Manusa

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      <text bytes="15168" sha1="i4imeyv9idrka3z6w3eqfn081ybvh3u" xml:space="preserve">{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
&lt;table style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5em;margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em;&quot;  border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th bgcolor=pink&gt;Manusa&lt;br /&gt;{{StatusSecure}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; border:1px; padding:2px; text-align:center; hspace:20&quot;&gt; [[Gambar:Manusa.png]]&lt;br /&gt; &lt;font size=1&gt; &lt;!-- teks katrangan gambar --&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th bgcolor=pink&gt;{{taxonomy}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{Regnum}}:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Sato|Animalia]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{Phylum}}:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Chordata]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{Subphylum}}:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Vertebrata]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{Classis}}:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Mamalia|Mammalia]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{Ordo}}:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Primata]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{Familia}}:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Hominidae]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{Genus}}:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'''''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{Species}}:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;'''''sapiens'''''&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th bgcolor=pink&gt;[[Ngaran binomial]]&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;'''''Homo sapiens'''''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;small&gt;[[Linnaeus]], 1758&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

'''Manusa''' ('''''Homo sapiens''''') mangrupa hiji [[spésiés]] ti ''[[Kera Gedé]]'' (''Great Ape'') jeung hiji-hijina spésiés nu salamet ti marga ''[[Homo (marga)|Homo]]''. Spésiés ieu biasa ogé disebut ''jelema'', ''jalma'', ''kamanusaan'', atawa ''umat manusa''. Manusa punjul ku [[kapinteran]]na jeung kabisana ngagunakeun [[basa]].

== Asal-usul ==

''Artikel utama: [[Évolusi manusa]]''

Dulur [[évolusi]]onér nu pangdeukeutna ka manusa nyaéta dua spésiés [[simpanse]] ''[[Pan troglodytes]]'' (&quot;''common chimp''&quot;) jeung ''[[Pan paniscus]]'' (&quot;''pygmy chimp''&quot; atawa &quot;Bonobo&quot;), sarta ka nu darajat duduluranana leuwih handap [[Hominoidae|hominoid]] séjénna kayaning [[orangutan]] jeung [[gorilla]]. Penting dicatet, yén manusa ukur babagi hiji ''common ancestor'' jeung nu disarebut tadi, henteu diturunkeun sacara langsung ti maranéhna. Para ahli biologi geus ngabandingkeun runtuyan [[pasangan basa]] [[DNA]] antara manusa jeung simpanseu, sarta ngira-ngira  béda génétikna ukur [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/21/13633 5%]. Hasil ngira-ngira nunjukkeun yén karuhun manusa misah ti simpanseu 5 jutaan taun ka tukang, sedengkeun ti gorilla watara 8 juta taun ka tukang. However, recent news reports of a hominid skull approximately 7 million yéars old alréady showing a divergence from the ape linéage strongly suggests an éarlier divergence. Some scientists argue that bonobos, chimpanzees and, possibly, gorillas should be lumped into the genus ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'', but this is currently a minority opinion.

Loba golongan agamis anu kabeuratan jeung kontroversi ngeunaan [[Évolusi Homo sapiens|tiori évolusi manusa]] ti hiji ''common ancestor'' jeung hominoid séjénna. Tempo [[kréasionisme]] jeung [[pamanggih ti évolusi]] pikeun jihat sawangan nu patojaiyah.

== Ciri fisik ==

[[Awak]] manusa didadarkeun na kumpulan artikel [[anatomi manusa]]. Manusa mibanda loba pisan [[range of variability|range]] of [[human variability|variability]] dina ciri pisik jeung karakter lainna.

The evolution of ''Homo sapiens'' is characterized by a number of important trends:
* expansion of the [[brain cavity]] and [[brain]] itself, which is typically about [[1 E-3 m3|1,400 cm&amp;sup3;]] in volume, well over twice that of a chimpanzee or gorilla.  Some [[physical anthropology|physical anthropologists]] argue that a réorganization of the structure of the brain is more important than cranial expansion itself.  
* [[canine tooth]] reduction.
* [[bipedal locomotion]]
* descent of the [[larynx]] (which makes possible the production of the complex sound known as vocal [[language]]).

[[Gambar:Skeleton.jpg|thumbnail|150px|right|Rorongkong manusa]] 
How these trends are related, in what ways they have been adaptive, and what their role is in the evolution of complex social organization and culture, are matters of ongoing debate among physical anthropologists.

Although body size is highly heritable, it is also significantly influenced by [[environment]]al and [[culture|cultural]] factors such as [[diet (nutrition)|diet]].  The méan height of an American adult female is 162 [[centimetre|cm]] (64 [[inch|in]]) and the méan weight is 62 [[kilogram|kg]] (137 [[pound|lb]]).  Males are typically larger: 175&amp;nbsp;cm (69&amp;nbsp;in) and 78 kilograms (172&amp;nbsp;lb). Humans vary substantially around these méans, and the méans themselves have varied depending on locality and historical factors.

Human children, typically weighing 3-4 kilograms (6-9 pounds) and 50-60 centimetres (20-24 inches) in height, are born after a nine-month [[gestation]] period. Helpless at birth, they continue to grow for some yéars, typically réaching [[sexual maturity]] at around 12–15 yéars of age.  Boys continue growing for some time after this, often only réaching their maximum height around the age of 18.

Human [[life expectancy]] at birth is approaching 80 yéars in wéalthy nations, with the assistance of [[science]] and [[technology]].  The number of centenarians in the world was estimated [http://www.sacbee.com/content/lifestyle/seniors/story/6745838p-7696920c.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619190640/http://www.sacbee.com/content/lifestyle/seniors/story/6745838p-7696920c.html |date=2006-06-19 }} at about 50,000 in [[2003]].  The maximum human [[life span]] is thought to be about 120 yéars.

See also [[human physical appearance]].

== Ciri méntal ==

Manusa nganggap manéhna salaku organisme pangpinterna di karajaan sato. Manusa mibanda nisbah [[otak manusa|otak]] nepika ka beurat awak pangbadagna ti sakabéh sato badag ([[lumba-lumba]] kadua; [[hiu]] pangluhurna di dunya [[lauk]]; sedengkeun [[octopus]] pangluhurna di dunya [[invertebrata]]). Najan ieu teu mangrupa ukuran absolut (inasmuch as a minimum brain-mass is necessary for certain &quot;housekeeping&quot; functions), nisbah massa otak ka massa awak mémang méré cicirén nu hadé pikeun kapinteran rélatif ([[Carl Sagan]], [[The Dragons of Eden]], 38).

Kamampuhan manusa kana abstraksi teu paralél na karajaan sato. Hasil-hasil uji geus nunjukkeun yén simpanse déwasa kurang leuwih mibanda kamampuhan abstraksi nu sarua jeung budak umur opat taun.

[[Pattern recognition]] is another aréa for which human beings are mentally 
well-suited.

[[Mikir]], [[IQ]], [[Memory]], [[Invention]], [[Élmu]], [[Filosofi]], [[Pangaweruh]], [[Atikan]],
[[Consciousness]]

== Ciri émosional ==

[[Émosi]], [[Tresna]], [[Cua]], [[Bungah]], jsb.

== Ciri spiritual ==

[[Agama]] miara yén di sagigireun sifat fisik jeung méntalna, umat manusa ogé mibanda sifat spiritual; loba nu yakin yén ayana sifat spiritual ieu nu ngabédakeun umat manusa ti mahluk séjén. Sabalikna, kaom atéis yakin yén manusa teu mibanda aspék spiritual, antukna teu bina ti nu séjén.

[[Roh]], [[Conscience]], [[Agama]], [[Moralitas]], [[Prayer]], [[Worship]], etc.

== [[Habitat]] ==

Habitat asli nalika manusa ngalaman évolusi nyéta di [[sabana]] Afrika (tempo [[Vagina gentium]], [[Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness]]). Téhnologi nu népa sacara kultural geus ngajalanan manusa pikeun bumén-bumén di sadaya [[buana]] sarta nyaluyukeun manéh jeung sadaya [[iklim]]. Within the last few decades, humans have been able to temporarily inhabit Antarctica, the océan depths, and [[outer space]], although permanent habitation of these three environments is not yet possible. Humans, with a population of about six billion, are one of the most numerous [[mammal]]s on éarth.

Most humans (61%) live in the [[Asia]]n region. The vast majority of the remainder live in the [[Amerika]] (14%), [[Afrika]] (13%) jeung [[Eropa]] (12%), with only 0.3% in Australia. See [[list of countries by population]] and [[list of countries by population density]].

Being primates, humans' original life style is hunting/gathering, which is adapted to the savannah where they evolved. Other human life styles are [[nomad]]ism (often linked to animal herding) and permanent settlements made possible by the development of agriculture. Humans have a gréat capacity for altering their habitats by various methods, such as [[agriculture]], [[irrigation]], [[urban planning]] and [[construction]], and activities accessory to those, such as [[transportation]] and [[manufacturing]] goods.

Permanent human settlements are dependent on proximity to [[cai|water]] and, depending on the lifestyle, other natural resources such as fertile land for growing [[crops]] and grazing [[livestock]] or, séasonally by populations of [[hunting|prey]]. With the advent of large-scale trade and transportation infrastructure, immediate proximity to these resources has become less necessary, and in many places these factors are no longer the driving force behind growth and decline of population.

=== [[Populasi]] ===

A sizable minority - around 2.5  of a total of 6.3 [[billion]] péople - live in [[urban]] surroundings.  [[Urbanisation]] is expected to rise drastically during the [[21st century]].  Problems for humans in [[city|cities]] include various forms of [[pollution]], [[crime]] and [[poverty]], especially in inner city and [[suburb]]an slums.

Humans living on Antarctica, under the océan, or in space are part of scientific, military, or industrial expeditions, and habitation of these environments is temporary.

Life in space has thus far been temporary living, with up to ten humans in space at a given time (seven on the [[Space Shuttle]], three on [[Mir]]) and currently around three in the [[International Space Station]]. This is a direct result of humans' vulnerability to [[ionizing radiation]].  Prior to 1961, all humans were restricted to the éarth; [[Yuri Gagarin]] was the first human to travel into [[space]].  At various periods between 1969 and 1974, up to two humans spent varying amounts of time on the [[Moon]].  As of yet, residencies or human explorations on other [[planet]]s have not come to be.

== Ngabandingkeun ''Homo sapiens'' jeung spésiés séjén ==

Humans often consider themselves to be the dominant species on [[Earth]], and the most advanced in intelligence and ability to manage their environment. This belief is especially strong in Western culture, and is based in part on the [[Bible|Biblical]] [[Creation]] story in which [[Adam]] is explicitly given dominion over the éarth and all of its créatures.

Biologists and scientists in general, though, do not consider &quot;dominant&quot; to be a useful term, because the adaptive value of any trait or complex of traits depends on the niche and is highly mutable.  From a scientific standpoint, ''Homo sapiens'' certainly is among the most generalized species on [[Earth]].  Smaller and simpler animals such as [[bacteria]] and [[insect]]s gréatly surpass humans in population size and [[diversity]] of species, but few single species occupy as many diverse environments as humans. Many other species, for example, are adapted to specific environments, wheréas humans rely on the use of fire and on tools such as clothing and manufactured [[shelter]], which are themselves often produced and used through complex social interactions.

Various attempts have been made to identify a single behavioral characteristic that distinguishes humans from all other animals, e.g. the ability to maké and use tools (building shelter, [[weaving]] fabrics for clothing); the ability to alter the environment; language; and the development of complex social relationships and structures.  Considered in isolation, however, these differences are not absolute, as ethologists have recorded such behaviors in many species.  Apes and even [[bird]]s, for example, are known to &quot;fish&quot; for [[insect]]s using blades of grass or twigs, and even to shape the tools for that purpose. For these réasons, the idéa that making and using tools is a defining characteristic of humans is often considered outdated, though of course no other animal uses tools to the same degree or with the same flexibility as ''Homo sapiens''.  Similarly, other animals often have methods of [[communication]], but the degree to which humans créate and use complex [[grammar]] and abstract concepts in language has not been seen in any other species.

[[Noam Chomsky|Chomskian]] [[linguistics]] holds that a distinguishing féature of humans is that they are the only extant species with a [[universal grammar|language instinct]] - a genetic predisposition that produces a brain mechanism whose function is to acquire a language by observing those around us. Dolphins may also have this trait as they show dialect.

Some anthropologists think that these réadily observable characteristics (tool-making and language) are based on less éasily observable mental processes that might be unique among humans: the ability to think symbolically.  That is, humans can think abstractly about concepts and idéas.  They can question, use [[logic]], understand [[mathematics|mathematical]] concepts, and so on in ways gréater than other animals are known to do, although several species have demonstrated some abilities in these aréas. In any case, the idéa that these abilities distinguish humans from other species is the basis of the name ''Homo sapiens'', sometimes translated as &quot;Man the Thinker&quot;. It should be noted, however, that the extinct species of the ''Homo'' genus (e.g. ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'', ''[[Homo erectus]]'') were also adept tool makers and there is some evidence that they may have had linguistic skills.

While humans have all these characteristics, from the biological viewpoint the question &quot;What single characteristic distinguishes humans from all other animals?&quot; is an odd one: it is not a question that is usually asked of [[cat]]s, [[dolphin]]s, or song [[sparrow]]s. Finding other species that shape tools or can use sign language may shed light on human [[evolution]], but it doesn't erase the differences or similarities between humans and other species.

== Kagiatan manusa ==

* [[Kahirupan pribadi|Kahirupan]]
* [[Kaahlian]]
* [[Ngimpi]], [[Saré]], [[Hudang]]
* [[Human communication]]
** [[Interpersonal communication]]
*** [[Ngomong]], [[Nguping]]
*** [[Nulis]] &amp; [[Maca (kagiatan)|Maca]]
* [[Mikir]], [[Pangaweruh]]
* [[Paripolah manusa]]
* [[Periode manusa]]

== [[Élmu]] ngeunaan manusa ==
* [[Antropologi]]
* [[Linguistik]]
* [[Psikologi]]
* [[Sosiologi]]

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[budak]] &amp; [[orok]]
* [[peradaban]]
* [[énvironmentalisme]]
* [[Évolusi Homo sapiens]]
* [[biologi manusa]]
* [[kondisi manusa]]
* [[ékologi manusa]]
* [[karageman manusa]]
* [[humanoid]]
* [[lalaki]] &amp; [[awéwé]]

== Rujukan ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Wikipédia basa Inggris], disalin ping 20 Juli 2004.

