept under the warming pan. and ancient (recounted in an [[1851]] publication): ::Dowdy-cow, dowdy-cow, ride away heame, ::Thy house is burnt, and thy bairns are tean, ::And if thou means to save thy bairns ::Take thy wings and flee away! The name which the insect bears in the various languages of [[Europe]] is clearly [[Mythology|mythic]]. In this, as in other cases, the Virgin Mary has supplanted [[Freya]], the [[fertility]] [[goddess]] of [[Norse mythology]]; so that ''Freyjuhaena'' and ''Frouehenge'' have been changed into ''Marienvoglein'', which corresponds with Our Lady's Bird. There can, therefore, be little doubt that the esteem with which the lady-bird, or Our Lady's cow, is still regarded and is a relic of ancient beliefs. In parts of Northern Europe, tradition says you get a wish granted if a ladybird lands on you. In Italy, it is said by some that if a Ladybird flies into your bedroom, it is considered good luck. In central Europe, a ladybird crawling across a girl's hand is thought to mean she will get married within the year. In Russia a ladybird is called Божья-Коровка (God's cow) and a popular children's rhyme exists with a call to fly to the sky and bring back bread. The ladybird is the symbol of the Dutch [[Foundation Against Senseless Violence]], as you can see in the logo [http://lasvegas.bazoon.nl/zinloosgeweld/zgcore/script/faq_get_image.asp?questionset_id=421&volgnr=1 here]. Other companies using ladybirds as their corporate logo include: [[Ladybird Books]] (owned by [[Pearson PLC]] and the Ladybird range of children's clothing sold by [[Woolworths Group plc|Woolworth's]] in the UK. === Advertisement === Two ladybirds are featured in the [[Peugeot 207]] [[TV commercial]]. They are shown mating inside a Peugeot 207 to the tune of [[The Marcels]]' ''Heartaches''. == Notable species == Note that not all individuals show the number of spots suggested by their names: [[Image:Asian multicolored lady beetle.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Asian lady beetle]], ''Harmonia axyridis'']] * [[Coccinella septempunctata|Seven-spotted lady beetle]], ''Coccinella septempunctata'' * [[Two-spotted lady beetle]], ''Adalia bipunctata'' * [[Convergent lady beetle]], ''Hippodamia convergens'' * [[Thirteen-spotted lady beetle]], ''Hippodamia tredecimpunctata'' * [[Spotted lady beetle]], ''Coleomegilla maculata'' * [[Twice-stabbed lady beetle]], ''Chilocurus stigma'' * [[Mexican bean beetle]], ''Epilachna varivestis Mulsant'' * [[Asian lady beetle]] or Harlequin lady beetle, ''Harmonia axyridis'' * [[Mealybug ladybird]], ''Cryptolaemus montrouzieri'' For a complete list of genera, see [[list of Coccinellidae genera]]. See also the [[list of British ladybirds]]--> == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Coccinellidae|Coccinellidae]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (13 Juni 2006) * [[I. Hodek]] & [[A. Honek]], ''Ecology of Coccinellidae'' (Dordrecht: [[Kluwer]], [[1996]]) * Perry, J.C., and B.D. Roitberg. In press. "Ladybird mothers mitigate offspring starvation risk by laying trophic eggs". ''[[Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology]]''. == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Category:Coccinellidae}} *[http://www.cirrusimage.com/beetles_ladybird.htm Ladybugs of North America - diagnostic photographs] *[http://www.cirrusimage.com/beetles_multicolored_Asian_ladybird.htm Multicolored Asian ladybug ''Harmonia axyridis'' male and female specimens photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102232859/http://www.cirrusimage.com/beetles_multicolored_Asian_ladybird.htm |date=2013-01-02 }} * [http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/predators/ladybintro.html Biological control: Predators: Lady beetles] Cornell University's ''Guide to natural enemies of North America'' * [http://www.phil.uni-passau.de/didaktik_natw/fuersch/taxonomy.html Taxonomy of coccinelids] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/wildbritain/springwatch/record/ladybird.shtml BBC Science & Nature: 7-spotted ladybird] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323163621/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/wildbritain/springwatch/record/ladybird.shtml |date=2007-03-23 }} * [http://www.harlequin-survey.org Harlequin Ladybird survey in the British Isles] * [http://www.earthlife.net/insects/coccinel.html Ladybirds page on The Earth Life Web] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105010623/http://www.earthlife.net/insects/coccinel.html |date=2012-11-05 }} * [http://home.ptd.net/~insect/ladybug.html Unofficial Homepage to the Asian ladybird beetle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060707172813/http://home.ptd.net/~insect/ladybug.html |date=2006-07-07 }} * [http://www.lady-bugs.org/ General Information on Ladybugs (Asian LadyBeetle) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127170949/http://www.lady-bugs.org/ |date=2012-11-27 }} * [http://www.peugeot.nl/web/about/goodies/commercials/207/index_LB.php Peugeot's ladybird TV commercial]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Coccinellidae]] 4wvhbgccbzjauiyyl3s4ctnj49cvpdq 0 6429 712919 704917 2026-09-23T09:20:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712919 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Axt Handwerk.jpg|thumb|300px|Axe]] {{otheruses}} '''Kampak''' mangrupa [[alat]] kuno jeung ''ubiquitous'' nu geus digunakeun mangrébu-rébu taun ka tukang keur nyeukeutan, meulah sarta motong [[kai]], [[panén]] [[kai]], minangka [[pakarang]] jeung [[simbul]] [[sérémonial]] atawa ''[[héraldik]]''. Kampak loba wangun tur kagunaan hususna tapi umumna miboga mata kampak jeung gagangna. Conto kampak paling awal dijieun tina bahan [[rock (geology)|batu]] kalawan sababaraha wujud gagang kai anu napel salaku (panyepengan) gumantung kana bahan anu aya sarta kagunaanna mangsa harita. Kiwari kampak aya anu dijieun tina rupa-rupa bahan kayaning: [[tambaga]], [[kuningan]], [[beusi]] jeung [[waja]] luyu jeung mekarna téknologi kiwari. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} The axe is an example of a [[simple machine]] with the axe being a type of [[wedge]]. This reduces the effort needed by the wood chopper. Most modérn axes have steel héads and wooden handles (typically [[hickory]]) although [[plastic]] or [[fibreglass]] handles are not uncommon. modérn axes are specialized by use, size and form. Hafted axes with short handles designed for use with one hand are often called hand axes but the term hand axe refers to axes without handles as well. [[Hatchet]]s tend to be small hafted axes often with a [[hammer]] on the back side. == Sajarah == [[Gambar:Axe of iron from Swedish Iron Age, found at Gotland, Sweden.jpg|thumb|[[Iron age]] axe head from [[Gotland]]]] [[Gambar:Godfrey_of_Bouillon,_holding_a_pollaxe._(Manta_Castle,_Cuneo,_Italy.jpg|thumb|[[Godfrey of Bouillon]] holds a Pollaxe]] [[Gambar:Old axes.jpg|thumb|A collection of old Australian axes]] éarly stone tools like the [[hand axe]] were probably not hafted. The first true hafted axes are known from the [[Mesolithic]] period (ca. [[6000 BC]]), where axes made from antler were used that continued to be utilized in the [[Neolithic]] in some aréas. Chopping tools made from [[flint]] were hafted as [[adze]]s. Axes made from ground stone are known since the Néolithic. They were used to fell [[tree]]s and for woodworking. Few wooden hafts have been found, but it seems that the axe was normally hafted by wedging. [[Birch-tar]] and raw-[[hide]] lashings were used to fix the blade. Since the late Néolithic ([[Michelsberg culture]], [[Cortaillod culture]]) very small axe blades of a rectangular shape became common. They were hafted with an [[antler]] sleeve. This prevented both the splitting of the haft and softened the impact on the stone blade itself. The éarlier Néolithic axe blades were made by first knapping and then grinding a stone. By late Néolithic times, sawing (wooden [[saw]]s and sand) became common. This allowed a more efficient use of the raw material. In [[Scandinavia]], Northern [[Germany]] and [[Poland]] axe blades made from knapped and polished [[flint]] were common. Stone axes are quite efficient tools; using one, it takes about 10 minutes to fell a [[hardwood]] [[ash tree]] of 10&nbsp;cm diaméter, one to two hours for an ash of 30&nbsp;cm diaméter. (modérn comparison: 25&nbsp;cm [[softwood]] [[white pine]], standing chop, under two minutes with a 3.5&nbsp;kg competition felling axe.) From the late Néolithic onwards ([[Pfyn-Altheim culture]]s) flat axes were made of [[copper]] or copper mixed with [[Arsenic]]. Bronze axes are found since the éarly [[Bronze Age]] (A2). The flat axe developed into [[palstaves]], flanged axes and later winged and socketed axes. The so-called "[[Battle-axe people]]" of [[3rd millennium BC]] Europe has been suggested to correspond to éarly [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]], ancestors of the later [[Celt]]ic and [[Germanic tribes]]. Axes also were an important part in the Chinese wéaponry. The [[PIE|Proto-Indo-European]] word for "axe" may have been ''pelek'u-'' ([[Greek language|Greek]] ''pelekus'' πέλεκυς, [[Sanskrit]] ''parashu'', see also [[Parashurama]]), but the word was probably a loan, or a néolithic [[wanderwort]], ultimately related to [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] ''balag'', [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] ''pilaku-'' (see also [[Labrys]]). Late Néolithic 'axe [[Factory|factories]]', where thousands of ground stone axes were roughed out are known from [[Great Britain]] (for example [[Great Langdale]] in [[Cumbria]]), [[Ireland]] ([[Lambay Island]], [[Porphyry]], [[Rathlin Island]] and [[Tievebulliagh]], porcellanite) Poland ([[Krzemionki]], [[flint]]), [[France]] ([[Plancher-les-Mines]], Vosges, [[pelite]], [[Plussulien]], [[Brittany]], meta-[[dolerite]]) and [[Italy]] (Val de'Aoste, [[omphacite]]. The distribution of stone axes is an important indication of [[prehistoric]] [[trade]]. [[Thin-section|thin sectioning]] is used to determine the provenance of ground stone axe blades. Stone axes are still produced and in use today in parts of [[Irian Jaya]], [[New Guinea]]. The [[Mount Hagen]] aréa was an important production centre. == Symbolism, ritual and folklore == At léast since the late Néolithic, elaborate axes (battle-axes, T-axes, etc.) had a [[Religion|religious]] significance as well and probably indicated the exalted [[status]] of their owner. Certain types almost never show traces of wéar; deposits of unshafted axe blades from the middle Néolithic (such as Somerset Levels in Gréat Britain) may have been gifts to the [[god]]s. In Minoan Crete, the [[double axe]] (labrys) had a special méaning. Double axes date back to the Néolithic as well. In [[1998]], a [[double axe]], complete with an elaborately embellished haft, has been found at Cham-Eslen, [[Canton of Zug]], [[Switzerland]]. The haft was 120&nbsp;cm long and wrapped in ornamented birch-bark. The axe blade is 17,4&nbsp;cm long and made of [[antigorite]], mined in the [[Gotthard]]-aréa. The haft goes through a biconical drilled hole and is fastened by wedges of antler and by birch-tar. It belongs to the éarly [[Cortaillod culture]]. [[Gambar:ÉTA.jpg|thumb|100px|In the [[ÉTA]] symbol, the axe symbolizes strength.]] In the [[ancient Rome|Roman]] ''[[fasces]]'', the axe symbolized the [[authority]] to [[Decapitation|decapitate]]. In [[folklore]], stone axes were sometimes believed to be [[thunderbolt]]s and were used to guard buildings against [[lightning]], as it was believed ([[Rumor|mythically]]) that [[lightning]] never struck the same place twice. This has caused some skewing of axe distributions. [[Steel]] axes were important in [[superstition]] as well. A thrown axe could keep off a [[hailstorm]], sometimes an axe was placed in the [[crop]]s, with the cutting edge to the skies to protect the [[harvest]] against bad [[weather]]. An upright axe buried under the [[sill]] of a house would keep off [[witches]], while an axe under the bed would assure [[male]] [[offspring]]. == Bagian kampak == The axe is comprised of two primary components, the axe ''head'', and the ''haft''. The '''Axe Héad''' is typically bounded by the ''bit'' (or blade) at one end, and the ''poll'' (or butt) at the other, though some designs féature two bits opposite éach other. The top corner of the bit where the cutting edge begins is called the ''toe'', and the bottom corner is known as the ''heel''. Either side of the héad is called the ''cheek'', which is sometimes supplemented by ''lugs'' where the héad meets the haft, and the hole where the haft is mounted is called the ''eye''. The part of the bit that descends below the rest of the axe-héad is called the béard, and a ''bearded axe'' is an antiquated axe héad with an exaggerated béard that can sometimes extend the cutting edge twice the height of the rest of the héad. The '''Axe Haft''' is sometimes called the handle. Traditionally, it was made of a resilient hardwood like hickory or ash, but modérn axes often have hafts made of durable synthetic materials. Antique axes and their modérn reproductions, like the [[Tomahawk (axe)|tomahawk]], often had a simple, straight haft with a circular cross-section that wedged onto the axe-héad without the aid of wedges or pins. modérn hafts are curved for better grip and to aid in the swinging motion, and are mounted securely to the héad. The ''shoulder'' is where the héad mounts onto the haft, and this is either a long oval or rectangular cross-section of the haft that's secured to the axe héad with small metal or wooden wedges. The ''belly'' of the haft is the longest part, where it bows in gently, and the throat is where it curves sharply down into to the short ''grip'', just before end of the haft, which is known as the ''knob''. == Wangun kampak == === Kampak keur motong atawa ngabentuk kayu === [[Gambar:Axt zum spalten1.jpg|thumb|Splitting axe]] * '''Felling axe''' - Cuts across the grain of wood, as in the felling of trees. In single or double bit (the bit is the cutting edge of the héad) forms and many different weights, shapes, handle types and cutting géometries to match the characteristics of the material being cut. * '''Splitting Axe''' - Used to split with the grain of the wood. Splitting axe bits are more wedge shaped. This shape causes the axe to rend the fibres of the wood apart, without having to cut through them, especially if the blow is delivered with a twisting action at impact. * '''[[Broad axe]]''' - Used with the grain of the wood in precision splitting. Broad axe bits are chisel-shaped (one flat and one bevelled edge) facilitating more controlled work. === Kampak keur senjata === * '''[[Battle axe]]''' * '''[[Hurlbat]]''' * '''[[Throwing axe]]''' * '''[[Frankish]] axe''' or '''[[francisca]]''' * '''[[Danish axe]]''' * '''[[Tomahawk (axe)|Tomahawk]]''' * '''[[Halberd]]''' * '''[[Pollaxe|Pole axe]]''' * '''[[Valaška]]''' * '''[[Ono (weapon)|Ono]]''' === Kampak keur kagunaan séjén === [[Gambar:Firefighter with axe.jpg|thumb|[[Firefighter]] with a fire-axe]] * '''Firefighter's Axe, Fire Axe-''' Héad has a pick-shaped pointed poll (aréa of the héad opposite the cutting edge). * '''[[Pulaski (tool)|Pulaski]]''', an axe with a [[mattock]] blade built into the réar of the main axe blade, used for digging ('grubbing out') through and around roots as well as chopping. In addition to the [[McCloud (tool)|McCloud]], (a tool similar to a hoe/rake combination) the pulaski is an indispensable tool used in fighting [[forest fire]]s, as well as trail-building, brush cléarance and similar functions. * '''[[Maul]]s''', splitting implements that have evolved from the simple 'wedge' design to more complex designs, some of which are mauls with a conical 'axehéad' and compound mauls with swivelling 'sub-wedges', among other types; have a héavy wedge-shaped héad, with a sledge-hammer face opposite. [[Gambar:Travellers' Axe - Project Gutenberg eText 14861.jpg|frame|right|Climbing axes from circa 1872]] * '''Climbing or Ice Axe''' -A number of different styles of [[ice axe]] are designed for ice [[climbing]], and, though less used today than in previous times, for rock work, especially in enlarging steps used by climbers. :In the illustration to the right, from an [[1872]] "Art of Travel" publication, figure 1 represents a light axe or [[Pickaxe|pick]] which has the great advantage of lightness and handiness, with a single blade, or [[adze]], suited to step-cutting and with a small hammer-head at the back which balances the pick, and is useful in inserting pegs into rock and ice. Figure 2 represents a travellers' axe, slightly heavier than the first, and which, at least at the time, was recommended as adapted for mountain work of all kinds. == Tempo ogé == * [[Battle axe]] * [[Labrys]] * [[Sagaris]] * [[Francisca]] * [[Fasces]] * [[Battle axe people]] * [[Hatchet]] == Literatur == === Kampak néolitik === * W. Borkowski, Krzemionki mining complex (Warszawa 1995) * P. Pétrequin, La hache de pierre: carriéres vosgiennes et échanges de lames polies pendant le néolithique (5400 - 2100 av. J.-C.) (exposition musées d'Auxerre Musée d'Art et d'Histoire) (Paris, Ed. Errance, 1995). * R. Bradley/M. Edmonds, Interpreting the axe trade: production and exchange in Néolithic Britain (1993). * P. Pétrequin/A.M. Pétrequin, Écologie d'un outil: la hache de pierre en [[Irian Jaya]] (Indonésie). CNRS Éditions, Mongr. du Centre Rech. Arch. 12 (Paris 1993). === Superstition === H. Bächtold-Stäubli, Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens (Berlin, De Gruyter 1987). == Axe Manufacturers == * [http://www.mueller-hammerwerk.at/ Muller-Hammerwerk] * [http://www.world-of-axes.com/ World of Axes] * [http://www.ochsenkopf-werkzeuge.de/e/habero/index.html Oxhead] * [http://www.hultafors.co.uk/default.asp?LanguageID=2 Hultafors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311215124/http://www.hultafors.co.uk/default.asp?LanguageID=2 |date=2007-03-11 }} * [http://www.snowandnealley.com/ Snow and Neally] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124204405/http://www.snowandnealley.com/ |date=2005-11-24 }} * [http://www.counciltool.com/category.asp?cat=AW Council Tool] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225234147/http://www.counciltool.com/category.asp?cat=AW |date=2005-12-25 }} * [http://www.ames.com/ Ames] * [http://www.peaveymfg.com/PRODUCTS.html Peavy Maufacturing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051216011708/http://www.peaveymfg.com/products.html |date=2005-12-16 }} * [http://www.vaughanmfg.com/ Vaughan Manufacturing]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.countryworkshops.org/toolhewing.html Country Workshops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211085451/http://www.countryworkshops.org/toolhewing.html |date=2006-02-11 }} * [http://www.gransfors.com/ Gransfors] == Other Web Resources == "An Axe to Grind" Practical axe manual [http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/99232823/toc.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003162559/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/99232823/toc.htm |date=2006-10-03 }} == Sumber == * Section about types of axes is based on a [[Quicksilver Wiki]] article at [http://www.metaweb.com/wiki/wiki.phtml?title=A_Glossary_of_Terms_For_Traditional_Timber_Framing_(Timberbee)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040329231809/http://www.metaweb.com/wiki/wiki.phtml?title=A_Glossary_of_Terms_For_Traditional_Timber_Framing_(Timberbee) |date=2004-03-29 }} under the terms of the [[Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]. == Catetan == <references /> [[Kategori:Litika]] [[Kategori:Tipe artefak arkéologis]] [[Kategori:Parabot keur ngokolakeun kayu]] [[Kategori:Pakarang]] 5iaqd8mngbdbyjtgce26wmbq60nok5x 0 23988 712934 681236 2026-09-23T11:18:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Koréak | status = LC | status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2004|id=48495|title=Tyto alba|downloaded=11 Méi 2006}} Éntri pangkalan data ogé ngawengku kasang tukang dipilihna ieu status</ref> | image = Tyto alba close up.jpg | image_width = 204px | regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Manuk|Aves]] | ordo = [[Bueuk|Strigiformes]] | familia = [[Tytonidae]] | genus = ''[[Tyto]]'' | species = '''''T. alba''''' | binomial = ''Tyto alba'' | binomial_authority = ([[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], [[1769]]) | range_map = Schleiereule-Tyto_alba-World.png | range_map_width = 204px | range_map_caption = Sumebarna ''Tyto alba'' di sakuliah dunya | synonyms = ''Strix alba'' <small>Scopoli, 1769</small><br /> ''Lechusa stirtoni'' <small>[[Loye H. Miller|Miller]], [[1956]]</small> }} [[File:Tyto alba guttata MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.154.8.jpg|thumb|''Tyto alba guttata'']] [[Gambar:Barn owls sleeping in palm tree.jpg|thumb|200px|Koréak saré dina tangkal [[jambé]]]] '''Koréak''' (''Tyto alba'') téh [[bueuk]] ti kulawarga ''[[Tytonidae]]''. Koréak téh minangka bueuk spésiés ''Tytonidae'' anu paling [[sebaran kosmopolitan|lega ambahanana]], sarta kaasup salah sahiji manuk sumebar ampir ka sakuliah dunya. [[Gambar: Chouette crâne (2).jpg‎|thumb|Left]] == Dedegan == Awak koréak (panjang 33–39&nbsp;cm) dibulen ku bulu kelir pias, jangjangna panjang (80–95&nbsp;cm mun mébér), sukuna panjang. Hulu jeung tonggongna rada coklat, sedengkeun handapna bodas. Manuk ieu hiber kalawan hampang bari hiber ngalayang luhureun tegalan [[jukut]] atawa tempat moro mangsa séjéna. Ngaran-ngaran séjén remen disebutkeun pikeun nempo kana dedegannana, palebah handap awakna kelirna bodas, atawa hiber bari karempo jang-jangna matak pikasieuneun, kayaning ''Monkey-faced Owl, Ghost Owl, Church Owl, Golden Owl, Rat Owl,'' sarta ''Stone Owl.'' Di AS, ieu manuk sakapeung disebut ''Screech Owl'' alatan ''Barn Owl'' mibanda sora anu has, mun disada ti kadeukeutan matak katorékan. Manéhna ogé sok disada ngahéos kawas [[oray]]. Mang ditewak tur ngarasa kadesek, maranéhna sok ngaragragkeun manéh bari nincak-nincak keun sukuna anu mibanda kuku maréncos, ieu cara manuk ieu ngajaga dirina. Papalimpang jeung pamanggih umum, maranehna henteu disada "tu-whit to-whoo" (kawas sorana ''[[Tawny Owl]]''). <!-- ==Range and habitat== Barn Owls occur worldwide, on every continent except [[Antarctica]]. They are absent from large areas of Asia, the [[Sahara Desert]] and [[New Zealand]]. These are [[bird]]s of open country such as farmland, preferring to hunt along the edges of woods. ==Food and hunting== [[Image:Flying owl cropped.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Barn Owl flying]] Barn Owls feed mostly on rodents.[http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/newsltr/v7n2/sa-9.htm] These include rats, mice, gophers, shrews, moles, and [[vole]]s. Each Barn Owl may consume between one to seven rodents per night; a nesting pair and their young can eat thousands of rodents per year.[http://www.pgc.state.pa.us/pgc/cwp/view.asp?a=516&q=168073] The Barn Owl flies silently. Its ears are placed asymmetrically for maximum hearing, so the owls do not require sight to hunt. They can target and dive down to sink their talons through snow, grass or brush and seize rodents with deadly accuracy. Compared to other owls of similar size, the Barn Owl has a much higher metabolic rate, requiring relatively more food.[http://www.raptorfoundation.orsdfhgg.uk/barnowl.html] Pound for pound, they consume more rodent pests than possibly any other creature. This makes the Barn Owl one of the most economically valuable wildlife animals to farmers. Farmers find these owls more effective than poisons, and they often encourage Barn Owls to stay around by providing nest sites.[http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/07/16/peace.owls.ap/index.html][http://news.ufl.edu/1999/10/28/owls1/]They are fairly sedentary and [[nocturnal]] or [[crepuscular]]. ==Threats== Predators of Barn Owls include [[opossum]]s, [[raccoon]]s, certain snakes, and other raptors such as hawks, eagles, and larger owls (including the [[Great Horned Owl]] and the [[Eurasian Eagle Owl]]). Their worst enemy is man, who has often killed Barn Owls due to superstition, or ignorance of the bird's benefits. ==Subspecies== There are 28 [[subspecies]] differing in underpart colour. For example, ''T. a. alba'' of western [[Europe]] is almost pure white below, but ''T. a. guttata'' of central Europe is orange. The [[Australia]]n, [[Melanesia]]n and [[Pacific]] forms may constitute a separate species, the '''Eastern Barn Owl''', ''T. (alba) delicatula''. All races have grey and ochre upperparts. ==Status== Barn Owls are relatively common throughout most of their range but they are rare in Britain. The most recent survey of their numbers in the UK put their population at around 4400 breeding pairs. In the US, Barn Owls are listed as endangered in 7 Midwestern states. --> == Rujukan == * Wikipédia basa Inggris. ''[[:en:Barn Owl|Barn Owl]]''. Dicutat 1 Oktober 2007. {{reflist}} * '''Bachynski''', K. & '''Harris''', M. (2002): [[Animal Diversity Web]]: [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tyto_alba.html ''Tyto alba'' (barn owl)]. Dicutat 2006-9-21. * '''Bruce''', M. D. (1999): Family Tytonidae (Barn-owls). ''In:'' del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds): ''[[Handbook of Birds of the World]], Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds'': 34-75, plates 1-3. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-25-3 * '''Day''', Charles (2001): Reséarchers uncover the neural details of how Barn Owls locate sound sources. ''[[Physics Today|Phys. Today]]'' '''54'''(6): 20-22. [http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-54/iss-6/p20.html artikel HTML lengkep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091343/http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-54/iss-6/p20.html |date=2007-09-29 }} * '''Tipling''', David (1995): How now, barn owl. ''[[New Scientist|New Sci.]]'' '''145'''(1960): 43-. [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14519605.100-how-now-barn-owl.html abstrak HTML] * '''Taylor''', Iain (1994): ''Barn Owls: Predator-Prey Relationships and Conservation''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39290-X == Tumbu kaluar == {{commons|Tyto alba}} * [[BrainMaps]]: [http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&species=tyto-alba ''Tyto alba'' (barn owl) brain] * [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=2555 Barn Owl videos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922071036/http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=2555 |date=2007-09-22 }} at the Internet Bird Collection website * [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i3650id.html Barn Owl - ''Tyto alba''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002024116/http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i3650id.html |date=2007-10-02 }} - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter * [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Barn_Owl.html Barn Owl Species Account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology * [http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/barn_owl_info.htm Barn Owl Information] - South Dakota Birds * [http://www.bto.org/survey/bomp/index.htm BTO - BOMP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212092944/http://www.bto.org/survey/bomp/index.htm |date=2010-12-12 }} - BTO Barn Owl Monitoring Project (BOMP) * [http://www.sogbop.org.uk Suffolk Community Barn Owl Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517095527/http://www.sogbop.org.uk/ |date=2007-05-17 }} - Suffolk Community Barn Owl Project * [http://www.schleiereule.at/english/englframe.html Barn Owl Project in Austria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609021343/http://www.schleiereule.at/english/englframe.html |date=2013-06-09 }} - Barn Owl Project in Austria * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/sites/wildlife/pages/barn_owls.shtml BBC - Wales - Barn Owls] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - BBC Wales Barn Owl page {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Ytonidae]] hn34gjctot4sa1htx4eab3licolvzei 0 24999 712891 675757 2026-09-23T06:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Mountain | Ngaran=Galunggung | Photo=Galunggung.jpg | Caption=Kilat nalika bituna Galunggung taun 1982 | Elevation=2,168 meter (7,113 suku) | Location=[[Jawa (pulo)|Jawa]], [[Indonesia]] | Prominence = | Coordinates = {{coor dms|7|15|0|S|108|3|0|E|type:mountain|display=inline,title}} | Topographic map = | Type=[[Stratovolcano]] (aktip) | Age= | Last eruption=[[1982]] | First ascent= | Easiest route= }} '''Galunggung''' , '''Galoen-gong''', atawa '''Gunung Galunggung''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[stratovolcano]] aktip di [[Jawa (pulo)|Jawa]], [[Indonésia]]. == Bitu nu ngabahyakeun taun 1982 == ''Artikel utama: [[British Airways Panghiberan 9]].'' [[Tipe bitu vulkanik|Bitu]] gedé Galunggung pangpandeurina nyaéta taun [[1982]], nu kakuatannana 4 [[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]] sarta niwaskeun 68 urang. Bitu ieu nyababkeun kacilakaan panghiberan alatan [[lebu vulkanik]] nu geus narik perhatian dunya. Dua jet panumpang [[Boeing 747]] nu hiber sabudeureun tempat bitu ngalaman karuksakan mesin saharita sarta ngaruksak pabeungeutan luarna, duanana kapaksa badarat sacara darurat di [[Jakarta]]. salah sahijina, pesawat [[British Airways]] nu mawa 243 urang panumpang, teu ngahaja asup kana awan lebu nalika peuting bulan Juni [[1982]] 150&nbsp;km sabudeureun gunung. Sakabéh tina opat mesinna gagal sarta pesawat nyirorot salila 16 menit, turun 7500 méter tina luhurna hiber 11500 méter, tepikeun ka kru kudu maehan katut ngahurungkeun deui mesinna Bulan satuluyna pesawat [[Singapore Airlines]] nu mawa 230 urang panumpang, asup ogé kana awan lebu dina wanci peuting, tilu di antara opat mesinna pareum. Kru hasil ngahurungkeun deui mesin sanggeus nyirorot 2400 méter. Pesawat duanana ogé ngalaman karuksakan nu pohara dina mesin sarta pabeungeutan luarna<ref>{{cite book | editor=Sigurdsson H. | title=Encyclopedia of Volcanoes | publisher=Academic Press | year=2000 | page=920 | id=ISBN 0-12-643140-X}}</ref>. == Gundukan longsoran == Gundukan pasir nu katelah "Pasir Sapuluh Réwu" ''(The Ten Thousand Hills, TTTH)'' di [[Tasikmalaya]] geus narik perhatian [[ahli géologi]] dina mimiti [[abad ka-20]]. Imah-imah diwangun di luhureun pasir alatan hadéna pertahanan tina serangan musuh atawa jalma teu bener, sarta di luhureun sawah bébas tina [[reungit]] katut [[beurit]]. Asal muasalana, bisa jadi baheulana diwangun ku [[lahar]] balukar tina kaluarna cai tina [[situ kawah]], atawa boa dijieun ku manusa; batu karang jeung batu gedé nu kasusun loba di dinya sanggeus dibérésihan keur [[sawah]]. Nyorot kana bituna [[Gunung St. Helens]] taun [[1980]] sarta uji coba lapisan [[Gunung Shasta]], geus jelas yén pasir-pasir mangrupa deposit longsoran nu rugrug. Siga pagunungan séjén, Galunggung boga kawah nu wangunna [[suku kuda]] nu jadi totonden ayana taneuh urug nu gedé, sarta uji coba balok [[lava]] nu ancur nembongkeun yén siga deposit dina dua gunung seuneuan eta. Dumasar kana tanggal [[radiokarbon]] sampel nu dicokot tina aliran [[lava]], taneuh urug éta kajadian dina jangkah 23,000 taun ieu. == Tempo ogé == * [[Gunung seuneuan di Jawa]] * [[Daptar gunung seuneuan di Indonesia]] == Catetan jeung rujukan == <references/> *{{cite journal | author=S. Brantley & H. Glicken | title=Volcanic Debris Avalanches | journal=Earthquakes & Volcanoes | year=1986 | volume=18 | issue=6 | pages=195-206 | url=http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/DebrisAval/Publications/EV18-6/volc_debris_aval.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925112943/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/DebrisAval/Publications/EV18-6/volc_debris_aval.html |date=2006-09-25 }} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons|Galunggung}} * [http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/stratoguide/galunfact.html NOAA facts and figures about Galunggung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102054543/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/stratoguide/galunfact.html |date=2007-11-02 }} * [http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/ Volcanological Survey of Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615045156/http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/ |date=2006-06-15 }} * [http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Indonésia/ Official website of Indonesian volcanoes at USGS]{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Gunung di Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Stratovolcano]] [[Kategori:Gunung api subduksi]] [[Kategori:Gunung api aktip]] [[Kategori:Gunung api di Jawa]] [[Kategori:Gunung di Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Gunung api VEI-5]] [[Kategori:Gunung di Jawa Kulon|Galunggung]] klv5zjto1kxlf10p3pixxmfv8wfsaft 0 25289 712886 658662 2026-09-23T06:18:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Ganas | image = File:Nanas_variegata_cheche.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Ganas variegata | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Poales]] | familia = [[Bromeliaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Bromelioideae]] | genus = ''[[Ananas]]'' | species = '''''A. comosus''''' | binomial = ''Ananas comosus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) Merr. | synonyms = ''Ananas sativus'' }} '''Ganas''' atawa '''danas''' (''Ananas comosus'') nyaéta [[tutuwuhan]] jeung [[buah]] [[tropis]], nu sigana asalna ti [[Uruguay]], [[Brazil]], atawa [[Paraguay]].<ref name="Vernakular">{{Cite book|title =Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits| last= T. K.| first= Lim | coauthors =-| year= 2012|page=615|location=New York| publisher= Springer Science & Business Media| isbn=9789048186617|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=tixF72IuRFwC&pg=PA569&dq=durian&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjutfHq4sztAhWH73MBHUKZBX44FBDoATAJegQICRAC#v=onepage&q=durian&f=false}}</ref> == Étimologi == Ngaran ilmiah ganas, ''Ananas comosus'', ''ananas'', dicokot tina ngaran asli buahna dina [[basa Tupi]] (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), ''nanas'', luyu jeung catetan André Thevenet taun 1555.<!--Sedengkeun ''comosus'' nu hartina "tufted" and refers to the stem of the fruit. {{Fact|date=October 2007}} Other members of the [[Ananas|''Ananas'' genus]] are often called pineapple as well by laymen. A large, sweet pineapple grown especially in Brazil is called "abacaxi".{{Fact|date=October 2007}} In some Indian languages the fruit is called the " komala" which means pointy/ spiky object. In Bengali, pineapples are called "Anarosh". ==Wild pineapples== Certain [[bat]]-pollinated wild pineapples, members of the [[bromeliad]] family, do the exact opposite of most flowers by opening their flowers at night and closing them during the day; this protects them from [[weevil]]s, which are most active during daylight hours. --> == Buahna == Penyerbukan alami buah ganas biasana dibantuan ku [[kolibri]]. Penyerbukan ieu perlu pikeun ngabentuk siki; ayana ieu siki ngurangan kualitas buah. Di Hawai, nu loba tatanén ganas, impor kolibri dicaram ku alesan ieu. == Pangaruh gizi == Buah ganas ngandung [[énzim]] [[protéolitik]] [[bromelain]], nu ngarecah dahareun ku cara ngancurkeun [[protéin]]na. Ku kituna, sari ganas sok dipaké pikeun ngaleuleuskeun daging. Ieu énzim bisa bahya pikeun nu nandangan kakurangan atawa cacad protéin, misalna baé [[sindrom Ehlers-Danlos]]. Kapercayaan tradisional nyebutkeun yén ganas bisa jadi ubar keur gangguan pencernaan, ogé cénah bisa ngabantu pikeun ngalahirkeun.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Adaikan | first = P. Ganesan | coauthors = Adebiyi, Adebowale | title = Mechanisms of the Oxytocic Activity of Papaya Proteinases | journal = Pharmaceutical Biology | volume = 42 | issue = 8 | pages = 646–655 | date = Désémber 2004 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | url = http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a725241824~db=all~order=page | doi = 10.1080/13880200490902608}}</ref> Ganas seger kadang bisa ngabalukarkeun iritasi kana tungtung létah, anu karasana semu peuheur atawa pahang. Pikeun ngurangan gangguan ieu, biasana ganas sok dikeueum heula dina ciuyah. Buah ganas téh sumber [[mangan]] anu hadé (91%DV tina sagelas) sarta loba ngandung [[vitamin C]] (94%DV tina sagelas) jeung [[Vitamin B1]] (8%DV tina sagelas).<ref name="nd">[http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c20WZ.html Nutrition Facts for pineapple]</ref> == Sajarah budidaya == [[Gambar:Charles-pineapple.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Charles II ti Inggris England|Charles II]] disuguhan ganas anu munggaran dipelak di Inggris (lukisan taun 1675 karya Hendrik Danckerts).]] Ganas sumebar ti tempat asalna (tengah Amérika Kidul) ku cara dipelak. Mangsa [[Christopher Columbus]] datang ([[1492]]), ganas geus sumebar ka Amérika Kidul jeung Tengah, Méksiko kidul, jeung Karibia ([[Hindia Kulon]]). Bangsa [[Spanyol]] mawa ieu pepelakan ka [[Pilipina]], [[pulo Hawai]] (kira awal abad ka-19, budidaya komersil munggaran 1886), jeung [[Guam]]. Di Éropa, ganas bisa dipelak di [[rumah kaca]]. Kultivar anu biasa dipelak nyaéta 'Red Spanish', 'Hilo', 'Smooth Cayenne', 'St. Michael', 'Kona Sugarloaf', 'Natal Queen', jeung 'Pernambuco'.<!-- Pineapple cultivation in the [[USA]] began in the early 1900s on Hawaii. [[Dole Food Company|Dole]] and [[Del Monte]] began growing pineapple on the island of [[Oahu]] in 1901 and 1917, respectively. [[Maui Pineapple Company]] began pineapple cultivation on the island of [[Maui]] in 1909. In 2006, Del Monte announced its withdrawal from pineapple cultivation in Hawaii, leaving only Dole and Maui Pineapple Company in Hawaii as the USA’s largest growers of pineapples. Maui Pineapple Company markets its Maui Gold® brand of pineapple and Dole markets its Hawaii Gold® brand of pineapple. In the USA in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets were divided between Del Monte and [[Maui Land & Pineapple Company|Maui Land and Pineapple]]. Del Monte took 73-114, which it dubbed MD-2, to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996. (Del Monte also began marketing 73-50, dubbed CO-2, as Del Monte Gold). In 1997, Del Monte began marketing its Gold Extra Sweet pineapple, known internally as MD-2. MD-2 is a hybrid that originated in the breeding program of the now-defunct Pineapple Research Institute in Hawaii, which conducted research on behalf of Del Monte, [[Maui Land & Pineapple Company]], and Dole. Southeast Asia dominates world production: in 2001 [[Thailand]] produced 1.979 million tons, the [[Philippines]] 1.618 million tons while in the Americas, [[Brazil]] 1.43 million tons. Total world production in 2001 was 14.220 million tons. The primary exporters of fresh pineapples in 2001 were [[Costa Rica]], 322,000 tons; [[Côte d'Ivoire]], 188,000 tons; and the Philippines, 135,000 tons. In commercial farming, flowering can be artificially induced and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. ==Pineapple Reproduction== Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new fruit bearing plant will grow in a similar manner that a potato or onion will resprout from a cutting. ==Cultivars== *'Hilo': A compact 1–1.5 kg (2-3 lb) Hawaiian variant of 'Smooth Cayenne'. The fruit is more cylindrical and produces many suckers but no slips. *'Kona Sugarloaf': 2.5–3 kg (5-6 lb), white flesh with no woodiness in the center. Cylindrical in shape, it has a high sugar content but no acid. An unusually sweet fruit. *'Natal Queen': 1–1.5 kg (2-3 lb), golden yellow flesh, crisp texture and delicate mild flavor. Well adapted to fresh consumption. Keeps well after ripening. Leaves spiny. *'Pernambuco' ('Eleuthera'): 1–2 kg (2-4 lb) with pale yellow to white flesh. Sweet, melting and excellent for eating fresh. Poorly adapted for shipping. Leaves spiny. *'Red Spanish': 1–2 kg (2-4 lb), pale yellow flesh with pleasant aroma; squarish in shape. Well adapted for shipping as fresh fruit to distant markets. Leaves spiny. *'Smooth Cayenne': 2.5–3 kg (5-6 lb), pale yellow to yellow flesh. Cylindrical in shape and with high sugar and acid content. Well adapted to canning and processing. Leaves without spines. This is the variety from Hawaii, and the most easily obtainable in U.S. grocery stores. Both 73-114 and 73-50 are of this cultivar. ==Ethno-medical uses== The root and fruit are either eaten or applied [[topically]] as an [[anti-inflammatory]] and as a [[proteolytic]] agent. It is traditionally used as an [[antihelminthic]] agent in the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Monzon | first = R. B. | title = Traditional medicine in the treatment of parasitic diseases in the Philippines | journal = Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 421–428 | publisher = Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization, Regional Tropical Medicine and Public Health Network, Bangkok, Thailand | date = 1995 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3030064 | id = {{ISSN|0125-1562}} | accessdate = 2007-02-12}}</ref> A root [[decoction]] is used to treat [[diarrhea]]. ==Diseases of pineapple== {{Main|List of pineapple diseases}} Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases,<ref>http://www.apsnet.org/online/common/names/pineappl.asp</ref> the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by [[mealybug]]s.<ref>Jahn, ''et al.'', 2003</ref> The mealybugs are generally found on the surface of pineapples, but can also be found inside the closed blossom cups.<ref>Jahn, 1995</ref> Other diseases include pink disease,<ref>http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/pineapple/</ref> bacterial heart rot, and [[anthracnose]]. ==Storage== Pineapples, like [[bananas]], are chill-sensitive. Therefore, they should not be stored in the refrigerator. <ref>http://www.foodscience.csiro.au/refrigerated.htm</ref> --> == Galeri == <gallery> Image:pineapple field.jpg|Kebon ganas di [[Veracruz (nagara bagian)|Veracruz]], [[Méksiko]]. Image:Pineapple display.jpg|Ganas di [[supermarket]]. Image:Pineapple victoria dsc07770.jpg|'Victoria', [[kultivar]] ganas anu leutik, amis, jeung seungit anu kawentar di [[Réunion Island]]. Image:Pineapple.png|Gambar ganas dina buku ''Nordisk familjebok'' (1904 atawa 1926) Image:Split ananas cropped.jpg|Ganas dibeulah manjang Image:Pineapple punto cana.JPG|Ganas Dominika </gallery> == Rujukan == {{commons|Ananas comosus}} * ''[[:en:Pineapple|Pineapple]]''. Wikipédia basa Inggris (5 Dés. 2007). {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.nass.usda.gov/hi/fruit/pine.htm USDA Hawaii Agricultural Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304082923/http://www.nass.usda.gov/hi/fruit/pine.htm |date=2007-03-04 }} - Pinéapple yields 2001-2005 * [http://www.levins.com/pineapple.html Social History of the Pineapple] - a look at the symbolism behind the pinéapple * [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pineapple.html Pineapple Fruit Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050516080055/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pineapple.html |date=2005-05-16 }} - Information on pinéapples from California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. * [http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/pn48/pn48p8.htm The price of pineapples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617101622/http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/pn48/pn48p8.htm |date=2006-06-17 }} - Pesticide pollution in Costa Rica * FAO. [http://www.fao.org/es/esc/en/20953/21038/highlight_26407en.html Tropical Fruits Commodity Notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410083053/http://www.fao.org/es/esc/en/20953/21038/highlight_26407en.html |date=2006-04-10 }}, 2003 * Francesca Béauman, 'The Pinéapple', ISBN 0-7011-7699-7, publisher Chatto and Windus * [http://www.philippineherbalmedicine.org/pineapple.htm Pineapple Nutrition] * Jahn, G. C. 1990. The role of the big-héaded ant in méalybug wilt of pinéapple. In G.K. Veeresh, B. Malik, and C. Viraktamath [eds.] "Social Insects and the Environment." Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 614-615. * Jahn, G. C. 1995. Gray pinéapple méalybugs, ''Dysmicoccus neobrevipes'' Béardsley, found inside of pinéapple fruit. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 32: 147-148. * Jahn, Gary C., J. W. Béardsley and H. González-Hernández 2003. [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/95/1/36_9-28.pdf A review of the association of ants with mealybug wilt disease of pineapple.] Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 36:9-28. [[Kategori:Bromeliaceae]] [[Kategori:Bungbuahan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] jz417nze25bskuojk868utyzvjg93gh 0 25358 712900 712229 2026-09-23T07:07:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses4}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = 香港特別行政區 |conventional_long_name = Hong Kong Special Administrative Region |common_name = Hong Kong |image_flag = Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg |image_coat = Regional Emblem of Hong Kong.svg |symbol_type = Emblim |symbol_type_article = Emblim |image_map = LocationHongKong.png |image_map2 = Hong Kong Location.png |national_anthem = ''[[March of the Volunteers]]''<ref>Since the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, Hong Kong has used the national anthem of the [[People's Republic of China]].</ref> |capital = None<ref>Historically, the capital of Hong Kong territory was [[Victoria City]]; government headquarters are located in the [[Central and Western District]] ({{coor dm|22|17|N|114|08|E}}).</ref> |largest_settlement_type = distrik (populasi) |largest_settlement = [[Distrik Sha Tin]] |official_languages = [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]], [[Basa Cina|Cina]]<ref>The [[Hong Kong Basic Law]] states that the official languages are "Chinese and English." It does not explicitly specify the standard for "Chinese". While [[Standard Mandarin]] and [[Simplified Chinese character]]s are used as the spoken and written standards in [[mainland China]], [[Standard Cantonese|Cantonese]] and [[Traditional Chinese character]]s are the long-established ''[[de facto]]'' standards in Hong Kong. See [[Bilingualism in Hong Kong]]</ref> |government_type = |leader_title1 = [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] |leader_name1 = [[Donald Tsang]] |area_rank = not ranked |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |area_km2 = 1,104 |area_sq_mi = 426.4 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 4.6 |population_estimate = 6,921,700 |population_estimate_rank = ka-96 |population_estimate_year = 2007 |population_census = 6,708,389 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density_km2 = 6,352 |population_density_sq_mi = 16,469.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-3 |population_blank1_title = Demonim |population_blank1 = Urang Cina / Hong Kong |GDP_PPP = US$289.7 miliar |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-39 |GDP_PPP_year = 2007 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$41,614 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-6 |GDP_nominal = US$203.0 billion |GDP_nominal_rank = ka-37 |GDP_nominal_year = 2007 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = US$29,149 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ka-28 |sovereignty_type = [[Sajarah Hong Kong|Ngadeg]] |established_event1 = [[Konvensi Chuenpeh]] |established_date1 = [[25 Januari]] [[1841]] |established_event2 = [[Perjangjian Nanking]] |established_date2 = [[29 Agustus]] [[1842]] |established_event3 = [[Konvensi keur Ngalegaanana Wilayah Hong Kong]] |established_date3 = [[9 Juni]] [[1898]] |established_event4 = [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Japanese occupation]] |established_date4 = [[25 Desember]] [[1941]] – [[15 Agustus]] [[1945]] |established_event5 = [[Alih kedaulatan Hong Kong|Alih kedaualatan]] |established_date5 = [[1 Juli]] [[1997]] |HDI = {{increase}} 0.937 |HDI_rank = ka-21 |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI_category = <font color="#009900">luhur</font> |Gini = 0.533 |Gini_year = 2006 |Gini_category = <font color="#ff0000">luhur</font> |currency = [[Dolar Hong Kong]] |currency_code = HKD |country_code = HKG |time_zone = [[Hong Kong Time|HKT]] |utc_offset = +8 |cctld = [[.hk]] |calling_code = 852 |calling_code_note = <small>(01 ti [[Macau]])</small> |footnotes = <!--integrated into main body--> | }} {{coor title dms|22|17|00|N|114|08|00|E|}} '''Hong Kong'''<ref>Hong Kong mindeng ditulis ''Hongkong'' dina teks Basa Inggris heubeul. The [[Hong Kong Government]] officially adopted the current form on [[3 September]] [[1926]] (Hongkong Government Gazette, Notification 479, 3 September 1926). While the names of most cities in the People's Republic of China are [[romanization|romanised]] into English using [[pinyin]], the official English name is ''Hong Kong'' rather than ''Xiānggǎng'' (See [[Pronunciation of Hong Kong]]).</ref> ({{zh-c|c=[[wiktionary:香|香]][[wiktionary:港|港]]}}), ngaran resmina '''Wewengkon Administratif Husus Hong Kong''' <small><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Pronunsiasi Hong Kong|pronunsiasi]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></small>, nyaéta salah sahiji tina dua [[Wewengkon Administratif Husus di Républik Rahayat Cina|wewengkon administratif husus]] di [[Republik Rahayat Cina]] (RRC), hijina deui nyaéta [[Macau]]. Wewengkon ieu ngampar di béh wetan [[Delta Walungan Mutiara]], wawatesan jeung propinsi [[Guangdong]] di béh kaler nyanghareupan [[Sagara Cina Kidul]] di béh wetan, kulon jeung kidulna. Dimimitian ku jadi palabuan dagang saprak [[abad ka-19]], Hong Kong kiwari geus mekar jadi [[Puseur Finansial|puseur finansial]]. Hong Kong tadina mangrupa [[crown colony|jajahan makuta]] [[Karajaan Ngahiji]] ti saprak taun 1842 tepikeun ka [[dialihkeunnana kedaulatan Hong Kong|dialihkeun kedaulatannana]] ka Républik Rahayat Cina taun 1997. [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] katut [[Hukum Dasar Hong Kong]] netepkeun yén Hong Kong lumaku kalayan [[Entitas otonom|otonomi]] sahanteuna tepi ka taun 2047, lima puluh taun sanggeus alihan. Kalayan kawijakan "[[sanagara, dua sistim]]", [[Central People's Government|Pamarentah Rahayat Puseur]] tanggung jawab kana pertahanan teritori katut urusan luar nagri, sedengkeun Hong Kongna sorangan ngaropéa [[Sistim hukum Hong Kong|sistim hukum]], [[police force|angkatan kapulisian]], [[sistim moneter]], [[Béa cukéy (pajeg)|kawijakan béa cukéy]], [[kawijakan imigrasi]], jeung [[delegasi]] keur organisasi jeung acara internasional. == Rengking internasional == {| class="wikitable" ! Tanggal !! Kontes !! Organisasi nu ngayakeun !! Rengking !! Catetan |- ! 2001–05 | [http://www.worldairportawards.com World's Best Airports] || [[Skytrax]] || 1/155 nagara || |- ! rowspan="3" | 2005 | [[List of world's busiest container ports|Ranking of Container Ports of the World]] || [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223354/http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202005.xls AAPA World Port Rankings] || 2/50 palabuan by [[containerization|container]] traffic || 7/50 palabuan by [[cargo]] volume |- | [http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gitr_2006/rankings.pdf Networked Readiness Index (NRI)] || [[World Economic Forum]] || 11/115 nagara || |- | [http://www.economist.com/theworldin/international/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3372495&d=2005 Worldwide quality-of-life index] || [[The Economist]] || 18/111 nagara || |- ! rowspan="11" | 2006 | [http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2006-07/06-007.html 6th Annual Global e-Government Study (Brown University)] || Global e-Government || 20/198 nagara || |- | [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101161142/http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=639 Annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2006] || [[Reporters Without Borders]] || 59/168 nagara || |- | [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2006 Corruption Perceptions Index] || [[Transparency International]] || 15/163 nagara || |- |[https://web.archive.org/web/20061005083101/http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/upload/Overall%202006.pdf World Competitiveness Yearbook 2006] || [[IMD International]] || 2/61 economies || Economies include those of countries and regions |- | [[World City]]'s [[Skyline]]/[[Skyscrapers]] || [http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/sr/ Emporis Data Committee (EDC)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515211251/http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/sr/ |date=2008-05-15 }} || style="white-space:nowrap;" | 1/100 major cities || Cities ranked by the visual impact of their skylines |- | [http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/gcr2006_rankings.pdf Global Competitiveness Report - Growth Competitiveness Index Ranking] || [[World Economic Forum]] || 11/125 nagara || |- | [http://www.worldairportawards.com World's Best Airports] || [[Skytrax]] || 2/165 nagara || |- | [http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/BCI.pdf Business Competitiveness Index - BCI] || [[World Economic Forum]] || 10/121 nagara || |- | [http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR06-complete.pdf Human Development Index - HDI] || [[PBB]] || 22/177 nagara || |- | [http://www.fedex.com/us/about/today/access/GreaterAccessChange5_15_06.pdf Access Index (''p.19'')] || [[FedEx]]: The Power of Access - 2006 Access Index || 1/75 nagara || |- | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070302090911/http://www.jcer.or.jp/eng/pdf/potential2006sum.pdf Potential Competitiveness] || Japan Center for Economic Reséarch (JCER) || 1/50 nagara || |- ! rowspan="12" | 2007 | [http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/TravelandTourismReport/CompetitivenessIndex/index.htm Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index] || [[World Economic Forum]] || 6/124 nagara || |- | [[Index of Economic Freedom]] || [[Heritage Foundation]]/''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'': [http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/countries.cfm 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040112042240/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/countries.cfm |date=2004-01-12 }} || 1/157 nagara || Ranked 1st for 13 yéars in a row |- | World's most expensive city for rental accommodation || [http://www.eca-international.com/Asp/ViewArticle2.asp?ArticleID=189 ECA International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073630/http://eca-international.com/Asp/ViewArticle2.asp?ArticleID=189 |date=2007-10-11 }} || 1/92 nagara || |- | Léading Centers of Commerce || [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005151/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/06/12/afx3810988.html MasterCard study] || 5/63 nagara || rated 63 cities according to their legal and political framework, economic stability, éase of doing business, financial flow, business center status, and knowledge création and information flow |- | World's most expensive cost-of-living || [http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving Mercer Human Resource Consulting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410072417/http://www.mercerhr.com/costofliving |date=2014-04-10 }} || 5/143 kota || |- | [http://www.worldairportawards.com World's Best Airports] || [[Skytrax]] || 1/155 nagara || |- | [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614035901/http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/upload/scoreboard.pdf World Competitiveness Yearbook 2007] || [[IMD International]] || 3/55 economies || The IMD World Competitiveness Yéarbook 2007 analyses and ranks the ability of nations to créate and maintain an environment that sustains the competitiveness of enterprises |- | [[E-readiness]] || [http://graphics.eiu.com/files/ad_pdfs/2007Ereadiness_Ranking_WP.pdf Economist Intelligence Unit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225005308/http://graphics.eiu.com/files/ad_pdfs/2007Ereadiness_Ranking_WP.pdf%0A |date=2018-12-25 }} || 4/69 nagara || e-réadiness is the ability to use [[Information and Communication Technologies]] (ICT) to develop one's economy and to foster one's welfare |- | [http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/ World's best place doing business] || [[World Bank]] || 4/178 nagara || Economies are ranked on their éase of doing business, from 1–178, with first place being the best. A high ranking on the éase of doing business index méans the regulatory environment is conducive to the opération of business. This index avérages the country's percentile rankings on 10 topics, made up of a variety of indicators, giving equal weight to éach topic |- | [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011061520/http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/09/25/afx4152128.html Asia's best corporate governance survey] || Asian Corporate Governance Association || 1/11 nagara || |- | [http://server-uk.imrworldwide.com/cgi-bin/b?cg=downloadsosedo&ci=cityoflondon&tu=http://213.86.34.248/NR/rdonlyres/0C0332C0-4CE5-4012-9AF7-2CF98A32E618/0/BC_RS_GFCI07_FR.pdf Global Financial Centre Index] || City of London || 3/10 kota || The GFCI is a ranking of the competitiveness of financial centres based on a number of existing indices in combination with a regular survey of senior industry figures from around the world. Hong Kong ranked third behind New York and London. |- |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071127005937/http://a330.g.akamai.net/7/330/25828/20070711101329/graphics.eiu.com/upload/portal/BSA_COMPETITIVENESS_WEBrrr.pdf IT industry competitiveness Index] || [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] || 21/64 nagara || Index méasures an supply of skills, an innovation-friendly culture, world-class technology infrastructure, a legal regime and well-balanced government support, as well as a competition-friendly business environment. Those countries possessing most of these “competitiveness enablers” are also home to high-performance IT industries: all but four of the top 22 countries in the EIU are also among the world's top countries in terms of IT labour productivity |- |} == Catetan suku == {{ChineseText}} <!-- Please DO NOT use a scroll template/form/table for the reflink, please read warning on the scoll template page. Thank you. --> {{reflist|2}} == Rujukan == * ''A History of Hong Kong''(Third Edition). [[Frank Welsh]]. HarperCollins. [[1 October]] [[1998]]. 624 pages. ISBN 1-56836-002-9. * ''Mathematical Modelling of Hong Kong Political and Economical Development''. Derek Lam. Guangzhou Academic Press. [[18 February]] [[1986]]. 23 pages. * ''Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule (Asia's Transformations)''. Tak-Wing Ngo. Routledge. [[1 August]] [[1999]]. 205 pages. ISBN 0-415-20868-8. * ''The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity''. Poshek Fu, David Deser. [[Cambridge University Press]]. [[25 March]] [[2002]]. 346 pages. ISBN 0-521-77602-3. * ''A Modern History of Hong Kong''. Steve Tsang. I.B. Tauris. [[14 May]] [[2004]]. 356 pages. ISBN 1-86064-184-9. * ''An Outline History of Hong Kong''. Liu Shuyong. 291 pages. ISBN 7-119-01946-5. * ''Forts and Pirates - A History of Hong Kong''. Hong Kong History Society. Hyperion Books. December 1990. ISBN 962-7489-01-8. * [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Monument/form/historical.pdf List of Graded Historical Buildings in Hong Kong - 6 Jan 2007] from the Antiquities and Monuments Office * [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_list.php List of Declared Monuments in Hong Kong - 3 March 2006] from the Antiquities and Monuments Office == Tumbu luar == {{sisterlinks|Hong Kong}} {{commons|Maps of Hong Kong}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Hong Kong-article.ogg|2007-11-01}} ;Pelesir * {{wikivoyage|Hong Kong}} * [http://www.discoverhongkong.com/ Hong Kong Tourism Board] * [http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/hkvisas_4.htm Official Hong Kong Immigration Department Visa Information] * [http://www.synotrip.com/hong-kong Synotrip] - daily updated info about Hong Kong * [http://www.gohk.gov.hk/ GoHK], the Home Affairs Department site for local tourists ;Pamaréntah <!-- Wikipedia is not a web directory. This is not the place for personal sites, commercial advertisements or communities requiring membership/subscriptions. See [[WP:EL]] for more information on external links. --> * [http://www.gov.hk/ GovHK], the new one-stop portal of the HKSAR Government * [http://www.info.gov.hk/ Hong Kong SAR Government], the official government site * [http://www.immd.gov.hk/ Hong Kong Immigration Department] - [[HKSAR Passport]] * [http://www.censtatd.gov.hk Census and Statistics Department in Hong Kong] * [http://www.districtcouncils.gov.hk/ District Councils], the official district councils site * [http://www.info.gov.hk/hkfacts/facts_e.htm Hong Kong Fact Sheets] (quick facts about Hong Kong) * [http://www.legco.gov.hk/ Hong Kong Legislative Council], the site of the legislative body * [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Monument/form/historical.pdf List of Graded Historical Buildings in Hong Kong - 6 Jan 2007] from the Antiquities and Monuments Office * [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_list.php List of Declared Monuments in Hong Kong - 3 March 2006] from the Antiquities and Monuments Office ;Televisi * [http://www.tvb.com/ TVB], the biggest TV company * [http://www.hkatv.com/ aTV], one of two free TV broadcasters * [http://www.i-cable.com.hk/ Cable TV]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, the biggest paid cable provider in Hong Kong * [http://www.now-tv.com/ Now TV] - [IPTV] provider ;Radio * [http://www.rthk.org.hk/ Radio Television of Hong Kong] - public broadcaster * [http://www.881903.com/ Hong Kong Commercial Radio] - largest commercial broadcaster ;Koran * [http://home.orisun.com/odnmain/index2.html Oriental Daily] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905091832/http://home.orisun.com/odnmain/index2.html |date=2008-09-05 }} - Biggest Chinese newspaper in terms of circulation * [http://www.appledaily.com.hk/ Apple Daily] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970728003348/http://www.appledaily.com.hk/ |date=1997-07-28 }} - Second best selling Chinese newspaper * [http://www.mingpaonews.com/ Ming Pao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111095032/http://www.mingpaonews.com/ |date=2008-01-11 }} - Reputable Chinese newspaper * [http://www.hket.com/ Hong Kong Economic Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909121403/http://www.hket.com/ |date=2020-09-09 }} - Largest Chinese Financial Newspaper * [http://www.scmp.com/ South China Morning Post (subscription)] - Largest English newspaper * [http://www.metrohk.com.hk/ Metro Newspaper, Hong Kong edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020805125540/http://www.metrohk.com.hk/ |date=2002-08-05 }} * [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/ The Standard] - English-language business newspaper ;Majalah * [http://www.nextmedia.com.hk/ Next Magazine], a popular Chinese language entertainment and lifestyle magazine * [http://hk.bcmagazine.net/ BC Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125101726/http://hk.bcmagazine.net/ |date=2007-11-25 }}, [[HK Magazine]] - English language entertainment magazine targeted at expatriates ;Blog * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040612074557/http://www.geocities.com/hkhemlock/blogs.html Hong Kong Blogs], a list of all the main blogs in Hong Kong ;Peta <!-- Wikipedia is not a web directory. This is not the place for personal sites, commercial advertisements or communities requiring membership/subscriptions. See [[WP:EL]] for more information on external links. --> * [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=22339914&x=114066925&z=10&l=0&m=a WikiSatellite view of Hong Kong at WikiMapia] * [http://www.centamap.com/ CentaMap] * [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=zh-CN&q=Hong+Kong,+China&ie=UTF8&z=12&ll=22.294179,114.150009&spn=0.129287,0.43396&om=1&iwloc=addr Google HK Map] <!-- *[http://www.chinahighlights.com/hongkong/map.htm Hong Kong Map] - This site spams by putting email addresses online (by McAfee SiteAdvisor). http://www.siteadvisor.com/sites/chinahighlights.com/--> ;Poto <!-- Wikipedia is not a web directory. This is not the place for personal sites, commercial advertisements or communities requiring membership/subscriptions. See [[WP:EL]] for more information on external links. --> <!-- Personal photo galleries are NOT APPROPRIATE for this section --> * [http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/hongkong/ Flickr] - photos tagged with Hong Kong * [http://www.globalphotos.org/hongkong.htm Global Photos] - gallery of Hong Kong photos * [http://www.unrealhongkong.com/hong-kong-historical-pictures.html UnRealHongKong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226203355/http://www.unrealhongkong.com/hong-kong-historical-pictures.html |date=2008-02-26 }} - Hong Kong historical photos ;Guide jeung direktori <!-- Wikipedia is not a web directory. This is not the place for personal sites, commercial advertisements or communities requiring membership/subscriptions. See [[WP:EL]] for more information on external links. --> <!-- NO MORE EXPAT COMMUNITIES, UNLESS THEY ARE 100% HONG KONG SPECIFIC --> <!--*[http://www.hongkong.alloexpat.com Allo' Expat] - Expatriates in Hong Kong portal ALLOEXPAT IS BANNED--> * [http://www.hkoutdoors.com/ HK Outdoors] - about Hong Kong's countryside * [http://www.uncoverchina.com/ Uncover China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209114340/http://www.uncoverchina.com/ |date=2007-12-09 }} - séarch directory * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html CIA - The World Factbook — Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513083413/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html |date=2009-05-13 }} {{Hong Kong Topics}} {{Template group |title = Geografi lokal |list = {{Province-level divisions of PR China}} {{Major cities of Greater China}} {{Territories of Greater China}} {{Dependent and other territories of Asia}} {{Countries and territories of East Asia}} }} {{Template group |title = Basa |list = {{Sino-Tibetan-speaking}} {{Territories of Greater China}} }} {{APEC}} {{WTO}} <!--Please retain as first category since this article is its main article; thank you.--> <!--Categories--> [[Kategori:Hong Kong| ]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon husus]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Cina]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon métropolitan di Cina]] [[Kategori:Asia]] [[Kategori:Anglo-Chinese relations]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Inggris]] [[Kategori:Urut jajahan Britania]] [[Kategori:Pamaréntahan Britania di Hong Kong| ]] [[Kategori:Délta Walungan Mutiara]] [[Kategori:Kota palabuan di Cina]] [[Kategori:APEC]] [[Kategori:Daptar nu patali jeung Hong Kong| ]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1997]] <!--Interwiki--> b4mb2vx1mk46ilh70vio8o8hp7tpjj0 0 25505 712881 712111 2026-09-23T06:01:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|FCC}} {{Infobox Govt Agency | agency_name = Federal Communications Commission | abbreviation = FCC | logo = US-FCC-Logo.svg | logo_width = 140px | logo_caption = Logo | seal = Seal of the United States Federal Communications Commission.svg | seal_width = 140px | seal_caption = Ségel resmi FCC | formed = [[19 Juni]], [[1934]] | date1 = | date1_name = | date2 = | date2_name = | preceding1 = [[Federal Radio Commission]] | preceding2 = | dissolved = | superseding = | jurisdiction = | headquarters = | employees = | budget = | chief1_name = | chief1_position = | chief2_name = | chief2_position = | pa | child2_agency = <!--etc--> | website = [http://www.fcc.gov www.fcc.gov] | footnotes = }} '''Federal Communications Commission''' (FCC) nyaéta hiji [[Independent Agencies of the United States Government|badan]] [[pamarentah Amerika Sarikat]], nu dijieun, diatur, jeung dibéré wewenang ku [[United States Congress|Congressional]] [[statute]] (tempo {{usc|47|151}} jeung {{usc|47|154}}), kalayan mayoritas komisionerna ditunjuk ku présidén nu keur ngajabat. FCC diadegkeun ku [[Communications Act of 1934]] minangka gagantina [[Federal Radio Commission]] sarta boga tugas keur [[Hukum administratif|ngatur]] pamakéan sakabéh [[spéktrum éléktromagnétik|spéktrum]] radio nu dipaké lian ti ku Pamaréntah Federal (kaasup siaran [[radio]] jeung [[televisi]]), sarta sakabéh [[telekomunikasi]] antar nagara bagéan ([[PSTN|kawat]], [[satelit]] jeung [[kabel]]) katut sakabéh [[alih informasi|komunikasi]] internasional ti atawa ka AS. Ieu mangrupa faktor penting dina [[kawijakan telekomunikasi]] AS. FCC nyokot palaturan komunikasi kawat ti [[Interstate Commerce Commission]]. {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} The FCC's jurisdiction covers the 50 states of the United States of America, the District of Columbia, and U.S. possessions. It is organized into seven Buréaus and ten Staff Offices. 'The Buréaus’ include processing applications for [[license]]s and other filings, analyzing complaints, conducting investigations, developing and implementing [[regulations]], and participating in [[hearing (law)|hearings]]. * The <u>Consumer & Governmental Affairs</u> (CGB) develops and implements the FCC's [[consumer protection|consumer policies]], including [[American Disability rights movement|disability access]]. CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outréach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains collaborative partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such aréas as emergency preparedness and implementation of new technologies. * The <u>Enforcement Buréau</u> (EB) is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, and terms and conditions of station authorizations. Major aréas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Buréau are consumer protection, local [[competition]], [[public safety]], and [[homeland security]]. * The <u>International Buréau</u> (IB) develops international policies in telecommunications, such as coordination of [[frequency allocation]] and orbital assignments so as to minimize cases of international [[electromagnetic interference]] involving U.S. licensees. The International Buréau also oversees FCC compliance with the international [[Radio Regulations]] and other international agreements. * The <u>Media Buréau</u> (MB) develops, recommends and administers the policy and licensing programs relating v to [[electronic media]], including [[cable television]], [[broadcast television]], and radio in the United States and its territories. The Media Buréau also handles post-licensing matters regarding [[direct broadcast satellite]] service. * The <u>Wireless Telecommunications Buréau</u> (WTB) handles néarly all FCC domestic [[wireless]] telecommunications programs, policies, and outréach initiatives. Wireless services include: [[amateur radio]]; [[cellular network]]s; [[paging (telecommunications)|paging]]; [[Personal Communications Service]]; and Part 27 Wireless Communications Services (WCS) such as Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) and fixed, mobile, and broadcast services on the 700&nbsp;MHz Band. * The <u>Wireline Competition Buréau</u> (WCB) develops policy concerning [[wireline]] telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Buréau’s main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in wireline technology infrastructure, development, markets, and services. * Establishment of the <u>Public Safety and Homeland Security Buréau</u> is a priority of Chairman Kevin Martin. The Buréau was launched in 2006. === Kantor === The FCC's Offices provide support services to the Buréaus. Even though the Buréaus and Offices have their individual functions, they regularly work together on FCC issues. * The <u>Office of Administrative Law Judges</u> (OALJ) is responsible for conducting héarings ordered by the Commission. The héaring function includes acting on [[interlocutory|interlocutory requests]] filed in the proceedings such as petitions to intervene, petitions to enlarge issues, and contested discovery requests. An Administrative Law Judge, appointed under the [[Administrative Procedure Act]], presides at the héaring during which documents and sworn testimony are received in evidence, and witnesses are cross-examined. At the conclusion of the evidentiary phase of a proceeding, the presiding Administrative Law Judge writes and issues an Initial Decision which may be appéaled to the Commission. * The <u>Office of Communications Business Opportunities</u> (OCBO) promotes telecommunications business opportunities for small, [[minority]]-owned, and women-owned businesses. OCBO works with [[entrepreneurs]], industry, public interest organizations, individuals, and others to provide information about FCC policies, incréase ownership and employment opportunities, foster a diversity of voices and viewpoints over the airwaves, and encourage participation in FCC proceedings. * The <u>Office of Engineering and Technology</u> (OET) advises the Commission concerning engineering matters. Its chief role is to manage the [[electromagnetic spectrum]], specifically frequency allocation and spectrum usage. OET conducts technical studies of advanced phases of terrestrial and space communications and administers FCC rules regarding radio devices, experimental radio services, and industrial, scientific, and medical equipment. ** OET also organizes the [[Technical Advisory Council]], a committee of FCC advisors from major [[telecommunication]] and [[mass media|media]] corporations. ** In addition, the OET operates the Equipment Authorization Branch, which is tasked with overseeing equipment authorization for all devices using the electromagnetic energy from 9&nbsp;kHz to 300&nbsp;GHz. OET maintains an electronic database of all Certified equipment which can be éasily accessed by the public. * The <u>Office of General Counsel</u> serves as the chief legal advisor to the Commission. The General Counsel also represents the Commission in [[litigation]] in [[United States federal courts]], recommends decisions in adjudicatory matters before the Commission, assists the Commission in its decision making capacity and performs a variety of legal functions regarding internal and other administrative matters. * The <u>Office of the Inspector General</u> (OIG) recommends policies to prevent fraud in agency operations. The Inspector General recommends corrective action where appropriate, referring criminal matters to the [[United States Department of Justice]] for potential prosecution. * The <u>Office of Legislative Affairs</u> (OLA) is the FCC’s liaison to the United States Congress, providing lawmakers with information about FCC regulations. OLA also prepares FCC witnesses for Congressional héarings, and helps créate FCC responses to legislative proposals and Congressional inquiries. In addition, OLA is a liaison to other Federal agencies, as well as state and local governments. * The <u>Office of the Managing Director</u> (OMD) is responsible for the administration and management of the FCC, including the agency's budget, personnel, security, contracts, and publications. * The <u>Office of Media Relations</u> (OMR) is responsible for the dissemination of Commission announcements, orders, proceedings, and other information per media requests. OMR manages the FCC Daily Digest, website, and Audio Visual Center. * The <u>Office of the Secretary</u> (OSEC) oversees the receipt and distribution of documents filed by the public through electronic and paper filing systems and the FCC Library collection. In addition, OSEC publishes legal notices of Commission decisions in the [[Federal Register]] and the FCC Record. * The <u>Office of Strategic Planning & Policy Analysis</u> (OSP), essentially a think tank within the FCC, identifies policy objectives for the agency and xerxes. OSP works closely with the FCC Chairman and is responsible for monitoring the state of the communications industry to identify trends, issues and overall industry héalth. OSP acts as expert consultants to the Commission in aréas of economic, business, and market analysis. The Office also reviews legal trends and developments not necessarily related to current FCC proceedings, such as [[intellectual property law]], the [[Internet]], and [[electronic commerce]]. Previously OSP was called the Office of Plans and Policy (OPP). Catherine Bohigian has been the chief of the OSP since 2005.<ref>http://www.fcc.gov/osp/</ref> * The <u>Office of Workplace Diversity</u> (OWD) develops policy to provide a full and fair opportunity for all employees, regardless of non-merit factors such as race, religion, gender, color, age, disability, sexual orientation or national origin, to carry out their duties in the workplace free from unlawful [[discrimination|discriminatory]] tréatment, including [[sexual harassment]] and retaliation for engaging in legally protected activities. == Sajarah == ===Communications Act of 1934=== In 1934 Congress passed the Communications Act, which abolished the Federal Radio Commission and transferred jurisdiction over radio licensing to a new Federal Communications Commission. Title III of the Communications Act contained provisions very similar to the Radio Act of 1927, and the new FCC largely took over the operations and precedents of the FRC. === Report on Chain Broadcasting === In [[1940]] the Federal Communications Commission issued the "Report on Chain Broadcasting." The major point in the report was the bréakup of [[NBC]] (See [[National Broadcasting Company]]), but there were two other important points. One was network option time, the culprit here being [[CBS]]. The report limited the amount of time during the day, and what times the networks may broadcast. Previously a network could demand any time it wanted from an affiliate. The second concerned artist buréaus. The networks served as both agents and employees of artists, which was a conflict of interest the report rectified. ===Telecommunications Act of 1996=== In 1996 Congress enacted the [[Telecommunications Act of 1996]], in the wake of the bréak-up of AT&T resulting from the U.S. Justice Department's antitrust suit against AT&T. In part, the 1996 legislation attempted to créate more competition in local telephone service by requiring [[Incumbent local exchange carrier|Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers]] to provide access to their facilities for [[Competitive Local Exchange Carrier]]s. This policy has thus far had limited success and much criticism. See. e.g. [http://www.brookings.edu/experts/crandallr.aspx Robert crandall] The development of the internet, cable services and wireless services has raised questions whether new legislative initiates are needed as to competition in what has come to be called 'broadband' services. Congress has monitored developments but not as of 2007 undertaken a major revision of applicable regulation. ===Consolidation permissivity, indecency crackdowns=== [[Gambar:FCC-logo.gif|thumb|right|200px|FCC logo used today in addition to the official seal.]] The inauguration of [[Ronald Reagan]] as présidént of the United States in 1981 accelerated an alréady on-going shift in the FCC towards a decidedly more market-oriented stance. A number of regulations felt to be outdated were removed, most controversially the [[Fairness Doctrine]] in 1987. The FCC also took steps to incréase competition to broadcasters, fostering broadcast alternatives such as cable television. In the éarly 2000s, the FCC began stepping up censorship and enforcement of [[indecency]] regulations again, most notably following the [[Janet Jackson]] "[[Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy|wardrobe malfunction]]" that occurred during the halftime show of [[Super Bowl XXXVIII]]. However, the FCC's regulatory domain with respect to indecency remains restricted to the public airwaves, notably VHF and UHF television and AM/FM radio. On [[June 15]], [[2006]], [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] signed into law the [[Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005]] sponsored by [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Sam Brownback]], a former [[broadcaster]] himself, and endorsed by [[Member of Congress|Congressman]] [[Fred Upton]] of [[Michigan]] who authored a similar bill in the [[United States House of Representatives]]. The new law stiffens the penalties for éach violation of the Act. The Federal Communications Commission will be able to impose fines in the amount of $325,000 for éach violation by éach station, which violates [[decency]] standards. The legislation raises the fine by a tenfold incréase.<ref>Combs, Roberta. [http://www.cc.org/content.cfm?id=338 Christian Coalition of America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207014653/http://www.cc.org/content.cfm?id=338 |date=2006-12-07 }}, ''Washington Weekly Review'', June 17, 2006</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Bill Number S. 193 | work=Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 (Introduced in Senate) from Congressional THOMAS DB| url=http://www.congress.org/congressorg/bill.xc?billnum=S.193&congress=109 | accessmonthday=April 11 | accessyear=2005 }}</ref> == FCC commissioners since inception in 1934 == The FCC is directed by five Commissioners appointed by the présidént and confirmed by the Senate for 5-yéar terms, except when filling an unexpired term. The présidént designates one of the Commissioners to serve as Chairperson. Only three Commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them can have a financial interest in any Commission-related business.<ref name="FCCwebsite" >{{cite web |url=http://www.fcc.gov/commissioners/ |title=FCC Commissioners, Additional Information |accessdate=2007-07-18 |format= |work=}}</ref> ===Current commissioners=== Chairman [[Kevin Martin (FCC)|Kevin Martin]] (R-NC), Commissioner [[Michael Copps]] (D-WI), Commissioner [[Jonathan Adelstein]] (D-SD), Commissioner [[Deborah Taylor Tate]] (R-TN), Commissioner [[Robert M. McDowell]] (R-VA).{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Three of them are Republicans and two are Democrats. All are appointed by the présidént. *** === Past commissioners === A complete list of commissioners is available [http://www.fcc.gov/commissioners/commish-list.html on the FCC website]. Notable commissioners have included: * [[Eugene O. Sykes]] (R-MS) * [[Paul A. Walker]] (D-OK) * [[Anning S. Prall]] (D-NY) * [[Frank McNinch]] (D-NC) * [[James Lawrence Fly]] (D-TX) * [[Paul A. Porter]] (D-KY) * [[Charles R. Denny]] (D-DC) * [[Rosel H. Hyde]] (R-ID) * [[Wayne Coy]] (D-IN) * [[John C. Doerfer]] (R-WI) * [[Robert E. Lee (FCC)|Robert E. Lee]] (R-IL) * [[George McConnaughey]] (R-OH) * [[Frederick W. Ford]] (R-WV) * [[Dean Burch]] (R-AZ) 1969-1974 * [[Richard E. Wiley]] (R-IL) 1974-1977 * [[Charles D. Ferris|Charles Ferris]] (D-MA) 1977-1981 * [[Mark S. Fowler|Mark Fowler]] (R-Canada) 1981-1989 Eliminated fairness doctrine [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_doctrine] * [[Alfred C. Sikes|Alfred Sikes]] (R-MO) 1989-1993 * [[James Henry Quello|James H. Quello]](D-MI) 1993-1993 * [[Reed E. Hundt]] (D-CA) 1993-1997 * [[William E. Kennard]] (D-CA) 1997-2001 * [[Michael Powell (politician)|Michael Powell]] (R-VA) 2001-2005 == Regulatory powers == [[Gambar:Fcclogowords.gif|thumb|right|200px|An additional logo]] As to radio and television broadcasting, the Federal Communications Commission has one major regulatory wéapon, revoking licenses, but short of that has limited leverage. (see [[FCC MB Docket 04-232]]). Sanctions run a report-basis system. Additionally, broadcast licenses are supposed to be renewed if the station meets the "public interest, convenience, or necessity." The Federal Communications Commission rarely checks except for some obvious and outstanding réason; burden of proof would be on the complainant. Fewer than 1% of station renewals are not immediately granted, and only a small fraction of those are ultimately denied. The Federal Communications Commission also licenses amateur radio operators and stations, and does use its power to fine amateur radio operators who flagrantly violate its rules. It also licenses commercial operators who operate and repair certain [[radiotelephone]], television, [[radar]], and [[Morse code]] radio stations. In recent yéars it has also licensed péople who maintain or operate [[GMDSS]] stations. While the FCC maintains control of the written and Morse testing standards, it no longer administers the exams, having delegated that function to private organizations. Similar authority for regulation of U.S. government radio communications is vested in the présidént who has delegated it to [[National Telecommunications and Information Administration]] (NTIA). Source: from [[Federal Standard 1037C]] ''See also:'' frequency assignment, [[open spectrum]], [[Ofcom]] (British equivalent), [[Mercedes divide]], [[FCC MB Docket 04-232]] ==Spectrum auctions== Beginning in 1994, commercial spectrum has been allocated via [[spectrum auction|competitive auctions]] rather than the previous method of "best public use." This was a cumbersome buréaucratic process in which competitors attempted to show that they were most capable of making best public use of the license they wished to obtain. The structure and licenses available in éach auction are determined by vote of the Commission, with the licenses awarded to the highest bidders. Auctions are usually conducted on a simultanéous multiple-round basis, with all offered licenses being auctioned at the same time. Auctions proceed in bidding rounds of decréasing duration until no more bids are received. Revenues are deposited in the [[United States Department of the Treasury|US Treasury]] to be spent by [[Congress of the United States|Congress]]. The FCC has been criticized for awarding a [[Digital tv|digital TV]] (DTV) channel to éach holder of an [[Analog tv|analog TV]] station license without an auction, as well as trading auctionable spectrum to [[Nextel]] to resolve public safety interference problems. Nonetheless, in 2009, all analog terrestrial broadcast licenses in the U.S. will be terminated, with terrestrial television subsequently available only from the digital channels. ==Criticisms== The FCC has been [[criticize]]d on many fronts, both for being too restrictive and too permissive in its regulation. The regulatory body was originally formed in order to allot segments of the radio spectrum which were deemed scarce. Today, the allottment of frequency band segments to specific uses hinders and prevents new spectrum uses for innovative technologies. Regulatory changes can have a dramatic effect on industries. For example, the requirement for televisions to be digital will maké millions of analog sets obsolete overnight. In the actions taken against broadcasters, the FCC is frequently criticized for violating the [[First Amendment]] guarantee of [[Freedom of Speech]], both directly by censorship and enforcement action sometimes alleged to be politically motivated, and indirectly by the general [[intimidation]] that FCC action allegedly créates, particularly with the [[U.S. Congress]] considering multiplying [[fine]]s [[exponent]]ially. The FCC considered requiring all broadcasters to retain copies of all broadcasts for up to three months (FCC MB Docket 04-232). One critique of this proposal is that this action would wipe out smaller broadcasters because of the enormous expense of having to purchase new equipment with the necessary féatures for content storage and the need for facilities to store content. [[Low-power broadcasting]] has also been a source of contention, as the FCC has set the [[EIRP|power]] limits very low, while allegedly making it néarly impossible for anyone except large [[corporations]] or large [[nonprofit]] organizations to obtain a license. Although [[Stephen Dunifer]] won a case versus the FCC, few others have successfully argued against the Commission. Another critique is that the Commission has historically been dominated by lawyers, often from the [[telecommunications]] industry, due to the FCC's direct effects on [[commerce]] and [[public policy]]. This is in stark contrast to other technically-focused government agencies, such as the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]], which is often populated by engineers and physicists.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The FCC is also often criticized by [[Amateur Radio]] operators for rule changes affecting the [[Amateur Radio|Amateur Radio Service]], or for its perceived lack of enforcement of violations within the service and in general. On the issue of broadcast indecency, the FCC has taken héat from conservatives and family-oriented groups for not sufficiently censoring and restricting sexually explicit and violent material to which the groups believe children should not be exposed (a [[Family Viewing Hour]] was instituted in the [[1970s]] and then discontinued). While the FCC, under much criticism, has been tightening its control and censorship of broadcast television, neither the FCC nor any other regulatory body has the authority to censor the internet, allowing broadcasters to use the internet as a source for their un-edited créative expression. In December 2006, [[NBC]] and ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' posted an uncensored vidéo on the NBC website and YouTube under the héadings “Special Treat in a Box” or “Special Christmas Box”, otherwise known by its uncensored name, "[[Dick in a Box]]". The censored version of the vidéo played on NBC's ''Saturday Night Live'', and was bleeped (censored) sixteen times. Lorne Michaels, the créator and executive producer of ''Saturday Night Live'', predicted that other shows and networks, time and money permitting, would surely follow NBC’s léad in making available material that was deemed not réady for prime time, or even late night. The NBC show ''[[Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip]]'' had a story line where the FCC was fining the fictional NBS network an absurd amount of money for an obscenity said by a U.S. Marine during a live news broadcast in Afghanistan. They badmouth the FCC for being upset for a réal life réaction of a néar déath incident in wartime being accidentally picked up in a required News broadcast. (The FCC requires that Educational programming be provided for free by networks in exchange for the right to broadcast over the airwaves.) The problem becomes worse when they give them the option of losing the fee in exchange for a five second delay of live news feeds. In the "[[PTV (Family Guy)|PTV]]" episode of ''[[Family Guy]]'' the FCC are portrayed as quite extreme, because apparently "one complaint equals one billion people." Soon, the FCC end up censoring réal life because of [[Peter Griffin]]'s TV channel, PTV. ==Controversy== ===Unreleased reports=== ====2003 study of commercial radio concentration ==== In 2003, the FCC Media Buréau produced a draft report analyzing the impact of deregulation in the radio industry.<ref>[http://www.stopbigmedia.com/files/radio_ownership.pdf Fifth Review of the Radio Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009003804/http://www.stopbigmedia.com/files/radio_ownership.pdf |date=2006-10-09 }}, FCC Media Bureau, undated</ref> The report stated that from March 1996 through March 2003, the number of commercial radio stations on the air rose 5.9 percent while the number of station owners fell 35 percent. The concentration of ownership followed a 1996 rewrite of telecommunications law that eliminated a 40-station national ownership cap. The report was never made public, nor have any similar analyses followed, despite the fact that radio industry reports were reléased in 1998, 2001 and 2002. In September 2006, sénator [[Barbara Boxer]], who had received a copy of the report, reléased it.<ref name="AP-9-18-06">John Dunbar, [http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/09/18/senator_says_media_study_suppressed/ Senator says media study suppressed "Senator says media study suppressed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018045650/http://boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/09/18/senator_says_media_study_suppressed/ |date=2007-10-18 }}, Associated Press, September 18, 2006</ref> ==== 2004 study of television media concentration ==== In 2004, the FCC ordered its staff to destroy all copies of a draft study by Keith Brown and Peter Alexander, two economists in the FCC's Media Buréau. The two had analyzed a database of 4,078 individual news stories broadcast in 1998, showed local ownership of television stations adds almost five and one-half minutes of total news to broadcasts and more than three minutes of "on-location" news. The conclusion of the study was at odds with FCC arguments made when it voted in 2003 to incréase the number of television stations a company could own in a single market. (In June 2004, a federal appéals court rejected the agency's réasoning on most of the rules and ordered it to try again.) In September 2006, sénator [[Barbara Boxer]], who had received a copy of the report "indirectly from someone within the FCC who believed the information should be made public," wrote a letter to FCC Chairman Kevin Martin, asked whether any other commissioners "past or present" knew of the report's existence and why it was never made public. She also asked whether it was "shelved because the outcome was not to the liking of some of the commissioners and/or any outside powerful interests?" Boxer's office said if she does not receive adequate answers to her questions, she will push for an investigation by the FCC inspector general.<ref>John Dunbar, [http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0915-01.htm "Lawyer says FCC ordered study destroyed"], Associated Press, September 14, 2006</ref> ==== Action by FCC Chairman==== In a letter in response to sénator Boxer, FCC Chairman Martin said "I want to assure you that I too am concerned about what happened to these two draft reports." The letter also said "I have asked the inspector general of the FCC to conduct an investigation into what happened to these draft documents and will cooperate fully with him." Martin added that he was not chairman at the time the reports were drafted, and that neither he nor his staff had seen them.<ref name="AP-9-18-06"/> ===NSA wiretapping=== When it emerged in 2006 that AT&T, BellSouth and Verizon may have broken U.S. laws by aiding the [[National Security Agency]] in possible illegal wiretapping of its customers, Congressional representatives called for an FCC investigation into whether or not those companies broke the law. The FCC declined to investigate, however, claiming that it could not investigate due to the classified nature of the program — a move that provoked the criticism of members of Congress. “Today the watchdog agency that oversees the country’s telecommunications industry refused to investigate the nation’s largest phone companies’ reported disclosure of phone records to the NSA," said Rep. [[Edward Markey]] (D-Mass.) in response to the decision. "The FCC, which oversees the protection of consumer privacy under the Communications Act of 1934, has taken a pass at investigating what is estimated to be the nation’s largest violation of consumer privacy ever to occur. If the oversight body that monitors our nation’s communications is stepping aside then Congress must step in.”[http://markey.house.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=1610&Itemid=125] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060601030114/http://markey.house.gov/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=1610&Itemid=125 |date=2006-06-01 }} ===Copyright issue=== The character "Broadband" ([http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/kidszone/ FCC Kids Zone]) looks like [[Doraemon]], a popular [[manga]] character in Japan. Doraemon was créated for print in magazines in 1969, which makes Doraemon predate the FCC's character. According to Japanese news media, both [[Shogakukan]] (copyright manager) and Fujiko-production (owner of the copyright) have warned the FCC over the alleged [[copyright infringement]], but so far there has been no answer. ===Diversity=== With the major demographic shifts occurring in the country in terms of the racial-ethnic composition of the population, where 9 of the 10 largest cities, for example, now have "majority minority" populations, the FCC has also been criticized for ignoring the issue of decréasing racial-ethnic diversity of the media. This includes charges that the FCC has been watering down the limited affirmative action regulations it had on the books, including no longer requiring stations to maké public their data on their minority staffing and hiring. In the second half of 2006, groups such as the [http://www.nhmc.org National Hispanic Media Coalition], the National Latino Media Council, the [http://www.nahj.org National Association of Hispanic Journalists], the [[National Institute for Latino Policy]], the [[League of United Latin American Citizens]] (LULAC) and others held [http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/10/77496.html town hall meetings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231094629/http://nyc.indymedia.org/en/2006/10/77496.html |date=2010-12-31 }} in California, New York and Texas on media diversity as its affects Latinos and other communities of color. They documented widespréad and deeply-felt community concerns about the negative effects of media concentration and consolidation on racial-ethnic diversity in staffing and programming. See ''[[El Diario La Prensa]]'''s [http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/detail.aspx?section=25&desc=Editorial&id=1512119 editorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312100849/http://www.eldiariony.com/noticias/detail.aspx?section=25&desc=Editorial&id=1512119 |date=2007-03-12 }} on media diversity. At these Latino town hall meetings, the issue of the FCC's lax monitoring of obscene and pornographic material in Spanish-language radio and the lack of racial and national-origin diversity among Latino staff in Spanish-language television were other major themes. ==FCC broadcasting tower database== The FCC database of broadcasting towers [http://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/AsrSearch/asrRegistrationSearch.jsp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527150524/http://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/AsrSearch/asrRegistrationSearch.jsp |date=2010-05-27 }} is a very useful tool to get information about the height and yéar built of broadcasting towers in the USA. However, this database does not contain information about the structural types of towers. The FCC database also does not contain information about the height of towers used for non-broadcasting purposes like [[NDB]]s, [[LORAN-C]] transmission towers or [[VLF]] transmission facilities of the [[US Navy]], or from towers not used for transmission at all like the [[BREN-Tower]]. ==Rujukan== <!--<nowiki> See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags, and the template below </nowiki>--> {{reflist}} ==Tumbu luar== * [http://www.fcc.gov/ FCC website] * [http://www.fcc.gov/eb/Orders/2001/fcc01090.html Enforcement Policies Regarding Broadcast Indecency] * [http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title47/47tab_02.tpl FCC Rules(CFR Title 47) On-Line at GPO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925215102/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=65027985a35c6134f6e25312a5838831&c=ecfr&tpl=%2Fecfrbrowse%2FTitle47%2F47tab_02.tpl |date=2006-09-25 }} * [http://digital.library.unt.edu/browse/department/govdocs/fccrecord/ The FCC Record] online at the UNT Libraries Digital Collections * [http://www.slate.com/toolbar.aspx?action=print&id=2157734 New Wave: The case for killing the FCC and selling off spectrum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018032123/http://slate.com/toolbar.aspx?action=print&id=2157734 |date=2007-10-18 }} By Jack Shafer, [[17 January]] [[2007]] * [http://thefederalregister.com/b.p/department/FEDERAL_COMMUNICATIONS_COMMISSION/ Federal Communications Commission Meeting Notices and Rule Changes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224182621/http://www.thefederalregister.com/b.p/department/FEDERAL_COMMUNICATIONS_COMMISSION/ |date=2013-12-24 }} from The Federal régister [http://thefederalregister.com/rss/department/FEDERAL_COMMUNICATIONS_COMMISSION/ RSS Feed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807020718/http://www.thefederalregister.com/rss/department/FEDERAL_COMMUNICATIONS_COMMISSION/ |date=2012-08-07 }} * [http://www.cybertelecom.org/ Cybertelecom :: FCC and the Internet] * [http://fccddct.blogspot.com/ FCC Daily Digest provided as an RSS feed] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1934]] [[Kategori:Sénsor di AS]] [[Kategori:Panyalahgunaan hak sipil]] [[Kategori:Federal Communications Commission]] [[Kategori:Badan perjangjian anyar]] g7qulixpioxxsmaputj661xq52fkule 0 25531 712869 712018 2026-09-23T04:26:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox media | name = Blu-ray Disc | logo = | image = [[Gambar:BluRayDiscBack.png|200px|Reverse side of a Blu-ray Disc]] | caption = | type = High-density [[optical disc]] | encoding = [[MPEG-2]], [[H.264|MPEG-4 AVC (H.264)]], and [[VC-1]] | capacity = 25 [[gigabyte|GB]] (single layer), 50&nbsp;GB (dual layer) | read = 1x@36&nbsp;[[Megabit per second|Mbit/s]] & 2x@72&nbsp;Mbit/s | write = | standard = | owner = [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] | use = Data storage, [[High-definition video]] and [[PlayStation 3]] Games | extended from = | extended to = }} '''Cakram Blu-ray''' (basa Inggris: '''''Blu-ray Disc''''') nyaéta hiji format [[cakram optik]] nu kacida padetna pikeun nyimpen informasi digital, kaasup [[high-definition video|video definisi luhur]]. Dimensina mah sarua jeung [[DVD]] atawa [[CD]]. Ngaran ''Cakram Blu-ray'' dicokot tina [[laser]] biru-ungu ''(blue-violet)'' nu dipaké keur maca tur nulis tipe cakram ieu. Alatan [[panjang gelombang]] nu leuwih pondok (405 [[nanometer|nm]]), sacara substansial baris leuwih loba data nu bisa disimpen dina hiji Cakram Blu-ray ti batan dina format [[DVD]] nu maké laser beureum (650&nbsp;nm). Cakram Blu-ray salapis bisa nyimpen 25 [[gigabita]] (GB), leuwih ti lima kalieun ukuran DVD salapis 4.7&nbsp;GB. Cakram Blu-ray dua lapis bisa nyimpen 50&nbsp;GB, ampir genep kalieun ukuran DVD dua lapis nu 8.5&nbsp;GB. Blu-ray dimekarkeun ku [[Blu-ray Disc Association]], hiji grup pausahaan-pausahaan maju nu midangkeun elektronika konsumen, hardware komputer, jeung produksi gambar gerak. Standarna kawengku ku sababaraha paten nu dipibanda ku sababaraha pausahaan nu béda. Nepi ka Maret 2007, hiji kasapukan lisensi gabungan keur sakabéh paten nu cocog can bisa direngsekeun.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html |title = Significant progress made toward creation of joint Blu-ray Disc™ patent license (Press Release) |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |author = Seán Byrne |date = 2007-02-23 |work = cdrfreaks.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112221413/http://www.cdfreaks.com/news/Significant-progress-made-toward-creation-of-joint-Blu-ray-Disc-patent-license-Press-Release.html |date=2007-11-12 }}</ref> Dumasar kana data tanggal [[2 Juli]], [[2008]] leuwih ti 650<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/movies.php?show=nowavailable | title=Total available United States releases }}</ref> pilem Cakram Blu-ray geus dirilis sacara komersil di [[Amerika Sarikat]] sarta leuwih ti 410<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/|title=Blu-ray/HD DVD releases in Japan|publisher=AVWatch|accessdate=2008-06-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828181018/http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/bdhdship/ |date=2008-08-28 }}</ref> judul Cakram Blu-ray dirilis di [[Jepang]]. Salila [[perang format cakram optis definisi luhur]], Blu-ray [[perang format|perang]] jeung saingannana, [[HD DVD]], pikeun nangtukeun nu mana salah sahiji (lamun henteu duanana) ti antara dua format ieu nu bakal mingpin pasar eusi definisi luhur keur konsumen. Dina tanggal [[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]], [[Toshiba]]&nbsp;— pausahaan utama nu ngarojong HD DVD&nbsp;— ngembarkeun yén moal neruskeun deui mekarkeun, nyieun jeung masarkeun pamuter jeung pangrekam HD DVD,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2008_02/pr1903.htm |title=Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses |publisher= Toshiba |date=[[19 Pebruari]], [[2008]] |accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref> nu nyababkeun ampir sakabéh nu ngarojong kana HD DVD marilu eureun, su sacara éféktifmungkas [[perang fomat]]. == Sajarah == {{Optical disc authoring}} [[Gambar:Blu-ray disc (BD-RE).JPG|ka|jmpl|200px|Cakram blu-ray kosong nu bisa ditulisan deui (BD-RE)]] Dina panengah dekade 1990-an, set [[HDTV]] komersil ahirna bisa mimiti asup kana pasar nu leuwih gedé. Sok sanajan kitu, geuningan euweuh cara nu alus tur hadé pikeun ngarekam atawa muter eusi HD. Meureun bae, da euweuh mediana nu bisa nyimpen data nu kacida gedéna, kajaba [[D-VHS|Digital VHS]]-na JVC jeung [[HDCAM|HD Betacam]]-na Sony.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB891992681208651500.html?mod=googlewsj |title= In HDTV Age, Successor to VCR Still Seems to Be a Long Way Off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Evan Ramstad |date=1998-04-08 |work=online.wsj.com}}</ref> Sok sanajan kitu, geus kasohor yén maké laser nu panjang gelombangna pondok bakal bisa nyimpen optik kalawan leuwih padet. Nalika [[Shuji Nakamura]] nimu [[laser bulao|dioda laser bulao]] nu praktis, hal éta mangrupa hiji sensasi, sok sanajan perkara hukum patali jeung paten nu papanjangan, geus nyababkeun diwanohkeunana tehnologi ieu sacara komersil, jadi telat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,103862-page,1/article.html |title=Opening the Door for New Storage Options |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2002-08-12 |work=pcworld.com |publisher=}}</ref> === Asal === {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}} Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: [[UDO]] (Ultra Density Optical) and DVR Blue (together with [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]]), a format of rewritable discs which would eventually become Blu-ray (more specifically, BD-RE).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetanalog.com/features/OEG20010615S0046 |title=Blue laser bolsters DTV storage, features |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=S.B. Luitjens |date=2001-06-15 |work=planetanalog.com |publisher=}}</ref> The core technologies of the formats are essentially similar. The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the [[CEATEC]] exhibition in October 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,105534-page,1/article.html |title = Sony Shows 'DVR-Blue' Prototype |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |date= 2000-10-11 |work = cdrinfo.com }}</ref> Because the Blu-ray Disc standard places the data recording layer close to the surface of the disc, éarly discs were susceptible to contamination and scratches and had to be enclosed in plastic cartridges for protection. In February 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1952.html |title = Replacement for DVD unveiled |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |author = Barry Fox |date= 2002-02-19 |work = newscientist.com }}</ref> and the [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] was founded by the nine initial members. The first consumer devices were in stores on [[April 10]], 2001. This device was the Sony BDZ-S77; a BD-RE recorder that was only made available in Japan. The recommended price was US$3800.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pricenfees.com/digit-life-archives/sony-bdz-s77-recorder-review |title=SONY BDZ-S77 Recorder Review |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Maxim Liadov |date= |work=pricenfees.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202062709/https://www.pricenfees.com/digit-life-archives/sony-bdz-s77-recorder-review |date=2017-02-02 }}</ref> However, there was no standard for pre-recorded vidéo (BD-ROM) and no movies were reléased for this player. The Blu-ray standard was still yéars away, since a new and secure [[Digital Rights Management|DRM]] system was needed before Hollywood studios would accept it. Nobody wanted to repéat the failure of the [[Content Scramble System]] for DVDs. === Kompetisi jeung HD DVD === The [[DVD Forum]] (which was chaired by [[Toshiba]]) was deeply split over whether to go with the more expensive blue lasers or not. In addition, the proposed Blu-ray disc with its protective caddy was both expensive and physically different from DVD, posing several problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1829241.stm |title=Next Generation DVD Born |accessdate=2007-11-4 |date=2002-02-21 |work=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In March 2002, the forum voted to approve a proposal endorsed by [[Warner Bros.]] and other [[film studio|motion picture studios]] that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer [[DVD-9]] discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20020301S0091 |title=Picture's fuzzy for DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2002-03-01 |work=eetimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20011212S0060 |title=Forum to weigh Microsoft's Corona as DVD encoder |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2001-12-12 |work=eetimes.com |publisher=}}</ref> However, in spite of this decision, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&PageNum=2 |title=HD on DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Philip De Lancie |date=2002-06-01 |work=emedialive.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011145939/http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=5266&PageNum=2 |date=2007-10-11 }}</ref> In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard Advanced Optical Disc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,104570-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba, NEC Share Details of Blue-Laser Storage |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2002-08-29 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> It was finally adopted by the DVD forum and renamed [[HD DVD]] the next yéar,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |title=DVD Forum backs Toshiba-NEC format |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-11-28 |work=theinquirer.net |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025011126/http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2003/11/28/dvd-forum-backs-toshiba-nec-format |date=2007-10-25 }}</ref> after being voted down twice by Blu-ray Disc Association members, prompting the U.S. Department of Justice to maké preliminary investigations into the situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html|title=Opinion: Trust's worth}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804053736/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6458096.html |date=2007-08-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray|title=Lieberfarb lobs charges at Blu-ray}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602111938/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6258560.html?q=DVD+Forum+Blu%2Dray |date=2009-06-02 }}</ref> Three new members had to be invited and the voting rules changed before the vote finally passed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |title=High-definition DVD format divides industry into rival camps |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida and Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-14 |work=my-esm.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110720141401/http://www.my-esm.com/story/OEG20031114S0024 |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |title=HD DVD Format Wins Key Nod From DVD Forum |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Yoshiko Hara |date=2003-11-26 |work=techweb.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106090311/http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20031126S0005 |date=2007-01-06 }}</ref> In the méan time, Sony spun off [[Professional Disc for DATA]] from the Blu-ray project. It was essentially Blu-ray with higher-quality media and components. The devices were too expensive for the consumer mass market. Instéad, it was aimed at the professional data storage space market as a replacement for their line of 5.25" [[Magneto-optical drive|MO]] drives. It was announced in October 2003, with the first devices shipping in December of the same yéar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |title=Sony to Launch 23GB Optical Disc |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2003-10-21 |work=dvd-recordable.org }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018151300/http://www.dvd-recordable.org/Article890-mode=thread-order0-threshold0.phtml |date=2007-10-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theregister.com/2003/12/02/sony_ships_bluray_23gb_storage/ |title=Sony ships blu-ray 23GB storage system |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Tony Smith |date=2003-12-02 |work=theregister.co.uk |publisher=}}</ref> ==== Attempts to avoid a format war ==== The costs of a format war are large, both for consumers and for the industry. In an attempt to avoid starting one, the Blu-ray Disc Association and the DVD Forum attempted to negotiate a compromise in éarly 2005. One of the issues was that the Blu-ray camp wanted to use a Java-based platform for interactivity ([[BD-J]]), while the DVD Forum was promoting Microsoft's "iHD" (which became [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800364355_499495_f3313299.HTM |title=Sides close to deal on HD disk format |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Junko Yoshida |date=2005-04-19 |work=eetasia.com |publisher=}}</ref> A much larger issue, though, was the physical formats of the discs themselves; the Blu-ray member companies did not want to risk losing billions of dollars in royalties as they had done with standard DVD.<ref name="stalemate">{{cite web |url=http://www.internetnews.com/storage/article.php/3671091 |title=Who Is Drawing Out The High-Def DVD Stalemate? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Andy Patrizio |date=2007-04-12 |work=internetnews.com |publisher=}}</ref> An agreement seemed close, but negotiations proceeded slowly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8e6df286-c670-11d9-b69b-00000e2511c8.html |title=Sony-Toshiba DVD format talks stall |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Michiyo Nakamoto |date=2005-05-17 |work=ft.com |publisher=}}</ref> At the end of June 2005, Sun announced that the Blu-ray Association had chosen the Java-based BD-J interactivity layer instéad of Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]]. This was based on a BDA board vote favouring BD-J 10 to 4, despite a technical committee previously favouring HDi by a vote of 7 to 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html|title=Micro-managed copies}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101192254/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6281492.html |date=2008-01-01 }}</ref> At the same time, Microsoft and Toshiba jointly announced that they would cooperate in developing high-definition DVD players.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2005/06/68009 |title=Microsoft, Toshiba Gear Up |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=David Cohn |date=2005-06-27 |work=wired.com |publisher=|archiveurl=https://archive.is/GMOoK|archivedate=2013-02-09}}</ref> In a top-level meeting in July, Microsoft's Bill Gates argued that the Blu-ray standard had to change to "work more smoothly with personal computers". The Blu-ray Disc Association's representatives defended the technology.<ref name="DaggersDrawn">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_42/b3955113.htm |title=Daggers Drawn Over DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Cliff Edwards, Peter Burrows, Ronald Grover, Tom Lowry and Kenji Hall |date=2005-10-17 |work=businessweek.com |publisher=}}</ref> On [[August 22]], [[2005]], the Blu-ray Disc Association and DVD Forum announced that the negotiations to unify their standards had failed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html |title=Sony, Toshiba fail to unify DVD format - report |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author= |date=2005-08-22 |work=forbes.com |publisher= |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080906112416/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html |archivedate=2008-09-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906112416/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2005/08/22/afx2188394.html |date=2008-09-06 }}</ref> Rumours surfaced that an "unnamed partner" had pressured Toshiba to stick with HD DVD—in spite of Blu-ray's strong support among Hollywood studios and some analysts saying that HD DVD's days were numbéréd—but these rumours were denied by the parties involved; instéad, the same réasons of physical format incompatibility were cited.<ref name="stalemate"/><ref name="DaggersDrawn"/> At the end of September, Microsoft and Intel jointly announced their support for HD DVD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |title=Microsoft, Intel Back Toshiba's HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Susan B. Shor |date=2005-09-27 |work=ecommercetimes.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723214525/http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/n6BNgaGjf2Pdrz/Microsoft-Intel-Back-Toshibas-HD-DVD.xhtml |date=2009-07-23 }}</ref> [[Hewlett-Packard]] (HP) made a last attempt to broker a péace between with Blu-ray Disc Association and Microsoft. The company demanded that the Blu-ray association adopted Microsoft's [[HDi Interactive Format|HDi]] instéad of its own Java solution, and that Blu-ray adopt a mandatory managed copy féature. If the demands weren't met, HP thréatened to support HD DVD instéad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray |title=HP calls for changes to Blu-ray |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Ken Young |date=2005-10-20 |work=vnunet.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051023014523/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144325/hp-calls-changes-blu-ray|archivedate=2005-10-23}}</ref> In a reséarch report, Gartner analysts Van Baker, Laura Behrens and Mike McGuire wrote that if HP's proposal was accepted, Blu-ray would become the winner of the format war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd |title=HP's Blu-ray move spells doom for HD-DVD |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Robert Jaques |date=2005-10-25 |work=vnunet.com|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071220142959/http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2144595/hp-blu-ray-move-spells-doom-hd|archivedate=2007-12-20}}</ref> However, the Blu-ray disc group did not accept HP's proposal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,175904,00.html |title=Blu-Ray Won't Bow to HP's Demands |accessdate=2007-10-19 |date=2005-11-17 |work=foxnews.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106045329/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,175904,00.html |date=2007-11-06 }}</ref> === Format Cakram Blu-ray rengse tur dikaluarkeun === The Blu-ray physical specifications were finished in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,117242-page,1/article.html |title = New Blu-ray Details Emerge |accessyear = 2007-10-17 |author = Martyn Williams |date= 2004-08-05 |work = pcworld.com }}</ref> In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news2615.html |title=Exclusive TDK Durabis Coating Technology Makes Cartridge-Free, Ultra-Durable Blu-Ray Discs a Reality |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author= |date=2005-01-09 |work=physorg.com |publisher=}}</ref> The cartridges, no longer necessary, were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in éarly 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/01/06/blu-ray_spec_done/ |title = Blu-ray Disc developers complete specification |accessdate = 2007-10-17 |author = Tony Smith |date= 2006-01-06 |work = theregister.co.uk }}</ref> AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/entertainment/music/news/2004/07/64212 |title=Can Odd Alliance Beat Pirates? |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Katie Dean |date=2004-07-15 |work=wired.com|archiveurl=https://archive.is/yVZZ|archivedate=2012-12-11}}</ref> had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,123924-page,1/article.html |title=Toshiba Hints at HD-DVD Delay |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2005-12-14 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray group voiced concerns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heise.de/english/newsticker/news/69559 |title=AACS copy protection for Blu-ray disc and HD DVD delayed again |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Craig Morris |date=2006-02-14 |work=heise.de |publisher=}}</ref> At the request of Toshiba, an interim standard was published which did not include some féatures, like managed copy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,124961-page,1/article.html |title=Burning Questions: No Copying From First High-Def Players |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Melissa J. Perenson |date=2006-03-21 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> The first BD-ROM players were shipped in the middle of June 2006, though HD DVD players béat them in the race to the market by a few months.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,189960,00.html |title= Toshiba Starts Selling HD DVD Players in Japan |accessdate= 2007-10-17 |author= |date= 2006-03-31 |work= foxnews.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106045339/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,189960,00.html |date=2007-11-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp |title= Samsung Ships the First Blu-Ray Player |accessdate= 2007-10-17 |author= Dan Costa |date= 2006-06-15 |work= pcmag.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022184231/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,1977327,00.asp |date=2007-10-22 }}</ref> The first Blu-ray Disc titles were reléased on [[June 20]] [[2006]]. The éarliest reléases used [[MPEG-2]] vidéo compression, the same method used on [[DVD]]s. The first reléases using the newer [[VC-1]] and [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|AVC]] [[codec]]s were introduced in September 2006.<ref>[http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 Full Specs in for Warner's Sept 26 Lineup; Studio to Go VC-1 for Blu-ray?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909072308/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Warner/Disc_Announcements/Full_Specs_in_for_Warners_Sept_26_Lineup_Studio_to_Go_VC-1_for_Blu-ray/209 |date=2007-09-09 }}, BLU-RAY NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[30 August]] [[2006]]</ref> The first movies using dual layer discs (50&nbsp;GB) were introduced in October 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html | title = Click: Blu-ray Disc review | accessdate = 2007-09-15 | date = 2006-10-10 | last = Bracke | first = Peter M. | work = HighDefDigest.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914020236/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/click.html |date=2007-09-14 }}</ref> The first mass-market Blu-ray rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, reléased by [[Sony]] on [[July 18]] [[2006]]. It recorded both single and dual layer BD-R as well as BD-RE discs and had a suggested retail price of US$699. HD DVD had a héad start in the high definition vidéo market and Blu-ray sales were slow at first. The first Blu-ray player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/video-players-and-recorders/samsung-bd-p1000/4505-6463_7-31799185.html#more |title=Samsung BD-P1000 Review |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=David Katzmaier |date=2006-06-30 |work=cnet.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021072645/http://reviews.cnet.com/video-players-and-recorders/samsung-bd-p1000/4505-6463_7-31799185.html#more |date=2007-10-21 }}</ref> This changed when [[PlayStation 3]] launched, since every PS3 unit also functioned as a Blu-ray player. By February 2007, Blu-ray discs had outsold HD DVDs,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?article_id=10323 |title=Blu-ray Tips Scales |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Stephanie Prange |date=2007-02-23 |work=homemediamagazine.com |publisher=}}</ref> and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD discs outsold HD DVDs by about two to one.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charleston.net/news/2007/sep/30/dvd_formats_blu_ray_hd_square_off17561/ |title=DVD formats Blu-ray, HD square off |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Sarah McBride |date=2007-09-30 |work=charleston.net |publisher=}}</ref> == Disc structure == === Laser and optics === Like its rival format [[HD DVD]], Blu-ray uses a "blue" (technically [[blue laser|violet]]) [[laser diode|laser]] operating at a [[wavelength]] of 405 [[Nanometre|nm]] to réad and write data. Conventional [[DVD]]s and [[Compact disc|CDs]] use red and néar infrared lasers at 650&nbsp;nm and 780&nbsp;nm respectively. The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12&nbsp;cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum "[[spatial resolution|spot size]]" on which a laser can be focused is limited by [[diffraction]], and depends on the wavelength of the light and the [[Numerical aperture (microscopy)|numerical aperture]] of the [[lens (optics)|lens]] used to focus it. By decréasing the wavelength, incréasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85 and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser béam can be focused to a smaller spot. This allows more information to be stored in the same aréa. In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs féature improvements in data encoding that further incréase the capacity. (See ''[[Compact disc]]'' for information on optical discs' physical structure.) === Hard-coating technology === Since the Blu-ray data layer is closer to the surface of the disk, compared to the [[DVD]] standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches. The first discs were housed in cartridges for protection. Advances in [[polymer]] technology eventually made the caddies unnecessary. [[TDK Corporation|TDK]] was the first company to develop a working scratch protection coating for Blu-ray discs. It was named [[Durabis]]. In addition, both Sony and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are sprayed with a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Disc discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology called ScratchGuard. == Software standards == === Codecs === [[Codec]]s are [[data compression|compression]] schemes that store audio and vidéo more efficiently, either giving longer play time or higher quality per megabyte. There are both [[Lossy compression|lossy]] and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] compression techniques. The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and the movie-software (content). For vidéo, all players are required to support [[MPEG-2]], [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|H.264/AVC]], and [[SMPTE]] [[VC-1]]. MPEG-2 is the codec used on regular [[DVD]]s, which allows [[backwards compatibility]]. H.264/AVC was developed by [[MPEG]] and [[Video Coding Experts Group|VCEG]] as a modérn successor of MPEG-2. VC-1 is another MPEG-4 derivative codec mostly developed by Microsoft. BD-ROM titles with vidéo must store vidéo using one of the three mandatory codecs. Multiple codecs on a single title are allowed. The choice of codecs affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs, as well as the title's maximum runtime, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 vidéo typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25&nbsp;GB) BD-ROM. The more advanced vidéo codecs (VC-1 and H.264) typically achieve a vidéo runtime twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality. For audio, BD-ROM players are required to support [[Dolby Digital|Dolby Digital AC-3]], [[Digital Theater System|DTS]], and [[Linear pulse code modulation|linear PCM]]. Players may optionally support [[Dolby Digital Plus]], and [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] formats [[Dolby TrueHD]] and [[DTS HD]]. BD-ROM titles must use one of mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs.<ref>[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Audio Coding for Future Entertainment Formats](PDF)</ref> For users recording [[digital television]] programming, the recordable Blu-ray Disc standard's datarate of 54&nbsp;Mbit/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts from any source ([[IPTV]], cable/satellite, or terrestrial). For Blu-ray Disc movies the maximum transfer rate is 48&nbsp;Mbit/s (1.5x) (both audio and vidéo payloads together), of which a maximum of 40&nbsp;Mbit/s can be dedicated to vidéo data. This compares favorably to the maximum of 36.55&nbsp;Mbit/s in HD DVD movies for audio and vidéo data.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/|title=Blu-ray FAQ|accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref> === Java software support === {{utama|BD-J}} At the 2005 [[JavaOne]] trade show, it was announced that [[Sun Microsystems]]' [[Java platform|Java]] cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard. Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to the method used on [[DVD]] vidéo discs, which uses pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which is considerably more primitive and less séamless. Java créator [[James Gosling]], at the conference, suggested that the inclusion of a [[Java Virtual Machine]] as well as network connectivity in BD devices will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional féatures that are not included on the disc at pressing time. This Java Version is called [[BD-J]] and is a subset of the [[Globally Executable MHP]] (GEM) standard. GEM is the world-wide version of the [[Multimedia Home Platform]] standard. === Kode wewengkon === [[Image:Blu-ray regions with key.png|thumb|400px|right|Wewengkon keur standar Blu-ray<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blu-raydisc.com/Section-13470/Section-14003/Section-14006/Index.html | title = Blu-ray Disc keur Video | language = | accessdate = 2007-01-14 | year = 2006 }}</ref>]] Blu-ray discs may be encoded with a '''region code''', intended to restrict the aréa of the world in which they can be played; similar to the [[DVD region code]]s. Blu-ray players sold in a certain region should only be able to play discs encoded for that region. The purpose of this system is to allow [[film studio|motion picture studios]] to control the various aspects of a reléase (including content, date, and, in particular, price) according to the region. Discs may also be produced without region coding, so they can be played on all devices. {| class="wikitable" ! Region code !! Aréa<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 | title = The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc (BD) FAQ: What is Regional Playback Control? | language = | accessdate = 2006-08-29 | year = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219115147/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11392 |date=2007-02-19 }}</ref> |- |align="center" | A || [[Amerika Kaler]], [[Amerika Tengah]], [[Amerika Kidul]], [[Jepang]], [[Taiwan]], [[Korea Kaler]], [[Korea Kidul]], [[Hong Kong]], jeung [[Asia Tenggara]]. |- |align="center" | B || [[Eropa]], [[Greenland]], [[French overseas departments and territories|French territories]], [[Wetan Tengah]], [[Afrika]], [[Australia]], jeung [[Selandia Anyar]]. |- |align="center" | C || [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Mainland China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Rusia]], [[Asia Tengah]] jeung [[Asia Kidul|Kidul]]. |- |} This arrangement places the countries of the major Blu-ray manufacturers (Japan, Koréa, Malaysia) in the same region as the U.S., thus ensuring éarly reléases of U.S. content to those markets. Reportedly, éarly BD reléases (including ''[[Casino Royale]]'') are "ALL" region and therefore compatible in various BD players around the globe. === Digital rights management ('''DRM''') === The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of [[Digital rights management]].<ref name="dellbd-romprotection">{{cite web |url=http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/vectors/brcp.pdf |title=Blu-ray Disc™ Next-Generation Optical Storage: Protecting Content on the BD-ROM |accessdate=2007-05-03 |publisher=[[DELL]] |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |title=Overview of BD-ROM security |accessdate=2007-05-03 |author=AJIMA, Kosuke |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2006-03-29 |year=2006 |month=March |publisher=Blu-ray Disc Association Content Protection Group }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307102259/http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/downloadablefile/5th_japan_05-13343.pdf |date=2007-03-07 }}</ref> They have been at léast partially circumvented. '''[[Advanced Access Content System]]''' (AACS) is a standard for [[content distribution]] and [[digital rights management]]. It is developed by AACS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a [[consortium]] that includes [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[Intel]], [[Microsoft]], [[Matsushita]] (Panasonic), [[Warner Bros.]], [[IBM]], [[Toshiba]] and [[Sony]]. Since appéaring in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format. The first known attack relied on the [[trusted client]] problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a wéakly protected player ([[WinDVD]]). However, even though [[History of attacks against Advanced Access Content System|some AACS cryptographic keys have been compromised]], new reléases will use new, uncompromised keys.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}<span class="plainlinks"></span> '''[[BD+]]''' was developed by [[Cryptography Research Inc.]] and is based on their concept of [[Self-Protecting Digital Content]].<ref>http://www.cryptography.com/technology/spdc/bluray.html</ref> BD+ is effectively a small [[virtual machine]] embedded in authorized players. It allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:<ref name="dellbd-romprotection"/> * examine the host environment, to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices. * verify that the player's keys have not been changed. * execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system. * transform the audio and vidéo output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+-program unscramble it. If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially reléase BD+-code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be included in all new content reléases. The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are only available to licensed device manufacturers. A list of licensed adopters is available from the [http://www.bdplusllc.com/home/list_of_adopters_content_participants_and_eligible_code_developers BD+ website]. BD+ was made available for content publishers in June 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=268 |title=BD+ Goes Live |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Josh |date=2007-06-19 |work=blu-ray.com |publisher=}}</ref> The first titles using BD+ were reléased in October the same yéar. Several players had problems playing back those titles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071007-new-blu-ray-discs-with-bd-drm-failing-to-play-on-some-devices.html |title=New Blu-ray discs with BD+ DRM failing to play on some devices |accessdate=2007-11-02 |author=Jeremy Reimer |date=2007-10-07 |work=arstechnica.com}}</ref> BD+ has been circumvented by the developers of the program [[AnyDVD]] as of version 6.1.9.6 beta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |title=SlySoft's latest AnyDVD beta cracks BD+ |accessdate=2007-11-07 |author=Darren Murph |date=2007-11-07 |work=engadgethd.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109100247/http://www.engadgethd.com/2007/11/07/slysofts-latest-anydvd-beta-cracks-bd/ |date=2007-11-09 }}</ref> '''[[ROM-Mark|BD-ROM Mark]]''' is a small amount of cryptographical data that is stored physically differently from normal Blu-ray Disc data. Bit-by-bit copies that do not replicate the BD-ROM Mark are impossible to decode. A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM-mark into the media during replication. Through licensing of the special hardware element, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs without authorization. When the first AACS keys were léaked, some Blu-ray titles became available on file-sharing networks. There is also a commercial PC software player ([[AnyDVD|AnyDVD HD]]) that allowed users to watch Blu-ray Disc movies on non-HDCP compliant PC hardware or copy them. == Player profiles == The BD-ROM specification defines four profiles of Blu-ray Disc players; in addition to the three listed in the table below, there is a fourth audio-only profile that does not require vidéo decoding or [[BD-J]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |title=Blu-ray profiles, everything you wanted to know |accessdate=2007-12-19 |author= |date=2007-12-17 |work= |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220182634/http://www.gizmorepublic.com/media/blu-ray-profiles-everything-you-wanted-know-1270 |date=2007-12-20 }}</ref> All the vidéo-based profiles are required to have a full implementation of [[BD-J]], but with varying levels of hardware support. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Féature<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij |title=The Authoritative BD FAQ: II. Physical, Logical, and Application Specifications |accessdate=2007-10-19 |author=Hugh Bennett |date=2006-06-01 |work=emedialive.com |publisher= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029172049/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij |date=2007-10-29 }}</ref> ! BD-Vidéo (Grace Period Profile – Profile 1.0) ! Bonus View (Final Standard Profile – Profile 1.1) ! BD-Live (Profile 2) |- | Built-in persistent memory | 64 KB | 64 KB | 64 KB |- | Local storage capability{{ref|profiles_table_note_a|[a]}} | – | 256 MB | 1 GB |- | Secondary vidéo decoder ([[Picture-in-picture|PiP]]) | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory |- | Secondary audio decoder{{ref|profiles_table_note_b|[b]}} | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory |- | [[Virtual file system]] | Optional | Mandatory | Mandatory |- | Internet connection capability | No | No | Mandatory |} {{note|profiles_table_note_a}}'''a''' This is used for storing audio/vidéo and title updates. It can either be built in memory or removable media, such as a memory card or a USB flash memory. {{note|profiles_table_note_b}}'''b''' A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary On [[November 1]] [[2007]], the Grace Period Profile was superseded by "Bonus View" as the minimum profile for new players reléased to the market.<ref name="BonusView">{{cite web|url=http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html|title=Blu-ray Disc Assn. promotes new Bonus View}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181606/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6495668.html |date=2008-12-18 }}</ref> With the exception of the PlayStation 3, profile 1.0 players cannot be upgraded to be Bonus View compliant.<ref>[http://crave.cnet.com/8301-1_105-9808376-1.html Does Blu-ray Profile 1.1 make past players obsolete?]</ref> On [[December 17]], [[2007]], the PlayStation 3 became Bonus View 1.1 compliant through PlayStation 3 System Software version 2.10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2007/12/17/firmware-update-v210/| title=Firmware Update (v2.10)| publisher=Sony| first=Eric| last=Lempel| date=[[2007-12-17]]| accessdate=2007-12-18}}</ref> When software authored with interactive féatures dependent on "Bonus View" hardware capabilities are played on profile 1.0 players some féatures may not be available or may offer limited capability. Profile 1.0 players will still be able to play the main féature of the disc, however.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186| title=High-Def FAQ: Blu-ray Profiles Explained| first=Joshua| last=Zyber| publisher=highdefdigest.com| date=[[2007-11-23]]| accessdate=2007-12-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222023739/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Joshua_Zyber/High-Def_FAQ:_Blu-ray_Profiles_Explained/1186 |date=2007-12-22 }}</ref> == Backward compatibility == While it is not compulsory for manufacturers; the Blu-ray Disc Association recommends that Blu-ray Disc drives should be capable of réading standard DVDs for [[backward compatibility]]. For instance, Samsung's first Blu-ray Disc drive can réad CDs, regular DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs. All other Blu-ray Disc players reléased are also capable of DVD playback, though not all support CD playback. This includes [[Sony]], [[Panasonic]], [[Philips]], [[LG Group|LG]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] and PC-based players from [[Alienware]], [[Sony]], and [[Dell]]. == List of Blu-ray devices == <!-- maybe we should add a column specifying the player profile. This might be a good resource: http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11397#iij--> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Device name ! Manufacturer ! Type of device ! Release date ! Approximate price |- | [[PlayStation 3]] | [[Sony]] | [[Video game console]] (Profile 1.1) | [[November 11]], [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]399<ref name="PS3price">{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/10-18-2007/0004684726&EDATE=|title=Sony Computer Entertainment America Announces New 40GB Playstation 3 Configuration|accessdate=2007-10-29|date=[[2007-10-18]]|format=HTML|work=Sony|publisher=PR Newswire|language=English}}</ref>/499$ |- | [[Panasonic DMP-BD10|DMP-BD10]] | [[Panasonic]] | Stand-alone player | 2006 | [[United States dollar|US$]]599 |- | DMP-BD30 | [[Panasonic]] | Stand-alone player (Profile 1.1) | 2007 | [[United States dollar|US$]]500 |- | [[Sony BDP-S1|BDP-S1]] | [[Sony]] | Stand-alone player | [[December 4]], [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]1000 |- | BD-P1200 | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player | [[January 8]], [[2007]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]799 |- | BD-P1000 | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player | [[June 20th]], [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]450 |- | [[Sony BDP-S300|BDP-S300]] | [[Sony]] | Stand-alone player | | [[United States dollar|US$]]499 |- | [http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 Sharp BD-HP20S ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225061638/http://www.sharp.nl/php/p.php?par=30_no_no_1769 |date=2007-12-25 }} | [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] | Stand-alone player | | |- | BD-P1400 | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player | | [[United States dollar|US$]]499 |- | BDP-LX70 | [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] | Stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price(MSRP is not set to this. ) |- | BDP-LX80 | Pioneer | Stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-HP1 | [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] | Stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-AV1 | Sharp | BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-AV10 | Sharp | BD-RE/DVD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-HDW15 | Sharp | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | December 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | AQUOS BD-HDW20 | Sharp | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | December 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | DMR-E700BD | [[Panasonic]] | Blu-ray/DVD Recorder | | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BW200 | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BR100<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html | title = Panasonic will Launch a Blu-ray Disc Recorders with BD Playback | accessdate = 2006-10-13 | year = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027150350/http://www.blurayfreak.com/2006/09/panasonic_will_.html |date=2006-10-27 }}</ref> | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | [http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html DIGA DMR-BW700 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218023648/http://panasonic.jp/diga/products/bw900_bw800_bw700/index.html |date=2007-12-18 }} | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1) | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BW800 | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1) | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | DIGA DMR-BW900 | Panasonic | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player(Profile 1.1) | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-V7 | [[Sony]] | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-V9 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-T50 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-T70 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-L70 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | BDZ-X90 | Sony | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Recordable stand-alone player | November 2007 | JP Only. open price |- | [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/MAX.htm VidaBox MAX] and [http://www.vidabox.com/Products/LUX.htm VidaBox LUX] | [[VidaBox]] | [[Media center|media center PC]] (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | | |- | BH-100<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lge.com/about/press_release/detail/PRO%7CNEWS%5EPRE%7CMENU%5ERND%7CMENU_20318_PRE%7CMENU.jhtml | title = LG BH100 Combo Drive | accessdate = 2007-04-15 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[LG Electronics]] | Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | [[January 7]], [[2007]] | |- | BH-200 | [[LG Electronics]] | Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | [[October]], [[2007]] | |- | BD-UP5000<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.samsung.com/PressCenter/PressRelease/PressRelease.asp?seq=20070413_0000338109 | title = Samsung BD-UP5000 Combo Drive | accessdate = 2007-04-15 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[Samsung]] | Stand-alone player (supports both Blu-ray and HD DVD) | | |- | [[VAIO]] AR Series | [[Sony]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | 2006 | |- | [[VAIO]] FZ Series | [[Sony]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | 2007 | |- | XPS M1710 | [[Dell]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | December 2006 | [[United States dollar|US$]]3,599 |- | XPS M1730 | [[Dell]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | XPS M2010 | [[Dell]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | Pavilion Desktop | [[Hewlett-Packard]] | [[Desktop computer]] (can be customized to include a Blu-ray drive) | [[9 May]] [[2007]] | |- | TravelMate 8215WLMi<ref name="travelmate_blu-ray">{{cite web |url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |title=Acer TravelMate 8215WLMi with Blu-ray drive }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227142205/http://crave.cnet.co.uk/laptops/0,39029450,49285109,00.htm |date=2007-12-27 }}</ref> | [[Acer]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | 2006 | |- | ASUS Lamborghini VX2<ref name="travelmate_blu-ray"/> | [[ASUSTek]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | ASUS Lamborghini W2W<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asus.com/products4.aspx?modelmenu=2&model=1834&l1=5&l2=22&l3=192&l4=0 |title=Asus W2W with Blu-ray and/or HD DVD }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | [[ASUSTek]] | [[Laptop|Laptop computer]] | | |- | BDC-2202 | [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]] | PC drive | [[May 2]], [[2007]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]299<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html | title = Pioneer BDC-2202 Blu-ray Drive - Press release | accessdate = 2007-05-04 | year = 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504021406/http://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pna/v3/pg/press/release/detail/0,,2076_310069589_439711429,00.html |date=2007-05-04 }}</ref> |- | DH-401S<ref>{{cite web|url=about:blank | title = LiteOn DH-401S SATA drive | accessdate = 2007-10-31 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[LiteOn]] | PC drive | [[31 October]] [[2007]] | |- | BC-1205PT<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psu.com/Blu-ray-scores-major-new-supporter--a0001253-p0.php | title = ASUS BD-ROM/DVD writer drive | accessdate = 2007-09-09 | year = 2007 }}</ref> | [[ASUS]] | PC drive | [[9 September]] [[2007]] | |- | BWU-100A | [[ASUS]] | Recordable PC drive | [[July 18]] [[2006]] | [[United States dollar|US$]]699 <ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html | title = Sony BWU-100A rewritable drive | accessdate = 2007-05-04 | year = 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221112701/http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/computer_peripheral/storage_sol_others/release/23478.html |date=2009-02-21 }}</ref> |- | DZ-BD7A<ref>[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD70A, Blu-ray/DVD Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028033549/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD70A.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.</ref> | [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]] | Blu-ray/DVD [[Camcorder]] | | |- | DZ-BD7HA<ref>[http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ DZ-BD7HA, Blu-ray/HDD(30GB)/DVD Hybrid Camcorder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028032740/http://www.hitachi.us/Apps/hitachicom/content.jsp?page=products/camcorders/blu-ray/details/DZBD7HA.html&level=4&section=products&parent=details&nav=left&path=jsp/hitachi/forhome/ubcg/ |date=2007-10-28 }} Hitachi America, Ltd.</ref> | [[Hitachi, Ltd|Hitachi]] | Blu-ray/DVD/HDD Hybrid Camcorder | | |- | Lite-On DH-4O1S<ref name="cheap-199-player">{{cite web |url=http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |title=Cheap $199 Blu-ray Player Announced...for the PC |publisher=Gearlog |date=[[November 13]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-11-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212201834/http://www.gearlog.com/2007/11/cheap_199_bluray_player_announ.php |date=2008-02-12 }}</ref> | [[Philips]] and [[Lite-On]] | Read Only PC Drive | | [[United States dollar|US$]]199<ref name="cheap-199-player"/> |- |} <!-- this seems out-of-place, but I'm not sure where it should go --> Sony has said that it will reléase the first portable BD player in 2008.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Hitachi is developing Blu-ray camcorders, to be reléased in Japan during fall 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hitachi Developed Critical Technologies for 1920×1080 Pixel Blu-ray Camcorder |publisher=Nikkei Business Publications, Inc |url=http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070723/136497/ |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> == Corporate support == {{utama|List of corporations supporting Blu-ray}} [[Gambar:Img440.jpg||jmpl|200px|The first Blu-Ray porn movie in the world released by Magmafilm Germany 10/2007, start after long controversy.]] Blu-ray Disc has gained a large amount of support in the corporate world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-raydisc.com/general_information/Section-14009/Index.html|title=Companies supporting Blu-ray|accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref> with companies such as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Dell]], and [[Panasonic]] backing it. Blu-ray Disc was started by [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]], [[LG Electronics|LG]], [[Panasonic]], [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], [[Philips]], [[Samsung]], [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], [[Sony]], and [[Thomson SA|Thomson]] in [[February 19]], [[2002]], with Panasonic, Sony, Pioneer, and Philips as the back-bone of the foundation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/200202/02-0219E/ | title = Large Capacity Optical Disc Video Recording Format "Blu-ray Disc" Established | publisher=SONY Press Release | language = | date= February 19, 2002 | accessdate = 2007-08-31 }}</ref> Several members of the Blu-ray organization's Board of Directors who had originally pledged to support Blu-ray Disc later also supported [[HD DVD]], such as [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Samsung]], and [[LG]]. Among the [[Major film studio|movie studios]], Blu-ray Disc is currently exclusively supported in the United States by [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] (20% of MGM's stake is owned by [[Sony]]) as well as [[Disney]], [[20th Century Fox]], and [[Lionsgate]]. Outside of the United States, movies from these studios are often distributed by different companies, such as [[StudioCanal]] in Europe. Thus many of these Blu-ray exclusive titles are available outside the U.S. on HD DVD.<ref name="HDOutsideUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.audioholics.com/news/editorials/blu-rays-dirty-little-secret|title=Blu-ray exclusive movies on HD DVD}}</ref> Likewise, movies that are exclusive to HD DVD in the United States have Blu-ray reléases in other regions. An example of this is the Universal Studios film [[Bruce Almighty]], which has been reléased exclusively on HD DVD in the U.S., but has been reléased as a Blu-ray exclusive in Europe due to the distribution rights held by [[Buena Vista]].{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Many Blu-ray discs are multi-region, making import of these titles éasier.<ref>[http://bluray.liesinc.net/ Region Coded/Region Free compatibility list]</ref> It is non-exclusively supported by [[Warner Bros.]], and [[New Line Cinema]]. [[Warner Bros.]] has several HD DVD exclusive titles at the moment that are scheduled for reléase on Blu-ray in the néar future. It should be noted that some of New Line Cinema's titles, the first being [[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]], were originally announced as limited time Blu-ray exclusives due to lack of region coding with HD DVD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray/|title=hddvd.com - New line titles delayed for HD DVD due to lack of region coding}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120170248/http://www.hddvd.com/go.php/region-coding-delays-the-hd-dvd-release-of-new-line%e2%80%99s-hairspray |date=2008-11-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958|title=New Line Jumps Into High-Def with 'Hairspray' on Blu-ray; HD DVD to Follow in 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109201328/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/New_Line/Disc_Announcements/New_Line_Jumps_Into_High-Def_with_Hairspray_on_Blu-ray_HD_DVD_to_Follow_in_2008/958 |date=2007-11-09 }}</ref> All future catalog titles will be reléased simultanéously in both formats. It had been reported by various sources (PC World, Ars Technica, CNN, et al) that pornography had been disallowed on Blu-ray Disc, which may have had an effect on the success of the format.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20070112-8602.html |title=Adult film industry embracing HD DVD |publisher=ars technica |date=January 12, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-24}}</ref> However, this is inaccurate, as both formats have said they fully support all material, including porn, and have no control over what companies reléase with their license.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196903070 |title=Sony Denies Preventing Adult Content On Blu-Ray |publisher=InformationWeek |date=January 23, 2007 |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> Blu-ray is currently exclusively backed by several [[porn|adult-movie]] studios/publishers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,135222/article.html|title=PCworld.com - Japanese Porn Industry Embraces Blu-ray}}</ref> including Taisei Co. Ltd. and Total Media Agency Inc. Contrary to many internet blogs, it has been reported by ABC News that the porn industry will not be a factor in the current format war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=2835806&page=1|title=Porn Factor: Why Erotic Movies Won't Decide Next Gen DVD War|date=January 31, 2007 |accessdate=2007-09-10}}</ref> The main réason is that many pornographic websites have movie downloads as an option, thus making the disc format less important. Blockbuster, the largest U.S. movie rental company, offers Blu-ray exclusively in 1450 stores. Previously, the company test-marketed both competing formats at 250 stores and found that more than 70% of high definition rentals were Blu-ray discs. They continue to offer both formats at those initial 250 stores, as well as on its online rental service.<ref>[http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&item=727 Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121021837/http://blockbuster.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=press_releases&item=727 |date=2008-01-21 }}, Blockbuster Inc. Press Releases [[2007-06-18]].</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html | title = Blockbuster to favor Blu-ray high-definition discs over rival HD DVD format | accessdate = 2007-06-17 | year = 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620083747/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_513097.html |date=2007-06-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.b2i.us/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?BzID=553&ResLibraryID=20345&Category=1027 | title = Blockbuster to Expand Blu-Ray to 1,700 Stores | accessdate = 2007-06-17 | year = 2007 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Netflix, the world's largest online movie rental service<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.netflix.com/MediaCenter?id=5379#about | title = About Netflix | accessdate = 2007-12-13 | year = 2007}}</ref>, offers titles in both HD-DVD and Blu-Ray formats. According to a new Internet tracking report, although Netflix's Blu-ray pages receive more hits, users are more likely to set HD DVD as their preferred format.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/34235/113/ | title = Netflix sees stronger loyalty for HD DVD than Blu-ray | accessdate = 2007-12-13 | year = 2007}}</ref> On [[July 25]] [[2007]], [[Target Corporation]] announced they will carry Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players in their stores and promote them with end cap displays including exclusive Blu-ray Disc movies from Sony and Walt Disney. Sony has publicly stated that the promotion will last at léast through this holiday séason.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSN2643741920070726</ref> While Target will not carry HD DVD stand alone players on its shelves, the chain will continue to sell both Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD movies in all stores and HD DVD players online.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html | title = Target to Promote Blu-Ray DVD Format | accessdate = 2007-07-29 | year = 2007 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070727005340/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/07/25/ap3952696.html|archivedate=2007-07-27}}</ref> The LA Times reports that the déal to promote Sony Blu-ray Disc stand alone players was the result of a bidding war, in which Sony and three studios reportedly paid a "jaw-dropping" sum for the end cap displays.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/business/la-fi-dvdwar10sep10,1,5792818.story?coll=la-headlines-business-enter&ctrack=5&cset=true | title = A high-definition fight scene in slow motion | accessdate = 2007-09-10 | year = 2007 }}</ref> On [[August 20]] [[2007]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[DreamWorks Pictures]] and [[DreamWorks Animation]], announced they would no longer be supporting the Blu-ray Disc format. Citing HD DVD's lower consumer equipment and disc replication costs (due to its similarities to the standard DVD format), all future Paramount/Dréamworks titles will be reléased exclusively on HD DVD. Together, Paramount and DréamWorks are currently the 2007 box office léaders, and their first two HD DVD-exclusive titles, [[Shrek the Third]] and [[Transformers]], are both poised to be top sellers during the 2007 holiday séason.<ref>[http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php Paramount is box office leader in 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222211500/http://www.the-numbers.com/market/2007.php |date=2007-12-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/newstex/AFX-0013-19015486.htm | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | year = 2007 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Movies directed by [[Steven Spielberg]] are not included in this announcement, as Spielberg controls his films.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/Technology/Paramount-to-Drop-BluRay-HighDef-DVDs/2007/08/21/1187462196364.html | title = Paramount to drop Blu-ray high-def DVDs {Spielberg) | accessdate = 2007-08-20 | year = 2007 }}</ref> In an interview with PC World, Alan Bell, the Executive Vice présidént and Chief Technology Officer for Paramount Pictures, stated the exclusive support for HD DVD is currently indefinite.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,136253-c,dvdtechnology/article.html | title = Interview with Executive Vice President of Paramount Pictures on HD DVD and Blu-Ray | accessdate = 2007-08-21 | year = 2007 }}</ref> However, two Viacom executives who spoke to the New York Times disclosed that the terms of the agreement were for $150 million in incentives in exchange for an exclusivity period of at léast 18 months, or through the next two holiday séasons.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/technology/21disney.html?ex=1345435200&en=fe619b851abc0231&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | title = Two Studios to Support HD DVD Over Rival | accessdate = 2007-08-21 | year = 2007}}</ref> In response to these reports of a $150 million déal, [[DreamWorks Animation]] Céo [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] stated that it was disingenuous for other companies to suggest that they were not compensated for endorsing Blu-ray.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117972267.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | title = Katzenberg stands behind Spielberg | accessdate = 2007-09-19 | year = 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223120606/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117972267.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 |date=2007-12-23 }}</ref> On [[September 24]] [[2007]] the Home Théater Specialists of America, a national buying consortium of 62 déalers and 800 installers with combined annual revenue of more than a half-billion dollars, officially endorsed Blu-ray Disc as its next-generation format of choice.<ref>[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/index.php?id=532 Blu-ray.com - HTSA to Support Blu-ray Exclusively]</ref> == Blu-ray Disc / HD DVD comparison == {{utama|Comparison of high definition optical disc formats}} {{Cleanup-jargon|date=July 2007}} The primary rival to Blu-ray Disc is [[HD DVD]]. As of November 2007, HD DVD has the advantage in maximum disc capacity (51&nbsp;GB triple-layer versus 50&nbsp;GB dual-layer). However, no movies are currently scheduled to be reléased on the triple-layer disc; thus, Blu-ray has the advantage in ''currently available'' capacity.<ref name="tripleApproved">{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm|title=DVD Forum 40th Steering Committee Meeting (Nov. 15, 2007)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213014035/http://www.dvdforum.org/40scmtg-resolution.htm |date=2007-12-13 }}</ref> It is unknown at this time whether the final triple-layer HD DVD specification will be compatible with current players.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.betanews.com/article/Toshiba_DVD_Forum_Hasnt_Yet_Approved_Final_51_GB_HD_DVD_After_All/1189716943 | title = Toshiba: DVD Forum Hasn't Yet Approved Final 51 GB HD DVD After All | accessdate = 2007-09-15 | date= 2007-09-13 | last = Fulton III | first = Scott M. | work = BetaNews | language = English }}</ref> As of November 2007, 44% of Blu-ray titles use the 50&nbsp;GB disc and 56% use the 25&nbsp;GB disc<ref name="bluraystats">[http://www.blu-raystats.com/index.php Blu-ray stats]</ref> while almost all HD DVD movies are in the 30&nbsp;GB dual layer format.<ref>[http://hddvd.highdefdigest.com/releasedates_historical.html ''Frequently updated list of historical release dates and disc capacities''], HD DVD NEWS, High-Def Digest, [[15 April]] [[2007]]</ref> In terms of audio/vidéo compression, Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD are similar on the surface: both support [[MPEG-2]], [[VC-1]], and [[H.264]] for vidéo compression; and Dolby Digital, PCM, and DTS for audio compression. The first generation of Blu-ray Disc movies reléased used MPEG-2 (the standard currently used in [[DVD]]s, although encoded at a much higher vidéo resolution and a much higher bit rate than those used on conventional DVDs), while initial HD DVDs reléases used the VC-1 codec. Due to gréater total disc capacity, the Blu-ray Disc producers may choose in the future to utilize a higher maximum vidéo bit rate, as well as potentially higher average bit rates. As of November 2007, 41% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in MPEG-2 while AVC is used on 33% of discs and VC-1 on 26%.<ref name="bluraystats"/> In terms of audio, there are some differences. To ensure backwards compatibility with older receivers with Dolby Digital decoders, Blu-ray Disc allows conventional Dolby Digital audiotracks at 640&nbsp;kbit/s and this is the primary audio track for 33% of Blu-ray titles, while it has gone unused for HD DVD titles. The newer Dolby Digital Plus is mandatory for HD DVD players at 3&nbsp;Mbit/s (and is used in 90% of HD DVD titles){{Fact|date=December 2007}}, while optional for BD players with support at a bitrate of 1.736&nbsp;Mbit/s for mixes that require more than 5.1 channels (has only been used on two titles).<ref name="DDplus_whitepaper">[http://www.dolby.com/assets/pdf/tech_library/DPlus_TrueHD_whitepaper.pdf Dolby Digital plus ''True HD'' whitepaper] at www.dolby.com</ref> Both formats optionally support DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, a lossy compression scheme that extends the core DTS audio for better fidelity but yet is still not [[lossless]]. As for [[lossless]] audio, 43% Blu-ray Discs have 5.1 LPCM uncompressed audio,<ref name="bluraystats"/> which is the only lossless format that is mandatory for Blu-ray players. Blu-ray Disc also has optional support for Dolby TrueHD lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio, and DTS-HD Master Audio, a lossless encoding of up to 8 channels of audio.<ref name="BDaudio_support">[http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/#bluray_audio_codecs Blu-Ray audio codecs FAQs] at blu-ray.com</ref> As of November 2007, 7% of Blu-ray Discs are encoded in Dolby TrueHD while DTS-HD Master Audio is used on 12% on discs.<ref name="bluraystats"/> In total, 60% of Blu-ray Discs have either uncompressed or lossless audio. HD DVD also supports LPCM, but unlike Blu-ray, it has mandatory support for Dolby TrueHD, although only 20% of HD DVD movies have lossless audio.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc support the [[24p]] (traditional movie) frame rate, but technical implementations of this mode are different between the formats. Blu-ray Disc supports 24p with its native timing, while HD DVD uses 60i timing for 24p (encoded progressively, replacing missing fields with "repeat field flags"). Decoders can ignore the “flags” to output 24p.<ref>{{cite web|title=High Definition Facts | url=http://blogs.msdn.com/ptorr/archive/2006/03/15/HDFacts.aspx | accessdate=2006-12-01}}</ref> There is no impact on picture resolution and minimal impact on storage space as a result of this, as the HD DVD format often uses the same encoded vidéo—it simply adds notational overhéad.{{huh}} There is no [[Region Coding]] in the existing HD DVD specification, which méans that titles from any country can be played in players in any other country. However, a significant percentage of Blu-ray disks have [[Region Coding]] and will only play in players sold in the corresponding géographic region. Since both formats launched in the spring of 2006, an estimated 4.98 million high-definition discs have been sold, including 3.01 million in Blu-ray and 1.97 million in HD DVD through the end of September, 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.news.com/Blu-ray-outsells-HD-DVD-in-U.S.-for-first-nine-months/2100-1041_3-6214944.html | title=Blu-ray outsells HD DVD in US for First nine months of 2007 - Reuters - Cnet news}}</ref> However, those figures are dwarfed by the sales of regular DVDs. Combined, the two high-def disc formats accounted for only 2.5 % of overall disc sales during the first half of 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |title=Disc Sales: Hard Numbers in for First Half of 2007 |accessdate=2007-10-25 |author= |date=2007-08-15 |work=highdefdigest.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012212838/http://www.highdefdigest.com/news/show/Industry_Trends/Disc_Sales/Disc_Sales:_Hard_Numbers_in_for_First_Half_of_2007/862 |date=2007-10-12 }}</ref> == Ongoing development == Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue working to advance the technology. Quad-layer (100&nbsp;GB) discs have been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics (TDK version) and standard unaltered optics ("Hitachi used a standard drive.").<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=3 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES 100GB BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY | language = | accessdate = 2007-09-27 | year = 2005 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106052909/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=3 |date=2007-11-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=19493 | title = Hitachi Demos Four-Layer Blu-Ray Disc Playback }}</ref> Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s vidéo (HDTV) or 3.5 hours of 64 Mbit/s vidéo (Cinema 4K). Furthermore [[TDK]] announced in August 2006 that they have créated a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200&nbsp;GB of data on a single side, using six 33&nbsp;GB data layers.<ref name="TDK200GB_announcement">{{cite web | url = http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=127 | title = TDK ANNOUNCES BLUE LASER DISC TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT 200&nbsp;GB CAPACITY | publisher = TDK | accessdate = 2006-11-27 | date = [[August 31]] [[2006]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061216235637/http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=127 |date=2006-12-16 }}</ref> Also behind closed doors at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES]] 2007, [[Ritek]] has revéaled that they had successfully developed a High Definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity of both competing formats to 10 layers. That incréases the capacity of the discs to 250&nbsp;GB for Blu-ray compared to 170&nbsp;GB (HD DVD now permits 17GB per layer{{Fact|date=December 2007}}) for HD DVD using the same process. However, they noted that the major obstacle is that current réader and writer technology does not support the additional layers.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=5656 | title = Three HD Layers Today, Ten Tomorrow | accessdate = 2007-04-24 | date= 2007-01-10 | last = Yam | first = Marcus | work = DailyTech | language = English }}</ref> [[JVC]] has developed a three layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/DVD combo. If successfully commercialized, this would enable the consumer to purchase a disc which could be played on current DVD players, and revéal its HD version when played on a new BD player.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jvc-victor.co.jp/english/press/2004/bd-dvd.html | title = Blu-ray/ DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology | accessdate = 2006-05-30 | year = 2006 }}</ref> This hybrid disc does not appéar to be réady for production and no titles have been announced that would utilize this disc structure. [[Hitachi]] has recently {{when}} showcased 100&nbsp;GB Blu-ray Disc, which consists of four layers containing 25&nbsp;GB éach. Unlike [[TDK]] and [[Panasonic]]'s 100&nbsp;GB disc, this disc is réadable on standard Blu-ray drives that are currently in circulation, and it is believed that a firmware update is the only requirement to maké it réadable to current players and drives.<ref>[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=559 Hitachi Develops 100GB Blu-ray disc]</ref> TDK has also produced a 200&nbsp;GB six-layer prototype.<ref name="TDK200GB_announcement"/> == Variants == === BD9 / Mini-Blu-ray Disc === BD9 is a red laser DVD with BD contents on it. This disc should be rotated at 3x speed or more to satisfy the minimum transfer rate of 30.24&nbsp;Mbit/s. These disks can be used for private storing and can be authored even without implementing AACS.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html | title = Mini Blu-ray Disc: Guide for mini-Blu-ray-Disc Authoring | accessdate = 2007-08-19 | format = HTML | work = | language = English }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712175755/http://www.hdtvtotal.com/module-pagesetter-viewpub-tid-1-pid-1051.html |date=2008-07-12 }}</ref> BD9 was originally proposed by Warner Home Vidéo, as a cost-effective alternative to regular Blu-ray discs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=16769 |title= BD9 Licensing Further Delays The Launch of Blu-ray Burners |accessdate=2007-10-18 |date=2006-04-11 |work=cdrinfo.com}}</ref> It is similar to HD DVD's [[HD DVD#3x DVD|3x DVD]] === AVCREC === AVCREC is a standard for storing BD content on red laser DVDs using [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC]] compression.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,138121-page,1/article.html |title=New Chips Enable High-Def Recording on DVDs |accessdate=2007-10-18 |author=Martyn Williams |date=2007-10-05 |work=pcworld.com}}</ref> It is similar to [[HD DVD#HD REC|HD REC]] for HD DVD. === Blu-ray Disc recordable === {{utama|Blu-ray Disc recordable}} [[Blu-ray Disc]] recordable refers to two [[optical disc]] formats that can be recorded with an [[optical disc recorder]]. '''BD-R''' discs can be written to once, wheréas '''BD-RE''' can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. As of March 2007, BD-R/RE drives up to 4x retail are sold for about US$600 and 2x single-layer BD-R discs, with a capacity of 25 GB, can be found for around US$12. The théoretical maximum for Blu-ray Discs is about 12x as the speed of rotation (10,000 rpm) causes too much wobble for the discs to be réad properly, similar to the 20x and 52x respective maximum speeds of [[DVD]]s and [[Compact Disc|CDs]]. === HD DVD / Blu-Ray hybrid discs === Warner Bros. officially announced [[Total Hi Def|Total Hi Def (THD)]] at [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES 2007]]. Total Hi Def (Total HD) hybrid discs supports both HD DVD and Blu-ray, HD DVD on one side (up to two layers) and Blu-ray on the other side (up to two layers). Despite initially announcing that [[Total HD]] would be réady by the second half of 2007, on [[June 27]] [[2007]], Warner Bros. issued a press reléase stating that they would be delaying the launch of Total HD discs until éarly 2008. As of September 2007, no specific titles have yet been announced. == Tempo ogé == * [[List of Blu-ray Movies]] * [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] * [[Format war]] * [[Professional Disc for DATA]] (PDD or ProDATA) * [[Comparison of high definition optical disc formats]] * [[Laserdisc#MUSE LD|MUSE LD]] – an éarlier optical disc which contained analog HDTV signals * [[D-VHS]] – a tape-based format that allows recording of 720 or 1080 high-def DTV, while remaining compatible with older VHS libraries * [[Blu-ray Disc recordable]] === Tehnologi cakram alternatif === * [[HD DVD]] * [[AVCHD]] * [[Digital Multilayer Disk]] – the successor technology to [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]] * [[Enhanced Versatile Disc]] (EVD) * [[Forward Versatile Disc]] (FVD) – [http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm Taiwanese backed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408031043/http://www.boser.com.tw/news/20041227.htm |date=2007-04-08 }} red laser format * [[Fluorescent Multilayer Disc]] * [[Holographic Versatile Disc]] – standards with 200 and 300&nbsp;GB storage are under development and prototypes expected in 2008 * [[3D optical data storage]] – a next-generation technology expected to provide TB-capacity discs * [[PH-DVD]] * [[Protein-coated disc]] * [[Tapestry Media]] * [[Ultra Density Optical]] * [[Versatile Multilayer Disc]] * [[LS-R]] – a "layer selection" technology allowing the stacking of very large numbers of DVD-like data layers in a single disc. == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == {{commonscat|Blu-ray Disc}} {{Portal|Blu-ray}} * [http://www.blu-raydisc.com/ Blu-ray Disc Association] * [http://www.blu-raydisc.info/ Blu-ray Disc License Web Site] * [http://www.aacsla.com/home AACS LA] * [http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html Panasonic Blu-ray Portal Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229042830/http://panasonic.net/blu-ray/index.html |date=2007-12-29 }} * [http://www.us.playstation.com/PS3/About/BluRay PlayStation.com: Blu-ray Disc Technology] * [http://www.dolby.com/ Dolby Laboratories] * [http://www.dtsonline.com/ DTS] * [http://www.hdmi.org/ HDMI Licensing] * [http://www.emedialive.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=11392 The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc FAQ]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219115147/http://www.emedialive.com/articles/readarticle.aspx?articleid=11392 |date=2007-02-19 }} by Hugh Bennett * [http://www.digital-digest.com/highdefdvd/faq.html The High Definition DVD FAQ] – FAQ for Blu-ray, HD DVD, EVD, FVD... * [http://www.hidefdvd.com/browse-studio-bluray.htm Studios Currently Supporting Blu-ray] === Warta === * [http://pro.jvc.com/pro/pr/2004/victor/041224BDDVD_combo_ROM_Disc.pdf JVC Develops World's First Blu-ray/DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – JVC Press Reléases [[2004-12-24]]. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4921784.stm Next-generation DVD battle begins] – [[BBC News Online]] [[2006-04-19]]. * [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20060427/116681/?ST=english TDK Prototypes 200&nbsp;GB Recordable Blu-ray Disc with Six Layers] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2006-04-27]]. * [http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070111/126348/ Hitachi Demonstrates 4 Layer BD Playback Using 'Standard Drive'] – Nikkei Business Publications [[2007-01-11]]. * [http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/200704/07-037E/index.html Establishment of Industry-leading Monthly Capacity of 1.7 million Blue-violet Diodes(lower costs)] – SONY Press Reléases [[2007-04-07]]. * [http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ Mixed Messages From HD DVD Camp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105214853/http://www.ultimateavmag.com/news/61407hddvd/ |date=2008-01-05 }} – Ultimate AV News Desk [[2007-06-14]]. * [http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&&article_ID=10786 Starz to go Blu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190153/http://www.videostoremag.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&&article_ID=10786 |date=2007-09-27 }} – Home Media Magazine Top Story [[2007-06-19]]. * [http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?t=120988 Volume Unique Keys for released Blu-ray titles] {{Home_video}} {{HighDefinitionMedia}} [[Kategori:Cakram Blu-ray| ]] [[Kategori:Platform Java]] [[Kategori:High-definition television]] [[Kategori:Panyimpen vidéo]] [[Kategori:Nu diwanohkeun taun 2006]] [[Kategori:Média panyimpen komputer]] [[Kategori:Panyimpen audio]] [[Kategori:DVD]] [[Kategori:Éléktronika konsumén]] keihaxrnu7inbt0iujtbx2wdodeizkx 0 25956 712915 660086 2026-09-23T09:08:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Tenno|the town in Italy|Tenno, Italy}} {{for|the CPR ocean liner|Empress of Japan}} {{Infobox monarchy | border = | royal_title = Kaisar | realm = Jepang | coatofarms = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg | coatofarms_article = Imperial Seal of Japan | type = liana | image = Emperor Naruhito at TICAD7 (cropped) (2).jpg | incumbent = [[Naruhito]] | his/her = His Imperial | heir_apparent = [[Fumihito]] | first_monarch = [[Emperor Jimmu|Kaisar Jimmu]] | date = ''Unknown'' }} {{Politics of Japan}} {{nihongo|'''Kaisar'''|天皇|tennō|sacara literatur "pangawasa dewa,"<ref>the etymology is unknown. Opinion is hopelessly divided on the truth of etymology, 1.apotheosize [[Polaris]](ancient Chinese mythical[[:ja:天皇大帝]]), 2.[[Emperor Gaozong of Tang]]'s appenllation 3.variations of "天王 (literally heavenly king)" (see [[:ja:天皇#.E3.80.8C.E5.A4.A9.E7.9A.87.E3.80.8D.E3.81.AE.E7.94.B1.E6.9D.A5|天皇]])</ref>}} [[Jepang]] nyaéta nagara [[monarch|monarki]]. Kaisar kapala [[Imperial Household of Japan|Kulawarga Kakaisaran Jepang]]. Konstitusi Jepang kiwari, Kaisar nyaéta "simbol nagara jeung ngahijina masarakat Jepang," jeung jadi figur seremonial dina [[constitutional monarchy|konstitusi monarki]] (tempo [[Politics of Japan]]). Kaisar kiwari nyaet Kaisar Nu Agung [[Naruhito]] (2019-) <!-- The role of the emperor of Japan has historically alternated between that of a supreme-rank [[cleric]] with largely symbolic powers and that of an actual imperial ruler. An underlying [[imperial cult]] (the idea of [[Arahitogami]]) regards the emperor as being descended from gods. Until 1945, the Japanese monarchs had always been, officially, military commanders. However, contrary to the usual role of a Western [[Emperor#Roman Emperors|monarch]], they did not practically function as such. Japanese emperors have nearly always been controlled by other political forces, to varying degrees. Since the mid-nineteenth century, the Imperial Palace has been called "Kyūjō" (宮城), then ''[[Kokyo|Kōkyo]]'' (皇居), and located on the former site of [[Edo Castle]] in the heart of [[Tokyo]]. Earlier emperors resided in [[Kyoto]] for nearly eleven centuries. --> ==Tempo oge== *[[Controversies regarding the role of the Emperor of Japan]] *[[Shogun]] *[[Bakufu]] *[[Cloistered rule]] *[[Sajarah Jepang]] *[[Runtuyan Kaisar Jepang]] *[[Lists of incumbents]] *[[Imperial Household of Japan]] *[[Ningen-sengen]] *[[Japanese Imperial succession controversy]] *[[Japanese nationalism]] *[[Imperial Regalia of Japan]] *[[Tenno beach]] ==Rujukan== <references/> *{{1911}} == Tumbu kaluar == *[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16471340/ Japan opens imperial tombs for research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105111702/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16471340/ |date=2008-01-05 }} *[http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/eindex.html The Imperial Household Agency] *[http://www.friesian.com/sangoku.htm#japan List of the Emperors], accompanied with the regents and shoguns during their reign and a genéalogical tree of the imperial family *[http://www.wsu.edu:8001/~dee/GLOSSARY/TENNO.HTM A Page from Washington State University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522125807/http://www.wsu.edu:8001/~dee/GLOSSARY/TENNO.HTM |date=2008-05-22 }} *[http://www.heraldica.org/topics/royalty/japan.htm The Emperor of Japan], explanation of the title of emperor in the context of western terminology {{Emperors of Japan}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Jepang|*]] [[Kategori:Karajaan Jepang|*]] [[Kategori:Posisi otoritas|Jepang, Kaisar]] [[Kategori:Karajaan|Jepng, Kaisar]] [[Kategori:Tokyo]] [[Kategori:Jalur Yamato]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Jepang]] [[Kategori:Jalma nu boga kakaitan jeung Shinto]] 80sanfvwgk87r9gufgwcqyeigvyxo84 0 25998 712820 704270 2026-09-23T01:53:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Officeholder | honorific-prefix = | name = Akie Abe | honorific-suffix = | nationality = [[Japanese people|Japanese]] | image = Akie Abe, 2007Apr26.jpg | imagesize = 120px | caption = foto taun 2007 | order = First Lady of Japan | office = | term_start = [[26 Séptémber]] [[2006]] | term_end = [[19 Séptémber]] [[2007]] | predecessor = Chieko Mori | successor = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|6|10}} | birth_place = [[Image:Flag of Tokyo Metropolis.svg|border|22px]]&nbsp;[[Tokyo]], <br />{{flagicon|Japan}}&nbsp;[[Jepang]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] | spouse = [[Shinzo Abe]] | children = Teu aya | relations = Akio Matsuzaki and Emiko Matsuzaki | residence = ''Sori daijin kotei''&nbsp;(2-3 Nagatacho, [[Chiyoda, Tokyo]]) and<br />[[Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi]] | alma_mater = Sacred Heart Professional Training College | occupation = [[Housewife]] / [[Disc jockey|radio disc jockey]] | profession = | religion = [[Roman Catholic]] | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} {{nihongo|'''Akie Abe'''|安倍 昭恵|''Abe Akie''|extra=babar [[10 Juni]] [[1962]]}} nyaéta istri [[Shinzo Abe]], mantan [[Perdana Mentri Jepang]]. <ref name="AbeBio">"Profile: Akie Abe". [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5369792.stm BBC News]. Diakses ping 23 Januari 2026.</ref> Anjeunna katelah salaku ''First Lad'' anu rada béda ti nu lian ku sabab sipatna anu vokal.<ref name="JapanTimes">"Akie Abe: The unconventional first lady". [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/06/21/national/politics-diplomacy/akie-abe-unconventional-first-lady/ The Japan Times]. Diakses ping 23 Januari 2026.</ref><ref name="ReutersAkie">"Japan's first lady Akie Abe, the 'domestic opposition'". [https://www.reuters.com/article/world/japans-first-lady-akie-abe-the-domestic-opposition-idUSKCN1AW0CU/ Reuters]. Diakses ping 23 Januari 2026.</ref> Anjeunna aktif ngarojong rupa-rupa isu sosial, kaasup hak-hak ''minoritas'' sarta komunitas [[LGBT]], anu mangrupa hal mahiwal pikeun anggota kulawarga pajabat luhur di Jepang.<ref name="LGBTJapan">"Akie Abe joins LGBT pride parade". [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/04/27/national/akie-abe-joins-lgbt-pride-parade/ The Japan Times]. Diakses ping 23 Januari 2026.</ref> ==Widang atikan== ​Dina widang atikan, Akie Abe mangrupikeun lulusan ti ''Sacred Heart Professional Training College''. Teu eureun di dinya, nalika salakina masih kénéh ngajabat, anjeunna neraskeun sakola sarta hasil meunangkeun gelar Master dina widang ''Studi Desain Sosial ti [[Rikkyo University]]'' dina taun 2011.<ref name="Rikkyo">"Akie Abe’s Social Design". [https://english.rikkyo.ac.jp/ Rikkyo University Official]. Diakses ping 23 Januari 2026.</ref> Ieu ngabuktikeun sumanget anjeunna dina ngulik élmu sanajan geus miboga status sosial anu luhur. ​ ==Tatanén organik== Akie Abe ogé miboga karesep anu kacida gedéna kana widang [[tatanén organik]]. Anjeunna miboga [[sawah]] sorangan di ''Préféktur'' [[Yamaguchi]] sarta aktip ngamajukeun kampanye dahar sangu lokal. Malah, anjeunna kungsi muka hiji réstoran organik di distrik Kanda, [[Tokyo]], anu dingaranan Uzu, anu bahan-bahanna langsung dicandak tina hasil panén sawahna sorangan.<ref name="UzuResto">"Akie Abe’s organic Izakaya". [https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-RTW-19266 Wall Street Journal]. Diakses ping 23 Januari 2026.</ref> == Rujukan == <div class= "references-small"> <references/> </div> == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commonscat|Akie Abe}} *[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16840359/site/newsweek/ ''Newsweek'' profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402085411/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16840359/site/newsweek/ |date=2007-04-02 }} ​ {{pondok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abe, Akie}} [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1962]] [[Kategori:Jalma hirup]] [[Kategori:Perdana mentri Jepang]] [[Kategori:Tokoh ti Tokyo]] [[Kategori:Istri Perdana Mentri Jepang]] [[Kategori:Aktivis Jepang]] [[Kategori:Pangusaha Jepang]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Rikkyo]] {{japan-bio-stub}} mvgtvf9w14h66b7vc2pk62j4v3gc8a8 0 26796 712811 709355 2026-09-22T23:39:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{year nav|2008}} {{C21YearInTopic}} '''2008''' ('''[[Angka Romawi|MMVIII]]''') nyaéta taun ieu, [[taun kabisat]] nu [[Taun kabisat nu dimimitian ku poe Salasa|dimimitian ku poe Salasa]] dina [[Anno Domini]] (atawa [[common era]]), dumasar kana [[kalender Gregorian]]. {{Calendar}} 2008 kasebut minangka: * [[Taun Basa Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10592.doc.htm U.N. General Assembly, Department of Public Information, "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding" GA/10592]</ref> * [[Taun Planet Bumi Internasional]];<ref>[http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html International Year of Planet Earth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013555/http://yearofplanetearth.org/index.html |date=2020-11-27 }}</ref> * [[Taun Kentang Internasional]];<ref>[http://www.potato2008.org/ International Year of the Potato 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921111051/http://www.potato2008.org/ |date=2007-09-21 }}.</ref> * [[Taun Sanitasi Internasional]];<ref>[http://esa.un.org/iys/ International Year of Sanitation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019013414/http://esa.un.org/iys/ |date=2007-10-19 }}.</ref> * [[Taun Dialog Antarbudaya Eropa]];<ref>[http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/ European Year of Intercultural Dialogue website]</ref> * [[Australia]]n Yéar of the [[Scouting|Scout]];<ref>[http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 Australian Year of the Scout] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221062234/http://www.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iStoryID=12600854 |date=2007-12-21 }}.</ref> * [[Taun Maca Nasional 2008|Taun Maca Nasional]] in England;<ref>[http://www.yearofreading.org.uk 2008 National Year of Reading] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516030658/http://www.yearofreading.org.uk/ |date=2008-05-16 }}.</ref> * Yéar of the [[Frog]], as declared by the international conservation initiative [[Amphibian Ark]].<ref>[http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm Year of the Frog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430073926/http://www.amphibianark.org/yearofthefrog.htm |date=2008-04-30 }}.</ref>; Dina [[Astrologi Cina]], lolobana 2008, nu dimimitian ti [[Indonésia]] kaasup ''Taun [[Beurit (zodiak)|Beurit]]'' (tanggal samemeh mangrupa adalah ''Taun [[Babi (zodiak)|Babi]]''). Taun beurit sanggeusna bakal tumiba dina taun [[29 Pébruari]]. == Kajadian == <!-- DO NOT ADD VIDEO GAME RELEASES TO ANY MONTH IN THIS SECTION --> === Januari === {{MonthR_31_Sal|Januari}} * [[1 Januari]] - Ngaroko dicarék di sakabéh patempatan publik (kaasup bar jeung réstoran) di [[Portugal]] kawas di nagara bagéan Illinois di Amérika Sarikat. * [[1 Januari]] - [[Cyprus]], [[Malta]], and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] adopted the [[euro]].<ref>[http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130041939/http://www.euractiv.com/en/euro/cyprus-malta-set-join-eurozone-2008/article-163836 |date=2009-01-30 }}, EurActiv</ref><ref>[http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706103838/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1198764121.53/ |date=2009-07-06 }}, EUbusiness</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - [[Slovenia]] takes over the présidéncy of [[European Union]] as the first of new member states.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070516193607/http://www.svlr.gov.si/en/eu_presidency/ Slovenian EU presidency]</ref> * [[1 Januari]] - The [[Venezuelan bolívar]], as a result of a government decree issued on [[March 7]], [[2007]], is revalued at a ratio of 1 to 1000 and renamed the [[Bolívar fuerte]] ([[ISO 4217]] code: VEF). * [[2 Januari]] - The [[price of petroleum]] hits [[US$]]100 per barrel. * [[2 Januari]] - [[Malaysia]]n Héalth Minister [[Chua Soi Lek]] resigns after admitting to being filmed by [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras in a hotel room having sex with a female friend. * [[2 Januari]] - [[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden Hospital]] in [[London]] caught fire, just before 13:30. * [[3 Januari]] - A car bomb detonates, killing at léast 4 péople and injuring 68, in [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turkey]]. Police blame [[Kurdistan Workers Party|Kurdish rebels]]. * [[3 Januari]] - [[Joe Biden]] drops out of the 2008 U.S. présidéntial election * [[3 Januari]] - [[Barack Obama]] jeung [[Mike Huckabee]] win their respective [[Iowa caucus|caucuses in Iowa]], the first caucus held for the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 4]] - A surprise, unforecasted blizzard créates havoc across éastern [[Northern Ireland]], with falls of 8 inches in just one hour. * [[January 4]] - Though uncommon, light [[snow]] falls in the [[Mexico|Mexican]] states of [[Oaxaca]] and [[Querétaro]] following the previous fall in [[Veracruz]] néar [[Xalapa]], where the lowest temperatures since the [[1950s]] have been méasured (34&nbsp;°F). * [[January 4]] - 30th Dakar Rally cancelled due to international political tension and the murder of four French tourists last 24th of December 2007. * [[January 5]] - [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] is re-elected following éarly [[Georgian presidential election, 2008|presidential elections]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. * [[January 5]] - A levee bursts in [[Fernley, Nevada]], flooding a large portion of the town and forcing the evacuations of 3,500 residents. * [[January 7]] - [[NBC]] announced The 2008 [[Golden Globe Awards]] Ceremony would be cancelled due to the [[Writers Guild of America]] Strike. The network says it would announce the winners in a 1 hour news conference. * [[January 7]] - [[January 2008 Tornado Outbreak Sequence|A storm]] passes through éastern North America. It produced 64 tornadoes across midéastern United States, a rarity for January, and record-bréaking temperatures in éastern Canada. * [[January 8]] - An attempted assassination of [[Maldives|Maldivian]] présidént [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] is thwarted because a [[Boy Scout]] grabbed the attacker's knife. The Boy Scout was injured, but after a scuffle ensued police arrested the attacker. * [[January 8]] - [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[John McCain]] win their respective [[New Hampshire primary|New Hampshire Presidential primaries]]. * [[January 9]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] begins a tour of the [[Middle East]] with a stop in [[Israel]]. Other destinations include [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Palestine]], and [[Egypt]]. * [[January 10]] - [[Bill Richardson]] drops out of the U.S. présidéntial election due to shortage of money. * [[January 10]] - [[Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.]], known by its brand name "[[Panasonic]]", announced to change the company name to "Panasonic Corporation" from [[October 1]], 2008.<ref>http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&newsid=6289887 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218171140/http://www.stockhouse.ca/news/news.asp?tick=MC&newsid=6289887 |date=2008-02-18 }}</ref> * [[January 10]] - [[Tata Motors Limited]] announces production of the [[Tata Nano]], the world's chéapest car, which is to sell for one lakh (100,000 Rupees or US $2500). * [[January 12]] - The [[Kuomintang]]-led [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] wins the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|legislative elections]] in [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] with over 70% of the votes. * [[January 12]] - A [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Army [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter [[2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash|crashes]] in thick fog southéast of [[Skopje]], killing all 11 military personnel on board.<ref>http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5hEKv9MBw55ELwc9LGYFjDD_itvfw{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[January 12]] - [[Greenpeace]] vessel [[Esperanza]] disrupted the Japanese whale hunt off Antarctica by chasing the fleet's whale processing factory ship out of the whaling zone.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118064211/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5ibg-iiecl794l9FUlAuU3Cq41iIAD8U59R9G0 |date=2008-01-18 }}</ref> * [[January 13]] - Two [[Australia]]ns arrived in [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]] by [[kayak]] and became the first péople in history to paddle from Australia to New Zéaland. * [[January 13]] - [[Katsuaki Watanabe]], présidént and Céo of [[Toyota]], announced that they will deliver a significant fleet of plug-in [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s (PHEVs), powered by lithium-ion batteries, by [[2010]]. * [[January 14]] - At 19:04:39 [[UTC]], the [[MESSENGER]] [[space probe]] was at its closest approach during its first [[Planetary flyby|flyby]] of the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/mer_flyby1.html |title=Mercury Flyby 1 |accessdate=2008-01-12 |work=The MESSENGER website |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]]}}</ref> * [[January 15]] - [[Federal Court of Australia]] has ordered a Japanese whaling company to stop reséarch whaling within their [[Exclusive Economic Zone]], which Australian government claims as their EEZ because they claim they possesses some part of [[Antarctica]] as their land, in [[Southern Ocean]]. * [[January 15]] – Republican [[Mitt Romney]] wins the [[Michigan]] primary. The Michigan primary did not include a member from the Democratic party due to a party dispute over scheduling. * [[January 15]] - [[United States of America|United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]] declared that food from [[clone]]d [[cattle]], [[swine]], [[goat]]s, and their progeny is safe to éat.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01776.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221172909/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2008/NEW01776.html |date=2008-02-21 }}</ref> * [[January 15]] - Two [[Australia]]n activists from [[United States|US]] based anti-whaling group [[Sea Shepherd]] had been detained by [[Japan]]ese whalers after boarding a harpoon ship Yushin-maru No.2 to protest reséarch whaling in [[Southern Sea]], then handed over an Australian ship three days later. Australian Foreign Minister [[Stephen Smith]] condemned "unlawful or illegal activity" conducted by two activists.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120174830/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23069680-601,00.html |date=2008-01-20 }}</ref> * [[January 16]] - [[South Korea]]n présidéntial Transition Téam, which is appointed by [[South Korean President|South Korean President-elect]] [[Lee Myung-bak]], announced a plan to merge [[Unification Ministry]], which takes care of [[North Korea]]n issues, with the Foreign Ministry after 39 yéars of its operation as an independent ministry or agency.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080116/wl_asia_afp/skoreapoliticsleenkorea</ref> * [[January 17]] - [[British Airways Flight 38]] [[Boeing 777]] landed short of runway at [[London Heathrow Airport]], damaged wings and engines, injured 19 among the 152 péople on board.<ref>http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122053205/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iEcRUUK8oqjE-rvRWKq9-XRS6z3wD8U8FLLO0 |date=2008-01-22 }}</ref> * [[January 18]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] announces economic stimulus package, proposes $800 per individual, $1600 per couple in tax refunds. * [[January 19]] - [[John McCain]] wins the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[South Carolina]] primary while [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]] and [[Mitt Romney]] win [[Nevada caucuses|caucuses in Nevada]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Serbian presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] in [[Serbia]]. * [[January 20]] - [[Cuban legislative election, 2008|Legislative elections]] in [[Cuba]]. * [[January 21]] - Stock markets around the world [[January 2008 stock market downturn|plunge amid growing fears]] of a U.S. [[recession]], fueled by the [[2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis]]. * [[January 21]] - The first [[National Fetish Day]] is held in the [[United Kingdom]], promoting the rights of the [[BDSM]] community. * [[January 22]] - [[Russia]] stages the largest naval exercise since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Bay of Biscay]], amid deteriorating relations with the West. The [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov]], along with 11 support vessels and 47 long-range bomber aircraft, practiced strike tactics of the coast of [[France]] and [[Spain]], and test-launched nucléar-capable missiles on foreign waters. * [[January 22]] - [[Ben Bernanke]] lowers the U.S. federal fund rate by .75 point to 3.50%. The discount rate was brought to 4%. <!-- Heath Ledger is already listed under *DEATHS* for this date, do not double list him here under *EVENTS* --> * [[January 23]] - [[Polish Air Force]] [[CASA C-295]] crashed during approach to the 12th Air Base néar [[Mirosławiec]]. All 20 personnel on board died. * [[January 23]] - Thousands of Palestinians flee into [[Egypt]], as the border wall with Gaza in Rafah is blown up by [[2008 Gaza crisis|militants]]. * [[January 24]] - A péace déal ends the [[Kivu conflict]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * [[January 24]] - [[Peter Hain]] resigned British [[Wales Secretary]], British [[Work and Pensions Secretary]] after the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] referred the failure to report donations to the [[Metropolitan Police]]. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] called a quick [[cabinet reshuffle]]. * [[January 24]] - [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Iraqi Parliament]] have adopted a new [[flag of Iraq]], removing three stars associated with the Baath Party; a permanent design is expected within the next yéar. * [[January 24]] - [[President of the Council of Ministers of Italy|Prime Minister of Italy]] [[Romano Prodi]] resigned his post, after he lost the [[vote of confidence]] in the [[Italian Senate|Senate]]. * [[January 25]] - Building for the new [[Liverpool Arena]] completed.<ref>http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223234051/http://www.marketingservicestalk.com/news/bal/bal100.html |date=2008-02-23 }}</ref> * [[January 25]] - [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino|Casino Monte Carlo]] [[Monte Carlo Resort and Casino#2008 fire|catches fire]]. * [[January 25]] - [[China]]'s worst snowstorm since [[1954]] kills 24, delays traffic, and causes massive power outages in central and southern parts of the country.<ref>http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aYjkVz76Icsk&refer=home</ref> * [[January 26]] - [[Barack Obama]] wins the Democratic [[South Carolina]] primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]]. * [[January 26]] - [[Global Call for Action]] to raise awareness and advance the movement for a more equal and just world as part of the [[World Social Forum]] held in [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>http://wsf2008.net/eng/home {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219214350/http://wsf2008.net/eng/home |date=2009-02-19 }}</ref> * [[January 26]] - The [[All American Football League]] (AAFL) held its inaugural draft.<ref>http://www.wbir.com/sports/story.aspx?storyid=53923</ref> * [[January 27]] - [[Novak Djokovic]] and [[Maria Sharapova]] won [[2008 Australian Open]] in [[Melbourne, Australia]]. * [[January 27]] - The [[2008 NHL All-Star Game]] in [[Atlanta]]. * [[January 28]] - U.S. présidént [[George W. Bush]] delivers his final [[State of the Union Address]].<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128-13.html President Delivers State of the Union Address], ''The White House''</ref> * [[January 29]] - sénator [[John McCain]] wins Republican Florida primary in [[United States presidential election, 2008|U.S. presidential election]] and sénator [[Hillary Clinton]] wins the Democratic primary, although the Democratic Party refuses to recognize the results, because of timing disuputes. * [[January 29]] - [[Iran]]'s judiciary sentences to prison 54 [[Bahai]] religion followers for [[charity work]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080202055728/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20080129/wl_afp/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019 Iran sentences Bahai religious followers for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Yahoo News</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070611001053/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=84239 Iran sentences Bahais for 'anti-regime propaganda'], Aljazeera</ref> * [[January 30]] - [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumibol Adulyadej]] formally swéars in [[Samak Sundaravej]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] of [[Thailand]]. * [[January 30]] - [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)|Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] of [[Japan]] made public warning that [[Jiaozi|Chinese dumplings]] and other products manufactured in a factory in [[Hebei Province]], [[China]], and imported to Japan, had caused mass [[food poisoning]] due to traces of [[pesticide]] in products' packages.<ref>http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/nearly-500-japan-claim-china-made/story.aspx?guid=%7B5175A5B7-0D1B-4D57-8268-052AFCC44675%7D</ref> * [[January 30]] - U.S. présidéntial candidates [[Rudy Giuliani]] and [[John Edwards]] drop out of the race. === Pébruari === {{Month3|0|4|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Raúl Castro.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Raúl Castro]]]] * [[February 2]] - Rebels [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)|attack]] the capital of [[Chad]], [[N'Djamena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/world/africa/03chad.html|title=Gun Battles in Chad’s Capital as Rebel Forces Storm In}}</ref> * [[February 4]] - [[Iran]] opens its first space center and launches a [[rocket]] to space.<ref>"Iran Opens Space Center, Launches Rocket", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 4]] - A [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[suicide attack|suicide bomber]] kills one and wounds thirteen in a [[Dimona]], Israel shopping center.<ref>"Dimona bombing: Suicide attack in Israel first in a year", Associated Press</ref> * [[February 5]] - U.S. stock market indices plunge more than 3% after a [[Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business|report]] showed signs of economic recession in the service-sector. The [[S&P 500]] fell 3.2%. The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 370 points. * [[February 5]]–[[February 6|6]] - [[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak|A tornado outbreak]], the déadliest in 23 yéars, kills 58 in the [[Southern United States]]. * [[February 7]] - [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] launches on mission [[STS-122]] to deliver the Européan-built Columbus science laboratory to the [[International Space Station]]. * [[February 10]] - The [[2008 Namdaemun fire]] severely damages [[Namdaemun]], the first [[National Treasures of South Korea|National Treasure of South Korea]]. * [[February 11]] - [[President of East Timor]] [[José Ramos-Horta]] is seriously wounded in an attack on his home by rebel soldiers. Rebel léader [[Alfredo Reinado]] is killed by Ramos-Horta's security guards during the attack.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/attack-on-ramoshorta/2008/02/11/1202578640733.html Gunmen attack Timor leader Ramos-Horta], ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', [[February 11]], 2008.</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.|PDVSA]], a state oil company in [[Venezuela]], suspends sales of [[petroleum|crude oil]] to [[ExxonMobil]], in response to a legal challenge by them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSSP10958920080213|title=Update 9-Oil rises as Venezuela cuts off Exxon Mobil | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 12]] - [[Bridgestone]], under investigation for an alleged price-fixing cartel, uncovers improper payments of at léast 150 million [[Japanese yen]] to foreign governments and withdraws from the marine hose business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601101&sid=aGoTPCIp_S0c&refer=japan|title=Bloomberg.com: Japan<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 13]] - Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] of [[Australia]] delivers a formal apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/rudd-says-sorry/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html "Rudd says sorry"], Dylan Welch, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', February 13, 2008</ref> * [[February 17]] - A [[suicide attack|suicide bombing]] by a [[Taliban]] member kills up to 80 in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|title=AFP: Scores dead in one of Afghanistan's deadliest attacks<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg|archivedate=2008-09-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910022441/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKEIeybKvU7Vo42SLz_ZF4WjZsQg |date=2008-09-10 }}</ref> * [[February 17]] - [[Kosovo]] formally [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declares independence]] from [[Serbia]], with support from some countries but opposition from others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=anGy1wIN83Sg&refer=home|title=Bloomberg.com: Worldwide<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - The [[Her Majesty's Government|British government]] introduces emergency legislation temporarily to [[nationalization|nationalize]] [[Northern Rock]], the fifth largest [[mortgage bank]] in the UK, due to the bank's financial crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSL1832258520080218|title=Brown fights backlash over Northern Rock | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 18]] - [[Pakistani general election, 2008|General election]] is held in [[Pakistan]], delayed from [[January 8]] due to riots in the wake of the [[assassination of Benazir Bhutto]]. Opposition parties, including Bhutto's, take more than half of the séats, while [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s party suffers a huge deféat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7254124.stm|title=BBC News | World | South Asia | Musharraf rules out resignation<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[February 19]] - [[Fidel Castro]] announces his resignation as présidént of Cuba, effective on February 24. * [[February 20]] - [[United States Navy]] destroys a [[spy satellite]] containing toxic fuel by shooting it down with a [[missile]] launched from [[USS Lake Erie (CG-70)|USS Lake Erie]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|title=AFP: Satellite strike shows US missile defense works: Gates<!