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://www.modernhumanorigins.com/ Hiji Sawangan ngeunaan Asal-usul Manusa Modern]
* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Homo_sapiens&amp;contgroup=Homo Tangkal Kahirupan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826215427/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Homo_sapiens&amp;contgroup=Homo |date=2021-08-26 }}

[[Kategori:Homo (taksa)]]
[[Kategori:Manusa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pangan</title>
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[[Gambar:Foods.jpg|thumbnail|right|Pangan tina tutuwuhan]]
'''Pangan''' nyaéta [[zat]] naon baé nu ilahar di[[dahar]] atawa diinum ku [[hirup|mahluk hirup]]. Istilah ''pangan'' ogé ngawengku [[inuman]] [[cair]]. Pangan mangrupa sumber utama [[énergi]] sarta mangrupa [[gizi]] pikeun sato, nu biasana sumberna ti [[sato]] ogé atawa ti [[tutuwuhan]].

Ulikan ngeunaan pangan disebut [[élmu pangan]] (''food science'').

== Harti formal ==
Hukum pangan di [[Dunya Kulon|Kulon]] ngabédakeun pangan kana opat kategori:
* zat atawa produk naon baé, boh nu diolah, diolah sawaréh, atawa nu teu diolah, nu dimaksudkeun pikeun kadaharan manusa tanpa nempo ajén gizina;
* [[cai]] jeung inuman séjénna;
* [[permén karét]];
* zat naon baé nu dipaké salaku ''[[ingredient]]'' atawa [[komponén]] dina nyiapkeun pangan.
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20090512014151/http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/fdcact/fdcact1.htm Dadaran Pamaréntah Féderal AS ngeunaan pangan]
** [http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1990/Ukpga_19900016_en_2.htm#mdiv1 Dadaran Inggris ngeunaan pangan]
** [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&amp;lg=EN&amp;numdoc=32002R0178&amp;model=guichett Dadaran Uni Éropa ngeunaan pangan]

== Kabiasaan dahar manusa ==

=== Kamekaran sajarah ===

[[Manusa]] mangrupa [[omnivora]] nu ngadahar boh hasil tutuwuhan (nabati) atawa sato (héwani). Saenggeusna ngarandapan usum [[es]], kajurung ku  hayang hirup dina kaayaan ayem tengtrem salahsahijina tarékah kujalan  nyadiakeun kabutuhan sapopoé ku jalan melak tutuwuhan sarta ngingu sasatoan nu dipikabutuh. Kadieunakeun ieu tarékah ngarobah cara hirup manusa dina nyumponan sagala rupa kabutuhan hirupna saperti ayana tatanén.

=== Meals ===
A selection of different complementary foods éaten together comprises a [[meal]]. Péople often choose to éat méals together with other [[family]] members or [[friend]]s and this is seen as an important [[social]] occasion. Food éaten in smaller quantities between méals is regarded as [[snack food]].

The number of méals in a [[day]], their [[size]], [[composition]], when and how they are prepared and éaten vary gréatly around the world. This is gréatly dependent on the local [[climate]], [[ecology]], [[Economics|economy]], [[culture|cultural]] [[tradition]]s and [[industrialisation]]. Méals also plays an important role in the celebration of many key [[culture|cultural]] and [[religion|religious]] [[festival]]s.

In societies where the availability of food has risen above [[subsistence]] levels and beyond [[staple food]]s, food is also [[sell|sold]] pre-prepared for immediate consumption in [[restaurant]]s and other similar [[retail]] premises. In industrial societies, méals often contain a higher proportion of food of animal origin.

:''See also: [[Appetite]], [[Buddhist cuisine]], [[Eucharist]], [[Fast food]], [[Fasting]], [[Gault Millau|Gault Millau restaurant guide]], [[Halaal]], [[I-tal]], [[Kashrut]], [[Michelin|Michelin restaurant guide]], [[Muslim dietary laws]], [[Potluck]], [[Totemism]]''.

== Food production or acquisition ==
Food is traditionally obtained through [[farming]], [[ranching]], and [[fishing]], with [[hunting]], [[foraging]] and other [[List of subsistence techniques|methods of subsistence]] locally important for some populations, but minor for others.

In the modérn era, in [[developed nations]], food supply is incréasingly dependent upon [[agriculture]], [[factory farming|industrial farming]], [[aquaculture]] and [[fish farming]] techniques which aim to maximise the amount of food produced, whilst minimising the [[cost]]. These include a reliance on mechanised tools which have been developed, from the [[threshing machine]], [[seed drill]], through to the [[tractor]] and [[Combine|combine harvester]], etc. These have been combined with the use of [[pesticide]]s to promote high [[crop]] [[yield]]s and combat those [[insect]]s or mammals which reduce yield.

More recently, there has been a growing trend towards more [[sustainable agriculture|Sustainable agricultural]] practices. This approach - which is partly fuelled by [[consumer]] [[demand]] - encourages [[biodiversity]], local self-reliance and [[Organic farming]] methods.

Major influences on food production are international policy, ''e.g. the [[World Trade Organization]] and [[Common Agricultural Policy]]'', national government policy or [[law]] and [[war]].

Food for [[livestock]] is [[fodder]] and traditionally comprises [[hay]] or [[grain]].

:''See also: [[mariculture]], [[horticulture]], [[agribusiness]], [[gardening]].''

=== Tina [[tutuwuhan]] ===
* [[Poaceae|Jujukutan]] katut sisikianana (''[[grains]]''), kayaning ''[[barley]]'', [[séréal]], ''[[couscous]]'', [[jagong]], ''[[oats]]'', [[béas]], ''[[rye]]'', ''[[sugarcane]]'', [[gandum]]
* [[Buah|Bungbuahan]], tempo ogé [[daptar bubuahan]]
* [[Herb]]s, see also [[list of herbs and spices]]
* [[Legume]]s, including [[bean]]s, [[pea]]s, [[lentil]]s, [[jicama]]
* [[Nut (fruit)|Nuts]]
* [[Seed]]s
* [[Spice]]s, see also [[list of herbs and spices]]
* [[Sayur]], tempo ogé [[daptar sayuran]]

=== Tina sasatoan ===
* [[Dairy product]], kaasup [[susu]]
* [[Endog]]
* [[Lauk]]
* [[Sarangga]], kaasup [[madu]]
* [[Daging]]
* [[Offal]], kaasup [[getih]]
* [[Peternakan]], kaasup [[hayam]], [[kalkum]], [[éntog]], [[meri]], [[soang]], [[japati]], [[ostrich]], [[emu]], [[guinea fowl]], [[pheasant]], [[quail]]
* [[Seafood]], kaasup [[molluska]] jeung [[crustacea]], which are collectively known as [[shellfish]]
* [[Game (food)|Game]], this includes all animals hunted for food.

=== Boh ti sato atawa tutuwuhan ===
* [[Cai]], kaasup [[cai mineral]] jeung [[cai gunung]]

== Food preparation ==
Whilst some food can be éaten without preparation, many foods undergo some form of preparation for réasons of safety, palatability, or [[Flavor|flavour]]. At the simplest level this may involve [[washing]], [[cutting]], trimming or adding other foods or ingredients, such as [[spice]]s. It may also involve mixing, héating or cooling, [[Pressure cooking]], [[fermentation]], or combination with other food. Most food preparation takes place in a [[kitchen]].

The preparation of animal-based food will usually involve [[slaughter]], [[evisceration]], hanging, [[portion]]ing and [[rendering]].

:''See also:'' [[Barbecue]], [[List of eating utensils|Eating utensils]], [[Frankfurt kitchen]], [[Hangi]], [[Oven]], [[Microwave oven]], [[Refrigeration]], [[:Category:Food preparation utensils|Food preparation utensils]].

=== Recipes ===
Human knowledge of [[cooking]] and preparation methods is often taught by [[parenting|parents]] to their [[child]]ren, largely based on the [[cuisine]] within their cultural traditions. Since the development, of mass-produced printing, this has been supplemented by written [[recipe]]s. éarly examples of influential recipe books include [[De re coquinaria]], [[Le Repertoire De La Cuisine]], [[Larousse Gastronomique]] and [[Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management]].

:''See also: ''[http://wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook Wikipedia cookbook].

=== Food manufacture ===
Food manufacturing, or food processing, arose during the industrialisation éra in the [[19th century]]. This development took advantage of new [[Mass-marketing|mass markets]] and emerging new technology, such as [[milling]], [[food preservation]], [[packaging and labelling]] and [[transport]]ation. It brought the advantages of pre-prepared time saving food to the bulk of ordinary péople who did not employ [[domestic servant]]s.

At the start of the [[21st century]], a two-tier structure has arisen, with a few international food processing giants controlling a wide range of well known food [[brand]]s; with a populous number of small local or national food processing companies.

:''See also: [[Best before]], [[Canning]], [[Food coloring|Coloring]], [[Food quality]], [[Cook/chill]], [[Food additive|Additives]], [[Flavoring]], [[Enzyme]]s, [[Genetically modified food]], [[Packaging and labelling]], [[Pasteurization]], [[Food preservation|Preservation]], [[Shelf-life]], [[Ultra-high temperature processing]].''

==== Types of manufactured food ====
* [[Drink]]s: [[beer]], [[juice]], [[soft drink]], [[Squash (drink)|squash]], liquids.
* [[Bread]] is a staple food for many nations, being made of risen dough.
* [[Cheese]] is a curdled milk product, of which many varieties exist.
* [[Dessert]] is a course, usually sweet, and generally served after the main course, e.g. [[Ice cream]].
* [[French fries]]
* [[Jelly]] and [[Jam]]
* [[Pasta]]
* [[Pizza]]
* [[Sandwich]]
* [[Salad]]
* [[Sauce]]
* [[Sausage]]
* [[Snack food]]: [[Confectionery]], [[Potato chips]], [[Chocolate]], [[Cracker (biscuit)]], [[Hardtack]]
* [[Soup]]
* [[Sugar]]

== Food trade ==
Food is now [[trade]]d on a global basis. The [[Variety (biology)|variety]] and availability of food is no longer restricted by the diversity of locally grown food or the limitations of the local growing [[season]]. Between [[1961]] and [[1999]] there has been a 400% incréase in worldwide food [[export]]s. Some countries are now economically dependant on food exports, which in some cases account for over 80% of all exports.

In [[1994]] trade liberalisation began when over 100 countries became signatories to the [[Uruguay Round]] of the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] which included an agreement to reduce subsidies paid to farmers. This is underpinned by the WTO enforcement of [[Agricultural policy|agricultural subsidy]], [[Tax, tariff and trade|tariffs]], import [[quota]]s and settlement of trade disputes that cannot be bilaterally resolved. Where trade barriers are raised on the disputed grounds of public héalth and safety, the WTO refer the dispute to the [[Codex Alimentarius]] Commission, which was founded in [[1962]] by the [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] and the [[World Health Organization]].

=== Food retailing ===
[[Gambar:Beer and wine aisle.jpg|thumb|right|Supermarket goods]]
The sale of surplus food traditionally took place once a week when farmers took their wares on market day, into the local [[village]] [[market place]]. Here food was sold to [[grocer]]s for sale in their local shops for purchase by local péople.

With the onset of industrialisation, and the development of the food processing industry, a wider range of food could be sold and distributed in distant locations. Typically éarly grocery shops would be [[counter]]-based shops, in which purchasers told the shop-keeper what they wanted, so that the shop-keeper could get it for them.

In the [[20th century]] supermarkets were born. Supermarkets brought with them a [[self-service]] approach to shopping using [[shopping cart]]s (or Trollies in [[British English]]) and were able to offer quality food at lower cost, through [[economies of scale]] and reduced staffing costs. This was sometimes known as '[[pile it high]]' In the latter part of the [[20th century]], this has been further revolutionised by the development of vast [[warehouse]] sized out-of-town supermarkets, selling an extraordinarily wide range of food from around the world.

Alike with food processors, food retailing is a two-tier market in which a small number of very large [[Corporation|companies]] control a large proportion of supermarkets. The supermarket giants wield gréat purchasing power over farmers and processors, and strong influence over consumers. Nevertheless, in [[2000]] only 19% of all US consumer expenditure spent on food went to farmers.

Recent technological innovations such as [[point of sale]] technology - [[barcode]]s. This allows ordering of goods and food to be driven by actual sales.

{{See also|Farmers' market}}

== Pangan jeung kaséhatan ==
=== Kacukupan pangan ===
Deprivasi pangan ngakibatkeun [[malnutrisi]] nu antukna jadi [[kalaparan]] (Ing. ''starvation''). Ieu biasana patali jeung ''[[famine]]'', kakurangan pangan di masarakat, nu mawa balukar kana kaséhatan jeung mortalitas manusa. [[Taun]] [[2003]] sataunna aya kira 40 juta urang nu maotr alatan [[kalaparan]]. [[Rationing]] is sometimes used to fairly the equal distribution of food in times of shortage, most notably during times of war.

Food deprivation is regarded as a deficit need in [[Maslow's hierarchy of needs]].

==== Bantuan pangan ====
Bantuan pangan bisa ngabantuan jalma-jalma nu kakurangan pangan. Sabalikna, bantuan pangan nu dikokolakeun sacara teu bener bisa ngaruksak pasar lokal, neken harga [[crop]] sarta ngalemahkeun produksi pangan. Its provision, or thréatened withdrawal, is sometimes used as a political tool to influence the [[politics]] of the destination country. International efforts to distribute food to the neediest countries are co-ordinated by the [[World Food Program]].

:''Tempo ogé: [[Fair trade]], [[food security]]''.

=== Kasalametan pangan ===
[[Kasakit alatan pangan]] (Ing. ''foodborne illness'') atawa [[karacunan pangan]], disababkeun ku [[baktéri]], [[toxin]], [[virus]], jeung [[prion]]. Karacunan pangan geus kasebutkeun ti jaman [[Hipokratés]]. Nelasan ku jalan ngaracun dahareun geus aya ti jaman [[Karajaan Romawi]]. In the [[Middle Ages]] all [[Noble court|Royal Courts]] had food tasters.

The sale of [[Rancidity|rancid]], contaminated or adulterated food was commonplace until introduction of [[hygiene]] and [[vermin]] controls in the [[19th century]]. Discovery of techniques for killing [[bacterium|bacteria]] using [[heat]] and other [[microbiology|microbiological]] by scientists such as [[Louis Pasteur]] contributed to the modérn standards that we enjoy today. This was further underpinned by the work of [[Justus von Liebig]] whose work led to the development of modérn [[food storage]] and [[food preservation]] methods.

Understanding of the causes of food-borne-illnesses and more systematic techniques for their elimination has led to the development of commercial systems such as [[HACCP]] which can, if properly implemented, identify and can eliminate all possible risks.

=== Dietary habits ===
[[Diet (nutrition)|Dietary habits]] play a significant role in the [[health]] and [[mortality]] of all humans. For example:

* [[Eating disorder]]s are a group of mental disorders that interfere with normal food consumption. They often affect péople with a negative [[body image]];
* 13[[%]] of the world's population suffer from [[Iodine]] deficiency;
* In 2003 it was estimated that [[vitamin A]] deficiency causes [[blindness]] in up to 500,000 children éach yéar;
* [[Vitamin C]] deficiency results in [[scurvy]];
* [[Kwashiorkor]] and [[marasmus]] are childhood disorders caused by lack of dietary [[protein]].
* Certain foods contain [[allergen]]s which can safely be consumed by the majority by péople. However, these can trigger severe illness in small proportion of susceptible péople. Rarely this can trigger [[anaphylaxis]] which can be fatal.

Concerns about foodborne illness have long influenced diet. Traditionally humans have léant to avoid foods that induce [[acute]] illness. Some believe that this is the underlying rationale behind some traditional religious dietary requirements. Additionally, many péople choose to forgo food from animal sources to varying degrees; see [[vegetarianism]], [[veganism]], [[fructarianism]] , [[living foods diet]], and [[Raw foodist|raw foodism]].

The nutrient content of diets in industrialised countries contain more [[animal fat]], sugar, [[energy]], [[alcohol]] and less [[dietary fiber]], [[carbohydrate]]s and [[antidioxidant]]s. Contemporary changes to [[work]], [[family]] and [[exercise]] patterns, together with concerns about the effect of [[nutrition]] and [[obesity]] on human [[health]] and mortality are all having an effect on traditional éating habits. [[Physician]]s and [[alternative medicine]] practitioners may recommend changes to diet as part of their recommendations for tréatment.

More recently, dietary habits have been influenced by the concerns that some péople have about the [[chronic]] impact on héalth that arise through the consumption of [[genetically modified food]] or beef infected with [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy]]. Further concerns about the impact of indudtrial farming on [[animal welfare]], human héalth and the [[Ecology|environment]] are also having an effect on contemporary human dietary habits. This has led to the emergence of a [[counterculture]] with a preference for [[organic food|organic]] and [[local food]].

:''See also: [[Food faddism]], [[Health claims on food labels]], [[list of diets]], [[Slow Food]].''

=== [[Gizi]] dina pangan ===
* [[Kalsium]]
* [[Karbohidrat]]
* [[Asam amino ésénsil]]
* [[Lemak]]
* [[Beusi]]
* [[Mineral]]
* [[Zat Fitokimia]], kaasup antioksidan, [[énzim]], bio-flavonoid
* [[Kalium]]
* [[Protéin]]
* [[Natrium]]
* [[Aci]]
* [[Vitamin]]
* [[Cai]]

Kanyaho ngeunaan kandungan gizi jeung interaksi antarkomponén na [[métabolisme]] manusa pikeun asupan/diet idéal kiwari jadi ladang kaweruh nu terus tumuwuh.

==Tempo ogé== &lt;!-- Please help keep lists alphabetized --&gt;
* [[Daptar jejer pangan]]

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://www.dmoz.org/Recreation/Food/ Food Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040724085335/http://dmoz.org/Recreation/Food/ |date=2004-07-24 }}
* [http://www.foodinfonet.com Food Info Net: A leading internet portal for the global food industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040725024548/http://www.foodinfonet.com/ |date=2004-07-25 }}.
* [http://www.foodlexicon.net/ Food Lexicon: English, French, German, Danish, Dutch, Spanish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404012311/http://www.foodlexicon.net/ |date=2007-04-04 }}
* [http://www2.gol.com/users/pbw/dicta.htm Patto's Gourmet Dictionary: English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Nihongo].
* [http://www.gti.net/mocolib1/kid/food.html Food Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040724084541/http://www.gti.net/mocolib1/kid/food.html |date=2004-07-24 }}
* [http://www.nutritiondata.com Nutritiondata.com]
* [http://www.talkwellness.org/dietary-guidelines.html Dietary Guidelines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040810084407/http://www.talkwellness.org/dietary-guidelines.html |date=2004-08-10 }} 
* [http://www.ichef.com Recipes]

[[Kategori:Dahareun jeung inuman]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Toké</title>
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      <text bytes="3238" sha1="keo536xdm1sonx5rirr3ga5f2lj0jh3" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Toké
| image = Tokay_Gecko.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Réptil]]ia
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| subordo = [[Sauria]]
| familia = [[Gekkonidae]]
| genus = '''''Gekko'''''
| species = '''''G. gecko'''''
| binomial = ''Gekko gecko''
| binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)
}}

'''Toké''' (''Gekko gecko'') mangrupa [[spésiés]] [[cakcak]] [[arboréal]] [[nokturnal]] (liar ti peuting) pituin [[Asia tenggara]] jeung Kapuloan Indo-Australia, sumebar ti [[India]] jeung [[Bangladés]], nepi ka [[Indonésia]] jeung [[New Guinea]] kulon. Habitat asalna mah dina tatangkalan jeung gawir-gawir di [[leuweung hujan]], tapi bisa ogé hirup di habitat manusa, mapay témbok jeung kenténg paimahan pikeun néang [[serangga]] mangsana. Sato ieu kagolongkeun [[karnivora]] nu agrésip, ngahakan rupa-rupa gegeremet, malah sok silih serang sasama jalu. Hirupna bisa nepi ka 7&amp;mdash10 taun.

Ahir [[1980-an]] jeung awal [[1990-an]], toké mimiti dibawa ka [[Hawaii]], [[Florida]], [[Belize]], jeung sababaraha kapuloan [[Karibia]].

Toké téh spésiés cakcak pangbadagna kadua, panjangna 30–40&amp;nbsp;cm ([[jalu]]), 20–30&amp;nbsp;cm ([[bikang]]), sarta beurat 150-300 g. Katémbongna lucu, sabab boga kelir cékas: tutul-tutul [[bulao]], [[oranyeu]], atawa [[beureum]].

Toké téh kawentar (mun dibandingkeun jeung bangsa kadal lianna) ku sorana anu tarik. Ngaran &quot;'''toké'''&quot; ieu ogé dicokot tina sadana nalika ngajak kawin: &quot;''tokké... tokké..''&quot;. Sato ieu mah, mun ngarasa kaancam téh tara kabur, malah calangap siap-siap narajang ngégél ka nu ngancamna. Mun geus ngégél, sakadang toké téh tara ngaleupaskeun gégélanana. Sangkan dileupaskeun, cenah mah ku cara dilelepkeun kana cai.

== Sato ingon ==
Najan galak, toké sok dikukut alatan kelir awakna nu warna-warni. Tapi, nyéta, ku sabab galak téa, dikukutna téh cukup ku dikandangan baé. Miarana teu hésé, asal dibéré kandang nu nangtung (jangkung ka luhur), toké bisa nepi ka anakan.

==Sumber rujukan==
* ''[[:en:Tokay gecko|Tokay gecko]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris per 22 Pébruari 2006.

== Tumbu kaluar ==
*[http://biological-diversity.info/tokay.htm Introduction into Belize] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192223/http://biological-diversity.info/tokay.htm |date=2011-07-21 }}
*[http://www.wnyherp.org/care-sheets/Lizards/tokay-gecko.html Western New York Herpetological Society Tokay Gecko Care Sheet and Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212230926/http://wnyherp.org/care-sheets/Lizards/tokay-gecko.html |date=2005-02-12 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120212193446/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/476.shtml BBC Wildfacts]
*[http://www.gekkota.com/html/gekko_gecko.html Global Gecko Association: Tokay geckos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304050639/http://www.gekkota.com/html/gekko_gecko.html |date=2006-03-04 }}
*[http://www.nafcon.dircon.co.uk/tokaygeckos.html My experiences with and observations of Tokay Geckos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307093951/http://www.nafcon.dircon.co.uk/tokaygeckos.html |date=2005-03-07 }}

[[Kategori:Gekkonidae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tiamin</title>
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      <text bytes="3416" sha1="jj581ja0o26iuwi9f04i9jc3wf1at4u" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Thiamine.png|right|thumb|'''Tiamin mononitrat''']]
'''Tiamin''' atawa nu katelah ogé '''[[vitamin]] B&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;''', mangrupa [[sanyawa kimia|sanyawa]] teu warnaan kalawan [[rumus kimia]] [[Karbon|C]]&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;[[Hidrogén|H]]&lt;sub&gt;17&lt;/sub&gt;[[Nitrogén|N]]&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;[[Oksigén|O]][[Walirang|S]]. Tiamin [[leyur]] dina [[cai]], teu leyur dina [[alkohol]], sarta bakal ruksak mun dipanaskeun. Tiamin munggaran kapanggih ku [[Umetaro Suzuki]] di [[Jepang]] nalika nalungtik kumaha [[béas]] bisa ngubaran pasén [[Béribéri]]. Sanyawa ieu ku anjeunna dingaranan '''asam aberat'''.

== Pancén biologis ==
[[Gambar:Thiamine_pyrophosphate_V2.svg|right|thumb|'''Tiamin piropospat (TPP)''']]
'''Tiamin piropospat''' ('''TPP''') téh [[koénzim]] pikeun [[piruvat dehidrogénase]], [[alpa-ketoglutarat dehidrogénase|α-ketoglutarat dehidrogénase]], jeung [[transketolase]]. [[Énzim]] nu dua ti payun boga pancén dina [[métabolisme]] [[karbohidrat]], sedengkeun transketolase mah dina [[jalur pentosa pospat]] pikeun nyintésis [[NADPH]] jeung [[gula]] pentosa [[deoksiribosa]] jeung [[ribosa]]. TPP disintésis ku énzim [[tiamin piropospokinase]], nu merlukeun tiamin bébas, [[magnésium]], jeung [[adénosin tripospat]].

== Dina kasakit ==
=== Defisiénsi ===
Kakurangan tiamin sistemik bisa ngabalukarkeun loba pisan masalah, kayaning [[neurodegenerasi]], begung, dugi ka [[paéh|maotna]]. Kakurangan ieu bisa alatan [[kurang gizi]], nuang katuangan nu euyeub ku [[tiaminase]] (lauk darat jeung kerang atah, papakuan) jeung/atawa katuangan nu euyeub ku faktor anti-tiamin ([[entéh]], [[kopi]])[http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/thiamin/index.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212091321/http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/thiamin/index.html |date=2012-12-12 }}.

Gejala nu paling dipikawanoh alatan kakurangan tiamin, di antarana [[sindrom Wernicke-Korsakoff]] jeung [[béribéri]], kasakit nu ogé ilahar narajang nu kacanduan [[alkohol]].

=== Overdosis ===
Nepi ka kiwari, kajadian overdosis tiamin téh alatan injéksi tiamin, nu ngabalukarkeun réaksi [[anapilaktik]].

=== Kasakit genetik ===
Kasakit genetik transpor tiamin mah jarang, tapi parna balukarna. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090509202638/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=249270 Thiamine Responsive Megaloblastic Anemia with diabetes mellitus and sensorineural deafness (TRMA)] téh kalainan autosomal resésif alatan [[mutasi]] dina [[gén]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090508133502/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=603941 SLC19A2], transporter tiamin nu afinitasna luhur. Pasén TRMA teu némbongkeun tanda kakurangan tiamin sistemik, nu nunjukkeun kaleuwihan sistim transpor tiamin. Papanggihan ieu ngagiring kana kapanggihna transporter tiamin nu afinitasna luhur anu kadua, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100307190025/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=606152 SLC19A3].

== Rujukan ==
* ''[[:en:Thiamine|Thiamine]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (5 Méi 2006).
* [http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/thiamin/index.html Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212091321/http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/thiamin/index.html |date=2012-12-12 }} - Thiamin

{{Vitamin}}

[[Kategori:Amina]]
[[Kategori:Pirimidin]]
[[Kategori:Vitamin]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sajarah lisan</title>
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'''Sajarah lisan''' atawa '''sajarah oral''' hartina [[sajarah]] anu diturunkeun sacara lisan, turun-tumurun ti hiji [[generasi]] ka generasi salajengna. Ku lolobana [[ahli sajarah|ahli]] mah, sajarah lisan téh teu bisa dipercaya salaku sumber rujukan. Najan kitu, aya ogé ahli nu nganggap salaku cara pikeun miara jeung nyebarkeun sajarah, utamana nalika budaya tulisan can nyerep di hiji kaadaban. Pangalaman dina budaya [[sastra]] nunjukkeun yén manusa téh salawasna ngawangun ulang [[ingetan]]ana (mémori). Najan aya parobahan, inti caritana mah ilaharna tetep kapiara. Nuturkeun guluyurna waktu, parobahan-parobahan téh beuki euyeub nepi ka antukna teu dipikawanoh deui. Jalma nu hirup dina budaya sastra bisa baé salah ngajénan kana kasohéhan sajarah lisan nu sumebar dina budaya prasastra.

Saméméh mekarna basa tulisan dina hiji masyarakat, sajarah lisan téh mangrupa alat utama pikeun ngawariskeun émbaran ka turunanana. Nu ilahar mah nyaéta maké dongéng, utamana dina wanda sajak/tembang (misalna [[carita pantun]] &amp; [[guguritan]], sangkan leuwih gampang kaapalkeun) nu katelah tradisi lisan. Kombinasi tradisi lisan nu ngandung [[moral]] katut [[ritual]] téh katelahna [[carita rahayat]] (''folklore'').