-- Bot generated title -->|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080226125327/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|archivedate=2008-02-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918153755/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow |date=2008-09-18 }}</ref> * [[February 20]] - Total [[lunar eclipse]] - [[North America|North]] and [[South America]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], and [[Southwest Asia|Western Asia]]. * [[February 22]] - Former Building Society [[Northern Rock]] is the first bank in Europe to be taken in to state controll due to the US subprime mortgage financial crisis. * [[February 22]] - No survivors are found after a rescue helicopter discovers the wreckage of [[Santa Bárbara Airlines Flight 518]] just northéast of [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], [[Venezuela]]. The commercial plane had 46 péople on board, including crew. * [[February 24]] - [[Raúl Castro]] is unanimously elected as [[President of Cuba]] by the [[National Assembly of People's Power|National Assembly]]. {{-}} === March === {{Month3|3|5|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Crew in ATV with Jules Verne manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|[[European Space Agency|European]] [[Jules Verne ATV]] docked the to [[International Space Station]].]] * March–April - [[2007–2008 world food price crisis|Rising food and fuel prices]] trigger riots and unrest in the [[Third World]]. * [[March 1]] - In [[Gaza Strip]] at léast 52 Palestinians and two Israeli soldiers are killed in the most intense Israeli air strikes since 2005. * [[March 2]] - [[2008 Andean diplomatic crisis]]: [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]] move troops to the [[Colombia]]n border following a Colombian raid against [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] guerrillas inside Ecuador's national territory in which senior commander [[Raúl Reyes]] was killed. * [[March 6]] - Eight [[Israel]]i civilians [[Mercaz HaRav massacre|are killed and nine wounded]] when a [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian]] attacker opens fire at a [[Judaism|Jewish]] seminary in [[Jerusalem]]. * [[March 9]] - First [[European Space Agency]] [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]], a cargo spacecraft for the [[International Space Station]], launches from [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]]. * [[March 14]] - [[2008 Tibetan unrest|Demonstrations]] by [[Tibet]]an separatists turn violent as rioters target government and [[Han Chinese]]-owned buildings. * [[March 15]] - In [[Albania]] a huge explosion of a gun factory in [[Gërdec]] kills more than 30 péople. Over the following week, [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], and some surrounding countries supply and support [[Gërdec]]'s population with food, blood, etc. * [[March 19]] - An [[Gamma ray burst|exploding star]] halfway across the visible [[universe]] becomes the farthest known object ever visible to the naked eye.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/space/03/21/exploding.star.ap/index.html|title=Star explodes halfway across universe - CNN.com<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> * [[March 24]] - [[Bhutan]] holds its [[Bhutanese general election, 2008|first-ever general elections]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011604/http://www.france24.com/en/20080324-bhutan-votes-status-quo-jigmi-thinley-election-parliament%26navi%3DMONDE "Bhutan votes for status quo"], [[France 24]], March 24, 2008</ref> * [[March 25]] - A 414 square kilometer (160&nbsp;mi.²) chunk of [[Antarctica|Antarctica's]] [[Wilkins Sound|Wilkins Ice Shelf]] disintegrates, léaving the entire shelf at risk. * [[March 25]] - [[African Union]] and [[Comoros]] forces [[2008 invasion of Anjouan|invade]] the rebel-held island of [[Anjouan]]. * [[March 29]] - [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|Presidential]] and [[Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008|parliamentary elections]] in [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200801250793.html|title=Election Date Finally Fixed As March 29, 2008}}</ref> === April === {{Month3|4|1|year=2008}} * [[April 8]] - [[Sark]] dismantles its [[feudalism|feudal system]] to comply with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] approved the Sark law reforms,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/7339172.stm Sark democracy plans are approved], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[9 April]] 2008</ref> and the first [[election]]s under the new law will be held in December 2008 and the new chamber will first convene in January 2009.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html A Revolution Not Televised] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408094450/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html |date=2008-04-08 }}, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time.com]]'', [[January 17]], 2008</ref><ref>[http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 After 443 years, Sark gets democracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626205104/http://podcast.timesonline.co.uk/serve.php/1503/thebugle13.mp3 |date=2008-06-26 }}, ''[[The Bugle]]'', Episode 13, January 2008. The Bugle is a satirical podcast of the [[Times Online|''Times'' Online]].</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/guernsey/7258214.stm Sark agrees switch to democracy], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', [[22 February]] 2008</ref> * [[April 15]] - A [[Hewa Bora Airways]] [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|DC-9]] commercial airplane [[2008 Hewa Bora Airways crash|crashes]] into a residential aréa of [[Goma]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]. * [[April 17]] - [[Raila Odinga]] becomes the new [[Prime Minister of Kenya]] after the formation of a [[Government of National Unity (Kenya)|coalition government]] ending the [[2007–2008 Kenyan crisis|political crisis]] in [[Kenya]]. * [[April 22]] - Surgéons at London's [[Moorfields Eye Hospital]] perform the first operations using [[Visual prosthesis|bionic eyes]], implanting them into two blind patients. * [[April 27]] - The [[Taliban]] attempts to assassinate [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] présidént [[Hamid Karzai]] in a military parade in [[Kabul]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7369540.stm Karzai unhurt after parade attack], BBC News</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[India]] sets a world record by sending 10 [[satellite]]s into orbit in a single launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PSLV-C9_places_10_satellites_into_orbit/articleshow/2989685.cms|title=India setting world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit}}</ref> * [[April 28]] - [[2008 China Railways train T195 accident|71 die in a train crash]] in [[Shandong]], [[China]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7370375.stm 'Dozens die' in China train crash], BBC News</ref> === May === {{Month3|5|3|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Descent of Phoenix with a crater in the background taken by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] image of the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (lower left corner) in the line of sight to the 10-km-wide [[Heimdal (Martian crater)|Heimdal Crater]] (the craft is actually 20 km in front of it).]] * [[May 3]] - Over 133,000 in [[Burma]]/Myanmar are killed by [[Cyclone Nargis]], the déadliest [[natural disaster]] since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Boxing Day Tsunami]] in [[2004]]. * [[May 10]] - [[Burma]]/Myanmar holds a [[Burmese constitutional referendum, 2008|constitutional referendum]]. * [[May 12]] - Over 69,000 are killed in central [[China]] by [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|an earthquake]] méasuring 8.0[[Moment magnitude scale|M_w]]. The epicenter is 90 kilometers (55&nbsp;miles) west-northwest of [[Chengdu]]. * [[May 13]] - A series of bomb blasts kills at léast 63 and injures 216 in [[Jaipur]], [[India]]. * [[May 14]] - NASA announces the discovery of [[Supernova remnant G1.9+0.3]] * [[May 15]] - An oil pipeline explodes in Ijegun, [[Nigeria]], killing 100. * [[May 23]] - The [[Union of South American Nations]], a [[supranational union]], is créated by a union between the [[Andean Community of Nations|Andean Community]] and [[Mercosur]]. * [[May 23]] - The [[International Court of Justice]] awards [[Middle Rocks, Johor|Middle Rocks]] to [[Malaysia]] and [[Pedra Branca, Singapore|Pedra Branca]] to [[Singapore]], ending a 29-yéar [[Pedra Branca dispute|territorial dispute]] between the two countries. * [[May 25]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix spacecraft]] becomes the first spacecraft to land on the northern polar-region of [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/|title=Phoenix Mars Mission}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228000225/http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/ |date=2008-02-28 }}</ref> * [[May 28]] - The [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] is established after the [[Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Assembly]] votes overwhemingly in favor of abolishing the country's [[Nepalese monarchy|240-year-old monarchy]]. [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] becomes temporary [[Head of state]]. === June === {{Month3|6|6|year=2008}} * [[June 2]] - A car bomb [[2008 Danish embassy bombing|explodes]] outside the [[Denmark|Danish]] embassy in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast five. * [[June 8]] - In the [[Akihabara]] aréa of [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], a 25-yéar-old man [[Akihabara massacre|stabs 7 to death and wounds 10]], before being arrested. * [[June 10]] - Fire engulfs [[Sudan Airways Flight 109]] after landing in [[Khartoum]], killing 44. * [[June 11]] - The [[Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope]] is launched. * [[June 11]] - [[Canada|Canadian]] Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] apologizes to Canada's [[First Nations]] for the [[Canadian residential school system]]. * [[June 12]] - [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] votes to reject the [[Treaty of Lisbon]], in the only [[Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 2008|referendum]] to be held by a [[European Union]] member state on the tréaty. * [[June 14]] - A [[2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake|6.9 magnitude earthquake]] in [[Iwate Prefecture]], [[Japan]], kills 12 and injures more than 400. * [[June 14]] – [[September 14]] - [[Expo 2008]] was held in [[Zaragoza]] in [[Spain]], with the topic of ''"Water and sustainable development"''. * [[June 22]] - [[Typhoon Fengshen (2008)|Typhoon Fengshen]] hits the [[Philippines]] and capsizes the ferry ''[[MV Princess of the Stars]]'', léaving hundreds déad or missing. * [[June 27]] - présidént [[Robert Mugabe]] is reelected with 85.5% of the vote in the [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008#Second round voting and aftermath|second round]] of the controversial [[Zimbabwe]]an [[Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008|presidential election]]. * [[June 27]] - After three decades as the Chairman of [[Microsoft|Microsoft Corporation]], [[Bill Gates]] steps down from daily duties to concentrate on [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|philanthropy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/business/2008/0627/microsoft.html|title=Bill Gates steps down from Microsoft today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/digitallife/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2008/06/27/dlgates127.xml|title=Bill Gates steps down as Microsoft head to concentrate on philanthropy}}</ref> === July === {{Month3|7|1|year=2008}} [[Gambar:34th G8 summit member 20080708.jpg|thumb|right|[[34th G8 summit]] heads of delegations in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō|Tōyako]], [[Japan]].]] * [[July 2]] - [[Íngrid Betancourt]] and 14 other hostages are [[Operation Jaque|rescued]] from [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|FARC]] by [[Colombia]]n security forces. * [[July 7]] - A suicide-bomber [[2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul|drives an explosives-laden automobile]] into the front gates of the [[India]]n embassy in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], killing 58 and injuring over 150. * [[July 7]]–[[July 9|9]] - [[34th G8 summit]] held in [[Tōyako, Hokkaidō]] in [[Japan]]. * [[July 10]] - Former [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonian]] Interior Minister [[Ljube Boškoski]] is acquitted of all charges by a [[United Nations|UN]] Tribunal accusing him of war crimes. * [[July 15]]–[[July 20|20]] - [[World Youth Day 2008|World Youth Day]] takes place in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]. [[Pope Benedict XVI]] appéars at the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world-youth-day/thanks-pope/2008/07/21/1216492301809.html|title=Sydney Morning Herald: 'Thanks: Pope'}}</ref> * [[July 21]] - [[Radovan Karadžić]], the first présidént of the [[Republika Srpska]], is arrested in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-yéar long [[Manhunt (law enforcement)|manhunt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7518543.stm|title=BBC News: Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic}}</ref> * [[July 22]] - The [[United Progressive Alliance]] led government in India survives a crucial [[motion of no confidence|no-confidence vote]] based on disagreements between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Left Front]] over the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]]. * [[July 23]] - [[Ram Baran Yadav]] is sworn in as [[Nepal]]'s [[President of Nepal|first President]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jul/jul21/news14.php|title=Nepalnews.com}}</ref> * [[July 25]] - A series of [[2008 Bangalore serial blasts|seven bomb blasts]] rock [[Bangalore]], [[India]] killing 2 and injuring 20 and on the next day, a [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings|series of bomb blasts]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], kills 45 and injures over 160 péople. * [[July 27]] - At léast 17 are killed and over 154 wounded in [[2008 Istanbul bombings|two blasts]] in [[Istanbul]]. * [[July 28]] - At léast 48 are déad and over 287 injured after bombs explode in [[Baghdad]] and [[Kirkuk]], [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/26_killed_in_bomb_attacks_in_Baghdad/articleshow/3296178.cms|title=26 killed in bombing attacks in Baghdad|date=[[July 28]], 2008|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2008-07-28}}</ref><ref name="yahooiraq">{{cite news |title= Suicide attacks kill 57 in Baghdad, Kirkuk |first= Selcan |last= Hacaoglu |date= 28-07-2008 |publisher= AP}}</ref> * [[July 30]] – [[August 5]] - The [[World Congress of Philosophy#22nd World Congress|XXII World Congress of Philosophy]] is held in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp|title=The XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620203845/http://www.wcp2008.or.kr/congress/congress.asp |date=2007-06-20 }}</ref> === August === {{Month3|8|4|year=2008}} [[Gambar:Hanna 2008-09-01 over Bahamas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hurricane Hanna]]]] * [[August 1]] - [[George Tupou V|King George Tupou V]] is crowned as the new king of [[Tonga]], an event that had been delayed for over two yéars following the [[2006 Nuku'alofa riots]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html|title=Tonga crowns new king}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918165415/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/31/tonga.king.ap/index.html |date=2008-09-18 }}</ref> * [[August 3]] - A [[2008 Naina Devi temple stampede|stampede]] at a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Naina Devi]] in [[Bilaspur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]] kills 162 and injures 400. * [[August 4]] - Two members of the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]], which had thréatened to attack the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]], [[2008 Kashgar attack|kill 16 and injure another 16 officers]] at a police station in [[Kashgar]], [[Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China|China]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Police station raided in west China's Xinjiang, terrorist plot suspected |first= |last= |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/04/content_8940461.htm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= Xinhua}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080806232202/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/04/content_8940461.htm |date=2008-08-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Chinese border assault kills 16 |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7540138.stm |date= 08-04-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-04 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 6]] - présidént [[Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi]] of [[Mauritania]] is deposed in a [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|military coup d'état]]. * [[August 7]] - The [[2008 South Ossetia war]] begins as [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Russia]] launch a major offensive inside the separatist region of [[South Ossetia]] after days of border skirmishes between the two sides. * [[August 8]]–[[August 24|24]] - The [[2008 Summer Olympics]] take place in [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html|title=Beijing 2008 - It's a wrap}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827101849/http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2008/08/beijing_2008_its_a_wrap.html |date=2008-08-27 }}</ref> * [[August 15]] - Pushpa Kamal Dahal (known as [[Prachanda]]) is sworn in as the first [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] of the [[Nepal|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]] after the [[Nepalese monarchy]] was abolished in [[#May|May]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Former communist becomes Nepal PM |first= |last= |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |date= 08-15-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-15 |publisher= CNN }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817040145/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/nepal.prime.minister/index.html |date=2008-08-17 }}</ref> * [[August 17]] - [[Michael Phelps]] surpasses [[Mark Spitz]] in Olympic Gold Medals won at a single [[Olympic Games|Olympics]], with 8 gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/summer08/phelpshistory|title=ESPN - Michael Phelps' history run at 2008 Olympics - Olympics}}</ref> * [[August 18]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]] resigns from the post of [[President of Pakistan]] under impéachment pressure from the coalition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - The [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban insurgents]] kill 10 and injure 21 [[French Army|French soldiers]] in an [[Uzbin valley ambush|ambush]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSSP16416020080819|title=Taliban kill 10 French troops in Afghanistan}}</ref> * [[August 19]] - A [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] rams a car into an [[Algeria]]n military academy and the resulting explosion kills 43 and injures 45.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLJ41334620080819|title=Bomb kills 43 at Algerian military academy}}</ref> * [[August 20]] - [[Spanair Flight 5022]], from [[Madrid]] to [[Gran Canaria]], skids off the runway and crashes at [[Madrid Barajas International Airport|Barajas Airport]] with 172 on board. 153 of them are killed and only 18 survive.<ref>{{cite news |title= DNA tests for those killed in Madrid crash |first= |last= |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7575970.stm |date= 08-20-2008 |accessdate= 2008-08-20 |publisher= BBC}}</ref> * [[August 21]] - At léast 60 die following [[2008 Wah bombing|twin suicide bombings]] outside the [[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]] in [[Wah]], [[Pakistan]]. * [[August 22]] - [[Piracy|Pirates]] hijack [[Germany|German]], [[Iran]]ian, and [[Japan]]ese cargo ships off the coast of [[Somalia]], seven of such attacks since [[June 20]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&catid=25:security-measures&Itemid=38|title=Official says pirates have seized a German ship off Somalia, the third in a day}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044758/http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=859:official-says-pirates-have-seized-a-german-ship-off-somalia-the-third-in-a-day&catid=25:security-measures&Itemid=38 |date=2011-04-30 }}</ref> * [[August 24]] - An aircraft crashes in [[Guatemala]], killing 10, including 4 [[United States|Americans]] on a [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian mission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2445832520080825|title=Ten killed in Guatemala small plane crash}}</ref> * [[August 24]] - [[Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895]] crashes upon [[takeoff]] néar [[Manas International Airport]] in [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing 68.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7580107.stm|title=Plane crashes in Kyrgyz capital}}</ref> * [[August 26]] - [[Russia]] [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|unilaterally recognizes]] the independence of [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] bréakaway republics [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/eng/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752.shtml|title=Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev|publisher=Russia's President web site|date=2008-08-26|accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> * [[August 26]] – [[September 1]] - [[Hurricane Gustav]] makes landfall on [[Louisiana]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 7 in the [[United States]], after making landfall on western [[Cuba]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 4|Category 4]], and killing 66 in [[Haiti]], 8 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 11 in [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/01/gustav/|title=Gustav evacuees urged to stay away}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html|title=Hurricane Season 2008: Tropical Storm Gustav (Central Caribbean)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114055640/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_gustav.html |date=2009-11-14 }}</ref> * [[August 28]] – [[September 7]] - [[Hurricane Hanna (2008)|Hurricane Hanna]] causes 7 déaths in the [[United States]], and 529 in [[Haiti]] mostly due to [[flood]]s and [[Mudflow|mudslides]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/04/hurricanes.hanna.ike/|title=Hanna closes in on U.S. as Ike becomes major hurricane}}</ref> === September === {{Month3|9|0|year=2008}} * [[September 1]]–[[September 14|14]] - [[Hurricane Ike]] makes landfall on [[Texas]] as [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale#Category 2|Category 2]] and kills 27 in the [[United States]], after killing 4 in [[Cuba]], 1 in the [[Dominican Republic]], and 75 in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/09/15/hurricane.ike/|title=Galveston 'unhealthy and unsafe,' city manager says}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7603319.stm|title=Hurricane Ike barrels over Cuba}}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Yasuo Fukuda]] of [[Japan]] resigns less than a yéar after taking office following [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzo Abe's]] resignation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece|title=Japanese PM, Yasuo Fukuda, in shock resignation after just one year in job}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531200023/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4653861.ece |date=2010-05-31 }}</ref> * [[September 2]] - [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Minister]] [[Samak Sundaravej]] of [[Thailand]] declares a [[state of emergency]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/01/thailand.protests/|title=Thailand's prime minister declares state of emergency}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[September 3]] - [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] of [[Pakistan]] survives an assassination attempt néar [[Islamabad]] while on his way to meet the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|British Leader of the Opposition]] [[David Cameron]]. * [[September 3]] - [[Cyprus]] péace talks between the Cypriot léader [[Dimitris Christofias]] and the [[Northern Cyprus|TRNC]] léader [[Mehmet Ali Talat]] are held in [[Nicosia]], aimed at reunifying the 34-yéar-divided island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7308128.stm|title=Cyprus leaders begin peace talks}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2839603.stm|title=Q&A: Cyprus peace process}}</ref> * [[September 6]] - [[Asif Ali Zardari]] is [[Pakistani presidential election, 2008|elected]] as the [[President of Pakistan]] by the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html|title=Bhutto widower Zardari elected Pakistan's new president}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024021253/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/pakistan.presidential.election/index.html |date=2008-10-24 }}</ref> * [[September 6]] - At léast eight [[boulder]]s peel of a cliff néar [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], killing at léast 18 and burying an estimated 500 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/06/egypt.rockslide.ap/|title=Hundreds feared trapped in Egypt rockslide}}</ref> * [[September 7]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In one of the largest [[bank]]ing interventions in [[United States]] history, [[Fannie Mae]] and [[Freddie Mac]] are [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|placed into conservatorship]] by the [[Federal Housing Finance Agency]].<ref>{{cite news | first= Henry M., Jr. | last= Paulson | coauthors= (Press release statement) | title= Statement by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. on Treasury and Federal Housing Finance Agency Action to Protect Financial Markets and Taxpayers | date= 2008-09-07 | publisher= United States Department of the Treasury | url = http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/hp1129.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-09-07 | }} </ref> * [[September 7]] - On the advice of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Stephen Harper]], [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] dissolves the [[39th Canadian Parliament]] and calls [[Canadian federal election, 2008|early elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7602864.stm|title=Canadian PM calls snap election}}</ref> * [[September 9]] - The [[Constitutional Court of Thailand]] orders [[Samak Sundaravej|Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej]] to resign after receiving payment for appéaring on a [[cooking show|television cooking show]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917220729/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80 |date=2008-09-17 }}</ref> * [[September 10]] - The [[proton]] [[Particle beam|beam]] is circulated for the first time in the [[Large Hadron Collider]], the [[List of accelerators in particle physics#Hadron colliders|world's largest and the highest-energy]] [[particle accelerator]]. It is located at [[CERN]], néar [[Geneva]], under the Franco-Swiss border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html|title=First beam in the LHC - accelerating science}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106223640/http://press.web.cern.ch/Press/PressReleases/Releases2008/PR08.08E.html |date=2009-01-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/09/10/lhc.collider/|title=Large Hadron Collider fired up in 'God particle' hunt}}</ref> * [[September 12]] - A [[2008 Chatsworth train collision|Metrolink train collides head-on into a freight train]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], killing 25 and injuring 130.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/09/13/train.collision/|title=Human error led to fatal train collision, spokeswoman says}}</ref> * [[September 14]] - [[Aeroflot Flight 821]] crashes néar the city of [[Perm]], [[Russia]], killing all 88 on board.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLE46300520080914|title=Russian plane crash kills 88, faulty engine blamed}}</ref> * [[September 15]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Lehman Brothers]] files for [[Bankruptcy|bankruptcy protection]], in the largest [[bankruptcy]] in [[United States]] history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/|title=The meltdown}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025034123/http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/15/news/companies/lehman_brothers/ |date=2008-10-25 }}</ref> * [[September 15]] - Following [[2008 Zimbabwean political negotiations|negotiations]], [[Robert Mugabe|President Robert Mugabe]] and opposition léaders [[Morgan Tsvangirai]] and [[Arthur Mutambara]] sign a power-sharing déal, making Tsvangirai the new [[Prime Minister of Zimbabwe]]. * [[September 16]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The US Government, through the [[Federal Reserve]], lends $85 billion dollars to [[AIG]] in exchange for the right to buy 80% of the company, in another of the largest US interventions in the banking industry. * [[September 17]] - The [[International Astronomical Union]] classifies [[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]] as the fifth [[dwarf planet]] in the [[Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0807/|title=News Release - IAU0807: IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[September 19]]–[[September 25|25]] - [[Typhoon Hagupit (2008)|Typhoon Hagupit]] kills 17 in [[People's Republic of China|China]], 8 in the [[Philippines]], 1 in [[Taiwan]], and 41 in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35630720080924|title=Vietnam bars boats from Halong Bay ahead of typhoon}}</ref> * [[September 20]] - A [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|suicide truck bomb explosion]] destroys the [[Marriott International|Marriott Hotel]] in [[Islamabad]], [[Pakistan]], killing at léast 60 and injuring 266.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-pakistan-blast.html|title=At Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/20/pakistan.islamabad.marriott.blast/|title=Deadly blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7627135.stm|title=Dozens killed in Pakistan attack}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Ehud Olmert|Prime Minister Ehud Olmert]] of [[Israel]] resigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLL27650420080921|title=Scandal-hit Olmert formally resigns}}</ref> * [[September 21]] - [[Thabo Mbeki|President Thabo Mbeki]] of [[South Africa]] resigns after accepting a call by [[African National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7627957.stm|title=South Africa president steps down}}</ref> * [[September 24]] - The [[Diet of Japan]] elects [[Taro Aso]] as the new [[Prime Minister of Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7632864.stm|title=Taro Aso set to become Japan's PM}}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Kgalema Motlanthe]] is [[South African presidential election, 2008|elected]] by the [[National Assembly of South Africa]] as the [[President of South Africa]], succeeding [[Thabo Mbeki]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html|title=Cabinet bids farewell to Mbeki}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929061212/http://www.sabcnews.com/politics/government/0,2172,177349,00.html |date=2008-09-29 }}</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Shenzhou 7]], the [[Shenzhou program|third]] manned [[Chinese space program|Chinese spaceflight]] and the first with three crew members, is successfully launched. [[People's Republic of China|China]] becomes the third country ever to conduct a [[Extra-vehicular activity|spacewalk]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7637818.stm Chinese astronaut walks in space]</ref> * [[September 25]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: In the largest bank failure in U.S. history, [[Washington Mutual]] is placed into receivership by the [[Office of Thrift Supervision]]. As [[Receiver (legal)|receiver]], the [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]] sells the bank's accounts and operations to [[JPMorgan Chase]].<ref>[http://nytimes.com/2008/09/26/business/26wamu.html Government Seizes WaMu and Sells Some Assets]</ref> * [[September 28]] - [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 1]] becomes the world's first privately developed [[Launch vehicle|space launch vehicle]] successfully to [[Falcon 1 Flight 4|make orbit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacex.com/F1-004.php|title=Space Exploration Technologies Corporation - Falcon 1 Flight 4}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725225434/http://www.spacex.com/F1-004.php |date=2011-07-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7641287.stm|title=Falcon rocket success for SpaceX}}</ref> * [[September 29]]-[[September 30]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October Eid ul-Fitr holiday [[2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of [[2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] is rejected by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] and, as a result, the [[Dow Jones & Company|Dow Jones]] stock market index records its largest-ever one-day fall of 777.68 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918|title=Stocks crushed}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010175253/http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/29/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008092918 |date=2008-10-10 }}</ref> === October === {{Month3|10|2|year=2008}} * [[October 1]]-[[October 2]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Eid ul-Fitr]][[George W. Bush]] signs the revised [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|Emergency Economic Stabilization Act]] into law, créating a [[United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund|700 billion dollar Treasury fund]] to purchase failing bank [[asset]]s.<ref name = 'Associated Press-Raum-2008-10-03'>Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028183632/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00 |date=2008-10-28 }} ''Associated Press'' (Retrieved October 3, 2008)</ref> * [[October 3]] - The [[NASA|NASA's]] [[MESSENGER]] spacecraft makes its second of three flybys of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], decréasing the velocity for [[Orbit insertion|orbital insertion]] on [[March 18]], [[2011]] Eid ul-Fitr holiday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670|title=Science Timeline for Monday's MESSENGER flyby of Mercury}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726074656/http://planetary.org/blog/article/00001670 |date=2011-07-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|title=APL's MESSENGER fact sheet|format=PDF}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028110556/http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf |date=2009-10-28 }}</ref> * [[October 4]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls below 10,000 points for the first time since [[October 29]], [[2004]].<ref name = 'CNNMoney.com-Dowbelow10,000'>Alexandra Twin, CNNMoney.com senior writer (October 6, 2008) [http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 Dow falls below 10,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011064650/http://money.cnn.com/2008/10/06/markets/markets_newyork/index.htm?postversion=2008100610 |date=2008-10-11 }} ''CNNMoney.com'' (Retrieved October 6, 2008)</ref> * [[October 5]] - [[2008 Kyrgyzstan earthquake|An earthquake]] méasuring 6.6 [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] hits [[Kyrgyzstan]], killing at léast 65 péople.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7653979.stm|title=Deadly earthquake hits Kyrgyzstan|date=Monday, 6 October 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> * [[October 6]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: [[Russia]] agrees to provide [[Iceland]] with a four-billion-[[euro]] loan.<ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200838/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1869 Central Bank of Iceland, ''The Foreign Exchange Reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland bolstered'' (07.10.2008; No. 31/2008)]</ref><ref>[http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20081114200808/www.sedlabanki.is/?PageID=287&NewsID=1874 Central Bank of Iceland, ''Foreign exchange reserves'' (07.10.2008; No. 33/2008)]</ref> * [[October 7]] - The [[meteoroid]] [[2008 TC3|2008 TC₃]] impacts [[Earth]], becoming the first such object to be discovered prior to [[Impact event|impact]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/|title=Incoming!!!|accessdate=2008-10-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007190747/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/ |date=2008-10-07 }}</ref> * [[October 8]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the [[Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority]] takes control of three largest banks in the country: [[Kaupthing Bank]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=340 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Kaupþing to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (09.10.2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014153056/http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=340 |date=2008-10-14 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K/133944/PR/200810/1258139.xml Kaupthing Bank, ''Press release: Kaupthing Bank turns to the Icelandic FSA'' (2008.10.09)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012012716/http://www.kaupthing.com/pages/164?path=K%2F133944%2FPR%2F200810%2F1258139.xml |date=2008-10-12 }}</ref> [[Landsbanki]],<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=331 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (IFSA) Proceeds to take Control of Landsbanki to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (07.10.2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217042852/http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=331 |date=2012-02-17 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&NewsID=13284&y=0&p=1 Landsbanki Íslands, ''Press release: Landsbanki's Operations Continued Under Unchanged Management'' (October 07, 2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407043000/http://www.landsbanki.is/english/aboutlandsbanki/pressreleases/?GroupID=720&NewsID=13284&y=0&p=1 |date=April 7, 2009 }}</ref> and [[Glitnir (bank)|Glitnir]].<ref>[http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=337 The Financial Supervisory Authority - Iceland, ''News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Glitnir to ensure Continued Commercial Bank Operations in Iceland'' (08.10.2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217043011/http://www.fme.is/?PageID=581&NewsID=337 |date=2012-02-17 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081014121006/http://www.glitnir.is/english/about-glitnir/news/detail/item15927/Glitnir%27s_Operations_Continued_%E2%80%93_Larus_Welding_to_continue_as_CEO/ Glitnir Bank, ''News: Glitnir's Operations Continued – Lárus Welding to continue as CEO'' (08.10.2008)]</ref> * [[October 28]] - [[Global financial crisis of September–October 2008|Global financial crisis]]: The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] falls 679 points, or 7.3 percent, and plunges below 8,600 for the first time since [[Diwali]] [[May 21]], [[2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytimes.com/2008/10/10/business/10markets.html|title=Stocks Plunge Again; Dow Under 8,600|date=October 9, 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> === November === {{Month3|11|5|year=2008}} * [[November 2]] - The [[2008 Formula One season|2008 Formula 1 World Championship]] will end at [[São Paulo, Brazil]]. * [[November 4]] - [[United States presidential election, 2008|Presidential election]] slated in the [[United States]] to elect the [[President of the United States|44th President of the United States]], Congressional Elections for the House of Representatives, and one third of the sénators (second class). * [[November 4]] - [[Governor|Gubernatorial]] election slated in [[Puerto Rico]] to elect the [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]] of the island. * [[November 15]] - [[New Zealand]] will hold a [[New Zealand general election, 2008|general election]] on or before this date. * [[November 20]] - [[2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup]] to be held in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/u20womenworldcup/index.html |title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Chile 2008 |publisher=FIFA |accessdate=2007-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203172349/http://www.fifa.com./u20womenworldcup/index.html |date=2008-12-03 }}</ref> * [[November 22]] - [[APEC Peru 2008]] Summit in [[Lima]]. * [[November 25]] - [[Greenland]] holds election for incréased autonomy from [[Denmark]]. * [[November 28]] - [[Romanian legislative election, 2008|Legislative election]] in [[Romania]]. <!-- DO NOT ADD "HARRY POTTER AND THE HALF-BLOOD PRINCE" -- FILM RELEASES GO IN [[2008 in film]]. --> == Prediksi == === December === {{Month3|12|0|year=2008}} * [[December 15]] - The [[Netherlands Antilles]] will be formally abolished.<ref name="endofNA">{{cite news |first = |last = |author = Staff reporter |coauthors = |title = Agreement on division of Netherlands Antilles |url = http://www.government.nl/actueel/nieuwsarchief/2007/02February/13/0-42-1_42-92711.jsp |format = HTML |work = |publisher = Government.nl |pages = |page = |date = [[2007-02-13]] |accessdate = 2007-02-24 |language = english }}</ref> * [[December 24]] - The New [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]] in [[Minneapolis]] is expected to be completed after the bridge collapsed in August of 2007. * [[December 30]] - The [[Burj Dubai]] expected to be completed. It will be the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|world's tallest building]]. === Unknown dates === * The [[United Nations]] is to review drug policies around the world.<ref>http://www.un.org/ga/president/57/pages/speeches/statement030408-Vienna-Narcotics.htm</ref><ref>http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031231022/http://www.drug-policy.org/modules/countdown_2008 |date=2006-10-31 }}</ref> * The [[United Kingdom]] will complete a 5-yéar process to céase [[analog television]] broadcasts region-by-region, starting with [[Border Television|Border]].<ref>http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/en/when.html</ref> This process has alréady begun. * New [[China Central Television]] héadquarters buildings open. * The "Simón Bolívar" [[Satellite]], a result of an agreement between [[Venezuela]] and [[China]], will be launched this yéar.<ref>[http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&language=EN The Year of the Chinese Satellite in Venezuela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304072012/http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7BB227BE8C-156B-468D-9143-EA0A86EAE9AF%7D)&language=EN |date=2008-03-04 }}</ref> * The [[US Navy]] will shoot down a déad [[spy satellite]] before it reenters éarth's atmosphere in late February or éarly March.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080130-AP-satellite.html Dead Spy satellite to enter earth's atmosphere</ref><ref>http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218153926/http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKN1447206620080215 |date=2008-02-18 }} Navy to shoot down dead satellite</ref> === Ongoing events === * [[Iraq War]] * [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] * [[Conflict in Darfur]] * [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] * [[State reform in Belgium|6th Round of the Belgian State Reform]] <center>'''[[List of centuries|Abad]]:''' [[Abad ka-20]] • '''[[Abad ka-21]]''' • [[Abad ka-22]]</center> <center>'''[[List of decades|Dekade]]:''' [[1990-an]] • '''[[2000-an]]''' • [[2010-an]]</center> <center>'''Taun:''' [[2005|◄]] • [[2006]] • [[2007]] • [[2008]] • [[2009]] • [[2010]] • [[2011|►]]</center> <center>'''Dumasar nagara:''' [[2008 dina India|India]] • [[2008 dina Jepang|Jepang]]</center> == Deaths == {{utama|Deaths in 2008}} === January === * [[January 1]] - [[Salvatore Bonanno]], American mobster (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Peter Caffrey]], Irish actor (b. [[1949]]) * [[January 1]] - [[Erich Kästner (World War I veteran)|Erich Kästner]], German veteran of World War I (b. [[1900]]) * [[January 1]] - [[T. Maheswaran|Thiyagarajah Maheswaran]], Sri Lankan Tamil politician (b. [[1960]]) * [[January 2]] - [[Galyani Vadhana]], Thai princess (b. [[1923]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Aleksandr Abdulov]], Russian actor (b. [[1953]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Yo-Sam Choi]], Koréan boxer (b. [[1972]]) * [[January 3]] - [[Werner Dollinger]], German politician (b. [[1918]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Raymond Forni]], French politician (b. [[1941]]) * [[January 5]] - [[Clinton Grybas]], Australian sports commentator (b. [[1975]]) * [[January 6]] - [[Fr. John O'Brien]], Irish priest and musician (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Edward "Buddy" LeRoux]], American businessman (b. [[1930]]) * [[January 7]] - [[Philip Agee]], American spy (b. [[1935]]) * [[January 8]] - [[Moshe Levi]], Israeli military commander (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 9]] - [[John Harvey-Jones]], English businessman (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Christopher Bowman]], American figure skater (b. [[1967]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Andrés Henestrosa]], Mexican writer and politician (b. [[1906]]) * [[January 10]] - [[Maila Nurmi]], Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Edmund Hillary]], New Zéaland mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. [[1919]]) * [[January 11]] - [[Carl Karcher]], American businessman (b. [[1917]]) * [[January 12]] - [[Adriano González León]], Venezuelan poet and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[January 13]] - [[Johnny Podres]], American baseball player (b. [[1932]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Brad Renfro]], American actor (b. [[1982]]) * [[January 15]] - [[Jason MacIntyre]], Scottish racing cyclist (b. [[1973]]) * [[January 16]] - [[Nikola Kljusev]], Macedonian prime minister (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Bobby Fischer]], American-Icelandic chess grandmaster (b. [[1943]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Ernie Holmes]], American football player (b. [[1948]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Allan Melvin]], American actor (b. [[1922]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Georgia Frontiere]], American businesswoman (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 18]] - [[Lois Nettleton]], American actor (b. [[1927]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Don Wittman]], Canadian sportscaster (b. [[1936]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress (b. [[1937]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Frances Lewine]], American journalist (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 19]] - [[Morris Maddocks]], English Anglican priest (b.[[1928]]) * [[January 20]] - [[Louis de Cazenave]], French veteran of World War I (b. [[1897]]) * [[January 22]] - [[Heath Ledger]], Australian actor (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 23]] - [[Andrzej Andrzejewski]], Polish brigadier general (b. [[1961]]) * [[January 24]] - [[Randy Salerno]], American news anchor (b. [[1963]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Anna Loginova]], Russian bodyguard and modél (b. [[1979]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], American Mormon léader (b. [[1910]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Suharto]], 2nd présidént of Indonesia (b. [[1921]]) * [[January 28]] - [[Christodoulos]], Archbishop of Athens (b. [[1939]]) * [[January 29]] - [[Margaret Truman]], American writer (b. [[1924]]) * [[January 30]] - [[Jeremy Beadle]], English television presenter (b. [[1948]]) === February === * [[February 1]] - [[Beto Carrero]], Brazilian businessman (b. [[1937]]) * [[February 1]] - [[Shell Kepler]], American actress (b. [[1958]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Earl Butz]], American government official (b. [[1909]]) * [[February 2]] - [[Barry Morse]], Canadian actor (b. [[1918]]) * [[February 3]] - [[Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)|Sheldon Brown]], American bicycle mechanic (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 4]] - [[Harry Richard Landis]], American World War I veteran (b. [[1899]]) * [[February 5]] - [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], Indian spiritual léader (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 6]] - [[John McWethy]], American print and television journalist (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Tamara Desni]], German-born British actress (b. [[1913]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Hoang Minh Chinh]], Vietnamese politician and dissident (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 7]] - [[Guy Severin]], Russian academician and engineer (b. [[1926]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Chua Ek Kay]], Singaporéan painter (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 8]] - [[Phyllis Whitney]], American mystery writer (b. [[1903]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Jazeh Tabatabai]], Iranian artist and writer (b. [[1931]]) * [[February 9]] - [[Mindrolling Trichen|Trichen Jurme Kunzang Wangyal]], Tibetan spiritual léader (b. [[1930]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Ron Leavitt]], American television producer (b. [[1947]]) * [[February 10]] - [[Roy Scheider]], American actor (b. [[1932]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Alfredo Reinado]], éast Timorese rebel (b. [[1967]]) * [[February 11]] - [[Tom Lantos]], American politician (b. [[1928]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Imad Mugniyah]], Lebanese militant (b. [[1962]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Badri Patarkatsishvili]], Géorgian businessman and politician (b. [[1955]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Kon Ichikawa]], Japanese film director (b. [[1915]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Henri Salvador]], French singer (b. [[1917]]) * [[February 15]] - [[Steve Fossett]], American adventurer (b. [[1944]]) * [[February 18]] - [[Alain Robbe-Grillet]], French writer (b. [[1922]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Natalia Bessmertnova]], Russian ballerina (b. [[1941]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Lydia Shum]], Hong Kong comedian and actress (b. [[1945]]) == Major religious holidays == * [[January 7]] - [[Christmas]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[January 10]] - [[New Year]] by [[Lunar]] calendar, celebrated by Muslims * [[February 5]] - [[Carnival]] ([[Shrove Tuesday]]) * [[February 6]] - [[Ash Wednesday]], observance of [[Lent]] begins * [[February 7]] - [[Chinese New Year]] (also Lunar New Yéar / Spring féstival) * [[March 1]] - [[Saint David's Day]], National holiday of [[Wales]] * [[March 15]] - [[St. Patrick's Day]], celebrated in [[Ireland]], the [[United States]], and most of the English spéaking world. (held on March 15 instéad of the usual 17th to avoid the second day in Holy Week.<ref>{{cite news|title=St Patrick's 'day' moved to 15th|url=http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html|format=|work=[[ireland.com]] Online|publisher=[[Irish Times Trust]]|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2007-07-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121836/http://www.ireland.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0718/breaking85.html |date=2007-09-29 }}</ref>) * [[March 20]] - March [[Equinox]], also known as [[Ostara]] * [[March 20]] - [[Purim]] * [[March 23]] - [[Easter]] Sunday, the éarliest éaster has fallen since [[1913]] * [[March 25]] - [[Holi]] * [[April 20]] - [[Passover]] * [[April 23]] - [[St. George's Day]] * [[April 27]] - [[Pascha]] in éastern [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Ascension of Jesus]] in Western [[Christianity]] * [[May 1]] - [[Beltane]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[May 20]] - [[Vesak]] in [[Buddhism]] * [[June 9]] - [[Shavuot]] * [[June 20]] - June [[Solstice]], also known as [[Midsummer]] or [[Midsummer|Litha]] * [[August 1]] - [[Lammas]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] * [[August 15]] - [[Assumption of Mary]] * [[September 22]] - September [[Equinox]], also known as [[Mabon]] * [[September 30]] - [[Rosh Hashana]] * [[October 2]] - [[Eid ul-Fitr]] * [[October 9]] - [[Yom Kippur]] * [[October 28]] - [[Diwali]] * [[November 1]] - [[Samhain]], a [[Cross-quarter day]] and [[Neopaganism|Neopagan]] new yéar * [[November 30]] - [[St. Andrew's Day]], Scottish national day * [[December 8]] - [[Immaculate Conception]] * [[December 8]] - [[Eid ul-Adha]] * [[December 21]] - [[Hanukkah]] begins at sundown * [[December 21]] - December [[Solstice]], also known as [[Yule]] * [[December 25]] - [[Christmas]] in Western [[Christianity]] <!-- ==Births== --> == 2008 in fiction == === Books === * [[Isaac Asimov]]'s 1955 short story [[Franchise (short story)|Franchise]] takes place in 2008, the premise being that the U.S. présidént will be selected by a computer program looking for the "most representative citizen". * [[John Barnes (author)|John Barnes]], ''Mother of Storms'' (1995) begins with a 2008 UN resolution barring any nation from acquiring nucléar wéapons after June 1, 2008, subject to penalty of preemptive strike. * [[Gregory Benford]]'s books ''The Jupiter War'' and ''The Threads of Time'' are set in 2008. * The [[Galactic Milieu Series]] by [[Julian May]] féatures éarth's first contact with an alien race on June 20, 2008. * In Francis Anderson's 1992 book "Future Undetermined" the UN bans civilians from owning [[handguns]] on March 29. * [[Ian McDonald (author)|Ian McDonald]]'s "Chaga Saga" (''Evolution's Shore'' and ''Kirinya'') begins with the March 13, 2008 impact arrival of the plant form Chaga from outer space. * [[Alan E. Nourse]]'s 1957 book ''Rocket to Limbo'' begins with the March 3, 2008 launch of the starship Argonaut on a centuries-long trip to Alpha Centauri. * ''[[The Mote in God's Eye]]'' (1974) by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] postulates that faster-than-light travel is perfected in 2008. * ''The Next War'', a controversial 1996 novel about the post-Soviet era, co-authored by former U.S. Defense Secretary [[Caspar Weinberger]], looks at a possible 2008 nucléar confrontation between the United States and Russia. === Computer and video games === Set in 2008: * ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'' (2001): Russia attempts to reunite the Soviet Union and invades several éastern Européan countries. The UN intervenes with péacekeeping forces. * ''[[Splinter Cell]]'' series: [[Sam Fisher]] goes undercover. * ''[[Twisted Metal 3]]'' (1998) * ''[[Shattered Union]]'' (2005): U.S. présidént David Jefferson Adams is elected in a sham election, and becomes the most unpopular présidént in U.S. history. * ''[[Resident Evil 5]]'' (2009) * ''[[Mega Man (NES)|Mega Man]]'' * ''[[Devil May Cry 4]]'' === Film === <!-- This is for films that are set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> * ''[[Jason X]]'' ([[Friday the 13th (film series)|''Friday the 13th'' series]], 2002): Mass murderer [[Jason Voorhees]] is captured for the 2nd time and sentenced to déath. Though the US government is unsure how to execute him, an [[electric chair]], a [[gas chamber]], a [[firing squad]], and [[hanging]] are all tried - none of which work. * ''[[The Lake House (film)|The Lake House]]'' (2006): The ending takes place on [[Valentine's Day]], 2008. * ''[[Byousoku 5cm|5 Centimetres Per Second]]'' (2007): The final act takes place in [[Tokyo]] during 2008. * Set in 2008: ** ''[[Silent Running]]'' (1971) ** ''[[Southland Tales]]'' (2007) ** ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (2004) <!-- This is for films that are already set set in 2008, not films that will be released in 2008. --> === Television === * ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' (2003 series finale): The characters meet once again. Dawson is créator of a television series, ''The Creek'', based on his life. * ''[[Futurama]]'' (1999 first episode "[[Space Pilot 3000]]"): Stop N' Drop [[Suicide booth]]s are invented. * The [[List of Doctor Who serials#Series 3 (2007)|2007 series]] of ''[[Doctor Who]]'' Present time (such as [[Smith and Jones (Doctor Who)|Smith and Jones]]) is primarily set in 2008. * The ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' [[anime]] is set to begin in July 2008 with a devastating war resulting in the five continents sinking deep below the séa. * ''[[Doraemon]]'': According to the original [[manga]] story, a [[time machine]] will be invented in 2008. * ''[[Heroes (TV Series)|Heroes]]'': According to the episode [[Out of Time (Heroes)|Out of Time]], the Shanti virus wipes out about 93% of the world's population, from a bréak out in March of 2008. Peter Petrelli accidentally teleports himself and Caitlin to sometime around June 14, 2008, when any survivors in New York City are forcibly evacuated. {{Events by month}} == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.accuracyproject.org/2008calendar.html 2008 Calendar] at Internet Accuracy Project {{Navbox | name = DekadeJeungTaun1 | title = [[Dekade|Dekade]] jeung [[Taun|taun]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | tracking = no | list1 = {{DekadeJeungTaun1|21}} {{Abad}} }} [[Kategori:2008| ]] 9gbfd4oiiovsbvn49ltbxny8xru54rq 0 27827 712941 710264 2026-09-23T11:40:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712941 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Chromosome-upright.png|frame|Diagram kromosom eukariota dina hambalan métafaseu: (1) [[kromatid]] - salah sahiji ti dua bagian kromosom anu idéntik sanggeus [[faseu S]], (2) [[séntromér]] - titik tepungna dua kromatid jeung tempat napelna mikrotubul, (3) leungeun pondok, (4) leungeun panjang.]] '''Kromosom''' nyaéta wangun beundeulan [[DNA]] jeung protéin nu aya di inti [[sél (biologi)|sél]]. Hiji kromosom téh hiji molekul DNA nu ngandung [[gén]], [[sékuéns pangatur|unsur pangatur]], jeung [[sékuéns genetik|sékuéns nukléotida]]. DNA dina ieu kromosom téh dibeungkeut jeung dibeundeul ku protéin pikeun ngatur fungsina. Kromosom téh rupa-rupa kumaha [[organismeu]]na. Molekul DNA-na bisa sirkulér, bisa ogé linéar, sarta diwangun ku puluhan [[kilobasa]] nepi ka ratusan [[mégabasa]] pasangan nukléotida. Hususon sél [[eukariota]] (nu ngandung inti), kromosomna badag linéar, sedengkeun sél [[prokariota]] (nu teu boga inti) mah sirkulér leutik, najan aya ogé hiji-dua nu teu luyu jeung ieu aturan. Dina sél eukariota, aya ogé sél-sél anu ngandung dua tipeu DNA sakaligus, nyaéta sél anu ngandung [[mitokondria]] atawa [[kloroplas]] (nu boga DNA sorangan). Dina eukariota, kromosom inti dibeundeul ku protéin jadi bentuk padet nu disebut [[kromatin]], antukna molekul DNA anu sakitu panjangna téh meujeuh di jero [[inti sél]]. Wangun kromosom jeung kromatin rupa-rupa gumantung mangsa [[daur sél]]. Kromosom bisa aya dina kaayaan digandakeun atawa henteu—kromosom nu teu digandakeun wangunna linéar tunggal, sedengkeun nu digandakeun (disalin nalika faseu S) ngandung dua salinan nu nyambung dina [[séntromér]]. Wangun kromosom anu keur digandakeun mangsa [[mitosis]] jeung [[méiosis]] ngahasilkeun wangun klasik opat leungeun (gambar katuhu). Kecap ''kromosom'' dicokot tina [[basa Yunani]] {{polytonic|χρῶμα}} (''chroma'', kelir) jeung {{polytonic|σῶμα}} (''soma'', awak) dumasar kana kelirna nu teges lamun geus diwarnaan. == Kromosom eukariot == [[Eukariota]] ([[sél (biologi)|sél]] nu boga inti kawas [[tutuwuhan]], [[kapang]], [[sato]]) mibanda sababaraha kromosom linéar nu dikandung dina intina. Unggal kromosom boga hiji [[séntromér]] nu boga hiji atawa dua leungeun. Lian ti éta, eukariot ogé lolobana boga [[DNA mitokondria|génom mitokondria]] anu sirkulér jeung kromosom [[sitoplasma|sitoplasmik]] leutik anu liniér. Dina inti, DNA digulung dina [[histon]] ([[protéin]] struktural) jadi bentuk komposit anu disebut [[kromatin]]. === Kromatin === [[Gambar:Chromatin Structures.png|thumb|right|350px|Wangun utama gulungan DNA; [[DNA]], [[nukléosom]], serat "beads-on-a-string" 10 nm, serat 30 nm, jeung kromosom [[métafaseu]].]] Kromatin téh kompléks DNA jeung protéin anu aya dina inti eukariota nu ngabungkus kromosom. Aya rupa-rupa wangun kromatin, gumantung kana hambalan [[daur sél]]na. ==== Kromatin interfaseu ==== Dina [[interfaseu]] (mangsa sél teu keur meulah manéh), urang bisa ngabédakeun dua tipeu [[kromatin]]: * [[Eukromatin]]: ngandung DNA nu aktif (nyandi protéin). * [[Hétérokromatin]]: ngandung DNA nu lolobana teu aktif, gedé kamungkinanana boga fungsi struktural dina hambalan kromosomal. Salajengna, hétérokromatin dibédakeun jadi dua tipeu: ** ''Hétérokromatin konstitutif'' nu teu kungsi diéksprésikeun. Perenahna aya di sabudeureun séntromér sarta biasana ngandung sekuéns ulangan. ** ''Hétérokromatin fakultatif'' nu kadangkala diéksprésikeun. Kromosom teu bisa dibédakeun dina ieu hambalan, sabab dina inti nyampur jeung protéin.<!-- ====Metaphase chromatin and division==== {{seealso|mitosis|meiosis}} [[Image:HumanChromosomesChromomycinA3.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Human chromosomes during [[metaphase]].]] In the early stages of mitosis or meiosis (cell division), the chromatin strands become more and more condensed. They cease to function as accessible genetic material ([[Transcription (genetics)|transcription]] stops) and become a compact transportable form. This compact form makes the individual chromosomes visible, and they form the classic four arm structure, a pair of sister [[chromatids]] attached to each other at the [[centromere]]. The shorter arms are called ''p arms'' (from the [[French language|French]] ''petit'', small) and the longer arms are called ''q arms'' (''q'' follows ''p'' in the Latin alphabet). This is the only natural context in which individual chromosomes are visible with an optical [[microscope]]. During divisions long [[microtubule]]s attach to the centromere and the two opposite ends of the cell. The microtubules then pull the chromatids apart, so that each daughter cell inherits one set of chromatids. Once the cells have divided, the chromatids are uncoiled and can function again as chromatin. In spite of their appearance, chromosomes are structurally highly condensed which enables these giant DNA structures to be contained within a cell nucleus (Fig. 2). The self assembled microtubules form the spindle, which attaches to chromosomes at specialized structures called kinetochores, one of which is present on each sister [[chromatid]]. A special DNA base sequence in the region of the kinetochores provides, along with special proteins, longer-lasting attachment in this region. --> == Kromosom manusa == Sél manusa bosa 23 pasang kromosom inti linéar, antukna sasélna aya 46, ditambah [[génom mitokondria|DNA mitokondria]] anu jumlahna ratusan. [[Sékuénsing DNA|Sékuénsing]] génom manusa geus mébérkeun rupa-rupa émbaran nu bisa ditalungtik ti unggal kromosom. Di handap ieu dibéréndélkeun statistik masing-masing kromosom dumasar kana laporan [[Sanger Institute]] dina gudang data Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA)<ref>http://vega.sanger.ac.uk/Homo_sapiens/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060412174840/http://vega.sanger.ac.uk/Homo_sapiens/index.html |date=2006-04-12 }} Sakabéh data dina ieu tabél disalin ti ieu gudang data, 7 Juli 7 2007.</ref>. Jumlah gén dikira-kira dumasar [[prédiksi gén]], kitu ogé panjang kromosomna. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |- ! Kromosom !! [[Gén]] !! Total [[Nukléobasa|basa]] !! Basa geus disékuéns<ref>Perséntaseu nu geus disékuéns dumasar kana babagian eukromatin, sabab [[Human Genome Project]] ngarah bagian eukromatinna wungkul. Bagian [[telomér]], [[séntromér]], jeung [[hétérokromatin]] henteu dipaliré ku sababaraha alesan. Buka http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/seq/ pikeun émbaran leuwih lengkep ngeunaan Human Genome Project.</ref> |- | [[Kromosom 1 (manusa)|1]] || 3,148 || 247.200.000 || 224.999.719 |- | [[Kromosom 2 (manusa)|2]] || 902 || 242.750.000 || 237.712.649 |- | [[Kromosom 3 (manusa)|3]] || 1.436 || 199.450.000 || 194.704.827 |- | [[Kromosom 4 (manusa)|4]] || 453 || 191.260.000 || 187.297.063 |- | [[Kromosom 5 (manusa)|5]] || 609 || 180.840.000 || 177.702.766 |- | [[Kromosom 6 (manusa)|6]] || 1.585 || 170.900.000 || 167.273.992 |- | [[Kromosom 7 (manusa)|7]] || 1.824 || 158.820.000 || 154.952.424 |- | [[Kromosom 8 (manusa)|8]] || 781 || 146.270.000 || 142.612.826 |- | [[Kromosom 9 (manusa)|9]] || 1.229 || 140.440.000 || 120.312.298 |- | [[Kromosom 10 (manusa)|10]] || 1.312 || 135.370.000 || 131.624.737 |- | [[Kromosom 11 (manusa)|11]] || 405 || 134.450.000 || 131.130.853 |- | [[Kromosom 12 (manusa)|12]] || 1.330 || 132.290.000 || 130.303.534 |- | [[Kromosom 13 (manusa)|13]] || 623 || 114.130.000 || 95.559.980 |- | [[Kromosom 14 (manusa)|14]] || 886 || 106.360.000 || 88.290.585 |- | [[Kromosom 15 (manusa)|15]] || 676 || 100.340.000 || 81.341.915 |- | [[Kromosom 16 (manusa)|16]] || 898 || 88.820.000 || 78.884.754 |- | [[Kromosom 17 (manusa)|17]] || 1.367 || 78.650.000 || 77.800.220 |- | [[Kromosom 18 (manusa)|18]] || 365 || 76.120.000 || 74.656.155 |- | [[Kromosom 19 (manusa)|19]] || 1.553 || 63.810.000 || 55.785.651 |- | [[Kromosom 20 (manusa)|20]] || 816 || 62.440.000 || 59.505.254 |- | [[Kromosom 21 (manusa)|21]] || 446 || 46.940.000 || 34.171.998 |- | [[Kromosom 22 (manusa)|22]] || 595 || 49.530.000 || 34.893.953 |- | [[Kromosom X|X (kromosom séks)]] || 1.093 || 154.910.000 || 151.058.754 |- | [[Kromosom Y|Y (kromosom séks)]] || 125 || 57.740.000 || 22.429.293 |} == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Chromosome|Chromosome]]''. Wikipédia basa Inggris. Disalin 04 Juli 2008. {{reflist|2}} == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/disorders/karyotype/ What Can Our Chromosomes Tell Us?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707160328/http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/disorders/karyotype/karyotype.cfm |date=2007-07-07 }} Pedaran munel ngeunaan kromosom ti Genetic Science Léarning Center, University of Utah * [http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/disorders/karyotype/karyotype.cfm Try making a karyotype yourself] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707160328/http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/disorders/karyotype/karyotype.cfm |date=2007-07-07 }}, ti Genetic Science Léarning Center, University of Utah * [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Chromosomes.html Kimballs Chromosome pages] * [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/categories/index/genome/chromosomes.php Chromosome News from Genome News Network] * [http://www.chromosomehelpstation.com/eurochromnet.htm Eurochromnet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041210120428/http://www.chromosomehelpstation.com/eurochromnet.htm |date=2004-12-10 }}, Européan network for Rare Chromosome Disorders on the Internet * [http://www.ensembl.org Ensembl Project] midangkeun kromosom, génna, jeung lokus-lokusna sacara grafis * [https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/index.html Genographic Project] * [http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ghr/chromosomes Chromosomes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015222524/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ghr/chromosomes |date=2014-10-15 }} {{pondok}} h3e8hsgvose45gqf2gtxw2bew6xmeik 0 28493 712921 680968 2026-09-23T09:41:06Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712921 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- {{Chembox new | Name = Carbon monoxide | ImageFileL1 = Carbon monoxide 2D.svg | ImageSizeL1 = 100px | ImageNameL1 = Structure of the carbon monoxide molecule | ImageFileR1 = Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png | ImageSizeR1 = 120px | ImageNameR1 = Space-filling model of the carbon monoxide molecule | IUPACName = Carbon monoxide | OtherNames = Carbonic oxide | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 630-08-0 | RTECS = FG3500000 }} | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Formula = CO | MolarMass = 28.0101 g/mol | Appearance = Colourless, odorless gas | Density = 0.789 g/cm³, liquid<br />1.250 g/L at 0°C, 1 atm.<br />1.145 g/L at 25°C, 1 atm.<br />([[lighter than air]]) | Solubility = 0.0026 g/100 mL (20 °C) | MeltingPt = -205 °C (68 K) | BoilingPt = -192 °C (81 K) | Dipole = 0.112 [[Debye|D]] (3.74×10⁻³¹ C·m) }} | Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards | FlashPt = Flammable gas | EUClass = Highly flammable ('''F+''')<br />Repr. Cat. 1<br />Toxic ('''T''') | NFPA-H = 4 | NFPA-F = 4 | NFPA-R = | RPhrases = {{R12}}, {{R23}}, {{R33}}, {{R48}}, {{R61}} | SPhrases = {{S9}}, {{S16}}, {{S33}}, {{S45}}, {{S53}} }} | Section8 = {{Chembox Related | Function = oxides | OtherFunctn = [[carbon dioxide]]; [[carbon suboxide]]; [[dicarbon monoxide]]; [[carbon trioxide]] }} }}--> '''Karbon monoksida''' ([[rumus kimia]]na [[karbon|C]][[oksigén|O]]) nyaéta [[sanyawa kimia]] anu diwangun ku hiji [[atom]] [[karbon]] nu [[beungkeut kimia|meungkeut]] hiji atom [[oksigén]] ku dua [[beungkeut kovalén]] jeung hiji [[beungkeut kovalén koordinat]]. Ieu [[gas]] nu tanpa warna, tanpa bau, jeung tanpa rasa téh mangrupa sanyawa karbon anorganik. Ieu sanyawa dihasilkeun tina [[durukan]] parsial sanyawaan nu ngandung karbon, utamana dina [[mesin durukan-internal]]. Mun diduruk sampurna, ieu sanyawaan bakal jadi [[karbon dioksida]]. Najan [[toksisitas]]na matak bahya, CO penting pisan pikeun téhnologi modéren salaku prékursor rupa-rupa produk. == Produksi == Ku penting-pentingna, kiwari geus aya rupa-rupa cara ngahasilkeun karbon monoksida<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.</ref>. '''[[Gas produsén]]''' dibentuk ku cara ngaduruk karbon dina oksigén dina suhu anu luhur. Dina oven, udara diasupkeun kana tumpukan [[batu bara]]. Hasil antarana nu mangrupa CO₂ ngimbangan karbon panas leuwihna antukna jadi CO. [[Réaksi kimia|Réaksi]] O₂ jeung karbon nu ngahasilkeun CO katelahna kasatimbangan Boudouard. Dina suhu leuwih ti 800&nbsp;°C, CO jadi produk dominan: :O₂ + 2 C → 2 CO :ΔH = -221 kJ/mol <!-- '''[[Syngas|Synthesis gas]]''' or '''[[Water gas]]''' is produced via the endothermic reaction of [[steam]] and carbon: :H₂O + C → H₂ + CO :ΔH = 131 kJ/mol CO also is a byproduct of the reduction of metal oxide ores with carbon, shown in a simplified form as follows: :MO + C → M + CO :ΔH = 131 kJ/mol Since CO is a gas, the reduction process can be driven by heating, exploiting the positive (favorable) [[entropy]] of reaction. The [[Ellingham diagram]] shows that CO formation is favored over CO₂ in high temperatures. CO is the [[anhydride]] of [[formic acid]]. As such it is conveniently produced by the dehydration of formic acid, for example with [[sulfuric acid]]. Another laboratory preparation for carbon monoxide entails heating an intimate mixture of powdered [[zinc]] metal and [[calcium carbonate]]. :Zn + CaCO₃ → [[zinc oxide|ZnO]] + [[calcium oxide|CaO]] + CO Another laborotory method to generate CO is reacting [[sucrose]] and [[sodium hydroxide]] in a closed system. ==Structure== The CO molecule is characterized by a [[chemical bond|bond]] length of 0.1128 [[nanometre|nm]].<ref name=gilliam>{{cite journal | author = O. R. Gilliam, C. M. Johnson and W. Gordy | title = Microwave Spectroscopy in the Region from Two to Three Millimeters | year = 1950 | journal = [[Physical Review]] | volume = 78 | issue = 2 | pages = 140 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.78.140}}</ref> [[Formal charge]] and [[electronegativity]] difference cancel each other out. The result is a small dipole moment with its negative end on the carbon atom<ref>{{cite book | author = W. Kutzelnigg | title = Einführung in die Theoretische Chemie | publisher = Wiley-VCH | isbn = 3-527-30609-9}}</ref>. The reason for this, despite oxygen's greater electronegativity, is that the highest occupied molecular orbital has an energy much closer to that of carbon's p orbitals, meaning that greater electron density is found near the carbon. In addition, carbon's lower electronegativity creates a much more diffuse electron cloud, enhancing the dipole moment. This is also the reason that almost all chemistry involving carbon monoxide occurs through the carbon atom, and not the oxygen. The molecule's bond length is consistent with a partial triple bond. The molecule has a small [[Bond dipole moment|dipole moment]] and can be represented by three resonance structures: :[[Image:Carbon Monoxide(png).svg|300px]] ==Principal chemical reactions== ===Industrial uses=== Carbon monoxide is a major [[industrial gas]] that has many applications in bulk chemicals manufacturing.<ref>Elschenbroich, C.;Salzer, A. ”Organometallics : A Concise Introduction” (2nd Ed) Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2006. ISBN 3-527-28165-7</ref> High volume [[aldehydes]] are produced by the [[hydroformylation]] reaction of [[alkene]]s, CO, and H₂. In one of many applications of this technology, hydroformylation is coupled to the [[Shell Higher Olefin Process]] to give precursors to [[detergent]]s. [[Methanol]] is produced by the [[hydrogenation]] of CO. In a related reaction, the hydrogenation of CO is coupled to C-C bond formation, as in the [[Fischer-Tropsch process]] where CO is hydrogenated to liquid hydrocarbon fuels. This technology allows [[coal]] to be converted to petrol. In the [[Monsanto process]], carbon monoxide and [[methanol]] react in the presence of a homogeneous [[rhodium]] [[catalyst]] and HI to give [[acetic acid]]. This process is responsible for most of the industrial production of [[acetic acid]]. Carbon monoxide is a principle component of [[syngas]], which is often used for industrial power. Carbon monoxide(CO) is also used in industrial scale operations for purifying [[Nickel]]. It is a precursor for a corrosion process called [[Mond process|Mond Process]]. ===Coordination chemistry=== {{main|metal carbonyl}} [[Image:Carbon-monoxide-HOMO-phase-3D-balls.png|thumb|right|150px|The [[HOMO/LUMO|HOMO]] of CO is a σ [[molecular orbital|MO]]]] [[Image:Carbon-monoxide-LUMO-phase-3D-balls.png|thumb|right|150px|The [[HOMO/LUMO|LUMO]] of CO is a π* [[antibonding]] [[molecular orbital|MO]]]] Most metals form [[coordination complex]]es containing covalently attached carbon monoxide. Only those in lower oxidation states will complex with carbon monoxide [[ligands]]. This is because there must be sufficient electron density to facilitate back donation from the metal d_xz-orbital, to the π* [[molecular orbital]] from CO. The lone pair on the carbon atom in CO, also donates electron density to the d_x²−y² on the metal to form a [[sigma bond]]. In [[nickel carbonyl]], Ni(CO)₄ forms by the direct combination of carbon monoxide and [[nickel]] metal at room temperature. For this reason, nickel in any tubing or part must not come into prolonged contact with carbon monoxide (corrosion). [[Nickel carbonyl]] decomposes readily back to Ni and CO upon contact with hot surfaces, and this method was once used for the industrial purification of [[nickel]] in the [[Mond process]].<ref>{{cite journal | author= Mond L, Langer K, Quincke F| title= Action of carbon monoxide on nickel| journal=Journal of the Chemical Society | year=1890| pages=749–753 | doi = 10.1039/CT8905700749| volume= 57}}</ref> In nickel carbonyl and other carbonyls, the electron pair on the carbon interacts with the metal; the carbon monoxide donates the electron pair to the metal. In these situations, carbon monoxide is called the '''carbonyl''' [[ligand]]. One of the most important metal carbonyls is [[iron pentacarbonyl]], Fe(CO)₅: [[Image:IronPentacarbonylStructure.png|150px|Structure of iron pentacarbonyl]] [[Image:Iron-pentacarbonyl-3D-balls.png|120px|Iron pentacarbonyl]] Many metal-CO complexes are prepared by decarbonylation of organic solvents, not from CO. For instance, [[iridium(III) chloride|iridium trichloride]] and [[triphenylphosphine]] react in boiling [[methoxyethanol]] or [[dimethylformamide|DMF]]) to afford [[Vaska's complex|IrCl(CO)(PPh<SUB>3</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>]]. ===Organic and main group chemistry=== In the presence of strong acids and water, carbon monoxide reacts with [[olefins]] to form [[carboxylic acids]] in a process known as the Koch-Haaf reaction.<ref>{{OrgSynth | author = Koch, H.; Haaf, W. | title = 1-Adamantanecarboxylic Acid | year = 1973 | collvol = 5 | collvolpages = 20 | prep = cv5p0020}}</ref> In the [[Gattermann-Koch reaction]], [[Aromatic hydrocarbon|arenes]] are converted to [[benzaldehyde]] derivatives in the presence of [[aluminium chloride|AlCl₃]] and [[hydrogen chloride|HCl]].<ref>{{OrgSynth | title = ''p''-Tolualdehyde | author = G. H. Coleman, David Craig | collvol = 2 | collvolpages = 583 | year = 1943 | prep = cv2p0583}}</ref> Organolithium compounds, e.g. [[butyl lithium]] react with CO, but this reaction enjoys little use. Although CO reacts with [[carbocation]]s and [[carbanion]]s, it is relatively unreactive toward organic compounds without the intervention of metal catalysts.<ref>Chatani, N.; Murai, S. "Carbon Monoxide" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. {{doi|10.1002/047084289}}</ref> With main group reagents, CO undergoes several noteworthy reactions. [[Chlorination]] of CO is the industrial route to the important compound [[phosgene]]. With [[borane]] CO forms an adduct, H₃BCO, which is isoelectronic with the [[acylium]] cation [H₃CCO]⁺. CO reacts with [[sodium]] to give products resulting from C-C coupling such as Na₂C₂O₂ (sodium acetylenediolate), and [[potassium]] to give K₂C₂O₂ (potassium acetylenediolate) and K₂C₆O₆ (potassium rhodizonate). ==Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere== [[Image:Mopitt first year carbon monoxide.jpg|thumb|240px|[[MOPITT]] 2000 global carbon monoxide ]] Carbon monoxide, though thought of as a pollutant today, has always been present in the atmosphere, chiefly as a product of [[volcano|volcanic activity]]. It occurs dissolved in molten volcanic rock at high [[pressure]]s in the earth's [[mantle (geology)|mantle]]. Carbon monoxide contents of volcanic gases vary from less than 0.01% to as much as 2% depending on the volcano. It also occurs naturally in [[bushfire]]s. Because natural sources of carbon monoxide are so variable from year to year, it is extremely difficult to accurately measure natural emissions of the gas. Carbon monoxide has an indirect radiative forcing effect by elevating concentrations of [[methane]] and [[troposphere|tropospheric]] [[ozone]] through chemical reactions with other atmospheric constituents (e.g., the [[hydroxyl]] [[Radical (chemistry)|radical]], OH^'''.''') that would otherwise destroy them. Through natural processes in the atmosphere, it is eventually oxidized to [[carbon dioxide]]. Carbon monoxide concentrations are both short-lived in the atmosphere and spatially variable. Anthropogenic CO from automobile and industrial emissions may contribute to the [[greenhouse effect]] and global warming. In urban areas carbon monoxide, along with [[aldehydes]], reacts photochemically to produce [[peroxy]] radicals. Peroxy radicals react with [[nitrogen oxide]] to increase the ratio of NO₂ to NO, which reduces the quantity of NO that is available to react with [[ozone]]. Carbon monoxide is also a constituent of tobacco smoke. ==Carbon monoxide in the cigarette== Over 4000 chemical compounds are created when a cigarette burns, many of which are toxic and/or carcinogenic. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia are all present in cigarette smoke.<ref>http://quitsmoking.about.com/cs/nicotineinhaler/a/cigingredients.htm</ref> ==Role in physiology and food== Carbon monoxide is used in [[modified atmosphere]] packaging systems in the US, mainly with fresh meat products such as beef and pork. The CO combines with [[myoglobin]] to form carboxymyoglobin, a bright cherry red pigment. Carboxymyoglobin is more stable than the oxygenated form of myoglobin, oxymyoglobin, which can become oxidized to the brown pigment, metmyoglobin. This stable red colour can persist much longer than in normally packaged meat, giving the appearance of freshness.<ref name="Meatsci1999_SORHEIM">{{cite journal | author=Sorheim, S, Nissena, H, Nesbakken, T | title=The storage life of beef and pork packaged in an atmosphere with low carbon monoxide and high carbon dioxide | journal=Journal of Meat Science | year=1999 | pages=157–64 | volume=52 | issue=2 | doi = 10.1016/S0309-1740(98)00163-6}}</ref> Typical levels of CO used are 0.4% to 0.5%. The technology was first given [[generally recognized as safe]] status by the [[FDA]] in 2002 for use as a secondary packaging system. In 2004 the FDA approved CO as primary packaging method, declaring that CO does not mask spoilage odour.<ref name="Meatsci2005_eilert">{{cite journal | author=Eilert EJ | title=New packaging technologies for the 21st century | journal=Journal of Meat Science | year=2005 | pages=122–27 | volume=71 | issue=1 | doi = 10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.04.003}}</ref> Despite this ruling, the technology remains controversial in the US for fears that it is deceptive and masks spoilage.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.foodsafetymagazine.com/article.asp?id=644&sub=sub1 | title = Low-Oxygen Packaging with CO: A Study in Food Politics That Warrants Peer Review| accessdate = 2007-04-18}}</ref> One reaction in the body produces CO. Carbon monoxide is produced naturally as a breakdown of [[heme]] (which is one of [[hemoglobin]] moieties), a substrate for the enzyme [[heme oxygenase]]. The enzymatic reaction results in breakdown of heme to CO, biliverdin and Fe³⁺ radical. The endogenously produced CO may have important physiological roles in the body (eg as a [[neurotransmitter]] or a blood vessels relaxant). In addition CO regulates inflammatory reactions in a manner that prevents the development of several diseases such as atherosclerosis or severe malaria. CO is a nutrient for [[methanogen]]ic bacteria,<ref>{{cite journal | author = R. K. Thauer | title = Biochemistry of methanogenesis: a tribute to Marjory Stephenson. 1998 Marjory Stephenson Prize Lecture | year = 1998 | journal = [[Microbiology]] | volume = 144 | issue = 9 | pages = 2377–2406 | url = http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/144/9/2377 | format = Free}}</ref> a building block for acetyl[[coenzyme A]]. This theme is the subject for the emerging field of [[bioorganometallic chemistry]]. In bacteria, CO is produced via the reduction of carbon dioxide via the enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, an Fe-Ni-S-containing protein.<ref>{{cite book | title = Bioorganometallics: Biomolecules, Labeling, Medicine | author = Jaouen, G., Ed. | publisher = Wiley-VCH | location = Weinheim | year = 2006 | isbn = 3-527-30990-X}}</ref> A haeme-based CO-sensor protein, CooA, is known.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Roberts, G. P.; Youn, H.; Kerby, R. L. | title = CO-Sensing Mechanisms | journal = Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews | year = 2004 | volume = 68 | pages = 453–473 | doi = 10.1128/MMBR.68.3.453-473.2004 | pmid = 15353565}}</ref> The scope of its biological role is still unclear, it is apparently part of a signaling pathway in bacteria and archaea, but its occurrence in mammals is not established. CO is also currently being studied in several research laboratories throughout the world for its anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties that can be used therapeutically to prevent the development of a series of pathologic conditions such as ischemia reperfusion injury, transplant rejection, atherosclerosis, sepsis, severe malaria or autoimmunity. There are yet no clinical applications of CO in humans. ==History== Carbon monoxide was first prepared by the [[France|French]] [[chemist]] de Lassone in 1776 by heating [[zinc oxide]] with [[Coke (fuel)|coke]]. He mistakenly concluded that the gaseous product was [[hydrogen]] as it burned with a blue flame. The gas was identified as a compound containing [[carbon]] and [[oxygen]] by the English chemist [[William Cumberland Cruikshank]] in the year 1800. The toxic properties of CO were first thoroughly investigated by the French physiologist [[Claude Bernard]] around 1846. He poisoned dogs with the gas, and noticed that their blood was more ''rutilant'' in all the vessels. 'Rutilant' is a French word, but also has an entry in English dictionaries, meaning ruddy, shimmering, or golden. However, it was translated at the time as crimson, scarlet, and now is famously known as 'cherry pink'. During [[World War II]], carbon monoxide was used to keep [[motor vehicle]]s running in parts of the world where [[gasoline]] was scarce. External charcoal or wood [[Wood gas generator|burners]] were fitted, and the carbon monoxide produced by [[gasification]] was piped to the [[carburetor]]. The CO in this case is known as "[[wood gas]]". Carbon monoxide was also reportedly used on a small scale during [[the Holocaust]] at some [[Extermination camps in the Holocaust|Nazi extermination camp]]s, and in the [[Action T4]] "[[euthanasia]]" program. ==Source concentrations== * 0.1 ppm - natural background atmosphere level ([[MOPITT]]) * 0.5 to 5 ppm - average background level in homes<ref name="EPA_CO">{{cite web | title = Basic Information : Carbon Monoxide | url=http://www.epa.gov/iaq/co.html | accessdate = 2007-12-01 }}</ref> * 5 to 15 ppm - levels near properly adjusted gas stoves in homes<ref name="EPA_CO"/> * 100-200 ppm - Mexico City central area from autos etc.<ref name="Fred_1">{{cite book | last = Singer | first = Siegfried Fred | title = The Changing Global Environment | pages = pp. 90 | month = March | date = 1975 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Ww3DnCF_KZcC&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=%22carbon+monoxide%22+ppm+concentration+traffic+%22mexico+city%22&source=web&ots=SzIyYgUxWh&sig=ZM4p8whF1mtj1kE3XSx1YUx70zw#PPA90,M1 | isbn = 9789027704023 }}</ref> * 5,000 ppm - chimney of a home wood fire <ref name=Alaska_CO> {{cite web | last = Gosink | first = Tom | title = What Do Carbon Monoxide Levels Mean? | work = Alaska Science Forum | publisher = Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks | date = 1983-01-28 | url = http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF5/588.html | format = HTML | accessdate = 2007-12-01 }} </ref> * 7,000 ppm - undiluted warm car exhaust - without catalytic converter<ref name=Alaska_CO/> * 30,000 ppm - undiluted cigarette smoke<ref name=Alaska_CO/> ==Toxicity== {{main|Carbon monoxide poisoning}} Carbon monoxide is a significantly toxic gas and has no odor or color. It is the most common type of fatal poisoning in many countries.<ref name="Toxicology2002-omaye">{{cite journal | author=Omaye ST. | title=Metabolic modulation of carbon monoxide toxicity | journal=Toxicology | year=2002 | pages=139–50 | volume=180 | issue=2 | doi = 10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00387-6}}</ref> Exposures can lead to significant toxicity of the [[central nervous system]] and [[heart]]. Following poisoning, long-term [[sequela]]e often occur. Carbon monoxide can also have severe effects on the [[baby]] of a pregnant woman. Symptoms of mild poisoning include headaches and dizziness at concentrations less than 100 ppm. Concentrations as low as 667 ppm can cause up to 50% of the body's haemoglobin to be converted to [[Carboxyhaemoglobin|carboxy-haemoglobin (HbCO)]]. Carboxy-haemoglobin is quite stable but this change is reversible. Carboxy-haemoglobin is ineffective for delivering oxygen, resulting in some body parts not receiving oxygen needed. As a result, exposures of this level can be life-threatening. In the United States, [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] limits long-term workplace exposure levels to 50 ppm. The mechanisms by which carbon monoxide produces toxic effects are not yet fully understood, but [[haemoglobin]], [[myoglobin]], and mitochondrial [[cytochrome oxidase]] are thought to be compromised. Treatment largely consists of administering 100% [[oxygen]] or [[hyperbaric oxygen]] therapy, although the optimum treatment remains controversial.<ref name="ToxicolRev2005-buckley">{{cite journal | author=Buckley NA, Isbister GK, Stokes B, Juurlink DN. | title=Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning : a systematic review and critical analysis of the evidence | journal=Toxicol Rev | year=2005 | pages=75–92 | volume=24 | issue=2 | pmid = 16180928 | url=http://toxicology.adisonline.com/pt/re/tox/abstract.00139709-200524020-00002.htm | format = Abstract}}</ref> Domestic carbon monoxide poisoning can be prevented by the use of household [[carbon monoxide detector]]s. --> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.infowars.com] * [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc00/icsc0023.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0023] * [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/19.html National Pollutant Inventory - Carbon Monoxide] * [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0105.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] * {{PubChemLink|281}} * [http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/airairpocarbonmonoxide.html United States Environmental Protection Agency Carbon Monoxide page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040204005114/http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/airairpocarbonmonoxide.html |date=2004-02-04 }} * [http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/CA/carbon_monoxide.html External MSDS data sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516154404/http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/CA/carbon_monoxide.html |date=2006-05-16 }} * [http://www.carbonmonoxidekills.com Carbon Monoxide Kills Awareness Campaign Site] * [http://www.rccostello.com/copure.html Carbon Monoxide Purification Process] * [http://zenstoves.net/COHazard.htm Carbon Monoxide Hazards with Backpacking Stoves] * [http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/Guidelines/fdabulletin16b.htm USFDA IMPORT BULLETIN 16B-95, May 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716235246/http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/Guidelines/fdabulletin16b.htm |date=2012-07-16 }} * [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~rdb/opa-g083.html FDA Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000083] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411093732/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~rdb/opa-g083.html |date=2007-04-11 }} * [http://www.co-meat.com/background.html Carbon Monoxide in Fresh Meat site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325124351/http://www.co-meat.com/background.html |date=2007-03-25 }} * [http://www.carbonmonoxide.net Carbon Monoxide Network & Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914032703/http://www.carbonmonoxide.net/ |date=2008-09-14 }} * [http://mattson.creighton.edu/CO/index.html Microscale Gas Chemistry Experiments with Carbon Monoxide] * Reséarch on the therapeutic effects of CO [http://www.igc.gulbenkian.pt/research/unit/43 (Gulbenkian Science Institute)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915072631/http://www.igc.gulbenkian.pt/research/unit/43 |date=2008-09-15 }} * [http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/cb/Volume/2007/11/Dont_blame_the_messenger.asp Instant insight] pedaran fisiologi karbon monoksida ti [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Oksida]] [[Kategori:Sanyawa karbon anorganik]] [[Kategori:Sanyawa anorganik]] [[Kategori:Polutan udara]] [[Kategori:Toksikologi]] [[Kategori:Gas]] lkypkvsd6jsyevmoctngkhj4ln5b8am 0 28879 712911 650723 2026-09-23T07:59:03Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Jaringao | image = Acorus calamus1.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Jaringao | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Acorales]] | familia = [[Acoraceae]] | genus = ''[[Acorus]]'' | species = '''''A. calamus''''' | binomial = ''Acorus calamus'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Jaringao''' (''Acorus calamus'') nyaéta [[tutuwuhan]] ti kulawarga [[Acoraceae]], genus [[Acorus]].<ref name=”Priyadi”>{{Cite book | title = Five Hundred Plant Species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java: A Checklist Including Sundanese Names, Distribution, and Use| last = Hari Priyadi, Gen Takao, Irma Rahmawati, Bambang Supriyanto, Wim Ikbal Nursal, Ismail Rahman| first =Priyadi | publisher =CIFOR | location =Bogor| year =2010|ISBN=9786028693226 }}</ref> Tangkalna jangkung, tumuwuh di taneuh baseuh atawa [[ranca]], watekna [[tangkal taunan|taunan]] jeung [[monokotil]]. [[Rhizoma]]na sok dipaké pikeun ubar (tina bauna), tapi bisa ogé dipaké salaku [[ubat psikoaktif|ubar psikotropika]]. Asalna bisa jadi ti [[India]], tapi kiwari geus sumebar ka sakuliah dunya, kayaning [[Éropa]], [[Rusia]], [[Asia Alit]], [[Australia]], [[Kanada]], [[Amérika Serikat|AS]], jeung [[Sibéria]] kidul. Geus puguh ari ka tatar Asia mah, kayaning wewengkon [[Asia Tenggara]], [[Cina]], jeung [[Jepang]].<ref name=”Priyadi”/> <!-- ==Botanical information== The [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] distinction between the ''Acorus'' species is made by the number of prominent [[leaf]] veins. ''Acorus calamus'' has a single prominent midvein and then on both sides slightly raised secondary veins (with a diameter less than half the midvein) and many, fine tertiary veins. This makes it clearly distinct from ''Acorus americanus''. The leaves are between 0.7 and 1.7 cm wide, with average of 1 cm. The sympodial leaf of ''Acorus calamus'' is somewhat shorter than the vegetative leaves. The margin is curly-edged or undulate. The [[spadix]], at the time of expansion, can reach a length between 4.9 and 8.9 cm (longer than ''A. americanus''). The flowers are longer too, between 3 and 4 mm. ''Acorus calamus'' is infertile and shows an abortive [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] with a shriveled appearance. == Chemistry == Both triploid and tetraploid calamus contain [[asarone]], but diploid does not contain any. == Regulations == Calamus and products derived from calamus (such as its oil) were banned in 1968 as food additives and medicines by the [[United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]]. == Usage == Calamus has been an item of trade in many cultures for thousands of years. Calamus has been used medicinally for a wide variety of ailments and its smell makes calamus essential oil valued in the perfume industry<ref>[http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/s/sedges39.html botanical.com - A Modern Herbal | Sedge, Sweet</ref>. In antiquity in the Orient and Egypt, the rhizome was thought to be a powerful aphrodisiac. In Europe ''Acorus calamus'' was often added to wine, and the root is also one of the possible ingredients of [[absinthe]]. Among the northern Native Americans, it is used both medicinally and as a [[stimulant]]; in addition, the root is thought{{who}} to have been used as an [[entheogen]] among the northern Native Americans. In high doses, it is [[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants|hallucinogenic]]. [[Image:Illustration Acorus calamus0.jpg|thumb|right|250px|illustration from an 1885 flora]] == Cultural symbolism == The calamus has long been a symbol of male love. The name is associated with a Greek myth: [[Kalamos]], a son of the river-god [[Maeander]], who loved [[Karpos]], the son of [[Zephyrus]] and [[Chloris]]. When Karpos drowned, Kalamos was transformed into a reed, whose rustling in the wind was interpreted as a sigh of lamentation. The plant was a favorite of [[Henry David Thoreau]] (who called it sweet flag), and also of [[Walt Whitman]], who added a section called the "[[Calamus (poem)|Calamus]]" poems, possibly celebrating his love of men, to the third edition of ''[[Leaves of Grass]]'' (1860). In the poems the calamus is used as a symbol of love, lust, and affection. It has been suggested that the symbology derives from the visual resemblance of the spadix to the erect human penis. The name ''Sweet Flag'' refers to its sweet scent (it has been used as a [[strewing herb]]) and the wavy edges of the leaves which are supposed to resemble a fluttering flag. In Japan, the plant is a symbol of the [[samurai]]'s bravery because of its sharp sword-like leaves. Even now many families with young boys enjoy "Sweet Flag Bath (shōbu yu)" in the [[Kodomo_no_hi|Boy's Festival]] (Tango no Sekku) on [[May 5]]. Also, the legendary Japanese sword [[Kusanagi]] was said to resemble a calamus. ==Etymology of the word Calamus== [[Cognate]]s of the [[Latin]] word ''Calamus'' are found in both [[Greek language|Greek]] (''[[kalamos]]'', meaning "reed") and [[Sanskrit]] (''kalama'', meaning "reed" and "pen" as well as a sort of rice) &mdash; strong evidence that the word is older than all three languages and exists in their parent language, [[Proto-Indo European]]. The [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''qalam'' (meaning "pen") is likely to have been borrowed from one of these languages in antiquity, or directly from Indo-European itself. From the Latin root "calamus", a number of modern English words arise: * [[calamari]], meaning "squid", via the [[Latin]] ''calamarium'', "ink horn" or "pen case", as reeds were then used as writing implements; * ''calumet'', another name for the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[peace pipe]], which was often made from a hollow reed; * [[shawm]], a medieval [[oboe]]-like instrument (whose sound is produced by a vibrating reed mouthpiece); * ''chalumeau'' register, the lower notes of a [[clarinet]]'s range (another [[reed instrument]]). --> == Rujukan == *''[[:en:Sweet Flag|Sweet Flag]]''. Wikipédia basa Inggris (9 Séptémber 2008) {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|Acorus calamus}} * [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/araceae.htm Family Araceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050214210117/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/araceae.htm |date=2005-02-14 }} in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ |date=2007-01-03 }} http://delta-intkey.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/ |date=2007-01-03 }} * [http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/ephedra/warningsample.html FDA street drug alternative warning letter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521165307/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/ephedra/warningsample.html |date=2007-05-21 }} * [http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Acorus+calamus ''Acorus calamus'' at Plants for a Future] * [http://www.allaboutherbs.org/calamus-acorus-calamus Calamus Acorus Calamus Online Herb Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329052421/http://www.allaboutherbs.org/calamus-acorus-calamus |date=2012-03-29 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Acorales]] [[Kategori:Bungbu]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan cai]] 9znv49u75b4husymom59oqboro8hn07 0 29147 712858 650083 2026-09-23T03:54:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color=violet | name = ''Herpesviridae'' | virus_group = i | familia = ''[[Herpesviridae]]'' | subdivision_ranks = Subfamily | subdivision = ''Betaherpesvirinae'' }} '''Betaherpesvirinae''' nyaéta subfamili [[Herpesviridae]] nu bisa dibedakeun ku cara réproduksi nu leuwih laun ti batan subfamili Herpesviridae liana. Grup Studi ''Herpesviridae'' geu ngusulkeun yén [[subfamily]] Betaherpesvirinae dibagi jadi opat [[genera]]:<ref>[http://www.danforthcenter.org/upload/ictvupload/2005.020-72V.04.Herpes.pdf Taxonomic Proposals from the ''Herpesviridae'' Study Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513103547/http://www.danforthcenter.org/upload/ictvupload/2005.020-72V.04.Herpes.pdf |date=2016-05-13 }}</ref> * [[Cytomegalovirus]] * [[Muromegalovirus]] * [[Roseolovirus]] * Proboscivirus ==Tumbu luar== * {{MeshName|Betaherpesvirinae}} * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/31200000.htm ICTVdB Overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990907234728/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/31200000.htm |date=1999-09-07 }} * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.031.2.htm ICTVdB Details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203052412/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.031.2.htm |date=2008-12-03 }} ==Rujukan== <references/> {{virus-stub}} liu4u40sg8m9soz3xn8uuf2dd70sd97 0 29182 712918 710840 2026-09-23T09:18:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Kamal | image = Tamarindus indica pods.JPG | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Buah kamal dina tangkalna | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Fabales]] | familia = [[Fabaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Caesalpinioideae]] | tribus = [[Detarieae]] | genus = '''''Tamarindus''''' | species = '''''T. indica''''' | binomial = ''Tamarindus indica'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Kamal''' nyaéta pepelakan nu ngahasilkeun [[buah]] anu rasana [[haseum]]; ilahar dipaké samara dina réa asakan Indonésia minangka panambah rasa haseum dina kadaharan, contona dina [[sayur haseum]]. Kecap "kamal" dipaké jadi ngaran patempatan di sawatara wewengkon di [[Pasundan]] jeung [[Jakarta]].<ref name=”Priyadi”/><ref name="Buku1">{{Cite book|title =Buku Pintar Tanaman Obat: 431 jenis tanaman penggempur aneka penyakit| last= Damayanti| first= Dewi| coauthors =dr Prapti utami, Novi Widianti, Nina Wulandari, Agung Sugiarto, Tinton Dwi Putra| year= 2008|page=63|location=Jakarta| publisher=AgroMedia| isbn=9789790061941|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=iO0ldwKoXvQC&pg=PA21&dq=bawang+batak+khasiat&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwinj4f98pXvAhVYAXIKHSO8B40Q6AEwAXoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=bawang%20batak%20khasiat&f=false}}</ref> Ngaran ilmiah ieu tutuwuhan nyaéta '''''Tamarindus indica''''', kaasup kana sélér ([[familia|''familia'']]) Fabacéae (''Leguminosae''). [[Spésiés]] ieu téh hiji-hijina anggota [[genus|marga]] ''Tamarindus''. Ngaran dina basa kosta nyaéta ''asem'' ([[Basa Jawa|Jawa]]), ''tamalaki'' ([[Basa Banda|Banda]]),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Crawfurd|first=John|date=2017|title=Sejarah Kepulauan Nusantara: Kajian Budaya, Agama, Politik, Hukum dan Ekonomi|location=Yogyakarta|publisher=Penerbit Ombak|isbn=9786022584698|volume=1|pages=312|translator-last=Zara|translator-first=Muhammad Yuanda|url-status=live}}</ref> ''mé'' ([[basa Acéh]]), ''asam'' ([[basa Indonésia]]), ''sampalok'' ([[basa Tagalog]]), ''ma-kham'' (basa [[Thailand]]), ''tamarindo'' ([[basa Portugis]]), ''tamarinde'' ([[basa Walanda]]), sarta ''tamarind'' ([[basa Inggris]]).<ref name=“Antanan ”>{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan | last =Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862| pages =23|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=d&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi) 11 April 2020}}</ref> Kamal ogé sarungkun jeung pepelakan samara lain nu rasana sarua [[haseum]], kaasup [[asem kandis]] jeung [[asem galugur]]. Pepelakan ieu didatangkan ku jalma-jalma ti India.<ref name=”Priyadi”>{{Cite book | title = Five Hundred Plant Species in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java: A Checklist Including Sundanese Names, Distribution, and Use| last = Hari Priyadi, Gen Takao, Irma Rahmawati, Bambang Supriyanto, Wim Ikbal Nursal, Ismail Rahman| first =Priyadi | publisher =CIFOR | location =Bogor| year =2010|ISBN=9786028693226 |pages = 1}}</ref> Ngaran ''Tamarindus'' sarta ''tamarind'' diturunkeun tina [[basa Arab]] تمرهندي ''tamr hindī'' nu hartina kurang leuwih: [[korma]] [[India]]. ==Sumebarna sarta ékologina== Kamal kaasup tuwuhan tropis. Asal-usulnya dianggap ti [[savana]] [[Afrika]] wétan di mana jenis liarna kapanggih, salah sahijina di [[Sudan]]. Saprak rébuan taun katukang, pepelakan ieu geus sumebar ka [[Asia]] tropis, sarta saterusna ogé ka [[Karibia]] jeung [[Amérika Latén]]. Di réa tempat anu cocog, kaasup di [[Indonésia]], kamal jadina liar, kawas di leuweung-leuweung savana di Afrika. Tangkal kamal bisa jadi alus nepi ka jangkungna kira-kira 1.000 m di luhur beungeut laut (dpl), dina taneuh nu keusikan atawa taneuh liket, hususna di wewengkon anu usum garingna écés sarta cukup panjang. ==Hasil sarta pamakéan== Daging buah kamal pohara populér, sarta dipaké dina rupa-rupa bahan asakan atawa samara di saantéro dunya. Buah anu ngora rasana pohara haseum, sarta ilahar dipaké minangka samara [[sayur haseum]] atawa campuran [[rujak]]. Buah anu geus asak bisa ditunda lila sanggeus dipesék sarta saeutik digaringkeun maké pitulung sinar [[panonpoé]]. Sajaba dijadikeun samara, pikeun méré rasa haseum atawa pikeun ngaleungitkeun ambeu hanyir [[lauk]], kamal mindeng dijadikeun bahan sirop, selé, gulali (peremén), sarta [[jajamu]]. [[Thailand]] ogé ngahasilkeun kamal anu amis rasana. Buah ieu populer sarta didahar dina kaayaan seger (henteu diasakan; alatan éta diékspor dina wangun peuteuy anu tacan dipesék.<ref name=”Seh”>{{Cite book| url =https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Heteropappus+hispidus| title =Sehat Dengan Hidangan Kacang Dan Biji-bijian| last = Astawan, MS| first =Prof. Dr. Ir Made| publisher =Niaga Swadaya | location =Jakarta| year =2009|ISBN=9789790023666|pages =74}} Disungsi4 Maret2021</ref> Siki kamal ilahar didahar sanggeus dikeueum sarta dikulub, atawa sanggeus dibeuleum. Sajaba ti éta, siki asam ogé dijadikeun tipung pikeun nyieun kuéh atawa roti.<ref name=”Seh”/> Sajaba ti daging buah, réa bagian tangkal kamal anu bisa dijadikeun bahan ubar tradisional. Daun ngorana (''sinom'') dipaké pikeun ngurangan raheut sarta rasa nyeri dina pasendian, di luhureun tatu atawa dina kasakit [[rematik]].<ref name=”Seh”/> Daun ngora anu dikulub pikeun ngubaran batuk sarta panastiris. Kulit kaina anu ditutu dipaké pikeun nyageurkeun tatu, borok, jeung [[bisul]]. Kulit kai kamal ogé dipaké minangka [[ubar kuat]]. Tipung sikina pikeun ngubaran [[diséntri]] sarta [[diaré]].<ref name=”Seh”/> Siki kamal ogé mindeng dipaké dina kaulinan [[congklak]]. Tangkal kamal ilahar dipelak di sisi jalan minangka pangiuhan, utamana kawentar di sapanjang [[Jalan Raya Pos|jalan raya Daendels]], ti [[Anyer, Serang|Anyer]] nepi ka [[Panarukan, Situbondo|Panarukan]]. Para palaut [[Bugis]] dina mangsa baheula dipikanyaho melak tangkal kamal di basisir kalér [[Australia]], di [[Northern Territory]] dina waktu maranéhanana ngaso nungguan datangna angin pikeun balik ka wewengkon asal. Tangkal-tangkal kamal ieu jadi pituduh ayanan hubungan antara urang Aborigin jeung jalma ti luar éta buwana saméméh kadatangan urang [[Éropa]].<ref name=”Seh”/> ==Galeri== <gallery> Gambar:Tamarindus indica tree.JPG|Tangkal kamal Gambar:Tamarind.jpg|Buah kamal Gambar:TamarindSeedling.jpg|Anak tangkal kamal </gallery> ==Bahan bacaan== * [[van Steenis]], C.G.G.J. 1981. ''Flora, pikeun sakola di Indonésia''. PT Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta. * Verheij, E.W.M. sarta R.E. Coronel (eds.). 1997. ''Asal Daya Nabati Asia Tenggara 2: Buah-buahan anu bisa dimakan''. PROSéa – Gramedia. Jakarta. ISBN 979-511-672-2. * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/tamarind.html Julia F. Morton. 1987. ''Fruits of Warm Climates: Tamarind''] ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist|2}} ==Tumbu ka luar== * [http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/plants/tamarind_landing.html Plant Cultures: History and botany of tamarind] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827194321/http://plantcultures.org.uk/plants/tamarind_landing.html |date=2008-08-27 }} * [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/tamarind.html California Rare Fruit Growers: Tamarind Fruit Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812043646/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/tamarind.html |date=2020-08-12 }} * [http://www.fda.gov/ora/oasis/10/ora_oasis_i_21.html Refusal Actions by FDA as Recorded in OASIS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222214643/http://www.fda.gov/ora/oasis/10/ora_oasis_i_21.html |date=2008-12-22 }} * [http://www.fda.gov/ora/fiars/ora_import_ia2107.html FDA Import Alert: Tamarind (11/29/06)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104230818/http://www.fda.gov/ora/fiars/ora_import_ia2107.html |date=2009-01-04 }} *{{Citebook|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=-t_ICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA343&dq=bridelia+stipularis&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT3-jphu7TAhUcSY8KHV-cCAsQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=bridelia%20stipularis&f=false|title=Medicinal Plants Of The Asia-pacific: Drugs For The Future? |last=Christophe|first=Wiart|date=January 2006|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789814480338|ref=harv}} [[Kategori:Fabaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan ubar]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan bungbu]] [[Kategori:bungbuahan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwhan]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan Industri]] {{commons category|Carolus Linnaeus}} e7yd78a75wnsrgxgvisqle6iev0is0r 0 29633 712879 707262 2026-09-23T05:59:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Eurih |image = JapaneseBloodGrass2.JPG |image_caption = Eurih 'Red Baron' di hiji patamanan <br />[[Boston, Massachusetts]] |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Monocots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |ordo = [[Poales]] |familia = [[Poaceae]] |genus = ''[[Imperata]]'' |species = '''''I. cylindrica''''' |binomial = ''Imperata cylindrica'' |binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Georges Eugéne Charles Beauvisage|Beauv.]] |}} '''Eurih''' ('''''Imperata cylindrica''''') nyaéta hiji spésiés [[Poaceae|jukut]] tina ''genus'' ''[[Imperata]]'', ''subfamili'' [[Panicoideae]], ''supertribe'' ''Andropogonodae'', sarta ''tribe'' ''Andropogonéae''.<ref name="Rig">{{Cite book | title = A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| last = Jonathan| first =Rigg | publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen | location =Universitas Harvard | year =1862 }}</ref> Eurih mibanda ngaran daérah anu béda-béda, di antarana: ''laturui'' ([[Aceh]]), ''lalang'' ([[Melayu]]), ''alang'' ([[Minangkabau]]), ''kambengan'' ([[Jawa]]), ''reja'' ([[Makasar]]), ''padanga'' ([[Gorontalo]]), sarta ''gombur'' ([[Papua]]).<ref name="Justus">{{Cite book | title =Aanteekeningen over het nut, door de bewoners van Java aan eenige planten van dat eiland toegeschreven| first =Justus| last =Karl Hasskarl| publisher = J. Müller| location =Universitas Oxford| year =1845| pages =2|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=zBUEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=id&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=true|accessdate=29 Mei 2024}}</ref><ref name="Hembing"/><ref name="Buku1">{{Cite book|title =Buku Pintar Tanaman Obat: 431 jenis tanaman penggempur aneka penyakit| last= Damayanti| first= Dewi| coauthors =dr Prapti utami, Novi Widianti, Nina Wulandari, Agung Sugiarto, Tinton Dwi Putra| year= 2008|page=63|location=Jakarta| publisher=AgroMedia| isbn=9789790061941}}</ref><ref name="Has">{{Cite book| url =https://archive.org/details/denuttigeplanten04heyn| title =De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië| last =Heyne| first =Karel | publisher =Ruygrok & Co| location =Batavia| year =1913| pages =1}} Disungsi 6 Juli 2023</ref> == Ciri Fisik == Eurih mangrupa [[Tutuwuhan taunan|jukut taunan]] (''perennial'') anu miboga rimpang (''rhizomatous''), asalna ti wewengkon [[Asia]] Wétan, Asia Tenggara, [[India]], [[Mikoronésia]], sarta [[Australia]]. Jangkungna tiasa dugi ka 0,6–3 [[Méter|m]]. [[Daun]] eurih rubakna sakitar 2 [[Séntiméter|cm]] deukeut puhuna, sarta nyungcung seukeut ka luhur. Sisi daunna miboga huntu anu lemes pisan sarta ngandung kristal ''silika'' anu seukeut. Tulang daun utama warnana langkung ngora (caang) tinimbang bagian daun sanésna, sarta biasana perenahna rada méngpar ka salah sahiji sisi. Bagian luhur daun deukeut puhuna miboga bulu-bulu lemes, sedengkeun bagian handapna mah ilaharna teu buluan. Akarna tiasa nyungsep dugi ka jerona 1,2 méter, nanging jerona 0,4 méter langkung umum kapanggih dina taneuh anu beresih. Jukut eurih miboga ciri anu khas pisan, di mana tungtung atawa [[pucuk]] [[daun]]na nyungcung seukeut saperti [[cucuk]].<ref name="hiji">{{id}}[http://www.satwa.net/1008/mengenal-alang-alang-kandungan-dan-manfaat-alang-alang.html Mengenal Alang-alang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104200556/http://www.satwa.net/1008/mengenal-alang-alang-kandungan-dan-manfaat-alang-alang.html |date=2015-01-04 }} diakses 21 Juli 2015</ref> Batangna pendék, nangtung ka luhur, sarta miboga [[kembang]] anu sakapeung warnana [[beureum]] kaunguan.<ref name="hiji" /> Eurih biasana [[tumuwuh]] jangkung antara 0,2 nepi ka 1,5 [[Méter|méter]], malah bisa ogé leuwih ti éta.<ref name="hiji" /> Daunna ngagaris saperti [[pita]] panjang kalayan tungtung anu nyungcung, sedengkeun bagian puhuna (''pangkal'') heureut saperti [[talang]] anu panjangna sakitar 12–80 [[Séntiméter|cm]].<ref name="hiji" /> Sisi-sisi daunna kasar pisan sarta rérégéan (''toothed''), miboga bulu panjang dina bagian puhuna, sarta miboga tulang daun anu lébar.<ref name="hiji" /> Nami-nami umum pikeun ieu tutuwuhan di antarana: '''speargrass''' (Nigeria), '''blady grass''' (Australia), '''alang-alang''' atanapi '''lalang''' (Malaysia), '''gi''' (Fiji), '''ngi''', '''paille de dys''', '''paillotte''', '''impérata cylindrique''', '''impérate''', '''satintail''', '''kasoring''' (Palau), '''cotton wool grass''', '''cotranh''' (Viétnam), '''illuk''' (Sri Lanka), '''eurih''' ([[Basa Sunda]]), '''yakha''' (Laos), '''kunai''' (Papua Nugini), '''silver spike''' (Afrika Kidul), '''Cogon Grass''' (Amérika Serikat), sarta '''Bai Mao Gen''' (Tiongkok).<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=IMCY PLANTS Profile for Imperata cylindrica (cogongrass) | USDA PLANTS]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Budidaya jeung Mangpaat == Eurih dianggo pikeun hatéup imah tradisional di [[Papua Nugini]]. Ieu tutuwuhan dipelak kalayan lega pikeun nutupan taneuh (''ground cover'') sarta nyetabilkeun [[taneuh]] di sabudeureun basisir atanapi wewengkon sanés anu rawan ku [[érosi]]. Mangpaat sanésna kalebet bahan baku pikeun ngadamel kertas, hatéup, sarta dianyam janten samak atanapi kantong. Nanging, mangpaat anu paling umum nyaéta dina widang kaséhatan (landong), sabab miboga sipat ''astringent'' (nyérot jaringan), ''febrifuge'' (panurun panas), ''diuretic'' (ngalancarkeun kiih), ''tonic'', sarta ''styptic'' (ngeureunkeun getih). Eurih ogé dianggo dina [[ubar tradisional Tiongkok]]. Sababaraha [[kultivar]] parantos dipilih pikeun dianggo di patamanan salaku [[Tutuwuhan hias|tutuwuhan hias]], kalebet ''"Red Baron"'' anu daunna warna beureum (kawentar ogé ku nami ''Japanese blood grass''). Kembang (''inflorescences'') anu masih ngora sarta sirungna tiasa didahar saatos dikulub. Lian ti éta, akarna ogé ngandung aci (''starch'') sarta gula, ku kituna genah upami dikélong (digayem).<ref>[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Imperata+cylindrica Imperata cylindrica - Plants For A Future database report]</ref><ref>[http://www.lucidcentral.org/keys/FNW/FNW%20grasses/html/fact%20sheets/Imperata%20cylindrica.htm Imperata cylindrica]</ref> === Masalah ''Gulma'' === Ieu tutuwuhan parantos sumebar sacara alami (''naturalized'') di buana Amérika, Asia Kalér, Éropa, sarta Afrika, ogé di rupa-rupa kapuloan sanésna. Di sababaraha wewengkon, eurih kaasup kana daptar [[Spésiés invasi|jukut liar invasif]] (''invasive weed''). Di [[Amérika Serikat]], ieu jukut tiasa hirup kalayan saé di bagian tenggara, nanging aya ogé laporan yén eurih tiasa kapanggih dugi ka wilayah kalér sapertos [[West Virginia]] sarta [[Oregon]]. Di dunya, eurih parantos ditalungtik tiasa hirup ti wilayah 45°N dugi ka 45°S. Eurih tiasa tumuwuh di lahan baseuh, lahan garing, wewengkon anu kadar uyahna luhur (''salinity''), taneuh ''organik'', taneuh liat, sarta taneuh keusik kalayan ''tingkat keasaman'' ([[pH]]) tina 4.0 dugi ka 7.5. Ieu tutuwuhan langkung resep kana cahya panonpoé anu negrak, nanging masih kénéh tiasa tahan sanajan aya dina tempat anu rada iuh (''shade''). === Cara Sumebar jeung Pangendalian === Eurih sumebar ngaliwatan [[siki]] anu leutik pisan sahingga gampang kabawa ku angin, sarta ngaliwatan ''rimpang ([[rhizome]])'' anu tiasa kabawa ku pakakas [[wuluku]] (''tilling equipment'') atanapi nalika mindahkeun taneuh. Di wilayah [[Tenggara Amérika Serikat]], pamaréntah satempat ngalakukeun rupa-rupa usaha pikeun ngabasmi ieu tutuwuhan, malah aya aturan anu ngalarang ngahaja melak atawa ngalobakeunana.<ref>http://www.newsobserver.com/1565/story/1134380.html</ref> Pangendalianana ilaharna ngagunakeun [[hérbisida]]. Ngabasmi ku cara diduag (dibeuleum) jarang pisan hasilna, margi eurih upami kabeuleum panasna kacida (''burns hot'') sahingga tiasa ngaruksak tatangkalan di sabudeureunana. Lian ti éta, eurih mah tiasa lilir (hudang deui) kalayan gancang pisan saatos kabeuleum. === Pangendalian Biologis === Tutuwuhan rambat tina kulawarga [[Léngum|kacang-kacangan]] (''legume'') anu namina ''[[Mucuna pruriens]]'' (sarupa jeung kacang kara), dianggo di nagara [[Bénin]] sarta [[Viétnam]] salaku pangendali biologis pikeun ''Imperata cylindrica''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Mucuna_pruriens.htm |title=Factsheet - Mucuna pruriens |publisher=www.tropicalforages.info |accessdate=2008-05-21 }}</ref> == Sipat Gampang Kabeuleum == [[Image:Kunai on fire.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Jukut ''kunai'' (eurih) anu nuju kahuruan di [[Papua Nugini]]]] Dumasar kana bukti-bukti lapangan sarta pangalaman langsung, sababaraha jinis ieu jukut téh kacida gampangna kabeuleum sanajan katingalina masih kénéh héjo—utamana dina kaayaan iklim di [[Papua Nugini]]. Sanés hal anu anéh upami urang ningal lamping-lamping pasir anu ditutupan ku jukut ''"Kunai"'' (eurih) nuju kabeuleum. Nepi ka skala nu tangtu, kahuruan [[végétasi]] sabenerna bisa ngarangsang kamekaran eurih. Pucuk-pucuk eurih anyar anu tumuwuh sanggeus kahuruan téh kacida dipikaresepna ku [[sasatoan]] nu hakan jukut. Kusabab hal éta, lahan sésa kahuruan kieu téh sok dipaké salaku tempat [[moro]].<ref name="hiji" /> ==Sumebar jeung Ékoloji== Eurih bisa gancang [[réproduksi]], maké [[binih]]-binihna anu gancang sumebar kabawa [[angin]], atawa liwat rimpangna anu nembus gancang kana [[taneuh]] anu [[gembur]].<ref name="hiji" /> Lalawanan jeung asumsi umum, eurih teu resep tumuwuh dina [[taneuh]] anu [[miskin]], garing atawa loba batuan.<ref name="hiji" /> Jukut ieu resep kana taneuh anu cukup [[subur]], loba kakeunaan [[cahya]] [[panon poé]] nepi ka rada [[iuh ]], dina kaayaan [[lembap]] atawa garing.<ref name="hiji" /> di taneuh-taneuh anu becrek atawa kakeueum, atawa anu osok kaiuhan, eurih ogé henteu daékeun tumuwuh.<ref name="hiji" /> gulma ieu bakal langsung nempatan urut [[leuweung]] anu ruksak sarta kabuka, sésa [[kebon]], [[sawah]] anu garing, sisi [[jalan]] jeung sajabana.<ref name="hiji" /> di sababaraha tempat kawas kitu eurih bisa tumuwuh nguasaan sarta nutupan aréal anu lega.<ref name="hiji" /> Nepi ka skala nu tangtu, kahuruan [[végétasi]] bisa ngarangsang perkembangan eurih, pucuk-pucuk eurih anu tumuwuh sanggeus kahuruan dipikaresep ku [[sasatoan]] tukang dahar [[jukut]], nepi ka lahan sésa kahuruan sajinis ieu osok dipaké salaku tempat buburu.<ref name="hiji" /> Eurih sumebar sacara [[alami]] ti mimiti [[India]] nepi ka [[Asia Wétan]], [[Asia tenggara]], [[éropa]], [[Amérika]], [[Afrika]], sarta di sabagian ka[[pulo]]an.<ref name="hiji" /> Tatapi ku lantaran sifat pasifna éta, teu loba tempat-tempat eurih éta dianggap salaku [[gulma]] anu ngarépotkeun.<ref name="hiji" /> Lalawanan jeung asumsi umum, eurih sabenerna henteu pati resep tumuwuh dina taneuh anu kacida miskinna, garing, atawa loba batuan. Ieu jukut langkung milih taneuh anu cukup subur sarta moal daék tumuwuh di taneuh anu bécék, kakeueum, atawa anu hieum (osok kaiuhan).<ref name="hiji" /> Eurih biasana langsung nempatan lahan urut leuweung anu ruksak sarta kabuka, sésa kebon, sawah anu garing, sarta sisi jalan. Di sababaraha tempat, eurih bisa tumuwuh kalayan gancang nepi ka nguasaan sarta nutupan aréal anu kacida legana.<ref name="hiji" /> == Kandungan Kimia == Sababaraha sanyawa kimia anu aya dina tutuwuhan eurih di antarana: ''manitol'', ''sakarosa'', ''glukosa'', ''silosa'', ''fruktosa'', ''asam malat'', ''asam sitrat'', ''asam oksalat'', ''kaiksol'', ''arundoin'', ''silindrin'', ''fernenol'', ''simiarenol'', sarta ''anémonin''.<ref name="Hembing"/> Sipat kimiawi jeung éfék ''farmakologis'' (ubar) tina eurih nyaéta tiasa dianggo pikeun ngubaran saluran kahampangan (sapertos radang kantong kemih sarta batu ginjal), nurunkeun panas nalika galingging (demam), sarta ubar pikeun raheut atawa sariawan supados getihna gancang saat.<ref name="Hembing">{{Cite book| last =Hembing| first = Prof| coauthors =Wijayakusuma| year = 2012| title =Atasi ASAM URAT & REMATIK ala Hembing|page=21|location=Jakarta| publisher =Niaga Swadaya| isbn =9789793833842|Url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Iv-kNKTtTCUC&pg=PA21&dq=gramineae+sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjl27u5rrLoAhXSb30KHdVADhsQ6AEIMzAB#v=onepage&q=gramineae%20sunda&f=false }}</ref> == Mangpaat Eurih == Eurih sering dimangpaatkeun pikeun ngajaga lahan kabuka anu gampang keuna ku [[érosi]].<ref name="hiji" /> Ieu tutuwuhan miboga kamampuhan pikeun tumuwuh kalayan gancang; pabeulitna akar/rimpang eurih anu aya di jero taneuh sarta rapetna daun-daun eurih bisa jadi pangjaga taneuh anu hadé.<ref name="hiji" /> Di sababaraha wewengkon di Indonésia, utamana di bagian wétan saperti [[Bali]], daun eurih anu parantos digaringkeun sok dianggo salaku bahan baku [[hatéup]] imah atawa wangunan liana.<ref name="hiji" /> Salian ti éta, eurih ogé bisa dipaké salaku [[mulsa]] pikeun ngajaga kalembapan taneuh di lahan tatanén.<ref name="hiji" /> Dina widang tatanén modéren sarta énergi, eurih sabenerna miboga poténsi salaku sumber [[bioénergi]] (bahan baku étanol) sabab kandungan [[selulosa]] anu luhur. Salian ti éta, sumebarna eurih di hiji lahan mindeng dijadikeun indikator yén éta taneuh téh kurang unsur hara (kurang subur), sahingga jadi panginget ka patani sangkan kudu nambahan gemuk atawa méré perlakuan husus ka éta lahan.<ref name="bio">{{cite journal |last=Sujatmoko |first=A. |year=2021 |title=Potensi Alang-alang sebagai Bahan Baku Bioetanol |journal=Jurnal Pertanian Tropis |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=112-118}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist}} * ''[[:en:Imperata cylindrica|Imperata cylindrica]]''. Wikipédia basa Inggris. Disalin 16 Oktober 2008. <references/> == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/imcy1.htm US National Park Service - Description of Cogon Grass and control measures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804064119/http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/imcy1.htm |date=2011-08-04 }} * [http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/GBASE/DATA/PF000261.HTM FAO information on Cogon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728114328/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/GBASE/data/pf000261.htm |date=2010-07-28 }} * [http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Imperata+cylindrica Uses, cultivation, etc.] * [http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/grass/www/imperata.htm Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210055853/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/delta/grass/www/imperata.htm |date=2005-12-10 }} {{tutuwuhan-pondok}} {{Commonscat|Imperata cylindrica}} [[Kategori:Poaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan ubar]] [[Kategori:Ubar]] [[Kategori:tutuwuhan]] [[Kategori:Gulma]] 4l3gknoz6mkrrxelnmcjygrpaaw7yd3 0 29715 712902 711083 2026-09-23T07:17:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo Panyakit | Name = Hémofilia | Image = | Caption = | DiseasesDB = 5555 | DiseasesDB_mult = {{DiseasesDB2|5561}} {{DiseasesDB2|29376}} | ICD10 = {{ICD10|D|66||d|65}}-{{ICD10|D|68||d|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|286}} | ICDO = | OMIM = 306700 | OMIM_mult = {{OMIM2|306900}} {{OMIM2|264900}} | MedlinePlus = 000537 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 3528 | MeshID = D025861 }} '''Hémofilia''' atawa '''hémofili''' ([[basa Yunani|Yun.]] ''haima'' "getih" jeung ''[[philia]]'' "micinta"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hemophilia&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|author=Douglas Harper|access date=2007-10-10}}</ref>) nyaéta kelompok [[cacad genetik]] nu ngabalukarkeun awak jadi teu mampuh ngatur [[koagulasi|bekuna]] [[getih]]. Nu paling ilahar nyaéta [[Hémofilia A]], balukar tina euweuhna [[faktor VIII]]. [[Hémofilia B]] disababkeun ku kakurangan [[faktor IX]]. Frékuénsi kajadian Hémofilia A kira-kira 1 dina 5.000–10.000 kalahiran [[lalaki]]<ref name = "qzmtku">{{cite web |url=http://www.hemophilia.org/NHFWeb/MainPgs/MainNHF.aspx?menuid=181&contentid=46&rptname=bleeding |title=Hemophilia B |accessdate=2007-11-21 |format= |work=}}</ref>, sedengkeun kajadian Hémofilia B leuwih saeutik (1 dina 20.000–34.000 kalahiran). Balukar cacad [[kromosom]] [[kromosom X|X]] ieu ampir sakabéhna némbongan di lalaki, najan [[gén]] anu cacadna diturunkeun ti indung. Hal ieu ku sabab [[Wanoja]] mah boga dua kromosom X, sedengkeun lalaki mah ukur hiji, antukna teu boga 'cadangan'. Ieu kakurangan génétik ngabalukarkeun asorna kadar [[faktor koagulasi]] dina [[plasma getih]] pikeun lumangsungna koagulasi anu normal. Nalika saluran getih ngalaman tatu, éta tatu bisa katutup, tapi euweuhna faktor koagulasi ngabalukarkeun teu kabentukna fibrin nu nguatkeun bekuan getih. Ku kituna, nu nandangan hémofilia getihanana biasa wae, teu kaleuleuwihi, ngan lila garingna. Di nu parna, tatu leutik waé bisa teu cageur-cageur dina itungan poé, minggu, atawa bulan. Mun tatuna di bagian vital, misalna otak atawa jero sandi, hal ieu bahya pisan. == Tumbu ka kelompok pangrojong == * [http://www.wfh.org World Federation of Hemophilia (WFH)] * [http://www.hemophilia.ca Canadian Hemophilia Society] * [http://www.hemophilia.org National Hemophilia Foundation] * [http://www.hemophiliafed.org Hemophilia Federation of America] * [http://www.haemophilia.org.uk UK Haemophilia Society (charity)] * [http://www.ehc.eu European Haemophilia Consortium (EHC)] * [http://www.haemophilia.org.au Haemophilia Foundation Australia (HFA)]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.hemofilic.ro Romanian Hemophilia Association] * [http://www.fbis.se/se/default.aspx?filnavn=/se/engelska.asp Swedish Hemophilia Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227101100/http://www.fbis.se/se/default.aspx?filnavn=%2Fse%2Fengelska.asp |date=2008-12-27 }} * [http://www.taintedblood.info Tainted Blood] * [http://www.birchgrovegroup.org Birchgrove Group: self-help group for people with Haemophilia and HIV] * [http://www.livingstories.org.uk Living Stories] === Émbaran lianna === * [http://www.kelleycom.com/index.html La Kelley Communications - free books and other educational resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011124932/http://kelleycom.com/index.html |date=2008-10-11 }} * [http://www.hemophiliamoms.com HemophiliaMoms.com a Resource for Hemophilia Families] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204054211/http://www.hemophiliamoms.com/ |date=2008-12-04 }} * [http://www.haemophiliacare.co.uk Haemophiliacare.co.uk - A resource for patients and carers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103130427/http://haemophiliacare.co.uk/ |date=2008-11-03 }} * [http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/blood/hemophilia.html Simple haemophilia overview for children] * [http://www.wfh.org/2/1/1_1_3_Link1_Timeline.htm Haemophilia timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201065012/http://www.wfh.org/2/1/1_1_3_Link1_Timeline.htm |date=2008-12-01 }} == Rujukan == *''[[:en:Haemophilia|Haemophilia]]''. Wikipédia basa Inggris. Disalin 22 Oktober 2008. {{reflist}} {{Hématologi}} {{panyakit-pondok}} [[Kategori:Cacad getih]] [[Kategori:Cacad genetik]] 599hhlg4g9m0wh30c47vrh9gd5ytwyf 0 30613 712882 703713 2026-09-23T06:02:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info loka wéb | name syinthiya nurhayati = Facebook | logo = facebook[[Gambar:Facebook logo (2023).svg]] | logocaption = Logo Facebook | screenshot = | collapsible = on | collapsetext = <!-- collapsible area's heading (default "Screenshot"); omit/leave blank if collapsible not set --> | background = <!-- for collapsetext heading; default grey (gainsboro) --> | screenshot_size = | screenshot_alt = | caption = Profil [[Mark Zuckerberg]] | url = {{URL|facebook.com}} | areas = | offices = | traded to date = | commercial = Nuhun | type = | registration = Meunang milih | label8 = Nu mibanda | data8 = [[Mark Zuckerberg]] | language = International | num_users = | content_license = <!-- or: | content_licence = --> | programming_language= | owner = <!-- or: | owners = --> | author = <!-- or: creator / authors / creators --> | editor = <!-- or: | editors = --> | launch_date = <!-- {{Start date and age|df=yes/no|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | revenue = | alexa = <!-- {{IncreaseNegative}} {{steady}} {{DecreasePositive}} [http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/example.com ##] (US/Global MM/YYYY) --> | ip = | issn = <!-- ISSN, e.g. 1085-6706 (automatically linked to http://www.WorldCat.org) --> | oclc = <!-- OCLC number, useful where an ISSN has not been allocated (automatically linked to http://www.WorldCat.org) --> | current_status = | footnotes = | location_country = Amerika Serikat | founder = {{Unbulleted list|[[Mark Zuckerberg]]|[[Eduardo Saverin]]|[[Andrew McCollum]]|[[Dustin Moskovitz]]|[[Chris Hughes]]}} }} '''Facebook''' nyaéta [[ramatloka]] jaringan sosial anu dipedalkeun dina [[4 Pebruari]] [[2004]] sarta diadegkeun ku [[Mark Zuckerberg]], saurang lulusan [[Harvard]]. Kaanggotaanana mimitina diwatesan keur para siswa [[Harvard College]]. Dua bulan saterusna, kaanggotaanana dilegaan ngawengku sakola séjén di wewengkon Boston ([[Boston College]], [[Boston University]], [[MIT]], [[Tufts]]), [[Rochester]], [[Stanford]], [[NYU]], [[Northwestern]], sarta kabéh sakola anu jadi anggota ''[[Ivy League]]''. Satuluyna, loba [[paguron luhur]] séjén anu diasupkeun jadi anggota dina mangsa sataun sanggeus diadegkeunana ramat loka ieu. Pamustunganana, jalma-jalma anu mibanda alamat [[Surélék|surat éléktronik]] atawa email sahiji universitas (kawas .edu, .ac.uk, dll) ti sakumna dunya bisa ogé ngagabung jeung ramat loka ieu. Saterusna, ieu ramat loka dimekarkeun nepi ka ngawengku ogé sakola-sakola tingkat luhur sarta sawatara pausahaan badag. Saprak [[11 Séptémber]] [[2006]], jelema nu boga email naon waé bisa ngadaptar pikeun jadi anggota Facebook. Pamaké bisa milih pikeun ngagabung jeung hiji atawa leuwih ramat loka anu sadia, kawas ramat loka nu dumasar kana [[sakola tingkat luhur]], tempat gawé, atawa wewengkon géografis. Nepi ka bulan [[Juli]] [[2007]], ramat loka ieu mibanda jumlah pamaké panglobana ti antara ramat-ramat loka jaringan sosial lianna kalayan leuwih ti 34 juta anggota aktip anu boga tumbu kana éta website ti sakuliah dunya. Ti bulan [[Séptémber]] [[2006]] nepi ka bulan Séptember [[2007]], réngkingna naék ti posisi ka-60 ka posisi ka-7 ti antara ramat loka anu panglobana didatangan, sarta mangrupa ramat loka nomer hiji pikeun poto di [[Amérika Sarikat]], ngungkulan loka umum séjénna kawas [[Flickr]], kalayan 8,5 juta poto nu dimuat saban poéna. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu ka luar == * {{en}} [http://www.facebook.com Facebook] * {{en}} [http://blog.facebook.com Blog resmi Facebook] * {{en}} [http://developers.facebook.com/ Platform Facebook] * {{su}} [http://sarwasunda.blogspot.com/2010/06/facebook-basa-sunda.html Facebook dina basa Sunda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117235941/http://sarwasunda.blogspot.com/2010/06/facebook-basa-sunda.html |date=2012-01-17 }} * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20131112023544/http://userscripts.org/scripts/show/80229 Facebook Sunda pikeun Mozilla Firefox] * {{id}} [https://chrome.google.com/extensions/detail/ojicabfalmelogpemjjnknmmghpfhnke?hl=id Facebook Sunda pikeun Google Chrome]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{en}} [http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/jan/14/facebook With friends like this... - The ugly truth about the founders of Facebook] In [http://www.guardian.co.uk/ The Guardian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961105173344/http://www.guardian.co.uk/ |date=1996-11-05 }}, 14.01.2008 {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Média sosial]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan nu didaptar di NASDAQ]] rua4lquj23sesznusdkuil7zg8k8jpi 0 30913 712878 711661 2026-09-23T05:52:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox emas}} '''Emas''' atawa '''kancana''' nyaéta [[unsur kimia]] nu lambangna '''Au''' ({{lang-la|aurum}}) kalawan [[nomer atom]] 79. Ieu [[logam mulya]] geus ti bihari boga ajén anu luhur, boh pikeun [[perhiasan]], [[patung]], atawa papaés wangunan/ornaméntasi. Di alam, ieu logam kapanggih dina bentuk guruntulan atawa 'bijih' dina babatuan, dina [[véna (géologi)|urat]], jeung dina [[déposit aluvial]]. Emas fisikna padet, lemes, hérang, sarta leuleus, pangleuleusna ti antara logam-logam murni anu aya. Nu murni kelirna konéng caang, ngagurilap matak ngirut, katambah ku watekna anu henteu ngarandapan ka bakar/oksidasi ku [[hawa]] atawa [[cai]]. Dina widang ékonomi, emas dipaké dina sistem [[dinar]] jeung [[sistem Bretton Woods]].<ref name=”Kom”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.com/books/about/Ensiklopedia_Pelajar_dan_Umum.html?hl=id&id=jeC7B8RjuX8C#v=onepage&q=batu%20apung%20adalah&f=false| title =Ensiklopedia Pelajar dan UmumKomandoko| last =Komandoko| first =Gamal | publisher =Pustaka Widyatama| location =Jakarta| year =2010|ISBN=9789796103713|pages =83}} Disungsi24 Januari 2023</ref> Dina tungtung taun 2006, emas nu geus kungsi dikali salila ieu kira-kira nepi ka 158.000 ton<ref name="World Gold Council">{{cite web | url=http://www.invest.gold.org/sites/en/why_gold/demand_and_supply/ | title=World Gold Council | accessdate=2008-07-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511212013/http://www.invest.gold.org/sites/en/why_gold/demand_and_supply/ |date=2008-05-11 }}</ref> (sarua jeung kubus ukuran 20,2 méter). Di industri modéren, emas dipaké dina [[éléktronik]] jeung ''kedokteran'' huntu , ku sabab watekna anu tahan korosi [[rédoks|oksidatif]] sarta alus ''konduktivitas'' [[listrik]]na. Sacara kimia, emas kaasup [[logam transisi]] nu bisa jadi [[kation]] [[trivalén]] jeung [[univalén]]. Dina [[kaayaan baku suhu jeung tekanan|STP]], emas bisa jadi [[asam kloroaurat]] mun diréaksikeun jeung ''[[aqua regia]]'' (campuran asam), atawa jeung larutan basa [[sianida]]. Emas bisa leyur dina [[raksa (unsur)|raksa]], ngabentuk aloy [[amalgam (kimia)|amalgam]] tanpa ngalaman réaksi kimia. Dina pemurnian, emas bisa dipisahkeun ti logam lian ku sabab emas henteu bisa leyur dina [[asam nitrat]] nu bisa ngaleyurkeun [[pérak]] jeung [[logam basa]] (téhnik "''inquartation and parting''"). Asam nitrat geus ti baheula dipaké pikeun mariksa aya/henteuna emas, malah kiwari istilah "uji asam" ("''acid test''") jadi baku utama dina pamariksaan emas. == Pasipatan == Emas téh logam anu istiméwa; sa[[gram]] emas bisa diamparkeun jadi lambar anu legana saméter pasagi. Lambaranana bisa ipis pisan nepi ka ampir tembus cahya. Cahya anu tembus katembongna [[biru]] semu [[héjo]], ku sabab emas mantulkeun cahya [[konéng]] jeung [[beureum]].<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/9.html| title =Gold: causes of color| accessdate=2009-06-06}}</ref> Lambaran emas ogé mantulkeun cahya infrabeureum, ku kituna dipaké taméng infrabeureum dina pakéan tahan panas jeung pakéan luar angkasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Suiting up for space: the evolution of the space suit |url=https://archive.org/details/suitingupforspac0000lloy |last=Mallan |first=Lloyd |year=1971 |publisher=John Day Co |isbn=978-0381981501 |page=[https://archive.org/details/suitingupforspac0000lloy/page/216 216]|accessdate=24 September 2009}}</ref> Emas bisa ngabentuk campuran/aloy jeung logam lianna, utamana pikeun ngarobah pasipatan métalurgina, ngatur [[titik lééh]], atawa pikeun ngahasilkeun kelir anu éksotik.<ref name=coloredgold/> <center><gallery widths="230px"> File:Native gold nuggets.jpg|[[Bijih emas]] File:Zlato 2.jpg|Emas di alam File:Ag-Au-Cu-colours-english.svg|Rupa-rupa kelir campuran Ag-Au-Cu </gallery></center> == Rujukan == *''[[:en:Gold|Gold]]'' (disalin 19 Agustus 2009) {{Reflist}} == Bacaan salajengna == *Faulk W & Taylor G (1979). An Immunocolloid Method for the Electron Microscope. ''Immunochemistry'' '''8''': 1081–1083. *Kodak (2006). ''Toning black-and-white materials''. Technical Data/Reference sheet G-23, Méi 2006 [http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/g23/g23.pdf ]. *Roth J, Bendayan M, Orci L (1980). FITC-Protein A-Gold Complex for Light and Electron Microscopic Immunocytochemistry. ''J. Histochemistry and Cytochemistry'' '''28''': 55–57. *World Gold Council, Jewellery Technology, [http://www.utilisegold.com/jewellery_technology/colours/colour_alloys/ Jewellery Alloys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619061619/http://www.utilisegold.com/jewellery_technology/colours/colour_alloys/ |date=2008-06-19 }} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons|gold}} *[http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/gold/auriferous.html ''Getting Gold'' 1898 book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612192416/http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/gold/auriferous.html |date=2016-06-12 }} *[http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/mining/techdocs/gold.pdf Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307000911/http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/other/mining/techdocs/gold.pdf |date=2008-03-07 }} *[http://www.pniok.de/au.htm Picture in the Element collection from Heinrich Pniok] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029163833/http://www.pniok.de/au.htm |date=2012-10-29 }} *[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Au/index.html WebElements.com — Gold]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Tabél périodik}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Emas]] [[Kategori:Unsur kimia]] [[Kategori:Konduktor listrik]] [[Kategori:Logam mulya]] [[Kategori:Logam transisi]] [[Kategori :logam]] 9bs2qo2sn300nrkn08jwfilaq09ak3t 0 30986 712909 711524 2026-09-23T07:53:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712909 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:SeanConneryJune08.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Sean Connery]] sebagai pemeran pertama karakter James Bond.]] [[Gambar:PierceBrosnanCannesPhoto2.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Pierce Brosnan]] sebagai pemeran James Bond kelima.]] '''''James Bond 007''''' (leuwih terkenal ku sebatan '''''[[James Bond (karakter)|James Bond]]''''', '''''Agen 007''''' atanapi '''''JB''''') mangrupa salahsa hiji karakter [[fiksi]] nu diciptakeun taun 1953 ku panulis Inggris, [[Ian Fleming]], di mana karakter ieu saterasna muncul dina dua belas novel daring dua koleksi carita pondok versi asli.<ref>[http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/2006/understanding007.html Understanding 007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104170128/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/2006/understanding007.html |date=2010-11-04 }}. Retrieved 6 June 2007.</ref> Karakter ieu teras dipaké dina waralaba media film terlaris jeung tersukses di dunya sampai ka kiwari, dimimiti taun 1962 dina ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Copyright 1998-2007 |url=http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/movies/index.php3 |title=MI6:: The Home Of James Bond 007 |publisher=Mi6.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=By |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117971747.html?categoryid=1236&cs=1 |title='Harry Potter' toots box office horn - Entertainment News, Los Angeles, Media - Variety |publisher=Variety.com |date=2008-12-30 |accessdate=2009-01-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303144307/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117971747.html?categoryid=1236&cs=1 |date=2009-03-03 }}</ref><ref name="jamesbond1">[http://www.jamesbond007.se/quantum_of_solace_pr_stockholm.asp Agent James Bond 007 - Quantum of Solace]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Saatos Fleming tilar dunya di taun 1964, panulisan novel James Bond diteraskeun ku [[Kingsley Amis]] (sabagai [[Robert Markham]]), [[John Pearson]], [[John Gardner]], [[Raymond Benson]] jeung [[Sebastian Faulks]]. Salain ti eta, [[Christopher Wood]] menovelisasi dua film janten novel, [[Charlie Higson]] menulis carita tentang Young James Bond, sareng beberapa penulis lain meunang hak kapercayaan keur ngembangkeun carita James Bond non-resmi.<ref>{{cite news |author=Copyright 1998-2007 |url=http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/literary/index.php3 |title=MI6:: The Home Of James Bond 007 |publisher=Mi6.co.uk |date=1953-04-13 |accessdate=2009-01-06 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530131951/http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/literary/index.php3 |date=2019-05-30 }}</ref> Aya 22 film nu dirilis jeung kaasup dina seri produksi "resmi" [[EON Productions]], nu terakhir jeung paling anyar nyaéta ''[[Quantum of Solace]]'' nu dirilis kaping [[31 Oktober]] [[2008]] (keur kawasan [[Inggris]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7206997.stm |title=BBC NEWS &#124; Entertainment &#124; New Bond film title is confirmed |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-01-24 |accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7304920.stm |title=BBC NEWS &#124; Entertainment &#124; Next Bond film gets early release |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-03-19 |accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref> Salain ti versi éoN, pihak produser lain ogé nyobaan ngadamel sareng ngembangkeu carita James Bond dina beberapa variasi, nyaéta dina sandiwara radio, komik, dan vidéo game. Film-film produksi éoN Productions disebat ogé sabagai film resmi (official), saatos hak produksinya dipeser ku produser [[Harry Saltzman]] di akhir 1950-an.<ref>{{cite book |last=Winder |first=Simon |year=2006 |title=The Man Who Saved Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/manwhosavedbrita0000wind_b3d6 |publisher=Picador |isbn=0-330-43954-5}}</ref> == Sejarah dan inspirasi == [[James Bond (karakter)|Komandan Sir James Bond]], ([[Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]], [[Royal Naval Reserve|RNVR]]) nyaéta mangrupa saorang agen rahasia intelejen Inggris ([[Secret Intelligence Service]], disingkat SIS, atanapi disebat ogé sabagai MI6). Anjeunna diciptakan di sasih Januari 1952 ku jurnalis Inggris, Ian Fleming ketika anjeunna sedang berlibur di Jamaika. Nami James Bond dicandak tina saorang ahli burung asal AS, ogé tina saorang pengamat manuk ti Karibia.<ref>{{cite book | last = Chancellor | first = Henry | year = 2005 | title = James Bond: The Man and His World | url = https://archive.org/details/jamesbondmanhisw0000chan | publisher = John Murray | isbn = 0-7195-6815-3}}</ref> [[Gambar:Roger_Moore.jpg|thumb|left|175px|[[Roger Moore]], pemeran ketiga James Bond setelah [[George Lazenby]].]] Kolot James Bond nyaéta Andrew Bond, saorang [[Skotlandia]], jeung Monique Delacroix nu asalna ti Canton de Vaud, [[Swiss]]. Asal ti kaduana disebatkeun dina ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]''. Fleming nambihkeun unsur Skotlandia ka James Bond saatos anjeunna ninggali karakter [[Sean Connery]] dina ''Dr. No''. Samentara karakter Swiss ditambihkeun ku sabab Ian Fleming masih kénéh miboga darah Swiss.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zacharek |first=Stephanie |url=http://salon.com/books/feature/2006/11/25/fleming/ |title=Bond, by the book &#124; Salon Books |publisher=Salon.com |date=2006-11-25 |accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref> Hiji rencana, tapi gagal diréalisasikeun, sempat Fleming pikirkeun nyaéta nulis sebuah novel Bond nu nyaritakeun asal usul ibunda Bond. Dina biografi fiksi tentang agen 007, John Péarson méré poéan lahir Bond di [[11 November]] [[1920]] (Hari Gencatan Senjata). Bagian awal dina film "[[For Your Eyes Only]]" méré katerangan yén istrina James Bond lahir di 1943. Dina ''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]'' Tanaka nerangkeun ka Bond bahwa ia babar di Yéar of the Rat (1924/25 atanapi 1912/13). Dina novel ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'', slogan kulawarga Bond nyaéta "Orbis non sufficit" ("The world is not enough" – Dunia saja tidaklah cukup).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~tmf20/bond.shtml|title=Biography of the Literary James Bond}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914133220/http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~tmf20/bond.shtml |date=2009-09-14 }}</ref> == Novel dan sejenisnya == Bulan Februari 1952, Ian Fleming mimitian nulis James Bond. Saat itu anjeunna sedang ngajabat sabagai manajer keur harian Kemsley, nu mangrupakan induk perusahaan ti The Daily Express di London. Sateuacan narima tawaran jabatan manajer, Fleming sempet ngajukeun salah satu syarat, nyaéta dua sasih liburan dina sataun dina kontrak kerjanya tersebut. Ketika anjeunna ngadapatkeun waktos berliburnya tersebut, anjeunna lantas milih Jamaika, di mana akhirnya anjeunna nemukeun inspirasi keur nulis James Bond. Antara 1953 sampai hari wafatna di taun 1964, Fleming atos nulis jeung nerbitkeun 12 novel jeung hiji carita pendek (hijina deui diterbitkeun saatos wafatna Fleming). Salanjutna kalanjutan novel James Bond ditulis ku [[Kingsley Amis]] (sabagai [[Robert Markham]]), [[John Gardner]], [[Charlie Higson]], [[Raymond Benson]], nu kemudian janten orang non-Inggris pertama nu janten pangarang James Bond (Benson berasal ti [[Amerika Serikat|AS]]). Hiji deui kisah lain, judulna ''The Young Bond series'' dimimiti taun 2005 ku [[Charlie Higson]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://commanderbond.net/article/2677 | title = Charlie Higson interview with CommanderBond.net | work = The Charlie Higson CBn Interview | accessdate = February 23 2005 | dateformat = mdy }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203194642/http://commanderbond.net/article/2677 |date=2007-02-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Benson | first = Raymond | year = 1984 | title = The James Bond Bedside Companion | url = https://archive.org/details/jamesbondbedside0000bens_v0x9 | publisher = Dodd, Mead | isbn = 1-4011-0284-0 }}</ref> Bulan Juli 2007, diumumkeun bahwa [[Sebastian Faulks]] atos ngadapet izin keur nulis beberapa novel James Bond anyar, salah sahijina keur ngenang 100 taun kalahiran Ian Fleming. Buku 100 taun Fleming tersebut berjudul ''[[Devil May Care]]'', diterbitkan jeung dirilis sacara resmi kaping 27 Mei 2008. === Novel Ian Fleming === {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- style="vertical-align: top;" | * [[1953]] ''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= 213 |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 13 April |year= 1953 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1954]] ''[[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= 234 |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 5 April |year= 1954 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1955]] ''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 7 April |year= 1955 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1956]] ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (novel)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Diamonds Are Forever (novel)|Diamonds Are Forever]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 26 March |year= 1956 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1957]] ''[[From Russia with Love (novel)|From Russia with Love]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[From Russia with Love (novel)|From Russia with Love]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 8 April |year= 1957 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1958]] ''[[Dr. No (novel)|Dr. No]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Dr. No (novel)|Dr. No]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 31 March |year= 1958 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1959]] ''[[Goldfinger (novel)|Goldfinger]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Goldfinger (novel)|Goldfinger]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 23 March |year= 1959 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> | * [[1960]] ''[[For Your Eyes Only (kumpulan cerita pendek)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[For Your Eyes Only (short story collection)|For Your Eyes Only]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 11 April |year= 1960 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> - cerita pendek * [[1961]] ''[[Thunderball (novel)|Thunderball]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Thunderball (novel)|Thunderball]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 27 March |year= 1961 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1962]] ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (novel)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[The Spy Who Loved Me (novel)|The Spy Who Loved Me]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 16 April |year= 1962 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1963]] ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 1 April |year= 1963 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1964]] ''[[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 16 March |year= 1964 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1965]] ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|The Man with the Golden Gun]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= 1 April |year= 1965 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> * [[1966]] ''[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights]]'' <ref>{{cite book |last= Fleming |first= Ian |title= [[Octopussy and The Living Daylights]] |series= James Bond |url= http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications Inc. |page= |publisher= [[Jonathan Cape]] |month= |year= 1966 |isbn= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }}</ref> - cerita pendek |} == Adaptasi == === Produksi EON === Film buatan éoN Productions dimimiti taun 1962 ku Dr. No. Saterasna sampai ka kiwari tos aya 22 film nu dirilis ku éoN Productions. Film-film buatan éoN Productions disebat sabagai film resmi, ku sabab hak film éta tos dipeser ku produser Harry Saltzman sejak akhir 1950-an. <!--DO NOT add the column for North American box office, the films are not an American franchise. Also note that the films are still being released in other countries. Any such addition will be reverted, so do not waste your time.--> <!--DO NOT add Never Say Never Again or the 1967 Casino Royale to this list. They are unofficial films and are listed in the unofficial films list, below! Any such addition will be reverted, so do not waste your time.--> {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- !width="20"|Nomor !width="240"|Judul !taun !width="110"|Aktor !width="140"|Sutradara !Total Box Office !Anggaran !Penyesuaian Inflasi {{br}} Total Box Office** |- |align=center|'''1''' |''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'' |[[1962]] |rowspan="5" align="center"|[[Sean Connery]] |rowspan="2" align="center"|[[Terence Young]] |align=right|$59.600.000 |align=right|$1.200.000 |align=right|$425.488.741 |- |align=center|'''2''' |''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'' |[[1963]] |align=right|$78.900.000 |align=right|$2.500.000 |align=right|$555.909.803 |- |align=center|'''3''' |''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'' |[[1964]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Guy Hamilton]] |align=right|$124.900.000 |align=right|$3.500.000 |align=right|$868.659.354 |- |align=center|'''4''' |''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]'' |[[1965]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Terence Young]] |align=right|$141.200.000 |align=right|$11.000.000 |align=right|$966.435.555 |- <!--DO NOT add The 1967 Casino Royale to this list. It is an unofficial film and is listed in the unofficial films list, below!--> |align=center|'''5''' |''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]'' |[[1967]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Lewis Gilbert]] |align=right|$111.600.000 |align=right|$9.500.000 |align=right|$720.388.023 |- |align=center|'''6''' |''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' |[[1969]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[George Lazenby]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Peter R. Hunt]] |align=right|$87.400.000 |align=right|$7.000.000 |align=right|$513.445.231 |- |align=center|'''7''' |''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' |[[1971]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Sean Connery]] |rowspan="3" align="center"|[[Guy Hamilton]] |align=right|$116.000.000 |align=right|$7.200.000 |align=right|$617.520.987 |- |align=center|'''8''' |''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]'' |[[1973]] |rowspan="7" align="center"|[[Roger Moore]] |align=right|$161.800.000 |align=right|$12.000.000 |align=right|$785.677.477 |- |align=center|'''9''' |''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (film)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'' |[[1974]] |align=right|$97.600.000 |align=right|$13.000.000 |align=right|$426.826.774 |- |align=center|'''10''' |''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' |[[1977]] |rowspan="2" align="center"|[[Lewis Gilbert]] |align=right|$187.300.000 |align=right|$28.000.000 |align=right|$666.367.656 |- |align=center|'''11''' |''[[Moonraker (film)|Moonraker]]'' |[[1979]] |align=right|$210.300.000 |align=right|$34.000.000 |align=right|$624.527.272 |- |align=center|'''12''' |''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' |[[1981]] |rowspan="5" align="center"|[[John Glen]] |align=right|$202.800.000 |align=right|$28.000.000 |align=right|$481.005.579 |- |align=center|'''13''' |''[[Octopussy]]'' |[[1983]] |align=right|$187.500.000 |align=right|$27.500.000 |align=right|$405.873.493 |- <!--DO NOT add Never Say Never Again to this list. It is an unofficial film and is listed in the unofficial films list, below!--> |align=center|'''14''' |''[[A View to a Kill]]'' |[[1985]] |align=right|$157.800.000 |align=right|$30.000.000 |align=right|$316.186.616 |- |align=center|'''15''' |''[[The Living Daylights]]'' |[[1987]] |rowspan="2" align="center"|[[Timothy Dalton]] |align=right|$191.200.000 |align=right|$40.000.000 |align=right|$362.876.056 |- |align=center|'''16''' |''[[Licence to Kill]]'' |[[1989]] |align=right|$156.200.000 |align=right|$42.000.000 |align=right|$271.586.451 |- |align=center|'''17''' |''[[GoldenEye]]'' |[[1995]] |rowspan="4" align="center"|[[Pierce Brosnan]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Martin Campbell]] |align=right|$353.400.000 |align=right|$60.000.000 |align=right|$499.954.330 |- |align=center|'''18''' |''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]'' |[[1997]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Roger Spottiswoode]] |align=right|$346.600.000 |align=right|$110.000.000 |align=right|$465.588.535 |- |align=center|'''19''' |''[[The World Is Not Enough]]'' |[[1999]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Michael Apted]] |align=right|$390.000.000 |align=right|$135.000.000 |align=right|$504.705.882 |- |align=center|'''20''' |''[[Die Another Day]]'' |[[2002]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Lee Tamahori]] |align=right|$456.000.000 |align=right|$142.000.000 |align=right|$546.490.272 |- |align=center|'''21''' |''[[Casino Royale (film 2006)|Casino Royale]]'' |[[2006]] |rowspan="2" align="center"|[[Daniel Craig]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Martin Campbell]] |align=right|$599.200.000 |align=right|$150.000.000 |align=right|$640.803.677 |- |align=center|'''22''' |''[[Quantum of Solace]]'' |[[2008]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Marc Forster]] |align=right|$515.588.687 |align=right|$230.000.000 |align=right|$515.588.687 |- |'''Total''' |'''''Film 1-22''''' | | | |align=right|'''$4.739.157.447''' |align=right|'''$1.123.000.000''' |align=right|'''$11.615.711.960''' |} </center> <nowiki>*</nowiki> ''Data kaping 6 Mei 2007 (sumber - [http://commanderbond.net/article/3904 commanderbond.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519005145/http://commanderbond.net/article/3904 |date=2009-05-19 }}).''{{br}} <nowiki>**</nowiki> ''Data ngarujuk kana kurs dollar taun 2008, tepatna kaping 24 Maret 2008, sumber dari Consumer Price Index.''{{br}} <nowiki>***</nowiki> ''Semua data dina Dollar AS''<ref>[http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/series/JamesBond.php Bond franchise Box Office numbers], [http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=jamesbond.htm], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060614220501/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1967/0CARO.html Casino Royale Box Office numbers (1967)], [http://www.freewebs.com/moonrakerbondstation2/index.htm Box Office numbers + Inflation]</ref> === Sanes EON-Productions === Salain produksi éoN, aya ogé sababarahiji carita James Bond dina bentuk sandiwara radio, film TV sareng film layar lebar nu dijieun ku produser lain. {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- !width="20"|taun !width="240"|Judul !Type !width="110"|Aktor !Total Box Office !Anggaran !Penyesuaian Inflasi {{br}} Total Box Office** |- |1954 |''[[Casino Royale (Climax!)|Casino Royale]]'' |Episode TV |[[Barry Nelson]] |align=right|n/a |align=right|$25.000 |align=right|n/a |- |1956 |''[[Moonraker (novel)|Moonraker]]'' |Radio |[[Bob Holness]] |align=right|n/a |align=right| |align=right|n/a |- |[[1967]] |''[[Casino Royale (film 1967)|Casino Royale]]'' |Film |[[David Niven]] |align=right|$44.400.000 |align=right|$12.000.000 |align=right|$286.605.987 |- |[[1983]] |''[[Never Say Never Again]]'' |Film |[[Sean Connery]] |align=right|$160.000.000 |align=right|$36.000.000 |align=right|$346.345.380 |- |1990 |''[[You Only Live Twice (novel)|You Only Live Twice]]'' |Radio |[[Michael Jayston]] |align=right|n/a |align=right| |align=right|n/a |- |1991 |''[[James Bond Jr.]]'' |Serial kartun TV |[[Corey Burton]] |align=right|n/a |align=right| |align=right|n/a |- |2008 |''[[Dr. No (novel)|Dr. No]]'' |Radio |[[Toby Stephens]] |align=right|n/a |align=right| |align=right|n/a |- |'''Total''' | | | |align=right|'''$204.400.000''' |align=right|'''$48.000.000''' |align=right|'''$602.860.000''' |} </center> == Aktor == === Produksi resmi EON === * [[Sean Connery]] (1962-1967; 1971) – genep film * [[George Lazenby]] (1969) – hiji film * [[Roger Moore]] (1973-1985) – tujuh film * [[Timothy Dalton]] (1987-1989) – dua film * [[Pierce Brosnan]] (1995-2002) – opat film * [[Daniel Craig]] (2006-…) – sampai kiwari kakarek dua film === Produksi non-resmi === * [[Barry Nelson]] - 1954 * [[Bob Holness]] - 1956 * [[David Niven]] - 1967 * [[Sean Connery]] - 1983 * [[Michael Jayston]] - 1990 * [[Corey Burton]] - 1991 * [[Toby Stephens]] – 2008 == Catatan kaki == <div class="reflist4" style="height: 300px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px noprint" > {{reflist|2}} </div> == Tumbu kaluar == {{Wikiquote}} {{commons|James Bond}} {{portal}} ;Website resmi: * {{en}}[http://www.jamesbond.com/ Situs resmi James Bond] * {{en}}[http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ Pusat penerbitan novel Ian Fleming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }} * {{en}}[http://www.youngbond.com/ Situs resmi Young Bond] * {{en}}[http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/ Pinewood Studios – rumah dari James Bond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128072515/http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/ |date=2011-01-28 }} * {{en}}[http://www.007stage.com/ Website resmi Pinewood Studios Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930160508/http://www.007stage.com/ |date=2011-09-30 }} * {{en}}[http://www.30AU.co.uk/ Ian Fleming's 'Red Indians' - 30AU - Literatur James Bond Wartime unit] ;Website non-resmi: * {{en}}[http://www.007james.com/ 007James – Situsnya Mr. Bond, James Bond] * {{en}}[http://mi6.co.uk/ MI6 – Rumah dari James Bond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906114842/http://www.mi6.co.uk./ |date=2008-09-06 }} [[Kategori:Fiksi]] [[Kategori:James Bond]] m0x8lrjg6xnh6buzy6bcd72bfa06xil 0 31434 712901 708325 2026-09-23T07:10:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Asal-usul hujan asam.svg|right|350 px|Prosés déposisi asam (tegeskeun yén ngan SO₂ jeung NO_x anu boga peran signifikan dina hujan asam).]] '''Hujan asam''' nyaéta [[hujan]] atawa bentuk [[présipitasi (météorologi)|présipitasi]] lianna anu sacara teu wajar watekna [[asam]], ku naékna kadar ion [[hidrogén]] ([[pH]] leutik). Balukarna goréng pikeun [[tutuwuhan]], [[sato cai]], jeung infrastruktur. Hujan asam téh balukar tina émisi sanyawaan [[amonia]], [[karbon]], [[nitrogén]], jeung [[walirang]] nu [[réaksi kimia|ngahiji]] jeung [[molekul]] [[cai]] di [[atmosfir]] nu ngahasilkeun asam. Pikeun ngungkulanana, pamaréntah sababaraha nagara geus nyieun tarékah ti taun 1970-an, utamana pikeun ngurangan produksi oksida walirang. Najan kitu, ieu prosés mémang lumangsung sacara alami, di antarana tina [[gelap]] jeung [[gunung bitu]]. == Watesan == "Hujan asam" téh istilah populér nu nujul ka déposisi baseuh (hujan, salju, hujan és, halimun, awan, ibun) jeung garing (partikel jeung gas) komponén nu watekna asam. Istilah nu leuwih méré nah nyaéta "déposisi asam". [[Cai sulingan]], nu [[karbon dioksida]]na geus dileungitkeun, boga pH [[larutan nétral|nétral]] 7. Cairan anu pH-na kurang ti 7 boga watek asam, anapon anu leuwih ti 7 watekna basa. Hujan anu 'bérésih' atawa teu ngalaman polusi watekna rada asam, pH kira 5,2, ku sabab karbon dioksida jeung cai di udara jadi [[asam karbonat]], hiji asam lemah, tapi ogé ngandung jat kimia lianna<ref>Likens, G. E., W. C. Keene, J. M. Miller and J. N. Galloway. 1987. Chemistry of precipitation from a remote, terrestrial site in Australia. J. Geophys. Res. 92(D11):13,299-13,314.</ref>. :H₂O (l) + CO₂ (g) → H₂CO₃ (aq) Asam karbonat bisa diionkeun dina cai jadi ion [[hidronium]] jeung [[karbonat]] anu kadarna saeutik: :2 H₂O (l) + H₂CO₃ (aq) {{eqm}} CO₃²⁻ (aq) + 2 H₃O<sup>+</sub> (aq) Déposisi asam salaku [[isu lingkungan]] ogé bisa ngawengku asam H₂CO₃. == Baca ogé == * [[Présipitasi basa|Hujan basa]] * [[Polusi udara]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Bacaan salajengna == * [[John McCormick]], ''Acid Earth: The Global Threat of Acid Pollution'' (London: éarthscan, 1989) ISBN 1-85383-033-X * Likens, G. E., R. F. Wright, J. N. Galloway and T. J. Butler. 1979. Acid rain. Sci. Amer. 241(4):43-51. * Wéathers, K. C. and G. E. Likens. 2006. Acid rain. pp.&nbsp;1549–1561. In: W. N. Rom (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. Lippincott-Raven Publ., Philadelphia. Fourth Edition. == Tumbu kaluar == * [http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/AQRS/reports/napapreport05.pdf National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report] - a 98-page report to Congress * [http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/environ/acid.html Acid rain for schools] * [http://www.hubbardbrookfoundation.org/education_outreach/ Acid rain for schools - Hubbard Brook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815095700/http://www.hubbardbrookfoundation.org/education_outreach/ |date=2008-08-15 }} * U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - [http://www.epa.gov/region1/eco/acidrain/index.html New England Acid Rain Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415152327/http://www.epa.gov/region1/eco/acidrain/index.html |date=2016-04-15 }} (superficial) * [http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/2.html Acid Rain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421175435/http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/2.html |date=2006-04-21 }} (more depth than ref. above) * U.S. Géological Survey - [http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/acidrain/2.html What is acid rain?] * [http://www2.iq.usp.br/docente/gutz/Curtipot_.html Acid rain analysis - freeware for simulation and evaluation of titration curves and pH calculations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126143238/http://www2.iq.usp.br/docente/gutz/Curtipot_.html |date=2019-01-26 }} * [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-584/science_technology/acid_rain/ CBC Digital Archives – Acid Rain: Pollution and Politics] * [http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag/40/i02/html/011506feature_larssen.html Larssen, Thorjørn et al. “Acid Rain in China”. Environmental Science and Technology, 40:2, 2006, pp 418-425.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426020708/http://www.adirondackcouncil.org/acrapub.pdf Acid Rain: A Continuing National Tragedy] - a report from The Adirondack Council on acid rain in the Adirondack region * [http://www.bookrags.com/Acid_rain Assortment of Summaries on Acid Rain] * [http://pages.cthome.net/rwinkler/acidrain.htm Acid rain linked to decline of the wood thrush, a songbird of the Eastern Forest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701163739/http://pages.cthome.net/rwinkler/acidrain.htm |date=2007-07-01 }} * [http://www.nfb.ca/film/Trouble_in_the_Forest/ ''Trouble in the Forest'', a 1988 documentary hosted by David Suzuki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127204000/http://nfb.ca/film/Trouble_in_the_Forest/ |date=2010-11-27 }} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Kimia lingkungan]] [[Kategori:Polusi]] p7y14mfiuap4v7jvrd591w1i4sqfmx1 0 32864 712836 652951 2026-09-23T02:23:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Angry Birds''''' nyaéta kaulinan vidéo nu awalna dina aplikasi [[iPad]]/[[iPhone]], tapi ayeuna geus dirilis dina rupa-rupa média. Kaulinan ieu geus dipaké leuwih ti 100 yuta pamaké.<ref>[http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/33509/Angry_Birds_Sees_100_Million_Downloads.php/ Angry Birds Sees 100 Million Downloads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523013047/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/33509/Angry_Birds_Sees_100_Million_Downloads.php/ |date=2011-05-23 }}</ref> * [http://www.rovio.com/index.php?page=angry-birds Official Angry Birds Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401105944/http://www.rovio.com/index.php?page=angry-birds |date=2011-04-01 }} * [http://angrybirdsrio.org Unofficial Angry Birds Rio Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902022754/http://angrybirdsrio.org/ |date=2011-09-02 }} == Catetan suku == {{reflist}} {{Pondok}} [[Kategori:Kaulinan Video]] [[Kategori:IPhone]] m0xhu3c5b8hc3307i0ntt10qrehpe2i 0 33606 712883 712318 2026-09-23T06:02:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Image:Neutrophil with anthrax copy.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mikroskop éléktron pindai|Mikrograf éléktron pindai]] hiji neutrofil keur '[[fagositosis|ngahakan]]' [[Bacillus anthracis|baksil antrax]] (oranyeu).]] '''Fagosit''' ([[basa Yunani|Yun.]]: ''phagein'', "dahar", jeung ''-cyte'', ahiran anu dina biologi nujul ka "sél"<ref name=ox>{{cite book| coauthors=Little, C., Fowler H.W., Coulson J.| title=The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary| publisher=Oxford University Press (Guild Publishing)| year=1983|pages=1566–67}}</ref>) nyaéta [[sél getih bodas]] anu ngajaga awak ku cara ngahakan ([[fagositosis]]) partikel asing anu dianggap pibahyaeun, [[baktéri]], jeung sél paéh atawa nu keur [[apoptosis|sakarat]]. Ieu sél penting kacida pikeun merangan inféksi katut [[imunitas (médis)|imunitasna]]<ref name=USC>{{cite web| last = Mayer| first = Gene|title=Immunology&nbsp;— Chapter One: Innate (non-specific) Immunity| work = Microbiology and Immunology On-Line Textbook| publisher = USC School of Medicine| year = 2006|url=http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/ghaffar/innate.htm| accessdate = 12 Nopémber 2008}}</ref> pikeun sakabéh bangsa [[sato]]<ref name=Delves250>{{Harvnb|Delves|Martin|Burton|Roit|2006|p=250}}</ref> sarta geus mekar pisan dina vertebrata<ref>.{{Harvnb|Delves|Martin|Burton|Roit|2006|p=251}}</ref>. [[Léter|Saléter]] getih [[manusa]] ngandung nepi ka genep miliar fagosit<ref name=Hoff-values>{{Harvnb|Hoffbrand|Pettit|Moss|2005|p=331}}</ref>. Ieu sél munggaran dipikawanoh taun [[1882]] ku [[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov]] nu keur nalungtik [[larva]] [[béntang laut]]<ref name= Ilya>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/mechnikov-bio.html Ilya Mechnikov], disalin 28 Nopémber 2008. Tina [http://nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/publications/lectures/index.html Nobel Lectures], ''Physiology or Medicine 1901–1921'', Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822041214/http://nobelprize.org/nobelfoundation/publications/lectures/index.html |date=2008-08-22 }}</ref>. Pikeun papanggihanana, anjeunna dileler [[Hadiah Nobel widang Fisiologi atawa Kedokteran]] taun [[1908]]<ref name= Paul>{{cite journal|title=Ilya Ilich Metchnikoff (1845–1915) and Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915): the centennial of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|journal=Journal of medical biography|year=2008|first=FC|last=Schmalstieg|coauthors=AS Goldman|volume=16|issue=2|pages=96–103|pmid=18463079|url=http://jmb.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/full/16/2/96|ref=harv|doi=10.1258/jmb.2008.008006}}</ref>. Lian ti bangsa sato, fagosit ogé nyampak dina sababaraha spésiés; [[amuboid|amuba]] ogé aya nu polahna kawas fagosit makrofag, nu nuduhkeun yén sigana fagosit mucunghul dina mangsa awal évolusi mahluk hirup<ref name=amoebaphage>Janeway, Chapter: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=phagocytes,evolution&rid=imm.section.2367#2368 Evolution of the innate immune system.] tempo Bibliografi, dibuka 20 Maret 2009</ref>. Fagosit manusa jeung sato lianna disebut "profésional" atawa "teu-profésional" dumasar kana kamatihna nalika [[fagositosis]]<ref name=Ernst186>{{Harvnb|Ernst|Stendahl|2006|p=186}}</ref>. Anu profésional di antarana [[neutrofil]], [[monosit]], [[makrofag]], [[sél déndritik]], jeung [[sél mast]]<ref name=Rob>{{Harvnb|Robinson|Babcock|1998|p=187}} and {{Harvnb|Ernst|Stendahl|2006|pp=7–10}}</ref>. Anu ngabédakeunana nyaéta aya/henteuna [[molekul]] anu katelah [[reséptor (biokimia)|reséptor]] dina beungeut sélna anu bisa mikawanoh barang anu pibahyaeun, sarupaning baktéri anu sakuduna euweuh dina awak<ref name= something>{{Harvnb|Ernst|Stendahl|2006|p=10}}</ref>. Lian ti pikeun merangan inféksi, ieu sél ogé penting pikeun ngajaga sangkan jaringan angger walagri ku cara miceunan sél anu paéh atawa sakarat ku sabab geus waktuna paéh<ref name="pathogenesis">{{cite journal | author=Thompson, CB| title=Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-03-10_267_5203/page/1456| journal=Science| year=1995| volume=267| issue=5203| pages=1456–62| doi=10.1126/science.7878464| pmid=7878464 | ref=harv}}</ref>. Nalika inféksi, sinyal kimiawi ngirut fagosit ka tempat anu katarajang [[kuman|kuman/patogén]]. Sinyal kimiawi éta datangna bisa ti baktéri langsung atawa ti fagosit lianna anu keur merangan kuman. Fagosit ojah ku cara [[kémotaxis]]. Mangsa fagosit antel jeung baktéri, reséptor nu aya dina beungeutna bakal nali, anu diteruskeun ku ngasupkeun éta baktéri ka jero awak fagosit<ref name=money>Janeway, Chapter: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=migration&rid=imm.section.203#206 Induced innate responses to infection.] tempo Bibliografi, dibuka 20 Maret 2009</ref>. Sababaraha fagosit maéhan kuman nu geus 'diteureuy' maké [[spésiés oxigén réaktif|oxidan]] jeung [[oksida nitrat]]<ref name=pmid15378046>{{cite journal |author=Fang FC |title=Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: concepts and controversies |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=820–32 |year=2004 |month=Oktober |pmid=15378046 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1004 |ref=harv}}</ref>. Sanggeus fagositosis, makrofag jeung sél déndritik bisa aub dina [[présentasi antigén]] nalika bahan-bahan anu asalna tina baktéri anu dihakan ditémbongkeun dina beungeut sélna pikeun dipikawanoh ku sél-sél sistem imun lianna. Sababaraha fagosit terus indit ka [[kelenjar limfe]] pikeun némbongkeun éta bahan asing ka sél getih bodas anu disebut [[limfosit]] anu penting pisan pikeun ngawangun imunitas<ref name=ATP>Janeway, Chapter: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=imm.chapter.553 Antigen Presentation to T Lymphocytes.] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} tempo Bibliografi, dibuka 20 Maret 2009</ref>. Najan kitu, kuman ogé ngalaman évolusi anu bisa nyingkahan atawa ngalawan panarajang fagosit<ref name=USC/>. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu kaluar == * {{MeshName|Phagocytes}} {{Commonscat|Phagocytes}} {{Getih}} {{Sistim imun}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Leukosit]] pip7eto4qjzolpbs2lz2q4z30xroj9u 0 33716 712868 673610 2026-09-23T04:21:32Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox flood | name = Banjir Afrika bagian kidul 2010—2011 | image location = | image name = | image alt text = | duration = Désémber 2010 – ayeunna | total damages = [[Rand Afrika Kidul|R]]1,4&nbsp;miliar ([[US$]]200&nbsp;miliar) | total damages (USD) = | total fatalities = Kira-kira 54 urang<!-- 41 di Afrika Kidul; 13 di Mozambik]] --><ref name="BBC1">{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|publisher=BBC News|date=January 18, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|title=South Africa declares flood disaster|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12199879}}</ref><ref name="Sify1">{{cite web|author=Donate A Goat|publisher=Sify|date=January 18, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|title=Floods in southern Africa claim over 50 lives|url=http://www.sify.com/news/floods-in-southern-africa-claim-over-50-lives-news-international-lbsrufeaihc.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122031430/http://www.sify.com/news/floods-in-southern-africa-claim-over-50-lives-news-international-lbsrufeaihc.html |date=January 22, 2011 }}</ref> | areas affected = [[Afrika Kidul]], [[Mozambik]], [[Zimbabwé]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], [[Zambia]], jeung [[Malawi]] }} '''Caah Afrika bagian kidul 2010—2011''' nyaéta saruntuyan bencana caah di tujuh nagara di [[Afrika bagian kidul]]. Bencana ieu patali jeung kajadian [[La Niña]]. Hujan leuwih ti rata-rata ti Désémber 2010 geus ngakibatkeun caah nu ngaluas. Rébuan urang geus diungsikeun jeung pangungsian terus lumangsung. Dina [[18 Januari]] [[2011]], saeutikna 54 urang dipastikeun geus maot.<ref name="BBC1"/><ref name="Sify1"/> Di [[Afrika Kidul]], leuwih ti 6.000 urang geus diungsikeun jeung 41 urang dipastikeun geus maot akibat caah.<ref name="BBC1">{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|publisher=BBC News|date=January 18, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|title=South Africa declares flood disaster|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12199879}}</ref><ref name="CNN1">{{cite web|author=Nkepile Mabuse|publisher=CNN|date=January 18, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|title=Officials say 40 killed in South African floods; more rain predicted|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/18/south.africa.floods/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122174431/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/01/18/south.africa.floods/ |date=January 22, 2011 }}</ref> Di [[Mozambik]], pangélingan bahya dibéwarakeun sapanjang walungan nagara étu sabab aranjeunna ngadeukeutan tahap caah. Kira-kira 13.000 urang geus diungsikeun jeung saeutikna 13 urang dipastikeun geus maot.<ref name="Sify1"/> == Réferénsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Caah taun 2010]] [[Kategori:Caah taun 2011]] [[Kategori:Botswana dina taun 2010]] [[Kategori:Afrika Kidul dina taun 2010]] [[Kategori:Mozambik dina taun 2010]] [[Kategori:Namibia dina taun 2010]] [[Kategori:Zimbabwé dina taun 2010]] [[Kategori:Botswana dina taun 2011]] [[Kategori:Afrika Kidul dina taun 2011]] [[Kategori:Mozambik dina taun 2011]] [[Kategori:Namibia dina taun 2011]] [[Kategori:Zimbabwé dina taun 2011]] {{Bencana-stub}} qfc8qij54pnqte55b1phwxnzu8tfwi0 0 34153 712874 708882 2026-09-23T05:12:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712874 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Limited recognition map large.png|thumb|400px| {{legend|#FF0000|Teu aya pangakuan internasional}} {{legend|#FF8484|Pangakuan kawates}} {{legend|#808040|Pangakuan mayoritas}} {{legend|#FF8040|Wewengkon nu statusna dipaséakeun; kalawan hiji institusi pamaréntah, nu diakuan ku saeutikna sababaraha nagara}}]] '''Daptar nagara kalawan pangakuan kawates''' méré hiji gambaran ngeunaan éntitas [[géopolitik]] ayeuna, nu hayang diakuan minangka [[nagara daulat]] dina [[hukum internasional]] tapi heunteu atawa tacan miboga [[pangakuan diplomatik]] dunya sacara pinuh. Éntitas kawas kieu umumna kabagi kana dua kategori. Kahiji, éntitas nu miboga pangawasaan pinuh atawa sabagian kana wewengkon nu diklaimna nu maréntah sorangan ku cara ''[[de facto]]'' jeung geus nyebutkeun hiji kahayangan pikeun merdéka pinuh. Kadua, éntitas nu teu boga pangawasaan pinuh kana wewengkon nu diklaimna, tapi diakuan miboga klaim ''[[de jure]]'' kana wewengkonna ku saeutikna hiji nagara lian nu diakuan sacara luas. Sababaraha nagara dina daptar ieu, kawas [[Siprus]] jeung [[Koréa Kidul|Républik Koréa]], diakuan ku mayoritas nagara-nagara lian jeung mangrupa anggota Sarikat Bangsa-Bangsa, tapi diasupkeun kana daptar ieu sabab sababaraha nagara lian ngabatalkeun pangakuanna. Tempo [[daptar historis nagara nu heunteu diakuan]] pikeun éntitas kawas kieu nu aya dina jaman baheula. Tempo [[daptar pamaréntahan dina pangasingan]] pikeun pamaréntahan nu teu diakuan jeung teu miboga pangawasaan kana wewengkon nu diklaimna. Aya 192 [[Daptar anggota Pasaarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|nagara anggota]] [[Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] (PBB). [[Tahta Suci]] diakuan [[kadaulatan|daulat dumasar kana hukum internasional]], tapi heunteu minangka anggota Pasarikatan (miboga status minangka [[Panénjo Majelis Umum Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|nagara panénjo]]).<ref>[http://www.un.org/members/nonmembers.shtml Non-member State]</ref> == Éntitas géopolitik ayeuna dumasar kana tingkat pangakuan == === Teu diakuan ku nagara naon baé === {|class="wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !width="15%"|Ngaran !width="5%"|Dipaséakeun ti !width="53%"|Pangakuan !width="22%"|Informasi salajengna !width="7%"|Réferénsi |- | {{flagicon|Somaliland}} [[Somaliland]] |align="center"| 1991 | euweuh nagara nu ngakuan Somaliland merdéka sacara ''de jure'' ti [[Somalia]]. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Somaliland]] | |} === Diakuan ngan ku nagara non-anggota PBB === {|class="wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !width="15%"|Ngaran !width="5%"|Dipaséakeun ti !width="53%"|Pangakuan !width="22%"|Informasi salajengna !width="7%"|Réferénsi |- | {{flagicon|Transnistria}} [[Transnitria]] |align="center"| 1990 | Kamerdékaan Transnistria diakuan ku [[Abkhazia]] jeung [[Ossétia Kidul]]. Sadaya nagara anggota PBB ngakuan wewengkonna minangka bagian ''de jure'' ti [[Moldova]]. | [[Papaséaan status Transnistria|Hubungan luar nagri Transnistria]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-06-16|url=http://video.acasa.ro/view_video/1cbc0583298a23831612/transnistria-europe-s-black-hole-2-4.html|title=Abkhazia: Ten Years On|publisher=BBC 2|year=2001}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119090608/http://video.acasa.ro/view_video/1cbc0583298a23831612/transnistria-europe-s-black-hole-2-4.html |date=2009-11-19 }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Nagorno-Karabakh}} [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] |align="center"| 1991 | Ngan Transnistria nu ngakuan kamerdékaan Nagorno-Karabakh. Sadaya negara ngakuan wewengkonna minangka bagian de jure ti [[Azerbaijan]] | | |- |} === Non-anggota PBB diakuan ku saeutikna hiji anggota PBB === {|class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !width="15%"|Ngaran !width="5%"|Dipaséakeun ti !class="unsortable" width="53%"|Pangakuan !width="22%" class="unsortable"|Informasi salajengna !width="7%" class="unsortable"|Réferénsi |- | {{flagicon|Abkhazia}} [[Abkhazia]] |align="center"|1992 | Kamerdékaan Abkhazia diakuan ku dua nagara anggota PBB, [[Rusia]] jeung [[Nikaragua]] jeung dua nagara non-anggota PBB, Ossétia Kidul jeung Transnistria.<ref name="tiraspoltimes.com">[http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/news/south_ossetia_opens_embassy_in_abkhazia.html ''South Ossetia opens embassy in Abkhazia'' The Tiraspol Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422030914/http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/news/south_ossetia_opens_embassy_in_abkhazia.html |date=2008-04-22 }}</ref> Sadaya nagara anggota PBB nu séjén ngakuan wewengkonna minangka bagian ''de jure'' ti [[Géorgia]]. | [[Hubungan luar nageri Abkhazia]], [[Pangakuan internasional Abkhazia jeung Ossétia Kidul]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-26|url=http://www.c-r.org/resources/occasional-papers/abkhazia-ten-years-on.php|title=Abkhazia: Ten Years On|publisher=Conciliation Resources|year=2001|author=Clogg, Rachel}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205052756/http://www.c-r.org/resources/occasional-papers/abkhazia-ten-years-on.php |date=2012-02-05 }}</ref><ref name="Medvedev">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/7582181.stm Russia recognises Georgian rebels] - BBC, 2008-08-26 [http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=96574]</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Républik Cina]] ([[Taiwan]]) |align="center"| 1949 | [[Républik Rahayat Cina]] (RRC) jeung Républik Cina (RC; katelah umumna minangka "Taiwan") ngadukung [[Kawijakan Hiji Cina]] nu nyebutkeun yén Cina sacara ''de jure'' mangrupa hiji éntitas daulat tunggal nu ngawengku wewengkon nu ayeuna aya dina pangawasaan RRC jeung RC. RC diakuan minangka sahiji-hijina pamaréntahan Cina nu sah ku [[Hubungan luar nagri Républik Cina|22]] nagara anggota PBB jeung [[Tahta Suci]]. Dumasar kana [[Résolusi Majelis Umum Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 2758]], RRC mangrupa sahiji-hijina pamaréntahan Cina nu sah, hiji posisi nu ogé dicandak ku nagara anggota PBB nu séjén. Loba nagara miboga hubungan teu resmi sareng RC. | [[Status politik Taiwan]], [[Hubungan luar nagri Républik Cina]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://members.aol.com/JoJoLewis/Taiwan/Taiwan_index.html|date=2002-08-04|author=Lewis, Joe|title=Taiwan Independence |publisher=Digital Freedom Network }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Kosovo}} [[Kosovo]] |align="center"| 2008 | Kamerdékaan Kosovo diakuan ku 62 nagara anggota PBB, [[Républik Cina|Républik Cina (Taiwan)]], jeung sababraha organisasi internasional. Sadaya nagara anggota PBB nu séjén ngakuan wewengkonna minangka bagian ''de jure'' ti [[Sérbia]]. [[Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]] geus ngurus administasi wewengkon ieu ti 1999 liwat [[Misi Ad-Interim Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Kosovo]], kalawan kerja sama ti [[Uni Éropa]] ti 2008. Dumasar kana [[Résolusi Déwan Kaamanan Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1244]], Kosovo tetep mangrupa bagian ti [[Républik Féderal Yugoslavia]] (di mana [[Sérbia]] mangrupa nagara panerusna), ngadagoan hiji réngséan politik pikeun nangtukeun status ahirna<ref>http://www.unmikonline.org/press/reports/N9917289.pdf</ref>. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Kosovo]], [[Pangakuan internasional Kosovo]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7249034.stm|date=2008-02-17|title=Kosovo MPs proclaim independence |publisher=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> |- | [[Gambar:Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg|25px]] [[Républik Turki Siprus Kalér|Siprus Kalér]] |align="center"| 1983 | Kamerdékaan Siprus Kalér diakuan ku hiji nagara anggota PBB, [[Turki]]. Sadaya nagara anggota PBB nu séjén ngakuan wewengkonna minangka bagian ''de jure'' ti [[Siprus]]. [[Organisasi Konferénsi Islam]] masihan status panénjo ka Siprus Kalér. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Républik Turki Siprus Kalér]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://antiwar.com/hadar/?articleid=8042|author=Hadar, Leon|date=2005-11-16|title=In Praise of 'Virtual States' |publisher=AntiWar }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Otoritas Nasional Paléstina|Paléstina]] |align="center"| 1988 | Nagara Paléstina diakuan ku 93 nagara anggota PBB,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060404211437/http://www.pna.gov.ps/Government/gov/recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine.asp</ref> [[Tahta Suci]], [[Liga Arab]], jeung [[Organisasi Konferénsi Islam]], sanggeus [[Déklarasi Kamerdékaan Paléstina]] ku [[Organisasi Pambébasan Paléstina]]. Misi Paléstina miboga status diplomatik atawa husus di 22 nagara anggota PBB lianna jeung [[Uni Éropa]]. Israél teu ngakuan nagara Paléstina. Tapi, minangka hasil ti [[Pasatujuan Rapih Oslo]] jeung [[Pasatujuan Samentawis Israél-Paléstina]], pamaréntah Israél geus ngalihkeun kakawasaan katangtu jeung tanggung jawab pamaréntahan sorangan ka [[Otoritas Nasional Paléstina]], nu dipaké di wewengkon Tepi Kulon jeung jalur Gaza. PBB ngakuan Paléstina minangka éntitas non-anggota kalawan status panénjo. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Otoritas Nasional Paléstina]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://imeu.net/news/article0065.shtml|year=2007|title=3.10 - How many countries recognize Palestine as a state?|publisher=Institute for Middle East Understanding}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142400/http://imeu.net/news/article0065.shtml |date=2014-04-13 }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Western Sahara}} [[Républik Démokratik Arab Sahrawi]] (RDAS) |align="center"| 1976 | [[Sahara Kulon]] mangrupa subjék ti rupa-rupa klaim nu silih-paséa: [[Maroko]] ngaklaim sakabéh wewengkonna jeung ngawasaan kalobaannana, samentara Républik Démokratik Arab Sahrawi (RDAS) ngan ngawasaan [[Zona Bébas (wilayah)|Zona Bébas]] tapi ngaklaim ogé kadaulatan pinuh kana sakabéh wewengkonna. Kamerdékaan Sahara Kulon dina kadaulatan RDAS diakuan ku 49 nagara anggota PBB jeung [[Uni Afrika]]. Sahara Kulon diakuan minangka bagian ''de jure'' ti Maroko ku 25 nagara anggota PBB jeung [[Liga Arab]]. Sadaya nagara anggota PBB nu séjén teu ngakuan kadua nagara miboga otoritas ''de jure'' kana wewngkon éta; wewengkon éta kaasup kana [[Daptar Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa ngeunaan Wewengkon Tampa Pamaréntahan Sorangan]] ti diasupkeun dina 1960-an minangka [[Sahara Spanyol]]. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Républik Démokratik Arab Sahrawi]] |align=center|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://www.wsahara.net/sadr.html|date=1976-02-27|author=Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|title=Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|publisher=Western Sahara Online}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429161652/http://www.wsahara.net/sadr.html |date=2014-04-29 }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|South Ossetia}} [[Ossétia Kidul]] |align="center"|1991 | Kamerdékaan Ossetia Kidul diakuan ku dua nagara anggota PBB, [[Rusia]] jeung [[Nikaragua]] sarta dua nagara non-anggota PBB, Abkhazia jeung Transnistria.<ref name="tiraspoltimes.com"/> Sadaya nagara anggota PBB nu séjén ngakuan wewengkonna minangka bagian ''de jure'' ti [[Géorgia]]. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Ossétia Kidul]], [[Pangakuan internasional Abkhazia jeung Ossétia Kidul]] |align=center|<ref name="Medvedev"/><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://iys.cidi.org/humanitarian/hsr/03b/ixl95.html|date=2003-09-23|author=Stojanovic, Srdjan|title=OCHA Situation Report|publisher=Center for International Disaster Information}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021022609/http://iys.cidi.org/humanitarian/hsr/03b/ixl95.html |date=2016-10-21 }}</ref> |} === Nagara anggota PBB, teu diakuan ku saeutikna hiji nagara lian === {|class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 100%" |- !width="15%"|Ngaran !width="5%"|Dipaséakeun ti !class="unsortable" width="53%"|Pangakuan !width="22%" class="unsortable"|Informasi salajengna !width="7%" class="unsortable"|Réferénsi |- | {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Siprus]] |align="center"| 1974 | Siprus teu diakuan ku hiji nagara anggota PBB, [[Turki]], jeung hiji nagara non-anggota PBB, [[Siprus Kalér]], di mana kaduanya ngarujuk Siprus minangka ''Güney Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi'', "Bagian Yunani ti Siprus Kidul". | [[Hubungan luar nagri Siprus]] |align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html|date=2008-02-28|author=CIA World Factbook|title=Cyprus|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226020655/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html |date=2018-12-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-07|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-10/01/content_3570894.htm|title=Cyprus exists without Turkey's recognition: president|publisher=XINHUA|date=2005-10-01 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072600/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-10/01/content_3570894.htm |date=2016-03-12 }}</ref><ref>http://www.europarl.europa.eu/activities/committees/studies/download.do?file=20800#search=%20Turkey</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israél]] |align="center"| 1948 | Israél teu diakuan ku nagara-nagara anggota PBB ieu: [[Arab Saudi]], [[Indonésia]], [[Iran]]<ref>http://www.rferl.org/content/Iran_Says_Israel_Stops_Its_Aid_Ship_To_Gaza/1369553.html</ref>, [[Irak]]<ref>http://www.forward.com/articles/13571/</ref>, [[Koréa Kalér|Républik Démokratik Rahayat Koréa]], [[Kuba]], [[Kuwait]], [[Libanon]], [[Libya]]<ref>http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2008/12/04-3</ref>, [[Malaysia]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sudan]], [[Suriah]], jeung [[Yaman]], sarta hiji nagara non-anggota PBB, [[Républik Démokratik Arab Sahrawi]]. Israél [[Surat pangakuan Israél-Organisasi Pambébasan Paléstina|diakuan ku Organisasi Pambébasan Paléstina]], nu ngaklaim hak pikeun ngawangun hiji nagara di wewengkon nu ayeuna dikawasaan ku Israél. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Israél]] |align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/israel.htm|date=1948-05-14|author=Government of Israel|title=Declaration of Israel's Independence 1948|publisher=[[Yale University]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213090158/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/israel.htm |date=2008-02-13 }}</ref><ref>http://www.mythsandfacts.org/ReplyOnlineEdition/chapter-1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727104815/http://www.mythsandfacts.org/ReplyOnlineEdition/chapter-1.html |date=2011-07-27 }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Koréa Kalér|Républik Démokratik Rahayat Koréa]] |align="center"| 1948 | Rapublik Démokratik Rahayat Koréa teu diakuan ku [[Jepang]] jeung [[Koréa Kidul|Républik Koréa]].<ref name="ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp">{{cite web | url = http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19650622.T1E.html | title = Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea | accessdate = 2008-10-27 }}</ref> | [[Hubungan luar nagri Koréa Kalér]] |align="center"|<ref name="ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp"/><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-29|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836219,00.html|title=Declaration of Independence|publisher=[[TIME]]|date=1966-08-19|6=author}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106054432/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836219,00.html |date=2010-11-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-29|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GA04Dg01.html|title=Seoul's double-talk on reunification|publisher=[[Asia Times]]|date=2005-01-04|author=Scofield, David}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419174039/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GA04Dg01.html |date=2016-04-19 }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Koréa Kidul|Républik Koréa]] |align="center"| 1948 | Républik Koréa teu diakuan ku [[Rapublik Démokratik Rahayat Koréa]]. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Koréa Kidul]] |align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-28|url=http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/8.htm|date=2000-10-07|author=US Library of Congress|title=World War II and Korea |publisher=Country Studies }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-02-29|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01EFD71538F930A3575AC0A962958260|title=China, Backing North Korea, Quits Armistice Commission |publisher=[[The New York Times]]|date=1994-09-03|author=Sterngold, James }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstéin]] |align="center"| 1993 | Liechtenstéin teu diakuan ku [[Slowakia]] sabab manéhna nolak pikeun ngakuan Slowakia kana papaséaan pamakéan [[Dekrét Beneš]]. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Liechtenstéin]] |align="center"|<ref name='Liechtenstein'>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-13|url=http://www.mzv.cz/wwwo/mzv/default.asp?id=21142&ido=6573&idj=2|author=MFA of Czech Republic|title=Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic - Liechtenstein}}</ref><ref name='dispute'>[http://www.radio.cz/en/article/10871 dispute]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="books.google.com.mx">[http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=MhFihFgVO3wC&dq=liechtenstein+a+modern+histroy&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=Ugv0y06xlc&sig=ugqb92_dznBB1TL_UyAQe728nqs&hl=es&ei=eqJLSvyPJoq7twekr-GbDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3]</ref> |- | {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slowakia]] |align="center"| 1993 | Slowakia teu diakuan ku [[Liechtenstéin]] sabab papaséaan kana pamakéan [[Dekrét Beneš]]. | [[Hubungan luar nagri Slowakia]] |align="center"|<ref name='Liechtenstein' /><ref name="books.google.com.mx"/> |} == Tempo ogé == * [[Nagara mikro]] * [[Daptar historis nagara nu teu diakuan]] * [[Daptar gerakan otonomi jeung séparatis aktip]] * [[Daptar historis gerakan otonomi jeung séparatis]] * [[Pamaréntahan dina pangasingan]] * [[Daptar papaséaan wewengkon]] * [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] * [[Daptar Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa ngeunaan Wewengkon Tampa Pamaréntahan Sorangan]] * [[Bandéra nagara nu teu diakuan]] == Réferénsi == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Daptar nagara| ]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu dipaséakeun| ]] qtomqf5o1zfq8lxoonr3sgjtezmi4ei 0 34934 712821 655131 2026-09-23T01:56:28Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712821 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Akon in July 2015 (cropped).jpg|jmpl|250px|Right|Akon 2015]]]] '''Aliaune Damala Bouga Time Bongo Puru Nacka Lu Lu Lu Badara Akon Thiam''' atawa '''Aliaune Daye Thiam''' leuwih dipikawanoh '''Akon''' ({{lahirmati||14|10|1981||||}}) nyaéta saurang panyanyi [[Amérika Sarikat]].<ref name="AKON">{{en}} [http://randb.about.com/od/g1/p/Akon.htm AKON] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125040822/http://randb.about.com/od/g1/p/Akon.htm |date=2009-01-25 }} (Diakses tanggal 13 November 2011)</ref> Akon dumuk tapi cicing di [[Senegal]], [[Afrika]].<ref name="AKON"/> Nalika umurna tujuh taun, Akon jeung kulawargana pindah ka [[Union City]], [[New Jersey]] pikeun cicing di [[Amérika Sarikat]].<ref name="AKON"/> == Karir == Ngaranna mimiti dipikawanoh taun [[2004]] sanggeus junun nagrilis single kahijina nu judulan ''Locked Up'' ti album Touble.<ref name="Biography">[http://microsite.kapanlagi.com/konser-2011/profile/akon.html Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111131431/http://microsite.kapanlagi.com/konser-2011/profile/akon.html |date=2012-01-11 }} (Diakses tanggal 16 November 2011)</ref> Sedengkeun album kaduana, Konvicted bisa jadi salah sahiji nominator ''[[Grammy Award]]'' ti ''single Smack That''.<ref name="Biography"/> Akon boga label sorangan, nyaéta [[Konvict Muzik]] jeung [[Kon]].<ref name="AKON"/> Album Akon ''Konvicted'', dirilis tanggal [[12 Desember]] [[2006]].<ref name="AKON"/> Salian ti lagu ''[[Smack That]]'', nu mintonkeun rapper ''[[Eminem]]'', lagu ''[[Konvicted]]'' ogé mintonkeun ''[[Snoop Dogg]]'', ''[[Styles P]]'', jeung ''[[T-Pain]]''.<ref name="AKON"/> Akon mindeng duet jeung artis séjén, ayeuna manéhna geus kacatet konser leuwih ti 300 show sarta mibanda 45 lagu Billboard Hot 100.<ref name="Biography"/> Sajaba ti éta, manéhna geus loba gawé bareng jeung artis kasohor saperti [[Michael Jackson]], [[R. Kelly, Quincy Jones]], [[Eminem]] jeung [[Whitney Houston]].<ref name="Biography"/> Akon nyaéta artis solo kahiji anu meunang peringkat kahiji jeung kadua sakaligus dina ''chart Billboard Hot 100'' saloba dua kali, sarta geus ngahasilkeun loba hits pikeun artis saperti [[Lady Gaga]], [[Colby O'Donis]] jeung [[Leona Lewis]].<ref name="Biography"/> [[Lady Gaga]] jeung [[T-pain]] nyaéta dua artis sukses berkat Akon.<ref name="Biography"/> Akon ogé geus ngarilis hiji lagu anu dijudulan ''Beautiful'' di mana manéhna nyanyi jeung [[Colby O'Donis]] sarta [[Kardinal Offishall]] dina album Freedom anu dirilis taun [[2008]] jeung lagu ''Right Now (Na Na Na)'' dina album anu sarua.<ref name="Biography"/> Taun [[2011]] ieu, [[13 Nopémber]] [[2011]] Akon bakal ngayakeun konserna di [[Indonésia]], tema konserna nyaéta ''AKON Live in Concert 2011'' tempatna di [[JIEXPO]] [[Kemayoran Jakarta]],.<ref name="Biography"/> == Diskografi == 1. [[2004]]: Trouble, SRC/Universal.<ref name="AKON"/> 2. [[2006]]: Konvicted, Konvict Muzik/UpFront/SRC/Universal Motown.<ref name="AKON"/> 3. [[2008]]: Freedom, Konvict Muzik/Universal Motown.<ref name="AKON"/> {{Pondok}} == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi Amérika Sarikat]] n7td76olo0vlis9g4ndqf7bqneocttt 0 35812 712923 616933 2026-09-23T10:38:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712923 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Keith Urban 2020.jpg|thumb|Keith Urban, 2020]] [[Gambar:Keith Urban, March 2007.jpg|thumb|upright|Keith Urban, 2007]] '''Keith Urban''' ngaran lengkepna '''Keith Lionel Urban''', anu dibabarkeun di [[Whangarei]], [[North Island]], [[New Zealand]] ping [[26 Oktober]] [[1967]] anu dipikawanoh salaku ''penyanyi country''<ref name="sumber1" />.Bapana nyaéta anu boga toko alat musik lokal sapuk pikeun ngayakeun lés gitar sacara gratis<ref name="sumber2">[http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/urban_keith/bio.jhtml Keith Urban - Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128185217/http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/urban_keith/bio.jhtml |date=2011-11-28 }}(diakses 2 Desember 2011)</ref>.Pangajaran dimimitian ku budakna anu ningalikeun bakat alami dina maénkeun instrumén jeung meunangkeun sababaraha kompetisi bakat nalika manéhna masih di sakoala dasar<ref name="sumber2" />. Urban tumuwuh leuwih nyaman dina panggung tuluy manéhna digawé anu luyu jeung kamapuh nyanyi ogé akting manéhna salaku anggota [[Westfield Super Juniors]], salah sahiji téater lokal<ref name="sumber2" />. Ti mimiti yuswana genep taun, Urban geus ngajajah dunya musik diajar gitar<ref name="sumber1" /><ref name="sumber2" />.Manéhna diajar téhnik vokal nalika yuswana tujuh taun, meunangkeun kompetisi nyanyi nalika yuswanan dalapan taun<ref name="sumber1" />. Urban nyaéta salaki artis [[Nicole Kidman]] anu nikahna ping [[25 Juni]] [[2006]],anu saméméhna gagal dina hubungan jeung [[Niki Taylor]] ogé saurang dokter Hewan [[Laura Sigler]]<ref name="sumber1" />. Urban tuluy kanyahoan yén manéhna kacanduan obat-obatan<ref name="sumber1" />. ku lantaran pangrojong ti pamajikanana, manéhna mariksakeun manéh ka panti [[réhasbilitasi]] ping [[19 Oktober]] [[2006]] jeung narima perwatan di tempat éta<ref name="sumber1" />.Tuluy ping [[18 Januari]] [[2007]] Urban ngabéwarakeun yén manéhna geus leupas tina kecanduan obat-obatan<ref name="sumber1" />. ==Karir== Nalika taun [[1990]], Urban nandatangan kontrak jeung [[EMI Australia]] pikeun prosés album solo munggaranana<ref name="sumber1" />. Tuluy nalika taun [[1992]] Urban hijrah ka [[Nashville]] tuluy jadi [[gitaris]] [[Brooks & Dunn]],anu saterusna manéhna ngagabung jeung [[The Ranch]] tuly nyieun album nalika taun [[1997]]<ref name="sumber1" />. Nalika bulan [[Agustus]] [[2000]], Urban jadi penyanyi lalaki asal [[Australia]] anu munggaran aya dina top 10 tangga lagu di [[Amerika]], ngaliwatan laguna [[Your Everything]]<ref name="sumber1" />.Sabada éta Urban nyieun album anu nepi ka ayeuna geus aya 5 album anu dijieun sapanjang taun [[2002]]-[[2010]]<ref name="sumber1">[http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/hollywood/k/keith_urban/ Keith Urban](diakses 2 Desember 2011)</ref>. ===Studio album<ref name="sumber1" />=== *Keith Urban (1991) *Keith Urban In The Ranch (1997) *Keith Urban (1999) *Golden Road (2002) *Be Here (2004) *Love, Pain & The Whole Crazy Thing (2006) *Defying Gravity (2009) *Get Closer (2010) ===Album kompilasi<ref name="sumber1" />=== *Days Go By (2005) *Gréatest Hits: 18 Kids (2007) ===SINGLE<ref name="sumber1" />=== *But for the Grace of God (2001) *Somebody Like You (2002) *Who Wouldn't Wanna Be Me (2003) *You'll Think of Me (2004) *Days Go By (2004) *Making Memories of Us (2005) *Better Life (2005) *You Look Good in My Shirt (2008) *Start a Band (with Brad Paisley) (2009) *Sweet Thing (2009) *Only You Can Love Me This Way (2009) *Without You (2011) *Long Hot Summer (2011) ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Penyanyi Australia]] [[Kategori:Penulis Lagu]] [[Kategori:Pemenang Grammy Awards]] 4ohj0035ew9dz3qdygwmc2ob991u1xt 0 35899 712808 672281 2026-09-22T15:11:43Z ~2026-51338-18 37451 /* */ 712808 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Five Minutes.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Five Minutes]] '''Five Minutes''' nyaéta grup musik asal [[Bandung]].<ref name="web1">[http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/indonesia/f/five_minutes/ Five Minutes] (Diakses tanggal 3 Desember 2011) {{id}}</ref><ref name="web2"/> Dibentuk taun [[1992]].<ref name="web2">[http://hot.detik.com/music/readprofile/64 Profil Five Minutes]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Diakses tanggal 3 Desember 2011) {{id}}</ref> Anggotana aya 5 urang di antarana waé [[Ricky Tjahyadi]] ([[keyboard]]), [[Richie Setiawan]] ([[vokal]]), [[Drie Warnanta]] ([[bass]]), [[Aria Yudistira]] ([[drum]]) jeung [[Rulhilman]] ([[gitar]]).<ref name="web1"/> Kostum nu dipaké ku Five Minutes kawilang unik, alatan nalika minton para anggota Five Minutes pasti maké [[sarung]].<ref name="web2"/> <br/> Five Minutes ngamimitian karirna sanggeus jadi pinunjul kahiji [[Festival Band]] taun 1994.<ref name="web2"/> Sanggeus ngarilis albeum ''[[The Best + 5]]'' taun 2004, Five Minutes vakeum ti dunya musik.<ref name="web2"/> Kabéh personilna sibuk jeung urusan solo karirna sewang-séwangan.<ref name="web2"/> Nepi ka anggotana kaluar hiji-hiji.<ref name="web2"/> Nu nyésa téh ngan Ricky jeung Drie.<ref name="web2"/> Taun [[2007]] Five Minutes balik ka dunya hiburan kalawan ninggalkeun cicirén hasna, sarung.<ref name="web2"/> <br/> Taun 2007 Five Minutes ngaluarkeun albeum anyar kalawan judul ''[[Rockmantic]]'' nu digarap ti bulan [[Maret]] 2004 nepi ka Maret 2007.<ref name="web1"/> Dina ieu albeum aya sapuluh lagu, di antarana waé ''Menahan Perih'', ''Bertahan'', ''Tak`kan Rela'', ''Bersalah'', ''Bidadari'', ''Tanpamu'', ''Jangan Sakiti Aku'', ''Masihkah Aku'', ''Jauhi Dirinya'' dan ''Benarkah Itu?''.<ref name="web1"/> Dina ieu albeum, Five Minutes geus miboga tilu anggota anyar nyaéta Richie, Aria, jeung Rulhilman.<ref name="web1"/> Salian ti éta, Five Minutes miboga [[Fivers]] nu mangrupa sebutan keur para fans Five Minutes.Failed to qualify: 15-Eliseo Salazar Greg Ray replaced the injured Billy Boat. He started 7th, but crashed with Eddie Cheever on lap 104 and finished 15th.<ref>{{Cite web|url=|title=|last=R}}</ref> Only 10 of the 22 starters were running at the finish. <ref name="web1" /> 1.sungyu=rap 2.woohyun=vokal 3.dongwoo=rap 4.howon=vokal 5.sungjong=rap 6.Myungsoo=vokal 7.sungyeol= dance == Diskografi == * ''Five Minutes'' ([[1995]])<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Monster]]'' ([[1996]])<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Ouw!]]'' ([[1997]])<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Sekat]]'' ([[2003]])<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[The Best + 5]]'' ([[2004]])<ref name="web2"/> * ''[[Rockmantic]]'' ([[2007]])<ref name="web2"/> * Link In Park ([[2008]])<ref name="web2"/> * ''[[Semua Ini Sendiri]]'' ([[2009]])<ref name="web2"/> * ''[[Satu Hati]]'' ([[2010]])<ref name="web2"/> * ''[[Kau lah Periku]]''([[2011]])<ref name="web2"/> ==Referensi== {{Reflist}} {{musik-pondok}} [[Kategori:Grup musik ti Indonésia]] fa5iol1o1hp90ibd0e33mie2l1apd0a 712809 712808 2026-09-22T15:13:30Z ~2026-51338-18 37451 /* */ 712809 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Five Minutes.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Five Minutes]] '''Five Minutes''' nyaéta grup musik asal [[Bandung]].<ref name="web1">[http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/indonesia/f/five_minutes/ Five Minutes] (Diakses tanggal 3 Desember 2011) {{id}}</ref><ref name="web2"/> Dibentuk taun [[1992]].<ref name="web2">[http://hot.detik.com/music/readprofile/64 Profil Five Minutes]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Diakses tanggal 3 Desember 2011) {{id}}</ref> Anggotana aya 5 urang di antarana waé [[Ricky Tjahyadi]] ([[keyboard]]), [[Richie Setiawan]] ([[vokal]]), [[Drie Warnanta]] ([[bass]]), [[Aria Yudistira]] ([[drum]]) jeung [[Rulhilman]] ([[gitar]]).<ref name="web1"/> Kostum nu dipaké ku Five Minutes kawilang unik, alatan nalika minton para anggota Five Minutes pasti maké [[sarung]].<ref name="web2"/> <br/> Five Minutes ngamimitian karirna sanggeus jadi pinunjul kahiji [[Festival Band]] taun 1994.<ref name="web2"/> Sanggeus ngarilis albeum ''[[The Best + 5]]'' taun 2004, Five Minutes vakeum ti dunya musik.<ref name="web2"/> Kabéh personilna sibuk jeung urusan solo karirna sewang-séwangan.<ref name="web2"/> Nepi ka anggotana kaluar hiji-hiji.<ref name="web2"/> Nu nyésa téh ngan Ricky jeung Drie.<ref name="web2"/> Taun [[2007]] Five Minutes balik ka dunya hiburan kalawan ninggalkeun cicirén hasna, sarung.<ref name="web2"/> <br/> Taun 2007 Five Minutes ngaluarkeun albeum anyar kalawan judul ''[[Rockmantic]]'' nu digarap ti bulan [[Maret]] 2004 nepi ka Maret 2007.<ref name="web1"/> Dina ieu albeum aya sapuluh lagu, di antarana waé ''Menahan Perih'', ''Bertahan'', ''Tak`kan Rela'', ''Bersalah'', ''Bidadari'', ''Tanpamu'', ''Jangan Sakiti Aku'', ''Masihkah Aku'', ''Jauhi Dirinya'' dan ''Benarkah Itu?''.<ref name="web1"/> Dina ieu albeum, Five Minutes geus miboga tilu anggota anyar nyaéta Richie, Aria, jeung Rulhilman.<ref name="web1"/> Salian ti éta, Five Minutes miboga [[Fivers]] nu mangrupa sebutan keur para fans Five Minutes.Failed to qualify: 15-Eliseo Salazar Greg Ray replaced the injured Billy Boat. He started 7th, but crashed with Eddie Cheever on lap 104 and finished 15th.<ref>{{Cite web|url=|title=|last=R}}</ref> Only 10 of the 22 starters were running at the finish. <ref name="web1" /> 1.sungyu=rap 2.woohyun=vokal 3.dongwoo=rap 4.howon=vokal 5.sungjong=rap 6.Myungsoo=vokal 7.sungyeol=dance == Diskografi == * ''Five Minutes'' ([[1995]])<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Monster]]'' ([[1996]])<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Ouw!]]'' ([[1997]])<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[Sekat]]'' ([[2003]])<ref name="web1"/> * ''[[The Best + 5]]'' ([[2004]])<ref name="web2"/> * ''[[Rockmantic]]'' ([[2007]])<ref name="web2"/> * Link In Park ([[2008]])<ref name="web2"/> * ''[[Semua Ini Sendiri]]'' ([[2009]])<ref name="web2"/> * ''[[Satu Hati]]'' ([[2010]])<ref name="web2"/> * ''[[Kau lah Periku]]''([[2011]])<ref name="web2"/> ==Referensi== {{Reflist}} {{musik-pondok}} [[Kategori:Grup musik ti Indonésia]] e086plv4omcg2a1p5hpfsj8u25mmqjn 0 37537 712908 710057 2026-09-23T07:51:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|géografi jeung sajarah umum Jalur Gaza|wewengkon géopulitisna|Pamaréntahan Jalur Gaza|kagunaan lian|Gaza (disambiguasi)}} {{Gaza Strip}} [[image:Gaza City.JPG|thumb|Pamandangan kota Gaza]] '''Jalur Gaza''' ({{Lang-ar|قطاع غزة}} {{Transl|ar|DIN|''Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah''}}, {{IPA-ar|qitˤaːʕ ɣazza|IPA}}) aya di basisir wétan [[Laut Tengah]]. Wewengkonna wawatesan jeung [[Mesir]] di kidul-kulon sarta jeung [[Israél]] di kidul, wétan, sareng kalér. Panjangna kira-kira {{convert|41|km|mi}}, sarta lébarna antara 6 jeung 12&nbsp;kilométer (4–7,5&nbsp;mil), kalawan lega {{convert|360|km2|sqmi}}. Wewengkon ieu mibogaan ngaranna ti [[Gaza]], ngaran kota utamina. Populasina kira-kira 1,7 juta jiwa,<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html Gaza Strip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608204417/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html |date=2014-06-08 }} Entry at the CIA World Factbook</ref> kalobaannana katurunan ti para pangungsi. 1 juta jiwa, sakumaha dina Maret 2005, diténjo minangka [[pangungsi Paléstina|pangungsi]], sanajan kalobaannana gumelar di Jalur Gaza;<ref name=Cobhamp179>Cobham and Kanafani, 2004, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=EjOnENtFLfgC&pg=PA179&dq=%22population+of+gaza%22+refugees&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22population%20of%20gaza%22%20refugees&f=false p. 179].</ref> generasi saméméhna ngungsi ka Gaza dina 1948 minangka bagian ti [[éksodus urang Paléstina 1948]] sanggeus [[Perang Arab-Israél 1948]], ti sababaraha bagian [[Mandat Paléstina]] nu jadi Israél. Populasina utamina ngagem [[Islam Sunni]]. Jalur Gaza miboga watesna nu ayuena tina hiji gencatan patempuran dina [[Perang Arab-Israél 1948]], nu dikonfirmasi dina [[Pasatujuan Gencatan Pakarang 1949|Pasatujuan Gencatan Pakarang Israél-Mesir]] dina 24 Pébruari 1949.<ref>[http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9EC4A332E2FF9A128525643D007702E6 Egypt Israel Armistice Agreement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525024736/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/9EC4A332E2FF9A128525643D007702E6 |date=2014-05-25 }} UN Doc S/1264/Corr.1 23 February 1949</ref> Pasal V dina pasatujuan éta nyebutkeun yén gurat watesna sanés hiji wates internasional. Jalur Gaza tetep dikawasaan ku Mesir. Awalna, Mesir ngurus wewengkon ieu liwat [[Pamaréntahan Sa-Paléstina]] jeung salajengna kalawan langsung ti 1959 nepi ka 1967, nalika Israél ngawasaannana mimiluan [[Perang Genep Poé]]. Numutkeun [[Pasatujuan Oslo]] nu ditandatanganan antawis Israél jeung [[Organisasi Pangbébas Paléstina]] dina 1993, [[Otoritas Paléstina]] dijieun minangka hiji badan pamaréntahan interim pikeun ngurus puseur-puseur populasi Paléstina, kalawan Israél tetep miboga kakawasaan dina [[wewengkon udara]] Jalur Gaza, sakabéhna iwal hiji ti wates daratna sarta [[wewengkon cai téritorial]], nepi ka hiji pasatujuan ahir bisa dijieun. Jalur Gaza mangrupa salah sahiji unit wewengkon nu ngabentuk [[Wewengkon Paléstina]].<ref name="PalestinianTerritories-U.S.DeptofState">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt/index.htm|title=Palestinian Territories|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=2009-04-06}}</ref><ref name="EU-OccupiedPalestinianTerritory">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/occupied_palestinian_territory/index_en.htm|title=Occupied Palestinian Territory|publisher=European Commission |accessdate=2009-04-06}}</ref><ref name="ICRC-map">{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/map_israel!OpenDocument|title=Israel, the occupied territories and the autonomous territories&nbsp;— ICRC maps|publisher=ICRC|accessdate=2009-04-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807074348/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/map_israel!OpenDocument |date=2010-08-07 }}</ref><ref name="BBC-Countryprofile">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/803257.stm|title=Country profile: Israel and Palestinian territories|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-04-06 | date=15 December 2009 | location=London}}</ref> Saprak Juli 2007, sanggeus [[Pamilihan umum législatif Paléstina 2006]] sarta [[Patempuran Gaza (2007)|Patempuran Gaza]], [[Hamas]] geus jadi pamaréntahan éféktif di Jalur Gaza. ==Sajarah== {{utama|Sajarah Gaza}} ===Kakawasaan Britania (1923–1948)=== {{utama|Mandat Britania pikeun Paléstina}} [[Mandat Paléstina]] dumasar kana prinsip dina Pasal 22 ''draft'' [[Pajangjian Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]] sareng [[konferénsi San Remo|Résolusi San Remo]] 25 April 1920 ku prinsip [[Pasakutuan dina Perang Dunya I|kakiatan pasakutuan jeung asosiasi]] sanggeus Perang Dunya I.<ref name=cmd5479>[http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F Palestine Royal Commission Report Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, July 1937, Cmd. 5479] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127035141/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F |date=2012-01-27 }}. His Majesty’s Stationery Office., London, 1937. 404 pages + maps.</ref> Mandatna nyusun kakawasaan [[Kakaisaran Britania|Britania]] dina bagian kidul [[Suriah Usmaniyah]] ti 1923–1948. ===Pamaréntahan Sa-Paléstina=== Dina 22 Séptember 1948, nuju ka ahirna Perang Arab-Israél 1948, [[Pamaréntahan Sa-Paléstina]] diproklamasikeun di Kota Gaza{{dash}}nu dikawasaan ku Mesir{{dash}}ku [[Liga Arab]], nu mana dipercayakeun minangka usaha Liga Arab pikeun ngawatesan pangaruh [[Trans-Yordania]] di Paléstina. Pamaréntahan Sa-Paléstina gancang diakuan ku 6 ti 7 anggota Liga Arab: [[Mesir]], [[Suriah]], [[Libanon]], [[Irak]], [[Arab Saudi]], jeung [[Yaman]], tapi heunteu ku [[Trans-Yordania]],<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/all-palestine-government All-Palestine Government, by Shlaim, Avi]</ref> sarta teu diakuan ku nagara nanaon di luareun Liga Arab. Sanggeus gencatan patempuran, [[Pasatujuan Gencatan Pakarang 1949#Jeung Mesir|Pasatujuan Gencatan Pakarang Israél-Mesir]] 24 Pébruari 1949 ngadegkeun gurat pamisah antara kakiatan Mesir jeung Israél, sarta ngadegkeun anu ayeuna jadi wates antara Jalur Gaza jeung Israél. Pihak duanana nyebutkeun yén wates éta sanés wates internasional. Wates jeung Mesir di kidul tetep jadi wates internasional nu mana geus dijieun dina 1906 antawis [[Kakaisaran Usmaniyah]] jeung [[Kakaisaran Britania]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Land of the Negev (English title)|publisher=[[Kamentrian Patahanan Israél|Kamentrian Patahanan]] Publishing|editor=Gardus, Yehuda; Shmueli, Avshalom|year=1978–79}} {{he icon}}, pp. 369–370</ref> Populasi Jalur Gaza ningkatan ku ayana tambihan ti [[pangungsi Paléstina]] nu ngungsi ti Israél saméméh jeung nalika papaerangan. Urang Paléstina nu ngeusian Jalur Gaza atanapi Mesir dipasihan paspor Sa-Paléstina. Mesir teu nawiskeun kawarganagaraan ka urang Paléstina. Ti ahir 1949, aranjeunna nampi pitulungan ti [[Badan Gawé jeung Pitulungan Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pikeun Pangungsi Paléstina di Wétan Deukeut|UNRWA]]. Nalika [[krisis Suéz|patempuran Sinai Nopémber 1956]], Jalur Gaza jeung [[Samenanjung Sinai]] dikawasaan ku pasukan Israél. Tekenan internasional ngarahkeun sangkan Israél téh kaluar. ===Kakawasaan Mesir (1959–1967)=== {{utama|Kakawasaan Mesir di Jalur Gaza}} Saprak peupeusna Pamaréntahan Sa-Paléstina dina 1959, dina ijin pan-Arabisme, [[Mesir]] ngalajengkeun kakawasaanna di [[Jalur Gaza]] nepi ka taun [[1967]]. Mesir teu pernah nganéksasi/ngalindih Jalur Gaza, tapi ngalayananna minangka hiji wewengkon nu diatur sarta ngurusanna iwat hiji pamaréntahan militér.<ref>[http://israelipalestinian.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000503 "How has the Gaza Strip influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120155902/http://israelipalestinian.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000503 |date=2012-01-20 }} entry at ProCon.org citing "An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict"</ref> ===Kakawasaan Israél (1967–1994/2005)=== Israél ngawasaan Jalur Gaza deui mimiti Juni 1967, sanggeus [[Perang Genep Poé]]. Nalika jaman kakawasaan Israél, Israél nyieun blok-blok, [[Gush Katif]], di juru kidul-kulon Jalur Gaza deukeut [[Rafah]] sarta wates Mesir. Totalna, Israél nyieun 21 kelompok padumukan di Jalur Gaza, ngawengku 20% ti total aréa. Salian ti alesan idéologi, kelompok-kelompok éta ogé minangka pos-pos kaamanan Israél. Dina Maret 1979, Israél jeung Mesir nandatanganan [[Pajangjian Rapih Israél-Mesir]]. Pajangjian ieu di antarana disadiakeun pikeun panarikan pasukan jeung warga sipil Israél ti Samenanjung Sinai, nu geus dikawasaan Israél ti Perang Genep, ka wates internasional 1906.{{Citation needed}} Mesir satuju pikeun ngajagaan Samenanjung Sinai sangkan tetep dina kaayaan démilitér. Status ahir Jalur Gaza, sarta hubungan lian antawis Israél jeung Paléstina, teu diurus dina pajangjian ieu. Mesir ninggalkeun sadaya klaim wewengkon dina téritori kaléreun wates internasional. Jalur Gaza tetep dina kapangurusan militér Israél nepi ka 1994. Nalika jaman éta, militér miboga tanggung jawab dina kapanguruasan sarana jeung layanan sipil. Dina Méi 1994, mimiluan pasatujuan Paléstina-Israél nu kawanoh minangka [[Pasatujuan Oslo]], pamindahan otoritas wewenang ka Paléstina dilaksanakeun. Kalobaanana ti wewengkon Jalur Gaza (kajaba blok-blok padumukan jeung aréa militér) jadi aya dina kadali Paléstina. Pasukan Israél ninggalkeun Kota Gaza sarta wewengkon pakotaan nu lain, ninggalkeun Otoritas Paléstina nu anyar ngawasaan jeung ngadalikeun wewengkon-wewengkon éta. Otoritas Paléstina, diluluguan ku [[Yasser Arafat]], milih Kota Gaza minangka puseur propinsi kahijina. Dina Séptémber 1995, Israél jeung [[Organisasi Pangbébas Paléstina|PLO]] nanda tanganan [[Pasatujuan Interim dina Sisi Kulon jeung Jalur Gaza|pasatujuan karapihan kadua]], ngalegakeun Otoritas Paléstina ka raloba kota-kota [[Sisi Kulon]]. Pasatujuan éta ofé ngadegkeun 88 anggota kapilih pikeun [[Déwan Nasional Paléstina]], nu mana pangistrénanna dilaksanakeun di Gaza dina Maret 1996. Kakawasaan Otoritas Paléstina di Jalur Gaza jeung Sisi Kulon dina rézim Arafat miboga kasalahan pangaturan sarta skandal korupsi. Contona, bayaran dipéntaan sangkan bisa ngasupkeun jeung ngaluarkeun barang-barang ka jeung ti Jalur Gaza, sawatara pupuhu aparat Badan Kaamanan Panyegahan miboga kauntungan ti kamimiluannana dina impor mungkal jeung semén sarta industri konstruksi, saperti Gréat Arab Company for Investment and Development, al-Motawaset Company, jeung proyék konstruksi al-Sheik Zayid.<ref>{{cite web|last=Samuels |first=David |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200509/samuels/8 |title=The Atlantic |publisher=The Atlantic |date= |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> [[Intifada Kadua]] peupeus dina Séptémber 2000 kalawan gelombang protés, karusuhan massa, sarta pangaboman kana urang jeung militér Israél. Dina Pébruari 2005, pamaréntah Israél nyorakeun pkeun ngalaksanakeun [[rancangan paleupasan unilateral Israél|rancangan paleupasan sapihak]] ti Jalur Gaza. Rancangan éta mimiti dilaksanakeun 15 Agustus 2005, sarta réngsé 12 Séptémber 2005. Dina rancangan, sadaya [[padumukan Israéli]] di Jalur Gaza (sarta 4 di Sisi Kulno) sareng Zona Industri Erez dibongkar kalawan ditarikna 9.000 urang Israél (kalobaannana di wewengkon padumukan [[Gush Katif]] di beulah kidul-kulon Jalur Gaza) sarta markas-markas militér. Dina 12 Séptémber 2005, kabinét Israél sacara resmi ngadéklarasikeun ahirna kakawasaan militér Israél di Jalur Gaza. Pikeun ngahindarkeun dugaan yén Israél masih ngawasaan bagian nanaon ti Jalur Gaza, Israél ogé kaluar ti [[Rute Philadelphi]], nu mangrupa hiji jalur hereut nu wawatesan jeung watesna Jalur Gaza jeung Mesir, sanggeus pasatujuanna Mesir pikeun ngamankeun bagian watesna. Dina Pasatujuan Oslo, Rute Philadelphi ditetepkeun dina kakawasaan Israél sangkan nyegah diselundupkeunnana banda (kawas amunisi) sarta jalmi meuntasan wates jeung Mesir. Mesir satuju pikeun ngajagaan bagian watesna. Israél ngurusan kadalina kana pameuntasan asup jeung kaluar Gaza. Palintasan Rafah antara Mesir jeung Gaza diawaskeun ku tentara Israél liwat kaméra panjagaan husus. Dokumén resmi saperti paspor, kartu idéntitas, kertas ékspor jeung impor, sarta raloba séjénna kedah dienyakeun ku tentara Israél.{{Citation needed}} ====Pawates Israél-Jalur Gaza==== {{utama|Pawates Israél–Jalur Gaza}} Antara 1994 jeung 1996, Israél ngawangun pawates Israél-Jalur Gaza. Pawates éta kahiji dikonstruksi pikeun ningkatkeun kaamanan di Israél. Pawates éta teras dirubuhkeun ku urang Paléstina dina awal [[Intifada Al-Aqsa]] dina Séptémber 2000.<ref name="Doron Almog">{{Cite document |title=Lessons of the Gaza Security Fence for the West Bank |author=Almog, Major General Doron |publisher=Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs |date=2004-12-23 |volume=4 |edition=12 |url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief004-12.htm |postscript=<!--None--> }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213141925/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief004-12.htm |date=2009-02-13 }}</ref> Antara Désémber 2000 jeung Juni 2001, pager pawates antara Jalur Gaza jeung Israél diwangun deui. Pawates di wates Jalur Gaza-Mesir diwangun ti 2004.<ref name="Anne Barnard">{{Cite news |title=Life in Gaza Steadily Worsens |first=Anne |last=Barnard |work=The Boston Globe |date=2006-10-22 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/10/22/life_in_gaza_steadily_worsens/ }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235137/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/10/22/life_in_gaza_steadily_worsens/ |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> Aya 3 titik pameuntasan utama di pawates: [[Pameuntasan Erez]] di kalér ka Israél, [[Pameuntasan Wates Rafah|Pameuntasan Rafah]] di kidul ka Mesir, sarta [[Pameuntasan Karni]] di wétan nu dipaké ngan pikeun kargo.<ref name="Greg Myre">{{Cite news |title=Gaza Crossing:Choked Passages to Frustration |first=Greg |last=Myre |work=The New York Times |date=2006-03-04 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/04/international/middleeast/04gaza.html?ex=1299128400&en=5ce2d89055b684dc&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss }}</ref> Israél ngadalikeun wates kalér Jalur Gaza, sarta wewengkon cai jeung udarana ogé. Mesir ngadalikeun wates kidul Jalur Gaza, dina hiji pasatujuanna jeung Israél.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5122404.stm |title=Gaza crisis: key maps and timeline |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-01-06 |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> ===2005 – Paleupasn sapihak Israél=== [[Pasukan Patahanan Israél]] ninggalkeun Jalur Gaza dina 1 Sépéember 2005 minangka bagian ti [[rancangan paleupasan sapihak Israél]], sarta sadaya wargi Israél dikaluarkeun ti wewengkon éta. Hiji 'Pasatujuan dina Pagerakan jeung Aksés' antawis Israél jeung [[Otoritas Paléstina]] kalawan panganteur ku [[Condoleezza Rice]] dina Nopémber 2005 pikeun ningkatkeun kabébasan urang Paléstina dina aktivitas pagerakan jeung ékonomi di Jalur Gaza. Dina pajangjian, pameuntasan [[Rafah]]-[[Egypt]] kedah dibuka deui, kalawan arus asup-kaluar diawaskeun ku Otoritas Nasional Paléstina jeung [[Uni Éropa]]. Ngan jalmi kalawan idéntitas Paléstina, atanapi urang kabangsaan lian, kalawan pangajabaan, dina kategori katangtu, subjék ti pangawasan Israél, anu diijinkeun pikeun meuntas asup jeung kaluar. Sadaya barang, kandaraan, jeung truk ka jeung ti Mesir kedah ngaliwatan pameuntasan Israél di [[Kerem Shalom]], dina pangawasan pinuh Israél.<ref>[[Tanya Reinhart]], ''The Road to Nowhere,'' Verso, London 2006 pp.134-5</ref> Barang-barang diijinkeun ogé ngaliwatan [[pameuntasan Karni]] di kalér. ====Status sah==== PBB, [[Panénjo Hak Asasi Manusa]], jeung raloba organisasi internasional lian jeung [[lembaga swadaya masarakat|LSM]] némbong Israél hayang ngawasaan Jalur Gaza sakumaha Israél ngawasaan wewengkon cai jeung udara Jalur Gaza, sarta teu ngijinkeun kalura-asupna barang-barang ka jeung ti Gaza liwat cai atawa udara (ngan bisa liwat darat).<ref name="AI_briefing">{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE15/007/2009/en/4c407b40-e64c-11dd-9917-ed717fa5078d/mde150072009en.html|title=Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability|date=2009-01-19|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|accessdate=2009-06-05}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610222437/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE15/007/2009/en/4c407b40-e64c-11dd-9917-ed717fa5078d/mde150072009en.html |date=2009-06-10 }}</ref><ref name="isrlpa13698">[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm "Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories"] July 6, 2006; Human Rights Watch considers Gaza still occupied.</ref><ref name="cnn2009-01-06">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html|title=Is Gaza 'occupied' territory?|last=Levs|first=Josh|date=2009-01-06|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2009-05-30}}</ref> Tapi, pameuntasan wates ka Mesir teu dikawasaan ku Israél. Kawas Israél, Mesir sacara tumurutna ngalarang atanapi ngijinkeun barang jeung jalmi meuntasan wates darat éta. Israél nyebutkeun yén Gaza heunteu dikawasaan deui, sakumaha Israél heunteu mibogaan kadali atanapi otoritas kana wewengkon darat atanapi institusi di Jelur Gaza.<ref name=Gold>Dore Gold, [http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm JCPA Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |date=2010-06-21 }}, [[Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs]], Vol. 5, No. 3, August 26, 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza:_The_Assault_on_Israel’s_Right_to_Self-Defense International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092456/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=443&PID=0&IID=2021&TTL=International_Law_and_Gaza%3A_The_Assault_on_Israel%E2%80%99s_Right_to_Self-Defense |date=2012-03-06 }}, [[Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs]], Vol. 7, No. 29 28 January 2008.</ref> [[Mentri Hubungan Luar Nagri Israél]], [[Tzipi Livni]], nyarios dina Januari 2008: "Israél kaluar ti Gaza. Israél ngabongkar padumukanna di ditu. Teu aya pasukan Israél nu kasésa di ditu sanggeus paleupasan."<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print Israeli MFA Address by Israeli Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference], [[Kamentrian Hubungan Luar Nagri (Israél)]], 22 Januari 2008.</ref> Sanggeus Israél kaluar dina 2005, Pupuhu [[Otoritas Paléstina]], [[Mahmoud Abbas]], nyarios, "status légal wewengkon nu kadaptar pikeun évakuasi heunteu robah."<ref name=Gold/> Pangacara [[urang Paléstina Amérika|Paléstina Amérika]], Gregory Khalil, nyebatkeun "Israél masih ngawasaan sadaya jalmi, barang, [jeung] keclak cai pikeun asup atawa kaluar Jalur Gaza. Pasukanna meureun teu aya di ditu... tapi laranganna masih ngawatesan kapasitas kakawasaan otoritas Paléstina."<ref>[http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm Panelists Disagree Over Gaza’s Occupation Status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}, [[Fakultas Hukum Universitas Virginia]], 17 Nopémber 2005.</ref>. Perkawis status sah Jalur Gaza katempo rumit dumasar kana hukum internasional, sarta narik minat sacara hukumna, komo sanggeus Operasi "Cast Lead" jeung invasi Israél kana Gaza dina Januari 2009.<ref>Susan Power, Re-engaging the Gaza Debate: the impact of Operation "Cast Lead", (06) 2009 Intellectum, pp. 033-045,[http://www.intellectum.org/articles/issues/intellectum6/en/ITL06p033045_Re-engaging%20the%20Gaza%20Debate%20-%20the%20Impact%20of%20Operation%20Cast%20Lead_Susan%20Rose%20Power.pdf Re-engaging the Gaza debate: the impact of Operation "Cast Lead"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411194658/http://www.intellectum.org/articles/issues/intellectum6/en/ITL06p033045_Re-engaging%20the%20Gaza%20Debate%20-%20the%20Impact%20of%20Operation%20Cast%20Lead_Susan%20Rose%20Power.pdf |date=2023-04-11 }}</ref> Dina cariosanna dina [[konflik Israél-Gaza 2008–2009]], [[Richard A. Falk|Richard Falk]], [[Panaratas Husus Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] nyebatkeun yén [[hukum kamanusaan internasional]] dipakékeun kana Israél "in regard to the obligations of an Occupying Power and in the requirements of the laws of war."<ref>Richard Falk, [http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/F1EC67EF7A498A30C125752D005D17F7?opendocument Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories], [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], December 27, 2008.</ref> Dina wawancara dina 2009 di ''[[Democracy Now]]'', Christopher Gunness, juru carios [[Badan Pamulihan jeung Pangagawéan Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pikeun Pangungsi Paléstina di Wétan Deukeut]] (UNRWA) nyebat Israél hiji kakiatan nu ngajajah. Tapi, Méagan Buren, Panaséhat Sénior [[Israel Project]], teu satuju ngeunaan éta.<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/2009/1/5/a_debate_on_israels_invasion_of A Debate on Israel’s Invasion of Gaza: UNRWA's Christopher Gunness v. Israel Project’s Meagan Buren] [[Democracy Now]], 5 Januari 2009.</ref> Inohong Hamas, Mahmoud Zahar, nyarios yén Gaza teu kajajh deui saprak kaluarna Israél.<ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=449619] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113101053/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=449619 |date=2012-11-13 }} "'Against whom could we demonstrate in the Gaza Strip? When Gaza was occupied, that model was applicable,' Zahar said." Ditampi ti Ma'an News Agency, 5 Januari 2012</ref> ===Pangawasaan Otoritas Paléstina (1994–2007)=== Dumasar kana [[Pasatujuan Oslo]], [[Otoritas Nasional Paléstina|Otoritas Paléstina]] nyekelan otoritas administratif Jalur Gaza (salian blok padumukan jeung wewengkon militér) dina 1994. Sanggeus [[rancangan paleupasan sapihak Israél|kaluarna Israél]] (pangeusi jeung militér) ti Jalur Gaza dina 12 Séptémber 2005, Otoritas Paléstina mibanda otoritas administratif pinuh di Jalur Gaza. Saprak paleupasan Israél, [[Pameuntasan Wates Rafah]] diawasan ku [[Misi Pitulungan Wates Uni Éropa Rafah]] dina hiji pasatujuan nu diadopsi dina Nopémber 2005.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article_5366_en.htm |title=EU Border Assistance Mission for Rafah Crossing Point (EU BAM Rafah) |publisher=United nations : European union |date=25 November 2005}}</ref> ====Karusuhan pasca-pamilu==== {{utama|Konflik Fatah–Hamas}} Dina [[Pamilu législatif Paléstina 2006|pamilu parlemén Paléstina]] 25 Januari 2006, [[Hamas]] meunangkeun 42,9% total sora, mibanda 74 ti 132 korsi (56%).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110515023627/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/25/africa/web.0125pals.php Counting underway in Palestinian elections], International Herald Tribune, 25 January 2006.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090113160924/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1557518.htm Election officials reduce [[Hamas]] seats by two], ABC News Online, 30 January 2006.</ref> Nalika Hamas mangku kakawasaan dina bulan sanggeusna, pamaréntah Israél jeung pamaén konci komunitas internasional, Amérika Sarikat jeung Uni Éropa, nolak ngakuan hakna dina maréntah [[Otoritas Paléstina]]. Pitulungan langsung ka pamaréntah Paléstina di ditu dipegatkeun, sanajan sababaraha anggaranna dialihkeun ka organisasi kamanusaan nu teu kahubung jeung pamaréntahan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Weisman |first=Steven R. |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/08/world/middleeast/08hamas.html?scp=4&sq=aid&st=nyt |title=U.S. and Europe Halt Aid to Palestinian Government|publisher=Nytimes.com |date=2006-04-08 |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> Hasilna, karusuhan pulitik jeung stagnasi ékonomi ngakibatkeun raloba Urang Paléstina angakat ti Jalur Gaza.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070810085213/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2006%2F12%2F09%2Finternational%2Fi104249S77.DTL More Palestinians flee homelands], Sarah El Deeb, Associated Press, December 9, 2006.</ref> Dina Januari 2007, aya patempuran antara Hamas jeung [[Fatah]]. Patempuran di Jalur Gaza kalér ngakibatkeun Jéndral [[Muhammed Gharib]], komandan sénior [[Pasukan Kaamanan Pancegahan]], pupus ku diarah ku rokét ka bumina. 2 putri Gharib jeung 2 pangawalna ogé maot dina panarajangan éta, nu mana dilaksanakeun ku tentara Hamas.<ref name=jp200713a>{{cite web |last=Abu |first=Khaled |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467655416&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=US to give $86 million to Abbas's forces |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date= |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121307/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467655416&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> Dina ahir Januari 2007, gencatan senjata disawalakeun antawis Fatah jeung Hamas.<ref>[http://apnews.excite.com/article/20070131/D8N050P00.html Palestinian Cease-Fire Holds on 1st Day]{{dead link|date=December 2010}}, Ibrahim Barzak, 31 January 2007, Associated Press; [http://apnews.excite.com/article/20070130/D8MVFSI00.html Cease-Fire Starts Taking Hold in Gaza]{{dead link|date=December 2010}} Ibrahim Barzak, 30 January 2007, Associated Press.</ref> Tapi sanggeus sababaraha poé, patempuran nu anyar aya deui.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206223752/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070201/wl_nm/palestinians_dc]</ref> Tentara Fatah narajang sababaraha universitas nu patali jeung Hamas di Jalur Gaza. Pejabat Pangawal Kaprésidénan Abbas temupur jeung tentara Hamas nu ngawal Kamentrian Jero Nagri nu dipingpin ku Hamas.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070208022546/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070202/ap_on_re_mi_ea/israel_palestinians Gaza erupts in fatal clashes after truce], Associated Press, 2 February 2007.</ref> Patempuran kasebar di Jalur Gaza. Kadua pihak narajang kandaraan jeung sarana lawanna. Ku sabab ditarajang ku rokét ti Jalur Gaza, Israél ngalaksanakeun panarajangan udara nu mana ngancurkeun wangunan nu dipaké ku Hamas. Karusuhan nu tetep lumangsung bisa ngarah ka ahir ti [[pamaréntahan Paléstina Maret 2007|pamaréntahan koalisi Fatah-Hamas]], sarta kamungkinan ahir ti Otoritas Paléstina.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070518093159/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070516/ts_nm/palestinians_dc Israel attacks in Gaza amid factional violence], by Nidal al-Mughrabi, Associated Press, 16 May 2007.</ref> ====Korban==== Ti 2006-2007, leuwih ti 600 Urang Paléstina pupus dina papaséaan antara Hamas jeung Fatah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3409548,00.html |title=Over 600 Palestinians killed in internal clashes since 2006 |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> Sanggeus [[Perang Gaza]], saruntuyan kajadian nelasan 54 Urang Paléstina, samentara ratusan ngaku disiksa.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/21/MNHV15EHUT.DTL | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | title=Hamas executes suspected Fatah traitors in Gaza | first=Matthew | last=Kalman | date=22 January 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110716081531/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/21/MNHV15EHUT.DTL |date=16 July 2011 }}</ref> 349 Urang Paléstina ditelasan dina patempuran antawis pihak dina 2007. 160 Urang Paléstina patelas-telas ngan dina bulan Juni hungkul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btselem.org/English/Inter_Palestinian_Violations/ |title=B'Tselem - Violations of the human rights of Palestinians by Palestinians - Severe human rights violations in inter-Palestinian clashes |publisher=Btselem.org |date=2007-11-12 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> ===Kakawasaan Hamas (2007–kiwari)=== Sanggeus meunangna Hamas dina [[Pamilu législatif Paléstina 2006]], Hamas jeung [[Fatah]] ngawangun hiji [[Pamaréntahan kahijian nasional Otoritas Paléstina]], diluluguan ku [[Ismail Haniya]]. Sakedap sanggeusna, Hamas ngawasaan Jalur Gaza dina [[Patempuran Gaza (2007)|Patempuran Gaza]],<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news|title=Hamas takes control of Gaza|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jun/15/israel4|accessdate=3 June 2010|newspaper=Guardian|date=Friday 15 June 2007 | location=London | first1=Ian | last1=Black | first2=Mark | last2=Tran}}</ref> nyandak lembaga pamaréntahan jeung ngagentos Fatah jeung pajabat pamaréntahan lianna.<ref name="intern_fight_p14-15">{{cite book | title= Internal fight: Palestinian abuses in Gaza and the West Bank | pages= 14–15 | author2= [[Human Rights Watch]] | first1= Fred | last1= Abrahams | publisher= [[Human Rights Watch]] | year= 2008 }}</ref> Dina 14 Juni, Hamas sacara pinuh ngawasaan Jalur Gaza. [[Présidén Otoritas Nasional Paléstina|Présidén Paléstina]], [[Mahmoud Abbas]], ngaréspon ku cara nyatakeun [[kaayaan darurat nagara]], ngabubarkeun pamaréntahan kahijian sarta ngawangun hiji pamaréntahan nu anyar tanpa partisipasi Hamas. [[Layanan Kaamanan Pancegahan|Pasukan Kaamanan ONP]] di [[Sisi Kulon]] nahan sababaraha anggota Hamas. Pamaréntahan Abbas nampi raloba dukungan internasional. Dina ahir Juni 2008, Mesir, Yordania, jeung Arab Saudi nyebatkeun yén Kabinét Sisi Kulon nu diwangun ku Abbas mangrupa sahiji-hijina pamaréntahan Paléstina anu sah. Mesir mindahkeun kadutaanna ti Gaza ka Sisi Kulon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/874106.html|title=Mubarak calls Hamas' takeover of the Gaza Strip a 'coup'|publisher=Haaretz Daily Newspaper|date=|accessdate=2011-05-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625201301/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/874106.html |date=2007-06-25 }}</ref> The Hamas government in the Gaza Strip faces international, diplomatic, and economic isolation. [[image:Watchtower rafah gaza strip april 2009.jpg|thumb|Munara pangawas, wates Rafah-Mesir]] Boh [[Arab Saudi]] jeung Mesir ngadukung pamulihan hubungan jeung dibentukna pamaréntahan kahijian nu anyar, sarta neken Abbas sangkan ngawitan parundingan nyata jeung Hamas. Partéy oposisi jeung pulitisi ogé nyorakeun hiji parundingan jeung Hamas ogé hiji ahir hukuman ékonomi. Sanggeus panyandakan alih, Israél jeung Mesir [[blokade Jalur Gaza|nutup pameuntasan watesna jeung Gaza]]. Sumber-sumber Paléstina ngalaporkeun yén pangawas Uni Éropa kaluar ti [[Pameuntasan Wates Rafah]], di Wates Mesir-Gaza lantaran sieun diculik atanapi disiksa.<ref name=EU_flee_Rafah_crossing>{{cite web |last=Dudkevitch |first=Margot |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1139395602714 |title=EU monitors flee Rafah border crossing |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date=2006-03-14 |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121459/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1139395602714 |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> Mentri-mentri luar nagri Arab jeung pajabat pamaréntahan Paléstina ngawangun hiji fron ngalawan kakawasaan Hamas di wates éta.<ref name="Abbas wins Egypt backing on border">{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2008/01/2008525125823983496.html |title=Middle East&nbsp;— Abbas wins Egypt backing on border |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=2008-01-28 |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> Sawatara éta, laporan kaamanan Israél jeung Mesir nyebatkeun yén Hamas terus nyalurkeun bahan éksplosif jeung pakarang ti Mesir liwat torowongan. Pasukan kaamanan Mesir manggih 60 torowongan dina 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380807070&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Egypt finds 60 Gaza tunnels in 10 months |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date=2007-11-13 |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121629/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380807070&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> ====Sanggeus Hamas nyandak kadali==== Sanggeus meunangna Hamas dina Juni, pajabat-pajabat nu patali jeung Fatah dikaluarkeun ti wewenang jeung kakawasaanna (saperti jabatan pamaréntahan, kaamanan, universitas, koran, jsb.) sarta ngusahakeun ngalaksanakeun hukum ku cara progrésif nurunkeun pakarang ti gerilyawan, marga, jeung kelompok kajahatan di sakurilingeunana, jeung ngawasaan torowongan suplai. Dumasar kana [[Amnésti Internasional]], dina kakawasaan Hamas, surat kabar ditutup sarta wartawan dilécéhkeun.<ref name=AI_torn>{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE210202007|title=Torn apart by factional strife|publisher=[[Amnésti Internasional]]|date=24 October 2007|accessdate=2007-10-23 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071025073634/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE210202007 |archivedate = October 25, 2007}}</ref> Unjuk rasa Fatah dilarang atanapi diteken, sakumaha contona dina kasus démonstrasi pikeun miélingan pupusna [[Yasser Arafat]], nu mana ngakibatkeun maotna 7 urang, sanggeus démonstran ngalungkeun batu kana pasukan kaamanan Hamas.<ref>[http://news.sbs.com.au/worldnewsaustralia/hamas_kills_seven_at_arafat_rally_in_gaza_135015 Hamas kills seven at Arafat rally in Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20070813050106/http://news.sbs.com.au/worldnewsaustralia/hamas_kills_seven_at_arafat_rally_in_gaza_135015 |date=2007-08-13 }} , AFP, (via SBS World News Australia), 13 November 2007.</ref> Kajahatan kana urang Kristen aya ogé. Saurang Kristen nu mibanda hiji toko buku diculik jeung ditelasan,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gazas-christian-bookseller-killed-396283.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Gaza's Christian bookseller killed | first=Eric | last=Silver | date=8 October 2007 | accessdate=3 May 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421202741/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gazas-christian-bookseller-killed-396283.html |date=21 April 2019 }}</ref> sarta dina 15 Pébruari 2008, perpustakaan hiji organisasi Kristen di Kota Gaza dibom.<ref>http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=27804 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215053150/http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=27804 |date=2017-12-15 }}</ref> Hamas jeung grup militan lianna neraskeun ngaluncurkeun rokét Qassam ka Israél. Dumasar kana Israél, antara Panyandakan Alih ku Hamas jeung ahir Januari 2008, 697 rokét jeung 822 mortir diarahkeun ka kota-kota Israél.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Missile+fire+from+Gaza+on+Israeli+civilian+targets+Aug+2007.htm#statistics |title=Israeli MFA |publisher=Mfa.gov.il |date= |accessdate=2010-06-01|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011023634/http%3A//www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace/Palestinian%2Bterror%2Bsince%2B2000/Missile%2Bfire%2Bfrom%2BGaza%2Bon%2BIsraeli%2Bcivilian%2Btargets%2BAug%2B2007.htm#statistics |archivedate = October 11, 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Balesannana, Israél ngarah paluncur rokét Qassam jeung targét-targét militér sarta dina 19 Séptember 2007, nyatakeun Jalur Gaza minangka hiji éntitas musuh. Dina Januari 2008, Israél ngawatesan lalampahan ti Gaza, asupna barang-barang, sarta motong pasokan suluh, ngakibatkeun kakirangan listrik. Hal ieu ngarah ka tuntutan yén Israél méré [[hukuman koléktif]] kana populasi Gaza, nu ngarah ka panghukuman internasional. Sanajan raloba laporan ti Jalur Gaza nyebatkeun yén pangan sarta kabutuhan poko lianna kirang pisan pasokanna, <ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/5122404.stm |title=Profile: Gaza Strip |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-01-06 |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> Israél ngabantah bari nyebatkeun yén Gaza geus miboga pangan jeung suplai énergi nu cekap pikeun sababaraha minggu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3496654,00.html |title=IDF official rejects claims of humanitarian crisis in Gaza |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> Dina awal Maret 2008, panarajangan udara jeung darat ku [[:en:IDF|IDF]]<!-- Pasukan Patahanan Israél? --> ngakibatkeun maotna leuwih ti 110 urang Paléstina sarta dampak kaancuran di [[Jabalia]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7272329.stm Dozens die in Israel-Gaza clashes] ''[[BBC News]]''. 2 Maret 2008.</ref> Sanggeus Présidén Mesir, Hosni Mubarak, mundur dina 28 Méi 2011, Mesir muka watesna jeung Jalur Gaza.<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304066504576350681957475322.html] ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''. 29 Méi 2011.</ref> ====Panorobosan wates==== {{utama|Panorobosan wates Gaza-Mesir 2008}} Dina 23 Januari 2008, sanggeus sababaraha bulan persiapan nalika pangiatan wates ku baja jadi ruksak,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070802091348/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/947775.html Ha'aretz]</ref> [[Panorobosan wates Gaza-Mesir (2008)|Hamas ngancurkeun sababaraha bagian témbok]] nu ngawatesan Gaza jeung Mesir di kota [[Rafah]]. Raloba urang meuntas ka Mesir néangan pangan jeung suplai. Ku sabab krisis, Présidén Mesir keur éta, [[Hosni Mubarak]], maréntahkeun pasukanna sangkan diijinkeun éta Urang Paléstina téh, tapi pastikeun euweuh pakarang anu dibawa balik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7205668.stm|title=Egypt 'won't force Gazans back'|publisher=BBC News|date=23 January 2008|accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref> Mesir nahan jeung teras ngabébaskeun sababaraha gerilyawan Hamas nu boga pakarang di Sinai nu mana presumably hayang asup ka Israél. Keur éta ogé, Israél ningkatkeun kaayaan pangélingannana di sapanjang wates Sinai Israél-Mesir, sarta nyauran wargina sangkan ninggalkeun Sinai "langsung." Pangawas Wates UE nunjukkeun kasiapanna dina balik deui ngawas wates éta, sarta Hamas kedah ngajamin kaamananna; samentara Otoritas Paléstina ménta sangkan Mesir sawala jeung pihak Otoritas hungkul ngeunaan urusan nu patali jeung wates éta. Israél ngagampangkeun sababaraha panyaluran barang jeung suplai médis ka Jalur Gaza, tapi ngawatesan listrikna 5% dina salah sahiji ti 10 saluranna, samentara Hamas jeung Mesir ngadeukeutkeun jarak antara kadua pihak.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1201523779483&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080202031535/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?c=JPArticle&cid=1201523779483&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|archivedate=2008-02-02|title=Fatah, Hamas fight for border control|last=Abu Toameh|first=Khaled|date=January 29, 2008|publisher=Jerusalem Post|accessdate=2009-01-04}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202031535/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?c=JPArticle&cid=1201523779483&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |date=2008-02-02 }}</ref> Usaha kahiji mesir dina nutup deui watesna éta diréspon kalawan karusuhan ku gerilyawan Gaza, tapi sanggeus 12 poé, wates éta ditutup deui.{{Citation needed}} <!-- BROKEN LINK:<ref>http://rafah.virtualactivism.net/news/todaymain.htm</ref> --> Dina patengahan Pébruari, pameuntasan wates Rafah masih tutup.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=27807 |title=Maan news |publisher=Maan news |date= |accessdate=2010-06-01 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116135549/http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=27807 |date=2009-01-16 }}</ref> Dina Pébruari 2008, hiji survéi [[Haaretz]] nunjukkeun yén 64% masarakat Israél hoyong pamaréntahna ngayakeun diskusi langsung jeung Hamas di Gaza ngeunaan gencatan senjata sarta pikeun ngamankeun dibébaskeunnana [[Gilad Shalit]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/958473.html|title=Poll: Most Israelis back direct talks with Hamas on Shalit|author=Yossi Verter|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=2008-02-27|accessdate=2008-02-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228191823/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/958473.html |date=2008-02-28 }}</ref> saurang prajurit Israél nu ditahan dina hiji panarajangan pameuntasan wates ku militan Hamas dina 25 Juni 2006 sarta geus jadi sandra saprak éta.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070323094529/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/28/news/mideast.php 'Israelis threaten a broader action' by Ian Fisher and Steven Erlanger], [[International Herald Tribune]]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6967230.stm |title=Gilad Shalit's birthday marked |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-08-28 |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/06/26/israel.soldier/index.html 'Militants issue Israel hostage demands'(CNN)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628025602/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/06/26/israel.soldier/index.html |date=2006-06-28 }}</ref> Dina Pébruari 2008, [[konflik Israél-Gaza 2008|patempuran antawis Israél jeung Paléstina nambih ripuh]] kalawan paluncuran rokét sarta ditarajangna militan Paléstina. Agrési militér ku Hamas ngarah ka aksi militér Israél dina 1 Maret 2008, ngakibatkeun leuwih ti 110 Urang Paléstina maot dumasar kana BBC News, kitu ogé kana 2 prajurit Israél. Kelompok hak asasi manusa Israél, [[B'Tselem]], merkirakeun yén 45 korban nu ditelasan heunteu patali jeung karusuhan éta, samentara aya 15 nu saeutik.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7274929.stm |title=Israeli Gaza operation 'not over' |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-03-03 |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> Sanggues silih nahan antawis Fatah jeung Hamas di Jalur Gaza jeung Tepi Kulon, [[kulawarga Hilles]] ti Gaza dipindahkeun ka [[Jericho]] dina 4 Agustus 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last=Katz |first=Yaakov |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215331192135&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=IDF: Hilles clan won't boost terrorism &#124; Israel &#124; Jerusalem Post |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date= |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121547/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215331192135&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> Pénsiunan Perdana Mentri, Ehud Olmert, saurna dina 11 Nopémber 2008, "Naon nu ditaroskeun téh sanés bakal aya atanapi teu ayana konfrontasi, tapi basa éta lumangsung, dina kaayaan naon, sarta saha nu ngadalikeun situasi, saha nu bakal ngarahkeunnana, sarta saha nu bakal nyaho dina mangpaatkeun waktu ti awal gencatan senjata nepi ka konfrontasi kalawan cara anu pangalusna nu mungkin.” Dina 14 Nopémber 2008, Gaza diblokade ku Israél minangka balesan tina tarajangan mortir jeung rokét ku Hamas jeung kelompok militan lianna nu aya operasina di Gaza.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-gaza14-2008nov14,0,5998371.story | work=Los Angeles Times | title=Blockade leaves Gazans in the dark | first1=Richard | last1=Boudreaux | date=14 November 2008 | accessdate=3 May 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sanajan kitu, pangan, listrik, jeung cai masih bisa asu ti Mesir upami pihak otoritas Mesir ngijinkeunnana. Dina 28 Nopémber 2008, sanggeus masa 24 jam di mana euweuh [[rokét Qassam]] nu diluncurkeun ka Israél, [[Pasukan Patahanan Israél|IDF]] ngagampangkeun transportasi ti leuwih ti 30 truk nu mawa pangan, pasokan dasar, jeung alat médis ka Jalur Gaza, sarta ogé masok suluh ka pembangkit listrik utama di wewengkon éta.<ref>{{cite web |last=Keinon |first=Herb |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1226404825125&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Ministries at odds over journalists' entry into Gaza |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date=2008-11-24 |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121434/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1226404825125&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> Dina 25 Nopémber 2008, Israél nutup pameuntasan kargona jeung Gaza ku sabab 2 rokét nu diluncurkeun ka Israél.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1226404835055&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |title=Israel closes Gaza crossings |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date= |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121713/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1226404835055&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> ====Perang Gaza==== {{utama|Perang Gaza}} [[File:Israelis killed by Palestinians in Israel and Palestinians killed by Israelis in Gaza - 2008.png|thumb|Urang Israél nu ditelasan ku Urang Paléstina di Israél (<span style="color:blue;">blue</span>) sarta Urang Paléstina nu ditelasan ku Urang Israél di Gaza (<span style="color:red;">red</span>)]] [[File:Damaged housing gaza strip april 2009.jpg|thumb|right|Imah-imah nu ruksak nalika Operasi ''Cast Lead'']] Dina 27 Désémber 2008,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/28/world/middleeast/28mideast.html | work=The New York Times | title=Israelis Say Strikes Against Hamas Will Continue | first1=Taghreed | last1=El-Khodary | first2=Ethan | last2=Bronner | date=28 December 2008 | accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> [[F-16]] Israél ngalaksanakeun hiji runtuyan panarajangan udara kana sasaran-sasaran di Gaza minangka balesan tina rokét-rokét nu ditémbakkeun teterusan ti Jalur Gaza ka Israél. Raloba tempat nu dipaké minangka panyimpenan pakarang ditarajang: pos polisi, sakola, rumah sakit, gudang PBB, masjid, raloba wangunan pamaréntahan Hamas, sarta wangunan lianna.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mozgovaya |first=Natasha |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1053233.html |title=IDF shell kills 30 in Gaza UN school; Israel mulls appeal over Hamas fire from UN facilities |publisher=Haaretz Daily Newspaper |date= |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401074434/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1053233.html |date=2009-04-01 }}</ref> Israél nyebatkeun yén panarajangan éta mangrupa balesan ti tarajangan rokét Hamas di Israél beulah kidul, kalawan jumlah [[Daptar tarajangan rokét Paléstina ka Israél|leuwih ti 3.000 dina 2008]]. Pagawé médis Paléstina ngaku yén paling saeutikna 434 Urang Paléstina maot, sarta minimalna 2.800 cedera, kasusun ti warga sipil jeung anggota Hamas, dina 5 poé kahiji panarajangan Israél kana Gaza. [[Pasukan Patahanan Israél]] nolak pangakuan ngeunaan korban panarajangan éta kalobaannanan warga sipil, nyadiakeun bukti yén Hamas ngahajan nyumputkeun pakarang jeung militan di "masjid, lapangan sakola, jeung imah warga sipil" pikeun ngahalangan hiji tarajangan sarta mangpaatkeun [[Pasukan Patahanan Israél#Kode arahan ngalawan militan jeung warga sipill Paléstina|aturan patempuran Israél]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Erlanger |first=Steven |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/world/middleeast/11hamas.html |title=A Gaza War Full of Traps and Trickery |location=Israel;Gaza Strip |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=2009-01-10 |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> Israél mimiti invasi darat kana Jalur Gaza dina 3 Januari 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2009/01/03/world/international-palestinians-israel.html | work=The New York Times}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> Israel nolak raloba usulan gencatan senjata sarta kadua pihak nyatakeun gencatan senjata sapihak.<ref>McClatchy Newspapers, January 5, 2009, "Israel Rebuffs Cease-Fire Calls as Gaza Casualties Rise" http://www.mcclatchydc.com/world/story/58981.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/blogs/mideast-watch/2009/01/12/hamas-rejects-cease-fire-with-israel-in-gaza.html |title=Hamas Rejects Cease-Fire With Israel in Gaza&nbsp;— Mideast Watch |publisher=usnews.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> Total 1.100-1.400<ref>{{cite web|last=Kasher |first=Asa |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=168061 |title=Analysis: A moral evaluation of the Gaza War |publisher=Jpost.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> Urang Paléstina jeung 13 Urang Israél ditelasan dina Perang 22 poé.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8428883.stm | work=BBC News | title=Slow recovery from wounds of Gaza conflict | date=27 December 2009 | accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> Sanggeus tempur 22 poé, Israél nyatakeun gencatan senjata. Hamas bakal ngalanjutkeun patempuran upami pasukan Israél heunteu ninggalkeun Jalur Gaza.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/18/world/middleeast/18mideast.html?hp | work=The New York Times | title=Israel Declares Cease-Fire; Hamas Says It Will Fight On | first=Steven | last=Erlanger | date=18 January 2009 | accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> Konflik éta ngaruksakkeun atanapi ngancurkeun sababaraha imah,<ref>http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/press-briefing-notes/pbnAF/cache/offonce/lang/en?entryId=21830 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310183754/http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/press-briefing-notes/pbnAF/cache/offonce/lang/en?entryId=21830 |date=2012-03-10 }}; Reuters, January 12, 2009 Lappin, Yaakov. [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1237727552054&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull IDF releases Cast Lead casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121653/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1237727552054&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2011-05-11 }}, ''The Jerusalem Post'', March 26, 2009.</ref> 15 ti 27 rumah sakit di Gaza sarta 43 ti 110 fasilitas kaséhatan utama,<ref>http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ochaopt_who_gaza_health_fact_sheet_20100120_english.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308014019/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ochaopt_who_gaza_health_fact_sheet_20100120_english.pdf |date=2015-03-08 }}</ref> 800 sumur,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=47273 |title=MIDEAST: Attack on Water Brings Sanitation Crisis - IPS |publisher=Ipsnews.net |date=2009-06-18 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> 186 imah kaca,<ref>http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Gaza_EA.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514204950/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Gaza_EA.pdf |date=2011-05-14 }}</ref> sarta méh sadaya 10.000 ladang kulawarga;<ref>http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/tc/tce/pdf/FAO_brief_on_Gaza_23_Jan_09.pdf</ref> ngakibatkeun 50.000 urang tanpa imah,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7838618.stm | work=BBC News | title=Gaza 'looks like earthquake zone' | date=20 January 2009}}</ref> 400.000-500.000 urang tanpa cai nu ngocor,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref name="Gaza: Humanitarian situation">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7845428.stm | work=BBC News | title=Gaza: Humanitarian situation | date=30 January 2009}}</ref> 1 juta urang tanpa listrik,<ref name="Gaza: Humanitarian situation"/> sarta nyababkeun stok pangan kritis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfp.org/content/wfp-launches-emergency-food-distributions-families-gaza |title=Launches Emergency Food Distributions to Families in Gaza &#124; WFP &#124; United Nations World Food Programme - Fighting Hunger Worldwide |publisher=WFP |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511084335/http://www.wfp.org/content/wfp-launches-emergency-food-distributions-families-gaza |date=2011-05-11 }}</ref> Dina Pébruari 2009, kasadiaan pangan pulih deui saperti saméméh perang tapi suplai kadaharan lokal nu seger diprédiksi bakal ngirang drastis dina April-Juni 2009 ku sabab akbiat fatal dina widang agrikultur nalika perang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/373CC85C90E938F485257574005E7B2B |title=Gaza Emergency Food Security Assessment (EFSA) - FAO/WFP report (24 February 2009) |publisher=Unispal.un.org |date= |accessdate=2011-05-21 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513091337/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/373CC85C90E938F485257574005E7B2B |date=2011-05-13 }}</ref> ====Blokade Gaza==== {{utama|Blokade Jalur Gaza 2007–kiwari}} Diblokadenya Jalur Gaza lanjut sanggeus perang, sanajan Israél ngijinkeun tulungan kamanusaan médis tapi dina kumlah nu kawates. Palang Beureum nyebatkeun yén blokade éta ngaruksakkeun ékonomi Gaza sarta nyababkeun kirangna kalengkepan jeung alat médis dasar kawas panawar nyeri jeung film sinar x.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1096443.html |title=Red Cross: Israel trapping 1.5m Gazans in despair |date=2009-06-29 |publisher=[[Haaretz]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630165052/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1096443.html |date=2009-06-30 }}</ref> Diréktur [[Shin Bet]] (Badan Kaamanan Israél), [[Yuval Diskin]] nyarios yén anjeunna moal ngalawan kana dilogorkeunnana palarangan dagang, tapi percanten yén torowongan penyelundupan di Sinai sarta palabuan nu kabuka di Jalur Gaza ngabahyakeun kaamanan Israél. Saur Diskin, Hamas jeung [[Gerakan Jihad Islam di Paléstina|Jihad Islam]] geus nyelundupkeun leuwih ti "5.000 rokét kalawan radius jangaku nepi ka 40 kilométer." Sababaraha rokét éta bisa nepi ka tempat sajauh [[Wewegkon Métropolitan Tel Aviv]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?ID=178503 |title=Diskin: No aid crisis in Gaza |publisher=Jpost.com |date=2010-06-15 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> Mark Regev, juru carios kantor Peradana Mentri Israél, nerangkeun yén kalakuan Israél mangrupa "hukuman", sanés blokade, tapi saurang konsultan hukum Gaza pikeun UNRWA nyebat blokade éta minangka "tindakan di luar hukum internasional.”<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2009/08/mil-090823-irin01.htm |title=ISRAEL-OPT: UN report details grim effects of Israeli blockade on Gaza |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref> Dina Juli 2010, Perdana Mentri Britania, [[David Cameron]], ngritik blokade éta, nyarios yén "Bantosan jeung masarakat kamanusaan kedah tiasa kaluar asup kana dua arah. Gaza teu bisa jeung teu kénging dijadikeun penjara." <ref name="Cameron">{{cite news|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|title=David Cameron: Israeli blockade has turned Gaza Strip into a 'prison camp'|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2010/jul/27/david-cameron-gaza-prison-camp|accessdate=28 July 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2010-07-27 | location=London}}</ref> Balesanna, juru carios [[Kadutaan Israél di London]] nyebatkeun yén "Masarakat Gaza téh tahanan tina organisasai téroris Hamas. Kaayaan di Gaza téh hasil langsung tina aturan jeung prioritas Hamas." [[image:Tent camp gaza strip april 2009.jpg|thumb|left|Kémah ténda, April 2009]] [[Liga Arab]] nuduh Israél ngabiayaan perang kauangan.<ref>[http://www.infoprod.co.il/article/2/293 Arab League : Israel waging a financial war] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20110816215008/http://www.infoprod.co.il/article/2/293 |date=2011-08-16 }}</ref> IDF ngadalikeun lalampahan dina wewengkon titik pameuntasan antawis Israél jeung Jalur Gaza, sarta nutup watesna jeung Gaza. Kaayaan kaamanan di Gaza jeung sapanjang watesna, kaasup watesna jeung Mesir sarta basisirna, bahaya sarta bisa robah sawaktu-waktu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_922.html |title=Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Travel Warning |publisher=Travel.state.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-06-01 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20041230204200/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_922.html |archivedate=2004-12-30 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041230204200/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_922.html |date=2004-12-30 }}</ref> Nyanghareupan ningkatna panggilan internasional sangkan ngalogorkeun atanapi ngahupus blokadena, Mesir jeung Israél ngirangan palarangan éta mimiti Juni 2010, nalika Pameuntasan Wates Rafah ti Egypt ka Gaza dibuka sabagian ku Mesir, sarta mentri luar nagri Mesir nerangkeun yén pameuntasan wates éta bakal terus dibuka utamina pikeun jalma, tapi sanés pikeun pasokan barang, ngaliwat.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/0602/Egypt-eases-own-Gaza-blockade-after-Israel-Freedom-Flotilla-raid Egypt eases own Gaza blockade after Israel Freedom Flotilla raid], Christian Science Monitor, June 2, 2010 (page 2)</ref> Israél ngumumkeun yén nagara éta bakal ngijinkeun barang-barang kabutuhan sipil kalawan pangawasan bari nyegah pakarang katangtu jeung barang dwifungsi asup ka Gaza nu dikawasaan ku Hamas.<ref name="google1">{{cite web|last=Rabinowitz |first=Gavin |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hYVYAfX_Mu7L_Kv-VU_3g4XdDiSA |title=AFP: Israel to allow more 'civilian' goods into Gaza: official |publisher=Google.com |date=2010-06-20 |accessdate=2010-12-12|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120525004953/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hYVYAfX_Mu7L_Kv-VU_3g4XdDiSA|archivedate=2012-05-25}}</ref> ====Trén Islamisasi==== {{utama|Islamisasi Jalur Gaza}} Ti 1987 nepi ka 1991, nalika [[intifada kahiji]], Hamas ngampanyekeun pamakéan hijab sarta aturan-aturan lianna, kaasup maksa awéwé tinggal di imah jeung dipisahkeun ti lalaki, sarta kampanye poligami. Dina perkawis ieu, awéwé nu milih teu maké hijab disiksa sacara verbal jeung fisik, kalawan hasil hijabna dipaké 'ngan pikeun nyegah masalah di jalan'.<ref name="Ruben">Rubenberg, C., ''Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank'' (USA, 2001) p.230-231</ref> Saprak Hamas nyandak kadali kana Jalur Gaza dina 2007, sababaraha anggotana ngusahakeun maksa pamakéan pakéan Islam atanapi [[Hijab]] pikeun awéwé.<ref name="ReferenceB">[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/world/middleeast/06gaza.html Hamas Fights Over Gaza’s Islamist Identity] New York Times, September 5, 2009</ref><ref name="xinhua">{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/03/content_12748559.htm |title=Hamas encourages Gaza women to follow Islamic code |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=2010-01-03 |accessdate=2011-05-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514030330/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/03/content_12748559.htm |date=2011-05-14 }}</ref> "Kamentrian Pandukung Islam" ogé miboga anggota Komite Kahadéan ngélingkeun masarakat kana bahaya pakéan nu teu sopan, maén kartu, jeung bobogohan.<ref name="bloomberg">[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push] By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, November 30, 2009</ref> Tapi, euweuh aturan pamaréntah anu ngatur neguaan pakéan jeung aturan moral lianna, sarta kamentrian pangatikan Hamas malikkeun hiji usaha pikeun maksa pakéan Islam kana murid-murid.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Numutekun [[Panénjo Hak Asasi Manusa]], pamaréntahan Gaza Hamas ningkatkeun usahana pikeun "ng-Islam-keun" Gaza dina 2010, usaha nu ngawengku, numutekun organisasi éta, "panekenan masarakat sipil" jeung "pangruksakan parah kana kabébasan pribados."<ref name=Esveld>[http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/27/opinion/la-oe-vanesveld-gaza-20100627 "In Gaza, prisoners twice over; Palestinians are being squeezed by the Israeli blockade and Hamas' 'Islamizing' actions,"] Bill Van Esveld, Bill Van Esveld is a Middle East researcher for Human Rights Watch, June 27, 201o, Los Angelies Times.</ref> Panalungtik [[urang Paléstina|Paléstina]], Dr. [[Khaled Al-Hroub]] ngkritik kana nu ku anjeunnna disebat "léngkah-léngkah [[Taliban]]-an" nu dicandak ku Hamas. Numutkeun anjeunna, "Islamisasi nu geus dipaksa kana Jalur Gaza - panindasaan sosial, budaya, jeung pérs nu teu cocog jueng pandangan Hamas - mangrupa kalakuan kakoncara nu kedah dilawan. Éta téh mangrupa palaksanaan ulang tina pangalaman rézim totalitér jeung kadiktatoran liaana disamarkeun ku agama.<ref>The Hamas Enterprise and the Talibanization of Gaza, by Khaled Al-Hroub, Al-Ayyam (Palestinian Authority), October 11, 2010. [http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4696.htm Translation] by the Middle East Research Institute, October 22, 2010.</ref> Pajabat Hamas nolak ngeunaan miboga rancangan pikeun maksakeun aturan Islam, saurang anggota déwan nyarios yén “Naon nu ku manéh tempo téh kacilakaan, sanés kawijakan,” sarta aturan Islam éta téh standar nu dipikahayang "tapi urang percaya kana ajakan.”<ref name="bloomberg"/> ====Gawé bareng Israél jeung program pitulungan internasional==== Antara Januari 2009-Juni 2010, kira-kira 137 juta liter suluh, jeung 50.000 ton gas rumah tangga dikintun liwat Israél ka Jalur Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/detail/37167.html |title=Israel resumes delivery of fuel to Gaza |publisher=Unmultimedia.org |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123133313/http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/detail/37167.html |date=2011-11-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Communiques/2009/Increased_humanitarian_aid_Gaza_after_IDF_operation_Jan_2009 |title=Increased humanitarian aid to Gaza after IDF operation |publisher=Mfa.gov.il |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/32650677/Gaza-Strip-Merchandise-and-Humanitarian-Aid-May-30th-June-5th-2010 |title=Gaza Strip Merchandise and Humanitarian Aid May 30th - June 5th, 2010 |publisher=Scribd.com |date=2010-06-05 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> Aya ogé kasus di mana bantosan ka Gaza diblokade ku Israél saperti [[tarajangan armada Gaza]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/05/30/israel-gaza.html | work=CBC News | title=Israeli ships attack Gaza aid flotilla: reports | date=2010-05-31}}</ref> sanajan bantosan éta dikintun liwat Israél sanggeus dipariksa tina pakarang jeung barang selundupan. Dina Januari jeung Pébruari 2011, [[Badan Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pikeun Koordinasi Hubungan Kamanusaan]] (UNOCHA) maréntah hiji panalungtikan perkiraan tina akibat aturan éta pikeun ngalogorkeun palarangan aksés.<ref name=ocha201103>{{cite web|title=Easing the blockade – Assessing the humanitarian impact on the population of the Gaza Strip|url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_special_easing_the_blockade_2011_03_english.pdf|publisher=UNITED NATIONS Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory|accessdate=16 July 2011|date=March 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726062323/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_special_easing_the_blockade_2011_03_english.pdf |date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> Tina panalungtikan éta, dicindekkeun yén hasilna kahirupan masarakat heunteu ningkat kalawan signifikan.<ref name=ocha201103/> Dipanggih yén "kaayaan penting tina larangan nu masih aya" sarta akibat ti 3 taun blokade ketat nyegah paningkatan signifikan dina kahirupan jeung nyauran Israél sangkan ngahupus sapinuuhna blokade éta kaasup larangan impor material qangunan sarta ékspor barang, sarta sangkan naghupus palarangan umum dina lalampahan jalmi antawis Gaza jeung Sisi Kulon liwat Israél sangkan saluyu jeung anu diterangkeun minangka kawajiban kamanusaan internasional jeung hukum hak asasi manusa.<ref name=ocha201103/> ==Géografi jeung iklim== {{refimprove}} [[image:Southeast mediterranean annotated geography.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Kaayaan géografis utama wewengkon Israél jeung Méditérania tenggara]] [[image:Gaza Beach.jpg|thumb|right|Basisir Gaza]] Jalur Gaza aya di Wétan Tengah (dina {{Coord|31|25|N|34|20|E|region:PS_type:adm1st_scale:300000|display=inline,title}}). Wewengkonna miboga wates {{convert|51|km|mi}} jeung [[Israél]], sarta 11&nbsp;km jeung [[Mesir]], deukeut Kota [[Rafah]]. [[Khan Yunis]] aya di {{convert|7|km|mi}} kalér-wétaneun Rafah, sarta sababaraha kota sabundeureun [[Deir el-Balah]] aya dina sapanjang basisir terus ka [[Gaza|Kota Gaza]]. [[Beit Lahia]] aya di kaléreun Kota Gaza samentara [[Beit Hanoun]] aya di kalér-wétaneun Kota Gaza. Blok lokalitas Israél [[Gush Katif]] baheula aya dina [[pasir keusik]] deukeut Rafah jeung Khan Yunis, sapanjang sisi {{convert|40|km|mi}} kidul-kulon basisir [[Laut Méditérania]]. Jalur Gaza mioga iklim garing, kalawan ususm tiis nu lemes, sarta usum panas nu panas jeung garing lantaran [[halodo]]. Titik pangluhurna nyaéta Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Auda), dina {{convert|105|m|ft}} luhureun laut. Sumber daya alam kaasup [[lemah subur]] (kira-kira sapertilu wewengkon Jalur Gaza kairigasi), sarta dipanggih [[gas alam]]. Masalah lingkungan kaasup [[desertifikasi]]; [[Biosalinitas|salinitas]] (kadar uyah) cai; [[sanitasi]]; [[dégradasi lemah]]; sarta kontaminasi jeung ngirangna sumber cai jero taneuh. ==Tingali ogé== * [[Énklave jeung éksklave]] * [[Gaza Ghetto (pilem)]] * [[Hamastan]] * [[Hak asasi manusa di Otoritas Nasional Paléstina]] * [[Status pulitik Sisi Kulon jeung Jalur Gaza]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Pustaka== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book|title=The economics of Palestine: economic policy and institutional reform for a viable Palestinian state|first1=David P.|last1=Cobham|first2=Noman|last2=Kanafani|edition=Illustrated|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=041532761X, 9780415327619}} {{Refend}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Sister project links|Gaza Strip}} *[http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/default.asp Atlas Statistik Paléstina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514171248/http://atlas.pcbs.gov.ps/atlas/default.asp |date=2010-05-14 }} - [[Badan Puseur Statistik Paléstina]] *{{CIA World Factbook link|gz|Gaza Strip}} *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/palestine.htm Gaza Strip] dina ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{Dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Palestinian_Territory|Gaza Strip}} *[http://www.gaza.net/ Gaza.net] diréktori loka wéb ngeunaan Paléstina *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/p_refugee_camps.jpg Peta Kémah Pangungsian Paléstina 1993 (UNRWA/C.I.A./Univ. Texas, Austin)] *Webcam langsung [http://www.ustream.tv/channel/gaza-attack Tayangan Ramattan Langsung Kota Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403054753/http://www.ustream.tv/channel/gaza-attack |date=2013-04-03 }} ti UStréam * [http://gazasiege.org/ GazaSiege.org - Kasang tukang, Warta jeung Analisa paningkeran Gaza] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6754499.stm Hamas In Control of Gaza Strip] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6760975.stm New Palestinian Cabinet Sworn In] * Bregman, Ahron (2002). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xtKuTB_SlwcC&dq=%22israel%27s+wars+a+history+since+1947%22&pg=PP1&ots=1zc6qgWO3x&sig=tUpEtvv7wqSAftiJEydYLW64O9w&hl=nl&prev=http://www.google.nl/search?hl=nl&safe=off&q=%22Israel%27s+Wars:+A+History+Since+1947%22&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail#PPA123,M1 Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947]''. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415287166 - di [[Google Books]] * Ward, Richard J. (1977). ''The Palestine State: A Rational Approach''. London: National University Publications. ISBN 978-0804691598 *{{PDFlink|[http://www.careusa.org/newsroom/pressreleases/2003/jan/01032003_study.pdf Nutritional Assessment of the West Bank and Gaza Strip]|72.0&nbsp;bytes}} *Rashdan, Abdelrahman (2008-04-29), [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1209357115097&pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs%2FMAELayout Myths and Facts about Gaza (FAQs)]''IslamOnline.net'' *[http://www.mideastweb.org/briefhistory.htm Israel and Palestine: A Brief History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115100454/http://www.mideastweb.org/briefhistory.htm |date=2014-11-15 }}&nbsp;– Midéast Web for Coexistence *[http://www.ynetnews.com/home/0,7340,L-4244,00.html ''Special: Gaza kidnapping'' Warta Israél]&nbsp;– Ynetnews vérsi Basa Inggris ti [[Yedioth Ahronoth]] *[http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36439 War Enters the Classrooms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212155248/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36439 |date=2012-02-12 }} akibat ti konflik Wétan Tengah kana barudak di Jalur Gaza, ku [[Inter Press Service]], Pébruari 2007 * [http://www.btselem.org/English/Gaza%5FStrip/ B'Tselem Puseur Informasi Israél pikeun Hak Asasi Manusa di Wewengkon Kajajah dina status Gaza saprak paleupasan.] ;Peta *[http://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&ie=UTF8&ll=31.4,34.4&z=10 Jalur Gaza di Google Maps] *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gazastrip91.jpg 1991 Peta Jalur Gaza] némbongkeun jalan-jalan jeung kota-kota Israél *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gaza_strip_1999.jpg 1999 Peta Jalur Gaza] (aya katerangan) *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gaza_strip_may_2005.jpg Peta Jalur Gaza 2005 (C.I.A./Univ. Texas, Austin)] *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/p_refugee_camps.jpg Peta Kémah Pangungsian Paléstina 1993 (UNRWA/C.I.A./Univ. Texas, Austin)] *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/cia08/israel_sm_2008.gif Peta Israél 2008 (C.I.A./Univ. Texas, Austin)] *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/isettlementswb93.jpg Peta Pamukiman Israél di Sisi Kulon, Dés. 1993 (C.I.A./Univ. Texas, Austin)] *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/gazastrip.jpg Map Peta Pamukiman Israél di Jalur Gaza, Dés. 1993 (C.I.A./Univ. Texas, Austin)] {{Cities in the Gaza Strip}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gaza}} [[Kategori:Jalur Gaza| ]] [[Kategori:Levant Kidul]] [[Kategori:Asia Kulon]] h9kc2vkgxtqshbhqf1kd40njggg2phq 0 37651 712916 711653 2026-09-23T09:08:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses}} {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = {{aut|Senatus PopulusQue Romanus ([[SPQR]])}}<br /><small>"Sénat jeung Rahayat Roma" </small>{{#tag:ref|Since classical and modern concepts of state do not coincide, other possibilities include ''Res publica Romana'', ''Imperium Romanum'' or ''Romanorum'' (also in Greek: {{Polytonic|Βασιλείᾱ τῶν Ῥωμαίων – ''Basileíā tôn Rhōmaíōn''}} – ["Dominion (Literally 'kingdom') of the Romans"]) and ''Romania''. ''Res publica'', as a term denoting the Roman "commonwealth" in general, can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial era, while ''Imperium Romanum'' (or, sometimes, ''Romanorum'') is used to refer to the territorial extent of Roman authority. ''Populus Romanus'', "the Roman people", is often used for the Roman state dealing with other nations. The term ''Romania'', initially a colloquial term for the empire's territory as well as the collectivity of its inhabitants, appears in Greek and Latin sources from the fourth century onward and was eventually carried over to the [[Byzantine Empire]]. (See Wolff, R.L. "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". In: ''Speculum'', 23 (1948), pp. 1–34 (pp. 2–3).)|group=nb}} |conventional_long_name = Kakaisaran Romawi |common_name = Kakaisaran Romawi |national_motto = |era = Kuna klasik |status = '''Kakaisaran''' |continent = Afroeurasia |region = Méditérania |government_type = [[Otokrasi]] |p1 = Républik Romawi |flag_p1 = Spqrstone.jpg |s1 = Kakaisaran Romawi Kulon |flag_s1 = Labarum.svg |s2 = Kakaisaran Bizantium |flag_s2 = Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century, square.svg |event_start = [[Augustus|Octavia]] nyatakeun [[Augustus (gelar)|Augustus]] |year_start = 27 SM |event_end = Turunna Kaisar Kulon [[Romulus Augustus]]/[[Labuhna Konstantinopel]] * |year_end = 476/1453 M |event_pre = [[Patempuran Actium]] |date_pre = 2 Séptémber 31 SM |event1 = [[Diocletian]] misahkeun adminstrasi kakaisaran antawsi Wétan jeung Kulon |date_event1 = 285 |event2 = [[Konstiantin I|Konstantin nu Ageung]] ngadegkeun [[Konstantinopel]] salaku ibu kota kakaisaran nu anyar |date_event2 = 330 |event3 = Pupusna [[Theodosius nu Ageung]], diteraskeun ku dibagina kakaisaran kana wétan jeung kulon |date_event3 = 395 |event_post = |date_post = |image_coat = Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg |symbol_type = [[Vexillum]] kalawan [[Aquila (Romawi)|aquila]] sarta inisial kanagaraan Romawi |coa_size = 120px |image_map = RomanEmpireTrajan117AD.png |image_map_caption = Kakawasaan maksimum Kakaisaran Romawi dina 117 M.<ref>Bennett, J. ''Trajan: Optimus Princeps''. 1997. Fig. 1</ref> |capital = <small>[[Roma]] nyaéta ibu kota pulitis nepi ka 286&nbsp;M<br />Aya sababaraha puseur pulitis nalika [[Katétraan]] samentawis Roma tetep jadi ibu kota nominal, budaya, jeung idéologis.<br />[[Konstantin I|Konstantin]] ngadegkeun sarta ngawangun ulang kota [[Konstantinopel]] salaku ibu kota kakaisaran nu anyar dina 330.<ref name="Constantine I 306 - 337 AD">[http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm Konstantin&nbsp;I (306–337 M)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929190410/http://www.roman-emperors.org/conniei.htm |date=2017-09-29 }} ku Hans A. Pohlsander. De Imperatoribus Romanis. Written 2004-1-8. Retrieved 2007-3-20.</ref><br />[[Mediolanum]] (Milan) mangrupa batur gawéna nalika babagian Wétan/Kulon ningkat remenna. Pangadilan kakaisaran kulon teras dipindahkeun ka [[Ravenna]]. |common_languages = [[Latin]], [[Basa Yunani Kuna|Yunani]] |[[Agama di Romawi kuna|religion]] = [[Agama di Romawi kuna|agama Romawi tradisional]], [[panyembahan kakaisaran (Romawi kuna)|Panyembahan kakaisaran]], [[Agama Yunani|Kapercayaan Yunani]]<small> (nepi ka 380)</small><br />Kristen<small><br />(ti 380) |currency = (a) 27 SM – 212 M: 1 emas ''[[aureus]]'' (1/40 lb. emas, dirobah ka 1/50 lb. dina 212) = 25 pérak ''[[denarii]]'' = 100 perunggu ''[[sesterces]]'' = 400 tambaga ''[[As (koin Romawi)|asses]]''.<br /> (b) 294–312: 1 emas ''[[solidus (koin)|aureus solidus]]'' (1/60 lb. emas) = 10 pérak ''[[argenteus|argentei]]'' = 40 perunggu ''[[folles]]'' = 1.000 logam nu diturunkeun ''denarii''<br />(c) 312 ka hareup: 1 emas ''[[solidus (koin)|solidus]]'' (1/72 lb.) = 24 pérak ''[[siliqua]]e'' = 180 perunggu ''folles'' |leader1 = [[Augustus]] |leader2 = [[Theodosius I]] |leader3 = [[Romulus Augustus]] / [[Konstantin&nbsp;XI]] |year_leader1 = 27 SM – 14 M |year_leader2 = 378–395 |year_leader3 = 475–476 / 1449–1453 |title_leader = [[Kaisar Romawi|Kaisar]] |title_representative = [[Konsul Romawi|Konsul]] |representative1 = |representative2 = |year_representative1 = |year_representative2 = |legislature = [[Sénat Kakaisaran Romawi|Sénat Romawi]] ||stat_year1 = 25 SM<ref name=size>{{cite journal|journal=Social Science History |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600&nbsp;B.C. to 600&nbsp;A.D. |first=Rein |last=Taagepera |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |year=1979 |page=125 |doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959|publisher=Duke University Press |authorlink=Rein Taagepera}}</ref><ref>John D. Durand, ''Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation'', 1977, pp. 253–296.</ref> |stat_area1 = 2750000 |stat_year2 = 50<ref name=size/> |stat_pop1 = 56800000 |stat_area2 = 4200000 |stat_year3 = 117<ref name=size/> |stat_area3 = 6500000 |stat_pop3 = 88000000 |stat_year4 = 390 <ref name=size/> |stat_area4 = 4400000 |footnotes = * Kajadia-kajadian ieu nandaan ahirna [[Kakaisaran Romawi Kulon]] (286–476)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507739/Roman-Empire|title=Roman Empire – Britannica Online Encyclopedia|publisher=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2008-07-09}}</ref> jeung [[Kakisaran Bizantium|Kakaisaran Romawi Wétan]] (330–1453). |today = Tingali artikel }} '''Kakaisaran Romawi''' ({{lang-la|Imperium Romanum}}) nyaéta jaman pasca-[[Républik Romawi|Républik]] ti [[Romawi Kuna|peradaban Romawi kuna]], dicirian ku wangun pamaréntahan [[otokrasi]] sarta kakawasaan wewengkon nu lega di Éropa jeung sadeukeuteun Méditérania.<ref>"Roman Empire", Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008</ref> Dina ahir abad ka-3 Maséhi, [[Diocletian]] ngadegkeun sarta mraktékkeun babagian kakawasaan antawis 4 kaisar (kawanoh salaku [[katétraan]]) sangkan leuwih alus ngamankeun wewengkonna nu lega, ngahirkeun [[Krisis Abad KAtilu]]. Nalika dékade sanggeusna, Kakaisaran remen dibagi kana poros Wétan/Kulon. Sanggeus pupusna [[Theodosius&nbsp;I]] dina 395, kakaisaran dibagi pikeun nu pangahirna.<ref>Chester G. Starr, ''A History of the Ancient World, Second Edition.'' Oxford University Press, 1974. pp. 670–678.</ref> [[Kakaisaran Romawi Kulon]] ngahir dina 476 basa [[Romulus Augustulus|Romulus Augustus]] dipaksa turn tahta pikeun raja perang [[urang Jérmanik|Jérmanik]], [[Odoacer]].<ref>Isaac Asimov. ''Asimov's Chronology of the World.'' Harper Collins, 1989. p. 110.</ref> Romawi Wétan atanapi [[Kakaisaran Bizantium]] ngahir dina 1453 nalika pupusna [[Konstantin XI Palaiologos|Konstantin&nbsp;XI]] sarta [[labuhna Konstantinopel]] ka [[Mehmed II]], pamingpin [[Turki Ottoman]].<ref>Asimov, p. 198.</ref> == Kiwari == Wewengkon Kakaisaran Romawi ayeuna mangrupa bagian ti nagara: {{col|3}} * {{flag|Albania}} * {{flag|Aljazair}} * {{flag|Andorra}} * {{flag|Arab Saudi}} * {{flag|Arménia}} * {{flag|Austria}} * {{flag|Azerbaijan}} * {{flag|Bélgia}} * {{flag|Bosnia jeung Hérzégovina}} * {{flag|Britania Raya}} * {{flag|Bulgaria}} * {{flag|Géorgia}} * {{flag|Hungaria}} * {{flag|Iran}} * {{flag|Irak}} * {{flag|Israél}} * {{flag|Italia}} * {{flag|Jérman}} * {{flag|Kosovo}}{{ref label|status|a|}} * {{flag|Kroasia}} * {{flag|Kuwait}} * {{flag|Libanon}} * {{flag|Liechtenstéin}} * {{flag|Libya}} * {{flag|Luksemburg}} * {{flag|Makédonia}} * {{flag|Malta}} * {{flag|Maroko}} * {{flag|Mesir}} * {{flag|Moldova}} * {{flag|Monako}} * {{flag|Monténégro}} * {{flag|Otoritas Paléstina|name=Wewengkon Paléstina}} * {{flag|Perancis}} * {{flag|Portugal}} * {{flag|Romania}} * {{flag|Rusia}} * {{flag|San Marino}} * {{flag|Sérbia}} * {{flag|Siprus}} * {{flag|Slovénia}} * {{flag|Spanyol}} * {{flag|Suis}} * {{flag|Suriah}} * {{flag|Tunisia}} * {{flag|Turki}} * {{flag|Ukraina}} * {{flag|Kota Vatikan}} * {{flag|Walanda}} * {{flag|Yordania}} * {{flag|Yunani}} </div> == Catean jeung rujukan == <references group="nb"/> {{Reflist}} * {{Cite book|author=Frank Frost Abbott|year=1901|title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions|publisher=Elibron Classics|isbn=0-543-92749-0|authorlink=Frank Frost Abbott}} * [[John Bagnell Bury]], ''A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius'', 1913, ISBN 978-1-4367-3416-5 * [[Winston Churchill]], ''A History of the English-Speaking Peoples'', Cassell, 1998, ISBN 0-304-34912-7 * [[J. A. Crook]], ''Law and Life of Rome, 90 BC–AD 212'', 1967, ISBN 0-8014-9273-4 * [[Donald R. Dudley]], ''The Civilization of Rome'', 2nd ed., 1985, ISBN 0-452-01016-0 * [[Arther Ferrill]], ''The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation'', [[Thames and Hudson]], 1988, ISBN 0-500-27495-9 * {{cite book |last=Freeman |first=Charles |title=The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World |url=https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free_c9o7 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |year=1999 |isbn=0-670-88515-0}} * [[Edward Gibbon]], ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', 1776–1789 * [[Adrian Goldsworthy|Goldsworthy, Adrian]]. ''The Punic Wars'', Cassell & Co, 2000, ISBN 0-304-35284-5 * Goldsworthy, Adrian. ''In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire'', Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003, ISBN 0-297-84666-3 * Goldsworthy, Adrian. ''The Complete Roman Army'', [[Thames and Hudson]], 2003, ISBN 0-500-05124-0 * [[Michael Grant (author)|Michael Grant]], ''The History of Rome'', [[Faber and Faber]], 1993, ISBN 0-571-11461-X * [[Benjamin Isaac]], "The Limits of Empire: the Roman Army in the East" [[Oxford University Press]], 1992, ISBN 0-19-814926-3 * [[Andrew Lintott]], ''Imperium Romanum: Politics and administration'', 1993, ISBN 0-415-09375-9 * [[Edward Luttwak]], ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire'', [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], ISBN 0-8018-2158-4 * {{cite journal | first=T. R. | last=Reid | title=The World According to Rome | journal=National Geographic | volume=192 | issue=2 | pages=54–83 | year=1997 | url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211153712/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ |date=2007-12-11 }} * [[Antonio Santosuosso]], ''Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire'', Westview Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8133-3523-X {{Refend}} <div class="references-small"> </div> == Tumbu kaluar == {{Sister project links}} * Adena, L. [http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/How+the+Jesus+Cult+Captured+the+Roman+State The 'Jesus Cult' and the Roman State in the Third Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104073248/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/How+the+Jesus+Cult+Captured+the+Roman+State |date=2015-01-04 }}, Clio History Journal, 2008. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100708232311/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i11rv1ezJ_9hlqSjJfzxr1A5wryQ Roman battlefield unearthed deep inside Germany] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/romans BBC Romans for Children] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424072929/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/romans/ |date=2009-04-24 }} * [http://classicsunveiled.com/romeh/ Classics Unveiled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305213059/http://www.classicsunveiled.com/romeh/ |date=2012-03-05 }} * [http://www.euratlas.com/history_europe/europe_map_0100.html Complete map of the Roman Empire in year 100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519172508/http://www.euratlas.com/history_europe/europe_map_0100.html |date=2010-05-19 }} * [http://roman-empire.info/ Detailed history of the Roman Empire] * [http://tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/rome.htm Historical Atlas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801171701/http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/rome.htm |date=2015-08-01 }} (Swedish) * [http://romancoins.info/ Roman Numismatic Gallery ] * [http://resourcesforhistory.com/ The Celts and Romans] * [http://roman-empire.net/ The Roman Empire] * [http://pbs.org/empires/romans/index.html The Roman Empire in the First Century] from PBS * [http://www.unrv.com/ UNRV Roman History] * [http://www.knowtheromans.co.uk The Romans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415030316/http://knowtheromans.co.uk/ |date=2012-04-15 }} {{Ancient Rome topics|state=autocollapse}} {{Roman history by territory}} {{Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation & presence}} {{Ancient Greek and Roman Wars|state=autocollapse}} {{Empires}} {{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Romawi}} [[Kategori:Nu bubar taun 476]] [[Kategori:Nu bubar taun 1453]] [[Kategori:Urut nagara di Samenanjung Italia]] [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Romawi| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara Romawi]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 27 SM]] {{sajarah-stub}} [[cs:Starověký Řím#Císařství]] d1o3bcw8r49whav8qihyh36wx5rk2as 0 38138 712845 655350 2026-09-23T02:57:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About}} {{Infobox company | name = British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) | logo = [[Gambar:BBC logo (1997-2021).svg|200px]] | caption = | type = [[Panyiaran publik]] | predecessor = [[British Broadcasting Company|Pausahaan Panyiaran Britania]] | successor = | foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|1927|01|01}} | founder = [[John Reith, Baron Reith I|John Reith]] ([[Diréktur Jéndral BBC|Diréktur Jéndral]]) <br />[[George Villiers, Earl Clarendon VI|George Villiers]] (Pupuhu) | defunct = | location_city = London, Inggris | location_country = Britania Raya | locations = | area_served = Sakuliah dunya | key_people = [[Chris Patten|Paduka Patten ti Barnes]]<br />(Pupuhu, [[BBC Trust]])<br />[[Mark Thompson]]<br />([[Diréktur Jéndral BBC|Diréktur Jéndral]]) | industry = Média massa | products = Panyiaran, radio, [[portal wéb]] | services = [[BBC Television|Televisi]], [[BBC Radio|radio]], [[BBC Online|online]]'' | operating_income = | net_income = | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = [[Tahta (nagara)|Tahta]] ([[Korporasi piboga pamaréntah|''Perum'']]) | num_employees = | parent = | divisions = | subsid = | homepage = {{URL|1=http://www.bbc.co.uk/|2=bbc.co.uk}} | footnotes = | intl = }} '''British Broadcasting Corporation''' ('''BBC''') nyaéta hiji [[panyiaran publik|lembaga panyiaran publik]] Britania nu markasna aya di [[Broadcasting House]] di [[City of Westminster]], London.<ref>"[http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/purpose/what.shtml What is the BBC?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223143534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/purpose/what.shtml |date=2010-12-23 }}." BBC. 6 Januari 2010. "British Broadcasting Corporation Broadcasting House, Portland Place, London, W1A 1AA."</ref> Pausahaan ieu nyaéta pausahaan panyiaran anu panggedéna sadunya, kalawan kira-kira 23.000 pagawé.<ref name="MediaNewsline">{{cite web|title=BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand|publisher=Media Newsline|url=http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html|accessdate=23 September 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005004930/http://www.medianewsline.com/news/151/ARTICLE/4930/2009-08-13.html |date=2010-10-05 }}</ref><ref name="ProspectMag">{{cite web |title=Digital licence|publisher=Prospect |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/?p=64654 |accessdate=23 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="AboutBBC">{{cite web|title=About the BBC – What is the BBC|publisher=BBC Online|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml|accessdate=23 September 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116202334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/purpose/what.shtml |date=16 January 2010 }}</ref> == Tingali ogé == {{Portal|BBC}} * [[Daptar program televisi nu disiarkeun ku BBC]] * [[The Green Book (BBC)|The Green Book]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pustaka == * Briggs, Asa. – ''The BBC – the First Fifty Years'' – Condensed version of the five-volume history by the same author. – [[Oxford University Press]], 1985. ISBN 0-19-212971-6 * Coulton, Barbara. – ''Louis MacNeice in the BBC'' – Writer and producer from 1941 to 1961 in the Féatures Department of BBC radio. – [[Faber & Faber]], 1980. ISBN 0-571-11537-3 * Gilder, Eric. – ''Mass Media Moments in the United Kingdom, the USSR and the USA''. – Historical background relating to the British Broadcasting Company, Ltd, its founding companies; their transatlantic connections; General Post Office licensing system; commercial competitors from Europe before World War II and offshore during the 1960s. – "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu Press, Romania. 2003. ISBN 973-651-596-6 * Milne, Alasdair. – ''The Memoirs of a British Broadcaster'' – History of the Zircon spy satellite affair, written by a former Director-General of the BBC. A series of BBC radio programmes called "''The Secret Society''" led to a raid by police in both England and Scotland to seize documents as part of a government censorship campaign. – Coronet, 1989. ISBN 0-340-49750-5 * Moran, Lord. – ''Churchill at War 1940 to 1945: the memoirs of Churchill's doctor'', with an introduction by Lord Moran's son, John, the present Lord Moran. – This diary paints an intimate portrait of Churchill by [[Charles Wilson, 1st Baron Moran|Sir Charles Wilson]], his personal physician (Lord Moran), who spent the war yéars with the Prime Minister. In his diary, Moran recorded insights into Churchill's character, and moments when he let his guard down, including his views about the BBC being riddled with communists. – Carroll & Graf, 2002. Reissue ISBN 0-7867-1041-1 * Parker, Derek. – ''Radio: the Great Years'' – History of BBC radio programmes from the beginning until the date of publication. Newton Abbot: [[David & Charles]], 1977. ISBN 0-7153-7430-3 * Spangenberg, Jochen. – ''The BBC in Transition. Reasons, Results and Consequences'' – Encompassing account of the BBC and influencing external factors until 1996. – Deutscher Universitaetsverlag. 1997. ISBN 3-8244-4227-2 * West, W. J. – ''Truth Betrayed'' a critical assessment of the BBC, London, 1987, ISBN 0-7156-2182-3 * Wilson, H. H. – ''Pressure Group'' – History of the political fight to introduce commercial television into the United Kingdom. – Rutgers University Press, 1961. * Wyver, John. – ''The Moving Image: An International History of Film, Television & Radio'' – [[Basil Blackwell]] Ltd. in Association with the [[British Film Institute]], 1989. ISBN 0-631-15529-5 == Bacaan salajengna == * Thomas Hajkowski. ''The BBC and National Identity in Britain, 1922–53'' (Manchester University Press, 2010), 252 pages; explores idéas of Britishness conveyed in BBC radio programs, including notions of the empire and monarchy as symbols of unity; also considers regional broadcasting in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. * James, A. Lloyd (1935), ''The Broadcast Word''. London: Kegan Paul * BBC Annual Reports: [http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/annualreport/pdf/2000-01/bbcannualreport_200001.pdf 2000–2001], [http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/annualreport/pdf/2002-03/bbcannualreport_200203.pdf 2002–2003], [http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/annualreport/pdf/2003-04/bbcannualreport_200304.pdf 2003–2004], [http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/annualreport/pdf/2004-05/bbc_2004_05.pdf 2004–2005], [http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/annualreport/pdf/2006-07/bbcexec_eng_200607.pdf 2006–2007], [http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/annualreport/pdf/bbc_exec_sopps_2009_10.pdf 2009–2010] == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons category}} * {{official website|http://www.bbc.co.uk|mobile=http://www.bbc.co.uk/mobile/index.html}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/regulatory_framework/charter_agreement/bbc_royal_charter.pdf The Royal Charter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202161305/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/regulatory_framework/charter_agreement/bbc_royal_charter.pdf |date=2010-12-02 }} January 2007 by [[Queen Elizabeth II]] * {{OpenCorp|BBC}} {{BBC}} <!-- {| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;" |- ! '''Links to related articles''' |- | {{BBC Television}} |- | {{BBC Radio}} |- | {{BBC News}} |- | {{BBC music ensembles}} |- | {{European Broadcasting Union Members}} |- | {{Department for Culture, Media and Sport}} |- | {{Media in the United Kingdom|comporg}} |- | {{Telecommunications}} |} --> {{TV-pondok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bbc}} [[Kategori:Dipikawanohkeun taun 1922]] [[Kategori:BBC| ]] [[Kategori:Televisi di Britania Raya]] [[Kategori:Radio Britania]] [[Kategori:BBC radio| ]] [[Kategori:Lembaga panyiaran publik]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan nu markasna di London]] [[Kategori:Pausahaan nu ngadeg taun 1922]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1922 di Britania Raya]] [[Kategori:Anggota Uni Panyiaran Eropa]] [[Kategori:Panyiaran multi-basa]] 89nsck6f9xzufpbg75kvpss0qa61h4t 0 39228 712899 711514 2026-09-23T07:03:10Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the multinational corporation}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox company | name = Honda Motor Company, Ltd. |native_name= 本田技研工業株式会社<br>''Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki-gaisha'' | logo = [[File:Honda-logo.svg|frameless|upright=1.35]] | caption = | type = [[Public company]] | traded_as = {{tyo|7267}}<br />{{nyse|HMC}} | foundation = [[Hamamatsu]], Japan ({{Start date|1948|09|24}}) | founder = [[Soichiro Honda]]<br />[[Takeo Fujisawa]] | location = [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], Tokyo, Japan | key_people = [[Takanobu Ito]] ([[President]], [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]] and Representative Director) | area_served = Worldwide | industry = [[Automotive]]<br />[[Aviation]]<br/>[[Telematics]] | products = [[Automobile]]s<br />[[Motorcycle]]s<br />[[Scooter (motorcycle)|Scooter]]s<br />[[Electrical generator]]s<br />[[Water pumps]]<br />[[Landscape maintenance|Lawn and garden equipment]]s<br />[[Rotary tiller|Tiller]]s<br />[[Outboard motor]]s<br />[[Robotics]]<br />[[Jet aircraft]]s<br />[[Jet engine]]s<br />[[Thin-film solar cell]]s<br/>[[Internavi]] | divisions = [[List of Honda vehicles|Honda]]<br/>[[List of Honda motorcycles|Honda Motorcycles]] | subsid = {{Collapsible list|title=List| '''Transportation''' * [[American Honda Motor Company]] ** [[Acura]] ** [[Honda Aircraft Company]] ** [[Honda Performance Development|HPD]] * [[Honda Automobile (China) Company]](50%) ** [[Guangqi Honda Automobile]](50%) *** Li Nian ([[Everus]]) * [[Honda India|Honda Seil Cars India]] ** [[Hero MotoCorp]] ** [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India]] * [[Dongfeng Honda]](50%) '''Air Transportation''' * [[Honda Airport|Honda Airways]] '''Sports''' * [[Honda Racing F1]] * [[Honda Racing Corporation|Honda Racing]] '''Engines''' * [[GE Honda Aero Engines]](50%) International * [[Honda Atlas|Honda Pakistan]] * [[Honda Canada Inc.]] * [[Honda Taiwan]] * [[Honda of the UK Manufacturing|Honda UK ltd.]]}} | revenue = {{loss}} {{yen|7.948 trillion|link=yes}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:HMC&fstype=ii|title=FY2012 Consolidated Financial Results: Toyota Motor Company |accessdate=15 June 2011 |year=2011 |month=May}}</ref> | operating_income = {{loss}} {{yen|231.36 billion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> | net_income = {{loss}} {{yen|211.48 billion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> | aum = <!-- Only used with financial services companies --> | assets = {{gain}} {{yen|11.780 trillion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> | equity = {{loss}} {{yen|4.402 trillion}} (2012)<ref name="FY2012" /> |num_employees = 179,060 (2012)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=HMC&page=quotesearch |title=Company Profile for Honda Motor Co Ltd (HMC) |accessdate=29 September 2008}}</ref> | homepage = {{URL|http://world.honda.com/}} }} {{nihongo|'''Honda Motor Company, Ltd.'''|本田技研工業株式会社|Honda Giken Kōgyō [[Kabushiki gaisha|KK]]|{{IPA-ja|honꜜda|IPA|Honda_giken_kougyou.ogg}}; {{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|h|ɒ|n|d|ə}}}} nyaéta [[pausahaan publik multinasional]] Jepang utamana dipikawanoh minangka produsén [[mobil]] jeung [[motor]]. Honda geus jadi produsén sapédah motor pangbadagna di dunya saprak taun 1959,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cases in contemporary strategy analysis |first1= Robert M. |last1= Grant |first2= Kent E. |edition= 3rd |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year= 2003 |isbn= 1-4051-1180-1 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=XF7V9w8ByrcC&pg=PA172 |accessdate=12 November 2010 |last2= Neupert |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title= Six men who built the modern auto industry |first= Richard Alan |last= Johnson |publisher=[[MotorBooks International]] |year= 2005 |isbn= 0-7603-1958-8 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=CArfq7tV0OIC&pg=PA52 |accessdate=12 November 2010 |postscript= <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}</ref> sarta pangbadagna sadunya produsén [[internal combustion engine]]s diukur dumasar volume, mroduksi leuwih ti 14 juta mesin pembakaran internal saban taun.<ref name="Honda of America Manufacturing, Inc., Marysville, Ohio - Press room">{{cite news|url=http://www.ohio.honda.com/pressroom/View_Release.cfm?articleid=174|title=FIRST MOTORCYCLE AIRBAG EARNS TAKATA AND HONDA 2008 AUTOMOTIVE NEWS PACE INNOVATION PARTNERSHIP AWARD|last=Miller|first=Edward|date=18 April 2008|publisher=Honda.com|accessdate=28 July 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308025434/http://www.ohio.honda.com/pressroom/View_Release.cfm?articleid=174 |date=8 March 2009 }}</ref> Honda ngéléhkeun [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]] taun 2001 pikeun jadi produsén mobil pangbadagna kadua di Jepang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/4car/news/news-story.jsp?news_id=3266&ref=archive |title=Honda overtakes Nissan to become Japan's second-largest carmaker. – Latest Car News from 4Car |publisher=Channel4.com |accessdate=22 November 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cars-directory.net/history/honda/ |title=The History of Honda |publisher=Cars-directory.net |accessdate=22 November 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512075512/https://www.cars-directory.net/history/honda/ |date=12 May 2020 }}</ref> {{As of|August 2008}} Agustus 2008, Honda ngéléhkeun [[Chrysler]] minangka produsén mobil pangbadagna kaopat di Amérika Sarikat.<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news|last=Ohnsman |first=Alan |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-19/honda-founder-s-dream-of-u-s-production-protects-earnings-as-yen-surges.html |title=Honda's Dream of U.S. Production Protects Profits as Yen Surges |publisher=Bloomberg |accessdate=1 January 2011 |date=20 August 2010}}</ref> Honda nyaéta produsén mobil pangbadagna katujuh di dunya di tukangeun [[Toyota]], [[General Motors]], [[Volkswagen AG]], [[Hyundai Motor Group]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], ssarta [[Nissan Motors|Nissan]] taun 2010.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Honda nyaéta produsén mobil kahiji Jepang pikeun ngarilis hiji mérek mentéréng berdedikasi, [[Acura]], taun 1986. Aside from their core automobile and motorcycle businesses, Sajaba ti bisnis inti mobil sarta sapédah motor maranéhanana, Honda ogé mroduksi parabot taman, mesin kalautan, parahu pribadi sarta pambangkit listrik. Saprak taun 1986, Honda geus kalibet kalayan kecerdasan jieunan / panalungtikan robotika sarta ngarilis robot [[ASIMO]] taun 2000. Maranéhanana ogé geus ngalalana ka rohang jomantara kalayan ngawangun [[GE Honda Aero Engines]] taun 2004 sarta [[Honda HA-420 HondaJet]], dijadwalkeun baris dirilis taun 2012. Honda berinvestasi kira-kira 5% tina pandapatan dina panalungtikan sarta pamekaran.<ref name="America's Most Admired Companies: Honda">{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/03/news/companies/taylor_honda.fortune/index2.htm|title=America's Most Admired Companies: Honda|last=Taylor|first=Alex III|date=7 March 2008|publisher=CNNMoney.com|accessdate=3 May 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829001034/http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/03/news/companies/taylor_honda.fortune/index2.htm |date=29 August 2013 }}</ref> == Sajarah == {{Expand section|date=April 2009}} Ti keur ngora, pangadeg Honda, [[Soichiro Honda]] (本田 宗一郎, ''Honda Sōichirō'') (17 Nopember 1906 – 5 Agustus 1991) mibanda minat kana mobil. Manéhna digawé minangka montir di bengkel Shokai Art, di mana manéhna ngahadéan mobil-mobil sarta maranéhanana diilukeun dina balapan. Taun 1937, kalayan waragad ti saurang kawawuhan, Kato Shichirō, Honda ngawangun [[Tōkai region|Tōkai]] Seiki (éastern Séa Precision Machine Company) pikeun nyieun [[piston ring]]s sarta kaluar ti béngkél Art Shokai.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Sanggeus kagagalan mimiti, Tōkai Seiki meunang kontrak pikeun masok ring piston pikeun [[Toyota]], tapi kontrak dieureunkeun alatan goréngna kualitas produk maranéhanana.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Sanggeus ngaluuhan sakola téknik, teu junun, sarta ngadatangan pabrik-pabrik di sakumna Jepang pikeun leuwih nyurtian kualitas kontrol prosés Toyota, Honda mampuh, taun 1941, kalayan ngahasilkeun ''ring piston'' ditarima ku Toyota, ngagunakeun prosés otomatis anu bisa ngagawékeun buruh perang sanajan teu calakan .<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Frank2003/> Tōkai Seiki ditempatkeun di handapeun kadali [[Departemen Perdagangan sarta Industri]] (disebut Departemén Mesiu sanggeus 1943) dina mimiti Perang Dunya II, sarta Soichiro Honda diturunkeun ti présidén pikeun direktur manager sénior sanggeus Toyota meuli 40% saham ti pausahaan. .<ref name=Alexander2008/> Honda ogé mantuan usaha perang kalayan mantuan pausahaan séjén dina ngaotomatisasi produksi kolécér pasawat militér.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Hubungan Honda dironjatkeun kalayan personil di Toyota. ''[[Nakajima Aircraft Company]]'' sarta ''[[Imperial Japanese Navy]]'' baris jadi instrumén dina période pascaperanng.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Serangan pasawat bomber ''US [[B-29]]'' ngancurkeun Yamashita nu Tōkai Seiki taun 1944, sarta pabrik Itawa runtuh ku [[gempa bumi Mikawa 1945]], sarta Soichiro Honda ngajual sésa-sésa pausahaan ka Toyota sanggeus perang saharga ¥450,000, sarta ngagunakeun hasilna pikeun ngadegkeun ''Honda Technical Research Institute'' bulan Oktober 1946.<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Falloon2005/> Kalayan staf 12 jelema anu digawé dina gubug legana {{convert|172|sqft|adj=on}} , maranéhanana ngawangun sarta ngajual [[sapédah motor]] improvisasi, ngagunakeun kiriman 500 mesin [[two-stroke]] ''50&nbsp;cc'' [[Tohatsu]] [[sésa perang]] radio ''[[Engine-generator|generator engines]]''.<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Frank2003/><ref name=Sakiya1982/> Sabot mesin béak, Honda mimiti ngawangun salinan maranéhanana sorangan tina mesin Tohatsu, sarta masok para langganan pikeun ngilukeun sapédah maranéhanana.<ref name=Alexander2008/><ref name=Sakiya1982/> Ieu téh [[Honda Model A]], katelahna ''Bata Bata'' pikeun sora mesin anu dijieun.<ref name=Alexander2008/> Sapédah motor kumplit kahiji, kalayan rangka alus sarta mesin anu dijieun ku Honda, taun 1949 [[Honda Model D|Model D]], Honda anu kahiji kalayan ngaran ''Dream'' .<ref name=Falloon2005/> Honda Motor Company tumuwuh dina waktu singget pikeun jadi produsén pangbadagna di dunya sapédah motor taun 1964. Produksi mobil munggaran ti Honda nyaéta [[Honda T360|T360]] Mini treuk, anu mimiti dijual dina bulan Agustus 1963..<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1962autoproduction/text/05.html |title=Honda Worldwide, History |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=1 January 2011}}</ref> Dirojong ku mesin bensin leutik 356 cc sagaris-4, éta diklasifikasikeun pajeg mobil murah ''[[Kei car]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2010/03/hondas-wild-9000-rpm-mid-engine-rwd-t360-pickup-of-1963/ |title=Honda’s Wild 9000 RPM Mid-Engine T360 Pickup Of 1963 |date=30 March 2010 |author=Paul Niedermeyer |publisher=The Truth about Cars }}</ref> Produksi mobil sport munggaran ti Honda nyaéta [[Honda S500|S500]], anu dituturkeun ku produksi T360 dina bulan Oktober 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.classiccar.co.nz/articles/sporting-hondas-classic-buyers-guide-226 |title=Sporting Hondas – Classic Buyer’s Guide |date=21 September 2010 |author= |publisher=New Zealand Classic Car magazine }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006205600/http://www.classiccar.co.nz/articles/sporting-hondas-classic-buyers-guide-226 |date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Salila sawatara dékadeu ka hareup, Honda digawé pikeun ngaronjatkeun lini produk sarta ékspor ka nagara-nagara di sakumna dunya. Taun 1986, Honda suksés ngawanohkeun méré k [[Acura]] ka pasar Amérika dina usaha pikeun meunangkeun tempat di pasar [[kandaraan mentéréng]]. Taun 1991 Honda ngawanohkeun supercar [[Honda NSX]] , kandaraan ''monocoque'' munggaran anu sakabéh-aluminium anu ngagabungkeun V6 mid-engine kalayan timing variabel-valve .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/history/challenge/1990thensx/text01/index.html|title=Let’s Build a Sportscar!|publisher=Honda|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> Saterusna, taun 1995 ngadegkeun ''[[Honda Aircraft Company]]'' kalayan tujuan mroduksi pasawat jét Honda .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/history-of-honda-motor-company/|title=The History of Honda Motor Company|date=18 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|accessdate=1 July 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530023227/http://gearheads.org/history-of-honda-motor-company/ |date=30 May 2012 }}</ref> == Corporate profile and divisions == [[File:Honda aoyama.JPG|thumb|upright|right|[[Minato, Tokyo|Honda headquarters]] building in [[Minato, Tokyo]]]] '''Honda''' is héadquartered in [[Minato, Tokyo|Minato]], Tokyo, Japan. Their shares trade on the [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] and the [[New York Stock Exchange]], as well as exchanges in Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kyoto, [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], London, Paris and Switzerland. The company has assembly plants around the globe. These plants are located in China, the United States, Pakistan, Canada, England, Japan, Belgium, Brazil, México, New Zéaland, Malaysia, Indonésia, India, Thailand, Turkey, Taiwan and Perú. As of July 2010, 89 percent of Honda and Acura vehicles sold in the United States were built in North American plants, up from 82.2 percent a yéar éarlier. This shields profits from the yen’s advance to a 15-yéar high against the dollar.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> '''Honda's Net Sales and Other Operating Revenue by Géographical Regions in 2007'''<ref>[[Wikinvest:stock/Honda Motor Company (HMC)/Breakdown Net Sales Other Operating Revenue Geographical Markets|Breakdown of net sales and other operating revenue by geographical markets from company 20Fs]]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Géographic Region ! Total revenue (in millions of [[Japanese yen|¥]]) |- | Japan || 1,681,190 |- | North America || 5,980,876 |- | Europe || 1,236,757 |- | Asia || 1,283,154 |- | Others || 905,163 |} [[American Honda Motor Company]] is based in Torrance, California. [[Honda Canada Inc.]] is héadquartered in [[Markham, Ontario]],<ref>{{Cite news | last = Mangion | first = Patrick | title = Markham saves Honda deal | newspaper=Yorkregion.com | page = 1 | year = 2007 | date = 08-27 | url = http://www.yorkregion.com/article/44477 | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. --> }} It was originally planned to be located in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario]], but delays led them to look elsewhere.</ref> their manufacturing division, [[Honda of Canada Manufacturing]], is based in [[Alliston, Ontario]]. Honda has also créated joint ventures around the world, such as [[Honda Siel Cars India|Honda Siel Cars]] and [[Hero Honda|Hero Honda Motorcycles]] in India,<ref>Share Manthan : http://www.sharemanthan.in/index.php/indian-companies/49-auto/2150-hero-honda {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429013427/http://www.sharemanthan.in/index.php/indian-companies/49-auto/2150-hero-honda |date=29 April 2010 }}</ref> [[Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group|Guangzhou Honda]] and [[Dongfeng Honda]] in China, Boon Siew Honda in Malaysia and [[Honda Atlas]] in Pakistan. Following the Japanese éarthquake and tsunami in March 2011 Honda announced plans to halve production at its UK plants.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} The decision was made to put staff at the Swindon plant on a 2 day week until the end of May as the manufacturer struggled to source supplies from Japan. It's thought around 22,500 cars were produced during this period. == Leadership == {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" width="175" | Name ! scope="col" width="70" | Yéars |- | [[Soichiro Honda]] || 1948–1973 |- | Kiyoshi Kawashima || 1973–1983 |- | Tadashi Kume || 1983–1990 |- | [[Nobuhiko Kawamoto]] || 1990–1998 |- | Hiroyuki Yoshino || 1998–2004 |- | [[Takeo Fukui]] || 2004–2009 |- | Takanobu Ito || 2009— |} == Products == === Automobiles === {{For|a list of vehicles|List of Honda vehicles}} [[File:Hondajazzsport.JPG|thumb|right|2011 [[Honda Jazz]] (Indian rampart)]] [[File:2008 Honda Accord.jpg|thumb|right|2008 [[Honda Accord]] (USA-Canada)]] [[File:2006-2009 Honda Civic VTi sedan (2018-10-19) 01.jpg|thumb|right|Eighth Generation [[Honda Civic]] (Asian Version)]] Honda's global lineup consists of the [[Honda Fit|Fit]], [[Honda Civic|Civic]], [[Honda Accord|Accord]], [[Honda Insight|Insight]], [[Honda CR-V|CR-V]], [[Honda CR-Z|CR-Z]], [[Honda Legend|Legend]] and two versions of the Odyssey, [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|one for North America]], and [[Honda Odyssey (international)|a smaller vehicle]] sold internationally. An éarly proponent of developing vehicles to cater to different needs and markets worldwide, Honda's lineup varies by country and may féature vehicles exclusive to that region. A few examples are the latest [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Odyssey]] [[minivan]] and the [[Honda Ridgeline|Ridgeline]], Honda's first light-duty uni-body [[pickup truck]]. Both were designed and engineered primarily in North America and are produced there. Other example of exclusive modéls includes the [[Honda Civic (eighth generation)#Europe|Honda Civic five-door hatchback]] sold in Europe. Honda's automotive manufacturing ambitions can be traced back to 1963, with the [[Honda T360]], a [[kei car]] truck built for the Japanese market.<ref name=tjra>{{cite journal | editor-first = Jonathan | editor-last = Barr | title = 1965 Honda T500F Flat Bed Utility | journal = The Japanese Restorer in Australia | month = July/September | year = 2003 | issue = 4 | location = [[Bald Hills, Queensland]], Australia | page = 15 }}</ref> This was followed by the two-door [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]], the [[Honda S500]] also introduced in 1963. In 1965, Honda built a two-door commercial delivery van, called the [[Honda L700]]. Honda's first four-door sedan was not the Accord, but the air-cooled, four-cylinder, gasoline-powered [[Honda 1300]] in 1969. The Civic was a hatchback that gained wide popularity internationally, but it wasn't the first two-door hatchback built. That was the [[Honda N360]], another ''Kei car'' that was adapted for international sale as the N600. The Civic, which appéared in 1972 and replaced the N600 also had a smaller sibling that replaced the air-cooled N360, called the [[Honda Life]] that was water-cooled. The Honda Life represented Honda's efforts in competing in the ''kei'' car segment, offering sedan, delivery van and small pick-up platforms on a shared chassis. The [[Honda Life#Life Step Van|Life StepVan]] had a novel approach that, while not initially a commercial success, appéars to be an influence in vehicles with the front passengers sitting behind the engine, a large cargo aréa with a flat roof and a liftgate installed in back, and utilizing a transversely installed engine with a front-wheel-drive powertrain. As Honda entered into automobile manufacturing after [[World War II]], where Japanese manufacturers such as Toyota and Nissan had heritage before the war, it appéars that Honda instilled a sense of doing things a little differently than its Japanese competitors. Its mainstay products, like the Accord and Civic, have always employed [[front-wheel-drive]] powertrain implementation, which is currently a long held Honda tradition. Honda also installed new technologies into their products, first as optional equipment, then later standard, like anti lock brakes, speed sensitive power steering, and multi-port fuel injection in the éarly 1980s. This desire to be the first to try new approaches is evident with the création of the first Japanese luxury chain [[Acura]], and was also evident with the all aluminum, mid-engined sports car, the [[Honda NSX]], which also introduced [[variable valve timing]] technology, Honda calls [[VTEC]]. The Civic is a line of [[compact car]]s developed and manufactured by Honda. In North America, the Civic is the second-longest continuously running nameplate from a Japanese manufacturer; only its perennial rival, the [[Toyota Corolla]], introduced in 1968, has been in production longer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyota.com/about/our_business/our_history/product_history/pdf/corolla.pdf|title=Toyota Corolla History|work=Toyota Motor Corp}}</ref> The Civic, along with the Accord and [[Honda Prelude|Prelude]], comprised Honda's vehicles sold in North America until the 1990s, when the modél lineup was expanded. Having gone through several generational changes, the Civic has become larger and more [[upmarket]], and it currently slots between the [[Honda Fit|Fit]] and Accord. Honda produces [[Honda Civic Hybrid|Civic hybrid]], a [[hybrid electric vehicle]] that competes with the [[Toyota Prius]], and also produces the [[Honda Insight|Insight]] and [[Honda CR-Z|CR-Z]]. In 2008, Honda incréased global production to meet demand for [[small car]]s and [[hybrid vehicle|hybrids]] in the U.S. and emerging markets. The company shuffled U.S. production to keep factories busy and boost car output, while building fewer [[minivan]]s and [[sport utility vehicle]]s as [[light-truck|light truck]] sales fell.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/business/20auto.html?_r=1|title=The Smaller the Better, Automakers Are Finding|last=Vlasic|first=Bill|coauthors=Bunkley, Nick|date=20 June 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> Its first entrance into the pickup segment, the light duty Ridgeline, won Truck of the Yéar from ''[[Motor Trend]]'' magazine in 2006. Also in 2006, the redesigned Civic won [[Motor Trend Car of the Year|Car of the Year]] from the magazine, giving Honda a rare double win of Motor Trend honors. It is reported that Honda plans to incréase hybrid sales in Japan to more than 20% of its total sales in fiscal yéar 2011, from 14.8% in previous yéar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/honda-20101127.html |title=Report: Honda planning to double hybrid sales in Japan to more than 20% next fiscal year |date=27 November 2010 |publisher=Green Car Congress }}</ref> Five of [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]'s top ten most fuel-efficient cars from 1984 to 2010 comes from Honda, more than any other automakers. The five modéls are: 2000–2006 Honda Insight ({{convert|53|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 1986–1987 Honda Civic Coupe HF ({{convert|46|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 1994–1995 Honda Civic hatchback VX ({{convert|43|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), 2006– Honda Civic Hybrid ({{convert|42|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined), and 2010– Honda Insight ({{convert|41|mpgus|abbr=on|disp=or}} combined).<ref>Scott Doggett [http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/epa-lists-top-10-most-fuel-efficient-cars-from-1984-to-present-older-models-rule.html/"EPA Lists Top 10 Most Fuel-Efficient Cars From 1984 to Present" Green car advisor – Edmunds, 10 June 2010. (mpg revised in accordance with 2008 regulation change)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020194846/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/06/epa-lists-top-10-most-fuel-efficient-cars-from-1984-to-present-older-models-rule.html/ |date=20 October 2010 }}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> The [[American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy|ACEEE]] has also rated the [[Honda Civic GX|Civic GX]] as the greenest car in America for seven consecutive yéars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm |title=the greenest vehicles of 2008 |publisher=greenercars.org |accessdate=1 January 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910122720/http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm |date=10 September 2007 }}</ref> === Motorcycles === {{For|a list of motorcycle products|List of Honda motorcycles}} Honda is the largest motorcycle manufacturer in Japan and has been since it started production in 1955.<ref name=Alexander2008/> At its péak in 1982, Honda manufactured almost three million motorcycles annually. By 2006 this figure had reduced to around 550,000 but was still higher than its three domestic competitors.<ref name=Alexander2008/> During the 1960s, when it was a small manufacturer, Honda broke out of the Japanese motorcycle market and began exporting to the U.S. Working with the advertising agency [[Grey Advertising]], Honda créated an innovative marketing campaign, using the slogan "You meet the nicest people on a Honda." In contrast to the prevailing negative steréotypes of motorcyclists in America as tough, antisocial rebels, this campaign suggested that Honda motorcycles were made for the everyman. The campaign was hugely successful; the ads ran for three yéars, and by the end of 1963 alone, Honda had sold 90,000 motorcycles.<ref name="Frank2003">{{cite book|author=Aaron Frank|title=Honda Motorcycles|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CSxTaoGagKoC&pg=PA42|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=12 July 2003|publisher=MotorBooks International|isbn=978-0-7603-1077-9|pages=41–43}}</ref> Taking Honda's story as an archetype of the smaller manufacturer entering a new market alréady occupied by highly dominant competitors, the story of their market entry, and their subsequent huge success in the U.S. and around the world, has been the subject of some academic controversy. Competing explanations have been advanced to explain Honda's strategy and the réasons for their success.<ref name="Richard P. Rumelt">http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/dick.rumelt/Docs/Papers/HONDA</ref> The first of these explanations was put forward when, in 1975, [[Boston Consulting Group]] (BCG) was commissioned by the UK government to write a report explaining why and how the British motorcycle industry had been out-competed by its Japanese competitors. The report concluded that the Japanese firms, including Honda, had sought a very high scale of production (they had made a large number of motorbikes) in order to benefit from [[economies of scale]] and [[learning curve]] effects. It blamed the decline of the British motorcycle industry on the failure of British managers to invest enough in their businesses to profit from economies of scale and [[economies of scope|scope]].<ref name="MorrisonDivision1993">{{cite book|author1=Allen J. Morrison|author2=United Nations. Transnational Corporations and Management Division|title=Transnational corporations and business strategy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HvQcQFFONzkC&pg=PA64|accessdate=1 April 2012|year=1993|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-08537-3|pages=65–66}}</ref> [[File:2004supercub.jpg|thumb|right|2004 [[Honda Super Cub]]]] The second explanation was offered in 1984 by [[Richard Pascale]], who had interviewed the Honda executives responsible for the firm's entry into the U.S. market. As opposed to the tightly focused strategy of low cost and high scale that BCG accredited to Honda, Pascale found that their entry into the U.S. market was a story of "miscalculation, serendipity, and organizational learning" – in other words, Honda's success was due to the adaptability and hard work of its staff, rather than any long term strategy.<ref name="PascaleHondaEffect">{{cite book | title=Transnational corporations and business strategy | year=1993 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0415085373_4 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | author=Morrison, Allen J. | authorlink=Richard Pascale | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0415085373_4/page/64 64]–92 | isbn=0-415-08537-3}}</ref> For example, Honda's initial plan on entering the US was to compete in large motorcycles, around 300&nbsp;cc. Honda's motorcycles in this class suffered performance and reliability problems when ridden the relatively long distanes of the US highways.<ref name="Frank2003"/> When the téam found that the scooters they were using to get themselves around their U.S. base of [[San Francisco]] attracted positive interest from consumers that they fell back on selling the [[Honda Super Cub|Super Cub]] instéad.<ref name="Frank2003"/> The most recent school of thought on Honda's strategy was put forward by [[Gary Hamel]] and [[C. K. Prahalad]] in 1989. Créating the concept of [[core competency|core competencies]] with Honda as an example, they argued that Honda's success was due to its focus on léadership in the technology of internal combustion engines.<ref name="HamelPrahalad1994">{{cite book|author1=Gary Hamel|author2=C. K. Prahalad|title=Competing for the future|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PlML2w8dhJ0C&pg=PA204|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=1 July 1994|publisher=Harvard Business Press|isbn=978-0-87584-416-9|page=204}}</ref> For example, the high power-to-weight ratio engines Honda produced for its racing bikes provided technology and expertise which was transferable into mopeds. Honda's entry into the U.S. motorcycle market during the 1960s is used as a [[case study]] for téaching introductory strategy at [[business school]]s worldwide.<ref name="ClarkeLamoreaux2009">{{cite book|author1=Sally H. Clarke|author2=Naomi R. Lamoreaux|author3=Steven W. Usselman|title=The Challenge of Remaining Innovative: Insights from Twentieth-Century American Business|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ho6hmHrCjCEC&pg=PA223|accessdate=1 April 2012|date=10 March 2009|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-5892-5|page=223}}</ref> === Power equipment === Production started in 1953 with H-type engine (prior to motorcycle).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/timeline/power/ |title=Honda Worldwide, Timeline – Power Products |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref><br> Honda power equipment réached record sales in 2007 with 6,4&nbsp;million units.<ref>[http://www.world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2007/pdf/ar2007.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308002707/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2007/pdf/ar2007.pdf |date=8 March 2010 }}</ref> By 2010 <small>([[Fiscal year]] ended 31 March)</small> this figure had decréased to 4,7&nbsp;million units.<ref>[http://www.world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2010/pdf/honda2010ar-all-e.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125024549/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2010/pdf/honda2010ar-all-e.pdf |date=25 January 2011 }}</ref> Cumulative production of power products has exceeded 85 million units (as of September 2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/power/overview/ |title=Honda Worldwide, Power Products, Overview |publisher=World.honda.com |accessdate=12 August 2010}}</ref> Honda power equipment includes: {{columns-list|3| *[[Engine]] *[[Tiller]] * [[Lawn mower]] * [[Lawn mower|Riding mower]] * [[String trimmer|Trimmer]] * [[Mower]] * [[Leaf blower|Blower]] * [[Sprayer]] * [[Hedge trimmer]] * [[Snowthrower]] * [[Engine-generator|Generator]], [[welding power supply]] * [[Honda pumps|Pumps]] * [[Outboard engine]] * [[Inflatable boat]] * [[Mobility scooter|Electric 4-wheel Scooter]] * Compact Household [[Cogeneration]] Unit }} === Engines === {{Expand section|date=April 2009}} [[File:Hondaoutboard.jpg|thumb|right|Honda [[Outboard motor]] on a [[pontoon boat]]]] Honda engines powered the entire 33-car starting field of the [[2010 Indianapolis 500]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://racing.honda.com/about/engine.aspx |title=Honda Racing Engines |publisher=Racing.honda.com |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> and for the fifth consecutive race, there were no engine-related retirements during the running of the Memorial Day Classic.<ref name="INDY1">{{cite web |publisher=Indianapolis Motor Speedway |url=http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/indy500/ |title=Indy 500 }}</ref> Honda, despite being known as an engine company, has never built a [[V8 engine|V8]] for passenger vehicles. In the late 1990s, the company resisted considerable pressure from its American déalers for a V8 engine (which would have seen use in top-of-the-line Honda SUVs and [[Acura]]s), with American Honda reportedly sending one déaler a shipment of [[V8 (beverage)|V8 beverage]]s to silence them.<ref>{{cite web |last=News |first=Automotive |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-10064387-48.html |title=Green-car era poses test for Honda, The Car Tech blog – CNET Reviews |publisher=Reviews.cnet.com |date=17 October 2008 |accessdate=22 November 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020095106/http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-10064387-48.html |date=20 October 2008 }}</ref> Honda considered starting V8 production in the mid-2000s for larger Acura sedans, a new version of the high end NSX sports car (which previously used DOHC V6 engines with VTEC to achieve its high power output) and possible future ventures into the American full-size truck and SUV segment for both the Acura and Honda brands, but this was cancelled in late 2008, with Honda citing environmental and worldwide economic conditions as réasons for the termination of this project.<ref>{{cite web |title= Honda S2000, CR-Z convertible follow Acura NSX and V8 to scrap heap |url= http://green.autoblog.com/2009/01/06/honda-s2000-cr-z-convertible-follow-acura-nsx-and-v8-to-scrap-h/ |accessdate=25 October 2010 |first= Sam |last= Abuelsamid |date= 6 January 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> === Robots === [[File:HONDA ASIMO.jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[ASIMO]] at [[Expo 2005]]]] [[ASIMO]] is the part of Honda's [http://world.honda.com/ASIMO/history/history.html Research & Development robotics program]. It is the eleventh in a line of successive builds starting in 1986 with [[Honda E0]] moving through the ensuing [[Honda E series]] and the [[Honda P series]]. Weighing 54 kilograms and standing 130 centiméters tall, ASIMO resembles a small [[astronaut]] wéaring a backpack, and can walk on [[biped|two feet]] in a manner resembling human [[Walking|locomotion]], at up to {{convert|6|km/h|mi/h|abbr=on}}. ASIMO is the world's only humanoid robot able to ascend and descend stairs independently.<ref>Frequently asked questions about ASIMO [http://asimo.honda.com/downloads/pdf/asimo-technical-faq.pdf]. Retrieved 28 February 2007.</ref> However, human motions such as climbing stairs are difficult to mimic with a machine, which ASIMO has demonstrated by taking two plunges off a staircase. Honda's robot [[ASIMO]] (see below) as an R&D project brings together expertise to créate a robot that walks, dances and navigates steps. 2010 marks the yéar Honda has developed a machine capable of réading a user's brainwaves to move [[ASIMO]]. The system uses a helmet covered with electroencephalography and néar-infrared spectroscopy sensors that monitor electrical brainwaves and cerebral blood flow—signals that alter slightly during the human thought process. The user thinks of one of a limited number of gestures it wants from the robot, which has been fitted with a Brain Machine Interface.<ref>http://www.gadgetrepublic.com/news/item/1938/digital-life/japan-plans-mind-reading-devices</ref> === Aircraft === {{utama|Honda HA-420 HondaJet}} Honda has also pioneered new technology in its [[Honda HA-420 HondaJet|HA-420 HondaJet]], manufactured by its subsidiary [[Honda Aircraft Company]], which allows new levels of reduced drag, incréased aerodynamics and fuel efficiency thus reducing operating costs.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} === Solar cells === Honda's solar cell subsidiary company Honda Soltec (Héadquarters: Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto; présidént and Céo: Akio Kazusa) started sales throughout Japan of [[thin-film solar cells]] for public and industrial use on 24 October 2008, after selling solar cells for residential use since October 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/news/2008/c081023Thin-Film-Solar-Cells |title=Honda Worldwide &#124; October 23, 2008 "Honda Soltec Begins Sales of Thin-Film Solar Cells for Public and Industrial Use" |publisher=World.honda.com |date= |accessdate=10 January 2012}}</ref> === Mountain bikes === {{See also|Honda RN-01 G-cross}} Honda has also built a [[Downhill mountain biking|downhill racing bicycle]] known as the Honda RN-01. It is not available for sale to the public. The key féature of this bike is the géarbox, which replaces the standard [[Derailleur gears|derailleur]] found on most bikes. Honda has hired several péople to pilot the bike, among them [[Greg Minnaar]]. The téam is known as Téam G Cross Honda. === ATV === {{See also|Honda Rincon}} Honda also builds [[all-terrain vehicles]] (ATV). == Motorsports == Honda has been active in motorsports, like Motorcycle Grand Prix, Superbike racing and others. === Automobile === {{See also|Honda Racing F1}} [[File:Rubens Barrichello 2006 Brazil.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rubens Barrichello]] driving for Honda]] Honda entered [[Formula One]] as a constructor for the first time in the [[1964 Formula One season|1964 season]] at the [[1964 German Grand Prix|German Grand Prix]] with [[Ronnie Bucknum]] at the wheel. [[1965 Formula One season|1965]] saw the addition of [[Richie Ginther]] to the téam, who scored Honda's first point at the [[1965 Belgian Grand Prix|Belgian Grand Prix]], and Honda's first win at the [[1965 Mexican Grand Prix|Mexican Grand Prix]]. [[1967 Formula One season|1967]] saw their next win at the [[1967 Italian Grand Prix|Italian Grand Prix]] with [[John Surtees]] as their driver. In [[1968 Formula One season|1968]], [[Jo Schlesser]] was killed in a Honda RA302 at the [[1968 French Grand Prix|French Grand Prix]]. This racing tragedy, coupled with their commercial difficulties selling automobiles in the United States, prompted Honda to withdraw from all international motorsport that yéar. After a léarning yéar in 1965, Honda-powered [[Brabham]]s dominated the 1966 French [[Formula Two]] championship in the hands of [[Jack Brabham]] and [[Denny Hulme]]. As there was no Européan Championship that séason, this was the top F2 championship that yéar. In the éarly 1980s Honda returned to F2, supplying engines to [[Ron Tauranac]]'s [[Ralt]] téam. Tauranac had designed the Brabham cars for their éarlier involvement. They were again extremely successful. In a related exercise, John Judd's [[Judd (engine)|Engine Developments]] company produced a turbo "Brabham-Honda" engine for use in [[open wheel car|IndyCar]] racing. It won only one race, in 1988 for [[Bobby Rahal]] at Pocono. Honda returned to Formula One in 1983, initially with another Formula Two partner, the [[Spirit (racing team)|Spirit]] téam, before switching abruptly to Williams in 1984. In the late 1980s and éarly 1990s, Honda powered cars won six consecutive [[Formula One]] Constructors Championships. [[WilliamsF1]] won the crown in [[1986 Formula One season|1986]] and [[1987 Formula One season|1987]]. Honda switched allegiance again in 1988. New partners Téam [[McLaren]] won the title in [[1988 Formula One season|1988]], [[1989 Formula One season|1989]], [[1990 Formula One season|1990]] and [[1991 Formula One season|1991]]. Honda withdrew from Formula One at the end of 1992, although the related [[Mugen-Honda]] company maintained a presence up to the end of 1999, winning four races with [[Equipe Ligier|Ligier]] and [[Jordan Grand Prix]]. Honda debuted in the [[Champ Car|CART IndyCar World Series]] as a works supplier in 1994. The engines were far from competitive at first, but after development, the company powered six consecutive drivers championships. In 2003, Honda transferred its effort to the rival [[Indy Racing League|IRL]] [[IndyCar Series]]. In 2004, Honda-powered cars overwhelmingly dominated the IndyCar Series, winning 14 of 16 IndyCar races, including the [[Indianapolis 500]], and claimed the IndyCar Series Manufacturers' Championship, Drivers' Championship and Rookie of the Yéar titles. In 2006, Honda became the sole engine supplier for the IndyCar Series, including the Indianapolis 500. In the [[2006 Indianapolis 500]], for the first time in Indianapolis 500 history, the race was run without a single engine problem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://racing.honda.com/results/detail.aspx?date=2006_05_28|title=Last Lap Victory for Franchitti Seals 2007 IndyCar Title|accessdate=14 January 2008}}</ref> During 1998, Honda considered returning to Formula One with their own téam. The project was aborted after the déath of its technical director, [[Harvey Postlethwaite]]. Honda instéad came back as an official engine supplier to [[British American Racing]] (BAR) and Jordan Grand Prix. Honda bought a stake in the BAR téam in 2004 before buying the téam outright at the end of 2005, becoming a constructor for the first time since the 1960s. Honda won the [[2006 Hungarian Grand Prix]] with driver [[Jenson Button]]. It was announced on 5 December 2008, that Honda would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the 2008 global economic crisis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/72322|title=Honda confirm immediate F1 pull out |accessdate=5 December 2008 | work=Autosport}}</ref> The téam was sold to former téam principal [[Ross Brawn]], renamed [[Brawn GP]] and subsequently [[Mercedes GP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns21227.html|title=Brawn GP arrives |accessdate=6 March 2009}}</ref> Honda became an official works téam in the [[British Touring Car Championship]] in 2010. === Motorcycles === {{utama|Honda Racing Corporation}} [[File:Dani Pedrosa 2010 Assen.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda RC212V]] raced by [[Dani Pedrosa]]]] [[Honda Racing Corporation]] (HRC) was formed in 1982. The company combines participation in motorcycle races throughout the world with the development of high potential racing machines. Its racing activities are an important source for the création of léading edge technologies used in the development of Honda motorcycles. HRC also contributes to the advancement of motorcycle sports through a range of activities that include sales of production racing motorcycles, support for satellite téams, and rider education programs. Soichiro Honda, being a race driver himself, could not stay out of international [[motorsport]]. In 1959, Honda entered five motorcycles into the [[Isle of Man TT]] race, the most prestigious motorcycle race in the world. While always having powerful engines, it took until 1961 for Honda to tune their chassis well enough to allow [[Mike Hailwood]] to claim their first [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] victories in the 125 and 250&nbsp;[[Cubic centimetre|cc]] classes. Hailwood would later pick up their first Senior TT wins in 1966 and [[1967 British motorcycle Grand Prix|1967]]. Honda's race bikes were known for their "sleek & stylish design" and exotic engine configurations, such as the 5-cylinder, 22,000&nbsp;rpm, 125&nbsp;cc bike and their 6-cylinder 250&nbsp;cc and 297&nbsp;cc bikes. In 1979, Honda returned to [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing]] with the [[monocoque]]-framed, [[four-stroke]] [[NR500]]. The [[Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme|FIM]] rules limited engines to four cylinders, so the NR500 féatured non-circular, 'race-track', cylinders, éach with 8 valves and two connecting rods, in order to provide sufficient valve aréa to compete with the dominant [[two-stroke]] racers. Unfortunately, it seemed Honda tried to accomplish too much at one time and the experiment failed. For the 1982 séason, Honda debuted their first two-stroke race bike, the NS500 and in [[1983 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season|1983]], Honda won their first 500&nbsp;cc [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|Grand Prix]] World Championship with [[Freddie Spencer]]. Since then, Honda has become a dominant marque in motorcycle Grand Prix racing, winning a plethora of top level titles with riders such as [[Mick Doohan]] and [[Valentino Rossi]]. In the [[Motocross World Championship]], Honda has claimed six world championships. In the [[World Enduro Championship]], Honda has captured eight titles, most recently with [[Stefan Merriman]] in 2003 and with [[Mika Ahola]] from 2007 to 2010. In [[observed trials]], Honda has claimed three world championships with Belgian rider [[Eddy Lejeune]]. == Electric and alternative fuel vehicles == [[File:2009 Honda Civic NGV--DC.jpg|thumb|right|2009 [[Honda Civic GX]] hooked up to Phill refueling system]] [[File:Honda Civic Clean Models USA & BRA.jpg|thumb|right|Top: Brazilian [[flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] [[Honda Civic]]. Below: U.S. [[Honda Civic Hybrid]].]] <!--[[File:HondaInsight.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda Insight]] [[hybrid electric vehicle]] (First generation).]]--> [[File:2010 Honda Insight--DC.jpg|thumb|right|2010 [[Honda Insight]] [[hybrid electric vehicle]] (Second generation).]] [[File:FCX Clarity.jpg|thumb|right|[[Honda FCX Clarity]] [[hydrogen]] [[fuel cell]] vehicle]] === Compressed natural gas === The [[Honda Civic GX]] is the only purpose-built [[natural gas vehicle]] (NGV) commercially available in some parts of the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/2008ngvavailable/a/2008CNGvehicles.htm |title=2008 Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) Available |author=Christine Gable and Scott Gable |publisher=About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels |accessdate=18 October 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011214336/http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/2008ngvavailable/a/2008CNGvehicles.htm |date=11 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://automobiles.honda.com/civic-gx/ |title=2009 Honda Civic GX Natural Gas Vehicle |publisher=Honda |accessdate=18 October 2008}}</ref> The Honda Civic GX first appéared in 1998 as a factory-modified Civic LX that had been designed to run exclusively on [[compressed natural gas]]. The car looks and drives just like a contemporary [[Honda Civic]] LX, but does not run on gasoline. In 2001, the Civic GX was rated the cléanest-burning internal combustion engine in the world by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA).<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/ttnnaaqs/ozone/eac/pr051231_eac_tx_northeast.pdf "Sixth Biannual Report On The Early Action Compact For Northeast Texas"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628183401/http://www.epa.gov/ttnnaaqs/ozone/eac/pr051231_eac_tx_northeast.pdf |date=28 June 2011 }}, p.5.</ref><ref>[http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_114/ "Natural Gas Myths"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929150337/http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_114/ |date=29 September 2011 }}, Myth 2.</ref> First léased to the City of Los Angeles, in 2005, Honda started offering the GX directly to the public through factory trained déalers certified to service the GX. Before that, only [[fleet vehicles|fleets]] were eligible to purchase a new Civic GX. In 2006, the Civic GX was reléased in New York, making it the second state where the consumer is able to buy the car.<ref>[http://corporate.honda.com/press/article.aspx?id=2006101966979 "Honda Press Release"], 19 October 2006</ref> Home refueling is available for the GX with the addition of the [[Phill Home Refueling Appliance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuelmaker.com/Research/PhillQandA.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080215084754/http://www.fuelmaker.com/Research/PhillQandA.htm |archivedate=15 February 2008 |title=FuelMaker Corporation – World Leader in Convenient On-Site Refueling Systems |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=15 February 2008 |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> === Flexible-fuel === Honda's Brazilian subsidiary launched [[flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] versions for the [[Honda Civic]] and [[Honda Fit]] in late 2006. As other Brazilian flex-fuel vehicles, these modéls run on any blend of [[hydrous]] ethanol ([[Neat alcohol fuel|E100]]) and [[w:common ethanol fuel mixtures#E20, E25|E20-E25 gasoline]].<ref name="HondaFlex">{{cite news |url=http://www.honda.com.br/web/index.asp?pp=noticias&ps=noticia&ps2=carros&id=1273 |author=Ricardo Ghigonetto |publisher=Honda (Brazil) |title=Honda apresenta tecnologia Flex |date=November 20061 |accessdate=16 April 2009 |language=Portuguese }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618152740/http://www.honda.com.br/web/index.asp?pp=noticias&ps=noticia&ps2=carros&id=1273 |date=18 June 2009 }}</ref><ref name="4Rodas">{{cite news |url=http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/carros/testes/conteudo_209972.shtml |author=Marcelo Moura |publisher=Revista Quatro Rodas |title=Testes: Honda Civic EXS Flex x Honda Civic EXS |date=January 2007 |accessdate=16 April 2009 |language=Portuguese }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220054457/http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/carros/testes/conteudo_209972.shtml |date=20 February 2009 }}</ref> Initially, and in order to test the market preferences, the carmaker decided to produce a limited share of the vehicles with flex-fuel engines, 33 percent of the Civic production and 28 percent of the Fit modéls.<ref name="HondaFlex"/><ref name="4Rodas"/> Also, the sale price for the flex-fuel version was higher than the respective gasoline versions, around US$1,000 premium for the Civic, and US$650 for the Fit, despite the fact that all other flex-fuel vehicles sold in Brazil had the same tag price as their gasoline versions.<ref name="4Rodas"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Testes_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=37317 |author=Luís Felipe Figueiredo |publisher=WebMotors |title=Honda Fit LXL Flex, um japonês versátil|date=9 February 2009|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.uol.com.br/interpressmotor/noticias/item15731.shl |author=Alberto Polo Junior |publisher=Interpress Motor |title=Versão Flex do Honda Fit chega na sexta por R$ 46.340|date=12 December 2006|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese }}</ref> In July 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market its third flexible-fuel car, the [[Honda City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/07/29/honda-starts-building-flex-fuel-city-sedan-in-brazil/|title=Honda starts building flex-fuel City sedan in Brazil|publisher=AutoblogGreen|date=29 July 2009|accessdate=3 August 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> During the last two months of 2006, both flex-fuel modéls sold 2,427 cars against 8,546 gasoline-powered automobiles,<ref name="ANFAVEA06">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2006/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2006|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120104144/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2006/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=20 November 2008 }} ''See Table 08 for flex-fuel sales and Table 07 for gasoline sales''.</ref> jumping to 41,990 flex-fuel cars in 2007,<ref name="ANFAVEA07">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2007/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2007|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120041043/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2007/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=20 November 2008 }} ''See Table 08''.</ref> and réaching 93,361 in 2008.<ref name="ANFAVEA08">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf|format=PDF|title=Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2008|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706150754/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas2008/autoveiculos/tabela08_vendas.pdf |date=6 July 2011 }} ''See Table 08''.</ref> Due to the success of the flex versions, by éarly 2009 a hundred percent of Honda's automobile production for the Brazilian market is now flexible-fuel, and only a small percentage of gasoline version is produced in Brazil for exports.<ref name="ANFAVEA09">{{cite web|url=http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas.html|title=Autoveículos – Produção em 2009|publisher=ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil)|accessdate=16 April 2009|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813215230/http://www.anfavea.com.br/tabelas.html |date=13 August 2006 }} ''Up to February 2009. See "Produção por Tipo, Empresa e Combustível " Tables 6 (gasoline) and 7 (flex-fuel). All gasoline vehicles were exported (see Table 01 Exportação de Autoveículos por Empresa, Tipo e Modelo – 2009)''.</ref> In March 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market the first flex-fuel motorcycle in the world. Produced by its Brazilian subsidiary Moto Honda da Amazônia, the [[CG 150 Titan Mix]] is sold for around US$2,700.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Carros/0,,MRP1037219-9658,00.html |publisher=G1 Portal de Notícias da Globo |title=Honda lança primeira moto bicombustível do mundo |date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u532675.shtml |author=Agencia EFE |publisher=Folha Online |title=Honda lançará moto flex ainda neste mês no Brasil |date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=%7b5D355E7B-40B1-4CF7-9C75-EDD4F85FFD30%7d|publisher=UNICA|title=Honda lança no Brasil primeira moto flex do mundo|date=11 March 2003|accessdate=11 March 2003|language=Portuguese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804191617/http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=%7B5D355E7B-40B1-4CF7-9C75-EDD4F85FFD30%7D |date=4 August 2009 }}</ref> === Hybrid electric === In late 1999, Honda launched the first commercial [[hybrid electric car]] sold in the U.S. market, the [[Honda Insight]], just one month before the introduction of the [[Toyota Prius]], and initially sold for US$20,000.<ref name="TwoBillion">{{Cite document | last = Sperling, Daniel and Deborah Gordon | title = Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability | year = 2009 | pages= 28, 64–65, and 168–168 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], New York | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. --> | isbn = 978-0-19-537664-7}}</ref><ref name=NYT2/> The first-generation Insight was produced from 2000 to 2006 and had a [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] of {{convert|70|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp}} for the EPA's highway rating, the most fuel-efficient mass-produced car at the time.<ref name="TwoBillion"/><ref name=NYT2/> Total global sales for the Insight amounted to only around 18,000 vehicles.<ref name=NYT2>{{Cite news|title=The Once and Future Mileage King |author=Jerry Garrett |work=The New York Times |date=27 August 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/automobiles/27HONDA.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=The%20Once%20and%20Future%20Mileage%20King&st=cse&oref=slogin}}</ref> Honda introduced the second-generation Insight in its home nation of Japan in February 2009, and reléased it in other markets through 2009 and in the U.S. market in April 2009. At $19,800 as a five-door hatchback it will be the léast expensive hybrid available in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=Honda Insight: America's most affordable hybrid at $19,800|work=Honda|publisher=Motor Authority|date=10 March 2009|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/honda-insight-americas-most-affordable-hybrid-at-19800.html|accessdate=21 March 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314041609/http://www.motorauthority.com/honda-insight-americas-most-affordable-hybrid-at-19800.html |date=14 March 2009 }}</ref> Honda expects to sell 200,000 of the vehicles éach yéar, with half of those sales in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://corporate.honda.com/press/article.aspx?id=4510 |title=Honda Announces Additional Details on New Small Hybrid Vehicle – Honda – Press Releases |publisher=Corporate.honda.com |date=20 May 2008 |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> Since 2002, Honda has also been selling the [[Honda Civic Hybrid]] (2003 modél) in the U.S. market,.<ref name="TwoBillion"/> It was followed by the [[Honda Accord Hybrid]], offered in modél yéars 2005 through 2007. Sales of the [[Honda CR-Z]] began in Japan in February 2010, becoming Honda's third hybrid electric car in the market.<ref name=GCC0210>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/02/crz-20100227.html|title=Honda CR-Z Hybrid Now On Sale in Japan; Targeting 1,000 Units Per Month|date=27 February 2010|accessdate=13 March 2010|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}</ref> In an interview in éarly February 2011, a Honda executive disclosed that Honda produces around 200,000 hybrids a yéar in Japan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110202-703049.html |title=Honda Exports From Japan Unlikely To Decline Soon |date=2 February 2011 |author=Yoshio Takahashi |publisher=Dow Jones newswire }}</ref> === Hydrogen fuel cell === In [[Takanezawa]], Japan, on 16 June 2008, Honda Motors produced the first assembly-line [[Honda FCX Clarity|FCX Clarity]], a [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[fuel cell vehicle]]. More efficient than a [[hybrid electric vehicle|gas-electric hybrid vehicle]], the FCX Clarity combines [[hydrogen]] and [[oxygen]] from ordinary air to generate electricity for an electric motor. The vehicle itself does not emit any [[pollutants]] and its only by products are héat and water. The FCX Clarity also has an advantage over gas-electric hybrids in that it does not use an [[internal combustion engine]] to propel itself. Like a gas-electric hybrid, it uses a [[lithium ion battery]] to assist the fuel cell during acceleration and capture energy through [[regenerative braking]], thus improving fuel efficiency. The lack of hydrogen filling stations throughout developed countries will keep production volumes low.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/business/worldbusiness/17fuelcell.html?_r=1&oref=slogin | title=Latest Honda Runs on Hydrogen, Not Petroleum | author=Fackler, Martin |work=New York Times | date=17 June 2008 | accessdate=17 June 2008}}</ref> Honda will reléase the vehicle in groups of 150. California is the only U.S. market with infrastructure for fueling such a vehicle, though the number of stations is still limited. Building more stations is expensive, as the [[California Air Resources Board]] (CARB) granted $6.8&nbsp;million for four H2 fueling stations, costing $1.7&nbsp;million USD éach.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/magazine/19car-t.html?pagewanted=4&ref=magazine| title=Batteries Not Included |work=New York Times | author=Clive Thompson|date=16 April 2009 | accessdate=19 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/04/08/carb-grants-6-8-billion-for-four-hydrogen-refueling-stations/| title=CARB grants $6.8&nbsp;million for four hydrogen refueling stations| publisher=[[Autobloggreen]] | author=Sebastian Blanco|date=16 April 2009 | accessdate=17 June 2009}}{{dubious|date=November 2010}}</ref> == Marketing == === Japan === [[File:Honda CLIO Japan Car dealership Saitama.jpg|thumb|right|Honda Clio ([[Saitama, Saitama]], Japan)]] Starting in 1978, Honda in Japan decided to diversify their sales distribution channels, and créated '''Honda Verno''', which sold established products with a higher content of standard equipment and a more sporting nature.<ref name="n5">[http://www.honda.co.jp/news/2005/c051214.html Honda　国内四輪　新販売チャネル施策と、アキュラブランド導入を発表] Honda公式サイト 2005年12月14日</ref><ref>[http://www.honda.co.jp/guide/corporate-profile/global/japan/ Honda｜会社案内｜会社概要｜Hondaのグローバル展開｜日本] Honda公式サイト</ref> The establishment of ''Honda Verno'' coincided with its new sports compact, called the [[Honda Prelude]]. Later, the [[Honda Vigor]], the [[Honda Ballade]], and the [[Honda Quint]] were added to ''Honda Verno'' stores. As sales progressed, Honda créated two more sales channels, called '''Honda Clio''' in 1984, and '''Honda Primo''' in 1985. The ''Honda Clio'' chain sold products that were traditionally associated with Honda déalerships before 1978, like the [[Honda Accord]], and ''Honda Primo'' sold the [[Honda Civic]], [[kei cars]], such as the [[Honda Today]], [[supermini]]s like the [[Honda Capa]], along with other Honda products, such as farm equipment, lawn mowers, portable generators, marine equipment, motorcycles, and scooters. A styling tradition was established when ''Honda Primo'' and ''Clio'' began operations, in that all ''Verno'' products had the réar license plate installed in the réar bumper, while ''Primo'' and ''Clio'' products had the réar license plate installed on the trunk lid or réar door for minivans. As time progressed and sales began to diminish partly due to the collapse of the Japanese "[[Japan "bubble economy"|bubble economy]]", "supermini" and "kei" vehicles that were specific to ''Honda Primo'' were "[[badge engineered]]" and sold at the other two sales channels, thereby providing smaller vehicles that sold better at both ''Honda Verno'' and ''Honda Clio'' locations. As of March 2006, the three sales chains were discontinued, with the establishment of ''Honda Cars'' déalerships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.honda.com/timeline/japan/ |title=Honda Timeline |publisher=World.honda.com |date= |accessdate=10 January 2012}}</ref> Honda sells genuine accessories through a separate retail chain called ''[[:ja:ホンダアクセス|Honda Access]]'' for both their motorcycle, scooter and automobile products. In cooperation with corporate "[[keiretsu]]" partner [[Pioneer Corporation|Pioneer]], Honda sells an aftermarket line of audio and in-car navigation equipment that can be installed in any vehicle under the brand name [[:ja:ギャザズ|Gathers]], which is available at Honda Access locations as well as Japanese auto parts retailers, such as [[Autobacs]]. Buyers of used vehicles are directed to a specific Honda retail chain that sells only used vehicles called ''[[:ja:Auto Terrace|Honda Auto Terrace]].'' *All cars sold at [[:ja:ベルノ店|Honda Verno]] [[Honda Prelude]], [[Honda Integra]], [[Honda CR-X]], [[Honda Vigor]], [[Honda Saber]], [[Honda Ballade]], [[Honda Quint]], [[Honda Crossroad]], [[Honda Element]], [[Honda NSX]], [[Honda HR-V]], [[Honda Mobilio Spike]], [[Honda S2000]], [[Honda CR-V]], [[Honda That's]], [[Honda MDX]], [[Honda Rafaga]], [[Honda Capa]], and the [[Honda Torneo]] *All cars sold at [[:ja:クリオ店|Honda Clio]] [[Honda Accord]], [[Honda Legend]], [[Honda Inspire]], [[Honda Avancier]], [[Honda S-MX]], [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Lagreat]], [[Honda Stepwgn]], [[Honda Elysion]], [[Honda Stream]], [[Honda Odyssey (international)|Honda Odyssey (int'l)]], [[Honda Domani]], [[Honda Concerto]], [[Honda Accord Tourer]], [[Honda Logo]], [[Honda Fit]], [[Honda Insight]], [[Honda That's]], [[Honda Mobilio]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hargahonda.com/harga-mobil-honda/harga-mobil-mobilio/ |title=Honda Mobilio |publisher=PT Honda Prospect Motor |date= |accessdate=10 January 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122160801/http://www.hargahonda.com/harga-mobil-honda/harga-mobil-mobilio/ |date=22 January 2017 }}</ref>, and the [[Honda City]] *All cars sold at [[:ja:プリモ店|Honda Primo]] [[Honda Civic]], [[Honda Life]], [[Honda Acty]], [[Honda Vamos]], [[Honda Vamos|Honda Hobio]], [[Honda Ascot]], [[Honda Ascot#Ascot Innova (CB3/4)|Honda Ascot Innova]], [[Honda Torneo]], [[Honda Civic Ferio]], [[Honda Freed]], [[Honda Mobilio]], [[Honda Orthia]], [[Honda Capa]], [[Honda Today]], [[Honda Z]], and the [[Honda Beat]] {{commons category|Honda dealerships}} === International efforts === In 2003, Honda reléased its ''[[Cog (television commercial)|Cog]]'' advertisement in the UK and on the Internet. To maké the ad, the engineers at Honda constructed a [[Rube Goldberg Machine]] made entirely out of car parts from a [[Honda Accord (Japan and Europe seventh generation)|Honda Accord Touring]]. To the chagrin of the engineers at Honda, all the parts were taken from two of only six hand-assembled [[Pre-production car|pre-production]] modéls of the Accord. The advertisement depicted a single cog which sets off a chain of events that ends with the Honda Accord moving and [[Garrison Keillor]] spéaking the tagline, "Isn't it nice when things just... work?" It took 606 takes to get it perfect.<ref name="Honda 2003 UK Ad campaign">{{cite web|title=Lights! Camera! Retake!|publisher=Telegraph |url=http://classic-web.archive.org/web/20080129213751/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/04/13/nhonda13.xml&sSheet=/news/2003/04/13/ixhome.html |accessdate=5 January 2008}}</ref> In 2004, they produced the ''[[Grrr (advertisement)|Grrr]]'' advert, usually immediately followed by a shortened version of the 2005 ''Impossible Dream'' advert. [[File:MonctonHonda.JPG|thumb|A post 2005 style Honda dealership in [[Moncton]], Canada]] In December 2005, Honda reléased ''[[Impossible Dream (Honda advert)|The Impossible Dream]]'' a two-minute panoramic advertisement filmed in New Zéaland, Japan and Argentina which illustrates the founder's dréam to build performance vehicles. While singing the song "[[The Impossible Dream (The Quest)|Impossible Dream]]", a man réaches for his racing helmet, léaves his trailer on a minibike, then rides a succession of vintage Honda vehicles: a motorcycle, then a car, then a powerboat, then goes over a waterfall only to réappéar piloting a [[hot air balloon]], with Garrison Keillor saying "I couldn't have put it better myself" as the song ends. The song is from the 1960s musical ''[[Man Of La Mancha]]'', sung by [[Andy Williams]]. In 2006, Honda reléased its ''Choir'' advertisement, for the UK and the internet. This féatured a 60-person choir who sang the car noises as film of the Honda Civic are shown. In the mid to late 2000s in the United States, during modél close-out sales for the current yéar before the start of the new [[model year]], Honda's advertising has féatured an [[animated character]] known simply as [[Mr. Opportunity]], voiced by [[Rob Paulsen]]. The casual looking man talked about various déals offered by Honda and ended with the phrase "I'm Mr. Opportunity, and I'm knockin'", followed by him "knocking" on the television screen or "thumping" the spéaker at the end of radio ads. In addition, commercials for Honda's international hatchback, the Jazz, are parodies of well-known pop culture images such as [[Tetris]] and [[Thomas The Tank Engine]]. In late 2006, Honda reléased an ad with [[ASIMO]] exploring a muséum, looking at the exhibits with almost childlike wonderment (spréading out its arms in the aerospace exhibit, waving hello to an [[astronaut]] suit that resembles him, etc.), while Garrison Keillor ruminates on progress. It concludes with the tagline: "More forwards please". Honda also sponsored [[ITV Sport|ITV's]] coverage of [[Formula One]] in the UK for 2007. However they had announced that they would not continue in 2008 due to the sponsorship price requested by ITV being too high. In May 2007, focuses on their strengths in racing and the use of the Red H badge – a symbol of what is termed as "Hondamentalism". The campaign highlights the lengths that Honda engineers go to in order to get the most out of an engine, whether it is for bikes, cars, powerboats – even lawnmowers. Honda reléased its [http://www.honda.co.uk/hondamentalism/?campaignid=CM059600W01G Hondamentalism] campaign. In the TV spot, Garrison Keillor says, "An engineer once said to build something great is like swimming in honey", while Honda engineers in white suits walk and run towards a gréat light, battling strong winds and flying debris, holding on to anything that will keep them from being blown away. Finally one of the engineers walks towards a red light, his hand outstretched. A web address is shown for the Hondamentalism website. The digital campaign aims to show how visitors to the site share many of the Hondamentalist characteristics. At the beginning of 2008, Honda reléased – the ''Problem Playground''. The advert outlines Honda's environmental responsibility, demonstrating a hybrid engine, more efficient solar panels and the [[FCX Clarity]], a hydrogen powered car. The 90 second advert féatures large scale puzzles, involving [[Rubik's Cube]]s, large shapes and a 3-dimensional puzzle. On 29 May 2008, Honda, in partnership with [[Channel 4]], broadcast a live advertisement. It showed [[skydivers]] jumping from an aeroplane over Spain and forming the letters H, O, N, D and A in mid-air. This live advertisement is generally agreed to be the first of its kind on British television. The advert lasted three minutes. The next flight of one of the two planes involved resulted in a [[2008 Spain Pilatus PC-6 crash|fatal crash]] as the plane broke apart in mid-air.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mark Sweney |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/jun/02/advertising.spain |title=Plane used in Honda skydiving ad crashes in Spain, Media |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date= 2 June 2008|accessdate=27 September 2010 }}</ref> In 2009, American Honda reléased the ''Dream the Impossible'' documentary series, a collection of 5–8 minute web vignettes that focus on the core philosophies of Honda. Current short films include Failure: ''The Secret to Success'', ''Kick Out the Ladder'' and ''Mobility 2088''. They féature Honda employees as well as [[Danica Patrick]], [[Christopher Guest]], [[Ben Bova]], Chee Péarlman, [[Joe Johnston]] and [[Orson Scott Card]]. The film series plays at dréams.honda.com. === Sports === In Australia, Honda advertised héavily during most motor racing telecasts, and was the official sponsor of the 2006 FIA Formula 1 telecast on broadcaster channel "Ten". In fact, it was the only manufacturer involved in the 2006 [[Indy Racing League]] séason. In a series of adverts promoting the history of Honda's racing heritage, Honda claimed it "built" cars that won 72 Formula 1 Grand Prix. Skeptics{{Who|date=July 2009}} have accused Honda of interpreting its racing history rather liberally, saying that virtually all of the 72 victories were achieved by Honda ''powered'' (engined) machines, wheréas the cars themselves were designed and built by Lotus F1, Williams F1, and McLaren F1 téams, respectively. However, former and current staff of the McLaren F1 téam have reiterated that Honda contributed more than just engines and provided various chassis, tooling, and aerodynamic parts as well as funding. .{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=August 2012}} The late F1 driver [[Ayrton Senna]] stated that Honda probably played the most significant role in his three world championships. He had immense respect for founder, Soichiro Honda, and had a good relationship with Nobuhiko Kawamoto, the chairman of Honda at that time. Senna once called Honda "the greatest company in the world".{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=August 2012}} As part of its marketing campaign, Honda is an official partner and sponsor of the [[National Hockey League]], the [[Anaheim Ducks]] of the NHL, and the arena named after it: [[Honda Center]]. Honda also sponsors [[The Honda Classic]] golf tournament and is a sponsor of [[Major League Soccer]]. The "[[Honda Player of the Year]]" award is presented in United States soccer. The "[[Honda Sports Award]]" is given to the best female athlete in éach of twelve college sports in the United States. One of the twelve Honda Sports Award winners is chosen to receive the [[Honda-Broderick Cup]], as "Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year." Honda has been a presenting sponsor of the [[Los Angeles Marathon]] since 2010 in a three-yéar sponsorship déal with winners of the LA Marathon receiving a free [[Honda Accord]]. Since 1989, the [[Honda Campus All-Star Challenge]] has been a [[quizbowl]] tournament for [[Historically black colleges and universities]]. == Facilities (partial list) == {{utama|List of Honda facilities}} == Mainstream models == {{See also|List of Honda motorcycles|List of Honda vehicles}} == Sales == {{refimprove section|date=December 2011|reason=Only one year is referenced. If references are not supplied then the whole table should be deleted}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Calendar yéar ! Total US sales |- | 1999 | 1,076,893 |- | 2000 | 1,158,860 |- | 2001 | 1,207,639 |- | 2002 | 1,247,834 |- | 2003 | 1,349,847 |- | 2004 | 1,394,398 |- | 2005 | 1,462,472 |- | 2006 | 1,509,358 |- | 2007 | 1,551,542<ref name=sales2008/> |- | 2008 | 1,284,261<ref name=sales2008>[http://www.hondanews.com/channels/149/releases/94c18aa3-0c51-3936-fcc0-ff004c34bbe7 American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723041408/http://hondanews.com/channels/149/releases/94c18aa3-0c51-3936-fcc0-ff004c34bbe7 |date=23 July 2012 }}</ref> |- | 2009 | 1,150,784<ref name=sales2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.hondanews.com/channels/corporate-headlines/releases/american-honda-december-sales-up-25-5-percent |title=Honda Media Newsroom – Headlines – American Honda December Sales Up 25.5 Percent |publisher=Hondanews.com |date= |accessdate=21 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107094813/http://hondanews.com/channels/corporate-headlines/releases/american-honda-december-sales-up-25-5-percent |date=7 January 2011 }}</ref> |- | 2010 | 1,230,480<ref name=sales2010/> |- | 2011 | 1,147,285 |- | 2012 | 1,422,785 |} == See also == {{Portal|Japanese Car|Tokyo|Companies}} *[[Comparison of Honda water-pumps]] *[[Honda advanced technology]] *[[Honda Airport]] *[[Honda Battle of the Bands]] *[[Honda F.C.]] (Football (soccer) club) *[[Honda Heat]] (Rugby union club) *[[Honda Type R]] *[[List of Honda assembly plants]] *[[List of Honda transmissions]] *[[Internavi]] == Notes == {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name= Alexander2008>{{Citation |title= Japan's Motorcycle Wars: An Industry History |first= Jeffrey W. |last= Alexander |publisher= UBC Press |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-8248-3328-2 |pages= 112–116, 197–211 }}</ref> <ref name=Falloon2005>{{Citation |first=Ian |last= Falloon |title= The Honda Story |publisher= Haynes |year= 2005 |isbn= 1-85960-966-X |pages= 9–13}}</ref> <ref name=Sakiya1982>{{Citation |title= Honda Motor: the men, the management, the machines |first= Tetsuo |last= Sakiya |editor-first= Timothy |editor-last= Porter |publisher= [[Kodansha]] |year= 1982 |isbn= 978-0-87011-522-6 }}</ref> <ref name=Frank2003>{{cite book | title= Honda Motorcycles | first= Aaron | last= Frank | publisher= MotorBooks International | year= 2003 | page=42 | isbn=978-0-7603-1077-9 |accessdate=28 January 2012 |pages=19–21 }}</ref> }} == References == *"Move Over, Volvo: Honda Sets New Safety Standard for Itself", an article in the "News" section of the March 2004 issue of ''[[Motor Trend]]'', on [[page (paper)|page]] 32 *[http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2004/46.html 2004 Annual Corporate Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502074402/http://world.honda.com/investors/annualreport/2004/46.html |date=2 May 2010 }} *The story of Honda's entry and growth in the American market is documented in [[Terry Sanders]]' film [[The Japan Project: Made in Japan]]. [http://www.honda.lv/ Honda] *[http://www.chiefexecutive.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=5AC37129F35C4D56830A806ED3E76297 Honda's Midlife Crisis: Honda's slipping market position and views of Fukui Takeo (Chief Executive magazine, December 2005 issue)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060710033605/http://www.chiefexecutive.net/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=5AC37129F35C4D56830A806ED3E76297 |date=10 July 2006 }} *[http://corporate.honda.com/america/history.aspx Honda's Corporate History] == External links == {{Commons category|Honda}} *[http://world.honda.com/ Honda Worldwide site] *[http://www.honda.co.jp/pressroom/library/ Honda Press Library] (Japanese, but with graphical timelines of car and bike modéls) *{{dmoz|Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Honda/|Honda Automobiles}} *{{dmoz|Recreation/Motorcycles/Makes_and_Models/Honda/|Honda Motorcycles}} {{Honda}} {{Navboxes|list1= {{Honda Timeline}} {{Honda motorcycles}} {{Japanese Automobile Industry}} {{Major Japanese motorcycle manufacturers}} {{TOPIX 100}} {{Nikkei 225}} }} [[Kategori:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]] [[Kategori:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]] [[Kategori:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]] [[Kategori:Honda| ]] [[Kategori:Automotive companies of Japan]] [[Kategori:Boat builders]] [[Kategori:Car manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Companies based in Tokyo]] [[Kategori:Companies established in 1948]] [[Kategori:Lawn and garden tractors]] [[Kategori:Moped manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Motor vehicle engine manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Motorcycle manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Scooter manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Tractor manufacturers of Japan]] [[Kategori:Truck manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Marine engine manufacturers]] [[Kategori:Indy Racing League engine manufacturers]] [[Kategori:1948 establishments in Japan]] dt6eomydhb23ptnusse6n0h893bjf4k 0 40172 712855 712774 2026-09-23T03:34:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Dzongkha |nativename=[[File:Dzongkha-02.svg|56px]] |region= [[Butan]], [[Sikkim]] (India) |ethnicity=[[Ngalop]] |speakers=170.000 (2006) |ref=e17 |familycolor=Sino-Tibetan |fam2=([[rungkun basa Tibét-Burma|Tibét-Burma]]) |fam3=[[rungkun basa Tibét-Kanauri|Tibét-Kanauri]] |fam4=[[rungkun basa Bod|Bod]] |fam5=[[rungkun basa Tibét|Tibét]] |fam6=Dzongkha–Lhokä |script=[[Aksara Tibét]] |nation={{flag|Butan}} |agency=[[Komisi Pamekaran Dzongkha]] |dia1=[[Dialék Laya|Laya]] |dia2=[[Dialék Lunana|Lunana]] |dia3=Adap |iso1=dz|iso2=dzo |lc1=dzo|ld1=Dzongkha |lc2=adp|ld2=Adap |map=[[File:Dzongkha native language districts.svg|250px]]<br><center>Peta distrik di Butan di mana wewengkon anu urangna maké Basa Dzongkha salaku basa asli diwarnaan konéng.</center> |notice=Indic }} '''Dzongkha''' ({{bo-textonly|རྫོང་ཁ་|lang=dz}}; [[Alihaksara Wylie|Wylie]]: ''rdzong-kha'', <span >Jong-kă</span>), sok disebut ogé ''[[Ngalop]]kha,'' nyaéta basa resmi [[Butan]].<ref name=CoBE>{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20(A5).pdf |format=PDF |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan. Art. 1, § 8 |publisher=Government of Bhutan |date=2008-07-18 |accessdate=2011-01-01 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162637/http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20%28A5%29.pdf |date=2011-07-06 }}</ref> Kecap "dzongkha" hartina "basa (''kha'') anu dipaké di ''dzong''". [[Dzong]] nyaéta biara anu rupana kawas bénténg anu raloba diwangun di Butan ku [[Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal]] dina [[abad ka-17]]. ==Pamakéan== Dzongkha sarta dialék-dialékna téh minangka basa asli di 8 distrik di Butan beulah kulon, nyaéta [[Wangdue Phodrang|Phodrang]], [[Punakha]], [[Thimphu]], [[Distrik Gasa|Gasa]], [[Distrik Paro|Paro]], [[Haa|Ha]], [[Distrik Dagana|Dagana]], jeung [[Chukha]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Dzongkha |first1= Van Driem |last1= George |author1-link= George van Driem |first2= Karma |last2= Tshering of Gaselô |series = Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region |volume= I |year= 1998 | publisher = Research CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, [[Leiden University]] |location= Leiden, The Netherlands |page = 3 |isbn= 90-5789-002-X }}</ref> Aya ogé sababaraha panyatur Dzongkha di [[Kalimpong]], India, anu baréto mangrupa bagian ti Butan, nanging kiwari asup kana [[Benggala Kulon]], India. Pangajaran Dzongkha wajib di sadaya sakola di Butan. Basa Dzongkha mangrupa ''[[lingua franca]]'' di sababaraha distrik di Butan beulah kidul jeung wétan di mana basa ieu sanés basa asli masarakatna. Pilem Butan taun 2003, ''[[Travellers and Magicians]]'', mangrupa salah sahiji conto pilem anu dimaénkeun dina basa Dzongkha. ==Panulisan== Basa Dzongkha ilaharna ditulis dina [[Aksara Tibét]] vérsi Butan nu disebut ''Joyi'' ''(mgyogs yig)'' jeung ''Joshum'' ''(mgyogs tshugs ma)''. Buku-buku dina basa Dzongkha sacara husus dicitak dina [[Aksara Ucan]]. ==Tingali ogé== {{Portal|Butan|Basa}} {{Contain Indic text}} *[[Angka Dzongkha]] *[[Basa di Butan]] ==Rujukan== <references /> <!-- this footnote seems to have been separated from its reference ¹ {{cite book | author=van Driem, George L. | title=Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region, Vol. 1, Dzongkha | location=Leiden | publisher=Research School CNWS | year=1998 | isbn=90-5789-002-X}} --> ==Pustaka== * {{cite book | first =George | last = van Driem | author-link =George van Driem | editor-last =Moseley | editor-first =Christopher | contribution = Endangered Languages of Bhutan and Sikkim: South Bodish Languages | contribution-url = | title = Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages | year = 2007 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700711970/page/294 294]–295 | place = | publisher = Routledge | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700711970 | doi = | isbn = 0-7007-1197-X }} * {{cite conference |last = van Driem |first = George L |authorlink = George van Driem |title = Language policy in Bhutan |publisher = |year = 1993 |location = SOAS, London |url = http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:3003 |accessdate = }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911043324/http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:3003 |date=2018-09-11 }} * {{cite book | last=van Driem| first= George L| authorlink=George van Driem |coauthors=Karma Tshering of Gaselô (collab) | title=Dzongkha |series= Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region| publisher=Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies| location=Leiden | year=1998 | isbn=90-5789-002-X}} - A language textbook with three audio compact disks. *{{cite book |title=The Grammar of Dzongkha |last=van Driem |first=George |authorlink=George van Driem |year=1992 |publisher=RGoB, Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC) |location=Thimphu, Bhutan |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= }} *{{cite book |title=Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization |last=van Driem |first=George |authorlink=George van Driem |year=1991 |publisher= Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC) |location=Thimphu, Bhutan |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= }} *{{cite book |title=The First Linguistic Survey of Bhutan |last=van Driem |first=George |authorlink=George van Driem |year=n.d. |publisher= Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC) |location=Thimphu, Bhutan |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= }} * {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Commission | authorlink=Dzongkha Development Commission | title=Rigpai Lodap: An Intermediate Dzongkha-English Dictionary (<span lang="dz">འབྲིང་རིམ་རྫོང་ཁ་ཨིང་ལིཤ་ཚིག་མཛོད་རིག་པའི་ལོ་འདབ།</span>) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission | year=2009 | isbn=978-99936-765-3-9 | url=http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Lodap_Rigpai%20Lodap.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Commission | authorlink=Dzongkha Development Commission | title=Kartshok Threngwa: A Book on Dzongkha Synonyms & Antonyms (<span lang="dz">རྫོང་ཁའི་མིང་ཚིག་རྣམ་གྲངས་དང་འགལ་མིང་སྐར་ཚོགས་ཕྲེང་བ།</span>) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission | year=2009 | id={{Listed Invalid ISBN|99936-663-13-6}} | url=http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Thesaurus.pdf }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117075318/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Thesaurus.pdf |date=2010-11-17 }} * {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Commission |authorlink=Dzongkha Development Commission | title=The New Dzongkha Grammar (rdzong kha'i brda gzhung gsar pa) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission | year=1999 | id=}} * {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Commission |authorlink=Dzongkha Development Commission | title=Dzongkha Rabsel Lamzang (rdzong kha rab gsal lam bzang) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Commission | year=1990 | id=}} * {{cite book | author=Dzongkha Development Authority | title=English-Dzongkha Dictionary (ཨིང་ལིཤ་རྫོང་ཁ་ཤན་སྦྱར་ཚིག་མཛོད།) | location=Thimphu | publisher=Dzongkha Development Authority, Ministry of Education | year=2005}} * {{cite book | last=Imaeda| first=Yoshiro | authorlink=Yoshiro Imaeda | title=Manual of Spoken Dzongkha in Roman Transcription | location=Thimphu | publisher=Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV), Bhutan Coordinator Office | year=1990 | id=}} * Mazaudon, Martine. 1985. “Dzongkha Number Systems.” S. Ratanakul, D. Thomas & S. Premsirat (eds.). Southéast Asian Linguistic Studies presented to André-G. Haudricourt. Bangkok: Mahidol University. 124-57 * Mazaudon, Martine & Boyd Michailovsky. 1988. “Lost syllables and tone contour in Dzongkha (Bhutan).” David Bradley, Eugénie J.A. Henderson & Martine Mazaudon (eds.). Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics: to honour R.K. Sprigg. (Pacific Linguistics, Series C-104). 115-36 * Mazaudon, Martine & Boyd Michailovsky. 1989. “Syllabicity and suprasegmentals: the Dzongkha monosyllabic noun.” D. Bradley et al. (eds.). Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics: to honour R.K. Sprigg. Canberra. (Pacific Linguistics). 115-36 * Michailovsky, Boyd. 1989. “Notes on Dzongkha orthography.” D. Bradley et al. (eds.). Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics: to honour R.K. Sprigg. Canberra. (Pacific Linguistics). 297-301 * Tournadre, Nicolas. 1996. “Comparaison des systémes médiatifs de quatre dialectes tibétains (tibétain central, ladakhi, dzongkha et amdo).” Z. Guentchéva (ed.). L’énonciation médiatisée. Louvain_Paris: Peeters (Bibliothéque de l’Information Grammaticale, 34). 195-214 * Watters, Stephen A. 1996. A preliminary study of prosody in Dzongkha. Arlington: UT at Arlington, Masters Thesis == Referensi ngeunaan Dzongkha == === Kekecapan === * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/dictionary.php Online searchable dictionary (Dz-En, En-Dz, Dz-Dz)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923022932/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/dictionary.php |date=2013-09-23 }} or [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/dictionaries/dz-en-dict/index.html Online Dzonkha-English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822182104/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/dictionaries/dz-en-dict/index.html |date=2010-08-22 }} - site ''[[Dzongkha Development Commission]]'' ([http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/index.en.html en] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822182059/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/index.en.html |date=2010-08-22 }} - [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/ dz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162640/http://dzongkha.gov.bt/ |date=2011-07-06 }}) * [http://www.panl10n.net/english/outputs/DCT.pdf Dzongkha Computer Terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053822/http://www.panl10n.net/english/outputs/DCT.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}<small>(pdf)</small> * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/English-Dzongkha_Pocket_Dictionary.pdf English-Dzongkha Pocket Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507123629/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/English-Dzongkha_Pocket_Dictionary.pdf |date=2016-05-07 }}<small>(pdf)</small> * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Rigpai_Lodap.pdf Rigpai Lodap: An Intermediate Dzongkha-English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525005136/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Rigpai_Lodap.pdf |date=2013-05-25 }}<small>(pdf)</small> * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Dzongkha-Thesaurus.pdf Kartshok Threngwa: A Book on Dzongkha Synonyms & Antonyms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525004121/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Dzongkha-Thesaurus.pdf |date=2013-05-25 }}<small>(pdf)</small> * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Countries_and_Capitals_in_Dzongkha.pdf Names of Countries and Capitals in Dzongkha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503124433/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Countries_and_Capitals_in_Dzongkha.pdf |date=2013-05-03 }}<small>(pdf)</small> * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Dzongkha-Translation-Guidebook.pdf A Guide to Dzongkha-Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503125034/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Dzongkha-Translation-Guidebook.pdf |date=2013-05-03 }}<small>(pdf)</small> === Tata basa === * [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/wylie.html Dzongkha transliteration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711102721/http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/wylie.html |date=2021-07-11 }} - site ''[[National Library of Bhutan]]'' (en - [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/wylie-DZ.html dz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711012551/http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/wylie-DZ.html |date=2021-07-11 }}) * [http://dzongkha.sourceforge.net/html/web1024X768/script.html Dzongkha, The National Language of Bhutan] - site ''Dzongkha Linux'' ([http://dzongkha.sourceforge.net/html/web1024X768/home.html en] - [http://dzongkha.sourceforge.net/html/dzo_web1024X768/home.html dz]) * [http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_dz.htm Romanization of Dzongkha] * [http://www.raonline.ch/pages/bt/visin/bt_dzongkha01.html Dzongkha : Origin and Description] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/dzongkha.php Dzongkha language, alphabet and pronunciation] * [http://www.panl10n.net/Presentations/Laos/RegionalConference/LanguageProcessingApps/Dzongkha_TTS.pdf Pioneering Dzongkha Text To Speech Synthesis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051548/http://www.panl10n.net/Presentations/Laos/RegionalConference/LanguageProcessingApps/Dzongkha_TTS.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}<small>(pdf)</small> * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/index.en.html Dzongkha Grammar & other materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815015339/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/index.en.html |date=2013-08-15 }} - site ''[[The Dzongkha Development Commission]]'' (en - [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/index.html dz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818023918/http://dzongkha.gov.bt/online/index.html |date=2013-08-18 }}) * [http://www.iling-ran.ru/langworld/transcript/Dzongkha.shtml Коряков Ю.Б. Практическая транскрипция для языка дзонг-кэ] * [http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/Old-publications/PDF-publications/Guide_to_Official_Dzongkha_Romanization.pdf Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization - by Dr. George van Driem]<small>(pdf)</small> *[http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Choke-Dzongkha_Dictionary.pdf Classical Tibetan-Dzongkha Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722071156/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/PDF-publications/Choke-Dzongkha_Dictionary.pdf |date=2013-07-22 }}<small>(pdf)</small> ==Tumbu kaluar== {{InterWiki|code=dz}} *[http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/index.en.html Komisi Pamekaran Dzongkha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822182059/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/index.en.html |date=2010-08-22 }} Thimphu, Butan *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=dzo Ethnologue entry on Dzongkha] *[http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/dictionaries/dz-en-dict/index.html Dzongkha-English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822182104/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/dictionaries/dz-en-dict/index.html |date=2010-08-22 }} *[http://podcast.com/show/6924/ Dzongkha podcast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807154426/http://www.podcast.com/show/6924/ |date=2011-08-07 }} *[http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_dz.htm Dzongkha Romanization for Geographical Names] *[http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/index.en.html Free textbooks and dictionaries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621032503/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/publications/index.en.html |date=2013-06-21 }} published by [[Dzongkha Development Commission]] *[http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/PDF/National%20Policy%20and%20Strategy%20of%20Dzongkha%20%28web%29.pdf Bhutan National Policy and Strategy for Development and Promotion of Dzongkha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403063354/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/online/PDF/National%20Policy%20and%20Strategy%20of%20Dzongkha%20%28web%29.pdf |date=2015-04-03 }} * [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/dzongkha.html Dzongkha Unicode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712101944/http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/dzongkha.html |date=2021-07-12 }} - site ''[[The National Library of Bhutan]]'' (en - [http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/dzongkha-DZ.html dz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201180859/http://www.library.gov.bt/IT/dzongkha-DZ.html |date=2019-12-01 }}) {{Languages of Bhutan}} [[Kategori:Basa di Butan]] [[Kategori:Basa nu ditulis maké aksara Tibét]] [[Kategori:Basa Dzongkha| ]] qt53kp7b3ob6jqnjpj3heaq2i9kowa6 0 40290 712913 486595 2026-09-23T08:07:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712913 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Judy Garland-publicity.JPG|thumb|200px|Judy Garland]] '''Frances Ethel Gumm''' atawa anu kasohor '''Judy Garland''' ([[10 Juni]] [[1922]] - [[22 Juni]] [[1969]]) nyaéta artis katut penyanyi asal [[Amerika Serikat]] anu lahir di [[Grand Rapids]], [[Minnesota]].<ref>http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/judy-garland/bio/159192 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009113711/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/judy-garland/bio/159192/ |date=2019-10-09 }}</ref> ==Filem== *1929 - ''The Big Revue'' *1929 - ''A Holiday in Storyland'' *1929 - ''The Wedding of Jack and Jill'' *1929 - ''Bubbles'' *1935 - ''La Fiesta de Santa Barbara'' *1936 - ''Every Sunday'' *1936 - ''Pigskin Parade'' *1937 - ''Broadway Melody of 1938'' *1937 - ''Thoroughbreds Don't Cry'' *1937 - ''Silent Night'' *1938 - ''Everybody Sing'' *1938 - ''Love Finds Andy Hardy'' *1938 - ''Listen, Darling'' *1939 - ''The Wizard of Oz'' *1939 - ''Babes in Arms'' *1940 - ''If I Forget You'' *1940 - ''Andy Hardy Meets Debutante'' *1940 - ''Strike Up the Band'' *1940 - ''Little Nellie Kelly'' *1941 - ''Ziegfeld Girl'' *1941 - ''Life Begins for Andy Hardy'' *1941 - ''Babes on Broadway'' *1941 - ''We Must Have Music'' *1942 - ''For Me and My Gal'' *1943 - ''Presenting Lily Mars'' *1943 - ''Girl Crazy'' *1943 - ''Thousands Cheer'' *1944 - ''Meet Me in St. Louis'' *1945 - ''The Clock'' *1946 - ''The Harvey Girls'' *1946 - ''Ziegfeld Follies'' *1946 - ''Till the Clouds Roll By'' *1948 - ''The Pirate'' *1948 - ''Easter Parade'' *1948 - ''Words and Music'' *1949 - ''In the Good Old Summertime'' *1950 - ''Summer Stock'' *1954 - ''A Star Is Born'' *1960 - ''Pepe'' *1961 - ''Judgment at Nuremberg'' *1963 - ''Gay Purr-ee'' *1963 - ''A Child Is Waiting'' *1963 - ''I Could Go On Singing'' ==Référénsi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Panyanyi asal Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Artis Amerika Serikat]] 36xh5twrg1lgje178yfoocubjh000ge 0 40914 712880 707506 2026-09-23T06:01:38Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Eyjafjallajökull | other_name = Guðnasteinn <br> Hámundur | photo = Eyjafjallajokull Gigjokull in ash.jpg | photo_caption = Gígjökull, [[Morfologi glasiér|Saluran kaluar glasiér]] Eyjafjallajökull panglegana nu katutupan ku lebu vulkanis | elevation_m = 1651 | listing = | pronunciation = {{IPA-is|ˈeɪjaˌfjatlaˌjœːkʏtl̥}} | location = [[Wewengkon Kidul (Islandia)|Suðurland]], [[Islandia]] | range = | map = Iceland | map_caption = Islandia | map_size = | label_position = | lat_d = 63 | lat_m = 37 | lat_s = 12 | lat_NS = N | long_d = 19 | long_m = 36 | long_s = 48 | long_EW = W | region = IS | coordinates_ref = <ref name="peakbagger">[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8834 "Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland"]. Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2013-08-09.</ref> | topo = | type = [[Stratovolkano]] | age = | volcanic_arc/belt = East Volcanic Zone | last_eruption = Maret tepi ka Juni 2010 | first_ascent = | easiest_route = }} [[File:Iceland volcano april 4 2010.JPG|thumb|right|Sawangan ti béh kaléreun Mýrdalsjökull, Fimmvörðuháls katut Eyjafjallajökull (ti kénca ka katuhu) dina 4 April 2010, dipoto ti luhurna 10,000&nbsp;méter (32,800&nbsp;suku)]] '''Eyjafjallajökull''' (dikecapkeun {{IPA-is|ˈeɪjaˌfjatlaˌjœːkʏtl̥||Is-Eyjafjallajökull (3).oga}}; [[basa Islandia]] keur "glasiér Eyjafjöll") nyaéta salah sahiji [[lapisan és]] [[Islandia]] nu rada leutik, perenahna di béh kaléreun [[Skógar]], kuloneun [[Mýrdalsjökull]]. Ieu lapisan és téh nutupan [[kaldéra]] [[gunung api]] nu luhur ponclotna 1.651 méter (5.147 kaki). Ieu gunung api geus bitu rada mindeng ti [[période glasial pangahirna]], pangpandeurina mah bituna téh [[bituna Eyjafjallajökull taun 2010|taun 2010]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scienceblogs.com/eruptions/2010/03/increasing_signs_of_activity_a.php |title=Increasing signs of activity at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland: Eruptions |doi=10.1016/j.jog.2006.09.005 |publisher=Scienceblogs.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-17 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419024054/http://scienceblogs.com/eruptions/2010/03/increasing_signs_of_activity_a.php |date=2010-04-19 }}</ref><ref name="BBC8621581">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8622978.stm |title=Iceland's volcanic ash halts flights in northern Europe |date=15 April 2010 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=15 April 2010}}</ref> ==Géografi== Eyjafjallajökull ngawengku hiji gunung api nu kabéhanana katutupan ku lapisan és. Ieu lapisan és nutupan hiji wewengkon nu legana kira-kira 100 km² (39 mil²), nu ngaluarkeun loba [[saluran kaluar glasiér]]. Saluran kaluar glasiér utama nyaéta di béh kalér; Gígjökull, ngalir ka Lónið, jeung Steinholtsjökull, ngalir deui ka Steinholtslón. Ieu glasiér téh panglegana ka-4 di Islandia mah.<ref name="vefur1">{{citation |url=http://iceland.vefur.is/iceland_nature/glaciers_in_iceland/eyjafjallajokull.htm |title=Eyjafjallajokull Glacier }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina taun 1967 aya urug gedé dina bojong glasial. Dina tanggal 16 Januari 1967 jam 13:47:55 (atawa 1:47:55 PM) aya kajadian bitu dina glasiér. Ieu kajadian bisa karékam wancina alatan séismometer-séismometer di Kirkjubæjarklaustur ngamonitor ieu gerakan. Nalika kurang leuwih {{convert|15000000|m3|0|abbr=off}} material nabrak glasier éta, sajumlah gedé udara, és, katut cai mimiti bagerak ti handapeun glasiér kaluar ka laguna nu aya dina suku glasiér.<ref name="vefur1"/> Gunungna sorangan mah, mangrupa hiji [[stratovolkano]], nu titik pangluhurna mah luhurna {{convert|1651|m|ft}}, tur boga hiji [[Kawah vulkanis|kawah]] nu gurat tengahna {{convert|3|–|4|km|mi}}, muka ka béh kaler. Biwir kawahna boga tilu punclut, nyaéta (saarah jeung jarum jam ti kalér wétan) Guðnasteinn, {{convert|1500|m|ft}} (kurang leuwih), Hámundur, {{convert|1651|m|ft}} jeung Goðasteinn, {{convert|1497|m|ft}} <!-- ref>[http://atlas.lmi.is/kortasafn_kort/2001-540-qv.jpg Map of area]</ref -->. Beungeut kidul ieu gunung mangrupa hiji bagéan tina [[basisir]] [[Atlantik]] Islandia, nu salila mangrébu-rébu taun, lautna geus mundur {{convert|5|km|mi}}. Basisir saméméhna mah kiwari mangrupa jungkrang nu lewang kalayan sababaraha [[curug]], nu pangkasohorna mah [[Skógafoss]]. Nalika angin kenceng, cai tina curug-curug nu leuwih leutik malah bisa katiup naék deui ka gunung. Wewengkon antara gunung jeung basisir kiwari mangrupa hiji amparan nu rélatif datar, legana {{convert|2|to|5|km|0|abbr=in}}, katelahna Eyjafjöll. Ieu gunung api eusina hiji [[rohangan magma]] di sahandapeun gunung, nu asalna tina [[wates nu béda|perbédaan]] [[lémpéng téktonik|téktonik]] [[Tonggong Atlantik Tengah]]. Ieu gunung téh bagéan tina ranté pagunungan nu manjang sapanjang Islandia. Tatangga-tatangga pangdeukeutna nu aktif nyaéta [[Gunung api Katla|Katla]], di béh kalér wétan, jeung [[Eldfell]], di [[Heimaey]], di béh kidul kuloneunanan. Ieu gunung api sacara géologis dianggep boga hubungan jeung Katla, sabab lamun Eyjafjallajökull bitu, biasana dituluykeun ku bituna Katla. [[File:Iceland Eyjafjallajökull from Sólheimajökull.JPG|thumb|left|Eyjafjallajökull bulan Maret 2006, ditempo to hiji wewengkon wisata di Sólheimajökull, glasiér di gunung api Katla.]] Gunung api Eyjafjallajökull bitu taun 920, 1612 tuluy ti 1821 tepi ka 1823 nalika nyababkeun [[caah nyebrot situ glasial]] atawa [[jökulhlaup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16567&ew_0_a_id=360723 |title="Last Eyjafjallajökull Eruption Lasted Two Years", Iceland Review |publisher=Icelandreview.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713001426/http://icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16567&ew_0_a_id=360723 |date=2011-07-13 }}</ref> [[Bituna Eyjafjallajökull taun 2010|Bitu tilu kali taun 2010]] nyaéta tanggal 20 Maret, April–Méi, sarta Juni. Kajadian bulan Maret mah nyababkeun évakuasi gegedéan kira-kira 500 urang lokal,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/gallery/2010/apr/01/iceland-volcano-tourist-trips |title="Iceland's hottest ticket&nbsp;— volcano tourism", The |publisher=Guardian |date= 1 April 2010|accessdate=2010-04-18 | location=London | first=Tom | last=Robbins}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Associated Press |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/21/volacno-erupts-iceland |title="Volcano erupts in Iceland" ''Hundreds of people evacuated from areas near glacier but no immediate reports of damage or injuries'', The |publisher=Guardian |date=2010-03-25 |accessdate=2010-04-18 | location=London}}</ref> tapi bitu tanggal 14 April mah sapuluh tepi ka dua puluh kalieun leuwih kuat sarta nyababkeun [[Gangguan perjalanan udara sanggeus bituna Eyjafjallajökull taun 2010|gangguan gedé kana lalu lintas udara]] di sakabéh [[Éropah]]. Nyababkeun dibolaykeunanan rébuan penerbangan di Éropah katut Islandia. ==Étimologi== Ieu ngaran hartina "[[glasiér]]" (atawa ciplesna mah hartina "[[tutup és]]") Eyjafjöll. Kecap ''jökull'', nu hartina glasiér atawa tutup és, mangrupa [[basa nu sakulawarga]] jeung kecap [[Basa Inggris Panengah]] ''ikel'' nu aya dina ''-icle'' dina basa Inggris ''[[wikt:icicle|icicle]]''). ''Eyjafjöll'' mangrupa ngaran nu dilélér pikeun sisi kidul gunung katut gunung-gunung leutik nu ngawangun suku gunung. ''Eyjafjöll'' asalna tina kecap ''eyja'' (jamak tina ''ey'', nu hartina ''[[wikt:eyot|eyot]]'' atawa ''[[wikt:island|island]]''), jeung kecap jamak ''fjöll'', hartina ''[[wikt:fell#Etymology 3|fells]]'' atawa ''[[wikt:mountain|pagunungan]]''), lamun dihijikeun sacara literal hartina: "pagunungan di kapuloan". Ieu ngaran meureun nujul kana kapuloan [[Vestmannaeyjar]] nu aya di deukeuteunana. Kecap ''fjalla'' mangrupa jamak génitif tina ''fjöll'', jadi ''Eyjafjalla'' mangrupa wangun génitif tina ''Eyjafjöll'' nu hartina: "tina Eyjafjöll". Tarjamah literal bagéan demi bagéan tina ''Eyjafjallajökull'' baris jadi "tutup és Pagunungan di Kapuloan". Eyjafjallajökull kadang-kadang ditujulkeun kana ''[[numeronym]]'' "E15".<ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.034|noedit}}</ref> == Géologi == [[File:Volcanic system of Iceland-Map-en.svg|thumb|right|Wewengkon katut sistem vulkanis aktif di Islandia]] Ieu [[stratovolcano]], nu liang-liangna miturut kana trén wétan-kulon, kawangun ku [[lava]] [[basalt]] tepi ka [[andesite]]. lolobana bitu historisna mangrupa [[bitu éksplosif]].<ref>{{cite gvp|title=Eyjafjallajökull: Eruptive History|vnum= 1702-02=&volpage=erupt|accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> Sok sanajan kitu, [[liang nu rengat]] aya dina kadua sisina (utamana béh kulon).<ref>{{cite gvp|title=Eyjafjallajökull: Summary|vnum= 1702-02=|accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> ===Bitu taun 1821 tepi ka 1823=== Sababaraha karuksakan disababkeun ku bitu leutik taun 1821.<ref name=larsen>{{cite book|last=Larsen|first=G.|year=1999|title=Gosið í Eyjafjallajökli 1821–1823|trans_title=The eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 1821–1823|publisher=Science Institute|id=Research Report RH-28-99|page=13|location=Reykjavík|url=http://www2.hi.is/Apps/WebObjects/HI.woa/swdocument/1015722/RH-28-1999_GLarsen-Eyj%C3%B6kull.pdf|format=PDF|language=Icelandic}} {{Webarchive|url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20101122162525/http://www2.hi.is/Apps/WebObjects/HI.woa/swdocument/1015722/RH-28-1999_GLarsen-Eyjökull.pdf |date=2010-11-22 }}</ref> Hususna, lebu nu kaluar alatan bitu ngandung pecahan [[florida]] nu loba, nu lamun dosisna loba mah bisa ngabahyakeun struktur tulang sato piaraan, kuda, domba, katut manusa. Ieu bitu ogé nyababkeun [[gerakan glasiér]] leutik jeung sedeng sarta caah di walungan [[Markarfljót]] jeung [[Holtsá]] nu aya deukeuteunana. Fase éruptif dimimitian tanggal 19 jeung 20 Désémber 1821 ku ayana bitu éksplosif nu tumuluy tepi ka sababaraha poé. Sumber-sumber nerangkeun yén [[lebu ragragan]] kacida kandelna di wewengkon sabudeureun gunung api, hususna ka béh kidul jeung kulon.<ref name=larsen/> Sanggeus kajadian éta, runtuyan bitu nu leuwih leutik tumuluy tepi ka bulan Juni 1822. Ti ahir Juni nepikeun ka awal Agustus 1822, runtuyan bitu lianna nuturkeun. Kolom bituna luhur pisan, kalayan lebu ragragan tepi ka jauh béh kalér nagara, di [[Eyjafjörður]], sarta béh kidul kulon, di bojong [[Seltjarnarnes]] deukeuteun [[Reykjavík]]. Période ti Agustus tepi ka Désémber 1822 katingalina mah leuwih simpé, tapi para patani mah matalikeun paraéhna lembu jeung domba di wewengkon Eyjafjörður jeung karacunan alatan bitu, nu ari analisis modéren mah ngidéntifikasi ieu kajadian téh minangka [[karacunan florida]]. Sababaraha glasiér leutik leupas ka walungan Holtsá. Nu leuwih gedéna mah nyaahan dataran deukeuteun walungan Markarfljót. Sumberna teu netepkeun tanggal pasti. Dina taun 1823, sababaraha urang lalaki naék ka Eyjafjallajökull pikeun mariksa [[kawah vulkanis|kawah]]na. Maranéhanana manggihan hiji [[liang rengat]] deukeuteun [[kaldéra]] poncot béh kulon deukeuteun ''Guðnasteinn''. Dina taun 1823 awal, gunung api deukeuteunana, [[gunung api Katla|Katla]] sahandapeun lapisan és [[Mýrdalsjökull]] bitu tur dina wanci nu babarengan, kolom sa'abna katempo dina poncot Eyjafjallajökull. Lebu tina bitu Eyjafjallajökull taun 1821 kapanggih di sakabéh wewengkon kidul Islandia. Kelirna kulawu kolot, keusik jeung [[koral]]na ngandung [[silikon dioksida]] 28–40%. ===Bitu taun 2010=== {{Main|Bituna Eyjafjallajökull taun 2010|Pangaruh bituna Eyjafjallajökull bulan April 2010|Gangguan angkutan udara sanggeus bituna Eyjafjallajökull taun 2010}} [[File:Eyjafjallajökull Glacier - 29.8.09.jpg|thumb|alt=A |Poto Eyjafjallajökull, dicokot ti [[Rute 1 (Islandia)|Rute 1]] bulan Agustus 2009]] Bulan April 2010, [[aktivitas séismik]] katangén di wewengkon ieu gunung api, ku ayana mangrébu-rébu [[lini]] leutik (lolobananana magnitudona 1–2 [[skala magnitudo Richter]], ukur saeutik nu leuwih gedé ti 3 magnitudo) {{convert|7|–|10|km|mi}} di handapeun ieu gunung api.<ref>Pulo-pulo Veðurstofa (5 Maret 2010) {{cite web | title=Jarðskjálftahrina undir Eyjafjallajökli | work=Veðurstofa Ísland (The Meteorological Institute of Iceland)|url=http://www.vedur.is/um-vi/frettir/2010/nr/1831}}</ref> Dina ping 26 Pébruari 2010, peta séismik nu teu wajar dibarengan ku ngalegaanana kulit bumi kacida gancangna nu kadaptar ku [[Institut Météorologi Islandia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fasteignaskrá measurement tools|url=http://skra.is/default.aspx?pageid=943}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328095226/http://www.skra.is/default.aspx?pageid=943 |date=2015-03-28 }}</ref> Ieu téh ngabuktikeun ka [[ahli géofisika]] yén magma ngocor ti handapeun kulit bumi ka [[rohangan magma]] gunung api Eyjafjallajökull sarta tekananana ngakar tina prosés nu nyababkeun pindahna kulit bumi di daérah pertanian Þorvaldseyri.<ref>Morgublaðið (26.02.2010) {{cite web |title=Innskot undir Eyjafjallajökli|work=Morgunblaðið|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2010/02/26/innskot_undir_eyjafjallajokli/}}</ref> Aktivitas séismik tumuluy ngagedéan sarta ti saprak 3–5 Maret, ampir 3,000 lini kauukur dina épiséntrum ieu gunung api. <!-- The eruption is thought to have begun on 20 March 2010, about {{convert|8|km|mi}} east of the top crater of the volcano, on [[Fimmvörðuháls]], the high neck between Eyjafjallajökull and the neighboring icecap, Mýrdalsjökull. This first eruption, in the form of a [[fissure vent]], did not occur under the glacier and was smaller in scale than had been expected by some geologists. The fissure opened on the north side of Fimmvörðuháls, directly across the popular hiking trail between Skógar, south of the pass, and [[Þórsmörk]], immediately to the north. [[File:Fimmvorduhals 2010 03 27 dawn.jpg|thumb|left|The eruption on 27 March 2010]] [[File:Eyjafjallajökull crater 2013.jpg|thumb|left|The crater three years post eruption in March 2013]] On 14 April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull resumed erupting after a brief pause, this time from the top crater in the centre of the glacier, causing [[jökulhlaup]] (also known as [[meltwater]] floods) to rush down the nearby rivers, and requiring 800 people to be evacuated.<ref name="BBC8621581"/> This eruption was explosive in nature, due to melt water getting into the volcanic vent. It was estimated to be ten to twenty times larger than the previous one in [[Fimmvörðuháls]]. This second eruption threw volcanic ash several kilometres up in the atmosphere which led to [[Air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption|air travel disruption]] in northwest Europe for six days from 15 April to 21 April 2010 and also in May 2010,{{Clarify|date=May 2011}} including the closure of [[airspace]] over many parts of Europe.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8636461.stm BBC: Row grows over airspace shutdown costs, 22 April 2010]</ref> The eruptions also created [[dirty thunderstorm|electrical storms]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36645958?GT1=43001|title=‘Dirty thunderstorm’: Lightning in a volcano}}</ref> On 23 May 2010, the London Volcanic Ash Advisory Commission declared the eruption to have stopped, but stated that they were continuing to monitor the volcano.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/aviation/vaac/vaacuk.html|title=Met Office: Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres}}</ref> The volcano continued to have several earthquakes daily, with [[Volcanologist]]s watching the volcano closely.<ref name="en.vedur.is">{{cite web|url=http://en.vedur.is/earthquakes-and-volcanism/earthquakes/myrdalsjokull/ |title=Iceland Meteorological office – Earthquakes Mýrdalsjökull, Iceland |publisher=En.vedur.is |date= |accessdate=2013-03-26}}</ref> As of August 2010, Eyjafjallajökull was considered dormant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/news/releases/archive/2010/volcano-pauses |title=Iceland volcano ‘pauses’ |date= |accessdate=2010-07-12}}</ref>--> <!-- ************************************************************** * * * Please consider adding new information to the main article * * located at [[2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull]] instead * * of adding it here. * * * *************************************************************** --> <!-- ===Relationship to Katla=== [[File:Eyjafjallajökull en Katla.png|thumb|400px|right| Cross section through Eyjafjöll and Katla]] Eyjafjallajökull lies {{convert|25|km|0|abbr=on}} west of another subglacial volcano, [[Katla volcano|Katla]], under the [[Mýrdalsjökull]] ice cap, which is much more active and known for its powerful [[subglacial eruption]]s and its large magma chamber.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/15943975?story_id=15943975&source=features_box2 |title=Green.view: Back into the clouds |publisher=The Economist |date=2010-04-16 |accessdate=2010-04-22}}</ref> Each of the eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull in 920, 1612, and 1821–1823 has preceded an eruption of Katla.<ref name="icelandprepares">{{cite news|title=Iceland prepares for second, more devastating volcanic eruption|publisher=TimesOnline|author=Roger Boyes|accessdate=21 March 2010|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article7070239.ece | location=London | date=21 March 2010}}</ref> Katla has not displayed any unusual activity (such as expansion of the crust or seismic activity) during the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull, though geologists have been concerned about the general instability of Katla since 1999. Some geophysicists in Iceland believe that the Eyjafjallajökull eruption may trigger an eruption of Katla, which would cause major flooding due to melting of glacial ice and send up massive plumes of ash.<ref name="icelandprepares"/><ref>Kastljósið 22.3.2010, Sjónvarpið, "Viðtal við Dr. Pál Einarsson, jarðeðlisfræðing"</ref> On 20 April 2010 Icelandic President [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson|Ólafur Grímsson]] said "the time for Katla to erupt is coming close...we [Iceland] have prepared...it is high time for European governments and airline authorities all over the world to start planning for the eventual Katla eruption".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8631343.stm BBC Newsnight interview with President Grímsson of Iceland, 20 April 2010]</ref> Volcanologists continue to monitor Katla, aware that any eruption from Katla following an eruption from Eyjafjallajökull has historically occurred within months of an Eyjafjallajökull eruption. The Icelandic Meteorological Office updates its website with reports of quakes both at Eyjafjallajökull and Katla.<ref name="en.vedur.is"/> A small eruption of Katla was confirmed on 8 July 2011 after a harmonic tremor was detected. The event produced cracks on Katla's glacier and a [[jökulhlaup]] that destroyed a bridge on the [[Ring Road (Iceland)|Ring Road]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1702-03=&volpage=weekly|title=Weekly Reports|work=Katla|publisher=Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program}}</ref> --> == Tempo ogé == * [[Glaciers of Iceland|Glasiér di Islandia]] * [[Volcanism of Iceland|Vulkanisme di Islandia]] * [[Waterfalls of Iceland|Curug di Islandia]] * [[Ragnar Th. Sigurdsson]] nu moto bituna gunung Eyjafjallajökull taun 2010 {{portal bar|Géografi|Géologi}} == Rujukan == {{Reflist|colwidth=32em}} == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commons category|Eyjafjallajökull}} {{Wikinews2|Ash from Iceland volcano could affect UK flights|European airspace closed by volcanic ash|Volcanic eruption starts on top of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland|Icelandic volcanic eruption prompts evacuation, flight diversions|Europe's airline chaos: in depth}} ; Poto * [http://www.eyjafjallajokull.com/ Poto katut vidio ti Eyjafjallajökull] * [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=43252 Gambar satelit nalika bitu taun 2010 yasana NASA] * [http://www.millhouse.nl/eyjafjallajokull/ Poto bitu taun 2010 yasana Fred Kamphues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418185156/http://www.millhouse.nl/eyjafjallajokull/ |date=2010-04-18 }} * [http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/blog/archives/5137 Kumpulan gambar satelit ti Blog Satelit CIMSS] * [http://lostinstockholm.com/2010/04/16/amazing-photos-from-the-volcanic-eruption-in-iceland/ Koléksi Poto Panghadéna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709151026/http://lostinstockholm.com/2010/04/16/amazing-photos-from-the-volcanic-eruption-in-iceland/ |date=2012-07-09 }} * [http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/04/more_from_eyjafjallajokull.html More from Eyjafjallajökull – Gambar Badag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525085824/http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/04/more_from_eyjafjallajokull.html |date=2013-05-25 }} * [http://www.raw.is/?cat=4 Poto-poto ku Raw Iceland], hiji organisasi basis Reykjavík nu ngorganisir poto wisata amatir jeung profésional ka ieu gunung api. ; Vidio jeung webcam * [[2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull#Webcams|Webcam nalika bitu]] * [http://vimeo.com/11008464 Vidio pondok 17 April 2010. Kurang leuwih 30 menit diputer salila 18 detik.] * [http://www.flickr.com/photos/iriya/4526241556/ Video bitu munggaran 2010] * [http://www.vimeo.com/10548285 Video bitu munggaran 2010 yasana Raw Iceland] * [http://www.helicoptericeland.com/volcano-tour-eyjafjallajokull/ Video sanggeus bituna Eyjafjallajokull. Dicokot 28 Juli 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718182351/http://www.helicoptericeland.com/volcano-tour-eyjafjallajokull/ |date=2010-07-18 }} * [http://www.vimeo.com/11122783 Saurang kru pilem badarat di Eyjafjallajokull salila bitu 2010] ; Audio * [http://www.binauralairwaves.com/2008/12/icelandic-waterfall-in-fall-2008.html Gunung api Eyjafjallajökull: Curug Seljalandsfoss (rékaman keur dua ceuli optimal keur headpon)] ; Artikel géologis * [http://www.jardvis.hi.is/page/jheyjafjallajokull Universitas Islandia: Sajarah Eyjafjallajökull] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907091633/http://www.jardvis.hi.is/page/jheyjafjallajokull |date=2009-09-07 }} {{is icon}} * [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7W57-4X83J77-7&_user=713833&_origUdi=B6VCS-4XH0MNS-2&_fmt=high&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_orig=article&_acct=C000039878&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=713833&md5=905703f9b1f300b531ddaf11e2fc50fa Géologi gunung api Katla jeung Eyjafjallajökull, Universitas Islandia] * [http://www.vedur.is/media/vedurstofan/utgafa/skyrslur/2009/VI_2009_013.pdf Jalur magma jeung lini di Eyjafjallajökull, Institut Météorologi Islandia (PDF)] * [http://www.evropusamvinna.is/solofile/1015933 Institut Élmu Bumi&nbsp;– Bitu di Eyjafjallajökull] {{Webarchive|url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20100809191050/www.evropusamvinna.is/solofile/1015933 |date=2010-08-09 }} (laporan status bitu poéan) * [http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm#eyjafjol Laporan Aktivitas Vulkanis Mingguan SI / USGS keur Eyjafjallajökull] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112102231/http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/index.cfm#eyjafjol |date=2005-11-12 }} ; Perkiraan lebu penerbangan * [http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/aviation/vaac/vaacuk_vag.html Perkiraan Grafis Lebu Vulkanis keur wewengkon Atlantik Kalér] * [http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/corporate/pressoffice/2010/volcano/ashconcentration/ Peta Konséntrasi Lebu Vulkanis keur wewengkon Atlantik Kalér] ; Peta * [http://www.lmi.is/Files/Skra_0041261.pdf Peta wewengkon Iceland National Land Survey] {{Webarchive|url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20100813154030/www.lmi.is/Files/Skra_0041261.pdf |date=2010-08-13 }} * [http://atlas.lmi.is/kortasafn_kort/2001-540-qv.jpg Peta kontur] {{Glaciers of Iceland}} {{2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptions}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eyjafjallajokull}} [[Kategori:Eyjafjallajökull|*]] [[Kategori:Islandia Kidul]] [[Kategori:Gunung api di Islandia]] [[Kategori:Gunung api aktif]] [[Kategori:Stratovolkano]] [[Kategori:Gunung api VEI-4]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon Vulanis Kidul di Islandia]] dgx9d2npx12nm7gzlc3cnodfypntp48 0 45806 712842 675955 2026-09-23T02:54:21Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Awak''' nyaéta mangrupa [[substansi]] tina raga [[organisme]] manusa, kasebut sakujur awak mimiti [[sirah]], [[beuheung]], [[tulang tongong]] kaasup di jérona [[dada]] jeung [[beuteung]], [[leungeun]] jeung [[suku]].<ref name="Lulu">{{Cite book | title =Kamus Genggam Bahasa Sunda| first =Lulu| last = Luthfiyani| publisher = Frasa Lingua| location =Yogyakarta2016|ISBN=9786026475275|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=sunda&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrs67XuoDmAhX6xzgGHTTeDBMQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=sunda&f=false|accessdate=23 Nopember 2019}}</ref> Naon waé anu kawengku anggota dina awak urang éta diwangun tina sababaraha rupa [[sél]], anu mangrupa bagian dasar dina kahirupan. Sakujur awak manusa katelah [[anatomi]], mangrupa hiji [[sistematis]] tina sabaraha rupa [[sistem]] jeung bahan [[ékstrasélulér]] anu [[organisasi|kaorganisir]] jadi [[jaringan]], [[organ]].<ref name="human body">[http://www.britannica.com/science/human-body] (ditempo 28 Juli 2015)</ref><ref name="Alberts2002">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=Cell+Movements+and+the+Shaping+of+the+Vertebrate+Body+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D+AND+374635%5Buid%5D&rid=mboc4.section.3919 Cell Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body] in Chapter 21 of ''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=cell+biology+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D+AND+373693%5Buid%5D&rid=mboc4 Molecular Biology of the Cell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107042548/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books?cmd=Search&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=cell%20biology%20AND%20mboc4%5Bbook%5D%20AND%20373693%5Buid%5D&rid=mboc4 |date=2014-01-07 }}'' fourth edition, edited by Bruce Alberts (2002) published by Garland Science.<br /> The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing [[embryo]]s. It is also common to describe small molecules such as [[amino acid]]s as "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=%22all+cells%22+AND+mboc4%5Bbook%5D+AND+372023%5Buid%5D&rid=mboc4.section.4#23 molecular building blocks]".</ref> Wujud awak, waruga jeung rorongkong dina kaumumana salila hirup, henteu loba ngalaman parobahan. lamun aya beda ogé antara awak lalaki jeung awéwé éta ku lantaran ngarekahna atawa [[distribusi]] [[jaringan]] [[otot]] jeung gajih ([[lemak]]), Aya ogé dilantarankeun ku sabaraha [[hormon]]. Di nagara maju, lalaki dewasa jangkung awakna téh 1,7-1,8 m sedengkeun jangkung awakna awéwé déwasa 1,6-1,7 m. Jangkung atawa péndek turta pangawakan loba pisan dipangaruhan ku [[gén]] jeung [[diet]]. Awak manusa mibanda sababaraha rohangan, anu panggedéna nyaéta rohangan [[abdominopelvic]].Rohangan ieu mangrupa tempat pikeun [[organ]] awak kaasup [[sumsum]] [[tulang]] [[tonggong]]. Nya dieu pisan [[produksi]] jeung ngalirna [[cairan]] [[serebrospinal]] sajeroeun [[sistem]] [[ventrikel]] otak. Loba Rohangan leutik dina sakujur awak anu nelah ngarana [[sinus]], sinus ieu ogé mibanda kagunaan séwang-séwangan. Sinus anu dipikawanoh ku umum nyaéta sinus [[paranasal]] anu aya patalina jeung kaayaan [[sinusitis]]. Sedengkeun sinus paranasal mangrupa opat pasang rohangan anu kacida pisan pentingna kussabab mangrupa rohangan [[udara]] atawa hawa sajeroeun tulang tangkorak. ieu rohangan témpatna aya di antara dua mata, luhureun mata, leuwih ka jero aya satukangeun mata jeung sabudeureun rohangan [[rongga]] irung.<ref>Arráez-Aybar et al. (2010). Relevance of human anatomy in daily clinical practice. Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger, 192(6), 341-348.</ref> ==Sistem Anatomi dina Awak== * [[Sistem]] [[skelétal]]/Rorongkong :Sistem rangka/Rorongkong ngawengku sakabéh tulang katut sendi dina sajeroeun awak. sakabéh tulang, mangrupa [[organ]] hirup anu [[kompleks]] anu diwangun tina sél-sél anu kacida pisan lobana, rambat atawa [[serat]] [[protein]], jeung [[mineral]]. Rorongkong mangrupa turus pikeun organ anu leuleus kaasup ogé otot-otot anu ngalimpudan sakabéh awak. sistem rorongkong ogé husus nyadiakeun hiji lapisan anu aya mangpaatna keur gerak gerik tulang sandi. satuluyna ogé [[Sél]]-sél getih anyar anu dihasilkeun ku sumsum tulang beureum ogé aya sajeroneun tulang dina awak. *[[Sistem]] [[Muscular]] :Sistem otot anu tanggung jawabna dina perkara gerak awak manusa. 