Sajarah lisan mangrupa salah sahiji ti asal kahirupan manusa, anu bisa dipaké sah minangka penulisan sajarah. Sajarah lisan ieu dibedakeun kalawan tradisi lisan, anu miboga harti béda. Lamun talari lisan éta ngagaduhan hartos ceritera rahayat anu diungkabkeun ku jalan lisan sarta dikembangkeun beruntun ogé ku jalan lisan. Si pelisan (pengungkap ceritera) henteu kabeungkeut ku kajadian na éta sorangan. Si pelisan lain penyaksi atawa lain peserta dina kajadian sajarah ceritera, sarta henteu tanggel walon luhur parnyataan anu diceriterakannya. Sajarah lisan ngabogaan harti anu has anu tanggel walon, nyaéta asal sajarah anu dilisankeun ku jalmi pamilu atawa anu barobah kaayaan saksi rék kitu kaayaanana kajadian sajarah dina jaman na. Si pelisan bener-bener nyaho, milu dina kajadian mangsa kapungkur anu diceriterakeun, kalawan caos tanggel walon luhur leresan na. Ku kituna si pelisan kudu diseleksi sacara kritis sakumaha nyanghareupan asal sajarah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Darban|first=A. Adaby|date=1997|title=Sejarah Lisan Memburu Sumber Sejarah dari Para Pelaku dan Penyaksi Sejarah|url=https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/12222/|journal=Humaniora|language=id|issue=4|pages=12222|doi=10.22146/jh.v0i4.1908|issn=0852-0801}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaleuwihan ti panalungtikan sajarah lisan nyaéta dina panalungtikan (panalitian). Ari kaleuwihan ti panalungtikan sajarah lisan, di antarana pangumpulan data bisa dipigawé kalawan kitu kaayaanana komunikasi ti dua arah (antawis peneliti kalawan inohong) ku kituna lamun aya perkawis anu teu bisa langsung ditanyakeun ka narasumber. Penulisan sajarah robah kaayaan langkung démokratis (kabuka) margi matak bisa sejarawan kanggo pilari informasi ti sakabéh golongan balaréa (boh rahayat dawam dugi pajabat). Ngalengkepan kakurangan data atawa informasi anu tacan kacutat dina asal ditulis atawa dokumén.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2022/08/30/133000269/sejarah-lisan-pengertian-jenis-data-kelebihan-dan-kekurangannya|title=Sejarah Lisan: Pengertian, Jenis Data, Kelebihan, dan Kekurangannya Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|accessdate=2023-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--
The information passed on has occasionally shown a surprising accuracy over long periods of time. For example, the ''[[Iliad]]'', an epic poem of [[Homer]] describing the conquest of [[Troy]], was passed down as oral history from perhaps the [[8th century BC]], until being recorded in writing by [[Pisistratus|Pisistratos]]. Nonetheless, factual elements of the ''Iliad'' were at least partially validated by the discovery of ruins discovered by [[Heinrich Schliemann]] in [[1870]], thought to be those of the city described in the poem.

A famous example of oral history comes from the works of several authors who have, over the span of many hundreds of years, collected folklore which was ultimately put together in a book known as the [[Old Testament]]. The [[New Testament]] was created by several different original authors whose slightly differing versions of many biblical events were combined. The [[Bible]] was therefore nearly entirely created using oral history.

Contemporary oral history involves recording or transcribing eyewitness accounts of historical events.  Some [[anthropologist]]s started collecting recordings (at first especially of [[American Indian folklore]]) on [[Phonograph cylinder|phonograph cylinders]] in the late [[19th century]].  In the [[1930s]] the [[United States]] [[Library of Congress]] started an oral history program to record traditional folk music, and accounts by surviving witnesses of the [[American Civil War]], [[Slavery]], and other major historical events, onto [[gramophone record|acetate discs]]. With the development of [[audio tape]] recordings the task of oral historians became easier.

Anthropologists who collect oral history avoid asking leading questions, for many people will tend to say what they think the interviewer wants them to say.

Oral historians attempt to record the memories of many different people when researching a given event. Since any given individual may misremember events or distort their account for personal reasons, the historical documentation is considered to reside in the points of agreement of many different sources, rather than the account of any one person.

Oral history is now often used when historians investigate [[history from below]].

==Notable people==

===Storytellers===
*[[Thomas King]]
*[[Harry Robinson]]
*[[Studs Terkel]]

===Theorists===
*[[Milman Parry]]
*[[Albert Lord]]
*[[Eric A. Havelock]]
*[[Marshall McLuhan]]
*[[Walter J. Ong]]
*[[Wendy Wickwire]]--&gt;

==Rujukan==
*''[[:en:Oral history|Oral history]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (5 Méi 2006).
* {{cite book | first=Donald A. | last=Ritchie | year=2003 | title=Doing Oral History: A Practical Guide | chapter= | editor= | others= | pages= | publisher=Oxford University Press | id= | url=https://archive.org/details/doingoralhistory0000ritc_x1p9| authorlink= }}

==Tumbu kaluar==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120718145057/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/wpaintro/wpahome.html American Life Histories] WPA Writers' Project 1936–1940 di Library of Congress (US)
* [http://www.oraltradition.org/ Center for Studies in Oral Tradition] The center's mission is to facilitate communication across disciplinary boundaries by créating linkages among specialists in different fields. Through our various activities we try to foster conversations and exchanges about oral tradition that would not otherwise take place.
* [http://fas-history.rutgers.edu/oralhistory/index.html Oral History Archives of World War II — Universitas Rutgers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616212344/http://fas-history.rutgers.edu/oralhistory/index.html |date=2006-06-16 }}
* [http://omega.dickinson.edu/organizations/oha/ Oral History Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060405090007/http://omega.dickinson.edu/organizations/oha/ |date=2006-04-05 }} (US)
* [http://www.ohaa.net.au/ Oral History Association of Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201528/http://www.ohaa.net.au/ |date=2016-03-03 }}
* [http://www.nla.gov.au/ohdir/ Oral History Directory of Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060603153500/http://www.nla.gov.au/ohdir/ |date=2006-06-03 }}
* [http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/ohonline/ Oral History Online —Berkeley University] (lolobana California jeung Dunya Kulon)
* [http://www.oralhistory.org.uk/ Oral History Society (GB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501012441/http://www.oralhistory.org.uk/ |date=2011-05-01 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060504213036/http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/oral.htm Techniques and Procedures of Oral History] US Army Center of Military History
* [http://www.tellingstories.org/index.html Telling stories — Urban School of San Francisco] (Holocaust narratives)
* [http://www.oralhistoryproject.com/ World War II Submarine Veterans History Project] California Center for Military History
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Work+Projects+Administration eTexts] of oral history of former U.S. slaves collected in the 1930s by the WPA, at [[Project Gutenberg]]
*[http://www.inthefirstperson.com/ In the First Person] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516024800/http://www.inthefirstperson.com/ |date=2008-05-16 }} Béréndélan leuwih ti 2.500 kumpulan sajarah lisan dina basa Inggris ti sakuliah dunya.
*[http://www.newhavenoralhistoryproject.org/ Proyék Sajarah Lisan New Haven di Universitas Yale.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626055934/http://www.newhavenoralhistoryproject.org/ |date=2006-06-26 }}
*[http://storycorps.net/ Story Corps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410042616/http://storycorps.net/ |date=2014-04-10 }} Program nu ngarékam sajarah lisan manusa kiwari; sakabéhna disimpen di Library of Congress.
*[http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/  ALPAMYSH; A study in Central Asian oral history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034048/http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/ |date=2020-11-09 }}
*[http://www.sohp.org/ Southern Oral History Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516162951/http://www.sohp.org/ |date=2006-05-16 }} diadegkeun taun 1979 ku UNC-Chapel Hill kalawan prinsip &quot;''Anjeun teu kudu kawentar pikeun jadi sajarah''&quot; - Nell Sigmon
*[http://www.fleau.be/mondelingegeschiedenis/  ORAL HISTORY IN FLANDERS; Ramatloka ngeunaan sajarah lisan Flanders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426122443/http://www.fleau.be/mondelingegeschiedenis/ |date=2006-04-26 }}

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Komunikasi lisan]]
[[Kategori:Sajarah]]
[[Kategori:Historiografi]]
[[Kategori:Tradisi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Virus</title>
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      <text bytes="17342" sha1="qv9jn7yx4br8neyd6cwhxetqmz2ubt5" xml:space="preserve">:''Ieu artikel ngabahas ngeunaan partikel biologis; pikeun istilah komputer, tingal [[virus komputer]]. Pikeun nu séjénna, baca [[virus (disambiguasi)]].''
{{Virusbox
| image = File:Coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2.png
| image_alt = &quot;Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2&quot;
| image_caption = [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]], anggota subfamili ''[[Coronavirinae]]''
| taxon = Virus
| synonyms = 
| synonyms_ref = 
| subdivision_ranks = [[Realm (virologi)|Karajaan]]
| subdivision =  
* ''[[Adnaviria]]''
* ''[[Duplodnaviria]]''
* ''[[Monodnaviria]]''
* ''[[Riboviria]]''
* ''[[Ribozyviria]]''
* ''[[Varidnaviria]]''
}}
'''Virus''' ([[basa Latin|Lat.]] ''racun'') atawa '''pirus''' hartina partikel [[submikroskopik]] nu bisa [[panyakit inféksi|ngainféksi]] [[sél (biologi)|sél-sél]] [[organisme]]. Dina hambalan dasarna, pirus téh diwangun ku [[matéri genetik]] nu dikandung dina cangkang [[protéin]] nu disebut [[kapsid]], nu jadi pangbéda jeung partikel kawas pirus samodél [[prion]] jeung [[viroid]]. Ulikan ngeunaan virus katelahna [[virologi]], sedengkeun nu ngulik virus disebut virolog.

Virus téh sarupa jeung [[parasit intrasélulér obligat]] nu pada-pada teu boga alat réproduksi mun aya di luareun sél inang. Tapi, teu kawas parasit nu écés hirupna, pirus mah teu puguh.
 
Pirus nginféksi rupa-rupa organisme, boh [[eukaryote]] (kayaning [[sato]], [[serangga]], jeung [[tutuwuhan]]) atawa [[prokaryote]] (misalna [[baktéri]]). Pirus nu nginféksi baktéri disebut ''[[baktériofag]]'' (''bacteriophage''), atawa sok disebut ''fag'' (''phage'') wungkul.

Kahirupan virus masih haneut dipadungdengkeun, sabab virus teu nedunan sakabéh kritéria/sarat definisi [[hirup]], utamana mah alatan euweuhna [[mémbran sél]] jeung [[métabolisme]] nu teu mandiri.

== Asal-usul ==
Asal-usul virus modéren can pati écés, sarta aya kamungkinan datangna ti sababaraha sumber. ku sabab can kungsi aya nu manggihan [[fosil]]na, hiji-hijina téhnik nu bisa dipaké nyaéta [[téhnik molekulér]]. Danget ieu aya dua tiori anu dianut:

* Virus leutik nu ngandung ukur sababaraha [[gén]] kamungkinan mangrupa [[asam nukléat]] anu leupas ti [[génom]] hiji organisme. Matéri genetikna bisa jadi diturunkeun tina unsur genetik nu bisa dipindahkeun, kayaning [[plasmid]] atawa [[transposon]], nu condong pipindahan.
* Virus nu génomna leuwih badag, misalna [[poxvirus]], bisa jadi asalna tina sél leutik nu marasitan sél inang nu leuwih badag. Gén-gén nu teu dipikabutuh pikeun kahirupan paratitikna lajeng leungit dina prosés ''[[retrograde evolution]]'' – hartina évolusi malik. Baktéri [[Rickettsia]] jeung [[Chlamydia]] mangrupa sél hirup nu, kawas virus, bisa baranahan mun aya dina sél inang.

[[Viroid]], [[satelit (biologi)|satelit]], jeung [[prion]] mangrupa partikel inféksi lianna nu strukturna leuwih basajan batan virus.

== Klasifikasi ==

{{details|Klasifikasi virus}}
Dina [[taksonomi]], klasifikasi virus geus kabuktian hésé ku sabab euweuhna rékaman fosil, komo deuih statusna salaku mahluk hirup gé masih dipadungdengkeun. Virus teu asup kana [[domain (biologi)|domain]] [[klasifikasi biologi]] nu geus aya, antukna ukur dimimitian tina hambalan [[kulawarga (biologi)|kulawarga]]. Najan kitu, geus aya nu ngusulkeun ngaran domain [[Acytota]], antukna virus diperenahkeun sajajar jeung domain [[Eubacteria]], [[Archaea]], jeung [[Eukarya]]. Perlu diinget yén kiwari teu sakabéh kulawarga diklasifikasikeun kana ordo, teu sakabéh genera diklasifikasikeun kana kulawarga.

Salaku conto klasifikasi, virus [[cacar hayam]] asup kana kulawarga ''[[Herpesviridae]]'', subfamili ''[[Alphaherpesvirinae]]'' jeung genus ''[[Varicellovirus]]'', ari ordona mah can aya. Struktur umumnya mah kawas kieu:

:[[Ordo (biologi)|Ordo]] (''-virales'')
::[[Kulawarga (biologi)|Kulawarga]] (''-viridae'')
:::Subfamili (''-virinae'')
::::[[Genus]] (''-virus'')
:::::[[Spésiés]] (''-virus'')

Sistim klasifikasi nu aya ayeuna dikembangkeun ku Komite Internasional Taksonomi Virus (Internasional Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, ICTV). Dina lebah ordo, ahli taksonomi kudu nimbang-nimbang tipeu asam nukléat nu aya, naha utas tunggal atawa ganda, sarta aya/henteuna amplop. Sanggeus tilu pasipatan ieu, nu ditimbang téh tipeu inang, bentuk kapsid, pasipatan [[imunologi]]s, jeung tipeu panyakit nu dibalukarkeunana.

Pikeun tambahan, aya ogé sistim [[Klasifikasi Virus#Klasifikasi Baltimore|klasifikasi Baltimore]] nu merenahkeun virus dina hiji ti antara tujuh ''Golongan'', nu misahkeun virus dumasar cara réplikasi jeung tipeu génomna.

== Struktur ==
Partikel virus nu lengkep, katelah '''virion''', leuwih leutik batan transporter gén, diwangun ku asam nukléat hambalan paling dasar nu dikubeng ku bungkus [[protéin]] nu katelah [[kapsid]]. Ieu kapsid diwangun ku protéin nu disandi ku génom virus, bentukna jadi ciri [[morfologi]]na. Unit protéin nu disandi virus, disebut '''protomér''', bakal ngabentuk manéh jadi kapsid, tanpa merlukeun asupan ti génom virus - najan kitu, sababaraha virus nyandikeun protéin nu nungtun konstruksi kapsidna. Protéin nu ngabeungkeut asam nukléatna sacara téhnis disebut [[nukléoprotéin]], sedengkeun beungkeutan antara protéin kapsid jeung asam nukléat virus disebut '''nukléokapsid'''.

Sacara umum, aya opat tipeu morfologi virus:

{| cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 border=1 style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse&quot;
|bgcolor=&quot;#dddddd&quot;| 
|bgcolor=&quot;#dddddd&quot;| '''Virus hélik'''
|-
| [[Gambar:Tobacco mosaic virus structure.png|center|thumb|200px|Diagram kapsid hélik]]
| Kapsid hélik diwangun ku protomér tipeu tunggal nu nyangsang di tengah antukna ngabentuk solobong nu murilit. Susunan ieu ngahasilkeun virion bentuk watang nu pondok-heuras atawa panjang-leuleus, sedengkeun matéri genetikna diwadahan di jero solobong. Panjang kapsid hélik ieu téh patali jeung panjang asam nukléat di jerona, sedengkeun diaméterna mah gumantung kana panjang jeung susunan protomérna. Conto virus modél kieu nyaéta [[virus mosaik bako]].
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#dddddd&quot;| 
|bgcolor=&quot;#dddddd&quot;| '''Virus ikosahédral'''
|-
| [[Gambar:Coronaviruses 004 lores.jpg|center|thumb|200px|Mikrograf éléktron virion ikosahédral]]
| Simétri kapsid ikosahédral ngahasilkeun virus nu siga buleud, tapi sabenerna mah diwangun ku kapsomér nu disusun dina pola géométri anu rapih. Kapsomér mangrupa struktur bentuk cingcin nu diwangun ku lima atawa genep protomér, nu dibeungkeut ku [[beungkeut kimia|beungkeut non-kovalén]] pikeun ngabungkus asam nukléat virusna.

Wangunan ikosahédral diciptakeun ku [[Buckminster Fuller|R. Buckminster-Fuller]] dina [[kubah géodésik]]na, sarta mangrupa struktur bungkus pangkuatna nu diwangun ku sababaraha salinan protéin tunggal. Jumlah protéin nu dipikabutuh pikeun ngabentuk virus buleud diitung ku wilangan-T&lt;ref&gt;http://rhino.bocklabs.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/virusworld/htdocs.pl?docname=triangulation.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060223170529/http://rhino.bocklabs.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/virusworld/htdocs.pl?docname=triangulation.html |date=2006-02-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, nu butuh 60×''t'' protéin. Dina kasus virus [[hépatitis B]], wilangan-T-na téh opat, antukna aya 240 protéin nu ngabentuk kapsidna.
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#dddddd&quot;| 
|bgcolor=&quot;#dddddd&quot;| '''Virus amplop'''
|-
| [[Gambar:HI-Virion-en-2.png|thumb|center|200px|Diagram amplop [[HIV]]]]
| Lian ti kapsid, sababaraha virus bisa ngabajak [[mémbran sél]] nu aya di sabudeureun sél nu kainféksi, antukna boga lapisan [[lipid]] luar nu katelah [[amplop virus]] (''viral envelope''). Mémbran tambahan ieu dibeungkeut ku protéin nu disandi ku génom virus jeung inang, tapi mémbran lipid katut [[karbohidrat]]na mah sagemblengna disandi di inangna.

Amplop virus méré sababaraha kapunjulan batan virion &quot;taranjang&quot; nu lian, utamana taméng énzim jeung bahan kimia. Protéin nu ngabeungkeut mémbran bisa mangrupa [[glikoprotéin]] [[reséptor (biokimia)|molekul reséptor]], antukna sél nu walagri teu nganggap deungeun ka virion, nu lajeng bisa diasupkeun ka jero sél. Sababaraha virus gumantung pisan kana ieu amplop, antukna mun kabuka bisa langsung ditarajang ku sistim imun.
|-
|bgcolor=&quot;#dddddd&quot;| 
|bgcolor=&quot;#dddddd&quot;| '''Virus kompléks'''
|-
| [[Gambar:Tevenphage.png|thumb|center|200px|Diagram baktériofag]]
| Virus ieu boga kapsid nu teu murni hélik atawa ikosahédral, malah bisa boga struktur tambahan sarupaning buntut protéin atawa pinding luar nu kompléks. Sababaraha [[baktériofag]] mibanda struktur kompléks nu diwangun ku hulu ikosahédral nu kabeungkeut kana buntut hélik, disambung ku pelat héksagonal nu boga serat suku/buntut protéin.

Pikeun conto, [[poxvirus]] nu badag tur kompléks boga morfologi nu ahéng. Génomna kabeungkeut kana protéin di tengah struktur pisin nu katelah [[nukléoid]]. Nukléoid ieu dikubeng ku mémbran jeung dua awak lateral nu gunana can kanyahoan. Virus ieu dibungkus ku lapisan protéin nu kandel salaku amplop luar. Partikelna jadi [[pléiomorfik]], ti lonyod (ovoid) nepi ka pasagi.
|}

=== Ukuran ===
Virus nu geus katalungtik, lolobana boga ukuran kapsid 10 jeung 300 [[nanométer]] (diaméter). Pikeun babandingan, virion ukuran sedeng dibandingkeun jeung kutu téh sarua jeung ukuran manusa dibandingkeun jeung gunung nu badagna dua kalieun Gunung Everest. Sababaraha [[filovirus]] panjangna bisa nepi ka 1400&amp;nbsp;nm, tapi diaméter kapsidna mah kira ukur 80&amp;nbsp;nm. Najan lolobana mah moal katempo ku [[mikroskop cahya]], aya ogé virus nu leuwih badag batan baktéri nu pangleutikna antukna bisa katempo mun maké ''pembesaran'' nu cukup. Pikeun nempo partikel virus, nu ilahar dipaké nyaéta [[mikroskop éléktron]], boh transmisi atawa skén.

Virus nu anyaran kapanggih, [[mimivirus]], teu galib ti nu séjén, diaméterna 400&amp;nbsp;nm. Virus pangbadagna ieu ukuran génomna nepi ka 1000 gén (sababaraha baktéri ngan boga 400) nu panjangna 1,2 [[mégabasa]]. Génomna ieu ngandung loba gén nu [[Homologi (biologi)|homolog]] jeung gén prokaryote sarta eukaryote&lt;ref&gt;http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/mimi/2005/Genome.htm&lt;/ref&gt;. Papanggihan ieu ngajurung para élmuwan mikiran deui kontrovérsi sabudeureun organisme jeung virus, nu saméméhna ukur dianggap unsur genetik nu bisa pundah-pindah.

=== Matéri genetik ===
[[DNA]] atawa [[RNA]] aya dina spésiés virus, tapi tara sakaligus aya duanana. Nu aya duanana téh ukur dina [[sitomégalovirus]] manusa, nu ngandung DNA jeung [[mRNA]]. Asam nukléatna bisa utas tunggal, bisa ogé ganda, gumantung spésiésna. Ku kituna, virus ngawengku opat golongan tipeu asam nukléat: DNA lambar ganda, DNA lambar tungggal, RNA lambar ganda, jeung RNA lambar tunggal. Spésiés virus sato geus katalungtik mibanda opat rupa kombinasi di luhur, virus tutuwuhan ilaharna mah boga tipeu RNA lambar tunggal, sedengkeun baktériofag mah lolobana boga tipeu DNA lambar ganda. Asam nukléat dimaksud di luhur téh bisa linéar, bisa ogé sirkular nutup.

Ukuran génom dumasar beurat [[nukléotida]]na téh rupa-rupa gumantung spésiésna. Génom pangleutikna nyandi kira ukur opat protéin kalawan beurat &lt;math&gt;10^6&lt;/math&gt; [[dalton]], sedengkeun nu pangbadagna kira &lt;math&gt;10^8&lt;/math&gt; dalton sarta nyandi leuwih ti saratus protéin. Sababaraha spésiés virus mibanda nukléotida nu ahéng, kayaning hidroksimétilsitosin (gaganti [[sitosin]]) salaku bagian normal génomna.

Pikeun virus nu asam nukléatna dina bentuk RNA, lambaranana téh cenah [[séns-positip]] (ogé katelah lambar-pleus, ''plus-strand'') atawa [[séns-négatip]] (ogé katelah lambar-mineus, ''minus-strand''), gumantung komplemén/henteuna jeung mRNA virusna. RNA virus séns-positip téh ciples jeung mRNA virus, antukna bisa gancang [[translasi (genetika)|ditranslasikeun]] ku sél inang. RNA virus séns-négatip kompleméntér jeung mRNA antukna kudu dirobah jadi RNA séns-positip ku [[RNA polimérase]] saméméh translasi.

== Larapan ==
[[Gambar:Polio EM PHIL 1875 lores.PNG|thumb|170px|right|Virus [[polio]]]]
=== Élmu hayat ===
Virus téh penting pikeun ulikan [[biologi molekulér]] jeung [[biologi sél|sél]], sabab nyadiakeun sistim basajan nu bisa dimanipulasi sarta ditalungtik fungsi sélna. Ulikan jeung dipakéna virus nyadiakeun rupa-rupa émbaran ngeunaan biologi sél. Pikeun conto, virus geus ngabasajankeun ulikan [[genetika]] sarta ngabantu urang neuleuman mékanisme dasar [[genetika molekulér]], kayaning [[réplikasi DNA]], [[transkripsi (genetika)|transkripsi]], [[olah RNA]], [[translasi (genetika)|translasi]], transpor [[protéin]], jeung [[imunologi]].

Para ahli [[genetika]] geus ilahar maké virus salaku [[véktor (biologi)|véktor]] pikeun ngasupkeun gén kana sél nu keur diulik, misalna sangkan sélna ngahasilkeun zat asing, atawa pikeun ngulik pangaruh asupna gén anyar kana génom. Dina pola nu sarupa, [[viroterapi]] ngagunakeun véktor virus pikeun natambaan rupa-rupa kasakit, misalna dina [[terapi gén]] jeung [[kangker]].

=== Élmu bahan jeung nanotehnologi ===
Dina bulan April 2006, para elmuwan MIT ([[Institut Téhnologi Massachusetts]]) nyiptakeun kabel logam [[nanotéhnologi|skala nano]] ngagunakeun virus hasil [[rékayasa genetik]]&lt;ref&gt;http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2006/virus-battery.html&lt;/ref&gt;. Kelompok MIT bisa maké éta virus pikeun nyiptakeun [[batré]] nu [[dénsitas énérgi]]na tilu kali leuwih gedé batan bahan nu dipaké kiwari. Téhnologi ieu bisa dikembangkeun dina widang [[kristal cair]], [[sél surya]], [[sél suluh]], jeung éléktronik lianna di mangsa nu bakal datang.
[[Gambar:Reconstructed Spanish Flu Virus.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Wangun ulang virus [[flu 1918]]]]

=== Pakarang ===
{{utama|Pakarang biologis}}
ku sabab virus bisa ngabalukarkeun [[épidemi]], aya kahariwang ti sabagian pihak yén virus bisa dijadikeun [[pakarang biologis]], komo sanggeus ayana béja yén virus flu spanyol nu mahabu taun 1918 geus bisa dikembangkeun deui di lab&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cdc.gov/OD/OC/MEDIA/pressrel/r051005.htm&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Étimologi ==
Kecap &quot;virus&quot; téh asalna dina [[basa Latin]] nu nujul ka [[racun]] jeung barang pibahyaeun lianna. Dina basa Inggris mah mimiti dipakéna téh taun 1392. Harti &quot;agén nu ngabalukarkeun kasakit inféksi&quot; munggaran kacatet taun 1728, saméméh kapanggihna virus ku ahli biologi [[Rusia]]-[[Ukraina]] [[Dmitry Ivanovsky]] taun 1892. Kiwari, kecap ''virus'' dipaké pikeun ngagambarkeun virus biologis sakumaha dipedar di dieu.

== Covid-19 ==
Molekul palsu berinteraksi sareng reséptor ACE 2 anu aya dina mémbran sél. Saatos éta, koronavirus Cina &quot;ngadorong&quot; reséptor kana sél sareng nyuntik RNA saatosna. Salajengna, virus balikeun kana sitoplasma sél manusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://otravilsya.com/pomosh/dejstviya/coronavirus-covid-19/|title=Coronavirus Cina.|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|language=|accessdate=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101141056/https://otravilsya.com/pomosh/dejstviya/coronavirus-covid-19/ |date=2020-11-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sumberdaya séjén ==
=== Baca ogé ===
* [[Daptar virus]]
* [[Nanoba]]
* [[Nanobaktéri]]
* [[Prion]]
* [[Provirus]]
* [[Transduksi]]
* [[Viroid]]
* [[Klasifikasi virus]]

=== Tumbu kaluar ===
{{Commons|Virus}}
* [http://www.home-air-purifier-expert.com/bioaerosols.html Chart of viral pathogens which contribute to indoor air pollution]
* [http://www.isracast.com/tech_news/260106_tech.aspx Viruses: The new cancer hunters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213052856/http://www.isracast.com/tech_news/260106_tech.aspx |date=2006-02-13 }} - Artikel IsraCast ngeunaan viroterapi
* [http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVHomePage.html The Big Picture Book of Viruses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705204810/http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVHomePage.html |date=2006-07-05 }} - Gambar jeung émbaran umum ngeunaan rupa-rupa virus

=== Rujukan ===
* ''[[:en:Virus|Virus]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (5 Juli 2006)
* [http://www.virology.net/ All the Virology on the WWW] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914102821/http://www.virology.net/ |date=2008-09-14 }}
* [http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/109/structure.html University of Leicester online notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510162156/http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/109/structure.html |date=2006-05-10 }} - Virus Structure
* [http://www.plazamedicine.com/index.html Chronic Active Human Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) Infection: A New Disease Paradigm]
* Gelderblom, Hans R. (1996).  [https://web.archive.org/web/20060621211110/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.chapter.2252 41. Structure and Classification of Viruses] in ''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed Medical Microbiology] 4th ed.'' Samuel Baron ed. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1
* Radetsky, Peter (1994). ''The Invisible Invaders: Viruses and the Scientists Who Pursue Them.'' Backbay Books, ISBNs 0316732168 (hc), 0316732176 (pb).
* Theiler, Max and Downs, W. G. (1973). ''The Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Vertebrates: An Account of the Rockefeller Foundation Virus Program 1951-1970''. Yale University Press.
* Prescott, L. (1993). ''Microbiology'', Wm. C. Brown Publishers, ISBN 0-697-01372-3
* {{NCBI-scienceprimer}}

[[Kategori:Virus]]
[[Kategori:Virologi]]