700 ngaran otot nempel dina sistem rorongkong, ieu otot beuratnya satengana tina berat awak. Unggal otot ieu nyaéta [[organ]] [[diskrit]] diwangun tina jaringan tulang otot, kuluwungna getih, [[tendon]] nyaéta urat heuras anu ngawengku sendi jeung tulang, [[saraf]]. Kantétan ieu [[otot]] ogé aya sajeroeun jajantung, [[organ]] pencernaan nyaéta peujit. dina organ-organ ieu, otot téh digunakeun mindahkeun [[zat]]-zat anu dibutuhkeun ka sakujur awak. *[[Sistem]] [[Kardiovaskular]] :Sistem kardiovaskular diantarana jantung, kuluwung jeung pangliliwatan getih. malah dina wanci istirahatmah, jantung gampileun pisan ngompa getih kasakujur awak dina samenit kurang lewih aya kana lima liter getih.Tanggung jawab geusan ngangkut oksigen,[[nutrisi]], [[hormon]], ogé hampas [[seluler]] anu aya sajeroeun awak, sistem kardiovaskular ieu dirojong naker ku hiji organ nyaéta ati, sanajan ukurana ngan sagedé [[peureup]]. *[[Sistem]] [[Pencernaan]] :Sistem pencernaan nyaéta sakumpulan organ anu gawe bareng ngarobah kadaharan ngajadikeun tanaga jeung [[nutrisi]] anu engkena baris di sebarkeun kasakujur awak. Ieu kadaharan ngaliwat hiji kuluwung dina sajeroun awak anu katelahna [[saluran]] [[pencernaan]]. Saluran [[pencernaan]] diantaranawae [[baham]] atawa [[rongga mulut]], [[faring]], [[Tikoro]], telih atawa [[lambung]], [[peujit]] leutik, jeung peujit gedé. *[[Sistem]] [[Endokrin]] :Sistem [[endokrin]] ngawengku sakabeh [[kelenjar]] awak jeung [[hormon]] anu dihasilkeun kuieu kelenjar. [[Kelenjar]] diatur langsung ku rangsangan tina sistem saraf ogé ku polahna [[reseptor]] [[kimia]] jeroeun getih ogé hormon lain anu dihasilkeun ku kelenjar anu sejen. Kujalan ngatur pungsi organ sajeroeun awak, kelenjar ieu ngabantu [[homeostasis]] awak. [[Métabolisme]] sel, [[reproduksi]], ronjatna [[seksual]] atawa birahi, [[gula]] jeung [[homeostasis]] mineral, denyut jajantung, ogé masalah [[pencernaan]]. jeung anuliana anudiatur ku hormon. ==Tinggali ogé== *[[sistem]] [[Saraf]] *[[sistem]] [[Pernapasan]] *[[sistem]] [[Immune]] / [[limfatik]][[sistem]] *[[sistem]] [[kemih]] *[[sistem]] [[Reproduksi]] [[Perempuan]] *[[sistem]] [[Reproduksi]] [[Pria]] *[[sistem]] panutup ==Sumber rujukan== {{reflist|2}} *[http://www.innerbody.com] Human Anatomy *[http://www.britannica.com/science/human-body] Human-body {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] dvmzoovl8vkpbdckgscz140uwfzkyt4 0 48550 712892 681305 2026-09-23T06:44:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712892 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Drymaeus strigatus habitat.png|thumb|Salah sahiji conto Habitat Cai Tawar]] '''Habitat''' mangrupa hiji [[kawasan]] nu diwangun tina komponén [[fisik]] atawa abiotik nu mangrupa hiji kasatuan nu dipaké minangka tempat [[hirup]] sarta ngalikeun mahluk hirup.<ref name="hiji">{{id}}Alikodra. 1990. ''Pengelolaan Satwa Liar''. Jilid 1. IPB Press, Bogor</ref> Habitat atawa bioma mangrupa jenis [[lingkungan]] di mana [[tutuwuhan]] jeung [[sasatoan]] hirup.<ref name="dua">{{en}}[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats Habitats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704211559/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats |date=2016-07-04 }} (diakses 18 Desember 2015)</ref> Habitat ditangtukeun ku jenis [[tutuwuhan]] naon nu hirup di dinya, iklim atawa géografina.<ref name="dua"/> Leuweung hujan, [[terumbu karang]] jeung [[tundra]] mangrupa sagala habitat di mana jenis tutuwuhan atawa sato nu tangtu bisa kapanggihan.<ref name="dua"/> ==Babagian Habitat== Habitat kabagi jadi tilu jenis, di antarana: #Habitat darat (''terrestrial habitats''). Organisme nu aya dina habitat ieu sapinuhna [[hirup]] di [[darat]].{{fact}} Conto mahluk nu aya dina habitat ieu nyaéta [[sireum]], [[laleur]], bangsa [[artrophoda]], jeung tutuwuhan darat.<ref name="tilu">{{en}}[http://www.icoachmath.com/biology/definition-of-habitat.html Definition of habitat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112055158/http://www.icoachmath.com/biology/definition-of-habitat.html |date=2016-01-12 }} (diakses 23 Desember 2015)</ref> #Habitat cai tawar (''freshwater habitats'') #Habitat laut (''marine habitats'') ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Ékologi]] aextiucipv54571mv6jn7x7su9nid1g 0 49830 712829 614807 2026-09-23T02:15:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Amy Adams | image = | caption = Adams di [[San Diégo Comic-Con]], 2015 | birth_name = Amy Lou Adams | birth_date = {{birth date and age |1974|8|20}} | birth_place = [[Vicenza]], Itali | nationality = {{flagicon|Amérika Sarikat}} [[Amérika Sarikat]] | occupation = Aktris, panyanyi | years_active = 1995–kiwari | spouse = {{marriage|Darren Le Gallo|2015}} | children = 1 }} '''Amy Lou Adams''' ({{lahirmati|Vicenza, [[Itali]]|20|8|1974||||}}) nyaéta saurang [[aktris]] jeung [[panyanyi]] asal [[Amérika Sarikat]].<ref name="biography"/> Amy meunangkeun nominasi [[Golden Globe Award]] liwat [[pilem]] [[Disney]], [[Enchanted]] taun [[2007]].<ref name="kapanlagi"/> Amy ngamimitian karirna di dunya [[pilem]] ti taun [[1999]].<ref name="kapanlagi"/> Amy dipikawanoh suksés liwat peranna dina [[pilem|pilem-pilem]] [[Hollywood]] kayaning [[Catch Me If You Can]], [[Enchanted]], [[Night at The Museum: Battle of The Smithsonian]], jeung [[Julie & Julia]] taun [[2010]].<ref name="kapanlagi"/> Taun [[2008]] Amy tunangan jeung [[aktor]] [[Darren Le Gallo]] sanggeus papacangan ti taun [[2001]].<ref name="kapanlagi"/> Taun [[2010]] Amy ngalahirkeun anak munggaranna nyaéta Aviana Oléa Le Gallo.<ref name="kapanlagi"/> ==Filmografi== {{col|2}} *[[1999]] Drop Déad Gorgéous<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2000]] Psycho Béach Party<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2000]] The Chromium Hook<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2000]] Cruel Intentions 2<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2002]] The Slaughter Rule<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2002]] Pumpkin<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2002]] Serving Sara<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2002]] Catch Me If You Can<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2004]] The Last Run<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2005]] The Wedding Date<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2005]] Junebug<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2005]] Standing Still<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2006]] Pennies<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2006]] Moonlight Serenade<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2006]] Talladega Nights: The Ballad Of Ricky Bobby<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2006]] Tenacious D In The Pick Of Destiny<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2007]] The Ex<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2007]] Underdog<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2007]] Enchanted<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2007]] Charlie Wilson'S War<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2008]] Miss Pettigrew Lives For A Day<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2008]] Doubt<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2009]] Sunshine Cléaning<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2009]] Night At The muséum: Battle Of The Smithsonian<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2009]] Julie & Julia<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2009]] Moonlight Serenade<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2010]] Léap Yéar<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2010]] The Fighter<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2012]] On The Road<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2011]] The Muppets<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2012]] The Master<ref name="kapanlagi"/> *[[2013]] Man Of Steel<ref name="kapanlagi"/> {{endDiv}} ==Rujukan== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="biography">{{cite web| url = http://www.biography.com/people/amy-adams-20883223| title=Amy Adams Biography: Actress (1974)| publisher= Biography.com| accessdate= 3/13/2016}}</ref> <ref name="kapanlagi">{{cite web| url= http://kapanlagi.com/hollywood/a/amy_adams/| title= Profil Selebriti - Amy Adams| publisher= Kapanlagi.com| accessdate= 3/13/2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403165502/http://www.kapanlagi.com/hollywood/a/amy_adams/ |date=2016-04-03 }}</ref> }}{{biografi-pondok}} [[Kategori:Aktris Amérika Sarikat]] 2yuhw365tip8jj2qtkm1x4dpb9vqu77 0 49842 712924 664489 2026-09-23T10:40:24Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kelly Osbourne | image = | image_size = 225px | caption = Osbourne dina acara Fashion Show [[The Heart Truth]] ku Koléksi Raksukan Beureum, 2013 | birth_name = Kelly Lee Osbourne | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|10|27|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[London]], [[Inggris]] | occupation = {{flatlist| *Panyanyi-panulis lagu *aktris *présénter *desainer raksukan}} | years_active = 2001–kiwari | net_worth = $15,000,000 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.therichest.com/celebnetworth/celeb/singer/kelly-osbourne-net-worth/ |title=Kelly Osbourne Net Worth|publisher=The Richest|accessdate=3/13/2016}}</ref> | television = {{plainlist| *''[[The Osbournes]]'' *''[[Fashion Police]]''}} | partner = Matthew Mosshart (2011–14) | parents = {{plainlist| *[[Ozzy Osbourne]] *[[Sharon Osbourne]]}} | relatives = {{plainlist| *[[Aimee Osbourne]] (lanceuk) *[[Jack Osbourne]] (lanceuk)}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = solo_singer<!--required field--> | genre = {{flatlist| *[[Pop punk]] *[[new wave music|new wave]] *[[synthpop]] }} | label = {{flatlist| *[[Epic Records|Epic]] *[[Sanctuary Records|Sanctuary]] *[[Universal Records|Universal]]}} | associated_acts = [[Ozzy Osbourne]] }} | website = {{URL|kellyosbourne.com}} }} '''Kelly Michelle Lee Osbourne''' (leuwih dipikawanoh: '''Kelly Osbourne'''; {{lahirmati|Westminster, [[London]], [[Inggris]]|27|10|1984||||}}) nyaéta saurang [[aktris]], musisi, présénter, sarta désainer baju.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/kelly-osbourne/bio/190322 | title = Kelly Osbourne Biography | publisher = TVGuide.com | accessdate = 3/14/2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829152230/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/kelly-osbourne/bio/190322/ |date=2018-08-29 }}</ref> Kelly anak ti pasangan [[Ozzy Osbourne]] jeung [[Sharon Osbourne]].<ref name="kapanlagi">{{cite web|url=http://kapanlagi.com/hollywood/k/kelly_osbourne/ |title=Profil Selebriti - Kelly Osbourne|publisher=Kapan Lagi|accessdate=3/13/2016}}</ref> Kelly boga dulur nu ngaranna Aimee Osbourne jeung Jack Osbourne, Kelly pernah boga masalah jeung obat-obatan sarta pernah ngajalanan sababaraha kali réhabilitasi.<ref name=kapanlagi /> Lian ti ngagugulung di dunya akting, Kelly ogé neuleuman industri [[musik]] ku ngarilis debut albumna [[Shut Up]] dina taun [[2002]].<ref name=kapanlagi /> Sawatara singel ogé dirilis ti saprak bijilna éta album.<ref name=kapanlagi /> Karir Kelly nu liannya nyaéta jadi présénter di babaraha acara.<ref name=kapanlagi /> Ogé icikibung di dunya dunya fashion anu nganteurkeun ngaranna minangka désainer fashion.<ref name=kapanlagi /> Teu ngan kitu wungkul, Kelly ogé nulis sarta medalkeun buku, sarta rutin ngeusi salah sahiji rubrik dina majalah [[Closer]].<ref name=kapanlagi /> ==Filmografi== *[[2002]] ''Austin Powers In Goldmember''<ref name=kapanlagi /> *[[2006]] ''Live Freaky! Die Freaky!''<ref name=kapanlagi /> *[[2008]] ''The Town That Boars Me''<ref name=kapanlagi /> *[[2010]] ''Devour''<ref name=kapanlagi /> *[[2011]] ''Should'Ve Been Romeo''<ref name=kapanlagi /> *[[2011]] ''So Undercover''<ref name=kapanlagi /> ==Diskografi== ===Album=== *[[2002]] SHUT UP<ref name=kapanlagi /> *[[2003]] CHANGES<ref name=kapanlagi /> *[[2005]] SLEEPING IN THE NOTHING<ref name=kapanlagi /> ===Singel=== *[[2002]] ''Papa Don'T Preach''<ref name=kapanlagi /> *[[2003]] ''Shut Up''<ref name=kapanlagi /> *[[2003]] ''Come Dig Me Out''<ref name=kapanlagi /> *[[2003]] ''Changes''<ref name=kapanlagi /> *[[2005]] ''One Word''<ref name=kapanlagi /> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{biografi-pondok}} [[Category:Aktris Inggris]] fn76hr084bprfh7unshydmhml3klwre 0 49886 712826 469583 2026-09-23T02:12:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Amber_Valletta_2009.jpg | caption = Valletta dina acara ''The 6th Annual Hollywood Style Awards'', Beverly Hills, 10 Oktober 2009 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|02|09}} | birth_place = [[Phoenix, Arizona]], Amérika Sarikat | birthname = | height = {{height|ft=5|in=9}} | haircolor = Pirang | eyecolor = Héjo | measurements = 34-23-34 (US)<br> 86.5-58.5-86.5 (EU) | dress size = 4 (US); 34 (EU) | shoesize = 9 (US); 41 (EU) | occupation = Aktris, modél | spouse = Hervé Le Bihan (1994–1996)<br>[[Chip McCaw]] (2003-2015) }} '''Amber Evangeline Valletta''' ({{lahirmati|[[Phoenix, Arizona]], [[Amérika Sarikat]]|9|2|1974||||}}) nyaéta saurang [[aktris]] sarta [[modél]] asal [[Amérika Sarikat]].<ref name="kapanlagi">{{cite web|url=http://kapanlagi.com/hollywood/a/amber_valetta/|title=Profile Selebriti - Amber Valetta|accessdate=3/14/2016|publisher=Kapanlagi.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423134719/http://www.kapanlagi.com/hollywood/a/amber_valetta/ |date=2015-04-23 }}</ref> Amber ngamimitian karirna di hiji agénsi [[modél]].{{fact}} Debut pilemna dimimitian di pilem [[Drop Back Ten]] ([[2000]]).<ref name=kapanlagi/> Tuluy ngabéntangan pilem [[Hitch]], [[Man About Town]], [[Dead Silence]], [[Gamer]], jeung [[The Spy Next Door]].<ref name=kapanlagi/> Amber digedékeun di [[Oklahoma]].<ref name=kapanlagi/> Bakat Amber di dunya hiburan geus katempo ti keur umur 15 taun tuluy diasupkeun ku indungna ka agénsi modél [[Linda Layman]].<ref name=kapanlagi/> Amber pernah bijil dina cover [[majalah]] jeung [[iklan]] pikeun [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Calvin Klein]], jeung [[Versace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/fashion/models/avaletta/ambervalletta/|title=Amber Valletta|publisher=|accessdate=3/14/2016}}</ref> Amber kawin jeung [[atlét]] [[voli]] nu ngaranna [[Chip McCaw]].<ref name=kapanlagi/> Tina pakawinanna éta dipaparin saurang anak nyaéta Auden.<ref name=kapanlagi/> Peran munggaranna Amber di duna papileman nyaéta nalika maén dina pilem [[Drop Back Ten]] taun [[2000]].<ref name=kapanlagi/> Sanggeus debutna éta, Amber meunangkeun loba peran dina [[pilem|pilem-pilem]] séjén.<ref name=kapanlagi/> ==Filmografi== *[[2000]] ''Drop Back Ten''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2000]] ''What Lies Beneath''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2000]] ''The Family Man''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2001]] ''Perfume''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2001]] ''Max Keeble'S Big Move''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2003]] ''Duplex''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2004]] ''Raising Helen''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2005]] ''Hitch''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2005]] ''Transporter 2''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2006]] ''Man About Town''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2006]] ''The Last Time''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2007]] ''Dead Silence''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2007]] ''Premonition''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2007]] ''My Sexiest Year''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2008]] ''Days Of Wrath''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2009]] ''Gamer''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2010]] ''The Spy Next Door''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2011]] ''Girl Walks Into A Bar''<ref name=kapanlagi/> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}}{{biografi-pondok}} [[Kategori:Aktris Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Panyanyi Amérika Sarikat]] ewzzcoeerg20s4omnon1ntf091zljc2 0 49887 712910 598093 2026-09-23T07:59:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jared Padalecki | image = Jared Padalecki by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Padalecki dina acara ''San Diego Comic-Con International'' taun 2015 | birth_name = Jared Tristan Padalecki | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|7|19}} | birth_place = [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]], Amérika Sarikat | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Aktor | yearsactive = 1999–kiwari | spouse = {{marriage|[[Genevieve Cortese|Genevieve Nicole Cortese]]|2010}} | children = 2 }} '''Jared Tristan Padalecki''' leuwih dipikawanoh '''Jared Padalecki''' ({{lahirmati|[[San Antonio]], [[Texas]], [[Amérika Sarikat]]|19|7|1982||||}} nyaéta saurang [[aktor]] asal [[Amérika Sarikat]].<ref name="guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/jared-padalecki/bio/193608|publisher=TV Guide.com|title=Jared Padalecki biography|accessdate=3/14/2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127070242/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/jared-padalecki/bio/193608 |date=2013-11-27 }}</ref> Padalecki namatkeun atikanna di [[James Madison High School]].<ref name="kapanlagi">{{cite web|url=http://kapanlagi.com/hollywood/j/jared_padalecki/ |title=Profile Selebriti - Jared Padalecki|accessdate=3/14/2016|publisher=Kapanlagi.com}}</ref> Sanggeus lulus Padalecki ngudag karir di widang akting, sok sanajan mimitina mah rencanana neruskeun kuliah di [[University of Texas]].<ref name="guide"/> Padalecki ngamimitian karirna nalika midang dina [[pilem]] [[A Little Inside]] dina taun [[1999]].<ref name=kapanlagi/> Tuluy ngaranna mimiti dipikawanoh nalika ngabéntangan sérial tipi [[Gilmore Girls]] anu diputer dina taun [[2000]] nepi ka [[2005]].<ref name=kapanlagi/> ==Filmografi== *[[1999]] ''A Little Inside ''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2000]] ''Do Not Disturb''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2000]] ''2005 Gilmore Girls''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2001]] ''Close To Home''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2001]] ''Er Paul Harris''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2002]] ''A Ring Of Endless Light''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2003]] ''Young Macgyver''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2003]] ''Cheaper By The Dozen ''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2004]] ''New York Minute''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2004]] ''Flight Of The Phoenix''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2005]] ''House Of Wax ''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2005]] ''Cry Wolf''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2005]] ''Sekarang Supernatural''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2007]] ''House Of Fears ''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2007]] ''Room 401''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2008]] ''Christmas Cottage''<ref name=kapanlagi/> *[[2009]] ''Friday The 13Th''<ref name=kapanlagi/> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}}{{biografi-pondok}} [[Kategori:Aktor Amérika Sarikat]] fjx5ynrdak6ixg5owf5j4hvzripvywd 0 49890 712906 665170 2026-09-23T07:44:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = JacklynSmithJune06.jpg | caption = Jaclyn Smith (June 2006) | name = Jaclyn Smith | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|10|26|mf=yes}} | birth_place = {{flagicon|Amérika Sarikat}}[[Houston]], Texas, Amérika Sarikat | birthname = Jacquelyn Ellen Smith | spouse = [[Roger Davis (television actor)|Roger Davis]] (1968–1975; pepegatan)<br/>[[Dennis Cole]] (1978–1981; pepegatan)<br/>Anthony B. Richmond (1981–1989; pepegatan; 2 anak)<br/>Brad Allen (1997&ndash;kiwari) | yearsactive = 1969&ndash;kiwari | website = {{url|http://www.jaclynsmith.com}} }} '''Jacquelyn Ellen Smith''' leuwih dipikawanoh '''Jaclyn Smith''' ({{lahirmati|[[Houston]], [[Texas]], [[Amérika Sarikat]]|26|10|1947||||}}) nyaéta saurang [[aktris]], [[modél]] sarta désainer fashion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/txbirths?c=search&first=Margaret+&last=Smith&spelling=Exact&11_year=&11_month=0&11_day=0&4=&14=Harris&SubmitSearch.x=43&SubmitSearch.y=13&SubmitSearch=Submit |title='&#39;Texas Births, 1926-1995. Family Tree Legends Records Collection (Online Database). Pearl Street Software, 2004-2005'&#39; |publisher=Familytreelegends.com |date= |accessdate=3/14/2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420034120/http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/txbirths?c=search&first=Margaret+&last=Smith&spelling=Exact&11_year=&11_month=0&11_day=0&4=&14=Harris&SubmitSearch.x=43&SubmitSearch.y=13&SubmitSearch=Submit |date=2014-04-20 }}</ref> Akting kasohorna nalika merankeun Kelly Garrett dina [[sérial tipi]], [[Charlie's Angels]] ([[1976]]-[[1981]]).<ref name="kapanlagi">{{cite web|url=http://kapanlagi.com/hollywood/j/jaclyn_smith/|title=Profile Selebriti - Jaclyn Smith|accessdate=3/14/2016|publisher=Kapanlagi.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jaclyn ngamimitian debutna liwat [[pilem]] [[Escape from Bogen County]] ([[1977]]), sarta kakara meunang peran utamana mah dina [[pilem]] [[The Users]] ([[1978]]), anu dibéntanganana bareng [[Tony Curtis]] jeung [[John Forsythe]].<ref name="kapanlagi"/> Taun [[1980]], Smith ngabéntangan [[pilem]] [[Nightkill]], anu tuluy suksés di [[pasar]] [[pilem]] dunya.<ref name="kapanlagi"/> Tapi bareng panggarapan [[pilem]] éta dirina pepegatan jeung salakina, [[Dennis Cole]].<ref name="kapanlagi"/> Tuluy, Smith ngabéntangan [[pilem]] [[tipi]] ''Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy'', anu saterusna nganteurkeun ngaranna ngaraih nominasi ''Best Actress'' [[Golden Globe]].<ref name="kapanlagi"/> Sedengkeun patalian jeung kahirupan pribadina, Jaclyn geus kawin opat kali, runtut salakinana téh nyaéta [[aktor]] [[Roger Davis]], [[aktor]] [[Dennis Cole]], [[produser]] [[Anthony B. Richmond]] jeung salaki anu nepi kiwari nyaéta [[Dr.]] [[Brad Allen]], anu kawinna tanggal [[11 Oktober]] [[1997]].<ref name="kapanlagi"/> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}}{{biografi-pondok}} [[Kategori:Aktris Amérika Sarikat]] soln2oss4xxgo54kos9fjufwyv2qkvk 0 50664 712854 712379 2026-09-23T03:15:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Bangkong korodok | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn"/> | image = Common toad (Bufo bufo) Kampinos.jpg | image_width = 240px | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Amphibia]] | ordo = [[Frog|Anura]] | familia = [[Bufonidae]] | genus = ''[[Bufo]]'' | species = '''''B. bufo''''' | binomial = ''Bufo bufo'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | synonyms = {{collapsible list | {{plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | * ''Bufo (Bufo) bufo'' <small>Dubois and Bour, 2010</small> * ''Bufo (Bufo) grediscola'' <small>Dubois and Bour, 2010</small> * ''Bufo Roeselii'' <small>Daudin, 1802</small> * ''Bufo Rouselei'' <small>Latreille, 1801</small> * ''Bufo alpinus'' <small>Schinz, 1833</small> * ''Bufo bufo bufo'' <small>Poche, 1912</small> * ''Bufo bufo gredosicola'' <small>Müller and Hellmich, 1935</small> * ''Bufo carbunculus'' <small>Bonaparte, 1835</small> * ''Bufo cinereus'' var. ''hybridus'' <small>Koch, 1872</small> * ''Bufo cinereus'' var. ''medius'' <small>Koch, 1872</small> * ''Bufo cinereus'' var.'' minor'' <small>Koch, 1872</small> * ''Bufo cinereus'' <small>Schneider, 1799</small> * ''Bufo communis'' <small>Bruch, 1862</small> * ''Bufo communis'' <small>Günther, 1859</small> * ''Bufo commutatus'' <small>Steenstrup, 1846</small> * ''Bufo ferruginosus'' <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1826</small> * ''Bufo minutus'' <small>Schinz, 1833</small> * ''Bufo palmarum'' <small>Cuvier, 1829</small> * ''Bufo rubeta'' var. ''robustior'' <small>Lataste, 1880</small> * ''Bufo rubeta'' <small>Schneider, 1799</small> * ''Bufo spelaeus'' <small>Riviére, 1886</small> * ''Bufo tuberculosus'' <small>[[Antoine Risso|Risso]], 1826</small> * ''Bufo ventricosus'' <small>Bonnaterre, 1789</small> * ''Bufo ventricosus'' <small>Laurenti, 1768</small> * ''Bufo vinearum'' <small>Lesson, 1841</small> * ''Bufo vulgaris cinereus'' <small>Lataste, 1880</small> * ''Bufo vulgaris'' var. ''acutirostris'' <small>Lessona, 1877</small> * ''Bufo vulgaris'' var. ''obtusirostris'' <small>Lessona, 1877</small> * ''Bufo vulgaris'' <small>Laurenti, 1768</small> * ''Pegaeus bufo'' <small>Gistel, 1868</small> * ''Rana (Bufo) vulgaris'' <small>Guérin-Méneville, 1838</small> * ''Rana Bufo'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> }} }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name="DFrost"/> | range_map = Bufo bufo distribution.png | range_map_width = 240px | range_map_caption = Tempat hirup bangkong korodok (Eropa) }} '''Bangkong korodok''', basa [[latin]] ( ''Bufo bufo''), nyaéta [[bangkong]] [[ampibi]]/hirupna di darat jeung di [[cai]]<ref name="ampibi"/> anu mibanda kulit korodok/ngajarendil kawas kutil, kelir kulitna [[coklat]] aya ogé anu semu konéng, di mana pindah tempat sakapeung ku jalan ngorondang lalaunan (kawas anu karagok), mimindengna mah aclog-aclogan, bangkong korodok mangsa beurang waktuna dipaké nyumput dina liang atawa sela-sela [[batu]], [[akar]], jeung handapeun [[kalakay]]/dangdaunnan anu murag. Mangsa geus datang wanci burit/soré kakara nguniang hudang néangan hakaneun, sabangsaning [[reungit]], [[rametuk]], [[siraru]], atawa [[gegeremet]]/[[invertebrata]] jeung sajabana nepika isuk-isuk. Bangkong korodok loba kapanggih di sakuliah Indonésia malahan di luar nagara ogé loba kapanggih hirup, saperti di [[Eropa]] kajaba di [[Irlandia]], [[Islandia]], jeung sababaraha pulo di [[Mediterania]], [[Amerika kalér]], [[Afrika kidul]] ogé aya (henteu pati loba)<ref name="ampibi">[https://alamendah.org/2014/10/11/mengenal-amfibi-ciri-ciri-dan-jenis-amfibi-indonesia/ Ampibi nyaéta]</ref>. ==Pedaran== Sanajan sapopoé bangkong korodok hirupna nyorangan bari jeung nyumput, témpona datang [[usum]] begér jeung [[kawin]] mah, bangkong korodok téh barijil tina panyumputana ngarumpul dina [[balong]], sisi [[susukan]] atawa rawa-rawa di mana waé tempat anu mibanda [[cai]], kituna téh bari ramé disarada patémbal-témbal. [[Bangkong]] [[jalu]]na paheula-heula marebutkeun [[bikang]]. [[Endog]] bangkong korodok ngambang luhureun cai, laleutik hideung kawas siki sosin/selasih narapel kana tali anu ngagebay kawas kenur tina [[ager]], dina waktuna ieu endog tuluy megar jadi anak bangkong anu disebut [[buruy]]. Sababaraha bulan tiharita buruy téh ngalaman [[metamorfosis]] taya lian parobahan anu aya dina awakna dicirikeun ku bijilna suku hareup jeung tukang, éta [[buruy]] robah ngarana jadi [[bancét]]. Hirupna mimiti kaluar ti cai, pindah tihiji tempat ka tempat séjén ku jalan aclog-aclogan <ref name=iucn/><ref name="ampibi"/>. == Taxonomy == [[File:Toad shoulder girdle.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Shoulder girdle|Tulang tina taktak bangkong <br>1 ''suprascapula'', 2 ''scapula'', 3 ''clavicle'', <br>4 ''procoracoid'']] Bangkong korodok téh ku ahli biologi urang [[Swedia]] [[Carl Linnaeus]] dingaranan ''[[Rana (genus)|Rana]] bufo'' dina bukuna [[''10th edition of Systema Naturae'']] taun 1758.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Carl Linnaeus|von Linné, Carl]], translated by [[William Turton]] |year=1806 |title=A General System of Nature,: Through the Three Grand Kingdoms of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, Systematically Divided Into Their Several Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, and Varieties (Volume&nbsp;1) |publisher=Lackington, Allen, and Co |pages=648–649 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3QZAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> dina ieu panalungtikana, sakabéh bangkong kumanéhna di asupkeun kana hiji genus ngarana ''Rana'', ka béhdieunakeun nincak taun 1768 saurang ''naturalis'' urang [[Austria]] ngarana [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti]] mertélakeun yén ieu genus kudu di jentré-jentré deui/''dipilah-pilah'', hasilna taya lian ti ieu bangkong korodok di asupkeun kana genus ''Bufo'', ngarana ''Bufo bufo''.<ref name=laurenti>{{cite book| last = Laurenti | first = J. N. | title = Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin Reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota Reptilium austriacorum | year = 1768 | location = Viennae | publisher = Joan. Thom. Nob. de Trattnern | url = http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN362231184&IDDOC=281657 | language = Latin | pages = i–ii + 1–215, plates 1–5 }}</ref><ref name=zootaxa>{{cite journal| last= Dubois | first= Alain |author2=Bour, Rogér | year=2010 | title= The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus ''Bufo'' (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768) | journal= Zootaxa | volume= 2447 | pages= 1–52 }}</ref> genus bangkong korodok ieu diasupkeun kana kulawarga [[Bufonidae]].<ref name=DFrost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/ |title=Bufonidae |author=Frost, Darrel R. |date=2011-01-31 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.5 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=2012-08-24}}</ref> Sababaraha [[''subspesies'']] tina ''Bufo&nbsp;bufo'', bangkong kaukasia hirup tur maneuh di pagunungan kaukasus kungsi digolongkeun kana ''Bufo bufo verrucosissima''. mibanda [[genom]] leuwih gedé ti batan ''Bufo&nbsp;bufo'' [[morfologi (biologi)|morfologis]] kiwari digolongkeun kana '' [[Bufo verrucosissimus]] ''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_search_index&table=amphib&special=one_record&where-genus=Bufo&where-species=verrucosissimus |title=''Bufo verrucosissimus'' |author=Kuzmin, Sergius L. |date=2008-09-19 |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |accessdate=2012-09-17}}</ref> aya deui bangkong anu cucukan, ieu mimitina digolongkeun kana ''Bufo bufo spinosus''. kapanggih hirup di daérah [[Mediterania]] awakna leuwih badag mibanda kulit ''spinier'' ti batan batur-baturna anu hirup dibeulah kalér [[Intergradation|intergrades]] <ref>{{cite journal |. Author = Martens, R | tahun = 1925 | title = Eine neue Eidechsengattung aus der Familie der Leposterniden | jurnal = Senckenbergiana | Volume = 7 | halaman = 170-171}}</ref> kiwari digolongkeun kana '' Bufo spinosus '' <ref>{{cite. web | url = http:? //amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query mana-scientific_name = Bufo + spinosus | title = '' Bufo spinosus '' | publisher = AmphibiaWeb | accessdate = 2012/09/17}}</ref> aya deui bangkong ''Gredos'', '' Bufo bufo gredosicola '', ngan aya hirup di daérah [[Sierra de Gredos]] wungkul, di pagunungan anu aya di [[Spanyol]] tengah. Bangkong ieu awakna kacida badag [[paratoid kelenjar]] tur awakna borontok <ref>{{cite journal |. Penulis1 = Müller, L. | Penulis2 = Hellmich, W. | tahun = 1935 | title = Mitteilungenyüber mati Herpetofauna der Iberischen Halbinsel. Über Salamandra salamandra almanzoris, n. ssp. und '' Bufo bufo gredosicola '', n. ssp, zwei neue Amphibienrassen aus der Sierra de Gredos |. jurnal = Zool. Anz. Leipzig | Volume = 112 | halaman = 49-57}}</ref> sakapeung mah sok di sakompétkeun jeung '' Bufo spinosus '' <ref>{{cite web | url = http: // penelitian.. amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/?action=references&id=2946 | title = '' Bufo spinosus '' Daudin, 1803 | author = Frost, Darrel R. | date = 2013/01/09 | kerja = Amfibi Spesies Dunia: sebuah Referensi online. Versi 5.6 | publisher = American Museum of Natural History | accessdate = 2013/01/24}}</ref> '' Bufo bufo '' mangrupa hiji bagéan tina sakumpulan [[''spesies'']] anu kacida loba jeung rumit, hiji ''spesies'' jeung anu séjéna aya patula patalina tur henteu mibanda wates anu jentré <ref name="iucn"/> Sababaraha ''spesies'' modérn kawasna masih kénéh aya patula patalina tina hiji kumpulan kuno . [[takson]] ti susukan preglacial. Nyaéta bangkong cucukan ('' Bufo ; spinosus ''), Bangkong kulit (''Bufo&nbsp;verrucosissimus]] '') jeung bangkong korodok [[Jepang]] ( '' [[katak umum Jepang|Bufo&nbsp;japonicus]] ''). Bangkong korodok Eropa ( '' Bufo&nbsp;bufo '') karék kapanggih ka dieunakeun <nama Ref = Birstein> {{cite journal | Penulis1 = Birstein, VJ | Penulis2 = Mazin, AL | tahun = 1982 | title = kromosom. polimorfisme '' Bufo bufo '': kariotipe dan pola C-pita ''. B.&nbsp;b&nbsp;verrucosissima '' | jurnal Genetica = | Volume = 59 | masalah = 2 | halaman = 93-98 | doi = 10,1007 / BF00133292}}</ref> kawasna ti wétan nepi ka kulon pangawakan bangkong kawas kieu téh nepika [[Asia]] ogé aya ngan kahalangan ku ayana gurun tengah [[Miosen]] <ref name = Garcia-Porta>{{cite journal |. Penulis1 = Garcia-Porta, J. | Penulis2 = Litvinchuk, SN | Penulis3 = Crochet, PA | = author4 Romano, A. | author5 = Lo-Valvo, M. | author6 = Lymberakis, P. | author7 = Carranza, S. | tahun = 2012 | title = filogénetik molekuler dan biogéografi sejarah kodok umum barat-Palearctic ( '' Bufo bufo '' spesies kompleks) | = jurnal Molecular filogénetik dan Evolusi | Volume = 63 | masalah = 1 | halaman = 113-130 | PMID = 22214922 |. doi = 10,1016 / j.ympev.2011.12.019}}</ref> hubungan taksonomina ieu [[spesies]] ogé tacan kanyahoan juntrungana. Hiji panalungtikan ''serologi'' dina taun 2011 anu diguar ka masarakat ngeunaan bangkong anu aya di [[Turki]], [[protéin]] ''serum'' [[getih]] '' Bufo&nbsp;verrucosissimus '' jeung '' Bufo&nbsp;spinosus ''. Kanyahoan éta dua bangkong téh henteu béda jauh ku kituna di ''synonymized'' kana golongan anu paneuri/pang anyarna <ref>{{cite journal |. Penulis1 = Tosunoğlua, Murat | Penulis2 = Taskavak, Ertan | tahun = 2001 | title = A penyelidikan serologis dari '' Bufo bufo '' (Anura, Bufonidae) populasi di Southern Marmara (Manyas, Bahkesir) dan Timur Laut Hitam (Çamhhemşin, Rize) daerah | jurnal = Italian Journal of Zoology | Volume = 68 | masalah = 2 | halaman = 165-168 | doi = 10,1080 / 11250000109356402}}</ref> Hiji panalungtikan anu diayakeun dina taun 2012 ngeunaan hubunganna [[spesies]] bangkong korodok [[Afrika]] jeung [[Eurasia]] anu aya di beulah kalér mibanda hubungan sajarah anu panjang. Tilu belas juta taun anu geus kaliwat, bangkong korodok ''[[Bufo&nbsp;eichwaldi]]'', anu kiwari hirup [[Species description|described species]] asalna ti [[Azerbaijan]] kidul jeung [[Iran]], papisah jeung garis katurunan anu utamana. Dituluykeun ku divisi anyar nyaéta ''Bufo&nbsp;spinosus'' kurang leuwih lima juta taun anu geus kaliwat mangsa [[Pyrenees]] mimiti kaangkat, ngabalukarkeun ka isolasina semenajung Iberia jeung sakabéh Eropa. Turunan anu aya di Eropa : ''Bufo&nbsp;bufo'' jeung ''Bufo&nbsp;verrucosissimus'' tulu juta taun anu geus kaliwat mangsa [[Pleistocene]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Recuero E. |author2=Canestrelli D. |author3=Voeroes J. |author4=Szabó, K. |author5=Poyarkov, N. A. |author6=Arntzen, J. W. |author7=Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J. |author8=Kidov A. A. |author9=Cogălniceanu, D. |author10=Caputo, F. P. |author11=Nascetti, G. |author12=Martínez-Solano, I. |year=2012 |title=Multilocus species tree analyses resolve the radiation of the widespread ''Bufo bufo'' species group (Anura, Bufonidae) |journal=Molecular Phylogénetics and Evolution |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=71–86 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.008 |pmid=21964513 }}</ref> Mindeng bangkong korodok hybridizes <ref name=Collins>{{cite book |title=Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/reptilesamphibia0000nick |last=Arnold |first=Nicholas |author2=Denys Ovenden |year=2002 |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |isbn=978-0-00-219964-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/reptilesamphibia0000nick/page/73 73]–74 }}</ref> == Ciri mandiri== Bangkong korodok dewasa panjangna kurang leuwih 15&nbsp;cm. Bangkong anu bikangna biasana leuwih gedé batan [[jalu]]na, ditempo tina ''spesimen'' ti beulah kidul bangkong korodok téh pangawakan leuwih baradag ti batan beulah kalér. Bangkong korodok huluna dempak bahamna lébar di luhureun biwirna mecenghul dua liang [[irung]]. Henteu mibanda [[huntu]]. Matana buleud nolol mibanda colat/hihideung panon (''iris'') kagigir kelirna [[konéng]] kawas [[tambaga]]. Tukangeun matana aya anu ngajendul nyaéta ''kelenjar parotis'', anu mibanda kandungan matak bahaya atawa racun ogé katelah [[bufotoxin]], ieu hadé pikeun ngajaga bangkong tina panarajang musuh atawa [[sato]] séjén [[Predation|predators]]. Huluna nyambung jeung awakna, henteu mibanda beuheung. Awakna némprak wangunna kawas keur cingogo anu ditahan ku dua leungeuna (suku hareupna). Sukuna anu tukang nilep ka jero kitu ogé jeung ramo-tamo sukuna. Suku anu hareup leuwih pondok batan suku anu tukangna, Ramo-ramo sukuna mibanda ''selaput''. Henteu mibanda buntut. Kulitna garing tur dipinuhan ku jendilan laleutik kawas [[kutil]]. Kelir kulitna umumna [[coklat]] sakapeung aya anu semu héjo atawa coklat kolot.<ref name=Collins/><ref name=Naish>{{cite web |url=http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2009/10/26/toads-of-the-north/ |title=Toads of the world: first, (some) toads of the north |author=Naish, Darren |publisher=Tetrapod zoology |accessdate=2012-06-23}}</ref><ref name=AmphibiaWeb>{{cite web |url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Bufo&where-species=bufo |title=''Bufo bufo'': Common toad |publisher=AmphibiaWeb |accessdate=2012-05-04}}</ref> Bangkong umurna kawilang panjang, bisa hirup sababaraha taun tur bisa di ingu/kukut, ieu sahenteuna geus puluhan taun kaliwat bangkong-bangkong ngahaja dipiara ku manusa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.herpconstrust.org.uk/animals/common_toad.htm |title=The common toad (''Bufo bufo'') |publisher=The Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Trust |accessdate=2012-05-04 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121235410/http://www.herpconstrust.org.uk/animals/common_toad.htm |date=2008-11-21 }}</ref> di alam liar, bangkong bisa hirup nepika umur 10-12 taun, umur ieu bangkong bisa kanyahoan tina jumlah [[tulang]]na ''tulang cincin pertumbuhan tahunan'' [[Phalanx bone|phalanges]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hemelaar, A. S. M. |author2=van Gelder, J. J. |year=1979 |title=Annual growth rings in phalanges of ''Bufo bufo'' (Anura, Amphibia) from the Netherlands and their use for age determination |journal=Netherlands Journal of Zoology |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.1163/002829680X00069 }}</ref> <gallery mode = packed heights = 130px> Common toad (Bufo bufo) swimmimg.jpg|Bangkong keur ngojay Bufo bufo.ogv|thumbtime=0:30|Aya di balong </gallery> == Tempat hirup == [[Bangkong]] anu loba kapanggih hirup taya lian [[Common Frog|common frog]] (''Rana temporaria''), tuluy [[Edible Frog|edible frog]] (''Pelophylax esculentus'') ogé [[Smooth Newt|smooth newt]] (''Lissotriton vulgaris''), Bangkong korodok mangrupa bangkong dina undakan ka opat anu loba kapanggih hirup di [[Eropa]].<ref name=Collins/> sahenteuna ieu loba kapanggih di sakuliah Eropa, kajaba di [[Islandia]] beulah kalér ku lantaran mibanda ''suhu'' anu tiis. [[Scandinavia]], [[Irlandia]] jeung sababaraha pulo [[Mediterania]]. Tayalian ti [[Malta]], [[Crete]], [[Corsica]], [[Sardinia]] katut [[Balearic Islands]]. Beulah wétan tur ngalegaan ka [[Irkutsk]] di [[Siberia]] anu ngawengku ka beulah kidul jeung kulon [[Afrika]] di pigunungan beulah kalér [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]] jeung [[Tunisia]]. Aya deui anu kaasup baraya deukeutna hirup di [[Asia]] beulah wétan [[Jepang]].<ref name=Collins/> bangkong korodok kapireungeuh hirup jeung baranahan di dataran anu mibanda {{convert|2500|m}} utamana dibeulah kidul, ku lantaran loba kénéh leuweung jeung daérahna jemlék.<ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> ogé hirup di tegalan, taman, jeung [[kebon]]-kebon..<ref name=Collins/> == Kabiasaan dina hirup== [[File:Bufo bufo-defensive reaction1.JPG|left|thumb|alt=A common toad adopts a defensive stance|Bangkong korodok mangsa keur nyingareupan anu ngaganggu]] [[File:Užovka obojková s úlovkem (04).jpg|thumb|left|Dihakan ku oray [[Grass snake]], Czech Republic]] Bangkong korodok di mana ingkah ti hiji tempat ku jalan ngorondang lalaunan atawa ngaclog ku opat sukuna, sapopoé nyumput dina liang, handapeun [[batu]], sela-sela akar atawa handapeun dangdaunnan. di mana geus sore maju ka peuting bangkong korodok kakaran aringkah nyiar hakaneun, komo mangsa usum hujan bangkong korodok resepeun pisan. Tempo geus isuk-suk bangkong korodok baralik deui kana sayangna pikeun nyumput Kahakananna sabangsaning, [[hileud]], [[cacing]] [[taneuh]], [[silaru]], [[rametuk]], jeung sajabana.<ref name=Observer>{{cite book |title=The Observer's Book of British Wild Animals |last=Stokeo |first=W. J. |year=1980 |publisher=Frederick Warne |isbn=978-0-7232-1503-5 |pages=213–217 }}</ref><ref name=Surrey>{{cite web |url=http://www.surrey-arg.org.uk/SARG/08000-TheAnimals/SARGSpeciesData.asp?Species=Common_Toad |title=Common Toad |author=Daniel Winchester |publisher=Surrey Amphibian and Reptile Group |accessdate=2012-05-03 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512235944/http://www.surrey-arg.org.uk/SARG/08000-TheAnimals/SARGSpeciesData.asp?Species=Common_Toad |date=2013-05-12 }}</ref> néwak mangsa anu leutik ku jalan di létak ku létahna anu panjang tur cepel.<ref name=Observer/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ewart, J. P. |year=1987 |title=Neuroethology of releasing mechanisms: Prey-catching in toads |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-and-brain-sciences_1987-09_10_3/page/337 |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=10 |pages=337–405 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X00023128 |issue=3 }}</ref> Bangkog korodok bisa nempo hakaneun/mangsa sanajan dina poék mongkléng, di mana manusa mah teu nempo nanaon bakatning ku poék.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Larsen, Lis Olesen |author2=Pedersen, Jan Nyholm |year=1981 |title=The snapping response of the toad, ''Bufo bufo'', towards prey dummies at very low light intensities |journal= Amphibia-Reptilia |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=321–327 |doi=10.1163/156853882X00248 }}</ref> Bangkog korodok ngalaman megar/ganti kulit dina sababraha waktu.<ref name=Observer/> [[File:Bufo bufo w Bialogard Polen 080901 (1).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Infected with larvae of ''Lucilia bufonivora''|Keuna ku panyakit ''[[Lucilia bufonivora]]'', Poland]] === Baranahan === [[File:Amplexus Bufo bufo 2010-03-29.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Amplexus|Bangkong jalu nangkod kanu bikang keur [[Amplexus]]]] Bangkong korodok kaluar tina tapa [[''hibernasi'']] wanci datang usum kembang "musim semi" ngabring ngajugjug hiji tempat biasana [[balong]] atawa susukan ngadon balegér jeung kawin. Bangkong korodok ngumpul dina hiji tempat/balong anu bérésih jeung merenah bari ngarojay disarada patembalan.<ref name=Observer/> Bangkong anu déwasa geus arapal deui di mana lebah-lebahna balong paranti ngarumpul [[Spawn (biology)|spawned]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Reading, C. J. |year=1991 |title=Breeding pond fidelity in the common toad, ''Bufo bufo'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-zoology_1991-10_225_2/page/201 |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=225 |issue=2 |pages=201–211 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03811.x |last2=Loman |first2=J. |last3=Madsen |first3=T. }}</ref> Ieu bangkong-bangkong bisa ajog katempat anu dituju ngandelkeun ''isyarat'' ''magnetik'' tina irungna. Sahenteuna ieu dikuatkeun ku hiji bukti (''eksperimen'' )kahiji bangkong ku jalan masang hiji ''alat pangindra/pelacak,'' kanyahoan ieu bangkong bisa manggihan balong paranti ngumpul jeung begér ti jarak leuwih ti tilu kilo ( dua mil ) . <ref>{{cite journal |author=Sinsch, Ulrich |year=1987 |title=Orientation behaviour of toads (''Bufo bufo'') displaced from the breeding site |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-comparative-physiology_1987-10_161_5/page/715 |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A |volume=161 |issue=5 |pages=715–727 |doi=10.1007/BF00605013 }}</ref> Bangkong jaluna datang pangheulana tur nyicingan éta tempat dina waktu mang minggu-minggu sedengkeun anu bikangna ngan datang pikeun ngendog wungkul. Bangkong jaluna raéng disarada méré tanda ka jalu séjén.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Davies, N. B. |author2=Halliday, T. R. |year=1978 |title=Deep croaks and fighting assessment in toads ''Bufo bufo'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1978-08-17_274_5672/page/683 |journal=Nature |volume=274 |pages=683–685 |doi=10.1038/274683a0 |issue=5672 }}</ref> sanajan ti kitu angger waé aya waktuna ieu bangkong jaluna pasarandog anu antukna garelut.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Davies, N. B. |author2=Halliday, T. R. |year=1979 |title=Competitive mate searching in male common toads, ''Bufo bufo'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_animal-behaviour_1979-11_27_4/page/1253 |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1253–1267 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(79)90070-8 }}</ref> ku lantaran bangkong jaluna leuwih loba batan bikangna. Hiji panalungtikan anu diayakeun di [[Swedia]] manggihan bangkong bikang leuwih gedé resiko paeh batan jaluna 41 % bikangna datang ka balong paranti ngumpul biasana sataun sakali. <ref>{{cite news | title = Studies conducted at Lund University on amphibian research recently published | work = Science Letter | date = 2010-12-21 | accessdate = 2012-04-18 | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-244690474.html | publisher = via [[HighBeam Research]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513112010/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-244690474.html |date=2013-05-13 }}</ref> [[File:Bufo.bufo.eggs.jpg|thumb|alt=Egg strings of common toad|Endog bangkong korodok napel dina benang]] Bangkong jaluna nangkod dina tonggong bikangna, sukuna anu hareup muntang kana palebah kelek bikangna dina basa ilmiahna disebut [[amplexus]]. Bangkong jaluna katempo leuwih sumanget, Sakapeung leuwih ti dua bangkong patangkod-tangkod, Unggal bangkong jalu usaha sabisa-bisa nangkodan bangkong anu bikangna. Ieu kaayaan kacida pisan rame, matak ripuh teu saeutik aya anu nembahan pati (paéh).<ref name=Collins/> Bangkong jalu anu bisa nangkodan bikangna pikeun di [[amplexus]] bisa nepika sababaraha poé nangkodna, Bikangna, ngaluarkeun endog anu narapel dina tali kawas ager, bari jeung di buahi ku sperma jaluna. Unggal kantétan 3.000-6.000 endog lamun di batek éta tali endog bangkong panjangna nepika 4.5 metér éta benang katétan nyangked kana tatangkalan atawa akar anu aya dina balong pamijahan.<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN |assessors=Agasyan, A.; Avisi, A.; Tuniyev, B.; Isailovic, J. C.; Lymberakis, P.; Andrén, C.; Cogalniceanu, D.; Wilkinson, J.; Ananjeva, N.; Üzüm, N.; Orlov, N.; Podloucky, R.; Tuniyev, S.; Kaya, U.|year=2009|id= 54596|title=''Bufo bufo''|version= 2014.2|downloaded=2014-10-11}}</ref><ref name=Observer/> Tali anu dibijil tina bangkong bikangna nyerep cai kalawan ukurana ngagedéan, endog bangkong megar jadi [[buruy]] dua nepika tilu minggu. mimiti megar ieu buruy téh masih kénéh narapel dina tali anu kawas ager tur ieu jadi kahakanan anu munggaran pikeun hirup buruy. di mana geus lalesot tina tali ieu buruy-buruy téh ngarojay nyarumput dina handapeun dangdaunnan atawa tatangkalan cai anu hirup dina éta balong pamijahan. Buruy bangkong korodok dina pangawakanamah sarua waé jeung bangkong séjéna ( ''Rana temporaria'') ngan bédana kelirna leuwih hideung. Buruy bangkong korodok bahamna leuwih lebar, sbabraha minggu tiharita buruy-buruy ieu mimiti ngagedéan awakna tur buntutna jadi mondokan. Nincak umur dua belas minggu buruy téh geus robah jadi bangkong leutik atawa anu katelah bancet {{ mengkonversi | 1,5 | cm | 1 | abbr = on }} tur geus bisa ninggalkeun balong anu salila ieu jadi tempat hirupna.<ref name=Observer/> === Undakan hirup bangkong=== [[File:BufoBufoTadpoles.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tadpoles of common toad|Buruy, Germany]] Bangkong déwasa tur meujeuhna beger [[Sexual maturity|maturity]] dina umur tilu nepika tujuh taun.<ref name=Collins/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Goater, Cameron P. |author2=Semlitsch, Raymond D. |author3=Bernasconi, Marco V. |year=1993 |title=Effects of body size and parasite infection on the locomotory performance of juvenile toads, ''Bufo bufo'' |journal=Oikos |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=129–136 |jstor=3545205 |doi=10.2307/3545205 }}</ref> Setelah beberapa bulan dari infeksi cacing berat, beberapa remaja dalam sebuah penelitian yang hanya setengah berat seperti [ [ control Ilmiah | remaja control ] ] . parasit diinduksi [ [ anoreksia nervosa | anoreksia ] ] mereka menyebabkan penurunan asupan makanan dan beberapa meninggal .<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Goater, C. P. |author2=Ward, P. I. |year=1992 |title=Negative effects of ''Rhabdias bufonis'' (Nematoda) on the growth and survival of toads (''Bufo bufo'') |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oecologia_1992-02_89_2/page/161 |journal=Oecologia |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=161–165 |jstor=4219866 |doi=10.1007/bf00317213 }}</ref> Ditaluntik ogé ngeunaan pangaruh ngagunakeun gemuk/''pupuk'' [[nitrogén]] mangaruhan jeung henteu kana hirup bangkong ti mimiti buruy kénéh, Pikeun nyingkahan akibat goréngna ku alatan maké gemuk [[nitrogén]]nya dijieun waé hiji campuran [[amonium nitrat]]. Kanyahoan dina campuran anu geus ditangtukeun, bisa ngaronjatkeun kana waktu ''metamorfosis'' buruy.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Xu, Q. |author2=Oldham, R. S. |year=1997 |title=Lethal and sublethal effects of nitrogén fertilizer ammonium nitrate on common toad (''Bufo bufo'') tadpoles |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-environmental-contamination-and-toxicology_1997-04_32_3/page/298 |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=298–303 |doi=10.1007/s002449900188 |pmid=9096079 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hemelaar, Agnes |year=1988 |title=Age, growth and other population characteristics of ''Bufo bufo'' from different latitudes and altitudes |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=369–388 |jstor=1564332 |doi=10.2307/1564332 }}</ref> === Pindah tempat/Migrasi === [[File:Toad tunnel.jpg|thumb|alt=Tunnel for toads|Torowongan pameuntasan bangkong, Germany]] Bangkong korodok pindah tempat/migrasi milu kana aliran cai susukan, teu saeutik tina éta susukan meuntasan jajalaneun mobil, motor jeung anu leumpang. ku ieu pisan loba bangkong korodokanu paeh ku jalan kacilakaan mangsa susukana ngaliwatan luhureun jajalaneun. Di Eropa hususna loba pisan ampibi anu cilaka dijalan mangsa migrasi usum beger jeung kawin.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Santos, X. |author2=Llorente, G. A. |author3=Montori, A. |author4=Carretero, M. A. |author5=Franch, M. |author6=Garriga, N. |author7=Richter-Boix, A. |year=2007 |title=Evaluating factors affecting amphibian mortality on roads: the case of the common toad ''Bufo bufo'', near a breeding place |journal=Animal Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=97–104 |publisher=The Natural Science Museum of Barcelona |url=http://abc.museucienciesjournals.cat/files/ABC-30-1-pp-97-104.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> Di sababaraha tempat di [[Jerman]], [[Belgia]], [[Inggris]], [[Italia]] kaler jeung [[Polandia]], diwangun hiji torowongan anu husus dijieun paranti bangkong jeung anu séjéna meuntas jalan anu aya di luhureuna. di tempat anu séjéna, aya anu tugas husus "patroli kodok", newakan bangkong /ampibi anu aya dina pameuntasan jalan-jalan anu rame ku kandaraan di wadahan kana ember pikeun dianteurkeun kana tujuana. {{convert|5|C|F|abbr=on}}. Pada malam basah hangat yang mereka dapat terus bergerak sepanjang malam tapi jika dingin, mereka mungkin berhenti sebelumnya <ref>{{cite web |url=http://toadwatch.org |title=What we do |publisher=Toad watch: Helping toads to survive |accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref> kitu ogé an dilakukeun ku urang Belanda pikeun ngaping bangkong-bangkong anu ngadon pindah tempat.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gelder, J. J. |year=1973 |title=A quantitative approach to the mortality resulting from traffic in a population of ''Bufo bufo'' L |journal=Oecologia |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=93–95 |doi=10.1007/BF00379622 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/wv524277w3w32564/ }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bufotoxin == Hiji substansi anu ngandung racun ayana dina kelenjar parotoid jeung kulit bangkong korodok disebutna bufotoxin ieu mimiti di wanohkeun ku [[Heinrich Otto Wieland|Heinrich Wieland]] jeung babaturanna tina taun 1922, dua puluh taun tiharita maranéhna kakara manggihan struktur tina éta racun .<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chen, K. K. |author2=Jensen, H. |author3=Chen, A. L. |title=Action of Bufotoxins |journal=Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=April 1932 |volume=29 |series=7 |issue=907 |doi=10.3181/00379727-29-6141 |issn=1535-3699|quote=Wieland and Alles isolated bufotoxin from the skin of ''B. vulgaris'' or ''B. bufo bufo''.}}</ref> Sagigireun ti éta kapanggih ogé cara pikeun ngisolasi senyawa tina inti [[steroid]] bufotalin tina bangkong anu aya di Jepang ( ''Bufo japonicus ''). Dina taun 1986, para élmuwan di [[Arizona State University]] geus bisa nga sintetis bahan racun bangkong [[bufotalin]], bufalitoxin jeung bufotoxin.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pettit, G. R. |author2=Kamano, Y. |author3=Drasar, P. |author4=Inoue, M. |author5=Knight, J. C. |year=1987 |title=Steroids and related natural products. 104. Bufadienolides. 36. Synthesis of bufalitoxin and bufotoxin |journal=Journal of Organic Chemistry |volume=52 |issue=16 |pages=3573–3578 |doi=10.1021/jo00392a014 }}</ref> Rumus kimia tina bufotoxin : C₄₀H₆₀N₄O₁₀.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bufotoxin |title=Bufotoxin |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |accessdate=2012-05-26}}</ref> Dina dosis anu saeutik bisa ngaronjatkeun gerakan jantung utamana dipaké ngabantu mangsa gubaran kasakit jantung [[gagal jantung kongestif]]. Kulit bangkong korodok mibanda racun anu baris ngabalukarkeun hiji kaayaan anu bahaya malahan nepi ka maotna.<ref name=textfiles>{{cite web |url=http://www.textfiles.com/drugs/toadtoxins.drg |title=Toad toxins |work=Textfiles.com |accessdate=2012-05-26}}</ref> Balukar tina karacunan bangkong bisa katembong tina iritasi mata, baham, irung jeung tikoro, jantung jeung ambekan/ngarenghap, [[lumpuh]] jeung jeung ker, ngacay waé, utah, [[hiperkalemia]], [[sianosis]] jeung [[halusinasi]] atawa sasar/ngalindur.<ref name=textfiles/> Tacan kapanggih ubarna.<ref name=textfiles/> Ubar pikeun sesek jeung kardiovaskular, bisa waé dimangpaatkeun pikeun nyingkahan pangaruh tina [[elektrokardiografi]]. [[Atropin]], [[fenitoin ]], [[cholestyramine]] jeung [[lidocaine]] .<ref name=textfiles/> ==Kabudayaan== [[File:Satan-traditional-arms.svg|thumb|upright|alt=Devil's coat of arms|Gambaran bangkong dina jubah tukang sihir]] Di Eropa, bangkong korodok geus heubeul dianggap hiji totondén/pertanda goréng. Aya patalina jeung alam gaib, jurig, dedemit, jeung sajabana. Meureun dumasar kana kaayaan éta bangkong korodok : hirupna bisa di darat jeung di cai,kulitna anu korodok semu hideung nimulkeun rasa geuleuh pikeun anu nempo, ngorondang lalaunan kawas anu ngadodoho, tara kanyahoan ujug-uug bijil tinu poék. Di Eropa dina [[Abad Pertengahan]], Bangkong korodok dikait-kaitkeun jeung hiji ageman [[Kristen]] ngeunaan ayana iblis jeung sétan, ku kituna nya dijieun waé jubah anu dipapaésan ku tilu bangkong ngahaja ieu dijieun mangrupakaeun hiji panangkal/panyinglas sétan .<ref>{{cite book|last=Peddle|first=S. V.|year=2007|title=Pagan Channel Islands: Europe's Hidden Heritage|publisher=Robert Hale|page=118|isbn=0-7090-8248-7}}</ref> pada mikanyaho yén bangkong korodok bisa ngabalukarkeun racun pikeun manusa, ku alatan ieu pisan bangkong korodok jadi hiji sato anu geus remen dipaké dina prak prakan ngajalankeun élmu sihir/tenung, ku alatan dianggap mibanda hiji kakuatan gaib. Malahan ngamangpaatkeun bangkong korodok anu digaringkeun pikeun diarah hampru/empedu, kotoran jeung getihna .<ref name=Witch-hunt>{{cite book |title=Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia |last=Burns |first=William E. |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32142-9 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Qr6_q-chR6MC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=common+toad+witchcraft#v=onepage&q=common%20toad%20witchcraft&f=false }}</ref> Di sababaraha daérah percaya lamun seug aya bangkong korodok ngulampreng ka imah éta méré totonden ayana pangaruh sihir atawa anu ngadon demit .<ref name=Witch-hunt/> Dalam [[Basque Country (wilayah lebih besar )|Basque Country]], dipercaya cenah bangkong korodok téh maké jubah anu gagah/elegan. digiring-giring ku barudak anu keur dialajar elmu sihir. kurang leuwih taun 1610 jeung 1612, hiji Inkuisisi/hukum numutkeun cara-cara gereja <ref>[https://www.google.co.id/search?q=inkuisisi+artinya&oq=inkuisisi+artinya&aqs=chrome..69i57.3615j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 Inkuisisi]</ref> [[Spanyol]] [[Alonso de Salazar Frias]] ngayakeun panalungtikan ngeunaan prakték sihir di éta tempat tuluy ngadatangan hiji imah anu disangka tukang nyihir anu mibanda bangkong maké jubah TAPI NYATANA HENTEU KAPANGGIH .<ref name=Burns>{{cite book |title=Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia |last=Burns |first=William E. |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32142-9 |pages=20–21 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Qr6_q-chR6MC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=common+toad+witchcraft#v=onepage&q=common%20toad%20witchcraft&f=false }}</ref> These witches were reputed to use undomesticated toads as ingredients in their liniments and brews.<ref name=Burns/> Di Inggris aya deui dongéng ngeunaan bangkong korodok ieu nyaritakeun hiji nini-nini tukang [[sihir]], anu ditagih duit séwa [[imah]] kunu boga taneuh. lain mayar kalahka malik ngéwa ku alatan ngarasa kaganggu ku anu boga taneuh, ku jalan maké élmu sihir pikeun, ngutuk anu boga tanah jeug sakabéh harta kakayaana. Kakocap di imah nu boga taneu teu kungsi lila, tiharita pamajikana karagragan bangkong korodok nepika labuhna. Gentak éta bangkong dicokot lung dialungkeun kana [[durukan]], tapi édas éta bangkong bisa kénéh kabur sanajan awakna geus kabeuleum sawaréh. Sawatara ti éta, imah nini-nini tukang sihir téh kahuruan ogé nepika runtuh. Isukna bangkong jeung tukang sihirna geus palastra ngababatang jadi banusan, tur ébréh urut kabeuleum anu aya dina éta awak nini-nini sarua lebah-lebahna jeung bangkong korodok anu kamari kabur tina durukan. <ref>{{cite book |title=Popular romances of the West of England; or, the drolls, traditions, and superstitions of Old Cornwall, Volume 2 |last=Hunt |first=Robert |year=1865 |publisher=Hotten |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SH9MAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA105&dq=%22Popular+Romances+of+the+West+of+England%22+2nd+series#v=onepage&q=%22Popular%20Romances%20of%20the%20West%20of%20England%22%202nd%20series&f=false }}</ref> [[File:Witches'Familiars1579.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Witch feeding toads|1579 Tukang sihir keur ngamangpaatkeun bangkong]] Ciduh bangkong korodok dipercaya mibanda racun/peurah anu disebut "sweltered" cenah dipercaya bangkong morodok bisa nyiduhkeun seuneu anu ngandunung racun. Bangkong korodok sok dihubung-hubungkeun jeung setan '' [[Paradise Lost]] '', [ [ John Milton ] ] digambarkan [ [ Setan ] ] minangka katak ketika ia menuangkan racun ke [ [ Eve ] ] telinga ' s .<ref name=Witch-hunt/> Pertama Penyihir di [[William Shakespeare]] [[Macbeth]] mertélakeun sarat jeung katangtuan ngagunakeun campuran bangkong korodok tur maké parancah jeung jangjawokan:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/19259 |title=''Macbeth'', Act&nbsp;IV, Scene&nbsp;I |author=Shakespeare, William |date=1605–1606 |publisher=Poets.org }}</ref> Aya deui anu percaya cenah dina hulu bangkong korodok téh aya hiji mustika "[[toadstone]]", di mana éta mustika umpama dipaké, bakal ngabejaan anu makena lamun seug aya anu demit atawa ngaracun kamanéhna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/frogs/folklore/ |title=Frogs: Frog myths across cultures |author=Wanner, Noel |year=2011 |work=The Exploratorium |publisher=The museum of science, art and human perception |accessdate=2012-08-23 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206085215/http://www.exploratorium.edu/frogs/folklore/ |date=2012-02-06 }}</ref> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|3}} ==Tutumbu kaluar == {{Commons category|Bufo bufo}} * {{wikispecies-inline|Bufo bufo}} * Information at [http://www.herp.it/ Ampibi anu aya di Europe] * Information at [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/481.shtml BBC nature on the common toad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321174743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/481.shtml |date=2009-03-21 }} * Information at [http://www.astolinto.it/SchedeVA/RospoCE.php Astolinto form] {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Ampibi]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan Sunda]] ms61u91oatvyfx1ybfm4ciszuzie6ie 0 71266 712907 686101 2026-09-23T07:48:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|mérk mobil|Jaguar (perusahaan otomotif)}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{short description|Ucing gedé pituin Amérika}} {{Use dmy dates|date=Januari 2020}} {{Speciesbox | name = Jaguar | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|0.5|0}}{{small|[[Pléistosén]] Tengah – Kiwari}} | image = Jaguar (Panthera onca palustris) male Three Brothers River 2.jpg | image_caption = Jaguar di [[Walungan Tilu Dulur]], [[Brazil]] | status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera onca'' |author1=Quigley, H.|author2=Foster, R. |author3=Petracca, L. |author4=Payan, E. |author5=Salom, R. |author6=Harmsen, B. |last-author-amp=yes |page=e.T15953A123791436 |year=2017}}</ref> | taxon = Panthera onca | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae édisi ka-10|1758]]) | range_map = Panthera onca distribution.svg | range_map_caption = Sebaran kiwari (beureum) jeung bihari (kayas) | synonyms = *''Felis onca'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}} }} [[File:Jaguars (Panthera onca) couple (Female right).webm|thumb|right|Jaguar]] '''Jaguar''' nyaéta sato sajenis [[ucing gedé]] anu kagolong kana génus ''[[Panthera]]''. Ieu sato mangrupa [[ucing linghas]] katilu sanggeus [[lodaya]] jeung [[singa]], sarta ogé mangrupa ucing pangbadagna di [[lebahan kulon]]. Ieu sato ngawengku [[Méksiko]] kalér, ngaliwatan [[Amérika Tengah]] nepi ka [[Paraguay]], [[Argéntina]] kalér jeung kidul. Jaguar nyaéta sato pamoro anu miboga gégélan anu luar biasa kuatna, nepi ka batok cangkang [[kuya]] mah bisa ditembus ku sakali nga gégél padahal sakitu teuasna. Ieu jaguar hirup kalawan moro [[mencek]], [[tapir]], [[anjing]], [[séro]] jeung ogé sasatoan cai lianna kayaning [[lauk]], malah mah oray [[anaconda]] nu awakna badag gé teu weléh diporo ku ieu jaguar mah. == Referensi == {{reflist}} == Pranala luar == {{Commons category|Panthera onca}} {{wikispecies|Panthera onca}} * {{id}} [http://www.mewarnaigambar.web.id/2012/11/mewarnai-11-gambar-jaguar.html Buku Mewarnai Gambar Jaguar] ku mewarnaigambar.web.id * {{en}} [http://www.arkive.org/jaguar/panthera-onca/facts-and-status.html Informasi jeung gambar jaguar di situs wéb Arkive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525114658/http://www.arkive.org/jaguar/panthera-onca/facts-and-status.html |date=25 May 2010 }} * {{en}} [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/Jaguar Video jaguar di situs wéb BBC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106071808/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/Jaguar |date=6 November 2010 }} {{sato-pondok}} [[Kategori:Felidae]] [[Kategori:Panthera]] 8gco3tcjo1ag93ea204dzp7lztlaa30 0 71605 712871 698176 2026-09-23T04:55:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Kadaharan|name=Cipati|image=[[File:Cononut milk.JPG|250px]]|region=Daérah [[tropis]]|main_ingredient=[[Kalapa]]}}'''Cipati''' atawa '''santen''' ({{lang-id|santan}}; {{lang-en|coconut milk}}) nyaéta [[cai]] nu asalna tina parudan [[kalapa]] kolot meunang ngabutik.<ref name="cm">{{cite web|url=http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf|title=Coconut milk|publisher=Philippine Coconut Authority|date=2014|accessdate=22 September 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106130020/http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/techno/coconut_milk.pdf |date=6 November 2020 }}</ref> Kakentelan jeung rasa santen mibanda ciri nu mandiri kalawan minyakna euyeub nu lolobana mah mangrupa ''[[lemak]] jenuh''. Cipati mangrupa bahan olahan anu kawentar tur umumna digunakeun di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]], [[Karibia]], jeung [[Amérika Kidul]] lebah kalér. == Maksud == Cipati mah lain [[ci kalapa|cai kalapa]] da cipati mah leuwih kentel jeung lésang, alatan euyeub kandungan minyakna téa. Ari cai kalapa ayana di jero kalapana langsung nu cirina hérang jeung euweuh minyakan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/|title=Coconut water|publisher=American Society for Nutrition|date=13 September 2010|author=Henni S|accessdate=6 March 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307051330/https://www.nutrition.org/asn-blog/2010/09/coconut-water/ |date=7 March 2017 }}</ref> == Tatahar == [[File:Memarut_santan02.jpg|jmpl|Marud kelapa pikeun ngabeunangkeun cipati segar]] Cipati mun sacara tradisional mah dihasilkeun ku cara marud maké [[parudan]] [[kaléng]]. Kalapa beunang ngabutik digasrokkeun kana parudan sangkan daging kalapa téh jadi bubuk nu lemes. Kiwari prosés marud lain ukur maké parudan wungkul, tapi bisa ogé maké cara praktis nu leuwih modérn nyaéta maké mesin parud. Cipati kabagi jadi wandana aya dua, aya anu kintel jeung aya nu cair. Nu kintel mah ngandung 20-22% lemak, ari nu cair mah ngandung 5-7% lemak. Cipati nu kintel mah sanggeus bérés marud téh langsung geredeg dirames ditilaman ku lawon karancang sangkan cipatina kaluar teu kabawa bukurna. Ari cipati nu cair mah, hasil cipati anu kintel téh dicampuran ku cai deui sangkan teu kintel teuing. Malah mah sabot keur meureutna téh sok dicampuran ku cai. Hasil tina peureutan cipati téh hampasna sok dijadikeun bahan kaolahan deui, utamana palengkep kadaharan séjén. Kagiatan kawas kieu téh teu dipikawanoh di nagara kulon mah, lantaran ilaharna cipatina téh beunang meuli, cipati instan, lain beunang nyieun sorangan. Cipati téh ngandung lemak 24% kalawan gumantung kana kadar lemak daging kalapa jeung jumlah cai nu ditambahkeun. Waktu diingkeun, krim kalapa bakal naék ka luhur sarta papisah jeung cipatina. Pikeun  nyingkahan ieu perkara, mangka cipati jualeun mah sok ditambahan zat émulsi jeung zat sangkan stabil. === Cipati instan === [[File:Coconut_milk_from_can01.JPG|jmpl|Cipati instan]] Pabrik cipati instan biasana dicampuran ku susu cair, susu bubuk, jeung cai minangka pangeusina. Gumantung kana mérk jeung tanggal kadaluwarsana, kajadian misahna cipati jeung krimna sakapeung mah sok aya nu merlukeun batan cipatina. Sawatara mérk nu dijual di nagara-nagara kulon mah nambahkeun zat pangintel atawa pangémulsi pikeun nyingkahan cipati sangkan teu misah jeung krimna lamun dina kemasan kaléng. == Kulinér == === Dahareun === [[File:Serabi_Lombok_4.jpg|jmpl|[[Surabi]] nu dijieun tina cipati jeung [[tipung béas]]]] Cipati bisa dikonsumsi sorangan atawa minangka gaganti susu dina ci [[entéh]], [[kopi]], jeung [[kuéh]]. Ieu téh bahan nu ilahar dipaké dina variasi kaolahan nagara-nagara [[tropis]] jeung [[Asia]], boh pikeun kari, boh [[samara]] lianna. [[Wuduk]] salah sahiji kadaharan nu dicipatian, ilahar dikonsumsi di [[Asia Tenggara]] jeung [[Karibia]]. === Inuman === [[File:Cendol_in_a_Glass.JPG|jmpl|<span>[[Céndol|Cendol]] nu dicipatian, rasana jadi legit.</span>]] Di [[Asia Tenggara]], santen dipaké pikeun nyieun sarupaning kainuman traditional. Salah sahijina <span>[[céndol]]</span> nu geus kakoncara, ieu kainuman téh disuguhkeun tiis-tiis bari eusina téh nyaéta bukur geunyal nu dijieun tina [[tipung béas]], digalokeun jeung cipati ogé [[gula beureum]] cair. Cipati ogé dipaké dina kainuman nu panas kayaning [[bandrék]] jeung [[bajigur]]. dpakéna cipati kana kainuman gé ilahar di nagara populer di [[Tiongkok Kidul]] jeung [[Républik Tiongkok|Taiwan]]. == Nutrisi == Dina porsi 100 mililiter (g), cipati ngandung 230 kalori jeung 68% cai, 24% lemak total, 6% karbohidrat, jeung [[protéin]] 2%. Komposisi lemakna 21 gram lemak jinuh, satengahna mah mangrupa asam laurat.<ref name="nd">{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3113/2|title=Coconut milk, raw (liquid expressed from grated meat and water) per 100 g|publisher=Nutritiondata.com by Conde Nast; republished from the [[USDA National Nutrient Database]], version SR-21|date=2014|accessdate=13 May 2016}}</ref> Cipati mah sumber [[mangan]] nu euyeub (20% atawa leuwih ti [[Niléy Poéan]], DV) (44% DV) jeung sumber nu nyukupan (10-19% DV) [[fosfor]], [[beusi]], jeung [[magnésium]], tanpa nutrisi lian dina kandungan nu signifikan.. == Mangpaat kaséhatan == Salah sahiji hal anu pangpunjulna tina ieu cipati téh nyaéta mangpaat [[Keletik|minyak keletik]], ieu diaku ku organisasi-organisasi kaséhatan dunia kayaning ''[[Food and Drug Administration]]'' [[Amérika Sarikat]],<ref name="FDA1">{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ConsumerInformation/ucm192658.htm|title=Nutrition Facts at a Glance - Nutrients: Saturated Fat|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]|date=22 December 2009|accessdate=16 March 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917133305/http://www.fda.gov/Food/LabelingNutrition/ConsumerInformation/ucm192658.htm |date=17 September 2011 }}</ref> [[Organisasi Kaséhatan Dunya]],<ref name="WHO1">{{cite web|title=Avoiding Heart Attacks and Strokes|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241546727.pdf|format=pdf|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=6 April 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710202446/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241546727.pdf |date=10 July 2009 }}</ref> ''International College of Nutrition'',<ref name="JCardiovascRisk1">{{Cite journal|date=December 1996|title=Recommendations for the prevention of coronary artery disease in Asians: a scientific statement of the International College of Nutrition|journal=J Cardiovasc Risk|volume=3|issue=6|pages=489–494}}</ref> ''Department of Health and Human Services ''Amérika Sarikat,<ref name="USHHS1">{{cite web|title=Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010|url=http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf|publisher=Department of Health and Human Services|accessdate=17 March 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901170759/https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/dietaryguidelines2010.pdf |date=1 September 2016 }}</ref> ''American Dietetic Association'',<ref name="ADA1">{{cite web|title=American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada Offer Up-to-Date Guidance on Dietary Fat|url=http://www.eatright.org/Media/content.aspx?id=1590&terms=coconut+oil|publisher=[[American Dietetic Association]]|accessdate=16 March 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319155035/http://www.eatright.org/Media/content.aspx?id=1590&terms=coconut+oil |date=19 March 2012 }}</ref> ''American Heart Association'',<ref name="AHA1">{{cite web|title=Tropical Oils|url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/FatsAndOils/Fats101/Tropical-Oils_UCM_306031_Article.jsp|publisher=[[American Heart Association]]|accessdate=16 March 2011}}</ref> ''National Health Service ''[[Britania Raya]],<ref name="BNHS1">{{cite web|title=Lower your cholesterol|url=http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/healthyhearts/pages/cholesterol.aspx|publisher=[[National Health Service]]|accessdate=16 March 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902131805/http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/healthyhearts/pages/cholesterol.aspx |date=2 September 2009 }}</ref> sarta'' Dietitians of Canada.'' Loba jalma nu nyingkahan ngonsumsi cipati dina kadar nu loba alatan luhurna tingkat lemak jinuh. Konsumsi cipati nu kaleuleuwihi bisa ngaronjatkeun kadar koléstrol dina getih lantaran lobana jumlah asam laurat, lemak jinuh nu ngontribusi kana [[koléstrol]] darah nu leuwih luhur kalawan ningkatkeun kadar koléstrol ''lipoprotein high-density''.<ref name="Mensink">{{Cite journal|date=May 2003|url=http://www.ajcn.org/content/77/5/1146.full.pdf+html|title=Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1146–55}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|year=2016|title=Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans|journal=Nutr Rev|volume=74|issue=4|pages=267–80}}</ref> == Hortikultura == Taun [[1943]], kapanggih yén cipati bisa sacara aktif ngarojong kana tumuwuhna [[pepelakan]]. Sanajan loba faktor nu ngaitkeun cipati jeung tumuwuhna pepelakan, ari panyebab utamana mah nyaéta ayana [[sitokinin]] nu dipikawanoh ku [[zeatin]] nu dipanggihan dina cipati. Sedengkeun zéatin dina cipati ngagancangkeun kana tumuwuhna pepelakan, iwal kana sawatara pepelakan tinangtu kawas lobak.<ref name="Mok1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yov7iUL7OTAC|title=Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function|last=Mok|first=David W. S.|last2=Mok|first2=Machteld C.|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|isbn=0-8493-6252-0}}</ref>{{Rp|8}} Ngan, lamun 10% cipati ditambahkeun ka substrat tempat nu mana gandum tumuwuh, ropéan substansial geus nyerep.<ref name="Bajaj1">{{Cite book|title=Wheat|last=Bajaj|first=Y. P. S.|publisher=Springer|year=1990|isbn=3-540-51809-6}}</ref> == Tempo ogé == * [[Krim kalapa]] * <span>[[Cai kalapa]]</span> * [[Daptar kaolahan ngagunakeun cipati]] * [[Kalapa]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|20em}} == Tutumbu luar == * [[File:Commons-logo.svg|al=|16x16px]]{{Commons inline}} [[Kategori:Bungbu]] [[Kategori:Bahan dahareun]] [[Kategori:Bahan kadaharan]] dln75txajngiy2r10yt2q05aooaev3f 0 72337 712904 710681 2026-09-23T07:26:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712904 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Flock_of_sheep.jpg|ka|jmpl|362x362px|Domba minangkana mah sato ingon-ingon]] [[Gambar:Goat_family.jpg|jmpl|238x238px|Embé jeung anakna nu umurna kakarak saminggu]] <span>'''Ingon-ingon''' atawa '''sato ingon-ingon '''</span>([[basa Indonésia]]:'' '''ternak''''', '''''héwan ternak'''''<span>)</span> nyaéta sato nu sacara ngahaja diingu minangka sumber [[pangan]], sumber bahan baku industri, atawa minangka babantu pagawéan jalma. Usaha ngingu ingon-ingon disebut minangka [[paternakan]] (atawa [[palaukan]], pikeun gorombolan sato cai) jeung mangrupa bagéan tina kagiatan [[Agrikultur|patanian]] sacara umum. == Wangenan == Sato ingon bisa mangrupa satu naon baé (kaasup [[gegeremet]] jeung [[vertebrata]] undak landeuh kayaning [[lauk]] jeung [[bangkong]]). Ngan, dina hirup kumbuh mah biasana nujul kana [[unggas]] jeung [[mamalia]] [[doméstikasi|doméstik]], kayaning [[hayam]], [[soang]], [[kalkun]], [[Éntog|meri]], atawa [[manila]] mun unggas mah, sarta [[bagong]], [[sapi]], [[embé]], [[domba]], [[kuda]], atawa [[keledé]] mun mamalia mah. Sebagai tambahan, di beberapa daerah di dunia juga dikenal hewan ternak yang khas seperti [[Onta|unta]], [[llama]], [[bison]], [[manuk onta]], jeung [[beurit walanda]] meureun ngahaja diingu minangka ingon-ingon. Jinis ternak varéatif di sakuliah dunya téh, sarta gumantung kana sawatara faktor kauaning [[iklim]], pamundut [[Konsumen|konsumén]], daérah asal, budaya lokal, jeung [[topografi]]. Gorombolan sato salian unggas jeung [[mamalia]] nu diingu manusa ogé disebut (sato) ingon, hususna mah mun diingu di tempat husus jeung teu diantep ngencar di alam bébas. Sebutan "ingon" téh biasana mah dianggap "pas" mun sato nu diingu saeutik lobana geus ngalaman [[domestikasi]], teu saalakadar dicokot wéh ti alam liar tuluy diingu. Nu dimaksud kana ieu kelompok nyaéta [[hileud sutra]], rupa-rupa jenis lauk cai (kayaning [[lauk emas]], [[guramé]], [[mujaér]], [[nila]], atawa [[lélé]]), sawatara jinis [[bangkong]] (utamana ''bullfrog''), [[buhaya]], jeung sawatara jinis [[oray]]. Usaha ngingu lauk umumna mah disebut minangka [[palaukan]] atawa leuwih spésifikna mah [[budidaya lauk]]. == Sajarah == Sato [[doméstikasi|didoméstikasikeun]] nalika baranahan jeung kahirupanna diatur ku manusa. Salumangsungna, [[laku lampah sato]], [[siklus hirup]] sarta [[fisiologi]]na geus robah sacara signifikan. Kiwari loba pisan sato nu teu mampu deui hirup di alam liar. [[Anjing]] didoméstikasikeun di Asia Wétan 15000 taun ka tukang. [[Embé]] jeung [[domba]] didoméstikeun di [[Asia]] 8000 taun ka tukang. [[Bagong]] didoméstikasikeun 7000 taun ka tukang di [[Wétan Tengah]] jeung [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]].<ref name="BoL">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/|title=Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University|publisher=Ansi.okstate.edu|accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref> == Prakték iinguan == Prakték iinguan sato ingon varéatif pisan di sawatara wewengkon di sakuliah dunya, jeung varéatif ogé jenis satona. Sato ingun ilaharna di[[kandang]]<nowiki/>an jeung dibéré parab atawa dikéncarkeun (di[[angon]]). Sawatara mah teu dikandangan atawa ngantep satona rék iraha baé asup kandangna kumaha karepna ([[kéncar]]). Iinguan sato ingon dina sajarah mangrupa bagéan tina kahirupan kaum [[nomaden]] nu pundah-pindah nuturkeun usum-usuman. Sawatara kaum di [[Asia Tengah]] jeung [[Afrika Kalér]] masih kénéh hirup minangka kaum bareng jeung sato ingonna. [[Kandang]] sato mibanda wangun jeung jenis nu varéatif, ti mimiti nu dipageran, nu pagerna nutup, nu diloténgkeun nu mibanda mékanismeu pangaturan témpréatur jeung kabeueusan (tempo [[lingkungan jeung wangunan patanian]]). Kandang ilaharna ngan dipaké minangka tempat sato héés jeung diparaban, jinis kandang séjén dihususkeun pikeun [[jalangan]] éta sato jeung ngingu anak sato. Sato nu diingu dina kandang ilaharna mah inténsif, mun iinguanna di luar rohangan teu dianggap nguntungkeun lantaran merlukeun lahan nu lega. Ngan iinguan na kandang mah pemeliharaan di dalam kandang mah kontrovérsial lantaran ngahasilkeun rupa-rupa masalah kayaning [[bau]], [[limbah]], sumber panyakit sato, jeung [[kasejahteraan sato]] (tempo [[paternakan proyék]]). Sato ingon bisa diaawas kalawan rupa-rupa cara kayaning pamakéan labél (dicét di luhureun kulit sato atawa digantélkeun dina ceuli) atawa ku cara nu modérn jiga pamakéan [[RFID]] nu dipelak dina jero kulit. [[Implan microchip]] ogé bisa dipelak di jero awak sato ingon pikeun ngawas kondisi sato kayaning parobahan komposisi [[getih]], [[denyut jantung]], tempréatur awak, jeung sajabana sangkan jadi panginget mun sato ingon némbongkeun kasakit. Pamakéan hormon patumbuhan pikeun ngaronjatkeun laju patumbuhan sato ternah ogé dipilampah, ngan diwates lantaran bisa ngaganggu kaséhatan sato jeung kualitas [[produk sato]] bu dihasilkeun. Bahan kimia séjén nu dipaké dina paternakan nyaéta [[vaksin]] jeung [[Vitamin|multivitamin]] pikeung ngajaga kaséhatan sato, jeung [[péstisida]] pikeun nyegah ayana gegeremet di jero kandang. Ieu métodeu ilaharna dilakonan di jero [[paternakan proyék]] lantaran sacara alami sato teu bisa mersihan manéh di jero kandang nu heureut. == Nu diingu == Nu dimaksud jeung paternakan téh nyaéta kagiatan iinguan nu leuwih atawa mibanda pola nu kastruktur. Kaatur jeung kaukur Tina manajemen kandang jeung manajemen parab. Kandang dijieun kalawan desain jeung ukuran tinangtu. Kitu ogé paran jeung [[nutrisi]] nu kadar gizina kaitung luyu jeung kabutuhan ingon. Ilaharna nu dingonkeun téh nyaéta [[lauk]], unggas, jeung sato ingon ruminasia kayaning [[embé]], [[sapi]] kaasup [[uncal]]. Leueih spésifikna mah nyaéta mibanda ajén ékonomi. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" !Sato<br>(jinis) !Baraya liar !Waktu doméstikasi munggaran !Wewengkon doméstikasi munggaran !Pamangpaatan kiwari !Gambar |- ! style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Alpaca]]'''<br> ([[mamalia]], [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |''Vikuna'' | style="text-align:center" | Antara 5000 SM jeung 4000 SM |[[Andés|Andes]] |[[Wol|wool]], [[daging]] |[[Gambar:Alpaca_by_Kjetil_André_Eilertsen.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Anjing]]'''<br> ([[mammalia]], [[omnivora]]) |[[Ajag]] | style="text-align:center" | 12000 SM | |tanaga (anjing pamandu), sato piaraan |[[Gambar:Shiba_inu_taiki.jpg|153x153px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Hayam]]'''<br> (unggas, [[omnivora]]) |''Gallus gallus'' | style="text-align:center" | 6000 SM | [[India]] dan [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Asia Tenggara]] | [[daging]], [[endog]], bulu, sato piaraan |[[Gambar:Gallus_gallus_male_Kaziranga_1.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Bagong]]'''<br> ([[mammalia]], [[omnivora]]) |[[Céléng]] | style="text-align:center" |7000 SM |Anatolia |daging, kulit, sato piaraan |[[Gambar:Sow_with_piglet.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Banténg]]'''<br> ([[mammalia]], [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |[[Banténg]] | style="text-align:center" | Teu dipikanyaho | [[Asia Kidul Wétan|Asia Tenggara]] |[[daging]], [[susu]], tanaga |[[Gambar:Zoo_de_Lunaret_-_Banteng_-_P1600311.jpg|173x173px]] |- ! style="text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;" |[[Meri ingon]]<br> (unggas, [[omnivora]]) | ''Anas platyrhnchos'' | style="text-align:center" | 4000 SM | [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]] | [[daging]], bulu, sato piaraan | [[Gambar:Tunnel_of_ducks.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Bison Amérika]]'''<br> ([[mammalia]], [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) | Euweuh | style="text-align:center" |Abad ka-19 katompérnakeun |Amerika Kalér |[[daging]], kulit |[[Gambar:A_bison_in_Caprock_Canyon_State_Park.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''''Cavia porcellus'''''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |''Cavia tschudii'' | style="text-align:center" |5000 SM |Amerika Kidul |[[Daging]], sato piaraan |[[Gambar:Two_adult_Guinea_Pigs_(Cavia_porcellus).jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''Domba'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Domba mouflon | style="text-align:center" |Antara 11000 SM-9000 SM |Asia Kulon |[[Wol|Wool]], [[susu]], kulit, [[daging]] (daging domba ngora) |[[Gambar:Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Embé]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Embé liar | style="text-align:center" |8000 SM |Asia Kulon |[[Susu]], [[daging]], [[Wol|wool]], kulit, tanaga |[[Gambar:Domestic_goat_kid_in_capeweed.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''Karibu'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Euweuh | style="text-align:center" |3000 SM |Rusia |[[Daging]], kulit, tanduk, [[susu]], tanaga, |[[Gambar:Caribou_using_antlers.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Keledé]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Keledai liar Afrika | style="text-align:center" |4000 SM |Mesir |tanaga, [[daging]], [[susu]] |[[Gambar:20110703_Huizingen_(0007).jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Kelenci]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Kelenci liar | style="text-align:center" |Antara 400-900 masehi |Prancis |[[Daging]], bulu, kulit, sato piaraan |[[Gambar:Rabbit_in_montana.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Kebo]]'''<br> ([[mammalia]], [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Kebo liar Asia | style="text-align:center" |4000 SM |Asia Kidul |tanaga, [[daging]], [[susu]] |[[Gambar:BUFFALO159.JPG|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Ucing]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[karnivora]]) |[[Méong Congkok|Méong congkok]] | style="text-align:center" |7500 SM <ref name="nationalgeographic2004">{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0408_040408_oldestpetcat.html|title=Oldest Known Pet Cat? 9,500-Year-Old Burial Found on Cyprus|publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com|date=2010-10-28|accessdate=2011-12-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612150738/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/oldest-known-pet-cat-9500-year-old-burial-found-on-cyprus |date=2022-06-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Hazel|last=Muir|title=Ancient remains could be oldest pet cat|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4867.html|publisher=[[New Scientist]]|date=2004-04-08|accessdate=2007-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Marsha Walton|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/04/08/cats.cyprus/index.html|title=CNN.com - Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat - Apr 9, 2004|publisher=Edition.cnn.com|date=2004-04-09|accessdate=2011-12-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222092756/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/04/08/cats.cyprus/index.html |date=2007-12-22 }}</ref> |Asia Wétan | Pangendalian hama, sato piaraan, [[daging]] | [[Gambar:Grumpy_Cat,_SXSW_(8575082965).jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Kuda]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |''Kuda liar'' | style="text-align:center" |4000 SM |Eurasian |tanaga, [[susu]], [[daging]] |[[Gambar:Biandintz_eta_zaldiak_-_modified2.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Llama]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Guanaco | style="text-align:center" |3500 SM |[[Andés|Andes]] |tanaga, [[daging]], [[Wol|wool]] |[[Gambar:Llama_lying_down.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" |[[Uncal]]<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Euweuh | style="text-align:center" |Abad ka-1 maséhi |Inggris |[[Daging]], kulit, tanduk, velvet |[[Gambar:White-tailed_deer.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Sapi]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |''Bos primigenius'' | style="text-align:center" |6000 SM |Asia Kulon, [[India]], Afrika Kalér |[[Daging]], [[susu]], kulit, tanaga sato |[[Gambar:Vache_d'Abondance.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Onta]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Onta Dromedari jeung Baktrian | style="text-align:center" |Antara 4000 SM jeung 1400 SM |Asia |tanaga, [[daging]], [[susu]], bulu |[[Gambar:Egypt.jpg|130x130px]] |- ! style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal" |'''[[Yak]]'''<br> (mammalia, [[Hérbivora|herbivora]]) |Euweuh | style="text-align:center" |2500 SM |Tibet, Népal |[[Daging]], [[susu]], [[Wol|wool]], tanaga |[[Gambar:Bos_grunniens_-_Syracuse_Zoo.jpg|130x130px]] |} == Kadaharan ingon == Unggal sato nu diingon diparaban ku kadaharan tinangtu. [[Nutrisi]] nu dibéré ngagunakeun bahan alam nu diolah jeung diropéa sangkan mibanda kualitas anu hadé kayaning [[pélét]] lauk, [[konsentrat]], vour atawa [[pur]] biasana pikeun unggas jeung sato rumninasia kayaning [[sapi]], [[embé]] ngagunakeun parab [[férméntasi]] == Dampak lingkungan == Hiji laporan nu dipedal ku [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]] jeung [[EPA]] ngedalkeun yén sato ingon (utamana hayam, sapi, jeung bagong) mangrupa hiji ti tilu kontributor utama masalah lingkungan di dunya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html|title=2011 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report &#124; Climate Change - Greenhouse Gas Emissions &#124; U.S. EPA|publisher=Epa.gov|accessdate=2011-12-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325033216/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html |date=2011-03-25 }}</ref> Paternakan di Amérika Sarikat geus nyumbang émisi gas imah kaca gedéna 454.1 téragram ekuivalen CO₂ atawa 6 persén tina émisi gas imah kaca total Amérika Sarikat, ampir saparapat tina émisi transportasi. Ieu laporan ti WorldWatch Institute ngedalkeun yén 51% émisi gas imah kaca dunya asalna tina paternakan.<ref>http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6294</ref> Masalah sato ingon, utamana nalika dikaitkeun kana [[pangawaleuweungan|deforéstasi]], leungitna [[kaanékaragaman hayati]], [[degradasi lahan]], [[parobahan iklim]], [[polusi udara]], [[kalangkaan cai]], jeung [[polusi cai]] mangrupa masalah utama pikeun panyieun kawijakan di unggal nagara nagara panghasil sato ingon utama. Hiji panalungtikan di [[Hokkaido]] manggihan yén méré suplemén [[sistein]] jeung [[nitrat]] kana parab ingon téh bisa ngurangan émisi gas [[metana]] tina sato ingon tanpa ngurangan kualitas jeung kuantitas daging jeung susu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/unusual-tales/global-warming-breakthrough-way-to-stop-cow-gas/2008/01/22/1200764221842.html|title=Global warming breakthrough: way to stop cow gas - Unusual Tales - Specials|publisher=Smh.com.au|accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref> Polutan lianna nyaéta antibiotik jeung hormon. Di [[Asia Kidul]] kapanggih yén [[héring]] bakal nyingkahan bangké sato ingon nu geus disuntikkeun antibiotik [[Diclofenac]]. ; Deforéstasi : Deforéstasi jeung fragméntasi leuwung ngabalukarkeun siklus karbon global jeung nyumebabkeun leungitna/paburencayna habitat mangrupa-rupa spésiés. Leuweung mangrupa tempat [[Sekuestrasi karbon|teundeunan karbon]] dunya nu cukup penting. Leuweung ditugar atawa diduruk pikeun nyayagakeun tempat pikeun paternakan jeung [[pangangonan sato]].<ref name="fao.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.HTM|title=Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options|publisher=Fao.org|date=|accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref> ; Dégradasi lahan : Hiji panalungtikan nu dileukeunan di [[Botswana]] dina taun 2008 manggihan yén patani nu ngalakukeun panumpukan sato ingon kaleuleuwihi pikeun ngantisipasi usum garing justru leuwih rentan kana kalumangsungan usaha paternakanna sahingga justru méakkeun biomassa jeung sumber daya cau nu leuwih gancang. Alatan parobahan iklim, kiwari usum garing di Botswana datang leuwih gancang batan biasana datang dua taun sakali ayeuna mah 18 bulan sakali atawa leuwih singget ti éta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/news/sub-saharan-africa-news-in-brief-10-22-april-2008.html|title=Sub-Saharan Africa news in brief: 10–22 April 2008|publisher=SciDev.Net|accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref> ; Parobahan iklim jeung polusi udara : [[Métana]] nu dihasilkeun tina caduk sato mangrupa gas imah kaca nu watekna persistén di [[atmosfir]]. Gas métana mangrupa salah sahiji gas imah kaca panglobana nomer dua di atmosfir sanggeus karbon dioksida, ngan kamampuhna dina ngepung panas 25 kali leuwih kuat tinimbang karbon dioksida.<ref name="globalmethane.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalmethane.org/gmi|title=Global Methane Initiative|publisher=[[:en:Global Methane Initiative]]|date=2010-10-01|accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref> <div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="id" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.">Cite web</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL</span><span data-key="url" title="The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,22880187-5013016,00.html</nowiki></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Source title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">Kangaroo farts could fight global warming &#x7C; Courier Mail</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">News.com.au</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="archive-url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Archive URL</span><span data-key="archive-url" title="The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="archive-url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>https://archive.is/fX4R</nowiki></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="archive-date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Archive date</span><span data-key="archive-date" title="Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="archive-date" style="position: relative;">2012-12-03</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="access-date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL access date</span><span data-key="access-date" title="The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="access-date" style="position: relative;">2011-12-10</div></div></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-source-container" lang="id" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"><div class="cx-template-editor-source"><div class="cx-template-editor-title" title="Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.">Cite web</div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL</span><span data-key="url" title="The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,22880187-5013016,00.html</nowiki></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="title" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Source title</span><span data-key="title" title="The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="title" style="position: relative;">Kangaroo farts could fight global warming &#x7C; Courier Mail</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Source date</span><span data-key="date" title="Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="date" style="position: relative;">2007-12-05</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="publisher" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Publisher</span><span data-key="publisher" title="Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="publisher" style="position: relative;">News.com.au</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="archive-url" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Archive URL</span><span data-key="archive-url" title="The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="archive-url" style="position: relative;"><nowiki>https://archive.is/fX4R</nowiki></div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="archive-date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">Archive date</span><span data-key="archive-date" title="Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="archive-date" style="position: relative;">2012-12-03</div></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param"><div class="cx-template-editor-param-title"><span id="access-date" class="cx-template-editor-param-key">URL access date</span><span data-key="access-date" title="The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink" class="cx-template-editor-param-desc"></span></div><div class="cx-template-editor-param-value" data-key="access-date" style="position: relative;">2011-12-10</div></div></div></div> ; Kalangkaan cai : Sato ingon merlukeun cai nu rada loba pikeun inumeun, sanitasi, ogé pikeun ngabudidayakeun pepelakan nu bakal dijadikeun parab. Di sakuliah dunya rata-rata 40% pepelakan panghasil sisikian jang parab. Sacara sagemblengna, rata-rata diperlukeun 100000 liter cai pikeun sakilo daging.<ref name="news.cornell.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/aug97/livestock.hrs.html|title=Cornell Science News: Livestock Production|publisher=News.cornell.edu|date=1997-08-07|accessdate=2011-12-10}}</ref> ; Polusi cai : Caduk sato nu diseblok bisa nyumebabkeun kandungan nitrogén jeung fosforna nyemaran parairan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pnas.org.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/content/107/43/18371|title=Forecasting Potential Global Environmental Costs of Livestock Production 2000–2050. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107.43 (2010): 18371-8374|last=Pelletier Nathan and Peter Tyedmers|publisher=Web of Science}}</ref> jeung nyumebabkeun [[eutrofikasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/pubs/rp/AAI_Issue_Brief_2_1.pdf|title=LEVELING THE FIELD – ISSUE BRIEF #2 Environmental and Health Problems in Livestock Production: Pollution in the Food System|last=Starme|first=Elanor|publisher=American Journal of Public Health 94.10: 1703-709}}</ref> ; Alternatif : Para panalungtik di [[Australia|Australi]] néangan kamumkinan pangurangan gas métana tina sapi jeung domba ku cara ngasupkeun baktéri pencernaan tina usus [[kangguru]] ka beuteung sato ingon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,22880187-5013016,00.html|title=Kangaroo farts could fight global warming &#124; Courier Mail|publisher=News.com.au|archiveurl=https://archive.is/fX4R|archivedate=2012-12-03|accessdate=2011-12-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20121203041656/www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,22880187-5013016,00.html |date=2012-12-03 }}</ref> Di Amérika Sarikat, mertahankeun padang jukut dipikanyaho bisa nyiptakeun stok daging tina hasil [[moro]] sato nu hirup di luhurna sacara tuluy-tumuluy.<ref>Derner, Justin D., William K. Lauenroth, Paul Stapp, and David J. Augustine. "Livestock as Ecosystem Engineers for Grassland Bird Habitat in the Western Great Plains of North America." Rangeland Ecology & Management 62.2 (2009): 111-18. Web of Science. Web. Feb. 2011.</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu luar == * [http://app.thearit.com/ilri/betterlivesthroughlivestockinternationallivestockresearchinstituteilri.html Better Lives Through Livestock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224101510/http://app.thearit.com/ilri/betterlivesthroughlivestockinternationallivestockresearchinstituteilri.html |date=2013-12-24 }} by ILRI * [http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock Livestock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123031456/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock |date=2012-11-23 }} - New South Wales Government * [http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=31372 Havana Livestock Fair (Photo Feature)] - ''Havana Times'', October 19, 2010 * [http://www.howtoraisecattle.com Guide On How To Raise Cattle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910081901/http://www.howtoraisecattle.com/ |date=2019-09-10 }} [[Kategori:Sato ingon]] sdovvkfoyu1lbi0wwx4oyn935d8kcir 0 88371 712887 711715 2026-09-23T06:20:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Jalma|name=Gary Lineker|image=Gary Lineker 2011.jpg|image_size=200|caption=Lineker tahun 2011|birth_name=Gary Winston Lineker|birth_place=[[Leicester]], Inggris|height=|occupation=Penyiar Siaran Olahraga, Manten Pamaen Bola|spouse={{marriage|Michelle Cockayne|1986|2006|reason=divorced}}<br>{{marriage|[[Danielle Lineker|Danielle Bux]]|2009|2016|reason=divorced}}|children=4|parents=Barry Lineker<br>Margaret Abbs|salary=£1.5&nbsp;juta (approx.) (Gajih BBC)|Lahir={{birth date and age|1960|11|30|df=y}}}} '''Gary Winston Lineker''' OBE (weton 30 November 1960) manten pamaen bola profesional Inggris, ayeuna jadi penyiar acara olahraga. Jinisna nyepeng rekor gol Inggris di Piala Dunia FIFA ku 10 gol. Karir media Lineker dimimitian jeung BBC, di mana dirina mawakeun program menbal ''Match of the Day'' nepi ka akhir salapan puluhan. Dirina ogé kungsi gawe di Al Jazaara Sports, Eredivisie Live, NBC Sport Network jeung kiwari jadi host BT Sport’s ngaliput Liga Champions UEFA. Lineker ngamimitan karir menbalna di Leicester City tahun 1978, rengse tahun 1984-85 jadi top scorer bareng di Divisi Hiji. Dirina tuluy pindah ka pangilon Liga Champions Everton, di mana dirina numbuh jadi panyerang éféktifku nyetak 30 gol tina 41 kali maen. Kahormatan munggaranna kapibanda basa maen di Barcelona basa meunangkeun Piala Liga Spanyol tahun 1988 jeung Piala Winner Eropa di taun 1989. Mulang deui ka Inggris taun 89, gabung jeung Tottenham Hotspur. Salila tilu usum nyetak 67 gol tina 105 kali maen tur meunangkeun Piala FA. Klub pamungkas Lineker nyaéta Nagoya Grampus Eight, sarta tuluy pangsiun sanggeus dua usum di Jepang. Lineker ngamimitan maen pikeun Inggris di taun 1984. Mibanda 80 ''caps'' nyetak 48 gol salila 8 taun karir internasionalna. mangrupa sekor katilu pangluhurna, sahandapeun Bobby Charlton jeung Wayne Rooney. Rasio gol banding jumlah maen Lineker masih panggungulna di nagarana. ku kituna Lineker kajojo jadi salah sahiji panyerang Inggris pinunjul sapanjang waktu. Lineker mangrupa ''top scorer'' di Piala Dunia 1986 tur meunangkeun Sapatu Emas, ngan hiji-hijina urang Inggris nu bisa kitu, semet ka Harry Kane di Piala Dunia 2018. Dirina ogé mangrupa hiji-hijna pamaen nu bisa jadi ''top scorer'' di Inggris ti tilu klub nu beda (Leicester City, Everton jeung Tottenham Hotspur). Najan karirna panjang, Lineker can kungsi meunang kartu koneng atawa beureum.<ref name="kielty">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/patrickkielty/guests/gary_lineker.shtml|title=Northern Ireland – Patrick Kielty, Almost Live|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031214002405/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/patrickkielty/guests/gary_lineker.shtml|archive-date=14 December 2003|accessdate=3 May 2016|date=14 December 2003}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031214002405/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/patrickkielty/guests/gary_lineker.shtml |date=14 December 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/aug/10/theknowledge.sport|title=Multi-talented footballers|last=Dart|first=James|date=10 August 2005|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> WalhasilLineker diganjar pangajén FIFA Fair Play Award di taun 1990. Dina karir seniorna salila 16 taun sarta 567 kali maen, Lineker geus nyitak total 330 gol, kaasup 282 gol di tingkat kleb. Sanggeus pangsiun tina maenbal dirina diasupkeun kana ''English Footbal Hall of Fame''. Salaku bobotoh satia Leicester City, Lineker mimpin hiji konsorsiun nu neundeun investasi di klub heubeulna, nyalametkeun tina kabangkrutan sarta tuluy ditunjuk jadi wakil présidén kahormatan. == Kahirupan wanci ngora == Lineker lahir di Leicester, putra ti Margaret P jeung Barry Lineker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersL/BioLinekerGW.html|title=Gary Lineker|work=englandfootballonline.com|accessdate=26 June 2018|author=|date=15 April 2016}}</ref> Ngaran tengah Winston dicokot ti Winston Churchill nu tanggal lahirna sarua.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-big-interview-gary-lineker-mhhxl325rzj|title=The big interview: Gary Lineker|last=Lovejoy|first=Joe|work=The Times|accessdate=29 June 2018|date=14 March 2004}}</ref> Boga adi ngaranna Wayne,<ref name="Observer3">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/apr/08/golf.broadcasting|title=He's still the golden shot|last=Ferguson|first=Euan|date=8 April 2007|work=[[The Observer]]|accessdate=15 December 2008}}</ref> dua taun sahandapeun, Gede bareng kulaargana di kota, Lineker remen maenbal jeung adina. Bapana Lineker usaha toko bubuahan di Leicester, kitu ogé baheula akina William jeung uyutna Géorge.<ref name="Observer3"/> Bapana ngajalankeun kios sayuran jeung buah-buahan di pasar Leicester. Keur budak basa jadi pamaen ngora kénéh Lineker remen ngabantuan di kios.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/leicester-news/tributes-pour-after-gary-lineker-391946|title=Tributes pour in after Gary Lineker announces his father's death|work=[[Leicester Mercury]]|accessdate=16 September 2017|date=29 August 2017}}</ref> Lineker mimiti asup ka Sakola Caldecote Road (SD Caldecote),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caldecote.leicester.sch.uk|title=Caldecote Primary|publisher=Caldecote.leicester.sch.uk|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> Braunstone di Leicester (wetanen Meridian Centre), sakitu netepna mah di luar dayeuh. Tuluy asup ka Sakola Boy's Grammar Kota Leicester (kiwari Kampus Kota Leicester) di Downing Drive Evington di puser dayeuh Leicester ku lantaran resep kénéh maenbal dibanding rugby, rugby harita mangrupa olahraga utama di sakola-sakola sabudeureun imahna.Walhasil, mangsa harita, dirina cicing di ninina nu netep di kota. Lineker boga bakat nu sarua antara maenbal jeung crikcet. Ti umur 11 nepi 16 ngaptenan tim Sakola Leicestershire, tur ngarasa bakal leuwih sukses dina crickett manan dina bola. Basa wanci ngorana Lineker maen di Aylestone Park Youth, nu pikahareunpeunna jadi présidén klub.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/leicestershire/7934620.stm Grass-roots football gets £11m] BBC News, 10 March 2009</ref> Lineker ninggalkeun sakola ku opat program ''O Levels''. Salah sahiji guruna nulis dian rapotna yén dirina "konsentrasi teuing kana menbal' jeung dirina kudu "tong hirup tina éta". Lineker tuluy gabung ka akademi muda di Leicester City di taun 1976.<ref name="indep">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/passedfailed-an-education-in-the-life-of-gary-lineker-match-of-the-day-presenter-and-former-footballer-1915343.html|title=Passed/Failed: An education in the life of Gary Lineker|date=4 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> == Karir Klub == === Leicester City === Lineker ngamimitian karirna di kleb kotana Leicester City sanggeus bérés sakola di taun 1977. Jadi pamaen profesional dina musin 1978-79, début seniorna dimimitian dina poé Taun Baru 1979 nalika ngéléhkeun Oldham Athletic di Divisi Dua di Filber Street. Lineker meunangkeun gelar juara Divisi Dua sataun ka hareupna ku 19 kali tampil, tapi di taun 1980-81 ngan maen 9 kali basa Leicester langsung ngalaman kamunduran. Najan kitu, di tahun 1981-82 dirina jadi pamaen reguler, nyitak 19 gol di total kabéh kompetisi usum éta. Sanajan gagal promosi, Leicester hasil nepi ka semifinal Piala FA, sarta tahun hareupna mampu naek promosi, harita Lineker nyitak 26 gol di Divisi Dua. Di taun 1983-84 Lineker munggaran ngarasakeun maen reguler di Divisi Hiji sarta jadi kadua pangluhurna dina nyitak gol ku 22 gol. Najan kitu Leicester gagal asup papan atas. Taun 1984-85. Lineker jadi ''top scorer'' bareng di Divisi Utama ku 24 gol, ngalaman suburna mimitran jeung Alan Smith. Dina wanci éta dirina narik perhatian kleb-kleb nu leuwih gedé, sarta pindah ti Filbert Street geus mangrupa kapastian. === Everton === Dina panutupan usum taun 1985, Everton, juara bertahan liga champions neken Lineker ku £800.000; Lineker nyitak 40 gol tina 57 maen pikeun tim anyarna di taun 1985-86. Lineker ogé mimpin deui panyitak gol di Divisi Hiji, ayeuna ku 30 gol (kaasup 3 kali hattricks), jeung ngarojong Everton ka posisi ka-dua di Liga. Harita Everton nepi ka final Piala FA noron ka tilu kalina, tapi eleh 3-1 ku Liverpool, najan Lineker mere kaunggulan tiheula sanggeus ngunggulan lumpat Alan Hansen pikeun nyetak gol. Liverpool ogé ngunggulan Everton ngajuaraan liga ku ngan dua poin. "Kuring ngan ukur sakeudeung di Merseyside, 9 atawa 10 bulan, tapi éta mangrupa kabagjaan pribadi, sacara profesional mangrupa periode paling sukses dina karir kuring," ceuk Lineker, "Kuring masih kénéh boga hubungan batin jeung Everton." Lineker nyetak tilu ''hattrick'' pikeun Everton. Lineker sacara konsisten netelakeun yén mangsa di Everton mangrupa mangsa panghadéna salila dirina maen. === Barcelona === Sanggeus meunangkeun Sapatu Emas di Piala Dunia 1986 di Meksiko, Lineker neken kontrak jeung Barcelona ku £2,8 juta. Harita Barcelona keur dilatih ku manten manajer Queens Park Rangers, Terry Venables, nu ogé narik striker Manchester United jeung Wales, Mark Hughes. Barcelona mere kasempetan munggaran pikeun Lineker keur maen di tingkat Eropa, Leicester mah can kungsi lolos ka liga Eropa basa Lineker keur maen kénéh téh, kitu deui Everton dilarang maen di Liga Eropa dina taun 1985-86 alatan diterapkeunna larangan maen pikeun klub-klub Inggris di kompetisi Eropa alatan tragedi Heysel. Hasil Sapatu Emas di final téa medalkeun paluang pikeun sukses di Camp Nou, Lineker teu nguciwakeun, nyetak 21 gol tina 41 kali maen di musim kahijina, kaasup ''hattrick'' waktu meunang 3-2 ngalawan satru kabuyutan réal Madrid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.talkfootball.co.uk/guides/football_legends_gary_lineker.html|title=Gary Lineker|publisher=Talk Football|accessdate=9 March 2008}}</ref> Barcelona menangkeun Copa del Rey di 1988 jeung Piala Winner Eropa di 1989. Lineker maen basa Barcelena eleh tandang tur kandang sacara teu disangka-sangka di Dundee United. Manajer Barcelona Johan Cruyff nempatkeun Lineker di gelandang katuhu sarta tungtungna mah Lineker teu jadi pilihan utama tim deui. Ku 42 gol tina 103 kali tampil di La Liga, Lineker jadi pancitak gol Inggris pangunggulna dina sajarah kompetisi, Tapi ka dieuna kasusul ku Gareth Bale di taun 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-3502065/Gary-Lineker-loses-British-scoring-record-La-Liga-Gareth-Bale-takes-crown.html|title=Gareth Bale breaks La Liga British scoring record as Gary Lineker loses the crown|date=21 March 2016|work=[[Daily Mail]]|accessdate=3 May 2016}}</ref> === Tottenham Hotspur === Manajer Manchester United, Alex Ferguson nyoba narik Lineker lewat mantan batur nyerangna di Barcelona, Mark Hughes, tapi Lineker malah milih ka Tottenham Hotspur di Juli 1989 ku nilai kontrak £1,1 juta. Salila tilu usum nyetak 67 gol tina 105 kali maen jeung meunangkeun Piala FA pikeun klubna. Mereskeun Divisi Hiji salaku top scorer di taun 1989-90, nyitak 24 gol, sarta Spurs nincak di posisi ka-tilu. Lineker akhirna menangkeun tropi Inggris waktu meunangkeun Piala FA taun 1991 jeung Spurs, ngéléhkeun Nottingham Forest 2-1. Najan éta ge Lineker dianggap nyitak gol kontroversi nu kuduna ofset jeung ogé pinaltina gagal, katahan ku kiper Mark Crossley.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/archive/E-ON-Great-Saves-1991-FA-Cup-final-special-Totttenham-2-1-Nottingham-Forest-unseen-pictures-of-Mark-Crossley-Gary-Lineker-Brian-Clough-and-co-plus-original-Daily-Mirror-match-reports-and-features-from-our-archive-article321299.html|title=E.ON Great Saves No.6: Mark Crossley|publisher=Mirror Football|accessdate=1 February 2012}}</ref> Lineker geus ngarojong Tottenham lolos ka final. Di semi final dirina nyitak dua gol basa meunang 3-1 hiji ngalawan saingan sakota ti North London, Arsenal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/821636-tottenham-v-arsenal-top-five-north-london-derbies|title=Tottenham v Arsenal: Top five North London derbies|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|accessdate=29 May 2011|date=14 April 2010}}</ref> Lineker nyanking posisi kadua panyitak gol pangluhurna dina 1991-92 ku 28 gol tina 35 maen, handapeun Ian Wright nu nyitak 29 gol tina 43 maen. Sakitu pintonan personalna hadé, Tottenham ngarengsekeun akhir liga pre-Premier dina posisi ka-15. Gol pamungkas Lineker dina menbal Inggris datang di akhir musim basa eleh 3-1 ku Manchester United di Old Trafford. === Nagoya Grampus Eight === Bulan November 1991, Lineker meunang tawaran dua taun kontrak ti anggota Liga J1 Nagoya Grampus Eight. Biaya transfer £2 juta dibayarkeun ka Tottenham Hotspur. Sacara resmi Lineker gabung ka Nagoya Grampus Eight sanggeus maen nu panungtungan pikeun Spurs dina tanggal 2 Mei 1992, nyitak gol hiburan basa eleh 3-1 ti Manchester United dina poéan panungtungan usum éta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsint-archive.co.uk/pages/S.asp?pubsel=BOTH&SrchText=Lineker&edn=&DateFromDD=01&DateFromMM=Sep&DateFromYY=1991&page=&SortOrder=Asc&SortOrder=asc&SortOrder=asc&SortOrder=asc&SortSpec=&DateToDD=30&DateToMM=Nov&ResultListMax=200&Submit1=Search&source=thetimes&DateToYY=1991&byline=&head=&Collection=NI%C2%A7%3D&Caption=&SortField=SDate&SortField=Pub&SortField=EDN&SortField=Page&ST=NS&Site=ALL&ResultCount=20&BackDD=Day&summreqd=yes&QueryText=%28Lineker%29+%3CAND%3E+%28PUB%3DBOTH%29+%3CAND%3E+%28%28SDate%3E%3D9%2F1%2F1991%29+%3CAND%3E+%28SDate%3C%3D11%2F30%2F1991%29%29&BackMM=Month&indexkey=3D12283075330327469E230&advsrch=0&BackYY=Year&_P=5&ResultMaxDocs=200&|title=''The Times'' and ''The Sunday Times'' Archive|publisher=Newsint-archive.co.uk|accessdate=29 May 2011}}{{dead link|date=February 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Memehna pisan, Tottenham nolak tawaran ti klub nu pinuh ambisi, Blackburn, nu karak dicepeng ku Jack Walker.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1353251/Jack-Walker.html|title=Jack Walker|date=19 August 2000|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=29 May 2011}}</ref> Sanggeus nyetak 9 gol tina 23 kali maen salila dua musim nu direwong ku cidera<ref name="scmp">{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/50591/lineker-broken-right-toe|title=Lineker: broken right toe|publisher=}}</ref> bareng Nagoya Grampus Eight, Lineker ngumumkeun reureuhna tina maen bola di Bulan September 1994. Media Inggris mah memehna geus ngawartakeun yén dirina bakal balik ka Inggris pikeun ngumplitan karir maenna di Middlesbrough atawa Southampton.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-lineker-the-predator-with-mass-appeal-by-retiring-now-the-striker-with-the-wholesome-image-1450427.html|title=Football: Lineker, the predator with mass appeal: By retiring now, the striker with the wholesome image has again shown perfect timing. Phil Shaw reports|last1=Shaw|first1=Phil|date=22 September 1994|work=The Independent|accessdate=6 July 2016}}</ref> == Karir internasional == Lineker kungsi maen sakali di tim nasional Inggris B, menang kandang 2-0 lawan Selandia Baru B tanggal 13 November 1984. Lineker mimiti maen full di tim Inggris basa ngalawan Skotlandia taun 1984. Dirina maen lima kali di Piala Dunia 1986 jeung jadi ''top scorer'' turnamen ku 6 gol, meunangkeun sapatu emas, ngajadikeun dirina pamaen Inggris munggaran nu bisa kitu. Lineker nyetak ''hattrick'' kadua pangterehna di turnamen Piala Dunia FIFA lawan Polandia, pamaen Inggris kadua nu bisa nyitak ''hattrick'' di Piala Dunia, sarta nyetak dua gol lawan Paraguay di puteran kadua. Ampir salila turnamen dirina mamake perban gip dina leungeunna.Lineker nyetak gol pikeun Inggris di parapat final lawan Argentina, tapi antukna eleh lantaran Diego Maradona nyetak dua gol pikeun tim lawan (gol kahiji jadi ''hand'' "Tangan Tuhan", jeung gol nu kadua jadi "Gol Abad Ieu"). Di taun 1988, Lineker maen di Piala Eropa 88, tapi gagal nyitak gol, Inggris eleh tiluan kalina maen dina puteran Grup. Kadieunakeun katohian yén Lineker geus mimiti katarajang hepatitis.<ref>C. Malam, p. 100.</ref><ref>The first was against [[Spain national football team|Spain]] 18 February 1987 and the second time against [[Malaysia national football team|Malaysia]] 12 June 1991.</ref> Di Piala Dunia 1990, Lineker nyetak opat gol pikeun ngarojong Inggris nepi ka semifinal sabada memehna seri waé jeung ngan meunang ipis. Dirina keur teu ngarareunah salila turnamen, sarta kababayan basa maen bubuka grup lawan Republik Irlandia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.joe.ie/uncategorized/lineker-admits-to-shitting-himself-literally-against-ireland-at-italia-90/12833|title=Lineker Admits to Shitting Himself (Literally) Against Ireland at Italia '90|work=Joe|accessdate=20 April 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407051908/http://www.joe.ie/uncategorized/lineker-admits-to-shitting-himself-literally-against-ireland-at-italia-90/12833 |date=7 April 2015 }}</ref> Sabada tinggaleun 1-0 ku gol Andréas Brehme di semi final, Lineker nampa operan ti Paul Parker jeung nembus dua pamaen tukang Jerman Barat pikeun nyaruakeun skor, tapi Jerman Barat meunang gul-gulan jeung tuluy meunangkeun piala. Sanggeusna Lineker nyarita; "Menbal téh permaenan nu sederhana; 22 pamaen ngundag hiji bal salila 90 menit, jeung tungtungna Jerman meunang."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/do-you-remember/newsid=1010260/index.html|title=Classic Players – Lineker, still at the top – FIFA:|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=25 November 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714021630/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/do-you-remember/newsid=1010260/index.html |date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Lineker pangsiun ti menbal internasional ku 81 ''cap'' jeung 48 gol, sagol leuwih leutik ti rekor Inggris Sir Bobby Charlton (tina 106 ''cap''). Dina anu kasebut laga Inggris pamungkasna, lawan Swedia di Piala Eropa 1992, dirina diganti ku palatih Inggris Graham Taylor ku striker Arsenal, Alan Smith, ngilangkeun kasempetan pikeun nyaruaan - atawa ngaleuwihan - rekor Charlton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/Seas1990-00/1991-92/M0688Swe1992.html|title=Sweden 2 England 1 Match Summary and Report|work=England Football Online|publisher=EnglandInteractive|accessdate=19 May 2010|date=17 June 1992}}</ref> Samemehna Lineker gagal nyitak pinalti nu bisa nyaruakeun rekorna, di pre-turnamen sosobatan lawan Brazil.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/gallery/2009/nov/12/england-brazil-previous-meetings?picture=355511205|title=Past encounters between England and Brazil|date=12 November 2009|work=The Guardian|accessdate=19 May 2010}}</ref> Lineker kaciri kuciwana kana kaputusan éta téh, teu ngareret-rerert acan ka Taylor basa asup ka tempat cadangan. Dina dua kali kajadian, Lineker nyitak opat gol pikeun Inggris sarta Lineker mangrupa hiji tina ngan sababaraha urang pamaen nu can kungsi nampa kartu koneng atawa beureum dina sagala tipe permaenan.<ref>Malam, pp. 140, 141.</ref> == Karir Media == Nuluykeun reureuhna tina maenbal profesional, Lineker ngembangkeun karir di media, asup ka BBC Radio 5 Live salaku narasumber maenbal memeh ngagantikeun Des Lynam salaku pamawa warta liputan maenbal di BBC, kaasup ogé program nu maké bandera menbal, ''Match of the Day''. Lineker ogé jadi kapten tim di pintonan olahraga ''They Think It's All Over'' ti taun 1995 nepi ka 2003. Saincahna Steve Rider ti BBC, Lineker, nu jago dina golf hiburan ku sa-''handicap'' tina opat, jadi presenter piken liputan golf BBC. ogé midangkeun ''Grandstand'' di studio London mangsa harita Desmond Lynam keur di Aintree basa Grand National keur ditutup alatan ancaman bom dina balapan taun 1997. Najan meunang kritikan ti sasamana,<ref name="Observer3"/> Lineker nuluykeun hanca liputan BBC di ''the Masters and the Open'', di mana dirina nunjukkeun kamampuan bahasana ku cara wawancara dadakan jeung pamaen Argentina Andres Romero dina bahasa Spanyol.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=42724|title=A sporting chance for unity|work=Church Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227073407/http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=42724|archivedate=27 December 2008|accessdate=3 August 2009|author=Simon Parke|deadurl=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227073407/http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=42724 |date=27 December 2008 }}</ref> Lineker ogé tampil dina acara taun 1991 ''Pasosore jeung Gary Lineker'' beunang Arthur Smith jeung Chris England, nu tuluy diadaptasi pikeun acara tivi taun 1994. Lineker midangkeun seri TV genep babak pikeun BBC di taun 1998 (didirekturan ku Lloyd Stanton) nu disebut ''Sapatu Emas'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0149464/|title=Golden Boots|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=14 October 2012}}</ref> bareng jeung selebritis maenbal sejenna. Mangrupankeun kapanjangan sajarah tina Piala Dunia, fokus kana 'Sapatu Emas' (''top scorers''). 2001, Lineker tampil dina acara TV ''Brass Eye'' (episode "Paedogeddon").<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1335764/Celebrities-fail-to-see-the-joke-on-Brass-Eye.html|title=Celebrities fail to see the joke on Brass Eye|last=O'Neill|first=Sean|date=30 July 2001|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> Taun 2002, Lineker ngilu tampil sacara ''cameo'' dina film ''Bend it Like Beckham''. Taun 2005, Lineker ditungtut karena dianggap mitnah ku pamaen Ustrali Harry Kewell gara-gara komentar Lineker dina The Sunday Telegraph ngeunaan pindahan Kewell ti Leeds United ka Liperpool. Tapi juri gagal nangtukeun putusan. Kapanggih dina kasus éta téh rehna artikelna meunang di tulis tonggong ku jurnalis Sunday Telegraph sanggeus wawancara telepon jeung Lineker.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,1563,1520864,00.html|title=Lineker and Kewell settle libel case out of court|last=Booth|first=Robert|date=4 July 2006|work=The Guardian|accessdate=13 November 2006}}</ref> Taun 2006, Lineker nyokot peran akting salaku pangeusi sora ''Underground Ernie'' di saluran BBC Barudak, ''CBeebies''.<ref name="UndergroundErnie">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4326588.stm|title=Tube trains get lines in series|date=10 October 2005|work=BBC News|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> Desember 2008, Lineker minton di program télévisi ITV1 ''Who Wants to be a Millionaire?'' di mana dirina jeung pamaen rugby Inggris Austin Héaley menang £50.000 pikeun disumbangkeun ka Yayasan Cidera Tulang Belakang Nicholls. Taun 2009, Lineker jeung geureuhana, Danielle, nyepeung acara ''Northern Exposure'' BBC. Mei 2010, Lineker eureun jadi kolumnis ''the Mail on Sunday'', alatan protes kana ''sting operation'' ka Lord Triesman nu dilaporkeun ngabahayakeun kana tawaran Inggris pikeun jadi tuan rumah Piala Dunia 2018. Lineker tuluy gawe jadi pamawa warta liputan maenbal bahasa Inggris pikeun Al Jazeera Sport, nu disiakeun ka sajumlah loba wilayah Timur Tengah. Dirina ninggalkeun TV Qatar éta di taun 2012. Taun 2013, Lineker mimiti gawe pikeun NBCSN salaku bagian tina liputan Liga Premeir-na, sarta ngarojong kana ''Match of the Day'' versi Amerika.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/apr/16/nbc-premier-league-match-of-the-day|title=Lineker and Match of the Day feature in NBC's Premier League plans|last=Parker|first=Graham|date=16 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> 9 Juni 2015, Lineker jadi persenter utama lipuntan Liga Champions BT Sport. 13 Agustus 2016, Lineker midangkeun ''Match of the Day'' kahiji musim 2016-17 ngan maké calana boksen. Dirina kungsi janji di twitter Desember 2015, yén mun Leicester City menang Liga Premier, dirina bakal "midangkeun ''Match of the Day'' make calana jero wungkul". Dina 18 Oktober 2016, Lineker nyorakeun dina tweeter hiji bantahan kana pernyataan nu dijieun ku PM David Davies nu mana Davies nyarankeun yén Inggris Raya kudu ngajalankeun tes gigi ka para pengungsi pikeun mariksa umurna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/david-davies-child-refugees-savaged-by-just-about-everyone_uk_58070e8ee4b0dcd029900242|title=Even Dentists Are Tearing Apart Tory MP's Call For Child Refugee Tooth Age Checks|date=19 October 2016|newspaper=HuffPost|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Lineker ngabéwarankeun "Tindakan ka para pangungsi ngora ieu téh rasis pisan jeung bener-bener teu boga hate. Kunaon negri urang téh?" <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/GaryLineker/status/788407048031600640|title=Gary Lineker on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=29 October 2016}}{{Primary source inline|date=May 2018}}</ref> Hal ieu ngalantarankeun ''The Sun'' manggil Lineker, mecat tina ''Match of the Day,'' nganggap Lineker geus ngalanggar panduan netral BBC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/feminism/2016/10/would-you-let-your-child-change-their-gender|title=Would you let your child change their gender?|website=New Statesman|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> Lineker ngagambarkeun kontroversi éta téh itung-itung "panggebug" tapi nuluykeun pangbelaanna pikeun para pangungsi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/GaryLineker/status/789366146977980416|title=Gary Lineker on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=29 October 2016}}{{Primary source inline|date=May 2018}}</ref> July 2018, Lineker ngumumkeun dukunganna pikeun ''People's Vote'', hiji kampanye nu nungtut pamilihan umum pikeun putusan akhir Brexit antara Inggris Raya jeung Uni Eropa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/gary-lineker-joins-campaign-for-second-brexit-referendum-11448862|title=Gary Lineker joins campaign for second Brexit referendum|last=Heffer|first=Greg|date=26 July 2018|work=[[Sky News]]|access-date=26 July 2018}}</ref> === Iklan Walkers === Lineker geus sababaraha kali tampil dina iklan perusahaan opieun Walkers di Leicester, saprak 1994, asalna neken 200.000 kontrak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/why-walkers-lineker-marriage-made-last-plus-5-garys-funniest-ads/1385016|title=Why Walkers and Lineker have a marriage made to last, plus 5 of Gary's funniest ads|last1=Lafferty|first1=Catherine|last2=Charles|first2=Gemma|work=Campaign|accessdate=29 June 2018|date=25 February 2016}}</ref> Walkers sakapeung ngaranan kiripik kentang cuka asin-na maké Lineker, dingaranan 'Salt & Lineker', di akhir 90-an.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/appointment-view-linekers-highlights-walkers/1084911|title=Appointment to view: Lineker's highlights with Walkers|work=Campaign|accessdate=29 June 2018|author=Sarah Johnson|date=16 August 2011}}</ref> === Goalhanger Films === Mei 2014, Lineker ngawangun perusahaan produksi sorangan, Goalhanger Films Ltd. bareng jeung Manten ITV Controller Tony Pastor.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Gary Lineker launches sport doc indie Goal Hanger|url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/people/gary-lineker-launches-sport-doc-indie-goal-hanger/5076420.article|magazine=Broadcastnow|accessdate=26 May 2015|date=21 August 2014}}</ref> Salila Piala Dunia 2914, Lineker midangkeun sababara vidéo pondok nu diproduksi ku Goalhanger Films di You Tube nu dijudulan Blahzil. Mei 2015, perusahaanna ngaluarkeun film dokumenter 60 menit dipidangkeun ku Lineker, judulna ''Gary Lineker on the Road to FA Cup Glory'' pikeun BBC. == Kahirupan pribadi == Lineker nyanding ka Michelle Cockayne di taun 1986. Bulan Mei Michelle ngajukeun cerai ku alesan yén Lineker boga "kalakuan teu puguh". Lineker jeung Michell boga opat budak lalaki, Géorge, Harry, Tobias jeung Angus. Duanana silih nyatakeun yeun situasina geus teu bisa diislahkeun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4960106.stm|title=Gary Lineker and wife to separate|date=30 April 2006|work=BBC News|accessdate=13 November 2006}}</ref> Lineker dijadikeun warga kahormatan Leicester City taun 1995 sarta kajojo salaku "putra kadeudeuh Leicester".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/championship/3036643/Lineker-keen-to-bale-out-Leicester-for-his-boys-sake.html|title=Lineker keen to bale out Leicester for his boys' sake|last=Ley|first=John|date=24 October 2002|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/leicester/content/articles/2005/02/22/gary_lineker_road_opens_feature.shtml|title=BBC – Leicester – Features – Lineker honoured|publisher=BBC|accessdate=3 June 2015|date=23 February 2005}}</ref> Oktober 2002, Lineker nandonan 5 juta pikeun nyalametkeun manten klubna Leicester City, nu tigebrus kana masalah administrasi hukum. Lineker ngagambarkeun yén ilibiungna téh leuwih mangrupa "amal" batan "kapentingan pribadi."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/championship/3036643/Lineker-keen-to-bale-out-Leicester-for-his-boys-sake.html|title=Lineker keen to bail out Leicester for his boys' sake|last=Ley|first=John|date=24 October 2002|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London}}</ref> Dirina nyatakeun yén dirina bakal ngamodalan sajumlah duit sarta anggota konsorsium lainna bakal nyumbang jumlah nu sarua. Lineker nepungan grup bobotoh pikeun ngajak maranéhna pikeun ngumpulkeun duit keur nyalametkeun klub lilana. Tungtungna mah Leicester salamet tina likuidasi. Lineker ayeuna jadi Wakil présidén kahormatan di Leicester City F.C. Lineker kawin ka Daniell Bux tanggal 2 September 2009 di Ravello, Italia. Maranéhna menangkeun £30.000 hadiah pikeun amal di acara ITV's ''Mr and Mrs''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Linekers-163-30-000-charity-win-Star-Mr-Mrs/story-12083486-detail/story.html|title=Linekers in £30,000 charity win on All Star Mr & Mrs|date=19 January 2010|work=Leicester Mercury|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208055612/https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Linekers-163-30-000-charity-win-Star-Mr-Mrs/story-12083486-detail/story.html|archivedate=8 December 2015|deadurl=yes|accessdate=6 December 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208055612/https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Linekers-163-30-000-charity-win-Star-Mr-Mrs/story-12083486-detail/story.html |date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> Tanggal 13 Januari 2016, Lineker jeung Bux ngumumkeun cerei, sanggeus genep taun rumah tangga.<ref name="kids">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/12096442/Gary-Lineker-and-his-wife-to-divorce-because-hes-too-old-to-start-another-family.html|title=Gary Lineker and his wife to divorce 'because he's too old to start another family'|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=13 January 2016|date=13 January 2016}}</ref> Alesanna cenah Lineker teu hayang boga budak deui.<ref name="kids" /> November 2017, Lineker katuliskeun dina Paradise Papers dina hubunganna jeung skema panolakan pajak lantaran mibanda properti di Barbados jeung hiji perusahaan di Kapulauan Virgin. == Statistik Karir == === Klub === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Musim ! rowspan="2" |Klub ! colspan="3" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Piala ! colspan="2" |Piala Liga ! colspan="2" |Kontinéntal ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Divisi !Maen !Gul !Maen !Gul !Maen !Gul !Maen !Gul !Maen !Gul |- ! colspan="3" |Inggris ! colspan="2" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Piala FA ! colspan="2" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Eropa ! colspan="2" |Total |- |1978–79 | rowspan="7" |Leicester City | rowspan="2" |Divisi Dua |7 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |7 |1 |- |1979–80 |19 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |20 |3 |- |1980–81 |Divisi Hiji |9 |2 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |3 |- |1981–82 | rowspan="2" |Divisi Dua |39 |17 |5 |2 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |47 |19 |- |1982–83 |40 |26 |1 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |43 |26 |- |1983–84 | rowspan="2" |Divisi Hiji |39 |22 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |41 |22 |- |1984–85 |41 |24 |4 |3 |3 |2 | colspan="2" |— |48 |29 |- |1985–86 |Everton |Divis Hiji |41 |30 |6 |5 |5 |3 | colspan="2" |— |52 |38 |- ! colspan="3" |Spanyol ! colspan="2" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Copa del Rey ! colspan="2" |Copa de la Liga ! colspan="2" |Eropa ! colspan="2" |Total |- |1986–87 | rowspan="3" |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | rowspan="3" |La Liga |41 |20 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |50 |21 |- |1987–88 |36 |16 |5 |2 | colspan="2" |— |8 |2 |49 |20 |- |1988–89 |26 |6 |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— |8 |4 |38 |11 |- ! colspan="3" |Inggris ! colspan="2" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Piala FA ! colspan="2" |Piala Liga ! colspan="2" |Eropa ! colspan="2" |Total |- |1989–90 | rowspan="3" |Tottenham Hotspur | rowspan="3" |Divisi Hiji |38 |24 |1 |0 |6 |2 | colspan="2" |— |45 |26 |- |1990–91 |32 |15 |6 |3 |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— |43 |19 |- |1991–92 |35 |28 |2 |0 |5 |5 |8 |2 |50 |35 |- ! colspan="3" |Jepang ! colspan="2" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Piala Kaisar ! colspan="2" |Piala Liga ! colspan="2" |[[Konfédérasi Maénbal Asia|Asia]] ! colspan="2" |Total |- |1993 | rowspan="2" |Nagoya Grampus Eight | rowspan="2" |Liga J1 |7 |1 |0 |0 |5 |4 | colspan="2" |— |12 |5 |- |1994 |11 |3 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |12 |3 |- ! rowspan="3" |Nagara ! colspan="2" |Inggris !340 !192 !28 !14 !30 !13 !8 !2 !406 !221 |- ! colspan="2" |Spanyol !103 !42 !10 !4 ! colspan="2" |— !24 !6 !137 !52 |- ! colspan="2" |Jepang !18 !4 !0 !0 !6 !4 ! colspan="2" |— !24 !8 |- ! colspan="3" |Total !461 !238 !38 !18 !36 !17 !32 !8 !567 !281 |} === Internasional === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Tim Nasional Inggris |- !Taun !Maen !Gul |- |1984 |1 |0 |- |1985 |9 |6 |- |1986 |10 |8 |- |1987 |7 |9 |- |1988 |10 |3 |- |1989 |9 |3 |- |1990 |15 |8 |- |1991 |11 |9 |- |1992 |8 |2 |- !Total !80 !48 |} === Gol Intenasional === == Pangajén == === Klub === '''Leicester City''' * Liga Divisi Dua: 1980 ; Everton * Charity Shield FA: 1985 ; Barcelona * Copa del Rey: 1988 * Piala Winners Eropa: 1989 ; Tottenham Hotspur * Piala FA: 1991 === International === ; Inggris * Tempat kaopat Piala Dunia: 1990 '''<big>Individual</big>''' * English Second Division ''Top Scorer'' Divisi Dua: 1982–83<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engtops.html|title=English League Leading Goalscorers|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628202228/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engtops.html|archivedate=28 June 2011|dead-url=yes|accessdate=11 June 2011}}</ref> * Top Scorer Divisi Hiji: 1984–85, 1985–86, 1989–90 * Pamaen Taun Ieu PFA : 1985–86 * Pamaen Bal Taun Ieu FWA: 1985–86, 1991–92 * Sapatu Emas Piala Dunia FIFAt: 1986 * Tim Piala Dunia All Star: 1986 * <nowiki><i>Onze de Bronze</i></nowiki>: 1986 * <nowiki><i>Ballon d'Or</i></nowiki>: Runner-up 1986 * Pangajén FIFA Fair Play: 1990 * Pangajén FWA <nowiki><i>Tribute</i></nowiki> : 1997 * Pamaen Taun Ieu FIFAr: Pangajén Perunggu 1991<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/archive/edition=1991/overview.html|title=Matthaus takes inaugural award|publisher=FIFA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227091021/http://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/archive/edition%3D1991/overview.html|archivedate=27 February 2015|dead-url=yes|accessdate=27 February 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227091021/http://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/archive/edition%3D1991/overview.html |date=27 February 2015 }}</ref> * FIFA 100 * Tembok Kahormatan Menbal Inggris: 2003<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/explore-the-museum/hall-of-fame/about-the-hall-of-fame|title=About the Hall of Fame|publisher=National Football Museum|accessdate=5 January 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109105741/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/explore-the-museum/hall-of-fame/about-the-hall-of-fame |date=9 November 2016 }}</ref> * Tim Abad Ieu PFA (1977–1996): 2007<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa-legends/teams-of-the-century/team-of-the-century-1977-1996|title=Team of the Century: 1977–1996 – Souness, Robson & Hoddle...not a bad midfield trio!|date=30 August 2007|work=GiveMeFootball.com|publisher=Give Me Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022111004/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa-legends/teams-of-the-century/team-of-the-century-1977-1996|archive-date=22 October 2008|dead-url=yes|access-date=22 September 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022111004/http://www.givemefootball.com/pfa-legends/teams-of-the-century/team-of-the-century-1977-1996 |date=22 October 2008 }}</ref> == Referensi == <references /> == Bacaeun kapayun == * {{Cite book|title=Gary Lineker: Strikingly Different|url=https://archive.org/details/garylinekerstrik0000mala_c5s6|first=Colin|last=Malam|publisher=Stanley Paul|location=London|year=1993|isbn=0-09-175424-0}} == Pranala == [[:en:Gary Lineker|Gary Lineker]] [[Kategori:Urang Inggris]] [[Kategori:Olahragawan]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:Olahraga]] [[Kategori:Piala Dunia]] [[Kategori:Liga Inggris]] [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1960]] [[Kategori:Top Scorer]] [[Kategori:Liga Spanyol]] [[Kategori:Menbal]] [[Kategori:Pamaen Inggris]] [[Kategori:1960]] 2h23yp73u19cb65v4984dgz5xibtvx7 0 98002 712877 712024 2026-09-23T05:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 14 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Diego Maradona|image=[[File:Diego Maradona 2012 2.jpg|thumb|Diego Maradona 2012 2]]|image_size=|caption=|fullname=Diego Armando Maradona|birth_date={{Birth date|1960|10|30}}|birth_place=[[Lanús]], [[Buenos Aires province|Buenos Aires]], Argentina|death_date={{Death date and age|2020|11|25|1960|10|30}}|death_place=[[Tigre]], [[Buenos Aires province|Buenos Aires]], Argentina|height=1.65 m|position=[[Midfielder#Attacking midfielder|Attacking midfielder]]<br/>[[Forward (association football)#Second striker|Second striker]]<ref name="football-tricks.com">[http://www.football-tricks.com/maradona.html Maradona tricks and skills videos of the best soccer, football players ever] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615014521/http://www.football-tricks.com/maradona.html |date=2012-06-15 }}. Football-tricks.com. Diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref><ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/world-cup-2010/writers/jonathan_wilson/05/27/argentina.1986/index.html Diego Maradona dominated 1986 World Cup after position switch – Jonathan Wilson – SI.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014162353/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/world-cup-2010/writers/jonathan_wilson/05/27/argentina.1986/index.html |date=2013-10-14 }}. Sportsillustrated.cnn.com (27 May 2010). Retrieved 31 Maret 2013.</ref><ref>[http://theviewspaper.net/diego-maradona-%E2%80%98the-soccer-guru%E2%80%99/ Diego Maradona: ‘The Soccer Guru’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222239/http://theviewspaper.net/diego-maradona-%E2%80%98the-soccer-guru%E2%80%99/ |date=2013-12-02 }}. The Viewspaper (25 June 2010). Diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref><ref>[http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/players/a/Maradonaprofile.htm Diego Maradona – Profile of Soccer Player Diego Maradona] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119054631/http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/players/a/Maradonaprofile.htm |date=2012-11-19 }}. Worldsoccer.about.com. Diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref><!--Do not delete second striker, it's well referenced-->|currentclub=N/A|years1=1976–1981|clubs1=[[Argentinos Juniors]]|caps1=167|goals1=116|years2=1981–1982|clubs2=[[Boca Juniors]]|caps2=40|goals2=28|years3=1982–1984|clubs3=[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]|caps3=36|goals3=22|years4=1984–1991|clubs4=[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]]|caps4=188|goals4=81|years5=1992–1993|clubs5=[[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]]|caps5=26|goals5=5|years6=1993–1994|clubs6=[[Newell's Old Boys]]|caps6=5|goals6=0|years7=1995–1997|clubs7=[[Boca Juniors]]|caps7=30|goals7=7|totalcaps=491|totalgoals=259|nationalyears1=1977–1979|nationalteam1=[[tim U-20 Argéntina|Argentina U20]]|nationalcaps1=24|nationalgoals1=13|nationalyears2=1977–1994|nationalteam2=[[tim nasional Argéntina|Argentina]]|nationalcaps2=91|nationalgoals2=34|manageryears1=1994|managerclubs1=[[Textil Mandiyú|Mandiyú de Corrientes]]|manageryears2=1995|managerclubs2=[[Racing Club de Avellaneda|Racing Club]]|manageryears3=2008–2010|managerclubs3=[[tim nasional Argéntina|Argentina]]|manageryears4=2011–2012|managerclubs4=[[Al Wasl FC|Al Wasl]]|manageryears5=2013–2017|managerclubs5=[[Deportivo Riestra]] (assistant)|manageryears6=2017–2018|managerclubs6=[[Al-Fujairah SC|Fujairah]]|manageryears7=2018|managerclubs7=[[FC Dynamo Brest|Dynamo Brest]] (chairman)|manageryears8=2018–2019|managerclubs8=[[Dorados de Sinaloa]]|medaltemplates={{Medal|Country|{{fb|ARG}}}}{{MedalSport| Men's [[Association football|Football]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA World Cup]]}} {{medal|Winner|[[1986 FIFA World Cup|1986 Mexico]]|}} {{medal|RU|[[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990 Italy]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA Under-20 World Cup]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[1979 FIFA World Youth Championship|1979 Japan]]|[[Argentina national under-20 football team|U-20]]}}}}'''Diégo Armando Maradona''', (lahir, 30 Oktober 1960 - 25 Nopémber 2020), pangsiunan pamaén bal profésional Argéntina. Dianggap minangka pamaén bola panghébatna sapanjang mangsa. Manéhna téh salah sahiji tina dua pinunjul réréongan panghargaan Pamaén FIFA Abad 20.<ref>[http://en03.touri.com/Berichte/FIFA-Spieler/MalePlayer.pdf FIFA Player of the Century] https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005029/http://en03.touri.com/Berichte/FIFA-Spieler/MalePlayer.pdf 26 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.touri.com</ref><ref name="SI2">[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ "Maradona or Pele?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112101321/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ |date=2012-01-12 }}. CNN Sports Illustrated, 10 December 2000. Retrieved 13 Maret 2013</ref> Visi, operan, kontrol bal jeung kamampuan ''dribbling'' Maradona, dikombinasikan jeung awakna nu pendek (1,65 m at. 5 kaki 5 inc), nu matak énteng, ngaalatankeun manéhna usik leuwih hadé manan réa pamaén séjénna; manéhna mindeng nga-''dribble'' ngaliwatan sababaraha pamaén lawan bari lumpat. Kahadiranna jeung kapamingpinanna di lapangan méré épék anu gedé pikeun pintonan timna sacara umum. Ku bakatna nu calakan, Maradona dilandi "''El Pibe de Oro''" ("''The Golden Boy''"), hiji ngaran nu némpél ka dirina salila karirna.<ref name="Pibe">{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2008/10/sezioni/sport/calcio/maradona-ct-argentina/maradona-ct-argentina/maradona-ct-argentina.html|title=La nuova vita del Pibe de Oro Maradona ct dell'Argentina|publisher=la Repubblica|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> Saurang ''playmaker'' hareup nu maké nomer posisi klasik 10, Maradona mangrupa pamaén kahiji dina sajarah ménbal nu mecahkeun rékor bayaran transfer dua kali, mimiti basa pindah ka Barcelona pikeun rékor dunia £5 juta, nu kaduana, basa pindah ka Napoli ku rékor séjénna £6,9 juta.<ref name="Times">[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/sport/football/europe/article3325254.ece "Snapshot: Maradona is toast of the town after signing for Napoli"]. The Times. Diakses 30 Maret 2013</ref> Salila karir klubna, Maradona maén pikeun [[Argentinos Juniors]], [[Boca Juniors]], [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], [[Napoli]], [[Sevilla]] jeung [[Newell's Old Boys]], sarta sosohorna mah mangsa di Napoli jeung Barcelona basa meunangkeun sajumlah panghargaan. Dina karir internasionalna bareng Argéntina, manéhna geus ngahasilkeun 91 ''caps'' jeung nyitak 35 gul. Maradona maén di 4 Piala Dunia FIFA, kaasup Piala Dunia 1986 di Méksiko di mana manéhna ngapténan Argéntina jeung mingpin timna meunang ngalawan Jérman Barat di final, sarta meunangkeun Bal Emas minangka pamaén turnamén panghadéna. Di parapat final Piala Dunia 1986, manéhna nyitak dua-duana gul basa meunang 2-1 ngalawan Inggris nu asup kana sajarah ménbal ku dua alésan nu béda. Gul kahiji nyaéta ngalanggar maké leungeun nu lolos tina hukuman nu katelah si "Tangan Tuhan", sarta gul kadua ngagiring bal sapanjang 60 m (66 yd) ngaliwatan lima pamaén Inggris, kapilih minangka "Gul abad Ieu" ku pamilih FIFA.com di taun 2002.<ref name="vote">[https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=82406/index.html "Diego Maradona goal voted the FIFA World Cup™ Goal of the Century"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712101738/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=82406/index.html |date=2012-07-12 }}. FIFA (30 Mei 2002). Diakses 13 Maret 2013</ref> Maradona jadi palaith Argéntina di bulan Nopémber 2008. Ngajabat di Piala Dunia 2010 di Afrika Selatan méméh eureun di akhir turnamén. Manéhna ngalatih klub Al Wasl Dubai di Pro Liga UEA pikeun musim 2011-12. Taun 2017, Maradona jadi palatih Fujairah semet ka tungtung musim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/11349642/diego-maradona-leaves-job-in-uae-after-failing-to-secure-automatic-promotion|title="Diego Maradona leaves job in UAE after failing to secure automatic promotion"|last=|first=|website=Sky Sport|publisher=|accessdate=6 Mei 2019}}</ref> Méi 2018, Maradona jadi pupuhu anyar klub Belarusia, Dynamo Brest.<ref name="Brest2">[https://en.dynamo-brest.by/item/1082-da-diego-s-nami “Yes, Diego is with us!”]. Dynamo Brest. Retrieved 23 July 2018</ref> Manéhna datang ka Brest jeung mimiti ditugaskeun ku klubna di bulan Juli. Ti Séptémber 2018 nepi ka Juni 2019, Maradona jadi palatih klub Méksiko, Dorados.<ref name="Mexican team2">{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona's 'rebirth' at coaching job at Mexican side Dorados|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-45482066|accessdate=10 September 2018|agency=BBC}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal == [[File:Maradona_torneos_evita.jpg|pra=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maradona_torneos_evita.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Maradona maén di Torneos Evita taun1973 (hiji kagiatan olahraga nasional di Argéntina) bareng "''Cebollitas''"]] Maradona lahir tanggal 30 Oktober 1960 di Poliklinik Rumah Sakit Évita di Lanus, Provinsi [[Buenos Aires]], tapi digedékeun ku hiji kulawarga miskin pindahan ti Provinsi Corrientes, di Desa Fiorito, hiji kawasan kumuh di beulah wétan saluareun Buenos Aires, Argéntina.<ref>[http://football.guardian.co.uk/theknowledge/story/0,,1751019,00.html The greatest rags-to-riches stories ever] James Dart, Paul Doyle and Jon Hill, 12 April 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> Manéhna téh budak lalaki kahiji sangges tilu awéwé. Manéhna boga dua adi lalaki, Hugo (''él Turco'') jeung Raul (Lalo), duanana ogé pamaén bal profésional. Bapana Diégo Maradona "''Chitoro''" (maot taun 2015) jeung indungna Dalma Salvadora Franco 'Dona Tota' (1930-2011). Kolot Maradona duanana asal ti Esquina di timur laut Provinsi Corrientes. Imahna masing-masing ngan kapisah 200 m di sisi Bangawan Corriente. Tahun 1950 ninggalkeun Esquina jeung netep di Buenos Aires. Umur dalapan taun Maradona kapanggih ku pamandu bakat waktu keur maén di klub lingkunganna Estrella Roja. Manéhna jadi pamaén penting di Los Cebollitas (Bawang Leutik), tim yunior Argentinos Juniors, Buenos Aires. Salaku pamaén budak umur 12 taun, manéhna ngahibur penonton ku nembongkeun kamonesanna dina ngulinkeun bal dina hiburan tengah babak di partai divisi hiji.<ref>[http://www.fundus.org/referat.asp?ID=12053 The Hand of God]. Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> Manéhna nyebutkeun ''playmaker'' Brazil Rivelino jeung pamaén sayap [[Manchester United]] [[George Best]] di antara inspirasina pikeun déwasa.<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/sport/soccer/english/2005/1126/198627-bestg/ "Maradona hails 'inspirational' Best"]. RTE Sport. Retrieved 9 September 2013</ref><ref>"Football's Greatest – Rivelino". Pitch International LLP. 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2014</ref> == Karir klub == === Argéntinos Juniors jeung [[Boca Juniors]] === 20 Oktober 1976, Maradona nyieun debut profésionalna keur Argéntinos Juniors, 10 poé méméh ulang taunna nu ka-16,<ref name="vivadiego">[http://www.vivadiego.com/biogr.html A SUMMARY OF MARADONA's LIFE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211202737/http://www.vivadiego.com/biogr.html |date=2013-12-11 }}, vivadiego.com. Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> basa ngalawan Talleres de Cordoba. Manéhna asup ka lapang maké kaos nomer 16, jeung jadi pamaén pangorana dina sajarah Divisi Priméra Argéntina. Sababaraha menit sanggeus maén, Maradona nyépak bal nembus antara dua suku Juan Domingo Cabréra. Nyieun ''nutmeg'' (ngolongkeun bal) nu ngalégénda.<ref name="asi">[https://www.elgrafico.com.ar/articulo/1088/33691/maradona-asi-empezo-todo Maradona. Así empezó todo], ''El Gráfico'', 25 April 2019</ref> Sanggeus permaénan éta, Maradona cumarita, "Poé éta kuring ngarasa langit aya dina geunggeuman kuring,"<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/deportes/Diego-Argentinos_0_898110387.html "Diego, el de Argentinos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042638/http://www.clarin.com/deportes/Diego-Argentinos_0_898110387.html |date=2016-03-04 }}, ''Clarín'', 11 April 2013</ref> Tilu puluh taun ti harita, Cabréra ingeuteun kénéh kana debut Maradonaː "Kuring keur di sisi katuhu lapang sarta muru pikeun neken manéhna, tapi manéhna teu méré kasempetan. manéhna nyieun ''nutmeg'' jeung waktu kuring ngalieuk, manéhna geus jauh ti kuring."<ref>[http://archivo.lavoz.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=111261 Murió Juan Domingo “el Chacho” Cabrera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730001217/http://archivo.lavoz.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=111261 |date=2020-07-30 }} by Gustavo Farías on ''La Voz'', 4 September 2007</ref> Maradona nyitak gul kahijina di [[Divisi Priméra]] ngalawan tim San Lorénzo Marplatense dina tanggal 14 Nopémber 1976, dua minggu ti saprak maén.<ref>[http://laseleccion.com.ar/argentina/primeros-goles-argentinos-san-lorenzo-diego-maradona "Los primeros gritos de D10S"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008113712/http://laseleccion.com.ar/argentina/primeros-goles-argentinos-san-lorenzo-diego-maradona|date=8 October 2015}} on La Selección website</ref> [[File:Diego_Maradona_celebrando_la_obtención_del_Torneo_Metropolitano_de_1981.jpg|pra=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diego_Maradona_celebrando_la_obtenci%C3%B3n_del_Torneo_Metropolitano_de_1981.jpg|ka|jmpl|Maradona keur diarak ku bobotoh [[:en:Boca_Juniors|Boca Juniors]] sanggeus meunang kajuaran [[:en:1981_Argentine_Primera_División|Metropolitano]] taun 1981]] Maradona meakkeun lima taun di Argéntinos Juniors, ti 1976 nepi ka 1981, nyitak 115 gul tina 167 kali maén méméh pindah ka Boca Juniors ku AS$ 4 juta.<ref>[http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1351900-aquella-jugada-que-llevo-a-maradona-a-boca "Aquella jugada que llevó a Maradona a Boca" by Daniel Arcucchi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930101801/http://canchallena.lanacion.com.ar/1351900-aquella-jugada-que-llevo-a-maradona-a-boca |date=2015-09-30 }}, Cancha Llena, 22 February 2011</ref> Maradona nampa tawaran ti klub-klub séjén, kaasup [[River Plate]] nu nawarkeun gajih panggedéna di klub.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=8 Mei 2014|title=Footbal Greatest-Rivalinho|url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/132/622/3/index.html|journal=Footbal Greatest-Rivalinho|doi=|pmid=|access-date=8 Mei 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305093358/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/132/622/3/index.html |date=2016-03-05 }}</ref> Najan kitu, Maradona nyatakeun kahayangna pikeun pindah ka Boca Juniors, tim nu salawasna dipikahayang pikeun maén. Maradona neken kontrak jeung Boca Junior tanggal 20 Pébruari 1981. Debut kahijina dua poé ti harita ngalawan Talleres de Cordoba, nyitak dua gul dina kaunggulan 4-1 pikeun klubna. Tanggal 10 April, munggaran maén di ''Superclasico'' ngalawan River Plate di stadion La Bombonera. Boca ngéléhkeun River 3-0 sarta Maradona nyitak sagul sanggeus ngagiring bal ngaliwatan Alberto Tarantini jeung Fillol.<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/02/22/deportes/d-04801.htm "25 años de romance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904062252/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2006/02/22/deportes/d-04801.htm |date=2010-09-04 }}, ''Clarín'', 26 December 2009</ref> Sanajan hubungan nu teu pati akur antara Maradona jeung manajer Boca Juniors, Silvio Marzolini,<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/2000/09/24/s-04615.ht "Maradona por Maradona"]{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, 24 September 2000</ref> Boca mibanda hiji usum nu suksés, meunangkeun juara liga sanggeus ngamankeun poin ngalawan Racing Club.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arg81.html Argentina 1981 by Osvaldo José Gorgazzi] on RSSSF.com</ref> Eta téh minangka hiji-hijina gelar nu kapimilik ku Maradona dina liga doméstik.<ref name="Fifa profile">[https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player=174732/ "The Albiceleste underdog who conquered the world"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606214911/https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player=174732/ |date=2015-06-06 }}. FIFA.com Retrieved 16 May 2014</ref> === Barcelona === Sabada Piala Dunia 1982, bulan Juni, Maradona pindah ka Barcelona di Spanyol pikeun £5 juta (̩$7,6 juta)<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/3278819/Life-and-crimes-of-Diego-Armando-Maradona-Football.html "Life and crimes of Diego Armando Maradona"]. The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 October 2015</ref> nu minangka bayaran rékor dunia di taun 1983. Dina cepengan palatih Cesar Luis Menotti, [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] katut Maradona meunangkeun [[Copa del Rey]] (kompetisi piala nasional taunan Spanyol), ngéléhkeun [[Real Madrid C.F.|Réal Madrid]], ogé Piala Super Spanyol, ngéléhkeun [[Athlético Bilbao]]. Dina 26 Juni 1983, Barcelona ngéléhkeun Réal Madrid dina salah sahiji pertandingan paling gedé antar klub, ''El Clasico'', hiji permaénan di mana Maradona nyitak gul sarta jadi pamaén Barcelona nu mimiti meunang keprokan ti bobotoh Réal Madrid, musuh satruna. Maradona ngagiring bal ngaliwatan kiper Madrid Agustin, sarta pas geus deukeut kana gul nu kosong manéhna ngarandeg pas pisan pamaén tukang Juan Jose datang nyorodot dina usaha nu pinuh ku kaputusasaan pikeun nahan tembakan, terus kebat kadon neunggar tihang méméh Maradona ngajebloskeun bal kana jaring.<ref>[https://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/news/2012-2013/30-years-since-maradona-stunned-the-santiago-bernabeu "30 years since Maradona stunned the Santiago Bernabéu"]. FC Barcelona. Retrieved 2 October 2014</ref> Cara asupna gul ngaalatankeun panongton di jero stadion méré aplausan. Salaku pamaén Barcelona, ngan [[Rivaldinho]] (di Nopémber 2005) jeung [[Andrés Iniésta]] (di Nopémber 2015) nu kungsi nampa panghormatan kitu ti bobotoh Madrid di Santiago Bernabeu.<ref name="Clasico">[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/real-madrid-0-barcelona-3-bernabeu-forced-to-pay-homage-as-ronaldinho-soars-above-the-galacticos-516202.html "Real Madrid 0 Barcelona 3: Bernabeu forced to pay homage as Ronaldinho soars above the galacticos"]. The Independent. Retrieved 29 November 2013</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nesn.com/2015/11/real-madrid-fans-applaud-barcelonas-andres-iniesta-in-el-clasico-video/|title=Real Madrid Fans Applaud Barcelona’s Andres Iniesta In ‘El Clasico’|publisher=NESN|accessdate=28 January 2016|date=21 November 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102160305/https://nesn.com/2015/11/real-madrid-fans-applaud-barcelonas-andres-iniesta-in-el-clasico-video/ |date=2 January 2021 }}</ref> Alatan gering jeung cidera katut ogé kajadian kontrovérsial di lapangan, Maradona ngalaman mangsa-mangsa hésé di Barcelona.<ref name="Guardian">[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1677834,00.html "That's one hell of a diet, Diego"]. 8 January 2006. Guardian Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 13 August 2006.</ref> Mimiti hépatisis énténg, tuluy di pertandingan [[La Liga]] di Camp Nou bulan Séptémber pateuh pigeulang suku disababkeun ku tékel nu salah waktu ti Andoni Goikoetxea ti Athletico Bilbao. Kajadian éta matak ngancam kana karirna. Tapi ku diropéaan jeung terapi, sanggeus tilu bulan reureuh dirina bisa balik deui ka lapang.<ref name="vivadiego"/> . [[Gambar:Maradona_kempes_spain.jpg|kiri|jmpl|210x210px| Maradona jeung batur sanagarana, [[Mario Kémpés]] méméh patandingan di Barcelona ngalawan [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] ]] Panungtungan usum 1983-84 ditandaan ku paséa rongkah jeung burantakan dina final Copa del Rey 1984 ngalawan Athlético Bilbao di Santiago Bernabeu, Madrid, nu sacara langsung ngalibetkeun Maradona.<ref name="butcher">{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona gives hot, hot heat to The Butcher of Bilbao|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2008/dec/05/joy-of-six-scott-murray|newspaper=The Guardian|date=24 April 2015}}</ref> Sanggeus nampa tékel kasar deui ti Goikoetxea nu natuan sukuna, tur salila tanding dijejeléh ku bobotoh Bilbao ku igelan ''xenophobic'' (anti urang luar), poyokan rasis nu mamawa bapana nu turunan pribumi Amérika, sarta sanggeus dipapanas ku pamaén Bilbao Miguel Sola dina akhir babak alatan Barcelona éléh 1-0, Maradona ngadat.<ref name="butcher" /> Manéhna cengkat, nangtung sawatara inchi ti Sola sarta duanana paréa-réa omong. Hal ieu nyababkeun réaksi émosi nu nerekab ka kadua tim. Bari jeung sesentak, Sola nurutan poyokan panongton maké gerakan ''xenophobic''.<ref name="Calioli">Luca Caioli (2013). "Messi: The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend"</ref> Maradona tuluy ngadagor Sola ku sirahna, nyiku pamaén séjénna, sarta ngadagor pamaén séjénna deui ku tuur semet ka pingsan.<ref name="butcher" /> Méméh pamaén Barcelona nulungan, Maradona digulung ku pamaén-pamaén Bilbao, sarta Goikoetxea ngajejek dadana. Ti dinya, pamaén Barcelona jeung Bilbao garelut di lapangan bari Maradona di tengah-tengah kaributan bukbek neunggeul jeung najongan sing saha waé nu maké kaos Bilbao.<ref name="butcher" /> Tarung massal ieu lumangsung di hareupeun Raja Spanyol [[Juan Carlos]] jeung 100.000 panongton di stadium sarta leuwih ti satengah Spanyol nongton na tivi.<ref name="Bilbao">Jimmy Burns. (2011). "Maradona: The Hand of God". pp.121–122. A&C Black</ref> Sanggeus para bobotoh mimiti ngalung-ngalungkeun barang teuas di lapangan ka para pamaén, palatih jeung malahan mah tukang photo ogé, 60 jalma cidera. Ku insidén ieu, dina naon nu disebut tandang pamungkas Maradona maké kaos Barcelona, sacara éféktif geus mastikeun kapindahan Maradona ti klub .<ref name="Calioli">Luca Caioli (2013). "Messi: The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend"</ref> Salah sahiji pajabat Barcelona nyarita, "Waktu kuring ningali Maradona gelut tur disusul ku kakacauan, kuring sadar yén urang teu bisa tuluy jeung manéhna."<ref name="Bilbao" /> Maradona remen patelak jeung presidén klub Josep Lluis Nunéz, nu ngujung kana tuntutan pikeun kaluar ti Camp Nou di taun 1984. Dina dua usum nu pinuh ku cidera di Barcelona, Maradona nyitak 38 gul tina 58 kali maén.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/columns/indepth/maradona_indepth.html "Backgrounder: Diego Maradona"]. CBC Sports. Retrieved 14 December 2012</ref> Maradona pindah ka [[FC Napoli|Napoli]] di [[Séri A Italia]] pikeun bayaran rékor dunia lianna, £6,9 juta ($10,48 juta).<ref name="Times"/> [[Gambar:Presentacion_maradona_napoli.jpg|ka|jmpl|292x292px| Maradona méré salam ka balaréa di Stadion San Paolo nalika préséntasina di Naples, 5 Juli 1984 ]] Maradona nepi ka Naples jeung dipréséntasikeun ka média minangka pamaén Napoli tanggal 5 Juli 1984, dibagéakeun ku 75.000 bobotoh di Stadion San Paolo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/jul/06/cristiano-ronaldo-real-madrid-bernabeu|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=6 July 2009|accessdate=6 July 2009}}</ref> Panulis olahraga ngoméntaran "Maranéhna (bobotoh) yakin yén panyalamet geus datang."<ref name="Naples">[http://www.espnfc.com/columns/story/_/id/1033038/rewind-to-1987:-maradona-brings-success-to-napoli?cc=5739 "Maradona brings success to Napoli"]. ESPN. Retrieved 16 May 2014</ref> Hiji koran lokal nyatakeun yén "kajeun teuing kakurangan pamingpin, imah, sakola, beus, pagawé jeung sanitasi, teu jadi masalah lantaran urang saréréa miboga Maradona."<ref name="Naples" /> Méméh kadatangan Maradona, sépakbola Italia didominasi ku tim-tim ti kalér jeung tengah negeri éta, saperti [[A.C. Milan|AC MIlan]], [[Juventus]], [[Inter Milan]] jeung [[A.S. Roma|Roma]], sarta euwueh tim ti Bobodjong Italia nu kungsi meunang gelar.<ref name="Naples" /><ref>Clemente A. Lisi (2011). "A History of the World Cup: 1930–2010". p. 193. Scarecrow Press</ref> Di Napoli, Maradona ngahontal puncak karir profésionalnaː teu kungsi lila manéhna geus diwaris bengker kaptén ti pamaén tukang véteran Giuseppe Bruscolotti<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.repubblica.it/rubriche/la-storia/2016/02/09/news/bruscolotti_verso_juventus_napoli-133032932/|title=Bruscolotti, una vita in azzurro: "Napoli, ricorda quella partita dell'86"|newspaper=La Repubblica|language=Italian|author1=Nicola Sellitti|date=9 February 2016|accessdate=7 April 2016}}</ref> sarta jadi béntang pujaan di antara bobotoh klub; dina mangsa dirina maén, Maradona geus hasil ngaronjatkeun tim kana posisi pangsuksésna dina sapanjang sajarah.<ref name="Naples"/> Maradona maén keur Napoli dina hiji mangsa nalika ténsi Kaler-Kidul di Italia keur panas-panasna alatan sababarah perkara, utamana perbédaan ékonomi di antara kaduana.<ref name="Naples" /> Dipingpin ku Maradona, Napoli meunang Juara Série A Italia pikeun munggaran pisan di taun 1986-87.Goldblatt nulis, "Hahajatanna kacida tohaga. Pésta jalanan dadakan jeung féstival tuluy-tuluyan lumangsung di sakuliah kota dina karnaval berang peuting nu lumangsung leuwih ti saminggu. Dunia geus pabalik. Neapolitans (bobotoh Napoli) nieun poyokan pamakaman pikeun Juventus jeung Milan, ngaduruk peti matina, dina catetan tilar dunyana dibéwarakeun "Mei 1987, Italia béh ditu geus diéléhkeun. Karajaan anyar geus lahir."<ref name="Naples" /> Mural Maradona dilukis di gedong-gedong kuno kota sarta barudak nu karak lahir dingaranan Maradona minangka panghormatan.<ref name="Naples" /> Usum hareupna, trio panyerang tim, nu diwangun ku Maradona, Bruno Giordano jeung Caréca, tuluy dilandi garis hareup "Ma-Gi-Ca" (ajaib).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/04/03/serie_as_comeback_kid_eyes_ano.html|title=Serie A's comeback kid eyes another miracle|work=Guardian Unlimited|last=Richardson|first=James|date=3 April 2007|accessdate=23 Maret 2016|authorlink=James Richardson (television presenter)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407151552/http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/04/03/serie_as_comeback_kid_eyes_ano.html |date=7 April 2007 }}</ref> Napoli meunang deui liga kadua kalina di 1989-90, jeung dua kali ''runner up'' di 1987-88 jeung 1988-89. Kahormatan séjénna dina mangsa Maradona di Napoli kaasup Piala Italia 1987, posisi kadua Piala Italia 1989, Piala UEFA 1989 sarta Piala Super Itali di 1990.<ref name="Naples"/> Najan utamana maén dina peran kréatif minangka galandang serang, Maradona jadi top sekor di Série A taun 1987-88 ku 15 gul, sarta jadi pamingpin panyitak gul Napoli sapanjang mangsa ku 115 gul, méméh peupeus ku Marek Hamsik di taun 2017.<ref name="Fifa profile"/><ref>[http://guardianlv.com/2014/02/diego-maradona-has-appealed-to-european-union/ "Diego Maradona Has Appealed to European Union"]. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 May 2014</ref><ref>[http://guardianlv.com/2014/02/diego-maradona-has-appealed-to-european-union/ "Diego Maradona Has Appealed to European Union"]. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 May 2014</ref> Nalika ditanya pamaén mana pangbeuratna nu pernah disinghareupan, pamaén batahan tengah AC Milan, Franco Baresi nimbal, "Maradona; nalika keur jagjag, taya jalan pikeun ngeureunkeun manéhna." Hiji pandangan nu sarua jeung batur satimna, Paolo Maldini, nu nyarita, "Panghadé-hadéna pamaén nu pernah dilawan ku kuring, nya Maradona."<ref>[http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/franco-baresi-one-one#JPCgrGHigE3eRrU0.99 "Franco Baresi: One-on-One"]. Four Four Two. Retrieved 19 January 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2008/10/04/895828/maradona-and-ronaldo-best-ever-maldini "Maradona and Ronaldo Best Ever"]. Goal.com. Retrieved 7 February 2015</ref> Mangsa Maradona keur suksés di lapangan nalika maén di Italia, masalah pribadina nambahan. Pamakéan kokainna katutuluyan, sarta kudu mayar denda AS$70.000 alatan ngileus tina tanding jeung latihan, cenah mah karna seutrés.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE3D6153EF930A25752C0A967958260|work=The New York Times|title=SPORTS PEOPLE; Maradona Fined|date=13 January 1991|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref> Manéhna nyanghareupan skandal ngeunaan hiji budak haramna, sarta jadi obyék kacurigaan gara-gara disangka sosobatan jeung ''Camorra'' (salah sahiji kelompok mafia Italia).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3639425.stm|work=BBC News|title=Maradona's fall from grace|date=19 April 2004|accessdate=1 April 2010|first=John|last=May}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/after-the-fall-the-world-cup-dream-is-over-for-diego-maradona-but-there-may-be-worse-to-come--a-little-matter-of-pounds-500000worth-of-smuggled-cocaine-and-the-naples-mafia-paul-greengrass-and-toby-follett-report-1411755.html|work=The Independent|location=London|title=After the fall: The World Cup dream is over for Diego Maradona, but there may be worse to come – a little matter of pounds 500,000-worth of smuggled cocaine, and the Naples mafia. Paul Greengrass and Toby Follett report|date=5 July 1994|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/gennaio/02/Camorra_arrestato_boss_amico_Maradona_co_0_9901021353.shtml|title=Camorra, arrestato il boss amico di Maradona|work=Corriere della Sera|accessdate=12 June 2010|date=24 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/01/14/prima_dona/|publisher=CNN|date=14 January 2002|author=Telander, Rick|title=At his best, Diego Maradona can be as graceful as Michael Jordan. At his worst, he can be as disgraceful as John McEnroe. The question is, which Maradona will show for the World Cup?}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094208/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/01/14/prima_dona/ |date=3 November 2012 }}</ref> Ku kituna, dina raraga ngaragangan ka Maradona jeung beubeunanganna nalika karir di Napoli, si nomer 10 ti Napoli sacara resmi dieureunkeun.<ref>Landolina, Salvatore. (14 January 2011) [http://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italy/2011/01/14/2305148/diego-maradona-backs-ezequiel-lavezzi-to-earn-napoli-numberl Diego Maradona Backs Ezequiel Lavezzi To Earn Napoli Number 10 Shirt]. Goal.com. Retrieved 31 Maret 2013.</ref> === Sevilla, Newell's Old Boys jeung Boca Juniors === Sabada teu meunang maén salila 15 bulan alatan gagal dina tés obat jeung kokain, taun 1992 Maradona ninggalkeun Napoli bari ngarasa hina. Najan aya minat ti Réal Madrid jeung Marséille, manéhna neken kontrak jeung Sevilla, di mana manéhna netep salila sataun.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sport-in-short-football-1533258.html|title=Sport in Short: Football – Sport|work=The Independent|location=UK|date=15 July 1992|accessdate=6 May 2011}}</ref> Taun 1993, pindah ka Newell's Old Boys sarta taun 1995 balik deui ka Boca Juniors pikeun periode dua taun.<ref name="vivadiego"/> Maradona ogé tampil dina pertandingan panghormatan pikeun Osvaldo Ardiles ngalawan Inter Milan, méméh Piala Dunia 1986.<ref>[https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/early-doors/maradona-contender-replace-avb-tottenham-132124009.html "Maradona ‘a main contender to replace Villas-Boas at Tottenham’"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180636/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/early-doors/maradona-contender-replace-avb-tottenham-132124009.html|date=14 July 2014}}. Yahoo. Retrieved 24 June 2014</ref> Maradona sorangan meunang pertandingan panghormatan di bulan Nopémber 2001, maén di antara para béntang Dunia XI ngalawan tim nasional Argéntina.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/nov/10/sport.comment|title=Maradona finishes on a personal high|publisher=|work=The Guardian|date=10 November 2001|accessdate=29 July 2018|first=Dan|last=Rookwood}}</ref> == Karir Internasional == [[Gambar:Arg_vs_urss_1979.jpg|ka|jmpl|Maradona maén ngalawan Uni Soviet dina final Piala Dunia Junior FIFA 1979]] Wanci maén di tim nasional Argéntina, Maradona nyitak 34 gul tina 91 kali maén. Mimiti tanding internasional dina umur 16, ngalawan Hongaria tanggal 27 Pebruari 1977. Maradona teu dibawaan kana pasukan Argéntina dina Piala Dunia 1978 ku palatih Cesar Luis Menotti lantaran umur 17 taun dianggap ngora kénéh teuing.<ref name="Britannica">{{Britannica|686139}}</ref> Umur 18, Maradona maén di Piala Dunia Junior FIFA 1979 di Jepang sarta mucunghul jadi béntang turnamén, ngagurilap nalika Argéntina meunang 3-1 di final ngalawan Uni Soviet. Tanggal 2 Juni 1979, Maradona munggaran nyitak gol internasional seniorna nalika meunang 3-1 ngalawan Skotlandia di Hampden Park.<ref>MacPherson, Graeme (30 October 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207131534/http://www.theherald.co.uk/sport/headlines/display.var.2464361.0.Maradona_to_receive_Hampden_welcome.php Maradona to receive Hampden welcome], ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]''.</ref> Manéhna tuluy maén keur Argéntina dina dua partai Piala Amérika 1979, éléh 2-1 ku Brazil, sarta meunang lawan Bolivia 3-0 di mana Maradona nyitak gol katilu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/maradona-intl.html|title=Diego Armando Maradona – International Appearances|last1=Pierrend|first1=José Luis|website=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref> Maradona jeung pahlawan sanagarana, Lionel Méssi, mangrupa ngan dua-duana pamaén nu meunangkeun Bal Emas boh dina Piala Dunia U-20 FIFA jeung Piala Dunia FIFA. Maradona meunang di taun 1979 jeung 1986, sedeng Méssi nurutan di 2005 jeung 2014.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html#under20 "FIFA Under-20 World Championships Awards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112042845/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html|date=12 January 2016}}. RSSSF. Retrieved 20 Maret 2015</ref> === Piala Dunia 1986 === Maradona maén munggaran di Piala Dunia 1982 di tempat pangdumukan anyarna, Spanyol. Argéntina ngalawanan Bélgia dina tandang bubuka Piala Dunia 1982 di Camp Nou Barcelona. Para bobotoh Katalan sumanget pisan pikeun nempo laga Maradona, panyepeng rékor dunia kontrak maranéhna. Tapi Maradona tandang teu sapagodos jeung pangharepan alatan si juara batahan kasoran 1-0.<ref>[http://www.planetworldcup.com/CUPS/1982/wc82story.html 1982 – Story of Spain '82]. Planet World Cup. Retrieved 31 Maret 2013.</ref> Najan kitu Argéntina sacara ngayakinkeun ngéléhkeun Hongaria jeung Él Salvador di Alicante pikeun maju ka babak kadua. Aya kaharénghéng internal dina jero tim, di mana nu ngarora, pamaén nu kurang pangalaman aya dina sahandapeun pamaén nu leuwih pangalaman. Dina jero tim ogé ngarilu pamaén-pamaén saperti Mario Kémpés, Osvaldo Ardiles, Ramon Diaz, Daniel Bertoni, Albérto Tarantini, Ubaldo Fillol jeung Daniel Passarélla. Argéntina éléh ku Brazil dina babak kadua jeung ogé ku pijuaraeun Italia. Kacaturkeun dina tanding ngalawan Italia, Maradona ditempel rapet ku Claudio Gentile, nalika Italia ngéléhkeun Argéntina 2-1 di Sarria Stadium Barcelona.<ref>Brewin, John (9 June 2010) [http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=792748&cc=5739&ver=global "Diego Maradona: God's gift"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108213751/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=792748&cc=5739&ver=global|date=8 November 2012}}. ESPN Soccernet.</ref> Maradona maén lima kali bari teu kungsi diganti. Dina tanding pamungkas ngalawan Brazil, Maradona dikaluarkeun pilimameniteun deui kana anggeusan lantaran palanggaran serius ka Batista.<ref>[http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/2943/castrol-debates/2010/06/10/1968569/castrol-world-cup-legends-diego-maradona-1986 "Castrol World Cup Legends: Diego Maradona – 1986"]. Goal.com (10 June 2010). Retrieved 14 December 2012</ref> === Piala Dunia 1986 === [[Gambar:Maradona-Mundial_86_con_la_copa.JPG|jmpl|Diégo Maradona nyepeng tropi Piala Dunia 1986]] Maradona ngapténan tim nasional Argéntina basa meunangkeun Piala Dunia 1986 di Méksiko. Meunang di final ngalawan Jérman Barat di Kota Méksiko.<ref name="espn">[http://espnfc.com/feature/_/id/696773/world-cup-history?cc=5901 "World Cup 1986"]. ESPN. Retrieved 24 April 2014</ref> Salila turnamén Maradona nunjukkeun dominasina jeung minangka pamaén paling dinamis dina turnamén éta. Nyitak 5 gul jeung 5 ''assist'', tilu di antarana dina partai bubuka ngalawan Koréa Selatan di Stadion Olimpico Universitario di Kota Méksiko. Gol kahijina datang nalika ngalawan Italia dina tanding kadua grup di Puebla. Argéntina nyingkirkeun Uruguay dina babak panyisihan kahiji di Puebla, <ref>[https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=68/results/matches/match=394/report.html "1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico: Italy – Argentina"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216144554/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition%3D68/results/matches/match%3D394/report.html|date=16 December 2012}}. FIFA. Retrieved 14 December 2012</ref>nempatkeun Argéntina jadi pilawaneun Inggris di Stadion Aztéca, ogé di Kota Méksiko. Sabada nyitak dua gul kontras nalika meunang 2-1 ngalawan Inggris di parapat final, kalégendarisanna jadi kapatri. Éndahna gul kadua sarta sohorna gul kahijina, ngaalatankeun koran Perancis ''L'Equipe'' ngagambarkeun Maradona minangka "satengah malaikat, satengah sétan".<ref name="Diego">[https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/mexico1986/index.html "Maradona lights up the world – with a helping hand"] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. FIFA.com. Retrieved 13 May 2014</ref> Maradona bari semu-semu ngahindar ngagamberkeun éta téh minangka "sawaréh tina leungeunna jeung sawaréh deui tina leungeun Gusti".<ref name="espn" /> Gul éta jadi sohor minangka "Tangan Tuhan". Antukna dina 22 Agustus 2005, Maradona ngaku dina hiji acara tv yén manéhna ngahaja ngagebug bal ku leungeunna jeung teu keuna saeutik ogé kana sirahna, sarta manéhna harita kénéh sadar yén gul éta téh teu sah. Ieu téh jadi hiji kakaliruan internasional nu fatal dina sajarah Piala Dunia. Gul ieu tetep tumetep, jadi kakeuheul pamaén-pamaén Inggris.<ref>McCarthy, David (18 November 2008). [http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/scotland/2008/11/18/terry-butcher-maradona-robbed-england-of-world-cup-glory-86908-20904447/ Terry Butcher: Maradona robbed England of World Cup glory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527135636/http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/scotland/2008/11/18/terry-butcher-maradona-robbed-england-of-world-cup-glory-86908-20904447/|date=27 May 2010}}. [[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]].</ref> Gul kadua Maradona, ngan opat menit sabada ''hand''-gulna nu diprotés bébéakan, tuluy kapilih ku FIFA minangka gul pangalusna dina sajarah Piala Dunia. Manéhna nampa bal ti daérahna sorangan, puputeran sarta ku 11 toélan lumpat leuwih ti satengah lapang, ngagiring bal ngaliwatan lima pamaén Inggris (Peter Beardsley, Steve Hodge, Peter Reid, Terry Butcher jeung Terry Fenwick) méméh ninggalkeun kiper Peter Shilton di satukangeunna ku gerakan tipuan, sarta ngagebluskeun bal kana jaring.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/6700645/Top-10-World-Cup-goals.html?mobile=basic "Top 10 World Cup goals"]. The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 August 2014</ref> Gul ieu kapilih jadi "Gul Abad Ieu" hasil pamilihan ''online'' taun 2002 nu diayakeun ku FIFA.<ref name="voted">[https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=82406/index.html "Diego Maradona goal voted the FIFA World Cup™ Goal of the Century"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712101738/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=82406/index.html |date=2012-07-12 }}. FIFA (30 May 2002). Retrieved 13 Maet 2013</ref> Pamilihan Channel 4 di Inggris Raya tahun 2002 nunjukkeun pidanganna dina rangking ka genep dina daptar 100 Kajadian Olahraga Pangéndahna.<ref name="“Channel4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest_sporting/results.html|title=100 Greatest Sporting Moments – Results|year=2002|publisher=[[Channel 4]]|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020204090913/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest_sporting/results.html|archive-date=4 February 2002|dead-url=yes|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> [[Gambar:Maradona_gol_a_inglaterra.jpg|jmpl|Maradona méméh nyitak "gul abad ieu" ngalawan Inggris di Méksiko 1986]] Maradiona nuluykeun ku dua gol di semifinal ngalawan Bélgia di Aztéca, kaasup pintonan dribbling éndah séjénna dina gul nu kadua. Dina tanding final, Jérman Barat nyoba nahan manéhna ku pangawalan ganda, tapi najan kitu Maradona tetep nimu lolongkrang ngaliwatan Lothar Matthaus pikeun méré operan ka Jorge Burruchaga keur nyitak gul kameunangan. Argéntina ngéléhkeun Jérman Barat 3-2 di hareupeun 115.000 bobotoh di Aztéca sarta minangka kaptén Maradona ngangkat pialana.<ref name="Diego"/><ref>Clive Gammon (7 July 1986). [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1064996/index.htm?eref=sisf "Tango Argentino!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514062120/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1064996/index.htm?eref=sisf |date=2014-05-14 }}. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 13 May 2014</ref> Salila turnamén, Maradona nieun leuwih ti satengahna tina peluang Argéntina, 90 kali dribble jeung diganjal 53 kali nu ngabalukarkeun timna meunang tendangan bebas.<ref>[http://www.castrolfootball.com/legends/tournament/index.php?year=1986l Castrol Worldcup Statistics – Diego Maradona]. Castrolfootball.com. diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref> Maradona nyitak atawa méré ''assist'' 10 tina 14 gul Argéntina, kaasup hiji ''assist'' panangtuan di final. Dina ahir turnamén, ku suara buleud, Maradona meunangkeun Bal Emas salaku pamaén panghadéna sarta dianggap saolah-olah meunangkeun Piala Dunia ku sorangan, hiji hal nu mana Maradona teu pati panuju.<ref name="autogenerated1">Darby, James. (10 June 2010) [http://www.goal.com/en/news/1863/world-cup-2010/2010/06/10/1968349/castrol-world-cup-legends-diego-maradona-1986l WorldCup Legends: Maradona]. Goal.com. Diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc_mexico_1986_en_part4_279.pdf “Argentina's Road to the World Title”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728144358/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc%5fmexico%5f1986%5fen%5fpart4%5f279.pdf |date=2011-07-28 }} FIFA. page 43</ref><ref>[https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc_mexico_1986_en_part4_279.pdf “Argentina's Road to the World Title”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728144358/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/09/00/fwc%5fmexico%5f1986%5fen%5fpart4%5f279.pdf |date=2011-07-28 }} FIFA. page 43</ref><ref name="number 10">[https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=76134.html Pelé and Maradona – two very different number tens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717094841/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=76134.html |date=2014-07-17 }}. FIFA.com (25 January 2001). Diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref> Zinedine Zidane, nu nongton Piala Dunia wanci keur umur 14 taun, nyaritakeun yén Maradona téh "aya dina tingkatan lain".<ref>{{cite news|title=Maradona was on another level – Zidane|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/7138/goal-hall-of-fame/2014/11/12/6070971/maradona-was-on-another-level-zidane|accessdate=20 August 2018|work=Goal}}</ref> Pikeun ngahargaan manéhna pihak nu nyepeng Stadion Aztéca ngadegkeun patung manéhna keur nyitak "Gul Abad Ieu" di lawang asup stadion.<ref>[http://worldrec.info/2007/04/28/messis-goal-better-than-maradonas-goal-of-the-century Messi’s Goal Better Than Maradona's Goal of the Century?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609185309/http://worldrec.info/2007/04/28/messis-goal-better-than-maradonas-goal-of-the-century |date=2010-06-09 }} worldrec.info. Retrieved 29–01–09.</ref> === Piala Dunia 1990 === Maradona ngapténan deui Argéntina dina Piala Dunia 1990 di Italia nepi ka final ogé. Cidera pigeulang suku mangaruhan kasaluruhan pidanganna, sarta dirina kurang dominan di banding opat taun katukang. Sanggeus éléh dina tanding bubuka ku Kamerun di San Siro Milan, Argéntina ampir kasingkirkeun dina puteran kahiji. ngan nempatan poisisi katilu dina grupna. Dina tanding 16 besar ngalawan Brazil di Turin, Claudio Caniggia nyitak hiji-hijina gul sanggeus dipepernah ku Maradona.<ref name="Fifa90">[http://www.espnfc.com/feature/_/id/696774?cc=5739 "World Cup 1990"].ESPN. Retrieved 24 April 2014</ref> Dina parapat final, Argéntina nyanghareupan Yugoslavia di Florence; lekasan 0-0 sanggeus 120 menit, Argéntina laju ku ngadu pinalti najan Maradona gagal ngasupkeun alatan sepakanna laun ka katuhueun kiper. Dina semifinal ngalawan pribumi Italia di Naples, Stadion Sao Paolo ogé ngujung kana ngadu pinalti sabada imbang 1-1. Ayeuna mah Maradona hasil dina usahana nyitak pinalti. Dina final di Roma, Argéntina kasoran 0-1 ti Jérman Barat. Hiji-hjina gul liwat pinalti Andreas Brehme dina menit ka-85 sanggeus palanggaran kontrovérsial ka Rudi Voller.<ref name="Fifa90"/> === Piala Dunia 1994 === Dina Piala Dunia 1994 di Amérika Sérikat, Maradona ngan maén dua kali (duanana Stadion Foxboro deukeut Boston), nyitak sagul ngalawan Yunani, méméh tuluy dipulangkeun alatan gagal dina tés obat-obatan doping ''ephedrine''.<ref>{{cite news|title=After Second Test, Maradona Is Out of World Cup|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/01/sports/world-cup-94-after-second-test-maradona-is-out-of-world-cup.html|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=2 February 2017}}</ref> Sabada nyitak gul ngalawan Yunani, Maradona nyieun salah sahiji sélébrasi gul Piala Dunia pangsohorna ku lumpat ka salah sahiji kaméra sisi ngocéak bari beungeut dijebéwkeun jeung panon molotot.<ref name="celebration">{{Cite journal|author=Jon Carter|date=26 May 2010|title=First XI: World Cup celebrations|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=790168&cc=5739&ver=global|deadurl=yes|journal=[[ESPN]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603233147/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=790168&cc=5739&ver=global|archivedate=3 June 2010|postscript=|df=dmy}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603233147/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/world-cup/columns/story?id=790168&cc=5739&ver=global |date=3 June 2010 }}</ref> Ieu téh minangka gul internasional panungtungan Maradona dina tanding pamungkas pikeun nagarana.<ref name="celebration" /> Dina otobiographina, Maradona nyangkal yén hasil tés téh alatan palatih pribadina mikeun inuman panambah tanaga ''Rip Fuel''. Ngakuna mah vérsi Amérika, nu teu jiga di Argéntina, ngandung bahan kimia obat téa. Alatan dosis Argéntinana beak, palatihna bari teu nelek-nelek miken racikan Amérika. FIFA ngusir dirina di AS 1994 sarta Argéntina tuluy kasingkirkeun dina puteran kadua ku Rumania di Los Angeles. Maradona ogé sacara kapisah ngaku yén manéhna geus nyieun kasupaketan jeung FIFA, najan dibantah ku FIFA, pikeun ngijinan manéhna ngagunakeun obat éta pikeun ngurangan beurat badanna méméh kompétisi sangkan bisa maén.<ref>Hylands, Alan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090330155023/http://worldsoccer.about.com/od/soccerhistory/p/diegomaradona.htm Diego Maradona], about.com.</ref> Kagagalanna dina tés obat dina Piala Dunia 1994 nandaan ahir tina karir internasionalna nu geus lumangsung salila 17 taun sarta ngahasilkeun 31 gul tina 91 kali maén, ogé sakali meunang Piala Dunia jeung sakali ''runners up.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/1646832.stm "Argentina's tribute to Maradona"]. BBC. Retrieved 14 May 2014</ref>'' == Gaya Permaénan == "Diégo mampu ngalakukeun hal-hal nu jalma séjén teu bisa. Hal nu bisa ku kuring dipilampah maké bal, ku manéhna mah bisa dipilampah maké jeruk." - Michel Paltini, manten galandang Perancis ngeunaan kontrol bal Maradona. [[Gambar:Argentina_v_belgica_1986.jpg|ka|jmpl|230x230px|Maradona keur ngagiring bal ngalawan Bélgia di taun 1986.]] Maradona sohor ku kamampuan ''dribbling-''na, visi, kontrol bal, operan jeung kréatifitasna sarta dianggap salah saurang pamaén olahraga pangmasagina.<ref name="numero 10">[https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=76134.html Pelé and Maradona – two very different number tens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717094841/http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=76134.html |date=2014-07-17 }}. FIFA.com (25 January 2001). Diakses 31 Maret2013.</ref><ref>David Patrick Houghton (2008). "Political Psychology: Situations, Individuals, and Cases". p. 43. Routledge, 2008</ref><ref>Susan Ratcliffe (2001). "People on People: The Oxford Dictionary of Biographical Quotations". p. 234. Oxford University Press, 2001</ref> Mibanda awak nu pepel, sarta ku alatan sukuna nu kuat jeung awakna nu pendék manéhna bisa nadah tekanan pisik lawan bari ngagiring bal.<ref>[http://m.espn.go.com/general/blogs/blogpost?blogname=relegationzone&id=1816 "From spectacular to scandalous: Maradona's World Cup legacy"]. ESPN. Retrieved 14 May 2014</ref> Manten pamaén Walanda Johan Cruyff nempo kasaruan antara Maradona jeun Méssi di mana ngalika ngagiring, bal katempona siga nu nempél waé kana suku.<ref>[http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Lionel-Messi-hailed-as-world-treasure-by-Johan-Cruyff-fellow-Barcelona-legend-article881245.html "Messi's a world treasure says Johan Cruyff"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041440/http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Lionel-Messi-hailed-as-world-treasure-by-Johan-Cruyff-fellow-Barcelona-legend-article881245.html|date=26 April 2012}}. The Mirror. Retrieved 1 August 2014</ref> Dirina mangrupa pamaén strategis jeung pamaén tim, ogé mibanda téhnik nu luhung. Manéhna bisa ngatur awakna sacara éféktif dina ruang nu kawates, sarta bakal mancing pamaén tukang lawan ukur pikeun sacara kilat ngaleupaskeun seranganna (jiga gul kadua nalika lawan Inggris di taun 1986),<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/photo_galleries/3639075.stm Maradona's World Cup magic]. BBC Sport (19 April 2004). Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> atawa méré ''assist'' ka baturna nu dina kaayaan laluasa. Alatan kuat jeung pendék manéhna bisa nahan bal sakitu lilana bari ditutur-tutur ku pamaén tukang lawan pikeun nunggu baturna lalumpat ka hareup atawa pikeun manggihan lolongkrang pikeun tembakan kilat. Dirina nunjukkeun kualitas kapamingpinan di lapangan sarta jadi kaptén Argéntina di tilu Piala Dunia, 1986, 1990 jeung 1994.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/may/29/world-cup-top-100-pele-maradona "World Cup’s top 100 footballers: how to choose between Pelé and Maradona?"]. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 June 2014</ref><ref>John H Kerr (2004). "Motivation And Emotion In Sport". p. 2. Taylor & Francis,</ref> Maradona jadi pamingpin di lapang jeung di luar lapang. Kamampuan Maradona salaku pamaén jeung kapribadiaanna nu sok ngawasa méré dampak positif nu gedé pikeun timna. Batur maéna dina Piala Dunia 1986, Jorge Valdano nyarita: "Maradona téh hiji pamingpin téhnis: hiji jalma nu mecahkeun sagala karerepet nu bisa bijil di lapangan. Kahijina, manéhna téh bisa nyieun mukjijat, hiji hal nu méré kayakinan ka batur-bautrna. Kaduana, lingkung sélébritina geus mampu nyedot sagala tekenan pikeun batur-batur satimna. Maksud kuring téh, saurang pamaén bisa saré tibra dina peuting méméh maén lain wungkul karana apal yén manéhna maén jeung Diégo nu bisa milampah hal nu pamaén lain teu bisa, tapi ogé alatan sacara teu nyadar urang ngarasa yén lamun ninggang di éléh mangka Maradona bakal nanggung beban panglobana, bakal paling disalahkeun tibatan urang-urang. Muji kana kharisma Maradona, batur maén séjénna. Kitu tah pangaruh manéhna téh dina jero tim."<ref>{{cite news|title=Does Diego still have the touch of a leader?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2008/nov/18/diego-maradona-argentina|accessdate=28 July 2018|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Striker subur Gabriel Batistuta muji: "Diégo bisa maréntah ka sa-stadion, nyieun unggal jalma lalajo manéhna. Kuring kungsi maén jeung manéhna sarta kuring bisa ngabéjaan ka anjeun kumaha pentingna manéhna pikeun tim."<ref>{{cite news|title=Messi lacks Maradona's charisma, claims Batistuta|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/messi-lacks-maradonas-charisma-claims-batistuta#5TvMcZMsZqydgcwd.99|accessdate=15 August 2018|work=Four Four Two}}</ref>{{Quote box|width=32%|align=right|quote="Najan kuring maén jutaan taun, kuring moal bisa nandingan Maradona, taya niat ka dinya bari na gé. Manéhna pamaén pangpunjulna nu pernah aya."|source=—Lionel Méssi, pamaén nu pangpantesna dilandi ku sebutan "Maradona Anyar"<ref name="Maradona FIFA">[https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/132/622/3/index.html "Maradona, as others see him"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305093358/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/132/622/3/index.html |date=2016-03-05 }}. FIFA.com. Retrieved 17 November 2013</ref>}}Salah sahiji ciri khas Maradona nyaéta ''dribbling'' ku kacepetan pinuh di sayap katuhu, tuluy nalika nepi kana garis gawang lawan ngaleupaskeun operan nu akurat pikeun baturna. Ciri khas séjénna nyaéta ''rabona'', hiji operan dina gerakan suku ngagunting satukangeun suku séjénna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2011/m=10/news=enraptured-rabonas-1527054.html|title=Enraptured by 'rabonas'|publisher=FIFA.com|accessdate=9 April 2016|date=24 October 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408040323/http://www.fifa.com/news/y=2011/m=10/news=enraptured-rabonas-1527054.html |date=8 April 2016 }}</ref> Manuper ieu ngahasilkeun kana sababaraha ''assist'', contona eupan mumbul pikeun sundulan Ramon Diaz lawan Swiss di taun 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.us/story/1300129/first-xi-the-art-of-rabona|title=The art of rabona|publisher=ESPN FC|accessdate=9 April 2016|author1=Robin Hackett|date=17 January 2013}}</ref> Manéhna ogé tukang nyépak tendangan bébas jeung pinalti nu ngabahayakeun.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/06/19/us-soccer-world-maradona-idUSTRE65I0RB20100619 "Free kick expert Maradona leads by example"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125210345/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/06/19/us-soccer-world-maradona-idUSTRE65I0RB20100619 |date=2015-11-25 }}. Reuters. Retrieved 19 May 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2009/m=7/news=tension-from-yards-1086121.html|title=Tension from 12 yards|publisher=FIFA.com|accessdate=9 April 2016|date=31 July 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408112957/http://www.fifa.com/news/y=2009/m=7/news=tension-from-yards-1086121.html |date=8 April 2016 }}</ref> Téhnik tendangan bébasna, di mana mineung katempo manéhna ngangkat tuur dina hiji sudut nu luhur nalika némbakeun bal, balukarna bal melentung ngaliwatan témbok pertahanan. Kukituna manéhna bisa nyitak gul tendangan bébas sanajan jarakna deukeut, dina 22 nepi ka 17 kaki (20 ka 16 méter) tina gawang, atawa malahan pas di saluareun aréa pinalti.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/ottobre/24/Del_Piero_Tira_alla_Platini_co_0_951024456.shtml|title=Del Piero? Tira alla Platini|publisher=Il Corriere della Sera|language=Italian|date=24 October 1995|p=44|archive-url=https://archive.is/20151106152619/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/ottobre/24/Del_Piero_Tira_alla_Platini_co_0_951024456.shtml|archive-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> Maradona kawentar ku kapribadiaanna nu licik.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/oct/30/argentina-maradona-football-manager-rehab "El maestro Maradona: football legend to be Argentina manager"]. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 May 2014</ref> Luyu jeung landianna "El Pibe de Oro" (Anak Emas) nu boga kesan jahat, ku "pibe" ngandung harti ogé tukang tipu anti kamapanan, budak jalanan nu cerdas sarta pinuh muslihat.<ref name="Pibe"/> Sawatara kritikan nempo gul "Tangan Tuhan" kontorvérsialna dina Piala Dunia 1986 minangka hiji manuper pinter. Salah saurang pamaén lawan, Glenn Hoddle, nyebutkeun yén Maradona geus nyamurkeun gul éta ku ngagitekkeun sirahna bareng jeung nepak bal.<ref>Geoff Tibballs (2003). "Great Sporting Scandals". p. 227. Robson, 2003</ref> Gol éta dipandang minangka pangwujudan watek ti kawasan kumuh Buénos Aires di mana Maradona digedékeun sarta konsepan kota éta, ''viveza criolla'' - "licik bawaan".<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/sport/football/maradona-scores-1800aseat-ticket-sales-proving-the-bad-boys-of-sport-are-hard-to-match-20120511-1yi1y.html#ixzz327PbCwNs "Maradona scores $1800-a-seat ticket sales, proving the bad boys of sport are hard to match"]. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 May 2014</ref> Sawatara loba kritikan kana gul kahijina nu teu sah, panyerang Inggris, Gary Lineker ngaku, "Nalika Diégo nyitak gul kadua éta ngalawan urang, kuring ngarasa siga ngeprokan. Kuring can pernah ngarasa siga kitu saméméhna, tapi éta téh nyata... sarta lain alatan éta téh hiji pertandingan penting. Ampir teu mungkin pikeun nyitak gul nu sakitu éndahna. Manéhna téh pamaén pangpunjulna salilana. Hiji fénoména asli."<ref name="Quotes">[https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player=174732/quotes.html "Diego Maradona – I was there"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607032331/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/players/player=174732/quotes.html |date=2015-06-07 }}. FIFA.com. Retrieved 23 June 2014</ref> Maradona ngagunakeun leungeunna deui dina Piala Dunia 1990, ogé teu meunang hukuman, ayeuna mah dina garis gawangna sorangan, nyegah Uni Soviet pikeun nyitak gul.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jun/13/diego-maradona-other-hand-ball "13 June 1990: Diego Maradona's other World Cup handball"]. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2015</ref> Sajumlah publikasi geus nyaruakeun Maradona minangka si Artful Dodger, copet bebenyit malarat dina buku Charles Dickens, ''Oliver Twist''.<ref>[http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6353/world-cup-legends-2-diego-maradona/ "World Cup Legends #1: Diego Maradona"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203100233/http://www.esquire.co.uk/culture/sport/6353/world-cup-legends-2-diego-maradona/|date=3 February 2015}}. Esquire. Retrieved 3 February 2015</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/3459830/Diego-Maradona-writes-another-chapter-in-a-turbulent-life-Football.html "Argentina coach Diego Maradona writes another chapter in a turbulent life"]. The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 February 2015</ref><ref>Taylor, Chris (9 November 2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/nov/06/sport.argentina "A Big Hand"]. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2015</ref><ref>Jimmy Burns (2011). "Maradona: The Hand of God". p. 17. A&C Black</ref> Maradona téh saurang pamaén nu sacara dominan maké suku kénca, remen maké suku kéncana sanajan bal leuwih ngeunaheun pikeun suku katuhu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2006/11/13/rabona-tocco-magico-di-diego.html|title=Rabona, ' o tocco magico di Diego|trans-title=Rabona, Diego's magic touch|newspaper=La Repubblica|language=Italian|author1=Marco Azzi|date=13 November 2006|accessdate=9 April 2016}}</ref> Contona dina gul dina Piala Dunia 1986 nalika ngalawan Bélgia di semifinal jeung ngalawan Inggris di parapat final téa. == Pangsiun jeung kahormatan == [[Gambar:Maradona_Barcelona_shirt.jpg|ka|jmpl|Kaos Maradona dina hiji pajangan di Museum FC Barcelona]] Taun 1990, Yayasan Konex ti Argéntina ngadeudeul Maradona ku Panghargaan Berlian Konex, salah sahiji panghargaan budaya nu pangpréstisiusna di Argéntina, minangka pribadi pangpentingna dina widang olahraga dina dekade terahir di jero negeri. Taun 2.000, Maradona ngapublikasikeun otobiographina Yo Soy Él Diégo (Kuring si Diégo), nu laris di Argéntina.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030512214724/http://www.wndu.com/sports/122000/sports_5111.php Maradona 'tells all' in autobiography]. Associated Press. 20 December 2000.</ref> Dua taun ti harita, Maradona nyumbangkeun royalti bukuna di Kuba ka "Masyarakat Kuba jeung Fidel".<ref>Garcia, Anne-Marie (21 February 2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20061013215035/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/febrero02-3/8diego-i.html Maradona donates royalties from Cuban edition of his book]. granma.cu.</ref> [[Gambar:Maradona_Soccer_Aid_2.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Maradona dina patandingan amal ''Soccer Aid'' di Old Trafford Manchester bulan Mei 2006.]] Taun 2.000, Maradona meunang panghargaan pamaén FIFA Abad Ieu nu diputuskeun liwat pamilihan suara dina ''website'', majalah resmina jeung para juri. Maradona meunang dina pamiihan dumasar kana internét, ngumpulkeun 53,6% suara lawan Pélé 18.53%.<ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ "Maradona or Pele?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112101321/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/2000/12/10/maradona_pele_ap/ |date=2012-01-12 }}. CNN Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 26 June 2014</ref> Tapi sanajan kitu, saméméh upacara panyérénan, FIFA nambahkeun panghargaan kadua sarta nunjuk komisi "Kulawarga Sépakbola" nu dieusi ku jurnalis sépakbola nu ogé ngaanugrahan Pélé minangka pamaén panghadéna dina abad ieu. Maradona ogé nempatan posisi kalima dina pamilihan di IFFHS (''International Federation of Football History and Statistics'').<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html#worldpoc IFFHS' Century Elections]. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.com (30 January 2000). Diakses 31 Maret 2013.</ref> Taun 2001, ''Argentine Football Association'' (AFA) ngajukeun ka FIFA pikeun kawenangan matrikeun nomer kaos 10 ka Maradona. FIFA teu ngaijabah, tapi pajabat Argéntina nyebutkeun yén FIFA geus ngisyaratkeun bakal.<ref>[http://worldcup.espnsoccernet.com/story?id=211993&lang=us Argentina can't retire Maradona's shirt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030325180425/http://worldcup.espnsoccernet.com/story?id=211993&lang=us|date=25 Maret 2003}} ESPNsoccernet.com, 26 May 2002. Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> Maradona geus ngunggulan dina sababaraha polling, kaasup polling FIFA taun 2002 nu nempatkeun gul kaduana ka Inggris kapilih jadi gul panghadé-hadéna salila Piala Dunia. Manéhna ge meunang sora pangréana dina polling pamilihan Tim Pamungkas Piala Dunia Sapanjang Waktu. Tanggal 22 Maret 2010, Maradona kapilih jadi nomer 1 dina 10 pamaén Piala Dunia Pangpunjulna nu diayakeun ku surat kabar London, ''the Times''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/international/article7070370.ece|work=The Times|location=London|title=The ten greatest World Cup playersbr No 1 Diego Maradona Argentina|date=22 Maret 2010|accessdate=1 April 2010|first=Fiona|last=Hamilton}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030215351/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=30 October 2023 }}</ref> Argéntinos Junior ngaganti ngaran stadionna jadi Maradona dina tanggal 26 Désémber 2003. Taun 2003, Maradona digawékeun ku pamaén bal Libya Al Saadi Gadafi, anak ka tilu Kolonél Muammar Gadafi, minangka konsultan téhnik.<ref>White, Duncan (29 October 2011). "Jay Bothroyd puts good times with playboy Saadi Gaddafi, son of dead Libya tyrant Colonel Gaddafi, behind him". ''National Post''. Retrieved 31 Maret 2012</ref> [[Gambar:Maradona_CRS.jpg|ka|jmpl|Maradona di Kolkata, [[India]], Désémber 2008 Maradona neundeun batu munggarah pkeun akademi sepakbola di pasisian wétan kota sarta dibagéakeun ku leuwih ti 100.000 urang di Salt Lake Stadium]] Tanggal 22 Juni 2005, dibéwarakeun yén Maradona bakal mulang deui ka manten klubna, Boca Juniors, minangka wakil présidén olahraga nu tanggung jawab kana ngatur rancangan Divisi Hiji (sanggeus usum 2004-05 nu nguciwakeun, nu bareng jeung saabadna Boca).<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/story?id=349221 'El Diez emprende dos nuevos desafíos', ''ESPN Deportes''] (28 July 2005). Retrieved 17 August 2005.</ref> Kontrakna dimimitian tanggal 1 Agustus 2005, salah sahiji rekomendasina nu kabuktian éféktif: ngusulkeun klub pikeun nyéwa Alfio Basile salaku palatih anyar. Ku Maradona ngabina hubungan nu raket jeung pamaén, Boca meunang Apertura taun 2005, Clausura 2006, Piala Sudamericana 2005 jeung Recopa Sudamericana 2005. Tanggal 15 Agustus 2005, Maradona ngamimitian jadi pamawa acara talk show dina tv Argéntina, ''La Noche del 10'' (Peuting si No. 10). Tamu dina peuting kahijina nyaéta Pélé; duanana layeut ngobrol, nunjukkeun taya tanda-tanda pasalia katukang. Najan kitu, dina acara éta nampilkeun hiji kartun tokoh jahat nu sacara fisik rimbag jeung Pélé. Rating acara ngunggulan acara séjén-séjénna, ngan aya hiji nu heunteu téh. Lolobana tamuna dicokot tina dunia ménbal jeung bisnis pintonan, kaasup Ronaldo jeung Zidane. Tapi aya ogé wawancara jeung sobat sarta jalma-jalma penting lianna, contona pamingpin Kuba, Fidel Castro, sarta patinju Roberto Duran jeung Mike Tyson.<ref>[http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2005/09/21/hoy/deportes/345641.html "Roberto Durán estuvo con Diego Maradona"]. Prensa.com. Retrieved 2 September 2014</ref> Maradona mahanan tamu-tamuna ku kaos Argéntina nu ku Tyson dipaké nalika datang ka Brazil, saingan Argéntina panggedéna.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/11/AR2005111101352.html "Tyson Must Return to Brazil for Trial"]. Washington Post. Retrieved 13 May 2014</ref> Bulan Méi 2006, Maradona satuju pikeun icikibung dina Bantuan Sepakbola Inggris Raya (hiji program pikeun ngumpulkeun sumbangan keur Unicef).<ref>"[http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/060528/1/6y4e.html ''Maradona scores but England win UNICEF match'']", Yahoo!-FIFA</ref> Dina Séptémber 2006, Maradona, ngapténan Argéntina dina turnamén tilu poé Piala Dunia ''Indoor'' di Spanyol. Tanggal 26 Agustus 2006, dibéwarakeun yén Maradona geus eureun dina posisina di Boca Juniors alatan pabéntar paham jeung AFA nu mililh Alfio Basile jadi palatih anyar tim nasional Argéntina.<ref>[https://www.fifa.com/en/WorldLeagues/index/0,4643,120577,00.html?articleid=120577 'El Diego quits his beloved Boca', ''FIFA News''] (26 August 2006). Retrieved 26 August 2006 . {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}</ref> Taun 2008, tukang filem Sérbia, Emir Kusturica nyieun filem dokuménter ngeunaan kahirupan Maradona, nu dijudulan Maradona.<ref name="Film">[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/maradona-by-kusturica-831757.html "Maradona by Kusturica".]. The Independent. Retrieved 2 June 2014</ref> Tanggal 1 Séptémber, Maradona jeung réngréngan béntang manten pamaén bal, ilibiung dina "Tanding Pikeun Kadamaian", nu dipaénkeun di Stadio Olimpico Roma, di mana kauntunganna bakal disumbangkeun pikeun amal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.matchforpeace.org/?lang=en|title=Interreligious Match for Peace: 1/9/2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092935/http://www.matchforpeace.org/?lang=en|archivedate=3 September 2014|accessdate=1 September 2014|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref> Maradona memernah gul Roberto Baggio dina babak kahiji.<ref name="Gazetta">{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/01-09-2014/calcio-partita-pace-baggio-dinho-eto-o-campo-il-papa-90323482706.shtml?rlabs=1|title=Il Papa a Maradona: "Ti aspettavo". Diego show con Baggio, poi si infuria: "Icardi non doveva giocare"|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref> Teu cara biasana, boh Maradona boh Baggio maraké kaos nomer 10 najan maén dina satim.<ref name="Gazetta2">{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/01-09-2014/calcio-partita-pace-baggio-dinho-eto-o-campo-il-papa-90323482706.shtml?rlabs=1|title=Il Papa a Maradona: "Ti aspettavo". Diego show con Baggio, poi si infuria: "Icardi non doveva giocare"|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref> Tanggal 17 Agustus 2015 Maradona nepungan Ali bin Nasser, wasit urang Tunisia dina tanding parapat final Piala Dunia 1986, Argéntina - Inggris, nalika Maradona nyétak Tangan Tuhanna, sarta méré hadiah ka manéhna ku kaos Argéntina.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.marca.com/en/2015/08/17/en/football/international_football/1439845054.html|title=29 Years on from the Infamous Argentina-England Match, Maradona holds up his hands in apology|work=Marca.com|date=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/08/18/inenglish/1439899213_516413.html|title=Maradona visits Tunisian referee who awarded him 1986 “Hand of God” goal|work=El Pais|date=18 August 2015}}</ref> == Karir Manajerial == === Manajemén klub === Maradona ngamimitian karir manajerialna bareng jeung manten batur maénna di Argéntinos Junior, Carlos Frén. Pasangan éta mingpin Mandiyu ti Corrientes di 1994 sarta Racing Club di 1995, bari teu pati hasil. Mei 2011 Maradona jadi manajer klub Dubai Al Wasi FC di Uni Émirat Arab. Maradona dipecat dina tanggal 10 Juli 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona fired as Al Wasl coach|url=http://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/Diego-Maradona-fired-as-Al-Wasl-coach-3696833.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=10 July 2012|accessdate=10 July 2012}}</ref>"India"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Maradona-wants-to-hold-talks-to-save-Al-Wasl-job/articleshow/14832834.cms|title=Maradona wants to hold talks to save Al Wasl job|date=12 July 2012|work=The Times Of India}}</ref> Agustus 2013, Maradona pindah jeung jadi palatih mentah di klub Argéntina Déportivo Riestra. Maradona ninggalkeun peran éta taun 2017 pikeun jadi kapala palatih di Fujairah, di divisi dua UÉA, méméh indit di ujung usum alatan gagal ngamankeun promosi klubna.<ref name="2017 coach2">{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona leaves job in UAE after failing to secure automatic promotion|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/11349642/diego-maradona-leaves-job-in-uae-after-failing-to-secure-automatic-promotion|agency=Sky Sports|date=6 Mei 2018|last=|first=|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> Bulan Séptémber 2018 manéhna ditunjuk jadi manajer tim divisi dua Méksiko, Dorados.<ref name="Mexican team2"/> 13 Juni 2019, sanggeus Dorados gagal promosi ka kelas luhureunna, Pangacara Maradona ngumumkeun yén manéhna eureun jadi palatih alatan alesan kaséhatan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Maradona out as Dorados manager, cites health|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/dorados-de-sinaloa/story/3875493/maradona-out-as-dorados-managercites-health|work=ESPN|date=14 June 2019|accessdate=25 June 2019}}</ref> === Manajemén internasional === Sanggeus pangsiunna palatih Alfion Basile ti tim nasional dina taun 2008, Maradona haripeut ngasongkeun dirina pikeun ngeusi kakosongan. Numutkeun sawatara sumber préss, saingan utamana téh kaasup Diégo Simeoné, Carlos Bianchi, Miguél Angél Russo jeung Sérgio Batista. Tanggal 29 Oktober 2008, pimpinan AFA Julio Grondona mastikeun yén Maradona bakal jadi kapala palatih tim nasional. Tanggal 19 Nopémber 2008, Maradona mawa Argéntina kana kameunangan kahijina nalika ngalawan Skotlandia di Hampden Park Galsgow ku 1-0.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/7731484.stm|title=Scotland 0–1 Argentina|first=Andy|last=Campbell|date=19 November 2008|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=7 July 2010}}</ref> Sanggeus meunang tilu tanding awal, Maradona lalajo timna kasoran ti Bolivia 1-6, nyaruaan hasil kaéléhan pangbutut-bututna nu pernah kaalaman ku tim. Ku tinggal dua kali deui sésa maén dina turnamén kualifikasi pikeun Piala Dunia 2010, Argéntina aya dina posisi lima jeung ampir-ampiran kasingkir. Untung wé dua kali meunang dina laga panungtung ngaloloskeun Argéntina ka final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=230075&cc=5739&league=FIFA.WORLDQ.CONMEBOL|title=Last-gasp Palermo wins it in the rain|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=15 October 2009|date=10 October 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023144432/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=230075&cc=5739&league=FIFA.WORLDQ.CONMEBOL |date=23 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SPORT/football/10/14/football.samerica/index.html|title=Late winner puts Argentina in World Cup finals|date=14 October 2009|publisher=CNN|accessdate=15 October 2009}}</ref> Sanggeus lolos, Maradona ngaluarkeun kekecapan garihal dina konfrénsi préss bada maén, nyarita ka anggota média ku kecap nu kurang leuwih hartina "kasebelan, tuluy wé pikasebeleun".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/1863/world-cup-2010/2009/10/15/1562544/diego-maradona-tells-press-to-suck-it-after-argentina|title=Diego Maradona Tells Press To 'Suck It' After Argentina Triumph Over Uruguay|publisher=Goal.com|accessdate=12 June 2010|author=World Cup 2010|date=15 October 2009}}</ref> FIFA ngaréspon ku larangan dua bulan dina sagala aktifitas ménbal, semet ka tanggal 15 Januari 2010, ogé denda 25.000 CHF sarta tegoran keur kalakuanna pika hareupeun.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/8311013.stm|title=Maradona hit with two-month ban|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=15 November 2009|date=15 November 2009|location=London}}</ref> Dina final Piala Dunia 2010, Argéntina ngamimitian ku meunang 1-0 ngalawan Nigeria, tuluy meunang 4-1 ngalawan Koréa Selatan ku ''hattrick'' Gonzalo Higuain.<ref>{{cite news|first=Phil|last=Dawkes|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_04/default.stm|title=Argentina 1–0 Nigeria|date=12 June 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=17 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Stevenson|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_18/default.stm|title=Argentina 4–1 South Korea|date=17 June 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=17 June 2010}}</ref> di akhir laga grup Argéntina ngéléhkeun Yunani 2-0 sarta jadi juara grup laju tuluy panggih jeung Méksiko.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=264042&league=FIFA.WORLD&cc=5739&ver=global|title=Maradona's men in top spot|date=22 June 2010|work=[[ESPNsoccernet]]|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=23 June 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102114/http://www.espn.com/soccer/report?cc=5739&ver=global&league=FIFA.WORLD&id=264042 |date=4 December 2018 }}</ref> Sanggeus ngéléhkeun Méksiko 3-1, antukna, Argéntina dilindes ku Jérman 4-0 dina parapat final, kasingkir tina kompétisi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/sports/soccer/04germanygame.html?_r=1&scp=5&sq=Maradona&st=cse|title=Germany Shows Its Strength|date=3 June 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=4 June 2010|first=Jeré|last=Longman}}</ref> Argéntina meunang paringkat ka lima dina turnamén. Sanggeus éléh ku Jérman, Maradona ngaku yén manéhna nimbang-nimbang pika hareupenna minangka palatih, cumarita, "kuring meureun miang isukan."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8785997.stm|title=Sad Maradona considers quitting|date=4 July 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> Tanggal 15 Juli 2010, AFA nyatakeun yén Maradona bakal ditawaran deui jadi palatih salila 4 taun ka hareup semet ka Piala Dunia 2014 di Brazil.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8823478.stm|title=Argentina to offer Diego Maradona new four-year deal|date=15 July 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> Tapi, tanggal 27 Juli, AFA ngumumkeun yén anggota déwanna geus mupakat kalayan buleud moal manjangan kontrakna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jul/27/diego-maradona-departs-argentina-manager|title=Diego Maradona departs as manager of Argentina|date=27 July 2010|work=The Guardian|accessdate=27 July 2010|agency=[[Press Association]]|location=London}}</ref> Bada ti éta, tanggal 29 Juli, Maradona nyebutkeun yén présidén AFA, Julio Grondona jeung diréktur tim nasional (nu mangrupa ogé urut batur maénna di tim nasional sarta palatih Sevilla) Carlos Bilardo geus ngabohong, khianat kalayan sacara nyata mecat manéhna. Manéhna nyarita, "Maranéhna hayang kuring nuluykeun, tapi tujuh tina pagawé kuring kudu eureun, lamun kitu mah, sarua wé jeung nolak kuring tuluy mancén.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=810672&sec=global&cc=5739|title='Betrayed' Maradona lashes out at AFA|date=29 July 2010|work=[[ESPNsoccernet]]|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=29 July 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803224416/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=810672 |date=3 August 2010 }}</ref> == Kahirupan pribadi == === Kulawarga === [[Gambar:Maradonas's_jersey_donated_to_Pope_Francis.jpg|jmpl|Sanggeus balik deui kana kayakinan Katolikna, Maradona nyumbangkeun hiji kaos meunang nanda tangan ka Paus Francis, nu disimpeun di Muséum Vatikan.]] Lahir ti kulawarga Katolik Roma, bapana Diégo Maradona Senior sarta indungna Dalma Salvadora Franco. Maradona ngadahup ka tunangan heubeulna, Claudia Villafane dina tanggal 7 Nopémber 1984 di Buenos Aires, sarta boga dua anak, Dalma Nerea (2 April 1987) jeung Cianinna Dinorah (16 Mei 1989) nu ngajadikeun dirina hiji aki dina taun 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/722/la-liga/2009/02/19/1117562/diego-maradona-becomes-a-grandfather-as-sergio-aguero-junior-is-b|title=Diego Maradona Becomes A Grandfather As Sergio Aguero Junior Is Born|publisher=Goal.com|accessdate=12 June 2010|author=La Liga|date=19 February 2009}}</ref> Maradona jeung Villafane pepegatan taun 2004. Budakna, Dalma ngajéntrékeun yén pepegatan éta téh solusi panghadéna pikeun saréréa. Kadua kolotna masih tetep nyobat. Maranéhna indit-inditan bareng ka Naples pikeun sarangkaian acara kahormatan dina Juni 2005 sarta katempo bareng dina kasempetan séjénna, kaasup laga-laga Argéntina dina Piala Dunia 2006.<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/story?id=334497 ESPN Deportes – "Llega en son de paz"]. ESPN. Retrieved 19 May 2006</ref> Mangsa urusan cerai keur diprosés, Maradona ngaku yén manéhna téh bapa ti Diégo Sinagra (lahir di Naples tanggal 20 Séptémber 1986). Pangadilan Italia geus mutuskeun kitu taun 1993, sanggeus Maradona nolak tés DNA pikeun pangbuktian. Diégo Junior tepung jeung Maradona mimiti pisan dina bulan Mei 2003 sanggeus nyelendep ka lapangan golep di Italia di mana Maradona keur maén.