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    <title>Saudi Arabia</title>
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      <text bytes="33759" sha1="ajlxsq6u6lo233ml6t1qsj3yoxd8xuc" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotakinfo Nagara|
|native_name = المملكة العربية السعودية&lt;br /&gt;''Al-Mamlakah al-'Arabiyyah as-Sa'ūdiyyah''
|conventional_long_name = Karajaan Saudi Arabia
|common_name = Saudi Arabia
|image_flag = Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg
|image_coat =Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg
|image_map = Saudi Arabia in its region.svg
|national_motto =  [[basa Arab]]: [[sahadat|لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Alihaksara]]: ''lā ilāhā illā-llāhu; muhammadu-r-rasūlu-llāhi'')&lt;br /&gt;([[Alihbasa]]: &quot;Teu aya deui Pangéran anging Gusti Allah sareng Nabi Muhammad éta utusan Allah&quot;)
|national_anthem = ''[[Aash Al Malik]]''
|official_languages = [[Basa Arab]]
|official_religion = [[Islam]]
|capital = [[Riyadh]]
|latd=24 |latm=39 |latNS=N |longd=46 |longm=46 |longEW=E |
|largest_city = [[Riyadh]]
|government_type = [[Karajaan absolut]]
|leader_title1 = [[Raja Saudi Arabia|Raja]]
|leader_title2 = [[Pangéran]]
|leader_name1 = [[Salman bin Abdulaziz]]
|leader_name2 = [[Muqrin, Pangéran Saudi Arabia|Muqrin Bin Abdul Aziz]]
|area_rank = ka-14
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|area= 2.149.690
|areami²=829.996  &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
|percent_water = saeutik
|population_estimate = 25.192.720&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;!--UN Common Database projection for mid-2006 (medium variant)--&gt;
|population_estimate_year = 2006
|population_estimate_rank = ka-46&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|population_census = 
|population_census_year = 
|population_density = 11
|population_densitymi² =29 &lt;!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --&gt;
|population_density_rank = ka-205
|GDP_PPP_year= 2005
|GDP_PPP = $351.996 milyar&lt;!--IMF--&gt;
|GDP_PPP_rank = ka-27
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $ 15.229
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-46
|sovereignty_type = [[Sajarah Saudi Arabia|Ngadegna]]
|sovereignty_note = Minangka [[Karajaan]]
|established_event1 = Didéklarasikeun
|established_event2 = Diaku
|established_event3 = Ngahiji
|established_date1 = [[8 Januari]], [[1926]]
|established_date2 = [[20 Méi]], [[1927]]
|established_date3 = [[23 Séptémber]], [[1932]]
|HDI_year = 2003
|HDI = 0,772
|HDI_rank = ka-77
|HDI_category = &lt;font color=&quot;#FFCC00&quot;&gt;sedeng&lt;/font&gt;
|currency = [[Riyal Saudi Arabia|Riyal]]
|currency_code = SAR
|country_code = SAU
|time_zone = 
|utc_offset = +3
|time_zone_DST = +3
|utc_offset_DST =  
|cctld = [[.sa]]
|calling_code = 966
|footnotes = &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;Populasina diperkirakeun 5,576,076 non-nasional&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Réngking dumasar kana itungan taun
}}
'''Karajaan Saudi Arabia''' ({{lang-ar|'''المملكة العربية السعودية'''}}) nyaéta nagara panglegana di [[Semenanjung Arab]]. Nagara ieu wawatesan jeung [[Jordania]] di kulon kalér, [[Iraq]] di kalér jeung wétan kalér, [[Kuwait]], [[Qatar]], [[Bahrain]], jeung [[Uni Émirat Arab]] di beulah wétan, [[Oman]] di wétan kidul, sarta [[Yaman]] di beulah kiduleunnana, kalayan [[Teluk Pérsia]] di beulah wétan kalér jeung [[Laut Beureum]] di beulah kuloneunnana. Nagara ieu disebut &quot;lemahna dua masjid suci&quot;, minangka rujukan ka [[Mekah]] jeung [[Madinah]], dua kota pangsucina dina ageman [[Islam]]. Nagara ieu nujul kana  '''Saudi Arabia''' (ngecapkeun dina basa Inggris /{{IPA|ˈsɒdɪ əˈɹeɪ̯bɪə}}/), '''السعودية '''{{IPA|/ælʕɑrɑˈbiː æsːæʕuːˈdijːæ/}} atawa '''Arabia''' wungkul, nu henteu pati ilahar (saperti dina maén bal), '''KSA'''.

== Sajarah ==
{{utama|Sajarah Saudi Arabia}}
[[Gambar:Franklin D. Roosevelt with King Ibn Saud aboard USS Quincy (CA-71) on 14 February 1945 (USA-C-545).jpg|left|thumb|250px|Nu ngadegkeun Saudi Arabia modéren, [[Raja Abdul Aziz]], keur sawala jeung [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] nalika mulih ti [[Konferensi Yalta]] taun 1945.]]
Nagara ieu dimimitian di Arabia tengah kira-kira taun1750. Saurang pangawasa lokal, [[Muhammad bin Saud]], ngagabung jeung ajengan sarta pembaharu Islam ngaranna syékh [[Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab|Muhammad Abdul Wahhab]], pikeun nyiptakeun sahiji entitas pulitik anyar. Salila saratus lima puluh taunsaterusna, nasib kulawarga Saud sawatara kali naék-turun dina usahana ngalawan [[Mesir]], [[Kakaisaran Utsmaniyah]], sarta kulawarga Arab séjénna pikeun ngawasa semenanjung Arabia éta. Nagara Arab Saudi pamustunganana nangtung di handapeun kapamingpinan almarhum Raja [[Abdul Aziz Al-Saud]] (anu ogé ditulis minangka Abdul Aziz bin Saud).

Dina taun[[1902]], Abdul Aziz bin Saud junun ngawasa [[Riyadh]], puseur dayeuh karuhun kulawarga Al-Saud, ti kakawasaan lawanana nyaéta kulawarga [[Al-Rashid]]. Abdul Aziz nuluykeun usahana kalayan ngawasa [[Al-Ahsa]], Al-Qatif, sésa wewengkon [[Najd]], sarta [[Hijaz]] antara taun1913-1926. Dina tanggal 8 Januari 1926, Abdul Aziz bin Saud nyokot gelar Raja Hijaz. Dina tanggal 29 Januari 1927, manéhna nyokot gelar Raja Najd. Ngaliwatan [[Perjangjian Jeddah]] anu ditandatanganan dina [[20 Méi]] [[1927]], [[Inggris]] ngaku kamerdikaan wewengkon kakawasaan Abdul Aziz, anu saterusna dipikawanoh minangka Karajaan Hijaz sarta Najd. Dina taun1932, kadua wewengkon ieu ngahiji sarta robah jadi Karajaan Arab Saudi.

Kapanggihna [[minyak bumi]] dina bulan Maret [[1938]] geus ngarobah ékonomi nagara, sarta saterusna méré kamakmuran anu badag pikeun karajaan ieu.

== Pulitik ==
{{utama|Pulitik Saudi Arabia}}
Institusi pamaréntahan utama di Arab Saudi nyaéta Karajaan Saudi. Undang-undang dasar anu diadopsi dina taun1992 nyatakeun Saudi Arabia minangka hiji karajaan anu diparéntah ku anak sarta incu ti raja kahiji, [[Abdul Aziz Al-Saud]], sarta [[Al Qur'an]] minangka konstitusi nagara ieu anu dijalankeun dumasar hukum Islam (saréat).
[[File:Salman bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud April 2012.jpg|thumb|Raja Salman ti Saudi Arabia]]
Euweuh partéi pulitik atawa pamilihan umum nasional anu diaku, kajaba pamilihan lokal anu diayakeun di taun2005. Kakawasaan raja sacara téoritis diwatesan ku saréat Islam sarta talari Saudi séjénna. Manéhna ogé kudu nengetan konsensus para kulawarga karajaan Saudi, pamingpin ageman (ajengan), sarta elemen penting séjénna dina masarakat Saudi. Idéologi nagara nyaéta Salafi. Karajaan nyebarkeun falsafah Islam ieu ngaliwatan pangwangunan masjid sarta madrasah di sakumna dunya. Kulawarga karajaan milih raja ti antara maranéhanana sorangan, saterusna ménta kasapukan ti ajengan.

&lt;!-- {{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
Saudi kings have gradually developed a central government. Since 1953, the Council of Ministers, appointed by and responsible to the king, has advised on the formulation of general policy and directed the activities of the growing bureaucracy. This council consists of a prime minister, the first prime minister and 20 ministers.

Legislation is by resolution of the Council of Ministers, ratified by royal decree, and must be compatible with the Shari'a (Islamic law). Justice is administered according to the Shari'a by a system of religious courts whose judges are appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council, composed of 12 senior jurists. The independence of the judiciary is protected by law. The king acts as the highest court of appeal and has the power to pardon.  Access to high officials (usually at a majlis, or public audience) and the right to petition them directly are well-established traditions.

[[Saudi Arabia municipal elections, 2005|Saudi Municipal elections]] took place in 2005 and some commentators saw this a first tentative step towards the introduction of [[democratic]] processes in the Kingdom, including the legalisation of political parties. Other analysts of the Saudi political scene were more skeptical [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4252079.stm]. --&gt;

== Propinsi ==
[[Gambar:SaudiArabiaNumbered.png|right|250px|Propinsi di Saudi Arabia]]{{utama|Propinsi di Saudi Arabia}}

Saudi Arabia kabagi jadi 13 propinsi (manatiq, tunggal - mintaqah).

# [[Propinsi Al-Bahah|Al-Bahah]]
# [[Propinsi Al-Hudud Asy-Syamaliyah|Al-Hudud Asy-Syamaliyah]]
# [[Propinsi Al-Jawf|Al-Jawf]]
# [[Propinsi Al-Madinah|Al-Madinah]]
# [[Propinsi Al-Qassim|Al-Qassim]]
# [[Propinsi Ar-Riyad|Ar-Riyad]]
# [[Propinsi Asy-Syarqiyah|Asy-Syarqiyah]]
# [[Propinsi `Asir|`Asir]]
# [[Propinsi Ha'il|Ha'il]]
# [[Propinsi Jizan|Jizan]]
# [[Propinsi Makkah|Makkah]]
# [[Propinsi Najran|Najran]]
# [[Propinsi Tabuk|Tabuk]]

== Kota gedé ==

{{utama|Daptar kota di Saudi Arabia}}
* [[Riyadh]] (Ibu kota Saudi Arabia)
* [[Mekah]] (Makkah)(Kota suci dina Islam)
* [[Medina]] (Kota suci kadua dina Islam)
* [[Jeddah]] (Ibu kota komérsial jeung palabuan laut utama)
* [[Dammam]] (Ibu kota propinsi béh wétan)
* [[Zhahran]]
* [[Ras Tanura]] (Pertambangan minyak panglegana di dunya)
* [[Jubail]] (Kota industri)
* [[Yanbu]] (Kota industri)
* [[Taif]]
* [[Abha]]
* [[Jizan]]

{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
&lt;!--
==== Hak asasi manusa ====
{{utama|Hak asasi manusa di Saudi Arabia}}

Saudi courts impose [[capital punishment]] and [[corporal punishment]], including [[amputation]]s of hands and feet for serious [[robbery]], and [[homosexuality]]; [[flogging]]s for lesser crimes such as &quot;sexual deviance&quot; (e.g. drunkenness). These punishments are often carried out in public, similar to the Taliban in Afghanistan. (Source: Human Rights watch, see [http://hrw.org/backgrounder/mena/saudi/saudi.pdf]) The number of lashes is not clearly prescribed by law and varies according to the discretion of the presiding judges. The number ranges from dozens to several thousand, usually applied over a period of weeks or months. In 2002, the United Nations Committee against Torture criticized Saudi Arabia over the amputations and floggings it carries out under the Shari'a. The Saudi delegation responded defending &quot;legal traditions&quot; held since the inception of Islam in the region 1400 years ago and rejected interference in its legal system. (Source: BBC, see [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8&amp;q=saudi+torture&amp;btnG=Google+Search]).

There is no religious freedom, alcohol cannot be consumed, and homosexuals are routinely persecuted. There is no freedom of the press, and critics of the government are sometimes jailed for their views. Women are not allowed to drive and their rights to property and divorce are restricted.

The large number of guest workers present in the country are routinely subject to mistreatment, as documented by Human Rights Watch: &quot;Domestic workers face a wide range of grave abuses and labor exploitation, including physical and sexual abuse, forced confinement, non-payment of wages, denial of food and health care and excessive working hours with no rest days, Human Rights Watch said in a new report today.&quot; (Source: HRW, see [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/26/singap13804.htm]).

== Géografi ==
{{utama|Géografi Saudi Arabia}}

[[Gambar:Saudi Arabia map.png|thumb|right|Peta Saudi Arabia]]
The kingdom occupies eighty percent of the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen are not precisely defined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. The Saudi government's estimate is 2,217,949 square kilometers (856,356 [[square mile|sq&amp;nbsp;mi]]). Other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 square kilometers (830,000&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi) and 2,240,000 square kilometers (864,869&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi).

The climate is very dry and hot. Dry desert with great extremes of temperature and the terrain is mostly uninhabited, sandy [[desert]]. In most parts of the country, vegetation is limited to weeds, xerophytic herbs and shrubs. Animals include the [[ibex]], [[wildcats]], [[baboons]], [[wolves]], and [[hyenas]] in the highlands. Small birds are found in the oases. The coastal area of the [[Red Sea]], especially the [[coral reef]]s, have a rich marine [[Fauna (animals)|fauna]]. Saudi Arabia has a coastline of 2,640 kilometers (1,640 [[mile|mi]]).

Saudi Arabia consists mostly of semi-desert and desert with oases. Almost half of the total country is uninhabitable desert with annual precipitation up to 100 millimetres (4 [[inch|in]]) in most regions. The western regions are plateau and the east is lowland. The southwest region has mountains as high as 3,000 metres (9,840 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]), and is an area known for the greenest and freshest climate in all of the country. The capital, Riyadh, which is to the center-east has an average temperature in July of 42&amp;nbsp;°C (108°[[Fahrenheit|F]]) and 14&amp;nbsp;°C (57&amp;nbsp;°F) in January. In contrast, [[Jeddah]] on the western coast has 31&amp;nbsp;°C (88&amp;nbsp;°F) in July and 23&amp;nbsp;°C (73&amp;nbsp;°F) in January.

Less than 2 % of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty [[desert]]s, such as the [[Rub' al Khali]] (The Empty Quarter), the [[Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands]]. There are no permanent rivers or lakes in Saudi Arabia.

== Pangatikan ==
At the time the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932, education was not accessible to everyone and limited to individualized instruction at religious schools in mosques in urban areas. These schools taught Islamic law and basic literacy skills. By the end of the century, Saudi Arabia had a nationwide educational system providing free training from preschool through university to all citizens. While the study of Islam remains at its core, the modern Saudi educational system provides quality instruction in diverse fields of modern and traditional arts and sciences. This diversity helps meet the Kingdom's growing need for highly-educated citizens to build on its rapid progress.

Formal primary education began in Saudi Arabia in the 1930s. By 1945, King Abdulaziz bin Abdelrahman Al-Saud, the country's founder, had initiated an extensive program to establish schools in the Kingdom. Six years later, in 1951, the country had 226 schools with 29,887 students. In 1954, the Ministry of Education was established, headed by then Prince Fahd bin Abdulaziz as the first Minister of Education. The first university, now known as King Saud University, was founded in Riyadh in 1957.

Today, Saudi Arabia's nationwide public educational system comprises eight universities, more than 24,000 schools, and a large number of colleges and other educational and training institutions. Open to every citizen, the system provides students with free education, books and health services. Over 25 percent of the annual State budget is for education including vocational training.

The predominant major in Saudi universities is Islamic Studies, and few Saudis choose to major in medical studies or engineering. Thus the kingdom must import a large number of doctors and engineers from other nations.

== Iklim ==

Extreme heat and aridity are characteristic of most of Saudi Arabia. It is one of the few places in the world where summer temperatures above 50&amp;nbsp;°C (120&amp;nbsp;°F) are common, while in winter frost or snow can occur in the interior and the higher mountains. The average temperature range in January is 8° to 20&amp;nbsp;°C (47° to 68&amp;nbsp;°F) in Riyadh and 19° to 29&amp;nbsp;°C (66° to 83&amp;nbsp;°F) in [[Jeddah]]. The average range in July is 27° to 43&amp;nbsp;°C (81° to 109&amp;nbsp;°F) in Riyadh and 27° to 38&amp;nbsp;°C (80° to 100&amp;nbsp;°F) in Jeddah. Precipitation is usually sparse, although sudden downpours can lead to violent flash floods in wadis. Annual rainfall in Riyadh averages 100 mm (4 in) and falls almost exclusively between January and May; the average in Jeddah is 54 mm (2.1 in) and occurs between November and January. Plants can still survive in Saudi Arabia, mostly in the south-east mountains and lowlands. They bloom mid-March through mid-May. The plants provide food for birds and insects.

== Ékonomi ==
[[Gambar:AramcoCoreArea.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Saudi Aramco|Aramco]], pausahaan minyak nasional, kantor puseurna di [[Dhahran]]]]
{{utama|Ékonomi Saudi Arabia}}

Saudi Arabia has an [[petroleum|oil]]-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. Saudi Arabia claimed to be in possession of 260.1 billion barrels of oil reserves as of 2003, about 24% of the world's proven total petroleum reserves. It ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum and plays a leading role in [[OPEC]]. Moreover, according to the Saudi government, the proven reserves increase gradually as more oil fields are discovered, unlike most other oil-producing countries. It must be noted, however, that, those figures have been contested and that Saudi Arabia's actual reserves may be notably lower. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 40% of the GDP, and 90% of export earnings. About 35% of the GDP comes from the private sector. Saudi Arabia was a key player in the successful efforts of OPEC and other oil producing countries to raise the price of oil in [[1999]] to its highest level since the [[Gulf War]] by reducing production. Saudi Arabia announced plans to begin privatizing the electricity companies in [[1999]], which followed the ongoing privatization of the telecommunications company. The government is expected to continue calling for private sector growth to lessen the kingdom's dependence on oil and increase employment opportunities for the swelling Saudi population. Shortages of water and rapid population growth may constrain government efforts to increase self-sufficiency in agricultural products.

In the 90's, Saudi Arabia experienced a significant contraction of oil revenues combined with a high rate of population growth. Per capita income has fallen from $25,000 in [[1980]] to $8,000 in [[2003]], up from about $7,000 in [[1999]]. The decline in inflation-adjusted per-capita income from 1980 to 1999 set a record, being by far the worst such decline suffered by any nation-state in history.

In 2003 the price of oil jumped to record high of 40 to 50 dollars, which triggered a second oil boom. Because of that, Saudi Arabia's oil revenues have increased dramatically. Saudi Arabia's budget surplus has crossed $28 billion (110SR billion) in 2005. [[Tadawul]] (The Saudi stock market Index) finished 2004 with a massive 76.23 % to close at 4437.58 points. Market capitalization was up 110.14 % from a year earlier to stand at $157.3 billion (589.93SR billion), which makes it the biggest stock market in the [[Middle East]].‏

To diversify the economy, Saudi Arabia launched a new city on the western coast with investments exceeding 26.6 billion dollars. The city which is named &quot;[[King Abdullah Economic City]]&quot; will be built near al-Rabegh industrial city north to Jeddah. The new city, where construction work started in Dec 2005, includes a port which is ten times larger that the largest port of Rotterdam (the largest in the world) and it can anchor giant ships as well as an industrial area for the sectors of petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and research. The city which will expand along a coast of 35 km, also includes an educational city, a tourism zone and a financial stock market center.

Saudi Arabia officially became a [[WTO]] member in December 2005.
 
=== Tanaga kerja ti luar nagri ===
Saudi Arabia is a destination for men and women from [[South Asia|South]] and [[East Asia]], [[East Africa]] and the [[Middle East]] seeking work. Hundreds of thousands of low-[[skilled workers]] from regions of the [[Developing countries|developing world]] migrate to Saudi Arabia.  Although exact figures are not known, skilled experts in the [[banking]] and services professions seek work in the Kingdom.

== Démografi ==
{{utama|Démografi Saudi Arabia}}

Saudi Arabia's population as of 2005 is estimated to be about 26.4 million, including about 5.6 million resident foreigners. Until the [[1960s]], most of the population was [[nomadic]] or semi-nomadic; due to rapid economic and urban growth, more than 95% of the population now is settled. The birth rate is 29.56 births per 1,000 people. The death rate is only 2.62 deaths per 1,000 people. Some cities and oases have densities of more than 1,000 people per square kilometre (2,600/sq&amp;nbsp;mi).

Around 80% of Saudis are ethnically [[Arab]] but many are of [[Sub-Saharan]], [[East Africa]]n ancestry. There are some 7 million migrants from countries all around the world namely:[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51609.htm] [[Indian]]: 1.4 million, [[Bangladeshi]]: 1 million, [[Pakistani]]: 900,000, [[Filipino people|Filipino]]: 800,000, and [[Egyptian]]: 750,000. Many Arabs from nearby countries are employed in the kingdom. There are around 100,000 [[Westerners]] in Saudi Arabia, most of whom live in [[Compound (fortification)|compounds]] or [[gated communities]].

The Saudi government states that all citizens must be Muslim, and there is very little religious freedom. The majority of the population adhere to strict form of a cult within Islam most commonly known as [[Salafi]] or  [[Wahhabism]]. However, there are religious minorities such as [[Christians]] and [[Hindus]] who are working as temporary workers, none of these minorities are allowed to have their churches or temples or pray in public. The U.S. State departments suggest that there are 500,000 to 1 million people who adhere to the [[Catholic]] (Christian) faith.[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51609.htm]

The exit and entry visa cards ask applicants for their religious affiliation and officially bans entry to anyone with an official stamp from the State of [[Israel]].[http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1012.html][http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Saudi+Arabia/Visa+and+Health]

== Olahraga ==
Sports are a very popular pastime for the young men and women in Saudi Arabia. Even though soccer is the most played game, Saudi Arabia has participated in many world games such as the [[summer Olympics]], [[volleyball]], [[basketball]] and other sports. The [[Saudi Arabia national football team|national football team]] is most known for qualifying in four consecutive times in the [[FIFA World Cup]] and six times at the [[Asian Cup]] which the team won the championship three times and was runner-up two times.  Some popular soccer players include [[Majed Abdullah]], [[Mohamed Al-Deayea]], and [[Sami Al-Jaber]].

== Kabudayan ==
{{utama|Kabudayan  Saudi Arabia}}

[[Gambar:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Haji di Masjidil Haram. Mekah]]
[[Gambar:Montazah alsalam.jpg|thumb|Taman rékréasi di [[Riyadh]]]]

* [[Musik Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Islam di Saudi Arabia]]

Saudi Arabian culture revolves almost entirely around the religion of [[Islam]]. Islam's two holiest sites, [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], are located in the country. Every day, five times a day, Muslims are called to prayer from the minarets of mosques which dot the country. The weekend consists of Thursday and Friday. The public practice of any religion other than Islam, including Christianity and Judaism, the presence of churches, and open possession of Christian religious materials are outlawed in Saudi Arabia. Islam's holy book the [[Qur'an]] is Saudi Arabia's constitution, and [[Shari'ah]] (Islamic law) is the foundation of its legal system. See [[Status of religious freedom in Saudi Arabia]]

One of Saudi Arabia's most compelling folk rituals is the [[Ardha]], the country's national dance. This sword dance is based on ancient [[Bedouin]] traditions: drummers beat out a rhythm and a poet chants verses while sword-carrying men dance shoulder to shoulder. [[Al-sihba]] folk music, from the [[Hijaz]], has its origins in Arab [[Andalusia]], a region of medieval [[Spain]]. In [[Mecca]], [[Medina]] and [[Jeddah]], dance and song incorporate the sound of the [[al-mizmar]], an [[oboe]]-like woodwind instrument. The [[drum]] is also an important instrument according to traditional and tribal customs.

Saudi Arabian dress is strongly symbolic, representing the people's ties to the land, the past, and Islam. The predominantly loose and flowing, but covering garments reflect the practicalities of life in a desert country as well as Islam's emphasis on conservative dress. Traditionally, men usually wear an ankle-length shirt woven from wool or cotton (known as a [[thawb]]), with a [[shimagh]] (a large checkered square of cotton held in place by a cord coil) or a [[ghutra]] (a plain white square made of finer cotton, also held in place by a cord coil) worn on the head. For rare chilly days, Saudi men wear a camel-hair cloak ([[bisht]]) over the top. Women's clothes are decorated with tribal motifs, coins, sequins, metallic thread, and appliques. However, Saudi women must wear a long cloak ([[abaya]]) and veil ([[niqab]]) when they leave the house to protect their [[modesty]]. The law does not apply to foreigners at such a high degree, but both men and women are told to dress modestly.

Islam forbids the eating of [[pork]] and the drinking of [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]], and this law is enforced strictly throughout Saudi Arabia. Arabic unleavened bread, or [[khobz]], is eaten with almost all meals. Other staples include cooked lamb, grilled [[chicken]], [[falafel]] (deep-fried [[chickpea]] balls), [[shawarma]] (spit-cooked sliced [[lamb]]), and [[fuul]] (a paste of [[fava bean]]s, [[garlic]] and [[lemon]]). Traditional [[coffee]] houses used to be ubiquitous, but are now being displaced by food-hall style cafes. Arabic téa is also a famous custom, which is used in both casual and formal meetings between friends, family and even strangers. The téa is black (without milk) and has herbal flavoring that comes in many variations.

Public theatres and [[movie theater|cinemas]] are prohibited, as [[Wahabbi]] tradition deems those institutions to be incompatible with [[Islam]]. However, in private compounds such as [[Dhahran]] and [[Ras Tanura]] public theaters can be found, but often are more popular for local music, arts, and theatre productions rather than the exhibition of motion pictures. Recently plans for some cinemas that will allow Arabic cartoons to be featured in cinemas for women and children were announced. Videos and DVDs of popular American movies are legal and widely available.

The cultural heritage is celebrated at the annual [[Jenadriyah]] Cultural festival.
--&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Komunikasi di Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Hubungan luar nagri Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Poé peré di Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Daptar kota di Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Saudi Aramco]]

== Bibliografi ==
* Lippman, Thomas W. &quot;Inside the Mirage: America's Fragile Partnership with Saudi Arabia&quot;  (Westview 2004) ISBN 0-8133-4052-7
* Mackey, Sandra, ''The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom'' (Houghton Mifflin, 1987) ISBN 0-395-41165-3
* Ménoret, Pascal, ''The Saudi Enigma: A History'' (Zed Books, 2005) ISBN 1-84277-605-3
* al-Rasheed, Madawi, ''A History of Saudi Arabia'' (Cambridge University Press, 2002) ISBN 052164335 {{invalid isbn|052164335}}
* Matthew R. Simmons, ''Twilight in the Desert The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy'', John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2005, ISBN 0-471-73876-X
* Robert Lacey, ''THE KINGDOM: Arabia &amp; The House of Sa'ud'', Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc, 1981 (Hard Cover) and Avon Books, 1981 (Soft Cover. Library of Congress: 81-83741 ISBN 0-380-61762-5

== Rujukan ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/10/international/middleeast/10saudi.html ''The New York Times'' &quot;Asterisk Aside, First National Vote for Saudis&quot; February 10, 2005]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4230685.stm  BBC &quot;Q&amp;A: Saudi municipal elections&quot;]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4252305.stm BBC &quot;Saudis' first exercise in democracy&quot;]
* [http://www.hesbah.com/disapprove.asp Hesbah.com site of Authority for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403210132/http://www.hesbah.com/disapprove.asp |date=2005-04-03 }} Form for Saudis to anonymously report &quot;un-Islamic&quot; activities to the Mutaween.
* [http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&amp;storyID=8696492 &quot;Saudi says US human trafficking criticism unfounded&quot;] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
&lt;/div&gt;

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Portal|Saudi Arabia}}
{{Shortcut|KSA}}
{{sisterlinks|Saudi Arabia}}

'''Pamaréntah'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.saudinf.com Saudi Arabian Information Resource] from the Saudi Ministry of Culture and Information
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Sawangan'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.saudi-us-relations.org Saudi-US Relations Information Service - ''Saudi Arabia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921115739/http://www.saudi-us-relations.org/ |date=2006-09-21 }}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791936.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Saudi Arabia'']
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html CIA World Factbook - ''Saudi Arabia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229213833/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html |date=2020-12-29 }}
* [http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=saudi+arabia&amp;search_crit=subject&amp;search=Search&amp;date1=Anytime&amp;date2=Anytime&amp;type=form Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Saudi Arabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211175707/http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=saudi+arabia&amp;search_crit=subject&amp;search=Search&amp;date1=Anytime&amp;date2=Anytime&amp;type=form |date=2008-12-11 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020223065951/http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c2419.htm US State Department - ''Saudi Arabia''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saud/ PBS Frontline - &quot;House of Saud&quot;] February 2005 documentary
* [http://blog.oup.com/oupblog/2006/05/6_myths_about_u.html 6 Myths of U.S.-Saudi Relations by Rachel Bronson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824015954/http://blog.oup.com/oupblog/2006/05/6_myths_about_u.html |date=2006-08-24 }} at the [[Oxford University Press]] blog
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Diréktori'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.saudipedia.com Saudipedia - Insiders Guide to Saudi Arabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225095752/http://www.saudipedia.com/ |date=2007-02-25 }}
* [http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/saudi.htm Arab Gateway - ''Saudi Arabia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014171514/http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/saudi.htm |date=2008-10-14 }}
* [http://www.findouter.com/Saudi_Arabia Findouter - ''Saudi Arabia''] directory category
* [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Saudi_Arabia/ Open Directory Project - ''Saudi Arabia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810084112/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Saudi_Arabia/ |date=2006-08-10 }} directory category
* [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Saudi_Arabia/ Yahoo! - ''Saudi Arabia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205200230/http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/countries/saudi_arabia/ |date=2008-12-05 }} directory category
* [http://saoedi-arabie.startpagina.nl Startpage Saoedi-arabie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908021856/http://saoedi-arabie.startpagina.nl/ |date=2006-09-08 }}
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Iber'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://news.yahoo.com/fc?tmpl=fc&amp;cid=34&amp;in=world&amp;cat=saudi_arabia Yahoo! News Full Coverage - ''Saudi Arabia''] news héadline links
&lt;/div&gt;
'''Lianna'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Asia/saudiarc.htm Saudi Arabia: Historical Demographic Data Factsheet]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Population World Shi'a Population]
* [http://www.asinah.org/travel-guides/saudiarabia.html Asinah - Saudi Arabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313184613/http://www.asinah.org/travel-guides/saudiarabia.html |date=2006-03-13 }}
* [http://www.bbg-jed.org British Business Group, Jeddah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827100349/http://www.bbg-jed.org/ |date=2006-08-27 }}
* [http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fara/Fara1st02/COUNTRY/SAUDIARA.HTM#2165 U.S. Department of Justice: Foreign Agents Registration Act]
* [http://www.TourSaudiArabia.com/ A Virtual Tour of Saudi Arabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909124329/http://www.toursaudiarabia.com/ |date=2006-09-09 }}
* [http://www.saudiarabia-travel.org Saudi Arabia travel guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830230716/http://www.saudiarabia-travel.org/ |date=2018-08-30 }}
* [http://www.amirbutler.com/archives/2004/01/07/5 Amir Butler: Leave change in Saudi Arabia to the Saudis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901221656/http://www.amirbutler.com/archives/2004/01/07/5 |date=2006-09-01 }} (Discusses the question of Saudi liberalization)
* [http://sct.org.sa/english/Index.aspx the supreme commission for tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617211912/http://sct.org.sa/english/Index.aspx |date=2006-06-17 }}
* {{wikivoyage|Saudi Arabia}}
&lt;/div&gt;