<ref>[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/story?id=334523 ESPN Deportes – "El amor al ídolo"]. ESPN. Retrieved 19 May 2006</ref> Maradona boga hubungan nu raket jeung kulawargana, taun 1990 wawancara jeung ''Sports Illustrated'' manéhna nembongkeun tagihan telepon meakkeun 15.000 dolar AS per bulan pikeun nelpon kolot jeung dulur-dulurna.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prima Dona|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1990/05/14/121977/prima-dona-at-his-best-diego-maradona-can-be-as-graceful-as-michael-jordan-at-his-worst-he-can-be-as-disgraceful-as-john-mcenroe-the-question-is-which-maradona-will-show-for-the-world-cup|accessdate=19 August 2018|work=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> Indung Maradona, Dalma, maot tanggal 19 Nopémber 2011. Harita manéhna keur di Dubai, sarta bari jeung peunggas harepan satekah polah balik muru waktu hayang nempo indungna, tapi telat teuing. Umur Indungna 81 taun. Bapana, "Don" Diégo, maot tanggal 25 Juni dina umur 87.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/jun/25/diego-maradona-father-dies “Diego Maradona’s father Don Diego dies aged 87”]. The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2018</ref> Incu ti gigir Maradona, Hernan, ogé saurang pamaén bola profésional.<ref name="La Nación2">{{cite news|title=La historia del sobrino de Maradona que juega en River: su polémica llegada al club y su particular parecido con el tío|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/deportes/futbol/la-historia-del-sobrino-de-maradona-que-juega-en-river-su-polemica-llegada-al-club-y-su-particular-parecido-con-el-tio-nid2130488|accessdate=7 April 2019|work=La Nación|date=3 May 2018}}</ref> === Pamakéan obat jeung isu-isu kaséhatan === Ti tengah-tengah 1980-an nepi 2005, Maradona kacanduan ku kokain. Manéhna dituduh mimiti maké obat di Barcelona tahun 1983.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3639425.stm Maradona's fall from grace] John May, 19 April 2004, BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> Mangsa maén di Napoli, manéhna geus kateterusan kacanduan nu jadi matak kana kamampuan na dina maénbal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE5DE1F30F93AA2575AC0A967958260|title=The New York Times: SOCCER; Maradona Sentenced|date=19 September 1991|work=AP via New York Times}}</ref> Maradona ngabogaan kacondongan kana ngagendutan sarta nandangan masalah obesitas nu tuluy nambah, kungsi ditimbang beuratna 130 kg. Manéhna ngagendutan ti mimiti eureun karir maénna nepi ka nandangan operasi bépas lambung di hiji klinik di Cartagena de Indias, Colombia tanggal 6 Maret 2005. Dokter bedahna nitah sangkan Maradona ngajalankeun diet cairan salila tilu bulan keur malikkeun beurat awakna.<ref name="bbc_stomach">{{Cite news|title=Maradona has surgery on stomach|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/4322835.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=28 June 2010|date=6 Maret 2005}}</ref> Nalika Maradona nembongan hareupeun umum, katempo pangawakanna lumayan rada begang.<ref name="espn_surgery">{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=344144&cc=5901|title=Maradona's gastric bypass inspires obese Colombians|last=Associated Press|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=28 June 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109202701/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=344144&cc=5901 |date=9 November 2012 }}</ref> Tanggal 29 Maret 2007, Maradona asup deui ka hiji rumah sakit di Buénos Aires. Manéhna dirawat alatan hépatisis jeung pangaruh loba teuing alkohol sarta kaluar tanggal 11 April. Tapi dua poé ti harita dirawat deui.<ref name="espn_surgery2">{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=344144&cc=5901|title=Maradona's gastric bypass inspires obese Colombians|last=Associated Press|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=28 June 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109202701/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=344144&cc=5901 |date=9 November 2012 }}</ref> Dina poé-poé satuluyna nyebar rumor ngeunaan kaséhatanna, kaasup kana tilu kalina dina sabulan kabéjakeun maot.<ref>Calegari, Rodrigo (26 April 2007). [http://www.ole.clarin.com/notas/2007/04/26/01407242.html "Malas lenguas"]. [[Diario Olé]] {{Es icon}}</ref> Sanggeus dipindahkeun ka klinik psychiatrik nu ngahususkeun kana masalah nu pakait jeung alkohol, Maradona kaluar tanggal 7 Méi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6633391.stm|work=BBC News|title=Maradona leaves alcoholism clinic|date=7 May 2007|accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref> Tanggal 8 Méi 2007, Maradona nembongan na tivi sarta ngaku yén manéhna téh geus eureun kana nginum jeng geus teu maké obat-obatan salila dua satengah taun.<ref>[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=428701&cc=5901 "Maradona says he no longer drinks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023144512/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=428701&cc=5901 |date=2012-10-23 }}. ESPNsoccernet (8 May 2007).</ref> Januari 2019, Maradona dioperasi deui sanggeus hérniana ngabalukarkeun geutihan di jero dina beuteungna.<ref>{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona recovering in hospital after operation for internal bleeding|work=BBC Sport|date=13 January 2019|accessdate=13 January 2019|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46855009}}</ref> === Pandangan pulitik === Sanggeus saméméhna vokal ngadukung Présidén Argéntina Carlos Menem nu neoliberal sarta palaku ekonomina nu lulusan Harvard, Domingo Cavallo, Maradona nunjukeun simpatina ka ideologi sayap kiri. Manéhna jadi sobat pamingpin Kuba Fidel Castro nalika keur dirawat di kapuloan Kuba, Castro nyarita, "Diégo téh hiji sobat nu hébat tur mulya. Ogé tong ditanyakeun deui lamun manéhna téh hiji atlit nu tanggoh sarta tetep miara sosobatanna jeung Kuba tanpa aya pamrih nanaon." Maradona boga tato potret Castro dina suku kéncana sarta jalma kadua Castro, sarua ti Argéntina, Ché Guévara, lebah leungeun katuhuna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/argentina/story/0,,1635417,00.html|title=A big hand|work=The Observer|location=UK|accessdate=19 June 2006|date=6 November 2005|first=Chris|last=Taylor}}</ref> Dina otobiographina, manéhna ngadédikasikeun bukuna ka mangrupa-rupa jalma, kaasup Castro. Manéhna nulis, "Keur Fidel Castro, sarta ngaliwatan dirina, sakabéh rakyat Cuba."<ref>{{cite book|last=Maradona|first=Diego|author2=Daniel Arcucci|author3=Ernesto Cherquis Bialo|title=El Diego|url=https://archive.org/details/eldiego0000unse|year=2005|publisher=Yellow Jersey|location=London|isbn=0-224-07190-4}}</ref> [[Gambar:Exequias_de_Néstor_Kirchner_en_Casa_Rosada_7.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Maradona, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner jeung Evo Morales, di pamakaman manten presden Argéntina Néstor Kirchner, salaki manten Présidén Cristina Kirchner, 28 Oktober 2010]] Maradona ogé minangka saurang pangrojong pikeun manten Présidén Venezula, Hugp Chavéz. Taun 2005, manéhna indit ka Vénézuéla nepungan Chavéz nu nampa manéhna di Istana Miraflores. Réngsé patepung, Maradona ngaku yén tadina mah manéhna téh rek nepungan saurang "''great man''" (jalma gedé, "''un grande''" dina bahasa Spanyol), tapi malah panggih jeung saurang "''gigantic man''" (jalma raksasa, "''un gigante''" dina bahasa Spanyol, maksudna leuwih-leuwih ti jalma gedé). "Kuring mah percaya ka Chavéz, kuring simpatisan Chavéz (Chavista). Naon waé nu dipigawé ku Fidel, naon waé nu dipigawé ku Chavéz, pikeun kuring mah pangalusna."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Maradona and Chávez laugh over 'hand of god' goal on chat show|work=The Guardian|location=UK|accessdate=20 August 2007|url=https://www.theguardian.com/venezuela/story/0,,2152474,00.html|first=Rory|last=Carroll|date=20 August 2007}}</ref> Maradona jadi tamu kahormatan Chavéz dina tanding bubuka Piala Amérika 2007 di Vénézuéla.<ref>[https://metro.co.uk/2007/06/27/maradona-fancies-a-copa-3432278/ "Maradona fancies a Copa"]. Metro. Retrieved 21 May 1014</ref> Maradona geus nyatakeun panentanganna kana naon nu ku manéhna disebut minangka imperialisme, babakuna nalika Pasamoan Amérika di Mar dél Plata, Argéntina. Di dinya manéhna ngaprotés kahadiran George W Bush di Argéntina, mamaké kaos ditulisan "STOP BUSH" (bari hurup "s" dina "Bush" diganti ku swastika) sarta nyebutkeun Bush minangka "runtah manusa".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051121/timerman|title=Chávez and Maradona Lead Massive Rebuke of Bush|work=[[The Nation]]|accessdate=20 June 2006|date=5 November 2005}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616003623/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051121/timerman |date=16 June 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/images/1105-02.jpg|title=Image of Maradona wearing the STOP BU卐H shirt|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623193530/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/images/1105-02.jpg|archivedate=23 June 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Dina bulan Agustus 2007, Maradona beuki jauh deui, minton dina acara mingguan Chavéz, ''Alo Présidénte'' sarta nyarita, "Kuring ceuceub kana naon waé nu datang ti Amérika Serikat. Ceuceub kabina-bina."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ex-soccer star Maradona tells Chavez he hates U.S.|agency=Reuters|accessdate=20 August 2007|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldFootballNews/idUKN1925170620070819|date=19 August 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429132055/http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldFootballNews/idUKN1925170620070819 |date=29 April 2008 }}</ref> Dina Désember 2008, najan kitu, Maradona nyokot sikap nu leuwih pro-AS nalika manéhna nembongkeun kasukaanna ka pangganti Bush, présidén kapilih Barack Obama, sarta nyepeng harepan nu gedé ti manéhna.<ref >[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7770851.stm "Maradona sends Calcutta into frenzy"]. BBC. Retrieved 26 June 2014 </ref> Perwatek kawasan kumuh miskin dijadikeun ku Maradona minangka sosok kamasyarakatanna.<ref name="Vatican">[https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside-europe/football-awaits-audience-italy-argentina-131330730.html "Football awaits an audience with Italy and Argentina"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904092010/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside-europe/football-awaits-audience-italy-argentina-131330730.html|date=4 September 2014}}. Eurosport. Retrieved 2 September 2014</ref> Nalika panggih jeung Paus John Paul KK di Vatikan taun 1987, maranéhna pasalia ngeunaan isu teu ratana kasajahtraan, ku caritaan Maradona, "Kuring debat jeung manéhna sabab kuring keur di Vatikan jeung kuring nempo éta kabéh lalangit emas sarta tuluy ngadénge Paus nyarita yén Garéja mikamelang kana kasajahtraan barudak miskin. Jual wé atuh lalangit éta téh, ''amigo'', usaha!"<ref name="Vatican2">[https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside-europe/football-awaits-audience-italy-argentina-131330730.html "Football awaits an audience with Italy and Argentina"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904092010/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/blogs/pitchside-europe/football-awaits-audience-italy-argentina-131330730.html|date=4 September 2014}}. Eurosport. Retrieved 2 September 2014</ref> Dina bulan Séptémber 2014 Maradona panggih jeung Paus Francis di Roma, mumuji Francis alatan ngailhaman manéhna pikeun balik deui kana agama saeunggeus sakitu lilana; manéhna nyarita, "Urang kabéh kudu nurutan Paus Francis. Lamun tiap saurang di antara urang méré naon waé ka nu lian, moal aya di dunya ieu nu kalaparan."<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/diego-maradona-meets-pope-francis-in-rome-20140902-10b8tw.html#ixzz3C94HZkyr "Diego Maradona meets Pope Francis in Rome"]. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 September 2014</ref> Bulan Désémber 2007, Maradona nyérénkeun hiji kaos meunang néken bari maké pesen nu ngadukung masarakat Iran: dipajang di museum Kaméntrian Luar Nagri Iran.<ref name="sundayTimes3April2008">{{Cite news|last=Naughton|first=Philippe|title=Diego Maradona makes a fan of President Ahmadinejad of Iran|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article3673860.ece|accessdate=28 June 2010|newspaper=The Sunday Times|date=3 April 2008|location=London}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126133023/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=26 November 2020 }}</ref> Bulan April 2013, Maradona zarah ka makam Huqo Chavéz sarta ngajujurung urang Vénézuéla sangkan milih pangganti nu geus diancokeun ku jenatna, Nicolas Maduro, sangkan nuluykeun warisan kapamingpinan sosialis; "Tuluykeun pajoangan," Maradona nyarita dian tivi.<ref name="Chavez">[http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/206240-diego-maradona-visits-hugo-chavez-tomb "Diego Maradona visits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825183755/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/206240-diego-maradona-visits-hugo-chavez-tomb|date=25 August 2016}}. NDTV. Diakses 29 November 2013</ref> Maradona ngahadiran kampanye akhir Maduro nu lumangsung di Karakas, nanda tangan bal jeung tuluy disepak ka balaréa, sarta mikeun hiji kaos Argéntina ka Maduro.<ref name="Chavez" /> Sanggeus zarah ti makam Chavéz, bareng jeung Maradona, Maduro nyarita, "Ngobrol jeung Maradona matak pikasediheun lantaran ''comandante'' Chavéz mikaresep pisan ka jinisna." <ref name="Chavez" /> Maradona icikibung jeung jojogédan nalika kampanye nu lumangsung dina pamilihan présidén Vénézuéla taun 2018. Mangsa krisis kaprésidénan Vénézuéla taun 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Así bailó Maradona durante el cierre de campaña de Maduro|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/politica/asi-bailo-maradona-durante-cierre-campana-maduro_235670|date=17 May 2018|accessdate=18 May 2018|work=El Nacional}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Maradona acompañó a Maduro en su cierre de campaña electoral|url=http://www.panorama.com.ve/politicayeconomia/Maradona-acompano-a-Maduro-en-su-cierre-de-campana-electoral-20180517-0051.html|date=17 May 2018|accessdate=18 May 2018|work=Panorama}}</ref> Federasi Sépakbola Méksiko ngadenda manéhna alatan ngalanggar kode etik jeung mikeun tropi kameunangan ka Nicolas Maduro.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://lta.reuters.com/articulo/futbol-mexico-maradona-idLTAKCN1RL083|work=Reuters|language=es|date=8 April 2019|accessdate=10 April 2019|title=Federación México multa a Maradona por dedicar triunfo a Maduro}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409035637/https://lta.reuters.com/articulo/futbol-mexico-maradona-idLTAKCN1RL083 |date=9 April 2019 }}</ref> Bulan Oktober 2015, Maradona nganuhunkeun Ratu Elizabeth II jeung Parlemén Inggris di London alatan méré kasempetan ka manéhna pikeun nyadiaan "kaadilan sajati" salaku pupuhu dina hiji organisasi nu dijieun pikeun nulungan barudak leutik.<ref name="Unity">{{cite news|title=Diego Maradona sends a 'big hug to the Houses of Parliament' and thanks the Queen|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/diego-maradona-sends-a-big-hug-to-the-houses-of-parliament-and-thanks-the-queen-a3089616.html|agency=London Evening Standard|date=21 October 2015}}</ref> Dina hiji video nu dikaluarkeun dina laman Facebook resmina, Maradona mastikeun yén manéhna bakal nampa panyalonan dirina keur jadi diréktur Amérika Latin pikeun organisasi non-pamarentah ''Football for Unity''.<ref name="Unity" /> === Masalah finansial === Bulan Maret 2009, pajabat Italia ngabéwarakeun yén Maradona masih boga hutang ka pamarentah Italia 37 juta euro dina urusan pajak lokal; 23,5 juta euro mangrupa tambahan bunga tina hutang aslina, Maradona ngan mayar 42.000 euro pikeun arloji méwah jeung anting sasetél.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8264160.stm Police seize Maradona's earrings] BBC News, 19 September 2009</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8264160.stm Police seize Maradona's earrings] BBC News, 19 September 2009</ref> == Tilar dunya == Tanggal 25 Nopémber 2020, dina umur 60 taun, Maradona tilar dunya di imahna di Buénos Aires alatan serangan jantung.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolatimes.com/boladunia/2020/11/26/073355/diego-maradona-meninggal-dunia-ini-penyebabnya|title=Diego Maradona meninggal dunia, ini penyebabnya|last=|first=|website=bolatimes.com|publisher=|month=26 Nopémber 2020|accessdate=27 Nopémber 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126003934/https://www.bolatimes.com/boladunia/2020/11/26/073355/diego-maradona-meninggal-dunia-ini-penyebabnya |date=2020-11-26 }}</ref> Saméméhna, di awal Nopémber Maradona kebat nandangan operasi di otakna gara-gara aya geutih ngaguruntul (''hematoma subdural''). Présidén Argéntina, Alberto Fenandez, ngabéwarakeun tilu poé sungkawa nasional di Argéntina, dina raraga ngahormat ka Maradona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport.detik.com/sepakbola/bola-dunia/d-5270224/kronologi-meninggalnya-diego-maradona|title=Kronologi Meninggalnya Diego Maradona|last=|first=|website=Sepakbola|publisher=detik.com|accessdate=27 Nopémber 2020}}</ref> Maradona dikurebkeun di Pamakaman Bella Vista di pasisian Buéno Aires, Argéntina, dina tanggal 27 Nopémber 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/bola/read/4419218/tangis-anak-dan-istri-iringi-pemakaman-diego-maradona|title=Tangis Anak dan Istri Iringi Pemakaman Diego Maradona|last=|first=|website=liputan6.com|publisher=|accessdate=27 Nopémber 2020}}</ref> == Dina budaya populer == Koran Amérika ''The Houston Chronicle'' nulis ngeunaan Maradona: Sanggkan ngarti kana rohakana bayangan Maradona di lemah caina nu kaédanan menbal, jalma kudu nyambat pangabisa Michael Jordan, kakuatan Babe Ruth jeung kaléléwodéhan Mike Tyson. Galokeun kabéh dina hiji jalma nu simar dada bewos jémros, tah éta El Diégo téh, pujaan jutaan jalma nu nyebut dirina ku D10S, campuran tina nomer maénna jeung kecap Spanyol pikeun nyebut déwa. {{quote|text=Sanggkan ngarti kana rohakana bayangan Maradona di lemah caina nu kaédanan menbal, jalma kudu nyambat pangabisa Michael Jordan, kakuatan Babe Ruth jeung kaléléwodéhan Mike Tyson. Galokeun kabéh dina hiji jalma nu simar dada béwos jémros, tah éta El Diégo téh, pujaan jutaan jalma nu nyebut dirina ku D10S, campuran tina nomer maénna jeung kecap Spanyol pikeun nyebut déwa.<ref name="Trib">Bensinger, Ken (8 June 2010) [http://www.standard.net/topics/sports/2010/06/08/maradona-puts-his-legacy-line-world-cup Maradona puts his Legacy on the Line at the World Cup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070831/http://www.standard.net/topics/sports/2010/06/08/maradona-puts-his-legacy-line-world-cup |date=5 Maret 2016 }}, ''[[The Houston Chronicle]]''.</ref>}} Di Argéntina, Maradona dianggap minangka pahlawan nasional. Ngeunaan pamujaan nu nyampak di Argéntina, manten batur maénna, Jorge Valdano nyarita, "Wanci Maradona mundur tina aktifitas sépakbola, ninggalkeun trauma pikeun Argéntina. Maradona leuwih ti ngan saukur pamaén bal nu hadé. Manéhna téh faktor pangbeubeurah khusus pikeun hiji nagara nu geus mangtaun-taun aya dina kadiktatoran militer jeung sagala macem frustasi sosial."<ref name="Deportes">[http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=455305 "¿Es el sucesor natural?"]. ESPN Deportes. (Ed, 29 June 2014). Retrieved 3 July 2014</ref> Valdano nambahkeun yén "Maradona nawarkeun ka rakyat Argéntina hiji jalan kaluar tina frustasi massal maranéhna, éta nu matak nyieun rakyat mikacinta dirina. Aya tangtungan panutan."<ref name="Deportes" /> Maradona diasupkan kaba rupa-rupa ''cameo'' dina buku komik Argéntina, Él Cazador de Aventuras. Sanggeus ditutup, pangarangna ngajieun hiji buku komik pondok anyar dijudulan "Él Die", maké Maradona salaku karakter utamana. Maradona ogé aya dina sababaraha kaulinan kilat ''online'' nu kabéhna didédikasikeun pikeun dirina.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130925035615/http://www.soccergamespot.com/world-cup-games/maradona "Maradona Soccer Game"]. Retrieved 13 April 2013.</ref> Di Rosario, Argéntina, urang dinya nyieun parodi agama "Garéja Maradona". Kumpulan éta ngarumuskeun rupa-rupa unsur dina tradisi Karésten saperti Natal atawa do'a-do'a, jadi ngeunteungkeun detil Maradona. Kumpulan éta dijieun ku 200 anggota sarta tuluy nambahan puluhuan rébu leuwih anggotana liwat ''website'' resmina.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3666357.stm "Maradona in intensive care"]. BBC Sport (28 April 2004). Retrieved 18 August 2006.</ref> "Unggal jalma boga opini ngeunaan Maradona, hal éta geus kajadian ti poé-poé mimiti manéhna maén. Pintonanna nu sakitu éndah sarta gul luar biasana di Méksiko 86 bakal salawasna nyayang dina ingetan jalma-jalma nu mikaresep ménbal, ka asup kuring. Ingetan kuring nu paling nyata nyaéta hiji budak nu boga bakat luar biasa di Piala Dunai FIFA U20 di Jepang. Manéhna nieun unggal jalma calangap tiap-tiap meunang bal." - Présidén FIFA Sepp Blatter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/132/622/3/index.html|title=Dieogo Maradona, as other sees him|last=|first=|website=FIFA.com|publisher=|accessdate=17 Nopémber 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305093358/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/132/622/3/index.html |date=2016-03-05 }}</ref> Réa artis Argéntina mintonkeun lagu dina raraga ngahormat Diégo, contona "Marado" ku El Potro Rodrigo, "Maradona" ku Andres Calamaro, "Para siempre Diégo" (Diégo salilana) ku Los Ratones Paranoicos,"Francotirador" (''Sniper'') ku Attaque 77, "Maradona Blues" ku Charly Garcia, "Santa Maradona" ku Mano Negra, "La Vida Tombola"ku Mano Chao, jeung nu lianna. Ogé aya filem siga: Maradona, La Mano dé Dios (Maradona, si Tangan Tuhan), Él Camino dé San Diégo (Jalan Saint Diégo), Amando a Maradona (Micinta Maradona), "Maradona" ku Kusturica.<ref name="Film2">[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/maradona-by-kusturica-831757.html "Maradona by Kusturica".]. The Independent. Retrieved 2 June 2014</ref> Taun 1982, Maradona jadi salah sahiji bentang olahraga panggedéna jeung geus néken kontrak jeung rupa-rupa pausahaan, kaasup Puma jeung Coca-Cola, nambahan panghasilanna ku 1.5 juta dolar per taun ngaleuwihan gajih klubna.<ref name="commercial">Jimmy Burns (2011) "Maradona: The Hand of God". pp. 71, 84. A&C Black</ref> Taun 1982, manéhna mintonkeun iklan Piala Dunia pikeun Coca-Cola jeung iklan di Jepang pikeun Puma.<ref name="commercial2">Jimmy Burns (2011) "Maradona: The Hand of God". pp. 71, 84. A&C Black</ref> Taun 2010 manéhna kaluar dina hiji iklan pikeun imah fésyen Perancis Louis Vuitton, maén sépakbola méja bareng jeung batur-baturna nu sarua meunang Piala Dunia, Pélé jeung Zinedine Zidane.<ref>[http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/style/articles/2010-04/26/gq-style-news-maradona-pele-and-zidane-for-louis-vuitton "Maradona, Pelé and Zidane for Vuitton"]. GQ Magazine. Retrieved 14 May 2014</ref> Maradona makalangan ogé dina video musik keur lagu Piala Dunia 2010 "Waka-Waka" ku Shakira, dina filemna nempokeun manéhna ngarayakeun kameunangan Argéntina dina Piala Dunia 1986.<ref name="World Cup video">{{cite news|date=8 June 2010|title=Shakira launches clip 'Waka Waka' Cup official music|url=http://esportes.terra.com.br/futebol/copa/2010/noticias/0,,OI4480146-EI14416,00-Shakira+lanca+clipe+de+Waka+Waka+musica+oficial+da+Copa.html|publisher=Reforma|language=Portuguese|accessdate=9 June 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331070734/http://esportes.terra.com.br/futebol/copa/2010/noticias/0,,OI4480146-EI14416,00-Shakira+lanca+clipe+de+Waka+Waka+musica+oficial+da+Copa.html |date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> Hiji iklan tivi taun 2006 pikeun minuman ringan Brazil Guarana Antarctica ngagambarkeun Maradona minangka anggota tim nasional Brazil, maké baju konéng jeung nyanyi lagu nasional Brasil bareng jeung pamaén Brazil Ronaldo jeung Kaka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archivo10.com/videos/maradona_videos07.html|title=ARCHIVO 10, Diego Maradona – Videos de publicidades|publisher=Archivo10.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707155707/http://www.archivo10.com/videos/maradona_videos07.html|archive-date=7 July 2011|dead-url=yes|accessdate=6 May 2011|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707155707/http://www.archivo10.com/videos/maradona_videos07.html |date=7 July 2011 }}</ref> Tuluy dina iklan éta téh manéhna hudang sarta nyadar manéhna tas ngimpi sanggeus mabok gara-gara loba teuing nginum. Sanggeus ditontonkeun, hal ieu nimbulkeun kontroversi di kalangan média Argéntina (najan sabenerna mah iklan éta téh lain pikeun tontoneun urang Argéntina, bobotoh bisa nempo ''online''). Maradona ngajawab yén manéhna teu boga masalah maké kaos Brazil, najan Argéntina jeung Brazil téh minangka musuh satru dina ménbal, tapi Maradona nyatakeun yén manéhna bakal nolak mun kudu maké kaos River Plate, musuh bubuyutan Boca Juniors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnews.com.br/publicidade.php?id=28306|title=Maradona diz não se arrepender de usar camisa do Brasil na TV|work=AdNews.com.br|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706151608/http://www.adnews.com.br/publicidade.php?id=28306|archivedate=6 July 2011|date=30 April 2006|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Kacatetkeun ogé fénomena urang-urang Brazil nu maké ngaran Maradona<ref>{{cite news|title=World Cup 2014: Brazilians named after Maradona and Lineker|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27971359|accessdate=1 February 2015|work=BBC Sport|date=23 June 2014}}</ref> minangka panghormatan, contona pamaén bola Diégo Costa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burt|first1=Jason|title=Diego Costa: I take things to limit but I did nothing wrong|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/chelsea/11381605/Diego-Costa-I-take-things-to-limit-but-I-did-nothing-wrong.html|accessdate=31 January 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=31 January 2015}}</ref> Taun 2017, Maradona dipintonkeun minangka hiji pamaén légendaris dina ''video game'' FIFA 18 jeung Pro Evolution Soccer 2018.<ref>[https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/ea-sports-add-diego-maradona-to-fifa-18-with-95rated-card-a3599761.html "FIFA 18 to include 95-rated icon Diego Maradona as EA Sports adds footballing legend to Ultimate Team"]. Evening Standard. Retrieved 8 September 2017</ref> Taun 2019, hiji filem dokuménter dikaluarkeun ku nu meunangkeun Academy Award jeung BAFTA Award tukang nieun filem Asif Kapadia, diréktur Filem Amy (ngeunaan panyanyi Amy Winehouse) jeung Filem Sénna (ngeunaan pabalap Ayrton Senna). Kapaida nyarita. "Maradona téh bagéan katilu tina trilogi ngeunaan budak jenius jeung sohor."<ref>{{cite news|title=Film-maker Asif Kapadia: ‘Maradona is the third part of a trilogy about child geniuses and fame’|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/jun/25/asif-kapadia-diego-maradona-senna-amy-interview|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 October 2017}}</ref> Manéhna nambahkeun, "Kuring kapincut ku lalampahanna, ka mana waé manéhna indit aya waé kajadian-kajadian cerdas nu luar biasa jeung drama. Manéhna téh pamingpin, mawa timna ka puncak, tapi ogé sering kasoran dina karirna. Manéhna salawasna ibarat jalma leutik nu ngalawan sistem... sarta daék ngalakukeun naon waé, ngagunakeun kalicikan jeung intelejensina pikeun meunang.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amy director Asif Kapadia set to make Maradona documentary|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/amy-director-asif-kapadia-set-to-make-maradona-documentary-a6841391.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=1 October 2017}}</ref> == Statistik karir == <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121091646/http://expertfootball.com/players/maradona/stats.php Club Statistics]. expertfootball.com (archived)</ref> === Klub === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" width="75" |Season ! rowspan="2" width="125" |Klub ! rowspan="2" width="125" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Liga ! colspan="2" |Piala ! colspan="2" |Benua ! colspan="2" |Lianna ! colspan="2" |Total |- ! width="40" |Maen ! width="40" |Gul ! width="40" |Maen ! width="40" |Gul ! width="40" |Maen ! width="40" |Gul ! width="40" |Maen ! width="40" |Gul ! width="40" |Maen ! width="40" |Gul |- |1976 | rowspan="5" |Argentinos Juniors | rowspan="6" |Primera División |11 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |13 |2 |- |1977 |49 |19 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |49 |19 |- |1978 |35 |26 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |35 |26 |- |1979 |26 |26 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |26 |26 |- |1980 |45 |43 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |45 |43 |- |1981 |Boca Juniors |40 |28 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |40 |28 |- |1982–83 | rowspan="2" |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | rowspan="2" |La Liga |20 |11 |5 |3 |4 |5 |6 |4 |35 |23 |- |1983–84 |16 |11 |4 |1 |3 |3 | colspan="2" |– |23 |15 |- |1984–85 | rowspan="7" |[[Napoli]] | rowspan="7" |Série A |30 |14 |6 |3 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |36 |17 |- |1985–86 |29 |11 |2 |2 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |31 |13 |- |1986–87 |29 |10 |10 |7 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |– |41 |17 |- |1987–88 |28 |15 |9 |6 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |– |39 |21 |- |1988–89 |26 |9 |12 |7 |12 |3 | colspan="2" |– |50 |19 |- |1989–90 |28 |16 |3 |2 |5 |0 | colspan="2" |– |36 |18 |- |1990–91 |18 |6 |3 |2 |4 |2 |1 |0 |26 |10 |- |1992–93 |[[Sevilla]] |La Liga |26 |5 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |29 |6 |- |1993–94 |Newell's Old Boys | rowspan="4" |Primera División |5 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |5 |0 |- |1995–96 | rowspan="3" |Boca Juniors |24 |5 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |24 |5 |- |1996–97 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |1 |0 |2 |0 |- |1997–98 |5 |2 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |5 |2 |- ! rowspan="6" |Total ! colspan="2" |Argentinos Juniors !166 !116 ! colspan="2" |– ! colspan="2" |– ! colspan="2" |– !166 !116 |- ! colspan="2" |Boca Juniors !70 !35 ! colspan="2" |– ! colspan="2" |– !1 !0 !71 !35 |- ! colspan="2" |[[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] !36 !22 !9 !4 !7 !8 !6 !4 !58 !38 |- ! colspan="2" |Napoli !188 !81 !45 !29 !25 !5 !1 !0 !259 !115 |- ! colspan="2" |Sevilla !26 !5 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |– ! colspan="2" |– !29 !6 |- ! colspan="2" |Newell's Old Boys !5 !0 ! colspan="2" |– ! colspan="2" |– ! colspan="2" |– !5 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Total Karir !492 !259 !57 !34 !32 !13 !8 !4 !590 !310 |} * Lianna - Piala Liga Spanyol jeung Piala Super Italia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/maradona-intl.html|title=Diego Armando Maradona – International Appearances|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=6 May 2011}}</ref> * Total rata-rata gulna per tanding dina kompétisi klub doméstik nyaéta 0,526.<ref>[http://www.goal.com/en/news/1717/editorial/2010/04/07/1867738/goalcom-special-debate-lionel-messi-vs-diego-maradona-so-who "Special Debate: Lionel Messi vs Diego Maradona – So Who Is Better?"]. Goal.com. Retrieved 19 November 2013</ref> === Internasional === * Jadi pamaén utama dina 21 tanding keur Argéntina di Piala Dunia (1982, 1986, 1990,1994) * Midang 16 kali salaku kaptén tim nasional, hiji rékor Piala Dunia. * Nyitak 8 gul sarta 8 assist di 21 kali maén di Piala Dunia, kaasup 5 gul jeung 5 assist di taun 1986. * Nyepeng panyitak gul kadua panglobana di Argéntina dina puteran final Piala Dunia (nyaruaan Guillermo Stabile di taun 1994; kasusul ku Gabriel Batistuta taun 1998). * Dilanggar 23 kali dina tanding Argéntina vs Italia dina Piala Dunia 1982, rékor Piala Dunia palanggaran dina sapertandingan. * Dilanggar 50 kali nalika Piala Dunia 1990, rékor Piala Dunia palanggaran dina saturnamén. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Tim Nasional Argéntina |- !Taun ! width="40" |Maen ! width="40" |Gul |- |1977 |3 |0 |- |1978 |1 |0 |- |1979 |8 |3 |- |1980 |10 |7 |- |1981 |2 |1 |- |1982 |10 |2 |- |1983 |– |– |- |1984 |– |– |- |1985 |10 |6 |- |1986 |10 |7 |- |1987 |6 |4 |- |1988 |3 |1 |- |1989 |7 |0 |- |1990 |10 |1 |- |1991 |– |– |- |1992 |– |– |- |1993 |4 |0 |- |1994 |7 |2 |- !Total !91 !34 |} == Statistik Manajerial == ''Mimiti 03 Désémber 2018.'' {| class="wikitable" |'''Tim''' |'''Nagara''' |'''Mimiti''' |'''Réngsé''' |- |Mandiyú de Corrientes |Argéntina |Januari1994 |Juni 1994 |- |Racing Club |Argéntina |Méi 1995 |Nopémber 1995 |- |Argéntina |Argéntina |Nopémber 2008 |Juli 2010 |- |Al Wasl |UÉA |Méi 2011 |Juli 2012 |- |Fujairah |UÉA |April 2017 |April 2018 |- |Dorados |Méksiko |Séptémber 2018 |Masih kénéh |} == Panghargaan == === Klub === Boca Juniors * Argéntina Priméra Division: 1981 Metropolitano<ref name="Player Profile" /> Barcelona * Copa del Rey: 1983<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Copa de la Liga: 1983 Napoli * Série A (2): 1986–87, 1989–90<ref name="Player Profile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=174732/profile.html|title=The Albiceleste underdog who conquered the world|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=27 February 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152150/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=174732/profile.html |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> * Coppa Italia: 1986–87 * UEFA Cup: 1988–89 * Supercoppa Italiana: 1990 === Internasional === Argéntina Muda * Piala Dunia Junior FIFA: 1979<ref name="Japan 79">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u20worldcup/japan1979/awards/index.html|title=FIFA World Youth Championship Japan 1979&nbsp;– Award|website=FIFA.com|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association|accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> Argéntina * Piala Dunia FIFA: 1986<ref name="Player Profile"/> * Tropi Artemio Franchi: 1993<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/artfranchi93.html|title=Artemio Franchi Trophy 1993|last=Josef Bobrowsky|publisher=RSSSF|accessdate=16 September 2018}}</ref> [[Gambar:The Champions Promenade, Diego Maradona - panoramio.jpg|ka|jmpl|Maradona's Golden Foot award in “Trotoar Juara" di basisir Karajaan [[Monako|Monaco]]]] * Top sekor Divisi Primera Argéntina (5): 1978 Metropolitano (liga), 1979 Metropolitano, 1979 Nacional (piala liga), 1980 Metropolitano, 1980 Nacional<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Piala Dunia Junior FIFA, Bal Emas: 1979<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Piala Dunia Junior FIFA, Sapatu Perak: 1979<ref name="Japan 79" /> * Pamaén Taun Ieu Argentine Football Writers (4): 1979, 1980, 1981, 1986<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/arg-poy.html “Argentina – Player of the Year”]. Rsssf.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018</ref> * Pamaén Taun Ieu Amérika Selatan (2): (panghargaan resmi) 1979, 1980<ref name="Player Profile" /> * ''Olimpia de Oro'' (2): 1979, 1986<ref>{{cite news|title=Todos los ganadores del oro, desde 1954|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/972375-todos-los-ganadores-del-oro-desde-1954|newspaper=La Nación|location=Buenos Aires|date=18 December 2007|accessdate=24 December 2012|language=Spanish|trans-title=All gold winners since 1954|quote=1986 Diego Maradona (Fútbol)}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105043233/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/972375-todos-los-ganadores-del-oro-desde-1954 |date=5 January 2016 }}</ref> * ''Guerin d'Oro'' (Pamaén SériA Taun Ieu): 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/italpoy.html|title=Guerin d'Oro|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]]|accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref> * Bal Emas Piala Dunia FIFA: 1986<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Sapatu Perak Piala Dunia FIFA: 1986 * ''Assist'' Pangréana Piala Dunia FIFA: 1986<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetworldcup.com/CUPS/1986/wc86statistics.html|title=World Cup 1986 – Statistics|publisher=Planetworldcup|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> * Tim Piala Dunia Kabéh Bintang: 1986, 1990 * Onze d'Or (2): 1986, 1987<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/onze-awards.html|title="Onze Mondial" Awards|last=Pierrend|first=José Luis|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=26 December 2015|date=6 Maret 2012}}</ref> * ''L'Équipe Champion of Champions'' (ti surat kabar Perancis): 1986 * Atlet Taun Ieu Himpunan Wartawan Internasional: 1986 * Pamaén Taun Ieu Majalah World Soccer: 1986 * ''Capocannoniere'' (top sekor Séri A): 1987–88 * Top sekor ''Coppa Italia'': 1987–88 * Bal Parunggu Piala Dunia FIFA: 1990<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Tim Piala Dunia Sapanjang Waktu: 1994<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/wrldallt.html|title=World All-Time Teams|publisher=RSSSF|accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref> * Tim Taun Ieu Amérika Selatan: 1995<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/sam-toy.html|title=South American Team of the Year|date=16 January 2009|accessdate=10 Maret 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121064015/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/sam-toy.html|archivedate=21 January 2015}}</ref> * ''Ballon d'Or'' pikeun pangabdian kana sépakbola(ti Perancis): 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/7750904.stm|title=Maradona receives honorary award|publisher=BBC|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> * Tim Dunia Abad 20: 1998 * Pamaén Pangpunjulna Abad 20 Majalah ''World Soccer'': (#2) 1999 * Olahragawan Abad Ieu ''Argentine Sports Writers'' 1999 * Marca ''Leyenda'' (ti surat kabar Spanyol Marca): 1999<ref>[http://www.marca.com/marca-leyenda.html “Marca Leyenda: Diego Maradona”]. Marca. Retrieved 28 July 2018</ref> * Pamilik nomer 10 klub Napoli minangka kaingetan kana sumbanganna pikeun klub: 2000<ref>[http://caracol.com.co/radio/2000/08/24/deportes/0967096800_058566.html Nápoli retira camiseta número 10 en homenaje a Maradona], Caracol, 24 August 2000</ref> * Pamaén Abad Ieu FIFA: 2000<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Gol Abad Ieu FIFA (pikeun gul kaduana nalika ngalawan Inggris di saparapat final Piala Dunia 1986): 2002<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Tim Impian Piala Dunia FIFA: 2002<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=11759 “FIFA Dream Team: Maradona voted top player”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213232622/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=11759 |date=2009-02-13 }}. Reuters. 19 June 2002.</ref> * Suku Emas: 2003, minangka legenda sépakbola.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenfoot.com/en/legends/item/284-diego-armando-maradona.html|title=Golden Foot – Diego Armando Maradona|publisher=Goldenfoot.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209063133/http://goldenfoot.com/en/legends/item/284-diego-armando-maradona.html|archivedate=9 February 2015|accessdate=1 Maret 2015|deadurl=yes|df=}}</ref> * 100 Pamaén Pangpunjulna Nu Hirup Keneh FIFA: 2004<ref name="Player Profile" /> * Senat Argéntina "''Domingo Faustino Sarmiento''" kaingetan pikeun beubeunangan samangsa hirup: 2005 * Pamaén Bal Pangpunjulna dina Sajarah Piala Dunia: #1, ti The Times, 2010<ref>[http://archivo.elcomercio.pe/sociedad/lima/diario-ingles-eligio-maradona-como-mejor-jugador-historia-mundiales-noticia-450486 “Un diario inglés eligió a Maradona como el mejor jugador de la historia de los mundiales”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114600/http://archivo.elcomercio.pe/sociedad/lima/diario-ingles-eligio-maradona-como-mejor-jugador-historia-mundiales-noticia-450486#|date=30 December 2017}}. El Comercio. Retrieved 28 July 2018</ref> * Atlit Pangpunjulna dina Sajarah: #1, ku ''Corriere dello Sport'' – Stadio, 2012<ref>[https://www.tifonapoli.it/cds-maradona-meglio-di-tutti-batte-anche-valentino-rossi/ “CdS, Maradona meglio di tutti, batte anche Valentino Rossi“] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712090744/https://www.tifonapoli.it/cds-maradona-meglio-di-tutti-batte-anche-valentino-rossi/ |date=2018-07-12 }}. Corriere dello Sport. Retrieved 28 July 2018</ref> * Panghargaan ''Globe Soccer'' Panghargaan Karir Pamaén: 2012<ref name="GSA">{{cite web|url=http://www.globesoccer.com/awards/walloffame/|title=Wall of Fame|publisher=Globe Soccer.com|accessdate=28 December 2015}}</ref> * Pangpunjulna XI sapanjang waktu majalah ''World Soccer'': 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/the-greatest-xi-how-the-panel-voted|title=The Greatest XI: how the panel voted|publisher=World Soccer|author=Jamie Rainbow|date=2 July 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101233404/http://www.worldsoccer.com/features/the-greatest-xi-how-the-panel-voted |date=1 January 2015 }}</ref> * Pamaén Bal Pangpunjulna Sapanjang Waktu: #1 ku majalah ''FourFourTwo'', 2017 * Pamaén Bal Pangpunjulna dina Sajarah Piala Dunia: #1, ku majalah ''FourFourTwo'', 2018<ref>[https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-25-best-world-cup-players-ever?page=0%2C2 “Ranked! The 25 best World Cup players EVER”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618234056/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-25-best-world-cup-players-ever?page=0%2C2 |date=2018-06-18 }}. Four Four Two. Retrieved 28 July 2018</ref> * Top Sekor Napoli Sapanjang Waktu (1991–2017)<ref name="Fifa profile" /> * Dinding Panghargaan Maenbal Italia: 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vivoazzurro.it/en/news/italian-football-hall-of-fame-to-induct-ten-new-stars/|title=Italian football Hall of Fame to induct ten new stars|accessdate=25 October 2016|date=25 October 2016}}</ref> * Tim Sapanjang Waktu AFA: 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afa.com.ar/3023/la-seleccion-de-todos-los-tiempos|title=La Selección de Todos los Tiempos|publisher=Argentine Football Association|language=Spanish|trans-title=The Team of All Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814210638/http://www.afa.com.ar/3023/la-seleccion-de-todos-los-tiempos|archive-date=14 August 2018|dead-url=yes|accessdate=29 January 2018|date=4 January 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814210638/http://www.afa.com.ar/3023/la-seleccion-de-todos-los-tiempos |date=14 August 2018 }}</ref> * ''L'Équipe's top 50'' pamaén bal Amérika Latin dina sajarah: #2<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Top/Football/top50-joueurs-sud-americains/3/|title=Top 50 des joueurs sud-américains de l'histoire|trans-title=Top 50 South-American footballers in history|newspaper=L'Équipe|language=French|date=4 July 2015|accessdate=6 July 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704215531/http://www.lequipe.fr/Top/Football/top50-joueurs-sud-americains/3 |date=4 July 2015 }}</ref> * Legenda ''International Federation of Football History & Statistics'' (IFFHS)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffhs.de/iffhs-has-announced-the-48-football-legend-players/|title=IFFHS announce the 48 football legend players|publisher=IFFHS|accessdate=14 September 2016|date=25 January 2016}}</ref> == Tutumbu Luar == * [https://www.diegomaradonagroup.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194552/https://www.diegomaradonagroup.com/ |date=2020-11-25 }} * {{Britannica|686139}} * Works by or about Diégo Maradona in libraries (WorldCat catalog) == Referensi == [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1960]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:Sepakbola]] 59t8unxg0pknjegwfbrdl11nf2qtgyq 0 98513 712905 712001 2026-09-23T07:36:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Jalma|name=Ip Man|image=Yip_Man.jpg|image_size=200|caption=Ip Man, ogé nelah ku Yip Man|birth_name= Yip Ka-man (葉繼問) 01 Oktober 1893|birth_place=[[Fushan]], Kuangtung, Tionghoa Dinasti Qing|height=|occupation=Suhu Paguron Wing Chun|spouse=Cheung Wang Shing<br>{{marriage|Shanghai Po|1955|1968|reason=}}|children=5|parents=Yip Oi Dor<br>Ng Shui|salary=|Lahir={{birth date and age|1893|10|01|df=y}}|Pupus={{{death_date|2 Désémber 1972}}} }} '''Ip Man''', ogé nelah ku '''Yip Man''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kwokwingchun.com/about-wing-chun/ip-mans-wing-chun/ip-man-or-yip-man/|title=Ip Man or Yip Man|last=Knight|first=Dan|website=|publisher=kwokwingchun.com|accessdate=|date=20 Juli 2012}}</ref> ({{zh|t=葉問}}; 1 Oktober 1893 – 2 Désember 1972) nyaéta saurang seniman béladiri Cina turunan Kanton, sarta saurang guru ahli Kung Fu [[Wing Chun.]] Manéhna boga sababaraha murid nu jagana jaradi guru ahli séwang-séwangan. Muridna nu paling sohor nyaéta [[Bruce Lee]]. == Kahirupan awal == Ip Man lahir ti pasangan Yip Oi-dor jeung Ng Shui, minangka katilu tina opat anak. Manéhna gedé di lingkungan kulawarga beunghar di [[Fushan]], [[Guangdong]], sarta narima atikan tradisional [[Cina]] bareng jeung lanceuk lalakina Yip Kai-gak, lanceuk awéwé Yip Wan-mei sarta adi awéwe Yip Wan-hum.<ref name="ip-ching-book2">Title: Yip Man – Portrait of a Kung Fu Master, kaca:3, Author(s): Ip Ching and Ron Heimberger, Paperback: 116 pages, Publisher: Cedar Fort (23 Januari 2001), </ref> Ip mimiti diajar [[Wing Chun]] ti Chan Wah-shun wanci umur 9<ref>''"116 Wing Tsun Dummy Techniques as demonstrated by Grandmaster Yip Man"'', kaca: 100, Author(s): Yip Chun, Leung’s Publications (Pébruari 1981)</ref> atawa 13<ref>Wing Tsun Kuen - Edisi ka-19, kaca: 47, Leung Ting, Leung's Publications (Séptémber 2003)</ref><ref>Knight, Dan (11 Juli 2012). "''Sam kwok Wing Chun – Yip Man Family Tree''". Kwokwingchun.com. Diaksés 28 OKtober 2019.</ref> taun. Chan harita keur umur 57 taun, Ip jadi murid ka-16 Chan ogé nu pamungkas.<ref name="english-history">{{cite web|url=http://www.kwokwingchun.com/about-wing-chun/history-&-family-tree/|title=Sam kwok Wing Chun – Yip Man Family Tree|last=Knight|first=Dan|website=|publisher=Kwokwingchun.com|accessdate=29 Nopémber 2011|date=11 Juli 2012}}</ref><ref>''Mastering Wing Chun'', By Samuel Kwok</ref> Alatan umur, Chan ngan bisa ngalatih Ip salila tilu taun méméh dirina katarajang struk énténg di taun 1909 sarta mulang ka lemburna. Wanci umur 16 taun, dibantu ku dulurna, Leung Fut Ting, Ip pindah ka [[Hong Kong]] sarta asup sakola di Kampus St. Stephen, sakola alternatif pikeun kulawarga nu baleunghar jeung urang luar nu caricing di Hong Kong.<ref name="ip-ching-book2">Title: Yip Man – Portrait of a Kung Fu Master, Page:3, Author(s): Ip Ching and Ron Heimberger, Paperback: 116 pages, Publisher: Cedar Fort (23 January 2001), {{ISBN|978-1-55517-516-0}}</ref> Genep bulan sabada pindah ka Hong Kong, batur sakelasna, ngaranna Lai, ngabéjaan yén sobat bapana, hiji jago [[Kungfu|Kung Fu]], cicing jeung kulawargana sarta nawaran Ip pikeun latih tanding. Wanci harita, Ip euweuh nu ngéléhkeun, jadi manéhna haget narima tantangan éta. Minggu pasosore, Ip datang ka imah Lai sarta sanggeus silih bagéakeun manéhna nantang si jago kung fu téa pikeun bitotama. Jalma éta ngaranna Leung Bik, sarta Leung Bik kalayan gampang nguntupan Ip Man. Kasima ku katanginasan lawanna nu karak karandapan ku Ip, Ip nantang deui pikeun tarung kadua kalina, sarta kasoran deui, ngan sajéréhém. Kuciwa alatan éléh, Ip indit bari teu kecap-kecap acan sarta tuluy jadi bangbaluh semet ka teu wani ngaku yén dirina bisa kung fu. Saminggu ti harita, Lai ngabéjaan Ip yén Leung Bik nananyakeun. Ip ngawaler yén manéhna ngarasa éra nepungan deui. Danget harita, Lai nyarita yén Leung Bik muji kana téhnik kung fu Ip ogé yén Leung Bik téh anakna Leung Jan, nu ngawurukan guruna Ip, Chan Wah Shun. Ip tuluy guguru ka Leung Bik,<ref>[http://www.kwokwingchun.com/about-wing-chun/ip-mans-wing-chun/interview--with-grandmaster-yip-man/ "An Interview with Grandmaster Yip Man"]. ''www.kwokwingchun.com''. 22 Januari 2014. Diaksés 25 Januari 2019.</ref> nepi ka Leung maot dina taun 1911.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ip Man: Portrait of a Kung Fu Master|url=https://archive.org/details/ipmanportraitofk0000chin|last=Ron Heimberger|first=Ip Ching|publisher=Cedar Fort|year=2001|isbn=9781555175160|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ipmanportraitofk0000chin/page/15 15]}}</ref> Ip mulang ka Fushan di taun 1917 wanci umur 24 taun sarta di ditu tuluy jadi pulisi.<ref name="ip-ching-book2">Title: Yip Man – Portrait of a Kung Fu Master, Page:3, Author(s): Ip Ching and Ron Heimberger, Paperback: 116 pages, Publisher: Cedar Fort (23 January 2001), {{ISBN|978-1-55517-516-0}}</ref> Manéhna ngajarkeun Wing Chun ka sababaraha urang bawahanna, babaturanna jeung dulur-dulurna, tapi teu kungsi muka paguron seni béladiri. Ip tuluy rarabi ka Cheung Wing Sing sarta ngabogaan sababaraha budak. Budak lalaki Ip Chun jeung Ip Ching, sarta budak awéwé Ip Nga Wun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wingchun.si/yipman.htm|title=Wing Chun Kuen|website=www.wingchun.si|access-date=2019-01-09}}</ref> Sababaraha murid teu resmina anu kasohor nyaéta Chow Kwong Yue, Kwok Fu, Lun Kah, Chan Chi Sun, Xu He Wei jeung Lui Ying. Di antara maranéhna, Chow Kwong Yue minangka nu paling punjul tapi cenah tuluy asup kana usaha dagang sarta eureun latihan. Kwok fu jeung Lun Kah baroga murid séwang-séwangan sarta ngajarkeun seni béladiri Wing Chun di Fushan jeung wéwéngkon Guangdong. Chan Chi Sun jeung Lui Ying tuluy mariang ka Hong Kong tapi duanana gé teu nampa murid. Ip miang jeung netep di Kwok Fu nalika [[Perang Cina Jepang Kadua]] sarta mulang-mulang ka Fushan sanggeus perang réngsé di mana manéhna nuluykeun karirna minangka pulisi. Ip boga waktu pikeun ngalatih budak kaduana Ip Ching salila taun 1949. Dina tungtung taun 1949 sanggeus Partéy Komunis China meunang dina Perang Sipil Cina, salaku pagawé pikeun Kuomintang, Ip, bojo jeung budak awéwéna ninggalkeun Fushan, miang ka Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kwokwingchun.com/about-wing-chun/ip-mans-wing-chun/ip-mans-biography/|title=Ip Man's Biography|last=Knight|first=Dan|publisher=Kwokwingchun.com|date=20 July 2012|access-date=2 August 2018}}</ref> == Hirup di Hong Kong == Ip, pamajikanna Cheung jeung anakna nepi ka Hong Kong ngaliwatan [[Makau]] di taun 1950. Pamajikan jeung anakna éngkéna marulang ka Fushan pikeun nyokot ktp. Najan kitu, alatan ditutupna wates antara China jeung Hong Kong di taun 1951, Ip jeung Cheung jadi kapisah salilana, sarta Cheung tetep tumetep di Fushan. Awalna, usaha ngajar Ip Man teu menyat di Hong Kong lantaran murid-muridna biasana ngan cicing pikeun sabulan dua bulan. Ip mindahkeun paguronna dua kali: mimiti ka Jalan Puncak Istana di Sham Shui Po sarta tuluy ka Jalan Lee Tat di Yau Ma Tei. Harita, sababaraha muridna geus meunangkeun kaunggulan Wing Chun sarta mampu ngamimitian paguron-paguronna sorangan. Maranéhna maju terus sarta ngadu kaparigeulan ngalawan paguron béladiri lianna pikeun ngabandingkeun kamampuan. Ku minengna maranéhna mareunang jadi nambah kana kamasyuran Ip. Taun 1955, Ip meunang batur hirup ti [[Shanghai]], nu ku murid-muridna nelah ngaranna minangka ''Shanghai Po''. Ip jeung batur hirupna ogé boga budak teu sah ngaranna Ip Siu Wah. Sedengkeun di Fushan, pamajikan Ip maot alatan kanker di taun 1960. Ip teu kungsi sacara daria ngawanohkeun batur hirupna ka budak-budakna nu lian, nu panungtunganna mah daratang ka Hong Kong pikeun cicing bareng jeung manéhna di taun 1962.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Creation of Wing Chun|last=|first=|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2015|isbn=9781438456959|location=United States|pages=247}}</ref> Taun 1967, Ip jeung sababaraha muridna ngadegkeun Asosiasi Atlétik Ving Tsun.<ref>''Ip Man Wing Chun 50th Anniversary Journal'' (Hong Kong: Wing Chun Athletic Association Limited, 2005)</ref><ref>''Ip Man Wing Chun 50th Anniversary Journal'' (Hong Kong: Wing Chun Athletic Association Limited, 2005)</ref> Tujuan utamana nyaéta pikeun mantuan Ip nangkes kasusahan finansial di Hong Kong,<ref>''Ip Man Wing Chun 50th Anniversary Journal'' (Hong Kong: Wing Chun Athletic Association Limited, 2005)</ref> nu cenah geus ngalantarankeun dirina jadi rutin maké [[opium]].<ref>Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit: A Biography, Bruce Thomas, p. 208 "Both Bruce's father and even his wing chun master Yip Man were no strangers to the opium pipe."</ref> Salah sahiji manten muridna, Duncan Leung, ngakukeun yén Ip maké duit ladang ngajarna pikeun ngabiayaan kacanduan opiumna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/KE16Ad02.html|title=Asia Times Online :: China News, China Business News, Taiwan.|first=Ken|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402144637/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/KE16Ad02.html|archive-date=April 2, 2017|author=Ing|date=16 May 2009|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402144637/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/KE16Ad02.html |date=2 April 2017 }}</ref> Selir Ip maot alatan kanker di taun 1968 sarta budak maranéhna tuluy jadi palatih Wing Chun, siga dulur-dulur sabapana. == Tilar dunya jeung titinggal == [[Gambar:Yip_Man_gravestone.jpg|jmpl|Batu nisan Ip Man di Wo Hop Shek, Hong Kong.]] Ip maot tanggal 2 Désémber 1972 di padumukanna di Jalan Tung Choi 149 Hong Kong, alatan kanker tikoro, ngan salapan bulan saméméh maotna Bruce Lee.<ref>''Complete Wing Chun: The Definitive Guide to Wing Chun's History and Traditions'', Robert Chu, Rene Ritchie, Y. Wu, page 9, Tuttle Publishing; 1st edition (20 Juni 1998). </ref> Manéhna dikurebkeun di Wo Hop Shek, Hong Kong. Warisan Ip nyaéta prakték Wing Chun sacara global. Ip Chun, budak sulung Ip Man, sumanget jeung taya reureuhna pikeun ngalastarikeun kung fu Wing Chun warisan bapana. Taun 2014, Ip Chun kapilih pikeun ngawakilan Wing Chun salaku panarima waris jurus kung fu Wing Chun.<ref name="Ip inheritance">Boehler, Patrick. [http://www.scmp.com/news/china-insider/article/1581106/chinese-kung-fu-masters-battle-over-inheritance-wing-chun-legacy ''"Chinese kung fu masters battle over inheritance of Yip Man's Wing Chun legacy''"]. South China Morning Post (South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd.) (Online). Diaksés 10 Séptémber 2016</ref> Murid-murid Ip nu kaitung sohor kaasup: Leung Sheung, Lok Yiu, Chu Shong Tin, Wong Shun Leung, Bruce Lee, Moy Yat, Ho Kam Ming, Chow Tze Chuen, Victor Kan, alona, Lo Man, barudakna, Ip Ching jeung Ip Chun sarta murid pribadina Leung Ting (saperti disebutkeun dina wawancara jeung ''Grand Master'' Ip Man ku Majalah ''New Martial Hero'', taun 1972).<ref name="kwokwingchun.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kwokwingchun.com/about-wing-chun/ip-mans-wing-chun/interview--with-grandmaster-yip-man/|title=An Interview with Grandmaster Yip Man|website=www.kwokwingchun.com|language=en|date=January 22, 2014|access-date=2018-07-02}}</ref> Ip nulis sajarah Wing Chun.<ref name="chinese-history">{{cite web|url=http://www.vingtsun.com.hk/Origin.htm|title=external copy of the History of Wing Chun Written by Yip Man|last=|first=|website=|publisher=Vingtsun.com.hk|accessdate=29 Nopémber 2011}}</ref> Réa artifak ti kahirupanna dipajangkeun di muséum "Yip Man Tong" di ruang handap Kuil Kuno Fushan. Ip Man ogé loba difilemkeun dumasar kana kahirupanna.<ref name="chinese-history2">{{cite web|url=http://www.vingtsun.com.hk/Origin.htm|title=external copy of the History of Wing Chun Written by Yip Man|publisher=Vingtsun.com.hk|accessdate=29 November 2011}}</ref> == Silsilah seni béladiri == Silsilah Wing Chun numutkeun Ip Man.<ref name="chinese-history"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southfieldswingchun.co.uk/the-origin-of-wing-chun|title=The Origin Of Wing Chun|website=Martial Arts & Self Defence London|publisher=Southfields Wing Chun London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724062910/http://www.southfieldswingchun.co.uk/the-origin-of-wing-chun|archive-date=24 July 2013|accessdate=29 November 2011|author=Ip Man|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724062910/http://www.southfieldswingchun.co.uk/the-origin-of-wing-chun |date=24 July 2013 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="" cellpadding="5" |Ng Mui (salah sahiji ti Lima Katua ti Biara [[Shaolin]] ) |- |Yim Wing-chun (diajar Wing Chun ti Ng pikeun béla diri) |- |Leung Bok-chau (Yim's husband) |- |Leung Lan-kwai |- |Wong Wah-bo (diajar tongkat ti Leung Yee Tai patuker-tuker jeung jurus tangan kosong) |- |Leung Yee-tai (ngasupkeun jurus tongkatna kana jurus tangan kosong) |- |Leung Jan |- |Chan Wah-shun |- |'''Yip Man''' (ogé diajar ti Ng Chung-sok, Leung Bik) |- |Murid-murid nu kawentar: Ilikan cabang-cabang Wing Chun |} == Potrét média == Di taun 1976, filem ''Bruce Lee: The Man, The Myth'', peran leutik ngeunaan dirina minangka Suhu Wing Chun [[Bruce Lee]] diperankeun ku budak sulungna, Ip Chun. Ip Man diperankeun ku Wang Luoyong dina ''Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story'' dina filem drama biographi Amérika taun 1993,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/character/ch0143340/|title=Ip Man (Character)|website=IMDb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225202908/https://www.imdb.com/character/ch0143340/|archive-date=25 December 2016|accessdate=4 February 2011|quote=TV episode, Played by Cheng-Hui Yu (as Ye Wen)|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225202908/https://www.imdb.com/character/ch0143340/ |date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> dumasar kana riwayat Bruce Lee nu mangrupa murid Ip. Di taun 1999, dina filem ''What You Gonna Do, Sai Fung?'' (alias ''1959 某日某''), manéhna diperankeun ku budakna, Ip Chun, sakali deui minangka pintonan husus. Yu Chenghui merankeun Ip Man dina filem séri tivi China 2008, ''The Legend of Bruce Lee'', ogé dumasar kana riwayat Bruce Lee. ''Ip Man'', hiji filem Hong Kong dumasar kana kahirupan Ip Man, diperankeun ku [[Donnie Yen]] minangka si ahli béladiri, dipedalkeun dina sinema di taun 2008. Filem éta mawakeun sajumlah kabébasan dina kahirupan Ip, lolobana pikeun épék dramatis. Budak sulung Ip, Ip Chun ngilu aub dina filem éta jeung gawé minangka konsultan produksi, nu fokus kana kahirupan Ip Man wanci taun 1930-an nepi ka 1940-an nalika Perang China Jepang Kadua. Filem ieu mangrupa filem munggaran nu dumasar kana kahirupan Ip Man. Sékuél ''Ip Man 2'' fokus nalika Ip ngamimitian hirup di Hong Kong jeung murid-muridna, kaasup Bruce Lee. Ip Man geus ngawurukan réa jalma. Di tengah-tengah galura produksi proyék-proyék filem nu patali jeung Ip Man, Donnie Yen nyarita ka média China dina bulan Maret 2010 yén sabada ''Ip Man 2'', manéhna moal deui merankeun si master Wing Chun. Ceuk manéhna, "Kuring moal deui-deui ngarérét kana filem nu patali jeung Ip Man. Ieu téh mangrupa filem pamungkas kuring ngeunaan Ip Man. Nanaon waé nu jadi suksés, kabéh jalma bakal narurutan, hal ieu téh matak pikakeueungeun. Ari anjeun apal sabaraha loba filem Ip Man nu keur diproduksi? Dina kondisi kieu, urang moal maju-maju, ieu téh bakal nungtun kana saturasi anu kaleuleuwihi kana matéri subjékna."<ref name="donnie is done">{{cite web|url=http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/795-Donnie-Yen-Has-Had-Enough-of-Ip-Man.html|title=Donnie Yen Has Had Enough of Ip Man - Wu-Jing.org|last=|first=|work=Guangzhou Daily|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311034958/http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/795-Donnie-Yen-Has-Had-Enough-of-Ip-Man.html|archivedate=11 Maret 2010|accessdate=4 Pébruari 2011|date=8 Maret 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311034958/http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/795-Donnie-Yen-Has-Had-Enough-of-Ip-Man.html |date=2010-03-11 }}</ref> Filem Hong Kong lianna nu dumasar kana kahirupan Ip Man, judulna ''The Legend Is Born - Ip Man'', dipedalkeun dina Juni 2010. Herman Yau jadi sutradarana, sarta dibéntangan ku Dennis To minangka Ip Man jeung anggota band Seventeen, wen Junhui minangka Ip Man ngora. Ip Chun nyieun pamintonan husus minangka Leung Bik. Taun 2010, dina filem ''Bruce Lee, My Brother'', Ip Man diperankeun ku Wong Chi Wai. Filem Wong Kar Wai, ''The Grandmaster'', nyaéta hiji filem di taun 2013 dibéntangan ku [[Tony Leung]] minangka Ip Man. Filem ieu leuwih konséntrasi kana sajarah réngséna mangsa seni béladiri China ku pecahna Perang China Jepang Kadua. Dijieun ampir kabéh dina gaya biographikal, nekenkeun kana bagéan-bagéan sajarah. Béda jeung filem-filem Ip Man lianna, leuwih fokus kana kaéndahan jeung philosophi antara seni béladiri jeung kahirupan, ogé lalampahan Ip Man dina wanci awal taun 1930-an nepi ka awal taun 1950-an. Filem séri télévisi China taun 2013, judulna ''Ip Man'', dumasar kana kahirupan Ip Man, mimiti dijomantarakeun dina jaringan tivi Shandong TV dina akhir Pébruari nepi ka patengahan Maret 2013. Disutradaraan ku Fan xiaotian jeung dibéntangan ku Kevin Cheng minangka karakter utamana sarta Zhou Jianan minangka karakter Ip Man keur ngora. Filem Hong Kong taun 2013 ''Ip Man: The Final Fight'', disutradaraan ku Herman Yau sarta dibéntangan ku Anthony Wong minangka Ip Man, fokus kana kahirupan Ip Man di Hong Kong. Kevin Cheng ti filem séri tivi ''Ip Man'' taun 2013 nyieun pintonan husus salaku Ip Man ngora. Ip Chun nyieun pintonan kaméo dina filem éta. Filem ieu ogé mokuskeun kana kasatiaan murid-murid Ip Man ka dirina. Sanajan dina bulan Maret 2010 Donny Yuen ngakukeun yén dirina teu hayang deui aub kana filem nu pakait jeung Ip Man, hiji filem anyar nu sarua nyéri, ''Ip Man 3'', dipedalkeun dina tanggal 24 Désémber 2015 mintonkeun deui Yen ngulang peranna salaku Ip Man.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vcinemashow.com/ip-man-3-hong-kong-2015/|title=Ip Man 3 (Hong Kong, 2015)|website=VCinema|date=9 January 2016|access-date=2018-03-14}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314175544/http://www.vcinemashow.com/ip-man-3-hong-kong-2015/ |date=2018-03-14 }}</ref> Dina filem éksyén-komédi taun 2018, ''Kung Fu League'', Dennis To minton deui merankeun Ip Man, dipindahkeun nembus mangsa pikeun ngajarkeun seni béladiri ka tukang nyieun buku komik kiwari sarta kajiret kana cinta segitilu. Satuluyna dina filem éta, manéhna ngébréhkeun yén saenyana dirina téh akon-akon wungkul, sabenerna mah ngaranna Ip Bit Man. Donnie Yen ngulang deui peranna salaku Ip Man dina ''Ip Man 4'' nu mimiti diproduksi dina bulan April sarta anggeus dina bulan Juli taun éta kénéh. Filem ieu fokus kana kadatangan Ip Man ka [[Seattle]] pikeun nulungan muridna, Bruce Lee, ngawangun paguron Wing Chun sorangan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/ip-man-4-scott-adkins-cast/|title=Ip Man 4 Casts Scott Adkins|last=Raymond|first=Nicholas|website=ScreenRant|publisher=|language=en-US|accessdate=|date=07/05/2018|access-date=05/03/2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/ip-man-4-scott-adkins-cast/|title=Ip Man 4 Casts Scott Adkins|last=Raymond|first=Nicholas|website=ScreenRant|publisher=|language=en-US|accessdate=|date=07/05/2018|access-date=05/03/2019}}</ref> Filem ieu katanggohkeun, sarta bejana medal bulan Desember 2019. Dina filem taun 2019, ''Ip Man and Four King'', Ip Man (diperankeun ku Michael Tong) kudu nyanghareupan si Opat Raja méméh bisa ngalawanan ring jual beuli manusa jeung males pati kana maotna salah sahiji muridna. == Réferénsi == [[Kategori:Nu pupus taun 1972]] 68russ87gdgcmevqgaum459oo7y5lca 0 98562 712896 676648 2026-09-23T06:51:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{keur dikeureuyeuh}} {{Infobox badminton player | name = Hendri Saputra | image = | image_size = | caption = | fullname = | nickname = | birth_name = Hendri Kurniawan Saputra | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|5|12}} | birth_place = [[Semarang]], [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonesia]] | residence = | death_date = | death_place = | height = {{height|m=1.72|abbr=on}} | weight = {{convert|68|kg|lb|abbr=on}} | event = | country = {{SIN}} | years_active = | handedness = Kanan | coach = | highest_ranking = 39 | date_of_highest_ranking = | current_ranking = 894 | date_of_current_ranking = 21 Februari 2013 | played = | titles = | medal_templates = {{MedalSport | [[bulu tangkis]] putra}} {{MedalCountry | {{SIN}} }} {{MedalCompetition|[[Bulu Tangkis di Pesta Olahraga Persemakmuran|Pesta Olahraga Persemakmuran]]}} {{MedalBronze | [[Pesta Olahraga Persemakmuran 2006|2006 Melbourne]] | [[Bulu Tangkis di Pesta Olahraga Persemakmuran 2006|Ganda campuran]]}} {{MedalBronze | [[Pesta Olahraga Persemakmuran 2010|2010 Delhi]] | [[Bulu Tangkis di Pesta Olahraga Persemakmuran 2010 – Ganda putra|Ganda putra]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Kejuaraan Bulu Tangkis Asia]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[Kejuaraan Bulu Tangkis Asia 2006|2006 Johor Bahru]]|[[Kejuaraan Bulu Tangkis Asia 2006|Ganda campuran]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Bulu Tangkis di Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara|Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara 2007|2007 Nakhon Ratchasima]] | [[Bulu Tangkis dithe Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara 2007|Ganda putra]]}} {{MedalSilver | [[Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara 2007|2007 Nakhon Ratchasima]] | [[Bulu Tangkis dithe Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara 2007|Men's team]]}} {{MedalBronze | [[Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara 2009|2009 Vientiane]] | [[Bulu Tangkis dithe Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara 2009|Men's team]]}} {{MedalBronze | [[Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara 2007|2007 Nakhon Ratchasima]] | [[Bulu Tangkis dithe Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara 2007|Ganda campuran]]}} {{MedalBronze | [[2005 Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara|2005 Manila]] | [[Bulu Tangkis dithe 2005 Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara|Ganda campuran]]}} {{MedalCountry | {{INA}} }} {{MedalCompetition|[[Kejuaraan Bulu Tangkis Asia Junior|Kejuaraan Asia Junior]]}} {{MedalGold | [[Kejuaraan Bulu Tangkis Junior Asia 1999|1999 Yangon]] |Tim anak laki-laki}} {{MedalGold | [[Kejuaraan Bulu Tangkis Junior Asia 1999|1999 Yangon]] |Ganda campuran}} {{MedalSilver | [[Kejuaraan Bulu Tangkis Junior Asia 1999|1999 Yangon]] |Ganda putra}} | bwf_id = 42DECBF3-06E2-4810-B902-4B40248EB7B5 | updated = }} '''Hendri Kurniawan Saputra''' (gumelar di [[Kota Semarang|Semarang]], [[12 Méi]] [[1981]]) atawa nu dipiwanoh Hendri Saputra nyaéta urut atlét pamaén [[badminton]] [[Indonésia]].<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan gumelar di Indonésia kiwari manéhna geus jadi warga negara [[Singapura|SIngapura]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/hendri-kurniawan-saputra-1.html|title=Hendri Kurniawan Saputra Bio, Stats, and Results|website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203112507/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/hendri-kurniawan-saputra-1.html |date=2013-02-03 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indosport.com/raket/20180706/4-fakta-pelatih-tunggal-putra-yang-dikritik-taufik-hidayat/berkebangsaan-singapura|title=4 Fakta Pelatih Tunggal Putra yang Dikritik Taufik Hidayat|last=INDOSPORT.com|website=INDOSPORT.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-14}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101152328/https://www.indosport.com/raket/20180706/4-fakta-pelatih-tunggal-putra-yang-dikritik-taufik-hidayat/berkebangsaan-singapura |date=2019-11-01 }}</ref> == Kasang Tukang == Manéhna anak kaopat ti salapan urang budak pasangan Sugeng Subagjo jeung Sri Saryan. Pikeun manéhna badminton geus lain hal nu ahéng deui kusabab lingkunganna ogé teu jauh ti pamaén badminton. Lain ngan saukur Hendri wungkul nu jadi pamaén badminton téh, kitu deui sababaraha urang dulurna ogé jadi pamaén badminton nu ''profésional.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indosport.com/raket/20180706/4-fakta-pelatih-tunggal-putra-yang-dikritik-taufik-hidayat/lahir-di-semarang|title=4 Fakta Pelatih Tunggal Putra yang Dikritik Taufik Hidayat|last=INDOSPORT.com|website=INDOSPORT.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101152314/https://www.indosport.com/raket/20180706/4-fakta-pelatih-tunggal-putra-yang-dikritik-taufik-hidayat/lahir-di-semarang |date=2019-11-01 }}</ref> Hendri Kurniawan Saputra mutuskeun pikeu pindah kawarganagaraan jadi warga nagara Singapura dina taun [[2005]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://peoplepill.com/people/hendri-kurniawan-saputra/|title=Hendri Saputra: Badminton player - Biography, Life, Family, Career, Facts, Information|last=PeoplePill|website=peoplepill.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-27}}</ref> salian ti manéhna, adi jeung lanceukna ogé ( [[Mulya Sari]] jeung [[Hendra WIjaya]]) gues jadi warga nagara Singapura.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> Salila karir di Singapura manéhna geus loba nyumbang medalli pikeun nagara éta.<ref name=":1" /> == Karir == Taun [[2000]] manéhna mimiti gabung jeung [[Singapore Badminton Association]] (SBA), di Singapura menéhna naratas jadi pamaén [[badminton]] ''profesional''.<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> Dina taun [[2006]], Saputra ngawakilan Singapur dina acara [[Commonwealth Games|''Commonwealth Games'']] di [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]], nu mana manéhna ngawakilan pikeun ganda campuran nu papasangan jeung [[Li Yujia]]. Manéhna bisa ngéléhkeun lawan maén ti sababaraha nagara, nu diantarana ngélehkeun pamaén ti nagara [[Kénya]] [[Victor Odera]] jeung [[Irene Kerimah]], wawakil ti [[Kanada]]  [[Mike Beres]] jeung [[Valerie Loker]], sarta wawakil ti nagara Australia, [[Travis Denney]] jeung [[Kate Wilson-Smith]] di babak panyisihan, ngan hanjakal di semi final manéhna éléh ku pasangan asal nagara [[Britania Raya|Ingrris]], [[Nathan Robertson]] jeung [[Gail Emms]], kalayan hasil 21–19, 14–21, and 17–21. Sanajan di semi final manéhna éléh ku pasangan asal nagara Inggris, tapi manéhna jeung Li meunangkeun patandangan jeung nagara tatangga nyaéta pasangan ti nagara [[Malaysia]] [[Koo Kien Keat]] jeung [[Wong Pei Tty]] pikeun medali [[Parunggu|parungu]] kalayan meunangkeun hasil tilu set 21–14, 21–23, and 21–6.<ref name=":2" /> Salian ti éta manéhna ogé lolos pikeun ngawakilan Singapura di Olimpiade Musim Panas taun 2008 di [[Béijing]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|China]] kalayan nyicingan posisi ka 13  salaku salah sahiji pamaén nu unggul ti 15 urang pamaén pang unggulna ti daftar Federasi Bulu Tangkis Dunia. Maén jeung Li Yujia pikeun kadua kalian, Saputra éléh dina babak panyisihan ku pasangan ti nagara [[Dénmark]] sarta juara [[Éropa|Eropa]] "nyaéta [[Thomas Laybourn]] jeung [[Kamila Rytter Juhl]], kalayan skor 12-21 jeung 14-21.<ref name=":2" /> Taun [[2009]], manéhna jeung lanceukna nyaéta Hendra Kurniawan Saputra ngawakilan Singapura salaku pamaén ganda pikeun meunangkeun medali. Dina acara éta manéhna éléh ku pamaén unggulan di Olimpiade 2008 nu ngawakilan nagara [[Indonésia]] nyaéta [[Hendra Setiawan]] dan [[Markis Kido]] kalayan skor jatuh 20-22, 21-17, 21-18. Ngawakilan nagara adopsi anyar, maranéhna miboga tujuan pikeun meunangkeun patandangan ieu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.redsports.sg/2009/06/13/hendra-hendri-quarterfinal-singapore-badminton/|title=Olympic champions survive Hendra and Hendri's hounding|last=Lin|first=Jan|website=RED SPORTS|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-27}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227191816/https://www.redsports.sg/2009/06/13/hendra-hendri-quarterfinal-singapore-badminton/ |date=2019-12-27 }}</ref> Sanggeus manéhna mutuskeun pindah jadi warga nagara Singaura dina taun 2005, Hendri Kurniawan Saputra ogé meunangkeun ''Panghargaan Meritorious SNOC'' salila tilu taun kusabab kontribusina di tingkat internasional dina campuran ganda jeung Li Yujia. Pasangan ieu meunangkeun medali parunggu mimiti pikeun Singapura di ''[[Commonwealth Games]]'' taun 2006 di Melbourne, Australia.<ref name=":3" /> Dina Pesta Olahraga Persemakmuran taun 2010 di [[Delhi|Délhi]], [[India]], manéhna ngahiji deui jeung pasangan nu biasa nyaéta lanceuk tegesna Hendra Saputra pikeun ngawakilan Singapura. Pasangan ieu ngeléhkeun [[Matthew Gleave]] ti nagara [[Irlandia Kalér]] jeung [[Tony Stephenson]], [[Isle of Man Joshua Green]] jeung [[Matthew Wilkinson]], sarta [[Watson Briggs]] jeung [[Paul van Rietvelde]] ti nagara [[Skotlandia]] di babak panyisihan. Dina semi final manéhna éléh ku pasangan wawakil nagara Malaysia nyaéta [[Tan Boon Heong]] jeung [[Koo Kien Keat]], kalayan skor 11-21 dan 8-21. Saputra jeung lanceukna, Wijaya nuluykeun patandangan pikeun meunankeun medali perunggu, dina ieu patandngan manéhna ngéléhkeun pamaén badminton wawakil ti nagara Singapura ogé nyaéta [[Derek Wong]] jeung [[Chayut Triyachart]] pikeun medali perunggu, kalayan skor 23-21 jeung 21-12.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emirates247.com/commonwealth-games/two-medals-and-muddle-for-singapore-2010-10-14-1.303858|title=Two medals and muddle for Singapore - Emirates24{{!}}7|last=AFP|website=www.emirates247.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cwgresults.smh.com.au/cwg_events.aspx?c=i4I2n8GdsjIdf&s=4&d=10&e=672|title=Badminton – Men's Doubles (Bronze Medal)|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711072924/http://cwgresults.smh.com.au/cwg_events.aspx?c=i4I2n8GdsjIdf&s=4&d=10&e=672 |date=2017-07-11 }}</ref> == Prestasi == Salila karirna, Hendri Saputra jadi salah sahiji atlét nu diandelkeun ku Singapura, kungsi meunangkeun sababaraha medali, nu diantarana, taun [[2006]] dina acara [[Commonwealth Games|''Commonwealth Games'']] di [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]] manéhna meunang Medali Parunggu di ganda campura, saliian ti 'eta, meunangkeun Medali Pérak jeung Perunggu nalika tanding di Sea Games [[2007]] nu pasangan jeunng Hendra Wijaya. Biasa dipasangkeun jeung Hendra Wijaya, manéhna ogé sok dipasangkeun jeun Li Yuija dina ganda campuran.<ref name=":1" /> == Marén == Teu lila sanggeus Pesta Olahraga Persemakmuran, Hendri Kurniawan jeung lanceukna Hendra Kurniawan ngumumkeun yén maranéhna mundur ti tim [[badminton]] nasional Singapura, kusabab manéhna ngarasa yén target nu hésé jeung teu boga posisi di [[Singapore Badminton Association]] (SBA) .sanggeus lima taun jadi atlét di Singapura.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == {{DEFAULTSORT:Saputra, Hendri}} [[Kategori:Pamaén badminton Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Singapura]] [[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1981]] j4ioj43p6uda5frt9tgg03doxswmsst 0 98876 712925 705920 2026-09-23T10:42:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712925 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Punishment_sisyph.jpg|ka|jmpl|397x397px|Batur anu maksa jalma séjén pikeun ngalakukeun hiji pakasaban nu teu luyu jeung na bakal maranéhanana bakal matuh ka sangsi luyu jeung aturan lumaku]] '''gawé paksa''' ngalakonan [[Pakasaban|gawé]] dina anceman hukuman atawa hukuman mana pagawe teu boga kabébasan pikeun satuju dina palaksanaan karya atawa jeung nu séjénna kecap pagawéan anu teu bisa dipigawé.<ref name="Suwarto">Suwarto.2010.Hubungan industrial dalam praktik. Publisher:Asosiasi Hubungan Industrial Indonesia.237</ref><ref name="Shirley">David Shirley.2012.Panduan Perundang-undangan Ketenagakerjaan. Jakarta: Better Work Indonesia.</ref> Conto sanksi hukuman bisa di antarana ancaman kekerasan, atawa mayar tina gajih ieu nyangsang. Rebutan atawa ingetan dokumén swasta pagawe saperti akte kalahiran, diploma [[sakola]] atawa kartu identitas ogé bisa dikategorikeun salaku gawé paksa, sabab pagawe bisa jadi luncat ka ninggalkeun gawe maranéhanana atawa manggihan karya di tempat séjén. Dina undang-undang [[Indonésia|Republik Indonesia]] geus diatur ngeunaan kabebasan individu pikeun milih karya maranéhanana ambéh ayana pengesahan Hukum nu teu saurang ogé bisa megatkeun eta. [[Indonésia|Indonesia]] geus ngesahkeun dua conventions tina ILO ngeunaan larangan kapaksa buruh, nyaéta konvénsi dina gawé paksa No. 29 taun 1930 (K29), jeung konvénsi dina pangahpusan gawé paksa No. 15 taun 1957 (K150). maksa batur pikeun ngalakukeun hiji hal nu teu akur jeung maranéhanana bakal jeung anceman hukuman bisa jadi tanda gawe paksa. Sanajan paksaan pikeun karya anu dijieun [[Waktu|tina waktu]] bari gawe teratur atawa karya lembur. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Bacaan salajengna == * Allen, Theodore W. (1994). ''Nu Penemuan Balapan Bodas: Ras Penindasan jeung Kontrol Sosial. '' New York: Kaisar Buku. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-86091-480-8</nowiki> (kaen) -- <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-86091-660-4</nowiki> (kertas) * Allen, Theodore W. (1997). ''Nu Penemuan Balapan Bodas: Asal tina Ras Penindasan di Anglo-Amérika'', 1997. New York: Kaisar Buku. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85984-981-1</nowiki> (kaen) -- <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85984-076-4</nowiki> (kertas) * Bales, Kevin. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qMoiTQIEwSQC&dq=disposable+people+new+slavery+in+the+global+economy+isbn&psp=1&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 ''Disposable Jalma: New Perbudakan dina Ékonomi Global. ''] Berkeley: University of California Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0-520-22463-9</nowiki> * Kuningan, Tom, Marcel Van Der Linden, jeung Jan Lucassen. (1993). ''Bébas jeung Unfree Buruh''. Amsterdam: International Institute for Sajarah Sosial. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-906756-87-5</nowiki> * Kuningan, Tom. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=57uS1QMMlcAC&dq=Free+and+Unfree+Labour++by+Brass+ISBN&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 ''Nuju Komparatif Ékonomi Pulitik Unfree Buruh: Studi Kasus jeung Debat. ''] London: Frank Cass Penerbit. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7146-4938-2</nowiki> (kaen) -- <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7146-4498-1</nowiki> (kertas) * Kuningan, Tom, jeung Marcel Van Der Linden. (1997). ''Bébas jeung Unfree Buruh: Perdebatan Terus. '' New York: Peter Lang. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8204-3424-7</nowiki> (kaen) * Kuningan, Tom. (2011). ''Buruh Parobahan Rezim di Abad dua Puluh Kahiji: Unfreedom, Kapitalisme jeung Akumulasi Primitif. '' Leiden: Brill. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-04-20247-4</nowiki>. * Kuningan, Tom. (2017) ''Buruh Pasar, Identities, Controversies: Resensi jeung Karangan, 1982-2016. '' Leiden: Brill. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-04-32237-0</nowiki>. * Blackburn. (1997). ''Dina Nyieun Dunya Anyar Perbudakan Ti Barok ka Modern, 1492-1800'', London: Kaisar Buku. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85984-195-2</nowiki> (kertas) * Blackburn, Robin. (1988). ''Nu Dualitas Kolonial Perbudakan, 1776-1848''. London: Kaisar Buku. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-86091-188-3</nowiki> (kaen) -- <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-86091-901-8</nowiki> (kertas) * Hilton, George W. (1960). ''Truk Sistem, kaasup Sajarah British Truk Tindakan, 1465-1960. '' Cambridge: W. Heffer & Putra Ltd. [reprinted ku Greenwood Press, London, 1975. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-837-18130-1</nowiki>] * Lewis, James Bryant. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0YIbNlliRswC&dq=hideyoshi+slavery&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 ''Demarkasi Kontak Antara Choson Korea jeung Tokugawa Jepang. ''] London: Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7007-1301-8</nowiki> * Guijarro Morales, A. ''El Síndrome de la Abuela Esclava. Pandemia del Siglo XXI'' (Nu Enslaved Nini Sindrom: hiji abad-21 Pandemic). Grupo Redaksi Universitario. Granada, oct 2001. <nowiki>ISBN 978-84-8491-124-1</nowiki>. * Ruhs, Florian: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110904185203/http://www.aventinus-online.de/no_cache/persistent/artikel/8599/ Pagawe Asing di Perang Dunya Kadua.Cobaan tina Slovenians di Jerman.]'', dina: aventinus nova Nr. 32 [29.05.2011] * [http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081913/index.htm ILO Minimum Estimasi Kapaksa Buruh di Dunya. (2005)] * [http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_106268/index.htm Biaya Paksaan ILO 2009] * Internasional Buruh Kantor. (2005). [http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081882/index.htm Global alliance ngalawan kapaksa buruh] * [http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/Factsheetsandbrochures/lang--en/docName--WCMS_105023/index.htm Indikator operasional Trafficking di Manusa 2009] ILO/SAP-FL * [http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/Factsheetsandbrochures/lang--en/docName--WCMS_105884/index.htm Daptar indikator tina Trafficking di Manusa 2009] ILO/SAP-FL * [http://www.ilo.org/global/meetings-and-events/WCMS_089199/lang--en/index.htm Ngabasmi kapaksa buruh—General Survey ngeunaan Kapaksa Buruh Konvénsi, 1930 (No. 29), jeung Abolition of Kapaksa Buruh Konvénsi, 1957 (No. 105)] — ILO 2007 * [http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081991/index.htm Kapaksa Buruh: Harti, Indikator jeung Ukuran 2004] — ILO * [http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_088490/index.htm Stopping Kapaksa Buruh 2001] — ILO == Tumbu luar == * [http://www.ungift.org UN.KADO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201024907/http://www.ungift.org/ |date=2012-12-01 }} — Global Prakarsa pikeun Ngalawan Human Trafficking * [http://www.dol.gov/ilab/issues/forced-labor/ Ngaleungitkeun tanaga Gawé Kapaksa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203310/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/issues/forced-labor/ |date=2016-03-04 }} — Biro Internasional tanaga Gawé Urusan, U. 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Department of Buruh * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/world/slavery/default.stm Perbudakan di abad 21—BBC] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4532617.stm Dagang Sex sacara reliance dina kapaksa buruh—BBC] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514022935/http://www.laogai.org/news/index.php China Kapaksa Buruh Kubu—Laogai Research Foundation] * [http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/lang--en/index.htm ILO Action Husus Program pikeun merangan Kapaksa Buruh (SAP-FL)] * [http://www.democracynow.org/2011/9/1/alleging_captive_labor_foreign_students_walk Alleging Captive tanaga Gawé, Mahasiswa Asing Leumpang Kaluar tina Karya-Ulikan Program di Hershey Tutuwuhan] ''Demokrasi Ayeuna!'', September 1, 2011. * [http://spe.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/spe/article/download/6686/3686 Gas tki salaku Non-Warga: Hal ngalawan Kawarganagaraan salaku Kawijakan Sosial Konsép] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225504/http://spe.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/spe/article/download/6686/3686 |date=2016-03-03 }}, ku Donna Baines jeung Nandita Sharma. ''Studi dina Ékonomi Pulitik'' 69. Gugur taun 2002, p. &nbsp;75. * [https://www.ap.org/explore/seafood-from-slaves/ Kadaharan ti laut ti Budak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415025454/https://www.ap.org/explore/seafood-from-slaves/ |date=2021-04-15 }} - Associated Press panalungtikan internasional Pacific armada fishing, 2015-2016, meunangna 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service [[Kategori:Hukum]] hucjv2l37zeuog1aav64odk8duvaa4x 0 99596 712837 711011 2026-09-23T02:29:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{keur dikeureuyeuh}} {{Penyangkalan-medis}} {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|ChEMBL=1305 <!--Chemical data-->|ChemSpiderID=2115|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=DHA8014SS1|KEGG_Ref={{keggcite|correct|kegg}}|KEGG=D07458|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|C=17|ChEBI=84115|H=19|N=3|molecular_weight=265.353 g/mol|smiles=N\1=C(\NCC/1)CN(c2ccccc2)Cc3ccccc3|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C17H19N3/c1-3-7-15(8-4-1)13-20(14-17-18-11-12-19-17)16-9-5-2-6-10-16/h1-10H,11-14H2,(H,18,19)|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|Watchedfields=changed|routes_of_administration=Topical (nasal, [[eye drop]]s) <!--Identifiers-->|verifiedrevid=443208622|IUPAC_name=''N''-(4,5-Dihydro-1''H''-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-''N''-(phenylmethyl)aniline|image=Antazoline.svg|width=215 <!--Clinical data-->|tradename=Vasocon-a|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|CONS|vasocon-a}}|IUPHAR_ligand=7116|DrugBank=DB08799|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=91-75-8|ATC_prefix=R01|ATC_suffix=AC04|ATC_supplemental={{ATC|R06|AX05}}|PubChem=2200|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|StdInChIKey=REYFJDPCWQRWAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N}} '''Antazoline''' nyaéta ubar antihistamin generasi kahiji kalayan aktivitas antikolinergik.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08799|title=Antazoline|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218044426/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08799 |date=2020-02-18 }}</ref> Antazoline disebut ogé ''Otrivine-Antistin'', mangrupa ubar jinis anti inflamasi nu bisa ngungkulan gejala sarta alergi. Salaku ''dekongestan'', antazoline biasa dipaké pikeun ngungkulan [[irung]] mangpet, sarta mun diformulasikeun dina bentuk tétés [[panon]], bisa ngubaran konjungtivitis alergik. Konjungtivitis alergik nyaéta réaksi paradangan dina panon ku sabab ayana kontak jeung subtansi alérgén kayaning kebul, bulu sato, bubuk sari [[kembang]] atawa spora [[jamur]], atawa komponen [[kimia]] nu aya dina sababaraha produk. Gejala nu biasa karandapan kayaning, panon beureum, caian, ateul, jeung karasa nyeri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmasi-id.com/antazoline/|title=Antazoline {{!}} Kandungan, Indikasi, Efek Samping, Dosis, Obat Apa {{!}} Antihistamin & Antialergi|website=Farmasi-id.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-01}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Struktur fisik == Antazoline nyaéta ubar anti histamin generasi kahiji kalayan aktivitas antikolinergik. Antazoline miboga struktur kimia C17-H19-N3 nu miboga beurat molekul 265.35 gram/mol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2115.html?rid=a3eb47b5-7df3-4054-aabd-e7a5b1c0095e|title=Antazoline {{!}} C17H19N3 {{!}} ChemSpider|website=www.chemspider.com|accessdate=2020-06-01}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/m.drugportal/name/antazoline|title=Drug Information Portal - Mobile - U.S. National Library of Medicine - Drug Search Results|website=druginfo.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2020-06-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216114034/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/ja22/ja22_pubchem.html |date=2024-12-16 }}</ref> Dina ngaran kimia N-Benzyl-N-(2-imidazolin-2-ylmetyl)aniline (BAN) 2-N-benzylanilinometylimidazoline (WHO).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/antazoline.html|title=Antazoline|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320111626/http://www.drugs.com/international/antazoline.html |date=2016-03-20 }}</ref> Antazoline mangrupa antagonis réséptor H1. Sacara selektif ngabeungkeut réséptor H1 ngan teu di aktifkeun nepi ka ngahalangan histamin [[endogen]] jeung mampu ngurangan gejala negatip nu aya ku sabab histamin nu dileupaskeun. Leupasna histamin ieu ku sabab sistem awak nu nahankeun diri tina subtansi asing nu miboga poténsi nimbulkeun éfék goréng keur kaséhatan.<ref name=":1" /> === Sadiaan jeung jalan pamakéan === * ''Liquid'', panon * Kapsul (jeung gelatin), ''oral'' * Solusi atau keclak (''drop''), panon === Prosedur saacan pamakéan ubar === * Kumbah heula [[leungeun]] saacan maké antazoline * Buka tutup tina wadah antazoline * Posisikeun [[sirah]] dimiringkeun ka arah tukang tuluy tarik panon maké [[ramo]] nepi ka ngabuka * Tuluy keclakeun kana jero panon, sarta tutup mata nu geus diubaran kisaran hiji nepi ka dua menit. Lamun maké ubar lianna saacan maké ubar ieu, antepkeun heula lima nepi ka sapuluh menit saacan pamakéan antazoline. Ulah poho pikeun ngaleupaskeun heula ''softlens'' mun anjeun keur kabeneran maké.<ref name=":2" /> == Kontraindikasi jeung hal-hal nu kudu diperhatikeun == === Kontraindikasi Antazoline === Kontraindikasi mangrupa hiji patunjuk ngeunaan kondisi-kondisi di mana amakéan ubar éta teu meunang ku sabab bisa ngakibatkeun bahaya mun dikonsumsi. Pamakéan antazoline dikontradiksikeun dina kaayan-kaayaan pasén nu miboga alérgi atawa hipersensitif ka antazoline.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://halosehat.com/obat-a-z/obat-a/antazoline|title=Antazoline - Obat Apa - Fungsi - Dosis - Efek Samping|website=HaloSehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420143224/https://halosehat.com/obat-a-z/obat-a/antazoline |date=2020-04-20 }}</ref> === Hal-hal nu kudu diperhatikeun === Saacan maké antazoline kudu dikonsultasikeun heula ka dokter ngeunaan yuswa, kaayaan kaséhatan, panyakit nu karandapan sarta ubar jeung vitamin lianna nu keur dikonsumsi, kayaning: * Mun anjeun keur maké ''softlens'' * Miboga riwayat atawa miboga kasakit [[jantung]] jeung ogé tekanan darah tinggi * Keur karandapan panyakit glaukoma sudut sempit * Miboga alérgi kana jinis ubar keclak panon antazoline * Mun anjeun keur kakandungan atawa miboga rencana rék hamil. * Budak leutik handapeun 12 taun, ku sabab antazoline bisa dipaké ku budak minimal 12 taun. Salian ti sababaraha hal éta, anjeun kudu ngajelaskeun ka dokter ubar naon waé nu keur dipaké boh ubar herbal, ubar komplementer atawa ubar ti warung. Paké antazoline saluyu jeung prosedur pamakéan nu saluyu. Mun dina 72 jam acan kénéh aya parobahan, gera konsultasikeun deui ka dokter.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Ngaran lian == Ieu di handap aya sababaraha ngaran luar, ngaran generik sarta ngaran dagang ti ubar antazoline:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> === Ngaran luar === * Antazolinum (Latin) * Antazolin ([[Jérman]]) * Antazoline ([[Prancis]]) * Antazolina ([[Spanyol]]) === Ngaran generik === *''Antazolina'' (OS: DCIT) *''Antazoline'' (OS: BAN, DCF) * 5512-M (IS) * M 5512 (IS) * PM 265 (IS) *''Antazoline Hydrochloride'' (OS: BANM) *''Phenazoline hydrochloride'' (IS) *''Antazoline'' (chlorhydrate d') (PH: Ph. Eur. 9) *''Antazoline Hydrochloride'' (PH: BP 2018, USP XV) *''Antazoline hydrochloride'' (PH: Ph. Eur. 9) *''Antazolinhydrochlorid'' (PH: Ph. Eur. 9) *''Antazolini hydrochloridum'' (PH: Ph. Eur. 9, Ph. Int. 2) *''Antazoline Mesylate'' (IS) *''Antazoline methanesulfonate'' (IS) *''Antazoline Phosphate'' (OS: BANM) *''Antazoline Phosphate'' (PH: USP 41) *''Antazoline Sulfate'' (OS: BANM) *''Antazolina solfato'' (PH: F.U. XII) === Ngaran mérk dagang disababaraha nagara === *''Antistin Privina [+ Naphazoline]'' Novartis Farma, [[Italia]] *''Antistin-Privin [+ Antazoline]'' Novartis, [[Libanon]] *''Miracryl-A [+ Naphazoline] Roster'', [[Péru]] *''Oftalirio [+ Naphazoline]'' Saval,[[Ékuador]]; Saval, Peru; Servimedic, [[Uruguay]] *''Optizolin [+ Tetryzoline''] Jamjom, [[Egypt|Égypt]] *''Red Off Plus'' [+ Naphazoline] Labolatorium Chili, [[Cilé]] *''Spersallerg [+ Tetryzoline] Excel Vision'', Libanon *''Zincfrin A [+ Zinc, + Naphazoline]'' Alcon, [[Méksiko]] *''Zocare [+ Tetryzoline]'' ''Healthcare'', [[Bangladés]] *''Ankemin [+ Tetryzoline]'' Union, [[Taiwan]] *''Antazallerge [+ Tetryzoline]'' Siam Bheasach, [[Thailand]] *''Antistine CIBA'', [[Kuwait]] *''Apillerg [+ Tetryzoline] Amman Pharmaceutical'', [[Oman]] *''Curall-a [+ Naphazoline]'' [[Schazoo]], [[Pakistan]] *''Gemini [+ Tetryzoline]'' Al Pharm, [[Afrika Kidul]] *''Oculerge [+ Tetryzoline] Pharmacare'', Afrika Kidul *''Opsil-A [+ Tetryzoline] Allergan'', Thailand *''Spersallerg [+ Tetryzoline]'' Grup Actavis, Malta; Al Pharm, Afrika Kidul; Laboratorium. Thea, Rumania; The Laboratoires Thea, [[Polandia]]; Laboratoires Thea, [[Slovakia]]; Laboratorium Thea, [[Céko|Republik Céko]]; Novartis, Ekuador; Novartis, [[Hong Kong]]; Novartis, Taiwan; Novartis Pharma, [[Bulgaria]]; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Kuwait; THEA, [[Suis]]; THEA, [[Norwégia]] *''Spersallerg 0.5 mg/ml+0.4 mg/ml'' [+ Tetryzoline] THEA, [[Hungaria]] *''Analergin [+ Naphazoline]'' Ivax, [[Lituania]] *''Phenazolinum Polfa Warszawa'', Polandia *''Sanorin Combi [+ Naphazoline] Xantis'', Slovakia *''Albalon A [+ Naphazoline] Allergan'', [[Kénya]]; Allergan, [[Selandia Anyar]]; ''Allergan'', [[Tanzania]] *''Albalon-A [+ Naphazoline] Allergan'', [[Australia]]; Allergan, Kuwait *''Albasol-A [+ Naphazoline] Allergan'', Ekuador *''Alergiftalmina [+ Naphazoline]'' Davi, [[Portugal]] *''Alergoftal [+ Naphazoline] Alcon'', Kuwait; M4, [[Spanyol]] *''Allergoconjunct [+ Tetryzoline] Infectopharm'', Jérman *''Allergopos N [+ Tetryzoline] Ursapharm'', [[Malta]] *''Citol A + T [+ Tetryzoline] Oftalmica'', [[Paraguay]] *''Midazol Ofteno [+ Naphazoline]'' Sophia, Méksiko *''Oftalirio [+ Naphazoline]'' Saval, Paraguay *''Refresh Eye Allergy Relief [+ Naphazoline] Allergan'', Kanada *''Rinobanedif [+ Bacitracin, + Neomycin, + Xylometazoline]'' Laboratorio Bago, Cilé *''Zincfrin-A [+ Naphazoline, + Zinc Sulfate] Alcon'', Kuwait *''Allertec Ukaszenia [+ Naphazoline] Polfa Warszawa'', Polandia *''Antistina-Privin [+ Naphazoline] Thea Nordic'', [[Dénmark]] *''Antistine-Privine [+ Naphazoline] Novartis Pharmaceuticals,'' Kuwait *''Murine Allergy [+ Xylometazoline]'' Abbott, Kuwait *''Noscam [+ Naphazoline]'' Riyadh Pharma, [[Oman]] *''Ocured [+ Naphazoline]'' Riyadh Pharma, Oman *''Oftalirio [+ Naphazoline] Nicolich'', Chili *''Oftophenazol [+ Naphazoline]'' Polfa Warszawa, Polandia *''Ophtazolin [+ Naphazoline]'' Dar Al Dawa, Oman *''Otrivine-Antistin [+ Xylometazoline]'' Thea Pharmaceuticals, [[Britania Raya|Inggris]] *''Rhinophenazol [+ Naphazolin]'' Polfa Warszawa, Polandia == Éfék samping == Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipikahayang tina pamakéan hiji ubar. Éfék samping bisa béda unggal jalma, gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, yuswa, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, atawa kaayaan kaséhatan hiji jalma. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping bisa kaalaman sanggeus pamakéan antazoline diantarana:<ref name=":1" /> * Réaksi hipersensitif * Iritasi, rarasaan kaduruk atawa kaseureud (bisa leungit sababaraha menit sanggeus pamakéan ubar keclak panon) * Sensitifitas kana [[kulit]] * Ulah dipaké kana kulit nu rusak atawa kaayaan kulit [[éksim]] * Hipertensi (Salila pamakéan sakurang-kurangna 14 poé) == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Ubar]] 4sa0vb8dfilr00hag4g8rulq53k7u31 0 99599 712926 710984 2026-09-23T11:00:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Penyangkalan-medis}} {{Infobox drug | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 459442331 | drug_name = | INN = | type = <!-- empty --> | image = Chloroquine.svg | width = 200 | alt = | image2 = Chloroquine 3D structure.png | width2 = 180 | alt2 = | caption = <!-- Clinical data --> | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|l|ɔː|r|ə|k|w|iː|n}} | tradename = Aralen, other | Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|chloroquine-phosphate}} | MedlinePlus = | licence_CA = <!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --> | licence_EU = <!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --> | DailyMedID = Chloroquine | licence_US = Chloroquine | pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --> | pregnancy_AU_comment = | pregnancy_US = <!-- A / B / C / D / X / N --> | pregnancy_US_comment = | pregnancy_category= | dependency_liability = | addiction_liability = | routes_of_administration = | class = | ATCvet = | ATC_prefix = P01 | ATC_suffix = BA01 | ATC_supplemental = <!-- Legal status --> | legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled--> | legal_AU_comment = | legal_BR = <!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F--> | legal_BR_comment = | legal_CA = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --> | legal_CA_comment = | legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled--> | legal_DE_comment = | legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C --> | legal_NZ_comment = | legal_UK = P | legal_UK_comment = | legal_US = Rx-only | legal_US_comment = | legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV--> | legal_UN_comment = | legal_status = <!-- For countries not listed above --> <!-- Pharmacokinetic data --> | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = Liver | metabolites = | onset = | elimination_half-life = 1-2 bulan | duration_of_action = | excretion = <!-- Identifiers --> | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CAS_number = 54-05-7 | CAS_supplemental = | PubChem = 2719 | IUPHAR_ligand = 5535 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = DB00608 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 2618 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = 886U3H6UFF | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | KEGG = D02366 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEBI = 3638 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 76 | NIAID_ChemDB = 000733 | PDB_ligand = | synonyms = Chloroquine phosphate <!-- Chemical and physical data --> | IUPAC_name = (''RS'')-''N'''-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-''N'',''N''-diethyl-pentane-1,4-diamine | C=18 | H=26 | Cl=1 | N=3 | molecular_weight = 319.872 | SMILES = Clc1cc2nccc(c2cc1)NC(C)CCCN(CC)CC | Jmol = | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22(5-2)12-6-7-14(3)21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15(19)8-9-16(17)18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3,(H,20,21) | StdInChI_comment = | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N | density = | density_notes = | melting_point = | melting_high = | melting_notes = | boiling_point = | boiling_notes = | solubility = | sol_units = | specific_rotation = }} '''Klorokuin''' nyaéta turunan tina ''aminoqulnoloe'' nu munggaran dimekarkeun dina taun [[1940]]-an salaku ubar nu dipaké pikeun nyingkahan sarta ngubaran panyakit [[malaria]] nu disababkeun ku ''P.vivak'', ''P.malaria'', ''P.oyale'', jeung ''P. falcifarum'' nu sénsitip (''P. falcifarum'' nu teu résisten kana klorokuin).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00608|title=Chloroquine|website=www.drugbank.ca|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526165001/https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00608 |date=2020-05-26 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2719|title=Chloroquine|last=PubChem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/chloroquine.html|title=Chloroquine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-10}}</ref> == Kagunaan == Klorokuin nu miboga ngaran [[kimia]] C18H26ClN3 dipaké pikeun ngubarann panyakit nular nu disababkeun ku [[parasit]] salian ti éta, ubar ieu ogé bisa dipaké pikeun ngungkulan [[amebiasis]], ''[[rheumatoid arthritis]]'', pangobatan jeung profilaksis [[virus Zika]]. sarta [[lupus]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/m.drugportal/rn/54-05-7|title=Drug Information Portal - Mobile - U.S. National Library of Medicine - Drug Search Results|website=druginfo.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603172717/https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/m.drugportal/rn/54-05-7 |date=2020-06-03 }}</ref> Kiwari ogé klorokuin keur ngalumangsungkeun uju klinis pikeun ngungkulan panyakit nu kiwari jadi pandémi nyaéta panyakit [[COVID-19]].<ref name=":0" /> Klorokuin kabukti bisa ngahambat [[énzim]] parasit ''heme'' ''polimerase'' nu ngarobah ''heme'' nu ngandung racun jadi ''hemazoin'' nu teu ngandung racun, nu tuluy nyababkeun akumulasi ''heme'' ngandung racun dina jero parasit.<ref name=":1" /> == Cara gawé == Klorokuin kaasup kana kelas anggota kelas 4 amoniquinoline, gawé kucara ngahambat tumuwuhna parasit plasmodium dina [[sél getih beureum]] , sarta gancang pikeun nurunkeun panas awak jeung ngeureunkeun panas (dina 24 nepi ka 48 jam) sarta ngabersihan parasitemia (48 neppi ka 72 jam) nu disababkeun ku parasit nu sénsitip. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmasi-id.com/chloroquine-klorokuin/|title=Chloroquine (Klorokuin) {{!}} Kandungan, Indikasi, Efek Samping, Dosis, Obat Apa|website=Farmasi-id.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-03}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603170309/https://www.farmasi-id.com/chloroquine-klorokuin/ |date=2020-06-03 }}</ref> == Ngaran lian == Ieu di handap sababaraha ngaran lian tina Klorokuin:<ref name=":0" /> * Chloraquine * Chlorochin * Chloroquina * Chloroquine * Chloroquinium * Chloroquinum * Cloroquina == Hal nu kudu diperhatikeun == Klorokuin nyaéta ubar nu bisa interaksi jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan. Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun anjeun miboga masalah kaséhatan lian, utamana:<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details|title=Drugs & Medications|website=www.webmd.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/chloroquine/|title=Chloroquine : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * Alérgi kana senyawa 4-aminoquinoline, contona hydroxychloroquine * gangguan titinggalian atawa panyakit [[panon]] (parobahan visual dina [[rétina]]) kusabab senyawa 4-aminoquinoline * panyakit nu patali jeung [[getih]] sarta [[tulang sumsum]] * gangguan dédéngéan *[[otot]] leuleus, [[psoriasis]], [[porphyria]], gangguan sistem [[saraf]] pusat, jeung ''myasthenia gravis'' * masalah saluran pencernaan atawa masalah dina [[beuteung]] *[[épilépsi]], kejang, panyakit [[jantung]], panyakit [[ginjal]], sarta teu saimbangna éléktrolit * defisiensi ''glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase'' (G6PD) * Jéntrékeun ka dokter mun keur nyusuan budak, kakandungan atawa ngabogaan rencana hamil * jéntrékeun mun karék ngalakonan vaksinasi kayaning vaksinansi [[rabiés]], [[tifus]], [[koléra]], salian ti éta saacan ngalakukeun tindakan medis séjén kudu dijéntrékeun mun urang keur ngonsumsi klorokuin * Miboga kacanduan [[alkohol]] * Keur ngonsumsi ubar séjén kayaning ubar ''herbal'' jeung suplemén * Lakukeun pamariksan kadar gula darah sacara berkala, salila pamakéan ubar ieu kusabab klorokuin bisa nyababkeun turunna kadar gula dina getih == Interaksi Klorokuin == Mun diinum jeung sababaraha jinis ubar nu tangtu, klorokuin dapatbisa nyababkeun sababaraha interaksi, kayaning:<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/klorokuin|title=Klorokuin|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-03}}</ref> * Ningkatna résiko katarajang ku [[dermatitis]], mun dipaké jeung [[Fenilbutazone|''fenilbutazone'']] * Turunna éféktivitas klorokuin, mun dipaké jeung [[Cimetidine|''cimetidine'']] atawa [[antasida]] * Ningkatna résiko katarajang aritmia ventrikel, mun dipaké jeung ''[[amiodarone]]'' atawa ''[[halofantrine]]'' * Ningkatna résiko katarajanng sindrom Stevens-Johnson, mun dipaké jeung [[pirimetamin]] atawa ''[[sulfadoxine]]'' * Turunna éféktivitas ''neostigmine'', ''pyridostigmine'', atawa ''ampicillin'' * Ningkatna résiko katarajang kejang, mun dipaké jeung ''[[mefloquine]]'' * Ningkatna résiko éfék samping klorokuin, mun dipaké jeung ''[[quinacrine]]'' *Ningkatkeun résiko naékna ratug jantung mun nginuum klorokuin jeung ieu ubar: [[amiodaron]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/amiodarone-with-chloroquine-167-0-593-0.html|title=Amiodarone and chloroquine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-10}}</ref> [[arsenik trioksid]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/arsenic-trioxide-with-chloroquine-236-0-593-0.html|title=Arsenic trioxide and chloroquine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-10}}</ref> *Pamakéan ''[[aurothioglucose]]'' jeung klorokuin teu disarankeun kusabab bisa nyababkeun gangguan getih jeung éfék samping nu leuwih parna lianna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/aurothioglucose-with-chloroquine-292-0-593-0.html|title=Aurothioglucose and chloroquine Drug Interactions|website=Drugs.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-10}}</ref> == Éfék samping == Éfék samping mangrupa hiji éfék nu teu dipiharep tina ubar. Éfék samping ieu bisa mangrupa-rupa di sababaraha jalma gumantung kana kaayaan panyakit, umur, beurat awak, jinis kelamin, étnis, jeung sababaraha kaayaan kaséhatan lianna. Ieu di handap sababaraha éfék samping nu bisa karasa sanggeus nginum klorokuin:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> * Panon: karusakan rétina nu reversibel, titinggalian teu jelas, hésé keur mokuskeun titinggalian, sarta titinggalian berkabut. * Sistem saraf: kejang, psikosis, nyeri [[sirah]] bisa nepi ka parna * Gastrointestinal: sebel, utah, [[diaré]] jeung abdominal. * Dermatologi: parobahan pigmén [[kulit]], pruritus, rontokna buuk, erupsi kulit. == Tutumbu kaluar == * [https://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/chloroquine-index.html Interaksi Klorokuin] * [https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html Éfék samping Klorokuin] == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Ubar]] 42lquajl71q45fs7b59rgwakyxrqv3j 0 99754 712810 602107 2026-09-22T23:14:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = 1917 | image = | caption = | director = [[Sam Mendes]] | producer = Pippa Harris<br>Callum McDougall<br>Sam Mendes<br>Brian Oliver<br>Jayne-Ann Tenggren | screenplay = Sam Mendes<br>Krysty Wilson-Cairns | starring = [[George MacKay|George MacKay]]<br>[[Dean-Charles Chapman]]<br>[[Mark Strong]]<br>[[Andrew Scott|Andrew Scott]]<br>[[Richard Madden]]<br>[[Colin Firth]]<br>[[Benedict Cumberbatch]]<br>Claire Duburcq | music = [[Thomas Newman]] | cinematography = [[Roger Deakins]] | editing = [[Lee Smith|Lee Smith]] | studio = [[DreamWorks Pictures]]<br>New Republic Pictures<br>Reliance Entertainment<br>Neal Street Productions<br>Amblin Partners | distributor = [[Universal Pictures]]<br>{{small|(Amerika Serikat)}}<br>Entertainment One Films<br>{{small|(Britania Raya)}} | released = {{Film date|2019|12|4|Royal Film Performance|2019|12|25|Amerika Serikat|2020|1|10|Britania Raya}} | runtime = 119 menit<!--Theatrical runtime: 118:44--><ref>{{cite web |title=1917 (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/1917-film-0 |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=December 31, 2019 |accessdate=February 17, 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813061238/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/1917-film-0 |date=August 13, 2020 }}</ref> | country = Britania Raya<br>Amerika Serikat | language = Bahasa Inggris | budget = $90–100 juta<ref name="THRbudget">{{cite web|title=Making of '1917': How Sam Mendes Filmed a "Ticking Clock Thriller"|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/making-1917-how-sam-mendes-filmed-a-ticking-clock-thriller-1263469|author=Tatiana Siegel|date=December 26, 2019|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=December 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226205631/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/making-1917-how-sam-mendes-filmed-a-ticking-clock-thriller-1263469|archive-date=December 26, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Varietybudget">{{cite web|last=Lang|first=Brent|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/box-office-1917-kristen-stewart-underwater-bombing-1203463081/|title=Box Office: ''1917'' Picks Up Impressive $3.2 Million in Previews, Kristen Stewart's ''Underwater'' Bombing|date=Januari 10, 2020|website=Variety|accessdate=Januari 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112224558/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/box-office-1917-kristen-stewart-underwater-bombing-1203463081/|archive-date=Januari 12, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> | gross = $323.794.984<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=1917.htm |title=1917 (2019) |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=February 17, 2020}}</ref> | border = no }} '''''1917''''' nyaéta pilem drama perang 2019 anu diarahkeun ku [[Sam Mendes]] sareng dileupaskeun ku Pippa Harris, Callum McDougall, Sam Mendes, Brian Oliver sareng Jayne-Ann Tenggren. Skrip layar ditulis ku Sam Mendes sareng Krysty Wilson-Cairns, pamaén diwangun ku [[George MacKa|George MacKay]], [[Dean-Charles Chapman]], [[Mark Strong]], [[Andrew Scott|Andrew Scott]], [[Richard Madden]], [[Colin Firth]], [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] jeung Claire Duburcq. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1917}} [[Kategori:Pilem Amérika]] {{pondok}} 27way8k4i1yh6yn143m9b666mcm3lpv 0 99755 712875 602106 2026-09-23T05:17:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Darkest Hour | image = | image_size = | caption = | director = [[Joe Wright]] | producer = [[Tim Bevan]]<br>[[Lisa Bruce]]<br>[[Eric Fellner]]<br>[[Anthony McCarten]]<br>Douglas Urbanski | screenplay = Anthony McCarten | starring = [[Gary Oldman]]<br>[[Ben Mendelsohn]]<br>[[Kristin Scott Thomas]]<br>[[Lily James]]<br>[[Stephen Dillane]]<br>Ronald Pickup | music = [[Dario Marianelli]] | cinematography = Bruno Delbonnel | editing = Valerio Bonelli | studio = Perfect World Pictures<br>Working Title Films | distributor = [[Focus Features]] | released = {{Film date|2017|9|1|[[Festival Film Telluride]]|2017|11|22|ngan dugi di Amérika Serikat|2017|12|22|lega di Amérika Serikat|2017|12|29|Britania Raya}} | runtime = 125 menit<!--Theatrical runtime: 125:21--><ref>{{cite web |title=Darkest Hour (PG) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/darkest-hour-film-1 |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=January 2, 2018 |accessdate=April 26, 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624210836/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/darkest-hour-film-1 |date=June 24, 2020 }}</ref> | country = Britania Raya | language = Inggris | budget = $30 juta<ref name="budget">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/how-darkest-hours-grand-transformation-gary-oldman-winston-churchill-took-20000-worth-cigars-1064336|title=How 'Darkest Hour's' Grand Transformation of Gary Oldman Into Winston Churchill Took $20,000 Worth of Cigars|author=Alex Ritman|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 12, 2017|accessdate=December 16, 2017}}</ref> | gross = $150.203.176<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=darkesthour2017.htm |title=Darkest Hour (2017)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=December 24, 2017}}</ref> | border = no }} '''''Darkest Hour''''' nyaéta pilem drama perang 2017 anu diarahkeun ku [[Joe Wright]] sareng dileupaskeun ku [[Tim Bevan]], [[Lisa Bruce]], [[Eric Fellner]], [[Anthony McCarten]] jeung Douglas Urbanski. Skrip layar ditulis ku Anthony McCarten, pamaén diwangun ku [[Gary Oldman]], [[Ben Mendelsohn]], [[Kristin Scott Thomas]], [[Lily James]], [[Stephen Dillane]] jeung Ronald Pickup. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{DEFAULTSORT:Darkest Hour}} [[Kategori:Pilem Amérika]] {{pondok}} o4b7bc6lqgmtpnj7y77kz3k1lrsof9a 0 99765 712860 667922 2026-09-23T03:59:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Bohemian Rhapsody | image = | director = [[Bryan Singer]]{{efn|name=Fletcher|Bryan Singer digantikan oleh [[Dexter Fletcher]] menjelang akhir proses pengambilan gambar utama, tetapi namanya tetap tercantum sebagai satu-satunya sutradara untuk film ini sesuai dengan peraturan [[Serikat Sutradara Amerika]]. Fletcher menerima kredit sebagai produser eksekutif.<ref name="creditthr">{{cite web |last1=Galuppo |first1=Mia |title=Bryan Singer to Get Directing Credit on Queen Biopic 'Bohemian Rhapsody' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/bryan-singer-gets-directing-credit-bohemian-rhapsody-1119361 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=21 Juni 2018 |date=12 Juni 2018}}</ref> }} | producer = {{plainlist| * [[Graham King]] * [[Jim Beach]] }} | screenplay = [[Anthony McCarten]] | story = {{plainlist| * Anthony McCarten * [[Peter Morgan]] }} | starring = {{plainlist|<!-- According to the cast listing order on theatrical poster --> * [[Rami Malek]] * [[Lucy Boynton]] * [[Gwilym Lee]] * [[Ben Hardy]] * [[Joseph Mazzello|Joe Mazzello]] * [[Aidan Gillen]] * [[Allen Leech]] * [[Tom Hollander]] * [[Mike Myers]] }} | music = [[John Ottman]] | cinematography = [[Newton Thomas Sigel]] | editing = [[John Ottman]] | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Century Fox]]<ref name=insight>{{cite web|url=https://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021085213/http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php|title=Film releases|work=[[Variety Insight]]|archivedate=21 Oktober 2018|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> * [[New Regency]]<ref name=insight/> * [[GK Films]]<ref name=insight/> * Queen Films<ref name=insight/> }} | distributor = 20th Century Fox | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|10|23|[[Wembley Arena|SSE Arena]]|2018|10|24|Britania Raya|2018|10|30|Indonesia|2018|11|2|Amerika Serikat}} | runtime = 134 menit<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/bohemian-rhapsody-2018|title=Bohemian Rhapsody (12A)|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=19 Oktober 2018|access-date=27 Oktober 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126113501/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/bohemian-rhapsody-2018 |date=2020-01-26 }}</ref> | country = {{plainlist| * Britania Raya<ref name=allmovie>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/bohemian-rhapsody-v670695/cast-crew|title=Bohemian Rhapsody (2018)|work=[[AllMovie]]|access-date=24 September 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203153214/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/bohemian-rhapsody-v670695/cast-crew |date=3 December 2019 }}</ref> * Amerika Serikat<ref name=allmovie/> }} | budget = $ 50–55&nbsp;juta<ref name=preview>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/box-office/bohemian-rhapsody-box-office-opening-1203015893/|title=Will 'Bohemian Rhapsody' Rock the Box Office?|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Rebecca|last=Rubin|date=31 Oktober 2018|accessdate=2 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="opening">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/bohemian-rhapsody-nutcracker-weekend-box-office-tiffany-haddish-nobodys-fool-1202494598/|title='Bohemian Rhapsody' Sends Thunderbolts And Lightning Through B.O. As Freddie Mercury Biopic Hits $50M Opening|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=4 November 2018 |first=Anthony |last= D'Alessandro|accessdate=4 November 2018}}</ref> | gross = $ 879,7 juta<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |title=Bohemian Rhapsody (2018)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bohemianrhapsody.htm |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=17 Maret 2019}}</ref> }} '''''Bohemian Rhapsody''''' nyaéta [[pilem]] biografi 2018 ngeunaan band batu Inggris, [[Queen]]. Pilem ieu nyarios ngeunaan kahirupan panyanyi [[Freddie Mercury]], anu nyababkeun pagelaran Queen di konser [[Live Aid]] di [[Stadion Wembley (1923)|Stadion Wembley]] di 1985. "Bohemian Rhapsody" diarahkeun ku [[Bryan Singer]], skenario film ini ditulis oleh [[Anthony McCarten]] Skénario ieu ditulis ku [[Anthony McCarten]] sareng diproduksi ku Graham King sareng urut manajer Queen [[Jim Beach]]. FPilem pilem [[Rami Malek]] salaku Mercury, sareng dirojong ku karakter sapertos kitu [[Lucy Boynton]], [[Gwilym Lee]], [[Ben Hardy]], [[Joseph Mazzello|Joe Mazzello]], [[Aidan Gillen]], [[Allen Leech]], [[Tom Hollander]] jeung [[Mike Myers]]. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Catatan == {{Notelist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category}} {{commonscat|Bohemian Rhapsody (film)}} * {{official|https://www.foxmovies.com/movies/bohemian-rhapsody}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bohemian Rhapsody}} [[Kategori:Aktis Amérika]] {{Biografi-pondok}} cosvunpsmtz8gquunlw3m5kbtut8pyv 0 100039 712870 674151 2026-09-23T04:53:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Cinderella | image = <!-- Cinderella (Official 1950 Film Poster).png --> | alt = <!-- See WP:ALT --> | caption = <!-- Original theatrical release poster --> | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Clyde Geronimi]] * [[Hamilton Luske]] * [[Wilfred Jackson]] }} | producer = [[Walt Disney]] | story = {{Plainlist| * [[Ken Anderson (animator)|Ken Anderson]] * [[Perce Pearce]] * [[Homer Brightman]] * [[Winston Hibler]] * [[Bill Peet]] * Erdman Penner * Harry Reeves * Joe Rinaldi * [[Ted Sears]] * [[Maurice Rapf]] (uncredited)<ref name=IndRapf>{{cite news|title=Maurice Rapf obituary|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/maurice-rapf-36779.html|access-date=January 10, 2016|newspaper=The Independent|date=July 17, 2003}}</ref><ref name=LARapf>{{cite news|last1=Luther|first1=Claudia|title=Maurice H. Rapf, 88; Blacklisted Screenwriter Had Disney Credits|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2003/apr/19/local/me-rapf19|access-date=January 10, 2016|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=April 13, 2003}}</ref> }} | based on = {{Based on|''[[Cinderella]]''|[[Charles Perrault]]}} | narrator = [[Betty Lou Gerson]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Ilene Woods]] * [[Eleanor Audley]] * [[Verna Felton]] * [[Rhoda Williams]] * [[Jimmy MacDonald (sound effects artist)|James MacDonald]] * [[Luis van Rooten]] * [[Don Barclay (actor)|Don Barclay]] * [[Mike Douglas]] * [[William Edward Phipps|William Phipps]] * [[Lucille Bliss]] }} | music = {{Plainlist| * [[Oliver Wallace]] * [[Paul Smith (komposer)|Paul J. Smith]] }} | editing = Donald Halliday | studio = [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Productions]] | distributor = [[RKO Pictures|RKO Radio Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|1950|2|15|Boston|1950|3|4|Amérika Sarikat|ref1=<ref name=AFI>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=25879|title=Cinderella: Detail View|publisher=American Film Institute|accessdate=May 13, 2014}}</ref>|ref2=<ref name=AFI />}} | runtime = 74 menit<!--Theatrical runtime: 74:21--><ref>{{cite web|title=''CINDERELLA'' (U)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/cinderella-1970-14|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=March 9, 1950|accessdate=March 9, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601140639/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/cinderella-1970-14 |date=June 1, 2016 }}</ref> | country = [[Amérika Sarikat]] | language = [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]] | budget = $2.9 juta<ref name="numbers">{{cite web|title=Box Office Information for ''Cinderella.''|publisher=The Numbers|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1950/0CNDR.php|accessdate=April 14, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203152914/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1950/0CNDR.php |date=February 3, 2014 }}</ref> | gross = $263.6 juta<ref name="numbers"/> }} '''''Cinderella''''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[pilem]] [[animasi]] anu diproduksi ku [[Walt Disney]] jeung didistribusikeun ka [[bioskop]] ku [[RKO Radio Pictures]] pada tanggal [[15 Pébruari]] [[1950]] di [[Amérika Sarikat]]. == Referensi == {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Kategori:Animasi]] [[Kategori:Pilem]] hfooxrpq0ip2bfqtj3nf6539xuced1d 0 100092 712903 603062 2026-09-23T07:25:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Inception | image = | image_size = | caption = | director = [[Christopher Nolan]] | producer = Christopher Nolan<br>[[Emma Thomas]] | screenplay = Christopher Nolan | starring = [[Leonardo Dicaprio]]<br>[[Joseph Gordon-Levitt]]<br>[[Ellen Page]]<br>[[Tom Hardy]]<br>[[Ken Watanabe]]<br>[[Cillian Murphy]]<br>[[Marion Cotillard]]<br>[[Tom Berenger]]<br>[[Michael Caine]] | music = [[Hans Zimmer]] | cinematography = [[Wally Pfister]] | editing = [[Lee Smith (penyunting)|Lee Smith]] | studio = [[Legendary Pictures]]<br>[[Syncopy Inc.]] | distributor = [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2010|7|8|Odeon Leicester Square|2010|7|16|Amerika Serikat jeung Britania Raya}} | runtime = 148 menit<ref>{{cite web |title=Inception |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/inception-2010-2 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=June 29, 2010 |accessdate=August 8, 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228120007/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/inception-2010-2 |date=February 28, 2014 }}</ref> | country = Amerika Serikat<br>Britania Raya | language = Basa Inggris | budget = $160 juta<ref name="BOM" /> | gross = $828.322.032<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |title=Inception (2010) |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=inception.htm |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate= February 9, 2018}}</ref> | border = no }} '''''Inception''''' mangrupa [[pilem]] fiksi ilmiah [[2010]] diarahkeun ku [[Christopher Nolan]] sareng diproduksi ku Christopher Nolan sareng Emma Thomas. Skrip pikeun pilem ieu ditulis ku Christopher Nolan. Pilem ieu dimaénkeun ku [[Leonardo Dicaprio]], [[Joseph Gordon-Levitt]], [[Ellen Page]], [[Tom Hardy]], [[Ken Watanabe]], [[Cillian Murphy]], [[Marion Cotillard]], [[Tom Berenger]] jeung [[Michael Caine]]. Pilem ''Inception'' perdana di Odeon Leicester Square dina 8 Juli 2010 sareng dirilis di Amérika Serikat sareng Inggris dina 16 Juli 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/anatomy-contender-making-inception-47634 |title=Anatomy of a Contender: Making of 'Inception' |first=Taylor |last=Antrim |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=November 23, 2010 |accessdate=February 9, 2018}}</ref> Pilem ieu nampi ulasan positif ti kritikus. ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commons category|Inception (film)|Inception}} * {{Official website|http://www.inceptionmovie.com/}} * {{IMDb title|1375666}} * {{AllMovie title|480818}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|inception}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Inception}} [[Kategori:Pilem Amérika taun 2010]] 6kfy6i9mouo22c0vwng5xajxigq2le7 0 100113 712895 710565 2026-09-23T06:49:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Japanese actor}} {{Infobox person | name = Haruma Miura | image = 三浦春馬還原英語感言666 手機桌布是和“她”的合照 4s.jpg | imagesize = | alt = | caption = Miura, 2019 | native_name = 三浦 春馬 | native_name_lang = ja | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1990|04|05}}<ref name="oricon profile">{{cite news | url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/394936/profile/ | title=三浦春馬のプロフィール | trans-title=Haruma Miura's profile | language=ja | work=[[Oricon]] | accessdate=2020-07-18}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Tsuchiura, Ibaraki]], Jepang | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|07|18|1990|04|05}} | death_place = [[Minato, Tokyo]], Jepang | death_cause = [[Gantung diri]]<ref name="yomiuri 2020-07-18">{{cite news | url=https://yomidr.yomiuri.co.jp/article/20200718-OYTEW566104/ | title=俳優の三浦春馬さん死亡…自宅で首つり自殺か、テレビや舞台で活躍 | trans-title=Actor Haruma Miura dies... possible suicide by hanging, television and stage play activities | language=ja | work=[[Yomiuri Shimbun]] | date=2020-07-18 | accessdate=2020-07-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718162244/https://yomidr.yomiuri.co.jp/article/20200718-OYTEW566104/ |date=2020-07-18 }}</ref><ref name="yomiuri 2020-07-18"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/18/national/actor-haruma-miura-obit/ | title=30-year-old actor Haruma Miura found dead at home | work=[[The Japan Times]] | date=2020-07-18 | accessdate=2020-07-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718072445/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/18/national/actor-haruma-miura-obit/ |date=2020-07-18 }}</ref> | othername = | occupation = {{flatlist| * Aktor * penyanyi}} | agent = [[Amuse, Inc.]] | yearsactive = 1997—2020 | height_cm = 178<ref name="oricon profile"/> | domesticpartner = }} {{Nihongo|'''Haruma Miura'''|三浦 春馬|Miura Haruma|{{lahirmati||5|3|1990||18|7|2020|}}}}<ref name="nittere 2020-07-18">{{Cite news|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|date=2020-07-18|title=速報：俳優の三浦春馬さんが死亡　自殺か|language=ja|trans-title=Breaking news: actor Haruma Miura dies|work=News 24|publisher=[[Nippon Television]]|url=https://www.news24.jp/articles/2020/07/18/07683383.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-07-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718115719/https://www.news24.jp/articles/2020/07/18/07683383.html |date=2020-07-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200718/k10012522261000.html | title=若手の人気俳優 三浦春馬さん死亡 警視庁 | trans-title=Young and popular actor Haruma Miura dies (Metropolitan Police Department) | language=ja | work=[[NHK]] | date=2020-07-18 | accessdate=2020-07-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718115609/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200718/k10012522261000.html |date=2020-07-18 }}</ref> mangrupa [[aktor]] asal [[Jepang]] sareng panyanyi ditandatanganan kana [[Amuse, Inc.]]. Anjeunna damel debut akting dina taun 1997 dina drama tivi ''Agri'' sareng janten popularitas pertengahan taun 2000 dibéntangan dina ''[[Gokusen]] 3'' sareng pilem 2007 ''[[Koizora]]''. Anjeunna ogé maénkeun peran utama dina pilem 2010 [[Kimi ni Todoke]]. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Tumbu luar == * [http://artist.amuse.co.jp/artist/miura_haruma/ Official Profile] {{ja}} * {{IMDb name|2067218}} {{Authority control}} {{Biografi-pondok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Miura, Haruma}} [[Kategori:Aktor Jepang]] arpc8fgf4jku9y51pgf8uk71rbmu9u9 0 100116 712884 603103 2026-09-23T06:07:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = First Man | image = | image_size = | caption = | director = [[Damien Chazelle]] | producer = Wyck Godfrey<br>Marty Bowen<br>Isaac Klausner<br>Damien Chazelle | screenplay = [[Josh Singer]] | based on = {{Based on|''First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong''|James R. Hansen}} | starring = [[Ryan Gosling]]<br>[[Claire Foy]]<br>[[Jason Clarke]]<br>[[Kyle Chandler]]<br>[[Patrick Fugit]]<br>[[Ciarán Hinds]]<br>[[Ethan Embry]]<br>[[Shea Whigham]]<br>[[Corey Stoll]]<br>Pablo Schreiber | music = [[Justin Hurwitz]] | cinematography = [[Linus Sandgren]] | editing = [[Tom Cross (penyunting)|Tom Cross]] | studio = [[Universal Pictures]]<ref name="insight">{{cite web|url=https://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php|title=Film releases|work=[[Variety Insight]]|publisher=[[Variety Media]]|accessdate=July 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205105405/http://www.varietyinsight.com/print_featurefilm_releases.php|archive-date=February 5, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br>[[DreamWorks Pictures]]<ref name="insight" /><br>Temple Hill Entertainment<ref name="insight" /><br>Perfect World Pictures<ref name="insight" /> | distributor = Universal Pictures<ref name="insight" /> | released = {{film date|2018|8|29|[[Pestival Pilem Venesia]]|2018|10|12|Amerika Serikat}} | runtime = 141 menit<!--Theatrical runtime: 141:01--><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/first-man-film |title=First Man (12A) |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=October 2, 2018 |accessdate=October 13, 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923130111/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/first-man-film |date=September 23, 2020 }}</ref> | country = Amerika Serikat | language = Basa Inggris | budget = $59 juta<ref name="BOM" /> | gross = $105.697.415<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=firstman.htm |title=First Man (2018) |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=October 12, 2018}}</ref> | border = no }} '''''First Man''''' mangrupikeun pilem biografi drama sajarah taun 2018 asal [[Amerika Serikat]] anu diarahkeun ku [[Damien Chazelle]] sareng diproduksi ku Wyck Godfrey, Marty Bowen, Isaac Klausner sareng Damien Chazelle. Skrip pilem ieu ditulis ku [[Josh Singer]] dumasar kana buku ''First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong'' ku James R. Hansen. Pilem ieu dimaénkeun ku [[Ryan Gosling]], [[Claire Foy]], [[Jason Clarke]], [[Kyle Chandler]], [[Patrick Fugit]], [[Ciarán Hinds]], [[Ethan Embry]], [[Shea Whigham]], [[Corey Stoll]] jeung Pablo Schreiber.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/festivals/first-man-damien-chazelle-ryan-gosling-venice-film-festival-opening-night-1202877318/ |title=Damien Chazelle’s ‘First Man’ With Ryan Gosling to Open 75th Venice Film Festival (EXCLUSIVE) |website=[[Variety (majalah)|Variety]] |first=Kristopher |last=Tapley |date=July 18, 2018 |accessdate=July 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/universal-sets-ryan-goslings-neil-armstrong-biopic-fall-2018-debut-983996 |title=Universal Sets Ryan Gosling's Neil Armstrong Biopic for Fall 2018 Debut |last1=Lee |first1=Ashley |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=March 7, 2017 |accessdate=March 9, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:First Man}} [[Kategori:Pilem Amérika taun 2018]] obwfryl94ruu0hmw9f0nfgyr25kkrv2 0 100141 712893 603139 2026-09-23T06:49:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film |name = Harry Potter and the<br />Chamber of Secrets |image = |caption = |director = [[Chris Columbus (pembuat film)|Chris Columbus]] |producer = [[David Heyman]] |writer = {{small|'''Skenario:'''}} <br /> [[Steve Kloves]]<br /> {{small|'''Novel:'''}}<br /> [[J. K. Rowling]] |starring = [[Daniel Radcliffe]]<br />[[Rupert Grint]]<br />[[Emma Watson]]<br />[[Richard Harris]]<br />[[Kenneth Branagh]]<br />[[Jason Isaacs]]<br />[[Christian Coulson]]<br />[[Robbie Coltrane]] |music = [[John Williams]]<br />{{small|'''Adapting and conducting:'''}}<br /> [[William Ross (komposer)|William Ross]] |cinematography = [[Roger Pratt (sinematografer)|Roger Pratt]] |editing = [[Peter Honess]] |studio = [[Heyday Films]]<br />[[1492 Pictures]] |distributor = [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]] |released = {{small|'''London premiere:'''}}<br /> {{Start date|2002|11|3|df=y}}<br />{{small|'''United States:'''}}<br /> {{Start date|2002|11|14|df=y}}<br /> {{small|'''Worldwide:'''}}<br /> {{Start date|2002|11|15|df=y}} |runtime = 161 menit |country = Britania Raya<br />Amerika Serikat<!--Do not change this; see http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix_%28film%29&oldid=126871681#What_makes_a_film_from_a_certain_country.3F for consensus --> |language = [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/harry-potter-and-chamber-secrets-9 |title=Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (PG) |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020234449/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/harry-potter-and-chamber-secrets-9 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020234449/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/harry-potter-and-chamber-secrets-9 |date=20 October 2019 }}</ref> |budget = US$100 juta |gross = $878.643.482<ref name="BOM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0295297/?ref_=bo_tt_ti |title=Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505215730/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0295297/?ref_=bo_tt_ti |archive-date=5 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> |preceded_by = ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' |followed_by = ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' }} '''Harry Potter jeung Kamar Rahasia''' ('''Harry Potter And The Chamber Of Secrets''') mamgrupa séri kadua fantasi novel ku panulis [[J.K. Rowling]]. Pilem ieu dileupaskeun dina 3 Nopémber 2002. Diarah ku [[Chris Columbus]] sareng dilakukeun di Studio Film Leavesden. ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{wikiquote}} * {{Official website|http://www.harrypotter.com}} * {{IMDb title|0295297|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets}} * {{Amg movie|260383|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|harry_potter_and_the_chamber_of_secrets|title=Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets}} * {{Mojo title|harrypotter2|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets}} * {{metacritic film|harry-potter-and-the-chamber-of-secrets|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets}} [[Kategori:Pilem Harry Potter|2]] [[Kategori:Pilem Amérika taun 2002]] p1eatswu18n8pxew1wazq3kitiuzeoa 0 100147 712894 603146 2026-09-23T06:49:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Film |name = Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix |caption = |amg_id = 1:289458 |imdb_id = 0373889 |image = |director = [[David Yates]] |producer = [[David Heyman]]<br />[[David Barron]] |writer = '''Novel:'''<br />{{nowrap|[[J. K. Rowling]]}}<br />'''Naskah:'''<br />[[Michael Goldenberg]] |starring =[[Daniel Radcliffe]]<br />[[Rupert Grint]]<br />[[Emma Watson]]<br />[[Ralph Fiennes]]<br />[[Michael Gambon]]<br />[[Gary Oldman]]<br />[[Imelda Staunton]] | studio = {{Plain list| * [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]<ref name=afi>{{cite web |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/64297?sid=097ea460-25c7-4baa-9ac6-beb46e8ec76b&sr=2.3547373&cp=1&pos=3 |title=HARRY POTTER AND THE ORDER OF THE PHOENIX (2007) |work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref> * [[Heyday Films]] }} | distributor = Warner Bros. Pictures | released = {{Film date|df=y|2007|06|28|[[Tokyo]]|2007|07|11|Amerika Sarikat|2007|07|12|Inggris}} | runtime = 138 minit<!--Theatrical runtime: 138:04--><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/harry-potter-and-order-phoenix-film-0 |title=''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'' (12A) |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=24 May 2007 |accessdate=27 December 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105064015/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/harry-potter-and-order-phoenix-film-0 |date=5 January 2016 }}</ref> | country = {{Plain list| * Britania Raya<ref name="BFI">{{cite web |title=Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8ace11ac |website=British Film Institute |accessdate=18 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref> * United States<ref name="BFI"/> }} | language = Inggris | budget = $150–200 juta | gross = $942 juta }} '''''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix''''' mangrupikeun pilem petualangan fantasi, dumasar kana [[novel]] nami anu sami, ditulis ku [[J.K. Rowling]]. Diarahkeun ku [[David Yates]], ieu pilem kalima dina séri Harry Potter populér. Naskah ieu ditulis ku [[Michael Goldenberg]], anu ngagentos [[Steve Kloves]], panulis kaopat kanggo film saméméhna. Numutkeun ka [[Warner Bros]], pilem éta bakal dileupaskeun dina [[13 Juli]] [[2007]]. ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Wikiquote}} * {{Official website|http://www.harrypotter.com}} * {{IMDb title|0373889|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix}} * {{Amg movie|289458|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix}} * {{mojo title|harrypotter5|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|harry_potter_and_the_order_of_the_phoenix|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix}} {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Pilem Harry Potter|5]] [[Kategori:Pilem Amérika taun 2007]] 369wh60syma3w24nlaeglo4wx8dmsii 0 100165 712872 697698 2026-09-23T05:05:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Dakota Johnson |image = 2025 Dakota Johnson (cropped).jpg |imagesize = |caption = Dakota Johson, 2018 |birthname = Dakota Mayi Johnson |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|10|4}} |birth_place = [[Austin, Texas]], A.S. |occupation = Aktris, model |years_active = 1999–ayeuna |parents= [[Don Johnson]]<br />[[Melanie Griffith]] |relatives= {{ubl|{{nowrap|[[Tippi Hedren]] {{small|(nenek dari pihak ibu)}}}}|[[Peter Griffith]] {{small|(kakek dari pihak ayah)}}|[[Tracy Griffith]] {{small|(aunt)}}}} }} '''Dakota Mayi Johnson''' ({{lahirmati||4|10|1989|}})<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/dakota-johnson/bio/375419 |title = Dakota Johnson: Biography |publisher = [[TV Guide|TVGuide.com]] |accessdate = September 2, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730152030/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/dakota-johnson/bio/375419 |date=July 30, 2013 }}</ref> mangrupa aktris Amérika sareng modél anu putri ti [[Melanie Griffith]] sareng [[Don Johnson]]. Saenggeus lulus SMA, anjeunna balik deui ka lakonan ku maén peran dina pilem ''[[The Social Network]]'' (2010), ''[[Beastly (pilem)|Beastly]]'' (2011), ''[[21 Jump Street (film)|21 Jump Street]]'' (2012), ''[[Need for Speed (pilem)|Need for Speed]]'' (2014) jeung ''[[Ben and Kate]]'' (2012–2013). ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Commonscat}} * {{IMDb name|424848}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Dakota}} [[Kategori:Aktris Amérika Sarikat]] 53frzyxfglccyue9k1ddyd35avn5ryh 0 100307 712876 711770 2026-09-23T05:20:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Dave Franco |image = Dave Franco 2016 Comic Con.jpg |image_size = 200px |caption = Dave Franco taun 2016 |birth_name = David John Franco<ref>{{cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VLT5-C8Z|title=Person Details for David John Franco, "California Birth Index, 1905-1995" — FamilySearch.org|publisher=|accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref> |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1985|6|12}}<ref>{{cite news|title= Today in history|publisher= [[ABC News]]|date= June 12, 2014|url= http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/today-history-24100059?singlePage=true|agency= [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> |birth_place = [[Palo Alto, California]], Amerika Serikat |education = [[Universitas California Selatan]] |occupation = Aktor, komedian |years_active = 2006–ayeuna |relatives = [[James Franco]] (sodara)<br>Tom Franco (sodara) |spouse = {{marriage|[[Alison Brie]]|2017}} }} '''David John "Dave" Franco''' ({{lahirmati|[[Palo Alto]], [[California]]|12|6|1985}}) nyaéta [[aktor]] [[pilem]] sareng telepisi kabébasan [[Amérika Serikat]]. Namina dikenal ngaliwatan sababaraha film anu dibéntangan, diantarana ''[[21 Jump Street (film)|21 Jump Street]]'', ''[[Charlie St. Cloud (film)|Charlie St. Cloud]]'', ''[[Fright Night (pilem 2011)|Fright Night]]'', ''[[Now You See Me (pilem)|Now You See Me]]'', [[Now You See Me 2|''Now You See Me 2'']], ''[[Warm Bodies (pilem)|Warm Bodies]]'', ''[[Neighbors (pilem 2014)|Neighbors]]'', sareng salapan musim ti séri ''[[Scrubs (Seri TV) | Scrubs]]''. Dave Franco nyaéta adi bungsu ngora ti aktor [[James Franco]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Paradigm Signs James Franco’s Brother Dave Franco from WME (Exclusive)|date=February 11, 2011|author=THR staff|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/paradigm-signs-james-franco-s-98346|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/james_francos_father_dies_63/267576 |title =James Franco's Father Dies at 63 |publisher=E! Online |date=2011-10-04 |accessdate=2012-01-10}}</ref><ref name="Yahoo">{{cite web|url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800352352/bio|title=James Franco Biography|accessdate=August 8, 2008|publisher=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref><ref name="anderson20100725">Anderson, Sam. "[http://instapaperstories.tumblr.com/post/972880219/the-james-franco-project-new-york-magazine The James Franco Project]" ''New York'', July 25, 2010.</ref><ref name="review">{{cite web |title=LatinoReview.com |work=Franco Talks Annapolis! |url=http://www.latinoreview.com/news.php?id=217 |accessdate=May 9, 2006 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060614050041/http://www.latinoreview.com/news.php?id=217 |archivedate=June 14, 2006 |deadurl=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614050041/http://www.latinoreview.com/news.php?id=217 |date=June 14, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shalomlife.com/culture/23273/dave-franco-and-conan-obrien-discuss-shalom-lifes-jilf-list-video/?PageSpeed=noscript |title=Dave Franco and Conan O’Brien Discuss Shalom Life’s JILF List [VIDEO |publisher=Shalom Life |date= |accessdate=2014-08-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716082620/http://www.shalomlife.com/culture/23273/dave-franco-and-conan-obrien-discuss-shalom-lifes-jilf-list-video/?PageSpeed=noscript |date=2015-07-16 }}</ref><ref name="bostonref1">{{cite news|last=Rhone|first=Paysha|title=Spidey foe meets his match in Harvard's Hasty Pudding crew|pages=|publisher=Boston Globe|date=2009-02-14|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/02/14/spidey_foe_meets_his_match_in_harvard_hasty_pudding_crew/|accessdate=2009-08-09}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628235756/http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2009/02/14/spidey_foe_meets_his_match_in_harvard_hasty_pudding_crew/ |date=2011-06-28 }}</ref><ref name=ohwohw>{{Cite book|last=Marquis Who's Who, Inc|title=Who's who of emerging leaders in America|publisher=Marquis Who's Who|year=1991|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoofemergin0000unse|isbn=0-8379-7202-7}}</ref><ref name=hcrela>{{Cite book|last=Commire|first=Anne|authorlink=Anne Commire|title=Something about the Author, Volume 38|publisher=Gale Research|year=1985|page=[https://archive.org/details/somethingaboutau38anne/page/77 77]|url=https://archive.org/details/somethingaboutau38anne|isbn=0-8103-0071-0}}</ref><ref name=wehida>{{Cite news|last=Spevack|first=Violet|title=Cavalcade|publisher=Cleveland Jewish News|date=January 31, 2002|url=http://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/articles/2002/01/31//export10620.txt|accessdate=December 28, 2010}}</ref><ref name=wehidareb>{{Cite news|last=Spevack|first=Violet|title=Cavalcade 10/23|publisher=Cleveland Jewish News|date=October 23, 2009|url=http://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/articles/2009/11/13/features/cavalcade/doc4ae081106974b082383090.txt|accessdate=December 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://admission.case.edu/admissions/news/news_story.asp?iNewsID=249&strBack=/admissions/news/news_archive.asp|title=Case Western Reserve University|accessdate=August 8, 2008|publisher=Admission Case |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071024200830/http://admission.case.edu/admissions/news/news_story.asp?iNewsID=249&strBack=/admissions/news/news_archive.asp |archivedate = October 24, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/james-franco/|title=Jamesfranco|last=Van Sant|first=Gus|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|page=1|accessdate=March 2, 2009}}</ref> ==Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Tumbu luar == {{Biografi-pondok}} {{Commons category}} * {{IMDb name|id=2002649|name=Dave Franco}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Franco, Dave}} [[Kategori:Aktor Amérika Sarikat]] aibkczeuhv0k452v1yoh7ympyrppxz5 0 100454 712848 612582 2026-09-23T03:00:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712848 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bahan tambahan pangan''' nyaéta bahan atawa [[zat]] nu sangaja ditambahkeun kana pangan dina jumlah nu kawilang saeutik, sangkan bisa ningkatkeun kualitas [[pangan]] diantarana; kanampakan, [[tekstur]], ningkatkeun cita rasa jeung manjangkeun ''umur simpan''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Nutrition|first=Center for Food Safety and Applied|date=2020-02-20|title=Overview of Food Ingredients, Additives & Colors|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/food-ingredients-packaging/overview-food-ingredients-additives-colors|journal=FDA|language=en}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710030456/https://www.fda.gov/food/food-ingredients-packaging/overview-food-ingredients-additives-colors |date=2022-07-10 }}</ref> Bahan tambahan pangan téh asal muasalna bisa asalna tina bahan alami nyaéta [[sato]] jeung [[tutuwuhan]] atawa bisa ogé tina [[bahan sintétis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/food-additives|title=Food additives|website=www.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2020-11-26}}</ref> Salain éta, bahan tambahan pangan bisa ningkatkeun [[kandungan gizi]] saperti; [[protéin]], [[mineral]] jeung [[vitamin]]. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Pemanfaatan Zat Aditif Secara Tepat|last=Direktorat Surveilan dan Penyuluhan Keamanan Pangan|first=|publisher=Badan Pengendalian Obat dan Makanan (BPOM)|year=2006|isbn=|location=Lampung|pages=12}}</ref> Bahan tambahan pangan (BTP) ogé bisa kaasup kana jinis bahan pangan nu sacara teu langsung (''aditif'' teu langsung) digunakeunnana pas dina prosés jieun; nyaéta prosés mungkus (kemas) atawa bisa ogé salila prosés panyimpenan/pangangkutan. <ref name=":0" /> Jumlah bahan atawa zat nu biasa ditambahkeun kana pangan téh kudu dumasar kana aturan [[Food and Drug Administration (FDA)|Food and ''Drug Administration'' (FDA)]] <ref name=":0" /> atawa Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Amerika Serikat nu miboga tugas ngatur makanan atawa kadaharan, ''suplemén makanan'', [[obat-obatan]] jeung [[kosmétik]] di [[Amérika Sarikat|Amerika Serikat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/home|title=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|last=Commissioner|first=Office of the|website=FDA|language=en|accessdate=2020-10-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429111912/https://www.fda.gov/home |date=2019-04-29 }}</ref> Sangkan jumlah bahan atawa zat anu ditambahkeun kana [[pangan]] téh aman jeung henteu miboga éfék racun (GRAS''/[[Generally Recognized as Safe]]'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nutrition|first=Center for Food Safety and Applied|date=2020-10-05|title=Food Additive Status List|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/food-additive-status-list|journal=FDA|language=en}}</ref> == Jinis Bahan Tambahan Pangan == Dumasar kana Peraturan Menteri Keséhatan RI No. 722/Ménkés/Per/IX/88, bahan tambahan pangan (BTP) digolongkeun kana sababaraha jinis<ref>{{Cite book|title=Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No: 722/Menkes/Per/IX/1998Tentang Bahan Tambahan Pangan|last=|first=Depkes RI|publisher=Depkes RI|year=1998|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}</ref>. '''[[Pewarna]]''', nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur ngahadéan rupa pangan. '''''Pemanis buatan''''', nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur nambahkeun rasa amis kana pangan. '''Pangawét,''' nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur manjangkeun ''umur simpan''; nyegah atawa ngahambat [[férméntasi]], pengasaman dina pangan nu disebabkan mikroba. '''Antioksidan''', nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur ngahambat prosés oksidasi lemak, sangkan lemak teu bau tengik. '''Antikempal''', nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur nyegah ngagumpalna pangan nu mangrupa serbuk saperti tipung atawa bubuk. '''Penyedap rasa jeung aroma''', nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur nambahkeun rasa jeung aroma. '''Pangatur ''keasaman,''''' nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur ngatur ''keasaman'', nétralkeun jeung mertahankeun darajat ''keasaman'' pangan. '''''Pemutih'' jeung ''pematang tepung''''', nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur ngagancangkeun kana prosés ''pemutihan'' atawa ''kematangan'' tipung'','' sangkan mutu tina bahan pangan jadi leuwih alus. '''Pangémulsi''', '''pamantap jeung pangentel,''' nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur ngabantu kabentukna sistem dispérsi dina bahan pangan nu homogén. '''Pangheuras''', nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur ngaheuraskeun atawa ngabantu bahan pangan henteu jadi leuleus. '''Sekuéstran''', nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur ngiket ion logam nu aya di jero pangan, sangkan mantapkeun kana warna, aroma jeung tékstur. Salain jinis BTP nu dicantumkan dina Peraturan Menteri Keséhatan RI No. 722/Ménkés/Per/IX/88, aya ogé jinis BTP lainna nu sering digunakeun kana bahan pangan, nyaéta diantarana : '''Énzim''', nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur nguraikeun dina jero bahan pangan sacara énzimatis, sangkan ngajieun bahan pangan jadi leuwih empuk, leuwih ''larut'' jeung sajabana. [[Énzim]] téh bisa dihasilkeun tina sato, tutuwuhan atawa mikroba. '''Panambah gizi''', nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur nambahan atau ningkatkeun gizi dina bahan pangan, nu bisa mangrupa [[asam amino]], [[mineral]] atawa [[vitamin]]. '''Humektan''', nyaéta jinis BTP nu digunakeun keur nyerap lembab atawa uap [[cai]], sangkan bisa mertahankeun ''kadar air'' dina bahan pangan méh henteu gancang bari atawa bulukan. == Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Bahan Tambahan Pangan]] [[Kategori:Jinis Pangan]] [[Kategori:Ilmu Pangan]] [[Kategori:Kimia Pangan]] 14m6rpr25qwz8bvvx4egwtbmjao2agc 0 101939 712897 650580 2026-09-23T06:53:05Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Heulang bondol | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22695094 |title=''Haliastur indus'' | assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2014.3 |year=2012 |accessdate=16 Januari 2015}}</ref> | image = Haliastur indus intermedius (2).JPG | image_caption = Heulang bondol di [[Manado]], [[Sulawesi Kalér]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Aves]] | ordo = [[Accipitriformes]] | familia = [[Accipitridae]] | genus = ''[[Haliastur]]'' | species = '''''H. indus''''' | binomial = ''Haliastur indus'' | binomial_authority = [[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1783 }} '''Heulang bondol''' (''Haliastur indus'') nyaéta hiji [[manuk]] prédator anu asalna tina kulawarga ''[[Accipitridae]]''. == Ciri mandiri== Heulang bondol pangawakanna sedeng (43-51 cm), mibanda jangjang anu rubak tapi buntutna pondok katempo bulenek tungtungna mangsa keur mébér. Palebah hulu, beuheung jeung dada kelirna bodas, sésana kelirna beureum bata rada pias, palebah tungtung bulu primér kelirna hideung, jeung tungkai kelirna konéng. Dina individu anak sakabéh buluna mibanda kelir coklat kolot, dina sababaraha bagéan gugurata bodas ngagurilap.<ref name=tan>{{cite web |last=Tan |first=Ria |title=Brahminy Kite |url=http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/birds/Haliastur_indus.htm |year=2001 |accessdate=16 Januari 2015 |archive-date=2007-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212070549/http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/birds/Haliastur_indus.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Sebaran == Heulang bondol katiténan habitatna di [[India]], [[China]] kidul , [[Asia Tenggara]] , [[Indonésia]] , [[Australia]]. Di Indonésia sorangan, heulang bondol kapanggih aya di [[leuweung]] [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], [[Jawa]], [[Bali]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Nusa Tenggara]], [[Maluku]], [[Papua]]. <ref>[http://www.bio.undip.ac.id/sbw/spesies/sp_elang_bondol.htm ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205025007/http://bio.undip.ac.id/sbw/spesies/sp_elang_bondol.htm |date=2018-12-05 }}</ref><ref>[http://akucumi.blogspot.com/2009/04/elang-bondol-di-kepulauan-seribu.html Heulang Bondol di Kepulauan Seribu]</ref>. Di Kalimantan hususna, heulang bondol kapanggih hirup di hulu Kapuas, [[Kalimantan Kulon]] . Didieu heulang bondol loba kapanggih hirup. <ref>[http://raptorindonesia.org/kondisi-elang-bondol-haliastur-indus-di-kabupaten-kapuas-hulu/Kondisi Elang Bondol(Haliastur indus) di Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kabiasaan hirup== Heulang bondol leuwih mirip manuk anu sok ngahakan bangké tibatan manuk prédator, tapi sanajan kitu ieu manuk sok ngamangsa [[lauk]], [[kapiting]], [[haremis]], [[bangkong]], [[beurit]], [[réptil]], nepi ka [[gegeremet]]. Heulang bondol nyiar mangsa di luhureun [[taneuh]] jeung luhureun [[cai]] , ieu [[manuk]] kakalayangan luhurna kurang leuwih 20 - 50 méter di luhureun taneuh. Heulang bondol néwak mangsa anu aya di luhureun cai kujalan nyamber bari ngarameus maké kukuna anu sareukeut, henteu teuleum ka jero cai. Heulang bondol ogé ngahakan bangké tina lauk sésa-sésa pabrik pangolahan lauk. Sanajan heulang bondol remen ngahakan bangké, Tapi ieu heulang tetep néang mangsa anu hirup ogé. Remen heulang bondol nyamber manuk-manuk anu aya di daérah basisir, bari hiber alak ilik nempo nempoan manuk séjén anu balangah. Malah heulang bondol gedé wawanén, wani nyerang manuk séjén anu ukuranna leuwih gedé saperti [[heulang laut]] anu dadana bodas jadi mangsana. Heulang bondol ngahakan mangsana bari hiber, kituna téh pikeun nyingkahan musuh anu arék ngarebut mangsana. <ref name=tan/> == Habitat == Habitat anu alus tur dipikaresep manuk ieu tayalian di sisi [[basisir]] anu baseuh, saperti [[leuweung]] [[babakoan]], muara susukan, ogé keusik basisir. Ieu manuk aya ogé kapanggih di pasawahan jeung rawa-[[rawa]] .<ref name=tan/> == Begér jeung baranahan == Heulang bondol anakan dina bulan [[Januari]] - [[Agustus]] , ogé [[Méi]] - [[Juli]]. Nyileungleum endogna salila 28-35 poé. Anakna mimiti diajar hiber ninggalkeun sayangna mangsa umur 40-56 poé, jadi heulang déwasa tur hirup mandiri 2 [[bulan]] ti harita. == Heulang bondol dina kabudayaan == [[file:Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus) eating fish W IMG 9587.jpg|jmpl|190px|Heulang bondol keur nyiar mangsa. Di [[Situ Pocharam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. ]] [[File:Brahminy kite caged.jpg|jmpl|ka|150px|Dina kandang]] [[File :Haliastur indus by Gregg Yan.jpg|jmpl|ka|150px|''Haliastur indus'' keur cindeten di [[Davao City]], [[Filipina]].]] Dina tahun [[1989]], heulang bondol jeung [[salak condet]] ditetepkeun jadi kokojo/maskot kota [[Jakarta]].<ref name="ven">{{cite web |url=http://graveonsix.blogspot.com/2012/03/elang-bondol-dan-salak-condet-maskot.html |title=Elang Bondol dan Salak Condet Maskot Kota Jakarta |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=29 March 2012 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=27 April 2012}}</ref> Katempo di wewengkon [[Cempaka Putih, Jakarta Pusat|Cempaka Putih]]. Di étatempat aya hiji patung anu anegléng, tayalian patung "manuk heulang bondol keur ngaranggeum salak condét".<ref name="ven"/> Di [[India]], heulang bondol dianggap hiji ''representasi kontemporer'' [[Garuda]], manuk suci [[Wisnu]]. Di [Malaysia]], [[Pulau Langkawi]] ieu manuk jadi modél hiasan gagarabah kelirna miang-miang kana kelir bulu manuk heulang bondol.<ref>Hadden, p. 244</ref> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} {{pondok}} === Tempo ogé === * {{cite book|title= Birds and Bird Lore of Bougainville and the North Solomons|author= Hadden, Don|year= 2004|publisher=Dove Publications|location= Alderley, Qld|isbn= 0-9590257-5-8}} == Tutumbu ka luar == {{Commons category|Haliastur indus}} {{wikispecies|Haliastur indus}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/player/nol/newsid_6660000/newsid_6660500?redirect=6660523.stm&news=1&nbwm=1&bbwm=1&bbram=1&nbram= Video of re-introduction of Brahminy Kites in their natural habitat in Indonesia from BBC Sci-Tech] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3358&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet] [[Kategori:Accipitridae]] [[Kategori:Chordata]] [[Kategori:Aves]] [[Kategori:Manuk Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Manuk Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sasatoan]] mcjmmf1ovk3o2gqo4e8l6cg6mnmvtot 0 102066 712929 613504 2026-09-23T11:04:53Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712929 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Codontable1.PNG|jmpl|400x400px| Kodon jeung protéin anu disandikeun.]] [[Gambar:Messenger RNA - Simple.png|jmpl|201x201px|Pesen RNA.]] '''Kodon''' ([[Génétika|kode genetik]]) mangrupa dérét [[nukléotida]] dina mRNA anu dibentuk ku kombinasi tilu nukléotida anu ngaruntuy tuluy nyandi jadi [[asam amino]] nepi ka disebut tripel (tilu runtuyan) kodon.<ref>{{En icon}} {{Cite book|title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis|last=Anthony JF Griffiths, Jeffrey H Miller, David T Suzuki, Richard C Lewontin, and William M Gelbart|work=University of British Columbia, University of California, Harvard University|isbn=0-7167-3520-2|edition=7|year=2000|page=Glossary - Codon|publisher=W. H. Freeman|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=iga&part=A4529&rendertype=def-item&id=A4677|access-date=2010-08-17}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{En icon}} {{Cite book|title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis|last=Anthony JF Griffiths, Jeffrey H Miller, David T Suzuki, Richard C Lewontin, and William M Gelbart|work=University of British Columbia, University of California, Harvard University|isbn=0-7167-3520-2|edition=7|year=2000|page=Genes as determinants of the inherent properties of species|publisher=W. H. Freeman|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=iga&part=A64|access-date=2010-08-17}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Asam amino anu disandikeun téh contona [[Metionin|métionin]] ku runtuyan nukléotida ATG (AUG dina RNA). Loba asam amino anu disandikeun ku sababaraha kodon. <ref name="Dale JW & Park SF.">{{En icon}}Dale JW & Park SF. 2004. ''Molecular genetics of Bacteria''. Chichester: John Willey & Sons Ltd.</ref> Kodon cicing dina molekul mRNA. <ref name="Campbell NA ''et al.''">Campbell NA, Reece BJ, Mitchell LG. 2002. ''Biologi''. Jakarta: Erlangga</ref> Robahna mRNA jadi [[protéin]] dilakukeun dina ségmén énkoding anu diaping ku kodon awal (AUG) jeung kodon ahir (UAA, UAG atawa UGA). Kodon dina [[molekul]] mRNA bisa nyandikeun asam amino dibantuan ku interprétasi kodon ku tRNA. Unggal tRNA mawa asam amino luyu jeung runtuyan tilu nukléotida (antikodon) anu aya dina simpul antikodon tRNA. Antikodon meungkeut dirina sacara kompleméntér kana kodon dina mRNA nepi ka asam amino anu dibawa ku tRNA luyu jeung kodon anu aya dina mRNA. Pesen génétik ditranslasi kodon ku cara tRNA mawa asam amino luyu jeung antikodon anu kompleméntér ku cara kodon jeung [[ribosom]] ngadumaniskeun rupa-rua asam amino jdi runtuyan [[Polipeptida|polipéptida]]. Satuluyna, ribosom nambahkeun asam amino anu dibawa ku tRNA kana tungtung tungtung polipéptida anu keur tumuwuh. Salila translasi, antikodon jaadi [[basa]] panglengkep anu dipasangkeun jeung kodon ngaliwatan beungkeutan [[hidrogén]]. Ku kituna, unggal kodon ngandung antikodon anu loyog kalawan molekul tRNA anu béda.<ref name="Jusuf M.">Jusuf M. 2001. ''Genetika I: Struktur dan Ekspresi Gen''. Jakarta: Sagung Seto</ref> == Kodon mimiti jeung kodon ahir == [[Gambar:RNA-codons.png|jmpl|170x170px| Kodon dina RNA.]] * Kodon awal nyaéta kodon anu ditarjamahkeun dina waktu prosés [[translasi]] lumangsung atawa disebut ogé kodon inisiasi (AUG anu nyandian metionin). Salian ti kodon inisiasi, pikeun ngamimitian translasi dibutuhkeun ogé sékuén atawa situs anu disebut [[Shine-Dalgarno]] keur ngawanohkeun ribosom anu dibantuan ogé ku faktor inisiasi (dina bentuk tilu wanda [[protéin]]).<ref name="Touriol C, ''et al''.">{{En icon}}Touriol C, Bornes S, Bonnal S, Audigier S, Prats H, Prats AC, Vagner S. 2003. Generation of protein isoform diversity by alternative initiation of translation at non-AUG codons. ''Biol''. ''Cell'' 95 (3-4): 169–78</ref> * Kodon akhir nyaéta salah sahiji tina tilu kodon UAG, UAA atawa UGA. Kodon akhir disebut ogé kodon terminal anu henteu nyandikeun asam amino. Kodon akhir nyababkeun prosés tarjamahan réngsé anu tujunana keur ngaleupaskeun ribosom.<ref name="Maloy S">{{En icon}}Maloy S. 2003. ''Microbial Genetics Course''. San Diego University</ref> == Mangpaat == === Sintésis protéin === Léngkah sintésis protéin nyaéta: * [[ADN]] nyitak [[ARNd]] dina prosés transkripsi anu lumangsung dina jero inti. * ARNd kaluar tina inti tuluy ngagabung jeung ribosom dina [[sitoplasma]]. * Datang ARNt mawa asam amino anu luyu jeung kodon. * Ayana patali unggal asam amino nepi ka jadi protéin.<ref name=":0" /> Kodeu genetik mawa informasi ngeunaan runtuyan asam amino anu dibutuhkeun ku protéin. Ieu informasi dibawa ku [[Génus|gén]] anu tangtu. Papasingan [[informasi]] anu nyangkaruk dina kode génétik téh nyaéta dina bentuk panyandian sekuen nukléotida dina [[DNA]] atawa [[RNA]] keur nangtukeun sekuen asam amino dina waktu prosés sintésis protéin lumangsung. [[Basa]] [[nitrogén]] nangtukeun informasi dina kode genétik dina rantuyan DNA anu bakal nangtukeun informasi asam amino. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Susilawati dan Bachtiar, N.|first=|date=2018|url=http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/26091/1/Buku%20Biologi%20Dasar%20Terintegrasi.pdf|title=Biologi Dasar Terintegrasi|location=Pekanbaru|publisher=Kreasi Edukasi|isbn=978-602-6879-99-8|pages=156}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Génétika]] kvwrwgkvv0l2vrlvcc8ua03aun0ib56 0 102123 712944 675302 2026-09-23T11:49:06Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | image = Koorka 0124.jpg | image_caption = Kembang kumeli jawa | name = Kumeli jawa ''(Kentang hitam)'' | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Lamiales]] | familia = [[Lamiaceae]] | genus = ''[[Plectranthus]]'' | species = '''''P. rotundifolius''''' | binomial = ''Plectranthus rotundifolius'' | binomial_authority = (Poir.) Spreng. | synonyms = Referensi:<ref name=Sastra>{{aut|Sastrapradja, Setijati; Soetjipto, Niniek Woelijarni; Danimihardja, Sarkat; Soejono, Rukmini}} (1981). ''Proyek Penelitian Potensi Sumber Daya Ekonomi:Ubi-Ubian'' '''7''':46 - 47. [[Jakarta]]:LBN - [[LIPI]] bekerja sama dengan [[Balai Pustaka]]. [[OCLC]] [http://worldcat.org/oclc/66246398 66246398]</ref><ref name=vlsm>{{cite web |date=14 November 2001 |title=''Coleus tuberosus'' Benth. |publisher=[[Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia|Departemen Kesehatan]] |url=http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku4/4-024.pdf |accessdate=23 Mei 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207001953/http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku4/4-024.pdf |date=7 December 2008 }}</ref><ref name=tpl>{{cite web |accessdate=21 May 2014 |title=''Plectranthus rotundifolius'' (Poir.) Spreng. |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-158453 |publisher=The Plants List }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916035946/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-158453 |date=16 September 2019 }}</ref><ref name=floramalesiana>{{cite journal |title=Labiatae |author={{aut|Keng, H.}} |url=https://archive.org/stream/floramalesiana83stee#page/388/mode/2up |journal=Flora Malesiana |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=301{{Spaced ndash}}94 |year=1974{{spaced ndash}}78 |publisher=Sijthoff & Nordhoff International Publisher |location=[[Belanda]]}}</ref> * ''Coleus dysentricus'' <small>Baker</small> * ''C. pallidiflorus'' <small>A. Chev.</small> * ''C. parviflorus'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''C. rugosus'' <small>Benth.</small> * ''C. tuberosus'' <small>Bth. non Rich.</small> * ''Plectranthus coppinii'' <small>Heckel</small> * ''P. coppinii'' <small>Cornu</small> * ''P. tuberosus'' <small>[[Blume]]</small> * ''Solenostemon rotundifolius'' <small>(Poir.) J.K. Morton</small> }} '''Kumeli jawa'''; hui jawa; hui kentang; (''Plectranthus rotundifolius'') nyaéta ngaran hiji tutuwuhan anu asalna tina kulawarga ''[[lamiaceae]]''. <ref name=”Aan”>{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=zBUEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=leucoxylon+Buxifolium&source=bl&ots=hGPU38nyTo&sig=ACfU3U08H3qADX0Dg9OEZ_FyHzO2Ir26pQ&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-0vPGvNPmAhXPXSsKHe72AhwQ6AEwD3oECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=leucoxylon%20Buxifolium&f=false| title =Aanteekeningen over het nut, door de bewoners van Java aan eenige planten van dat eiland toegeschreven| last =Karl Hasskarl| first =Justus | publisher =J. Müller| location =Universitas Oxford| year =1845|ISBN=|pages =84}} Disungsi8 April 2021</ref>Ieu tutuwuhan kagolongkeun [[terna]] tangkalna ngampar luhureun [[taneuh]], kalawan beutina bisa dimangpaatkun salaku gaganti [[sangu]]. Bagéan tina ieu tutuwuhan anu remen dimangpaatkeun tayalian [[beuti]]na, remen dimangpaatkeun pikeun bahan campuran sayur [[lodéh]], sayur [[Sayur asem|asem]], sarta olahan séjénna. Ilaharna kumeli jawa dipelak sabada réngsé melak [[paré]].<ref name=Sastra/> ==Ngaran séjén == Kumeli jawa mibanda ngaran anu rupa-rupa, kayaning : ''gombili'' ([[Basa Gayo|Gy.]]), ogé ''kěntang jawa'' ([[Basa Melayu|Mly.]]), ''hombili'' ([[Basa Batak|Btk.]]), ''kěmbili'' ([[Basa Aceh|Ac.]] sarta [[Basa Minangkabau|Mng.]]), ''kĕntang'' ''kĕmbili,'' ''kĕntang kumĕli'' ([[Basa Betawi|Btw.]]), ''hui kěntang'' ([[Bahasa Sunda|Sd.]]), ''kambili'', jeung ''daun sabrang'' ([[Jawa Timur|Jatim]]), ''gombili'', ogé ''obi sola'' ([[Basa Madura|Madura]]), ''sabrang'' ([[Basa Bali|Bali]]),<ref name=vlsm/> ''gěmbili'', ''kěntang irěng'', ''kumbili jawa'', ''kěntang klici'' ([[Bahasa Jawa|Jawa]]), ''kombili'' ([[Maluku]]), ''sěbrang'' ([[Lombok]]),<ref name=Sastra/><ref name=floramalesiana/><ref name=heyne>{{aut|[[Karel Heyne|Heyne, Karel]]}} (1913). ''[https://archive.org/stream/denuttigeplanten04heyn#page/132/mode/2up De nuttige planten van Nederlandsch-Indië]'' '''4''':133{{spaced ndash}}34. [[Batavia]]:Ruygrok & Co.</ref> == Ciri mandiri == Kumeli jawa atawa anu katelah ''kentang hitam'' mangrupa beubeutian anu tangkalna ngampar luhureun [[taneuh]] sakapeung ngarungkun jangkung 40–100&nbsp;cm.<ref name=floramalesiana/> [[Tangkal]]na ajeg, rada katempo ngarambat, ''lubak'', masagi opat, kandel, sarta rada bau.<ref name=vlsm/> [[Daun]]-daunna nunggal, kandel, ''bermembran'', bijil pasingareup-singareup paselang seling, wujudna buleud [[endog]], palebah luhur kelirna héjo kolot sarta héjo ngora palebah handapna. Panjang 2–4&nbsp;cm sarta rubak 3–6&nbsp;cm, rada buluan, tulang daun kawas cucuk lauk/''menyirip''.<ref name=vlsm/> Kembangna laleutik kelirna [[bungur]], gagangna panjang kurang leuwih 1–2&nbsp;mm, ogé buluan. ''[[Kelopak]]'' wujudna [[béntang]], mahkota wujudna kawas biwir, kelirna bungur kolot aya ogé anu ngora, kalawan panjangna 7-10(-12) mm wujudna kawas solobong rada ménkol. Kembangan di bulan [[Pébruari]]-[[Agustus]]. Beutina leutik, kelirna coklat, jeung daging beutina bodae. Panjangna 2–4&nbsp;cm. Akarna ''serabut''.<ref name=Sastra/><ref name=vlsm/><ref name=floramalesiana/> == Sebaran, habitat, jeung ngarintahkeun == [[file:Plectranthus rotundifolius DSCN0612.jpg|jmpl|ka|195px|Beuti kumeli jawa anu dirabut]] [[file:Plectranthus_rotundifolius_by_kadavoor.jpg|jmpl|kiri|210px|Kembang kumeli jawa]] Ieu tutuwuhan pituin ti nagara [[India]], tuluy nyebar ka [[Madagaskar]], jeung [[Malaysia]]. [[Pilipina]], dan [[Maluku]]. Di Indonesia, loba kapanggih dipelak di [[Banten]], [[Jakarta]], [[Magelang]], [[Sumatra]], [[Jawa]], [[Yogya]], jeung [[Bali]]. Hirup kalawan subur di daérah anu perenahna 40-1300 [[mdpl]] mikaresep daérah anu [[iklim]]na panas. Anu puguh mah, [[Rumphius]] nyebutkeun cenah ieu tutuwuhan geus dipelak dina waktu anu geus lila.<ref name=Sastra/><ref name=floramalesiana/> Numutkeun ka Heyne nuliskeun ceuk Rumphius, ieu tutuwuhan utamana loba dipelak di [[Jawa]] jeung [[Bali]]. Sakali deui, Heyne ogé nyokot tulisan Rumphius [[H.C.H de Bie|de Bie]] (''De Landbouw der Inladsche Bevolking op Java'' [Pertanian dlm Masyarakat Jawa], 1901-02, jilid I:107), Yén tutuwuhan ieu loba dipelak di [[sawah|persawahan]] [[Batavia]] (kiwari Jakarta).<ref name=heyne/> [[File:Plectranthus rotundifolius.jpg|ka|jmpl|250px|Kumeli jawa anu geus diberesihan]] Kumeli jawa dirintahkeun atawa dipelakeun kujalan di [[seték]] tanhkalna, dina waktu saminggu ogé ieu tutuwuhan geus sirungan. Setekan tangkal Kumeli pibiniheun sahenteuna kudu mibanda tilu buku, panjangna kurang leuwih 15&nbsp;cm, sarta dipelakeun dina mimiti datang usum [[ hujan]]. Taneuh anu bakal dipelakan saméméhna kudu dijieun gundukan. Jarak unggsl gundukan kurang leuwih 50&nbsp;cm. Bisa ogé dibinihkeun tina [[beutina]] anu ngora kénéh, tuluy dicecebkeun dina lombang taneuh anu hipu jarakna kurang leuwih : 30 × 30&nbsp;cm, unggal lombang dieusian 3 siki.<ref name=heyne/><ref name=Soeseno/> Dimana umurna nincak sabulan atawa leuwih , jukut-jukut anu jaradi kudu dirambétan. Mangsa umurna nincak 2 bulan, sagigireun jukut jukut a anu diberesihan ogé kudu bari dibumbun. Nincak umurna opat bulan, Kumeli jawa kakara bisa diarah hasilna [[beuti]] na.<ref name=heyne/><ref name=Soeseno>{{aut|Soeseno, Slamet}} (1985). ''Sayur-Mayur untuk Karang Gizi''. hal.104-105. [[Jakarta]]:Penebar Swadaya.</ref> ==Sajarah== Numutkeun kana sajarahna, baheula urang [[Portugis]] manggihan ieu tutuwuhan loba hirup di basisir [[ Koromandel]] ogé katempo hirup di [[Sailan]], sanajan teupati loba. Bisa waé ieu tutuwuhan dibawa ku urang [[ Arab]] nepi ka [[India]], kitu deui ku urang Portugis dibawa nepi ka [[Malaka]]. Urang Portugis mawa kumeli Jawa salaku kadaharan [[ impor]] anu hadé dipelak di [[iklim]] garing.<ref>{{cite web |title=LAMIACEAE: Solenostemon |work=Plants for Use |url=http://plantsforuse.com/index.php?page=1&id=1776 |accessdate=25 Mei 2014}}</ref> == Guna jeung mangpaat== Ceuk Karel Heyne dina bukuna "''De nuttige'' " ('''IV''':133-34) nyebutkeun cenah urang Indonésia melak kumeli jawa pikeun campuran [[sayur]]. Kumeli jawa gedéna timimiti sagedé [[kaléci]] nepi keun ka sagedé peureup budak, ieu kumeli wujudna pating jarendul. Kulit beuti kelirna hideung, ari jerona mah bodas. Daunna remen dimangpaatkeun pikeun campuran nyieun ubar. <ref name=heyne/> Salaku [[zat pati]], Kumeli jawa bisa dipaké pikeun opieun/''penganan'' soré anu saméméhna diasakan heula .<ref name=Soeseno/> Kumeli jawa/kentang hitam bisa ogé langsung didahar pikeun [[lalab|lalapan]]. Kumeli ngora jeung Kumeli kolot béda dina pamangpaatanna anu ngora mah dipaké pikeun campuran sayur lodéh, sayur asem, jeung sajabana. Kumeli nu kolotna dikeueum an heula dina cai [[apu]], dikulub, kakara bisa didahar. <ref name=Sastra/> H. Keng geus nyatet (1978) dina "Flora Malesiana", nyebutkeun cenah Kumeli nu kolotna dipaké gaganti kentang sarta disiksikan salaku [[bakso]]. Kumeli jawa ulah didahar loba teuing, bisi nyeri beuteung atawa bunghak.<ref name=floramalesiana/> Dina hubunganna jeung ubar, kumeli bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun ubar bareuh, kucara diparud heula tuluy beunang marudna ditaplokeun palebah anu bareuh. Numutkeun panalungtikan, dipikanyaho beuti jeung daun kumeli jawa mibanda [[saponin]], [[flavonoida]], jeung ''[[polifenol]]''.<ref name=vlsm/> Kumeli jawa ogé mibanda ''[[antioksidan]]'' anu natural sarta antikanker anu ayana tina sari pati ''[[etanol]]'' daging jeung kulitna kitu deui ''antioksidan'' sarta ''aktivitas'' ''antiproliferatif'' anu dijieun tina sari pati ''etanol'' kulit kalawan ''dosis'' anu ditangtukeun. Sagigireun éta, kumeli Jawa ogé mibanda [[fitosterol]] jeung ''asam maslinat'' (''maslinic acid'').<ref>{{cite journal |author={{aut|Nugraheni, M.; Santoso, U.; Suparmo; Wuryastuti}} |title=Potential of Coleus tuberosus as an antioxidant and cancer chemoprevention agent |journal=International Food Research Journal |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=1471{{spaced ndash}}1480 |year=2011 |url=http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/18%20(04)%202011/(37)IFRJ-2011-288.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619053046/http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/18%20(04)%202011/(37)IFRJ-2011-288.pdf |date=2022-06-19 }}</ref> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu ka luar == * [http://www.plantamor.com/species/index.php?plant=375 Kumeli Jawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200821/http://www.plantamor.com/species/index.php?plant=375 |date=2014-05-25 }} Dina "plantamor.com". * [http://jatim.litbang.deptan.go.id/ind/index.php/berita/janganlupa/657-ekspedisi-7-makanan-purba-kentang-hitam-di-negeri-besi-kuning EKSPEDISI 7: Makanan Purba Kentang Hitam di Negeri Besi Kuning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195247/http://jatim.litbang.deptan.go.id/ind/index.php/berita/janganlupa/657-ekspedisi-7-makanan-purba-kentang-hitam-di-negeri-besi-kuning |date=2014-05-25 }} ti BPTP Jawa Timur. {{tumbuhan-stub}} [[Kategori:Lamiaceae]] [[Kategori:beubeutian]] [[Kategori :Tutuwuhan tropis]] [[Kategori :Tutuwuhan ubar]] [[Kategori:tutuwuhan]] nvopihv1d9uwh2e2x6dfcjezvo64ij6 0 102851 712888 704791 2026-09-23T06:26:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography|name=Geoffrey Castillion|nationalteam1={{timnasu|18|Belanda}}|goals2=5|years3=2020–|clubs3=[[Persib Bandung]]|caps3=3|goals3=3|nationalyears1=|nationalcaps1=2|clubs2=→ [[RKC Waalwijk]] (Loan)|nationalgoals1=1|nationalyears2=|nationalteam2={{timnasu|19|Belanda}}|nationalcaps2=6|nationalgoals2=2|club-update=08:28, 24 Mei 2012 (UTC)|caps2=28|years2=2011–2012|image=|currentclub=[[Persib Bandung]]|caption=|fullname=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1991|5|25|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Amsterdam]], [[Belanda]]|height={{height|m=1.91}}<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/clubs/player=1908209/index.html UEFA profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226085356/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/clubs/player=1908209/index.html |date=2011-02-26 }}</ref>|position=[[Penyerang]]|clubnumber=20|goals1=0|youthyears1=–2005|youthclubs1=[[Door Wilskracht Sterk|AFC DWS]]<ref>[http://www.ajaxinside.nl/spelers/profiel/50/Geoffrey%20Castillion Geoffrey Castillion - Ajax Inside.nl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101519/http://www.ajaxinside.nl/spelers/profiel/50/Geoffrey%20Castillion |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>|youthyears2=2005–2010|youthclubs2=[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]]|years1=2010–|clubs1=[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]]|caps1=1|ntupdate=18 April 2011}} '''Geoffrey Castillion''' dibabarkeun ping 25 Mei 1991. Anjeunna salah saurang pamaén [[Maén bal|bal]] kabangsaan [[Walanda]] anu maén keur [[Pérsib|Persib Bandung]] dina liga 1 Indonésia salaku [[Penyerang|striker]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soccerway.com/players/geoffrey-castillion/182126//|title=Geoffrey Castillion Statistics|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref> Castillion ngamimitian karir junior na di AFC DWS jeung [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] tuluy ngamimitian karir seniorna di [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] ti 2010 anu kungsi diinjeumkeun ka RKC Waalwijk jeung Heracles Almelo dina taun 2012. == Rujukan ==   [[Kategori:Olahraga]] [[Kategori:Pérsib Bandung]] 0ousmpbvvvm5coks7u7i4d9ol4vdhxv 0 102884 712885 708792 2026-09-23T06:11:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Francisbyelgreco.jpg|ka|jmpl|300px|[[Santo Fransiskus ti Asisi]]. Lukisan ku El Greco]] '''Fransiskan''' nyaéta hiji kelompok anu pakait jeung [[ordo kaagemanan Katolik|ordo kaagemanan]] [[ordo mendikan|mendikan]] dina [[Garéja Katolik]], diadegkeun taun 1209 ku [[Fransiskus ti Assisi]]. Ordo-ordo ieu ngawengku '''[[Ordo Fratrum Minorum]]''', '''[[Ordo Santa Clara]]''', jeung '''[[Ordo Katilu ti Santo Fransiskus]]'''. Istilah '''Fransiskan''' digunakeun pikeun ngarujuk kana [[ordo kaagemanan]] [[Katolik]] jeung [[Anglikan]] anu milu kana palanggeran anu dipikawanoh minangka [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-rule.html "Palanggeran St. Francis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527092111/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-rule.html |date=2013-05-27 }},<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-rule.html "The Rule of the Franciscan Order" from the ''Medieval Sourcebook''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527092111/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-rule.html |date=2013-05-27 }}</ref> atawa saurang anggota ti ordo-ordo éta. Aya ogé sababaraha komunitas leutik Katolik Kolot jeung Protéstan. Grup anu pangkasohorna anu nurut kana "Palanggeran St. Francis" nyaéta [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum]] (mindeng disebut "Fransiskan" atawa "Minoritas"). Ordo Fratrum Minorum nyaéta ordo kaagemanan anu ngamimitian tina [[Francis ti Assisi]]. == Rujukan == === Buku === * ''A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517'' by John Richard Humpidge Moorman, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (1968) ISBN 0-19-826425-9 * ''Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (3rd Edition)'' by C.H. Lawrence, ISBN 0-582-40427-4 * ''The Spiritual Franciscans: From Protest to Persecution in the Century After Saint Francis'' by David Burr. ISBN 0-271-02128-4 * ''Francis and Clare: The Complete Works'' By Ignatius C. Brady, Regis J. Armstrong, Paulist Press, Mahwah, New Jersy, (1982) ISBN 0-8091-2446-7 === Artikel === * Schmucki, Oktavian (2000) "Die Regel des Johannes von Matha und die Regel des Franziskus von Assisi. Ähnlichkeiten und Eigenheiten. Neue Beziehungen zum Islam" (pp.&nbsp;219–244) in Cipollone, Giulio (ed.). ''La Liberazione dei 'Captivi' tra Cristianità e Islam: Oltre la Crociata e il Gihâd: Tolleranza e Servizio Umanitario.'' (CollectaneaArchivi Vaticani, 46.) Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Vatican City. == Tutumbu kaluar == === Loka resmi ti tilu cagak tina Order Kahiji === * [http://www.ofm.org/ Ordo Fratrum Minorum], official website * [http://www.ofmcap.org/ Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816054340/http://www.ofmcap.org/ |date=2019-08-16 }}, official website * [http://www.ofm-conv.org/ Ordo Fratrum Minorum Conventualium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509065748/http://www.ofm-conv.org/ |date=2008-05-09 }}, official website === Loka resmi ti tilu cagak tina Order Kadua Katilu jeung Biasa === * [http://www.franciscan-brothers.net The Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis of Assisi, CFP located in the United States, Belgium, The Netherlands, and Brazil, Regular Third Order], official website * [http://www.francescanitor.org/ Tertius Ordo Regularis], official website * [http://www.ciofs.org/index.htm Ordo Franciscanus Saecularis], official website === Tutumbu séjénna === * [http://www.wtu.edu/franciscan/ Franciscan Web Page - Listing of various Franciscan Organizations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207040619/http://www.wtu.edu/franciscan/ |date=2007-02-07 }} * [http://www.nafra-sfo.org/ The National Fraternity of the Secular Franciscan Order - USA] * [http://www.franciscanbrothers.org/ The Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn] * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06217a.htm The Catholic Encyclopedia: The Franciscan Order] * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06244b.htm The Catholic Encyclopedia: The Fraticelli] * [http://www.franciscansinternational.org/ Franciscans International: a non-governmental organisation at the United Nations - NY and Geneva] * [http://www.franciscans.com/ Franciscan Web Page - International Ecumenical Franciscans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208111212/http://franciscans.com/ |date=2023-02-08 }} * [http://www.tssf.org/ Third Order Society of Saint Francis (TSSF)] * [http://www.penitents.org/ Confraternity of Penitents] Roman Catholic Lay Confraternity living a modern Rule based on the Rule of 1221 * [http://www.franciscans.com/ Order of Ecumenical Franciscans (OEF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208111212/http://franciscans.com/ |date=2023-02-08 }} Ecumenical Order * [http://francis.baznica.info The Saint Francis Ecumenical Society (SFES)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222025211/http://francis.baznica.info/ |date=2010-12-22 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - [http://babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_url?doit=done&tt=url&intl=1&fr=bf-home&trurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffrancis.baznica.info%2F&lp=ru_en&btnTrUrl=Translate Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311233123/http://babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_url?doit=done&tt=url&intl=1&fr=bf-home&trurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffrancis.baznica.info%2F&lp=ru_en&btnTrUrl=Translate |date=2007-03-11 }} Ecumenical Franciscan Society from Eastern Europe (lutheran, orthodox, anglican and free protestant members) === Tutumbu Fransiskan Anglikan === '''First Order (Society of Saint Francis, SSF)''' * [http://www.franciscans.org.uk European Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717021315/http://www.franciscans.org.uk/ |date=2011-07-17 }} * [http://www.s-s-f.org/ Province of the Americas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226142346/http://s-s-f.org/ |date=2011-02-26 }} * [http://www.franciscan.org.au/ Australian Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205160848/http://www.franciscan.org.au/ |date=2011-02-05 }} * [http://www.franciscan.org.nz/ New Zealand Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813124146/http://franciscan.org.nz/ |date=2010-08-13 }} '''First Order (Community of Saint Francis, CSF)''' * [http://www.franciscans.org.uk/h-compton.html European Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118102831/http://www.franciscans.org.uk/h-compton.html |date=2007-01-18 }} * [http://www.communitystfrancis.org/ Province of the Americas] '''Second Order (Community of Saint Clare, OSC)''' * [http://www.franciscans.org.uk/02-osc.html European Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204043956/http://www.franciscans.org.uk/02-osc.html |date=2007-02-04 }} '''Third Order (TSSF)''' * [http://orders.anglican.org/tssf/ European Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204183419/http://orders.anglican.org/tssf/ |date=2009-02-04 }} * [http://www.tssf.org/ Province of the Americas] * [http://www.franciscanthirdorder.godzone.net.nz New Zealand Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922174647/http://www.franciscanthirdorder.godzone.net.nz/ |date=2018-09-22 }} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Ordo jeung Sarikat Katolik Roma]] 7b2w5uyge9ftahxme7ulfi34ejvcko7 0 102936 712942 712233 2026-09-23T11:43:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712942 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:COVID-19-outbreak-timeline.gif|300px|jmpl|Peta animasi [[COVID-19]] ti tanggal 12 Januari nepi ka 3 Maret 2020]] Ieu kaca ngadokuméntasikeun kronologi jeung épidemiologi inféksi koronavirus sindrom parénghapan akut beurat 2 ([[SARS-CoV-2]]), virus anu nanggungjawab [[Sasalad koronavirus 2019–2020|sasalad panyakit koronavirus 2019–2020]] anu asalna ti [[Wuhan]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]]. Ieu kaca meureun teu ngawengku sakabéh réspons jeung tindakan utama. Sababaraha pamekaran panyakit karék bisa dipikanyaho atawa dipahaman sapinuhna kalawan métodeu kilas balik (rétrospéksi). == Nopémber 2019 == '''17 November 2019''': Kasus kakonfirmasi munggaran kira-kira pecenghul sabot 17 November 2019 tetapi kasus masih belum diketahui pada saat itu.<ref name=original_report>{{cite news |title=China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17 |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back |work=South China Morning Post |date=13 March 2020 |language=en|archive-date=19 March 2020|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313004217/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3074991/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back}}</ref> Hingga saat ini pencarian untuk pasien pertama masih terus berlanjut.<ref name="msn.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/the-first-covid-19-case-originated-on-november-17-according-to-chinese-officials-searching-for-patient-zero/ar-BB119fWJ|title=The first COVID-19 case originated on November 17, according to Chinese officials searching for 'Patient Zero'|website=www.msn.com|access-date=26 Maret 2020}}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">Davidson, Helen (13 March 2020). "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/first-covid-19-case-happened-in-november-china-government-records-show-report|First Covid-19 case happened in November, China government records show – report]". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Diakses pada 26 Maret 2020.</ref><ref name="newsweek.com">Walker, James (14 March 2020). "[https://www.newsweek.com/china-traces-coronavirus-back-first-confirmed-patient-zero-1492327|China Traces Coronavirus to First Confirmed Case, Nearly Identifying 'Patient Zero'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407064504/https://www.newsweek.com/china-traces-coronavirus-back-first-confirmed-patient-zero-1492327%7CChina |date=2020-04-07 }}". Newsweek. Diakses pada 26 Maret 2020.</ref> == Désémber 2019 == '''30 Desember 2019''': "Béwara ngadeseh ngeunaan pangubaran pnéumonia kalawan sabab anu teu dipikanyaho" dipedalkeun ku Administrasi Medis Komiteu Kaséhatan Kota Wuhan<ref>{{cite web|title=UNDIAGNOSED PNEUMONIA – CHINA (HUBEI): REQUEST FOR INFORMATION. Archive Number: 20191230.6864153 |url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6864153|website=Pro-MED-mail|publisher=International Society for Infectious Diseases|accessdate=19 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''31 Desember 2019''': 27 urang kalawan pnéumonia anu sababna teu dipikanyaho dilaporkeun ka WHO. Sawaréhna téh mangrupa anu boga kios di Pasar Hakaneun Laut Tiongkok Kidul Wuhan. Tujuh warga nyampak dina kondisi daria jeung ngancam jiwa. Balukarna, Hong Kong, Makau jeung Taiwan ngetatkeun prosés pamariksaan asup ka wewengkon maranéhna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/viral-wabah-pneumonia-misterius-yang-menjangkiti-china-begini-ceritanya|title=Viral wabah pneumonia misterius yang menjangkiti China, begini ceritanya|last=Taqiyyah Rafie|first=Barratut|website=Kontan Online|access-date=5 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Parry2020">{{Cite journal|last=Parry|first=Jane|date=8 Januari 2020|title=Pneumonia in China: lack of information raises concerns among Hong Kong health workers|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m56|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=368|doi=10.1136/bmj.m56|issn=1756-1833|pmid=31915179|access-date=17 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108225058/https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m56|archive-date=8 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> == Januari 2020 == '''1 Januari 2020''': Pasar lauk jeung sato anu dicurigaan patali jeung kasus pnéumonia untuk pameresihan jeung disinfeksi.<ref name=promedmail>{{cite web|title=Undiagnosed pneumonia – China (HU) (01): wildlife sales, market closed, RFI Archive Number: 20200102.6866757 |url=https://promedmail.org/promed-post/?id=6866757|website=Pro-MED-mail|publisher=International Society for Infectious Diseases|accessdate=13 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''3 Januari 2020''': Thailand mulai mariksa panumpang anu datang ti Wuhan di opat bandara anu béda.<ref name= Schnirring13Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-finds-wuhan-novel-coronavirus-traveler-china|title=Thailand finds Wuhan novel coronavirus in traveler from China|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|last2=2020|date=13 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113231747/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-finds-wuhan-novel-coronavirus-traveler-china|archive-date=13 Januari 2020|access-date=14 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiangmaione.com/four-suspected-cases-of-mystery-chinese-viral-pneumonia-detected-at-cm-aiport-5892|title=Four suspected cases of mystery Chinese viral pneumonia detected at CM Airport {{!}} Chiang Mai One|last=Team|first=CM1|language=en-US|access-date=15 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115233533/https://chiangmaione.com/four-suspected-cases-of-mystery-chinese-viral-pneumonia-detected-at-cm-aiport-5892|archive-date=15 Januari 2020|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115233533/https://chiangmaione.com/four-suspected-cases-of-mystery-chinese-viral-pneumonia-detected-at-cm-aiport-5892 |date=2020-01-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/wuhan-viral-pneumonia-alert/|title=Wuhan viral pneumonia alert|last=CityNews|website=Chiang Mai Citylife|language=en-US|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref> Dina poé éta kénéh, Singapura mulai mariksa suhu panumpang di [[Bandar Udara Changi]].<ref name="RMOL2Jan">{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.rmol.id/read/2020/01/03/416032/waspada-wabah-pneumonia-bandara-changi-lakukan-pindai-suhu-badan-penumpang|title=Waspada Wabah Pneumonia, Bandara Changi Lakukan Pindai Suhu Badan Penumpang|last=Meiliana Gunawan|first=Sarah|website=RMOL.id|date=5 Januari 2020|access-date=5 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''5 Januari 2020''': Investigasi munggaran panyabab pnéumonia nyingkirkeun flu musiman, SARS, MERS jeung [[flu burung]].<ref name=Hui14Jan2020>{{Cite journal|last=Hui|first=David S.|last2=Azhar|first2=Esam EI|last3=Madani|first3=Tariq A.|last4=Ntoumi|first4=Francine|last5=Kock|first5=Richard|last6=Dar|first6=Osman|last7=Ippolito|first7=Giuseppe|last8=Mchugh|first8=Timothy D.|last9=Memish|first9=Ziad A.|last10=Drosten|first10=Christian|last11=Zumla|first11=Alimuddin|date=14 Januari 2020|title=The continuing epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – the latest novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30011-4/pdf |journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=91|issue=|pages=264–266|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009|issn=1201-9712|via=}}</ref><ref name=CDC6Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/watch/pneumonia-china|title=Pneumonia of Unknown Cause in China – Watch – Level 1, Practice Usual Precautions – Travel Health Notices {{!}} Travelers' Health {{!}} CDC|last=|first=|date=6 Januari 2020|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108143634/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/watch/pneumonia-china|archive-date=8 Januari 2020|access-date=7 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jumlah dugaan kasus anu dilaporkeun nepi 59 urang kalawan tujuh dina kondisi kritis. Kabéh pasén dikarantina jeung 163 urang anu kungsi kontak jeung maranéhna mulai dipariksa. Ayeuna mah, euweuh laporan kasus panépaan ti jelema ka jelema atawa préséntasi papada patugas kaséhatan.<ref name="Schnirring6Jan20">{{cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/questions-still-swirl-over-chinas-unexplained-pneumonia-outbreak|title=Questions still swirl over China's unexplained pneumonia outbreak|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=6 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106222635/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/questions-still-swirl-over-chinas-unexplained-pneumonia-outbreak|archive-date=6 Januari 2020|accessdate=7 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="5 Jan">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51000910 |title=China pneumonia: Sars ruled out as dozens fall ill in Wuhan |date=5 Januari 2020 |accessdate=6 January 2020 |website=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106005035/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51000910 |archive-date=6 Januari 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> '''6 Januari 2020''': [[Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit]] AS (CDC) mengeluarkan ''travel watch'' di level 1, dengan rekomendasi untuk mencuci tangan dan saran untuk menghindari hewan, pasar hewan, dan kontak dengan orang yang tidak sehat jika bepergian ke Wuhan.<ref name="Schnirring6Jan20" /><ref name=CDC6Jan2020 /> '''9 Januari 2020''': WHO ngonfirmasi yén koronavirus anyar geus diisolasi ti saurang anu dirawat di rumah sakit.<ref name="WHO9Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china|title=WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China|last=|first=|date=9 Januari 2020|website=who.int|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114133102/https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china|archive-date=14 Januari 2020|access-date=9 Januari 2020}}</ref> Dina poé éta kénéh Pusat Pangendalian jeung Panyegahan Panyakit Éropa mosting panilayan risiko munggaran.<ref name= Schnirring10Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/pressure-builds-china-share-info-new-coronavirus|title=Pressure builds on China to share info on new coronavirus|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=10 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110230138/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/pressure-builds-china-share-info-new-coronavirus|archive-date=10 Januari 2020|access-date=11 Januari 2020}}</ref> WHO juga melaporkan bahwa pihak berwenang Tiongkok telah bertindak cepat<ref name=Schnirring9Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/more-details-emerge-new-coronavirus-wuhan-cluster|title=More details emerge on new coronavirus in Wuhan cluster|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=9 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110062152/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/more-details-emerge-new-coronavirus-wuhan-cluster|archive-date=10 Januari 2020|access-date=9 Januari 2020}}</ref> untuk mengidentifikasi virus korona baru dalam beberapa minggu pasca awal terjadinya peristiwa tersebut, dengan jumlah orang yang diuji secara positif adalah 41 orang.<ref name="Lucey">{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/14/china-response-wuhan-pneumonia-better-sars/|title=China Deserves Some Credit for Its Handling of the Wuhan Pneumonia|last=Lucey|first=Daniel|last2=Sparrow|first2=Annie|date=14 Januari 2020|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115042408/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/14/china-response-wuhan-pneumonia-better-sars/|archive-date=15 Januari 2020|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kematian pertama akibat virus itu terjadi pada seorang pria berusia 61 tahun yang merupakan pelanggan tetap di pasar. Dia memiliki sejumlah kondisi medis yang signifikan, termasuk penyakit hati kronis dan dia meninggal karena gagal jantung dan pneumonia. Insiden ini dilaporkan di Tiongkok oleh Komisi Kesehatan Nasional melalui media pemerintah Tiongkok pada tanggal 11 Januari.<ref name="Schnirring11Jan2020" /><ref name="QinNYT11Jan2020" /><ref name=ECDP14Jan2020 /><ref name=Medcom11Jan2020>{{cite web |url=https://www.medcom.id/internasional/asia/GNlYpaBb-tiongkok-laporkan-kematian-pertama-dari-pneumonia-misterius|title=Tiongkok Laporkan Kematian Pertama dari Pneumonia Misterius|date=11 Januari 2020|accessdate=22 Januari 2020 |website=Medcom.id}}</ref> '''10 Januari 2020''': Data sekuensing gen dari koronavirus Wuhan yang terisolasi, virus dari keluarga yang sama dengan koronavirus SARS, diposting di Virological.org oleh para peneliti dari [[Universitas Fudan]], Shanghai. Tiga dari [[Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Tiongkok]], satu dari Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Medis Tiongkok, dan satu dari Rumah Sakit Jinyintan di Wuhan telah diposting ke laman ''Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data'' ([[GISAID]]).<ref name="Gan9Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/08/health/china-wuhan-pneumonia-virus-intl-hnk/index.html|title=A new virus related to SARS is the culprit in China's mysterious pneumonia outbreak, scientists say|last=Gan|first=Nectar|date=9 Januari 2020|website=CNN|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109065952/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/08/health/china-wuhan-pneumonia-virus-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=9 Januari 2020|access-date=9 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name= Schnirring13Jan2020 /><ref name=NCBI>{{cite web |title=Wuhan seafood market pneumonia virus isolate Wuhan-Hu-1, complete genome |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947 |website=NCBI Genbank |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information |accessdate=20 Januari 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121045720/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947 |archive-date=21 Januari 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pada hari yang sama, ''Public Health England'' mengeluarkan panduannya.<ref name= Schnirring10Jan2020 /> '''11 Januari 2020''': Di Tiongkok, lebih dari 700 kontak dekat dari 41 kasus yang terkonfirmasi, termasuk lebih dari 400 petugas kesehatan, telah dipantau, tanpa ada kasus baru yang dilaporkan di Tiongkok sejak 5 Januari.<ref name="Schnirring6Jan20" /><ref name=CDC6Jan2020 /><ref name=Schnirring11Jan2020 /><ref name="Schnirring7Jan20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/nations-step-screening-and-await-word-chinas-pneumonia-outbreak|title=Nations step up screening and await word on China's pneumonia outbreak|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|date=7 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107220738/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/nations-step-screening-and-await-word-chinas-pneumonia-outbreak|archive-date=7 Januari 2020|access-date=8 Januari 2020}}</ref> WHO menerbitkan panduan awal tentang saran perjalanan, pengujian di laboratorium dan penyelidikan medis.<ref name=Schnirring11Jan2020 /> '''13 Januari 2020''': CDC mengumumkan bahwa genom telah terdaftar pada database urutan genetik [[Institut Kesehatan Nasional]], [[GenBank]] Pada hari yang sama, Thailand mengumumkan kasus pertama pada 2019-nCoV di negaranya, yang pertama kali terjadi di luar Tiongkok.<ref name=WHO14Jan2010 /> Wanita Tiongkok berusia 61 tahun yang terkena dampak, yang merupakan penduduk Wuhan, tidak mengunjungi Pasar Makanan Laut Huanan, tetapi tercatat telah pergi ke pasar lain. Dia tiba di Bangkok pada 8 Januari.<ref name=Schnirring14Jan2020 /> '''14 Januari 2020''': Dua dari 41 kasus yang dikonfirmasi di Wuhan dilaporkan mencakup pasangan yang sudah menikah, meningkatkan kemungkinan penularan dari manusia ke manusia.<ref name="Schnirring14Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|title=Report: Thailand's coronavirus patient didn't visit outbreak market|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|last2=|date=14 Januari 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114230152/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/report-thailands-coronavirus-patient-didnt-visit-outbreak-market|archive-date=14 Januari 2020|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="CDC15Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/novel-coronavirus-2019.html|title=Novel Coronavirus 2019 {{!}} CDC|last=|first=|date=15 Januari 2020|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114084712/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/novel-coronavirus-2019.html|archive-date=14 Januari 2020|access-date=15 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''15 Januari 2020''': * Kematian kedua terjadi pada seorang pria berusia 69 tahun di Tiongkok.<ref name=Schirring16Jan2020 /><ref name=Lip619Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liputan6.com/health/read/4158945/tiongkok-laporkan-kematian-kedua-terkait-pneumonia-wuhan|title=Tiongkok Laporkan Kematian Kedua Terkait Pneumonia Wuhan|date=19 Januari 2020|work=Liputan6.com|last=Dio Prasasti|first=Giovani|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=Reuters16Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-pneumonia-idUSKBN1ZG01B|title=China says second person dies in Wuhan pneumonia outbreak|date=17 Januari 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=17 Januari 2020|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117105016/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-pneumonia-idUSKBN1ZG01B|archive-date=17 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> * WHO menerbitkan protokol pengujian diagnostik untuk 2019-nCoV, yang dikembangkan oleh tim virologi dari Rumah Sakit [[Charité]].<ref name=Schirring16Jan2020 /> '''16 Januari 2020''': WHO diberitahu oleh [[Kementerian Kesehatan, Tenaga Kerja, dan Sosial Jepang]] bahwa seorang pria Tiongkok berusia 30 tahun telah dinyatakan positif menggunakan 2019-nCoV selama perawatan di rumah sakit antara 10 dan 15 Januari. Dia belum mengunjungi Pasar Makanan Laut Huanan, tetapi mungkin memiliki kontak dekat dengan orang yang terpengaruh di Wuhan.<ref name=NHK16Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200116/k10012247361000.html|title=中国 武漢の肺炎 国内で初確認 武漢に渡航した男性から 厚労省|last=Hoso Kyokai|first=Nippon|trans-title=Pneumonia pertama kali terkonfirmasi di Jepang Dari seorang pria yang melakukan perjalanan ke Wuhan|date=16 Januari 2020|website=NHK News|language=ja|access-date=22 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116010014/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200116/k10012247361000.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116010014/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20200116/k10012247361000.html |date=2020-01-16 }}</ref><ref name=WHO=16Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/16-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-japan-ex-china/en/|title=WHO {{!}} Novel Coronavirus – Japan (ex-China)|website=WHO|date=16 Januari 2020|access-date=17 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''17 Januari 2020''': Kasus kedua 2019-nCoV di Thailand dilaporkan pada seorang wanita berusia 74 tahun yang tiba di Bangkok dalam penerbangan dari Wuhan.<ref name=MI17Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/284083-thailand-temukan-kasus-kedua-virus-pneumonia-tiongkok|title=Thailand Temukan Kasus Kedua Virus Pneumonia Tiongkok|last=Hasyim Salengke|first=Haufan|date=17 Januari 2020|work=Media Indonesia|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=GovHK17Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202001/17/P2020011700960.htm|title=CHP closely monitors additional confirmed case of infection of novel coronavirus in Thailand|language=en|date=17 Januari 2020|website=www.info.gov.hk|access-date=17 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jumlah kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium naik menjadi 45 kasus di Tiongkok.<ref name=Schnirring17Jan2020>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-notes-2nd-ncov-case-cdc-begins-airport-screening|title=As Thailand notes 2nd nCoV case, CDC begins airport screening|last=Schnirring|first=Lisa|last2=2020|date=17 January 2020|website=CIDRAP|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117222155/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/01/thailand-notes-2nd-ncov-case-cdc-begins-airport-screening|archive-date=17 Januari 2020|access-date=18 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''18 Januari 2020''': Tiongkok melaporkan 17 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi dengan laboratorium, dengan tiga kasus dalam kondisi kritis. Jumlah kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium naik menjadi 62 kasus di Tiongkok, dengan usia berkisar antara 30 hingga 79 tahun, di mana 19 di antaranya sembuh dan delapan lainnya tetap dalam kondisi kritis. '''19 Januari 2020''': Kasus yang terkonfirmasi pertama kali dilaporkan di Tiongkok, di luar Wuhan, satu di provinsi [[Guangdong]] dan dua di Beijing. Kematian baru juga dilaporkan di Wuhan, sehingga total korban meninggal di Tiongkok menjadi tiga orang.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.okezone.com/read/2020/01/20/18/2155361/korban-virus-misterius-china-melonjak-139-kasus-dalam-dua-hari|title=Korban Virus Misterius China Melonjak 139 Kasus dalam Dua Hari|last=Asmardika|first=Rahman|date=20 Januari 2020|work=Okezone.com|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''20 Januari 2020''': Kasus yang dikonfirmasi pertama kali dilaporkan di Korea Selatan.<ref name="Yonhap20Jan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/MYH20200120011200038|title= [현장연결] "국내서 '우한 폐렴' 첫 확진자 발생…중국인 여성"|trans-title=Kasus Pertama Pneumonia Wuhan di Korea Selatan... Wanita asal Tiongkok|date=20 Januari 2020|website=Yonhap|language=ko|access-date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref> Beijing dan Guangdong masing-masing melaporkan tambahan tiga dan 13 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium. Shanghai mengkonfirmasi kasus pertamanya, menjadikan jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Tiongkok menjadi 218 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://video.tempo.co/read/18323/wabah-virus-korona-terus-meluas-218-kasus-di-seluruh-cina|title=Wabah Virus Korona Terus Meluas, 218 Kasus di Seluruh Cina |last=Februana|first=Ngarto|date=22 Januari 2020|website=Tempo.co|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-coronavirus-kills-third-person-spreads-to-more-cities-11579494221|title=Coronavirus Is Spreading Quickly Across China as Confirmed Cases Triple|last=Cheng|first=Chao Deng dan Jonathan|website=WSJ|language=en-US|access-date=21 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121040231/https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-coronavirus-kills-third-person-spreads-to-more-cities-11579494221|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Tim investigasi dari Komisi Kesehatan Nasional Tiongkok mengkonfirmasi bahwa virus korona dapat ditularkan dari manusia ke manusia. Setidaknya dua orang telah terinfeksi sementara mereka tinggal ratusan mil dari Wuhan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/19/asia/china-coronavirus-spike-intl-hnk/index.html|title=China confirms new coronavirus can spread between humans|author1=Nectar Gan|author2=Yong Xiong|author3=Eliza Mackintosh|website=CNN|access-date=20 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120040258/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/19/asia/china-coronavirus-spike-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=20 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> '''21 Januari 2020''': * [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan mengadakan pertemuan darurat tentang merebaknya virus ini pada 22 Januari untuk menentukan apakah virus tersebut tergolong "kedaruratan kesehatan masyarakat yang meresahkan dunia".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20200121114942-255-467242/17-kasus-baru-virus-corona-who-bakal-gelar-rapat-darurat |title=17 Kasus Baru Virus Corona, WHO Bakal Gelar Rapat Darurat|last=Indonesia|first=CNN|date=21 Januari 2020|website=CNNIndonesia.com|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Kasus yang dikonfirmasi dilaporkan di beberapa lokasi baru di Tiongkok. Provinsi [[Zhejiang]] dan [[Tianjin]] masing-masing melaporkan 5 dan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zjwjw.gov.cn/art/2020/1/21/art_1202101_41786033.html|title=国家卫生健康委确认我省首例输入性 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=www.zjwjw.gov.cn|access-date=21 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125185024/https://www.zjwjw.gov.cn/art/2020/1/21/art_1202101_41786033.html |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjk.tj.gov.cn/art/2020/1/21/art_14_70132.html|title=天津确诊2例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例|last=|first=|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintahan Tianjin|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Guangdong melaporkan 3 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.gd.gov.cn/zwyw_yqxx/content/post_2877668.html|title=广东省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情通报|language=zh-CN|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Guangdong|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121191255/http://wsjkw.gd.gov.cn/zwyw_yqxx/content/post_2877668.html |date=2020-01-21 }}</ref> Shanghai dan provinsi [[Henan]] masing-masing melaporkan tambahan 4 dan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.sh.gov.cn/xwfb/20200121/353b563cdb594b23a19d6e0d37908a11.html|title=上海卫生健康委员会新增4例新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎确診病例|language=zh-CN|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Henan|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> Satu kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium dilaporkan di provinsi [[Sichuan]], dan [[Chongqing]] melaporkan 5 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.now.com/home/international/player?newsId=377633|title=全球累計313宗武漢新型肺炎病例 重慶出現首宗案例|website=Now 新聞|language=zh-hk|access-date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> [[Shandong]], [[Hunan]], dan [[Yunnan]] masing-masing melaporkan satu kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.shandong.gov.cn/wzxxgk/zwgg/202001/t20200121_2510811.html|title=青岛市疑似新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例被国家卫生健康委确认为确诊病例|language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Shandong|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.hunan.gov.cn/wjw/xxgk/gzdt/zyxw_1/202001/t20200122_11162942.html|title=湖南全力做好新型冠状病毒感|language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Situs Pemerintah Hunan |url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.km.gov.cn/c/2020-01-22/3267609.shtml|title=昆明市卫生健康委关于新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情的情况通报|language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Yunnan|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125185024/http://wsjkw.km.gov.cn/c/2020-01-22/3267609.shtml |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref> [[Jiangxi]] melaporkan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/doc/2020/01/22/137549.shtml|title=江西省確認2例輸入性新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎確診病例|last=|first=|date=21 Januari 2020|website=Jiangxi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122012750/http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/doc/2020/01/22/137549.shtml|archive-date=22 Januari 2020|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122012750/http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/doc/2020/01/22/137549.shtml |date=2020-01-22 }}</ref> Secara keseluruhan, jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Tiongkok meningkat menjadi 312 kasus dan jumlah korban meninggal menjadi 6 orang.<ref name="CNA21Jan">{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-pneumonia-virus-coronavirus-china-deaths-12294100|title=Wuhan authorities report fourth death from coronavirus outbreak|date=21 Januari 2020|website=CNA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121042418/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-pneumonia-virus-coronavirus-china-deaths-12294100|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|accessdate=21 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121042418/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/wuhan-pneumonia-virus-coronavirus-china-deaths-12294100 |date=2020-01-21 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hnwsjsw.gov.cn/contents/177/47946.shtml|title=国家卫生健康委确认我省首例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=www.hnwsjsw.gov.cn|access-date=21 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125185029/http://www.hnwsjsw.gov.cn/contents/177/47946.shtml |date=2020-01-25 }}</ref> * 15 infeksi staf medis Wuhan dilaporkan, 14 di antaranya berasal dari dugaan [[penular super]].<ref>{{cite news |title=中科院：武汉冠状病毒有很强感染人能力 世卫组织：可能持续人传人 |url=https://news.sina.cn/gn/2020-01-21/detail-iihnzhha3976502.d.html |accessdate=22 Januari 2020 |work=Sina News |language=zh|date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Kasus-kasus baru juga dilaporkan di luar daratan Tiongkok. Taiwan melaporkan kasus yang dikonfirmasi dengan laboratorium pertama,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/6oHuoqzW9e_onW0AaMEemg?typeid=9|title=Taiwan Centers for Disease Control|last=|first=|date=21 Januari 2020|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121121657/https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/6oHuoqzW9e_onW0AaMEemg?typeid=9|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|access-date=21 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan kasus pertama di [[Amerika Utara]] dilaporkan di negara bagian [[Washington]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/21/health/wuhan-coronavirus-first-us-case-cdc-bn/index.html|title=CDC confirms first US case of Wuhan coronavirus|last=Correspondent|first=Elizabeth Cohen, Senior Medical|language=en|website=CNN|access-date=21 Januari 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121183952/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/21/health/wuhan-coronavirus-first-us-case-cdc-bn/index.html|archive-date=21 Januari 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Citizens of Wuhan lining up outside of a drug store to buy masks during the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak.jpg|jmpl|ka|300px|Warga mengantri di luar toko obat di kota Wuhan untuk membeli masker wajah dan persediaan medis]] '''22 Januari 2020''': * Komite darurat WHO tidak dapat mencapai konsensus tentang apakah wabah tersebut harus diklasifikasikan sebagai [[Kedaruratan kesehatan masyarakat yang meresahkan dunia|PHEIC]] karena kurangnya informasi. Komite darurat WTO akan melanjutkan diskusi pada hari Kamis.<ref name="Joseph22Jan2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/22/who-postpones-decision-on-whether-to-declare-china-outbreak-a-global-public-health-emergency/|title=WHO postpones decision on whether to declare China outbreak a global public health emergency|last=Joseph|first=Andrew|date=22 Januari 2020|website=Stat News|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122215440/https://www.statnews.com/2020/01/22/who-postpones-decision-on-whether-to-declare-china-outbreak-a-global-public-health-emergency/|archive-date=22 Januari 2020|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Makau]] dan [[Hong Kong]] melaporkan kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium pertama mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E6%AD%A6%E6%BC%A2%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E6%AE%BA%E5%88%B0-%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%A2%BA%E8%A8%BA%E9%A6%96%E5%AE%97%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E5%80%8B%E6%A1%88-091413483.html|title=消息指曾赴武漢抵港內地男 初步確診新型冠狀病毒 {{!}} 新聞 – Yahoo雅虎香港|website=hk.news.yahoo.com|language=zh-Hant-HK|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Macau22Jan">{{Cite news|url=https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20200123/mobile/bkn-20200123095348297-0123_00822_001.html|title=澳門確診第2宗武漢肺炎　患者為66歲男遊客|date=23 Januari 2020|language=zh-yue}}</ref> Beijing melaporkan tambahan 5 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium, sementara Guangdong melaporkan tambahan 9 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium. Shanghai melaporkan tambahan 5 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium, sementara Tianjin melaporkan tambahan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium. Zhejiang dan Jiangxi laporkan masing-masing tambahan 5 dan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.datanews.caixin.com/m/2020-01-20/101506236.html|title=地图｜中国武汉肺炎确诊病例实时动态|website=m.datanews.caixin.com|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh}}</ref> [[Liaoning]] melaporkan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200122_3728428.html|title=辽宁省卫生健康委员会|website=wsjk.ln.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222161515/http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200122_3728428.html |date=2020-02-22 }}</ref> [[Guizhou]], [[Fujian]], [[Anhui]], [[Shanxi]] dan [[Ningxia]] masing-masing melaporkan 1 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gzhfpc.gov.cn/xwzx_500663/sndt/202001/t20200122_44600121.html|title=国家卫生健康委确认我省首例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=www.gzhfpc.gov.cn|language=zh|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=2019年－2020年新型冠狀病毒肺炎事件|date=22 Januari 2020|url=https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D2020%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&oldid=57806349|work=Wikipedia Bahasa Mandarin|language=zh|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53898.html|title=安徽省报告首例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例 – 工作动态 – 安徽省卫生健康委员会|website=wjw.ah.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122153832/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53898.html|archive-date=22 Januari 2020|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122153832/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53898.html |date=2020-01-22 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.shanxi.gov.cn/wjywl02/24321.hrh|title=山西省卫生健康委员会网站-卫健要闻|website=wjw.shanxi.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170058/http://wjw.shanxi.gov.cn/wjywl02/24321.hrh|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170058/http://wjw.shanxi.gov.cn/wjywl02/24321.hrh |date=2020-07-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13207.htm|title=国家卫生健康委确认我区首例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例-宁夏回族自治区卫生健康委员会|website=wsjkw.nx.gov.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170024/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13207.htm|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170024/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13207.htm |date=2020-07-16 }}</ref> [[Hainan]] melaporkan 4 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tech.sina.com.cn/roll/2020-01-22/doc-iihnzahk5804410.shtml|title=海南确诊4例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎|last=国际在线|date=22 Januari 2020|website=tech.sina.com.cn|access-date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh}}</ref> Hunan melaporkan 3 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.hunan.gov.cn/wjw/xxgk/gzdt/zyxw_1/202001/t20200122_11163560.html|language=zh|title=湖南省新增3例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|date=22 Januari 2020|website=hunan.gov.cn|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Guangxi]] melaporkan 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0122/67925.html|title=广西确诊2例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例|date=22 Januari 2020|language=zh|website=gxzf.gov.cn|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125013553/http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0122/67925.html |date=2020-01-25 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Secara keseluruhan, jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Tiongkok meningkat menjadi 541 kasus dan jumlah korban meninggal menjadi 17 orang. Sebagai reaksi, pemerintah mengumumkan karantina sampai pemberitahuan lebih lanjut dengan membatalkan penerbangan dan perjalanan kereta api dari Wuhan, dan membatalkan layanan transportasi umum di Wuhan efektif pukul 10.00 waktu setempat/WITA (02.00 [[Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi|UTC]], [[UTC+08:00]] atau 07.00 WIB) tanggal 23 Januari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-51202672|title=Virus corona: Layanan transportasi umum di Wuhan dihentikan, korban bertambah|website=BBC Indonesia|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * 2 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium dilaporkan di Thailand, meningkatkan jumlah total kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium di Thailand menjadi 4 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koran-jakarta.com/thailand-deteksi-pasien-ke-4-virus-corona-tiongkok-22012020/|title=Thailand Deteksi Pasien ke-4 Virus Corona Tiongkok|website=Koran Jakarta|access-date=22 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129065218/http://www.koran-jakarta.com/thailand-deteksi-pasien-ke-4-virus-corona-tiongkok-22012020/ |date=2020-11-29 }}</ref> * Pada malam tanggal 22 Januari 2020, Hong Kong melaporkan kasus kedua yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3047193/china-coronavirus-first-case-confirmed-hong-kong|title=China coronavirus: Hong Kong reports second case of infection hours after first|date=22 Januari 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=22 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Data baru menunjukkan penyebaran cepat penyakit saat ini dan terjadi peningkatan tingkat penularan atas virus itu.<ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/news/terrifying-graph-shows-fast-wuhan-103230506.html graph shows how fast the Wuhan virus has spread so far and how close it is to becoming a pandemic], Bill Bostock ,Business Insider• 22 Januari 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/chinas-coronavirus-has-the-same-death-rate-as-the-spanish-flu-pandemic-that-killed-50-m-people-151608803.html Columbia's coronavirus could have same death rate as Spanish flu pandemic that killed 50&nbsp;m people] Yahoo Style UK Alexandra Thompson, 22 Januari 2020.</ref> '''23 Januari 2020''': * [[Jiangsu]] dan [[Heilongjiang]] melaporkan kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium pertama mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2020/1/23/art_7290_8955651.html|title=江苏省卫生健康委员会 要闻动态 国家卫生健康委确认苏州一例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|website=wjw.jiangsu.gov.cn|language=zh|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123161923/http://wjw.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2020/1/23/art_7290_8955651.html |date=2020-01-23 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mdj.gov.cn/shizheng/tztg/202001/t20200123_295830.html|title=牡丹江市确认1例输入性新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例--牡丹江市人民政府|website=www.mdj.gov.cn|language=zh|access-date=23 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412234716/http://www.mdj.gov.cn/shizheng/tztg/202001/t20200123_295830.html |date=2022-04-12 }}</ref> Guangxi melaporkan tambahan 3 kasus yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0123/67932.html|title=广西新增3例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊病例|language=zh|date=23 Januari 2020|website=gxzf.gov.cn|access-date=23 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221223219/http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0123/67932.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221223219/http://wsjkw.gxzf.gov.cn/gzdt/bt/2020/0123/67932.html |date=2020-02-21 }}</ref> * Wuhan menangguhkan semua transportasi umum mulai pukul 10.00 dan seterusnya, termasuk semua jalur bus, metro, dan feri. Selain itu, semua perjalanan kereta api dan penerbangan dihentikan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://view.inews.qq.com/w/WXN2020012301001306?uid=&devid=A55D8C74-EEF2-420C-8182-21F1D43348CF&qimei=34ae00a5-9e85-4f82-9afa-3c7ccb6d36d5|title=直击武汉天河机场：“封城”前有96架航班飞往全国|language=zh|date=23 Januari 2020|website=inews.qq.com|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> Makau juga melaporkan kasus kedua yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium yaitu pria berusia 66 tahun dari Wuhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3047337/macau-confirms-second-patient-infected-chinese-coronavirus|title=Macau confirms second patient infected with Wuhan virus|date=23 Januari 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Singapura]] melaporkan kasus pertama yang dikonfirmasi laboratorium yaitu seorang pria berusia 66 tahun dari Tiongkok.<ref name="Update23Jan">{{cite web |last1=Goh |first1=Timothy |last2=Toh |first2=Ting Wei |title=Singapore confirms first case of Wuhan virus |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/singapore-confirms-first-case-of-wuhan-virus |website=The Straits Times |accessdate=23 Januari 2020 |date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Vietnam]] mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama yang dikonfirmasi yaitu seorang ayah dan putra berusia 66 tahun dan 28 tahun dari Tiongkok.<ref name=Vietnam23Jan2020>{{Cite news|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/vietnam-confirms-first-acute-pneumonia-cases-from-wuhan-virus-4046310.html|title=Vietnam confirms first acute pneumonia cases from Wuhan virus|website=vnexpress.net|date=23 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Seorang mahasiswa [[Universitas A&M Texas]] di College Station, [[Texas]] mungkin telah terkontaminasi virus korona setelah bepergian ke Wuhan dan kembali dengan gejala-gejala khas virus tersebut. Pasien seorang pria berusia 20-an, telah dikarantina sambil menunggu hasil laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/us/united-states-coronavirus-cases.html|title=Texas Student May Have Wuhan Coronavirus, as Dozens in U.S. Are Monitored|last=Baker|first=Mike|date=23 Januari 2020|website=New York Times|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/public-health/2020/01/23/possible-coronavirus-case-in-texas-being-investigated-in-brazos-county/|title=Possible coronavirus case in Texas A&M student being investigated in Brazos County|last=Marfin|first=Catherine|date=23 Januari 2020|website=The Dallas Morning News|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''24 Januari 2020''': [[File:COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Singapore.svg|jmpl|kiri|200px|Peta persebaran kasus 2019-nCoV di Singapura:{{legend|#c80000|Laporan konfirmasi kasus}}{{legend|#558eed|Laporan dugaan kasus}}]] * 70.000 bioskop Tiongkok ditutup hingga pemberitahuan lebih lanjut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/chinas-cinemas-officially-close-response-coronavirus-outbreak-1272566|title=China Shutters All 70,000 Movie Theaters in Response to Coronavirus Outbreak|last=Brzeski|first=Patrick|date=23 Januari 2020|website=hollywoodreporter|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Provinsi dan kota seperti Hubei, Chongqing, Shanghai, Beijing, Hunan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Anhui, dan Tianjin menyatakan darurat kesehatan masyarakat level 1 (sangat tinggi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cgtn.com/special/Battling-the-novel-coronavirus-What-we-know-so-far-.html|title=Latest on the coronavirus outbreak: 881 cases confirmed, 26 dead|date=23 Januari 2020|website=CGTN|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kota [[Jingzhou]] dikarantina yang meningkatkan jumlah warga di kota-kota yang dikarantina menjadi 35 juta orang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/BNONews/status/1220578836259229697|title=BREAKING: Chinese city of Jingzhou to be put on lockdown at 5 p.m., raising number of people in locked down cities to 35 million|date=24 Januari 2020|website=BNO News|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Shanghai Disneyland Park|Shanghai Disneyland]], [[Kota Terlarang]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2020-01-24/1402696.html|title=全国多地取消文旅活动 多个景区景点暂时关闭 {{!}} 每经网|website=www.nbd.com.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan tempat wisata lainnya ditutup sampai ada pemberitahuan lebih lanjut akibat "wabah penyakit".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shanghaidisneyresort.com/en/|title=Shanghai Disney Resort Official Site|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Shanghai Disney Resort|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Shandong melaporkan 6 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.shandong.gov.cn/wzxxgk/zwgg/202001/t20200124_2511713.html|title=2020年1月24日0时至12时山东省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|language=zh|date=24 Januari 2020|website=shandong.gov.cn|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hunan melaporkan 15 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.hunan.gov.cn/wjw/xxgk/gzdt/zyxw_1/202001/t20200124_11164133.html|title=湖南省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情信息发布|language=zh|date=24 Januari 2020|website=hunan.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Liaoning melaporkan 1 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200124_3729007.html|title=2020年1月24日辽宁省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|website=ln.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222150726/http://wsjk.ln.gov.cn/wst_wsjskx/202001/t20200124_3729007.html |date=2020-02-22 }}</ref> Fujian melaporkan 4 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.fujian.gov.cn/xxgk/gzdt/wsjsyw/202001/t20200123_5186295.htm|title=福建省报告新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|date=24 Januari 2020|website=fujian.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh}}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Anhui melaporkan 6 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53944.html|title=2020年1月24日安徽省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情情况|date=24 Januari 2020|website=ah.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-date=2020-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127090603/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53944.html|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127090603/http://wjw.ah.gov.cn/news_details_53944.html |date=2020-01-27 }}</ref> Ningxia melaporkan 1 kasus tambahan yang dikonfirmasi di laboratorium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13226.htm|title=全区新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情通报|date=24 Januari 2020|website=nx.gov.cn|access-date=24 Januari 2020|language=zh|archive-date=2020-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129162002/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13226.htm|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129162002/http://wsjkw.nx.gov.cn/info/1140/13226.htm |date=2020-01-29 }}</ref> * Amerika Serikat, Jepang dan Korea Selatan mengkonfirmasi kasus kedua mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200124233646-134-468562/as-umumkan-jumlah-pasien-virus-corona-bertambah|title=AS Umumkan Jumlah Pasien Virus Corona Bertambah|date=24 Januari 2020|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/waduh-jepang-konfirmasi-kasus-kedua-virus-corona|title=Waduh, Jepang konfirmasi kasus kedua virus corona|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Kontan.co.id|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1299138/jepang-dan-korea-selatan-konfirmasi-kasus-kedua-virus-corona|title=Jepang dan Korea Selatan Konfirmasi Kasus Kedua Virus Corona |last=Saputra|first=Eka Yudha|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Tempo.co|access-date=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> Singapura mengkonfirmasi kasus kedua dan ketiga.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khalik |first1=Salma |last2=Goh |first2=Timothy |title=Singapore confirms 2 more Wuhan virus cases, bringing total to three infected |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/singapore-confirms-2-more-wuhan-virus-cases-bringing-total-to-three-infected |accessdate=24 Januari 2020 |work=The Straits Times |date=24 Januari 2020|language=en}}</ref> * Kasus virus korona pertama di Eropa terjadi di Prancis yaitu di Paris dan [[Bordeaux]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/01/24/la-france-touchee-par-le-coronavirus-deux-cas-diagnostiques-a-paris-et-bordeaux_1775173|title=La France touchée par le coronavirus : deux cas diagnostiqués à Paris et Bordeaux|date=24 Januari 2020|website=Liberation|access-date=25 Januari 2020|language=fr}}</ref> Hong Kong mengonfirmasi kasus kelima mereka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202001/25/P2020012500012.htm|title=CHP investigates three additional imported cases of novel coronavirus infection|website=Pemerintah Daerah Administratif Khusus Hong Kong|accessdate=24 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''25 Januari 2020''': * Darurat kesehatan level 1 secara kronologis dinyatakan di 10 provinsi dan 3 daerah otonom seperti Jiangsu,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3910677.html|title=江苏启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Hainan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911204.html|title=海南启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Xinjiang,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911407.html|title=新疆启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Heilongjiang,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911456.html|title=黑龙江省启动突发公共卫生事件一级响应机制{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Henan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911533.html|title=河南防控新型肺炎启动一级应急响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Gansu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911729.html|title=甘肃启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Liaoning,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3911808.html|title=辽宁省启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Shanxi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912092.html|title=山西省启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Shaanxi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912221.html|title=陕西启动突发公共卫生事件Ι级应急响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Qinghai,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912273.html|title=青海省启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jilin,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912289.html|title=吉林省启动突发公共卫生事件Ⅰ级应急响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=2020-01-25}}</ref> Ningxia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912485.html|title=宁夏启动重大突发公共卫生事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan Mongolia Dalam,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiemian.com/article/3912654.html|title=内蒙古启动重大公共卫生突发事件一级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|website=www.jiemian.com|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref>. Hal ini sekarang berlaku di 30 dari 31 daerah di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok dengan kasus yang dilaporkannya, kecuali Tibet. * Australia mengkonfirmasi empat kasus pertamanya, satu di [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://7news.com.au/news/health/first-australian-coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-victoria-c-664530|title=First Australian coronavirus case confirmed in Victoria|last=Daoud|first=Elizabeth|date=25 Januari 2020|website=7 News|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> dan tiga di [[New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4873177/australia-konfirmasi-4-kasus-virus-corona-di-melbourne-dan-sydney|title=Australia konfirmasi 4 kasus Virus Corona di Melbourne dan Sydney|last=Christiastuti|first=Novi|work=detikNews|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016000816/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4873177/australia-konfirmasi-4-kasus-virus-corona-di-melbourne-dan-sydney |date=2022-10-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/victoria/coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-victoria-20200125-p53unk.html |title=Coronavirus spreads across Australia amid scramble to find more cases|last2=McCauley|first2=Dana|last1=Cunningham|first1=Melissa|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=26 Januari 2020|access-date=25 Januari 2020}}</ref> Malaysia melaporkan tiga kasus pertamanya di [[Johor Bahru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4872893/malaysia-konfirmasi-3-wn-china-di-wilayahnya-positif-terinfeksi-virus-corona|title=Malaysia Konfirmasi 3 WN China di Wilayahnya Positif Virus Corona|website=detikNews|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925020336/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4872893/malaysia-konfirmasi-3-wn-china-di-wilayahnya-positif-terinfeksi-virus-corona |date=2022-09-25 }}</ref><ref name="Malaysia25Jan2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/01/559563/breaking-3-coronavirus-cases-confirmed-johor-baru|title=[Breaking] 3 coronavirus cases confirmed in Johor Baru|last1=Times|first1=New Straits|date=25 Januari 2020|work=NST Online|accessdate=26 Januari 2020|language=en}}</ref> Jepang mengkonfirmasi kasus ketiganya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20200125/19/1193862/jepang-laporkan-kasus-ketiga-virus-corona|title=Jepang Laporkan Kasus Ketiga Virus Corona|last= Ridwan|first=Muhammad|website=Bisnis.com|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kanada mengkonfirmasi kasus dugaan pertamanya yang masih diobservasi lebih lanjut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnybrook.ca/media/item.asp?c=1&i=2043&f=novel-coronavirus-2020|title=Patient admitted with novel coronavirus - Sunnybrook Hospital|date=25 Januari 2020|website=sunnybrook.ca|language=en-CA|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126001007/https://sunnybrook.ca/media/item.asp?c=1&i=2043&f=novel-coronavirus-2020 |date=2020-01-26 }}</ref> Thailand melaporkan dua kasus baru sehingga total kasus yang dilaporkan mencapai tujuh kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thai-airport-virus-scans-patient-confirm-case-12338150|title=Thailand reports 7 confirmed cases of Wuhan virus, airport continues to limit temperature scans|website=CNA|language=en|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316075843/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/thai-airport-virus-scans-patient-confirm-case-12338150 |date=2020-03-16 }}</ref> Singapura mengkonfirmasi kasus keempatnya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/fourth-confirmed-imported-case-of-wuhan-coronavirus-infection-in-singapore|title=MOH {{!}} News Highlights|website=www.moh.gov.sg|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> * [[Politbiro Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] bertemu untuk membahas pencegahan dan pengendalian koronavirus. [[Xi Jinping]], [[Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Tiongkok]] sekaligus Presiden RRT, menyatakan bahwa negara ini sedang menghadapi "situasi gawat" karena jumlah orang yang terinfeksi semakin cepat.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0125/c90000-9651799.html|title=CPC leadership meets to discuss novel coronavirus prevention, control|work=People's Daily Online|language=en|date=25 Januari 2020|quote=Xi Jinping, sekretaris jenderal Komite Pusat PKT, memimpin rapat.|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/korban-virus-corona-bertambah-jadi-42-orang-xi-jinping-china-hadapi-situasi-gawat|title=Korban virus corona melonjak, Xi Jinping bilang China hadapi situasi gawat|work=Kontan Online|date=25 Januari 2020|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Hong Kong menyatakan status keadaan darurat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/285667-hong-kong-umumkan-status-darurat-wabah-virus-wuhan|title=Hong Kong Umumkan Status Darurat Wabah Virus Wuhan|website=mediaindonesia.com|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> Hong Kong mengumumkan akan menutup sekolah sampai tanggal 17 Februari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/01/26/112900765/saat-hong-kong-perpanjang-libur-sekolah-akibat-virus-corona-?page=all|title=Saat Hong Kong Perpanjang Libur Sekolah akibat Virus Corona|author1=Nur Fitriatus Shalihah|author2=Sari Hardiyanto|website=Kompas.com|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> [[Hong Kong Disneyland]] dan Ocean Park ditutup sampai pemberitahuan lebih lanjut.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200126114017-113-468780/wabah-virus-corona-meningkat-disneyland-hong-kong-ditutup|title=Wabah Virus Corona Meningkat, Disneyland Hong Kong Ditutup|date=26 Januari 2020|work=CNN Indonesia|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''26 Januari 2020''': * [[Shanghai]] melaporkan kasus kematian pertamanya yaitu seorang pria berusia 88 tahun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.minews.id/news/shanghai-darurat-jumlah-yang-meninggal-akibat-corona-bertambah-jadi-56-korban|title=Shanghai Darurat, Jumlah yang Meninggal Akibat Corona Bertambah Jadi 56 Korban|date=26 Januari 2020|website=MINews.id|access-date=27 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126231612/https://www.minews.id/news/shanghai-darurat-jumlah-yang-meninggal-akibat-corona-bertambah-jadi-56-korban |date=2020-01-26 }}</ref> * Amerika Serikat mengkonfirmasi kasus ketiga dan keempatnya, keduanya terjadi di [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/los-angeles-countys-first-case-of-deadly-novel-coronavirus-confirmed/2298402/|title=Los Angeles County’s First Case of Deadly Novel Coronavirus Confirmed|website=NBC Los Angeles|language=en-US|access-date=26 Januari 2020}}</ref> Makau mengkonfirmasi tiga kasus tambahan, sehingga totalnya menjadi lima kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://macaunews.mo/government-confirms-5-cases-of-coronavirus-so-far-in-macau/|title=Government confirms 5 cases of coronavirus so far in Macau|date=26 Januari 2020|website=Macau News|language=en-US|access-date=27 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126102217/https://macaunews.mo/government-confirms-5-cases-of-coronavirus-so-far-in-macau/|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126102217/https://macaunews.mo/government-confirms-5-cases-of-coronavirus-so-far-in-macau/ |date=2020-01-26 }}</ref> Hong Kong telah mengkonfirmasi kasus keenam, ketujuh dan kedelapan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3047689/china-coronavirus-hong-kong-has-its-sixth-patient|title=China coronavirus-Hong Kong's sixth patient|date=26 Januari 2020|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> Thailand mengkonfirmasi kasus kedelapannya. Satu dari lima pasien sudah keluar. Ada 39 kasus dugaan lain yang menunggu konfirmasi.<ref name="Thailand26Jan2020bbc"">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-51254826|title=โคโรนา : กรมควบคุมโรค ยืนยันตัวเลขผู้ป่วยไวรัสโคโรนาในไทยล่าสุดมี 8 ราย|date=26 Januari 2020|accessdate=27 Januari 2020|language=th|website=BBC Thai}}</ref> '''27 Januari 2020''': * Mongolia menutup perbatasan dengan Tiongkok, menutup sekolah sampai 2 Maret, dan menyerukan agar semua pertemuan publik dibatalkan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jateng.sindonews.com/read/16996/1/mongolia-tutup-perbatasan-dengan-china-cegah-penyebaran-virus-corona-1580140882|title=Mongolia Tutup Perbatasan dengan China Cegah Penyebaran Virus Corona|website=jateng.sindonews.com|access-date=27 Januari 2020}}</ref> Wuhan menangguhkan visa, layanan paspor untuk warga Tiongkok hingga 30 Januari.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-visas-idUSKBN1ZQ026|title=Wuhan suspends visa, passports services for Chinese citizens until January 30: government statement|date=27 Januari 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Kanada melaporkan kasus pertama yang terkonfirmasi dan kasus dugaan lainnya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.ontario.ca/mohltc/en/2020/01/ontario-confirms-second-presumptive-case-of-wuhan-novel-coronavirus.html|title=Ontario Confirms Second Presumptive Case of Wuhan Novel Coronavirus|date=27 Januari 2020|work=Queen's Printer for Ontario|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> Para pejabat kementerian kesehatan telah mengkonfirmasi kasus kelima virus korona di Australia, dan telah mencurigai 5 kasus tambahan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/coronavirus-confirmed-fifth-australian-case-21-year-old-infected-with-deadly-virus--c-666385|title=Australia’s fifth coronavirus case confirmed as death toll rises|date=27 Januari 2020|website=7NEWS.com.au|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fworld%2Fchinas-president-xi-warns-of-grave-situation-as-coronavirus-spreads%2Fnews-story%2F1ec90ec8471e5cc18f2cb44c6189ad33&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&nk=b667d400f3332cebc3e2cd253c3853fe-1580102429|title=Subscribe to The Australian|website=www.theaustralian.com.au|access-date=27 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kementerian Kesehatan Sri Lanka mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama virus korona yaitu seorang wanita asal Tiongkok berusia 43 tahun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/60461/chinese-female-at-idh-tests-positive-for-coronavirus|title=First confirmed case of Coronavirus reported in Sri Lanka|website=adaderana.lk|access-date=27 Januari 2020}}</ref> satu kasus juga terjadi di Kamboja.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200127203826-106-469216/kamboja-konfirmasi-kasus-virus-corona-pertama|title=Kamboja Konfirmasi Kasus Virus Corona Pertama |date=27 Januari 2020|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> Singapura mengkonfirmasi kasus kelima, seorang warga negara Tiongkok berusia 56 tahun yang tiba dari Wuhan pada 18 Januari. * Malaysia dan [[Filipina]] menghentikan pemberian visa kepada warga Wuhan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2020/01/27/053000927/cegah-virus-corona-filipina-tolak-visa-kunjungan-dari-turis-asal-wuhan|title=Cegah Virus Corona, Filipina Tolak Visa Kunjungan dari Turis Asal Wuhan|author1=Nabilla Ramadhian|author2=Ni Luh Made Pertiwi F.|date=27 Januari 2020|website=Kompas.com|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akurat.co/news/id-979494-read-cegah-virus-corona-malaysia-resmi-tolak-visa-kunjungan-dari-wuhan|title=Cegah Virus Corona, Malaysia Resmi Tolak Visa Kunjungan dari Wuhan|date=27 Januari 2020|website=Akurat.co|first=Citra|last=Puspitaningrum|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> sedangkan [[Indonesia]], AS, dan [[Britania Raya]] memberlakukan ''travel advisory'' maupun ''travel warning'' ke Tiongkok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/597358/wabah-korona-pemerintah-keluarkan-travel-advisory-ke-tiongkok|title=Wabah Korona, Pemerintah Keluarkan Travel Advisory ke Tiongkok|date=27 Januari 2020|website=Beritasatu|access-date=28 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210045544/https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/597358/wabah-korona-pemerintah-keluarkan-travel-advisory-ke-tiongkok |date=2021-12-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200126083750-134-468747/virus-corona-inggris-keluarkan-travel-warning-ke-china|title=Virus Corona, Inggris Keluarkan Travel Warning ke China|date=27 Januari 2020|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''28 Januari 2020''': [[File:COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in Thailand.svg|jmpl|kiri|180px|Peta persebaran kasus 2019-nCoV di Thailand:{{legend|#c80000|Laporan konfirmasi kasus}}{{legend|#558eed|Laporan dugaan kasus}}]] * Thailand mengonfirmasi enam kasus lagi, sehingga total yang terinfeksi di sana menjadi 14 orang. Thailand mulai memindai semua wisatawan dari Tiongkok dengan segera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.thaipbs.or.th/content/288389|title=ด่วน! สธ.ยืนยัน พบนักท่องเที่ยวจีนในไทยติดเชื้อโคโรนาเพิ่ม 6 คน|date=28 Januari 2020|website=Thai PBS|access-date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4876477/penderita-virus-corona-di-thailand-naik-jadi-14-orang-5-pasien-telah-sembuh|title=Penderita Virus Corona di Thailand Naik Jadi 14 Orang, 5 Pasien Telah Sembuh|accessdate=29 Januari 2020|website=detikNews|date=28 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210070748/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4876477/penderita-virus-corona-di-thailand-naik-jadi-14-orang-5-pasien-telah-sembuh |date=2021-12-10 }}</ref> * Singapura mengkonfirmasi dua kasus lagi, sehingga total yang terinfeksi di Singapura menjadi tujuh kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/wuhan-virus-7-confirmed-cases-in-singapore-no-entry-or-transit-for-new-visitors-with-hubei|title=Wuhan virus: 2 new confirmed cases in Singapore, bringing total to 7; no entry or transit for new visitors from Hubei|website=The Straits Times |accessdate=29 Januari 2020 |language=en|date=28 Januari 2020}}</ref> Jepang mengkonfirmasi 3 kasus tambahan, sehingga total yang terinfeksi di Jepang menjadi tujuh kasus, termasuk seorang pria yang belum pernah mengunjungi Wuhan. Dia bekerja sebagai sopir bus wisata dan telah mengemudikan kelompok dari Wuhan pada awal Januari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2020/01/e8f47252a245-urgent-japan-sees-1st-coronavirus-case-not-linked-to-recent-travel-to-china.html|title=Japan sees 1st coronavirus case not linked to recent travel to China|date=28 Januari 2020|language=en|via=Kyodo News}}</ref> Kasus virus korona pertama yang dikonfirmasi oleh Jerman, yang dilaporkan pada hari sebelumnya, terjadi pada seorang warga negara Jerman yang belum melakukan perjalanan ke Tiongkok. Namun, ia memiliki kontak dekat dengan seorang kolega Tiongkok yang berkunjung yang melaporkan mulai merasa sakit selama penerbangannya kembali ke Shanghai dan dia didiagnosis dengan infeksi coronavirus setelah tiba di Tiongkok. Jerman kemudian mengkonfirmasi 3 kasus baru, semuanya adalah rekan kerja dari pasien pertama yang dikonfirmasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/gesundheit/coronavirus-drei-weitere-infizierte-in-bayern-1.4776016|title=Drei weitere Infizierte in Bayern|last=Zeitung|first=Süddeutsche|website=Süddeutsche.de|language=de|access-date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref> Taiwan melaporkan kasus ke delapan yang dikonfirmasi: pasangan dari pasien lain yang baru saja bepergian dari Tiongkok. Ini adalah kasus pertama penularan virus corona di dalam negeri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4877213/kasus-pertama-di-taiwan-seorang-pria-tertular-virus-corona-di-dalam-negeri|title=Kasus Pertama di Taiwan, Seorang Pria Tertular Virus Corona di Dalam Negeri|date=28 Januari 2020|website=detikNews|first=Nur Azizah|last=Rizki Astuti|archive-date=|access-date=29 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221074542/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4877213/kasus-pertama-di-taiwan-seorang-pria-tertular-virus-corona-di-dalam-negeri |date=2022-02-21 }}</ref> Sebuah kasus baru telah dikonfirmasi di Prancis, seorang turis tua asal Tiongkok yang dalam kondisi kritis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20200128-nouveau-coronavirus-quatri%C3%A8me-cas-en-france-le-patient-en-r%C3%A9animation|title=Quatriéme cas en France, le patient en réanimation|date=28 Januari 2020|website=Franceinfo|language=fr|access-date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''29 Januari 2020''': * [[Tibet]] melaporkan satu ''suspect'' kasus virus korona pertama,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2020-01-29/doc-iihnzhha5188508.shtml|title=西藏新增新型冠状病毒肺炎1例疑似病例|last=人民日报|date=29 Januari 2020|website=news.sina.com.cn|access-date=30 Januari 2020|language=zh}}</ref> dan kemudian mengumumkan darurat kesehatan tingkat 1, menjadi daerah administratif terakhir yang melakukannya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jiemian.com/article/3924819.html|title=西藏启动重大突发公共卫生事件Ⅰ级响应{{!}}界面新闻 • 快讯|language=zh|date=29 Januari 2020|website=jiemian.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=30 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301013259/https://www.jiemian.com/article/3924819.html |date=2021-03-01 }}</ref> * Jepang mengonfirmasi 4 kasus tambahan di mana kasus tersebut merupakan kasus pertama dugaan penularan virus korona dari manusia ke manusia di Jepang, satu diantaranya adalah pemandu wisata yang berada di bus yang sama dengan sopir yang terkonfirmasi virus korona pada 28 Januari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200130084528-113-470041/dievakuasi-dari-wuhan-3-warga-jepang-positif-virus-corona|title=Dievakuasi dari Wuhan, 3 Warga Jepang Positif Virus Corona |work=CNN Indonesia|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name=":65">{{Cite web|title=新型コロナウイルスに関連した患者（９例目）及び無症状病原体保有者（＊）の発生について|url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09205.html|website=Kementerian Kesehatan, Tenaga Kerja, dan Sosial Jepang|accessdate=30 Januari 2020|language=ja|publisher=|date=30 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105182939/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/newpage_09205.html |date=2021-11-05 }}</ref> * Finlandia melaporkan kasus pertama virus korona di [[Lapland]], ditemukan pada seorang turis yang meninggalkan Wuhan sebelum Wuhan dikunci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ensimmäinen koronavirustartunta Suomessa: Tämä epidemiasta tulee tietää |url=https://www.mtvuutiset.fi/artikkeli/koronavirus-leviaa-maailmalla-tama-epidemiasta-tulee-tietaa-mtv-uutiset-seuraa-viimeisimpia-kaanteita/7705314#gs.vivnxi|website=MTV Uutiset|accessdate=30 Januari 2020|language=fi|date=29 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''30 Januari 2020''': * Tibet mengonfirmasi kasus pertamanya yang sebelumnya masih tergolong ''suspect'';<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wjw.xizang.gov.cn/xwzx/wsjkdt/202001/t20200130_131185.html|title=西藏自治区确诊首例新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎病例_西藏自治区卫生健康委员会|website=wjw.xizang.gov.cn|access-date=30 Januari 2020|language=zh}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130000144/http://wjw.xizang.gov.cn/xwzx/wsjkdt/202001/t20200130_131185.html |date=2020-01-30 }}</ref> Kasus tersebut sudah terkonfirmasi di semua 31 daerah administratif di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-51304587|title=Virus corona: Seluruh daerah di China terpapar, WHO peringatkan dunia 'harus mengambil tindakan|work=BBC Indonesia|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref> * Malaysia melaporkan satu kasus tambahan yang merupakan seorang wanita warga negara Tiongkok berusia 48 tahun yang diisolasi di Rumah Sakit Permai, [[Johor Bahru]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/utama/2020/01/539782/satu-lagi-kes-positif-koronavirus-baharu-dikesan|title=Satu lagi kes positif koronavirus baharu dikesan|work=Harian Metro|first=Ekhwan Haque|last=Fazlul Haque|date=30 Januari 2020|location=Johor Bahru|access-date=30 Januari 2020|language=ms}}</ref> sehingga total kasusnya bertambah menjadi 8 kasus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1272027/positif-terjangkit-corona-di-malaysia-menjadi-delapan-orang|title=Positif terjangkit corona di Malaysia menjadi delapan orang|work=Antara News|first=Agus|last=Setiawan|location=Kuala Lumpur|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref> * India mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama virus korona pada seorang siswa yang telah kembali dari [[Universitas Wuhan]] ke Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala reports first confirmed coronavirus case in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-reports-first-confirmed-novel-coronavirus-case-in-india-1641593-2020-01-30|accessdate=30 Januari 2020 |publisher=indiatoday.com |location=Kerala|date=30 Januari 2020|language=en-IN}}</ref> Filipina mengkonfirmasi kasus pertama virus korona pada seorang wanita asal Tiongkok yang tiba di Manila melalui Hong Kong pada 21 Januari.<ref>{{cite news|title=Philippines confirms first case of novel coronavirus|url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/30/Philippines-coronavirus-case.html|accessdate=31 Januari 2020|publisher=CNN Philippines|language=en|location=Filipina|date=30 Januari 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130090313/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/1/30/Philippines-coronavirus-case.html |date=2020-01-30 }}</ref> * Amerika Serikat mengkonfirmasi kasus keenamnya, pasangan pasien lain di Chicago. Ini adalah kasus pertama penularan dari manusia ke manusia di Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/coronavirus-spreads-first-time-u-s-cdc-says-n1126566|title=Coronavirus spreads for first time in U.S., CDC says|date=30 Januari 2020|website=NBC News|access-date=31 Januari 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> * WHO memutuskan untuk melaksanakan rapat komite darurat peraturan kesehatan internasional mereka untuk mempertimbangkan kembali status darurat kesehatan global. Pertemuan darurat ini disebabkan "terutama pada bukti meningkatnya jumlah kasus, penularan dari manusia ke manusia di luar Tiongkok, dan perkembangan penularan selanjutnya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1301329/who-akan-pertimbangan-status-darurat-internasional-virus-corona#|title=WHO akan Pertimbangan Status Darurat Internasional Virus Corona|work=Tempo.co|first=Eka|last=Yudha Saputra|location=Jenewa|access-date=30 Januari 2020}}</ref> Rapat komite direncanakan dimulai pukul 13:30 waktu Jenewa ([[UTC+01:00]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2020/01/30/default-calendar/international-health-regulations-emergency-committee-on-novel-coronavirus-in-china|title=International Health Regulations Emergency Committee on novel coronavirus in China|agency=Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia|website=www.who.int|access-date=31 Januari 2020}}</ref> '''31 Januari 2020''': * [[Britania Raya]] dan [[Rusia]] mengonfirmasi kasus virus korona pertama mereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/01/31/coronavirus-symptoms-britain-russia-who-wuhan-emergency/4620574002/|title=Britain, Russia report first cases of coronavirus as illness spreads to 20 countries|first=Doug|last=Stanglin|website=USA TODAY|accessdate=31 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51325192|title=Coronavirus: Two cases confirmed in UK|accessdate=31 Januari 2020 |website=BBC |date=31 Januari 2020}}</ref> Kasus virus korona pertama diumumkan di Swedia dan Spanyol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/GGgL49|title=Första bekräftade fallet av coronavirus i Sverige – kvinna hålls isolerad|language=sv|website=Aftonbladet|access-date=2 Februari 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200201073030-134-470659/spanyol-umumkan-kasus-virus-corona-pertama|title=Spanyol Umumkan Kasus Virus Corona Pertama|website=CNN Indonesia|access-date=2 Februari 2020}}</ref> Kasus terkonfirmasi ketujuh di AS berada di [[Santa Clara County, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7news.com/5895060/|title=LIVE: Coronavirus: Bay Area's 1st case confirmed in Santa Clara County, CDC says|date=31 Januari 2020|website=ABC7 San Francisco|language=en|access-date=2 Februari 2020}}</ref> Thailand mengonfirmasi 5 kasus virus korona dengan kasus penularan virus manusia ke manusia pertama di negara tersebut, sehingga totalnya menjadi 19 kasus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1847884|title=Human transmission of coronavirus confirmed in Thailand|accessdate=1 Februari 2020 |website=Bangkok Post |date=31 Januari 2020}}</ref> == Pébruari 2020 == Tempo: [[Kronologi sasalad koronavirus Februari 2020]] == Maret 2020 == Tempo: [[Kronologi sasalad koronavirus Maret 2020]] == April 2020 == Tempo: [[Kronologi sasalad koronavirus April 2020]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Tutumbu kaluar == * {{en}} [https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/timeline-coronavirus-epidemic/ BNO News: TIMELINE: Coronavirus epidemic] [[Kategori:Sasalad Covid-19]] mq42dhsqct0m9rscm6n2qree7cwsh8s 0 103665 712839 684537 2026-09-23T02:35:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Asam amino}} {{chembox | ImageFile = Arginin - Arginine.svg | ImageFile_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageName = Rumus rangka arginin | ImageCaption = [[Rumus rangka]] arginin | ImageFileL2 = Arginine-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png | ImageCaptionL2 = [[Modél bal jeung tongkat]] | ImageFileR2 = Arginine-from-xtal-3D-sf.png | ImageCaptionR2 = [[Modél ngeusi rohang]] | OtherNames = Asam 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoat |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | index1_label = D/L | index2_label = D | index_label = L <!-- needs to be L arginine (natural isomer) so drugbank etc. take correct index_label --> | index3_label = L HCl | CASNo1 = 7200-25-1 | CASNo1_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo2 = 157-06-2 | CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo = 74-79-3 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | CASNo3 = 1119-34-2 | CASNo3_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | PubChem1 = 232 | PubChem2 = 71070 | PubChem = 6322 | ChemSpiderID1 = 227 | ChemSpiderID1_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID2 = 64224 | ChemSpiderID2_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 6082 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | UNII1_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII2_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII3_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII1 = FL26NTK3EP | UNII2 = R54Z304Z7C | UNII = 94ZLA3W45F | UNII3 = F7LTH1E20Y | EINECS = 230-571-3 | DrugBank = DB00125 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | KEGG = C02385 | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | MeSHName = Arginine | ChEBI = 29016 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL2 = 212301 | ChEMBL2_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 1485 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | RTECS = CF1934200 <small>''L''</small> | IUPHAR_ligand = 721 | Beilstein = 1725411, 1725412 <small>''D''</small>, 1725413 <small>''L''</small> | Gmelin = 364938 <small>''D''</small> | 3DMet = B01331 | SMILES1 = C(CC(C(=O)O)N)CNC(=N)N | Jmol1 = none <!-- needs to be none because Jmol would show L if this SMILES were used --> | SMILES = C(C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)CNC(=N)N | SMILES2 = C(C[C@H](C(=O)O)N)CNC(=N)N | SMILES3 = [Cl-].NC(CCCNC(N)=[NH2+])C([O-])=O | SMILES4 = NC(CCCNC(N)=[NH2+])C([O-])=O | SMILES4_Comment = L [[Zwitterion]] | StdInChI = 1S/C6H14N4O2/c7-4(5(11)12)2-1-3-10-6(8)9/h4H,1-3,7H2,(H,11,12)(H4,8,9,10)/t4-/m0/s1 | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-N | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | InChIKey1 = ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N | InChIKey2 = ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-SCSAIBSYSA-N }} |Section2={{Chembox Properties | C=6 | H=14 | N=4 | O=2 | Appearance = Kristal bodas | Odor = Odourless | MeltingPtK = 533 | BoilingPtC = 368 | Solubility = 14.87 g/100 mL (20 °C) | SolubleOther = rada leyur dina [[ethanol]]<br />teu leyur dina [[étil éter]] | LogP = −1.652 | pKa = 2.18 (karboksil), 9.09 (amino), 13.8 (guanidino) }} |Section5={{Chembox Thermochemistry | DeltaHf = −624.9–−622.3 kJ mol⁻¹ | DeltaHc = −3.7396–−3.7370 MJ mol⁻¹ | Entropy = 250.6 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ | HeatCapacity = 232.8 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ (at 23.7 °C) }} |Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology | ATC_Supplemental = {{aTC|B05|XB01}} <small>''S''</small> }} |Section7={{Chembox Hazards | ExternalSDS = {{URL|1=https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/sds/sigma/11009 |2=L-Arginine}} | GHSPictograms = {{gHS exclamation mark}} | GHSSignalWord = '''WARNING''' | HPhrases = {{h-phrases|319}} | PPhrases = {{p-phrases|305+351+338}} | LD50 = 5110 mg/kg (beurit, oral) }} |Section8={{Chembox Related | OtherFunction_label = asam alkanoat | OtherFunction = {{unbulleted list|[[Asam n-métil-D-aspartat|Asam ''N''-métil-<small>D</small>-aspartat]]|[[béta-Métilamino-L-alanin|''béta''-Métilamino-<small>L</small>-alanin]]|[[Asam guanidinopropionat]]|[[Téanin]]|[[Asam pantoténat]]}} | OtherCompounds = {{unbulleted list|[[Panthenol]]}} }} }} '''Arginin''' nyaéta [[asam amino]] anu rumusna (H₂N)(HN)CN(H)(CH₂)₃CH(NH₂)CO₂H. Molekulna boga gugus [[guanidinium|guanidino]] anu napel dina wangun baku asam amino. Dina pH pisiologis, asam karboksilat ngalaman deprotonasi (−CO₂⁻), anapon gugus amino jeung guanidino diprotonasi, ngahasilkeun hiji kation. Ngan [[énantiomér]] {{sm|l}}-arginin (lambang '''Arg''' atawa '''R''') anu kapanggih alami.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html | title = Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides | publisher = IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature | year = 1983 | access-date = 5 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081009023202/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html | archive-date = 9 October 2008 | url-status = dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009023202/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html |date=9 October 2008 }}</ref> Résidu Arg mangrupakeun komponén galib dina [[protéin]], [[Kode genetik|disandi]] ku [[tabel kodon DNA|kodon]] CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, jeung AGG.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/|title=Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides|author=IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature|work=Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols & Terminology etc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529233449/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/|archive-date=29 May 2007 |url-status=live|access-date=2007-05-17}}</ref> Gugus guanidin dina arginin téh [[prékursor (kimia)|prékursor]] pikeun biosintésis [[oksida nitrat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5FugARr4bgC&pg=PA189|title=Nitric Oxide: Biology and Pathobiology| vauthors = Ignarro LJ |date=2000-09-13|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-052503-7|pages=189|language=en}}</ref> Sakumaha galibna asam amino, padetanana bodas jeung leyur dina cai. ==Baca ogé== * [[Arginin glutamat]] * [[AAKG]] * [[Kanapanin]] jeung [[kanalin]], [[analog (kimia)|analog]] toksik arginin jeung ornitin. ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} * {{cite book | vauthors = Griffiths JR, Unwin RD |title=Analysis of Protein Post-Translational Modifications by Mass Spectrometry |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-25088-3 }} == Tutumbu kaluar == {{Commons category|Arginine}} * [http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C74793&Units=SI&Mask=4#Thermo-Phase NIST Chemistry Webbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209030149/https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C74793&Units=SI&Mask=4#Thermo-Phase |date=2022-12-09 }} * [https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-l-arginine/art-20364681] * [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-arginine.html National Institute of Health discussion of Arginine.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715225613/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-arginine.html |date=2010-07-15 }} {{pondok}} {{Asam amino protéinogenik}} {{Intermédiat métabolisme asam amino}} {{Signaling oksida nitrat}} [[Category:Asam amino protéinogenik]] [[Category:Asam amino glukogenik]] [[Category:Asam amino basa]] [[Category:Guanidin]] [[Category:Daur uréa]] t80zb4qyyk7zij4zf052ufydtdasxql 0 103764 712928 681002 2026-09-23T11:03:29Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Aturan/pola anu nangtukeun translasi émbaran dina materi genetik jadi protéin}} '''Kode genetik''' nyaéta sakumpulan aturan anu dipaké ku [[sél (biologi)|sél]] pikeun [[Translasi (biologi)|marjamahkeun]] émbaran anu dikode dina materi genetik (runtuyan triplét [[nukléotida]] [[DNA]] atawa [[RNA]] anu katelah '''kodon''') jadi [[protéin]]. Translasi dipigawé ku [[ribosom]], anu numbu-numbukeun [[asam amino protéinogenik]] dina runtuyan anu ditangtukeun ku [[mRNA]], maké [[molekul]] [[tRNA]] ) pikeun mawa asam amino sarta maca tilu nukléotida mRNA sakaligus. Kode genetik méh sarua di sakabéh organisme sarta bisa dipidangkeun dina wangun tabel basajan 64 éntri. [[File:RNA-codon.png|thumb|Antayan kodon nyanghareupan mRNA. Unggal kodoon ngandung tilu nukléotida, anu mawa hiji [[asam amino]]. Nukléotida ditingkes jadi hurup A, U, G jeung C. Ieu molekul mRNA bakal nitah [[ribosom]] pikeun nyintésis protéin luyu jeung ieu kode.]] Kodon nangtukeun asam amino naon anu bakal ditambahkeun nalika [[sintésis protéin]]. Iwal ti sababaraha,<ref name="pmid19131629">{{cite journal | vauthors = Turanov AA, Lobanov AV, Fomenko DE, Morrison HG, Sogin ML, Klobutcher LA, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN | title = Genetic code supports targeted insertion of two amino acids by one codon | journal = Science | volume = 323 | issue = 5911 | pages = 259–61 | date = Jan 2009 | pmid = 19131629 | pmc = 3088105 | doi = 10.1126/science.1164748 }}</ref> hiji kodon tilu nukléotida dina runtuyan asam nukléat nangtukeun hiji asam amino. Ampir kabéh [[gén]] dikode ku skéma tunggal (baca [[Tabel kodon|tabel kodon RNA]]). Anapon kitu, aya sababaraha anu teu akur jeung ieu skéma, di antarana baé génom [[mitokondria]]). ==Baca ogé== * [[Tabel kodon]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} ==Bacaan saterusna== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book | last1 = Griffiths | first1 = Anthony J. F. | last2 = Miller | first2 = Jeffrey H. | last3 = Suzuki | first3 = David T. | last4 = Lewontin | first4 = Richard C. | last5 = Gilbert | first5 = William M. | name-list-style = vanc | title = An Introduction to genetic analysis | publisher = W.H. Freeman | location = San Francisco | date = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-7167-3771-1 | edition = 7th | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926155319/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC |date=2009-09-26 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Alberts | first1 = Bruce | last2 = Johnson | first2 = Alexander | last3 = Lewis | first3 = Julian | last4 = Raff | first4 = Martin | last5 = Roberts | first5 = Keith | last6 = Walter | first6 = Peter | name-list-style = vanc | title = Molecular biology of the cell | publisher = Garland Science | location = New York | date = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-8153-3218-3 | edition = 4th | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2}} * {{cite book | last1 = Lodish | first1 = Harvey F. | last2 = Berk | first2 = Arnold | last3 = Zipursky | first3 = S. Lawrence | last4 = Matsudaira | first4 = Paul | last5 = Baltimore | first5 = David | last6 = Darnell | first6 = James E. | name-list-style = vanc | title = Molecular cell biology | publisher = W.H. Freeman | location = San Francisco | date = 2000 | isbn = 9780716737063 | url = https://archive.org/details/molecularcellbi000lodi | url-access = registration | edition = 4th }} * {{cite journal|vauthors = Caskey CT, Leder P | title = The RNA code: nature's Rosetta Stone | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 111 | issue = 16 | pages = 5758–9 | date = Apr 2014 | pmid = 24756939 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1404819111 | bibcode = 2014PNAS..111.5758C | pmc=4000803| doi-access = free}} {{Refend}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== {{Commons category|Genetic code}} * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/taxonomyhome.html/index.cgi?chapter=cgencodes#SG11 The Genetic Codes: Genetic Code Tables] * The [http://www.kazusa.or.jp/codon/ Codon Usage Database] — Codon frequency tables for many organisms * [http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/nirenberg/ History of deciphering the genetic code] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021040426/http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/nirenberg/ |date=2007-10-21 }} {{pondok}} {{Gene expression}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Genetic Code}} [[Category:Éxprési gén]] [[Category:Genetika]] [[Category:Genetika molekulér]] [[Category:Biologi molekulér]] [[Category:Biosintésis protéin]] dvmlcgbbzcs18h583h9vu9cplp62xqg 0 105166 712873 666696 2026-09-23T05:10:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712873 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daptar [[lini]] di [[Azerbaijan]]''' (diurutkeun dumasar tanggal pangkolotna): == Lini == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- bgcolor="#ececec" ! Kaping ! Waktos‡ ! Daérah ! Episentrum ! Korban ! Kakuatan ! Sumber |- | 427 | | |{{coord|40.5|46.5}} | | align="right"|6.7 | align="right"|<ref name="NGDC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?bt_0=&st_0=&type_17=EXACT&query_17=None+Selected&op_12=eq&v_12=AZERBAIJAN&type_12=Or&query_14=None+Selected&type_3=Like&query_3=&st_1=&bt_2=&st_2=&bt_1=&bt_4=5&st_4=&bt_5=&st_5=&bt_6=&st_6=&bt_7=&st_7=&bt_8=&st_8=&bt_9=&st_9=&bt_10=&st_10=&type_11=Exact&query_11=&type_16=Exact&query_16=&display_look=1&t=101650&s=1&submit_all=Search+Database|title=Significant Earthquakes where Primary Magnitude >= 5 and Country = AZERBAIJAN|last=NGDC|accessdate=23 Juli 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221000131/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?bt_0=&st_0=&type_17=EXACT&query_17=None+Selected&op_12=eq&v_12=AZERBAIJAN&type_12=Or&query_14=None+Selected&type_3=Like&query_3=&st_1=&bt_2=&st_2=&bt_1=&bt_4=5&st_4=&bt_5=&st_5=&bt_6=&st_6=&bt_7=&st_7=&bt_8=&st_8=&bt_9=&st_9=&bt_10=&st_10=&type_11=Exact&query_11=&type_16=Exact&query_16=&display_look=1&t=101650&s=1&submit_all=Search+Database |date=2016-12-21 }} {{en}}</ref> |- | 906 | | [[Qivraq]] |{{coord|39.78|44.88}} | | align="right"|6.2 | align="right"|<ref name="CFTI_906">{{cite web|url=http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med/quakes/M1279.html|title=Catalogue of strong earthquakes in Italy 461 B.C. - 1997 and Mediterranean area 760 B.C. - 1500|last=CFTI|accessdate=23 Juli 2010|archive-date=2015-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207233107/http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med/quakes/M1279.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207233107/http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med/quakes/M1279.html |date=2015-02-07 }} {{en}}</ref> |- | 30 Séptémber 1139 | Peuting | [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]] |{{coord|40.40|46.23}} | | align="right"|6.3 | align="right"|<ref name="CFTI_1139">{{cite web|url=http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med/quakes/M2068.html|title=Catalogue of strong earthquakes in Italy 461 B.C. - 1997 and Mediterranean area 760 B.C. - 1500|last=CFTI|accessdate=23 Juli 2010|archive-date=2015-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207235213/http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med/quakes/M2068.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207235213/http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med/quakes/M2068.html |date=2015-02-07 }} {{en}}</ref> |- | 25 Nopémber 1667 | | [[Shamakhi]] |{{coord|40.60|48.60}} | align="right"|80,000 | align="right"|6.9 | align="right"|<ref name="NGDC"/> |- | 4 Januari 1669 | | [[Shamakhi]] |{{coord|40.60|48.60}} | align="right"|7,000 | align="right"|5.7 | align="right"|<ref name="NGDC"/> |- | 9 Agustus 1828 | 16:00 | [[Shamakhi]] |{{coord|40.70|48.40}} | align="right"| | align="right"|5.7 | align="right"|<ref name="NGDC"/> |- | 2 Januari 1842 | 22:00 | [[Baku]], [[Mashtagi]] |{{coord|40.5|50.0}} | align="right"| | align="right"|4.3–5.0 | align="right"|<ref name="NGDC_1842">{{cite web|url=http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=1833&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display|title=Comments for the Significant Earthquake|last=NGDC|accessdate=9 Méi 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221000009/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=1833&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display |date=2016-12-21 }} {{en}}</ref> |- | 11 Juni 1859 | 13:00 | [[Shamakhi]] |{{coord|40.70|48.50}} | align="right"|100 | align="right"|5.9 | align="right"|<ref name="NGDC"/> |- | 28 Januari 1872 | 07:00 | [[Shamakhi]] |{{coord|40.60|48.70}} | | align="right"|5.7 | align="right"|<ref name="NGDC"/> |- | 13 Pébruari 1902 | 09:39:30 | [[Shamakhi]] |{{coord|40.70|48.60}} | align="right"|86 | align="right"|6.9 | align="right"|<ref name="NGDC"/> |- | 27 April 1931 | 16:50:45 | [[Zangezur]] |{{coord|39.40|46.00}} | align="right"|390-2,890 | align="right"|6.4 | align="right"|<ref>{{citation|title=International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology|series=Part A, Volume 81A|chapter=A List of Deadly Earthquakes in the World: 1500-2000|first=T.R.|last=Utsu|year=2002|publisher=Academic Press|edition=First|isbn=978-0124406520|page=705}} {{en}}</ref> |- | 4 Juni 1999 | 09:12:50 | [[Agdash, Azerbaijan|Agdash]], [[Ucar, Azerbaijan|Ucar]], [[Agali, Agdash|Agali]] |{{coord|40.802|47.448}} | align="right"|1 | align="right"|5.4 | align="right"|<ref name="NGDC"/> |- | 25 Nopémber 2000 | 18:09:11.4 | [[Baku]] (Inpormasi salajengna: [[Lini Baku 2000]]) |{{coord|40.245|49.946}} | align="right"|31 | align="right"|6.8 | align="right"|<ref name="NGDC"/> |- | 7 Mei 2012 | 9:40 | [[Zaqatala (rayon)|Rayon di Zaqatala]] |{{coord|41.541|46.766}} | align="right"|0 | align="right"|5.6 | align="right"|<ref name="bnonews">{{cite web |title=Moderate earthquake jolts northwest Azerbaijan, injuring 15 |publisher=BNO News |date=7 Mei 2012 |url=http://www.bnonews.com/inbox/?id=660 |accessdate=7 Mei 2012 |archive-date=2013-01-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118172938/http://www.bnonews.com/inbox/?id=660 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130118172938/http://www.bnonews.com/inbox/?id=660 |date=2013-01-18 }} {{en}}</ref> |- class="sortbottom" |} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Lini di Azerbaijan| ]] [[Kategori:Géografi Azerbaijan]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Azerbaijan]] kjkrft1dsj5u7bfdhly959kuoct7v2q 0 107819 712912 712438 2026-09-23T08:06:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Présidén Amérika Sarikat ti taun 1841 dugi ka 1845}} {{Use American English|date=November 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = John Tyler | image = Tyler, John, by Healy (1842, NPG 2019 13).jpg | caption = Potrét, 1842 | order = 10 | office = Présidén Amérika Sarikat | term_start = 4 April 1841 | term_end = 4 Maret 1845 | vicepresident = Kosong{{efn|Tyler mangrupa wakil présidén di handapeun Présidén William Henry Harrison sarta janten présidén saatos Harrison pupus dina 4 April 1841. Kajadian ieu lumangsung sateuacan diadopsina [[Amandemen ka-25 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]] dina taun 1967, sarta kakosongan dina jabatan wakil présidén teu tiasa dieusi dugi ka pamilihan sarta pelantikan salajengna.}} | predecessor = [[William Henry Harrison]] | successor = [[James K. Polk]] | order2 = ka-10 | office2 = Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat | president2 = William Henry Harrison | term_start2 = 4 Maret 1841 | term_end2 = 4 April 1841 | predecessor2 = [[Richard Mentor Johnson]] | successor2 = [[George M. Dallas]] | jr/sr3 = Sénator Amérika Sarikat | state3 = [[Virginia]] | term_start3 = 4 Maret 1827 | term_end3 = 29 Pébruari 1836 | predecessor3 = [[John Randolph of Roanoke|John Randolph]] | successor3 = [[William Cabell Rives]] | order5 = ka-23 | office5 = Gubernur Virginia | term_start5 = 10 Désémber 1825 | term_end5 = 4 Maret 1827 | predecessor5 = [[James Pleasants]] | successor5 = [[William Branch Giles]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1790|3|29}} | birth_place = [[Greenway Plantation]], Charles City County, Virginia, AS. | death_date = {{death date and age|1862|1|18|1790|3|29}} | death_place = [[Exchange Hotel (Richmond, Virginia)|Ballard House]], Richmond, Virginia | party = [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]] (1834–1841) | otherparty = {{plainlist| * [[Partéy Démokratik-Républik|Démokratik-Républik]] (1811–1828) * [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]] (1828–1834) * [[Partéy Tyler]] (1844) * [[Politikus indepénden|Indepénden]] (1841–1844, 1844–1862) }} | alma_mater = [[College of William & Mary]] | profession = {{flatlist| * Politikus * ahli hukum }} | signature = John Tyler Signature 2.svg | allegiance = Amérika Sarikat | branch = [[Milisi Virginia]] | unit = [[Charles City Rifles]] | serviceyears = 1813 | rank = [[Kaptén (Amérika Sarikat)|Kaptén]] | battles = [[Perang 1812]] }} '''John Tyler''' (29 [[Maret]] 1790 – 18 [[Januari]] 1862) nyaéta [[présidén Amérika Sarikat]] anu ka-10, ngajabat ti taun 1841 dugi ka 1845, saatos sateuacanana ngajabat sakedap salaku [[wakil présidén Amérika Sarikat]] anu ka-10 dina taun 1841. Anjeunna kapilih janten wakil présidén tina tikét [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]] dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|pamilihan 1840]] bareng sareng [[William Henry Harrison]], sarta naék jabatan janten présidén saatos Harrison pupus 31 dinten saatos dilantik. Tyler mangrupa pangrojong kuat [[hak-hak nagara bagian]], kalebet ngeunaan ''[[Perbudakan di Amérika Sarikat|perbudakan]]'', sarta anjeunna ngan ukur nerapkeun kawijakan [[nasionalistik]] nalika hal éta henteu ngalanggar kakawasaan nagara bagian. Naékna Tyler anu teu disangka-sangka janten présidén dianggap ancaman kanggé ambisi présidén Sénator [[Henry Clay]] sarta politikus Whig sanésna, anu antukna ngajantenkeun Tyler papisah ti dua partéy pulitik utama harita: Whig sarta [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]]. Tyler dilahirkeun dina kulawarga nu miboga budak beulian (sababaraha budak belian) anu kawentar di [[Virginia]]. Anjeunna janten [[inohong]] nasional dina mangsa nggolakna pulitik. Dina taun 1820-an, [[Partéy Démokratik-Républik]], anu harita mangrupa hiji-hijina partéy pulitik di nagara éta, beulah janten sababaraha faksi. Mimitina Tyler mangrupa saurang [[Démokrat Jacksonian]], nanging anjeunna nentang Présidén [[Andrew Jackson]] nalika [[krisis nullifikasi]] margi anjeunna nganggap tindakan Jackson ngalanggar hak-hak nagara bagian. Hal ieu nyababkeun Tyler ngagabung sareng faksi kidul Partéy Whig. Anjeunna kantos ngajabat salaku anggota législatif nagara bagian Virginia, gubernur, anggota [[DPR Amérika Sarikat|DPR AS]], sarta [[Sénat Amérika Sarikat|Sénator AS]]. Tyler mangrupa calon wakil présidén regional Whig dina pamilihan 1836, anu dimeunangkeun ku [[Martin Van Buren]]. Dina pamilihan 1840, anjeunna janten hiji-hijina calon wakil présidén Whig sarta hasil ngéléhkeun Van Buren kalayan ''slogan'' kampanye "[[Tippecanoe and Tyler Too]]". Saatos Harrison pupus, Tyler janten wakil présidén munggaran anu [[Garis suksési présidén Amérika Sarikat|ngagantikeun présidén]]. Di tengah teuayana kacindekan naha wakil présidén leres-leres janten présidén atanapi saukur ngajalankeun tugasna, Tyler langsung ngucapkeun [[Sumpah jabatan présidén Amérika Sarikat|sumpah jabatan présidén]], anu antukna nyiptakeun [[Preséden Tyler]]. Sanajan anjeunna nandatanganan sababaraha RUU ti Kongrés anu dikawasa ku Whig, Tyler salaku saurang [[konstruksionis ketat]] ngavéto RUU partéyna sorangan kanggé ngadegkeun bank nasional sarta naékeun tarif. Hal ieu nyababkeun ampir sakabéh kabinétna malundur, sarta anjeunna dipecat tina Partéy Whig kalayan jujuluk "His Accidency" (Présidén Kabeneran). Sanajan kawijakan domestikna macét, anjeunna hasil dina urusan luar nagri, kalebet [[Perjangjian Webster–Ashburton]] sareng Inggris sarta [[Perjangjian Wanghia]] sareng Cina. Tyler ogé ngarojong [[Texas annexation|aneksasi Texas]] sarta nandatanganan RUU kanggé ngajantenkeun Texas nagara bagian sateuacan anjeunna lungsur jabatan. Nalika [[Perang Sipil Amérika]] dimimitian dina taun 1861, Tyler mimitina ngarojong [[Konférénsi Perdamaian 1861]]. Saatos éta gagal, anjeunna mihak ka [[Konféderasi Amérika Sarikat|Konféderasi]]. Anjeunna ngajabat salaku anggota [[Kongrés Provisori Konféderasi]] sarta kapilih janten anggota [[DPR Konféderasi]], nanging pupus sateuacan sidang dimimitian. Sanajan sababaraha sarjana muji pangaruh pulitikna, seueur sajarahwan nempatkeun anjeunna dina réngking handap dina [[Réngking sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|réngking présidén AS]]. ==Kahirupan awal sarta atikan== John Tyler dilahirkeun dina 29 [[Maret]] 1790, dina kulawarga miboga budak beulian anu punjul di Virginia. Tyler asalna ti [[Charles City County, Virginia]], sarta mangrupa turunan ti [[Kulawarga Munggaran Virginia]]. Bapana, [[John Tyler Sr.]], anu katelah Hakim Tyler, mangrupa réntén sarta réngréngan pulitik [[Thomas Jefferson]]. Tyler digedékeun di [[Greenway Plantation]], hiji perkebunan anu legana sakitar 1.200 héktar (5 km²). ==Tuan tanah sarta ahli hukum== Tyler diaku janten anggota bar (ahli hukum) Virginia dina yuswa 19 taun. Harita, bapana ngajabat salaku gubernur Virginia, sarta Tyler ngamimitian prakték hukumna di Richmond. Dumasar sénsus taun 1820, Tyler miboga 24 jalma budak beulian di Woodburn, saatos nampi warisan 13 urang ti bapana. ==Naékna karir pulitik== ===Awal di pulitik Virginia=== [[File:Greenway, State Route 5 vicinity, Charles City vicinity (Charles City County, Virginia).jpg|thumb|Tempat lahir Tyler, [[Greenway Plantation]]]] Dina taun 1811, dina yuswa 21 taun, Tyler kapilih ngawakilan Charles City County di House of Delegates (DPR nagara bagian). Posisi-posisina parantos katingal ti mimiti: rojongan kuat kana [[hak-hak nagara bagian]] sarta nentang bank nasional. ===Perang 1812=== Saperti kalolobaan urang Amérika di bagian Kidul harita, Tyler miboga sikep [[anti-Inggris]]. Dina awal [[Perang 1812]], anjeunna ngadesek dukungan pikeun tindakan militer ngaliwatan biantara di payuneun House of Delegates. Saatos Inggris hasil ngarebut [[Hampton, Virginia]], dina usum panas taun 1813, Tyler kalayan sumanget ngawangun hiji kompi milisi, [[Charles City Rifles]], pikeun ngabéla Richmond. Anjeunna mingpin éta pasukan kalayan pangkat [[Kaptén (Amérika Sarikat)|kaptén]]. Sanajan kitu, taya serangan anu lumangsung, sarta anjeunna ngabubarkeun éta kompi dua bulan ti harita. Pikeun jasa militerna, Tyler nampi hibah tanah di deukeut wilayah anu engkéna janten [[Sioux City, Iowa]]. Nalika ramana pupus dina taun 1813, Tyler ngawaris 13 urang budak beulian sarta perkebunan milik ramana. Dina taun 1816, anjeunna ngundurkeun diri tina korsi législatif pikeun ngabdi di [[Déwan Nagara]] Gubernur, nyaéta hiji kelompok anu diwangun ku dalapan panaséhat anu dipilih ku Majelis Umum. ===DPR Amérika Sarikat=== [[File:Woodburn Plantation in Charles City County, VA.jpg|thumb|Perkebunan Woodburn, tempat cicing Tyler taun 1813–1821]] Pupusna Perwakilan AS [[John Clopton]] dina Séptémber 1816 nyababkeun kakosongan korsi di [[distrik kongrés ka-23 Virginia]]. Tyler narékahan pikeun nempatan éta korsi, kitu ogé baturna sarta batur sapulitikna, [[Andrew Stevenson]]. Kusabab duanana miboga pamikiran pulitik anu sarupa, éta pamilihan téh saenyana mah saukur kontés popularitas. Ku pangaruh pulitik sarta kamampuh kampanyéna, Tyler meunang tipis dina éta pamilihan. Anjeunna dilantik janten anggota [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-14]] dina 17 Désémber 1816, salaku anggota faksi [[Partéy Démokratik-Républik]], partéy utama dina mangsa [[Era of Good Feelings]]. Sanajan Partéy Démokratik-Républik ngarojong hak-hak nagara bagian, seueur anggotana anu ngadesek pamaréntah puseur anu leuwih kuat saatos Perang 1812. Mayoritas di Kongrés hoyong ningali pamaréntah féderal mantuan ngabiayaan [[pangwangunan internal]] saperti palabuhan sarta jalan raya. Tyler tetep pengkuh kana kapercayaan [[konstruksionis ketat]]-na, sarta nolak usulan-usulan kasebut dumasar kana alesan konstitusional sarta pribadi. Anjeunna yakin yén unggal nagara bagian kedah ngawangun proyék-proyék anu diperyogikeun di jero wilayahna sorangan ngagunakeun dana lokal. Virginia henteu "dina kaayaan miskin pisan nepi ka kudu ménta sumbangan 'amal' ti Kongrés", ceuk anjeunna negeskeun. Anjeunna dipilih pikeun ilubiung dina audit [[Bank Kadua Amérika Sarikat]] dina taun 1818 salaku bagian tina komite lima urang, sarta anjeunna ngarasa reuwas ku korupsi anu katingal ku anjeunna di jero éta bank. Anjeunna ngusulkeun sangkan piagam bank kasebut dicabut, sanajan Kongrés nolak usulan éta. Bentrokan munggaranna sareng Jenderal [[Andrew Jackson]] lumangsung saatos [[Invasi Jackson ka Florida]] dina taun 1818 salila [[Perang Seminole Kahiji]]. Sanajan muji karakter Jackson, Tyler ngutuk tindakanana anu dianggap kaleuleuwihi lantaran [[Insidén Arbuthnot sarta Ambrister|ngaéksekusi dua warga nagara Inggris]]. Tyler kapilih deui pikeun hiji mangsa jabatan pinuh tanpa lawan dina awal taun 1819. Isu utama dina [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-16]] (1819–1821) nyaéta naha [[Missouri]] kedah ditarima janten bagian ti Uni sarta naha perbudakan bakal diidinan di éta nagara bagian anyar.<ref name="missouricomp" /> Bari ngaku yén perbudakan téh miboga dampak buruk, anjeunna miharep yén ku cara ngantepkeunana ngalegaan (ka kulon), jumlah budak di bagian Wétan bakal ngurangan nalika para budak sarta dununganana lunta ka kulon, sahingga méré kasempetan pikeun mimbangkeun panyabutan éta lembaga (perbudakan) di Virginia. Ku kituna, perbudakan bakal dihapus ngaliwatan tindakan masing-masing nagara bagian nalika prakték kasebut beuki langka, sakumaha anu parantos lumangsung di sababaraha nagara bagian di Kalér.<ref name="missouricomp" /> Tyler yakin yén Kongrés henteu miboga kakuasaan pikeun ngatur perbudakan sarta nampa nagara bagian dumasar kana naha maranéhna "bébas" atawa "miboga budak" téh mangrupa bibit konflik régional.<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 69.</ref> Lantaran éta, [[Kompromi Missouri]] disahkeun tanpa dukungan ti anjeunna. Éta kompromi nampa Missouri salaku [[nagara bagian perbudakan]] sarta Maine salaku nagara bagian bébas, sarta ogé ngalarang perbudakan di nagara bagian anu dibentuk tina bagian kalér [[Téritori Amérika Sarikat]]. Salami janten anggota Kongrés, anjeunna sok méré sora nolak RUU anu bakal ngawatesan perbudakan di téritori-téritori.<ref name="missouricomp">[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 47–50; [[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 37–38.</ref> Tyler mutuskeun pikeun henteu nyalonkeun deui dina ahir taun 1820 kusabab kaséhatanana anu sering kaganggu. Anjeunna sacara pribadi ngaku teu sugema ku éta jabatan, lantaran sora "tolak"-na salila ieu lolobana saukur simbolis sarta saeutik pisan pangaruhna kana parobahan budaya pulitik di Washington. Tyler ogé ningali yén ngabiayaan pendidikan barudakna bakal hésé upami ngan ngandelkeun gajih anggota Kongrés anu harita mah leutik pisan. Anjeunna lungsur jabatan dina 3 Maret 1821, ngarojong urut lawanana, Stevenson, pikeun éta korsi, sarta balik deui janten praktisi hukum swasta sacara pinuh.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 58–59; [[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 39.</ref> ===Mulang deui ka pulitik nagara bagian=== Ngarasa teu tenang sarta bosen saatos dua taun di bumi janten praktisi hukum, Tyler nyalonkeun diri janten anggota House of Delegates dina taun 1823. Kabeneran taya anggota ti Charles City County anu nyalonkeun deui, sahingga Tyler kapilih kalayan gampang dina April éta, janten juara kahiji di antara tilu kandidat anu ngarebutkeun dua korsi.<ref>[[#Leahy|Leahy]], pp. 339–40.</ref> Nalika législatur ngayakeun sidang dina Désémber, Tyler mendakan yén majelis nuju debat ngeunaan [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1824|pamilihan présidén 1824]] anu bakal datang. Sistim ''[[Kaukus nominasi kongrés|caucus]]'', hiji sistim awal pikeun milih calon présidén, masih kénéh dianggo sanajan beuki teu dipikaresep ku masarakat. Tyler nyobian ngayakinkeun majelis handap pikeun ngarojong sistim kaukus sarta milih [[William H. Crawford]] salaku calon ti Démokratik-Républik. Crawford memang nampi rojongan législatur, nanging usulan Tyler sorangan mah ditélikung (diéléhkeun). Usahana anu paling langgeng dina mangsa jabatan kaduana ieu nyaéta nyalametkeun College of William and Mary, anu ampir ditutup alatan kakirangan murid. Tinimbang mindahkeun éta sakola ti Williamsburg anu désa ka Richmond anu langkung ramé sakumaha usulan batur, Tyler ngusulkeun réformasi administrasi sarta kauangan. Ieu usulan disahkeun janten undang-undang sarta hasil; dina taun 1840, éta sakola ngahontal jumlah murid panglobana dina sajarahna.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 60–62.</ref> [[File:John Tyler - Governor of Virginia (c. 1826).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Ukiran Tyler.|Ukiran Tyler ({{circa|1826}}) salaku gubernur Virginia]] Nasib pulitik Tyler beuki nanjak; anjeunna dianggap salaku kandidat anu kuat dina tinimbangan législatif pikeun pamilihan Sénat AS taun 1824.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 76.</ref> Anjeunna dicalonkeun dina Désémber 1825 pikeun janten gubernur Virginia, hiji jabatan anu harita mah ditunjuk ku législatur. Tyler kapilih kalayan sora 131–81 ngéléhkeun [[John Floyd (politikus Virginia)|John Floyd]]. Jabatan gubernur harita mah teu miboga kakuasaan dina handapeun [[Konstitusi Virginia]] asli (1776–1830), malah teu miboga hak véto-véto acan. Tyler ngagunakeun panggung éta pikeun biantara, nanging sakedik pisan anu tiasa dilakukeun pikeun mangaruhan législatur. Tindakanana anu paling katingal salaku gubernur nyaéta nalika masihan biantara panglayad pikeun urut présidén Jefferson, urang Virginia sarta urut gubernur, anu pupus dina 4 Juli 1826. Tyler kacida hormatna ka Jefferson, sarta biantara eulogi (puji-pujian) anu ditepikeun ku anjeunna nampi sambutan anu saé pisan.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 64–67; [[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 39–40.</ref> Mangsa jabatan gubernur Tyler saterusna mah biasa-biasa waé. Anjeunna ngamajukeun hak-hak nagara bagian sarta sacara tegas nentang sagala bentuk konséntrasi kakuasaan féderal. Pikeun ngahalangan usulan infrastruktur féderal, anjeunna ngusulkeun sangkan Virginia sacara aktip ngalegaan sistim jalanna sorangan. Aya usulan pikeun ngalegaan sistim sakola umum anu kirang dana, nanging taya tindakan nyata anu dilakukeun.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 67–69.</ref> Tyler kapilih deui sacara sora buled (unanimous) pikeun mangsa jabatan kadua sataun dina Désémber 1826.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 72.</ref> Dina taun 1829, Tyler kapilih janten utusan dina [[Konvénsi Konstitusi Virginia 1829–1830]] ti distrik anu ngawengku kota Richmond sarta Williamsburg. Di dinya, anjeunna ngabdi bareng sareng Hakim Agung [[John Marshall]], Philip N. Nicholas, sarta John B. Clopton. Pamingpin konvénsi nempatkeun anjeunna dina Komite Législatur. Pangabdian Tyler dina rupa-rupa kapasitas di tingkat nagara bagian kalebet janten présidén Virginia [[Colonization Society]] sarta sababaraha lami saatosna janten réktor sarta kansélir di [[College of William and Mary]].<ref>[[#pulliam|Pulliam 1901]], pp. 67, 72.</ref> ===Sénat Amérika Sarikat=== Dina Januari 1827, Majelis Umum mimbangkeun naha bakal milih deui Sénator AS [[John Randolph of Roanoke|John Randolph]] pikeun mangsa jabatan pinuh genep taun. Randolph mangrupa inohong anu kontroversial; sanajan anjeunna miboga pandangan anu sarua ngeunaan hak-hak nagara bagian sakumaha kalolobaan anggota législatur Virginia, anjeunna kawentar ku rétorika anu seukeut sarta paripolah anu teu diteda (erratic) di sidang Sénat, anu matak ngajantenkeun sekutu-sekutuna dina posisi anu serba salah. Salajengna, anjeunna parantos nyiptakeun seueur musuh lantaran nentang pisan ka Présidén [[John Quincy Adams]] sarta Sénator Kentucky, Henry Clay. Kaum nasionalis ti Partéy Démokratik-Républik, anu ngarojong Adams sarta Clay, mangrupa minoritas anu cukup badag di législatur Virginia. Maranéhna miharep tiasa ngaléngsérkeun Randolph ku cara narik sora ti para pangrojong hak-hak nagara bagian anu ngarasa teu merenah ku reputasi éta sénator. Maranéhna ngadeukeutan Tyler sarta jangji bakal masihan dukungan upami anjeunna kersa nyalonkeun diri. Tyler sababaraha kali nolak éta tawaran sarta tetep ngarojong Randolph salaku kandidat anu pangsaéna, nanging tekenan pulitik beuki lami beuki kuat. Antukna, anjeunna sapuk pikeun nampi éta korsi upami kapilih. Dina dinten pamilihan, saurang anggota majelis nyatakeun yén saenyana taya bédana pandangan pulitik antara kadua kandidat—ngan Tyler mah langkung tiasa ditarima (agreeable) tinimbang Randolph. Pangrojong Randolph negeskeun yén milih Tyler téh sacara teu langsung mangrupa dukungan ka administrasi Adams. législatur antukna milih Tyler kalayan sora 115–110, sarta anjeunna ngundurkeun diri tina jabatan gubernur dina 4 Maret 1827, nalika mangsa jabatanna di Sénat dimimitian.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 73–81.</ref> ====Maverick Démokratik==== Nalika Tyler kapilih janten sénator, kampanye [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1828|pamilihan présidén 1828]] nuju lumangsung. Adams, présidén petahana, ditangtang ku Andrew Jackson. Faksi Démokratik-Républik parantos peupeus janten [[Partéy Républik Nasional]] di pihak Adams sarta [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]] di pihak Jackson. Tyler sabenerna teu resep ka duanana kandidat lantaran maranéhna dianggap miboga kersa pikeun ningkatkeun kakuasaan pamaréntah féderal. Nanging, anjeunna beuki katarik ka Jackson, bari miharep yén Jackson moal méspentaskeun seueur dana féderal pikeun pangwangunan internal sakumaha Adams. Ngeunaan Jackson, anjeunna nyerat, "Mihak ka anjeunna sahenteuna kuring tiasa ngagaduhan harepan; ningali Adams kuring kedah putus asa."<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 83–84; [[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 41.</ref> Nalika [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-20]] dimimitian dina Désémber 1827, Tyler ngabdi bareng sareng batur sarta rénjang sapulitikna ti Virginia, [[Littleton Waller Tazewell]], anu miboga pandangan [[konstruksionis ketat]] sarta dukungan anu satengah haté ka Jackson. Salami mangsa jabatanna, Tyler sacara sakuat tanaga nentang RUU infrastruktur nasional, margi anjeunna ngarasa yén urusan éta téh hak masing-masing nagara bagian. Anjeunna sarta rénjang-rénjangna ti Kidul nentang [[Tarif 1828]] anu sipatna protéksionis, anu ku para pangritikna disebut "Tarif Kanista" (Tariff of Abominations). Tyler ngusulkeun yén hiji-hijina hasil positip tina éta tarif téh nyaéta bakal ayana réaksi pulitik nasional anu malik, sahingga mulangkeun deui rasa hormat kana hak-hak nagara bagian.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 86–88.</ref> Anjeunna tetep janten pangrojong kuat hak-hak nagara bagian, bari nyarios yén maranéhna "tiasa ngancurkeun Pamaréntah Féderal ngan ku sakecap; ngabubarkeun Konstitusi sarta nyebarkeun fragmén-fragménna kana angin".<ref name = "kleber698">[[#Kleber|Kleber]], p. 698.</ref> Teu lami ti harita, Tyler mimiti teu akur sareng Présidén Jackson. Anjeunna ngarasa kuciwa ku [[sistim rampasan]] (spoils system) anu nembé muncul dina jaman Jackson, sarta nyebutna salaku "pakarang kanggé kampanye". Anjeunna masihan sora nolak seueur nominasi pilihan Jackson nalika éta dianggap teu konstitusional atanapi dumasar kana kapentingan paronase. Nentang nominasi ti présidén anu sapartéy dianggap salaku "tindakan pemberontakan" ka partéyna sorangan.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 86–87, 99–106.</ref> Tyler ogé ngarasa kacida kasinggung ku cara Jackson ngagunakeun kakuasaan [[penunjukan resés]] pikeun nunjuk tilu komisaris perjangjian pikeun pendak sareng utusan ti [[Kasultanan Utsmaniyah]], sarta Tyler ngajukeun RUU kanggé negur Jackson ngeunaan hal ieu.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 41.</ref> Sanajan kitu, dina sababaraha urusan, Tyler miboga hubungan anu saé sareng Jackson. Anjeunna ngabéla Jackson nalika [[Veto Jalan Maysville|ngavéto proyék pendanaan Jalan Maysville]], anu dianggap ku Jackson salaku hal anu teu konstitusional.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 99–100; [[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 41.</ref> Anjeunna ogé méré sora pikeun negaskeun sababaraha penunjukan Jackson, kalebet calon wakil présidén Jackson ka payunna, [[Martin Van Buren]], salaku [[Menteri Amérika Sarikat ka Inggris]]. Isu utama dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1832|pamilihan présidén 1832]] nyaéta perpanjangan piagam Bank Kadua Amérika Sarikat, anu duanana (Tyler sarta Jackson) sami-sami nentang. Kongrés méré sora pikeun memperpanjang piagam bank dina Juli 1832, sarta Jackson ngavéto éta RUU dumasar kana alesan konstitusional sarta praktis. Tyler méré sora kanggé ngarojong éta véto sarta ngadukung Jackson dina usahana pikeun kapilih deui.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 124–25.</ref> ====Peupeus sareng Partéy Démokrat==== Hubungan Tyler anu teu merenah sareng partéyna muncak nalika [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-22]], nalika [[krisis nullifikasi]] taun 1832–1833 dimimitian. South Carolina, anu ngancam bakal [[Separatisme di Amérika Sarikat|misahkeun diri]], ngesahkeun [[Ordinansi Nullifikasi]] dina Nopémber 1832, anu nyatakeun yén "Tarif Kanista" téh batal sarta teu lumaku di wilayahna. Hal ieu ngahudangkeun patarosan konstitusional naha nagara bagian tiasa ngabatalkeun hukum féderal. Jackson, anu nolak hak kasebut, nyiapkeun kanggé nandatanganan [[RUU Kakuatan Militer]] (Force Bill) anu ngamungkinkeun pamaréntah féderal ngagunakeun tindakan militer kanggé nerapkeun éta tarif. Tyler, anu simpati kana alesan South Carolina, nolak pamakéan kakuatan militer Jackson ka nagara bagian sarta masihan biantara dina Pébruari 1833 anu ngajelaskeun pandanganana. Anjeunna ngarojong [[Tarif Kompromi 1833]] anu diajukeun ku Clay, anu disahkeun dina taun éta, kanggé ngirangan tarif sacara bertahap salami sapuluh taun, sahingga ngurangan tegangan antara nagara bagian sarta pamaréntah féderal.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 112–20.</ref> Ku méré sora nolak Force Bill, Tyler terang yén anjeunna bakal salamina dipisahkeun tina faksi pro-Jackson di législatur Virginia, kalebet maranéhna anu salami ieu masih toléran kana sikepna anu "maverick". Hal ieu ngabahayakeun [[Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat 1832|pamilihan deui anjeunna dina Pébruari 1833]], nalika anjeunna nyanghareupan Démokrat pro-administrasi [[James McDowell]]. Nanging, kalayan dukungan Clay, Tyler kapilih deui kalayan selisih 12 sora.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 120–23.</ref> Jackson beuki nyieun Tyler kasinggung ku cara ngabubarkeun Bank ngaliwatan paréntah éksekutif. Dina Séptémber 1833, Jackson ngaluarkeun paréntah éksekutif ka Sekretaris Hazanah [[Roger B. Taney]] kanggé mindahkeun dana féderal ti Bank ka bank-bank nagara bagian sacara langsung. Tyler ningali ieu salaku "tindakan ngerabut kakuasaan anu nyata", palanggaran kontrak, sarta ancaman kanggé ékonomi. Saatos sababaraha bulan mikir jero, anjeunna mutuskeun kanggé ngagabung sareng lawan-lawan Jackson. Salaku anggota [[Komite Kauangan Sénat Amérika Sarikat|Komite Kauangan Sénat]], anjeunna méré sora kanggé dua résolusi kacindekan (censure) ngalawan présidén dina Maret 1834.<ref name = "Chitwood125plus">[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 125–28.</ref> Harita, Tyler parantos gabung sareng [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Whig]] anu nembé dibentuk ku Clay, anu ngawasa Sénat. Dina 3 Maret 1835, ngan sababaraha jam sateuacan [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-23]] lekasan, kaum Whig milih Tyler janten [[Présidén pro tempore Sénat Amérika Sarikat|Présidén ''pro tempore'' Sénat]] salaku simbol pangakuatna.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 132.</ref> Anjeunna mangrupa hiji-hijina présidén AS anu kantos nyepeng jabatan ieu.<ref>{{cite web|title=President pro tempore|author=U.S. Senate|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htm|access-date=April 27, 2014}}</ref> Teu lami ti harita, kaum Démokrat ngawasa DPR Virginia. Tyler ditawaran jabatan hakim salaku imbalan upami anjeunna mundur tina Sénat, nanging anjeunna nolak. Anjeunna ngartos naon anu bakal lumangsung: législatur bakal maksa anjeunna méré sora anu nentang kapercayaan konstitusionalna. Sénator [[Thomas Hart Benton (politikus)|Thomas Hart Benton]] ti Missouri parantos ngajukeun RUU kanggé mupus kacindekan (censure) Jackson. Ngaliwatan résolusi législatur anu dikawasa ku Démokrat, Tyler tiasa diparéntahkeun kanggé milih éta RUU. Upami anjeunna ngabaékeun paréntah éta, anjeunna bakal ngalanggar prinsipna sorangan: "tindakan munggaran dina kahirupan pulitik kuring nyaéta negur Giles sarta Brent lantaran nentang paréntah législatur," ceuk anjeunna nyatet.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 138.</ref> Salami sababaraha bulan ka payun, anjeunna ménta nasehat ti babaturanana, anu masihan saran anu silih berlawanan. Dina pertengahan Pébruari, anjeunna ngrasa yén karirna di Sénat sigana bakal lekasan. Anjeunna ngirimkeun surat pangunduran diri ka Wakil Présidén Van Buren dina 29 Pébruari 1836, anu saurang ungelna kieu:<ref name = "chitwood134">[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 134.</ref> {{blockquote|Kuring bakal mawa prinsip-prinsip anu kuring bawa nalika lebet ka dunya publik kana mangsa pangsiun kuring, sarta ku cara nyerahkeun jabatan luhur anu dipercayakeun ku sora rahayat Virginia, kuring bakal masihan conto ka barudak kuring anu bakal ngajarkeun maranéhna kanggé henteu nganggap jabatan sarta korsi téh aya hartosna, nalika salah sahijina kedah dihontal atanapi dipertahankeun ku cara ngorbankeun kahormatan.}} ===Pamilihan présidén 1836=== {{See also|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836}} [[File:John Tyler, 1835.jpg|thumb|Lukisan Tyler nalika ngajabat salaku Présidén pro-tempore Sénat, 1835]] Sanajan Tyler hoyong museurkeun perhatian kana kahirupan pribadi sarta kulawargana, anjeunna énggal-énggal kalibet deui dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836|pamilihan présidén 1836]]. Anjeunna parantos diusulkeun salaku calon wakil présidén ti mimiti taun 1835, sarta dina dinten anu sami nalika Démokrat Virginia ngaluarkeun paréntah pamupusan (expunging), kaum Whig Virginia nyalonkeun anjeunna salaku kandidat maranéhna. Partéy Whig anu nembé kabentuk harita tacan cukup kaorganisir kanggé ngayakeun konvénsi nasional sarta nangtukeun hiji tikét tunggal kanggé ngalawan Van Buren, panerus pilihan Jackson. Sabalikna, kaum Whig di rupa-rupa daérah ngajukeun tikét pilihan maranéhna sorangan, anu ngagambarkeun koalisi partéy anu masih kénéh rapuh: Whig Massachusetts nyalonkeun [[Daniel Webster]] sarta [[Francis Granger]], [[Partéy Anti-Masonik]] di nagara bagian Kalér sarta wates ngarojong William Henry Harrison sarta Granger, sarta para pangrojong hak-hak nagara bagian di bagian tengah sarta kidul nyalonkeun [[Hugh Lawson White]] sarta John Tyler.<ref name = "chitwood147plus" /> Di Maryland, tikét Whig nyaéta Harrison sarta Tyler, sedengkeun di South Carolina nyaéta [[Willie P. Mangum]] sarta Tyler. Kaum Whig hoyong ngahalangan Van Buren supados teu nampi mayoritas di Kolegeu Éléktoral, sahingga pamilihan bakal dialihkeun ka DPR, dimana perjangjian pulitik tiasa dilakukeun. Tyler miharep para éléktor moal tiasa milih wakil présidén, sahingga anjeunna janten salah sahiji tina dua anu nampi sora panglobana, anu satuluyna Sénat, dumasar kana [[Amandemen ka-12 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]], kedah milih salah sahijina.<ref name = "seager119plus">[[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 119–21.</ref> Nurutkeun kabiasaan jaman harita—yén calon teu kedah katingal milarian jabatan—Tyler tetep di bumi salami kampanye sarta henteu masihan biantara nanaon.<ref name = "seager119plus" /> Anjeunna ngan nampi 47 sora éléktoral ti Georgia, South Carolina, sarta Tennessee dina pamilihan Nopémber 1836, aya di handapeun Granger sarta kandidat Démokrat, [[Richard Mentor Johnson]] ti Kentucky. Harrison mangrupa kandidat présidén Whig anu pangunggulna, nanging anjeunna éléh ku Van Buren.<ref name = "chitwood147plus">[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 147–51.</ref> Pamilihan présidén diputuskeun ku Kolegeu Éléktoral, nanging kanggé hiji-hijina waktos dina sajarah Amérika, pamilihan wakil présidén diputuskeun ku Sénat, anu milih Johnson tinimbang Granger dina sora munggaran.<ref>[[#Hatch|Hatch]], p. 189.</ref> ===Inohong pulitik nasional=== Tyler parantos ditarik kana pulitik Virginia nalika janten Sénator AS. Ti Oktober 1829 dugi ka Januari 1830, anjeunna ngabdi salaku anggota [[Konvénsi Konstitusi Virginia|konvénsi konstitusi nagara bagian]], hiji peran anu sabenerna mah anjeunna rada wegah nampina. [[Konstitusi Virginia]] anu asli masihan pangaruh anu kaleuleuwihi ka wilayah-wilayah wétan anu langkung konsérpatip, margi nangtukeun jumlah anggota législatif anu sami pikeun unggal county tanpa ningali jumlah pangeusina, sarta ngan masihan hak pilih ka nu gaduh lahan (property owners). Ieu konvénsi masihan kasempetan ka wilayah-wilayah kulon Virginia anu langkung padet pangeusina sarta libéral pikeun ngalegaan pangaruh maranéhna. Salaku saurang nu gaduh budak beulian ti Virginia wétan, Tyler ngarojong sistim anu parantos aya, nanging anjeunna milih kénéh cicing di sisi salila debat, margi teu hoyong ngajauhkeun faksi pulitik mana waé di éta nagara bagian. Anjeunna langkung fokus kana karirna di Sénat anu peryogi dukungan anu lega, sarta masihan biantara salila konvénsi anu ngajurung kana kompromi sarta persatuan.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 88–98.</ref> Saatos pamilihan 1836, Tyler ngira yén karir pulitikna parantos lekasan, sarta ngarencanakeun pikeun balik deui janten praktisi hukum swasta. Dina usum gugur taun 1837, saurang réntén ngajual lahan anu cukup lega ka anjeunna di Williamsburg. Kusabab teu tiasa lami tebih ti dunya pulitik, Tyler hasil kapilih janten anggota House of Delegates sarta nempatan korsina dina taun 1838. Harita anjeunna parantos janten inohong pulitik nasional, sarta pangabdian katiluna di législatur nagara bagian ieu parantos ngambah kana isu-isu nasional sapertos penjualan lahan publik.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 152–53.</ref> Panggentos Tyler di Sénat nyaéta [[William Cabell Rives]], saurang Démokrat konsérpatip. Dina Pébruari 1839, Majelis Umum mimbangkeun saha anu bakal nempatan éta korsi, anu mangsa jabatanna bakal lekasan dina sasih payun. Rives parantos mimiti ngajauhan partéyna, méré sinyal kamungkinan aliansi sareng kaum Whig. Kusabab Tyler parantos sacara pinuh nolak Démokrat, anjeunna miharep kaum Whig bakal ngarojong anjeunna. Nanging, seueur kaum Whig anu nganggap Rives salaku pilihan anu langkung nguntungkeun sacara pulitik, margi maranéhna miharep tiasa berkoalisi sareng sayap konsérpatip Partéy Démokrat dina pamilihan présidén 1840. Strategi ieu dirojong ku pamimpin Whig, Henry Clay, anu harita mah masih kénéh mikahormat ka Tyler. Kusabab sora kabagi di antara tilu kandidat, kalebet Rives sarta Tyler, korsi Sénat éta kosong salami ampir dua taun, dugi ka Januari 1841.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 157–63.</ref> ==Pamilihan présidén 1840== {{See also|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|Kampanye présidén William Henry Harrison 1840|Konvénsi Nasional Whig 1839}} ===Nambahkeun Tyler kana tikét=== [[File:Tiptoo crop.jpg|thumb|alt=Sheet music|"[[Tippecanoe and Tyler Too]]"]] Nalika [[Konvénsi Nasional Whig 1839]] lumangsung di [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]], kanggé milih pasangan calon ti partéy éta, Amérika nuju aya dina taun katilu résési anu parah saatos [[Panik 1837]]. Usaha Van Buren anu teu éféktif kanggé nanganan éta kaayaan ngajantenkeun anjeunna kaleungitan dukungan publik. Kusabab Partéy Démokrat parantos peupeus janten sababaraha faksi, pamingpin tikét Whig kamungkinan ageung bakal janten présidén salajengna. Harrison, Clay, sarta Jenderal [[Winfield Scott]] sadayana narékahan kanggé nampi nominasi. Tyler sumping ka konvénsi sarta ngagabung sareng délégasi Virginia, sanajan anjeunna teu miboga status resmi. Kusabab ayana rasa pait alatan pamilihan Sénat anu tacan réngsé, délégasi Virginia nolak kanggé ngajantenkeun Tyler salaku kandidat [[favorite son]] pikeun wakil présidén. Tyler sorangan henteu ngalakukeun nanaon kanggé ngaronjatkeun kasempetanna. Upami kandidat présidén karesepna, nyaéta Clay, hasil meunang, Tyler kamungkinan ageung moal dipilih kanggé nempatan posisi kadua dina tikét, margi éta posisi biasana bakal dipasihan ka urang Kalér kanggé mastikeun kasaimbangan géografis.<ref name = "seager132plus" /> Éta konvénsi ngalaman jalan buntu (deadlock) di antara tilu kandidat utama, dimana sora Virginia mimitina dipasihan ka Clay. Seueur kaum Whig di Kalér anu nentang Clay, sarta sababaraha urang, kalebet [[Thaddeus Stevens]] ti Pennsylvania, némbongkeun surat ti Scott ka delegasi Virginia anu eusina saolah-olah Scott miboga sikep abolisionis (anti-perbudakan). Délégasi Virginia anu boga pangaruh kuat harita ngumumkeun yén Harrison mangrupa pilihan kaduana, anu nyababkeun kalolobaan pangrojong Scott pindah ka Harrison, sahingga Harrison nampi nominasi présidén.<ref name = "seager132plus">[[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 132–33.</ref> Nominasi wakil présidén harita dianggap salaku hal anu [[wikt:immaterial|teu pati penting]]; tacan aya présidén anu gagal ngaréngsékeun mangsa jabatanna. Teu seueur perhatian anu dipasihan kana ieu pilihan, sarta rinci ngeunaan kumaha Tyler tiasa nampi posisi éta masih kénéh tacan jelas. Chitwood nyebutkeun yén Tyler mangrupa kandidat anu logis: salaku saurang nu gaduh budak ti Kidul, anjeunna nyaimbangkeun tikét sarta ogé nenangkeun kasieun urang Kidul anu nganggap Harrison miboga kacenderungan abolisionis. Tyler parantos janten kandidat wakil présidén dina taun 1836, sarta ku ayana anjeunna dina tikét, Whig tiasa meunang di Virginia, nagara bagian anu panglobana pangeusina di Kidul. Salah saurang pangurus konvénsi, penerbit ti New York [[Thurlow Weed]], nyatakeun yén "Tyler antukna dipilih lantaran urang teu mendakan deui jalma sanés anu kersa nampi"—sanajan anjeunna nembé nyarios kieu saatos ayana papaséaan antara Présidén Tyler sarta Partéy Whig ka payunna.<ref>[[#Peterson|Peterson]], pp. 26–27.</ref> Musuh-musuh Tyler sanésna ngaklaim yén anjeunna "ceurik" nepi ka tiasa asup ka Gedong Bodas saatos ceurik ningali kaéléhan Clay; hal ieu sigana mah teu leres, margi Clay sorangan kantos ngarojong lawan Tyler, Rives, dina pamilihan Sénat.<ref>[[#Hatch|Hatch]], p. 192.</ref> Ngaran Tyler diajukeun dina sora, sarta sanajan Virginia milih ''abstain'' (teu méré sora), anjeunna nampi mayoritas anu diperyogikeun. Nalika janten présidén, Tyler dituduh kanggé nampi nominasi ku cara nyumputkeun pandanganana, sarta anjeunna ngajawab yén taya saurang ogé anu naroskeun ngeunaan hal éta. Biografina, Robert Seager II, miboga pamandangan yén Tyler dipilih kusabab kurangna kandidat alternatif sanésna. Seager nyimpulkeun, "Anjeunna diasupkeun kana tikét kanggé narik sora Kidul ka Harrison. Teu kirang, teu langkung."<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 134–35.</ref> ===Pamilihan Umum=== Taya [[platform partéy]] Whig—para pamingpin partéy mutuskeun yén nyobian nyusun platform malah bakal ngabubarkeun partéy. Janten, kaum Whig kampanye dumasar kana perlawanan maranéhna ka Van Buren, nyalahkeun anjeunna sarta kaum Démokrat pikeun résési anu lumangsung.<ref>[[#Peterson|Peterson]], p. 27.</ref> Dina matéri kampanye, Tyler dipuji lantaran integritasna nalika mundur tina Sénat alatan paréntah législatur nagara bagian.<ref>[[#Leahy|Leahy]], p. 350.</ref> Kaum Whig mimitina miharep kanggé "ngajempékeun" Harrison sarta Tyler, supados maranéhna teu ngaluarkeun pernyataan kawijakan anu tiasa ngajauhkeun sabagian faksi partéy. Nanging, saatos saingan Démokrat Tyler, Wakil Présidén Johnson, suksés ngayakeun tur biantara, Tyler dipénta kanggé indit ti Williamsburg ka [[Columbus, Ohio]], sarta di dinya biantara dina konvénsi lokal kanggé ngayakinkeun urang Kalér yén anjeunna miboga pandangan anu sami sareng Harrison. Dina lalampahan ampir dua bulan, Tyler masihan biantara dina rupa-rupa rapat umum. Anjeunna teu tiasa nyingkahan patarosan, sarta saatos diteken nepi ka ngaku yén anjeunna ngarojong Tarif Kompromi (anu sabenerna teu dipikaresep ku seueur kaum Whig), Tyler milih ngadugikeun deui cutatan tina biantara Harrison anu sipatna samar. Dina biantara dua jam di Columbus, Tyler leres-leres nyingkahan isu Bank Amérika Sarikat, anu mangrupa salah sahiji patarosan utama harita.<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 137–39.</ref> {{quote box | align = left | width = 17em | salign = right | quote =  <poem> Naon anu nyababkeun ribut-ribut ieu, Di sakuliah nagara urang? Ieu téh bal anu nuju ngagulitik, Kanggé Tippecanoe sarta Tyler ogé, Tippecanoe sarta Tyler ogé. Sareng maranéhna, urang bakal ngéléhkeun Van anu leutik, Van, Van Van téh lalaki anu parantos béak. </poem> | source = — Lagu kampanye tina pamilihan 1840<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 140.</ref> }} Pikeun meunangkeun pamilihan, pamingpin Whig mutuskeun maranéhna kedah ngagerakkeun jalma-jalma di sakuliah nagara, kalebet kaum awéwé, anu harita mah tacan tiasa méré sora. Ieu mangrupa munggaranana partéy pulitik Amérika ngalibetkeun kaum awéwé dina kagiatan kampanye sacara lega, sarta kaum awéwé di Virginia (tempat asal Tyler) aktip bajoang kanggé anjeunna.<ref>[[#Varon|Varon]]</ref><ref>[[#Gunderson|Gunderson]], pp. 134–139.</ref> Partéy miharep kanggé nyingkahan isu-isu beurat sarta meunang ngaliwatan antusiasme publik, kalayan ngayakeun ara-arakan obor sarta rapat umum pulitik anu pinuh ku inuman keras.<ref name="Seager, p. 135">[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 135.</ref> Minat kana kampanye ieu taya tandingna sateuacanna. Nalika pers Démokrat ngagambarkeun Harrison salaku prajurit sepuh anu bakal eureun kampanye upami dipasihan sato mémang (barrel) [[hard cider]] (saripati apel beralkohol) kanggé diinum di jero [[gubug kai]]-na (log cabin), kaum Whig malah nyandak éta gambar kalayan sumanget, sahingga lahirna "kampanye gubug kai". Kanyataan yén Harrison sabenerna cicing di perkebunan méwah sarta Tyler téh jalma jegud mah dipaliré waé, sedengkeun gambar gubug kai muncul di mana-mana, ti mimiti spanduk dugi ka botol wiski. ''Cider'' mangrupa inuman karesep seueur patani sarta padagang, sarta kaum Whig ngaklaim yén Harrison langkung resep kana inuman rahayat leutik éta.<ref name = "crapol17plus" /> [[File:ElectoralCollege1840.svg|thumb|alt=Péta AS taun 1840, némbongkeun sora éléktoral|Péta sora éléktoral 1840]] Jasa militer sang calon présidén kacida ditekenna, sahingga muncul slogan kampanye anu kawentar, "**[[Tippecanoe and Tyler Too]]**", anu ngarujuk kana kameunangan Harrison dina [[Pertempuran Tippecanoe]]. [[Glee club]] (kelompok nembang) muncul di sakuliah nagara, nembangkeun lagu-lagu patriotik: saurang éditor Démokrat nyatakeun yén anjeunna ngarasa festival lagu kanggé ngarojong Partéy Whig téh moal tiasa dipohokeun. Di antara lirik anu ditepikeun nyaéta "Urang bakal milih Tyler ku kituna/Tanpa nanya naha atawa ku sabab naon".<ref name = "crapol17plus">[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 17–19.</ref> Louis Hatch, dina sajarah wakil présidénna, nyatet, "kaum Whig ngagorowok, nembang, sarta ngagunakeun 'hard-cider' kanggé mawa 'pahlawan Tippecanoe' ka Gedong Bodas".<ref name = "Hatch193">[[#Hatch|Hatch]], p. 193.</ref> Clay, sanajan ngarasa pait ku kaéléhanana anu sakian kalina, bisa ditenangkeun ku munduruna Tyler tina pamilihan Sénat anu masih tacan réngsé (supados Rives tiasa kapilih), sarta Clay antukna kampanye di Virginia kanggé tikét Harrison/Tyler.<ref name="Seager, p. 135"/> Tyler ngaramalkeun yén kaum Whig bakal meunang gampang di Virginia; anjeunna ngarasa éra nalika ramalanana salah,<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 141.</ref> nanging kahibur ku kameunangan sacara umum—Harrison sarta Tyler meunang sora éléktoral 234–60 kalayan 53% sora rahayat (popular vote). Van Buren ngan meunang di tujuh nagara bagian tina 26. Kaum Whig hasil ngawasa kadua majelis di Kongrés.<ref>[[#Peterson|Peterson]], pp. 29–30.</ref> ==Wakil présidén (1841)== Salaku [[Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat kapilih]], Tyler tetep cicing kalayan tenang di bumina di Williamsburg. Anjeunna sacara pribadi ngungkabkeun harepan yén Harrison bakal miboga sikep anu tegas sarta moal ngantepkeun ayana intrik dina Kabinét, utamana dina dinten-dinten awal pamaréntahan.<ref name = "peterson34">[[#Peterson|Peterson]], p. 34.</ref> Tyler henteu aub dina milih anggota Kabinét, sarta henteu ngusulkeun sasaha kanggé nempatan jabatan féderal dina pamaréntahan Whig anu énggal. Kusabab ditarajang ku jalma-jalma anu milari jabatan sarta tungtutan ti Sénator Clay, Harrison dua kali ngirim surat ka Tyler kanggé ménta nasehat naha pejabat anu ditunjuk ku Van Buren kedah diberhentikeun atanapi henteu. Dina kadua kasus éta, Tyler nyarankeun supados ulah diberhentikeun, sarta Harrison nyerat, "Pa Tyler nyarios yén maranéhna teu kedah dicopot, janten kuring moal nyopot maranéhna."<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 143.</ref> Kadua inohong ieu pendak sakedap di Richmond dina bulan Pébruari, sarta marios parade bareng,<ref name = "peterson34" /> sanajan maranéhna henteu ngabahas ngeunaan pulitik.<ref name = "seager144" /> [[File:Tyler receives news.jpg|thumb|alt=Ilustrasi: Tyler nangtung di tepas imahna di Virginia, didatangan ku saurang lalaki anu mawa amplop. Tulisanana: "Tyler nampi béja pupusna Harrison."|Ilustrasi taun 1888 ngeunaan Présidén Tyler nampi béja pupusna Présidén [[William Henry Harrison]] ti [[Kapala Kerani (Departemén Luar Negeri AS)|Kapala Kerani Departemén Luar Negeri]], [[Fletcher Webster]]]] Tyler dilantik dina 4 Maret 1841, di [[Old Senate Chamber|rohangan Sénat lami]], sarta masihan biantara tilu menit ngeunaan [[hak-hak nagara bagian]] sateuacan ngalantik para sénator énggal, anu satuluyna ngahadiran [[Palantikan William Henry Harrison]]. Saatos biantara dua jam présidén énggal di payuneun balaréa dina cuaca anu tiris pisan, Tyler balik deui ka Sénat kanggé nampi nominasi Kabinét présidén, sarta mingpin konfirmasi dina dinten salajengna—totalna ngan dua jam anjeunna janten présidén Sénat. Kusabab nganggap moal seueur tanggung jawab, anjeunna teras mios ti Washington sarta balik deui kalayan tenang ka bumina di [[Williamsburg, Virginia]].<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 200–02; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 144–45.</ref> Seager engkéna nyerat, "Upami William Henry Harrison terus hirup, John Tyler pastina bakal janten wakil présidén anu teu dipikawanoh sakumaha wakil présidén sanésna dina sajarah Amérika."<ref name = "seager144">[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 144.</ref> Samentawis éta, Harrison bajoang kanggé nangkis sagala rupa paménta ti Clay sarta pihak sanésna anu milari jabatan sarta pangaruh dina pamaréntahanana. Umur Harrison anu parantos sepuh sarta kaséhatanana anu mimiti nyirorot sanés mangrupa rusiah salila kampanye, sarta patarosan ngeunaan suksési présidén aya dina pikiran unggal politikus. Sababaraha minggu munggaran janten présidén leres-leres méspentaskeun tanaga Harrison, sarta saatos kabaseuhan ku hujan dina ahir Maret, anjeunna katarajang [[pneumonia]] (paru-paru baseuh) sarta [[pleurisy]].<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 201–02; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 142–47.</ref> Sekretaris Nagara Daniel Webster ngirim béja ka Tyler ngeunaan panyakit Harrison dina 1 April; dua dinten saatosna, pengacara ti Richmond James Lyons nyerat béja yén kaayaan présidén beuki parah, bari nyarios, "Kuring moal reuwas upami ngadangu tina surat énjing yén Jéndral Harrison parantos taya dikieuna."<ref name="Crapol 8">[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 8.</ref> Tyler mutuskeun kanggé henteu angkat ka Washington, margi teu hoyong katingal teu pantes saolah-olah nuju ngantosan pupusna Harrison. Dina subuh kaping 5 April, putra Webster, [[Fletcher Webster]], kapala kerani Departemén Luar Negeri, sumping ka bumi Tyler di Williamsburg kanggé sacara resmi nginpokeun pupusna Harrison dina énjing sateuacanna.<ref name = "Crapol 8" /><ref name="ReferenceA">[[#Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession|Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession]]</ref> Tyler geuwat mios ti Williamsburg sarta dugi ka Washington dina subuh dinten salajengna.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> ==Jabatan Présidén (1841–1845)== {{Main|Jabatan Présidén John Tyler}} [[File:John Tyler I.png|thumb|{{center|Présidén John Tyler, 1841}}]] Pupusna Harrison nalika nuju ngajabat mangrupa kajadian anu tacan kantos lumangsung sateuacanna, anu nyababkeun kateupastian ngeunaan suksési présidén. [[Pasal Dua Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat|Pasal II, Bagian 1, Ayat 6]] tina Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat, anu ngatur suksési présidén dina mangsa jabatan harita (ayeuna parantos digentos ku [[Amandemen ka-25 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]]), nyatakeun: {{Blockquote|Dina hal Présidén ditéwak tina Jabatanana, atanapi Pupus, Ngundurkeun Diri, atanapi Teu Sanggup ngajalankeun Wewenang sarta Tugas ti éta Jabatan, hal anu Sami bakal dipasrahkeun ka Wakil Présidén ....<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii|title=U.S. Constitution: Article II|publisher=Cornell University Law School|access-date=January 29, 2017}}</ref>}} Napsirkeun katangtuan Konstitusi ieu nimbulkeun patarosan naha jabatan présidén sacara nyata pindah ka Tyler, atanapi saukur wewenang sarta tugasna wungkul.<ref name = "chitwood202plus" /> Kabinét ngayakeun rapat sajam saatos pupusna Harrison sarta, numutkeun laporan engkéna, mutuskeun yén Tyler bakal janten "wakil présidén anu [[Pelaksana tugas présidén Amérika Sarikat|ngajalankeun tugas présidén]]".<ref>[[#Dinnerstein|Dinnerstein]], p. 447.</ref> Nanging, Tyler sacara tegas sarta mutus negeskeun yén Konstitusi masihan anjeunna wewenang pinuh sarta tanpa sarat tina éta jabatan. Ku kituna, anjeunna langsung nyandak sumpah jabatan salaku présidén, pindah ka Gedong Bodas sarta ngajalankeun kakuasaan présidén sapinuhna. Hal ieu nyiptakeun **[[Preséden Tyler]]** kanggé mindahkeun kakuasaan sacara teratur saatos présidén pupus, sanajan hal ieu nembé dibukukeun (kodifikasi) saatos disahkeunana Amandemen ka-25 dina taun 1967.<ref name="MillerCenterTyler">{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/president/biography/tyler-life-in-brief|title=John Tyler: Life in Brief|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|access-date=January 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131195651/http://millercenter.org/president/biography/tyler-life-in-brief|archive-date=January 31, 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131195651/http://millercenter.org/president/biography/tyler-life-in-brief |date=January 31, 2017 }}</ref> Hakim [[William Cranch]] mingpin [[Sumpah jabatan Présidén Amérika Sarikat|sumpah présidén]] di kamar hotél Tyler. Tyler nganggap éta sumpah sabenerna mah teu perlu (redundant) margi anjeunna parantos sumpah salaku wakil présidén, nanging anjeunna hoyong ngaleungitkeun sagala karagu-raguan ngeunaan jabatanana.<ref name = "chitwood202plus">[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 202–03.</ref> Nalika mimiti ngajabat, Tyler, dina yuswa 51 taun, janten présidén [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat dumasar yuswa|pangngorana]] dugi ka mangsa harita.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/john_tyler_sherwood_forest.html |title=John Tyler Home |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=December 14, 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322030616/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/john_tyler_sherwood_forest.html |date=March 22, 2021 }}</ref> Rékorna satuluyna ditélikung ku panerusna, [[James K. Polk]], anu mimiti ngajabat dina yuswa 49 taun. "Kusabab sieun bakal ngajauhan para pangrojong Harrison, Tyler mutuskeun kanggé mertahankeun sakabéh kabinét Harrison sanajan sababaraha anggotana sacara terang-terangan némbongkeun rasa teu resep ka anjeunna sarta nolak jabatanana."<ref name="MillerCenterTyler"/> Dina rapat kabinét kahijina, Webster nginpokeun ka anjeunna ngeunaan kabiasaan Harrison anu nangtukeun kawijakan dumasar sora mayoritas. (Ieu mangrupa klaim anu rada diragukeun, margi Harrison ngan sakedik ngayakeun rapat kabinét sarta kantos sacara tegas némbongkeun otoritasna ka kabinét sahenteuna sakali.<ref>{{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert |title=Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time|url=https://archive.org/details/danielwebsterman00remi |url-access=registration |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|year=1997|pages=[https://archive.org/details/danielwebsterman00remi/page/520 520–521]|isbn=978-0-393-04552-9 }}</ref>) Kabinét pinuh harepan yén présidén énggal bakal neraskeun éta kabiasaan. Tyler kacida kagetna sarta langsung ngoréksi maranéhna: {{Blockquote|Hampura, para jandral; sim kuring kacida bingahna gaduh negarawan anu mumpuni sapertos aranjeun dina Kabinét sim kuring. Sarta sim kuring bakal bingah nampi nasehat sarta saran ti aranjeun. Nanging, sim kuring moal tiasa satuju upami dikatidikkeun (didikté) ngeunaan naon anu kedah atanapi teu kedah sim kuring lakukeun. Sim kuring, salaku présidén, bakal tanggung jawab kana administrasi sim kuring. Sim kuring miharep gawé bareng anu tulus ti aranjeun dina ngajalankeun léngkah-léngkahna. Salami aranjeun kersa ngalakukeun hal ieu, sim kuring bakal bingah aranjeun aya sareng sim kuring. Nalika aranjeun miboga pamandangan sanés, surat pangunduran diri aranjeun bakal ditampi.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 270, [[#Seager|Seager]], p. 149.</ref>}} Tyler nepikeun biantara pelantikan tinulis anu informal ka [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat]] dina 9 April, dimana anjeunna negeskeun deui kapercayaanana kana prinsip dasar [[Démokrasi Jeffersonian]] sarta kakuasaan féderal anu kawates. Klaim Tyler salaku présidén teu langsung ditampi ku anggota [[Oposisi (parlemén)|oposisi]] di Kongrés sapertos [[John Quincy Adams]], anu ngarasa yén Tyler kedahna janten [[Pamaréntah saheulaanan|pangurus samentara]] kalayan jujuluk "pelaksana tugas présidén", atanapi tetep janten wakil présidén sacara ngaran.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 203–07.</ref> Di antara maranéhna anu mamang kana otoritas Tyler nyaéta Clay, anu parantos ngarencanakeun janten "kakuasaan nyata di balik tahta anu ringkih" nalika Harrison masih hirup, sarta miboga maksud anu sami ka Tyler.<ref name = "seager142plus" /> Clay ningali Tyler saukur salaku "wakil présidén" sarta jabatan présidénna ngan ukur "[[wali raja]]" (regency).<ref name = "seager142plus">[[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 142, 151.</ref> Ratifikasi kaputusan éta ku Kongrés sumping ngaliwatan béwara biasa yén Kongrés parantos ngayakeun sidang sarta siap nampi pesen-pesen. Di kadua majelis (DPR sarta Sénat), aya usulan amandemen anu gagal kanggé mupus kecap "présidén" sarta diganti ku basa anu ngawengku istilah "wakil présidén" kanggé nyebut Tyler. Sénator Mississippi [[Robert J. Walker]], dina panyatana, nyebatkeun yén ide yén Tyler masih kénéh wakil présidén sarta tiasa mingpin Sénat téh mangrupa hal anu absurd.<ref name="ReferenceB">[[#Dinnerstein|Dinnerstein]], pp. 451–53.</ref> Dina 31 Méi 1841, DPR ngaluarkeun résolusi gabungan anu mastikeun Tyler salaku "Présidén Amérika Sarikat" kanggé sésa mangsa jabatanna.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rankin |first=Robert S. |title=Presidential Succession in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-politics_1946-02_8_1/page/44 |journal=The Journal of Politics |date=Feb 1946 |volume=8 |issue=1 |jstor=2125607 |pages=44–56 |doi=10.2307/2125607|s2cid=153441210 }}</ref> Dina 1 Juni 1841, Sénat méré sora ngarojong résolusi éta. Anu pangpentingna, Sénator Clay sarta [[John C. Calhoun]] milih bareng sareng mayoritas kanggé nolak amandemen Walker.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Para lawan Tyler henteu kantos sapinuhna nampi anjeunna salaku présidén. Anjeunna sacara éksékan dijulukan "**His Accidency**" (Présidén Kabeneran/Kacilakaan) di antara hinaan-hinaan sanésna.<ref>{{cite web|title='His Accidency', John Tyler, Jokes of 'Being an Accident Himself'|url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?john-tyler-president-jokes|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130717082602/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?john-tyler-president-jokes|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 17, 2013|work=Shapell Manuscript Collection|publisher=Shapell Manuscript Foundation|access-date=April 28, 2014}}</ref> Sanajan kitu, Tyler teu kantos goyah tina kapercayaanana yén anjeunna mangrupa présidén anu sah. Nalika lawan-lawan pulitikna ngirim surat ka Gedong Bodas anu ditujukeun ka "wakil présidén" atanapi "pelaksana tugas présidén", anjeunna milih kanggé mulangkeun éta surat tanpa dibuka.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 10.</ref> Tyler dianggap salaku pamingpin anu kuat alatan tindakanana anu mutus nalika naék jabatan janten présidén. Nanging, sacara umum anjeunna miboga pandangan anu kawates ngeunaan kakuasaan présidén, yén undang-undang kedah dimimitian ku Kongrés, sarta véto présidén ngan kedah dianggo nalika hiji hukum dianggap inkonstitusional atanapi nentang kapentingan nasional.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|pp=141-142}} ===Kawijakan ékonomi sarta konflik partéy=== Sapertos Harrison, Tyler parantos diarep-arep kanggé patuh kana kawijakan publik Kongrés Partéy Whig sarta nurut ka pamingpin partéy, Henry Clay. Kaum Whig utamana nungtut supados Tyler ngawatesan kakuasaan véto, salaku réspon kana kapimpinan Jackson anu dianggap mawakarep soranga.{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=142}} Clay parantos ngabayangkeun Kongrés anu dimodélkeun dumasar kana sistim tipe [[parleménter]] dimana anjeunna janten pamingpina.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=142}} Mimitina, Tyler satuju sareng Kongrés Whig anu énggal ku cara nandatanganan undang-undang sapertos RUU ''preemption'' (hak miboga lahan ti heula) anu masihan "kedaulatan pangeusi liar" ka para padumuk di lahan publik, Undang-Undang Distribusi, undang-undang kabangkrutan anu énggal, sarta panyabutan Sistim [[Perbendaharaan Independen]]. Nanging, nalika dugi kana patarosan ageung ngeunaan perbankan, Tyler énggal-énggal béda pamandangan sareng kaum Whig di Kongrés, sarta dua kali ngavéto undang-undang Clay ngeunaan pendirian bank nasional. Sanajan RUU anu kadua mimitina parantos dirancang kanggé nyumponan kabutuhan Tyler tina véto munggaran, vérsi finalna mah tétéla henteu luyu. Ieu prakték, anu sabenerna dirancang kanggé nyegah Tyler janten saingan Clay dina nominasi Whig taun 1844, janten kawentar ku istilah "**heading Captain Tyler**" (ngahalangan Kaptén Tyler), hiji istilah anu diciptakeun ku Perwakilan Whig [[John Minor Botts]] ti Virginia. Tyler ngusulkeun rencana fiskal alternatif anu katelah "Exchequer", nanging réntén-réntén Clay anu ngawasa Kongrés nolak pisan kana éta usulan.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 217–51 sarta lampiran anu ngabandingkeun struktur rupa-rupa RUU bank anu disusun ku Kongrés.</ref> Dina 11 Séptémber 1841, saatos véto bank anu kadua, anggota kabinét asup ka kantor Tyler hiji-hiji sarta ngundurkeun diri—hiji skénario anu disusun ku Clay kanggé maksa Tyler mundur supados tiasa nempatkeun leungeun katuhuna, Présidén ''pro tempore'' Sénat [[Samuel L. Southard]], di Gedong Bodas. Hiji-hijina iwal (pengecualian) nyaéta Webster, anu milih tetep ngajabat kanggé ngaréngsékeun naon anu engkéna janten [[Perjangjian Webster–Ashburton]] 1842, sarta kanggé némbongkeun kamerdékaanana tina pangaruh Clay.<ref>[[#Roseboom|Roseboom]], p. 124.</ref> Nalika dibéjaan ku Webster yén anjeunna kersa tetep ngajabat, Tyler dilaporkeun nyarios, "Pasihan panangan anjeun kanggé hal éta, sarta ayeuna sim kuring bakal nyarios ka anjeun yén Henry Clay téh lalaki anu parantos tumpur nasibna."<ref name = "kleber699" /> Dina 13 [[Séptémber]], nalika présidén henteu mundur atanapi nyerah, kaum Whig di Kongrés miceun Tyler tina partéy. Tyler dihina ku surat kabar Whig sarta nampi ratusan surat anu ngancam bakal nelasan/maéhan anjeunna.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 249–51.</ref> Kaum Whig di Kongrés kacida ambekna ka Tyler sahingga maranéhna nolak kanggé nyadiakeun dana kanggé ngoméan Gedong Bodas, anu harita kaayaanana parantos ruksak.<ref name = "kleber699">[[#Kleber|Kleber]], p. 699.</ref> ====Debat tarif sarta distribusi==== Dina pertengahan taun 1841, pamaréntah féderal nyanghareupan proyéksi defisit anggaran sagedé $11 juta. Tyler sadar yén diperyogikeun tarif anu langkung luhur, nanging anjeunna hoyong tetep aya dina wates 20% sakumaha anu parantos ditetepkeun dina [[Tarif Kompromi 1833]]. Anjeunna ogé ngarojong rencana kanggé ngadistribusikeun pendapatan tina penjualan lahan publik ka nagara-nagara bagian salaku léngkah darurat kanggé nanganan hutang nagara bagian anu beuki numpuk, sanajan hal ieu bakal ngirangan pendapatan féderal. Kaum Whig ngarojong tarif protéksionis anu luhur sarta pendanaan nasional kanggé infrastruktur nagara bagian, sahingga aya titik temu kanggé nyiptakeun kompromi. Undang-Undang Distribusi 1841 nyiptakeun program distribusi kalayan wates tarif 20%; RUU kadua ningkatkeun tarif kana angka éta kanggé barang-barang anu sateuacanna pajegna rendah. Sanajan kitu, dina Maret 1842 janten jelas yén pamaréntah féderal masih kénéh aya dina kaayaan kauangan anu sakarat.<ref name="Dire Straits">Solman, Paul – {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/making-sense/lessons-from-the-political-gri/ |title=''Lessons from the Political Gridlock of 1842'' |publisher=PBS Newshour, February 28, 2013 |access-date= March 30, 2015|date=February 28, 2013 }}</ref> [[File:panic1837 crop.jpg|thumb|Kartun [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]] anu ngagambarkeun dampak pangangguran ka hiji kulawarga anu masang potrét Jackson sarta Van Buren dina témbokna]] Akar masalahna nyaéta krisis ékonomi—anu dimimitian ku [[Panik 1837]]—anu nuju nincak taun kagenepna dina 1842. Hiji [[gelembung spékulatif]] parantos bitu dina taun 1836–39, nyababkeun runtuhna séktor kauangan sarta depresi satuluyna. Nagara janten papasah pisan ngeunaan cara anu pangsaéna kanggé nanganan éta krisis. Kaayaan beuki parah dina awal 1842 margi aya wates waktu (deadline) anu beuki deukeut. Sapuluh taun sateuacanna, nalika ékonomi masih kuat, Kongrés parantos jangji ka nagara-nagara bagian di Kidul yén bakal aya pangirangan tarif féderal anu kacida dipikageuleuhna. Nagara bagian di Kalér mah narima pisan kana tarif, anu ngajagi industri maranéhna anu nembé tumuwuh, nanging nagara bagian di Kidul teu miboga dasar industri sarta gumantung pisan kana aksés kabuka ka pasar Inggris kanggé kapas maranéhna.<ref name="Dire Straits"/> Dina rekomendasi ka Kongrés, Tyler nyatakeun yén diperyogikeun kanggé ngalangkungan Tarif Kompromi 1833 sarta ningkatkeun tarif saluhureun wates 20 persén. Dina kasapukan sateuacanna, hal ieu bakal ngeureunkeun program distribusi, dimana sakabéh pendapatan bakal asup ka pamaréntah féderal.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 293–97; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 166–67.</ref> Kongrés Whig anu nentang embung ningkatkeun tarif upami éta hal mangaruhan distribusi dana ka nagara-nagara bagian. Dina Juni 1842, maranéhna ngesahkeun dua RUU anu bakal ningkatkeun tarif sarta memperpanjang program distribusi tanpa sarat. Kusabab yakin yén teu pantes neraskeun distribusi nalika kakirangan pendapatan féderal merlukeun paningkatan tarif, Tyler ngavéto kadua RUU kasebut, sahingga mutuskeun sakabéh sasak hubungan anu masih aya antara anjeunna sareng kaum Whig.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 297–300; [[#Seager|Seager]], p. 167.</ref> Kongrés nyobian deui ku cara ngahijikeun duanana janten hiji RUU; Tyler ngavétona deui, anu matak kuciwa seueur anggota Kongrés, nanging maranéhna gagal ngabatalkeun (override) éta véto. Kusabab diperyogikeun hiji tindakan nyata, kaum Whig di Kongrés, anu dipingpin ku pupuhu [[Komite Urusan Keuangan DPR]] [[Millard Fillmore]], ngesahkeun hiji RUU di masing-masing majelis (ngan béda hiji sora) anu mulangkeun tarif ka tingkat taun 1832 sarta ngeureunkeun program distribusi. Tyler nandatanganan [[Tarif 1842]] dina 30 Agustus, bari ngalakukeun [[véto saku]] (pocket veto) kana RUU anu misah kanggé mulangkeun program distribusi.<ref>[[#Peterson|Peterson]], pp. 103–08.</ref> ====Réformasi Kantor Béa Cukai New York==== Dina Méi 1841, Présidén Tyler nunjuk tilu warga sipil kanggé nalungtik dugaan ayana kacurangan ''(fraud)'' di Kantor Béa Cukai New York anu cenah lumangsung dina mangsa Présidén [[Martin Van Buren]]. Komisi ieu dipingpin ku [[George Poindexter]], urut gubernur sarta Sénator AS ti Mississippi. Ieu komisi hasil ngabongkar rupa-rupa kagiatan curang anu dilakukeun ku Jesse D. Hoyt, Kolektor New York dina mangsa Van Buren. Pamariksaan komisi ieu nimbulkeun kontrovérsi sareng Kongrés anu dikawasa ku Whig, anu nungtut hoyong ningali laporan panalungtikan sarta ngarasa ambek margi Tyler mayar éta komisi tanpa persetujuan Kongrés. Tyler ngaréspon sarta nyatakeun yén éta téh mangrupa kawajiban konstitusionalna kanggé nerapkeun hukum. Nalika laporan éta réngsé dina 29 April 1842, DPR ménta éta laporan, sarta Tyler nyumponan paménta kasebut. Laporan Poindexter tétéla matak éra pikeun Kolektor New York ti kaum Whig sarta ogé pikeun Hoyt. Pikeun ngawatesan kakuasaan Tyler, Kongrés ngesahkeun undang-undang anggaran anu nyatakeun yén présidén dilarang ngagunakeun dana kanggé para panalungtik (investigator) tanpa aya persetujuan ti Kongrés.{{sfn|Holt|1974|pages=62-63}} ====Petisi pamakzulan di DPR==== Teu lami saatos véto-véto tarif kasebut, kaum Whig di DPR (House of Representatives) ngamimitian prosés [[Pamakzulan féderal di Amérika Sarikat|pamakzulan]] (impeachment) munggaran ngalawan saurang présidén. Rasa teu resep Kongrés ka Tyler dumasar kana alesan véto-vétona; dugi ka mangsa jabatan musuh buyutan kaum Whig, Andrew Jackson, para présidén jarang pisan ngavéto RUU, sarta upami ngalakukeun ogé ngan dumasar kana alesan konstitusionalitas. Tindakan Tyler dianggap nentang otoritas Kongrés dina nangtukeun kawijakan.<ref>''The Presidents: A Reference History'', éditan Henry F. Graff, édisi ka-2 (1996), g. 115 (ésai ku Richard B. Latner).</ref>{{efn|Tyler parantos ngavéto total sapuluh RUU Kongrés, genep véto biasa sarta dua véto saku. Salaku babandingan, [[Andrew Jackson]], anu kacida dipikageuleuhna ku kaum Whig, ngavéto total dua belas RUU Kongrés, lima véto biasa sarta tujuh véto saku. [[Martin Van Buren]] ngan ukur sakali ngalakukeun véto saku ka hiji RUU.<ref>[[#Vetoes, 1789 to Present United States Senate|Vetoes, 1789 to Present United States Senate]]</ref>}} Anggota Kongrés [[John Botts]], anu nentang Tyler, ngajukeun résolusi pamakzulan dina 10 Juli 1842. Botts nepikeun salapan pasal pamakzulan resmi kanggé "kejahatan sarta palanggaran beurat" (high crimes and misdemeanors) ngalawan Tyler.<ref name="Holt 2021">[[#Holt (February/March 2021)|Holt (February/March 2021)]]</ref> Genep tina dakwaan kasebut patali sareng panyalahgunaan kakuasaan pulitik, sedengkeun tilu sanésna ngeunaan dugaan kalakuan nu teu pantes salami ngajabat.<ref name="Holt 2021"/> Salajengna, Botts ménta dibentukna komite salapan anggota kanggé nalungtik paripolah Tyler, kalayan harepan bakal aya rekomendasi pamakzulan resmi. Clay nganggap léngkah ieu teuing agrésif sarta langkung milih prosés anu langkung moderat nuju pamakzulan Tyler anu dianggapna "moal tiasa nyingkah". Résolusi Botts ditunda dugi ka Januari 1843 nalika éta usulan antukna ditolak ku sora 127 ngalawan 83.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 303; [[#Seager|Seager]], p. 169.</ref> Hiji [[Komite husus (Kongrés Amérika Sarikat)|komite husus]] DPR anu dipingpin ku John Quincy Adams, saurang abolisionis fanatik anu teu resep ka juragan budak sapertos Tyler, ngutuk pamakéan véto ku Tyler sarta nyerang kapribadianana. Sanajan laporan komite éta henteu sacara resmi nyarankeun pamakzulan, laporan éta sacara jelas netepkeun ayana kamungkinan kasebut, sarta dina Agustus 1842 DPR ngarojong laporan komite éta. Adams ngusulkeun amandemen konstitusi kanggé ngarobah sarat dua per tilu sora di kadua majelis kanggé ngabatalkeun (override) véto janten saukur mayoritas basajan, nanging taya hiji ogé majelis anu nyatujuan éta usulan.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 300–01; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 167–68.</ref> Kaum Whig teu tiasa neraskeun deui prosés pamakzulan dina [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-28]] salajengna—dina pamilihan taun 1842, maranéhna mertahankeun mayoritas di Sénat nanging kaleungitan kontrol di DPR. Dina dinten pinuh terakhir mangsa jabatan Tyler, 3 Maret 1845, Kongrés hasil ngabatalkeun vétona kana [[Undang-undang ngeunaan kapal béa cukai sarta kapal uap|hiji RUU leutik]] patali sareng [[Layanan Kapal Béa Cukai Amérika Sarikat]]—ieu mangrupa munggaranana dina sajarah Amérika hiji véto présidén hasil dibatalkeun ku Kongrés.<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 283.</ref> Tyler sanés hartosna teu gaduh dukungan di Kongrés, kalebet ti rénjang sasama anggota Kongrés ti Virginia, [[Henry A. Wise]]. Sajumlah leutik anggota DPR, anu katelah "**Corporal's Guard**" (Penjaga Kopral), dipingpin ku Wise, terus ngarojong Tyler salami anjeunna pasea sareng kaum Whig. Salaku bales budi, Tyler nunjuk Wise janten Menteri AS ka Brasil dina taun 1844.{{sfn|Richards|2007|pages=35-36}} ===Urusan luar nagri=== Kasusah Tyler dina kawijakan jero nagri kontras pisan sareng pencapaianana dina kawijakan luar nagri. Anjeunna parantos lami janten pangrojong **[[ékspansionisme]]** nuju ka Pasifik sarta **[[perdagangan bébas]]**, sarta resep ngangkat téma ngeunaan takdir nasional sarta sumebarna kabébasan kanggé ngarojong kawijakan-kawijakan ieu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Berkin|first1=Carol| last2=Miller|first2=Christopher|last3=Cherny|first3=Robert|last4=Gormly|first4=James|title=Making America: A History of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/makingamericahis0000unse_s0b0|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2011|isbn=978-0-495-90979-8}}</ref> Posisi-posisi anjeunna sabagian ageung luyu sareng usaha-usaha Jackson sateuacanna kanggé ngamajukeun perdagangan Amérika di sakuliah Pasifik.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 41–43.</ref> Kusabab hayang pisan bersaing sareng Britania Raya di pasar internasional, anjeunna ngutus pengacara [[Caleb Cushing]] ka Tiongkok, dimana Cushing hasil negosiasi sarat-sarat dina **[[Perjangjian Wanghia]]** (1844).<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 330–32; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 210–11.</ref> Dina taun anu sami, anjeunna ngutus [[Henry Wheaton]] salaku menteri ka [[Bérlin]], dimana Wheaton negosiasi sarta nandatanganan perjangjian dagang sareng ''[[Zollverein]]'', hiji koalisi nagara-nagara Jérman anu ngatur tarif. Ieu perjangjian ditolak ku kaum Whig, utamana salaku bentuk mumusuhan ka pamaréntahan Tyler. Tyler ogé ngajurung kana paningkatan kakuatan militer sarta hal ieu nampi pujian ti para pamingpin angkatan laut, anu ningali ayana paningkatan nyata dina jumlah kapal perang.<ref name=UoVTwo>"[http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler/essays/biography/5 John Tyler: Foreign Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207180531/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler/essays/biography/5|date=December 7, 2008}} dina [[#Freehling|Freehling]], ''American President''. Diaksés 1 Juni 2014.</ref> Dina pesen husus ka Kongrés taun 1842, Tyler ogé nerapkeun [[Doktrin Monroe]] ka Hawaii (anu dijulukan "**Doktrin Tyler**"),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4GVKXN8SWYC&pg=PA112|title=The Monroe Doctrine|isbn=978-1-4299-2928-8|last=Sexton|first=Jay|date=March 15, 2011|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux}}</ref> bari ngingetkeun Britania supados ulah pipilueun di dinya, sarta ngamimitian prosés anu antukna ngarah kana anéksasi Hawaii ku Amérika Sarikat ka payunna.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 332–34; [[#Seager|Seager]], p. 211.</ref> ====Florida==== Dina dinten pinuh terakhir Tyler ngajabat, nyaéta 3 Maret 1845, Florida resmi ditarima kana Uni salaku nagara bagian ka-27.<ref>"[http://millercenter.org/president/keyevents/tyler Key Events in the Presidency of John Tyler] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811193533/http://millercenter.org/president/keyevents/tyler|date=August 11, 2011}}" dina [[#Miller Center|Miller Center]], ''American President''. Diaksés 1 Juni 2014.</ref> ===Pemberontakan Dorr=== [[File:Thomas Wilson Dorr engraving.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Thomas Dorr]]]] Dina Méi 1842, nalika **[[Pemberontakan Dorr]]** di Rhode Island nuju muncak, Tyler mimbangkeun paménta gubernur sarta législatur kanggé ngirimkeun pasukan féderal guna mantuan numpes éta pemberontakan. Para pemberontak di handapeun pimpinan [[Thomas Wilson Dorr|Thomas Dorr]] parantos nyepeng sanjata sarta boga maksud kanggé nerapkeun konstitusi nagara bagian anu énggal. Sateuacan kajadian ieu, Rhode Island masih kénéh nuturkeun struktur konstitusional anu parantos ditetepkeun ti taun 1663. Tyler ngajurung sangkan kadua pihak tenang sarta nyarankeun ka gubernur supados ngalegaan hak pilih (franchise) sangkan kalolobaan lalaki tiasa méré sora. Tyler jangji yén upami bener-bener bitu pemberontakan di Rhode Island, anjeunna bakal ngagunakeun kakuatan kanggé mantuan pamaréntahan anu sah (Charter government). Anjeunna negeskeun yén bantuan féderal ngan bakal dipasihan kanggé numpes pemberontakan anu parantos lumangsung, sarta moal sayagi dugi ka ayana tindakan kekerasan. Saatos ngadangukeun laporan ti agén rusiahna, Tyler mutuskeun yén "kumpulan jalma anu ngalanggar hukum" éta parantos bubar, sarta anjeunna yakin kana "sumangat perdamaian sarta kaputusan anu tegas" tanpa kedah ngagunakeun kakuatan féderal. Para pemberontak kabur ti éta nagara bagian nalika milisi nagara bagian maju ka arah maranéhna, nanging éta kajadian ngabalukarkeun hak pilih anu langkung lega di Rhode Island.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 326–30.</ref> ===Urusan Indian=== Suku Seminole mangrupa urang Indian terakhir di Kidul anu kantos dipaksa nandatanganan perjangjian palsu dina taun 1833, anu ngarampas lahan-lahan maranéhna anu sésa. Di handapeun Kapala Suku [[Osceola]], suku Seminole salami dasawarsa nolak pamindahan sarta terus diganggu ku pasukan AS.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=146}} Tyler ngaréngsékeun **[[Perang Seminole Kadua]]** anu lami, getih, sarta teu manusiawi dina Méi 1842, ngaliwatan hiji pesen ka Kongrés. Tyler ogé ngungkabkeun minatna kana [[asimilasi budaya]] paksa ka [[Padumuk asli Amérika|urang Indian]].<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 330.</ref>{{sfn|McCormick|p=146|2002}} Dina Méi 1842, DPR nungtut ka Sekretaris Perang Présidén Tyler, [[John Canfield Spencer|John Spencer]], supados masrahkeun inpormasi ngeunaan panalungtikan Angkatan Darat AS kana pasalia dugaan kacurangan ka suku Cherokee. Dina sasih Juni, Tyler maréntahkeun Spencer supados ulah nyumponan éta paménta. Tyler, anu hak istiméwa éksékutifna (executive privilege) nuju diuji, negeskeun yén éta masalah téh sipatna ''[[ex parte]]'' sarta nentang kapentingan umum. DPR ngaréspon ku tilu résolusi, anu sabagian nyatakeun yén DPR miboga hak kanggé nungtut inpormasi ti kabinét Tyler. DPR ogé maréntahkeun perwira Angkatan Darat anu tanggung jawab kana éta panalungtikan supados masrahkeun inpormasina. Tyler henteu nyobian ngaréspon dugi ka Kongrés balik deui tina mangsa résés dina sasih Januari.{{sfn|Holt|1974|pages=63-64}} ===Administrasi sarta kabinét=== [[File:WHOportTyler.jpg|thumb|Potrét resmi Présidén Tyler karya [[George Peter Alexander Healy]], {{circa|1864}}]] {{Infobox U.S. Cabinet |align=right |Name=Tyler |source=<ref>[[#Miller Center|Miller Center]].</ref> |President=John Tyler |President start=1841 |President end=1845 |Vice President=''Teu aya'' |Vice President start=1841 |Vice President end=1845 |State=[[Daniel Webster]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |State start=1841 |State end=1843 |State 2=[[Abel P. Upshur]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |State start 2=1843 |State end 2=1844 |State 3=[[John C. Calhoun]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |State start 3=1844 |State end 3=1845 |Treasury=[[Thomas Ewing]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Treasury date=1841 |Treasury 2=[[Walter Forward]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Treasury start 2=1841 |Treasury end 2=1843 |Treasury 3=[[John Canfield Spencer]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Treasury start 3=1843 |Treasury end 3=1844 |Treasury 4=[[George M. Bibb]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |Treasury start 4=1844 |Treasury end 4=1845 |War=[[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |War date=1841 |War 2=[[John Canfield Spencer]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |War start 2=1841 |War end 2=1843 |War 3=[[James Madison Porter]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |War start 3=1843 |War end 3=1844 |War 4=[[William Wilkins (American politician)|William Wilkins]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |War start 4=1844 |War end 4=1845 |Justice=[[John J. Crittenden]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Justice date=1841 |Justice 2=[[Hugh S. Legaré]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |Justice start 2=1841 |Justice end 2=1843 |Justice 3=[[John Nelson (lawyer)|John Nelson]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Justice start 3=1843 |Justice end 3=1845 |Post=[[Francis Granger]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Post date=1841 |Post 2=[[Charles A. Wickliffe]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Post start 2=1841 |Post end 2=1845 |Navy=[[George Edmund Badger]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Navy date=1841 |Navy 2=[[Abel P. Upshur]] [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|(W)]] |Navy start 2=1841 |Navy end 2=1843 |Navy 3=[[David Henshaw (American politician)|David Henshaw]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |Navy start 3=1843 |Navy end 3=1844 |Navy 4=[[Thomas Walker Gilmer]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |Navy date 4=1844 |Navy 5=[[John Y. Mason]] [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|(D)]] |Navy start 5=1844 |Navy end 5=1845 }} Papaséaan antara Tyler sarta kaum Whig di Kongrés ngabalukarkeun sajumlah calon kabinétna ditolak. Anjeunna nampi sakedik pisan dukungan ti kaum Démokrat, sarta tanpa dukungan kuat ti salah sahiji partéy utama di Kongrés, sajumlah nominasina ditolak tanpa maut deuleu kana kualifikasi si calon. Harita, mangrupa hal anu tacan kantos lumangsung ayana panolakan ka calon-calon kabinét présidén (sanajan dina taun 1809, [[James Madison]] kantos nahan nominasi [[Albert Gallatin]] salaku Sekretaris Nagara alatan ayana oposisi di Sénat). Opat tina calon kabinét Tyler ditolak ku Sénat, jumlah panglobana dibandingkeun présidén sanésna. Maranéhna nyaéta [[Caleb Cushing]] (Keuangan), [[David Henshaw (American politician)|David Henshaw]] (Angkatan Laut), [[James Madison Porter|James Porter]] (Perang), sarta [[James S. Green (attorney)|James S. Green]] (Keuangan). Henshaw sarta Porter kantos ngajabat salaku pajabat samentara (recess appointees) sateuacan maranéhna ditolak. Tyler sababaraha kali nyalonkeun deui Cushing, anu antukna ditolak nepi ka tilu kali dina sapoé, nyaéta 3 Maret 1843, dinten pamungkas [[Kongrés ka-27]].<ref name="senate.gov"/> Teu aya deui nominasi kabinét anu gagal saatos mangsa jabatan Tyler dugi ka nominasi [[Henry Stanbery]] salaku Jaksa Agung ditolak ku Sénat dina taun 1868.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Advice and Consent of the Senate: A Study of the Confirmation of Appointments by the United States Senate|first=Joseph Pratt|last=Harris|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=University of California Press|year=1953|pages=48, 66|oclc= 499448}}</ref> {{clear}} ===Pangangkatan yudisial=== {{main|Daptar hakim féderal anu diangkat ku John Tyler}} {| class="floatright" style="font-size:90%; width:auto; text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; background-color: #f8f9fa;" |+ Pangangkatan Yudisial<ref name="SCOTUSnom" /><ref name="FedJudges" /> |- ! scope="col" | Pangadilan ! scope="col" | Nami ! scope="col" | Mangsa Jabatan |- ! style="background:#000;" colspan="3" | |- | [[Mahkamah Agung Amérika Sarikat|U.S.S.C.]] ! [[Samuel Nelson]] | {{abbr|1845–1872|14 Pébruari 1845 – 28 Nopémber 1872}} |- ! style="background:#D1D1D1;" colspan="3" | |- | [[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Wétan Virginia|E.D. Va.]] ! [[James Dandridge Halyburton]] | {{abbr|1844–1861|15 Juni 1844 – 24 April 1861}} |- | [[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Indiana|D. Ind.]] ! [[Elisha Mills Huntington]] | {{abbr|1842–1862|2 Méi 1842 – 10 Oktober 1862}} |- | [[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Wétan Louisiana|E.D. La.]]<br />[[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Kulon Louisiana|W.D. La.]]<ref group="lower-alpha">McCaleb ditugaskeun salaku hakim kanggé Distrik Wétan sarta Kulon Louisiana, hiji prakték umum dina mangsa harita.</ref> ! [[Theodore Howard McCaleb]] | {{abbr|1841–1861|3 Séptémber 1841 – 28 Januari 1861}}<ref group="lower-alpha">Dina 13 Pébruari 1845, dua distrik di Louisiana dihijikeun; McCaleb janten hakim di éta pangadilan dumasar [[aturan hukum]]; dina 3 Maret 1849, distrikna dipisah deui, sarta McCaleb ditugaskeun di Distrik Wétan wungkul.</ref> |- | [[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Vermont|D. Vt.]] ! [[Samuel Prentiss]] | {{abbr|1842–1857|8 April 1842 – 15 Januari 1857}} |- | [[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Wétan Pennsylvania|E.D. Pa.]] ! [[Archibald Randall]] | {{abbr|1842–1846|8 Maret 1842 – 8 Juni 1846}} |- | [[Pangadilan Distrik AS pikeun Distrik Massachusetts|D. Mass.]] ! [[Peleg Sprague (politisi Maine)|Peleg Sprague]] | {{abbr|1841–1865|16 Juli 1841 – 13 Maret 1865}} |} Aya dua kakosongan dina Mahkamah Agung salami mangsa jabatan Tyler, nalika Hakim [[Smith Thompson]] sarta [[Henry Baldwin (judge)|Henry Baldwin]] pupus, masing-masing dina taun 1843 sarta 1844. Tyler, anu terus-terusan papaséaan sareng Kongrés—kalebet Sénat anu dikawasa ku Whig—nyalonkeun sababaraha urang ka Mahkamah Agung kanggé ngeusian éta korsi. Nanging, Sénat sacara berturut-turut milih kanggé nolak konfirmasi [[John C. Spencer]], [[Reuben Walworth]], [[Edward King (jurist)|Edward King]] sarta [[John M. Read]] (Walworth ditolak nepi ka tilu kali, King ditolak dua kali). Salah sahiji alesan anu disebutkeun nyaéta harepan Sénat yén Clay bakal ngeusian éta kakosongan saatos meunang dina pamilihan présidén 1844.<ref name="senate.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Nominations.htm |title=Powers and Procedures: Nominations |work=Origins & Development of the United States Senate |publisher=[[Sénat Amérika Sarikat]] |access-date=1 Juni 2014}}</ref> Opat calon Tyler anu gagal mangrupa jumlah panglobana anu kantos dialaman ku saurang présidén.<ref name="SCOTUSnom" /> Antukna, dina Pébruari 1845, kurang ti sabulan sateuacan mangsa jabatanna béak, nominasi Tyler pikeun [[Samuel Nelson]] dina korsi Thompson hasil dikonfirmasi ku Sénat—Nelson, saurang Démokrat, miboga reputasi salaku ahli hukum anu taliti sarta henteu kontrovérsial. Sanajan kitu, konfirmasina dianggap mangrupa hiji kejutan. Korsi Baldwin tetep kosong dugi ka calon ti [[James K. Polk]], nyaéta [[Robert Cooper Grier]], dikonfirmasi dina taun 1846.<ref name="SCOTUSnom">{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/nominations/Nominations.htm |title=Supreme Court Nominations, present–1789 |work=United States Senate Reference |access-date=27 April 2014|publisher=[[Sénat Amérika Sarikat]]}}</ref> Tyler ngan ukur tiasa nunjuk genep hakim féderal sanésna, sakabéhna kanggé [[Pangadilan distrik Amérika Sarikat]].<ref name="FedJudges">{{cite web |url=http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/judges.html |work=History of the Federal Judiciary |access-date=27 April 2014|title=Biographical Directory of Federal Judges |publisher=[[Federal Judicial Center]]}}</ref> ===Anéksasi Téxas=== {{See also|Anéksasi Téxas}} Tyler ngajadikeun anéksasi **[[Républik Téxas]]** salaku bagian tina agénda utamana teu lami saatos janten présidén. Tyler terang yén anjeunna téh présidén tanpa partéy, sarta anjeunna miboga kawani kanggé nangtang para pamingpin partéy sapertos Clay sarta Van Buren, tanpa paduli kumaha pangaruh anéksasi Téxas ka kaum Whig atanapi Démokrat.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=147}} Téxas parantos nyatakeun kamerdékaanana ti [[Méksiko]] dina [[Révolusi Téxas]] taun 1836, sanajan Méksiko masih kénéh nolak ngaku kana kedaulatanana. Rahayat Téxas sacara aktip nyobian gabung ka Uni (AS), nanging Jackson sarta Van Buren mimitina horéam margi sieun nyulut tegangan ngeunaan masalah perbudakan ku cara nambihan nagara bagian Kidul sanésna. Sanajan Tyler boga maksud ngajadikeun anéksasi salaku titik fokus pamaréntahanana, Sekretaris Webster nentang hal éta, sarta ngayakinkeun Tyler kanggé konséntrasi kana inisiatif Pasifik dugi ka ahir mangsa jabatanna.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 176–78.</ref> Kahoyong Tyler kanggé ékspansionisme ka kulon diaku ku para sajarawan, nanging pandangan maranéhna béda-béda ngeunaan motivasi di balikna. Biografer Edward C. Crapol nyatet yén salila mangsa présidén [[James Monroe]], Tyler (harita di DPR) kantos nyebatkeun yén perbudakan téh mangrupa "mega poék" anu ngagantung di luhur Uni, sarta bakal "saé upami éta mega téh dibuyarkeun" sangkan ku sakedikna urang hideung di nagara bagian lami, prosés émansipasi bertahap tiasa dimimitian di Virginia sarta nagara bagian Kidul luhur sanésna.<ref>Crapol, 2006, p. 5: "Solusi Tyler nyaéta ékspansi perbudakan anu langkung lega sarta pangakuan Missouri salaku nagara bagian perbudakan. Anjeunna ningali ékspansi wilayah salaku cara kanggé ngipiskeun sarta nyebarkeun populasi budak."</ref> Nanging, sajarawan [[William W. Freehling]] nyerat yén motivasi resmi Tyler dina nganéksasi Téxas nyaéta kanggé ngéléhkeun usaha-usaha [[Britania Raya]] anu dicurigai nuju ngamajukeun émansipasi budak di Téxas, anu tiasa ngalemahkeun institusi perbudakan di Amérika Sarikat.<ref>Freehling, 1991, p. 398: "Tyler sarta [Sekretaris Nagara] Upshur milih anéksasi ngan saatos aya parobahan parleménter anu mastikeun... yén Inggris parantos 'sacara sungguh-sungguh' neken Méksiko supados neken Téxas nuju ka abolisi [penghapusan perbudakan]."</ref> ====Usaha-usaha awal==== [[File:United States 1842-1845-03.png|thumb|alt=Peta sajarah AS, 1843. Kalolobaan nagara bagian wétan parantos kabentuk, samentawis bagian kulon masih dibagi-bagi janten wilayah téritori. Méksiko sarta Républik Téxas miboga wates anu masih sengketa.|Wates-wates Amérika Sarikat sarta nagara-nagara tatangga sakumaha anu katingal dina taun 1843. [[Perjangjian Webster–Ashburton]] parantos ngaresmikeun wates [[Maine]] di timur laut, samentawis [[Républik Téxas]] di barat daya miboga wates anu masih dipaséakeun sareng [[Méksiko]].]] Dina awal taun 1843, saatos ngaréngsékeun perjangjian Webster–Ashburton sarta usaha diplomatik sanésna, Tyler ngarasa siap kanggé ngudag Téxas. Kusabab ayeuna teu gaduh basis partéy, anjeunna ningali anéksasi Téxas salaku hiji-hijina jalan nuju pamilihan mandiri dina taun 1844. Pikeun munggaranana dina karirna, anjeunna kersa maén "**political hardball**" (pulitik kasar/tegas) kanggé ngawujudkeunana. Salaku [[balon percobaan]] (trial balloon), anjeunna ngutus sekutuna [[Thomas Walker Gilmer]], harita anggota DPR AS ti Virginia, kanggé nyebarkeun surat anu ngabéla anéksasi, anu tétéla ditarima kalayan saé. Sanajan hubunganana sareng Webster suksés, Tyler terang yén anjeunna peryogi Sekretaris Nagara anu ngarojong inisiatif Téxas. Saatos padamelan perjangjian Britania réngsé, anjeunna maksa Webster mundur sarta masang [[Hugh S. Legaré]] ti South Carolina salaku gaganti samentara.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 180–83, 186.</ref> Kalayan bantosan Sekretaris Keuangan anu nembé diangkat, [[John C. Spencer]], Tyler "ngaberesihan" sajumlah pajabat sarta ngagentos maranéhna ku para pangrojong anéksasi, hiji parobahan sikep tina pandangan sateuacanna anu nentang sistim patronase. Anjeunna ménta bantosan pangatur pulitik [[Michael Walsh (politisi New York)|Michael Walsh]] kanggé ngawangun [[mesin pulitik]] di New York. Salaku imbalan kanggé jabatan [[Menteri Amérika Sarikat ka Hawaii|konsul ka Hawaii]], wartawan [[Alexander G. Abell]] nyerat biografi anu muji-muji, ''Life of John Tyler'', anu dicitak dina jumlah ageung sarta dipasrahkeun ka para kapala pos kanggé disebarkeun.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 183–85.</ref> Dina usaha ngoméan citra publikna, Tyler ngayakeun tur ka sakuliah nagara dina musim semi taun 1843. Pangbagéa anu positip ti masarakat dina acara-acara ieu kontras pisan sareng dikucilkeunana anjeunna di Washington. Éta tur museur kana peresmian **[[Monumén Bunker Hill]]** di Boston, Massachusetts. Teu lami saatos peresmian, Tyler nampi béja yén Legaré pupus ngadadak, anu matak ngaganggu suasana hajatan sarta nyababkeun anjeunna ngabolatkeun sésa turna.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 185–94.</ref> Tyler nunjuk [[Abel P. Upshur]], saurang [[Sekretaris Angkatan Laut]] anu populér sarta panaséhat caketna, salaku Sekretaris Nagara énggal, sarta nyalonkeun Gilmer kanggé ngeusian jabatan lami Upshur. Tyler sarta Upshur mimiti ngayakeun negosiasi rusiah sareng pamaréntahan Téxas, bari jangji bakal masihan perlindungan militer ti Méksiko salaku imbalan kanggé komitmen anéksasi. Karusiah ieu diperyogikeun margi Konstitusi merlukeun persetujuan Kongrés kanggé komitmen militer sapertos kitu. Upshur nyebarkeun gosip ngeunaan kamungkinan rencana Britania ka Téxas kanggé milarian dukungan ti para pamilih di Kalér, anu harita masih waspada kanggé nampi nagara bagian perbudakan anu anyar.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 194–97.</ref> Dina Januari 1844, Upshur nyarios ka pamaréntahan Téxas yén anjeunna parantos mendakan mayoritas ageung sénator anu satuju kana perjangjian anéksasi. Républik Téxas tetep mamang, sarta finalisasi perjangjian nembé réngsé dina ahir bulan Pébruari.<ref name="Crapolpp">[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 202–10.</ref> ====Musibah USS ''Princeton''==== {{See also|Musibah USS Princeton 1844}} [[File:Explosion aboard USS Princeton.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Ilustrasi sajarah bituna mariem Princeton, kalayan puluhan tamu di luhur kapal. Tulisanana unina "Bituna Peace-Maker anu matak ngeri di luhur kapal uap frégat AS Princeton".|Litograf musibah ''Princeton'' (1844)]] Hiji pelayaran seremonial nyusur Walungan Potomac dilaksanakeun di luhur kapal {{USS|Princeton|1843|6}} anu nembé réngsé diwangun dina 28 Pébruari 1844, sapoé saatos perjangjian anéksasi réngsé disusun. Di luhur kapal aya 400 tamu, kalebet Tyler sarta kabinétna, ogé mariem laut pangbadagna di dunya harita, "Peacemaker". Éta mariem ditembakkeun sababaraha kali dina waktu soré kalayan dipirig ku rasa bungah para tamu, anu saterusna lungsur ka handap kanggé ngayakeun ''toast'' (nginum babarengan). Sababaraha jam ti harita, Kaptén [[Robert F. Stockton]] dibujuk ku balaréa kanggé némbakkeun sakali deui. Nalika para tamu maraju ka dék luhur, Tyler eureun sakedap kanggé ningali minantuna, William Waller, nuju ngawih.<ref name="Princeton">[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 207–09; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 204–06.</ref> Sakedapan, sora bitu ngageleger ti luhur: mariemna ruksak parah (malfunction). Tyler salamet margi masih kénéh aya di dék handap, nanging sajumlah jalma sanésna tiwas saketika, kalebet anggota kabinét anu krusial kanggé anjeunna, nyaéta Gilmer sarta Upshur. Nu sanésna anu tiwas atanapi tatu parah nyaéta [[Virgil Maxcy]] ti Maryland, anggota DPR [[David Gardiner (politisi)|David Gardiner]] ti New York, Komodor [[Beverley Kennon]], Kapala Konstruksi [[Angkatan Laut Amérika Sarikat]], sarta Armistead, saurang budak hideung sarta palayan pribadi Tyler. Pupusna David Gardiner matak nyéréséh haté putrana, [[Julia Gardiner Tyler|Julia]], anu kapiuhan sarta dipangku ka tempat aman ku présidén nyalira.<ref name="Princeton" /> Julia engkéna pulih tina rasa duka sarta nikah sareng Tyler dina 26 Juni.<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 208.</ref> Kanggé Tyler, harepan kanggé ngaréngsékeun rencana Téxas sateuacan Nopémber (sarta harepan kanggé kapilih deui) langsung sirna. Sajarawan Edward P. Crapol engkéna nyerat yén "Sateuacan Perang Sipil sarta pembunuhan Abraham Lincoln", musibah ''Princeton'' téh "tanpa ragu mangrupa tragédi pangparahna sarta paling ngalemahkeun anu kantos disanghareupan ku saurang Présidén Amérika Sarikat".<ref name="Crapolpp" /> ====Masalah ratifikasi==== [[File:Uncle Sam and his servants.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kartun pulitik sajarah. Tulisanana unina "Mamang Sam sarta para palayanna."|Hiji sindiran anti-Tyler anu ngalunikeun usahana kanggé ménta mangsa jabatan kadua. Tyler nyurung panto kanggé nutup jalan lawanna sapertos Clay, Polk, Calhoun, sarta Jackson, samentawis [[Mamang Sam]] nungtut supados anjeunna ngantepkeun Clay lebet.]] Dina naon anu dianggap ku **[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]** salaku "kasalahan taktis serius anu ngancurkeun skéma [kanggé ngawangun citra pulitikna]",<ref name=UoVThree>"[http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler/essays/biography/4 John Tyler: Domestic Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127000903/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler/essays/biography/4 |date=27 Nopémber 2010 }}" dina [[#Miller Center|Miller Center]], ''American President''. Diaksés 1 Juni 2014.</ref> Tyler nunjuk urut Wakil Présidén [[John C. Calhoun]] dina awal Maret 1844 salaku Sekretaris Nagara énggalna. Rénjang caket Tyler, Perwakilan Virginia [[Henry A. Wise]], nyerat yén saatos musibah ''Princeton'', Wise ku karep sorangan nawarkeun éta jabatan ka Calhoun salaku utusan présidén, sarta Calhoun nampi. Nalika Wise ngawartosan Tyler ngeunaan naon anu parantos dilakukeunana, présidén ambek nanging ngarasa yén éta tindakan parantos kasep kanggé dibolaykeun. Calhoun mangrupa tokoh utama anu ngarojong perbudakan, sarta usaha-usahana kanggé ngaluluskeun perjangjian anéksasi antukna ditentang ku kaum abolisionis. Nalika téks perjangjian bocor ka publik, hal ieu nampi oposisi pulitik ti kaum Whig, anu nolak naon waé anu tiasa ningkatkeun status Tyler, ogé ti musuh-musuh perbudakan sarta jalma-jalma anu sieun ku konfrontasi sareng Méksiko. Méksiko parantos ngumumkeun yén maranéhna bakal nganggap anéksasi salaku tindakan mumusuhan ti Amérika Sarikat. Boh Clay sarta Van Buren, calon kuat ti Whig sarta Démokrat, mutuskeun dina hiji rapat pribadi di bumi Van Buren kanggé nolak anéksasi.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 212–17.</ref> Kusabab terang hal ieu, Tyler ngarasa pesimis nalika anjeunna ngirimkeun éta perjangjian ka Sénat kanggé diratifikasi dina April 1844.<ref>[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 218.</ref> Sekretaris Nagara Calhoun ngirimkeun hiji surat kontrovérsial anu ngawartosan menteri Britania kanggé AS yén motivasi anéksasi Téxas téh nyaéta kanggé ngajaga perbudakan Amérika tina campur tangan Britania. Éta surat ogé ngaklaim yén budak di Kidul hirupna langkung saé dibandingkeun urang hideung bébas di Kalér sarta pagawé bodas di Inggris.{{sfn|White|2016|p=53}} ===Pamilihan 1844=== {{main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1844}} {{further|Partéy Tyler}} Saatos Tyler papisah sareng kaum Whig dina taun 1841, anjeunna nyobian uih deui ka partéy lami na, Démokrat, nanging para anggotana, utamana para pangikut Van Buren, henteu siap nampi anjeunna. Nalika pamilihan taun 1844 beuki caket, Van Buren katingalina parantos ngonci nominasi Démokrat, samentawis Clay parantos pasti janten calon ti Whig.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=148}} Kalayan sakedik pisan lolongkrang kanggé kapilih, hiji-hijina cara kanggé nyalametkeun warisan présidénna nyaéta ku cara ngancam bakal maju janten présidén sarta maksa publik kanggé nampi anéksasi Téxas.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=148}} Tyler ngagunakeun kakuatan patronase présidénna anu kacida lega,{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=148}} sarta ngabentuk partéy katilu, nyaéta **[[Partéy Tyler]]**, kalayan ngagunakeun para pajabat sarta jaringan pulitik anu parantos diwangun ku anjeunna salami sataun sateuacanna. Sababaraha surat kabar anu ngarojong di sakuliah nagara ngaluarkeun tajuk rencana anu ngamajukeun pencalonanana salami bulan-bulan awal taun 1844. Laporan tina rapat-rapat anu diayakeun di sakuliah nagara nembongkeun yén dukungan kanggé présidén henteu ngan kawates ka para pajabat wungkul, sakumaha anu sering dianggap ku jalma réa. Pas pisan nalika Partéy Démokrat ngayakeun konvénsi nominasi présidén di Baltimore, Maryland, para pangrojong Tyler ogé ngayakeun acara di kota anu sami kalayan mawa poster bertuliskeun "**Tyler and Texas!**" (Tyler sarta Téxas!). Kalayan sumangat sarta énergi anu luhur, maranéhna masihan nominasi ka Tyler. Partéyna sacara resmi nyalonkeun Tyler kanggé korsi présidén dina 27 Méi 1844.<ref name="auto">[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 218; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 228–29.</ref> Nanging, partéy Tyler ieu organisasina rada logor, gagal nyalonkeun wakil présidén, sarta teu gaduh platform anu jelas.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|pp=148-149}} Kaum Démokrat biasa antukna kapaksa ngasupkeun anéksasi Téxas kana platform maranéhna, nanging aya pertempuran sengit kanggé nominasi présidén. Dina sababaraha kali sora (ballot), Van Buren gagal kéngingkeun mayoritas mutlak sora Démokrat, sarta lalaunan posisina turun dina réngking. Kakara dina sora kasalapan, kaum Démokrat ngalihkeun perhatian ka **[[James K. Polk]]**, saurang calon anu kurang kawentar nanging ngarojong anéksasi. Maranéhna nganggap Polk kacida cocogna sareng platform partéy, sarta anjeunna dicalonkeun kalayan dua per tilu sora. Tyler ngarasa usahana parantos kabuktian bener (vindicated), sarta dina surat panampianana anjeunna nyatakeun yén anéksasi mangrupa prioritas utamana tinimbang kapilih deui janten présidén.<ref name="auto"/> Dina musim semi taun 1844, Tyler maréntahkeun Sekretaris Nagara [[John C. Calhoun]] kanggé ngamimitian negosiasi sareng présidén Téxas, [[Sam Houston]], kanggé anéksasi Téxas. Pikeun nguatkeun posisi anéksasi sarta ngajaga Méksiko supados teu campur tangan, Tyler kalayan wanian maréntahkeun Angkatan Darat AS nuju ka wates Téxas di Louisiana kulon. Anjeunna kacida ngarojongna kana anéksasi Téxas.{{sfn|Smith|2001|p=35}}{{sfn|Brands|2012|p=17}} ====Pencapaian anéksasi==== Tyler teu galéong nalika Sénat anu dikawasa ku Whig nolak perjangjianana ku sora 16–35 dina Juni 1844; anjeunna ngarasa yén anéksasi ayeuna bisa kahontal ngaliwatan résolusi gabungan tinimbang perjangjian, sarta ngajukeun paménta éta ka Kongrés. Mantan Présidén Andrew Jackson, pangrojong kuat anéksasi, ngayakinkeun Polk kanggé nampi deui Tyler ka Partéy Démokrat sarta maréntahkeun para éditor Démokrat kanggé ngeureunkeun serangan ka anjeunna. Sugema ku kamekaran ieu, Tyler mundur tina saimbara dina sasih Agustus sarta ngarojong Polk kanggé korsi présidén. Kameunangan tipis Polk ngalawan Clay dina pamilihan Nopémber dianggap ku administrasi Tyler salaku hiji [[mandat (pulitik)|mandat]] kanggé ngaréngsékeun résolusi kasebut. Tyler ngumumkeun dina pesen taunan ka Kongrés yén "mayoritas rahayat sarta sabagéan ageung nagara bagian parantos nyatakeun satuju kana anéksasi saénggalna".<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 218–220; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 236–241, 246.</ref> Dina 26 Pébruari 1845, résolusi gabungan anu diperjuangkeun pisan ku Tyler, salaku présidén **[[lame-duck]]** (anu téréh béak mangsa jabatanana), lulus di Kongrés.{{sfn|Chernow|2017|p=39}} DPR nyatujuan résolusi gabungan anu nawarkeun anéksasi ka Téxas kalayan selisih sora anu cukup ageung, sarta Sénat nyatujuanana ku mayoritas tipis 27–25. Dina dinten terakhirna ngajabat, 3 Maret 1845, Tyler nandatanganan éta RUU janten undang-undang.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 220; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 282–283.</ref>{{sfn|Smith|2001|p=38}} Teu lami saatosna, Méksiko mutuskeun hubungan diplomatik sareng AS, nyiapkeun kakuatan perang, sarta ngan bakal ngaku Téxas upami Téxas tetep merdéka.{{sfn|Smith|2001|p=38}}{{sfn|Chernow|2017|p=39}} Nanging, saatos sababaraha debat, Téxas nampi sarat-sarat kasebut sarta asup ka Uni dina 29 Désémber 1845 salaku nagara bagian ka-28.<ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Resolution of the Congress of the United States, December 29, 1845|access-date=May 14, 2014|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/texan04.asp|publisher=[[Yale Law School]]}}</ref> ==Pasca-kapersidénan (1845–1862)== [[File:John Tyler (cropped 3x4) (cropped)(2).png|thumb|Tyler dina mangsa sepuhna; {{circa}} 1860–1862]] [[File:Tyler Daguerreotype (restoration).jpg|thumb|Tyler dina mangsa sepuhna; {{circa}} 1861]] Tyler ninggalkan Washington kalayan kapercayaan yén Présidén Polk anu nembé dilantik miboga kapentingan anu pangsaéna kanggé nagara.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=150}} Tyler pangsiun ka hiji **[[perkebunan]]** di Virginia, anu asalna namina Walnut Grove (atanapi "the Grove"), anu aya dina sisi [[Walungan James]] di Charles City County. Anjeunna ngagentos namina janten **[[Perkebunan Sherwood Forest]]**, dumasar kana legenda rahayat [[Robin Hood]], kanggé nandakeun yén anjeunna parantos dianggap "di luar hukum" (outlawed) ku Partéy Whig.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 408–410; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 179–180.</ref> Anjeunna henteu sagawayah dina urusan tatanén sarta digawé capé kanggé ngajaga hasil panén anu luhur.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 414–415.</ref> Tatanggana, anu kalolobaanana urang Whig, nunjuk anjeunna ka jabatan leutik salaku pangawas jalan dina taun 1847 kalayan maksud kanggé ngalunikeun anjeunna. Nanging, anu matak kuciwa maranéhna, Tyler migawé éta jabatan sacara serius, sering manggil tatanggana supados ngirimkeun budak-budak maranéhna kanggé damel jalan, sarta tetep keukeuh ngalaksanakeun tugasna sanajan tatanggana parantos ménta supados anjeunna ngeureunkeunana.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 413; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 390–391.</ref> Mantan présidén ieu ngagunakeun waktuna sakumaha biasa kabiasaan **[[kulawarga terpandang di Virginia]]**, ngayakeun pésta, nganjang atanapi didatangan ku bangsawan sanésna, sarta ngalangkungkeun usum panas di bumi sisi laut kulawarga, "Villa Margaret".<ref name="kleber703">[[#Kleber|Kleber]], p. 703.</ref> Dina taun 1852, Tyler kalayan bungah ngagabung deui kana jajaran Partéy Démokrat Virginia sarta saprak harita terus merhatoskeun urusan pulitik.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=150}} Nanging, Tyler jarang didatangan ku mantan sakutuna sarta henteu ditéang salaku panaséhat. Sakali-kali dipénta kanggé masihan biantara publik, Tyler nyarios nalika peresmian monumén kanggé Henry Clay. Anjeunna ngaku kana pertempuran pulitik maranéhna nanging muji pisan ka mantan batur sapawonanna éta, anu parantos dikagum ku anjeunna margi hasil nyiptakeun Tarif Kompromi 1833.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 423–425.</ref> Dina ambang **[[Perang Sipil Amérika]]**, Tyler uih deui ka dunya publik salaku sponsor sarta pupuhu **[[Konvénsi Perdamaian Virginia 1861]]**, anu diayakeun di Washington, D.C., dina Pébruari 1861 salaku usaha kanggé nyegah perang. Éta konvénsi nyobian milarian kompromi kanggé nyingkahan perang sipil sanajan harita [[Konstitusi Nagara Konfédérasi]] nuju disusun di [[Konvénsi Montgomery]]. Nalika usulan konvénsi éta ditolak ku Kongrés, Tyler kaleungitan harepan kana kompromi sarta ningali sésési (misahkeun diri) salaku hiji-hijina pilihan, bari ngaramalkeun yén papisahan bersih sakabéh nagara bagian Kidul moal ngabalukarkeun perang.<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 435–447; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 449–461.</ref> Nalika perang antukna bitu, Tyler tanpa mamang milih mihak ka Virginia, anu antukna ngagabung ka Konfédérasi; mantan présidén Amérika ieu dikirim salaku utusan ka **[[Kongrés Konfédérasi Samentara]]**. Julia Tyler janten pangrojong kuat gerakan Kidul sanajan anjeunna lahir di Kalér. Salakina kapilih janten anggota **[[DPR Konfédérasi]]**. Dina 5 Januari 1862, anjeunna angkat ka ibukota Konfédérasi, Richmond, kanggé ngamimitian tugasna di kongrés, nanging anjeunna henteu kabujeng ningali sidang pambuka.<ref name = "kleber703" /><ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], pp. 460–464; [[#Seager|Seager]], p. 469.</ref> ===Pupusna=== [[File:John Tyler's grave.JPG|upright|thumb|right|alt=Hiji obelisk ageung di pamakaman, kalayan patung dada Tyler, sarta kandang beusi hideung katingal sawaréh di tukangeunana.|Hiji obelisk nandaan makam Tyler di [[Pamakaman Hollywood (Richmond, Virginia)|Pamakaman Hollywood]].]] Salami hirupna, Tyler sering ngalaman kaséhatan anu kurang saé. Nalika anjeunna beuki sepuh, anjeunna beuki sering katarajang salesma salami usum tiris. Dina 12 Januari 1862, saatos ngaluhunkeun muriang sarta lieur, anjeunna utah sarta kapiuhan. Sanajan parantos dimumulé, kaséhatanana teu nembongkeun kamajuan, sarta anjeunna ngarencanakeun kanggé mulang ka Sherwood Forest dina tanggal 18. Nalika anjeunna ngedeng di ranjang dina wengi sateuacan mulang, anjeunna mimiti ngarasa eungap, sarta Julia gagancangan manggil dokter. Teu lami saatos tengah wengi, Tyler ngaleueut sakedik [[brandy]], sarta nyarios ka dokterna, "Dokter, sim kuring badé angkat," anu diwaler ku dokterna, "Mugi ulah kitu, Juragan."<ref name=":0" /> Tyler saterusna nyarios, "Mungkin ieu anu pangsaéna."<ref name=":0">[[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 469–71.</ref> Tyler pupus di kamarna di Hotél Exchange di Richmond teu lami ti harita, kamungkinan ageung alatan stroke. Anjeunna yuswa 71 taun.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnsspectrums.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=605|title=Presidential Stroke: United States Presidents and Cerebrovascular Disease (John Tyler)|last1=Jones|first1=Jeffrey M.|last2=Jones|first2=Joni L.|work=Journal CMEs|publisher=CNS Spectrums (The International Journal of Neuropsychiatric Medicine)|access-date=July 20, 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=150}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Tyler, 10th United States President, dies in his hotel room in Richmond, Virginia, aged 71 {{!}} House Divided |url=https://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/38575 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu}}</ref> Pupusna Tyler mangrupa hiji-hijina dina sajarah kapersidénan anu henteu diaku sacara resmi di Washington, alatan kasatiaanana ka **[[Nagara Konfédérasi Amérika]]**. Anjeunna sabenerna ménta pamakaman anu basajan, nanging Présidén Konfédérasi **[[Jefferson Davis]]** ngarancang hiji upacara pamakaman anu megah sarta boga muatan pulitik, kalayan nembongkeun Tyler salaku pahlawan kanggé éta nagara anyar. Luyu jeung hal éta, dina upacara pamakamanana, peti mati présidén ka-10 Amérika Sarikat éta ditutupan ku **[[Bandéra Nagara Konfédérasi Amérika|bandéra Konfédérasi]]**; anjeunna tetep janten hiji-hijina présidén AS anu kantos dimakamkeun di handapeun bandéra anu sanés bandéra Amérika Sarikat.<ref name="Seager" /> Tyler katingal langkung satia ka Virginia sarta prinsip-prinsip pribadina tinimbang ka Uni dimana anjeunna kantos janten présidénna.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=150}} Tyler dimakamkeun di **[[Pamakaman Hollywood (Richmond, Virginia)|Pamakaman Hollywood]]** di Richmond, Virginia, deukeut jeung **[[Makam James Monroe|makam]]** Présidén [[James Monroe]].<ref name="Seager">[[#Seager|Seager]], p. 472.</ref> Saprak harita, namina diabadikeun janten nami sababaraha lokasi di AS, kalebet kota **[[Tyler, Texas]]**, anu dingaranan dumasar nami anjeunna alatan peranna dina anéksasi Téxas.<ref name="cityoftyler">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoftyler.org/Mobile/AboutTyler/TylerTexasHistory.aspx |title=Tyler Texas – History |access-date=27 April 2014 |publisher=[[Tyler, Texas|Kota Tyler, Téxas]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427233545/http://www.cityoftyler.org/Mobile/AboutTyler/TylerTexasHistory.aspx |archive-date=27 April 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331071700/http://www.cityoftyler.org/Mobile/AboutTyler/TylerTexasHistory.aspx |date=March 31, 2019 }}</ref> ==Reputasi sajarah sarta warisan== {{Main|Daptar mémorial kanggé John Tyler}} Jabatan présidén Tyler parantos ngabalukarkeun réspon anu kacida pipaséaanana di kalangan koméntator pulitik. Tyler umumna dianggap kurang saé ku para sajarawan; Edward P. Crapol ngamimitian biografi anjeunna, ''John Tyler, the Accidental President'' (2006) ku nyatet: "Biografer sarta sajarawan sanésna parantos ngabantah yén John Tyler mangrupa saurang pupuhu éksékutif anu apes sarta teu mampuh, anu kapersidénanana cacad parah."<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 2–3.</ref> Dina ''The Republican Vision of John Tyler'' (2003), Dan Monroe niténan yén mangsa kapersidénan Tyler "umumna diréngkingkeun salaku salah sahiji anu pangkurangna suksés".<ref>[[#Monroe|Monroe]], p. 3.</ref> Seager nyerat yén Tyler "lain présidén anu hébat ogé lain intelektual anu hébat", bari nambahan yén sanajan aya sababaraha pencapaian, "pamaréntahanana parantos sarta kedah dianggap salaku anu gagal dumasar kana ukuran modern naon waé".<ref name="legacy" /> Hiji survéy sajarawan anu dilaksanakeun ku [[C-SPAN]] dina taun 2021 nempatkeun Tyler dina réngking ka-39 tina 44 lalaki anu kantos nyepeng éta jabatan.<ref>[https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/?page=overall Presidential Historians Survey 2021: Total Scores/Overall Rankings], C-SPAN.</ref> Dina taun 2002, nolak tren évaluasi sajarah anu goréng ngeunaan kapersidénan Tyler, sajarawan [[Richard P. McCormick]] nyebutkeun yén "[sabalikna] tina kamandang anu ditarima umum, John Tyler mangrupa Présidén anu kuat. Anjeunna netepkeun précedén yén wakil présidén, nalika ngagantikeun korsi présidén, kedah janten présidén (anu sah). Anjeunna miboga gagasan anu pengkuh ngeunaan kawijakan publik, sarta anjeunna leuwih ngagunakeun ''otoritas'' pinuh tina jabatanna." McCormick nyebatkeun yén Tyler "ngajalankeun pamaréntahanana kalayan martabat sarta éféktivitas anu cukup hadé."{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=149}} [[File:John Tyler 1938 Issue-10c.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Prangko sapuluh sén sajarah kalayan profil Tyler|Tyler dina prangko AS, [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat dina prangko AS|Édisi 1938]]]] Tindakan Tyler anu nyepeng kakawasaan présidén sacara lengkep "netepkeun précedén anu kacida pentingna", dumasar kana skétsa biografi ku **[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]** Universitas Virginia.<ref name="legacy"/> Sikepna anu suksés negeskeun yén anjeunna téh présidén, sanés ngan saukur pangurus samentara atanapi pelaksana tugas présidén, janten modél kanggé suksési tujuh wakil présidén sanésna ([[Millard Fillmore]], [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Chester A. Arthur]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Calvin Coolidge]], [[Harry S. Truman]], sarta [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]) nuju ka korsi présidén salami abad ka-19 sarta ka-20 nalika présidénna pupus. Kaabsahan tindakan Tyler dina nyandak gelar kapersidénan sarta kakawasaan pinuhna dikuatkeun sacara hukum dina taun 1967, nalika hal éta dikodifikasi dina **[[Amandemén ka-25 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]]**.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 13.</ref> Sababaraha sarjana parantos muji kawijakan luar nagri Tyler. Monroe masihan kiridit ka anjeunna pikeun "pencapaian sapertos perjangjian Webster–Ashburton anu nandakeun harepan hubungan anu langkung saé sareng Britania Raya, sarta anéksasi Téxas, anu nambihan jutaan héktar lahan ka wilayah nasional". Crapol ngabantah yén Tyler "mangrupa présidén anu langkung kuat sarta langkung éféktif tinimbang anu diinget umumna", samentawis Seager nyerat, "Sim kuring mendakan anjeunna salaku lalaki anu wanian, boga prinsip, sarta petarung anu adil sarta jujur kanggé kapercayaanana. Anjeunna mangrupa présidén tanpa partéy."<ref name="legacy" /> Panulis **[[Ivan Eland]]**, dina pembaruan buku taun 2008 na ''[[Recarving Rushmore]]'', méré peunteun ka sakabéh 44 présidén AS dumasar kriteria perdamaian, kamakmuran, sarta kabébasan; kalayan hasilna, John Tyler diréngkingkeun salaku présidén pangsaéna sapanjang mangsa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eland|first=Ivan|year=2009|title=Recarving Rushmore|url=https://archive.org/details/recarvingrushmor0000elan|publisher=The Independent Institute|location=Oakland, CA|isbn=978-1-59813-022-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/recarvingrushmor0000elan/page/14 14], 77–82}}</ref> Dina hiji artikel ''[[History Today]]'', Louis Kleber nyerat yén Tyler mawa integritas ka Gedong Bodas dina mangsa nalika seueur jalma dina dunya pulitik kakirangan hal éta, sarta nolak kanggé ngakompromikeun prinsipna demi nyingkahan amarah lawan-lawanna.<ref name="kleber703"/> Crapol ngabantah yén kasatiaan Tyler ka Konfédérasi nutupan seueur hal saé anu dilakukeunana salaku présidén: "Reputasi sajarah Tyler tacan sapinuhna pulih tina kaputusan tragis kanggé ngahianatan kasatiaan sarta komitmenna kana naon anu kantos ku anjeunna dihartikeun salaku 'kapentingan utama Amérika'—nyaéta pangjaga Uni (Persatuan)."<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 283.</ref> Dina bukuna ngeunaan kapersidénan Tyler, Norma Lois Peterson nyarankeun yén kurangna kasuksésan Tyler sacara umum salaku présidén téh disababkeun ku faktor éksternal anu bakal mangaruhan saha waé anu aya di Gedong Bodas harita. Anu utama di antarana nyaéta Henry Clay, anu teu kersa nampi oposisi kana [[Sistim Amérika (rencana ékonomi)|visi ékonomi ageungna kanggé Amérika]]. Salaku balukar tina pamakéan kakawasaan éksékutif anu kuat ku Jackson sateuacanna, kaum Whig hoyong présidén didominasi ku Kongrés, sarta Clay nganggap Tyler salaku bawahan. Tyler teu narima kana hal ieu, anu antukna nimbulkeun konflik antar cabang kakawasaan anu ngadominasi mangsa jabatanna.<ref>[[#Peterson|Peterson]], pp. 263–64.</ref> Bari nunjuk kana kamajuan dina kawijakan luar nagri, anjeunna nganggap kapersidénan Tyler "cacad ... nanging ... sanés mangrupa kagagalan".<ref>[[#Peterson|Peterson]], p. 265.</ref> Samentawis para akademisi parantos muji sarta ngritik Tyler, masarakat umum Amérika miboga sakedik pisan kasadaran ngeunaan anjeunna. Sababaraha panulis parantos ngagambarkeun Tyler salaku salah sahiji présidén anu pangasingna (obscure). Sakumaha anu dinyatakeun ku Seager: "Baturna sanagara umumna nginget anjeunna, upami maranéhna kantos nguping namina, ngan saukur salaku [[Tippecanoe and Tyler Too|tungtung sajak tina slogan kampanye anu matak napel dina ingetan]]."<ref name="legacy" /> ==Kulawarga, kahirupan pribadi, sarta perbudakan== [[File:Letitia Tyler2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|alt=Potrét Letitia Christian Tyler|Potrét cet minyak pamajikan munggaran Tyler, [[Letitia Christian Tyler]], ku seniman anu teu dipikawanoh]] Tyler boga anak panglobana dibandingkeun présidén Amérika lianna.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], p. 4.</ref> Pamajikan munggaranna nyaéta [[Letitia Christian Tyler|Letitia Christian]] (12 Nopémber 1790 – 10 Séptémber 1842), sarta gaduh dalapan anak: Mary (1815–1847), [[Robert Tyler (Confederate Register of the Treasury)|Robert]] (1816–1877), [[John Tyler Jr.|John]] (1819–1896), [[Letitia Semple|Letitia]] (1821–1907), Elizabeth (1823–1850), Anne (1825–1825), Alice (1827–1854), sarta Tazewell (1830–1874).<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 478.</ref> [[File:Julia Tyler.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=Potrét Julia Gardiner Tyler|Potrét cet minyak pamajikan kadua Tyler, [[Julia Gardiner Tyler]], karya [[Francesco Anelli]]]] Letitia pupus alatan stroke di Gedong Bodas dina Séptémber 1842. Dina 26 Juni 1844, Tyler nikah ka [[Julia Gardiner Tyler|Julia Gardiner]] (23 Juli 1820 – 10 Juli 1889), sarta gaduh tujuh anak: [[David Gardiner Tyler|David]] (1846–1927), [[John Alexander Tyler|John Alexander]] (1848–1883), Julia (1849–1871), Lachlan (1851–1902), [[Lyon Gardiner Tyler|Lyon]] (1853–1935), Robert Fitzwalter (1856–1927), sarta Margaret Pearl (1860–1947).<ref>[[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 479.</ref> Sanajan kulawargana kacida dipikaasihna, salami karir pulitikna Tyler mindeng pajauh jeung imah dina jangka waktu anu lila. Nalika anjeunna milih teu nyalonkeun deui ka DPR dina taun 1821 alatan gering, anjeunna nyerat yén anjeunna bakal énggal-énggal dipanggil kanggé ngadidik kulawargana anu nuju tumuwuh. Hésé pisan pikeun praktek hukum bari kudu aya di Washington sababaraha bulan dina sataun, sarta perkebunanana langkung nguntungkeun nalika Tyler tiasa ngokolakeunana nyalira.<ref>[[#Leahy|Leahy]], pp. 323–24.</ref> Nalika anjeunna asup ka Sénat dina taun 1827, anjeunna parantos pasrah kanggé méspentakeun sabagian waktos sataun jauh ti kulawargana. Sanajan kitu, anjeunna tetep nyobian deukeut sareng anak-anakna ngaliwatan surat.<ref>[[#Leahy|Leahy]], p. 340.</ref> Tyler mangrupa saurang **[[perbudakan di Amérika Sarikat|nu boga budak]]**, dina hiji mangsa anjeunna gaduh 40 budak di Greenway.<ref name="may22seager300" /> Sanajan anjeunna nganggap perbudakan salaku hiji kajahatan sarta henteu nyobian menerkeunana, anjeunna henteu kantos ngabébaskeun sahiji-hiji acan budakna. Tyler nganggap perbudakan salaku bagian tina **[[hak-hak nagara bagian]]**, ku kituna pamaréntah féderal teu gaduh wewenang kanggé ngahapusna. Kaayaan hirup budak-budakna henteu kadokumentasikeun kalayan jéntré, nanging para sajarawan nyimpulkeun yén anjeunna merhatoskeun kasajahtraan maranéhna sarta henteu ngagunakeun kekerasan fisik ka maranéhna.<ref name="may22seager300">[[#May|May]], pp. 22–24; [[#Seager|Seager]], pp. 300–01; [[#Chitwood|Chitwood]], p. 143.</ref> Dina Désémber 1841, Tyler ditarajang ku penerbit abolisionis [[Joshua Leavitt]], kalayan dugaan anu teu kabuktian yén Tyler gaduh sababaraha anak lalaki ti budakna, sarta engkéna dijual. Sajumlah kulawarga hideung ayeuna masih percaya yén maranéhna téh katurunan Tyler, nanging teu aya bukti sacara silsilah (genealogy) ngeunaan hal éta.<ref>[[#Crapol|Crapol]], pp. 62–67.</ref> Sahenteuna opat anak lalaki Tyler ngabakti di pamaréntahan atanapi pasukan militer Konfédérasi; Robert Tyler Jones, incuna ti anakna Mary, ngagabung ka Kompi K tina [[Réjimén Infanteri ka-53 Virginia]] dina 25 Juni 1861, sarta tatu dina 3 Juli 1863 nalika milu dina [[Serangan Pickett]] salaku pangasuh bandéra di [[Angkatan Darat Virginia Kalér]] salami [[Patempuran Gettysburg]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Wert |first=Jeffry D. |author-link=Jeffry D. Wert |date=2002 |title=Gettysburg, Day Three |url=https://archive.org/details/gettysburgdaythr0000jeff |location=New York |publisher=Touchstone |page=[https://archive.org/details/gettysburgdaythr0000jeff/page/226 226] |isbn=0-684-85915-7}}</ref> **[[Kabeungharan bersih]]** pribadi Tyler diperkirakeun langkung ti $50 juta upami disaluyukeun sareng inflasi dumasar standar modern (nurutkeun valuasi puncak kira-kira taun 2020), nanging anjeunna kabeulit hutang salami Perang Sipil, sarta pupus kalayan harta anu parantos nyirorot pisan.<ref>[[#The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump|The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump]]</ref> Tyler sarta anakna, Lyon, nikah deui ka awéwé anu langkung anom sarta gaduh anak dina yuswa anu parantos sepuh, nepi ka anak awéwé Tyler anu namina Pearl nembé pupus dina taun 1947. Ngaliwatan Lyon, Tyler gaduh incu, **[[Harrison Ruffin Tyler]]**, anu nembé pupus dina taun 2025. Anjeunna parantos ngajaga imah kulawarga, **[[Perkebunan Sherwood Forest]]**, di [[Charles City County, Virginia]].<ref name="Genealogy of John Tyler">{{cite web | title=Genealogy of John Tyler at Sherwood Forest Plantation | website=Home of President John Tyler | date=January 27, 2009 | url=http://www.sherwoodforest.org/Genealogy.html | access-date=May 9, 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001457/http://www.sherwoodforest.org/Genealogy.html |date=October 1, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stategazette.com/story/2022587.html| title=A living history: Grandson of 10th US President John Tyler speaks to DAR | work=Dyersburg State Gazette | date=November 9, 2013 | access-date=June 17, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1= Amira|first1= Dan|title= President John Tyler's Grandson, Harrison Tyler, on Still Being Alive|url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2012/01/president-tyler-grandson-alive.html |website=New York Magazine|date= January 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.richmonder.org/harrison-ruffin-tyler-grandson-of-10th-u-s-president-and-longtime-richmonder-dies-at-96/ | title=Harrison Ruffin Tyler, grandson of 10th U.S. President and longtime Richmonder, dies at 96 | date=May 28, 2025 }}</ref> {{clear}} |ref=Seager |url=https://archive.org/details/andtylertooabiog013722mbp}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Jean Edward |author-link=Jean Edward Smith |title=Grant |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-684-84927-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/grant00smit |url-access=registration }} * {{cite book |title=American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant |last=White |first=Ronald C. |author-link=Ronald C. White |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-58836-992-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPNRCwAAQBAJ }} ===Artikel=== * {{cite journal|last=Bybee|first=Jay S.|author-link=Jay Bybee|date =Usum Tiris 1997|title=Ulysses at the Mast: Democracy, Federalism, and the Sirens' Song of the Seventeenth Amendment|journal=Northwestern University Law Review|volume=91|issue=2|pages=500–572|url=http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/350|access-date=1 Juni 2014|ref=Bybee}} * Cash, Jordan T. "The isolated presidency: John Tyler and unilateral presidential power." ''American Political Thought'' 7.1 (2018): 26–56. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jordan-Cash/publication/322606308_The_Isolated_Presidency_John_Tyler_and_Unilateral_Presidential_Power/links/5a85bafd0f7e9b1a95485d5c/The-Isolated-Presidency-John-Tyler-and-Unilateral-Presidential-Power.pdf online] * Crapol, Edward P. "President John Tyler, Henry Clay, and the Whig Party." dina ''A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861'' (2014): 173–194. * {{cite journal |last=Crapol |first=Edward P. |title=John Tyler and the Pursuit of National Destiny |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-early-republic_fall-1997_17_3/page/467 |journal=[[Journal of the Early Republic]] |year=1997 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=467–491 |issn=0275-1275 |doi=10.2307/3123944|jstor=3123944 }} * {{cite journal|author-link1=Leonard Dinnerstein|last=Dinnerstein|first=Leonard|title=The Accession of John Tyler to the Presidency|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_virginia-magazine-of-history-and-biography_1962-10_70_4/page/447|journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography|volume=70|number=4|date=Oktober 1962|pages=447–458|jstor=4246893|ref=Dinnerstein}} * {{cite web |editor-last=Freehling |editor-first=William W. |editor-link=William W. Freehling |title=American President: John Tyler |url=http://millercenter.org/president/tyler |publisher=[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]] (Universitas Virginia) |access-date=16 Nopémber 2008 |ref=Miller Center}} * {{cite journal|last=Holt|first=Michael F.|title=Attempts to Impeach John Tyler|url=https://www.americanheritage.com/attempts-impeach-john-tyler|publisher=American Heritage (Pébruari/Maret 2021)|website=americanheritage.com|volume=66|issue=2|access-date=3 Oktober 2022|ref=Holt (Pébruari/Maret 2021)}} * {{cite web|last=Hopkins|first=Callie|title=John Tyler and the Presidential Succession|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/john-tyler-and-presidential-succession|website=whitehousehistory.org|access-date=16 Agustus 2022|ref=Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession}} * Kesilman, Sylvan H. "John Tyler as President: An Old School Republican in Search of Vindication", dina ''The Moment of Decision: Biographical Essays on American Character and Regional Identity'', R. M. Miller and J. R. McGivigan, eds. Westport. CT: Greenwood Press, 1994. {{ISSN|0084-9219}} * {{cite journal|last=Kleber|first=Louis C.| date = Oktober 1975| title = John Tyler|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-today_1975-10_25_10/page/697| journal = History Today|pages=697–703|ref = Kleber| volume = 25| issue = 10}} * {{cite journal|last=Leahy|first=Christopher|title=Torn Between Family and Politics: John Tyler's Struggle for Balance|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_virginia-magazine-of-history-and-biography_2006_114_3/page/323|journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography|volume=114|number=3|year=2006|pages=323–355|ref=Leahy}} * McCormick, Richard P. "William Henry Harrison and John Tyler" dina [http://www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/Harrison-William-Henry-and-Tyler-John.html Henry Graff, ''The Presidents: A Reference History'' 2d ed. (1996) pp 143–154. ] * {{cite web|title=Presidents of the United States from Virginia|url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/presidents-of-the-united-states-from-virginia/|website=encyclopediavirginia.org|publisher=Encyclopedia Virginia|ref=Encyclopedia Virginia|access-date=5 Oktober 2022}} * {{cite web|last1=Sauter|first1=Michael B.|last2=Suneson|first2=Grant|title=The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump|url=https://247wallst.com/special-report/2019/02/26/the-net-worth-of-the-american-presidents-washington-to-trump-2/3/|publisher=24/7 Wall St|website=247wallst.com|ref=The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump|date=20 Maret 2020|access-date=11 Nopémber 2022}} * Tyler, Lyon G. "President John Tyler and the Ashburton Treaty." ''William and Mary Quarterly'' 25.1 (1916): 1–8. [https://archive.org/details/jstor-1915096 online] * {{cite journal|last=Varon|first=Elizabeth R.|title=Tippecanoe and the Ladies, Too: White Women and Party Politics in Antebellum Virginia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_1995-09_82_2/page/494|journal=The Journal of American History|volume=82|issue=2|date= Séptémber 1995|pages=494–521|ref=Varon|doi=10.2307/2082184|jstor=2082184}} ===Sumber primér=== * {{cite book|last1=Frémont|first1=John C.|last2=Torrey|first2=John|title=Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGJ5AAAAMAAJ&q=Report+of+the+exploring+expedition+to+the+rocky+mountains|publisher=Ann Arbor University of Microfilms|year=1966|isbn=978-0-598-18981-3 |ref=Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1845)}} * Lyon Gardiner Tyler, ed. ''The Letters and Times of the Tylers'' (3 jilid. 1884–1896). [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%27The%20Letters%20and%20Times%20of%20the%20Tylers%27%27%20%29 online] * Dokumén pribadi kulawarga Tyler, kalebet John Tyler, tiasa dipendakan di [[Special Collections Research Center (Earl Gregg Swem Library)|Puseur Panalungtikan Koléksi Husus]] di [[College of William and Mary]]: {{cite web|title=Tyler Family Papers, Group A|url=http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=6999|publisher=Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary|access-date=22 Januari 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728052645/http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/index.php?p=collections%2Fcontrolcard&id=6999|archive-date=28 Juli 2011}} * Dokumén éksékutif John Tyler nalika anjeunna janten [[Gubernur Virginia]] tiasa dipendakan di [[Library of Virginia]]: {{cite web|title=A Guide to the Governor John Tyler Executive Papers, 1825–1827|url=http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi00885.xml|publisher=Virginia Heritage|access-date=8 Méi 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713053954/http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=lva/vi00885.xml |date=July 13, 2014 }} * {{cite web|title=Vetoes, 1789 to Present|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/vetoes/vetoCounts.htm|website=senate.gov|publisher=Sénat Amérika Sarikat|ref=Vetoes, 1789 to Present United States Senate|access-date=10 Nopémber 2022}} {{Refend}} {{Div col end}} ==Tautan luar== {{sister project links|d=Q11881|n=no|s=Author:John Tyler|wikt=Tylerism|v=no|voy=no|species=no|m=no|mw=no}} * [https://millercenter.org/president/tyler John Tyler di Miller Center, U Virginia] * {{CongBio|T000450}} * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/tyler/index.html John Tyler: Pituduh Sumber Daya] ti Perpustakaan Kongrés (Library of Congress) * [https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/john_tyler.pdf Kantor Sajarawan Sénat AS: Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat – John Tyler] * [http://www.virginiamemory.com/online_classroom/union_or_secession/people/john_tyler John Tyler dina "Union or Secession: Virginians Decide"] di [[Library of Virginia]] * [http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Tyler_John_1790-1862 Biografi] di [[Encyclopedia Virginia]] * {{Gutenberg author |id=1643| name=John Tyler}} * {{Librivox author |id=11284}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Tyler}} * [http://www.c-span.org/video/?123380-1/life-portrait-john-tyler "Life Portrait of John Tyler"], ti [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'' * [https://www.c-span.org/video/?306305-1/john-tyler-accidental-president "John Tyler: The Accidental President"], presentasi ku [[Edward Crapol]] * {{cite web|last=Chip|first=Reid|title=Kumaha dua incu Présidén John Tyler masih kénéh hirup, 174 taun saatosna|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-two-of-president-john-tylers-grandsons-are-still-alive/|website=cbsnew.com|publisher=CBS News|type=video|date=6 Maret 2018|access-date=1 Nopémber 2022}} {{John Tyler|state=expanded}} {{Navboxes |title=Jabatan sarta panghormatan |list1= {{s-start}} {{s-par|us-hs}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Clopton]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Anggota [[Daptar perwakilan Amérika Sarikat ti Virginia|DPR Amérika Sarikat]]<br />ti [[Distrik kongrés ka-23 Virginia]]|years=1816–1821}} {{s-aft|after=[[Andrew Stevenson]]}} {{s-hon}} {{s-bef|before=[[Richard Henry Wilde|Richard Wilde]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Daptar anggota pangora Kongrés Amérika Sarikat|Baby of the House]]|years=1816–1817}} {{s-aft|after=[[George Robertson (politisi)|George Robertson]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[James Pleasants]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Gubernur Virginia]]|years=1825–1827}} {{s-aft|after=[[William Branch Giles]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[George Poindexter]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President pro tempore Sénat Amérika Sarikat]]|years=1835}} {{s-aft|after=[[William R. King]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Richard Mentor Johnson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat]]|years=1841}} {{s-aft|after=[[George M. Dallas]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[William Henry Harrison]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]]|years=1841–1845}} {{s-aft|after=[[James K. Polk]]}} {{s-par|us-sen}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Randolph of Roanoke|John Randolph]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Daptar sénator Amérika Sarikat ti Virginia|Sénator AS (Kelas 1) ti Virginia]]|years=1827–1836 |alongside=[[Littleton Waller Tazewell]], [[William Cabell Rives]], [[Benjamin W. Leigh]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[William Cabell Rives]]}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-new|party}} {{s-ttl|title=Calon [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]] kanggé Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat|years=[[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836|1836]],¹ [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|1840]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Theodore Frelinghuysen]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Henry Lee (ékonom)|Henry Lee]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Calon [[Partéy Nullifier]] kanggé [[Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat]]<br />{{small|Didukung}}|years=[[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836|1836]]}} {{s-non|reason=Partéy bubar}} {{s-aca}} {{s-bef|before=[[George Washington]] (1799)}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Rektor College of William & Mary]]|years=1859–1862}} {{s-aft|after=[[Hugh Blair Grigsby]] (1871)}} {{s-ref|Partéy Whig ngajalankeun calon régional dina taun 1836. Tyler maju di nagara bagian Kidul, sarta [[Francis Granger]] maju di nagara bagian Kalér.}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tyler, John}} [[Kategori:John Tyler| ]] [[Kategori:Kalahiran 1790]] [[Kategori:Pupus 1862]] [[Kategori:Calon wakil présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836]] [[Kategori:Calon wakil présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840]] [[Kategori:Episkopalian Amérika abad ka-19]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat abad ka-19]] [[Kategori:Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat abad ka-19]] [[Kategori:Perwira milisi Amérika]] [[Kategori:Anggota milisi Amérika dina Perang 1812]] [[Kategori:Urang Amérika turunan Inggris]] [[Kategori:Aktivis pro-perbudakan Amérika]] [[Kategori:Makam di Pamakaman Hollywood (Richmond, Virginia)]] [[Kategori:Kandidat dina pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1844]] [[Kategori:Rektor College of William & Mary]] [[Kategori:Alumni College of William & Mary]] [[Kategori:Sénator Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Démokrat ti Virginia]] [[Kategori:Sénator Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Démokrat-Républik]] [[Kategori:Anggota DPR Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Démokrat-Républik ti Virginia]] [[Kategori:Gubernur nagara bagian ti Partéy Démokrat-Républik]] [[Kategori:Delegasi Kongrés Konfédérasi Samentara]] [[Kategori:Gubernur Virginia]] [[Kategori:Kulawarga John Tyler| ]] [[Kategori:Anggota DPR Konfédérasi ti Virginia]] [[Kategori:Anggota Majelis Delegasi Virginia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh ti Charles City County, Virginia]] [[Kategori:Urang Virginia dina Perang 1812]] [[Kategori:Politisi anu dipecat tina partéy]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat anu gaduh budak]] [[Kategori:President pro tempore Sénat Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat anu gaduh budak]] [[Kategori:Démokrat Virginia]] [[Kategori:Whig Virginia]] [[Kategori:Ahli hukum Virginia]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Whig]] [[Kategori:Wakil Présidén Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Whig]] [[Kategori:Sénator Amérika Sarikat anu gaduh budak]] [[Kategori:Gubernur nagara bagian anu gaduh budak]] pcqwj7dixy2ewkd44ea5i617gh4zzl3 0 107899 712920 710715 2026-09-23T09:33:01Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712920 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Polsek Ciruas (7).jpg|jmpl]] '''Kapolisian Séktor Ciruas''' nyaéta kantor polisi anu kaasup salah sahiji cagar budaya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/cagarbudaya/objek/KB003181|title=Kantor POLSEK Ciruas|first=Kemendikdasmen|accessdate=23 Februari 2026}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> nu aya di Jalan Raya Sérang-Jakarta Km 8, Kecamatan Ciruas, Kabupaten Sérang, provinsi Banten. Kantor polisi ieu kaasup wangunan zaman kolonial Walanda anu miboga gaya indis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nusantara62.com/ragam/pr-3716215895/polsek-ciruas-gedung-peninggalan-kolonial-jadi-cagar-budaya-di-serang-banten|title=Polsek Ciruas, Gedung Peninggalan Kolonial Jadi Cagar Budaya di Serang Banten - Nusantara 62|last=Nusantara62 01|first=Tim|website=Polsek Ciruas, Gedung Peninggalan Kolonial Jadi Cagar Budaya di Serang Banten - Nusantara 62|language=id|accessdate=2026-03-02}}</ref> == Wawangunan == Aya dua wangunan di Kapolisian Séktor Ciruas nyaéta wangunan di belah kulon jeung wangunan di belah wetan. Nu aya di belah kulon dimangpaatkeun pikeun puseur palayanan kapolisian. Fasad kadua wangunan eta nyanghareup ka arah kalér atawa ka jalan raya.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == <references /> {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Artikel Tim WCB 3.0]] c6gpk6q7l1tl55e88dzhuu69x8g84v0 0 107916 712889 711800 2026-09-23T06:33:42Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = StephenGroverCleveland.jpg | caption = Cleveland dina taun 1892 | order = Présidén Amérika Sarikat ka-22 & ka-24 | office = Présidén Amérika Sarikat | vicepresident = [[Adlai Stevenson I]] | term_start = 4 Maret 1893 | term_end = 4 Maret 1897 | predecessor = [[Benjamin Harrison]] | successor = [[William McKinley]] | vicepresident1 = {{plainlist| * {{longitem|[[Thomas A. Hendricks]]<br />(Mar–Nov 1885)}} * Kosong (1885–1889){{Efn|Wakil Présidén Hendricks tilar dunya nalika nuju ngajabat. Sateuacan aya Amandemén ka-25 taun 1967, jabatan wakil présidén anu kosong moal dieusi dugi ka pamilihan salajengna.}} }} | term_start1 = 4 Maret 1885 | term_end1 = 4 Maret 1889 | predecessor1 = [[Chester A. Arthur]] | successor1 = Benjamin Harrison | order2 = Gubernur New York ka-28 | office2 = Gubernur New York | lieutenant2 = [[David B. Hill]] | term_start2 = 1 Januari 1883 | term_end2 = 6 Januari 1885 | predecessor2 = [[Alonzo B. Cornell]] | successor2 = David B. Hill | order3 = Walikota Buffalo ka-35 | office3 = Walikota Buffalo | term_start3 = 2 Januari 1882 | term_end3 = 20 Nopémber 1882 | predecessor3 = [[Alexander Brush]] | successor3 = [[Marcus M. Drake]] | order4 = Sheriff Erie County ka-17 | office4 = Sheriff Erie County | term_start4 = 1 Januari 1871 | term_end4 = 31 Désémber 1873 | predecessor4 = Charles Darcy | successor4 = [[John B. Weber]] | birth_name = Stephen Grover Cleveland | birth_date = {{birth date|1837|3|18}} | birth_place = [[Caldwell, New Jersey]], A.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1908|6|24|1837|3|18}} | death_place = [[Princeton, New Jersey]], A.S. | resting_place = [[Princeton Cemetery]] | party = [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]] | otherparty = [[Partéy Démokrat Nasional (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat Nasional]] | father = [[Richard Falley Cleveland]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Frances Cleveland|Frances Folsom]]|2 Juni 1886}} | relatives = {{indented plainlist| * [[Richard Falley Jr.]] (buyut) * [[Rose Cleveland]] (sadérék awéwé) * [[Philippa Foot]] (incu) }} | children = 6, kalebet [[Oscar Folsom Cleveland|Oscar]], [[Ruth Cleveland|Ruth]], [[Esther Cleveland|Esther]], [[Richard F. Cleveland|Richard]] sareng [[Francis Cleveland|Francis]] | occupation = {{hlist|Politikus|Pengacara}} | signature = Grover Cleveland Signature 1882.svg }} '''Stephen Grover Cleveland''' (gumelar 18 Maret 1837 – tilar dunya 24 Juni 1908) nyaéta saurang politikus sarta pengacara Amérika anu ngajabat salaku [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-22 (1885–1889) sarta ka-24 (1893–1897). Cleveland mangrupa hiji-hijina présidén dina sajarah Amérika anu ngajabat dua kali kalayan périodeu anu henteu ngaruntuy. Gumelar di [[Caldwell, New Jersey]], Cleveland kapilih janten [[Walikota Buffalo]] dina taun 1881 sarta [[Gubernur New York]] dina taun 1882. Nalika janten gubernur, anjeunna gawé bareng pisan sareng pamimpin minoritas [[Majelis Nagara Bagian New York|majelis nagara bagian]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], pikeun ngaluluskeun léngkah-léngkah reformasi, anu ngirut perhatian nasional.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Grover Cleveland Birthplace |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/grover_cleveland_birthplace.html |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404084138/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/grover_cleveland_birthplace.html |date=2024-04-04 }}</ref> Anjeunna mingpin kelompok [[Bourbon Democrats]], hiji gerakan anu pro-bisnis sarta nentang [[Sajarah tarif di Amérika Sarikat|tarif luhur]], [[pérak gratis]], sarta [[imperialisme]]. Perjuanganana pikeun reformasi pulitik sarta [[konservatisme fiskal]] ngajadikeun anjeunna ikon pikeun konservatif Amérika dina mangsa éta. == Mangsa keur leutik == === Budak leutik sarta sajarah kulawarga === [[File:Caldwell Presbyterian Church Manse, Caldwell, NJ.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Imah pastur Presbiterian Caldwell, [[Grover Cleveland Birthplace|tempat gumelar]] Grover Cleveland di [[Caldwell, New Jersey]]]] Stephen Grover Cleveland gumelar dina 18 Maret 1837, di [[Caldwell, New Jersey]], putra ti Ann (née Neal) sarta [[Richard Falley Cleveland]].<ref>Nevins, 8–10</ref> Ramana Cleveland, anu asalna ti [[Connecticut]], nyaéta saurang pendéta [[Kongregasionalisme di Amérika Sarikat|Kongregasional]] sarta [[Presbiterianisme di Amérika Sarikat|Presbiterian]].<ref>Graff, 3–4; Nevins, 8–10</ref> Ibuna asalna ti [[Baltimore]], putri ti saurang padagang buku.<ref>Graff, 3–4</ref> Ti garis katurunan ramana, Cleveland téh katurunan Inggris anu mimiti émigrasi ka [[Massachusetts]] ti [[Ipswich, England|Ipswich]], Inggris, dina taun 1635.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nevins |first1=Allan |title=Grover Cleveland; a study in courage |url=https://archive.org/details/groverclevelands0000alla_g0y5 |date=1933 |publisher=[[Dodd, Mead & Co.]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/groverclevelands0000alla_g0y5/page/6 6]}}</ref> Sedengkeun ti garis ibuna, anjeunna téh katurunan Anglo-Irlandia Protéstan sarta [[Quakers]] Jérman.<ref>Nevins, 9</ref> Cleveland ogé mibanda hubungan baraya jauh sareng Jenderal [[Moses Cleaveland]], tokoh anu janten asal-usul nami kota [[Cleveland]], Ohio.<ref>Graff, 7</ref> Cleveland, anak kalima ti salapan duduluran, dingaranan Stephen Grover pikeun ngahormat pastur munggaran di Garéja Presbiterian Munggaran Caldwell, tempat ramana ngabakti harita. Anjeunna langkung kawentar ku nami Grover nalika parantos déwasa.<ref>Nevins, 10; Graff, 3</ref> Dina taun 1841, kulawarga Cleveland pindah ka [[Fayetteville, New York]], tempat Grover ngalangkungan mangsa budakna.<ref>Nevins, 11; Graff, 8–9</ref> Tatanggana harita ngagambarkeun anjeunna salaku budak anu "resep banyol sarta resep jail",<ref>Nevins, 11</ref> sarta resep pisan kana olahraga di luar rohangan.<ref>Jeffers, 17</ref> Dina taun 1850, ramana, Richard, mindahkeun kulawargana ka [[Clinton, Oneida County, New York|Clinton, New York]], saatos nampi padamelan salaku sekretaris distrik pikeun [[American Home Missionary Society]].<ref>Nevins, 17–19</ref> Sanaos ramana suhud dina gawé misionaris, panghasilanana henteu cekap pikeun nyukupan kulawarga anu sakitu lobana. Kaayaan ékonomi maksa Grover kedah kaluar ti sakola sarta ngalaksanakeun magang dagang (mercantile apprenticeship) salila dua taun di Fayetteville. Pangalaman ieu kacida berhargana, sanaos sakedap. Grover mulang deui ka Clinton sarta neraskeun sakolana saatos kontrak magangna réngsé.<ref>Tugwell, 14</ref> Dina taun 1853, padamelan misionaris mimiti mangaruhan kaséhatan Richard. Anjeunna nampi tugas anyar di [[Holland Patent, New York]], sarta mindahkeun kulawargana sakali deui.<ref name="nevins21">Nevins, 21</ref> Teu lami ti harita, Richard Cleveland tilar dunya alatan [[gastric ulcer]] (borok lambung). Grover disebutkeun terang wartos pupusna ramana ti saurang budak anu nuju ngiderkeun koran.<ref name="nevins21" /> === Atikan sarta pindah ka kulon === [[File:Grover Cleveland young photo.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Poto Cleveland mangsa keur ngora (teu aya titimangsa)]] Cleveland nampi atikan dasarna di Akademi Fayetteville sarta [[Clinton, Oneida County, New York#Sajahah atikan|Sakola Tata Basa Clinton]] (ulah pahili sareng Clinton Liberal Institute).<ref>Nevins, 18–19; Jeffers, 19</ref> Saatos ramana tilar dunya dina taun 1853, anjeunna sakali deui kedah kaluar ti sakola pikeun ngabantosan ékonomi kulawargana. Dina tungtung taun éta, lanceukna, William, ditarima janten guru di [[Lembaga Pikeun Nu Lolong New York]] (New York Institute for the Blind) di New York City, sarta William hasil milarian tempat pikeun Cleveland salaku asistén guru. Cleveland mulang ka imahna di Holland Patent dina tungtung taun 1854, di dinya saurang kokolot garéja nawarkeun pikeun ngabiayaan kuliahna upami anjeunna jangji badé janten pendéta. Cleveland nolak tawaran éta, sarta dina taun 1855 anjeunna mutuskeun pikeun pindah ka wilayah kulon.<ref>Nevins, 23–27</ref> Anjeunna eureun heula di [[Buffalo, New York]], di dinya misanana, [[Lewis F. Allen]], masihan padamelan administrasi.<ref>Nevins, 27–33</ref> Allen mangrupa jalma penting di Buffalo, sarta anjeunna ngenalkeun Cleveland ka jalma-jalma anu boga pangaruh, kalebet para mitra di [[kantor hukum]] Rogers, Bowen, sarta Rogers.<ref>Nevins, 31–36</ref> Cleveland satuluyna janten kerani di kantor éta, mimiti [[diajar hukum]] sacara mandiri sareng maranéhna, sarta ahirna lulus ujian [[Bar examination di Amérika Sarikat|pangacara New York]] dina taun 1859.<ref name="graff14">Graff, 14</ref> === Karir awal sarta Perang Sipil Amérika === Cleveland damel di kantor hukum Rogers salami tilu taun sateuacan kaluar dina taun 1862 pikeun muka prakték hukum sorangan.<ref>Graff, 14–15</ref> Dina Januari 1863, anjeunna diangkat janten asistén [[jaksa distrik]] [[Erie County, New York]].<ref>Graff, 15; Nevins, 46</ref> Nalika [[Perang Sipil Amérika]] nuju ragot, Kongrés ngesahkeun [[Undang-Undang Wajib Militer 1863]], anu maréntahkeun lalaki anu jagjag pikeun ngabakti di tentara upami ditaun, atanapi mayar jalma sanés salaku gagantina.<ref name="graff14" /> Cleveland milih jalan kadua, anjeunna mayar $150 ka George Benninsky, saurang imigran [[Polandia]], pikeun ngagantikeun anjeunna perang.<ref>Graff, 14; Nevins, 51–52</ref> Salaku pengacara, Cleveland dipikawanoh ku konsentrasi sarta dedikasi anu kacida suhudna kana padamelan.<ref name="nevins52">Nevins, 52–53</ref> Dina taun 1866, anjeunna hasil ngabéla sababaraha pamilon dina [[Serangan Fenian]], kalayan damel sacara ''[[pro bono]]'' (haratis).<ref>Nevins, 54</ref> Dina taun 1868, Cleveland janten perhatian dunya hukum alatan hasilna ngabéla kasus [[pitenah]] (libel) ngalawan éditor koran ''Commercial Advertiser'' di Buffalo.<ref>Nevins, 54–55</ref> Dina mangsa ieu, Cleveland hirup kalayan basajan, nganjrék di hiji [[imah kos]] anu dawam. Anjeunna ngagunakeun panghasilanana anu beuki ningkat pikeun nyukupan kabutuhan ibu sarta adi-adi awéwéna.<ref>Nevins, 55–56</ref> Sanaos tempat cicingna kacida basajanna, Cleveland mikaresep kahirupan sosial sarta silih gaul di lobi hotél sarta [[Western saloon|saloon]].<ref>Nevins, 56</ref> Anjeunna ngajauhan kalangan masarakat kelas luhur di Buffalo, tempat kulawarga pamanna biasa gaul.<ref>Tugwell, 26</ref> == Karir pulitik di New York == === Sheriff Erie County === [[Image:DSCN4468 buffaloclevelandstatue e.jpg|upright|thumb|Patung Grover Cleveland di payuneun [[Buffalo City Hall|Balé Kota]] di [[Buffalo, New York]]]] Ti mimiti aub dina dunya pulitik, Cleveland parantos mihak ka [[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Démokrat]].<ref>Nevins, 44–45</ref> Anjeunna mibanda rasa henteu resep anu kacida ka urang Républik saperti [[John C. Frémont]] sarta [[Abraham Lincoln]], sarta para pamingpin di kantor hukum Rogers ogé mangrupa urang Démokrat tulén.<ref>Tugwell, 32</ref> Dina taun 1865, anjeunna nyalonkeun janten [[Jaksa Distrik]], nanging éléh tipis ku réngréngan sarta batur sakamarna, [[Lyman K. Bass]], calon ti Partéy Républik.<ref name="nevins52" /> Dina taun 1870, kalayan bantosan sobatna, Oscar Folsom, Cleveland hasil kenging nominasi Démokrat pikeun jabatan [[Sheriff Erie County, New York]].<ref name="nevins58">Nevins, 58</ref> Anjeunna meunangkeun pamilihan kalayan sélisih 303 sora sarta mimiti ngajabat dina 1 Januari 1871, dina yuswa 33 taun.<ref>Jeffers, 33</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Julie |date=2003 |title=American Presidents Year by Year |publisher=Routledge |page=334}}</ref> Sanaos karir anyar ieu ngajauhkeun anjeunna tina prakték hukum, hasilna kacida muwuh: pajeg sarta waragad jabatanana disebutkeun ngahasilkeun dugi ka $40,000 salami dua taun jabatanana.<ref name="nevins58" /> Masa jabatan Cleveland salaku sheriff dianggap biasa-biasa waé. Biografer [[Rexford Tugwell]] ngagambarkeun mangsa éta salaku miceun waktos pikeun Cleveland dina widang pulitik. Cleveland terang ayana prakték suap (graft) di kantor sheriff salila anjeunna ngajabat, nanging anjeunna milih pikeun henteu nungkulanana.<ref>Tugwell, 36</ref> Hiji kajadian anu kawentar dina mangsa jabatanana lumangsung dina 6 Séptémber 1872, nalika Patrick Morrissey dihukum pati alatan maéhan ibuna sorangan.<ref name="morrisey">Jeffers, 34; Nevins, 61–62</ref> Salaku sheriff, Cleveland tanggung jawab pikeun ngalaksanakeun hukuman pati sacara langsung atanapi mayar wakilna $10 pikeun ngalakukeun éta pancén.<ref name="morrisey" /> Sanaos mibanda rasa beurat, Cleveland milih pikeun ngagantung Morrissey ku pananganana sorangan.<ref name="morrisey" /> Anjeunna ogé ngagantung saurang deui panelandung, [[Daptar jalma anu dihukum pati di New York|John Gaffney]], dina 14 Pébruari 1873.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buffalonian.com/history/articles/1851-1900/gaffneyhanging/gaffneyhanging.html|title=The Execution of John Gaffney|website=The Buffalonian}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006162510/http://www.buffalonian.com/history/articles/1851-1900/gaffneyhanging/gaffneyhanging.html |date=2017-10-06 }}</ref> Saatos masa jabatanana réngsé, Cleveland mulang deui kana prakték hukum, muka kantor hukum sareng Lyman K. Bass sarta [[Wilson S. Bissell]].<ref>Jeffers, 36; Nevins, 64</ref> Bass satuluyna diganti ku [[George J. Sicard]]. Kalayan Bass kapilih janten anggota Kongrés dina taun 1872, Cleveland sarta Bissell ahirna janten jawara di komunitas hukum Buffalo.<ref>Nevins, 66–71</ref> Nepi ka harita, karir pulitik Cleveland dianggap terhormat nanging henteu istiméwa. Sakumaha anu ditulis ku biografer [[Allan Nevins]], "Mungkin teu aya saurang ogé di nagara ieu, dina 4 Maret 1881, anu nyangka yén pengacara basajan ti Buffalo ieu bakal nangtung di [[Washington, D.C.]] opat taun ti harita pikeun sumpah salaku Présidén Amérika Sarikat."<ref>Nevins, 78</ref> Dina mangsa ieu ogé Cleveland mimiti deukeut sareng saurang randa, [[Maria Halpin]]. Halpin satuluyna nuduh Cleveland parantos merkosa anjeunna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/how-many-presidents-have-been-accused-sexual-assault-692766|title=Sexual misconduct allegations against presidents have a long history|website=Newsweek}}</ref> Henteu jéntré naha Halpin mémang diperkosa atanapi hubungan maranéhna dumasar kana suka sarua suka.<ref name=":0">Huck, C., 2017. "The Halpin Affair".</ref> Dina Maret 1876, Cleveland nuduh Halpin salaku saurang alkoholik sarta nyandak hak asuh budakna. Budak éta dibawa ka Panti Asuhan Protéstan, sarta Cleveland mayar sadaya kabutuhanana di dinya.<ref name=":0" /> Cleveland ogé ngalebetkeun Halpin ka Rumah Sakit Jiwa Providence, nanging Halpin mung diubaran lima dinten kulantaran dianggap henteu gélo.<ref name=":0" /> Cleveland satuluyna masihan bantuan kauangan sangkan Halpin tiasa muka usaha sorangan di luar Buffalo.<ref name=":0" /> Sanaos henteu aya bukti anu kuat yén Cleveland téh ramana,<ref name=":1">Hamilton, Neil A., 2005.</ref> masalah budak ieu janten bahan kampanye pikeun [[Sajarah Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Républik]] dina kampanye présidén munggaran Cleveland, di mana maranéhna nyebarkeun pitenah yén Cleveland téh jalma "teu boga moral" sarta telenges kulantaran henteu ngasuh budakna sorangan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Henry F. Graff 2002 61–63">Graff, 2002.</ref> === Walikota Buffalo === Dina taun 1870-an, pamaréntahan kota di Buffalo beuki korup, di mana [[mesin pulitik]] Démokrat sarta Républik gawé bareng pikeun silih bagi [[Sistem rampasan|kauntungan]] tina jabatan pulitik.<ref>Nevins, 79</ref> Nalika urang Républik nyalonkeun sakumpulan pulitikus mesin anu kacida busukna pikeun pamilihan 1881, urang Démokrat ningal kasempetan pikeun meunangkeun sora ti urang Républik anu kuciwa ku cara nyalonkeun kandidat anu leuwih jujur.<ref>Nevins, 79–80</ref> Pamingpin partéy ngadeukeutan Cleveland, anu satuju nyalonkeun janten [[Daptar walikota Buffalo, New York|Walikota Buffalo]] kalayan sarat yén daptar calon partéy pikeun jabatan séjénna luyu sareng kahayangna.<ref name="nevins80">Nevins, 80–81</ref> Pulitikus anu kawentar borokna dikaluarkeun tina tikét Démokrat sarta anjeunna nampi nominasi éta.<ref name="nevins80" /> Cleveland [[Pamilihan walikota Buffalo 1881|kapilih]] janten walikota dina bulan Nopémber kalayan 15.120 sora, sedengkeun lawan Républikna, [[Milton Earl Beebe]], meunang 11.528 sora.<ref>Nevins, 83</ref> Anjeunna mimiti ngajabat dina 2 Januari 1882. Masa jabatan Cleveland salaku walikota bélas dipaké pikeun ngalawan kapentingan mesin partéy anu geus mapan.<ref>Graff, 19</ref> Salah sahiji tindakan anu ngangkat ngaranna nyaéta véto kana tagihan meresihan jalan anu disahkeun ku [[Déwan Umum Buffalo]].<ref name="street">Nevins, 84–86</ref> Kontrak meresihan jalan éta geus jadi subyék lélang, sarta Déwan milih nu nawar pangluhurna yaéta $422.000, tinimbang nu nawar panghandapna anu sélisihna $100.000 leuwih murah, alatan hubungan pulitik si panawar éta.<ref name="street" /> Walikota sateuacanna sok ngantepkeun hal sarupa kitu, tapi pesen véto Cleveland nyebutkeun, "Abdi nganggap ieu salaku puncak tina skéma anu paling teu boga kaéra, kurang ajar, sarta ngerakeun pikeun ngahianat kapentingan rahayat, sarta leuwih ti sakadar miceun duit publik."<ref>Nevins, 85</ref> Déwan ahirna balik deui kana jalan nu bener sarta méré kontrak ka nu nawar panghandapna.<ref>Nevins, 86</ref> Alatan tindakan ieu sarta léngkah séjénna pikeun ngajaga duit nagara, Cleveland mimiti kawentar salaku pamingpin anu wani meresihan korupsi pamaréntahan. === Gubernur New York === [[File:GCleveland.png|thumb|Potrét Gubernur Grover Cleveland]] Pajabat partéy Démokrat mimiti mertimbangkeun Cleveland salaku calon kuat pikeun [[Gubernur New York]].<ref name="nevins94">Nevins, 94–99</ref> Kulantaran aya perpecahan di jero Partéy Républik nagara bagian dina taun 1882, partéy Démokrat dianggap mibanda kauntungan.<ref name="nevins94" /> Cleveland meunangkeun kameunangan dina [[Pamilihan nagara bagian New York 1882|pamilihan umum]] kalayan 535.318 sora ngalawan calon Républik [[Charles J. Folger]] anu meunang 342.464 sora.<ref>Nevins, 105</ref> Sélisih kameunangan Cleveland harita mangrupa anu pangbadagna dina sajarah pamilihan di New York. Cleveland mawa sikep nolak miceunan duit ka kantor gubernur. Anjeunna langsung ngirim dalapan véto ka législatur dina dua bulan munggaranana ngajabat.<ref>Graff, 35</ref> Salah sahiji vétona anu narik perhatian nyaéta nolak tagihan pikeun nurunkeun ongkos [[Sajahah karéta api New York City|karéta api luhur New York City]] janten lima sén.<ref>Graff, 35–36</ref> Sanajan tagihan ieu dirojong ku loba jalma sabab nu boga karétana, [[Jay Gould]], teu dipikaresep, Cleveland nganggap tagihan éta teu adil sacara hukum sabab ngalanggar [[Klausul Kontrak]] dina Konstitusi féderal.<ref name="nevins116">Nevins, 116–117</ref> Sanajan awalna teu populér, koran-koran ahirna muji véto Cleveland éta.<ref name="nevins116" /> [[Theodore Roosevelt]], anu harita anggota [[Majelis Nagara Bagian New York]], mimitina satuju kana tagihan éta tapi ahirna malik ngadukung véto Cleveland.<ref name="nevins117">Nevins, 117–118</ref> Sikep Cleveland anu nolak korupsi pulitik meunangkeun pangaku tina rahayat, tapi ogé ngadatangkeun mumusuhan ti organisasi [[Tammany Hall]] anu boga pangaruh di New York City sarta bosna, [[John Kelly (pulitikus New York)|John Kelly]].<ref>Nevins, 125–126</ref> Cleveland sacara terang-terangan nentang kapentingan Tammany Hall sarta ngahalangan kapilihna deui [[Thomas F. Grady]], urang kapercayaan maranéhna di Sénat Nagara Bagian.<ref>Tugwell, 77</ref> Leungitna dukungan ti Tammany Hall katutup ku dukungan ti Theodore Roosevelt sarta urang Républik séjénna anu mibanda pamikiran reformis. Gawé bareng antara Cleveland sareng Roosevelt dina ngaropéa pamaréntahan kota ngajadikeun Cleveland beuki kawentar di tingkat nasional.<ref name=":2" /> {{Clear}} == Pamilihan 1884 == === Nominasi présidén === {{main|Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1884}} [[File:Bernard Gilliam - Phryne before the Chicago Tribunal.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Kartun anti-Blaine anu ngagambarkeun anjeunna salaku "lalaki anu ditato", pinuh ku rupa-rupa skandal anu teu bisa dihapus.]] Dina Juni 1884, Partéy Républik ngayakeun konvénsi nasional di [[Chicago]], milih manten Speaker DPR A.S. [[James G. Blaine]] ti [[Maine]] salaku calon présidén. Nominasi Blaine ngabalukarkeun loba urang Républik, kaasup kelompok [[Mugwumps]], ngarasa teu cocog sabab nganggap Blaine téh ambisius sarta teu boga moral.<ref name="nevins185">Nevins, 185–186</ref> Pamingpin partéy Démokrat yakin yén pilihan Républik ieu méré kasempetan pikeun maranéhna nempoan deui Gedong Bodas saprak taun 1856 upami mibanda kandidat anu pas.<ref name="nevins185" /> Di kalangan Démokrat, [[Samuel J. Tilden]] mimitina janten calon unggulan, nanging anjeunna nolak nominasi alatan kaséhatanana anu kirang saé.<ref name="nevins146">Nevins, 146–147</ref> Cleveland muncul salaku salah sahiji pamingpin anu meunangkeun rojongan awal, sarta dina voting kadua, Cleveland hasil meunangkeun nominasi sanggeus faksi-faksi séjén ngahiji ngadukung anjeunna. Thomas A. Hendricks ti [[Indiana]] dipilih janten calon wakil présidénna.<ref name="nevins154">Nevins, 154</ref> === Kampanye ngalawan Blaine === Korupsi dina pulitik janten isu sentral dina taun 1884; Blaine parantos kalibet dina sababaraha skandal sapanjang karirna.<ref>Tugwell, 80</ref> Reputasi Cleveland salaku pajoang anti-korupsi janten pakarang pangkuatna pikeun Démokrat.<ref>Grossman, 31</ref> Slogan kampanye Cleveland anu kawentar nyaéta "Jabatan publik téh mangrupa amanah publik" (*A public office is a public trust*).<ref>Tugwell, 84</ref> Kelompok Républik anu boga pikiran reformis, disebut "[[Mugwump]]s", ninggalkeun Blaine sarta pindah ngadukung Cleveland.<ref name="mugwump">Nevins, 156–159</ref> Kampanye ieu museur kana standar moral masing-masing kandidat. Pangrojong Cleveland ngungkit deui skandal Blaine ngeunaan pangaruh korupna dina législasi karéta api.<ref name="blaine">Nevins, 159–162</ref> Urang Démokrat boga yel-yel: *"Blaine, Blaine, James G. Blaine, the continental liar from the state of Maine, 'Burn this letter!'"* (Blaine, Blaine, James G. Blaine, tukang bohong ti nagara bagian Maine, 'Duruk ieu surat!'). [[File:Another voice for Cleveland - F.B. LCCN95522869 - restoration2.jpg|thumb|Kartun anti-Cleveland anu ngungkit skandal Halpin.|left]] Nanging, urang Républik ogé mendakan "borok" dina mangsa katukang Cleveland. Maranéhna nyebarkeun béja yén Cleveland boga anak haram nalika janten pengacara di Buffalo,<ref>Lachman, 195–216</ref> sarta yel-yel maranéhna nyaéta *"Ma, Ma, where's my Pa?"* (Ema, Ema, di mana bapa?). Nalika disanghareupan ku skandal ieu, Cleveland langsung méré paréntah ka pangrojongna: "Anu pangutamana, caritakeun anu sabenerna."<ref name="Henry F. Graff 2002 61–63" /> Anjeunna ngaku yén anjeunna mémang mayar tunjangan anak ka Maria Crofts Halpin sarta tanggung jawab kana hal éta.<ref name="Henry F. Graff 2002 61–63" /> [[File:ElectoralCollege1884.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Hasil [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1884|pamilihan 1884]]]] Dina ahirna, pamilihan ditangtukeun ku sora di nagara bagian "swing" saperti New York. Urang Irlandia-Amérika, anu tadina rék ngadukung Blaine, malik deui ka Démokrat sanggeus saurang pandéta Républik ngahina maranéhna ku sebutan partéy "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" (Arak, Katolik, sarta Pemberontakan).<ref>Nevins, 181–184</ref> Saatos sora diitung, Cleveland unggul tipis di opat nagara bagian konci, kaasup New York anu ngan bédana 1.200 sora.<ref name="leip1884" /> Cleveland meunang sora éléktoral 219–182.<ref name="leip1884" /> Sabada kameunangan éta, yel-yel "Ma, Ma..." dijawab ku pangrojong Démokrat: *"Gone to the White House. Ha! Ha! Ha!"* (Geus ka Gedong Bodas. Ha! Ha! Ha!).<ref>Graff, 64</ref> == Masa présidén munggaran (1885–1889) == {{Main|Masa présidén munggaran Grover Cleveland}} === Reformasi === [[File:Cleveland Tariffs (edit).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Cleveland digambarkeun salaku tokoh reformis tarif]] Teu lami saatos ngajabat, Cleveland disanghareupan ku tugas pikeun ngeusi jabatan-jabatan pamaréntahan. Jabatan ieu biasana dieusi dumasar kana [[sistem rampasan]] (spoils system), nanging Cleveland ngumumkeun yén anjeunna moal mecat urang Républik anu gawéna saé, sarta moal ngangkat sasaha ngan saukur dumasar kana jasa ka partéy.<ref>Nevins, 208–211</ref> Anjeunna ogé ngagunakeun kakawasaanana pikeun ngirangan jumlah pagawé féderal, kulantaran loba departemén anu dianggap loba teuing pagawé titipan pulitik.<ref>Nevins, 214–217</ref> Sanajan dina ahirna anjeunna mimiti ngangkat urang Démokrat pikeun posisi anu nangtukeun kawijakan, Cleveland tetep leuwih mentingkeun préstasi (merit) tinimbang présidén-présidén sateuacanna.<ref>Nevins, 238–241</ref> Cleveland ogé ngaropéa bagian séjén dina pamaréntahan. Dina taun 1887, anjeunna nandatanganan undang-undang anu ngadegkeun [[Komisi Perdagangan Antarnagara]] (Interstate Commerce Commission).<ref>Nevins, 354–357</ref> Anjeunna sareng [[Sekretaris Angkatan Laut]] [[William C. Whitney]] modérnisasi [[Angkatan Laut Amérika Sarikat]] sarta ngabatalkeun kontrak pangwangunan kapal anu kualitanna goréng.<ref>Nevins, 217–223</ref> Cleveland ogé ngambekkeun investor karéta api ku cara maréntahkeun panalungtikan kana lahan-lahan di Kulon anu dikawasa ku maranéhna. Hasilna, sakitar {{convert|81000000|acre|km2|abbr=on}} lahan ulayat publik hasil dipulangkeun deui ka nagara.<ref name="rrgrants">Nevins, 223–228</ref> === Véto === [[File:CLEVELAND, Grover-President (BEP engraved portrait).jpg|thumb|220px|right|Potrét Cleveland salaku présidén anu diukir ku [[Biro Ukir sarta Citak]] (BEP)]] Nalika Kongrés sarta Sénat anu dikawasa ku Républik ngirimkeun undang-undang anu teu sapuk sareng pamikiranana, Cleveland mindeng ngagunakeun hak véto.<ref>Graff, 85</ref> Anjeunna ngavéto ratusan tagihan pénsiun swasta pikeun véteran Perang Sipil Amérika, sabab nganggap upami paméntana geus ditolak ku Biro Pénsiun, Kongrés teu kudu pipilueun.<ref>Nevins, 326–328</ref> Dina mangsa jabatan munggaranana wungkul, Cleveland ngagunakeun hak véto saloba 414 kali, nyaéta opat kali leuwih loba tinimbang gabungan sakabéh présidén sateuacanna. Dina taun 1887, Cleveland ngaluarkeun véto anu paling kawentar, nyaéta [[Texas Seed Bill]].<ref name="nevins331">Nevins, 331–332</ref> Saatos halodo panjang ngaruksak pepelakan di sababaraha county di Texas, Kongrés nyayagakeun dana $100.000 pikeun meuli binih (bibit) keur para patani di dinya. Cleveland ngavéto anggaran éta. Dina pesen vétona, anjeunna ngajelaskeun téori pamaréntahan anu kawates: {{blockquote|Sim kuring teu mendakan dasar hukum pikeun anggaran sapertos kitu dina Konstitusi, sarta sim kuring teu yakin yén kakawasaan sarta kawajiban pamaréntah pusat kedah diperpanjang dugi ka ngabantosan sangsara individu anu teu aya patalina sareng palayanan atanapi kauntungan publik. ... sanajan rahayat ngarojong pamaréntah, pamaréntah mah teu kedah ngarojong (sacara finansial) rahayat. Sipat soméah sarta amal ti sasama warga nagara urang salawasna tiasa diandelkeun pikeun ngabantosan dulur-dulurna anu nuju cilaka.<ref>The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland, 1892</ref>}} === Masalah Pérak === Salah sahiji isu anu paling panas dina taun 1880-an nyaéta naha mata uang kedah dijamin ku [[Bimetallisme|emas sareng pérak]], atanapi ku [[standar emas]] wungkul.<ref>Jeffers, 157–158</ref> Ieu masalah ngabagi internal partéy; urang Républik di Kulon sarta urang Démokrat di Kidul hayang ayana panyitakan koin pérak sacara bébas, sedengkeun wawakil kadua partéy ti wilayah timur laut tetep milih standar emas.<ref name="nevins201">Nevins, 201–205</ref> Kulantaran harga pérak leuwih handap batan ajén légalna dina emas, para nu mayar pajeg mayar ka pamaréntah ku pérak, sedengkeun tukang ngahutang internasional ménta dibayar ku emas, anu ngabalukarkeun cadangan emas nagara beuki ngipis. Cleveland sareng Sekretaris Kas Nagara [[Daniel Manning]] tetep pageuh dina standar emas. Maranéhna nyobian ngirangan jumlah pérak anu kedah dicetak ku pamaréntah dumasar kana [[Undang-Undang Bland–Allison]] taun 1878.<ref>Nevins, 269</ref> Urang Kulon sareng Kidul anu ambek tetep bajoang ménta "duit murah" (cheap money) pikeun ngabantosan konstituén maranéhna anu miskin.<ref>Nevins, 268</ref> Salah sahiji tokoh utama "silverite", [[Richard P. Bland]], ngajukeun tagihan dina taun 1886 pikeun nyitak pérak saloba-lobana, nanging tagihan éta sarta tagihan sabalikna ti pamaréntah sarua deudeulna. Hasilna, kaayaan tetep macét sarta masalah pérak ieu teu acan réngsé.<ref>Nevins, 277–279</ref> === Tarif === {| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5" | style="text-align: left;" |"Nalika urang nimbang-nimbang yén téori lembaga urang ngajamin ka unggal warga nagara pikeun ngarasakeun sagala hasil tina industri sarta usahana... mangka jelas yén paménta anu leuwih ti éta mangrupa pamerasan anu teu bisa dibéla sarta panghianatan kana kaadilan Amérika... Kas Nagara, anu sakuduna ngan saukur janten saluran pikeun nepikeun upeti rahayat ka tujuan belanja anu sah, kalah janten tempat nunda duit anu sabenerna mah diperlukeun ku dunya dagang sarta rahayat... sahingga ngahalangan pangwangunan nagara sarta ngundang skéma rampog publik." |- | style="text-align: left;" | '''''Pesen taunan katilu Cleveland ka Kongrés''',<br />6 Désémber 1887.''<ref>The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland, 1892.</ref> |} Masalah kauangan séjénna nyaéta [[tarif]] pelindung (protective tariff). Tarif ieu mimitina mangrupa kawijakan samentara nalika perang sipil pikeun ngajaga industri Amérika, nanging tetep diteruskeun sanggeus perang réngsé. Pamadegan Cleveland luyu sareng umumna urang Démokrat: yén tarif kedah dikirangan.<ref name="nevins280">Nevins, 280–282</ref> Sabalikna, urang Républik hayang tarif tetep luhur. Dina taun 1880-an, tarif ieu ngahasilkeun pendapatan anu sakitu gedéna sahingga pamaréntah mibanda kaleuwihan anggaran (surplus).<ref>Nevins, 286–287</ref> Dina taun 1886, tagihan pikeun nurunkeun tarif éléh tipis di DPR.<ref>Nevins, 287–288</ref> Nalika surplus anggaran beuki numpuk, Cleveland sarta para reformis ménta sangkan tarif ngan saukur dipaké pikeun kabutuhan pendapatan nagara wungkul (tariff for revenue only). Pesenna ka Kongrés dina taun 1887 (dicutat di gigir) negeskeun yén teu adil nyokot duit rahayat leuwih ti batan anu diperlukeun ku pamaréntah.<ref>Nevins, 379–381</ref> [[Roger Q. Mills]] ngajukeun tagihan pikeun nurunkeun tarif ti 47% janten sakitar 40%.<ref name="graff88">Graff, 88–89</ref> Sanajan hasil lulus di DPR sanggeus diperjuangkeun ku Cleveland, tagihan ieu ahirna deudeul di Sénat.<ref name="graff88" /> === Kawijakan luar nagri, 1885–1889 === Cleveland nyaéta saurang [[isolasionisme|non-intervensionis]] anu komitmen, anu kampanyena nolak ékspansi sarta imperialisme. Anjeunna nolak neraskeun perjangjian terusan Nikaragua anu diajukeun ku pamaréntahan sateuacanna, sarta umumna kurang mibanda jiwa ékspansi dina hubungan luar nagri.<ref>Nevins, 205, 404–405</ref> Sekretaris Nagara Cleveland, [[Thomas F. Bayard]], ngayakeun rundayan sareng [[Joseph Chamberlain]] ti Britania Raya ngeunaan hak ngala lauk di cai sabudeureun Kanada, sarta némbongkeun sikep anu damai sanajan ditentang ku Sénator Républik ti [[New England]].<ref>Nevins, 404–413</ref> Cleveland ogé narik diri tina pertimbangan Sénat ngeunaan perjangjian Konférénsi Berlin anu ngajamin panto kabuka pikeun kapentingan A.S. di [[Nagara Bébas Kongo]].<ref name="wealth">Zakaria, 80</ref> === Kawijakan militer sarta angkatan laut, 1885–1889 === [[File:Grover Cleveland Portrait.jpg|thumb|Cleveland dina taun 1888]] Kawijakan militer Cleveland museur kana pertahanan diri sarta modérnisasi. Dina taun 1885, Cleveland nunjuk [[Déwan Bénténg]] di handapeun [[Sekretaris Perang]] [[William Crowninshield Endicott|William C. Endicott]] pikeun ngarékoméndasikeun sistem [[pertahanan basisir di Amérika Sarikat|bénténg basisir]] anu anyar.<ref name="Berhow, pp. 9-10">Berhow, pp. 9–10</ref> Laporan Déwan taun 1886 ngarékoméndasikeun program pangwangunan masif saharga $127 juta (sarua sareng $4,3 milyar dina taun 2026) di 29 palabuan sarta muara walungan, kaasup mariem rifled anyar, mortir, sarta [[ranjau laut]]. Program ieu kawentar ku nami Program Endicott. Nepi ka taun 1910, 27 lokasi parantos dijaga ku leuwih ti 70 bénténg.<ref>Berhow, pp. 201–226</ref> Pikeun Angkatan Laut, pamaréntahan Cleveland anu dipingpin ku [[Sekretaris Angkatan Laut]] [[William Collins Whitney]], ngalakukeun modérnisasi sanajan can aya kapal anu bisa nandingan kapal perang panghadéna di Éropa. Genep belas kapal perang mibanda rangka waja (steel-hulled) anyar dipesen nepi ka tungtung taun 1888. Kapal-kapal ieu maénkeun peran penting dina [[Perang Amérika–Spanyol]] taun 1898. Di antarana nyaéta "kapal perang kelas dua" {{USS|Maine|ACR-1|2}} sarta {{USS|Texas|1892|2}}, anu dirancang pikeun nandingan kapal waja modérn milik nagara-nagara Amérika Kidul saperti kapal perang Brasil, ''[[Riachuelo (1883)|Riachuelo]]''.<ref>Bauer and Roberts, p. 102</ref> Salian ti éta, dipesen ogé sabelas [[kruser anu dijaga]] (kaasup {{USS|Olympia|C-6|2}} anu kawentar), hiji kruser waja, sarta hiji monitor.<ref>Bauer and Roberts, pp. 101, 133, 141–147</ref> === Hak sipil sarta imigrasi === Dina mangsa Cleveland, kamajuan hak sipil pikeun urang Amérika turunan Afrika kacida kawatesna.<ref>Bergeson-Lockwood, 2018</ref> Cleveland, saperti loba urang kalér sarta ampir sakabéh urang kidul kulit bodas, nganggap [[Éra Rékonstruksi]] salaku proyék anu gagal,<ref>The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 2001</ref> sarta horéam ngagunakeun kakuatan féderal pikeun ngalaksanakeun [[Amandemén ka-15 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat|Amandemén ka-15]], anu ngajamin hak pilih pikeun urang Afrika-Amérika.<ref name="welch65">Welch, 65–66</ref> Sanajan kitu, anjeunna ngantepkeun tokoh [[Frederick Douglass]] neraskeun jabatanna salaku pangrékam akta (recorder of deeds) di Washington, D.C., sarta nunjuk urang hideung séjénna, [[James Campbell Matthews]], pikeun ngaganti Douglass nalika anjeunna mundur.<ref name="welch65" /> Ngeunaan imigrasi, sanajan Cleveland kungsi nyawad kakejaman ka imigran Cina, anjeunna yakin yén imigran Cina téh hésé pikeun [[Asimilasi budaya|asimilasi]] kana masarakat kulit bodas.<ref>Welch, 72</ref> Sekretaris Nagara Thomas F. Bayard ngayakeun rundayan pikeun manjangkeun [[Undang-Undang Pangaluaran urang Cina]] (Chinese Exclusion Act), sarta Cleveland ngarojong Kongrés pikeun ngesahkeun [[Undang-Undang Scott (1888)|Undang-Undang Scott]]. Ieu aturan ngalarang imigran Cina anu geus kaluar ti Amérika Sarikat pikeun mulang deui ka jero nagara.<ref name="welch73">Welch, 73</ref> Cleveland nandatanganan undang-undang ieu dina 1 Oktober 1888.<ref name="welch73" /> === Kawijakan urang pribumi Amérika === [[File:HenryLDawes.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Henry L. Dawes]] nyusun [[Undang-Undang Dawes]], anu disahkeun ku Cleveland.]] Cleveland nganggap urang pribumi Amérika salaku "tanggungan nagara" (wards of the state). Dina biantara pelantikanana, anjeunna nyebatkeun yén "tugas papayung ieu ngawengku usaha pikeun ningkatkeun kaayaan maranéhna sarta negakkeun hak-hakna."<ref name="welch70">Welch, 70</ref> Anjeunna ngarojong ide [[Asimilasi budaya|asimilasi budaya]] sarta nyorong disahkeunana [[Undang-Undang Dawes]], anu ngamungkinkeun lahan ulayat suku dialihkeun janten hak milik individu anggota suku.<ref name="welch70"/> Cleveland yakin ieu bakal ngabantosan maranéhna kaluar tina kamiskinan. Nanging, dina praktékna, undang-undang ieu ngaleungitkeun kakawasaan pamaréntahan suku sarta ngabalukarkeun urang pribumi kaleungitan sakitar 100 juta acre lahan antara taun 1887 dugi ka 1934 (sakitar dua per tilu ti total lahan maranéhna dina taun 1887).<ref name=":7"/><ref name=":8"/> Sateuacan Cleveland ngajabat dina taun 1885, Présidén Arthur muka opat juta acre lahan [[Ho-Chunk]] sarta [[Crow Creek]] pikeun padumuk kulit bodas. Cleveland nganggap paréntah éta ngalanggar perjangjian sareng suku-suku kasebut, sahingga dina 17 April 1885, anjeunna ngabatalkeun paréntah éta sarta ngirimkeun pasukan Angkatan Darat pikeun ngusir para padumuk kulit bodas tina wilayah kasebut.<ref name="B141">Brodsky, 141–142</ref> === Pernikahan sarta putra-putri === {{main|Pernikahan Grover Cleveland sareng Frances Folsom}} [[File:Frances Folsom Cleveland.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Frances Folsom Cleveland, sakitar taun 1886]] Cleveland yuswa 47 taun nalika lebet ka Gedong Bodas kalayan status jajaka. Adina, [[Rose Cleveland]], janten ibu nagara samentara salami 15 bulan munggaran.<ref>Brodsky, 158</ref> Nanging, Cleveland henteu janten jajaka salamina. Dina taun 1885, [[Frances Cleveland|Frances Folsom]], putri ti sobatna Oscar Folsom, nganjang ka Washington.<ref name="graff78">Graff, 78</ref> Sanggeus meunang idin ti indungna, Cleveland sarta Frances ahirna tunangan. Pernikahanana lumangsung dina 2 Juni 1886, di [[Ruang Biru (Gedong Bodas)|Ruang Biru]] di Gedong Bodas. Cleveland harita yuswa 49 taun, sedengkeun Frances nembe 21 taun.<ref>Graff, 79</ref> Cleveland mangrupa hiji-hijina présidén dina sajarah anu nikah di jero Gedong Bodas. Frances Folsom Cleveland janten [[Ibu Nagara Amérika Sarikat]] pangora deuih dina sajarah, sarta kacida dipikaresepna ku masarakat alatan kapribadianana anu soméah.<ref>Graff, 80–81</ref> Kulawarga Cleveland mibanda lima putra-putri: [[Ruth Cleveland|Ruth]] (1891–1904), [[Esther Cleveland|Esther]] (1893–1980), Marion (1895–1977), [[Richard F. Cleveland|Richard]] (1897–1974), sarta [[Francis Cleveland|Francis]] (1903–1995). Injuna, [[Philippa Foot]] (1920–2010), mangrupa saurang filsuf Inggris anu kawentar.<ref>The New York Times, 2010</ref> Putri cikalna, Ruth, tilar dunya alatan [[diphtheria]] dina yuswa 12 taun. Pausahaan cokelat ''Curtiss Candy Company'' satuluyna ngaku yén nami cokelat "**[[Baby Ruth]]**" dicandak tina nami putri Cleveland ieu.<ref>Snopes, 2007</ref> Salian ti éta, Cleveland ogé mibanda saurang putra ti Maria Crofts Halpin, nyaéta [[Oscar Folsom Cleveland]], anu gumelar dina taun 1874.<ref>Smithsonian, 2013</ref> === Administrasi sarta Kabinét === [[File:Cleveland First Cabinet (edited).png|thumb|upright=1.65|alt=Kabinét Munggaran Cleveland|Kabinét munggaran Cleveland. <br />Jajaran hareup, ti kenca ka katuhu: Thomas F. Bayard, '''Cleveland''', Daniel Manning, [[Lucius Q. C. Lamar]] <br /> Jajaran tukang, ti kenca ka katuhu: [[William F. Vilas]], [[William C. Whitney]], [[William C. Endicott]], [[Augustus H. Garland]] ]] {{Infobox U.S. Cabinet | Name = Cleveland Munggaran | align = none | President = Grover Cleveland | President start = 1885 | President end = 1889 | Vice President = [[Thomas A. Hendricks]] | Vice President date = 1885 | Vice President 2 = Teu aya | Vice President start 2 = 1885 | Vice President end 2 = 1889 | State = [[Thomas F. Bayard]] | State start = 1885 | State end = 1889 | Treasury = [[Daniel Manning]] | Treasury start = 1885 | Treasury end = 1887 | Treasury 2 = [[Charles S. Fairchild]] | Treasury start 2 = 1887 | Treasury end 2 = 1889 | War = [[William Crowninshield Endicott]] | War start = 1885 | War end = 1889 | Justice = [[Augustus Hill Garland]] | Justice start = 1885 | Justice end = 1889 | Post = [[William Freeman Vilas]] | Post start = 1885 | Post end = 1888 | Post 2 = [[Donald M. Dickinson]] | Post start 2 = 1888 | Post end 2 = 1889 | Navy = [[William Collins Whitney]] | Navy start = 1885 | Navy end = 1889 | Interior = [[Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar]] | Interior start = 1885 | Interior end = 1888 | Interior 2 = [[William Freeman Vilas]] | Interior start 2 = 1888 | Interior end 2 = 1889 | Agriculture = [[Norman Jay Coleman]] | Agriculture date = 1889 }} === Panunjuk Hakim Mahkamah Agung === [[Image:Melville Weston Fuller Chief Justice 1908.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Ketua Hakim Melville Fuller.]] Salami masa jabatan munggaranana, Cleveland hasil nunjuk dua hakim ka [[Mahkamah Agung Amérika Sarikat]]. Anu kahiji, Lucius Q. C. Lamar, manten sénator Mississippi anu ngajabat salaku Sekretaris Interior. Nominasi Lamar disahkeun kalayan sélisih sora anu tipis, 32 lawan 28.<ref>Meador, 1986</ref> Sababaraha bulan ti harita, Ketua Hakim [[Morrison Waite]] tilar dunya. Cleveland nunjuk [[Melville Fuller]] dina 30 April 1888. Sanggeus dipariksa salami sababaraha bulan ku Komite Yudisial Sénat, Fuller ahirna disahkeun ku sora 41 lawan 20. Cleveland mangrupa présidén Démokrat kadua anu nunjuk saurang Ketua Hakim saatos [[Andrew Jackson]].<ref>Nevins, 445–450</ref> == Pamilihan 1888 == {{Main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1888}} [[File:1888DemocraticPoster 2.png|thumb|Poster Présidén Cleveland sarta Allen G. Thurman ti Ohio (1888)]] [[File:ElectoralCollege1888.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Hasil pamilihan 1888]] Urang Républik nyalonkeun Benjamin Harrison pikeun présidén sarta [[Levi P. Morton]] pikeun wakil présidén. Cleveland dicalonkeun deui ku Démokrat dina konvénsi di St. Louis.<ref name="graff90">Graff, 90–91</ref> Kulantaran Wakil Présidén Hendricks parantos tilar dunya, Démokrat milih [[Allen G. Thurman]] salaku batur duet Cleveland.<ref name="graff90" /> Dina kampanye ieu, urang Républik leuwih unggul. Maranéhna ngagunakeun isu tarif pikeun narik sora di nagara bagian industri di Kalér.<ref>Nevins, 418–420</ref> Sajaba ti éta, aya skandal "surat Murchison" (surat ti duta badag Inggris anu ngarojong Cleveland) anu justru ngabalukarkeun Cleveland kaleungitan sora ti urang Irlandia-Amérika di New York. Hasilna unik: Cleveland meunang sora rahayat (popular vote) saloba 48,6% dibandingkeun Harrison 47,8%. Nanging, Harrison unggul jauh dina sora éléktoral (Electoral College), 233 lawan 168.<ref name="leip1888"> Leip PV source, 1888</ref> Cleveland kaleungitan nagara bagian asalna, New York, sarta kudu narima éléh sanajan sacara sora rahayat anjeunna nu meunang. == Antara masa présidén (1889–1893) == Nalika Frances Cleveland ninggalkeun Gedong Bodas, anjeunna nyarios ka saurang staf, "Jerry, tulung jaga sagala parabot sarta hiasan di imah ieu, sabab abdi hoyong manggihan sadayana sakumaha ayana ayeuna nalika urang mulang deui." Nalika ditaros iraha anjeunna bakal mulang, anjeunna ngajawab, "Urang bakal mulang deui opat taun ti ayeuna."<ref>Nevins, 448</ref> Samentara éta, kulawarga Cleveland pindah ka New York City. Cleveland digawé di hiji firma hukum, sanajan anjeunna leuwih loba méakkeun waktu keur mancing di imah peristirahatanana, [[Gray Gables]]. Dina taun 1890, Cleveland ngajual tanahna "Oak View" di Washington kalayan kauntungan badag (meuli $21.500, dijual $140.000). Wilayah kasebut ayeuna kawentar ku nami [[Cleveland Park]]. Dina mangsa ieu, putri cikalna, Ruth, gumelar dina taun 1891.<ref>Graff, 99–100</ref> Pamérian Harrison ngaluarkeun kawijakan [[Tarif McKinley]] sarta [[Undang-Undang Pembelian Pérak Sherman]] anu kacida dipikageuleuh ku Cleveland sabab dianggap ngabahayakeun kauangan nagara.<ref>Nevins, 465–467</ref> Dina taun 1891, Cleveland nulis "surat pérak" kabuka anu némbongkeun kahariwangna, anu ahirna ngajantenkeun ngaran Cleveland deui janten sorotan utama menjelang pamilihan 1892.<ref>Nevins, 470–471</ref> ==Election of 1892== {{Main|1892 United States presidential election|Grover Cleveland 1892 presidential campaign}} ===Nomination for president=== {{main|1892 Democratic National Convention}} Cleveland's enduring reputation as chief executive and his recent pronouncements on the monetary issues made him a leading contender for the Democratic nomination.<ref>Nevins, 468–469</ref> His leading opponent was David B. Hill, a Senator for New York.<ref name="nevins470">Nevins, 470–473</ref> Hill united the anti-Cleveland elements of the Democratic party—silverites, protectionists, and Tammany Hall—but was unable to create a coalition large enough to deny Cleveland the nomination.<ref name="nevins470" /> Despite some desperate maneuvering by Hill, Cleveland was nominated on the first ballot at the party convention in Chicago.<ref>Tugwell, 182</ref> For vice president, the Democrats chose to balance the ticket with [[Adlai E. Stevenson I|Adlai E. Stevenson]] of Illinois, a silverite.<ref>Graff, 105; Nevins, 492–493</ref> Although the Cleveland forces preferred [[Isaac P. Gray]] of Indiana for vice president, they accepted the convention favorite.<ref>William DeGregorio, ''The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents'', Gramercy 1997</ref> As a supporter of [[United States Note|greenbacks]] and [[free silver]] to inflate the currency and alleviate economic distress in the rural districts, Stevenson balanced the otherwise [[Hard money (policy)|hard-money]], [[gold-standard]] ticket headed by Cleveland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Adlai_Stevenson.htm |title=U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Adlai Ewing Stevenson, 23rd Vice President (1893–1897) |publisher=Senate.gov |date= n.d.|access-date=May 30, 2011}}</ref> ===Campaign against Harrison=== [[File:ElectoralCollege1892.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Results of the 1892 election]] The Republicans renominated President Harrison, making the 1892 election a rematch of the one four years earlier. Unlike the turbulent and controversial elections of 1876, 1884, and 1888, the 1892 election was, according to Cleveland biographer Allan Nevins, "the cleanest, quietest, and most creditable in the memory of the post-war generation",<ref>Nevins, 498</ref> in part because Harrison's wife, [[Caroline Harrison|Caroline]], was dying of tuberculosis.<ref>Calhoun, 149</ref> Harrison did not personally campaign at all. Following Caroline Harrison's death on October 25, two weeks before the national election, Cleveland and all of the other candidates stopped campaigning, thus making Election Day a somber and quiet event for the whole country as well as the candidates.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Matuz |first1=Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ge4uEQAAQBAJ&q=1892%20presidential%20election%20somber |title=The Presidents Fact Book: The Achievements, Campaigns, and Legacies of Every President |last2=Harris |first2=Bill |last3=Craughwell |first3=Thomas J. |date=2025-03-04 |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |isbn=979-8-89414-094-0 |language=en}}</ref> The issue of the tariff had worked to the Republicans' advantage in 1888. Now, however, the legislative revisions of the past four years had made imported goods so expensive that by 1892, many voters favored tariff reform and were skeptical of big business.<ref>Nevins, 499</ref> Many Westerners (traditionally Republican voters), defected to [[James B. Weaver]], the candidate of the new [[Populist Party (United States)|Populist Party]]. Weaver promised free silver, generous veterans' pensions, and an [[eight-hour work day]].<ref>Graff, 106–107; Nevins, 505–506</ref> The Tammany Hall Democrats adhered to the national ticket, allowing a united Democratic party to carry New York.<ref>Graff, 108</ref> At the campaign's end, many Populists and labor supporters endorsed Cleveland following an attempt by the Carnegie Corporation to break the union during the [[Homestead strike]] in Pittsburgh and after a similar [[Coal Creek War|conflict between big business and labor at the Tennessee Coal and Iron Co]].<ref>Tugwell, 184–185</ref> The final result was a victory for Cleveland by wide margins in both the popular and electoral votes, and it was Cleveland's third consecutive popular vote plurality. Cleveland's victory made him the first U.S. president to serve two nonconsecutive terms.<ref>{{Leip PV source 2|year=1892|as of=February 22, 2008}}, {{National Archives EV source|year=1892|as of=February 22, 2008}}</ref>{{efn|The only other to do so is [[Donald Trump]], who began his nonconsecutive second term in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ogwude |first1=Haadiza |last2=Page |first2=Susan |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Is Donald Trump the oldest president sworn into office? A look at his historic feats |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2025/01/20/who-is-the-oldest-president-to-be-sworn-in-donald-trump/77776042007/ |access-date=January 20, 2025}}</ref>}} {{clear}} ==Second presidency (1893–1897)== {{Main|Second presidency of Grover Cleveland}} === Krisis ékonomi sarta masalah pérak === [[File:It can not pass while he is there - Dalrymple. LCCN2012648637.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Karikaturna Cleveland salaku panghalang pérak]] Teu lami saatos mangsa jabatan kadua Cleveland dimimitian, [[Panik 1893]] narajang pasar saham, anu maksa Cleveland sarta sakumna nagara nyanghareupan [[depresi ékonomi]].<ref>Graff, 114</ref> Ieu krisis diperparah ku kurangna cadangan emas alatan beuki lobana panyitak koin pérak. Cleveland ngayakeun sidang istiméwa Kongrés pikeun ngaréngsékeun masalah ieu.<ref name="nevins526">Nevins, 526–528</ref> Perdebatan ngeunaan koin pérak kacida panasna. Sanajan kitu, Cleveland hasil ngayakinkeun Kongrés pikeun ngabatalkeun katangtuan panyitak pérak dina [[Undang-Undang Pembelian Pérak Sherman]].<ref>Nevins, 537–540</ref> Sanajan awalna dianggap salaku léngkah leutik ku kelompok "silverite", pangbatalan ieu mangrupa tanda mimitina tungtung pérak salaku dasar mata uang Amérika.<ref>Timberlake, 1993</ref> === Reformasi Tarif === Saatos hasil ngarobah kawijakan pérak, Cleveland nyobian ngaropéa [[Tarif McKinley]]. [[Undang-Undang Tarif Wilson–Gorman]] diajukeun dina Désémber 1893.<ref>Summers, 1974</ref> Ieu tagihan ngusulkeun pangirangan tarif sarta nambahkeun [[pajeg panghasilan]] (income tax) sagedé dua persén pikeun panghasilan di luhur $4.000.<ref name="nevins564">Nevins, 564–566</ref> Nanging, di Sénat, tagihan ieu dirobah ku loba amandemén (leuwih ti 600 amandemén) anu justru nguntungkeun kapentingan bisnis badag saperti "Sugar Trust" (mafia gula). Cleveland kacida ambekna sarta nyebut ieu salaku hasil tina kontrol Sénat ku kapentingan bisnis.<ref>Nevins, 585–587</ref> Sanajan kitu, anjeunna ngantepkeun tagihan éta janten undang-undang tanpa ditandatanganan ku anjeunna, sabab dianggap masih leuwih mending batan tarif McKinley.<ref>Nevins, 564–588</ref> === Hak Pilih === Dina taun 1892, Cleveland kampanye nolak [[Lodge Bill]], anu sakuduna bisa nguatkeun panangtayungan [[hak pilih di Amérika Sarikat]]. Cleveland hasil nyorong pangbatalan [[Undang-Undang Penegakan 1871]] dina taun 1894, anu sateuacanna méré wewenang féderal pikeun ngawaskeun prosés pamilihan ti mimiti pendaptaran nepi ka sertifikasi hasil.<ref>Congressional Research Service, 2004</ref> === Gejolak Buruh === [[File:John t morgan.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[John Tyler Morgan]], Sénator ti Alabama, anu nentang Cleveland dina urusan pérak sarta tarif, nepi ka nyarios: "Abdi ceuceub pisan ka taneuh anu ditincak ku éta jalma."]] Panik 1893 ngaruksak kaayaan buruh di sakuliah Amérika Sarikat. Sakelompok buruh anu dipingpin ku [[Jacob S. Coxey]] ngayakeun "long march" ka Washington, D.C. pikeun protés kawijakan Cleveland.<ref name="coxey">Nevins, 603–605</ref> Kelompok ieu, anu kawentar ku nami [[Coxey's Army]], nungtut program pangwangunan jalan nasional pikeun méré pagawéan sarta mata uang anu leuwih lemah pikeun ngabantosan patani mayar hutang.<ref name="coxey" /> Sanajan gerakan ieu ahirna bubar saatos pamingpinna ditéwak, hal ieu némbongan ayana rasa teu sugema anu kacida gedéna di wilayah Kulon kana kawijakan monétér wilayah Wétan.<ref>Graff, 118</ref> [[File:Queen_Liliuokalani_of_Hawaii.jpg|thumb|right|Ratu Liliuokalani, pamingpin panungtungan Karajaan Hawaii.]] Cleveland nolak panggagabungan Hawaii ka Amérika Sarikat sabab anjeunna yakin yén panggulingan [[Ratu Liliuokalani]] mangrupa tindakan anu teu adil sarta ngalanggar hukum internasional.<ref>McWilliams, 25–36</ref> Nanging, sanggeus nyanghareupan tantangan ti Kongrés sarta nolakna pamaréntahan samentara Hawaii pikeun mulangkeun deui kakawasaan Ratu, Cleveland ahirna ngaku sarta ngajaga hubungan diplomatik sareng [[Républik Hawaii]] anu anyar di handapeun Présidén [[Sanford B. Dole]] dina Juli 1894.<ref>McWilliams, 25–36</ref> Di wilayah anu leuwih deukeut, Cleveland nerapkeun napsiran anu lega kana [[Doktrin Monroe]]. Anjeunna henteu ngan saukur nyaram ayana koloni anyar ti Éropa, tapi ogé nétélakeun yén Amérika Sarikat mibanda kapentingan nasional dina sagala urusan penting di belahan bumi kulon.<ref>Zakaria, 145–146</ref> Nalika Britania sarta [[Krisis Venezuela 1895|Venezuela]] paséa ngeunaan wates wilayah antara Venezuela sarta koloni [[Guiana Britania]], Cleveland sarta Sekretaris Nagara [[Richard Olney]] ngalaksanakeun protés keras.<ref>Graff, 123–125</ref> Perdana Menteri Britania, [[Robert Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury ka-3|Lord Salisbury]], mimitina nganggap énténg kana masalah ieu, nanging ahirna narima tungtutan Amérika pikeun ngayakeun [[arbitrase]].<ref>Blake, 1942</ref> Sanajan tribunal internasional dina taun 1899 masihan sabagian badag wilayah anu dipaséakeun ka Guiana Britania, léngkah Cleveland anu ngabela nagara Amérika Latin ngalawan kakuatan kolonial hasil ngaronjatkeun hubungan jeung nagara-nagara di Amérika Latin.<ref>Graff, 123–125</ref> Sajaba ti éta, cara anu damai dina ngaréngsékeun masalah ieu ogé nguatkeun hubungan jeung Britania sarta ngadorong nagara-nagara badag pikeun ngagunakeun arbitrase salaku jalan pikeun mutuskeun papaséaan.<ref>Nevins, 633–648</ref> === Kawijakan militer, 1893–1897 === Pamaréntahan kadua Cleveland tetep komitmen kana modérnisasi militer. Anjeunna maréntahkeun pangwangunan kapal-kapal perang anu mampuh ngalakukeun serangan (offensive action). Program Endicott pikeun [[Bénténg basisir di Amérika Sarikat|bénténg basisir]] ogé diteruskeun.<ref name="Berhow, pp. 9-10" /> Dina mangsa ieu, pakarang anyar nyaéta sanapan [[Krag–Jørgensen]], sanapan "bolt-action" munggaran anu digunakeun ku Angkatan Darat A.S., resmi diadopsi.<ref>American Rifleman, 2010</ref> Di sisi Angkatan Laut, Sekretaris [[Hilary A. Herbert]] hasil ngajukeun pesenan lima [[kapal perang]] (battleship) sarta genep belas [[kapal torpédo]]. Ieu mangrupa léngkah badag anu ampir ngadua-kali-lipatkeun kakuatan kapal perang Amérika, sanajan sabagian badag kapalna nembe réngsé saatos Perang Amérika–Spanyol.<ref>Bauer and Roberts, pp. 102–104</ref> === Panyakit Kangker === [[File:Eastman Johnson - Grover Cleveland - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Potrét resmi Présidén Cleveland ku [[Eastman Johnson]], {{circa|1891}}]] Dina tengah-tengah perdebatan ngeunaan koin pérak taun 1893, Cleveland ngarasa aya anu peurih sarta borok dina lalangit sungutna (beulah kénca). Saatos dipariksa sacara rusiah, diagnosana nyaéta [[epithelioma]], sajenis tumor.<ref name="Renehan">Renehan & Lowry, 1995</ref> Cleveland mutuskeun pikeun ngayakeun operasi sacara rusiah pisan sangkan masarakat henteu panik, anu bisa ngajadikeun krisis ékonomi beuki parah.<ref>Nevins, 528–529</ref> Dina 1 Juli 1893, anjeunna pura-pura liburan pesiar. Operasi dilaksanakeun di luhur kapal pesiar ''[[USS Adelante (SP-765)|Oneida]]'' milik sobatna, Elias Cornelius Benedict, nalika kapal kasebut nuju balayar di lepas basisir Long Island.<ref>Nevins, 529</ref> Dokter bedah [[Joseph D. Bryant]] sarta timna hasil ngangkat sabagian rahang kénca luhur sarta lalangit sungut Cleveland. Sangkan henteu aya tapak tatu dina beungeutna, operasi dilakukeun ti jero sungutna.<ref name="nevins530">Nevins, 530–531</ref> Cleveland satuluyna dipasangan prostésis huntu tina karét teuas sangkan anjeunna tiasa nyarios normal deui sarta rupana henteu robah. Pers dibéré béja bohong yén présidén ngan saukur cabut huntu.<ref name="nevins532">Nevins, 532–533</ref> Rusiah ieu nembe kabuka sacara jéntré dina taun 1917 ku salah saurang dokter bedahna, [[William Williams Keen]].<ref name="Keen" /> Analisis dina taun 1980-an mastikeun yén tumor kasebut nyaéta ''verrucous carcinoma'', jenis kangker anu tingkat bahayana rendah sarta jarang nyebar (metastasis).<ref name="Renehan" /> Salami masa jabatan kadua Cleveland, Kongrés ka-53 ngaluluskeun Undang-Undang Kamandirian anu ngamungkinkeun [[Utah]] ngajukeun diri janten nagara bagian. Cleveland nandatanganan aturan ieu dina 16 Juli 1894.<ref>Timberlake, 1993</ref> Utah resmi gabung ka Uni salaku nagara bagian ka-45 dina 4 Januari 1896. == Pamilihan 1896 sarta pangsiun (1897–1908) == [[File:Grover Cleveland - NARA - 518139 (cropped) (2).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Cleveland dina taun 1904]] Musuh-musuh Cleveland tina kelompok agraris sarta pangrojong pérak hasil ngawasa partéy Démokrat di tingkat nagara bagian salami masa jabatan kaduana. Pamustunganana, ideologi Cleveland anu ngadukung standar emas janten kasingkirkeun. Dina taun 1896, maranéhna ngawasa Partéy Démokrat nasional, nolak kawijakan Cleveland, sarta nyalonkeun [[William Jennings Bryan]] kalayan platform "pérak bébas".<ref>Nevins, 684–693</ref> Cleveland sacara cicing-cicing ngarojong "Démokrat Emas" (pihak katilu) anu jangji bakal ngajaga standar emas sarta ngawatesan pamaréntahan, nanging anjeunna nolak dicalonkeun deui pikeun masa jabatan katilu.<ref>Graff, 128–129</ref> Dina pamilihan umum, [[William McKinley]] ti Républik hasil unggul ngalawan Bryan.<ref name="leip1896">Leip PV source, 1896</ref> [[File:McKinley sworn in.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|Présidén Cleveland (katuhu) nyaksian William McKinley diala sumpahna janten présidén ku Ketua Hakim [[Melville Fuller]].]] Saatos ninggalkeun Gedong Bodas dina 4 Maret 1897, Cleveland pangsiun sarta cicing di bumina, [[Westland Mansion]], di [[Princeton, New Jersey]].<ref>Graff, 131–133</ref> Anjeunna janten salah saurang wali (trustee) di [[Universitas Princeton]]. Di dinya, anjeunna mindeng béda pamadegan sareng [[Woodrow Wilson]], anu harita janten présidén universitas kasebut, ngeunaan rencana pangwangunan kampus.<ref>Leitch, 1978</ref> Cleveland ogé sakali-kali méré saran ka Présidén [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (1901–1909). Sanajan tos sepuh, anjeunna tetep vokal dina urusan pulitik. Dina hiji artikel taun 1905 di ''The Ladies Home Journal'', Cleveland nyatakeun pamadeganana anu kontroversial nolak gerakan [[hak pilih awéwé]] (women's suffrage). Anjeunna nulis yén "awéwé anu wijaksana sarta tanggung jawab mah teu hayang milu milih (voting)," sarta nganggap peran lalaki jeung awéwé geus ditangtukeun ku "intelejénsi anu leuwih luhur" (Tuhan).<ref>Ladies Home Journal, 1905</ref> Dina taun 1906, sababaraha urang Démokrat di New Jersey nyobian nyorong Cleveland janten calon [[Sénat Amérika Sarikat]], nanging anjeunna tetep milih hirup tenang dugi ka ahir hayatna.<ref name="NYT1906">The New York Times, 1906</ref> == Wafat == [[File:Grover Cleveland's latest portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Poto panungtungan Cleveland ku [[Underwood & Underwood]] (1907)]] Kaséhatan Cleveland beuki nyirorot salami sababaraha taun, sarta dina usum gugur 1907, anjeunna mimiti gering parah.<ref name="graff135">Graff, 135–136</ref> Dina taun 1908, anjeunna katarajang [[serangan jantung]] sarta tilar dunya dina 24 Juni dina yuswa 71 taun di bumina, [[Westland Mansion|Princeton]].<ref name="graff135" /> Kecap-kecap panungtungna nyaéta, "Abdi parantos nyobian satekah polah pikeun ngalakukeun anu bener." (I have tried so hard to do right.)<ref>Jeffers, 340</ref> Anjeunna dimakamkeun di [[Pamakamann Princeton]] di Nassau Presbyterian Church.<ref>Roberts, 1995</ref> == Panghormatan sarta Panginget-nginget == Dina mangsa jabatan munggaranana, Cleveland mésér imah kebon sacara rusiah anu dingaranan [[Oak View]] di wilayah District of Columbia pikeun nyingkahan hawa panas Washington. Saatos anjeunna teu kapilih deui dina 1888, wilayah kasebut mekar janten padumukan sarta ahirna dingaranan [[Cleveland Park]] pikeun ngahormatan anjeunna.<ref>Williams, 2001</ref> Sajaba ti éta, seueur tempat sarta lembaga anu nganggo nami Cleveland salaku panghormatan, di antarana: * [[Grover Cleveland Hall]] di [[Universitas Buffalo State]] di New York. * [[Grover Cleveland Middle School]] di tempat gumelarna, Caldwell, New Jersey. * Kota ''Cleveland, Mississippi'' sarta **Gunung Cleveland** (Mount Cleveland) di Alaska.<ref>Myers, 1994</ref> Dina taun 1895, Cleveland janten [[Daptar munggaran présidén Amérika Sarikat|présidén A.S. munggaran anu dirékam dina pilem]].<ref>Presidentsgraves.com</ref> Beungeut Cleveland ogé némbongan dina dunya kauangan sarta filatéli: * [[Perangko]]: Munggaran némbongan dina taun 1923, satuluyna dina édisi 1938 sarta 1986. * [[Mata Uang]]: Potrétna némbongan dina duit kertas [[$1.000]] édisi 1928 sarta 1934, ogé dina duit $20 édisi awal 1914. * [[Koin]]: Salaku présidén ka-22 sarta ka-24, anjeunna dijantenkeun dua koin pérak sadoar anu béda dina program koin présidén taun 2012.<ref>CoinNews, 2024</ref> Dina taun 2013, Cleveland sacara resmi dilebetkeun kana [[New Jersey Hall of Fame]].<ref>NJ.com, 2014</ref> {| style="margin:auto" | [[File:US-$1000-GC-1934-Fr.2409.jpg| thumb|upright=1.4|Grover Cleveland dina duit kertas [[sarébu dollar Amérika Sarikat|$1.000]] (1934) ]] | &nbsp; | [[File:Grover Cleveland, 1931 & 1938 issues.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6| Perangko Grover Cleveland édisi 1931 & 1938]] |} == Tempo ogé == * [[Tempat Gumelar Grover Cleveland]] * [[Daptar putra-putri présidén Amérika Sarikat#Grover Cleveland sareng Maria Halpin|Putra sareng Maria Halpin]] * [[Daptar putra-putri présidén Amérika Sarikat#Grover sareng Frances Cleveland|Putra-putri sareng Frances Cleveland]] * [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat]] == Catetan == {{notelist}} == Rujukan == === Sitiran === {{reflist}} == Bacaan salajengna == {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | last = Bauer | first = K. Jack | author-link = K. Jack Bauer | author2=Roberts, Stephen S. | title = Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants | url = https://archive.org/details/registerofshipso0000baue | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 1991 | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]] | isbn = 978-0-313-26202-9 }} * Bard, Mitchell. "Ideology and Depression Politics I: Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 1985 15(1): 77–88. * [[David T. Beito|Beito, David T.]] and [[Linda Royster Beito|Beito, Linda Royster]]. "Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900". ''Independent Review'' 4 (Spring 2000), 555–575. * {{cite book | editor-last1 = Berhow | editor-first1 = Mark A. | title = American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide |edition=Third | location = McLean, Virginia | publisher = CDSG Press | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-0-9748167-3-9}} * Brodsky, Alan. ''Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character'', (2000). {{ISBN|978-0-312-26883-1}} * Graff, Henry F. ''Grover Cleveland'' (2002). {{ISBN|978-0-8050-6923-5}}. * Jeffers, H. Paul, ''An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland'' (2000), {{ISBN|978-0-380-97746-8}}. * [[Allan Nevins|Nevins, Allan]]. ''Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage'' (1932). Biografi anu meunangkeun Hadiah Pulitzer. * Senik, Troy. ''A Man of Iron: The Turbulent Life and Improbable Presidency of Grover Cleveland'' (Threshold Editions, 2022). * [[Rexford Guy Tugwell|Tugwell, Rexford Guy]], ''Grover Cleveland'' Simon & Schuster, Inc. (1968). * Welch, Richard E. Jr. ''The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland'' (1988) {{ISBN|978-0-7006-0355-8}}. * [[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson, Woodrow]], ''Mr. Cleveland as President'' ''Atlantic Monthly'' (Maret 1897). {{refend}} ::'''Sumber primér''' {{refbegin}} * Cleveland, Grover. ''The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland'' (1892) [https://archive.org/details/writingsandspee01clevgoog édisi online] * Cleveland, Grover. ''Presidential Problems.'' (1904) [https://archive.org/details/presidentialpro00clevgoog édisi online] * Nevins, Allan ed. ''Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850–1908'' (1933) * {{cite book |author=National Democratic Committee |url=https://archive.org/details/campaigntextboo01goog |title=Campaign Text-book of the National Democratic Party |publisher=National Democratic committee |year=1896}}, buku panduan Démokrat Emas anu mikanyaah ka Cleveland. {{RefEnd}} == Tumbu luar == {{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Grover Cleveland |n=no |b=no |s=Author:Grover Cleveland |v=no}} '''Seratan sarta biantara''' * [http://millercenter.org/president/speeches#cleveland Teks biantara Cleveland] di [[Miller Center of Public Affairs]] * [http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/vc19810.htm Manuskrip Grover Cleveland, 1867–1908] di [[Perpustakaan Nagara Bagian New York]]. '''Lianna''' * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/cleveland/index.html Grover Cleveland: Pituduh Sumber Daya], [[Perpustakaan Kongrés]] (Library of Congress). * [http://www.c-span.org/video/?151466-1/life-portrait-grover-cleveland "Life Portrait of Grover Cleveland"], ti [[C-SPAN]]. * {{Gutenberg author | id=1654| name=Grover Cleveland}} {{Grover Cleveland}} {{Navboxes |title=Jabatan sarta panghargaan |list1= {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Alexander Brush]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Daptar walikota Buffalo, New York|Walikota Buffalo]]|years=1882}} {{s-aft|after=[[Marcus M. Drake]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Alonzo B. Cornell]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Gubernur New York]]|years=1883–1885}} {{s-aft|after=[[David B. Hill]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Chester A. Arthur]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Présidén Amérika Sarikat|years=1885–1889}} {{s-aft|after=[[Benjamin Harrison]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Benjamin Harrison]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Présidén Amérika Sarikat|years=1893–1897}} {{s-aft|after=[[William McKinley]]}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Winfield Scott Hancock]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]] [[Daptar calon présidén Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Démokrat|Calon]] Présidén Amérika Sarikat|years=[[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1884|1884]], [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1888|1888]], [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1892|1892]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[William Jennings Bryan]]}} {{s-end}} }} {{Navboxes |title=Artikel patali Grover Cleveland |list1= {{US Presidents}} {{USDemPresNominees}} {{Governors of New York}} {{BuffaloMayors}} {{Cleveland 22 cabinet}} {{Cleveland 24 cabinet}} }} {{Portal bar|Biografi|Konservatisme|New Jersey|New York (nagara bagian)|Pulitik|Hukum|Amérika Sarikat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cleveland, Grover}} [[Kategori:Grover Cleveland|*]] [[Kategori:Gumelar 1837]] [[Kategori:Pupus 1908]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Gubernur New York (nagara bagian)]] [[Kategori:Walikota Buffalo, New York]] [[Kategori:Pamingpin antikorupsi Amérika]] [[Kategori:Hukum Amérika]] [[Kategori:Démokrat New York (nagara bagian)]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Gubernur New York]] [[Kategori:Tokoh ti New Jersey]] 6ljsa86e44nrsmsdluodsrlmsu2pt6r 0 107937 712857 706943 2026-09-23T03:53:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Benjamin Harrison | image = Pach Brothers - Benjamin Harrison (cropped) (cropped).jpg | caption = Harrison nalika taun 1896 | order = ka-23 | office = Présidén Amérika Sarikat | vicepresident = [[Levi P. Morton]] | term_start = 4 Maret 1889 | term_end = 4 Maret 1893 | predecessor = [[Grover Cleveland]] | successor = Grover Cleveland | jr/sr1 = Sénator Amérika Sarikat | state1 = [[Indiana]] | term_start1 = 4 Maret 1881 | term_end1 = 3 Maret 1887 | predecessor1 = [[Joseph E. McDonald]] | successor1 = [[David Turpie]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1833|8|20}} | birth_place = [[North Bend, Ohio]], AS. | death_date = {{death date and age|1901|3|13|1833|8|20}} | death_place = [[Indianapolis]], Indiana, AS. | death_cause = | resting_place = [[Crown Hill Cemetery]] | party = {{plainlist| * [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (saméméh 1856) * [[Republican Party (United States)|Républikan]] (1856–1901) }} | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Caroline Harrison|Caroline Scott]]|20 Oktober 1853|25 Oktober 1892|end=pupus}} * {{marriage|[[Mary Dimmick Harrison|Mary Lord Dimmick]]|6 April 1896}} }} | children = {{flatlist| * [[Russell Benjamin Harrison|Russell]] * [[Mary Harrison McKee|Mary]] * [[Elizabeth Harrison Walker|Elizabeth]] }} | parents = {{ubl|[[John Scott Harrison]]|Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin}} | relatives = [[Harrison family of Virginia|Kulawarga Harrison ti Virginia]] | education = {{plainlist| * [[Ohio Military Institute|Farmer's College]] * [[Miami University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politikus|Affidat (Ahli Hukum)}} | signature = Benjamin Harrison Signature-2.svg | signature_alt = Tanda tangan tulis leungeun nganggo mangsi | allegiance = | branch = Angkatan Darat AS ([[Union Army]]) | serviceyears = 1862–1865 | rank = {{plainlist| * [[Colonel (United States)|Kolonél]], [[United States Volunteers|USV]] * [[Brevet (military)|Brévét]] [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadir Jéndral]], USV }} | unit = [[Army of the Cumberland]] | commands = {{plain list| * [[70th Indiana Infantry Regiment|Réjimén Infanteri Indiana ka-70]] * Brigadir ka-1, Divisi ka-1, [[XX Corps (Union Army)|Korps XX]]}} | battles = {{tree list}} * [[Perang Sipil Amérika]] ** [[Kampanye Atlanta]] *** [[Patempuran Resaca]] *** [[Patempuran Garéja New Hope]] *** [[Patempuran Gunung Kennesaw]] *** [[Patempuran Marietta]] *** [[Patempuran Peacthree Creek]] *** [[Patempuran Atlanta]] ** [[Kampanye Franklin-Nashville]] *** [[Patempuran Nashville]] {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename= Benjamin Harrison Voice (1889).ogg|title=Sora Benjamin Harrison|type=biantara|description=Nalika ayana anjeunna dina [[Pan-American Conference|Kongrés Pan-Amérika]] munggaran<br />Dirékam taun 1889}} }} '''Benjamin Harrison''' (20 Agustus 1833{{snd}}13 Maret 1901) téh mangrupa [[présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-23, anu ngalalakon mangsa jabatanana ti taun 1889 nepi ka 1893. Anjeunna téh turunan [[Kulawarga Harrison ti Virginia]]—incu ti présidén ka-salapan, [[William Henry Harrison]], sarta buyut ti [[Benjamin Harrison&nbsp;V]], salahawios [[Para Pinunjul nu Ngadegkeun Amérika Sarikat|Para Pinunjul nu Ngadegkeun Nagara]]. Salaku véteran balatentara Uni sarta urang Républikan, anjeunna nélékeun [[Grover Cleveland]] anu keur ngajabat pikeun nyangking korsi kaprésidénan dina taun 1888. Harrison gumelar di hiji tegalan di sisi [[Walungan Ohio]] sarta nganggeuskeun sakolana ti [[Universitas Miami]] di [[Oxford, Ohio]]. Sabada pundah ka [[Indianapolis]], anjeunna némbongkeun kamanjuranana salaku ahli hukum (affidat) tingkat lokal, pamingpin garéja Presbyterian, sarta politikus di [[Indiana]]. Nalika lumangsungna [[Perang Sipil Amérika]], anjeunna ngawula di [[Balatentara Uni]] kalawan pangkat [[Kolonél (Amérika Sarikat)|kolonél]], sarta disahkeun ku [[Sénat Amérika Sarikat|Sénat AS]] salaku [[Brévét (militer)|brévét]] [[Brigadir jéndral (Amérika Sarikat)|brigadir jéndral]] sukarélawan dina taun 1865. Harrison kungsi nyalonkeun manéh jadi [[gubernur Indiana]] dina taun 1876 tapi teu hasil. [[Majelis Umum Indiana]] milih Harrison pikeun mangsa jabatan genep taun di Sénat, tempat anjeunna ngawula ti taun 1881 nepi ka 1887. Salaku urang [[Sajarah Partéy Républikan (Amérika Sarikat)|Républikan]], Harrison kapilih jadi présidén dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1888|pamilihan taun 1888]], nélékeun Grover Cleveland ti pihak [[Sajarah Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Démokrat]] dina [[Lembaga Pamilih Amérika Sarikat|Lembaga Pamilih (Electoral College)]] sanajan anjeunna kawon dina sora rahayat (popular vote). Cicirén utama tina pamaréntahan Harrison nyaéta ayana undang-undang ékonomi anu tacan aya tandingna, kaasup [[Tarif McKinley]], anu netepkeun dangka panangtayungan dagang anu kacida luhurna, sarta [[Undang-undang Antitrust Sherman]]. Harrison ogé ngarojong lahirna [[Leuweung Nasional Amérika Sarikat|cadangan leuweung nasional]] ngaliwatan amandemén kana [[Undang-undang Révisi Lahan 1891]]. Nalika mangsa jabatanana, genep nagara bagian kulon diaku asup ka Uni. Sajaba ti éta, Harrison sacara tohaga nguatkeun sarta ngamodérenkeun [[Angkatan Laut Amérika Sarikat|Angkatan Laut AS]] sarta ngajalankeun kawijakan luar nagri anu rancagé, nanging tarékahna pikeun ngamankeun waragad ''pendidikan'' féderal sarta panyalindungan hak pilih pikeun urang Amérika-Afrika mah teu hasil. Sabagian ageung alatan ayana kaleuwihan beubeunangan tina tarif, pangaluaran féderal ngahontal $1 milyar pikeun munggaranana nalika mangsa jabatanna. Pasualan pangaluaran ieu sawaréh mah ngabalukarkeun kawonna urang Républikan dina [[Pamilihan législatif Amérika Sarikat 1890|pamilihan sela taun 1890]]. Cleveland ngéléhkeun Harrison dina pamilihan ulang taun [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1892|1892]], alatan beuki teu populerisna tarif anu luhur sarta pangaluaran féderal anu badag. Harrison mulang kana kahirupan pribadi sarta prakték hukumna di Indianapolis. Dina taun 1899, anjeunna ngawakilan [[Amérika Sarikat Vénézuéla|Vénézuéla]] dina [[Sengketa wates Guyana–Vénézuéla|sengketa wates]] [[Guiana Inggris]] sareng [[Karajaan Inggris Raya jeung Irlandia|Karajaan Inggris]]. Harrison indit ka pangadilan di Paris salaku bagian tina éta perkara sarta sabada sakedap di ditu, anjeunna mulang ka Indianapolis. Anjeunna wafat di bumina di Indianapolis dina taun 1901 alatan komplikasi tina [[influenza]]. Seueur anu muji kana komitmen Harrison kana hak pilih urang Amérika Turunan Afrika, étos gawéna, sarta integritasna, nanging para sarjana sarta sejarawan umumna nempatkeun anjeunna salaku présidén anu rata-rata, alatan kaayaan mangsa jabatanna anu dianggap kurang kajadian anu luar biasa.<ref name="MillerCenter">{{cite web|last1=Spetter|first1=Allan B.|title=BENJAMIN HARRISON: IMPACT AND LEGACY|url=https://millercenter.org/president/bharrison/impact-and-legacy|website=Miller Center|date=4 October 2016 |publisher=University of Virginia|access-date=16 May 2018 |ref=none}} "Sabab kurangna sumangat pribadi sarta gagalna naon waé anu bener-bener miboga harti, saperti perang gedé, nalika mangsa pamaréntahanana, Harrison, babarengan jeung unggal Présidén séjénna ti jaman ''pasca''-Rékonstruksi nepi ka taun 1900, parantos diasupkeun kana peringkat biasa waé ''(mediocrity)''. Anjeunna geus diinget salaku Présidén anu rata-rata, sanés di antara anu pangsaéna nanging tangtuna sanés di antara anu panggoréngna."</ref> Anjeunna diéléhkeun ku Cleveland dina taun 1892, janten présidén munggaran anu digantikeun dina jabatanana ku miheulaanna (predecessor). == Kulawarga jeung Atikan == [[File:JSHarrison.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Ramana Harrison, [[John Scott Harrison]]]] Harrison gumelar dina ping 20 Agustus 1833, di [[North Bend, Ohio]], anak kadua ti sapuluh duduluran papasangan Elizabeth Ramsey (Irwin) jeung [[John Scott Harrison]]. Karuhunna téh nyaéta Benjamin Harrison, hiji imigran anu anjog ka [[Jamestown, Virginia]], kira-kira taun 1630 ti [[Inggris]]. Harrison murni turunan Inggris, sakabéh karuhunna tilar dunya ka Amérika dina mangsa awal jajahan (kolonial).<ref name="Bruce Stanard 1894">{{cite book|author1=Philip Alexander Bruce|author2=William Glover Stanard|title=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/virginiamagazin03unkngoog|year=1894|publisher=Virginia Historical Society.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/virginiamagazin03unkngoog/page/n251 229]–|ref=harv}}}}</ref> Harrison téh incu ti Présidén AS [[William Henry Harrison]] sarta buyut ti [[Benjamin Harrison V]], saurang juragan tanah di Virginia anu nandatanganan [[Déklarasi Kamerdékaan Amérika Sarikat|Piagam Kamerdékaan]] sarta ngagentos [[Daptar gubernur Virginia|Thomas Nelson Jr.]] salaku [[gubernur Virginia]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Barnhart|Riker|1971|p=315}}{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=6}}{{efn|name=VIII}} Nalika akina kapilih jadi présidén AS, Harrison nembé yuswa tujuh taun, nanging anjeunna henteu ngiringan kana upacara pangistrénanana.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=8}} Kulawargana kalebet jalma kakoncara, nanging sepuhna sanés jalma baleunghar. John Scott Harrison, anggota [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat|Kongrés AS]] dua période ti [[Ohio]], méakkeun sabagéan ageung panghasilan tina tegalanana pikeun waragad atikan barudakna.{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1p=9|Sievers|1968|2loc=v. 1, pp. 21–23}}{{sfn|Boomhower|p=49}} Sanajan kaayaan ékonomi kulawargana basajan, mangsa leutik Harrison téh matak gumbira, seueur ditépakeun ku cara nguseup atanapi moro di alam bebas.{{sfn|Sievers|1968|loc=v. 1|pp=22–23}} Atikan awal Harrison lumangsung di hiji saung kai ''(log cabin)'' deukeut bumina,{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=10}} nanging sepuhna lajeng nyayagikeun guru pribadi (tutor) pikeun ngabingbing anjeunna tatahar asup kuliah.{{sfn|Sievers|1968|loc=v. 1|pp=24–29}} Dina yuswa opat belas taun, Benjamin sareng lanceukna, Irwin, asup ka [[Farmer's College]] caket [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, dina taun 1847.{{sfn|Sievers|1968|loc=v. 1|pp=29–30}} Anjeunna sakola di dinya salami dua taun{{sfn|Wallace|1888|p=53}}{{efn|name=Farmer's College}} sarta di dinya pisan anjeunna patepang sareng pijodoeunana, [[Caroline Harrison|Caroline "Carrie" Lavinia Scott]]. Caroline téh putra ti [[John Witherspoon Scott]], saurang profésor sains di éta sakola anu ogé sawios pandita Presbyterian.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=11, 15}} Harrison pindah ka [[Universitas Miami]] di [[Oxford, Ohio]], dina taun 1850, sarta lulus dina taun 1852.{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|pp=21–23}}{{sfn|Sievers|1968|loc=v. 1, p. 58}} Anjeunna ngagabung ka ukhuwah (fraternity) [[Phi Delta Theta]], anu janten jaring-jaring pergaulanana saumur hirup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benjamin Harrison |url=https://phideltatheta.org/news-stories/famous-phis/benjamin-harrison/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Phi Delta Theta |language=en-US}}</ref> Anjeunna ogé janten anggota [[Delta Chi]], hiji pakumpulan hukum anu ngawenangkeun kaanggotaan ganda.<ref name="fraternities">{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Benjamin |title=Fraternities |url=http://www.presidentbenjaminharrison.org/learn/benjamin-harrison-1/fraternities |website=President Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site |access-date=February 13, 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214063229/http://www.presidentbenjaminharrison.org/learn/benjamin-harrison-1/fraternities |archive-date=February 14, 2018}}</ref>> Babaturan sakelasna di antarana [[John Alexander Anderson]],{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=23}} anu jaga janten anggota Kongrés AS salami genep période, sareng [[Whitelaw Reid]], pasangan calon wakil présidén Harrison dina taun 1892. Nalika di Miami, Harrison kacida kapangaruhanana ku profésor sajarah jeung ékonomi politik, [[Robert Hamilton Bishop]].{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1pp=10–11|Sievers|1968|2loc=v. 1, pp. 31–34}} Anjeunna ogé lebet janten jemaah garéja [[Presbyterian]] nalika kuliah, sarta sakumaha ibuna, anjeunna janten panganut Presbyterian saumur hirup.{{sfn|Wallace|1888|p=58}} == Panganténan jeung Awal Karir == [[File:Benjamin Harrison c1850.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Harrison {{Circa|1850}}]] {{Sidebar | name = Benjamin Harrison series | class = vcard hlist | style = border: 4px double #333366; width: 22em; | pretitle = Bagian tina séri ngeunaan | title = [[Benjamin Harrison]] | image = [[File:Benjamin Harrison field crop.jpg|150px|Portrait of Benjamin Harrison]] | headingstyle = background:#333366; color:white; | contentstyle = padding-top:0.2em; | heading1 = Kahirupan sarta karir | content1 = * [[Kulawarga Harrison ti Virginia|Kulawarga]] * [[Kahirupan awal Benjamin Harrison|Kahirupan awal]] * [[Karir hukum Benjamin Harrison|Karir hukum]] * [[Karir Sénat Benjamin Harrison|Sénator ti Indiana]] | heading2 = [[Kapresidenan Benjamin Harrison|Kapresidenan]] | content2 = * [[Pangistrénan Benjamin Harrison|Inaugurasi]] * [[Kawijakan luar nagri Benjamin Harrison|Kawijakan luar nagri]] * [[Pangangkatan kabinét Benjamin Harrison|Kabinét]] * [[Pangangkatan yudisial Benjamin Harrison|Yudisial]] * [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] * [[Sherman Silver Purchase Act]] * [[Forest Reserve Act of 1891|Forest Reserve Act]] * [[Krisis Baltimore]] | heading3 = Kampanye présidén | content3 = * [[Kampanye présidén Benjamin Harrison 1888|1888]] ([[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1888|konvénsi]] • [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1888|pamilihan]]) * [[Kampanye présidén Benjamin Harrison 1892|1892]] ([[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1892|konvénsi]] • [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1892|pamilihan]]) | heading4 = Sabada kaprésidénan | content4 = * [[Bumi Presidén Benjamin Harrison|Situs Kaprésidénan]] * [[Pamadegan politik Benjamin Harrison|Pamadegan politik]] * [[Wafatna Benjamin Harrison|Wafat]] | belowstyle = border-top:1px solid #aaa; | below = [[File:Benjamin Harrison Signature-2.svg|120px]]<br/>[[File:Seal of the President of the United States.svg|40px]]<br/>[[:Kategori:Benjamin Harrison|Kategori]] }} Sabada lulus ti kuliahna dina taun 1852, Harrison neuleuman bagbagan hukum ka Hakim [[Bellamy Storer (1796–1875)|Bellamy Storer]] di [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], nanging sateuacan tamat atikanana, anjeunna mulang ka Oxford, Ohio, pikeun ngadahup ka Caroline Scott{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=11–12, 15, 23}} dina ping 20 Oktober 1853. Ramana Caroline, saurang pandita Presbyterian, anu janten panghulu dina éta upacara.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=23}} Pasangan Harrison ieu dipaparin dua putra, nyaéta [[Russell Benjamin Harrison]] sareng [[Mary Harrison McKee|Mary "Mamie" Scott Harrison]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=27, 29}} Harrison sareng pamajikanana mulang deui ka The Point, tegalan ramana di kidul-kulon Ohio, salami anjeunna nganggeuskeun sakola hukumna. Harrison disahkeun janten ahli hukum (bar) Ohio dina awal taun 1854,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://millercenter.org/president/bharrison/life-before-the-presidency|title=Benjamin Harrison: Life Before the Presidency – Miller Center|date=October 4, 2016}}</ref> dina taun anu sarua nalika anjeunna ngical lahan tilaran/titinggal ti bibina kalayan harga $800 ({{Inflation|US|800|1854|fmt=eq}}). Éta artos téh dianggo pikeun waragad pundah sareng Caroline ka [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=26}}{{sfn|Gugin and St. Clair|p=159}} Harrison mimiti mitembeyan karir hukumna di kantor John H. Ray dina taun 1854 sarta janten [[Panitera|panitera (crier)]] di pangadilan féderal di Indianapolis, kalayan buruhna $2.50 dina sapoéna.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=27, 29}} Anjeunna ogé ngawula salaku Komisionér pikeun [[United States Court of Claims|Pangadilan Tuntutan AS]].{{sfn|Cowen et al.|pp=92}} Harrison janten salah sahiji nu ngadegkeun sarta janten présidén munggaran di University Club, hiji [[gentlemen's club|pakumpulan lalaki]] swasta di Indianapolis, ogé di Klub Alumni Phi Delta Theta.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=22}} Harrison sareng pamajikanana janten jemaah sarta nyangking kalungguhan pamingpin di Garéja First Presbyterian Indianapolis.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=7}} Kusabab gedé di lingkungan kulawarga [[Whig party (United States)|Whig]], mimitina Harrison condong kana politik éta partéy, nanging lajeng ngagabung ka [[Partéy Républikan (Amérika Sarikat)|Partéy Républikan]] teu lami sabada éta partéy nangtung dina taun 1856, sarta aub dina kampanye pikeun calon présidén Républikan [[John C. Frémont]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=18}} Dina taun 1857, Harrison kapilih janten jaksa kota Indianapolis, hiji kalungguhan kalayan gajih taunan $400 ({{Inflation|US|400|1857|fmt=eq}}).{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|p=29}}{{sfn|Boomhower|p=50}} Dina taun 1858, Harrison ngawangun kongsi hukum sareng William Wallace kalayan nami kantor hukum Wallace and Harrison.{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1p=28|Sievers|1968|2loc=v. 1, p. 105}} Dina taun 1860, anjeunna kapilih janten [[Pelapor putusan|pelapor (reporter)]] pikeun [[Pangadilan Luhur Indiana]].{{sfn|Boomhower|p=50}} Harrison janten nu ngarojong rancagé kana platform Partéy Républikan sarta ngawula salaku sékrétaris Komite Nagara Républikan. Sabada Wallace, batur kongsi hukumna, kapilih janten kerani (clerk) wilayah dina taun 1860, Harrison ngadegkeun firma anyar sareng William Fishback, nyaéta Fishback and Harrison. Ieu batur kongsi anyar téh gawé bareng dugi ka Harrison lebet janten [[Balatentara Uni]] sabada pecahna [[Perang Sipil Amérika]].{{sfn|Sievers|1968|loc=v. 1|p=171}} == Perang Sipil Amérika == [[File:GenBenHarrison-BoR.jpg|GenBenHarrisonBoR|thumb|left|200px|upright|Harrison nalika [[Patempuran Resaca]] nuju mingpin [[70th Indiana Infantry Regiment|Infanteri Indiana ka-70]], Méi 1864; harita Harrison masih nyepeng pangkat kolonél.]] [[File:General-Benjamin-Harrison-in-uniform,-1865.jpg|thumb|upright|Brigadir Jéndral Harrison (kenca) sareng para komandan Korps XX sanésna, 1865]] Dina taun 1862, [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat|Présidén]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] ngaluarkeun uwar-uwar pikeun nambihan tanaga anyar di Balatentara Uni; Harrison hoyong daptar, nanging anjeunna salempang kumaha nasib kulawarga ngorana engké.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=20}} Nalika anjeunna nepungan Gubernur [[Oliver Morton]], Harrison mendakan gubernur nuju bingung alatan kakirangan jalma anu ngawalon kana éta uwar-uwar. Harrison nyarios ka gubernur, "Upami sim kuring tiasa ngabantosan, sim kuring badé miang."{{sfnm|Wallace|1888|1p=180|Calhoun|2005|2p=34}} Morton naros ka Harrison naha anjeunna tiasa ngabantosan milari tanaga pikeun hiji réjimén, sanajan Morton henteu maksa Harrison kedah milu ngawula. Harrison lajeng néangan tanaga ka sakuliah Indiana kalér pikeun ngawangun éta réjimén. Morton nawarkeun kalungguhan komandan ka anjeunna, nanging Harrison nolak alatan anjeunna teu gaduh pangalaman militer. Mimitina, anjeunna diistrénan janten kaptén sarta komandan kompi dina ping 22 Juli 1862. Lajeng Morton ngangkat Harrison janten kolonél dina ping 7 Agustus 1862, sarta réjimén [[70th Indiana Infantry Regiment|Indiana ka-70]] anu nembé ngadeg éta didaptarkeun kana dines féderal dina ping 12 Agustus 1862. Sabada daptar, éta réjimén miang ti Indiana pikeun ngagabung ka Balatentara Uni di Louisville, Kentucky.{{sfnm|Wallace|1888|1pp=180–181|Calhoun|2005|2pp=21–23, 41, 44}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Terrell|first1=W.H.H.|title=Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Indiana|date=1865|publisher=W.R. Holloway|location=Indianapolis|pages=639–640|edition=Volume II|ref=harv}}}}</ref> === Kampanye Atlanta === Salami dua taun munggaran, Infanteri ka-70 Indiana téh seueur ngerjakeun tugas pangintipan sarta ngajagi jalan karéta api di [[Kentucky]] sareng [[Tennessee]]. Dina Méi 1864, Harrison sareng réjiménna ngagabung kana [[Kampanye Atlanta]] Jéndral [[William T. Sherman]] di handapeun [[Army of the Cumberland]] sarta langsung maju ka garis hareup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Civil War |url=https://bhpsite.org/learn/benjamin-harrison/the-civil-war/ |access-date=March 12, 2022 |website=Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site |language=en-US |quote=In May 1864, Colonel Harrison and the regiment joined General Sherman's Atlanta campaign in the Army of the Cumberland.}}</ref> Dina ping 2 Januari 1864, Harrison naék pangkat janten komandan Brigadir ka-1 ti Divisi ka-1 [[XX Corps (Union Army)|Korps XX]]. Anjeunna mingpin éta brigadir dina patempuran [[Patempuran Resaca|Resaca]], [[Cassville, Georgia|Cassville]], [[Patempuran Garéja New Hope|New Hope Church]], Lost Mountain, [[Patempuran Gunung Kennesaw|Kennesaw Mountain]], [[Patempuran Marietta|Marietta]], [[Patempuran Peachtree Creek|Peachtree Creek]], sareng [[Patempuran Atlanta|Atlanta]]. Nalika pasukan utama Sherman ngamimitian [[Sherman's March to the Sea|Lalampahan ka Laut]], brigadir Harrison dipindahkeun ka Distrik Etowah sarta milu aub dina [[Patempuran Nashville]].{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1pp=36–44|Wallace|1888|2pp=209–225}} Nalika keur masang pasanggrahan (camp) caket Nashville dina usum tiris anu kacida tiisna, Harrison nyalira anu nyayagikeun kopi sarta masihkeun ka anak buahna anu keur katirisan dina wanci peuting; babasan anu sering diucapkeunana nalika mingpin pasukan téh nyaéta: "Come on, boys!" (Hayu, barudak!). Harrison kénging jujuluk salaku pamingpin anu tohaga sarta perwira anu pantang ninggalkeun prajuritna nalika keur campuh campaka (perang).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Civil War |url=https://bhpsite.org/learn/benjamin-harrison/the-civil-war/ |access-date=March 11, 2022 |website=Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site |language=en-US |quote=Harrison's reputation became that of a strong leader. He earned the respect of his men and did not leave them in battle...Mr. Richard Smock remembered an incident while they were camped near Nashville during a very cold winter. Men on the picket line were nearly frozen to death, and Colonel Harrison fixed coffee and took it to them in the middle of the night. Harrison always led the men saying "Come on, boys!" as he took the lead.}}</ref> ==== Resaca ==== [[File:Battle of Resaca--May 13 to 16, 1864.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Patempuran Resaca, di Georgia, nalika Harrison ngawula di handapeun Jéndral [[William Tecumseh Sherman|Sherman]]]] Dina Patempuran Resaca ping 15 Méi 1864, Harrison nyanghareupan bataliyon mariem (artileri) Kaptén Konfédérasi [[Max Corput|Max Van Den Corput]], anu nempatan posisi "kira-kira dalapan puluh yard di hareupeun garis utama pasukan Konfédérasi".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Battle of Resaca |url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/battle-of-resaca/ |access-date=March 11, 2022 |website=New Georgia Encyclopedia |language=en-US |quote=}}</ref> Sherman, anu neraskeun deui panarajangna ka puseur garis Konfédérasi saprak poé kamari, kahambat ku opat mariem Corput anu dijaga ku bénténg taneuh (parapet); éta bataliyon téh perenahna kacida merenahna pikeun ngaganggu jajaran Uni, sarta jadi "puseur tina hiji campuh anu rongkah".<ref name=":0" /> Bénténg mariem Corput téh dijaga tohaga pisan "ku tilu réjimén infanteri dina... lombang parit sarta opat réjimén deui dina solokan utama".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Civil War |url=https://bhpsite.org/learn/benjamin-harrison/the-civil-war/ |access-date=March 11, 2022 |website=Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site |language=en-US |quote=Brigadier General Ward's brigade, of which Harrison was a part, was ordered to assault and capture this redoubt. The brigade attacked in a column formation, the 70th having the honor of leading the charge. The redoubt was heavily fortified with three infantry regiments in the rifle pits and four more regiments in the main trenches...Harrison captured the battery in hand-to-hand fighting with the gunners. Fierce fighting continued all afternoon. At nightfall, the 70th carried the four captured 121-pound Napoleon Cannons to the rear}}</ref> Nalika mingpin Réjimén Infanteri [[70th Indiana Infantry Regiment|Indiana ka-70]], Harrison ngumpulkeun pasukannya dina hiji gawir nu nyanghareup ka posisi Corput, bareng jeung sésa brigadir Brigadir Jéndral [[William Thomas Ward|William Thomas Ward]].<ref name=":2" /> Harrison jeung réjiménna, anu mingpin panarajang, lajeng kaluar ti éta gawir, maju narajang bénténg mariem, nélékeun para panémbak mariem Konfédérasi, sarta ngaleungitkeun éta ancaman. Éta bataliyon mariem hasil direbut ku cara gelut adu hareupan (hand-to-hand), sarta perang nu leuwih kacida rongkahna terus lumangsung sapanjang soré éta.<ref name=":2" /> Pasukan Harrison, anu ayeuna kabuka posisina, langsung jadi sasaran témbakan nu motah ti jajaran utama Konfédérasi nepi ka kapaksa kudu nyalindung.<ref name=":0" /> Sanajan geus teu dikawasa ku Konfédérasi, opat mariem Napoleon 12-pon milik Corput<ref name=":2" /> téh tetep aya dina "wewengkon tanpa tuan" (no man's land) nepi ka wanci peuting, nalika prajurit Uni "ngali parit na bénténg, nali éta opat mariem ku tambang, sarta nérédna mulang ka jajaran [pasukan maranéhna]".<ref name=":0" /> ==== Peachtree Creek ==== Nalika lumangsungna Patempuran Peachtree Creek, dina ping 20 Juli 1864, Harrison mingpin brigadirna ngalawan Brigadir Mississippi Jéndral [[Winfield S. Featherston|W. S. Featherston]], sarta hasil nahan "panarajang motah" pihak lawan di sapanjang Jalan Collier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2014 |title=A Missed Opportunity |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/missed-opportunity |access-date=March 12, 2022 |website=American Battlefield Trust |language=en-US |quote=Thirty-three years old in 1864, Harrison led his brigade forward and helped stop the fierce assault made by Featherston's Mississippi brigade...Featherston's Mississippi brigade charged up and over Collier Road and engaged future United States President Benjamin Harrison's Union brigade.}}</ref> Di Peachtree Creek, brigadir Harrison ngawengku Réjimén Infanteri [[102nd Illinois Infantry Regiment|ka-102]], [[105th Illinois Infantry Regiment|ka-105]], sarta [[129th Illinois Infantry Regiment|ka-129]] ti Illinois, [[79th Ohio Infantry Regiment|Réjimén ka-79 Ohio]], jeung Réjimén ka-70 Indiana bogana; ieu brigadir téh ditépakeun kira-kira di tengah-tengah jajaran Uni, adu hareupan jeung divisi Mississippi Mayor Jéndral [[William Wing Loring|William Wing Loring]] sarta pasukan Alabama ti korps Jéndral [[Alexander P. Stewart|Alexander Stewart]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 16, 2017 |title=Future President Benjamin Harrison's Report on His Brigade at the Battle of Peachtree Creek |url=https://ironbrigader.com/2017/07/16/future-president-benjamin-harrisons-report-brigade-battle-peachtree-creek/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |language=en-US |quote=Harrison now found himself in command of a brigade consisting of the 102nd, 105th, and 129th Illinois Infantry regiments, plus the 79th Ohio Infantry and his own 70th Indiana. The brigade was deployed roughly in the center of the Union line and was heavily engaged with Major General William W. Loring's division of Mississippi and Alabama troops of Stewart's Corps.}}</ref> Dina laporanna sabada éta patempuran, Harrison nyerat yén "dina hiji mangsa nalika campuh", nalika pélorna geus mimitina béak, anjeunna ngutus Kaptén Scott, asistén inspektur-jéndralna, sarta nu séjénna pikeun neukteukan "wadah pélor (cartridge-boxes) ti mayit para pamberontak di jero garis Uni" sarta dibagikeun ka para prajuritna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 16, 2017 |title=Future President Benjamin Harrison's Report on His Brigade at the Battle of Peachtree Creek |url=https://ironbrigader.com/2017/07/16/future-president-benjamin-harrisons-report-brigade-battle-peachtree-creek/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |language=en-US |quote=HDQRS. FIRST BRIG., THIRD DIV., TWENTIETH CORPS, Before Atlanta, Ga., August 12, 1864...At one time during the fight our ammunition began to get low and considerable uneasiness was felt lest it might be exhausted. I at once dispatched Lieutenant Mitchell, aide-de-camp, to have a supply brought up, while Captain Scott, acting assistant inspector-general, and others busied themselves in cutting the cartridge-boxes from the rebel dead within our lines and distributing them to the men.}}</ref> Numutkeun laporan Harrison, karugian ti brigadirna "kacida sakedikna" upami dibandingkeun sareng pasukan Konfédérasi. Anjeunna boga pamanggih yén ieu téh lantaran kaayaan lemah (topografi) di médan perang, bari nyerat: "Sim kuring yakin, pihak musuh anu aya di tempat leuwih luhur, némbakna luhur teuing."<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 16, 2017 |title=Future President Benjamin Harrison's Report on His Brigade at the Battle of Peachtree Creek |url=https://ironbrigader.com/2017/07/16/future-president-benjamin-harrisons-report-brigade-battle-peachtree-creek/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Jaga, Harrison ngarojong lahirna Taman Militer Nasional Atlanta, anu bakal ngawengku "bagéan utama" tina médan perang Peachtree, bari nyerat dina taun 1900: "Kajadian militer anu aya patalina jeung pangepungan sarta panalukan Atlanta téh éstu pantes dipiéling sarta sim kuring badé gumbira upami ieu proyék hasil."<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2014 |title=A Missed Opportunity |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/missed-opportunity |access-date=March 12, 2022 |website=American Battlefield Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Nalukkeun Atlanta jeung naék pangkat ==== Sabada réngséna Kampanye Atlanta dina ping 2 Séptémber 1864, Harrison kalebet kana rombongan awal pasukan Uni anu lebet ka kota Atlanta anu geus nyerah; Jéndral Sherman boga pamanggih yén Harrison ngawula kalayan "kawicaksanan, disiplin, sarta sumanget perang anu luhur".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Spetter |first=Allan B. |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Benjamin Harrison: Life Before the Presidency {{!}} Miller Center |url=https://millercenter.org/president/bharrison/life-before-the-presidency |access-date=March 12, 2022 |website=millercenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Sabada Kampanye Atlanta, Harrison mulang ka Indiana pikeun ngalaksanakeun pancén husus ti Gubernur Morton, sarta nalika di dinya anjeunna milu kampanye pikeun kalungguhan Pelapor Pangadilan Luhur Indiana sarta pikeun kapilihna deui Présidén Lincoln; sabada pamilihan, anjeunna miang ka Georgia pikeun ngagabung deui kana [[Sherman's March to the Sea|Lalampahan ka Laut]] Sherman, nanging kalahka "dipaparin amanah mingpin Brigadir ka-1 di Nashville".<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=The Civil War |url=https://bhpsite.org/learn/benjamin-harrison/the-civil-war/ |access-date=March 19, 2022 |website=Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site |language=en-US}}</ref> Harrison mingpin éta brigadir dina [[Patempuran Nashville]] dina bulan Désémber, dina hiji tindakan anu "mutuskeun" ngalawan pasukan Jéndral [[John Bell Hood]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Civil War |url=https://bhpsite.org/learn/benjamin-harrison/the-civil-war/ |access-date=March 19, 2022 |website=Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site |language=en-US |quote=After the November election, he left for Georgia to rejoin his old regiment for Sherman's "March to the Sea." Instead he was given command of the 1st Brigade at Nashville and led them in a decisive battle against Confederate General Hood.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Benjamin Harrision Eulogy Signed |url=https://www.raabcollection.com/presidential-autographs/benjamin-harrison-eulogy |access-date=March 19, 2022 |website=The Raab Collection |date=October 27, 1892 |language=en-US |quote=Harrison's brigade participated in the Battle of Nashville in December 1864}}</ref> Sanajan anjeunna miboga préstasi militer anu kakoncara sarta meunang loba pamuji, Harrison sabenerna boga sawangan anu kurang hadé kana perang. Numutkeun ahli sajarah Allan B. Spetter, anjeunna boga pamanggih yén "perang téh urusan kotor anu moal matak pikabitaeun keur jalma nu bageur mah".<ref name=":3" /> Dina taun 1888, taun nalika anjeunna nyangking korsi kaprésidénan, Harrison nétélakeun: "Urang urang Amérika teu meunang mandat ti Pangéran pikeun jadi pulisi dunya."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benjamin Harrison – Wikiquote |url=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison |access-date=March 13, 2022 |website=en.wikiquote.org |language=en |quote=Statement of 1888, as quoted in Treasury of Presidential Quotations (1964) by Caroline T. Hamsberger}}</ref> Sababaraha minggu sabada Patempuran Nashville, Harrison "nampi paréntah pikeun ngagabung deui jeung Réjimén ka-70 Indiana di Savannah, Georgia, sabada cuti sakedap di Indianapolis", nanging anjeunna katarajang panyakit sarta kabeulah (delayed) sabulan lilana, lajeng méakkeun "sababaraha bulan ngalatih pasukan gaganti di South Carolina".<ref name=":9" /> Dina ping 23 Januari 1865, Lincoln nyalonkeun Harrison kana pangkat [[Brevet (militer)|brévét]] [[Brigadir jéndral (Amérika Sarikat)|brigadir jéndral]] sukarélawan, diitung ti tanggal éta, sarta Sénat ngesahkeun éta nominasi dina ping 14 Pébruari 1865.<ref>{{citation| last1 = Eicher | first1 = John H. | last2 = Eicher | first2 = David J. | author-link2 = David J. Eicher | date= 2001 |title= Civil War High Commands | page= 747| publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 978-0-8047-3641-1 }}</ref> Harrison naék pangkat kusabab suksésna dina patempuran Resaca jeung Peachtree Creek.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Civil War |url=https://bhpsite.org/learn/benjamin-harrison/the-civil-war/ |access-date=March 12, 2022 |website=Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site |language=en-US |quote=For Harrison's achievements at the battles of Resaca and Peachtree Creek, he was promoted to Brigadier General.}}</ref> Anjeunna ahirna mulang ka réjimén asalna dina poé anu sarua nalika béja pupusna Lincoln katarima.<ref name=":9" /> Anjeunna milu arak-arakan dina [[Grand Review of the Armies|Grand Review]] di Washington, D.C. sateuacan dibébaskeun tina tugas (mustering out) bareng jeung Réjimén ka-70 Indiana dina ping 8 Juni 1865.{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1pp=36–44|Wallace|1888|2pp=209–225}}<ref name=":9" /> == Karir Sabada Perang == === Politik Indiana === Nalika nuju ngawula di Balatentara Uni dina Oktober 1864, Harrison kapilih deui janten [[Pelapor putusan|pelapor (reporter)]] pikeun [[Pangadilan Luhur Indiana]], sanajan saenyana anjeunna henteu nyuprih éta kalungguhan; anjeunna ngalakonan éta pancén salami opat taun deui. Ieu kalungguhan téh sanés mangrupa posisi anu gaduh kakuasaan politik nu tohaga, nanging cukup pikeun masihan panghasilan tetep pikeun Harrison tina hasil nyusun sarta medalkeun putusan-putusan pangadilan, anu lajeng dijual ka para ahli hukum.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=19}}{{sfn|Kinzer|pp=146–47}} Harrison ogé neraskeun deui dunya hukumna di Indianapolis. Anjeunna janten ahli biantara anu tapis sarta kasohor salaku "salah sahiji ahli hukum utama di nagara bagian".{{sfn|Gugin and St. Clair|p=159}} Kasuksésanana dina nungtut Nancy Clem dina perkara [[Cold Spring murders|Papatén Cold Spring]] taun 1868 matak janten perhatian balaréa, sanajan putusanana kungsi dua kali dibatalkeun nalika banding.{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|pp=52-53}} Dina taun 1869, Présidén [[Ulysses Simpson Grant|Ulysses S. Grant]] nganjukankeun Harrison pikeun ngawakilan pamaréntah féderal dina gugatan sipil anu diajukeun ku [[Lambdin P. Milligan]], anu perkarana ngeunaan dakwaan [[hianat]] nalika jaman perang taun 1864 janten dangka sajarah dina perkara ''[[Ex parte Milligan]]'' di [[Pangadilan Luhur Amérika Sarikat]].{{sfn|Bodenhamer|Barrows|1994|pp=444–445 }}<ref name=Case /> Éta perkara sipil téh dilimpahkeun ka Pangadilan Sirkuit AS pikeun Indiana di Indianapolis, anu lajeng robah janten perkara ''Milligan v. Hovey''.<ref name=MilliganHovey /> Sanajan juri mutuskeun méré kauntungan ka Milligan sarta manéhna nungtut ganti rugi ratusan rébu dolar, undang-undang nagara bagian jeung féderal ngawatesan jumlah anu kedah dibayar ku pamaréntah féderal ka Milligan ngan ukur lima dolar ditambah waragad pangadilan.<ref name=MilliganHovey />{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=28}}{{sfn|Wallace|1888|pp=93–94, 119}} [[File:Benjamin Harrison Home.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|[[Benjamin Harrison Home|Bumi Benjamin Harrison]] di [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]]] Ningali kamonjoranana anu beuki naék, urang Républikan lokal ngajurung Harrison supados nyalonkeun manéh ka Kongrés. Mimitina, anjeunna ngan ukur aub dina kagiatan politik salaku juru biantara pikeun calon Républikan sanésna, hiji pancén anu matak anjeunna kenging seueur pamuji ti papada baturna.{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1pp=27–28|Socolofsky & Spetter || 2p=8}} Dina taun 1872, Harrison milu kampanye pikeun nominasi Républikan janten [[gubernur Indiana]]. Mantan gubernur Oliver Morton leuwih condong ka lawanana, [[Thomas M. Browne]], sahingga Harrison kawon dina éta parebutan korsi gubernur.{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|p=28}} Anjeunna mulang deui kana dunya hukum sarta, sanajan aya kaayaan [[Panic of 1873|Krisis Ékonomi 1873]], anjeunna hasil sacara finansial nepi ka tiasa ngawangun bumi anu agreng di Indianapolis dina taun 1874.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=29}} Anjeunna teras rancagé masihan biantara-biantara pikeun ngarojong calon sarta kawijakan Partéy Républikan.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=30}} Dina taun 1876, nalika aya skandal anu maksa calon asli ti Républikan, [[Godlove Stein Orth]], mundur tina korsi gubernur, Harrison nampi pangajak partéy pikeun ngagentos kalungguhanana dina tikét pamilihan.{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1p=32|Socolofsky & Spetter || 2p=8}}{{sfnm|Gugin and St. Clair|1p=159 || Kinzer|2p=148}} Anjeunna museurkeun kampanyena kana kawijakan ékonomi sarta ngarojong pangurangan jumlah duit (deflasi) mata uang nasional. Anjeunna kawon ku [[James D. Williams]] kalayan selisih 5,084 sora tina total 434,457 sora,{{sfnm|Wallace|1888|1p=266|Calhoun|2005|2pp=32 & 58}} nanging ieu kajadian téh beuki ngukuhan posisi Harrison dina politik nagara bagian. Nalika [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877|Mogok Karéta Api Rongkah 1877]] nepi ka Indianapolis, anjeunna ngumpulkeun milisi warga pikeun némbongkeun dukungan ka para nu gaduh pausahaan sarta manajemen,{{sfn|Gugin and St. Clair|p=159}}{{sfn|Foner|p=584}} sarta mantuan janten panengah (mediator) dina kasapukan antara buruh jeung manajemen supados éta aksi mogok téh henteu beuki lega.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=33–34}} Nalika Sénator AS Morton tilar dunya dina taun 1877, urang Républikan nyalonkeun Harrison pikeun nyangking éta korsi, nanging partéyna gagal kéngingkeun mayoritas di législatif nagara bagian (anu harita mah pancénna milih sénator); mayoritas Démokrat kalahka milih [[Daniel W. Voorhees]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=35–36}}{{efn|name=Seventeenth Amendment}} Dina taun 1879, Présidén [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] ngangkat Harrison kana [[Komisi Walungan Mississippi]], anu pancénna ngamekarkeun pangwangunan di éta walungan.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=8}} Salaku utusan dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républikan 1880]],{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=36}} anjeunna gaduh peran penting dina mutuskeun jalan buntu (deadlock) ngeunaan calon, sahingga [[James A. Garfield]] hasil kéngingkeun nominasi. === Sénator AS ti Indiana === [[File:Walter Q. Gresham - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|upright=.75|[[Walter Q. Gresham]], lawan saingan Harrison di jero Partéy Républikan Indiana]] Sabada Harrison mingpin utusan Indiana dina Konvénsi Nasional Républikan 1880, anjeunna dianggap salaku calon kuat ti éta nagara bagian pikeun Sénat AS. Anjeunna masihan biantara-biantara pikeun ngarojong Garfield di Indiana jeung New York, anu beuki ningkatkeun ajénna di jero partéy. Nalika urang Républikan hasil ngawasa deui mayoritas di [[Majelis Umum Indiana|législatif nagara bagian]], kapilihna Harrison pikeun mangsa jabatan genep taun di Sénat AS kungsi kancam ku Hakim [[Walter Q. Gresham]], lawan sainganna di jero partéy, nanging ahirna Harrison anu kapilih.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=37}} Sabada Garfield kapilih janten présidén dina taun 1880, pamaréntahanana nawarkeun kalungguhan kabinet ka Harrison, nanging Harrison nolak kusabab hoyong neraskeun ngawula di Sénat.{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1p=60|Socolofsky & Spetter || 2p=8}} Harrison ngawula di Sénat ti 4 Maret 1881 dugi ka 3 Maret 1887, sarta nyangking jabatan pupuhu [[United States Senate Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard|Komite Sénat AS ngeunaan Jalur Transportasi ka Sisi Basisir]] ([[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-47|Kongrés ka-47]]) sarta [[United States Senate Committee on Territories|Komite Sénat AS ngeunaan Wilayah]] ([[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-48|Kongrés ka-48]] jeung [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-49|ka-49]]).{{sfnm|Wallace|1888|1pp=265–267|Calhoun|2005|2p=59}} Dina taun 1881, pasualan utama anu disanghareupan ku Sénator Harrison nyaéta ngeunaan kaleuwihan anggaran. Urang Démokrat hoyong ngirangan [[tarif]] sarta ngawatesan jumlah artos anu ditarima ku pamaréntah; sabalikna, urang Républikan hoyong méakkeun éta artos pikeun [[pangwangunan internal]] sarta tunjangan (pensiun) pikeun para véteran Perang Sipil. Harrison nangtung di pihak partéyna sarta ngarojong ayana [[pensiun]] anu lumayan ageung pikeun para véteran sarta randa-randana.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=39}} Anjeunna ogé nyobian nanging teu hasil dina ngarojong bantuan pikeun pendidikan urang Kidul, utamana barudak ti urang-urang anu nembé dibébaskeun (freedmen); anjeunna yakin yén pendidikan téh kacida diperyogikeunana supados kaom hideung tiasa sajajar dina widang politik jeung ékonomi sareng urang bodas.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=39–40}} Harrison nolak kana [[Chinese Exclusion Act|Undang-undang Pangaluaran urang Cina 1882]], anu harita dirojong ku partéyna sorangan, jalaran anjeunna boga pamanggih yén éta undang-undang téh ngalanggar pajangjian anu geus aya sareng [[Cina]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=40}} Dina taun 1884, Harrison sareng Gresham silih saing pangaruh dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républikan 1884]]; utusanna ahirna ngarojong Sénator [[James G. Blaine]], anu jaga janten calon resmi.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=41–42}} Nalika lumangsungna pamberontakan [[Mugwumps]], nyaéta kelompok urang Républikan anu hoyong réformasi sarta nolak kana pencalonan Blaine, Harrison mimitina milih cicing baé, "nolak pikeun aub dina parebutan korsi présidén", nanging sabada milih jalan tengah, anjeunna ahirna ngarojong Blaine kalayan "sumanget anu ngagedur".<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Spetter |first=Allan B. |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Benjamin Harrison: Campaigns and Elections {{!}} Miller Center |url=https://millercenter.org/president/bharrison/campaigns-and-elections |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=millercenter.org |language=en}}</ref> Di Sénat, Harrison hasil ngagolgolkeun Undang-undang Pensiun Tanggungan (Dependent Pension Bill), nanging hanjakalna éta undang-undang téh divéto ku Présidén [[Grover Cleveland]]. Tarekahna pikeun ngasupkeun nagara bagian kulon anu anyar ogé dihambat ku urang Démokrat, anu salempang yén éta nagara bagian anyar téh bakal milih urang Républikan ka Kongrés.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=42}} Dina taun 1885, urang Démokrat ngarobah wates wilayah (redistricting) législatif nagara bagian Indiana, anu ngabalukarkeun naékna mayoritas Démokrat dina taun 1886, sanajan sacara sora sakuliah nagara bagian mah urang Républikan anu unggul.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=43–44}} Dina taun 1887, kalayan sabagéan ageung alatan ayana manipulasi wates wilayah ([[gerrymandering]]) ku urang Démokrat, Harrison kawon dina pamilihan deui.{{sfn|Gugin and St. Clair|p=159}} Sabada ayana jalan buntu di [[Sénat Indiana|sénat nagara bagian]], législatif ahirna milih urang Démokrat [[David Turpie]] salaku gaganti Harrison di Sénat.{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|p=66}} Harrison mulang deui ka Indianapolis sarta neraskeun dunya hukumna, nanging tetep rancagé dina urusan politik nagara bagian sarta nasional.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=45–46}} Sataun sabada kawon dina Sénat, Harrison nétélakeun yén anjeunna bakal nyalonkeun manéh pikeun nominasi présidén ti Républikan; anjeunna nyebut dirina salaku urang "Républikan anu hirup sarta diréjuvénasi (dijiwaan deui)", hiji siloka kana kurangna basis kakuasaan anu dipiboga ku anjeunna harita.<ref name=":4" /> Ti saprak harita, babasan "'Rejuvenated Republicanism' janten slogan dina kampanye présidénna."<ref name=":4" /> == Pamilihan taun 1888 == {{main|1888 United States presidential election}} === Nominasi présidén === {{main|1888 Republican National Convention}} [[File:Harrison, Hon. B. Pres. Crop.jpg|thumb|right|Potrét karyana [[C. M. Bell]] {{circa}} 1888]] Anu mimitina janten jago (favorit) pikeun nominasi Républikan téh nyaéta calon sateuacanna, James G. Blaine ti [[Maine]]. Sabada kawon tipis ku Cleveland dina taun 1884, Blaine janten calun kuat pikeun taun 1888, nanging anjeunna milih mundur tina éta parebutan.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=HarpWeek {{!}} Elections {{!}} 1888 Biographies |url=https://elections.harpweek.com/1888/bio-1888-Full.asp?UniqueID=1 |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=elections.harpweek.com}}</ref> Sabada anjeunna nyerat sababaraha serat anu nolak kana éta nominasi, para pangrojongna silih bage bunderan ka calon-calon sanés, utamana ka Sénator [[John Sherman (politician)|John Sherman]] ti Ohio.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=47}} Aya ogé sanésna, kalebet [[Chauncey Depew]] ti [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Russell Alger]] ti [[Michigan]], sarta satru lawasna Harrison, Walter Q. Gresham—anu harita parantos janten [[Pangadilan Banding Amérika Sarikat pikeun Sirkuit Katujuh|hakim pangadilan banding féderal di Chicago]]—anu ogé nyuprih dukungan ti para utusan dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républikan 1888]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=47}} Harrison "ngumpulkeun balatentarana" pikeun nahan Gresham supados henteu ngawasa utusan Indiana, sarta dina waktos nu sarua némbongkeun dirina "salaku pilihan anu matak pikabitaeun salian ti Blaine."<ref name=":5" /> Blaine henteu sacara terang-terangan ngadukung sasaha, nanging dina ping 1 Maret 1888, anjeunna nyerat sacara pribadi yén "hiji-hijina jalma anu nyésa anu numutkeun pamanggih sim kuring tiasa janten pamingpin pangsaéna téh nyaéta Benjamin Harrison."{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=8}} Dina konvénsi anu lumangsung dina sasih Juni, Blaine "masrahkeun dukunganna ka Harrison kalayan harepan tiasa ngahijikeun partéy" ngalawan Cleveland, nanging éta parebutan nominasi téh "campuh pisan".<ref name=":4" /> [[File:Harrison-Morton 1888.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Poster kampanye Harrison–Morton]] Éta konvénsi téh dimimitian dina ping 19 Juni di [[Auditorium Building (Chicago)|Gedong Auditorium]] di Chicago, Illinois.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Guide to the Republican National Convention Collection 1884–1888 |url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.REPUBLICAN1888 |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=www.lib.uchicago.edu}}</ref> Lalampahan acara dimimitian ku bewara ngeunaan platform partéy; Lincoln dipuji salaku "pamingpin agung munggaran" Partéy Républikan sarta "jawara kalanggengan pikeun kamerdékaan sarta hak-hak rahayat."<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Republican Party Platform of 1888 {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/republican-party-platform-1888 |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> Para présidén Républikan sapertos Grant, Garfield, sarta Arthur ogé ditarima kalayan "pangéling-ngéling sarta rasa nuhun". "Ideu dasar ti partéy Républikan" dinyatakeun salaku "perlawanan kana sagala rupa wangun kadiktatoran (despotisme) sarta panindasan", sarta rahayat Brasil kenging ucapan salamet alatan parantos [[Pamupusan perbudakan di Brasil|mupus perbudakan]] di nagarana.<ref name=":7" /> Konvénsi éta ogé ngadakwa yén "Pamaréntahan ayeuna sarta mayoritas Démokrat di Kongrés téh aya alatan ayana panghapusan sora rahayat ngaliwatan panyimpangan Konstitusi." Nalika mapag kampanye Harrison, konvénsi ogé nétélakeun yén partéy "satuju sapinuhna kana [[Sistem Amérika (rencana ékonomi)|sistem panangtayungan Amérika]]" sarta protés "kana karuksakanana sakumaha anu diajukeun ku Présidén sarta partéyna."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republican Party Platform of 1888 {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/republican-party-platform-1888 |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu |quote=We are uncompromisingly in favor of the American system of protection; we protest against its destruction as proposed by the President and his party. They serve the interests of Europe; we will support the interests of America. We accept the issue, and confidently appeal to the people for their judgment. The protective system must be maintained. Its abandonment has always been followed by general disaster to all interests, except those of the usurer and the sheriff. We denounce the Mills bill as destructive to the general business, the labor and the farming interests of the country, and we heartily indorse the consistent and patriotic action of the Republican Representatives in Congress in opposing its passage.}}</ref> Perkara tarif ieu jaga janten "pasualan utama dina kampanye" taun 1888.<ref name=":5" /> Diasupkeunana genep nagara bagian anyar nalika mangsa jabatan Harrison, antara taun 1889 nepi ka 1890, parantos diramal ku pernyataan: "iraha waé kaayaan kependudukan, sumber daya bahan... sarta moralitas parantos sayagi pikeun ngajamin pamaréntahan lokal anu tohaga," éta rahayat "kedah diwenangkeun... pikeun nyusun konstitusi sarta pamaréntahan Nagara Bagian sorangan, sarta ditarima asup ka Uni."<ref name=":7" /> Konvénsi nandeskeun yén "Rancangan undang-undang anu nuju aya di Sénat pikeun ngawenangkeun rahayat di wilayah Washington, North Dakota sarta Montana pikeun... ngadegkeun pamaréntahan Nagara Bagian, kedah disahkeun tanpa aya dangka anu teu perlu."<ref name=":7" /> Éta konvénsi dimimitian ku 17 calon nominasi.<ref name=":6" /> Harrison nempatan urutan kalima dina pamungutan sora (ballot) munggaran, kalayan Sherman aya di hareup, sarta dina sababaraha ballot saterasna teu aya parobahan anu hartos.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=50}} Nalika konvénsi terus lumangsung, Harrison janten "pilihan kadua pikeun sararéa di antara tujuh calon".<ref name=":4" /> Lajeng, sabada Sherman "mimiti luyuh dina pamungutan sora",<ref name=":4" /> Harrison mimiti kenging dukungan. Para pangrojong Blaine mindahkeun dukunganna ka calon-calon anu dianggap merenah ku maranéhna, sarta nalika maranéhna pindah ka Harrison, maranéhna mendakan calon anu tiasa narik sora ti seueur utusan sanésna.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=51–52}} Kalayan maksad supados janten écés yén anjeunna moal nyalonkeun manéh, Blaine miang ka luar nagri sarta nuju nganjang ka bumi [[Andrew Carnegie]] di Skotlandia nalika konvénsi dimimitian. Anjeunna nembé mulang ka AS dina sasih Agustus, sarta para utusan ahirna nampi panolakanana pikeun dicalonkeun.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Muzzey |first=David Saville |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesgblainepoli0000muzz |title=James G. Blaine: A Political Idol of Other Days |publisher=Dodd, Mead, and Company |year=1934 |location=New York |pages=372–374, 383|ref=harv}}}}</ref> Sabada New York pindah ka jajaran Harrison, anjeunna kenging tanaga anu diperyogikeun pikeun meunang.<ref name=":5" /> Partéy nyalonkeun Harrison janten présidén dina ballot kadalapan, kalayan 544 sora ngalawan 108.{{sfn|Wallace|1888|p=271}} [[Levi P. Morton]] ti New York—saurang bankir, mantan Utusan AS ka Perancis, sarta mantan anggota Kongrés AS—kapilih janten pasanganana.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=9}}<ref name=":4" /> Dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Démokrat 1888|Konvénsi Nasional maranéhna di St. Louis]], urang Démokrat ngahiji ngarojong Cleveland sarta pasanganana, Sénator [[Allen G. Thurman]]; Wakil Présidén [[Thomas A. Hendricks]] parantos tilar dunya nalika nuju ngajabat dina ping 25 Nopémber 1885.<ref name=":4" /> Sabada mulang ka AS, Blaine nepungan Harrison di bumina dina sasih Oktober.<ref name=":8" /> {{clear}} === Kampanye ngalawan Cleveland === {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = Parabot kampanye Harrison | header_align = center | header_background = | footer = | footer_align = left/right/center | footer_background = | width = | image1 = Benjamin Harrison-Morton "Protection Home Industries" Portrait Handkerchief, ca. 1888 (4359362987).jpg | width1 = 233 | caption1 = Saputangan kampanye Harrison 1888 | image2 = Benjamin Harrison-Morton "The Ball is A'Rolling" Ribbon, 1888 (4360081044).jpg | width2 = 90 | caption2 = Pita nganggo potrét }} [[File:ElectoralCollege1888.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Hasil pamilihan taun 1888]] Harrison ngahirupkeun deui tradisi [[Kampanye téras hareup|kampanye téras hareup (front-porch campaign)]] anu parantos ditinggalkeun ku para présidén sateuacanna; anjeunna nampi rupa-rupa utusan anu nganjang ka Indianapolis sarta masihan langkung ti 90 biantara ti kota asalna.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=11}} Urang Républikan kacida rongkahna ngampanyekeun [[tarif|tarif panangtayungan (protective tariffs)]], anu matak narik ati para pamilih protéksionis di nagara-nagara bagian industri anu penting di kalér. Pamilihan lumangsung dina dinten Salasa, 6 Nopémber 1888; museur ka nagara-nagara bagian anu sora rahayatna masih turun-naék (swing states) sapertos New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, sarta nagara bagian asal Harrison, Indiana.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=10}} Harrison sareng Cleveland silih bagi kameunangan di opat nagara bagian éta, kalayan Harrison unggul di New York sareng Indiana.{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1p=43|Socolofsky & Spetter || 2p=13}} Jumlah pamilih anu sumping nepi ka 79.3%, némbongkeun gedéna minat rahayat kana ieu kampanye; ampir sabelas juta sora asup.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=57}} Harrison kénging sora 90.000 langkung sakedik tibatan Cleveland, nanging anjeunna unggul di [[Lembaga Pamilih Amérika Sarikat|Lembaga Pamilih (Electoral College)]], 233 ngalawan 168.<ref name="EV 1888">{{cite web |title=1888 Presidential Election Results |url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=1888&fips=0&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |website=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections |access-date=October 2, 2011}}</ref> Aya dakwaan ka urang Républikan yén maranéhna midamel kacurangan dina prakték pamilihan; salah sahiji contona disebut [[Blocks of Five]].{{sfnm|Socolofsky & Spetter || 1p=13|Williams || 2pp=191–192}} Dina ping 31 Oktober, surat kabar ''Indiana Sentinel'' medalkeun serat anu dituduhkeun ti sobat sarta pangrojong Harrison, [[William Wade Dudley]], anu eusina nawarkeun suap ka para pamilih dina wangun "blocks of five" (kelompok lima urang) pikeun mastikeun kameunangan Harrison. Harrison henteu ngabéla atanapi nolak Dudley, nanging ngantep manéhna tetep aya dina tim kampanye dina sababaraha dinten nu nyésa. Sabada pamilihan, Harrison henteu kantos nyarios deui sareng Dudley.{{sfn|Williams|pp=191–192}} Harrison henteu midamel pasatujuan politik (bargain) nanaon, nanging para pangrojongna parantos seueur jangji atas nami anjeunna. Nalika Dunungan (Boss) [[Matthew Quay]] ti Pennsylvania, anu ditolak pamentana pikeun kalungguhan Kabinét sanajan parantos ngadukung dina konvénsi, ngadangu yén Harrison nyebat kameunangan tipisna téh salaku pitulung ti [[Kersaning Gusti|Pangéran (Providence)]], Quay nyarios yén Harrison moal kantos terang "sabaraha urang jalma anu kapaksa ampir-ampiran asup... panjara supados anjeunna tiasa janten présidén".{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=55, 60}} Harrison katelah salaku Présidén Centennial (Abad) kusabab pangistrénanana téh mangrupa perayaan [[Warisan George Washington#Perayaan abad|saratus taun pangistrénan munggaran]] [[George Washington]] dina taun 1789.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=47–54}} Dina pamilihan législatif, urang Républikan hasil nambahan 19 korsi di Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=14}} {{clear}} == Mangsa Kaprésidénan (1889–1893) == {{Main|Presidency of Benjamin Harrison}} === Pangistrénan jeung kabinét === {{CSS image crop|Image = HARRISON, Benjamin-President (BEP engraved portrait).jpg |bSize = 325|cWidth = 230|cHeight = 270|oTop = 50|oLeft = 50|Location = right|Description = Potrét ukiran [[Biro Ukir jeung Citak|BEP]] Harrison salaku Présidén }} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = horizontal | header = Pita pangistrénan 1889 | header_align = center | header_background = | footer = | footer_align = left/right/center | footer_background = | width = | image1 = ORNATE_HARRISON_1889_INAUGURAL_RIBBON.jpg | width1 = 90 | caption1 = Pita Asosiasi Républikan New York | image2 = HARRISON-MORTON_INAUGURATION_RIBBON.jpg | width2 = 102 | caption2 = Pita souvenir nganggo potrét }} Harrison diistrénan dina ping 4 Maret 1889, ku [[Pupuhu Hakim Amérika Sarikat|Pupuhu Hakim]] [[Melville Fuller]]. Biantarana kawilang singget—mung satengahna tina biantara akina, William Henry Harrison, anu dugi ka ayeuna masih janten biantara pangistrénan pangpanjangna dina sajarah présidén AS.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=1–2}} Dina biantarana, Benjamin Harrison nyebatkeun yén kamekaran nagara téh mangrupa pangaruh tina pendidikan sareng agama, ngajurung nagara-nagara bagian panghasil kapas sarta wilayah pertambangan supados tiasa nyaruaan tingkat industri di nagara-nagara bagian wétan, sarta jangji bakal ngayakeun tarif panangtayungan (protektif). Ngeunaan urusan dagang, anjeunna nyarios, "Upami korporasi-korporasi ageung urang tiasa langkung satia kana kawajiban sarta tugas hukumna, maranéhna moal pati seueur aral ngeunaan pangwatesan hak-hakna atanapi gangguan kana kagiatanana."{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=3}} Harrison ogé ngajurung supados wilayah-wilayah énggal énggal-énggal dijantenkeun nagara bagian sarta ngarojong ayana pensiun pikeun para véteran, hiji pamaksadan anu dipapag ku keprok anu kacida raména. Dina urusan luar nagri, anjeunna negeskeun deui [[Doktrin Monroe]] salaku pilar kawijakan luar nagri, bari ngajurung modérnisasi Angkatan Laut sarta kakuatan armada dagang. Anjeunna ogé nétélakeun komitmenna kana katengtreman internasional ku cara henteu pipilueun kana urusan pamaréntahan nagara deungeun.<ref name="Benjamin Harrison Inauguration">{{cite web |title=The 26th Presidential Inauguration: Benjamin Harrison, March 04, 1889 |url=https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/about/past-inaugural-ceremonies/26th-presidential-inauguration/ |publisher=Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies |access-date=February 13, 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214063229/https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/about/past-inaugural-ceremonies/26th-presidential-inauguration/ |archive-date=February 14, 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Band [[United States Marine Corps|Korps Marinir]] pimpinan [[John Philip Sousa]] maén dina Acara Pesta Pangistrénan (Inaugural Ball) di jero [[National Building Museum|Gedong Pensiun]] anu dihadiri ku jalma anu sakitu lobana.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=5–6}} Sabada nempatan Gedong Bodas (White House), Harrison nyarios kalayan titinggal (profétik), "Ukur aya hiji panto—anu tara kantos dikonci—antara kantor présidén sareng naon anu sacara kirang pas disebat apartemén pribadina. Kedahna mah aya gedong kantor éksekutif, anu henteu tebih teuing, nanging misah pisan ti bumi pamatuhan. Pikeun sing saha waé anu ngawula di dines publik, aya rohang terbuka antara kamar saré sareng méja gawé."{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=83}} [[File:Harrison-inauguration (edit).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Pangistrénan Benjamin Harrison, 4 Maret 1889. Cleveland mangnyekelkeun payung Harrison.]] [[File:Puck cover 8 May 1889 President Harrison.jpg|thumb|Harrison dikurung ku para nu nyuprih jabatan dina awal mangsa jabatanna, Méi 1889, tina majalah [[Puck (magazine)|''Puck'']] ]] Harrison midamel kaputusan anu mandiri pisan dina milih anggota kabinétna, anu matak kuciwa para dunungan (boss) Républikan. Anjeunna mitembeyan ku cara ngulur-ngulur nominasi James G. Blaine salaku sékrétaris nagara supados Blaine henteu pipilueun teuing dina nyusun pamaréntahan, sakumaha anu kantos lumangsung dina mangsa Garfield.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=20–22}} Nyatana, salian ti Blaine, hiji-hijina dunungan Républikan anu mimitina dicalonkeun téh ngan Redfield Proctor, salaku sékrétaris perang. Koméntar Sénator Shelby Cullom némbongkeun kumaha Harrison kacida wegahna ngagunakeun jabatan féderal pikeun kapentingan babagi jabatan (patronage): "Sim kuring rasa Harrison nganggap sim kuring sarua jeung Sénator séjénna; nanging iraha waé anjeunna midamel hiji hal pikeun sim kuring, éta hal téh dipidamel kalayan sakitu tiisna nepi ka paméréna téh kalahka matak bendu tibatan matak bungah."{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=33}} Pilihan-pilihan Harrison miboga kasaruaan dina sababaraha hal, sapertos pangalaman dines dina Perang Sipil, warga Indiana, sarta janten jemaah Garéja Presbyterian.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=20}} Sanajan kitu, ku ieu pilihan-pilihanana téh, Harrison parantos ngajauhkeun para tokoh penting Républikan ti mimiti New York, Pennsylvania, dugi ka Iowa, anu sacara teu langsung ngalemahkeun kakuasaan politik sarta masa depanana sorangan.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=22–30}} Jadwal normalna nyayagikeun waktos pikeun dua kali rapat kabinét lengkep dina saminggu, sarta rapat mingguan silih adu hareupan (one-on-one) sareng masing-masing anggota kabinét.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=85}} Dina Juni 1890, Sékrétaris Jéndral Pos Harrison, [[John Wanamaker]], sareng sababaraha réncangna ti Philadelphia mésér hiji pasanggrahan (cottage) anyar anu ageung di [[Cape May Point, New Jersey|Cape May Point]] pikeun pamajikan Harrison, [[Caroline Harrison|Caroline]]. Seueur jalma anu boga pamanggih yén éta hadiah téh henteu pantes sarta dianggap salaku suap pikeun kalungguhan kabinét. Harrison teu masihan koméntar nanaon salami dua minggu, lajeng nyarios yén anjeunna parantos lami aya niat mésér éta pasanggrahan upami Caroline parantos satuju. Dina ping 2 Juli, panginten rada elat supados henteu matak curiga, Harrison masihkeun cek sajumlah $10.000 ({{Inflation|US|10000|1890|fmt=eq}}) ka Wanamaker pikeun mayar éta pasanggrahan.{{sfn|Williams|p=194}} === Reformasi dines sipil jeung pensiun === [[File:Benjamin Harrison by Eastman Johnson.png|thumb|upright=.75|Potrét Benjamin Harrison karyana [[Eastman Johnson]], {{circa}} 1890–1900]] Réformasi [[Dines sipil]] janten pasualan anu nyongcolang sabada Harrison kapilih. Harrison parantos kampanye salaku pangrojong [[merit system]] (sistem préstasi), sabalikna tina [[spoils system]] (sistem buruhan politik).{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=32}} Sanajan sababaraha bagian tina dines sipil parantos digolongkeun dina handapeun [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act|Undang-undang Pendleton]] ku pamaréntahan sateuacanna, Harrison nyéépkeun sabagéan ageung bulan-bulan munggaran jabatanna pikeun nangtukeun pajabat-pajabat politik.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=32–36}} Kongrés pecah belah dina ieu pasualan sarta Harrison wegah pikeun nandeskeunana jalaran salempang bakal ngajauhkeun salah sahiji pihak. Ieu pasualan téh janten [[political football|bal pangulinan politik]] sarta diabadikeun dina karikatur anu nganggo caption "Naon anu tiasa dipidamel ku sim kuring nalika kadua partéy keukeuh hoyong nyépak?"{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|pp=83, 86}} Harrison ngangkat [[Theodore Roosevelt]] sareng [[Hugh Smith Thompson]], duanana tokoh réformis, kana [[United States Civil Service Commission|Komisi Dines Sipil AS]], nanging sanés ti éta mah anjeunna teu pati seueur midamel kanggo neraskeun réformasi.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=39–41}} [[File:Harrison Football Political Cartoon.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Karikatur "[[Political football]]" tina majalah ''[[Judge (magazine)|Judge]]'', 1889]] Dina taun 1890, Harrison nyaksian disahkeunana [[Dependent and Disability Pension Act|Undang-undang Pensiun Tanggungan sarta Cacad]], hiji perjuangan anu parantos diusahakeun ku anjeunna di Kongrés. Salian ti masihan pensiun ka para véteran Perang Sipil anu cacad (henteu ningali naon margina éta cacad téh), ieu Undang-undang ogé nguras sabagéan kaleuwihan anggaran féderal anu matak pusing. Waragad pensiun dugi ka $135&nbsp;juta dina mangsa Harrison (sami sareng ${{Inflation|US|.135|1893|r=1}}&nbsp;milyar dina {{Inflation/year|US}}), pengeluaran pangageungna dina rupa kitu dina sajarah Amérika harita, hiji masalah anu beuki parah alatan tapsiran anu lega tina undang-undang pensiun ku komisioner [[Biro Pensiun]] [[James R. Tanner]].{{sfnm|Socolofsky & Spetter || 1pp=36–37|Calhoun|2005|2pp=72–73}} Panalungtikan ka Biro Pensiun ku Sékrétaris Jéndral Urusan Jero Nagri [[John Willock Noble]] mendakan bukti ayana kucuran dana anu méwah sarta ilegal di handapeun Tanner.{{sfn|Williams|p=193}} Harrison, anu sacara pribadi yakin yén ngangkat Tanner téh mangrupa hiji kasalahan—lantaran gaya manajemenna anu tamblar sarta sok padu nyarios—nuhunkeun Tanner supados mundur sarta ngagentos anjeunna ku [[Green Berry Raum|Green B. Raum]].{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=34–36}} Raum ogé dituduh nampi mayaran injeuman salaku balesan tina ngagampangkeun urusan pensiun. Harrison, sabada nampi laporan panalungtikan minoritas ti urang Républikan Kongrés anu ngabébaskeun Raum, tetep nahan anjeunna dina jabatanna.{{sfn|Williams|pp=193–194}} Salah sahiji pangangkatan munggaran anu kapaksa dibatalkeun ku Harrison nyaéta James S. Clarkson salaku asistén jéndral pos. Clarkson, anu ngaharepkeun kalungguhan kabinét lengkep, mitembeyan nyabotase éta pangangkatan ti mimiti, nepi ka kenging jujuluk tukang "neukteuk sirah pajabat pos kelas opat unggal tilu menit". Clarkson nyalira nyarios, "Sim kuring ngan ukur nuju ngerjakeun pancén ti Komite Républikan... Sim kuring hoyong pisan énggal-énggal nganggeuskeun ieu tugas sarta miang." Anjeunna mundur dina sasih Séptémber 1890.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=34–36}} === Tarif === [[File:Billion dollar Congress.jpg|thumb|upright=.75|Harrison sareng [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-51|Billion-Dollar Congress]] digambarkeun nuju miceunan kaleuwihan anggaran dina ieu karikatur tina ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]''.]] Tingkat [[Tarif]] parantos janten pasualan politik utama saprak sateuacan Perang Sipil, sarta janten perkara anu paling dominan dina pamilihan taun 1888.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=51}} Tingkat tarif anu luhur parantos nyiptakeun kaleuwihan artos di Perbendaharaan, anu matak seueur urang Démokrat (ogé gerakan Populis anu nuju tumuwuh) nuhunkeun supados tarif diturunkeun. Sabagéan ageung urang Républikan langkung milih nahan éta tingkat tarif, méakkeun kaleuwihanana pikeun [[Pangwangunan umum|pangwangunan internal]], sarta ngahapus sababaraha pajeg internal.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=49}} Perwakilan [[William McKinley]] sareng Sénator [[Nelson W. Aldrich]] nyusun [[McKinley Tariff|Tarif McKinley]], anu bakal naékkeun tarif langkung luhur deui, malah sababaraha tingkat tarifna ngahaja dijantenkeun panyegah (prohibitive).{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1pp=100–104|Socolofsky & Spetter || 2pp=51–52}} Atas bongbolongan Sékrétaris Nagara Blaine, Harrison nyobian supados éta tarif langkung tiasa ditarima ku cara ngajurung Kongrés nambihan katangtuan [[Reciprocity (international relations)|timbal balik (resiprositas)]], anu bakal ngawenangkeun présidén ngirangan tingkat tarif nalika nagara sanés ngirangan tarif maranéhna pikeun ékspor Amérika.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=51}} Tarif dihapus tina gula atah anu diimpor, sarta para patani gula AS dipaparin subsidi dua sén per pon tina hasil produksina.{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1pp=100–104|Socolofsky & Spetter || 2pp=51–52}} Sanajan parantos aya pangurangan sarta resiprositas, Tarif McKinley tetep janten tarif rata-rata pangluhurna dina sajarah Amérika, sarta pengeluaran anu aya patalina sareng éta tarif milu nyumbang kana jujuluk [[51st United States Congress|Kongrés Samilyar Dolar (Billion-Dollar Congress)]].{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=51}} === Undang-undang antimonopoli jeung mata uang === [[File:John-Sherman-2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.75|Sénator [[John Sherman]] damel bareng sareng Harrison, nyusun rancangan undang-undang anu ngatur [[Sherman Antitrust Act|monopoli]] sarta [[Sherman Silver Purchase Act|kawijakan monéter]].]] Anggota ti kadua partéy salempang ku kamekaran kakuasaan [[Trust (abad ka-19)|trust]] sarta [[Monopoli]], sarta salah sahiji tindakan munggaran ti [[Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-51|Kongrés ka-51]] nyaéta ngesahkeun [[Sherman Antitrust Act|Undang-undang Antimonopoli Sherman]], anu diprakarsai ku Sénator [[John Sherman]]. Ieu Undang-undang disahkeun kalayan sora anu mutlak di kadua majelis, sarta Harrison nandatanganana janten undang-undang.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=53}} Undang-undang Sherman mangrupa undang-undang féderal munggaran tina rupina, sarta nandaan digunakeunana kakuasaan anyar ku pamaréntah féderal.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=92–93}} Harrison satuju kana éta undang-undang sarta maksadna, nanging pamaréntahanana henteu ngalaksanakeunana kalayan tohaga pisan.{{sfnm|Socolofsky & Spetter || 1p=54|Calhoun|2005|2p=94}} Sanajan kitu, pamaréntah hasil nganggeuskeun hiji perkara nalika mangsa jabatan Harrison (ngalawan pausahaan batubara Tennessee),{{efn|name=coal case}} sarta ngamimitian sababaraha perkara sanésna ngalawan trust.{{sfnm|Socolofsky & Spetter || 1p=54|Calhoun|2005|2p=94}} Salah sahiji patarosan anu paling motah dina taun 1880-an nyaéta naha mata uang kedah dirojong ku [[Bimetallism|emas sareng pérak]] atanapi ku [[gold standard|emas wungkul]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=94–95}} Ieu pasualan téh meulah garis partéy, dimana urang Républikan kulon sarta urang Démokrat kidul ngahiji dina paménta panyitakan pérak bébas (free coinage), sarta perwakilan kadua partéy di kalér-wétan keukeuh nahan standar emas. Jalaran pérak ajénna langkung mirah tibatan emas sakumaha anu ditangtukeun ku hukum, para pembayar pajeg mayar tagihan pamaréntahna nganggo pérak, sedengkeun para kiriditur internasional nungtut pamayaran nganggo emas, anu ngabalukarkeun kakurasna sasadiaan emas nagara. Alatan ayana [[deflasi]] sadunya dina ahir abad ka-19 (hasil tina naékna produksi ékonomi tanpa dibarengan ku naékna sasadiaan emas), standar emas anu ketat parantos ngabalukarkeun pangurangan panghasilan tanpa dibarengan ku pangurangan hutang, anu ngajurung para nu gaduh hutang sarta jalma miskin nuhunkeun panyitakan pérak salaku léngkah inflasi.{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1pp=94–95|Socolofsky & Spetter || 2pp=55–59}} Pasualan panyitakan pérak henteu pati seueur dicaritakeun dina kampanye taun 1888, sarta Harrison disebut-sebut langkung condong kana posisi bimetalis.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=53}} Nanging pangangkatan saurang nu pro-pérak janten Sékrétaris Perbendaharaan, [[William Windom (politician)|William Windom]], ngagedurkeun sumanget para pangrojong pérak bébas.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=56–57}} Harrison nyobian nyandak jalan tengah antara dua posisi éta, ngarojong panyitakan pérak bébas nanging dumasar kana ajénna sorangan, sanés dina rasio tetep kana emas.{{sfnm|Socolofsky & Spetter || 1p=58|Calhoun|2005|2p=96}} Ieu tarekah gagal nyiptakeun kompromi antara dua kubu. Dina sasih Juli 1890, Sénator Sherman hasil ngagolgolkeun hiji rancangan undang-undang, [[Sherman Silver Purchase Act|Undang-undang Meuli Pérak Sherman]], di kadua majelis.{{sfnm|Socolofsky & Spetter || 1p=58|Calhoun|2005|2p=96}} Harrison boga pamanggih yén ieu undang-undang bakal mungkas kontrovérsi, sarta nandatanganana janten undang-undang.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=59}} Nanging éfék tina ieu undang-undang téh kalahka beuki nguras sasadiaan emas nagara, hiji masalah anu teras aya dugi ka pamaréntahan Cleveland anu kadua [[Grover Cleveland#Economic panic and the silver issue|ngaréngsékeunana]].{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=60}} {{clear}} === Hak-hak sipil === [[File:President Benjamin Harrison on ship.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Harrison sareng Sékrétaris Blaine sarta Perwakilan [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] di basisir [[Maine]], 1889]] Sabada ngawasa deui mayoritas di kadua majelis Kongrés, sababaraha urang Républikan, dipingpin ku Harrison, nyobian ngagolgolkeun undang-undang pikeun nangtayungan hak-hak sipil warga Amérika Turunan Afrika (kaom hideung). Jaksa Agung [[William H. H. Miller]], ngaliwatan Departemén Kaadilan, maréntahkeun tuntutan hukum pikeun palanggaran hak pilih di wilayah Kidul, nanging juri urang bodas remen gagal mutuskeun salah atanapi nungtut para palanggar éta. Hal ieu ngadorong Harrison pikeun ngajurung Kongrés supados ngesahkeun undang-undang anu bakal "ngajamin sakumna rahayat urang miboga kabébasan dina ngagunakeun hak pilih sarta unggal hak sipil sanésna dumasar kana Konstitusi sarta hukum".{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=89–90}} Anjeunna ngarojong rancangan [[Lodge Bill|Undang-undang Pamilihan Féderal]] anu disusun ku Perwakilan [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] sareng Sénator [[George Frisbie Hoar]] dina taun 1890, nanging éta rancangan téh kawon di Sénat.{{sfn|Wilson|pp=32–33}} Sabada éta undang-undang gagal disahkeun, Harrison tetep teras nyarios ngabela hak-hak sipil [[Amérika Turunan Afrika]] dina biantara-biantarana ka Kongrés. Dina ping 3 Désémber 1889, Harrison sumping ka payuneun Kongrés sarta nyarios: {{blockquote|Urang-urang nu boga warna kulit (kaom hideung) henteu datang sorangan ka dieu sarta ngaganggu urang; maranéhna dibawa ka dieu kalayan diranté sarta diteundeun di komunitas-komunitas dimana maranéhna ayeuna kabeungkeut ku aturan kode budak anu telés... iraha sarta dina kaayaan kumaha éta jalma hideung téh bakal miboga hak pilih anu bébas? Iraha anjeunna saéstuna bakal miboga hak-hak sipil lengkep anu parantos lami janten hakna sacara hukum? Iraha kualitas pangaruh anu dimaksadkeun ku wangun pamaréntahan urang pikeun ngajamin para pamilih téh bakal dipulihkeun deui? ... di seueur bagian nagara urang dimana populasi warna kulitna ageung, jalma-jalma ti éta ras téh ku rupa-rupa cara dihalangan tina ngagunakeun hak-hak politikna sarta seueur hak-hak sipilna sacara éféktif. Karugian ieu henteu ngan ukur karasa ku maranéhna anu sorana dihapus. Unggal konstituén di Uni ieu téh parantos dirugikeun.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=62}}}} Anjeunna kacida mempertanyakeunana catetan hak-hak sipil di nagara-nagara bagian, bari boga pamanggih yén upami nagara bagian miboga wewenang kana hak-hak sipil, mangka "urang miboga hak pikeun naroskeun naha maranéhna nuju migawé éta hal atanapi henteu."{{sfn|Wilson|pp=32–33}} Harrison ogé ngadukung hiji rancangan undang-undang anu diajukeun ku Sénator [[Henry W. Blair]] pikeun masihan dana féderal ka sakola-sakola tanpa ningali ras murid-muridna.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=65–67}} Anjeunna ogé ngarojong usulan parobahan (améndemén) konstitusi pikeun ngabatalkeun putusan Pangadilan Luhur dina perkara ''[[Civil Rights Cases]]'' (1883) anu nyatakeun yén sabagéan ageung eusi [[Civil Rights Act of 1875]] téh teu saluyu sareng konstitusi (unconstitutional). Hanjakalna, teu aya hiji-hiji acan tina ieu léngkah anu kenging kasatujuan ti Kongrés.{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1pp=89–90|Smith || 2p=170}} === Leuweung nasional === Dina sasih Maret 1891 Kongrés ngesahkeun, sarta Harrison nandatanganana, [[Land Revision Act of 1891|Undang-undang Révisi Lahan 1891]]. Ieu undang-undang téh mangrupa hasil tina kahoyong kadua belah partéy pikeun ngamimitian [[land reclamation|parebutan deui (reklamasi)]] lahan-lahan sésa anu dugi ka waktos éta parantos dipasihan tina domain publik pikeun padumukan poténsial atanapi dianggo ku sindikat karéta api. Nalika panyusunan undang-undang éta nuju dipungkas, Bagian 24 nambih dumasar kana paménta Harrison ngaliwatan Sékrétaris Urusan Jero Nagri John Noble, anu eusina kieu: {{blockquote|Yén Présidén Amérika Sarikat tiasa, ti waktos ka waktos, misahkeun sarta nyadangkeun (reserve), di nagara bagian atanapi wilayah mana waé anu miboga lahan publik anu aya leuweungan, dina bagian mana waé tina lahan publik anu sagemblengna atanapi sabagéan ditutupan ku kai atanapi rungkun, naha miboga ajén komersial atanapi henteu, salaku cadangan publik, sarta présidén kedah, ngaliwatan proklamasi publik, nétélakeun pangadegan éta cadangan sarta wates-watesna.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=71}}}} Dina sajeroning sabulan sabada disahkeunana ieu undang-undang, Harrison masihan wewenang pikeun leuweung cadangan munggaran, anu perenahna dina domain publik anu deukeut sareng [[Taman Nasional Yellowstone]], di Wyoming. Wewengkon sanésna ogé ditetepkeun ku Harrison, sahingga total leuweung cadangan munggaran téh dugi ka 22&nbsp;juta héktar dina mangsa jabatanna.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=72}} Harrison ogé janten présidén munggaran anu masihan panyalindungan féderal ka ruruntuhan India prasejarah, nyaéta [[Casa Grande Ruins National Monument|Casa Grande]] di Arizona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.presidentbenjaminharrison.org/learn/benjamin-harrison-1/president|title=President|last=Administrator|first=Joomla!|website=www.presidentbenjaminharrison.org|access-date=September 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918235906/http://www.presidentbenjaminharrison.org/learn/benjamin-harrison-1/president|archive-date=September 18, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kawijakan tanaga gawé === Rupa-rupa réformasi anu mangaruhan tanaga gawé dilaksanakeun nalika pamaréntahan Harrison. Hiji Undang-undang disahkeun dina taun 1891 ngeunaan tanaga gawé narapidana anu ngalarang, sakumaha catetan hiji studi, "pagawéan di luar lingkungan panjara atanapi produksi komoditas nganggo mesin".<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Monthly_Labor_Review/guY4AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Act+1891+work+outside+the+prison+enclosure+or+machine+production+of+commodities&pg=PA5&printsec=frontcover Monthly Labor Review Volume 78 1955, P.5]</ref> Dina taun anu sami, undang-undang féderal munggaran anu ngatur standar kaamanan sarta prakték inspeksi di tambang batubara Amérika disahkeun.<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Legislative_History_of_the_Federal_Mine/BkwO2Ia-h10C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=1891+the+first+Federal+legislation+governing+safety+standards+and+inspection+practices+in+the+Nation%E2%80%99s+coal+mines&pg=PA358&printsec=frontcover Legislative History of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 By United States Congress Senate Committee on Human Resources Subcommittee on Labor, 1978, P.358]</ref> Dina taun 1892,<ref>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-108HPRT92629/html/CPRT-108HPRT92629.htm A CHRONOLOGY OF HOUSING LEGISLATION AND SELECTED EXECUTIVE ACTIONS, 1892-2003]</ref> Kongrés nyadiakeun dana $20,000 ka Komisioner Tanaga Gawé "pikeun ngayakeun panalungtikan lengkep ngeunaan naon anu katelah kumuh di kota-kota" kalayan populasi 200,000 urang atanapi langkung dina taun 1890.<ref>20 Years of Public Housing Economic Aspects of the Federal Program By Robert Moore, 1959, P.25</ref> Dina sasih Agustus taun éta, waktu gawé dalapan jam mimiti ditépakeun pikeun sakumna mékanik sarta buruh anu damel pikeun pamaréntah féderal, bareng jeung subkontraktor atanapi kontraktor proyék pangwangunan umum. Undang-undang Alat Kaamanan Karéta Api (Railway Safety Appliance Act) anu diwanohkeun dina taun saterusna ngawengku rupa-rupa katangtuan anu dirarancang pikeun nangtayungan pagawé karéta api tina kacilakaan.<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Landmark_Legislation/0aJ2AwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Benjamin+Harrison+Railway+Safety+Appliance+Act+of+1893&pg=PA137&printsec=frontcover Landmark Legislation 1774-2002 Major U.S. Acts and Treaties by Stephen W. Stathis, P.136]</ref><ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002088869152&seq=1 What the Republican Party has done for labor; what the Democratic Party has failed to do for labor. A striking contrast. Every wage-earner should read this pamphlet, P.9]</ref> === Kawijakan ka urang pribumi Amérika === Nalika pamaréntahan Harrison, urang [[Lakota people|Lakota]], anu parantos dipaksa cicing di [[Indian reservation|leuweung cadangan (reservasi)]] di [[South Dakota]], mimiti motah alatan pangaruh [[Wovoka]], saurang [[medicine man|dukun]], anu ngajurung maranéhna pikeun milu dina gerakan spiritual anu katelah [[Ghost Dance]] (Tarian Arwah).{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=106}} Sanajan éta gerakan téh nungtut diusirna [[white Americans|urang Amérika bodas]] tina lahan pribumi, saenyana ieu gerakan téh sipatna religius, hiji kanyataan anu harita teu kaharti ku urang Washington; kusabab nyangka yén Ghost Dance bakal ningkatkeun perlawanan Lakota ka pamaréntah AS, maranéhna maréntahkeun [[United States Armed Forces|militer Amérika]] pikeun ningkatkeun kakuatanana di éta reservasi. Dina ping 29 Désémber 1890, [[United States Army|Angkatan Darat AS]] ti [[7th Cavalry Regiment|Réjimén Kavaleri ka-7]] ngalakukeun [[Wounded Knee Massacre|papatén rongkah (pembantaian) ka langkung ti 250 urang Lakota]] di [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation|Reservasi India Pine Ridge]] deukeut [[Wounded Knee Creek]] sabada gagalna tarekah pikeun ngalucutan pakarang padumuk reservasi. Para prajurit Amérika ngubur para korban éta papatén, anu sabagéan ageungna awéwé jeung barudak, dina [[mass grave|liang kubur masal]].{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|pp=121–122}}{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=106–107}} Nanggepan éta papatén, Harrison maréntahkeun Mayor Jéndral [[Nelson A. Miles]] pikeun ngayakeun panalungtikan sarta maréntahkeun 3,500 pasukan AS [[Ghost Dance War|ditépakeun di South Dakota]], anu ahirna hasil numpes gerakan Ghost Dance.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=106}} Ieu papatén téh sacara umum dianggap salaku patempuran utama anu pamungkas dina [[American Indian Wars|Perang India Amérika]].{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|pp=121–122}} Kawijakan umum Harrison ngeunaan [[Native Americans in the United States|urang pribumi Amérika]] nyaéta ngajurung kana [[Cultural assimilation of Native Americans|asimilasi (panyaruaan budaya)]] maranéhna ka masarakat bodas sarta, sanajan aya kajadian papatén tadi, anjeunna yakin yén éta kawijakan téh sacara umum suksés.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=92}} Ieu kawijakan, anu katelah sistem alokasi sarta dumasar kana [[Dawes Act]], dirojong ku para réformis liberal harita, nanging ahirna mah kalahka ngarugi ka urang pribumi Amérika jalaran maranéhna ngajual sabagéan ageung lahanna kalayan harga mirah ka para spékulan bodas.{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1pp=112–114|Stuart || 2pp=452–454}} === Téknologi jeung modérnisasi angkatan laut === [[File:USS Texas2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|{{USS|Texas|1892|6}}, kapal perang panggedéna munggaran di Amérika, diwangun taun 1892]] Nalika Harrison ngajabat, Amérika Sarikat nuju teras ngalaman kamajuan dina widang sains sarta téknologi. Rekaman sora anjeunna mangrupa rekaman sora pangheulana anu masih aya tina saurang présidén nalika nuju ngajabat. Éta {{Audio|Benjamin Harrison Voice (1889).ogg|rekaman tilu puluh detik}} téh mimitina dijieun dina [[phonograph cylinder|silinder lilin fonograf]] dina taun 1889 ku [[Gianni Bettini]].<ref name="Vincent Voice Library">{{cite web |title=Benjamin Harrison: 23rd President of the United States |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405183751/http://www.lib.msu.edu/cs/branches/vvl/presidents/harrison.html |publisher=Vincent Voice Library, Michigan State University |access-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405183751/http://www.lib.msu.edu/cs/branches/vvl/presidents/harrison.html |archive-date=April 5, 2015}}</ref> Harrison ogé masang listrik di Gedong Bodas pikeun munggaranana ku [[General Electric|Edison General Electric Company]], nanging anjeunna sareng pamajikanana henteu wantun nyabak saklar lampu jalaran sieun kasetrum sarta remen saré bari lampu terus hurung.{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|p=96}} Salami mangsa pamaréntahanana, Harrison ngagunakeun téknologi nagara pikeun ngawangun kakuatan angkatan laut anu dipercaya. Nalika anjeunna mimiti ngajabat, ngan aya dua kapal perang anu aktif di Angkatan Laut. Dina biantara pangistrénanana anjeunna nyarios, "pangwangunan sajumlah kapal perang anu cukup sarta pakarang anu diperyogikeun kedah lumangsung kalayan gancang sarta taliti."{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=97}} Sékrétaris Angkatan Laut [[Benjamin F. Tracy]] mingpin pangwangunan kapal-kapal éta kalayan gancang, sarta dina sajeroning sataun kasatujuan Kongrés parantos kenging pikeun ngawangun kapal perang {{USS|Indiana|BB-1|2}}, {{USS|Texas|1892|2}}, {{USS|Oregon|BB-3|2}}, sarta {{USS|Columbia|C-12|2}}. Dina taun 1898, kalayan bantuan Carnegie Corporation, teu kurang ti sapuluh kapal perang modéren, kalebet anu rangkana tina baja sarta miboga pakarang anu leuwih luhur, parantos ngarobah AS janten kakuatan laut anu sah. Tujuh tina kapal-kapal éta téh dimimitian pangwangunanana dina mangsa jabatan Harrison.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=102}} === Kawijakan luar nagri === ==== Amérika Latin jeung Samoa ==== Harrison sareng Sékrétaris Nagara Blaine remen henteu akur salaku sobat, nanging sapamadegan dina ngajalankeun kawijakan luar nagri anu agrésif sarta resiprositas dagang sareng nagara-nagara sanés.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=74–76}} Masalah kaséhatan Blaine anu terus-terusan ngabalukarkeun Harrison kedah langkung rancagé sacara langsung dina ngurus kawijakan luar nagri. Di [[San Francisco]], nalika nuju ngayakeun lalampahan di Amérika Sarikat taun 1891, Harrison nétélakeun yén ieu nagara nuju aya dina "jaman anyar" tina widang dagang, sarta angkatan laut anu beuki kuat bakal nangtayungan pangiriman barang di sagara sarta ningkatkeun pangaruh sarta gengsi Amérika di mancanagara.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=119–121}} [[Konferensi Internasional Nagara-Nagara Amérika Munggaran]] lumangsung di [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] dina taun 1889; Harrison nangtukeun agenda anu agrésif, kalebet integrasi béa cukai sarta mata uang, sarta nunjuk utusan ti dua partéy (bipartisan) pikeun éta konférénsi, dipingpin ku [[John B. Henderson]] sareng [[Andrew Carnegie]]. Ieu konférénsi gagal ngahontal kamajuan diplomatik anu hartos, sabagéan ageung alatan ayana rasa curiga anu dijieun ku utusan Argéntina. Nanging, éta konférénsi hasil ngadegkeun puseur informasi anu jaga janten [[Organisasi Nagara-Nagara Amérika|Persatuan Pan Amérika]].{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|p=108}} Nanggepan gagalna diplomasi éta, Harrison sareng Blaine pindah haluan sarta ngamimitian gerakan pikeun resiprositas tarif sareng nagara-nagara Amérika Latin; pamaréntahan Harrison hasil nandatanganan dalapan pajangjian resiprositas di antara éta nagara-nagara.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=117–120}} Dina widang sanésna, Harrison ngirim [[Frederick Douglass]] salaku duta besar ka [[Haiti]], nanging gagal dina tarekahna pikeun ngadegkeun pangkalan angkatan laut di ditu.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=126–128}} Dina taun 1889, Amérika Sarikat, Karajaan Inggris, sarta [[Kaisar Jerman]] kalibet dina papaséaan ngeunaan kakuasaan di Kapuloan Samoa. Panalungtikan sajarah George H. Ryden némbongkeun yén Harrison miboga peran penting dina nangtukeun status ieu wilayah di Pasifik ku cara nangtung ajeg dina unggal aspék negosiasi konférénsi Samoa; ieu kalebet milih pamingpin lokal, nolak masihan ganti rugi (indemnity) pikeun Jerman, sarta ngadegkeun protéktorat tilu kakuatan, anu mangrupa pangalaman munggaran pikeun AS. Ieu kasapukan ngagampangkeun kakuasaan dominan AS di Pasifik dina mangsa nu bakal datang; Blaine absen harita alatan kasakit [[nyeri cangkeng]].{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=115–116}} ==== Embargo Éropa kana daging babi AS ==== Sapanjang taun 1880-an, rupa-rupa nagara Éropa parantos nerapkeun larangan impor daging babi Amérika dumasar kana kacurigaan anu teu kabuktian ngeunaan [[trichinosis]]; anu janten pasualan téh nyaéta langkung ti samilyar pon produk daging babi kalayan ajén $80&nbsp;juta unggal taun (sami sareng ${{Inflation|US|.08|1885|r=1}}&nbsp;milyar dina {{Inflation/year|US}}). Harrison ngerahkeun [[Whitelaw Reid]], menteri pikeun Perancis, sarta [[William Walter Phelps]], menteri pikeun Jerman, supados ieu ékspor tiasa pulih deui tanpa aya dangka. Harrison ogé ngajurung Kongrés supados ngesahkeun Undang-undang Inspeksi Daging pikeun ngaleungitkeun dakwaan ngeunaan produk anu ruksak, sarta gawé bareng sareng Sékrétaris Pertanian Rusk pikeun ngancem Jerman ku cara ngamimitian embargo AS kana gula bit Jerman anu kacida diperyogikeunana. Dina sasih Séptémber 1891 Jerman ahirna éléh sét, sarta Denmark, Perancis, sareng Austria-Hungaria geuwat nuturkeun.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=131–136}} ==== Krisis di Kapuloan Aleutia jeung Chili ==== Krisis internasional munggaran anu disanghareupan ku Harrison asalna tina sengketa hak ngala lauk di basisir [[Alaska]]. [[Kanada]] ngaku miboga hak ngala lauk sarta [[Seal hunting|moro anjing laut]] di sakuliah [[Kapuloan Aleutia]], anu ngalanggar hukum AS. Akibatna, [[Angkatan Laut Amérika Sarikat]] néwak sababaraha kapal Kanada.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=137–138}} Dina taun 1891, pamaréntahan Harrison ngamimitian negosiasi sareng Inggris anu ahirna ngahasilkeun kompromi ngeunaan hak ngala lauk sabada arbitrase internasional, dimana pamaréntah Inggris mayar kompensasi dina taun 1898.{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|pp=135–136}}{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter | pp=139–143}} Dina taun 1891, mecenghul krisis diplomatik di [[Chili]], anu katelah ogé [[Baltimore Crisis|Krisis ''Baltimore'']]. Menteri Amérika pikeun Chili, [[Patrick Egan (land reformer and diplomat)|Patrick Egan]], masihan suaka (asylum) ka urang Chili anu nyuhunkeun panyalindungan nalika [[1891 Chilean Civil War|Perang Sadulur Chili 1891]]. Egan, saurang imigran Irlandia militan ka AS, kadorong ku kahoyong pribadi pikeun ngahalangan pangaruh Inggris di Chili;{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=146}} tindakanana ningkatkeun tegangan antara Chili sareng AS, anu parantos dimimitian saprak awal taun 1880-an nalika Blaine ngajauhkeun urang Chili dina [[War of the Pacific|Perang Pasifik]]. [[File:Uss baltimore c-3.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Serangan ka para pelaut tina {{USS|Baltimore|C-3|6}} ngamimitian krisis Chili taun 1891.]] Éta krisis téh dimimitian sacara daria nalika para pelaut tina {{USS|Baltimore|C-3|6}} nuju [[pesiar]] (shore leave) di [[Valparaiso]] sarta lumangsung gelut, anu ngakibatkeun maotna dua pelaut Amérika sarta ditéwakna tilu lusin pelaut sanésna.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=127}} Kaptén ''Baltimore'', Winfield Schley, dumasar kana kaayaan tatu para pelautna, nandeskeun yén pulisi Chili parantos narajang para pelaut nganggo bayonét tanpa aya sabab. Nalika Blaine nuju teu damang, Harrison nyusun tungtutan pikeun ganti rugi. Menteri Luar Nagri Chili Manuel Matta ngawaler yén pesen Harrison téh "salah atanapi ngahaja dipalsukeun" sarta nyebatkeun yén pamaréntah Chili nganggap éta perkara sarua jeung urusan kriminal sanésna.{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1pp=128–129|Socolofsky & Spetter || 2pp=147–149}} Tegangan beuki ningkat ampir janten perang: Harrison ngancem bakal megatkeun hubungan diplomatik iwal AS kenging paménta hampura anu sakuduna sarta nyebatkeun yén éta kaayaan merlukeun "tinimbangan anu daria sarta patriotik". Anjeunna ogé nyarios, "Upami martabat sarta gengsi jeung pangaruh Amérika Sarikat henteu hoyong dikurbankeun sagemblengna, urang kedah nangtayungan maranéhna anu di palabuan mancanagara némbongkeun bandéra atanapi nganggo seragam urang."{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=151}} Angkatan Laut disiapkeun dina tingkat waspada anu luhur.{{sfnm|Calhoun|2005|1pp=128–129|Socolofsky & Spetter || 2pp=147–149}} Blaine anu parantos cageur nyobian ngayakeun pendekatan daméy ka pamaréntah Chili nanging henteu kenging dukungan di jero pamaréntahan; anjeunna lajeng malik haluan sarta milu nungtut konsési sarta paménta hampura tanpa sarat ti urang Chili, anu ahirna diturut, sahingga perang tiasa dicegah. Theodore Roosevelt jaga muji Harrison alatan geus ngagunakeun "[[Big Stick policy|pentung gedé]]" dina éta perkara.{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|p=134}}{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=150–151}} ==== Anéksasi Hawaii ==== Dina dinten-dinten pamungkas jabatanna, Harrison nanganan pasualan anéksasi (panyokotan wilayah) [[Hawaii]]. Sabada ayana [[Tumbuhna Karajaan Hawaii|kudéta]] ngalawan Ratu [[Liliʻuokalani]], pamaréntahan anyar Hawaii, dipingpin ku [[Sanford B. Dole|Sanford Dole]], ngajukeun paménta pikeun dianéksasi ku Amérika Sarikat.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=204–205}} Harrison miboga minat pikeun ngalegakeun pangaruh Amérika di Hawaii sarta ngadegkeun pangkalan angkatan laut di [[Pearl Harbor]], nanging sateuacanna anjeunna henteu kantos nétélakeun pamadegan ngeunaan anéksasi éta kapuloan.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=125–126}} [[Konsul (wakil)|Konsul]] AS di Hawaii, [[John L. Stevens]], ngaku kana pamaréntahan anyar dina ping 1 Pébruari 1893, sarta ngirimkeun usulanana ka Washington. Kalayan sésa waktos ngan ukur sabulan sateuacan lungsur tina jabatanna, pamaréntahan Harrison nandatanganan pajangjian dina ping 14 Pébruari sarta nyerahkeunana ka Sénat dina dinten saterusna kalayan rekomendasi ti Harrison.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=204–205}} Sénat gagal mutuskeun, sarta Présidén Cleveland narik deui éta pajangjian sakedap sabada anjeunna mimiti ngajabat.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=132}}{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|p=147}} === Kabinét === [[File:BHarrison cabinet.jpg|thumb|left|Kabinét Harrison dina taun 1889<br />Jajaran hareup, kénca ka katuhu: '''Harrison''', [[William Windom (politician)|William Windom]], [[John Wanamaker]], [[Redfield Proctor]], [[James G. Blaine]]<br />Jajaran tukang, kénca ka katuhu: [[William H. H. Miller]], [[John Willock Noble]], [[Jeremiah M. Rusk]], [[Benjamin F. Tracy]] ]] {{Infobox U.S. Cabinet | align = yes | Name = Harrison | President = '''Benjamin Harrison''' | President start = 1889 | President end = 1893 | Vice President = [[Levi P. Morton]] | Vice President start = 1889 | Vice President end = 1893 | State = [[James G. Blaine]] | State start = 1889 | State end = 1892 | State 2 = [[John W. Foster]] | State start 2 = 1892 | State end 2 = 1893 | Treasury = [[William Windom (politician)|William Windom]] | Treasury start = 1889 | Treasury end = 1891 | Treasury 2 = [[Charles Foster (Ohio politician)|Charles Foster]] | Treasury start 2 = 1891 | Treasury end 2 = 1893 | War = [[Redfield Proctor]] | War start = 1889 | War end = 1891 | War 2 = [[Stephen Benton Elkins]] | War start 2 = 1891 | War end 2 = 1893 | Justice = [[William H. H. Miller]] | Justice start = 1889 | Justice end = 1893 | Post = [[John Wanamaker]] | Post start = 1889 | Post end = 1893 | Navy = [[Benjamin F. Tracy]] | Navy start = 1889 | Navy end = 1893 | Interior = [[John Willock Noble]] | Interior start = 1889 | Interior end = 1893 | Agriculture = [[Jeremiah McLain Rusk]] | Agriculture start = 1889 | Agriculture end = 1893 }} === Pangangkatan yudisial === {{main|Benjamin Harrison judicial appointments}} [[File:DavidBrewer.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.75|Harrison ngangkat opat hakim Pangadilan Luhur, kalebet [[David Josiah Brewer]].]] Harrison ngangkat opat hakim kana [[Pangadilan Luhur Amérika Sarikat]] (Supreme Court). Anu munggaran nyaéta [[David Josiah Brewer]], saurang hakim di [[Pangadilan Banding Amérika Sarikat pikeun Sirkuit Kadalapan]]. Brewer, anu mangrupa alo ti Hakim [[Stephen Johnson Field|Field]], sateuacanna parantos dipertimbangkeun pikeun kalungguhan kabinét. Sakedap sabada nominasi Brewer, Hakim [[Stanley Matthews (judge)|Matthews]] tilar dunya, sahingga aya deui lowongan sanésna. Harrison parantos nimbang-nimbang [[Henry Billings Brown]], saurang hakim ti [[Michigan]] sarta ahli [[hukum maritim]] (admiralty law), pikeun lowongan munggaran, nanging ahirna dicalonkeun pikeun lowongan kadua ieu. Pikeun lowongan katilu anu mecenghul dina taun 1892, Harrison nyalonkeun [[George Shiras Jr.|George Shiras]]. Pangangkatan Shiras rada kontrovérsial jalaran umurna—60 taun—langkung sepuh tibatan biasana pikeun hakim anu nembé diangkat. Shiras ogé ditolak ku Sénator [[Matthew Quay]] ti Pennsylvania jalaran maranéhna béda faksi dina partéy Républikan Pennsylvania, nanging nominasi Shiras tetep disahkeun. Pamungkas, dina ahir mangsa jabatanna, Harrison nyalonkeun [[Howell Edmunds Jackson]] pikeun ngagentos Hakim [[Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar (II)|Lamar]], anu tilar dunya dina sasih Januari 1893. Harrison terang yén Sénat anu bakal datang bakal dikawasa ku Démokrat, ku kituna anjeunna milih Jackson, saurang Démokrat ti Tennessee anu dipihormat sarta janten sobatna, supados mastikeun yén calon pilihanana moal ditolak. Nominasi Jackson saéstuna hasil, nanging anjeunna tilar dunya sabada nembé dua taun ngajabat di Pangadilan.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=188–190}} Salian ti pangangkatan Pangadilan Luhur, Harrison ogé ngangkat sapuluh hakim kana [[Pangadilan banding Amérika Sarikat|pangadilan banding]], dua hakim kana [[Pangadilan sirkuit Amérika Sarikat|pangadilan sirkuit]], sarta 26 hakim kana [[Pangadilan distrik Amérika Sarikat|pangadilan distrik]]. === Nagara bagian anu ditarima kana Uni === Genep nagara bagian anyar [[Asup ka Uni|ditarima kana Uni]] nalika Harrison nuju ngajabat:{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=44–45}} * [[North Dakota]]{{spaced ndash}}[[Enabling Act of 1889|2 Nopémber 1889]] * [[South Dakota]]{{spaced ndash}}[[Enabling Act of 1889|2 Nopémber 1889]] * [[Montana]]{{spaced ndash}}[[Enabling Act of 1889|8 Nopémber 1889]] * [[Washington (nagara bagian)|Washington]]{{spaced ndash}}[[Enabling Act of 1889|11 Nopémber 1889]] * [[Idaho]]{{spaced ndash}}3 Juli 1890 * [[Wyoming]]{{spaced ndash}}10 Juli 1890 Langkung seueur nagara bagian anu ditarima nalika mangsa kaprésidénan Harrison tibatan mangsa présidén sanésna. === Liburan sarta lalampahan === Harrison ngahadiran perayaan [[Warisan George Washington#Perayaan abad|saratus taun (centennial)]] anu megah salami tilu dinten pikeun pangistrénan George Washington di [[Kota New York]] dina ping 30 April 1889, sarta masihan cariosan kieu: "Urang parantos sumping ka payuneun Washington anu daria nanging salawasna maparin sumangat. Anjeunna téh mangrupa titisan tina kawajiban, sarta anjeunna ngajarkeun ka urang dinten ieu ngeunaan palajaran agung ieu: yén maranéhna anu hoyong ngaitkeun namina sareng kajadian anu bakal hirup langkung ti saabad ngan tiasa midamel éta hal ku cara babakti anu luhur kana kawajiban. Milari kauntungan pribadi mah moal miboga tempat dina pangéling-ngéling dines publik atanapi milangkala."{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=160}} Kulawarga Harrison seueur ngayakeun lalampahan ka luar puseur dayeuh, anu di jerona kalebet biantara di ampir unggal pangeureunan – kalebet di Philadelphia, New England, Indianapolis, sareng Chicago. Harrison biasana masihan kesan anu pangsaéna nalika nyarios di payuneun balaréa anu seueur, sabalikna tina kaayaan anu langkung pribadi (intimate).{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=157}} Anu paling nyongcolang tina lalampahan présidénna, anu sateuacanna teu aya tandingna, nyaéta lalampahan lima minggu ka wilayah kulon dina usum semi taun 1891, nganggo karéta api anu dilengkepan sacara méwah.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=171}} Harrison resep kana sababaraha lalampahan pondok ka luar puseur dayeuh—biasana pikeun moro—ka wilayah deukeut Virginia atanapi Maryland.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=166}} Nalika usum panas Washington anu panas pisan, kulawarga Harrison milari panyalindungan di [[Deer Park, Maryland]], sarta [[Cape May Point, New Jersey]]. Dina taun 1890, John Wanamaker bareng sareng para pangrojong Harrison sanésna ti Philadelphia masihan kado mangrupa pasanggrahan (cottage) usum panas di Cape May. Harrison, sanajan nganuhunkeun, ngarasa teu merenah ku ayana kacurigaan hal anu teu pantes; sabulan ti harita, anjeunna mayar $10.000 ({{Inflation|US|10000|1890|fmt=eq}}) ka Wanamaker salaku ganti rugi ka para nu masihan éta kado. Sanajan kitu, lawan-lawan politik Harrison ngajantenkeun éta kado salaku bahan panyindikan (ridicule) nasional, sarta Ibu Harrison sareng Présidén dikritik kalayan kacida rongkahna.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=168}} === Kampanye pamilihan ulang taun 1892 === {{main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1892}} [[File:Eastman Johnson - Benjamin Harrison - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=.6|Potrét resmi [[Gedong Bodas]] Benjamin Harrison, karyana [[Eastman Johnson]]]] Kaleuwihan perbendaharaan nagara parantos sirna sarta kaayaan ékonomi nagara beuki parah – cicirén bakal ayana [[Panic of 1893|Krisis Ékonomi 1893]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=107, 126–127}} Pamilihan législatif taun 1890 henteu nguntungkeun pikeun urang Républikan; sanajan Harrison parantos gawé bareng sareng urang Républikan di Kongrés dina urusan undang-undang, sababaraha pamingpin partéy narik pangrojongna jalaran Harrison keukeuh nolak masihan kaistiméwaan ka anggota partéy dina pangangkatan pajabat éksekutif. Sacara husus, Thomas C. Platt, Matthew S. Quay, Thomas B. Reed, sarta James Clarkson sacara cicingeun ngawangun Komite Keluhan (Grievance Committee), anu tujuanna pikeun ngalungsurkeun Harrison tina pencalonan. Maranéhna nyobi nyuhunkeun dukungan ti Blaine, nanging teu hasil, sarta Harrison dumasar kana éta réaksi mutuskeun pikeun maju deui dina pamilihan ulang – saolah-olah kapaksa milih salah sahiji tina dua pilihan – "janten kandidat atanapi salamina katelah salaku penakut politik".{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=81}} Parantos tétéla yén Harrison moal dicalonkeun deui sacara sagemblengna (unanimously).{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=134–137}} Seueur lawan politikna anu terus ngadorong Blaine anu nuju teu damang, sanajan Blaine parantos ngumumkeun yén anjeunna sanés kandidat dina sasih Pébruari 1892.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=134–137}} Sababaraha pamingpin partéy masih ngaharepkeun Blaine kersa dicalonkeun, sarta sangkaan beuki kuat nalika anjeunna mundur tina jabatan sékrétaris nagara dina dinten-dinten pamungkas sasih Juni.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=138–139}} Dina [[1892 Republican National Convention|konvénsi]] di [[Minneapolis]], Harrison unggul dina sora munggaran, nanging nyanghareupan perlawanan anu cukup ageung.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=140–141}} Urang Démokrat nyalonkeun deui Cleveland, sahingga pamilihan taun 1892 téh mangrupa tanding ulang tina pamilihan opat taun sateuacanna. Parobahan tarif salami opat taun ka tukang parantos ngajantenkeun barang impor sakitu awisna nepi ka seueur pamilih anu ayeuna pindah haluan kana posisi réformasi.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=147–150}} Seueur urang kulon, anu biasana janten pamilih Républikan, pindah ka kandidat [[People's Party (United States)|Partéy Populis]] anu anyar, [[James B. Weaver]], anu ngajangjikeun pérak bébas, pensiun véteran anu lumayan, sarta [[Delapan jam kerja|waktu gawé dalapan jam]]. Pangaruh tina penumpasan [[Homestead Strike|Mogok Kerja Homestead]] ogé balik deui ngarugikeun urang Républikan, sanajan pamaréntah féderal teu nyandak tindakan nanaon.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=145–147}} Pamajikan Harrison, Caroline, mimiti bajoang ngalawan panyakit [[tbc|tuberculosis]] dina awal taun 1892, sarta dua minggu sateuacan pamilihan, dina ping 25 Oktober, anjeunna tilar dunya alatan éta panyakit.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=149}} Putrina, [[Mary Harrison McKee]], nyandak peran salaku [[First Lady of the United States|Ibu Nagara]] sabada pupusna indungna. Panyakit parna Ibu Harrison sarta kanyataan yén kadua kandidat parantos kantos ngajabat di Gedong Bodas ngabalukarkeun kampanye lumangsung kalayan tenang (low-key), sarta ngakibatkeun kadua kandidat henteu ngayakeun kampanye pribadi sacara aktif.{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|pp=198–199}} Cleveland unggul dina pamilihan kalayan 277 sora éléktoral ngalawan 145 sora Harrison, sarta ogé unggul dina sora rahayat (popular vote) kalayan 5.556.918 ngalawan 5.176.108; ieu mangrupa pamilihan présidén anu paling nangtukeun dina sajeroning 20 taun.<ref name="EV 1892">{{cite web |title=1892 Presidential Election Results |url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=1892&fips=0&f=0&off=0&elect=0 |website=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections |access-date=October 2, 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=199}} == Sabada mangsa kaprésidénan (1893–1901) == [[File:Grave of President Benjamin Harrison and his two wives in Indianapolis, Indiana.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Makam Présidén Harrison sarta dua pamajikanana di Indianapolis, Indiana]] Sabada lungsur tina jabatanna, Harrison nganjang ka [[World's Columbian Exposition|Pameran Dunya Kolombia]] di Chicago dina sasih Juni 1893.{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|p=150}} Sabada éta paméran, Harrison mulang ka bumina di Indianapolis. Harrison parantos kapilih janten anggota [[Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States]] dina taun 1882, sarta kapilih janten komandan (présidén) wilayah Ohio dina ping 3 Méi 1893. Salami sababaraha bulan dina taun 1894, Harrison dumuk di San Francisco, dimana anjeunna masihan kuliah hukum di [[Universitas Stanford]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=158}} Dina taun 1896, sababaraha réncang Harrison di partéy Républikan nyobian ngayakinkeun anjeunna supados maju deui janten présidén, nanging anjeunna nolak. Anjeunna ngayakeun lalampahan ka sakuliah nagara pikeun némbongan sarta masihan biantara dukunganna kana pencalonan William McKinley janten présidén.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=160–161}} Ti sasih Juni 1895 dugi ka Maret 1901, Harrison ngawula di Déwan Pangawas [[Universitas Purdue]], dimana Harrison Hall, hiji asrama, dingaranan dumasar kana namina salaku panghurmatan.{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|p=150}} Anjeunna nyerat runtuyan tulisan ngeunaan pamaréntah féderal sarta kaprésidénan anu diterbitkeun deui dina taun 1897 salaku buku, ''This Country of Ours''.<ref name="Harrison 1897">{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Benjamin |title=This Country of Ours |url=https://archive.org/details/thiscountryofou00harrgoog |year=1897 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York}}</ref> Dina taun 1896, Harrison nikah deui sareng [[Mary Dimmick Harrison|Mary Scott Lord Dimmick]], saurang janda anu mangrupa alo sarta uras-urus (sekretaris) ti almarhumah pamajikanana. Dua murangkalih Harrison anu parantos sawawa, Russell sareng Mary, henteu satuju kana éta pernikahan sarta henteu sumping ka péstana. Benjamin sareng Mary Dimmick miboga saurang putra, [[Elizabeth Harrison Walker|Elizabeth]].{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|p=153}} Dina taun 1898, Harrison ngawula salaku pangacara pikeun Républik Vénézuéla dina sengketa wates [[Schomburgk Line|Guiana Inggris]] sareng Karajaan Inggris.{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|p=155}} Hiji persidangan internasional disatujuan; anjeunna nyusun berkas hukum sapanjang 800 kaca sarta indit ka [[Paris]], dimana anjeunna nyéépkeun waktos langkung ti 25 jam di pangadilan atas nami Vénézuéla. Sanajan anjeunna kawon dina éta perkara, argumén hukumna ngajantenkeun anjeunna kawéntar di tingkat internasional.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=160–163}} [[File:2015-06-02 1758 Special committee on creed division with photo of Benjamin Harrison and Judge Edward William Cornelius Humphrey.png|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Komite husus Sidang Umum Presbyterian ngeunaan révisi kapercayaan, kalebet Benjamin Harrison sarta Hakim Edward William Cornelius Humphrey]] Harrison mangrupa saurang pamiara agama [[Presbyterian]] anu aktip sarta ngawula salaku Sesepuh (Elder) di Garéja Presbyterian Kahiji Indianapolis sarta dina komite husus ngeunaan révisi kapercayaan dina [[Sidang Umum Presbyterian]] nasional. Anjeunna tilar dunya sateuacan tiasa masihan sorana dina éta rapat.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Administrator|first1=Joomla!|title=Benjamin Harrison|url=http://www.presidentbenjaminharrison.org/learn/benjamin-harrison-1|website=www.presidentbenjaminharrison.org|access-date=February 12, 2018|language=en-gb|archive-date=February 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213080339/http://www.presidentbenjaminharrison.org/learn/benjamin-harrison-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ringenberg|first1=William C.|title=Benjamin Harrison: The Religious Thought and Practice of a Presbyterian President|jstor=23330850|journal=American Presbyterians|volume=64|issue=3|pages=175–189|date=1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Benjamin Harrison's Obituary:[From page 1 of The New York Times, March 14, 1901] BENJAMIN HARRISON DEAD|url=http://starship.python.net/crew/manus/Presidents/bh/bhobit.html|website=starship.python.net|access-date=February 12, 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203174801/http://starship.python.net/crew/manus/Presidents/bh/bhobit.html|archive-date=February 3, 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203174801/http://starship.python.net/crew/manus/Presidents/bh/bhobit.html |date=February 3, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Benjamin Harrison|url=http://www.god-and-country.info/BHarrison2.html|website=www.god-and-country.info|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref> === Pamadegan politik === Harrison parantos digambarkeun ku rupa-rupa pangamat salaku saurang konservatif,<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Boiling_Point/jvFWAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=when+the+panic+of+1893+signaled+the+beginning+of+the+end+of+the+gilded+Age,+was+as+conservative+as+Chester+Arthur+and+Benjamin+Harrison,&dq=when+the+panic+of+1893+signaled+the+beginning+of+the+end+of+the+gilded+Age,+was+as+conservative+as+Chester+Arthur+and+Benjamin+Harrison,&printsec=frontcover Boiling Point Democrats, Republicans, and the Decline of Middle-class Prosperity By Kevin Phillips, 1994, P.72]</ref><ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/What_the_People_Want/RwI7AQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Of+the+conservative+presidents+chosen+by+the+nation,+only+three,+John+Adams,+Rutherford+B.+Hayes,+and+Benjamin+Harrison,&dq=Of+the+conservative+presidents+chosen+by+the+nation,+only+three,+John+Adams,+Rutherford+B.+Hayes,+and+Benjamin+Harrison,&printsec=frontcover What the People Want By Ellis Gibbs Arnall ,1948, P.125]</ref><ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/United_States_Since_1865/lncTI6RFwncC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Harrison,+the+grandson+of+President+William+Henry+Harrison,+was+a+corporation+attorney,+conservative+in+opinion&dq=Harrison,+the+grandson+of+President+William+Henry+Harrison,+was+a+corporation+attorney,+conservative+in+opinion&printsec=frontcover United States Since 1865 By John Allen Krout ,1971, P.71]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3hdgAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5&dq=Benjamin+Harrison+stout+conservatism&article_id=1740,1367598&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjW9fKYjeSKAxVSTUEAHf8cNMUQ6AF6BAgMEAI#v=onepage&q=Benjamin%20Harrison%20stout%20conservatism&f=false The Grape Belt and Chautauqua Farmer 13 Aug 1946, P.5]</ref> sarta kenging jujuluk "Présidén Konservatif".<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7qZVAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA10&dq=Benjamin+Harrison+nickname+Conservative+President&article_id=5268,3549367&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT68PGjeSKAxW7XUEAHciDEpcQ6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=Benjamin%20Harrison%20nickname%20Conservative%20President&f=false The Spokesman-Review 22 Jan 1916]</ref> [[Herbert Hoover]] kantos nyebat [[Calvin Coolidge]] salaku "konservatif sajati, anu panginten sami sareng Benjamin Harrison".<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Freedom_from_Fear/fehZMhL5T_EC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Mr+Coolidge+was+a+real+conservative,+probably+the+equal+of+Benjamin+Harrison&pg=PP76&printsec=frontcover Freedom from Fear The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 By David M. Kennedy, 1999]</ref> Nanging Harrison sanés saurang nu ngabela paham laissez-faire. Anjeunna yakin yén pamaréntah miboga peran penting pikeun ngawujudkeun kaadilan sosial sarta ékonomi, sakumaha anu kantos dikedalkeun: "Téori Républikan ti kapungkur kénéh nyaéta yén bener pikeun nyieun undang-undang anu nyadiakeun pagawéan, pakasaban, sarta kanyamanan pikeun kaum buruh Amérika. Urang yakin yén Pamaréntah Nasional miboga kawajiban dina hal ieu, sami sareng déwan kota sarta dewan komisioner county."<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Republicans/e4EZBAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+Republican+theory+has+been+all+along+that+it+was+right+to+so+legislate+as+to+provide+work,+employment,+comfort+to+the+American+workingman.+We+believe+that+the+National+Government+has+a+duty+in+this+respect,+as+well+as+the+city+council+and+the+board+of+county+commissioners&pg=PA89&printsec=frontcover The Republicans A History of the Grand Old Party By Lewis L. Gould, 2014, P.89]</ref> Sanaos anjeunna kantos ngarojong anéksasi Hawaii, Harrison lami-lami mah nolak ayana impérialisme anu langkung jauh di handapeun Présidén McKinley. Dina nanggepan Undang-undang Foraker, anu nerapkeun tarif ka Puerto Rico sanajan éta wilayah téh mangrupa bagian ti Amérika Sarikat, Harrison nyarios: {{Blockquote|text=Pamaréntahan anu miboga kakuasaan éksekutif anu taya watesna sarta mutlak sanés mangrupa pamaréntahan Amérika. Pikeun kuring, kuring teu yakin yén para panyusun Konstitusi kantos miboga maksad pikeun mikeun kakuasaan pamaréntahan sapertos kitu ka saha waé dina Konstitusi... Naha hak-hak rahayat di daratan utama téh aman nalika urang ngajalankeun kakuasaan sawenang-wenang ka rahayat anu ku urang ditungtut kapatuhan sagemblengna? Naha sanés hiji poyok (mockery) nalika urang ngibarkeun bandéra di luhureun rahayat Porto Rico sarta nitah maranéhna pikeun ngahormatan éta bandéra, nanging lajeng urang nerapkeun kakuasaan pamaréntahan anu mutlak ka maranéhna? Upami tindakan anéksasi henteu mawa Konstitusi, kuring teu tiasa mikiran hal sanésna anu tiasa midamel kitu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dec 17, 1900, page 8 - The Topeka State Journal at Newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/323164639/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> }} Harrison yakin kana hak para buruh pikeun meunangkeun upah anu layak (living wage), bari ogé ngajurung ayana dana jaminan sosial anu nyadiakeun panangtayungan pikeun mangsa kolot, kacilakaan, sarta panyakit. Sakumaha anu dikedalkeun dina biantara taun 1890: {{blockquote|Kuring parantos ngungkabkeun pamadegan di payuneun umum yén unggal buruh kedah miboga upah anu cukup pikeun masihan pangrojong anu pantes sarta nyaman pikeun kulawargana, sarta sangkan anjeunna tiasa nyakolakeun barudakna sarta henteu ngasupkeun maranéhna ka pabrik dina umur anu masih kacida ngora. Henteu ngan ukur éta, nanging upahna kedah cekap sangkan anjeunna tiasa nyisihkeun tabungan pikeun nyanghareupan kaayaan nalika anjeunna teu mampuh deui damel alatan gering, kacilakaan, atanapi mangsa kolot.<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Speeches_of_Benjamin_Harrison_Twenty_thi/aH9EsqlyB3oC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=I+have+in+public+expressed+the+opinion+that+every+workingman+ought+to+have+such+wages+as+would+yield+him+decent+and+comfortable+support+for+his+family+and+enable+him+to+keep&pg=PA158&printsec=frontcover Speeches of Benjamin Harrison, Twenty-third President of the United States A Complete Collection of His Public Addresses from February 1888, to February, 1892, Chronologically Classified : Embracing All His Campaign Speeches, Letter of Acceptance, Inaugural Address, and the Numerous Speeches Delivered During His Several Tours : Also Extracts from His Messages to Congress By Benjamin Harrison, 1892, P.158]</ref>}} === Wafat === {{anchor|Death}}Dina sasih Pébruari 1901, Harrison katarajang ku naon anu disangka [[influenza]] (harita disebut "grippe"), anu jagana tétéla mangrupa panyakit paru-paru (pneumonia). Anjeunna dirawat ku cara nyeuseup uap sarta oksigén, nanging kaayaanana beuki parah. Harrison wafat alatan [[pneumonia]] di [[Benjamin Harrison Home|bumina]] di Indianapolis dina ping 13 Maret 1901, dina umur 67 taun. Cariosan terakhirna dikabarkeun kieu, "Naha para dokter parantos sumping? Dokter, paru-paru kuring...". Layon Harrison dikurebkeun di [[Makam Crown Hill]] Indianapolis, gigireun layon pamajikan munggaranana, Caroline. Sabada wafatna dina taun 1948, Mary Dimmick Harrison, pamajikan kaduana, dikurebkeun di sagigireunana.{{sfn|Moore|Hale|2006|p=156}} == Reputasi sajarah sarta pangéling-ngéling == [[File:Estatua de Benjamin Harrison, Indianápolis, Estados Unidos, 2012-10-22, DD 01.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|Patung Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis, Indiana]] Sejarawan Charles Calhoun masihan kiridit utama ka Harrison pikeun undang-undang inovatif dina widang antitrust, kawijakan monéter, sarta tarif. Para sejarawan remen masihan kiridit ka Sékrétaris Nagara Blaine pikeun inisiatif kawijakan luar nagri, nanging Calhoun boga pamanggih yén Harrison saéstuna langkung tanggung jawab kana kasuksésan negosiasi dagang, pangwangunan Angkatan Laut baja, ékspansi ka luar nagri, sarta tekenan kana peran Amérika dina ngawasa [[Western Hemisphere|Belahan Bumi Kulon]] ngaliwatan [[Doktrin Monroe]]. Kahengkeran utama anu katingal ku Calhoun nyaéta yén masarakat sarta akar jukut Partéy Républikan henteu sapinuhna siap pikeun narima rupa-rupa kagiatan anu kacida rongkahna ieu. Urang Démokrat meunang mutlak dina taun 1890 ku cara nyerang undang-undang utama, utamana tarif McKinley, jalaran éta aturan bakal naékkeun biaya hirup kulawarga Amérika rata-rata. McKinley sorangan kawon dina pamilihan ulang.<ref>Charles Calhoun, ''Benjamin Harrison'' (2005).</ref><ref>Charles Calhoun, "Reimagining the "Lost Men" of the Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Late Nineteenth Century Presidents". ''Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era'' (2002) 1#3: 225–257.</ref> Nurutkeun sejarawan R. Hal Williams, Harrison miboga "reputasi anu sumebar ngeunaan integritas pribadi sarta dinesna". Sanajan ditalungtik sacara telik ku urang Démokrat, reputasi Harrison tetep murni nalika anjeunna lungsur tina Gedong Bodas. Miboga kauntungan anu jarang dipiboga ku présidén abad ka-19 sanésna, partéy Harrison sorangan, nyaéta Républikan, ngawasa Kongrés, sahingga pamaréntahanana tiasa sacara aktip ngajalankeun program Républikan ngeunaan tarif anu langkung luhur, kontrol anu sedeng ka korporasi, nangtayungan hak pilih [[Amérika Turunan Afrika]], pensiun Perang Sadulur anu lumayan, sarta kompromi kana [[bimetallism|pasualan pérak]] anu kontrovérsial. Para sejarawan henteu kantos ngangkat "patarosan anu daria ngeunaan integritas Harrison sorangan atanapi integritas pamaréntahanana".{{sfn|Williams|p=191}} Sabada ayana [[Krisis Ékonomi 1893]], Harrison janten langkung kasohor dina mangsa pangsiunna.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=6}} Sababaraha sarjana miboga pamanggih yén kawijakan ékonomina milu nyumbang kana Krisis 1893.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Mark Zachary|date=March 23, 2021|title=Ideas and Their Consequences: Benjamin Harrison and the Seeds of Economic Crisis, 1889–1893|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2020.1881354|journal=Critical Review|volume=33|pages=102–127|doi=10.1080/08913811.2020.1881354|s2cid=233706114|issn=0891-3811|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Warisanana di kalangan sejarawan kawilang sakedik. Homer E. Socolofsky sareng Allan B. Spetter nyerat, "catetan umum ngeunaan mangsa jabatanna sacara henteu akurat nganggap Harrison ukur salaku tokoh pangeusi (cipher)", bari nambihan yén ayeuna "para sejarawan parantos ngaku kana pentingna pamaréntahan Harrison—sarta Harrison sorangan—dina kawijakan luar nagri anyar di ahir abad ka-19. Pamaréntahanana nyanghareupan tantangan di sakuliah belahan bumi, di Pasifik, sarta dina hubungan sareng kakuatan Éropa, papacanténan anu bakal dianggap biasa dina abad ka-21."{{sfn|Socolofsky & Spetter|p=x}} Calhoun nyerat dina taun 2005 yén sanajan kaprésidénan Harrison kagolong kana abad ka-19, éta mangsa téh "sacara tétéla nuduhkeun jalan" kana kaprésidénan modéren anu mecenghul di handapeun [[William McKinley]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|p=166}} Undang-undang [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] anu ditarima ku dua partéy sarta ditandatanganan ku Harrison masih kénéh lumaku sarta mangrupa undang-undang anu paling penting anu disahkeun ku Kongrés ka-51. Pangrojong Harrison kana hak pilih sarta atikan urang Amérika Turunan Afrika mangrupa tarekah signifikan anu terakhir pikeun nangtayungan [[Hak sipil jeung politik|hak-hak sipil]] dugi ka taun 1930-an. Kateguhanana dina kawijakan luar nagri diturutan ku para politikus sapertos [[Theodore Roosevelt]].{{sfn|Batten|p=209}} [[File:Benjamin Harrison 1903 Issue-13c.jpg|thumb|upright=.75|{{center|Perangko Harrison munggaran}}{{center|Terbitan 1902}}]] Harrison diabadikeun dina sababaraha perangko. Anu munggaran nyaéta perangko 13 sén anu diterbitkeun dina ping 18 Nopémber 1902, kalayan gambar ukiran anjeunna anu dumasar kana poto anu dipasihan ku randa almarhum.<ref name="arago" /> Sacara sagemblengna, Harrison parantos dihurmatan dina [[US Presidents on US postage stamps#Benjamin Harrison|genep perangko AS]], langkung seueur tibatan sabagéan ageung présidén AS sanésna. Anjeunna ogé némbongan dina artos kertas lima dolar [[National Bank Notes]] tina periode piagam katilu, dimimitian dina taun 1902.<ref name="Hudgeons Hudgeons 2000" /> Dina taun 2012, koin samilar kalayan gambar anjeunna, bagian tina [[Program Koin $1 Présidén]], parantos diterbitkeun.<ref name="US Mint dollar coin schedule" /> Dina taun 1908, rahayat Indianapolis ngadegkeun [[Benjamin Harrison (Niehaus)|patung pangéling-ngéling Benjamin Harrison]], karyana Charles Niehaus sareng Henry Bacon, pikeun ngahurmatan préstasina salami hirup salaku pamingpin militer, sénator AS, sarta présidén.<ref name=INgov>[http://www.in.gov/iwm/2354.htm INgov], diaksés 18 Séptémber 2012</ref> Éta patung téh perenahna di sisi kidul [[Indiana World War Memorial Plaza#University Park|University Park]], nyanghareupan Birch Bayh Federal Building sarta Gedong Pangadilan Amérika Sarikat di peuntas New York Avenue.{{sfn|Greiff|p=173}} Dina taun 1951, [[Benjamin Harrison Home|bumi Harrison]] dibuka pikeun umum salaku perpustakaan sarta musium. Sateuacanna, éta bumi téh kantos dianggo salaku asrama sakola musik ti taun 1937 dugi ka 1950.<ref name="NPS Benjamin Harrison Home">{{cite web |title=Benjamin Harrison Home |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/benjamin_harrison_home.html |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=January 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114221714/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/presidents/benjamin_harrison_home.html |archive-date=January 14, 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101070358/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/benjamin_harrison_home.html |date=November 1, 2020 }}</ref> Éta bumi ditetepkeun salaku [[National Historic Landmark]] dina taun 1964.<ref name="Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site" /> Theodore Roosevelt ngaresmikeun [[Fort Benjamin Harrison]] pikeun ngahurmatan Harrison dina taun 1906. Perenahna di [[Lawrence, Indiana]], hiji pinggiran kota di kalér-wétan Indianapolis. Pamaréntah féderal ngeureunkeun operasi Fort Harrison dina taun 1991 sarta mindahkeun 1.700 tina 2.500 héktar lahanna ka pamaréntah nagara bagian Indiana dina taun 1995 pikeun ngadegkeun [[Fort Harrison State Park]].{{sfn|Conn|p=94}} Dina taun 1931, Franklin Hall di [[Universitas Miami]], almamater Harrison, diganti namina janten Harrison Hall. Wangunan éta diganti ku [[Harrison Hall|wangunan anyar kalayan nami anu sami]] dina taun 1960 sarta janten tempat departemén élmu politik. Dina taun 1966, [[Universitas Purdue]] muka Harrison Hall, hiji asrama dalapan lantai kalayan 400 kamar. Harrison kantos ngawula salaku Wali (Trustee) Universitas Purdue salami genep taun terakhir dina hirupna.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.housing.purdue.edu/Housing/Residences/Harrison/history.html |title=Harrison Hall History |publisher=Purdue University |access-date=April 27, 2020}}</ref> | url-status = dead | archive-date = January 14, 2009 | access-date = January 7, 2011 }}</ref> <ref name="Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site">{{cite web |title=Situs Kaprésidénan Benjamin Harrison |publisher=Yayasan Présidén Benjamin Harrison |url=http://www.presidentbenjaminharrison.org/museum/default.php |access-date=January 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628132932/http://www.presidentbenjaminharrison.org/museum/default.php |archive-date=June 28, 2011 }}</ref> <ref name=MilliganHovey>{{cite journal| first=Allen | last=Sharp | title =Gema tina Perang: Balukar tina Perkara ''Ex Parte Milligan'' | journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =15 | issue =3 | pages =46–47| publisher =Masyarakat Sajarah Indiana | location =Indianapolis | date =Summer 2003 }} Tingali ogé: Nolan, Alan T., "Ex Parte Milligan: Hiji Watesan pikeun Kakuasaan Éksekutif sarta Militer" dina {{cite book| title =Urang Rahayat: Indiana sarta Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat: Kuliah dina Rangka Milangkala Bicentennial Konstitusi | publisher =Masyarakat Sajarah Indiana | year =1987 | location =Indianapolis | pages =45–46| isbn =0871950073}} Tingali ogé: {{cite book | first =Frank L. | last =Klement | title =Dark Lanterns: Masarakat Politik Rusiah, Konspirasi, sarta Persidangan Panghianatan dina Perang Sadulur | publisher =Louisiana State University Press | year =1984 | location =Baton Rouge | page =[https://archive.org/details/darklanternssecr0000klem/page/237 237] | url =https://archive.org/details/darklanternssecr0000klem/page/237 | isbn =0-8071-1174-0|ref=harv}} }}</ref> <ref name=Case>{{Caselaw source |case=''Ex parte Milligan'', 71 U.S. 2 (1866)|findlaw = http://laws.findlaw.com/us/71/2.html|access-date=December 3, 2015}}</ref> </references> == Tumbu kaluar == {{sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category:Benjamin Harrison |b=no |n=no |q=Benjamin Harrison|s=Author:Benjamin Harrison|v=no}} === Resmi === * [http://www.presidentbenjaminharrison.org/ Situs Kaprésidénan Benjamin Harrison] === Sinaran média === * {{NYT topic|people/h/benjamin_harrison}} === Sanésna === * {{CongBio|H000263}} * [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/bharrison/index.html Benjamin Harrison: Pituduh Sumber Daya], [[Library of Congress]] (Perpustakaan Kongrés) * [http://spec.lib.miamioh.edu/home/harrison/ Koléksi Benjamin & Caroline Scott Harrison], Perpustakaan [[Universitas Miami]] * [http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/collection-guides/benjamin-harrison-collection-1853-1943.pdf Koléksi Benjamin Harrison, 1853–1943] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729052438/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/collection-guides/benjamin-harrison-collection-1853-1943.pdf |date=July 29, 2016 }}, di [[Masyarakat Sajarah Indiana]] * [http://millercenter.org/president/bharrison Ésay ngeunaan Harrison sarta unggal anggota kabinétna katut Ibu Nagara], [[Miller Center of Public Affairs]] * [http://www.c-span.org/video/?151616-1/life-portrait-benjamin-harrison "Potrét Kahirupan Benjamin Harrison"], tina séri ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'' [[C-SPAN]], 20 Agustus 1999 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150405183751/http://www.lib.msu.edu/cs/branches/vvl/presidents/harrison.html Rekaman biantara Harrison taun 1889] – Vincent Voice Library, [[Universitas Nagara Michigan]] * [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Harrison-Benjamin Koléksi Surat Pribadi & Manuskrip Benjamin Harrison] * {{Gutenberg author|id=1293}} *{{Librivox author |id=11293}} * [https://archives.isl.lib.in.us/repositories/2/resources/161 Koléksi Benjamin Harrison, Buku Langka sarta Manuskrip, Perpustakaan Nagara Indiana] {{Benjamin Harrison}} {{Navboxes |title=Jabatan sarta pangajén |list1= {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Thomas M. 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Voorhees|Daniel Voorhees]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[David Turpie]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Grover Cleveland]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]]|years=1889–1893}} {{s-aft|after=[[Grover Cleveland]]}} {{s-end}} }} {{navboxes |title=Artikel nu patali jeung Benjamin Harrison |list1= {{US Presidents}} {{Unsuccessful major party pres candidates}} {{USRepPresNominees}} {{USCongRep-start|congresses= Kongrés Amérika Sarikat ka-47 nepi ka ka-49 |state=[[Indiana]]}} {{USCongRep/IN/47}} {{USCongRep/IN/48}} {{USCongRep/IN/49}} {{USCongRep-end}} {{USSenIN}} {{Benjamin Harrison cabinet}} {{Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat, 1888}} {{Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat, 1892}} }} {{Portal bar|Biography|American Civil War|Indiana|Ohio|United States|Politics|Law}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Harrison, Benjamin}} [[Kategori:Benjamin Harrison| ]] [[Kategori:Gumelar 1833]] [[Kategori:Pupus 1901]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Presbyterian abad ka-19]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat abad ka-19]] [[Kategori:Sénator Amérika Sarikat abad ka-19]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Presbyterian abad ka-20]] [[Kategori:Aktivis hak sipil Amérika Turunan Afrika]] [[Kategori:Urang Amérika turunan Skotlandia-Irlandia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Presbyterian Amérika]] [[Kategori:Makam di Makam Crown Hill]] [[Kategori:Kandidat dina pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1888]] [[Kategori:Kandidat dina pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1892]] [[Kategori:Pupus alatan influenza di Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Pupus alatan pneumonia di Indiana]] [[Kategori:Anggota Delta Chi]] [[Kategori:Pakarang umum Perang 1812]] [[Kategori:Kulawarga Harrison (Virginia)|Benjamin]] [[Kategori:Hukum Indiana]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Républikan Indiana]] [[Kategori:Pupus alatan panyakit tepa di Indiana]] [[Kategori:Anggota Putra Revolusi Amérika]] [[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Miami]] [[Kategori:Hukum Ohio]] [[Kategori:Tokoh ti Hamilton County, Ohio]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Indiana dina Perang Sadulur Amérika]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Ohio dina Perang Sadulur Amérika]] [[Kategori:Anggota Phi Delta Theta]] [[Kategori:Politikus ti Indianapolis]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Républik]] [[Kategori:Calon présidén ti Partéy Républik (Amérika Sarikat)]] [[Kategori:Sénator Amérika Sarikat ti Partéy Républik ti Indiana]] [[Kategori:Dosén Sakola Hukum Stanford]] [[Kategori:Kolonél tentara Uni]] 42uopb65em83cqcivhbdl69o67uiz7n 0 108246 712898 707992 2026-09-23T06:55:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712898 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; padding:5px;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Hileud Geureung |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Rhacophorus nigropalmatus.jpg|250px]]<br/>''Hileud Geureung (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus) mintonkeun selaput sukuna anu lébar.'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Klasifikasi Ilmiah | |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Regnum | [[Animalia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Phylum | [[Chordata]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Classis | [[Amphibia]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Ordo | [[Anura]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Familia | [[Rhacophoridae]] |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Genus | ''[[Rhacophorus]]'' |- ! style="text-align:left;" | Species | '''''R. nigropalmatus''''' |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#ccffcc; text-align:center;" | Nami Binomial |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'''''<br/><small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1895</small> |} '''Hileud Geureung''' (''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus'') nyaéta jinis [[bangkong]] [[Tangkal]] tina suku [[Rhacophoridae]]. Sanajan ngaranna maké kecap "[[Hileud]]", sato ieu téh sabenerna mah bangsa [[Bangkong]] anu miboga kamampuh pikeun ngalayang atawa "hiber" di antara dahan tangkal. Dina basa Inggris, ieu sato katelah ku ngaran '''Wallace's Flying Frog'''.<ref name="IUCN">IUCN Red List. ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''. https://www.iucnredlist.org/</ref> == Riwayat Taksonomi sarta Étimologi == Sajarah penamaan hileud geureung miboga harti anu luhung dina dunya [[Zoologi]]: * '''[[Papanggihan Munggaran]]''': Spésiés ieu munggaran didéskripsikeun ku naturalis Inggris, '''[[Alfred Russel Wallace]]''', dina abad ka-19 nalika ékspedisi di [[Borneo]]. Wallace kagét ningali bangkong anu bisa "hiber" tina tangkal jangkung.<ref name="WallaceExp">Wallace, A. R. (1869). ''The Malay Archipelago''. Macmillan and Co.</ref> * '''[[Déskripsi Ilmiah]]''': Nami ilmiahna munggaran ditetepkeun sacara formal ku '''[[George Albert Boulenger]]''' dina taun 1895. * '''[[Étimologi]]''': ** '''''Rhacophorus''''' asalna tina basa [[Yunani]] ''rhakos'' (kaén rumbay) sarta ''phorus'' (mawa), nujul kana selaput sukuna. ** '''''Nigropalmatus''''' tina basa [[Latin]] ''niger'' (hideung) sarta ''palma'' (tapak leungeun), nujul kana warna selaputna anu poék. ==Ciri Fisik== * '''[[Ukuran]]''': Panjang awakna tiasa nepi ka 10 [[Séntiméter|cm]]. * '''[[Warna]]''': Tonggongna héjo caang, beuteungna warna konéng semu bodas. * '''[[Selaput Suku]]''': Miboga selaput anu lébar pisan, warnana hideung sarta konéng, mangpaatna pikeun alat ngalayang (''gliding'').<ref name="NatGeo">National Geographic. ''Wallace's Flying Frog''. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326000000/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ |date=2012-03-26 }}</ref> == Habitat sarta Paripolah == Sato ieu mangrupa sato '''[[Arboreal]]''' tulén: * '''[[Mekanisme Hiber]]''': Nalika luncat, hileud geureung bakal mentangkeun opat suku sarta selaputna janten siga parasit (''parachute'') anu bisa mawa sato ieu ngalayang nepi ka 15 méter. * '''[[Katuangan]]''': Hakaneun utamana nyaéta rupa-rupa [[Gegeremet]] (serangga) anu aya di luhur tangkal. == [[Baranahan]] == Hileud geureung ngadamel "sayang buih" (''foam nest'') tina cairan awakna dina luhureun daun anu ngagantung di luhureun balong. Nalika endogna meupeus, [[Buruy]] bakal langsung ragrag kana cai pikeun nuluykeun hirupna.<ref name="AmphibiaWeb">AmphibiaWeb. ''Rhacophorus nigropalmatus''. https://amphibiaweb.org/</ref> == [[Référénsi]] == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kodok]] [[Kategori:Rhacophoridae]] [[Kategori:Sato di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sato di Asia Tenggara]] [[Kategori:Amfibi]] dmvkxwexj1wx2fbrxxqoansbf7s51vi 0 108673 712914 710260 2026-09-23T09:04:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712914 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 250px; font-size: 90%; background-color: #f8f9fa; border-collapse: collapse; float: right; margin-left: 1em;" |+ '''Kacamatan Purwadadi''' |- ! Nami | Purwadadi |- ! Propinsi | [[Jawa Kulon]] |- ! Kabupatén | [[Ciamis]] |- ! Luas | 50,52 km²<ref name="bps"/> |- ! Kode pos | 46385<ref name="situs"/> |- ! Kode Kemendagri | 32.07.35<ref name="bps"/> |- ! Situs | [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/ kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id] |} '''Kacamatan Purwadadi''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[kacamatan]] di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. Kacamatan ieu aya di wewengkon anu baheula disebut [[Bandjarpatroman]] dina naskah ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''. Dina naskah éta, dicaritakeun perang antara [[Ratu Agung Tambakbaja]] jeung [[Ratu Inggeung Buana]] di wewengkon sabudeureun ieu. == Géografi == Kacamatan Purwadadi boga luas wilayah '''50,52 km²'''. Kantor kacamatan perenahna di Jl. Lakbok - Sidareja, Purwajaya, Purwadadi, Kabupatén Ciamis, kode pos 46385.<ref name="situs">[https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/ Situs resmi Kacamatan Purwadadi]. Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> == Wilayah Administrasi == Kacamatan Purwadadi kabagi kana '''9 désa''', nyaéta:<ref name="bps"/> # Bantardawa # Karangpaningal # Kutawaringin # Padaringan # Pasirlawang # Purwadadi # Purwajaya # Sidarahayu # Sukamulya Désa panglegana nyaéta kalayan luas 7,86 km², sedengkeun désa pangleutikna kalayan luas 3,49 km².<ref name="bps"/> == Démografi == Dumasar data BPS Kabupatén Ciamis taun 2023, jumlah penduduk Kacamatan Purwadadi nyaéta '''40.936 jiwa''' kalayan kapadetan penduduk '''810 jiwa/km²'''. Rasio jenis kelaminna nyaéta 101,39, hartina unggal 100 jiwa awéwé aya 101 jiwa lalaki.<ref name="bps">BPS Kabupatén Ciamis. "Kecamatan Purwadadi Dalam Angka 2024", Tabel 3.1 Penduduk Menurut Desa 2023, hlm 33. 26 Séptémber 2024. [https://ciamiskab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/09/26/c9f6feb90678e8b31691e454/kecamatan-purwadadi-dalam-angka-2024.html] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> === Sebaran penduduk dumasar désa taun 2023 === # Karangpaningal: 6.413 jiwa # Purwajaya: 5.919 jiwa # Sidarahayu: 5.252 jiwa # Purwadadi: 4.736 jiwa # Padaringan: 4.604 jiwa # Sukamulya: 4.248 jiwa # Pasirlawang: 3.872 jiwa # Kutawaringin: 2.994 jiwa # Bantardawa: 2.898 jiwa Jumlah penduduk panglobana aya di Désa Karangpaningal, sedengkeun jumlah pangleutikna aya di Désa Bantardawa.<ref name="bps"/> == Pamaréntahan == Kacamatan Purwadadi mangrupa Organisasi Pamaréntah Daérah di lingkup Kabupatén Ciamis. Kacamatan ieu dipingpin ku saurang Camat.<ref name="situs"/> == Sosial jeung Budaya == Tanggal 16 Juli 2025, Pamaréntah Kacamatan Purwadadi ngagelar rapat koordinasi persiapan HUT ka-80 RI tingkat kacamatan di Aula Kantor Kacamatan Purwadadi. Rapat dipingpin ku plt. Camat Purwadadi sarta dihadiran ku Forkopimcam, kepala désa, Koramil, Polsek, jeung tokoh masarakat.<ref>Kacamatan Purwadadi. "Rapat Koordinasi Persiapan HUT Ke-80 RI Tingkat Kecamatan Digelar di Purwadadi". 16 Juli 2025. [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/informasi/berita/detail/rapat-koordinasi-persiapan-hut-ke-80-ri-tingkat-kecamatan-digelar-di-purwadadi] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> Tanggal 14 Agustus 2025, Upacara Peringatan Hari Pramuka ka-64 tingkat Kacamatan Purwadadi lumangsung khidmat di Lapangan Bakti Dharma Purwadadi.<ref>Kacamatan Purwadadi. "Upacara Peringatan Hari Pramuka Ke-64 Tingkat Kecamatan Purwadadi Berlangsung Khidmat di Lapangan Bakti Dharma Purwadadi". 14 Agustus 2025. [https://kecamatan-purwadadi.ciamiskab.go.id/informasi/berita/detail/upacara-peringatan-hari-pramuka-ke-64-tingkat-kecamatan-purwadadi-berlangsung-khidmat-di-lapangan-bakti-dharma-purwadadi] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> === Bendung Manganti === Di Kacamatan Purwadadi, tepatna di Dusun Karangsari, Désa Sidarahayu, aya '''Bendung Manganti''' atawa ''Sri Manganti''.<ref name="pupr">BBWS Citanduy, Ditjen SDA Kementerian PUPR. "Bendung Manganti". [https://sda.pu.go.id/balai/bbwscitanduy/infrastruktur/8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206061431/https://sda.pu.go.id/balai/bbwscitanduy/infrastruktur/8 |date=2025-12-06 }} Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> Bendung ieu mangrupikeun infrastruktur irigasi anu penting pikeun ngairigasi wewengkon [[Lakbok]], Sidareja, sareng Cihaur.<ref name="detik">detik.com. "Mengenal Bendung Manganti Ciamis, Benteng Air untuk 22.640 Hektar Sawah". 15 Januari 2024. [https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-7142345/mengenal-bendung-manganti-ciamis-benteng-air-untuk-22-640-hektar-sawah] Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref><ref name="polres">Polres Ciamis. "Bendungan Manganti". [https://resciamis.jabar.polri.go.id/bendungan-manganti/]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Diaksés 5 Juni 2026.</ref> == Tingali ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Bandjarpatroman]] == Rujukan == <references/> [[Kategori:Kacamatan di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Purwadadi]] j1cxrj40bltqasi044lc57n8zzolcd1 0 108782 712890 711413 2026-09-23T06:34:52Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 712890 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Mount Aso (31152724890).jpg|jmpl|288x288px|Gunung Aso, Jepang]] '''Gunung Aso''' (阿蘇山, Latin: Aso-san), nu ogé dipikawanoh ku ngaran Gunung Berapi Aso nyaéta gunung berapi aktif panggedéna di [[Jepang]], tur kaasup salah sahiji nu panggedéna di dunya. Pamakéan ngaranna sacara umum seringna mah ukur patali jeung gunung berapi somma di tengah Kaldera Aso. Ieu gunung aya di [[Taman Nasional Aso Kujū]] di [[Préféktur Kumamoto]], di [[pulo Kyūshū]]. Puncak nu pangluhurna, Takadake, aya di 1.592 méter di luhureun permukaan laut. Gunung Aso aya di kaldéra nu lumayan gedé (25 kilométer kalér-kidul jeung 18 km wétan-kulon) kalawan samak (katataringan) sakitar 120 km, sanajan sumber ngeunaan jarakna béda-béda. == Sajarah == Lulutuk (letusan) anu ngabentuk gunung berapi somma ayeuna kajadian kurang leuwih 300.000 taun nu lalakon. Opat lulutuk skala gedé (Aso 1 – 4) kajadian salila période 300.000 nepi ka 90.000 taun nu lalakon. Nalika hawa panas jeung [[lebu vulkanik]] dina jumlah anu kacida loba dikaluarkeun tina kamar vulkanik, cekungan gedé (kaldéra) ngabentuk nalika éta kamar rungkad. Leletuk nu kaopat (Aso 4) nyaéta anu panggedéna, ku lebu vulkanik anu nutupan sakabéh wewengkon Kyushu tur nepi ka ngaluas ka [[Préféktur Yamaguchi.]] [[Gunung Taka]], [[Gunung Naka]], G[[unung Eboshi]], jeung [[Gunung Kishima]] nyaéta karucut anu ngabentuk sanggeus lulutuk kaldéra gedé nu kaopat anu geus disebutkeun di luhur. Gunung Naka tetep aktif nepi ka ayeuna. Endapan aliran piroklastik Aso (tuf nu dilas) dimangfaatkeun pikeun pangwangunan sasak di éta wewengkon. Aya sakitar 320 sasak batu ngalengkung di Préféktur Kumamoto, kaasup [[sasak Tsujun]] jeung [[Sasak Reitai|Reitai]] di [[Walungan Midorikawa]], anu mangrupa asét kabudayaan penting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/COV5/main.html|title=Cities on Volcanoes 5|website=www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp|accessdate=2026-08-02}}</ref> Lulutuk anyar dimimitian dina jam 11:43 tanggal 20 Oktober 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Asozan erupted {{!}} NHK WORLD-JAPAN News|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20211020_18/|newspaper=NHK WORLD|access-date=2026-08-02|language=en}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020032800/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20211020_18/ |date=2021-10-20 }}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == 9n7ztyj914fh2f3cqwx223i44v4wk2m 0 108868 712812 712801 2026-09-23T01:19:14Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Candi Brahu''' téh mangrupa wangunan suci titinggal purbakala nu perenahna di Dukuh Jambu Mente, Désa Bejijong, Kacamatan Trowulan, Kabupatén Mojokerto, Jawa Timur. Ieu candi mangrupa salah sahiji candi tina bata beureum nu pangnyongcolangna jeung pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan, nu baheulana mangrupa puseur ibukota Karajaan Majapahit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://budayajatim.com/objek-cagar-budaya/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|last=Timur|first=Webadmin BP Kebudayaan Jawa|website=budayajatim.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-8231312/sejarah-lokasi-dan-tips-berwisata-ke-candi-brahu-mojokerto|title=Sejarah, Lokasi dan Tips Berwisata ke Candi Brahu Mojokerto|last=Lusiana|first=Eka Fitria|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Salaku salah sahiji objék cagar budaya utama di Jawa Wétan, Candi Brahu ayeuna diurus jeung dilestarikeun salaku situs sajarah jeung tempat wisata réligi ogé édukasi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Sanajan aya di pusat situs Majapahit, sajarah nyatet yén Candi Brahu dipercaya umurna leuwih kolot batan masa kajayaan Karajaan Majapahit éta sorangan. Dumasar kana analisis Prasasti Alasantan nu angkana taun 861 Saka (939 Maséhi) nu dikaluarkeun ku Raja Mpu Sindok ti Karajaan Mataram Kuno (Medang), dipercaya yén ngaran "Brahu" asalna tina kecap Waharu atawa Wanaru.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1809/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-brahu|title=Candi Brahu, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/08/13/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Éta kecap ngarujuk kana ngaran hiji wangunan suci kaagamaan (wangunan suci jinah) nu disebutkeun dina éta prasasti. Ku kituna, Candi Brahu dipikira-kira geus diadegkeun ti jaman pamaréntahan Mpu Sindok, saméméh ahirna terus dipaké jeung dipiara dina mangsa Majapahit. == Fungsi jeung corak kaagamaan == Turun-tumurun, aya mitos di masarakat satempat nu nganggap yén Candi Brahu fungsina keur tempat duruk mayit (krematorium) raja-raja Majapahit, kaasup raja-raja nu boga gelar Brawijaya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Tapi, ieu mitos téh geus dibantah ku para ahli arkéologi. Ngaliwatan rupa-rupa panalungtikan jeung ékskavasi (panggalian), teu kungsi panggih aya sésa-sésa lebu mayit manusa di jero bilik candi.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Sabalikna, kapanggihna barang-barang sajarah kawas lémpéngan prasasti tina taneuh lempung, arca, jeung piringan pérak nu eusina mantra sarta réliéf figur-figur Buddha (kawas Tathagata jeung Avalokitesvara) nguatkeun yén Candi Brahu boga corak agama Buddha jeung fungsina murni salaku tempat ibadah jeung pamujaan.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/06/19/064500778/candi-brahu-mojokerto--sejarah-fungsi-dan-corak?page=alli|title=Candi Brahu Mojokerto: Sejarah Fungsi dan Corak|website=Kompas.com}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == 5weckhp5uf9egp860i5jx0j30gci8xm 712813 712812 2026-09-23T01:23:01Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Candi Brahu''' téh mangrupa wangunan suci titinggal purbakala nu perenahna di Dukuh Jambu Mente, Désa Bejijong, Kacamatan Trowulan, Kabupatén Mojokerto, Jawa Timur. Ieu candi mangrupa salah sahiji candi tina bata beureum nu pangnyongcolangna jeung pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan, nu baheulana mangrupa puseur ibukota Karajaan Majapahit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://budayajatim.com/objek-cagar-budaya/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|last=Timur|first=Webadmin BP Kebudayaan Jawa|website=budayajatim.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-8231312/sejarah-lokasi-dan-tips-berwisata-ke-candi-brahu-mojokerto|title=Sejarah, Lokasi dan Tips Berwisata ke Candi Brahu Mojokerto|last=Lusiana|first=Eka Fitria|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Salaku salah sahiji objék cagar budaya utama di Jawa Wétan, Candi Brahu ayeuna diurus jeung dilestarikeun salaku situs sajarah jeung tempat wisata réligi ogé édukasi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Sanajan aya di pusat situs Majapahit, sajarah nyatet yén Candi Brahu dipercaya umurna leuwih kolot batan masa kajayaan Karajaan Majapahit éta sorangan. Dumasar kana analisis Prasasti Alasantan nu angkana taun 861 Saka (939 Maséhi) nu dikaluarkeun ku Raja Mpu Sindok ti Karajaan Mataram Kuno (Medang), dipercaya yén ngaran "Brahu" asalna tina kecap Waharu atawa Wanaru.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1809/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-brahu|title=Candi Brahu, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/08/13/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Éta kecap ngarujuk kana ngaran hiji wangunan suci kaagamaan (wangunan suci jinah) nu disebutkeun dina éta prasasti. Ku kituna, Candi Brahu dipikira-kira geus diadegkeun ti jaman pamaréntahan Mpu Sindok, saméméh ahirna terus dipaké jeung dipiara dina mangsa Majapahit. == Fungsi jeung corak kaagamaan == Turun-tumurun, aya mitos di masarakat satempat nu nganggap yén Candi Brahu fungsina keur tempat duruk mayit (krematorium) raja-raja Majapahit, kaasup raja-raja nu boga gelar Brawijaya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Tapi, ieu mitos téh geus dibantah ku para ahli arkéologi. Ngaliwatan rupa-rupa panalungtikan jeung ékskavasi (panggalian), teu kungsi panggih aya sésa-sésa lebu mayit manusa di jero bilik candi.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Sabalikna, kapanggihna barang-barang sajarah kawas lémpéngan prasasti tina taneuh lempung, arca, jeung piringan pérak nu eusina mantra sarta réliéf figur-figur Buddha (kawas Tathagata jeung Avalokitesvara) nguatkeun yén Candi Brahu boga corak agama Buddha jeung fungsina murni salaku tempat ibadah jeung pamujaan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/06/19/064500778/candi-brahu-mojokerto--sejarah-fungsi-dan-corak?page=alli|title=Candi Brahu Mojokerto: Sejarah Fungsi dan Corak|website=Kompas.com}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung pamugaran == Tina segi arsitéktur, Candi Brahu diwangun sapinuhna maké material bata beureum ku métode napelkeun nu presisi pisan, has gaya arsitéktur éra klasik Jawa Wétan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Ieu candi nu nyanghareup ka beulah kulon téh boga dénah dasar pasagi panjang nu ukuranna kira-kira 18 x 22,5 méter jeung jangkungna nepi ka kurang leuwih 20 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Wangun ieu wangunan téh unik pisan lantaran profil awak candi nu ngalengkung jeung ngaleutikan ka luhur, dipungkas ku wangun suhunan nu niru-niru stupa, nu beuki negeskeun corak Buddhana.<ref name=":5" /> Pikeun ngajaga kalestarianna tina karuksakan alatan umur jeung cuaca, Candi Brahu geus ngalaman prosés pamugaran sacara gembleng ku pamaréntah Indonésia nu lumangsung ti taun 1990 nepi ka taun 1995.<ref name=":1" /> == Sumber rujukan == ghq2gkm1hs3e3ip7z5f45arpvh8x2tt 712814 712813 2026-09-23T01:23:51Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712814 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Brahu Temple Trowulan.jpg|jmpl|Candi Brahu]] '''Candi Brahu''' téh mangrupa wangunan suci titinggal purbakala nu perenahna di Dukuh Jambu Mente, Désa Bejijong, Kacamatan Trowulan, Kabupatén Mojokerto, Jawa Timur. Ieu candi mangrupa salah sahiji candi tina bata beureum nu pangnyongcolangna jeung pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan, nu baheulana mangrupa puseur ibukota Karajaan Majapahit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://budayajatim.com/objek-cagar-budaya/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|last=Timur|first=Webadmin BP Kebudayaan Jawa|website=budayajatim.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-8231312/sejarah-lokasi-dan-tips-berwisata-ke-candi-brahu-mojokerto|title=Sejarah, Lokasi dan Tips Berwisata ke Candi Brahu Mojokerto|last=Lusiana|first=Eka Fitria|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Salaku salah sahiji objék cagar budaya utama di Jawa Wétan, Candi Brahu ayeuna diurus jeung dilestarikeun salaku situs sajarah jeung tempat wisata réligi ogé édukasi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Sanajan aya di pusat situs Majapahit, sajarah nyatet yén Candi Brahu dipercaya umurna leuwih kolot batan masa kajayaan Karajaan Majapahit éta sorangan. Dumasar kana analisis Prasasti Alasantan nu angkana taun 861 Saka (939 Maséhi) nu dikaluarkeun ku Raja Mpu Sindok ti Karajaan Mataram Kuno (Medang), dipercaya yén ngaran "Brahu" asalna tina kecap Waharu atawa Wanaru.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1809/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-brahu|title=Candi Brahu, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/08/13/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Éta kecap ngarujuk kana ngaran hiji wangunan suci kaagamaan (wangunan suci jinah) nu disebutkeun dina éta prasasti. Ku kituna, Candi Brahu dipikira-kira geus diadegkeun ti jaman pamaréntahan Mpu Sindok, saméméh ahirna terus dipaké jeung dipiara dina mangsa Majapahit. == Fungsi jeung corak kaagamaan == Turun-tumurun, aya mitos di masarakat satempat nu nganggap yén Candi Brahu fungsina keur tempat duruk mayit (krematorium) raja-raja Majapahit, kaasup raja-raja nu boga gelar Brawijaya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Tapi, ieu mitos téh geus dibantah ku para ahli arkéologi. Ngaliwatan rupa-rupa panalungtikan jeung ékskavasi (panggalian), teu kungsi panggih aya sésa-sésa lebu mayit manusa di jero bilik candi.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Sabalikna, kapanggihna barang-barang sajarah kawas lémpéngan prasasti tina taneuh lempung, arca, jeung piringan pérak nu eusina mantra sarta réliéf figur-figur Buddha (kawas Tathagata jeung Avalokitesvara) nguatkeun yén Candi Brahu boga corak agama Buddha jeung fungsina murni salaku tempat ibadah jeung pamujaan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/06/19/064500778/candi-brahu-mojokerto--sejarah-fungsi-dan-corak?page=alli|title=Candi Brahu Mojokerto: Sejarah Fungsi dan Corak|website=Kompas.com}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung pamugaran == Tina segi arsitéktur, Candi Brahu diwangun sapinuhna maké material bata beureum ku métode napelkeun nu presisi pisan, has gaya arsitéktur éra klasik Jawa Wétan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Ieu candi nu nyanghareup ka beulah kulon téh boga dénah dasar pasagi panjang nu ukuranna kira-kira 18 x 22,5 méter jeung jangkungna nepi ka kurang leuwih 20 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Wangun ieu wangunan téh unik pisan lantaran profil awak candi nu ngalengkung jeung ngaleutikan ka luhur, dipungkas ku wangun suhunan nu niru-niru stupa, nu beuki negeskeun corak Buddhana.<ref name=":5" /> Pikeun ngajaga kalestarianna tina karuksakan alatan umur jeung cuaca, Candi Brahu geus ngalaman prosés pamugaran sacara gembleng ku pamaréntah Indonésia nu lumangsung ti taun 1990 nepi ka taun 1995.<ref name=":1" /> == Sumber rujukan == llyokzse2cuflv7d6ypzxfags944oj3 712815 712814 2026-09-23T01:29:33Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712815 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Brahu Temple Trowulan.jpg|jmpl|Candi Brahu]] '''Candi Brahu''' téh mangrupa wangunan suci titinggal purbakala nu perenahna di Dukuh Jambu Mente, Désa Bejijong, Kacamatan [[Trowulan]], [[Kabupatén Mojokerto]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Ieu [[candi]] mangrupa salah sahiji candi tina bata beureum nu pangnyongcolangna jeung pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan, nu baheulana mangrupa puseur ibukota [[Majapahit|Karajaan Majapahit]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://budayajatim.com/objek-cagar-budaya/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|last=Timur|first=Webadmin BP Kebudayaan Jawa|website=budayajatim.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-8231312/sejarah-lokasi-dan-tips-berwisata-ke-candi-brahu-mojokerto|title=Sejarah, Lokasi dan Tips Berwisata ke Candi Brahu Mojokerto|last=Lusiana|first=Eka Fitria|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Salaku salah sahiji objék [[cagar budaya]] utama di Jawa Wétan, Candi Brahu ayeuna diurus jeung dilestarikeun salaku situs sajarah jeung tempat wisata réligi ogé édukasi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Sanajan aya di pusat situs Majapahit, sajarah nyatet yén Candi Brahu dipercaya umurna leuwih kolot batan masa kajayaan Karajaan Majapahit éta sorangan. Dumasar kana analisis Prasasti Alasantan nu angkana taun 861 Saka (939 Maséhi) nu dikaluarkeun ku Raja Mpu Sindok ti Karajaan Mataram Kuno (Medang), dipercaya yén ngaran "Brahu" asalna tina kecap Waharu atawa Wanaru.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1809/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-brahu|title=Candi Brahu, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/08/13/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Éta kecap ngarujuk kana ngaran hiji wangunan suci kaagamaan (wangunan suci jinah) nu disebutkeun dina éta prasasti. Ku kituna, Candi Brahu dipikira-kira geus diadegkeun ti jaman pamaréntahan Mpu Sindok, saméméh ahirna terus dipaké jeung dipiara dina mangsa Majapahit. == Fungsi jeung corak kaagamaan == Turun-tumurun, aya mitos di masarakat satempat nu nganggap yén Candi Brahu fungsina keur tempat duruk mayit (krematorium) raja-raja Majapahit, kaasup raja-raja nu boga gelar Brawijaya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Tapi, ieu mitos téh geus dibantah ku para ahli arkéologi. Ngaliwatan rupa-rupa panalungtikan jeung ékskavasi (panggalian), teu kungsi panggih aya sésa-sésa lebu mayit manusa di jero bilik candi.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Sabalikna, kapanggihna barang-barang sajarah kawas lémpéngan prasasti tina taneuh lempung, arca, jeung piringan pérak nu eusina mantra sarta réliéf figur-figur Buddha (kawas Tathagata jeung Avalokitesvara) nguatkeun yén Candi Brahu boga corak agama Buddha jeung fungsina murni salaku tempat ibadah jeung pamujaan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/06/19/064500778/candi-brahu-mojokerto--sejarah-fungsi-dan-corak?page=alli|title=Candi Brahu Mojokerto: Sejarah Fungsi dan Corak|website=Kompas.com}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung pamugaran == Tina segi arsitéktur, Candi Brahu diwangun sapinuhna maké material bata beureum ku métode napelkeun nu presisi pisan, has gaya arsitéktur éra klasik Jawa Wétan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Ieu candi nu nyanghareup ka beulah kulon téh boga dénah dasar pasagi panjang nu ukuranna kira-kira 18 x 22,5 méter jeung jangkungna nepi ka kurang leuwih 20 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Wangun ieu wangunan téh unik pisan lantaran profil awak candi nu ngalengkung jeung ngaleutikan ka luhur, dipungkas ku wangun suhunan nu niru-niru stupa, nu beuki negeskeun corak Buddhana.<ref name=":5" /> Pikeun ngajaga kalestarianna tina karuksakan alatan umur jeung cuaca, Candi Brahu geus ngalaman prosés pamugaran sacara gembleng ku pamaréntah Indonésia nu lumangsung ti taun 1990 nepi ka taun 1995.<ref name=":1" /> == Sumber rujukan == jr7lrsecckznbxwkka2mtzen22zzoe5 712816 712815 2026-09-23T01:30:48Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran */ 712816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Brahu Temple Trowulan.jpg|jmpl|Candi Brahu]] '''Candi Brahu''' téh mangrupa wangunan suci titinggal purbakala nu perenahna di Dukuh Jambu Mente, Désa Bejijong, Kacamatan [[Trowulan]], [[Kabupatén Mojokerto]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Ieu [[candi]] mangrupa salah sahiji candi tina bata beureum nu pangnyongcolangna jeung pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan, nu baheulana mangrupa puseur ibukota [[Majapahit|Karajaan Majapahit]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://budayajatim.com/objek-cagar-budaya/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|last=Timur|first=Webadmin BP Kebudayaan Jawa|website=budayajatim.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-8231312/sejarah-lokasi-dan-tips-berwisata-ke-candi-brahu-mojokerto|title=Sejarah, Lokasi dan Tips Berwisata ke Candi Brahu Mojokerto|last=Lusiana|first=Eka Fitria|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Salaku salah sahiji objék [[cagar budaya]] utama di Jawa Wétan, Candi Brahu ayeuna diurus jeung dilestarikeun salaku situs sajarah jeung tempat wisata réligi ogé édukasi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Sanajan aya di pusat situs Majapahit, sajarah nyatet yén Candi Brahu dipercaya umurna leuwih kolot batan masa kajayaan Karajaan Majapahit éta sorangan. Dumasar kana analisis [[Prasasti Alasantan]] nu angkana taun 861 Saka (939 Maséhi) nu dikaluarkeun ku [[Raja Mpu Sindok]] ti [[Karajaan Mataram Kuno]] (Medang), dipercaya yén ngaran "Brahu" asalna tina kecap Waharu atawa Wanaru.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1809/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-brahu|title=Candi Brahu, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/08/13/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Éta kecap ngarujuk kana ngaran hiji wangunan suci kaagamaan (wangunan suci jinah) nu disebutkeun dina éta prasasti. Ku kituna, Candi Brahu diperkirakeun geus diadegkeun ti jaman pamaréntahan Mpu Sindok, saméméh ahirna terus dipaké jeung dipiara dina mangsa Majapahit. == Fungsi jeung corak kaagamaan == Turun-tumurun, aya mitos di masarakat satempat nu nganggap yén Candi Brahu fungsina keur tempat duruk mayit (krematorium) raja-raja Majapahit, kaasup raja-raja nu boga gelar Brawijaya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Tapi, ieu mitos téh geus dibantah ku para ahli arkéologi. Ngaliwatan rupa-rupa panalungtikan jeung ékskavasi (panggalian), teu kungsi panggih aya sésa-sésa lebu mayit manusa di jero bilik candi.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Sabalikna, kapanggihna barang-barang sajarah kawas lémpéngan prasasti tina taneuh lempung, arca, jeung piringan pérak nu eusina mantra sarta réliéf figur-figur Buddha (kawas Tathagata jeung Avalokitesvara) nguatkeun yén Candi Brahu boga corak agama Buddha jeung fungsina murni salaku tempat ibadah jeung pamujaan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/06/19/064500778/candi-brahu-mojokerto--sejarah-fungsi-dan-corak?page=alli|title=Candi Brahu Mojokerto: Sejarah Fungsi dan Corak|website=Kompas.com}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung pamugaran == Tina segi arsitéktur, Candi Brahu diwangun sapinuhna maké material bata beureum ku métode napelkeun nu presisi pisan, has gaya arsitéktur éra klasik Jawa Wétan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Ieu candi nu nyanghareup ka beulah kulon téh boga dénah dasar pasagi panjang nu ukuranna kira-kira 18 x 22,5 méter jeung jangkungna nepi ka kurang leuwih 20 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Wangun ieu wangunan téh unik pisan lantaran profil awak candi nu ngalengkung jeung ngaleutikan ka luhur, dipungkas ku wangun suhunan nu niru-niru stupa, nu beuki negeskeun corak Buddhana.<ref name=":5" /> Pikeun ngajaga kalestarianna tina karuksakan alatan umur jeung cuaca, Candi Brahu geus ngalaman prosés pamugaran sacara gembleng ku pamaréntah Indonésia nu lumangsung ti taun 1990 nepi ka taun 1995.<ref name=":1" /> == Sumber rujukan == msbe6tymcxhu9ifun6isinlze35u5np 712817 712816 2026-09-23T01:32:21Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Fungsi jeung corak kaagamaan */ 712817 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Brahu Temple Trowulan.jpg|jmpl|Candi Brahu]] '''Candi Brahu''' téh mangrupa wangunan suci titinggal purbakala nu perenahna di Dukuh Jambu Mente, Désa Bejijong, Kacamatan [[Trowulan]], [[Kabupatén Mojokerto]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Ieu [[candi]] mangrupa salah sahiji candi tina bata beureum nu pangnyongcolangna jeung pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan, nu baheulana mangrupa puseur ibukota [[Majapahit|Karajaan Majapahit]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://budayajatim.com/objek-cagar-budaya/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|last=Timur|first=Webadmin BP Kebudayaan Jawa|website=budayajatim.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-8231312/sejarah-lokasi-dan-tips-berwisata-ke-candi-brahu-mojokerto|title=Sejarah, Lokasi dan Tips Berwisata ke Candi Brahu Mojokerto|last=Lusiana|first=Eka Fitria|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Salaku salah sahiji objék [[cagar budaya]] utama di Jawa Wétan, Candi Brahu ayeuna diurus jeung dilestarikeun salaku situs sajarah jeung tempat wisata réligi ogé édukasi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Sanajan aya di pusat situs Majapahit, sajarah nyatet yén Candi Brahu dipercaya umurna leuwih kolot batan masa kajayaan Karajaan Majapahit éta sorangan. Dumasar kana analisis [[Prasasti Alasantan]] nu angkana taun 861 Saka (939 Maséhi) nu dikaluarkeun ku [[Raja Mpu Sindok]] ti [[Karajaan Mataram Kuno]] (Medang), dipercaya yén ngaran "Brahu" asalna tina kecap Waharu atawa Wanaru.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1809/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-brahu|title=Candi Brahu, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/08/13/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Éta kecap ngarujuk kana ngaran hiji wangunan suci kaagamaan (wangunan suci jinah) nu disebutkeun dina éta prasasti. Ku kituna, Candi Brahu diperkirakeun geus diadegkeun ti jaman pamaréntahan Mpu Sindok, saméméh ahirna terus dipaké jeung dipiara dina mangsa Majapahit. == Fungsi jeung corak kaagamaan == Turun-tumurun, aya mitos di masarakat satempat nu nganggap yén Candi Brahu fungsina keur tempat ngaduruk mayit (krematorium) raja-raja Majapahit, kaasup raja-raja nu boga gelar Brawijaya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Tapi, ieu mitos téh geus dibantah ku para ahli arkéologi. Ngaliwatan rupa-rupa panalungtikan jeung ékskavasi (penggalian), teu kungsi panggih aya sésa-sésa lebu mayit manusa di jero bilik candi.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Sabalikna, kapanggihna barang-barang sajarah kawas lémpéngan [[prasasti]] tina taneuh lempung, [[arca]], jeung piringan pérak nu eusina mantra sarta réliéf figur-figur Buddha (kawas [[Tathagata]] jeung [[Avalokitesvara]]) nguatkeun yén Candi Brahu boga corak agama [[Buddha]] jeung fungsina murni salaku tempat ibadah jeung pamujaan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/06/19/064500778/candi-brahu-mojokerto--sejarah-fungsi-dan-corak?page=alli|title=Candi Brahu Mojokerto: Sejarah Fungsi dan Corak|website=Kompas.com}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung pamugaran == Tina segi arsitéktur, Candi Brahu diwangun sapinuhna maké material bata beureum ku métode napelkeun nu presisi pisan, has gaya arsitéktur éra klasik Jawa Wétan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Ieu candi nu nyanghareup ka beulah kulon téh boga dénah dasar pasagi panjang nu ukuranna kira-kira 18 x 22,5 méter jeung jangkungna nepi ka kurang leuwih 20 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Wangun ieu wangunan téh unik pisan lantaran profil awak candi nu ngalengkung jeung ngaleutikan ka luhur, dipungkas ku wangun suhunan nu niru-niru stupa, nu beuki negeskeun corak Buddhana.<ref name=":5" /> Pikeun ngajaga kalestarianna tina karuksakan alatan umur jeung cuaca, Candi Brahu geus ngalaman prosés pamugaran sacara gembleng ku pamaréntah Indonésia nu lumangsung ti taun 1990 nepi ka taun 1995.<ref name=":1" /> == Sumber rujukan == swcvb2sgpfd3op4l3d8wy90iaxf6498 712818 712817 2026-09-23T01:33:07Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Arsitéktur jeung pamugaran */ 712818 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Brahu Temple Trowulan.jpg|jmpl|Candi Brahu]] '''Candi Brahu''' téh mangrupa wangunan suci titinggal purbakala nu perenahna di Dukuh Jambu Mente, Désa Bejijong, Kacamatan [[Trowulan]], [[Kabupatén Mojokerto]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Ieu [[candi]] mangrupa salah sahiji candi tina bata beureum nu pangnyongcolangna jeung pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan, nu baheulana mangrupa puseur ibukota [[Majapahit|Karajaan Majapahit]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://budayajatim.com/objek-cagar-budaya/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|last=Timur|first=Webadmin BP Kebudayaan Jawa|website=budayajatim.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-8231312/sejarah-lokasi-dan-tips-berwisata-ke-candi-brahu-mojokerto|title=Sejarah, Lokasi dan Tips Berwisata ke Candi Brahu Mojokerto|last=Lusiana|first=Eka Fitria|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Salaku salah sahiji objék [[cagar budaya]] utama di Jawa Wétan, Candi Brahu ayeuna diurus jeung dilestarikeun salaku situs sajarah jeung tempat wisata réligi ogé édukasi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Sanajan aya di pusat situs Majapahit, sajarah nyatet yén Candi Brahu dipercaya umurna leuwih kolot batan masa kajayaan Karajaan Majapahit éta sorangan. Dumasar kana analisis [[Prasasti Alasantan]] nu angkana taun 861 Saka (939 Maséhi) nu dikaluarkeun ku [[Raja Mpu Sindok]] ti [[Karajaan Mataram Kuno]] (Medang), dipercaya yén ngaran "Brahu" asalna tina kecap Waharu atawa Wanaru.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1809/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-brahu|title=Candi Brahu, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/08/13/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Éta kecap ngarujuk kana ngaran hiji wangunan suci kaagamaan (wangunan suci jinah) nu disebutkeun dina éta prasasti. Ku kituna, Candi Brahu diperkirakeun geus diadegkeun ti jaman pamaréntahan Mpu Sindok, saméméh ahirna terus dipaké jeung dipiara dina mangsa Majapahit. == Fungsi jeung corak kaagamaan == Turun-tumurun, aya mitos di masarakat satempat nu nganggap yén Candi Brahu fungsina keur tempat ngaduruk mayit (krematorium) raja-raja Majapahit, kaasup raja-raja nu boga gelar Brawijaya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Tapi, ieu mitos téh geus dibantah ku para ahli arkéologi. Ngaliwatan rupa-rupa panalungtikan jeung ékskavasi (penggalian), teu kungsi panggih aya sésa-sésa lebu mayit manusa di jero bilik candi.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Sabalikna, kapanggihna barang-barang sajarah kawas lémpéngan [[prasasti]] tina taneuh lempung, [[arca]], jeung piringan pérak nu eusina mantra sarta réliéf figur-figur Buddha (kawas [[Tathagata]] jeung [[Avalokitesvara]]) nguatkeun yén Candi Brahu boga corak agama [[Buddha]] jeung fungsina murni salaku tempat ibadah jeung pamujaan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/06/19/064500778/candi-brahu-mojokerto--sejarah-fungsi-dan-corak?page=alli|title=Candi Brahu Mojokerto: Sejarah Fungsi dan Corak|website=Kompas.com}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung pamugaran == Tina segi arsitéktur, Candi Brahu diwangun sapinuhna maké material bata beureum ku métode napelkeun nu presisi pisan, has gaya arsitéktur éra klasik Jawa Wétan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Ieu candi nu nyanghareup ka beulah kulon téh boga dénah dasar pasagi panjang nu ukuranna kira-kira 18 x 22,5 méter jeung jangkungna nepi ka kurang leuwih 20 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Wangun ieu wangunan téh unik pisan lantaran profil awak candi nu ngalengkung jeung ngaleutikan ka luhur, dipungkas ku wangun suhunan nu niru-niru [[stupa]], nu beuki negeskeun corak Buddhana.<ref name=":5" /> Pikeun ngajaga kalestarianna tina karuksakan alatan umur jeung cuaca, Candi Brahu geus ngalaman prosés pamugaran sacara gembleng ku pamaréntah [[Indonésia]] nu lumangsung ti taun 1990 nepi ka taun 1995.<ref name=":1" /> == Sumber rujukan == roltif7tlcqlacexr9na5jujdtiqd9s 712819 712818 2026-09-23T01:33:55Z Pijri Paijar 27067 added [[Category:Candi di Indonésia]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 712819 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Brahu Temple Trowulan.jpg|jmpl|Candi Brahu]] '''Candi Brahu''' téh mangrupa wangunan suci titinggal purbakala nu perenahna di Dukuh Jambu Mente, Désa Bejijong, Kacamatan [[Trowulan]], [[Kabupatén Mojokerto]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Ieu [[candi]] mangrupa salah sahiji candi tina bata beureum nu pangnyongcolangna jeung pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan, nu baheulana mangrupa puseur ibukota [[Majapahit|Karajaan Majapahit]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://budayajatim.com/objek-cagar-budaya/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|last=Timur|first=Webadmin BP Kebudayaan Jawa|website=budayajatim.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-8231312/sejarah-lokasi-dan-tips-berwisata-ke-candi-brahu-mojokerto|title=Sejarah, Lokasi dan Tips Berwisata ke Candi Brahu Mojokerto|last=Lusiana|first=Eka Fitria|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Salaku salah sahiji objék [[cagar budaya]] utama di Jawa Wétan, Candi Brahu ayeuna diurus jeung dilestarikeun salaku situs sajarah jeung tempat wisata réligi ogé édukasi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Sanajan aya di pusat situs Majapahit, sajarah nyatet yén Candi Brahu dipercaya umurna leuwih kolot batan masa kajayaan Karajaan Majapahit éta sorangan. Dumasar kana analisis [[Prasasti Alasantan]] nu angkana taun 861 Saka (939 Maséhi) nu dikaluarkeun ku [[Raja Mpu Sindok]] ti [[Karajaan Mataram Kuno]] (Medang), dipercaya yén ngaran "Brahu" asalna tina kecap Waharu atawa Wanaru.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1809/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-brahu|title=Candi Brahu, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/08/13/candi-brahu/|title=Candi Brahu|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-21}}</ref> Éta kecap ngarujuk kana ngaran hiji wangunan suci kaagamaan (wangunan suci jinah) nu disebutkeun dina éta prasasti. Ku kituna, Candi Brahu diperkirakeun geus diadegkeun ti jaman pamaréntahan Mpu Sindok, saméméh ahirna terus dipaké jeung dipiara dina mangsa Majapahit. == Fungsi jeung corak kaagamaan == Turun-tumurun, aya mitos di masarakat satempat nu nganggap yén Candi Brahu fungsina keur tempat ngaduruk mayit (krematorium) raja-raja Majapahit, kaasup raja-raja nu boga gelar Brawijaya.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Tapi, ieu mitos téh geus dibantah ku para ahli arkéologi. Ngaliwatan rupa-rupa panalungtikan jeung ékskavasi (penggalian), teu kungsi panggih aya sésa-sésa lebu mayit manusa di jero bilik candi.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Sabalikna, kapanggihna barang-barang sajarah kawas lémpéngan [[prasasti]] tina taneuh lempung, [[arca]], jeung piringan pérak nu eusina mantra sarta réliéf figur-figur Buddha (kawas [[Tathagata]] jeung [[Avalokitesvara]]) nguatkeun yén Candi Brahu boga corak agama [[Buddha]] jeung fungsina murni salaku tempat ibadah jeung pamujaan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/06/19/064500778/candi-brahu-mojokerto--sejarah-fungsi-dan-corak?page=alli|title=Candi Brahu Mojokerto: Sejarah Fungsi dan Corak|website=Kompas.com}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung pamugaran == Tina segi arsitéktur, Candi Brahu diwangun sapinuhna maké material bata beureum ku métode napelkeun nu presisi pisan, has gaya arsitéktur éra klasik Jawa Wétan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Ieu candi nu nyanghareup ka beulah kulon téh boga dénah dasar pasagi panjang nu ukuranna kira-kira 18 x 22,5 méter jeung jangkungna nepi ka kurang leuwih 20 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Wangun ieu wangunan téh unik pisan lantaran profil awak candi nu ngalengkung jeung ngaleutikan ka luhur, dipungkas ku wangun suhunan nu niru-niru [[stupa]], nu beuki negeskeun corak Buddhana.<ref name=":5" /> Pikeun ngajaga kalestarianna tina karuksakan alatan umur jeung cuaca, Candi Brahu geus ngalaman prosés pamugaran sacara gembleng ku pamaréntah [[Indonésia]] nu lumangsung ti taun 1990 nepi ka taun 1995.<ref name=":1" /> == Sumber rujukan == [[Kategori:Candi di Indonésia]] 1dfrnb9gu1yq45api7vhshe4br6g56p 0 108869 712822 2026-09-23T01:59:36Z Pijri Paijar 27067 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Candi Tikus''' téh mangrupa situs purbakala titinggal Karajaan Majapahit nu perenahna di Dukuh Dinuk, Désa Temon, Kacamatan Trowulan, Kabupatén Mojokerto, Jawa Timur. Béda jeung wangun candi umumna nu ngajulang ka luhur beungeut taneuh, Candi Tikus diwangun di handapeun beungeut taneuh nu jerona kurang leuwih 3,5 méter jeung dasarna mangrupa patirtaan (balong pamandian kuno) atawa waduk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1808/indonesia/moj... 712822 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Candi Tikus''' téh mangrupa situs purbakala titinggal Karajaan Majapahit nu perenahna di Dukuh Dinuk, Désa Temon, Kacamatan Trowulan, Kabupatén Mojokerto, Jawa Timur. Béda jeung wangun candi umumna nu ngajulang ka luhur beungeut taneuh, Candi Tikus diwangun di handapeun beungeut taneuh nu jerona kurang leuwih 3,5 méter jeung dasarna mangrupa patirtaan (balong pamandian kuno) atawa waduk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1808/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-tikus|title=Candi Tikus, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Ieu situs mangrupa salah sahiji titinggal pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan nu jadi bukti kamajuan tata kelola cai dina jaman Majapahit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://buddhazine.com/situs-trowulan-majapahit-3-candi-tikus/|title=Buddhazine {{!}} Situs Trowulan Majapahit (3): Candi Tikus|last=Priastana|first=Jo|website=Buddhazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == c0ikkwjoslk7vs1vfmiwe800tnz10a8 712823 712822 2026-09-23T02:00:12Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712823 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Candi Tikus''' téh mangrupa situs purbakala titinggal Karajaan Majapahit nu perenahna di Dukuh Dinuk, Désa Temon, Kacamatan Trowulan, Kabupatén Mojokerto, Jawa Timur. Béda jeung wangun candi umumna nu ngajulang ka luhur beungeut taneuh, Candi Tikus diwangun di handapeun beungeut taneuh nu jerona kurang leuwih 3,5 méter jeung dasarna mangrupa patirtaan (balong pamandian kuno) atawa waduk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1808/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-tikus|title=Candi Tikus, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Ieu situs mangrupa salah sahiji titinggal pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan nu jadi bukti kamajuan tata kelola cai dina jaman Majapahit.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://buddhazine.com/situs-trowulan-majapahit-3-candi-tikus/|title=Buddhazine {{!}} Situs Trowulan Majapahit (3): Candi Tikus|last=Priastana|first=Jo|website=Buddhazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == qt87dc837lrzgrzxsi3eqanfbs2s48e 712824 712823 2026-09-23T02:03:07Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712824 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Candi Tikus''' téh mangrupa situs purbakala titinggal Karajaan Majapahit nu perenahna di Dukuh Dinuk, Désa Temon, Kacamatan Trowulan, Kabupatén Mojokerto, Jawa Timur. Béda jeung wangun candi umumna nu ngajulang ka luhur beungeut taneuh, Candi Tikus diwangun di handapeun beungeut taneuh nu jerona kurang leuwih 3,5 méter jeung dasarna mangrupa patirtaan (balong pamandian kuno) atawa waduk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1808/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-tikus|title=Candi Tikus, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Ieu situs mangrupa salah sahiji titinggal pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan nu jadi bukti kamajuan tata kelola cai dina jaman Majapahit.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://buddhazine.com/situs-trowulan-majapahit-3-candi-tikus/|title=Buddhazine {{!}} Situs Trowulan Majapahit (3): Candi Tikus|last=Priastana|first=Jo|website=Buddhazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Kapanggihna jeung asal-usul ngaran == Ieu situs mimiti kapanggih dina taun 1914 sanggeus lila pisan kakubur di jero taneuh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-6406135/asal-usul-nama-candi-tikus-mojokerto-dan-info-lengkap-wisatanya|title=Asal-usul Nama Candi Tikus Mojokerto dan Info Lengkap Wisatanya|last=Astuti|first=Rina Fuji|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://idsejarah.net/2016/10/candi-tikus.html|title=Sejarah Singkat Candi Tikus – Idsejarah|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Asal-usul ngaran "Candi Tikus" raket pisan patalina jeung sajarah kapanggihna. Harita, para patani satempat keur ngalaman sasalad panarajang hama beurit (tikus) nu ngarusak hasil panén. Éta beurit-beurit téh kanyahoan nyayang jeung nyumput dina hiji gundukan taneuh.<ref name=":2" /> Ku inisiatif Bupati Mojokerto harita, R.A.A. Kromojoyo Adinegoro, éta gundukan taneuh téh dibongkar pikeun ngabasmi hama beurit. Tina pambongkaran éta, kapanggih struktur bata beureum nu saterusna dipikawanoh nepi ka ayeuna salaku Candi Tikus.<ref name=":3" /> Sanggeus diékskavasi (dikali) sacara gembleng, ieu candi ngalaman prosés pamugaran ku pamaréntah dina taun 1984 nepi ka 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/05/30/candi-tikus-kabupaten-mojokerto/|title=Candi Tikus, Kabupaten Mojokerto.|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == 3qh9ghmbgbv9j7n4ujn3ssvm1r7xyhe 712825 712824 2026-09-23T02:09:14Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Candi Tikus''' téh mangrupa situs purbakala titinggal Karajaan Majapahit nu perenahna di Dukuh Dinuk, Désa Temon, Kacamatan Trowulan, Kabupatén Mojokerto, Jawa Timur. Béda jeung wangun candi umumna nu ngajulang ka luhur beungeut taneuh, Candi Tikus diwangun di handapeun beungeut taneuh nu jerona kurang leuwih 3,5 méter jeung dasarna mangrupa patirtaan (balong pamandian kuno) atawa waduk.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1808/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-tikus|title=Candi Tikus, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Ieu situs mangrupa salah sahiji titinggal pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan nu jadi bukti kamajuan tata kelola cai dina jaman Majapahit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://buddhazine.com/situs-trowulan-majapahit-3-candi-tikus/|title=Buddhazine {{!}} Situs Trowulan Majapahit (3): Candi Tikus|last=Priastana|first=Jo|website=Buddhazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Ieu situs mimiti kapanggih dina taun 1914 sanggeus lila pisan kakubur di jero taneuh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-6406135/asal-usul-nama-candi-tikus-mojokerto-dan-info-lengkap-wisatanya|title=Asal-usul Nama Candi Tikus Mojokerto dan Info Lengkap Wisatanya|last=Astuti|first=Rina Fuji|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://idsejarah.net/2016/10/candi-tikus.html|title=Sejarah Singkat Candi Tikus – Idsejarah|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Asal-usul ngaran "Candi Tikus" raket pisan patalina jeung sajarah kapanggihna. Harita, para patani satempat keur ngalaman sasalad panarajang hama beurit (tikus) nu ngarusak hasil panén. Éta beurit-beurit téh kanyahoan nyayang jeung nyumput dina hiji gundukan taneuh.<ref name=":2" /> Ku inisiatif Bupati Mojokerto harita, R.A.A. Kromojoyo Adinegoro, éta gundukan taneuh téh dibongkar pikeun ngabasmi hama beurit. Tina pambongkaran éta, kapanggih struktur bata beureum nu saterusna dipikawanoh nepi ka ayeuna salaku Candi Tikus.<ref name=":3" /> Sanggeus diékskavasi (dikali) sacara gembleng, ieu candi ngalaman prosés pamugaran ku pamaréntah dina taun 1984 nepi ka 1989.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/05/30/candi-tikus-kabupaten-mojokerto/|title=Candi Tikus, Kabupaten Mojokerto.|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung filosofi wangunan == Sacara arsitéktur, Candi Tikus diwangun maké material utama mangrupa bata beureum ku dénah wangun bujur sangkar nu ukuranna kira-kira 22,5 x 22,5 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> Ieu wangunan bisa diaksés ngaliwatan tangga turun nu aya di beulah kalér. Di bagian tengah balong utama, aya struktur wangunan miniatur nu ngajulang ku menara-menara leutik di sabudeureunna.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Ieu tata rohangan ngalambangkeun konsép kosmologi Hindu-Buddha, di mana struktur di tengah balong ngagambarkeun Gunung Méru (tempat cicingna para déwa), sedengkeun balong cai di sabudeureunna ngalambangkeun Samudra Manthana atawa laut purba.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Salian ti éta, di sabudeureun dingding jeung sisi balong aya puluhan jaladwara (pancuran cai) nu dijieun tina batu andésit. Ieu jaladwara dipahat ku wangun kembang padma (teraté) jeung makara (sato mitologi), nu dina masa aktifna boga fungsi ngamalirkeun cai ka jero balong.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> == Sumber rujukan == iz31mpz6rbhr6rvbousyq58kx389osz 712827 712825 2026-09-23T02:12:59Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712827 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Candi Tikus''' téh mangrupa situs purbakala titinggal Karajaan Majapahit nu perenahna di Dukuh Dinuk, Désa Temon, Kacamatan Trowulan, Kabupatén Mojokerto, Jawa Timur. Béda jeung wangun candi umumna nu ngajulang ka luhur beungeut taneuh, Candi Tikus diwangun di handapeun beungeut taneuh nu jerona kurang leuwih 3,5 méter jeung dasarna mangrupa patirtaan (balong pamandian kuno) atawa waduk.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1808/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-tikus|title=Candi Tikus, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Ieu situs mangrupa salah sahiji titinggal pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan nu jadi bukti kamajuan tata kelola cai dina jaman Majapahit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://buddhazine.com/situs-trowulan-majapahit-3-candi-tikus/|title=Buddhazine {{!}} Situs Trowulan Majapahit (3): Candi Tikus|last=Priastana|first=Jo|website=Buddhazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Ieu situs mimiti kapanggih dina taun 1914 sanggeus lila pisan kakubur di jero taneuh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-6406135/asal-usul-nama-candi-tikus-mojokerto-dan-info-lengkap-wisatanya|title=Asal-usul Nama Candi Tikus Mojokerto dan Info Lengkap Wisatanya|last=Astuti|first=Rina Fuji|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://idsejarah.net/2016/10/candi-tikus.html|title=Sejarah Singkat Candi Tikus – Idsejarah|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Asal-usul ngaran "Candi Tikus" raket pisan patalina jeung sajarah kapanggihna. Harita, para patani satempat keur ngalaman sasalad panarajang hama beurit (tikus) nu ngarusak hasil panén. Éta beurit-beurit téh kanyahoan nyayang jeung nyumput dina hiji gundukan taneuh.<ref name=":2" /> Ku inisiatif Bupati Mojokerto harita, R.A.A. Kromojoyo Adinegoro, éta gundukan taneuh téh dibongkar pikeun ngabasmi hama beurit. Tina pambongkaran éta, kapanggih struktur bata beureum nu saterusna dipikawanoh nepi ka ayeuna salaku Candi Tikus.<ref name=":3" /> Sanggeus diékskavasi (dikali) sacara gembleng, ieu candi ngalaman prosés pamugaran ku pamaréntah dina taun 1984 nepi ka 1989.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/05/30/candi-tikus-kabupaten-mojokerto/|title=Candi Tikus, Kabupaten Mojokerto.|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung filosofi wangunan == Sacara arsitéktur, Candi Tikus diwangun maké material utama mangrupa bata beureum ku dénah wangun bujur sangkar nu ukuranna kira-kira 22,5 x 22,5 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> Ieu wangunan bisa diaksés ngaliwatan tangga turun nu aya di beulah kalér. Di bagian tengah balong utama, aya struktur wangunan miniatur nu ngajulang ku menara-menara leutik di sabudeureunna.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Ieu tata rohangan ngalambangkeun konsép kosmologi Hindu-Buddha, di mana struktur di tengah balong ngagambarkeun Gunung Méru (tempat cicingna para déwa), sedengkeun balong cai di sabudeureunna ngalambangkeun Samudra Manthana atawa laut purba.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Salian ti éta, di sabudeureun dingding jeung sisi balong aya puluhan jaladwara (pancuran cai) nu dijieun tina batu andésit. Ieu jaladwara dipahat ku wangun kembang padma (teraté) jeung makara (sato mitologi), nu dina masa aktifna boga fungsi ngamalirkeun cai ka jero balong.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> == Fungsi jeung kagunaan == Para ahli arkéologi jeung sajarah nyindekkeun yén Candi Tikus boga fungsi ganda. Sacara réligius jeung kultural, ieu tempat difungsikeun salaku patirtaan suci atawa balong pamandian husus keur kulawarga karajaan Majapahit.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Cai nu mancer ti jaladwara dianggap salaku simbol cai suci (amerta) nu ngamalir ti Gunung Méru keur kaperluan ritual nyucikeun diri.<ref name=":5" /> Samentara éta, sacara fungsi utilitas, sistem hidrologi di Candi Tikus ogé dipercaya boga fungsi salaku waduk atawa tempat panampungan jeung pangaturan debit cai keur nyaian lahan-lahan tatanén masarakat Majapahit di sabudeureun Trowulan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> == Sumber rujukan == fe50vjzz41qhc6kvmclgy65tweatjrz 712828 712827 2026-09-23T02:13:44Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712828 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Candi tikus yang misterius.jpg|jmpl|281x281px|Candi Tikus]] '''Candi Tikus''' téh mangrupa situs purbakala titinggal Karajaan Majapahit nu perenahna di Dukuh Dinuk, Désa Temon, Kacamatan Trowulan, Kabupatén Mojokerto, Jawa Timur. Béda jeung wangun candi umumna nu ngajulang ka luhur beungeut taneuh, Candi Tikus diwangun di handapeun beungeut taneuh nu jerona kurang leuwih 3,5 méter jeung dasarna mangrupa patirtaan (balong pamandian kuno) atawa waduk.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1808/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-tikus|title=Candi Tikus, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Ieu situs mangrupa salah sahiji titinggal pangpentingna di kawasan Situs Arkéologi Trowulan nu jadi bukti kamajuan tata kelola cai dina jaman Majapahit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://buddhazine.com/situs-trowulan-majapahit-3-candi-tikus/|title=Buddhazine {{!}} Situs Trowulan Majapahit (3): Candi Tikus|last=Priastana|first=Jo|website=Buddhazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Ieu situs mimiti kapanggih dina taun 1914 sanggeus lila pisan kakubur di jero taneuh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-6406135/asal-usul-nama-candi-tikus-mojokerto-dan-info-lengkap-wisatanya|title=Asal-usul Nama Candi Tikus Mojokerto dan Info Lengkap Wisatanya|last=Astuti|first=Rina Fuji|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://idsejarah.net/2016/10/candi-tikus.html|title=Sejarah Singkat Candi Tikus – Idsejarah|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Asal-usul ngaran "Candi Tikus" raket pisan patalina jeung sajarah kapanggihna. Harita, para patani satempat keur ngalaman sasalad panarajang hama beurit (tikus) nu ngarusak hasil panén. Éta beurit-beurit téh kanyahoan nyayang jeung nyumput dina hiji gundukan taneuh.<ref name=":2" /> Ku inisiatif Bupati Mojokerto harita, R.A.A. Kromojoyo Adinegoro, éta gundukan taneuh téh dibongkar pikeun ngabasmi hama beurit. Tina pambongkaran éta, kapanggih struktur bata beureum nu saterusna dipikawanoh nepi ka ayeuna salaku Candi Tikus.<ref name=":3" /> Sanggeus diékskavasi (dikali) sacara gembleng, ieu candi ngalaman prosés pamugaran ku pamaréntah dina taun 1984 nepi ka 1989.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/05/30/candi-tikus-kabupaten-mojokerto/|title=Candi Tikus, Kabupaten Mojokerto.|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung filosofi wangunan == Sacara arsitéktur, Candi Tikus diwangun maké material utama mangrupa bata beureum ku dénah wangun bujur sangkar nu ukuranna kira-kira 22,5 x 22,5 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> Ieu wangunan bisa diaksés ngaliwatan tangga turun nu aya di beulah kalér. Di bagian tengah balong utama, aya struktur wangunan miniatur nu ngajulang ku menara-menara leutik di sabudeureunna.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Ieu tata rohangan ngalambangkeun konsép kosmologi Hindu-Buddha, di mana struktur di tengah balong ngagambarkeun Gunung Méru (tempat cicingna para déwa), sedengkeun balong cai di sabudeureunna ngalambangkeun Samudra Manthana atawa laut purba.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Salian ti éta, di sabudeureun dingding jeung sisi balong aya puluhan jaladwara (pancuran cai) nu dijieun tina batu andésit. Ieu jaladwara dipahat ku wangun kembang padma (teraté) jeung makara (sato mitologi), nu dina masa aktifna boga fungsi ngamalirkeun cai ka jero balong.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> == Fungsi jeung kagunaan == Para ahli arkéologi jeung sajarah nyindekkeun yén Candi Tikus boga fungsi ganda. Sacara réligius jeung kultural, ieu tempat difungsikeun salaku patirtaan suci atawa balong pamandian husus keur kulawarga karajaan Majapahit.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Cai nu mancer ti jaladwara dianggap salaku simbol cai suci (amerta) nu ngamalir ti Gunung Méru keur kaperluan ritual nyucikeun diri.<ref name=":5" /> Samentara éta, sacara fungsi utilitas, sistem hidrologi di Candi Tikus ogé dipercaya boga fungsi salaku waduk atawa tempat panampungan jeung pangaturan debit cai keur nyaian lahan-lahan tatanén masarakat Majapahit di sabudeureun Trowulan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> == Sumber rujukan == f7niob7k17cgz0556xh5mygoyy6w69h 712830 712828 2026-09-23T02:17:56Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712830 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Candi tikus yang misterius.jpg|jmpl|281x281px|Candi Tikus]] '''Candi Tikus''' mangrupakeun situs purbakala titinggal [[Majapahit|Karajaan Majapahit]] nu perenahna di Dukuh Dinuk, [[Désa Temon]], [[Kacamatan Trowulan]], [[Kabupatén Mojokerto]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Béda jeung wangun candi umumna nu ngajulang ka luhur beungeut taneuh, Candi Tikus diwangun di handapeun beungeut taneuh nu jerona kurang leuwih 3,5 méter jeung dasarna mangrupa patirtaan (balong pamandian kuno) atawa waduk.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1808/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-tikus|title=Candi Tikus, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Ieu situs mangrupa salah sahiji titinggal pangpentingna di kawasan [[Situs Arkéologi Trowulan]] nu jadi bukti kamajuan tata kelola cai dina jaman Majapahit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://buddhazine.com/situs-trowulan-majapahit-3-candi-tikus/|title=Buddhazine {{!}} Situs Trowulan Majapahit (3): Candi Tikus|last=Priastana|first=Jo|website=Buddhazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Ieu situs mimiti kapanggih dina taun 1914 sanggeus lila pisan kakubur di jero taneuh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-6406135/asal-usul-nama-candi-tikus-mojokerto-dan-info-lengkap-wisatanya|title=Asal-usul Nama Candi Tikus Mojokerto dan Info Lengkap Wisatanya|last=Astuti|first=Rina Fuji|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://idsejarah.net/2016/10/candi-tikus.html|title=Sejarah Singkat Candi Tikus – Idsejarah|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Asal-usul ngaran "Candi Tikus" raket pisan patalina jeung sajarah kapanggihna. Harita, para patani satempat keur ngalaman sasalad panarajang hama beurit (tikus) nu ngarusak hasil panén. Éta beurit-beurit téh kanyahoan nyayang jeung nyumput dina hiji gundukan taneuh.<ref name=":2" /> Ku inisiatif Bupati Mojokerto harita, R.A.A. Kromojoyo Adinegoro, éta gundukan taneuh téh dibongkar pikeun ngabasmi hama beurit. Tina pambongkaran éta, kapanggih struktur bata beureum nu saterusna dipikawanoh nepi ka ayeuna salaku Candi Tikus.<ref name=":3" /> Sanggeus diékskavasi (dikali) sacara gembleng, ieu candi ngalaman prosés pamugaran ku pamaréntah dina taun 1984 nepi ka 1989.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/05/30/candi-tikus-kabupaten-mojokerto/|title=Candi Tikus, Kabupaten Mojokerto.|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung filosofi wangunan == Sacara arsitéktur, Candi Tikus diwangun maké material utama mangrupa bata beureum ku dénah wangun bujur sangkar nu ukuranna kira-kira 22,5 x 22,5 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> Ieu wangunan bisa diaksés ngaliwatan tangga turun nu aya di beulah kalér. Di bagian tengah balong utama, aya struktur wangunan miniatur nu ngajulang ku menara-menara leutik di sabudeureunna.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Ieu tata rohangan ngalambangkeun konsép kosmologi Hindu-Buddha, di mana struktur di tengah balong ngagambarkeun Gunung Méru (tempat cicingna para déwa), sedengkeun balong cai di sabudeureunna ngalambangkeun Samudra Manthana atawa laut purba.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Salian ti éta, di sabudeureun dingding jeung sisi balong aya puluhan jaladwara (pancuran cai) nu dijieun tina batu andésit. Ieu jaladwara dipahat ku wangun kembang padma (teraté) jeung makara (sato mitologi), nu dina masa aktifna boga fungsi ngamalirkeun cai ka jero balong.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> == Fungsi jeung kagunaan == Para ahli arkéologi jeung sajarah nyindekkeun yén Candi Tikus boga fungsi ganda. Sacara réligius jeung kultural, ieu tempat difungsikeun salaku patirtaan suci atawa balong pamandian husus keur kulawarga karajaan Majapahit.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Cai nu mancer ti jaladwara dianggap salaku simbol cai suci (amerta) nu ngamalir ti Gunung Méru keur kaperluan ritual nyucikeun diri.<ref name=":5" /> Samentara éta, sacara fungsi utilitas, sistem hidrologi di Candi Tikus ogé dipercaya boga fungsi salaku waduk atawa tempat panampungan jeung pangaturan debit cai keur nyaian lahan-lahan tatanén masarakat Majapahit di sabudeureun Trowulan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> == Sumber rujukan == dzch7lohpxs5m2kaf9lyemqft4mz4lq 712831 712830 2026-09-23T02:19:11Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran */ 712831 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Candi tikus yang misterius.jpg|jmpl|281x281px|Candi Tikus]] '''Candi Tikus''' mangrupakeun situs purbakala titinggal [[Majapahit|Karajaan Majapahit]] nu perenahna di Dukuh Dinuk, [[Désa Temon]], [[Kacamatan Trowulan]], [[Kabupatén Mojokerto]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Béda jeung wangun candi umumna nu ngajulang ka luhur beungeut taneuh, Candi Tikus diwangun di handapeun beungeut taneuh nu jerona kurang leuwih 3,5 méter jeung dasarna mangrupa patirtaan (balong pamandian kuno) atawa waduk.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1808/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-tikus|title=Candi Tikus, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Ieu situs mangrupa salah sahiji titinggal pangpentingna di kawasan [[Situs Arkéologi Trowulan]] nu jadi bukti kamajuan tata kelola cai dina jaman Majapahit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://buddhazine.com/situs-trowulan-majapahit-3-candi-tikus/|title=Buddhazine {{!}} Situs Trowulan Majapahit (3): Candi Tikus|last=Priastana|first=Jo|website=Buddhazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Ieu situs mimiti kapanggih dina taun 1914 sanggeus lila pisan kakubur di jero taneuh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-6406135/asal-usul-nama-candi-tikus-mojokerto-dan-info-lengkap-wisatanya|title=Asal-usul Nama Candi Tikus Mojokerto dan Info Lengkap Wisatanya|last=Astuti|first=Rina Fuji|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://idsejarah.net/2016/10/candi-tikus.html|title=Sejarah Singkat Candi Tikus – Idsejarah|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Asal-usul ngaran "Candi Tikus" raket pisan patalina jeung sajarah kapanggihna. Harita, para patani satempat keur ngalaman sasalad panarajang hama beurit (tikus) nu ngaruksak hasil panén. Éta beurit-beurit téh kanyahoan nyayang jeung nyumput dina hiji gundukan taneuh.<ref name=":2" /> Ku inisiatif Bupati Mojokerto harita, [[R.A.A. Kromojoyo Adinegoro]], éta gundukan taneuh téh dibongkar pikeun ngabasmi hama beurit. Tina pambongkaran éta, kapanggih struktur bata beureum nu saterusna dipikawanoh nepi ka ayeuna salaku Candi Tikus.<ref name=":3" /> Sanggeus diékskavasi (dikali) sacara gembleng, ieu candi ngalaman prosés pamugaran ku pamaréntah dina taun 1984 nepi ka 1989.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/05/30/candi-tikus-kabupaten-mojokerto/|title=Candi Tikus, Kabupaten Mojokerto.|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung filosofi wangunan == Sacara arsitéktur, Candi Tikus diwangun maké material utama mangrupa bata beureum ku dénah wangun bujur sangkar nu ukuranna kira-kira 22,5 x 22,5 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> Ieu wangunan bisa diaksés ngaliwatan tangga turun nu aya di beulah kalér. Di bagian tengah balong utama, aya struktur wangunan miniatur nu ngajulang ku menara-menara leutik di sabudeureunna.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Ieu tata rohangan ngalambangkeun konsép kosmologi Hindu-Buddha, di mana struktur di tengah balong ngagambarkeun Gunung Méru (tempat cicingna para déwa), sedengkeun balong cai di sabudeureunna ngalambangkeun Samudra Manthana atawa laut purba.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Salian ti éta, di sabudeureun dingding jeung sisi balong aya puluhan jaladwara (pancuran cai) nu dijieun tina batu andésit. Ieu jaladwara dipahat ku wangun kembang padma (teraté) jeung makara (sato mitologi), nu dina masa aktifna boga fungsi ngamalirkeun cai ka jero balong.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> == Fungsi jeung kagunaan == Para ahli arkéologi jeung sajarah nyindekkeun yén Candi Tikus boga fungsi ganda. Sacara réligius jeung kultural, ieu tempat difungsikeun salaku patirtaan suci atawa balong pamandian husus keur kulawarga karajaan Majapahit.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Cai nu mancer ti jaladwara dianggap salaku simbol cai suci (amerta) nu ngamalir ti Gunung Méru keur kaperluan ritual nyucikeun diri.<ref name=":5" /> Samentara éta, sacara fungsi utilitas, sistem hidrologi di Candi Tikus ogé dipercaya boga fungsi salaku waduk atawa tempat panampungan jeung pangaturan debit cai keur nyaian lahan-lahan tatanén masarakat Majapahit di sabudeureun Trowulan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> == Sumber rujukan == bbqua0lrahrp266u687hn3qp2huedbu 712832 712831 2026-09-23T02:20:52Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Arsitéktur jeung filosofi wangunan */ 712832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Candi tikus yang misterius.jpg|jmpl|281x281px|Candi Tikus]] '''Candi Tikus''' mangrupakeun situs purbakala titinggal [[Majapahit|Karajaan Majapahit]] nu perenahna di Dukuh Dinuk, [[Désa Temon]], [[Kacamatan Trowulan]], [[Kabupatén Mojokerto]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Béda jeung wangun candi umumna nu ngajulang ka luhur beungeut taneuh, Candi Tikus diwangun di handapeun beungeut taneuh nu jerona kurang leuwih 3,5 méter jeung dasarna mangrupa patirtaan (balong pamandian kuno) atawa waduk.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1808/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-tikus|title=Candi Tikus, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Ieu situs mangrupa salah sahiji titinggal pangpentingna di kawasan [[Situs Arkéologi Trowulan]] nu jadi bukti kamajuan tata kelola cai dina jaman Majapahit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://buddhazine.com/situs-trowulan-majapahit-3-candi-tikus/|title=Buddhazine {{!}} Situs Trowulan Majapahit (3): Candi Tikus|last=Priastana|first=Jo|website=Buddhazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Ieu situs mimiti kapanggih dina taun 1914 sanggeus lila pisan kakubur di jero taneuh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-6406135/asal-usul-nama-candi-tikus-mojokerto-dan-info-lengkap-wisatanya|title=Asal-usul Nama Candi Tikus Mojokerto dan Info Lengkap Wisatanya|last=Astuti|first=Rina Fuji|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://idsejarah.net/2016/10/candi-tikus.html|title=Sejarah Singkat Candi Tikus – Idsejarah|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Asal-usul ngaran "Candi Tikus" raket pisan patalina jeung sajarah kapanggihna. Harita, para patani satempat keur ngalaman sasalad panarajang hama beurit (tikus) nu ngaruksak hasil panén. Éta beurit-beurit téh kanyahoan nyayang jeung nyumput dina hiji gundukan taneuh.<ref name=":2" /> Ku inisiatif Bupati Mojokerto harita, [[R.A.A. Kromojoyo Adinegoro]], éta gundukan taneuh téh dibongkar pikeun ngabasmi hama beurit. Tina pambongkaran éta, kapanggih struktur bata beureum nu saterusna dipikawanoh nepi ka ayeuna salaku Candi Tikus.<ref name=":3" /> Sanggeus diékskavasi (dikali) sacara gembleng, ieu candi ngalaman prosés pamugaran ku pamaréntah dina taun 1984 nepi ka 1989.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/05/30/candi-tikus-kabupaten-mojokerto/|title=Candi Tikus, Kabupaten Mojokerto.|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung filosofi wangunan == Sacara arsitéktur, Candi Tikus diwangun maké material utama mangrupa batu bata beureum ku dénah wangun bujur sangkar nu ukuranna kira-kira 22,5 x 22,5 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> Ieu wangunan bisa diaksés ngaliwatan tangga turun nu aya di beulah kalér. Di bagian tengah balong utama, aya struktur wangunan miniatur nu ngajulang ku munara-munara leutik di sabudeureunna.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Ieu tata rohangan ngalambangkeun konsép [[kosmologi Hindu-Buddha]], di mana struktur di tengah balong ngagambarkeun Gunung Méru (tempat cicingna para déwa), sedengkeun balong cai di sabudeureunna ngalambangkeun Samudra Manthana atawa laut purba.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Salian ti éta, di sabudeureun dingding jeung sisi balong aya puluhan jaladwara (pancuran cai) nu dijieun tina batu [[andésit]]. Ieu jaladwara dipahat ku wangun kembang padma (teraté) jeung makara (sato mitologi), nu dina masa aktifna boga fungsi ngamalirkeun cai ka jero balong.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> == Fungsi jeung kagunaan == Para ahli arkéologi jeung sajarah nyindekkeun yén Candi Tikus boga fungsi ganda. Sacara réligius jeung kultural, ieu tempat difungsikeun salaku patirtaan suci atawa balong pamandian husus keur kulawarga karajaan Majapahit.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Cai nu mancer ti jaladwara dianggap salaku simbol cai suci (amerta) nu ngamalir ti Gunung Méru keur kaperluan ritual nyucikeun diri.<ref name=":5" /> Samentara éta, sacara fungsi utilitas, sistem hidrologi di Candi Tikus ogé dipercaya boga fungsi salaku waduk atawa tempat panampungan jeung pangaturan debit cai keur nyaian lahan-lahan tatanén masarakat Majapahit di sabudeureun Trowulan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> == Sumber rujukan == t5sb3188ra3lhb1dkyt7359l007qhpc 712833 712832 2026-09-23T02:22:10Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Fungsi jeung kagunaan */ 712833 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Candi tikus yang misterius.jpg|jmpl|281x281px|Candi Tikus]] '''Candi Tikus''' mangrupakeun situs purbakala titinggal [[Majapahit|Karajaan Majapahit]] nu perenahna di Dukuh Dinuk, [[Désa Temon]], [[Kacamatan Trowulan]], [[Kabupatén Mojokerto]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Béda jeung wangun candi umumna nu ngajulang ka luhur beungeut taneuh, Candi Tikus diwangun di handapeun beungeut taneuh nu jerona kurang leuwih 3,5 méter jeung dasarna mangrupa patirtaan (balong pamandian kuno) atawa waduk.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1808/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-tikus|title=Candi Tikus, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Ieu situs mangrupa salah sahiji titinggal pangpentingna di kawasan [[Situs Arkéologi Trowulan]] nu jadi bukti kamajuan tata kelola cai dina jaman Majapahit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://buddhazine.com/situs-trowulan-majapahit-3-candi-tikus/|title=Buddhazine {{!}} Situs Trowulan Majapahit (3): Candi Tikus|last=Priastana|first=Jo|website=Buddhazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Ieu situs mimiti kapanggih dina taun 1914 sanggeus lila pisan kakubur di jero taneuh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-6406135/asal-usul-nama-candi-tikus-mojokerto-dan-info-lengkap-wisatanya|title=Asal-usul Nama Candi Tikus Mojokerto dan Info Lengkap Wisatanya|last=Astuti|first=Rina Fuji|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://idsejarah.net/2016/10/candi-tikus.html|title=Sejarah Singkat Candi Tikus – Idsejarah|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Asal-usul ngaran "Candi Tikus" raket pisan patalina jeung sajarah kapanggihna. Harita, para patani satempat keur ngalaman sasalad panarajang hama beurit (tikus) nu ngaruksak hasil panén. Éta beurit-beurit téh kanyahoan nyayang jeung nyumput dina hiji gundukan taneuh.<ref name=":2" /> Ku inisiatif Bupati Mojokerto harita, [[R.A.A. Kromojoyo Adinegoro]], éta gundukan taneuh téh dibongkar pikeun ngabasmi hama beurit. Tina pambongkaran éta, kapanggih struktur bata beureum nu saterusna dipikawanoh nepi ka ayeuna salaku Candi Tikus.<ref name=":3" /> Sanggeus diékskavasi (dikali) sacara gembleng, ieu candi ngalaman prosés pamugaran ku pamaréntah dina taun 1984 nepi ka 1989.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/05/30/candi-tikus-kabupaten-mojokerto/|title=Candi Tikus, Kabupaten Mojokerto.|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung filosofi wangunan == Sacara arsitéktur, Candi Tikus diwangun maké material utama mangrupa batu bata beureum ku dénah wangun bujur sangkar nu ukuranna kira-kira 22,5 x 22,5 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> Ieu wangunan bisa diaksés ngaliwatan tangga turun nu aya di beulah kalér. Di bagian tengah balong utama, aya struktur wangunan miniatur nu ngajulang ku munara-munara leutik di sabudeureunna.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Ieu tata rohangan ngalambangkeun konsép [[kosmologi Hindu-Buddha]], di mana struktur di tengah balong ngagambarkeun [[Gunung Méru]] (tempat cicingna para déwa), sedengkeun balong cai di sabudeureunna ngalambangkeun Samudra Manthana atawa laut purba.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Salian ti éta, di sabudeureun dingding jeung sisi balong aya puluhan jaladwara (pancuran cai) nu dijieun tina batu [[andésit]]. Ieu jaladwara dipahat ku wangun kembang padma (teraté) jeung makara (sato mitologi), nu dina masa aktifna boga fungsi ngamalirkeun cai ka jero balong.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> == Fungsi jeung kagunaan == Para ahli arkéologi jeung sajarah nyindekkeun yén Candi Tikus boga fungsi ganda. Sacara réligius jeung kultural, ieu tempat difungsikeun salaku patirtaan suci atawa balong pamandian husus keur kulawarga karajaan Majapahit.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Cai nu mancer ti jaladwara dianggap salaku simbol cai suci (amerta) nu ngamalir ti Gunung Méru keur kaperluan ritual nyucikeun diri.<ref name=":5" /> Samentara éta, sacara fungsi utilitas, sistem hidrologi di Candi Tikus ogé dipercaya boga fungsi salaku waduk atawa tempat panampungan jeung pangaturan debit cai keur nyaian lahan-lahan tatanén masarakat Majapahit di sabudeureun Trowulan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> == Sumber rujukan == rzv9fbh6orvvz7lgt4qkfeojfnzpqc9 712834 712833 2026-09-23T02:22:31Z Pijri Paijar 27067 added [[Category:Candi]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 712834 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Candi tikus yang misterius.jpg|jmpl|281x281px|Candi Tikus]] '''Candi Tikus''' mangrupakeun situs purbakala titinggal [[Majapahit|Karajaan Majapahit]] nu perenahna di Dukuh Dinuk, [[Désa Temon]], [[Kacamatan Trowulan]], [[Kabupatén Mojokerto]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Béda jeung wangun candi umumna nu ngajulang ka luhur beungeut taneuh, Candi Tikus diwangun di handapeun beungeut taneuh nu jerona kurang leuwih 3,5 méter jeung dasarna mangrupa patirtaan (balong pamandian kuno) atawa waduk.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1808/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-tikus|title=Candi Tikus, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Ieu situs mangrupa salah sahiji titinggal pangpentingna di kawasan [[Situs Arkéologi Trowulan]] nu jadi bukti kamajuan tata kelola cai dina jaman Majapahit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://buddhazine.com/situs-trowulan-majapahit-3-candi-tikus/|title=Buddhazine {{!}} Situs Trowulan Majapahit (3): Candi Tikus|last=Priastana|first=Jo|website=Buddhazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Ieu situs mimiti kapanggih dina taun 1914 sanggeus lila pisan kakubur di jero taneuh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-6406135/asal-usul-nama-candi-tikus-mojokerto-dan-info-lengkap-wisatanya|title=Asal-usul Nama Candi Tikus Mojokerto dan Info Lengkap Wisatanya|last=Astuti|first=Rina Fuji|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://idsejarah.net/2016/10/candi-tikus.html|title=Sejarah Singkat Candi Tikus – Idsejarah|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Asal-usul ngaran "Candi Tikus" raket pisan patalina jeung sajarah kapanggihna. Harita, para patani satempat keur ngalaman sasalad panarajang hama beurit (tikus) nu ngaruksak hasil panén. Éta beurit-beurit téh kanyahoan nyayang jeung nyumput dina hiji gundukan taneuh.<ref name=":2" /> Ku inisiatif Bupati Mojokerto harita, [[R.A.A. Kromojoyo Adinegoro]], éta gundukan taneuh téh dibongkar pikeun ngabasmi hama beurit. Tina pambongkaran éta, kapanggih struktur bata beureum nu saterusna dipikawanoh nepi ka ayeuna salaku Candi Tikus.<ref name=":3" /> Sanggeus diékskavasi (dikali) sacara gembleng, ieu candi ngalaman prosés pamugaran ku pamaréntah dina taun 1984 nepi ka 1989.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/05/30/candi-tikus-kabupaten-mojokerto/|title=Candi Tikus, Kabupaten Mojokerto.|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung filosofi wangunan == Sacara arsitéktur, Candi Tikus diwangun maké material utama mangrupa batu bata beureum ku dénah wangun bujur sangkar nu ukuranna kira-kira 22,5 x 22,5 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> Ieu wangunan bisa diaksés ngaliwatan tangga turun nu aya di beulah kalér. Di bagian tengah balong utama, aya struktur wangunan miniatur nu ngajulang ku munara-munara leutik di sabudeureunna.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Ieu tata rohangan ngalambangkeun konsép [[kosmologi Hindu-Buddha]], di mana struktur di tengah balong ngagambarkeun [[Gunung Méru]] (tempat cicingna para déwa), sedengkeun balong cai di sabudeureunna ngalambangkeun Samudra Manthana atawa laut purba.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Salian ti éta, di sabudeureun dingding jeung sisi balong aya puluhan jaladwara (pancuran cai) nu dijieun tina batu [[andésit]]. Ieu jaladwara dipahat ku wangun kembang padma (teraté) jeung makara (sato mitologi), nu dina masa aktifna boga fungsi ngamalirkeun cai ka jero balong.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> == Fungsi jeung kagunaan == Para ahli arkéologi jeung sajarah nyindekkeun yén Candi Tikus boga fungsi ganda. Sacara réligius jeung kultural, ieu tempat difungsikeun salaku patirtaan suci atawa balong pamandian husus keur kulawarga karajaan Majapahit.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Cai nu mancer ti jaladwara dianggap salaku simbol cai suci (amerta) nu ngamalir ti Gunung Méru keur kaperluan ritual nyucikeun diri.<ref name=":5" /> Samentara éta, sacara fungsi utilitas, sistem hidrologi di Candi Tikus ogé dipercaya boga fungsi salaku waduk atawa tempat panampungan jeung pangaturan debit cai keur nyaian lahan-lahan tatanén masarakat Majapahit di sabudeureun Trowulan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> == Sumber rujukan == [[Kategori:Candi]] sfldq24soz4o74tk5p3iga2l3ugdbgi 712835 712834 2026-09-23T02:22:47Z Pijri Paijar 27067 added [[Category:Candi di Indonésia]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 712835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Candi tikus yang misterius.jpg|jmpl|281x281px|Candi Tikus]] '''Candi Tikus''' mangrupakeun situs purbakala titinggal [[Majapahit|Karajaan Majapahit]] nu perenahna di Dukuh Dinuk, [[Désa Temon]], [[Kacamatan Trowulan]], [[Kabupatén Mojokerto]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Béda jeung wangun candi umumna nu ngajulang ka luhur beungeut taneuh, Candi Tikus diwangun di handapeun beungeut taneuh nu jerona kurang leuwih 3,5 méter jeung dasarna mangrupa patirtaan (balong pamandian kuno) atawa waduk.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1808/indonesia/mojokerto-regency-and-batu-city-java/candi-tikus|title=Candi Tikus, Mojokerto Regency, Java, Indonesia|last=orientalarchitecture.com|website=Asian Architecture|language=EN|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pariwisata.mojokertokab.go.id/|title=Wisata Mojokerto|website=Wisata Mojokerto|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Ieu situs mangrupa salah sahiji titinggal pangpentingna di kawasan [[Situs Arkéologi Trowulan]] nu jadi bukti kamajuan tata kelola cai dina jaman Majapahit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://buddhazine.com/situs-trowulan-majapahit-3-candi-tikus/|title=Buddhazine {{!}} Situs Trowulan Majapahit (3): Candi Tikus|last=Priastana|first=Jo|website=Buddhazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sajarah jeung asal-usul ngaran == Ieu situs mimiti kapanggih dina taun 1914 sanggeus lila pisan kakubur di jero taneuh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jatim/wisata/d-6406135/asal-usul-nama-candi-tikus-mojokerto-dan-info-lengkap-wisatanya|title=Asal-usul Nama Candi Tikus Mojokerto dan Info Lengkap Wisatanya|last=Astuti|first=Rina Fuji|website=detikjatim|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://idsejarah.net/2016/10/candi-tikus.html|title=Sejarah Singkat Candi Tikus – Idsejarah|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Asal-usul ngaran "Candi Tikus" raket pisan patalina jeung sajarah kapanggihna. Harita, para patani satempat keur ngalaman sasalad panarajang hama beurit (tikus) nu ngaruksak hasil panén. Éta beurit-beurit téh kanyahoan nyayang jeung nyumput dina hiji gundukan taneuh.<ref name=":2" /> Ku inisiatif Bupati Mojokerto harita, [[R.A.A. Kromojoyo Adinegoro]], éta gundukan taneuh téh dibongkar pikeun ngabasmi hama beurit. Tina pambongkaran éta, kapanggih struktur bata beureum nu saterusna dipikawanoh nepi ka ayeuna salaku Candi Tikus.<ref name=":3" /> Sanggeus diékskavasi (dikali) sacara gembleng, ieu candi ngalaman prosés pamugaran ku pamaréntah dina taun 1984 nepi ka 1989.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://jawatimuran.disperpusip.jatimprov.go.id/2012/05/30/candi-tikus-kabupaten-mojokerto/|title=Candi Tikus, Kabupaten Mojokerto.|website=Pusaka Jawatimuran|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Arsitéktur jeung filosofi wangunan == Sacara arsitéktur, Candi Tikus diwangun maké material utama mangrupa batu bata beureum ku dénah wangun bujur sangkar nu ukuranna kira-kira 22,5 x 22,5 méter.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> Ieu wangunan bisa diaksés ngaliwatan tangga turun nu aya di beulah kalér. Di bagian tengah balong utama, aya struktur wangunan miniatur nu ngajulang ku munara-munara leutik di sabudeureunna.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> Ieu tata rohangan ngalambangkeun konsép [[kosmologi Hindu-Buddha]], di mana struktur di tengah balong ngagambarkeun [[Gunung Méru]] (tempat cicingna para déwa), sedengkeun balong cai di sabudeureunna ngalambangkeun Samudra Manthana atawa laut purba.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Salian ti éta, di sabudeureun dingding jeung sisi balong aya puluhan jaladwara (pancuran cai) nu dijieun tina batu [[andésit]]. Ieu jaladwara dipahat ku wangun kembang padma (teraté) jeung makara (sato mitologi), nu dina masa aktifna boga fungsi ngamalirkeun cai ka jero balong.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /> == Fungsi jeung kagunaan == Para ahli arkéologi jeung sajarah nyindekkeun yén Candi Tikus boga fungsi ganda. Sacara réligius jeung kultural, ieu tempat difungsikeun salaku patirtaan suci atawa balong pamandian husus keur kulawarga karajaan Majapahit.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> Cai nu mancer ti jaladwara dianggap salaku simbol cai suci (amerta) nu ngamalir ti Gunung Méru keur kaperluan ritual nyucikeun diri.<ref name=":5" /> Samentara éta, sacara fungsi utilitas, sistem hidrologi di Candi Tikus ogé dipercaya boga fungsi salaku waduk atawa tempat panampungan jeung pangaturan debit cai keur nyaian lahan-lahan tatanén masarakat Majapahit di sabudeureun Trowulan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> == Sumber rujukan == [[Kategori:Candi]] [[Kategori:Candi di Indonésia]] cx5bv00h1vdmacfoj4gul29whfcvc3k 0 108870 712843 2026-09-23T02:55:43Z Pijri Paijar 27067 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Narsisisme''' téh mangrupa sipat psikologis atawa gangguan kapribadian nu dicirian ku rasa mikaasih jeung kagum nu kaleuleuwihi ka diri sorangan, butuh pujian nu teu wajar, sarta kurangna empati kana parasaan batur. Sacara étimologis (asal usul kecap), ieu istilah diadaptasi ti mitologi Yunani Kuno ngeunaan saurang pamuda ngaranna Narcissus (Narkissos) nu dikutuk ku déwa sangkan bogoheun kana kalangkangna sorangan dina pantulan cai balong nepi ka manéhna paéh. Dina... 712843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Narsisisme''' téh mangrupa sipat psikologis atawa gangguan kapribadian nu dicirian ku rasa mikaasih jeung kagum nu kaleuleuwihi ka diri sorangan, butuh pujian nu teu wajar, sarta kurangna empati kana parasaan batur. Sacara étimologis (asal usul kecap), ieu istilah diadaptasi ti mitologi Yunani Kuno ngeunaan saurang pamuda ngaranna Narcissus (Narkissos) nu dikutuk ku déwa sangkan bogoheun kana kalangkangna sorangan dina pantulan cai balong nepi ka manéhna paéh. Dina kontéks psikologi klinis, narsisisme tingkat ékstrim diklasifikasikeun salaku Gangguan Kapribadian Narsistik (Narcissistic Personality Disorder/NPD), di mana nu ngalamanana ngarasa yén manéhna boga darajat nu jauh leuwih luhur jeung boga hak meunang perlakuan istiméwa (privilese) dibandingkeun batur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-6592602/narsis-adalah-penyebab-ciri-kepribadian-dan-bedanya-dengan-percaya-diri|title=Narsis Adalah: Penyebab, Ciri Kepribadian, dan Bedanya dengan Percaya Diri|last=Qothrunnada|first=Kholida|website=detikbali|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rusdi|first=Zainnur M.|date=2012|title=PENGARUH NARSISISME PADA PERILAKU KERJA KONTRA PRODUKTIF DENGAN KEADILAN ORGANISASIONAL SEBAGAI PEMODERASI|url=https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/55675?utm_source=gemini}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/narsisme-si-paling-peduli-diri-sendiri-jawab-tts|title=Narsisme: Si Paling Peduli Diri Sendiri, Jawab TTS|last=Halodoc|first=Redaksi|website=halodoc|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == 1dpf8rou54t3ummx1ysqjmv48hi6gzk 712844 712843 2026-09-23T02:57:13Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712844 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Narsisisme''' téh mangrupa sipat psikologis atawa gangguan kapribadian nu dicirian ku rasa mikaasih jeung kagum nu kaleuleuwihi ka diri sorangan, butuh pujian nu teu wajar, sarta kurangna empati kana parasaan batur. Sacara étimologis (asal usul kecap), ieu istilah diadaptasi ti mitologi Yunani Kuno ngeunaan saurang pamuda ngaranna Narcissus (Narkissos) nu dikutuk ku déwa sangkan bogoheun kana kalangkangna sorangan dina pantulan cai balong nepi ka manéhna paéh. Dina kontéks psikologi klinis, narsisisme tingkat ékstrim diklasifikasikeun salaku Gangguan Kapribadian Narsistik (Narcissistic Personality Disorder/NPD), di mana nu ngalamanana ngarasa yén manéhna boga darajat nu jauh leuwih luhur jeung boga hak meunang perlakuan istiméwa (privilese) dibandingkeun batur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-6592602/narsis-adalah-penyebab-ciri-kepribadian-dan-bedanya-dengan-percaya-diri|title=Narsis Adalah: Penyebab, Ciri Kepribadian, dan Bedanya dengan Percaya Diri|last=Qothrunnada|first=Kholida|website=detikbali|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rusdi|first=Zainnur M.|date=2012|title=PENGARUH NARSISISME PADA PERILAKU KERJA KONTRA PRODUKTIF DENGAN KEADILAN ORGANISASIONAL SEBAGAI PEMODERASI|url=https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/55675?utm_source=gemini}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/narsisme-si-paling-peduli-diri-sendiri-jawab-tts|title=Narsisme: Si Paling Peduli Diri Sendiri, Jawab TTS|last=Halodoc|first=Redaksi|website=halodoc|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Ciri-ciri == Jalma nu boga kacenderungan narsistik umumna némbongkeun watek kawas arogan (adigung), manipulatif, resep ngaleuleuwihi bakat jeung préstasina, sarta boga obsési kana kakawasaan atawa kageulisan/kakasepan. Hal nu pangdasarna nyaéta ngabédakeun antara narsisisme jeung rasa percaya diri (''self-confidence''). Jalma nu percaya diri boga harga diri nu séhat; maranéhna sadar kana kaleuwihanna tapi angger ngahargaan batur jeung logor dada narima kritik. Sabalikna, saurang narsisis ngawangun égona ku cara ngarendahkeun batur jeung réaktif pisan atawa anti kana kritik demi nutupan parasaan ''insecure'' (rapuhna batin) nu nyumput. Nu matak narik ati, panalungtikan psikologis panganyarna némbongkeun yén jalma narsisis sakapeung bisa dipikawanoh kalawan rada gampang, boh tina ciri fisik tangtu nu dominan (kawas halis mata nu kandel) boh sacara langsung, lantaran nu ngalaman narsisisme tingkat luhur (''grandiose narcissism'') mindeng pisan teu asa-asa (teu canggung) pikeun ngaku sacara togmol yén dirina narsis lamun ditanya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/lifestyle/20260326093042-33-721471/peneliti-temukan-cara-mudah-kenali-orang-narsis-cukup-lihat-ini|title=Peneliti Temukan Cara Mudah Kenali Orang Narsis, Cukup Lihat Ini|last=Redaksi|first=Tim|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Sumber rujukan == l3e2rh8woxu03t1sjaqe7tfs1d63r3a 712846 712844 2026-09-23T02:59:11Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Narsisisme''' téh mangrupa sipat psikologis atawa gangguan kapribadian nu dicirian ku rasa mikaasih jeung kagum nu kaleuleuwihi ka diri sorangan, butuh pujian nu teu wajar, sarta kurangna empati kana parasaan batur. Sacara étimologis (asal usul kecap), ieu istilah diadaptasi ti mitologi Yunani Kuno ngeunaan saurang pamuda ngaranna Narcissus (Narkissos) nu dikutuk ku déwa sangkan bogoheun kana kalangkangna sorangan dina pantulan cai balong nepi ka manéhna paéh. Dina kontéks psikologi klinis, narsisisme tingkat ékstrim diklasifikasikeun salaku Gangguan Kapribadian Narsistik (Narcissistic Personality Disorder/NPD), di mana nu ngalamanana ngarasa yén manéhna boga darajat nu jauh leuwih luhur jeung boga hak meunang perlakuan istiméwa (privilese) dibandingkeun batur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-6592602/narsis-adalah-penyebab-ciri-kepribadian-dan-bedanya-dengan-percaya-diri|title=Narsis Adalah: Penyebab, Ciri Kepribadian, dan Bedanya dengan Percaya Diri|last=Qothrunnada|first=Kholida|website=detikbali|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Rusdi|first=Zainnur M.|date=2012|title=PENGARUH NARSISISME PADA PERILAKU KERJA KONTRA PRODUKTIF DENGAN KEADILAN ORGANISASIONAL SEBAGAI PEMODERASI|url=https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/55675?utm_source=gemini}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/narsisme-si-paling-peduli-diri-sendiri-jawab-tts|title=Narsisme: Si Paling Peduli Diri Sendiri, Jawab TTS|last=Halodoc|first=Redaksi|website=halodoc|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Ciri-ciri == Jalma nu boga kacenderungan narsistik umumna némbongkeun watek kawas arogan (adigung), manipulatif, resep ngaleuleuwihi bakat jeung préstasina, sarta boga obsési kana kakawasaan atawa kageulisan/kakasepan. Hal nu pangdasarna nyaéta ngabédakeun antara narsisisme jeung rasa percaya diri (''self-confidence''). Jalma nu percaya diri boga harga diri nu séhat; maranéhna sadar kana kaleuwihanna tapi angger ngahargaan batur jeung logor dada narima kritik. Sabalikna, saurang narsisis ngawangun égona ku cara ngarendahkeun batur jeung réaktif pisan atawa anti kana kritik demi nutupan parasaan ''insecure'' (rapuhna batin) nu nyumput. Nu matak narik ati, panalungtikan psikologis panganyarna némbongkeun yén jalma narsisis sakapeung bisa dipikawanoh kalawan rada gampang, boh tina ciri fisik tangtu nu dominan (kawas halis mata nu kandel) boh sacara langsung, lantaran nu ngalaman narsisisme tingkat luhur (''grandiose narcissism'') mindeng pisan teu asa-asa (teu canggung) pikeun ngaku sacara togmol yén dirina narsis lamun ditanya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/lifestyle/20260326093042-33-721471/peneliti-temukan-cara-mudah-kenali-orang-narsis-cukup-lihat-ini|title=Peneliti Temukan Cara Mudah Kenali Orang Narsis, Cukup Lihat Ini|last=Redaksi|first=Tim|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Faktor panyabab == Kabentukna kapribadian narsistik téh mangrupa hasil tina interaksi nu kompléks antara faktor génétika, néurobiologis, jeung lingkungan, pangpangna pangalaman mangsa keur budak. Tina sisi lingkungan, pola asuh kolot nyekel peranan nu penting pisan. Kolot nu kaleuleuwihi minuhan paménta budak (ngamanja), salawasna muji budak sacara kaleuleuwihi tanpa dasar nu réalistis, atawa sabalikna, kolot nu ngantepkeun, tiis, jeung nungtut kasampurnaan sacara ékstrim, boga poténsi ngahudangkeun kabentukna mékanisme pertahanan diri mangrupa narsisisme di budak. Kajian akademis dina widang psikologi ogé nyorot yén validasi sosial nu taya eureunna, ékspéktasi lingkungan, sarta budaya pamér di média sosial di éra modérn milu jadi katalis nu mupuk jeung ngaparahkeun kacenderungan sipat narsistik di individu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gramedia.com/best-seller/narsisme/|title=Pengertian Narsisme & Memahami Fenomena Narsisme Milenial|website=Best Seller Gramedia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == b365riijtxfpgd9s1ru5yw0ro4dpbfq 712847 712846 2026-09-23T03:00:27Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712847 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Narsisisme''' téh mangrupa sipat psikologis atawa gangguan kapribadian nu dicirian ku rasa mikaasih jeung kagum nu kaleuleuwihi ka diri sorangan, butuh pujian nu teu wajar, sarta kurangna empati kana parasaan batur. Sacara étimologis (asal usul kecap), ieu istilah diadaptasi ti mitologi Yunani Kuno ngeunaan saurang pamuda ngaranna Narcissus (Narkissos) nu dikutuk ku déwa sangkan bogoheun kana kalangkangna sorangan dina pantulan cai balong nepi ka manéhna paéh. Dina kontéks psikologi klinis, narsisisme tingkat ékstrim diklasifikasikeun salaku Gangguan Kapribadian Narsistik (Narcissistic Personality Disorder/NPD), di mana nu ngalamanana ngarasa yén manéhna boga darajat nu jauh leuwih luhur jeung boga hak meunang perlakuan istiméwa (privilese) dibandingkeun batur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-6592602/narsis-adalah-penyebab-ciri-kepribadian-dan-bedanya-dengan-percaya-diri|title=Narsis Adalah: Penyebab, Ciri Kepribadian, dan Bedanya dengan Percaya Diri|last=Qothrunnada|first=Kholida|website=detikbali|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Rusdi|first=Zainnur M.|date=2012|title=PENGARUH NARSISISME PADA PERILAKU KERJA KONTRA PRODUKTIF DENGAN KEADILAN ORGANISASIONAL SEBAGAI PEMODERASI|url=https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/55675?utm_source=gemini}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/narsisme-si-paling-peduli-diri-sendiri-jawab-tts|title=Narsisme: Si Paling Peduli Diri Sendiri, Jawab TTS|last=Halodoc|first=Redaksi|website=halodoc|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Ciri-ciri == Jalma nu boga kacenderungan narsistik umumna némbongkeun watek kawas arogan (adigung), manipulatif, resep ngaleuleuwihi bakat jeung préstasina, sarta boga obsési kana kakawasaan atawa kageulisan/kakasepan. Hal nu pangdasarna nyaéta ngabédakeun antara narsisisme jeung rasa percaya diri (''self-confidence''). Jalma nu percaya diri boga harga diri nu séhat; maranéhna sadar kana kaleuwihanna tapi angger ngahargaan batur jeung logor dada narima kritik. Sabalikna, saurang narsisis ngawangun égona ku cara ngarendahkeun batur jeung réaktif pisan atawa anti kana kritik demi nutupan parasaan ''insecure'' (rapuhna batin) nu nyumput. Nu matak narik ati, panalungtikan psikologis panganyarna némbongkeun yén jalma narsisis sakapeung bisa dipikawanoh kalawan rada gampang, boh tina ciri fisik tangtu nu dominan (kawas halis mata nu kandel) boh sacara langsung, lantaran nu ngalaman narsisisme tingkat luhur (''grandiose narcissism'') mindeng pisan teu asa-asa (teu canggung) pikeun ngaku sacara togmol yén dirina narsis lamun ditanya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/lifestyle/20260326093042-33-721471/peneliti-temukan-cara-mudah-kenali-orang-narsis-cukup-lihat-ini|title=Peneliti Temukan Cara Mudah Kenali Orang Narsis, Cukup Lihat Ini|last=Redaksi|first=Tim|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Faktor panyabab == Kabentukna kapribadian narsistik téh mangrupa hasil tina interaksi nu kompléks antara faktor génétika, néurobiologis, jeung lingkungan, pangpangna pangalaman mangsa keur budak. Tina sisi lingkungan, pola asuh kolot nyekel peranan nu penting pisan. Kolot nu kaleuleuwihi minuhan paménta budak (ngamanja), salawasna muji budak sacara kaleuleuwihi tanpa dasar nu réalistis, atawa sabalikna, kolot nu ngantepkeun, tiis, jeung nungtut kasampurnaan sacara ékstrim, boga poténsi ngahudangkeun kabentukna mékanisme pertahanan diri mangrupa narsisisme di budak. Kajian akademis dina widang psikologi ogé nyorot yén validasi sosial nu taya eureunna, ékspéktasi lingkungan, sarta budaya pamér di média sosial di éra modérn milu jadi katalis nu mupuk jeung ngaparahkeun kacenderungan sipat narsistik di individu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gramedia.com/best-seller/narsisme/|title=Pengertian Narsisme & Memahami Fenomena Narsisme Milenial|website=Best Seller Gramedia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> '''Dinamika Interpersonal jeung Cara Nyanghareupanana''' Sipat narsisisme mawa pangaruh nu lumayan ngarusak dina dinamika hubungan interpersonal (antarkanca), boh di lingkungan kulawarga, asmara, sosobatan, boh di dunya gawé. Ku lantaran minimna empati, saurang narsisis mindeng ngadominasi komunikasi, nungtut perhatian pinuh, jeung mindeng ngéksploitasi batur demi ngahontal tujuanana sorangan. Campur gaul (interaksi) sacara inténs jeung narsisis bisa nguras pisan émosi jeung méntal. Ku kituna, sangkan bisa bertahan jeung ngawangun hubungan nu harmonis jeung saurang narsisis, para ahli nyarankeun pentingna pikeun ngawangun jeung negakkeun watesan (''boundaries'') nu teges. Salian ti éta, disarankeun pisan sangkan teu gampang kapancing sacara émosional (réaktif) kana provokasi maranéhna, ngahindaran padungdengan (perdebatan) nu teu asup akal, sarta fokus kana kanyataan (réalitas) pikeun nyegah kamanipulasi ku taktik ''gaslighting'' nu mindeng dipaké ku maranéhna.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greatmind.id/article/hidup-harmonis-bersama-narsisis|title=Hidup Harmonis Bersama Narsisis {{!}} Greatmind|last=“Goodcommerce”|website=greatmind.id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == emr9zycooc4goj6mi42rpo7x0da3pdl 712849 712847 2026-09-23T03:02:42Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712849 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Narsisisme''' téh mangrupa sipat [[Psikologi|psikologis]] atawa gangguan kapribadian nu dicirian ku rasa mikaasih jeung kagum nu kaleuleuwihi ka diri sorangan, butuh pujian nu teu wajar, sarta kurangna émpati kana perasaan batur. Sacara étimologis (asal usul kecap), ieu istilah diadaptasi ti [[mitologi Yunani Kuno]] ngeunaan saurang pamuda ngaranna Narcissus (Narkissos) nu dikutuk ku déwa sangkan bogoheun kana kalangkangna sorangan dina pantulan cai balong nepi ka manéhna paéh. Dina kontéks [[psikologi klinis]], narsisisme tingkat ékstrim diklasifikasikeun salaku [[Gangguan kapribadian narsistik|Gangguan Kapribadian Narsistik]] (Narcissistic Personality Disorder/NPD), di mana nu ngalamanana ngarasa yén manéhna boga darajat nu jauh leuwih luhur jeung boga hak meunang perlakuan istiméwa ''(privilege)'' dibandingkeun batur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-6592602/narsis-adalah-penyebab-ciri-kepribadian-dan-bedanya-dengan-percaya-diri|title=Narsis Adalah: Penyebab, Ciri Kepribadian, dan Bedanya dengan Percaya Diri|last=Qothrunnada|first=Kholida|website=detikbali|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Rusdi|first=Zainnur M.|date=2012|title=PENGARUH NARSISISME PADA PERILAKU KERJA KONTRA PRODUKTIF DENGAN KEADILAN ORGANISASIONAL SEBAGAI PEMODERASI|url=https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/55675?utm_source=gemini}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/narsisme-si-paling-peduli-diri-sendiri-jawab-tts|title=Narsisme: Si Paling Peduli Diri Sendiri, Jawab TTS|last=Halodoc|first=Redaksi|website=halodoc|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Ciri-ciri == Jalma nu boga kacenderungan narsistik umumna némbongkeun watek kawas arogan (adigung), manipulatif, resep ngaleuleuwihi bakat jeung préstasina, sarta boga obsési kana kakawasaan atawa kageulisan/kakasepan. Hal nu pangdasarna nyaéta ngabédakeun antara narsisisme jeung rasa percaya diri (''self-confidence''). Jalma nu percaya diri boga harga diri nu séhat; maranéhna sadar kana kaleuwihanna tapi angger ngahargaan batur jeung logor dada narima kritik. Sabalikna, saurang narsisis ngawangun égona ku cara ngarendahkeun batur jeung réaktif pisan atawa anti kana kritik demi nutupan parasaan ''insecure'' (rapuhna batin) nu nyumput. Nu matak narik ati, panalungtikan psikologis panganyarna némbongkeun yén jalma narsisis sakapeung bisa dipikawanoh kalawan rada gampang, boh tina ciri fisik tangtu nu dominan (kawas halis mata nu kandel) boh sacara langsung, lantaran nu ngalaman narsisisme tingkat luhur (''grandiose narcissism'') mindeng pisan teu asa-asa (teu canggung) pikeun ngaku sacara togmol yén dirina narsis lamun ditanya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/lifestyle/20260326093042-33-721471/peneliti-temukan-cara-mudah-kenali-orang-narsis-cukup-lihat-ini|title=Peneliti Temukan Cara Mudah Kenali Orang Narsis, Cukup Lihat Ini|last=Redaksi|first=Tim|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Faktor panyabab == Kabentukna kapribadian narsistik téh mangrupa hasil tina interaksi nu kompléks antara faktor génétika, néurobiologis, jeung lingkungan, pangpangna pangalaman mangsa keur budak. Tina sisi lingkungan, pola asuh kolot nyekel peranan nu penting pisan. Kolot nu kaleuleuwihi minuhan paménta budak (ngamanja), salawasna muji budak sacara kaleuleuwihi tanpa dasar nu réalistis, atawa sabalikna, kolot nu ngantepkeun, tiis, jeung nungtut kasampurnaan sacara ékstrim, boga poténsi ngahudangkeun kabentukna mékanisme pertahanan diri mangrupa narsisisme di budak. Kajian akademis dina widang psikologi ogé nyorot yén validasi sosial nu taya eureunna, ékspéktasi lingkungan, sarta budaya pamér di média sosial di éra modérn milu jadi katalis nu mupuk jeung ngaparahkeun kacenderungan sipat narsistik di individu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gramedia.com/best-seller/narsisme/|title=Pengertian Narsisme & Memahami Fenomena Narsisme Milenial|website=Best Seller Gramedia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> '''Dinamika Interpersonal jeung Cara Nyanghareupanana''' Sipat narsisisme mawa pangaruh nu lumayan ngarusak dina dinamika hubungan interpersonal (antarkanca), boh di lingkungan kulawarga, asmara, sosobatan, boh di dunya gawé. Ku lantaran minimna empati, saurang narsisis mindeng ngadominasi komunikasi, nungtut perhatian pinuh, jeung mindeng ngéksploitasi batur demi ngahontal tujuanana sorangan. Campur gaul (interaksi) sacara inténs jeung narsisis bisa nguras pisan émosi jeung méntal. Ku kituna, sangkan bisa bertahan jeung ngawangun hubungan nu harmonis jeung saurang narsisis, para ahli nyarankeun pentingna pikeun ngawangun jeung negakkeun watesan (''boundaries'') nu teges. Salian ti éta, disarankeun pisan sangkan teu gampang kapancing sacara émosional (réaktif) kana provokasi maranéhna, ngahindaran padungdengan (perdebatan) nu teu asup akal, sarta fokus kana kanyataan (réalitas) pikeun nyegah kamanipulasi ku taktik ''gaslighting'' nu mindeng dipaké ku maranéhna.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greatmind.id/article/hidup-harmonis-bersama-narsisis|title=Hidup Harmonis Bersama Narsisis {{!}} Greatmind|last=“Goodcommerce”|website=greatmind.id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == 8sobjscecsrj3op6dojugslzvinmvdd 712850 712849 2026-09-23T03:04:13Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Ciri-ciri */ 712850 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Narsisisme''' téh mangrupa sipat [[Psikologi|psikologis]] atawa gangguan kapribadian nu dicirian ku rasa mikaasih jeung kagum nu kaleuleuwihi ka diri sorangan, butuh pujian nu teu wajar, sarta kurangna émpati kana perasaan batur. Sacara étimologis (asal usul kecap), ieu istilah diadaptasi ti [[mitologi Yunani Kuno]] ngeunaan saurang pamuda ngaranna Narcissus (Narkissos) nu dikutuk ku déwa sangkan bogoheun kana kalangkangna sorangan dina pantulan cai balong nepi ka manéhna paéh. Dina kontéks [[psikologi klinis]], narsisisme tingkat ékstrim diklasifikasikeun salaku [[Gangguan kapribadian narsistik|Gangguan Kapribadian Narsistik]] (Narcissistic Personality Disorder/NPD), di mana nu ngalamanana ngarasa yén manéhna boga darajat nu jauh leuwih luhur jeung boga hak meunang perlakuan istiméwa ''(privilege)'' dibandingkeun batur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-6592602/narsis-adalah-penyebab-ciri-kepribadian-dan-bedanya-dengan-percaya-diri|title=Narsis Adalah: Penyebab, Ciri Kepribadian, dan Bedanya dengan Percaya Diri|last=Qothrunnada|first=Kholida|website=detikbali|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Rusdi|first=Zainnur M.|date=2012|title=PENGARUH NARSISISME PADA PERILAKU KERJA KONTRA PRODUKTIF DENGAN KEADILAN ORGANISASIONAL SEBAGAI PEMODERASI|url=https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/55675?utm_source=gemini}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/narsisme-si-paling-peduli-diri-sendiri-jawab-tts|title=Narsisme: Si Paling Peduli Diri Sendiri, Jawab TTS|last=Halodoc|first=Redaksi|website=halodoc|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Ciri-ciri == Jalma nu boga kacenderungan narsistik umumna némbongkeun watek kawas arogan (adigung), manipulatif, resep ngaleuleuwihi bakat jeung préstasina, sarta boga obsési kana kakawasaan atawa kageulisan/kakasépan. Hal nu pangdasarna nyaéta ngabédakeun antara narsisisme jeung rasa percaya diri (''self-confidence''). Jalma nu percaya diri boga harga diri nu séhat; maranéhna sadar kana kaleuwihanna tapi angger ngahargaan batur jeung logor dada narima kritik. Sabalikna, saurang narsisis ngawangun égona ku cara ngarendahkeun batur jeung réaktif pisan atawa anti kana kritik demi nutupan perasaan ''insecure'' (rapuhna batin) nu nyumput. Nu matak narik ati, panalungtikan psikologis panganyarna némbongkeun yén jalma narsisis sakapeung bisa dipikawanoh kalawan rada gampang, boh tina ciri fisik tangtu nu dominan (kawas halis mata nu kandel) boh sacara langsung, lantaran nu ngalaman narsisisme tingkat luhur (''grandiose narcissism'') mindeng pisan teu asa-asa (teu canggung) pikeun ngaku sacara togmol yén dirina narsis lamun ditanya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/lifestyle/20260326093042-33-721471/peneliti-temukan-cara-mudah-kenali-orang-narsis-cukup-lihat-ini|title=Peneliti Temukan Cara Mudah Kenali Orang Narsis, Cukup Lihat Ini|last=Redaksi|first=Tim|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Faktor panyabab == Kabentukna kapribadian narsistik téh mangrupa hasil tina interaksi nu kompléks antara faktor génétika, néurobiologis, jeung lingkungan, pangpangna pangalaman mangsa keur budak. Tina sisi lingkungan, pola asuh kolot nyekel peranan nu penting pisan. Kolot nu kaleuleuwihi minuhan paménta budak (ngamanja), salawasna muji budak sacara kaleuleuwihi tanpa dasar nu réalistis, atawa sabalikna, kolot nu ngantepkeun, tiis, jeung nungtut kasampurnaan sacara ékstrim, boga poténsi ngahudangkeun kabentukna mékanisme pertahanan diri mangrupa narsisisme di budak. Kajian akademis dina widang psikologi ogé nyorot yén validasi sosial nu taya eureunna, ékspéktasi lingkungan, sarta budaya pamér di média sosial di éra modérn milu jadi katalis nu mupuk jeung ngaparahkeun kacenderungan sipat narsistik di individu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gramedia.com/best-seller/narsisme/|title=Pengertian Narsisme & Memahami Fenomena Narsisme Milenial|website=Best Seller Gramedia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> '''Dinamika Interpersonal jeung Cara Nyanghareupanana''' Sipat narsisisme mawa pangaruh nu lumayan ngarusak dina dinamika hubungan interpersonal (antarkanca), boh di lingkungan kulawarga, asmara, sosobatan, boh di dunya gawé. Ku lantaran minimna empati, saurang narsisis mindeng ngadominasi komunikasi, nungtut perhatian pinuh, jeung mindeng ngéksploitasi batur demi ngahontal tujuanana sorangan. Campur gaul (interaksi) sacara inténs jeung narsisis bisa nguras pisan émosi jeung méntal. Ku kituna, sangkan bisa bertahan jeung ngawangun hubungan nu harmonis jeung saurang narsisis, para ahli nyarankeun pentingna pikeun ngawangun jeung negakkeun watesan (''boundaries'') nu teges. Salian ti éta, disarankeun pisan sangkan teu gampang kapancing sacara émosional (réaktif) kana provokasi maranéhna, ngahindaran padungdengan (perdebatan) nu teu asup akal, sarta fokus kana kanyataan (réalitas) pikeun nyegah kamanipulasi ku taktik ''gaslighting'' nu mindeng dipaké ku maranéhna.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greatmind.id/article/hidup-harmonis-bersama-narsisis|title=Hidup Harmonis Bersama Narsisis {{!}} Greatmind|last=“Goodcommerce”|website=greatmind.id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == 61f4rogk5yv6m838v331wu1qzu4ffpi 712851 712850 2026-09-23T03:06:35Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Faktor panyabab */ 712851 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Narsisisme''' téh mangrupa sipat [[Psikologi|psikologis]] atawa gangguan kapribadian nu dicirian ku rasa mikaasih jeung kagum nu kaleuleuwihi ka diri sorangan, butuh pujian nu teu wajar, sarta kurangna émpati kana perasaan batur. Sacara étimologis (asal usul kecap), ieu istilah diadaptasi ti [[mitologi Yunani Kuno]] ngeunaan saurang pamuda ngaranna Narcissus (Narkissos) nu dikutuk ku déwa sangkan bogoheun kana kalangkangna sorangan dina pantulan cai balong nepi ka manéhna paéh. Dina kontéks [[psikologi klinis]], narsisisme tingkat ékstrim diklasifikasikeun salaku [[Gangguan kapribadian narsistik|Gangguan Kapribadian Narsistik]] (Narcissistic Personality Disorder/NPD), di mana nu ngalamanana ngarasa yén manéhna boga darajat nu jauh leuwih luhur jeung boga hak meunang perlakuan istiméwa ''(privilege)'' dibandingkeun batur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-6592602/narsis-adalah-penyebab-ciri-kepribadian-dan-bedanya-dengan-percaya-diri|title=Narsis Adalah: Penyebab, Ciri Kepribadian, dan Bedanya dengan Percaya Diri|last=Qothrunnada|first=Kholida|website=detikbali|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Rusdi|first=Zainnur M.|date=2012|title=PENGARUH NARSISISME PADA PERILAKU KERJA KONTRA PRODUKTIF DENGAN KEADILAN ORGANISASIONAL SEBAGAI PEMODERASI|url=https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/55675?utm_source=gemini}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/narsisme-si-paling-peduli-diri-sendiri-jawab-tts|title=Narsisme: Si Paling Peduli Diri Sendiri, Jawab TTS|last=Halodoc|first=Redaksi|website=halodoc|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Ciri-ciri == Jalma nu boga kacenderungan narsistik umumna némbongkeun watek kawas arogan (adigung), manipulatif, resep ngaleuleuwihi bakat jeung préstasina, sarta boga obsési kana kakawasaan atawa kageulisan/kakasépan. Hal nu pangdasarna nyaéta ngabédakeun antara narsisisme jeung rasa percaya diri (''self-confidence''). Jalma nu percaya diri boga harga diri nu séhat; maranéhna sadar kana kaleuwihanna tapi angger ngahargaan batur jeung logor dada narima kritik. Sabalikna, saurang narsisis ngawangun égona ku cara ngarendahkeun batur jeung réaktif pisan atawa anti kana kritik demi nutupan perasaan ''insecure'' (rapuhna batin) nu nyumput. Nu matak narik ati, panalungtikan psikologis panganyarna némbongkeun yén jalma narsisis sakapeung bisa dipikawanoh kalawan rada gampang, boh tina ciri fisik tangtu nu dominan (kawas halis mata nu kandel) boh sacara langsung, lantaran nu ngalaman narsisisme tingkat luhur (''grandiose narcissism'') mindeng pisan teu asa-asa (teu canggung) pikeun ngaku sacara togmol yén dirina narsis lamun ditanya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/lifestyle/20260326093042-33-721471/peneliti-temukan-cara-mudah-kenali-orang-narsis-cukup-lihat-ini|title=Peneliti Temukan Cara Mudah Kenali Orang Narsis, Cukup Lihat Ini|last=Redaksi|first=Tim|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Faktor panyabab == Kabentukna kapribadian narsistik téh mangrupa hasil tina interaksi nu kompléks antara faktor [[génétika]], [[néurobiologis]], jeung lingkungan, pangpangna pangalaman mangsa keur budak. Tina sisi lingkungan, pola asuh kolot nyekel peranan nu penting pisan. Kolot nu kaleuleuwihi minuhan paménta budak (ngamanja), salawasna muji budak sacara kaleuleuwihi tanpa dasar nu réalistis, atawa sabalikna, kolot nu ngantepkeun, tiis, jeung nungtut kasampurnaan sacara ékstrim, boga poténsi ngahudangkeun kabentukna mékanisme pertahanan diri mangrupa narsisisme di budak. Kajian akademis dina widang psikologi ogé nyorot yén validasi sosial nu taya eureunna, ékspéktasi lingkungan, sarta budaya pamér di média sosial di éra modérn milu jadi katalis nu mupuk jeung ngaparahkeun kacenderungan sipat narsistik di individu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gramedia.com/best-seller/narsisme/|title=Pengertian Narsisme & Memahami Fenomena Narsisme Milenial|website=Best Seller Gramedia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Dinamika interpersonal jeung cara nyanghareupanana == Sipat narsisisme mawa pangaruh nu lumayan ngarusak dina dinamika hubungan interpersonal (antarkanca), boh di lingkungan kulawarga, asmara, sosobatan, boh di dunya gawé. Ku lantaran minimna empati, saurang narsisis mindeng ngadominasi komunikasi, nungtut perhatian pinuh, jeung mindeng ngéksploitasi batur demi ngahontal tujuanana sorangan. Campur gaul (interaksi) sacara inténs jeung narsisis bisa nguras pisan émosi jeung méntal. Ku kituna, sangkan bisa bertahan jeung ngawangun hubungan nu harmonis jeung saurang narsisis, para ahli nyarankeun pentingna pikeun ngawangun jeung negakkeun watesan (''boundaries'') nu teges. Salian ti éta, disarankeun pisan sangkan teu gampang kapancing sacara émosional (réaktif) kana provokasi maranéhna, ngahindaran padungdengan (perdebatan) nu teu asup akal, sarta fokus kana kanyataan (réalitas) pikeun nyegah kamanipulasi ku taktik ''gaslighting'' nu mindeng dipaké ku maranéhna.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greatmind.id/article/hidup-harmonis-bersama-narsisis|title=Hidup Harmonis Bersama Narsisis {{!}} Greatmind|last=“Goodcommerce”|website=greatmind.id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == dhgfx0t7qorj74mndx1oqdekqkk2ygt 712852 712851 2026-09-23T03:07:50Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712852 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Word Cloud NPD.png|jmpl|315x315px|''Narcissistic Personality Disorder'']] '''Narsisisme''' téh mangrupa sipat [[Psikologi|psikologis]] atawa gangguan kapribadian nu dicirian ku rasa mikaasih jeung kagum nu kaleuleuwihi ka diri sorangan, butuh pujian nu teu wajar, sarta kurangna émpati kana perasaan batur. Sacara étimologis (asal usul kecap), ieu istilah diadaptasi ti [[mitologi Yunani Kuno]] ngeunaan saurang pamuda ngaranna Narcissus (Narkissos) nu dikutuk ku déwa sangkan bogoheun kana kalangkangna sorangan dina pantulan cai balong nepi ka manéhna paéh. Dina kontéks [[psikologi klinis]], narsisisme tingkat ékstrim diklasifikasikeun salaku [[Gangguan kapribadian narsistik|Gangguan Kapribadian Narsistik]] (Narcissistic Personality Disorder/NPD), di mana nu ngalamanana ngarasa yén manéhna boga darajat nu jauh leuwih luhur jeung boga hak meunang perlakuan istiméwa ''(privilege)'' dibandingkeun batur.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-6592602/narsis-adalah-penyebab-ciri-kepribadian-dan-bedanya-dengan-percaya-diri|title=Narsis Adalah: Penyebab, Ciri Kepribadian, dan Bedanya dengan Percaya Diri|last=Qothrunnada|first=Kholida|website=detikbali|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Rusdi|first=Zainnur M.|date=2012|title=PENGARUH NARSISISME PADA PERILAKU KERJA KONTRA PRODUKTIF DENGAN KEADILAN ORGANISASIONAL SEBAGAI PEMODERASI|url=https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/55675?utm_source=gemini}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.halodoc.com/artikel/narsisme-si-paling-peduli-diri-sendiri-jawab-tts|title=Narsisme: Si Paling Peduli Diri Sendiri, Jawab TTS|last=Halodoc|first=Redaksi|website=halodoc|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Ciri-ciri == Jalma nu boga kacenderungan narsistik umumna némbongkeun watek kawas arogan (adigung), manipulatif, resep ngaleuleuwihi bakat jeung préstasina, sarta boga obsési kana kakawasaan atawa kageulisan/kakasépan. Hal nu pangdasarna nyaéta ngabédakeun antara narsisisme jeung rasa percaya diri (''self-confidence''). Jalma nu percaya diri boga harga diri nu séhat; maranéhna sadar kana kaleuwihanna tapi angger ngahargaan batur jeung logor dada narima kritik. Sabalikna, saurang narsisis ngawangun égona ku cara ngarendahkeun batur jeung réaktif pisan atawa anti kana kritik demi nutupan perasaan ''insecure'' (rapuhna batin) nu nyumput. Nu matak narik ati, panalungtikan psikologis panganyarna némbongkeun yén jalma narsisis sakapeung bisa dipikawanoh kalawan rada gampang, boh tina ciri fisik tangtu nu dominan (kawas halis mata nu kandel) boh sacara langsung, lantaran nu ngalaman narsisisme tingkat luhur (''grandiose narcissism'') mindeng pisan teu asa-asa (teu canggung) pikeun ngaku sacara togmol yén dirina narsis lamun ditanya.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/lifestyle/20260326093042-33-721471/peneliti-temukan-cara-mudah-kenali-orang-narsis-cukup-lihat-ini|title=Peneliti Temukan Cara Mudah Kenali Orang Narsis, Cukup Lihat Ini|last=Redaksi|first=Tim|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Faktor panyabab == Kabentukna kapribadian narsistik téh mangrupa hasil tina interaksi nu kompléks antara faktor [[génétika]], [[néurobiologis]], jeung lingkungan, pangpangna pangalaman mangsa keur budak. Tina sisi lingkungan, pola asuh kolot nyekel peranan nu penting pisan. Kolot nu kaleuleuwihi minuhan paménta budak (ngamanja), salawasna muji budak sacara kaleuleuwihi tanpa dasar nu réalistis, atawa sabalikna, kolot nu ngantepkeun, tiis, jeung nungtut kasampurnaan sacara ékstrim, boga poténsi ngahudangkeun kabentukna mékanisme pertahanan diri mangrupa narsisisme di budak. Kajian akademis dina widang psikologi ogé nyorot yén validasi sosial nu taya eureunna, ékspéktasi lingkungan, sarta budaya pamér di média sosial di éra modérn milu jadi katalis nu mupuk jeung ngaparahkeun kacenderungan sipat narsistik di individu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gramedia.com/best-seller/narsisme/|title=Pengertian Narsisme & Memahami Fenomena Narsisme Milenial|website=Best Seller Gramedia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Dinamika interpersonal jeung cara nyanghareupanana == Sipat narsisisme mawa pangaruh nu lumayan ngarusak dina dinamika hubungan interpersonal (antarkanca), boh di lingkungan kulawarga, asmara, sosobatan, boh di dunya gawé. Ku lantaran minimna empati, saurang narsisis mindeng ngadominasi komunikasi, nungtut perhatian pinuh, jeung mindeng ngéksploitasi batur demi ngahontal tujuanana sorangan. Campur gaul (interaksi) sacara inténs jeung narsisis bisa nguras pisan émosi jeung méntal. Ku kituna, sangkan bisa bertahan jeung ngawangun hubungan nu harmonis jeung saurang narsisis, para ahli nyarankeun pentingna pikeun ngawangun jeung negakkeun watesan (''boundaries'') nu teges. Salian ti éta, disarankeun pisan sangkan teu gampang kapancing sacara émosional (réaktif) kana provokasi maranéhna, ngahindaran padungdengan (perdebatan) nu teu asup akal, sarta fokus kana kanyataan (réalitas) pikeun nyegah kamanipulasi ku taktik ''gaslighting'' nu mindeng dipaké ku maranéhna.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greatmind.id/article/hidup-harmonis-bersama-narsisis|title=Hidup Harmonis Bersama Narsisis {{!}} Greatmind|last=“Goodcommerce”|website=greatmind.id|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == 2fr3i685gpitv5vptj6dugwk1yiovag 0 108871 712856 2026-09-23T03:50:42Z Pijri Paijar 27067 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Thomas M. Nichols''' (lahir 7 Désémber 1960) téh saurang spésialis akademik dina widang urusan internasional, nu ayeuna jadi profésor di U.S. Naval War College jeung Harvard Extension School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alumni.extension.harvard.edu/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols|website=Harvard Extension Alumni Association|language=en-us|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Karyana nyorot pasualan-pasualan nu ngalibetkeun Rusia, pakarang nuklir, jeung urusan kaamanan nasio... 712856 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas M. Nichols''' (lahir 7 Désémber 1960) téh saurang spésialis akademik dina widang urusan internasional, nu ayeuna jadi profésor di U.S. Naval War College jeung Harvard Extension School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alumni.extension.harvard.edu/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols|website=Harvard Extension Alumni Association|language=en-us|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Karyana nyorot pasualan-pasualan nu ngalibetkeun Rusia, pakarang nuklir, jeung urusan kaamanan nasional. Saméméhna manéhna kungsi jadi anggota di Center for Strategic and International Studies, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, jeung John F. Kennedy School of Government di Universitas Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/author/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols, The Atlantic|website=The Atlantic|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == si4n2wo3rjbksyq2ieurjjzvb4vr5cd 712859 712856 2026-09-23T03:57:59Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas M. Nichols''' (lahir 7 Désémber 1960) téh saurang spésialis akademik dina widang urusan internasional, nu ayeuna jadi profésor di U.S. Naval War College jeung Harvard Extension School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alumni.extension.harvard.edu/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols|website=Harvard Extension Alumni Association|language=en-us|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Karyana nyorot pasualan-pasualan nu ngalibetkeun Rusia, pakarang nuklir, jeung urusan kaamanan nasional. Saméméhna manéhna kungsi jadi anggota di Center for Strategic and International Studies, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, jeung John F. Kennedy School of Government di Universitas Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/author/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols, The Atlantic|website=The Atlantic|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung kasang tukang atikan == Nichols lahir di Holyoke, Massachusetts, jeung gedé di Chicopee, Massachusetts, di mana manéhna sakola di sakola nagri dina taun 1960-an nepi ka 1970-an.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pfaffenberger|first=Fabian|date=2018-02-01|title=What you tweet is what we get?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|journal=Publizistik|volume=63|issue=1|pages=53–72|doi=10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|issn=1862-2569}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/do/10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344/abs/|title=Magazine Authors|website=pubsonline.informs.org|language=en|doi=10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Aki jeung ninina ti pihak bapa mangrupa imigran Yunani, sedengkeun indungna boga katurunan Irlandia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Desert Remembers My Name: On Family and Writing|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv27bds69|publisher=University of Arizona Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-8165-2626-0|doi=10.2307/j.ctv27bds69|first=Kathleen J.|last=Alcalá}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Water Between Us|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh71t|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|date=1999|isbn=978-0-8229-5710-2|doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qh71t|first=Shara|last=McCallum}}</ref> Dina pidatona di Heritage Foundation, manéhna nyebutkeun yén kulawargana téh lain kulawarga nu luhur atikan, bari negeskeun yén kolotna téh "barudak jaman Déprési nu eureun (putus) sakola menengah". Nichols meunang gelar Sarjana (BA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti Boston University dina 1983, tuluy gelar Magister (MA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti Columbia University dina 1984. Manéhna ogé meunang sertifikat ti Harriman Institute of Columbia University dina 1985, jeung gelar Doktor (PhD) dina Élmu Pamaréntahan ti Georgetown University dina 1988. Disertasina dijudulan "The Politics of Doctrine: Khrushchev, Gorbachev and the Soviet Military".<ref>{{Cite book|edition=1|title=Civil-Military Relations Under Gorbachev: The Struggle over National Security|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429694240/chapters/10.4324/9780429044427-3|publisher=Routledge|date=2019-05-20|isbn=978-0-429-04442-7|pages=29–61|doi=10.4324/9780429044427-3|language=en|first=Thomas|last=Nichols|first2=Theodore|last2=Karasik|editor-first=William C.|editor-last=Green|editor-first2=Theodore|editor-last2=Karasik}}</ref> === Karir di Jeopardy! === Nichols téh juara lima kali dina acara Jeopardy!, meunangkeun pertandingan usum régulér dina 1994. Mimitina mah, manéhna éléh dina pertandingan kalimana, tapi digeroan deui lantaran aya "kasalahan pituduh (''clue discrepancy'')".<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1950-03-20|title=Wintersteiner Outlines Germitrine Research: C&EN REPORTS: New York Section, Nichols Medal Award|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=28|issue=12|pages=934–936|doi=10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Manéhna tuluy miluan Turnamén Juara 1994 jeung Turnamén Juara Ultimate 2005, masing-masing éléh di babak parapat final<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1986-07-21|title=Fluoridation chemicals supply problem aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=29|pages=14|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> jeung babak kahiji.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1986-06-16|title=National ownership of plant germ plasm aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=24|pages=17|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Dina wawancara jeung Newsweek dina 2022, Nichols ngusulkeun sangkan Jeopardy! ngabalikeun deui aturan wates meunang lima poé nu dihapus dina taun 2003.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1938|title=Criminal Law. Former Jeopardy. Prosecutions for Conspiracy as Double Jeopardy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333777|journal=Harvard Law Review|publisher=The Harvard Law Review Association|volume=51|issue=5|pages=925–926|doi=10.2307/1333777|issn=0017-811X}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == 7j67gp10x8elaemom5vpnak44obmfa7 712861 712859 2026-09-23T04:06:01Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712861 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas M. Nichols''' (lahir 7 Désémber 1960) téh saurang spésialis akademik dina widang urusan internasional, nu ayeuna jadi profésor di U.S. Naval War College jeung Harvard Extension School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alumni.extension.harvard.edu/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols|website=Harvard Extension Alumni Association|language=en-us|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Karyana nyorot pasualan-pasualan nu ngalibetkeun Rusia, pakarang nuklir, jeung urusan kaamanan nasional. Saméméhna manéhna kungsi jadi anggota di Center for Strategic and International Studies, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, jeung John F. Kennedy School of Government di Universitas Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/author/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols, The Atlantic|website=The Atlantic|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung kasang tukang atikan == Nichols lahir di Holyoke, Massachusetts, jeung gedé di Chicopee, Massachusetts, di mana manéhna sakola di sakola nagri dina taun 1960-an nepi ka 1970-an.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pfaffenberger|first=Fabian|date=2018-02-01|title=What you tweet is what we get?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|journal=Publizistik|volume=63|issue=1|pages=53–72|doi=10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|issn=1862-2569}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/do/10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344/abs/|title=Magazine Authors|website=pubsonline.informs.org|language=en|doi=10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Aki jeung ninina ti pihak bapa mangrupa imigran Yunani, sedengkeun indungna boga katurunan Irlandia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Desert Remembers My Name: On Family and Writing|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv27bds69|publisher=University of Arizona Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-8165-2626-0|doi=10.2307/j.ctv27bds69|first=Kathleen J.|last=Alcalá}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Water Between Us|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh71t|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|date=1999|isbn=978-0-8229-5710-2|doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qh71t|first=Shara|last=McCallum}}</ref> Dina pidatona di Heritage Foundation, manéhna nyebutkeun yén kulawargana téh lain kulawarga nu luhur atikan, bari negeskeun yén kolotna téh "barudak jaman Déprési nu eureun (putus) sakola menengah". Nichols meunang gelar Sarjana (BA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti Boston University dina 1983, tuluy gelar Magister (MA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti Columbia University dina 1984. Manéhna ogé meunang sertifikat ti Harriman Institute of Columbia University dina 1985, jeung gelar Doktor (PhD) dina Élmu Pamaréntahan ti Georgetown University dina 1988. Disertasina dijudulan "The Politics of Doctrine: Khrushchev, Gorbachev and the Soviet Military".<ref>{{Cite book|edition=1|title=Civil-Military Relations Under Gorbachev: The Struggle over National Security|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429694240/chapters/10.4324/9780429044427-3|publisher=Routledge|date=2019-05-20|isbn=978-0-429-04442-7|pages=29–61|doi=10.4324/9780429044427-3|language=en|first=Thomas|last=Nichols|first2=Theodore|last2=Karasik|editor-first=William C.|editor-last=Green|editor-first2=Theodore|editor-last2=Karasik}}</ref> === Karir di Jeopardy! === Nichols téh juara lima kali dina acara Jeopardy!, meunangkeun pertandingan usum régulér dina 1994. Mimitina mah, manéhna éléh dina pertandingan kalimana, tapi digeroan deui lantaran aya "kasalahan pituduh (''clue discrepancy'')".<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1950-03-20|title=Wintersteiner Outlines Germitrine Research: C&EN REPORTS: New York Section, Nichols Medal Award|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=28|issue=12|pages=934–936|doi=10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Manéhna tuluy miluan Turnamén Juara 1994 jeung Turnamén Juara Ultimate 2005, masing-masing éléh di babak parapat final<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1986-07-21|title=Fluoridation chemicals supply problem aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=29|pages=14|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> jeung babak kahiji.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1986-06-16|title=National ownership of plant germ plasm aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=24|pages=17|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Dina wawancara jeung Newsweek dina 2022, Nichols ngusulkeun sangkan Jeopardy! ngabalikeun deui aturan wates meunang lima poé nu dihapus dina taun 2003.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1938|title=Criminal Law. Former Jeopardy. Prosecutions for Conspiracy as Double Jeopardy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333777|journal=Harvard Law Review|publisher=The Harvard Law Review Association|volume=51|issue=5|pages=925–926|doi=10.2307/1333777|issn=0017-811X}}</ref> == Karir == Sanggeus réngsé program doktoralna di Georgetown University, dina taun 1989 Nichols narima posisi pangajar di Dartmouth College. Manéhna ngabdi di dinya nepi ka taun 1997, ngajarkeun élmu pulitik jeung urusan Rusia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tom or Thom, John Nichols (1799–1838)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-27504|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.27504|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=What a Long Strange Trip It’s Been|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2017-07-13|isbn=978-0-19-878610-8|pages=0|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|first=R. A. W.|last=Rhodes|editor-first=R. A. W.|editor-last=Rhodes}}</ref> Salila mangsa jabatanna di Dartmouth, Nichols ogé ngajabat jadi asistén législatif widang pertahanan jeung luar nagri pikeun Sénator AS John Heinz (R-PA).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Nichols, Thomas (fl 1550)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-20123|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.20123|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Naval War Coll Newport Ri|date=1986-01-01|title=Naval War College Summary Record of Research and Publication, July 1985-June 1986:|url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA203895|location=Fort Belvoir, VA|doi=10.21236/ADA203895}}</ref> Dina taun 1997, Nichols jadi profésor stratégi di U.S. Naval War College, posisi nu dicekelna nepi ka taun 2008.<ref name=":1" /> Saterusna, Nichols ditunjuk jadi profésor urusan kaamanan nasional di éta paguron luhur militér. Manéhna pangsiun dina taun 2022.<ref name=":1" /> Manéhna ogé kungsi jadi ''senior associate'' di Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs nu basisna di Manhattan (2004-2005).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=CROWN-PRINCE RETRIEVED: LIFE AT CUSTRIN NOVEMBER 1730-FEBRUARY 1732|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/works-of-thomas-carlyle/crownprince-retrieved-life-at-custrin-november-1730february-1732/06451A30A8339836CA9439B108C256E8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2010|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-511-69467-7|pages=342–406|volume=13|series=Cambridge Library Collection - The Works of Carlyle|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511694677.004|editor-first=Henry Duff|editor-last=Traill|editor-first2=Thomas|editor-last2=Carlyle}}</ref> Dina taun 2005, Nichols diangkat pikeun nyekel peran jadi pangajar tamu di La Salle University jeung pangajar adjung di Harvard University.<ref name=":1" /> Nichols ditetepkeun jadi ''fellow'' di Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government dina taun 2008.<ref name=":2" /> Ayeuna, Nichols gawé jadi staf panulis di The Atlantic jeung mangrupa panulis salah sahiji ''newsletter'' (nawala éléktronik) maranéhna, The Atlantic Daily. == Sumber rujukan == 9y9kjimsks3itpm4h4y4by1dl389nbj 712862 712861 2026-09-23T04:08:57Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas M. Nichols''' (lahir 7 Désémber 1960) téh saurang spésialis akademik dina widang urusan internasional, nu ayeuna jadi profésor di U.S. Naval War College jeung Harvard Extension School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alumni.extension.harvard.edu/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols|website=Harvard Extension Alumni Association|language=en-us|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Karyana nyorot pasualan-pasualan nu ngalibetkeun Rusia, pakarang nuklir, jeung urusan kaamanan nasional. Saméméhna manéhna kungsi jadi anggota di Center for Strategic and International Studies, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, jeung John F. Kennedy School of Government di Universitas Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/author/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols, The Atlantic|website=The Atlantic|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung kasang tukang atikan == Nichols lahir di Holyoke, Massachusetts, jeung gedé di Chicopee, Massachusetts, di mana manéhna sakola di sakola nagri dina taun 1960-an nepi ka 1970-an.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pfaffenberger|first=Fabian|date=2018-02-01|title=What you tweet is what we get?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|journal=Publizistik|volume=63|issue=1|pages=53–72|doi=10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|issn=1862-2569}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/do/10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344/abs/|title=Magazine Authors|website=pubsonline.informs.org|language=en|doi=10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Aki jeung ninina ti pihak bapa mangrupa imigran Yunani, sedengkeun indungna boga katurunan Irlandia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Desert Remembers My Name: On Family and Writing|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv27bds69|publisher=University of Arizona Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-8165-2626-0|doi=10.2307/j.ctv27bds69|first=Kathleen J.|last=Alcalá}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Water Between Us|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh71t|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|date=1999|isbn=978-0-8229-5710-2|doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qh71t|first=Shara|last=McCallum}}</ref> Dina pidatona di Heritage Foundation, manéhna nyebutkeun yén kulawargana téh lain kulawarga nu luhur atikan, bari negeskeun yén kolotna téh "barudak jaman Déprési nu eureun (putus) sakola menengah". Nichols meunang gelar Sarjana (BA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti Boston University dina 1983, tuluy gelar Magister (MA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti Columbia University dina 1984. Manéhna ogé meunang sertifikat ti Harriman Institute of Columbia University dina 1985, jeung gelar Doktor (PhD) dina Élmu Pamaréntahan ti Georgetown University dina 1988. Disertasina dijudulan "The Politics of Doctrine: Khrushchev, Gorbachev and the Soviet Military".<ref>{{Cite book|edition=1|title=Civil-Military Relations Under Gorbachev: The Struggle over National Security|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429694240/chapters/10.4324/9780429044427-3|publisher=Routledge|date=2019-05-20|isbn=978-0-429-04442-7|pages=29–61|doi=10.4324/9780429044427-3|language=en|first=Thomas|last=Nichols|first2=Theodore|last2=Karasik|editor-first=William C.|editor-last=Green|editor-first2=Theodore|editor-last2=Karasik}}</ref> === Karir di Jeopardy! === Nichols téh juara lima kali dina acara Jeopardy!, meunangkeun pertandingan usum régulér dina 1994. Mimitina mah, manéhna éléh dina pertandingan kalimana, tapi digeroan deui lantaran aya "kasalahan pituduh (''clue discrepancy'')".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=1950-03-20|title=Wintersteiner Outlines Germitrine Research: C&EN REPORTS: New York Section, Nichols Medal Award|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=28|issue=12|pages=934–936|doi=10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Manéhna tuluy miluan Turnamén Juara 1994 jeung Turnamén Juara Ultimate 2005, masing-masing éléh di babak parapat final<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=1986-07-21|title=Fluoridation chemicals supply problem aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=29|pages=14|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> jeung babak kahiji.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=1986-06-16|title=National ownership of plant germ plasm aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=24|pages=17|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Dina wawancara jeung Newsweek dina 2022, Nichols ngusulkeun sangkan Jeopardy! ngabalikeun deui aturan wates meunang lima poé nu dihapus dina taun 2003.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|date=1938|title=Criminal Law. Former Jeopardy. Prosecutions for Conspiracy as Double Jeopardy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333777|journal=Harvard Law Review|publisher=The Harvard Law Review Association|volume=51|issue=5|pages=925–926|doi=10.2307/1333777|issn=0017-811X}}</ref> == Karir == Sanggeus réngsé program doktoralna di Georgetown University, dina taun 1989 Nichols narima posisi pangajar di Dartmouth College. Manéhna ngabdi di dinya nepi ka taun 1997, ngajarkeun élmu pulitik jeung urusan Rusia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tom or Thom, John Nichols (1799–1838)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-27504|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.27504|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=What a Long Strange Trip It’s Been|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2017-07-13|isbn=978-0-19-878610-8|pages=0|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|first=R. A. W.|last=Rhodes|editor-first=R. A. W.|editor-last=Rhodes}}</ref> Salila mangsa jabatanna di Dartmouth, Nichols ogé ngajabat jadi asistén législatif widang pertahanan jeung luar nagri pikeun Sénator AS John Heinz (R-PA).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Nichols, Thomas (fl 1550)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-20123|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.20123|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Naval War Coll Newport Ri|date=1986-01-01|title=Naval War College Summary Record of Research and Publication, July 1985-June 1986:|url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA203895|location=Fort Belvoir, VA|doi=10.21236/ADA203895}}</ref> Dina taun 1997, Nichols jadi profésor stratégi di U.S. Naval War College, posisi nu dicekelna nepi ka taun 2008.<ref name=":1" /> Saterusna, Nichols ditunjuk jadi profésor urusan kaamanan nasional di éta paguron luhur militér. Manéhna pangsiun dina taun 2022.<ref name=":1" /> Manéhna ogé kungsi jadi ''senior associate'' di Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs nu basisna di Manhattan (2004-2005).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=CROWN-PRINCE RETRIEVED: LIFE AT CUSTRIN NOVEMBER 1730-FEBRUARY 1732|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/works-of-thomas-carlyle/crownprince-retrieved-life-at-custrin-november-1730february-1732/06451A30A8339836CA9439B108C256E8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2010|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-511-69467-7|pages=342–406|volume=13|series=Cambridge Library Collection - The Works of Carlyle|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511694677.004|editor-first=Henry Duff|editor-last=Traill|editor-first2=Thomas|editor-last2=Carlyle}}</ref> Dina taun 2005, Nichols diangkat pikeun nyekel peran jadi pangajar tamu di La Salle University jeung pangajar adjung di Harvard University.<ref name=":1" /> Nichols ditetepkeun jadi ''fellow'' di Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government dina taun 2008.<ref name=":2" /> Ayeuna, Nichols gawé jadi staf panulis di The Atlantic jeung mangrupa panulis salah sahiji ''newsletter'' (nawala éléktronik) maranéhna, The Atlantic Daily. === Karir di Jeopardy! === Nichols téh juara lima kali dina acara Jeopardy!, meunangkeun pertandingan usum régulér dina 1994. Mimitina mah, manéhna éléh dina pertandingan kalimana, tapi digeroan deui lantaran aya "kasalahan pituduh (''clue discrepancy'')".<ref name=":3" /> Manéhna tuluy miluan Turnamén Juara 1994 jeung Turnamén Juara Ultimate 2005, masing-masing éléh di babak parapat final<ref name=":4" /> jeung babak kahiji.<ref name=":5" /> Dina wawancara jeung Newsweek dina 2022, Nichols ngusulkeun sangkan Jeopardy! ngabalikeun deui aturan wates meunang lima poé nu dihapus dina taun 2003.<ref name=":6" /> == Pulitik == Nichols daptar jadi anggota Partai Républik dina taun 1979. Dina taun 2016, manéhna nyebut dirina salaku saurang konservatif "Never Trump" (anti-Trump). Salila kampanye pamilihan présidén 2016, Nichols boga argumén yén kaom konservatif sakuduna milih Hillary Clinton - nu sabenerna mah teu dipikaresep ku manéhna - lantaran Trump diniléy "teu stabil teuing sacara méntal" pikeun ngajabat jadi panglima pangluhurna militér.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=0|title=Treaty of February 27,1819|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351485265/chapters/10.4324/9781315131214-20|publisher=Routledge|date=2017-07-12|isbn=978-1-315-13121-4|pages=107–116|doi=10.4324/9781315131214-20|language=en}}</ref> Nichols neruskeun argumén nu sarupa pikeun pemilu paruh waktu (tengah mangsa) 2018 ku cara nganjurkeun sangkan Partai Républik bisa nyalametkeun partéyna sorangan ku cara milih saloba-lobana kandidat Démokrat dina éta pemilu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=6 GOP Political Symbolism Angers African Americans|url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com:443/document/doi/10.1515/9781685857387-007/html|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|date=2006-11-01|pages=127–162|doi=10.1515/9781685857387-007}}</ref> Sanggeus konfirmasi Brett Kavanaugh ka Mahkamah Agung AS, dina 7 Oktober 2018 Nichols ngumumkeun bakal kaluar ti Partai Républik jeung jadi indépénden. Manéhna nyebutkeun yén sora "satuju" Sénator Susan Collins dina prosés konfirmasi ngayakinkeun manéhna yén Partai Républik ngan ukur aya keur ngagunakeun kakuatan pulitik sacara ngababi buta.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/collections/monograph-detail|title=The Right Women|website=www.bloomsburycollections.com|language=en|doi=10.5040/9798216009023.ch-008|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Nichols negeskeun yén Partai Républik geus jadi ancaman pikeun supremasi hukum jeung norma-norma konstitusional. Tapi manéhna ogé ngritik Partai Démokrat nu "kabeulah antara naluri totalitér di hiji sisi jeung malpraktik pulitik total di sisi séjén". Kajaba ti Sénator Chris Coons, Sheldon Whitehouse, jeung Amy Klobuchar, Nichols nganggap paripolah anggota Partai Démokrat salila sidang konfirmasi Kavanaugh minangka hal nu "tercela" (teu pantes pisan).<ref name=":7" /> Dina kolom opini taun 2019, Nichols ngutip Laporan Mueller pikeun méré argumén yén Trump gagal dina peranna salaku warga nagara jeung saterusna salaku panglima pangluhurna, lantaran teu loba peta pikeun nyegah jeung ngahukum pipilueunna (campur tangan) Rusia dina pemilu AS 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://primarysources.brillonline.com/browse/us-intelligence-on-asia/us-army-staff-section-report-headquarters-far-east-command-united-nations-command-office-of-the-commander-in-chief-and-office-of-the-chief-of-staff-may-1952-june-1952-top-secret-nara;usaousao03303|title=U.S. Intelligence on Asia, 1945-1991 — Brill|website=primarysources.brillonline.com|doi=10.1163/9789004346185.usao-03_303|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Dina April 2022 patali jeung invasi Rusia ka Ukraina, Nichols méré koméntar: "Lamun tujuan Putin téh ngukuhkeun kakawasaanna ku cara nyieun Rusia dipikaceuceub (dipikangéwa) salila sababaraha dékade ka hareup, nya wilujeng wé atuh, ceuk kuring mah."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heather|first=Cox Richardson|date=2003-06-01|title=Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865–1920|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3659854|journal=Journal of American History|volume=90|issue=1|pages=245|doi=10.2307/3659854|issn=0021-8723}}</ref> == Sumber rujukan == e7ad6h936fqh9ievtv7v1trgoxtuopg 712863 712862 2026-09-23T04:10:19Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712863 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas M. Nichols''' (lahir 7 Désémber 1960) téh saurang spésialis akademik dina widang urusan internasional, nu ayeuna jadi profésor di U.S. Naval War College jeung Harvard Extension School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alumni.extension.harvard.edu/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols|website=Harvard Extension Alumni Association|language=en-us|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Karyana nyorot pasualan-pasualan nu ngalibetkeun Rusia, pakarang nuklir, jeung urusan kaamanan nasional. Saméméhna manéhna kungsi jadi anggota di Center for Strategic and International Studies, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, jeung John F. Kennedy School of Government di Universitas Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/author/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols, The Atlantic|website=The Atlantic|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung kasang tukang atikan == Nichols lahir di Holyoke, Massachusetts, jeung gedé di Chicopee, Massachusetts, di mana manéhna sakola di sakola nagri dina taun 1960-an nepi ka 1970-an.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pfaffenberger|first=Fabian|date=2018-02-01|title=What you tweet is what we get?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|journal=Publizistik|volume=63|issue=1|pages=53–72|doi=10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|issn=1862-2569}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/do/10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344/abs/|title=Magazine Authors|website=pubsonline.informs.org|language=en|doi=10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Aki jeung ninina ti pihak bapa mangrupa imigran Yunani, sedengkeun indungna boga katurunan Irlandia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Desert Remembers My Name: On Family and Writing|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv27bds69|publisher=University of Arizona Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-8165-2626-0|doi=10.2307/j.ctv27bds69|first=Kathleen J.|last=Alcalá}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Water Between Us|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh71t|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|date=1999|isbn=978-0-8229-5710-2|doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qh71t|first=Shara|last=McCallum}}</ref> Dina pidatona di Heritage Foundation, manéhna nyebutkeun yén kulawargana téh lain kulawarga nu luhur atikan, bari negeskeun yén kolotna téh "barudak jaman Déprési nu eureun (putus) sakola menengah". Nichols meunang gelar Sarjana (BA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti Boston University dina 1983, tuluy gelar Magister (MA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti Columbia University dina 1984. Manéhna ogé meunang sertifikat ti Harriman Institute of Columbia University dina 1985, jeung gelar Doktor (PhD) dina Élmu Pamaréntahan ti Georgetown University dina 1988. Disertasina dijudulan "The Politics of Doctrine: Khrushchev, Gorbachev and the Soviet Military".<ref>{{Cite book|edition=1|title=Civil-Military Relations Under Gorbachev: The Struggle over National Security|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429694240/chapters/10.4324/9780429044427-3|publisher=Routledge|date=2019-05-20|isbn=978-0-429-04442-7|pages=29–61|doi=10.4324/9780429044427-3|language=en|first=Thomas|last=Nichols|first2=Theodore|last2=Karasik|editor-first=William C.|editor-last=Green|editor-first2=Theodore|editor-last2=Karasik}}</ref> === Karir di Jeopardy! === Nichols téh juara lima kali dina acara Jeopardy!, meunangkeun pertandingan usum régulér dina 1994. Mimitina mah, manéhna éléh dina pertandingan kalimana, tapi digeroan deui lantaran aya "kasalahan pituduh (''clue discrepancy'')".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=1950-03-20|title=Wintersteiner Outlines Germitrine Research: C&EN REPORTS: New York Section, Nichols Medal Award|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=28|issue=12|pages=934–936|doi=10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Manéhna tuluy miluan Turnamén Juara 1994 jeung Turnamén Juara Ultimate 2005, masing-masing éléh di babak parapat final<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=1986-07-21|title=Fluoridation chemicals supply problem aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=29|pages=14|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> jeung babak kahiji.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=1986-06-16|title=National ownership of plant germ plasm aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=24|pages=17|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Dina wawancara jeung Newsweek dina 2022, Nichols ngusulkeun sangkan Jeopardy! ngabalikeun deui aturan wates meunang lima poé nu dihapus dina taun 2003.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|date=1938|title=Criminal Law. Former Jeopardy. Prosecutions for Conspiracy as Double Jeopardy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333777|journal=Harvard Law Review|publisher=The Harvard Law Review Association|volume=51|issue=5|pages=925–926|doi=10.2307/1333777|issn=0017-811X}}</ref> == Karir == Sanggeus réngsé program doktoralna di Georgetown University, dina taun 1989 Nichols narima posisi pangajar di Dartmouth College. Manéhna ngabdi di dinya nepi ka taun 1997, ngajarkeun élmu pulitik jeung urusan Rusia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tom or Thom, John Nichols (1799–1838)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-27504|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.27504|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=What a Long Strange Trip It’s Been|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2017-07-13|isbn=978-0-19-878610-8|pages=0|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|first=R. A. W.|last=Rhodes|editor-first=R. A. W.|editor-last=Rhodes}}</ref> Salila mangsa jabatanna di Dartmouth, Nichols ogé ngajabat jadi asistén législatif widang pertahanan jeung luar nagri pikeun Sénator AS John Heinz (R-PA).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Nichols, Thomas (fl 1550)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-20123|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.20123|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Naval War Coll Newport Ri|date=1986-01-01|title=Naval War College Summary Record of Research and Publication, July 1985-June 1986:|url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA203895|location=Fort Belvoir, VA|doi=10.21236/ADA203895}}</ref> Dina taun 1997, Nichols jadi profésor stratégi di U.S. Naval War College, posisi nu dicekelna nepi ka taun 2008.<ref name=":1" /> Saterusna, Nichols ditunjuk jadi profésor urusan kaamanan nasional di éta paguron luhur militér. Manéhna pangsiun dina taun 2022.<ref name=":1" /> Manéhna ogé kungsi jadi ''senior associate'' di Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs nu basisna di Manhattan (2004-2005).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=CROWN-PRINCE RETRIEVED: LIFE AT CUSTRIN NOVEMBER 1730-FEBRUARY 1732|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/works-of-thomas-carlyle/crownprince-retrieved-life-at-custrin-november-1730february-1732/06451A30A8339836CA9439B108C256E8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2010|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-511-69467-7|pages=342–406|volume=13|series=Cambridge Library Collection - The Works of Carlyle|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511694677.004|editor-first=Henry Duff|editor-last=Traill|editor-first2=Thomas|editor-last2=Carlyle}}</ref> Dina taun 2005, Nichols diangkat pikeun nyekel peran jadi pangajar tamu di La Salle University jeung pangajar adjung di Harvard University.<ref name=":1" /> Nichols ditetepkeun jadi ''fellow'' di Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government dina taun 2008.<ref name=":2" /> Ayeuna, Nichols gawé jadi staf panulis di The Atlantic jeung mangrupa panulis salah sahiji ''newsletter'' (nawala éléktronik) maranéhna, The Atlantic Daily. === Karir di Jeopardy! === Nichols téh juara lima kali dina acara Jeopardy!, meunangkeun pertandingan usum régulér dina 1994. Mimitina mah, manéhna éléh dina pertandingan kalimana, tapi digeroan deui lantaran aya "kasalahan pituduh (''clue discrepancy'')".<ref name=":3" /> Manéhna tuluy miluan Turnamén Juara 1994 jeung Turnamén Juara Ultimate 2005, masing-masing éléh di babak parapat final<ref name=":4" /> jeung babak kahiji.<ref name=":5" /> Dina wawancara jeung Newsweek dina 2022, Nichols ngusulkeun sangkan Jeopardy! ngabalikeun deui aturan wates meunang lima poé nu dihapus dina taun 2003.<ref name=":6" /> == Pulitik == Nichols daptar jadi anggota Partai Républik dina taun 1979. Dina taun 2016, manéhna nyebut dirina salaku saurang konservatif "Never Trump" (anti-Trump). Salila kampanye pamilihan présidén 2016, Nichols boga argumén yén kaom konservatif sakuduna milih Hillary Clinton - nu sabenerna mah teu dipikaresep ku manéhna - lantaran Trump diniléy "teu stabil teuing sacara méntal" pikeun ngajabat jadi panglima pangluhurna militér.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=0|title=Treaty of February 27,1819|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351485265/chapters/10.4324/9781315131214-20|publisher=Routledge|date=2017-07-12|isbn=978-1-315-13121-4|pages=107–116|doi=10.4324/9781315131214-20|language=en}}</ref> Nichols neruskeun argumén nu sarupa pikeun pemilu paruh waktu (tengah mangsa) 2018 ku cara nganjurkeun sangkan Partai Républik bisa nyalametkeun partéyna sorangan ku cara milih saloba-lobana kandidat Démokrat dina éta pemilu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=6 GOP Political Symbolism Angers African Americans|url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com:443/document/doi/10.1515/9781685857387-007/html|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|date=2006-11-01|pages=127–162|doi=10.1515/9781685857387-007}}</ref> Sanggeus konfirmasi Brett Kavanaugh ka Mahkamah Agung AS, dina 7 Oktober 2018 Nichols ngumumkeun bakal kaluar ti Partai Républik jeung jadi indépénden. Manéhna nyebutkeun yén sora "satuju" Sénator Susan Collins dina prosés konfirmasi ngayakinkeun manéhna yén Partai Républik ngan ukur aya keur ngagunakeun kakuatan pulitik sacara ngababi buta.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/collections/monograph-detail|title=The Right Women|website=www.bloomsburycollections.com|language=en|doi=10.5040/9798216009023.ch-008|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Nichols negeskeun yén Partai Républik geus jadi ancaman pikeun supremasi hukum jeung norma-norma konstitusional. Tapi manéhna ogé ngritik Partai Démokrat nu "kabeulah antara naluri totalitér di hiji sisi jeung malpraktik pulitik total di sisi séjén". Kajaba ti Sénator Chris Coons, Sheldon Whitehouse, jeung Amy Klobuchar, Nichols nganggap paripolah anggota Partai Démokrat salila sidang konfirmasi Kavanaugh minangka hal nu "tercela" (teu pantes pisan).<ref name=":7" /> Dina kolom opini taun 2019, Nichols ngutip Laporan Mueller pikeun méré argumén yén Trump gagal dina peranna salaku warga nagara jeung saterusna salaku panglima pangluhurna, lantaran teu loba peta pikeun nyegah jeung ngahukum pipilueunna (campur tangan) Rusia dina pemilu AS 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://primarysources.brillonline.com/browse/us-intelligence-on-asia/us-army-staff-section-report-headquarters-far-east-command-united-nations-command-office-of-the-commander-in-chief-and-office-of-the-chief-of-staff-may-1952-june-1952-top-secret-nara;usaousao03303|title=U.S. Intelligence on Asia, 1945-1991 — Brill|website=primarysources.brillonline.com|doi=10.1163/9789004346185.usao-03_303|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Dina April 2022 patali jeung invasi Rusia ka Ukraina, Nichols méré koméntar: "Lamun tujuan Putin téh ngukuhkeun kakawasaanna ku cara nyieun Rusia dipikaceuceub (dipikangéwa) salila sababaraha dékade ka hareup, nya wilujeng wé atuh, ceuk kuring mah."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heather|first=Cox Richardson|date=2003-06-01|title=Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865–1920|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3659854|journal=Journal of American History|volume=90|issue=1|pages=245|doi=10.2307/3659854|issn=0021-8723}}</ref> == Karya == === Buku === * ''The Sacred Cause: Civil-Military Conflict over Soviet National Security, 1917-1992'' (1993, Cornell University Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0801427746</nowiki> * ''The Russian Presidency: Society and Politics in the Second Russian Republic'' (1999, Palgrave Macmillan) <nowiki>ISBN 0312293372</nowiki> * ''Winning the World: Lessons for America's Future from the Cold War'' (2002, Praeger) <nowiki>ISBN 0275966631</nowiki> * ''Eve of Destruction: The Coming Age of Preventive War'' (2008, University of Pennsylvania Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0812240669</nowiki> * ''Tactical Nuclear Weapons and NATO'', (co-editor) (2012, Military Bookshop) <nowiki>ISBN 1584875259</nowiki> * ''No Use: Nuclear Weapons and U.S. National Security'' (2013, University of Pennsylvania Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0812245660</nowiki> * ''The Death of Expertise: The Campaign Against Established Knowledge and Why it Matters'' (2017, Oxford University Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0190469412</nowiki> == Sumber rujukan == h49s6byvi9jk75gjvg41zmxtk5r0pry 712864 712863 2026-09-23T04:12:52Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Thomas M. Nichols - US Naval War College picture.jpg|jmpl|160x160px|Thomas Michael Nichols]] '''Thomas M. Nichols''' (lahir 7 Désémber 1960) téh saurang spésialis akademik dina widang urusan internasional, nu ayeuna jadi profésor di U.S. Naval War College jeung Harvard Extension School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alumni.extension.harvard.edu/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols|website=Harvard Extension Alumni Association|language=en-us|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Karyana nyorot pasualan-pasualan nu ngalibetkeun Rusia, pakarang nuklir, jeung urusan kaamanan nasional. Saméméhna manéhna kungsi jadi anggota di Center for Strategic and International Studies, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, jeung John F. Kennedy School of Government di Universitas Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/author/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols, The Atlantic|website=The Atlantic|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung kasang tukang atikan == Nichols lahir di Holyoke, Massachusetts, jeung gedé di Chicopee, Massachusetts, di mana manéhna sakola di sakola nagri dina taun 1960-an nepi ka 1970-an.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pfaffenberger|first=Fabian|date=2018-02-01|title=What you tweet is what we get?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|journal=Publizistik|volume=63|issue=1|pages=53–72|doi=10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|issn=1862-2569}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/do/10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344/abs/|title=Magazine Authors|website=pubsonline.informs.org|language=en|doi=10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Aki jeung ninina ti pihak bapa mangrupa imigran Yunani, sedengkeun indungna boga katurunan Irlandia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Desert Remembers My Name: On Family and Writing|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv27bds69|publisher=University of Arizona Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-8165-2626-0|doi=10.2307/j.ctv27bds69|first=Kathleen J.|last=Alcalá}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Water Between Us|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh71t|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|date=1999|isbn=978-0-8229-5710-2|doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qh71t|first=Shara|last=McCallum}}</ref> Dina pidatona di Heritage Foundation, manéhna nyebutkeun yén kulawargana téh lain kulawarga nu luhur atikan, bari negeskeun yén kolotna téh "barudak jaman Déprési nu eureun (putus) sakola menengah". Nichols meunang gelar Sarjana (BA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti Boston University dina 1983, tuluy gelar Magister (MA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti Columbia University dina 1984. Manéhna ogé meunang sertifikat ti Harriman Institute of Columbia University dina 1985, jeung gelar Doktor (PhD) dina Élmu Pamaréntahan ti Georgetown University dina 1988. Disertasina dijudulan "The Politics of Doctrine: Khrushchev, Gorbachev and the Soviet Military".<ref>{{Cite book|edition=1|title=Civil-Military Relations Under Gorbachev: The Struggle over National Security|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429694240/chapters/10.4324/9780429044427-3|publisher=Routledge|date=2019-05-20|isbn=978-0-429-04442-7|pages=29–61|doi=10.4324/9780429044427-3|language=en|first=Thomas|last=Nichols|first2=Theodore|last2=Karasik|editor-first=William C.|editor-last=Green|editor-first2=Theodore|editor-last2=Karasik}}</ref> === Karir di Jeopardy! === Nichols téh juara lima kali dina acara Jeopardy!, meunangkeun pertandingan usum régulér dina 1994. Mimitina mah, manéhna éléh dina pertandingan kalimana, tapi digeroan deui lantaran aya "kasalahan pituduh (''clue discrepancy'')".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=1950-03-20|title=Wintersteiner Outlines Germitrine Research: C&EN REPORTS: New York Section, Nichols Medal Award|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=28|issue=12|pages=934–936|doi=10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Manéhna tuluy miluan Turnamén Juara 1994 jeung Turnamén Juara Ultimate 2005, masing-masing éléh di babak parapat final<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=1986-07-21|title=Fluoridation chemicals supply problem aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=29|pages=14|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> jeung babak kahiji.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=1986-06-16|title=National ownership of plant germ plasm aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=24|pages=17|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Dina wawancara jeung Newsweek dina 2022, Nichols ngusulkeun sangkan Jeopardy! ngabalikeun deui aturan wates meunang lima poé nu dihapus dina taun 2003.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|date=1938|title=Criminal Law. Former Jeopardy. Prosecutions for Conspiracy as Double Jeopardy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333777|journal=Harvard Law Review|publisher=The Harvard Law Review Association|volume=51|issue=5|pages=925–926|doi=10.2307/1333777|issn=0017-811X}}</ref> == Karir == Sanggeus réngsé program doktoralna di Georgetown University, dina taun 1989 Nichols narima posisi pangajar di Dartmouth College. Manéhna ngabdi di dinya nepi ka taun 1997, ngajarkeun élmu pulitik jeung urusan Rusia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tom or Thom, John Nichols (1799–1838)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-27504|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.27504|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=What a Long Strange Trip It’s Been|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2017-07-13|isbn=978-0-19-878610-8|pages=0|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|first=R. A. W.|last=Rhodes|editor-first=R. A. W.|editor-last=Rhodes}}</ref> Salila mangsa jabatanna di Dartmouth, Nichols ogé ngajabat jadi asistén législatif widang pertahanan jeung luar nagri pikeun Sénator AS John Heinz (R-PA).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Nichols, Thomas (fl 1550)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-20123|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.20123|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Naval War Coll Newport Ri|date=1986-01-01|title=Naval War College Summary Record of Research and Publication, July 1985-June 1986:|url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA203895|location=Fort Belvoir, VA|doi=10.21236/ADA203895}}</ref> Dina taun 1997, Nichols jadi profésor stratégi di U.S. Naval War College, posisi nu dicekelna nepi ka taun 2008.<ref name=":1" /> Saterusna, Nichols ditunjuk jadi profésor urusan kaamanan nasional di éta paguron luhur militér. Manéhna pangsiun dina taun 2022.<ref name=":1" /> Manéhna ogé kungsi jadi ''senior associate'' di Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs nu basisna di Manhattan (2004-2005).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=CROWN-PRINCE RETRIEVED: LIFE AT CUSTRIN NOVEMBER 1730-FEBRUARY 1732|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/works-of-thomas-carlyle/crownprince-retrieved-life-at-custrin-november-1730february-1732/06451A30A8339836CA9439B108C256E8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2010|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-511-69467-7|pages=342–406|volume=13|series=Cambridge Library Collection - The Works of Carlyle|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511694677.004|editor-first=Henry Duff|editor-last=Traill|editor-first2=Thomas|editor-last2=Carlyle}}</ref> Dina taun 2005, Nichols diangkat pikeun nyekel peran jadi pangajar tamu di La Salle University jeung pangajar adjung di Harvard University.<ref name=":1" /> Nichols ditetepkeun jadi ''fellow'' di Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government dina taun 2008.<ref name=":2" /> Ayeuna, Nichols gawé jadi staf panulis di The Atlantic jeung mangrupa panulis salah sahiji ''newsletter'' (nawala éléktronik) maranéhna, The Atlantic Daily. === Karir di Jeopardy! === Nichols téh juara lima kali dina acara Jeopardy!, meunangkeun pertandingan usum régulér dina 1994. Mimitina mah, manéhna éléh dina pertandingan kalimana, tapi digeroan deui lantaran aya "kasalahan pituduh (''clue discrepancy'')".<ref name=":3" /> Manéhna tuluy miluan Turnamén Juara 1994 jeung Turnamén Juara Ultimate 2005, masing-masing éléh di babak parapat final<ref name=":4" /> jeung babak kahiji.<ref name=":5" /> Dina wawancara jeung Newsweek dina 2022, Nichols ngusulkeun sangkan Jeopardy! ngabalikeun deui aturan wates meunang lima poé nu dihapus dina taun 2003.<ref name=":6" /> == Pulitik == Nichols daptar jadi anggota Partai Républik dina taun 1979. Dina taun 2016, manéhna nyebut dirina salaku saurang konservatif "Never Trump" (anti-Trump). Salila kampanye pamilihan présidén 2016, Nichols boga argumén yén kaom konservatif sakuduna milih Hillary Clinton - nu sabenerna mah teu dipikaresep ku manéhna - lantaran Trump diniléy "teu stabil teuing sacara méntal" pikeun ngajabat jadi panglima pangluhurna militér.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=0|title=Treaty of February 27,1819|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351485265/chapters/10.4324/9781315131214-20|publisher=Routledge|date=2017-07-12|isbn=978-1-315-13121-4|pages=107–116|doi=10.4324/9781315131214-20|language=en}}</ref> Nichols neruskeun argumén nu sarupa pikeun pemilu paruh waktu (tengah mangsa) 2018 ku cara nganjurkeun sangkan Partai Républik bisa nyalametkeun partéyna sorangan ku cara milih saloba-lobana kandidat Démokrat dina éta pemilu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=6 GOP Political Symbolism Angers African Americans|url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com:443/document/doi/10.1515/9781685857387-007/html|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|date=2006-11-01|pages=127–162|doi=10.1515/9781685857387-007}}</ref> Sanggeus konfirmasi Brett Kavanaugh ka Mahkamah Agung AS, dina 7 Oktober 2018 Nichols ngumumkeun bakal kaluar ti Partai Républik jeung jadi indépénden. Manéhna nyebutkeun yén sora "satuju" Sénator Susan Collins dina prosés konfirmasi ngayakinkeun manéhna yén Partai Républik ngan ukur aya keur ngagunakeun kakuatan pulitik sacara ngababi buta.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/collections/monograph-detail|title=The Right Women|website=www.bloomsburycollections.com|language=en|doi=10.5040/9798216009023.ch-008|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Nichols negeskeun yén Partai Républik geus jadi ancaman pikeun supremasi hukum jeung norma-norma konstitusional. Tapi manéhna ogé ngritik Partai Démokrat nu "kabeulah antara naluri totalitér di hiji sisi jeung malpraktik pulitik total di sisi séjén". Kajaba ti Sénator Chris Coons, Sheldon Whitehouse, jeung Amy Klobuchar, Nichols nganggap paripolah anggota Partai Démokrat salila sidang konfirmasi Kavanaugh minangka hal nu "tercela" (teu pantes pisan).<ref name=":7" /> Dina kolom opini taun 2019, Nichols ngutip Laporan Mueller pikeun méré argumén yén Trump gagal dina peranna salaku warga nagara jeung saterusna salaku panglima pangluhurna, lantaran teu loba peta pikeun nyegah jeung ngahukum pipilueunna (campur tangan) Rusia dina pemilu AS 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://primarysources.brillonline.com/browse/us-intelligence-on-asia/us-army-staff-section-report-headquarters-far-east-command-united-nations-command-office-of-the-commander-in-chief-and-office-of-the-chief-of-staff-may-1952-june-1952-top-secret-nara;usaousao03303|title=U.S. Intelligence on Asia, 1945-1991 — Brill|website=primarysources.brillonline.com|doi=10.1163/9789004346185.usao-03_303|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Dina April 2022 patali jeung invasi Rusia ka Ukraina, Nichols méré koméntar: "Lamun tujuan Putin téh ngukuhkeun kakawasaanna ku cara nyieun Rusia dipikaceuceub (dipikangéwa) salila sababaraha dékade ka hareup, nya wilujeng wé atuh, ceuk kuring mah."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heather|first=Cox Richardson|date=2003-06-01|title=Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865–1920|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3659854|journal=Journal of American History|volume=90|issue=1|pages=245|doi=10.2307/3659854|issn=0021-8723}}</ref> == Karya == === Buku === * ''The Sacred Cause: Civil-Military Conflict over Soviet National Security, 1917-1992'' (1993, Cornell University Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0801427746</nowiki> * ''The Russian Presidency: Society and Politics in the Second Russian Republic'' (1999, Palgrave Macmillan) <nowiki>ISBN 0312293372</nowiki> * ''Winning the World: Lessons for America's Future from the Cold War'' (2002, Praeger) <nowiki>ISBN 0275966631</nowiki> * ''Eve of Destruction: The Coming Age of Preventive War'' (2008, University of Pennsylvania Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0812240669</nowiki> * ''Tactical Nuclear Weapons and NATO'', (co-editor) (2012, Military Bookshop) <nowiki>ISBN 1584875259</nowiki> * ''No Use: Nuclear Weapons and U.S. National Security'' (2013, University of Pennsylvania Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0812245660</nowiki> * ''The Death of Expertise: The Campaign Against Established Knowledge and Why it Matters'' (2017, Oxford University Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0190469412</nowiki> == Sumber rujukan == s10ws093uh6hhfdwgomtu83h194p0n9 712865 712864 2026-09-23T04:13:19Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Sumber rujukan */ 712865 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Thomas M. Nichols - US Naval War College picture.jpg|jmpl|160x160px|Thomas Michael Nichols]] '''Thomas M. Nichols''' (lahir 7 Désémber 1960) téh saurang spésialis akademik dina widang urusan internasional, nu ayeuna jadi profésor di U.S. Naval War College jeung Harvard Extension School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alumni.extension.harvard.edu/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols|website=Harvard Extension Alumni Association|language=en-us|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Karyana nyorot pasualan-pasualan nu ngalibetkeun Rusia, pakarang nuklir, jeung urusan kaamanan nasional. Saméméhna manéhna kungsi jadi anggota di Center for Strategic and International Studies, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, jeung John F. Kennedy School of Government di Universitas Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/author/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols, The Atlantic|website=The Atlantic|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung kasang tukang atikan == Nichols lahir di Holyoke, Massachusetts, jeung gedé di Chicopee, Massachusetts, di mana manéhna sakola di sakola nagri dina taun 1960-an nepi ka 1970-an.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pfaffenberger|first=Fabian|date=2018-02-01|title=What you tweet is what we get?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|journal=Publizistik|volume=63|issue=1|pages=53–72|doi=10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|issn=1862-2569}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/do/10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344/abs/|title=Magazine Authors|website=pubsonline.informs.org|language=en|doi=10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Aki jeung ninina ti pihak bapa mangrupa imigran Yunani, sedengkeun indungna boga katurunan Irlandia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Desert Remembers My Name: On Family and Writing|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv27bds69|publisher=University of Arizona Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-8165-2626-0|doi=10.2307/j.ctv27bds69|first=Kathleen J.|last=Alcalá}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Water Between Us|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh71t|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|date=1999|isbn=978-0-8229-5710-2|doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qh71t|first=Shara|last=McCallum}}</ref> Dina pidatona di Heritage Foundation, manéhna nyebutkeun yén kulawargana téh lain kulawarga nu luhur atikan, bari negeskeun yén kolotna téh "barudak jaman Déprési nu eureun (putus) sakola menengah". Nichols meunang gelar Sarjana (BA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti Boston University dina 1983, tuluy gelar Magister (MA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti Columbia University dina 1984. Manéhna ogé meunang sertifikat ti Harriman Institute of Columbia University dina 1985, jeung gelar Doktor (PhD) dina Élmu Pamaréntahan ti Georgetown University dina 1988. Disertasina dijudulan "The Politics of Doctrine: Khrushchev, Gorbachev and the Soviet Military".<ref>{{Cite book|edition=1|title=Civil-Military Relations Under Gorbachev: The Struggle over National Security|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429694240/chapters/10.4324/9780429044427-3|publisher=Routledge|date=2019-05-20|isbn=978-0-429-04442-7|pages=29–61|doi=10.4324/9780429044427-3|language=en|first=Thomas|last=Nichols|first2=Theodore|last2=Karasik|editor-first=William C.|editor-last=Green|editor-first2=Theodore|editor-last2=Karasik}}</ref> === Karir di Jeopardy! === Nichols téh juara lima kali dina acara Jeopardy!, meunangkeun pertandingan usum régulér dina 1994. Mimitina mah, manéhna éléh dina pertandingan kalimana, tapi digeroan deui lantaran aya "kasalahan pituduh (''clue discrepancy'')".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=1950-03-20|title=Wintersteiner Outlines Germitrine Research: C&EN REPORTS: New York Section, Nichols Medal Award|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=28|issue=12|pages=934–936|doi=10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Manéhna tuluy miluan Turnamén Juara 1994 jeung Turnamén Juara Ultimate 2005, masing-masing éléh di babak parapat final<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=1986-07-21|title=Fluoridation chemicals supply problem aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=29|pages=14|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> jeung babak kahiji.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=1986-06-16|title=National ownership of plant germ plasm aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=24|pages=17|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Dina wawancara jeung Newsweek dina 2022, Nichols ngusulkeun sangkan Jeopardy! ngabalikeun deui aturan wates meunang lima poé nu dihapus dina taun 2003.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|date=1938|title=Criminal Law. Former Jeopardy. Prosecutions for Conspiracy as Double Jeopardy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333777|journal=Harvard Law Review|publisher=The Harvard Law Review Association|volume=51|issue=5|pages=925–926|doi=10.2307/1333777|issn=0017-811X}}</ref> == Karir == Sanggeus réngsé program doktoralna di Georgetown University, dina taun 1989 Nichols narima posisi pangajar di Dartmouth College. Manéhna ngabdi di dinya nepi ka taun 1997, ngajarkeun élmu pulitik jeung urusan Rusia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tom or Thom, John Nichols (1799–1838)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-27504|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.27504|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=What a Long Strange Trip It’s Been|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2017-07-13|isbn=978-0-19-878610-8|pages=0|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|first=R. A. W.|last=Rhodes|editor-first=R. A. W.|editor-last=Rhodes}}</ref> Salila mangsa jabatanna di Dartmouth, Nichols ogé ngajabat jadi asistén législatif widang pertahanan jeung luar nagri pikeun Sénator AS John Heinz (R-PA).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Nichols, Thomas (fl 1550)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-20123|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.20123|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Naval War Coll Newport Ri|date=1986-01-01|title=Naval War College Summary Record of Research and Publication, July 1985-June 1986:|url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA203895|location=Fort Belvoir, VA|doi=10.21236/ADA203895}}</ref> Dina taun 1997, Nichols jadi profésor stratégi di U.S. Naval War College, posisi nu dicekelna nepi ka taun 2008.<ref name=":1" /> Saterusna, Nichols ditunjuk jadi profésor urusan kaamanan nasional di éta paguron luhur militér. Manéhna pangsiun dina taun 2022.<ref name=":1" /> Manéhna ogé kungsi jadi ''senior associate'' di Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs nu basisna di Manhattan (2004-2005).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=CROWN-PRINCE RETRIEVED: LIFE AT CUSTRIN NOVEMBER 1730-FEBRUARY 1732|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/works-of-thomas-carlyle/crownprince-retrieved-life-at-custrin-november-1730february-1732/06451A30A8339836CA9439B108C256E8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2010|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-511-69467-7|pages=342–406|volume=13|series=Cambridge Library Collection - The Works of Carlyle|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511694677.004|editor-first=Henry Duff|editor-last=Traill|editor-first2=Thomas|editor-last2=Carlyle}}</ref> Dina taun 2005, Nichols diangkat pikeun nyekel peran jadi pangajar tamu di La Salle University jeung pangajar adjung di Harvard University.<ref name=":1" /> Nichols ditetepkeun jadi ''fellow'' di Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government dina taun 2008.<ref name=":2" /> Ayeuna, Nichols gawé jadi staf panulis di The Atlantic jeung mangrupa panulis salah sahiji ''newsletter'' (nawala éléktronik) maranéhna, The Atlantic Daily. === Karir di Jeopardy! === Nichols téh juara lima kali dina acara Jeopardy!, meunangkeun pertandingan usum régulér dina 1994. Mimitina mah, manéhna éléh dina pertandingan kalimana, tapi digeroan deui lantaran aya "kasalahan pituduh (''clue discrepancy'')".<ref name=":3" /> Manéhna tuluy miluan Turnamén Juara 1994 jeung Turnamén Juara Ultimate 2005, masing-masing éléh di babak parapat final<ref name=":4" /> jeung babak kahiji.<ref name=":5" /> Dina wawancara jeung Newsweek dina 2022, Nichols ngusulkeun sangkan Jeopardy! ngabalikeun deui aturan wates meunang lima poé nu dihapus dina taun 2003.<ref name=":6" /> == Pulitik == Nichols daptar jadi anggota Partai Républik dina taun 1979. Dina taun 2016, manéhna nyebut dirina salaku saurang konservatif "Never Trump" (anti-Trump). Salila kampanye pamilihan présidén 2016, Nichols boga argumén yén kaom konservatif sakuduna milih Hillary Clinton - nu sabenerna mah teu dipikaresep ku manéhna - lantaran Trump diniléy "teu stabil teuing sacara méntal" pikeun ngajabat jadi panglima pangluhurna militér.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=0|title=Treaty of February 27,1819|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351485265/chapters/10.4324/9781315131214-20|publisher=Routledge|date=2017-07-12|isbn=978-1-315-13121-4|pages=107–116|doi=10.4324/9781315131214-20|language=en}}</ref> Nichols neruskeun argumén nu sarupa pikeun pemilu paruh waktu (tengah mangsa) 2018 ku cara nganjurkeun sangkan Partai Républik bisa nyalametkeun partéyna sorangan ku cara milih saloba-lobana kandidat Démokrat dina éta pemilu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=6 GOP Political Symbolism Angers African Americans|url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com:443/document/doi/10.1515/9781685857387-007/html|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|date=2006-11-01|pages=127–162|doi=10.1515/9781685857387-007}}</ref> Sanggeus konfirmasi Brett Kavanaugh ka Mahkamah Agung AS, dina 7 Oktober 2018 Nichols ngumumkeun bakal kaluar ti Partai Républik jeung jadi indépénden. Manéhna nyebutkeun yén sora "satuju" Sénator Susan Collins dina prosés konfirmasi ngayakinkeun manéhna yén Partai Républik ngan ukur aya keur ngagunakeun kakuatan pulitik sacara ngababi buta.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/collections/monograph-detail|title=The Right Women|website=www.bloomsburycollections.com|language=en|doi=10.5040/9798216009023.ch-008|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Nichols negeskeun yén Partai Républik geus jadi ancaman pikeun supremasi hukum jeung norma-norma konstitusional. Tapi manéhna ogé ngritik Partai Démokrat nu "kabeulah antara naluri totalitér di hiji sisi jeung malpraktik pulitik total di sisi séjén". Kajaba ti Sénator Chris Coons, Sheldon Whitehouse, jeung Amy Klobuchar, Nichols nganggap paripolah anggota Partai Démokrat salila sidang konfirmasi Kavanaugh minangka hal nu "tercela" (teu pantes pisan).<ref name=":7" /> Dina kolom opini taun 2019, Nichols ngutip Laporan Mueller pikeun méré argumén yén Trump gagal dina peranna salaku warga nagara jeung saterusna salaku panglima pangluhurna, lantaran teu loba peta pikeun nyegah jeung ngahukum pipilueunna (campur tangan) Rusia dina pemilu AS 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://primarysources.brillonline.com/browse/us-intelligence-on-asia/us-army-staff-section-report-headquarters-far-east-command-united-nations-command-office-of-the-commander-in-chief-and-office-of-the-chief-of-staff-may-1952-june-1952-top-secret-nara;usaousao03303|title=U.S. Intelligence on Asia, 1945-1991 — Brill|website=primarysources.brillonline.com|doi=10.1163/9789004346185.usao-03_303|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Dina April 2022 patali jeung invasi Rusia ka Ukraina, Nichols méré koméntar: "Lamun tujuan Putin téh ngukuhkeun kakawasaanna ku cara nyieun Rusia dipikaceuceub (dipikangéwa) salila sababaraha dékade ka hareup, nya wilujeng wé atuh, ceuk kuring mah."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heather|first=Cox Richardson|date=2003-06-01|title=Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865–1920|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3659854|journal=Journal of American History|volume=90|issue=1|pages=245|doi=10.2307/3659854|issn=0021-8723}}</ref> == Karya == === Buku === * ''The Sacred Cause: Civil-Military Conflict over Soviet National Security, 1917-1992'' (1993, Cornell University Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0801427746</nowiki> * ''The Russian Presidency: Society and Politics in the Second Russian Republic'' (1999, Palgrave Macmillan) <nowiki>ISBN 0312293372</nowiki> * ''Winning the World: Lessons for America's Future from the Cold War'' (2002, Praeger) <nowiki>ISBN 0275966631</nowiki> * ''Eve of Destruction: The Coming Age of Preventive War'' (2008, University of Pennsylvania Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0812240669</nowiki> * ''Tactical Nuclear Weapons and NATO'', (co-editor) (2012, Military Bookshop) <nowiki>ISBN 1584875259</nowiki> * ''No Use: Nuclear Weapons and U.S. National Security'' (2013, University of Pennsylvania Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0812245660</nowiki> * ''The Death of Expertise: The Campaign Against Established Knowledge and Why it Matters'' (2017, Oxford University Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0190469412</nowiki> == Sumber rujukan == {{reflist}} k6fw794rha5c5q4szisu0kvqk7gm4tp 712866 712865 2026-09-23T04:17:16Z Pijri Paijar 27067 712866 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Thomas M. Nichols - US Naval War College picture.jpg|jmpl|160x160px|Thomas Michael Nichols]] '''Thomas Michael Nichols''' (lahir 7 Désémber 1960) téh saurang spésialis akademik dina widang urusan internasional, nu ayeuna jadi profésor di [[U.S. Naval War College]] jeung [[Harvard Extension School]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alumni.extension.harvard.edu/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols|website=Harvard Extension Alumni Association|language=en-us|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Karyana nyorot pasualan-pasualan nu ngalibetkeun [[Rusia]], pakarang nuklir, jeung urusan [[kaamanan nasional]]. Saméméhna manéhna kungsi jadi anggota di [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]], [[Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs]], jeung John F. Kennedy School of Government di [[Universitas Harvard]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/author/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols, The Atlantic|website=The Atlantic|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung kasang tukang atikan == Nichols lahir di Holyoke, [[Massachusetts]], jeung gedé di Chicopee, Massachusetts, di mana manéhna sakola di sakola nagri dina taun 1960-an nepi ka 1970-an.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pfaffenberger|first=Fabian|date=2018-02-01|title=What you tweet is what we get?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|journal=Publizistik|volume=63|issue=1|pages=53–72|doi=10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|issn=1862-2569}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/do/10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344/abs/|title=Magazine Authors|website=pubsonline.informs.org|language=en|doi=10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Aki jeung ninina ti pihak bapa mangrupa imigran [[Yunani]], sedengkeun indungna boga katurunan [[Irlandia]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Desert Remembers My Name: On Family and Writing|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv27bds69|publisher=University of Arizona Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-8165-2626-0|doi=10.2307/j.ctv27bds69|first=Kathleen J.|last=Alcalá}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Water Between Us|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh71t|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|date=1999|isbn=978-0-8229-5710-2|doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qh71t|first=Shara|last=McCallum}}</ref> Dina pidatona di Heritage Foundation, manéhna nyebutkeun yén kulawargana téh lain kulawarga nu luhur atikan, bari negeskeun yén kolotna téh "barudak jaman Déprési nu eureun (putus) sakola menengah". Nichols meunang gelar Sarjana (BA) dina [[Élmu Pulitik]] ti [[Universitas Boston]] dina 1983, tuluy gelar Magister (MA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti [[Universitas Columbia]] dina 1984. Manéhna ogé meunang sertifikat ti Harriman Institute of Columbia University dina 1985, jeung gelar Doktor (PhD) dina Élmu Pamaréntahan ti [[Universitas Georgetown]] dina 1988. Disertasina dijudulan ''"The Politics of Doctrine: Khrushchev, Gorbachev and the Soviet Military"''.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=1|title=Civil-Military Relations Under Gorbachev: The Struggle over National Security|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429694240/chapters/10.4324/9780429044427-3|publisher=Routledge|date=2019-05-20|isbn=978-0-429-04442-7|pages=29–61|doi=10.4324/9780429044427-3|language=en|first=Thomas|last=Nichols|first2=Theodore|last2=Karasik|editor-first=William C.|editor-last=Green|editor-first2=Theodore|editor-last2=Karasik}}</ref> == Karir == Sanggeus réngsé program doktoralna di Georgetown University, dina taun 1989 Nichols narima posisi pangajar di Dartmouth College. Manéhna ngabdi di dinya nepi ka taun 1997, ngajarkeun élmu pulitik jeung urusan Rusia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tom or Thom, John Nichols (1799–1838)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-27504|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.27504|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=What a Long Strange Trip It’s Been|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2017-07-13|isbn=978-0-19-878610-8|pages=0|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|first=R. A. W.|last=Rhodes|editor-first=R. A. W.|editor-last=Rhodes}}</ref> Salila mangsa jabatanna di Dartmouth, Nichols ogé ngajabat jadi asistén législatif widang pertahanan jeung luar nagri pikeun Sénator AS John Heinz (R-PA).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Nichols, Thomas (fl 1550)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-20123|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.20123|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Naval War Coll Newport Ri|date=1986-01-01|title=Naval War College Summary Record of Research and Publication, July 1985-June 1986:|url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA203895|location=Fort Belvoir, VA|doi=10.21236/ADA203895}}</ref> Dina taun 1997, Nichols jadi profésor stratégi di U.S. Naval War College, posisi nu dicekelna nepi ka taun 2008.<ref name=":1" /> Saterusna, Nichols ditunjuk jadi profésor urusan kaamanan nasional di éta paguron luhur militér. Manéhna pangsiun dina taun 2022.<ref name=":1" /> Manéhna ogé kungsi jadi ''senior associate'' di Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs nu basisna di Manhattan (2004-2005).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=CROWN-PRINCE RETRIEVED: LIFE AT CUSTRIN NOVEMBER 1730-FEBRUARY 1732|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/works-of-thomas-carlyle/crownprince-retrieved-life-at-custrin-november-1730february-1732/06451A30A8339836CA9439B108C256E8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2010|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-511-69467-7|pages=342–406|volume=13|series=Cambridge Library Collection - The Works of Carlyle|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511694677.004|editor-first=Henry Duff|editor-last=Traill|editor-first2=Thomas|editor-last2=Carlyle}}</ref> Dina taun 2005, Nichols diangkat pikeun nyekel peran jadi pangajar tamu di La Salle University jeung pangajar adjung di Harvard University.<ref name=":1" /> Nichols ditetepkeun jadi ''fellow'' di Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government dina taun 2008.<ref name=":2" /> Ayeuna, Nichols gawé jadi staf panulis di The Atlantic jeung mangrupa panulis salah sahiji ''newsletter'' (nawala éléktronik) maranéhna, The Atlantic Daily. === Karir di Jeopardy! === Nichols téh juara lima kali dina acara Jeopardy!, meunangkeun pertandingan usum régulér dina 1994. Mimitina mah, manéhna éléh dina pertandingan kalimana, tapi digeroan deui lantaran aya "kasalahan pituduh (''clue discrepancy'')".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=1950-03-20|title=Wintersteiner Outlines Germitrine Research: C&EN REPORTS: New York Section, Nichols Medal Award|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=28|issue=12|pages=934–936|doi=10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Manéhna tuluy miluan Turnamén Juara 1994 jeung Turnamén Juara Ultimate 2005, masing-masing éléh di babak parapat final<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=1986-07-21|title=Fluoridation chemicals supply problem aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=29|pages=14|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> jeung babak kahiji.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=1986-06-16|title=National ownership of plant germ plasm aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=24|pages=17|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Dina wawancara jeung Newsweek dina 2022, Nichols ngusulkeun sangkan Jeopardy! ngabalikeun deui aturan wates meunang lima poé nu dihapus dina taun 2003.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|date=1938|title=Criminal Law. Former Jeopardy. Prosecutions for Conspiracy as Double Jeopardy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333777|journal=Harvard Law Review|publisher=The Harvard Law Review Association|volume=51|issue=5|pages=925–926|doi=10.2307/1333777|issn=0017-811X}}</ref> == Pulitik == Nichols daptar jadi anggota Partai Républik dina taun 1979. Dina taun 2016, manéhna nyebut dirina salaku saurang konservatif "Never Trump" (anti-Trump). Salila kampanye pamilihan présidén 2016, Nichols boga argumén yén kaom konservatif sakuduna milih Hillary Clinton - nu sabenerna mah teu dipikaresep ku manéhna - lantaran Trump diniléy "teu stabil teuing sacara méntal" pikeun ngajabat jadi panglima pangluhurna militér.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=0|title=Treaty of February 27,1819|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351485265/chapters/10.4324/9781315131214-20|publisher=Routledge|date=2017-07-12|isbn=978-1-315-13121-4|pages=107–116|doi=10.4324/9781315131214-20|language=en}}</ref> Nichols neruskeun argumén nu sarupa pikeun pemilu paruh waktu (tengah mangsa) 2018 ku cara nganjurkeun sangkan Partai Républik bisa nyalametkeun partéyna sorangan ku cara milih saloba-lobana kandidat Démokrat dina éta pemilu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=6 GOP Political Symbolism Angers African Americans|url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com:443/document/doi/10.1515/9781685857387-007/html|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|date=2006-11-01|pages=127–162|doi=10.1515/9781685857387-007}}</ref> Sanggeus konfirmasi Brett Kavanaugh ka Mahkamah Agung AS, dina 7 Oktober 2018 Nichols ngumumkeun bakal kaluar ti Partai Républik jeung jadi indépénden. Manéhna nyebutkeun yén sora "satuju" Sénator Susan Collins dina prosés konfirmasi ngayakinkeun manéhna yén Partai Républik ngan ukur aya keur ngagunakeun kakuatan pulitik sacara ngababi buta.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/collections/monograph-detail|title=The Right Women|website=www.bloomsburycollections.com|language=en|doi=10.5040/9798216009023.ch-008|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Nichols negeskeun yén Partai Républik geus jadi ancaman pikeun supremasi hukum jeung norma-norma konstitusional. Tapi manéhna ogé ngritik Partai Démokrat nu "kabeulah antara naluri totalitér di hiji sisi jeung malpraktik pulitik total di sisi séjén". Kajaba ti Sénator Chris Coons, Sheldon Whitehouse, jeung Amy Klobuchar, Nichols nganggap paripolah anggota Partai Démokrat salila sidang konfirmasi Kavanaugh minangka hal nu "tercela" (teu pantes pisan).<ref name=":7" /> Dina kolom opini taun 2019, Nichols ngutip Laporan Mueller pikeun méré argumén yén Trump gagal dina peranna salaku warga nagara jeung saterusna salaku panglima pangluhurna, lantaran teu loba peta pikeun nyegah jeung ngahukum pipilueunna (campur tangan) Rusia dina pemilu AS 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://primarysources.brillonline.com/browse/us-intelligence-on-asia/us-army-staff-section-report-headquarters-far-east-command-united-nations-command-office-of-the-commander-in-chief-and-office-of-the-chief-of-staff-may-1952-june-1952-top-secret-nara;usaousao03303|title=U.S. Intelligence on Asia, 1945-1991 — Brill|website=primarysources.brillonline.com|doi=10.1163/9789004346185.usao-03_303|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Dina April 2022 patali jeung invasi Rusia ka Ukraina, Nichols méré koméntar: "Lamun tujuan Putin téh ngukuhkeun kakawasaanna ku cara nyieun Rusia dipikaceuceub (dipikangéwa) salila sababaraha dékade ka hareup, nya wilujeng wé atuh, ceuk kuring mah."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heather|first=Cox Richardson|date=2003-06-01|title=Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865–1920|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3659854|journal=Journal of American History|volume=90|issue=1|pages=245|doi=10.2307/3659854|issn=0021-8723}}</ref> == Karya == === Buku === * ''The Sacred Cause: Civil-Military Conflict over Soviet National Security, 1917-1992'' (1993, Cornell University Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0801427746</nowiki> * ''The Russian Presidency: Society and Politics in the Second Russian Republic'' (1999, Palgrave Macmillan) <nowiki>ISBN 0312293372</nowiki> * ''Winning the World: Lessons for America's Future from the Cold War'' (2002, Praeger) <nowiki>ISBN 0275966631</nowiki> * ''Eve of Destruction: The Coming Age of Preventive War'' (2008, University of Pennsylvania Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0812240669</nowiki> * ''Tactical Nuclear Weapons and NATO'', (co-editor) (2012, Military Bookshop) <nowiki>ISBN 1584875259</nowiki> * ''No Use: Nuclear Weapons and U.S. National Security'' (2013, University of Pennsylvania Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0812245660</nowiki> * ''The Death of Expertise: The Campaign Against Established Knowledge and Why it Matters'' (2017, Oxford University Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0190469412</nowiki> == Sumber rujukan == {{reflist}} fhpqz415yzrdyq5ra3i583alj5de5bp 712867 712866 2026-09-23T04:19:38Z ~2026-51274-02 37454 /* Karir */ 712867 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Thomas M. Nichols - US Naval War College picture.jpg|jmpl|160x160px|Thomas Michael Nichols]] '''Thomas Michael Nichols''' (lahir 7 Désémber 1960) téh saurang spésialis akademik dina widang urusan internasional, nu ayeuna jadi profésor di [[U.S. Naval War College]] jeung [[Harvard Extension School]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alumni.extension.harvard.edu/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols|website=Harvard Extension Alumni Association|language=en-us|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Karyana nyorot pasualan-pasualan nu ngalibetkeun [[Rusia]], pakarang nuklir, jeung urusan [[kaamanan nasional]]. Saméméhna manéhna kungsi jadi anggota di [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]], [[Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs]], jeung John F. Kennedy School of Government di [[Universitas Harvard]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/author/tom-nichols/|title=Tom Nichols, The Atlantic|website=The Atlantic|language=en|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung kasang tukang atikan == Nichols lahir di Holyoke, [[Massachusetts]], jeung gedé di Chicopee, Massachusetts, di mana manéhna sakola di sakola nagri dina taun 1960-an nepi ka 1970-an.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pfaffenberger|first=Fabian|date=2018-02-01|title=What you tweet is what we get?|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|journal=Publizistik|volume=63|issue=1|pages=53–72|doi=10.1007/s11616-017-0400-2|issn=1862-2569}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubsonline.informs.org/do/10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344/abs/|title=Magazine Authors|website=pubsonline.informs.org|language=en|doi=10.1287/7344689d-7ff2-47d3-8989-e1effd71b344|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Aki jeung ninina ti pihak bapa mangrupa imigran [[Yunani]], sedengkeun indungna boga katurunan [[Irlandia]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Desert Remembers My Name: On Family and Writing|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv27bds69|publisher=University of Arizona Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-8165-2626-0|doi=10.2307/j.ctv27bds69|first=Kathleen J.|last=Alcalá}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Water Between Us|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh71t|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|date=1999|isbn=978-0-8229-5710-2|doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qh71t|first=Shara|last=McCallum}}</ref> Dina pidatona di Heritage Foundation, manéhna nyebutkeun yén kulawargana téh lain kulawarga nu luhur atikan, bari negeskeun yén kolotna téh "barudak jaman Déprési nu eureun (putus) sakola menengah". Nichols meunang gelar Sarjana (BA) dina [[Élmu Pulitik]] ti [[Universitas Boston]] dina 1983, tuluy gelar Magister (MA) dina Élmu Pulitik ti [[Universitas Columbia]] dina 1984. Manéhna ogé meunang sertifikat ti Harriman Institute of Columbia University dina 1985, jeung gelar Doktor (PhD) dina Élmu Pamaréntahan ti [[Universitas Georgetown]] dina 1988. Disertasina dijudulan ''"The Politics of Doctrine: Khrushchev, Gorbachev and the Soviet Military"''.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=1|title=Civil-Military Relations Under Gorbachev: The Struggle over National Security|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429694240/chapters/10.4324/9780429044427-3|publisher=Routledge|date=2019-05-20|isbn=978-0-429-04442-7|pages=29–61|doi=10.4324/9780429044427-3|language=en|first=Thomas|last=Nichols|first2=Theodore|last2=Karasik|editor-first=William C.|editor-last=Green|editor-first2=Theodore|editor-last2=Karasik}}</ref> == Karir == Sanggeus réngsé program doktoralna di Universitas Georgetown, dina taun 1989 Nichols narima posisi pangajar di [[Dartmouth College]]. Manéhna ngabdi di dinya nepi ka taun 1997, ngajarkeun élmu pulitik jeung urusan Rusia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tom or Thom, John Nichols (1799–1838)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-27504|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.27504|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=What a Long Strange Trip It’s Been|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2017-07-13|isbn=978-0-19-878610-8|pages=0|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198786108.003.0001|first=R. A. W.|last=Rhodes|editor-first=R. A. W.|editor-last=Rhodes}}</ref> Salila mangsa jabatanna di Dartmouth, Nichols ogé ngajabat jadi asistén législatif widang pertahanan jeung luar nagri pikeun Sénator AS [[John Heinz]] (R-PA).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Nichols, Thomas (fl 1550)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.001.0001/odnb-9780192683120-e-20123|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2018-02-06|doi=10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.20123|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Naval War Coll Newport Ri|date=1986-01-01|title=Naval War College Summary Record of Research and Publication, July 1985-June 1986:|url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA203895|location=Fort Belvoir, VA|doi=10.21236/ADA203895}}</ref> Dina taun 1997, Nichols jadi profésor stratégi di U.S. Naval War College, posisi nu dicekelna nepi ka taun 2008.<ref name=":1" /> Saterusna, Nichols ditunjuk jadi profésor urusan kaamanan nasional di éta paguron luhur militér. Manéhna pangsiun dina taun 2022.<ref name=":1" /> Manéhna ogé kungsi jadi ''senior associate'' di [[Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs]] nu basisna di [[Manhattan]] (2004-2005).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=CROWN-PRINCE RETRIEVED: LIFE AT CUSTRIN NOVEMBER 1730-FEBRUARY 1732|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/works-of-thomas-carlyle/crownprince-retrieved-life-at-custrin-november-1730february-1732/06451A30A8339836CA9439B108C256E8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2010|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-511-69467-7|pages=342–406|volume=13|series=Cambridge Library Collection - The Works of Carlyle|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511694677.004|editor-first=Henry Duff|editor-last=Traill|editor-first2=Thomas|editor-last2=Carlyle}}</ref> Dina taun 2005, Nichols diangkat pikeun nyekel peran jadi pangajar tamu di [[Universitas La Salle]] jeung pangajar adjung di Universitas Harvard.<ref name=":1" /> Nichols ditetepkeun jadi ''fellow'' di Harvard John F. Kennedy School of Government dina taun 2008.<ref name=":2" /> Ayeuna, Nichols gawé jadi staf panulis di [[The Atlantic]] jeung mangrupa panulis salah sahiji ''newsletter'' (nawala éléktronik) maranéhna, The Atlantic Daily. === Karir di Jeopardy! === Nichols téh juara lima kali dina acara Jeopardy!, meunangkeun pertandingan usum régulér dina 1994. Mimitina mah, manéhna éléh dina pertandingan kalimana, tapi digeroan deui lantaran aya "kasalahan pituduh (''clue discrepancy'')".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=1950-03-20|title=Wintersteiner Outlines Germitrine Research: C&EN REPORTS: New York Section, Nichols Medal Award|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=28|issue=12|pages=934–936|doi=10.1021/cen-v028n012.p934|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Manéhna tuluy miluan Turnamén Juara 1994 jeung Turnamén Juara Ultimate 2005, masing-masing éléh di babak parapat final<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=1986-07-21|title=Fluoridation chemicals supply problem aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=29|pages=14|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n029.p014|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> jeung babak kahiji.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|date=1986-06-16|title=National ownership of plant germ plasm aired|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive|volume=64|issue=24|pages=17|doi=10.1021/cen-v064n024.p017|issn=0009-2347}}</ref> Dina wawancara jeung Newsweek dina 2022, Nichols ngusulkeun sangkan Jeopardy! ngabalikeun deui aturan wates meunang lima poé nu dihapus dina taun 2003.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|date=1938|title=Criminal Law. Former Jeopardy. Prosecutions for Conspiracy as Double Jeopardy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333777|journal=Harvard Law Review|publisher=The Harvard Law Review Association|volume=51|issue=5|pages=925–926|doi=10.2307/1333777|issn=0017-811X}}</ref> == Pulitik == Nichols daptar jadi anggota Partai Républik dina taun 1979. Dina taun 2016, manéhna nyebut dirina salaku saurang konservatif "Never Trump" (anti-Trump). Salila kampanye pamilihan présidén 2016, Nichols boga argumén yén kaom konservatif sakuduna milih Hillary Clinton - nu sabenerna mah teu dipikaresep ku manéhna - lantaran Trump diniléy "teu stabil teuing sacara méntal" pikeun ngajabat jadi panglima pangluhurna militér.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=0|title=Treaty of February 27,1819|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351485265/chapters/10.4324/9781315131214-20|publisher=Routledge|date=2017-07-12|isbn=978-1-315-13121-4|pages=107–116|doi=10.4324/9781315131214-20|language=en}}</ref> Nichols neruskeun argumén nu sarupa pikeun pemilu paruh waktu (tengah mangsa) 2018 ku cara nganjurkeun sangkan Partai Républik bisa nyalametkeun partéyna sorangan ku cara milih saloba-lobana kandidat Démokrat dina éta pemilu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=6 GOP Political Symbolism Angers African Americans|url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com:443/document/doi/10.1515/9781685857387-007/html|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|date=2006-11-01|pages=127–162|doi=10.1515/9781685857387-007}}</ref> Sanggeus konfirmasi Brett Kavanaugh ka Mahkamah Agung AS, dina 7 Oktober 2018 Nichols ngumumkeun bakal kaluar ti Partai Républik jeung jadi indépénden. Manéhna nyebutkeun yén sora "satuju" Sénator Susan Collins dina prosés konfirmasi ngayakinkeun manéhna yén Partai Républik ngan ukur aya keur ngagunakeun kakuatan pulitik sacara ngababi buta.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/collections/monograph-detail|title=The Right Women|website=www.bloomsburycollections.com|language=en|doi=10.5040/9798216009023.ch-008|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Nichols negeskeun yén Partai Républik geus jadi ancaman pikeun supremasi hukum jeung norma-norma konstitusional. Tapi manéhna ogé ngritik Partai Démokrat nu "kabeulah antara naluri totalitér di hiji sisi jeung malpraktik pulitik total di sisi séjén". Kajaba ti Sénator Chris Coons, Sheldon Whitehouse, jeung Amy Klobuchar, Nichols nganggap paripolah anggota Partai Démokrat salila sidang konfirmasi Kavanaugh minangka hal nu "tercela" (teu pantes pisan).<ref name=":7" /> Dina kolom opini taun 2019, Nichols ngutip Laporan Mueller pikeun méré argumén yén Trump gagal dina peranna salaku warga nagara jeung saterusna salaku panglima pangluhurna, lantaran teu loba peta pikeun nyegah jeung ngahukum pipilueunna (campur tangan) Rusia dina pemilu AS 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://primarysources.brillonline.com/browse/us-intelligence-on-asia/us-army-staff-section-report-headquarters-far-east-command-united-nations-command-office-of-the-commander-in-chief-and-office-of-the-chief-of-staff-may-1952-june-1952-top-secret-nara;usaousao03303|title=U.S. Intelligence on Asia, 1945-1991 — Brill|website=primarysources.brillonline.com|doi=10.1163/9789004346185.usao-03_303|accessdate=2026-09-23}}</ref> Dina April 2022 patali jeung invasi Rusia ka Ukraina, Nichols méré koméntar: "Lamun tujuan Putin téh ngukuhkeun kakawasaanna ku cara nyieun Rusia dipikaceuceub (dipikangéwa) salila sababaraha dékade ka hareup, nya wilujeng wé atuh, ceuk kuring mah."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heather|first=Cox Richardson|date=2003-06-01|title=Moral Reconstruction: Christian Lobbyists and the Federal Legislation of Morality, 1865–1920|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3659854|journal=Journal of American History|volume=90|issue=1|pages=245|doi=10.2307/3659854|issn=0021-8723}}</ref> == Karya == === Buku === * ''The Sacred Cause: Civil-Military Conflict over Soviet National Security, 1917-1992'' (1993, Cornell University Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0801427746</nowiki> * ''The Russian Presidency: Society and Politics in the Second Russian Republic'' (1999, Palgrave Macmillan) <nowiki>ISBN 0312293372</nowiki> * ''Winning the World: Lessons for America's Future from the Cold War'' (2002, Praeger) <nowiki>ISBN 0275966631</nowiki> * ''Eve of Destruction: The Coming Age of Preventive War'' (2008, University of Pennsylvania Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0812240669</nowiki> * ''Tactical Nuclear Weapons and NATO'', (co-editor) (2012, Military Bookshop) <nowiki>ISBN 1584875259</nowiki> * ''No Use: Nuclear Weapons and U.S. National Security'' (2013, University of Pennsylvania Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0812245660</nowiki> * ''The Death of Expertise: The Campaign Against Established Knowledge and Why it Matters'' (2017, Oxford University Press) <nowiki>ISBN 0190469412</nowiki> == Sumber rujukan == {{reflist}} 0y56oobpfdyj6wul1g4txsp671dcfoi 10 108872 712922 2026-09-23T10:22:55Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 712922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portal|Indonésia}} {{Autocommonscat1}} {{#switch:{{{1|}}} |state=collapsed |listclass = hlist |propinsi|provinsi={{artikelutama}}Kategori ieu ngandung hal-hal anu patali sareng Propinsi [[{{PAGENAME}}]], Indonésia. [[Kategori:Propinsi di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Babagian administratif di {{{2}}}|{{PAGENAME}}]] |gubernur={{artikelutama|Daptar {{ucfirst:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}Kategori ieu ngandung gubernur-gubernur ti Propinsi [[:Kategori:{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}|{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]], Indonésia.{{Gubernur|{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}|Indonésia|{{{2|}}}}} |tokoh={{artikelutama|Daptar {{lcfirst:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}Kategori ieu ngandung tokoh-tokoh ti Propinsi [[:Kategori:{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}|{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]], Indonésia. {{#ifeq:{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}|Yogyakarta |[[Kategori:Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]] |[[Kategori:{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] }} [[Kategori:Tokoh Indonésia dumasar propinsi|{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] [[Kategori:Tokoh {{{2}}}|{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] |sajarah|sejarah={{artikelutama}}Kategori ieu ngandung topik-topik ngeunaan sajarah propinsi [[:Kategori:{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}|{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]], Indonésia. {{#ifeq:{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}|Yogyakarta |[[Kategori:Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]] |[[Kategori:{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] }} [[Kategori:Sajarah Indonésia dumasar propinsi|{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] [[Kategori:Sajarah {{{2}}}|{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] |transportasi=<!--{{artikelutama|Daptar {{lcfirst:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}-->Kategori ieu ngandung topik-topik ngeunaan transportasi di propinsi [[:Kategori:{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|15}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|15}}]], Indonésia. [[Kategori:Transportasi di Indonésia dumasar propinsi|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|15}}]] [[Kategori:Transportasi di {{{2}}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|15}}]] [[Kategori:Ékonomi {{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|15}}|Transportasi]] |kadaharan|hidangan=Kategori ieu ngandung jejer-jejer ngeunaan kadaharan propinsi [[:Kategori:{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}|{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]], Indonésia. [[Kategori:Budaya {{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan Indonésia dumasar propinsi|{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] [[Kategori:Kadaharan {{{2}}}|{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] |kabupatén|kabupaten={{artikelutama|Daptar kabupatén jeung kota di {{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|13}}}}Kategori ieu ngandung kabupatén-kabupatén di propinsi [[:Kategori:{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|13}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|13}}]], Indonésia. [[Kategori:Babagian administratif di {{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|13}}| ]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén dumasar propinsi di Indonésia|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|13}}]] [[Kategori:Kabupatén di {{{2}}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|13}}]] |kota={{artikelutama|Daptar kabupatén jeung kota di {{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|8}}}}Kategori ieu ngandung kota-kota di propinsi [[:Kategori:{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|8}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|8}}]], Indonésia. [[Kategori:Babagian administratif di {{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|8}}| ]] [[Kategori:Kota dumasar propinsi di Indonésia|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|8}}]] [[Kategori:Kota di {{{2}}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|8}}]] |babagian|pembagian|administratif|babagian administratif|pembagian administratif=Kategori ieu ngandung jejer-jejer ngeunaan babagian administratif di propinsi [[:Kategori:{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|27}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|27}}]], Indonésia. {{:Kategori:Géografi {{{2}}}}} [[Kategori:Géografi {{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|27}}| ]] [[Kategori:Babagian administratif Indonésia|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|24}}]] [[Kategori:Babagian administratif di {{{2}}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|24}}]] |basa|bahasa={{artikelutama|Daptar {{lcfirst:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}Kategori ieu ngandung jejer-jejer ngeunaan basa di propinsi [[:Kategori:{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|10}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|10}}]], Indonésia. [[Kategori:Basa di Indonésia dumasar propinsi|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|9}}]] [[Kategori:Basa di {{{2}}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|9}}]] [[Kategori:Budaya {{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|9}}]] |sakola|sekolah={{artikelutama|Daptar {{lcfirst:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}Kategori ieu ngandung jejer-jejer ngeunaan sakola di propinsi [[:Kategori:{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|11}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|11}}]], Indonésia. [[Kategori:Sakola di Indonesia dumasar propinsi|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|11}}]] [[Kategori:Sakola di {{{2}}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|11}}]] [[Kategori:Wangunan jeung struktur di {{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|11}}]] [[Kategori:Lembaga atikan di {{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|11}}]] |budaya={{artikelutama}}Kategori ieu ngandung jejer-jejer ngeunaan budaya di propinsi [[:Kategori:{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|7}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|7}}]], Indonésia. [[Kategori:Budaya Indonésia dumasar propinsi|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|7}}]] [[Kategori:Budaya {{{2}}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|7}}]] {{#ifeq:{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}|Yogyakarta |[[Kategori:Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]] |[[Kategori:{{remove first word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] }} |kaséhatan|kesehatan={{artikelutama}}Kategori ieu ngandung jejer-jejer ngeunaan kaséhatan di propinsi [[:Kategori:{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|12}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|12}}]], Indonésia. [[Kategori:Kaséhatan di Indonésia dumasar propinsi|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|12}}]] [[Kategori:Kaséhatan di {{{2}}}|{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|12}}]] {{#ifeq:{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|12}}|Yogyakarta |[[Kategori:Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]] |[[Kategori:{{str right|{{PAGENAME}}|12}}]] }} }} {{Jejer propinsi Indonesia (kategori)|{{{2}}}}}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Citakan navigasi Indonésia|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Kategori:Citakan dumasar propinsi di Indonésia|{{PAGENAME}}]] klq01zjab884advgk4w5nlgai1b0rmr 10 108873 712927 2026-09-23T11:02:39Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 712927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |state = collapsed |listclass = hlist |list1 = {{Navbox|child |name = Jejer propinsi Indonesia (kategori) |state = {{#ifeq:{{{1|}}}|Sumatra|show}} |listclass = hlist |title = Jejer [[:Kategori:Sumatra|Sumatra (kategori)]] |image = [[Gambar:SumatraLocation.png|200px]] |group1 = [[Propinsi]] |list1 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:}} |group2 = Babagian<br>administratif |list2 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Babagian administratif di}} |group3 = [[Kabupatén]] |list3 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kabupatén di}} |group4 = [[Kota]] |list4 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kota di}} |group5 = Tokoh |list5 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Tokoh}} |group6 = Gubernur |list6 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Gubernur}} |group7 = [[Géografi]] |list7 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Géografi}} |group8 = [[Basa]] |list8 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Basa di}} |group9 = Sakola |list9 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sakola di}} |group10 = Sajarah |list10 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sajarah}} |group11 = Sélér bangsa |list11 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sélér bangsa di}} |group12 = [[Kadaharan]] |list12 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kadaharan}} |group13 = [[Budaya]] |list13 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Budaya}} |group14 = Transportasi |list14 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Transportasi di}} |group15 = Kaséhatan |list15 = {{Sumatra/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kaséhatan di}} }} |list2 = {{Navbox|child |navbar = plain |state = {{#ifeq:{{{1|}}}|Jawa|show}} |listclass = hlist |title = Jejer [[:Kategori:Jawa|Jawa (kategori)]] |image = [[Gambar:Java Locator.svg |200px]] |group1 = [[Propinsi]] |list1 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:}} |group2 = Babagian<br>administratif |list2 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Babagian administratif di}} |group3 = [[Kabupatén]] |list3 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kabupatén di}} |group4 = [[Kota]] |list4 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kota di}} |group5 = Tokoh |list5 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Tokoh}} |group6 = Gubernur |list6 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Gubernur}} |group7 = [[Géografi]] |list7 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Géografi}} |group8 = [[Basa]] |list8 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Basa di}} |group9 = Sakola |list9 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sakola di}} |group10 = Sajarah |list10 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sajarah}} |group11 = Sélér bangsa |list11 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sélér bangsa di}} |group12 = [[Kadaharan]] |list12 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kadaharan}} |group13 = [[Budaya]] |list13 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Budaya}} |group14 = Transportasi |list14 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Transportasi di}} |group15 = Kaséhatan |list15 = {{Jawa/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kaséhatan di}} }} |list3 = {{Navbox|child |navbar = plain |state = {{#ifeq:{{{1|}}}|Kalimantan|show}} |listclass = hlist |title = Jejer [[:Kategori:Kalimantan|Kalimantan (kategori)]] |image = [[Gambar:Kalimantan Locator.svg|200px]] |group1 = [[Propinsi]] |list1 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:}} |group2 = Babagian<br>administratif |list2 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Babagian administratif di}} |group3 = [[Kabupatén]] |list3 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kabupatén di}} |group4 = [[Kota]] |list4 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kota di}} |group5 = Tokoh |list5 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Tokoh}} |group6 = Gubernur |list6 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Gubernur}} |group7 = [[Géografi]] |list7 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Géografi}} |group8 = [[Basa]] |list8 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Basa di}} |group9 = Sakola |list9 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sakola di}} |group10 = Sajarah |list10 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sajarah}} |group11 = Sélér bangsa |list11 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sélér bangsa di}} |group12 = [[Kadaharan]] |list12 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kadaharan}} |group13 = [[Budaya]] |list13 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Budaya}} |group14 = Transportasi |list14 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Transportasi di}} |group15 = Kaséhatan |list15 = {{Kalimantan/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kaséhatan di}} }} |list4 = {{Navbox|child |navbar = plain |state = {{#ifeq:{{{1|}}}|Sulawesi|show}} |listclass = hlist |title = Jejer [[:Kategori:Sulawesi|Sulawesi (kategori)]] |image = [[Gambar:Sulawesi Locator.svg|200px]] |group1 = [[Propinsi]] |list1 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:}} |group2 = Babagian<br>administratif |list2 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Babagian administratif di}} |group3 = [[Kabupatén]] |list3 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kabupatén di}} |group4 = [[Kota]] |list4 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kota di}} |group5 = Tokoh |list5 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Tokoh}} |group6 = Gubernur |list6 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Gubernur}} |group7 = [[Géografi]] |list7 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Géografi}} |group8 = [[Basa]] |list8 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Basa di}} |group9 = Sakola |list9 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sakola di}} |group10 = Sajarah |list10 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sajarah}} |group11 = Sélér bangsa |list11 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sélér bangsa di}} |group12 = [[Kadaharan]] |list12 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kadaharan}} |group13 = [[Budaya]] |list13 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Budaya}} |group14 = Transportasi |list14 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Transportasi di}} |group15 = Kaséhatan |list15 = {{Sulawesi/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kaséhatan di}} }} |list5 = {{Navbox|child |navbar = plain |state = {{#switch:{{{1|}}}|Maluku|Kapuloan Maluku|Nusa Tenggara|Kapuloan Nusa Tenggara|Bali = show}} |listclass = hlist |title = Jejer [[:Kategori:Kapuloan Maluku|Maluku]] jeung [[:Kategori:Kapuloan Nusa Tenggara|Nusa Tenggara (kategori)]] |image = [[Gambar:Ligne Wallace.png|200px]] |group1 = [[Propinsi]] |list1 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:}} |group2 = Babagian<br>administratif |list2 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Babagian administratif di}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Babagian administratif di}} |group3 = [[Kabupatén]] |list3 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kabupatén di}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kabupatén di}} |group4 = [[Kota]] |list4 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kota di}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kota di}} |group5 = Tokoh |list5 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Tokoh}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Tokoh}} |group6 = Gubernur |list6 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Gubernur}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Gubernur}} |group7 = [[Géografi]] |list7 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Géografi}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Géografi}} |group8 = [[Basa]] |list8 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Basa di}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Basa di}} |group9 = Sakola |list9 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sakola di}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sakola di}} |group10 = Sajarah |list10 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sajarah}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sajarah}} |group11 = Sélér bangsa |list11 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sélér bangsa di}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sélér bangsa di}} |group12 = [[Kadaharan]] |list12 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kadaharan}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kadaharan}} |group13 = [[Budaya]] |list13 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Budaya}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Budaya}} |group14 = Transportasi |list14 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Transportasi di}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Transportasi di}} |group15 = Kaséhatan |list15 = {{Kapuloan Maluku/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kaséhatan di}} · {{Nusa Tenggara/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kaséhatan di}} }} |list6 = {{Navbox|child |navbar = plain |state = {{#ifeq:{{{1|}}}|Pulo Papua|show}} |listclass = hlist |title = Jejer [[:Kategori:Papua (wilayah Indonesia)|Papua (kategori)]] |image = [[Gambar:Ligne Wallace.png|200px]] |group1 = [[Propinsi]] |list1 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:}} |group2 = Babagian<br>administratif |list2 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Babagian administratif di}} |group3 = [[Kabupatén]] |list3 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kabupatén di}} |group4 = [[Kota]] |list4 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kota di}} |group5 = Tokoh |list5 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Tokoh}} |group6 = Gubernur |list6 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Gubernur}} |group7 = [[Géografi]] |list7 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Géografi}} |group8 = [[Basa]] |list8 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Basa di}} |group9 = Sakola |list9 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sakola di}} |group10 = Sajarah |list10 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sajarah}} |group11 = Sélér bangsa |list11 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Sélér bangsa di}} |group12 = [[Kadaharan]] |list12 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kadaharan}} |group13 = [[Budaya]] |list13 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Budaya}} |group14 = Transportasi |list14 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Transportasi di}} |group15 = Kaséhatan |list15 = {{Pulo Papua/Propinsi|:Kategori:Kaséhatan di}} }} }}<noinclude> [[Kategori:Citakan babagian administratif Indonésia]] </noinclude> a2n4xk1m31oyniwf0fzslqscflqudf3 10 108874 712930 2026-09-23T11:09:37Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 712930 wikitext text/x-wiki [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{cd|Acéh}}{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{cd|Acéh}}]]{{·}} [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} 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712936 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Citakan:Country data Acéh]]{{Citakan A}} cbegvedpfkrt39z7j6xz96815kh3sbk 10 108880 712937 2026-09-23T11:26:44Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 712937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Sumatra Kalér | flag alias = Flag of North Sumatra.svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | kategori = Indonésia <noinclude> | redir1 = Sumut </noinclude> }} 4e9t8ycrywat2nge4gq3pqyd712jv0t 10 108881 712938 2026-09-23T11:29:10Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 712938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Sumatra Kulon | flag alias = Flag of West Sumatra.svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | kategori = Indonésia <noinclude> | redir1 = Sumbar </noinclude> }} l43sqdmy5n205g4tetgq2nkf7qj3nzg 10 108882 712939 2026-09-23T11:30:36Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 712939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Riau | flag alias 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