{{Saudi Arabia}}
{{Saudi Arabia topics}}
{{Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf}}
{{Arab League}}
{{OSI}}
{{Southwest_Asia}}
{{Middle_East}}
{{Asia}}

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  <page>
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      <text bytes="36063" sha1="irm4vf80aj0lo55xizosxhmpxan5o85" xml:space="preserve">{{dablink|Transistor ogé mangrupa ngaran nu ilahar keun [[radio transistor]] taun 1960-an.}}

[[Gambar:Transistors.agr.jpg|thumb|200px|Rupa-rupa transistor]]
'''Transistor''' nyaéta [[parangkat sémikonduktor]] nu miboga tilu terminal, bisa digunakeun keur [[panguat éléktronik amplifier|nguatkeun]], [[nyaklar]], nytabilkeun voltase, [[modulasi]] sinyal, sarta loba deui kagunaan séjénna. Transistor mangrupa blok wangunan dasar tina [[integrated circuit]] (IC) analog atawa digital -- [[sirkuit]] nu dipaké ngoperasikeun [[komputer]], [[telepon sélulér]], jeung [[éléktronika]] modéren séjénna.

== Pangwanoh ==

Kecap ''transistor'' mangrupa kecap pondokna tina ''transfer varistor''. Dingaranan kitu sabab hiji sinyal asupan digunakeun keur ngarobah [[résistansi]] dina jalur sinyal kaluaran ([[varistor]] nyaéta ''variable [[resistor]]'').

Transistor kabagi jadi dua kategori utama: [[bipolar junction transistor]] (BJT) jeung [[field effect transistor]] (FET). Panerapan arus dina BJT jeung tegangan dina FET antara asupan jeung terminal ''common'' bakal nambah [[konduktivitas listrik|konduktivitas]] antara terminal ''common'' jeung kaluaran, antukna arus pangaturannana ngalir di antarana. 
Keur leuwih jéntré ngeunaan operasi dua tipe transistor ieu, tempo [[field effect transistor]] jeung [[bipolar junction transistor]].

Dina [[sirkuit analog]], transistor dipaké dina [[Panguat elektronik|panguat]], (panguat arus saarah, panguat sora, panguat frékuénsiradio), jeung [[Regulator linier|Sumber daya nu diregulasi]] linier. Transistor ogé dipaké dina [[sirkuit digital]] nu mana fungsina minangka sakelar. Sirkuit digital ngawengku [[lawang logika]], [[random access memory]] (RAM), [[mikroprosesor]], jeung [[pamroses sinyal digital]] ''(digital signal processors)'' (DSP).
{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}

== Pentingna transistor ==
The transistor is considered by many to be one of the gréatest inventions in modérn history, ranking in importance with the [[printing press]], [[automobile]] and [[telephone]]. It is the key active component in practically all modérn [[electronics]]. Its importance in today's society rests on its ability to be [[mass production|mass produced]] using a highly automated process ([[Semiconductor fabrication|fabrication]]) that achieves vanishingly low per-transistor costs.

Although millions of individual (known as ''discrete'') transistors are still used, the vast majority of transistors are fabricated into [[integrated circuits]] (also called ''microchips'' or simply ''chips'') along with [[diodes]], [[resistors]], [[capacitors]] and other [[electronic components]] to produce complete electronic circuits. A [[logic gate]] comprises about twenty transistors wheréas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2006, can use as many as 1.7 billion transistors (MOSFETs) [http://www3.intel.com/cd/ids/developer/asmo-na/eng/201969.htm?page=6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025133936/http://www3.intel.com/cd/ids/developer/asmo-na/eng/201969.htm?page=6 |date=2006-10-25 }}.

The transistor's low cost, flexibility and reliability have made it a universal device for non-mechanical tasks, such as digital computing. Transistorized circuits have replaced [[electromechanical]] devices for the control of appliances and machinery as well. It is often less expensive and more effective to use a standard [[microcontroller]] and write a [[computer program]] to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent mechanical control function.

Because of the low cost of transistors and hence digital computers, there is a trend to [[Digitizing|digitize]] information. With digital computers offering the ability to quickly find, sort and process [[digital]] information, more and more effort has been put into making information digital. As a result, today, much media data is delivered in digital form, finally being converted and presented in analog form by computers. Aréas influenced by the [[Digital Revolution]] include [[television]], [[radio]], and [[newspaper]]s.

== Sajarah ==
{{dablink|Tempo [[Parangkat sémikonduktor#Sajarah perkembangan parangkat sémikonduktor|parangkat sémikonduktor]] keur sajarah nu leuwih écés.}}
The first patents for the transistor principle were registered in Germany in [[1928]] by [[Julius Edgar Lilienfeld]]. In [[1934]] German physicist Dr. [[Oskar Heil]] patented the field-effect transistor. It is not cléar whether either design was ever built, and this is generally considered unlikely.

On [[22 December]] [[1947]] [[William Shockley]], [[John Bardeen]] and [[Walter Brattain]] succeeded in building the first practical [[point-contact transistor]] at [[Bell Labs]]. This work followed from their war-time efforts to produce extremely pure [[germanium]] &quot;crystal&quot; mixer diodes, used in [[radar]] units as a [[frequency mixer]] element in [[microwave]] radar receivers. éarly tube-based technology did not switch fast enough for this role, léading the Bell téam to use solid state [[diode]]s instéad. With this knowledge in hand they turned to the design of a [[triode]], but found this was not at all éasy. Bardeen eventually developed a new branch of [[surface physics]] to account for the &quot;odd&quot; behaviour they saw, and Bardeen and Brattain eventually succeeded in building a working device.

[[Bell Telephone Laboratories]] needed a generic name for the new invention: &quot;Semiconductor Triode&quot;, &quot;Solid Triode&quot;, &quot;Surface States Triode&quot;, &quot;Crystal Triode&quot; and &quot;Iotatron&quot; were all considered, but &quot;transistor,&quot; coined by [[John R. Pierce]], won an internal ballot. The rationale for the name is described in the following extract from the company's Technical Memoranda calling for votes:

{{quotation|Transistor. This is an abbreviated combination of the words &quot;[[transconductance]]&quot; or &quot;transfer&quot;, and &quot;[[varistor]]&quot;. The device logically belongs in the varistor family, and has the transconductance or transfer impedance of a device having gain, so that this combination is descriptive.|Bell Telephone Laboratories — [http://users.arczip.com/rmcgarra2/namememo.gif Technical Memorandum (May 28, 1948)]}}

Bell put the transistor into production at [[Western Electric]] in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]]. They also licensed it to a number of other electronics companies, including [[Texas Instruments]], who produced a limited run of [[transistor radio]]s as a sales tool. Another company liked the idéa and also decided to take out a license, introducing their own radio under the brand name [[Sony]]. éarly transistors were &quot;unstable&quot; and only suitable for low-power, low-frequency applications, but as transistor design developed, these problems were slowly overcome. Over the next two decades, transistors gradually replaced the éarlier [[vacuum tube]]s in most applications and later made possible many new devices such as [[integrated circuit]]s and [[personal computer]]s.

Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain were honored with the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] &quot;for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect&quot;. Bardeen would go on to win a second Nobel in physics, one of only two péople to receive more than one in the same discipline, for his work on the exploration of [[superconductivity]].

In August 1948 German physicists Herbert F. Mataré (1912– ) and Heinrich Walker (ca. 1912–1981), working at [[Compagnie des Freins et Signaux Westinghouse]] in [[Paris]], [[France]] applied for a patent on an amplifier based on the minority carrier injection process which they called the &quot;transistron.&quot; Since Bell Labs did not maké a public announcement of the transistor until June 1948, the transistron was considered to be independently developed. Mataré had first observed transconductance effects during the manufacture of germanium duodiodes for German radar equipment during [[World War II|WWII]]. Transistrons were commercially manufactured for the French telephone company and military, and in 1953 a solid-state radio receiver with four transistrons was demonstrated at the [[Düsseldorf]] Radio Fair.

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Transistor curve tracer.jpg|''Transistor-curve tracer''
Image:Transistor curve tracer detail1.jpg|''Transistor-curve tracer'' (detail 1)
Image:Transistor curve tracer detail2.jpg|''Transistor-curve tracer'' (detail 2)
Image:Transistor curve tracer parts.jpg|''Transistor-curve tracer'' (parts)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tipe ==
{{float_begin|side=right}}
|- align = &quot;center&quot;
| [[Gambar:BJT symbol PNP.svg|50px]] || PNP || [[Gambar:JFET P-Channel Labelled.svg|80px]] || P-channel
|- align = &quot;center&quot;
| [[Gambar:BJT symbol NPN.svg|50px]] || NPN || [[Gambar:JFET N-Channel Labelled.svg|80px]] || N-channel
|- align = &quot;center&quot;
| BJT || || JFET ||
{{float_end|caption=BJT and JFET symbols}}

Transistors are categorized by: 
* Semiconductor material: germanium, silicon, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide
* Structure: [[Bipolar junction transistor|BJT]], [[JFET]], IGFET ([[MOSFET]]), [[IGBT]], &quot;other types&quot;
* Polarity: [[NPN]], [[PNP (transistor polarity)|PNP]], N-channel, P-channel 
* Maximum power rating: low, medium, high 
* Maximum operating frequency: low, medium, high, [[radio frequency]] (RF), [[microwave]] (The maximum effective frequency of a transistor is denoted by the term &lt;math&gt;f_\mathrm{T}&lt;/math&gt;, an abbreviation for &quot;frequency of transition.&quot; The frequency of transition is the frequency at which the transistor yields unity gain).
* Application: switch, general purpose, audio, high voltage, super-beta, matched pair
* Physical packaging: through hole metal, through hole plastic, surface mount, ball grid array

Thus, a particular transistor may be described as: ''silicon, surface mount, BJT, NPN, low power, high frequency switch''.

=== Bipolar junction transistor ===
The '''[[bipolar junction transistor]]''' (BJT) was the first type of transistor to be mass-produced. Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The three terminals are named ''emitter'', ''base'' and ''collector''. Two [[p-n junction]]s exist inside a BJT: the ''base/collector junction'' and ''base/emitter junction''. The BJT is commonly described as a current-operated device because the emitter/collector current is controlled by the current flowing between base and emitter terminals. Unlike the FET, the BJT is a low input-impedance device. The BJT has a higher [[transconductance]] than the FET. Bipolar transistors can be made to conduct with light (photons) as well as current. Devices designed for this purpose are called [[phototransistor]]s.

=== Field-effect transistor ===
The '''[[field-effect transistor]]''' (FET), sometimes called a ''unipolar transistor'', uses either electrons (N-channel FET) or holes (P-channel FET) for conduction. The three main terminals of the FET are named ''source'', ''gate'' and ''drain''. On some FETs a fourth connection to the body (substrate) is provided, but normally the body is connected internally to the source.

A [[voltage]] applied between the gate and source controls the current flowing between the source and drain. In FETs the source/ drain current flows through a conducting channel néar the ''gate''. This channel connects the ''source'' region to the ''drain'' region. The channel conductivity is varied by the electric field generated by the voltage applied between the gate/source terminals. In this way the current flowing between the source and drain is controlled. Like bipolar transistors, FETs can be made to conduct with light (photons) as well as voltage. Devices designed for this purpose are called phototransistors.

FETs are divided into two families: '''junction FET''' ([[JFET]]) and '''insulated gate FET''' (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as '''metal-oxide-semiconductor FET''' ([[MOSFET]]), from their original construction as a layer of metal (the gate), a layer of oxide (the insulation), and a layer of semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a PN [[diode]] with the channel which lies between the source and drain. Functionally, this makes the N-channel JFET the solid state equivalent of the vacuum tube [[triode]] which, similarly, forms a diode between its [[grid]] and [[cathode]]. Also, both devices operate in the ''depletion mode'', they both have a high input impedance, and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage.

MESFETs are JFETs, in which the [[p-n junction#Reverse-bias|reverse biased]] PN junction is replaced by a semiconductor-metal [[Walter H. Schottky|Schottky]]-junction. These, and the HEMFETs (high electron mobility FETs), in which a two-dimensional electron gas with very high carrier mobility is used for charge transport, are especially suitable for use at very high frequencies (microwave frequencies; several GHz).

FETs are further divided into '''depletion-mode''' and '''enhancement-mode''' types. Mode refers to the polarity of the gate voltage with respect to the source at the threshold of conduction. For N-channel depletion-mode FETs the gate is negative with respect to the source while for N-channel enhancement-mode FETs the gate is positive, at the threshold of conduction. For both modes, if the gate voltage is made more positive the source/drain current will incréase. For P-channel devices the polarities are reversed. Néarly all JFETs are depletion-mode types and most IGFETs are enhancement-mode types.

=== Tipe transistor séjénna ===
* [[Unijunction transistor]]s can be used as simple pulse generators. They comprise a main body of either P-type or N-type semiconductor with ohmic contacts at éach end (terminals ''Base1'' and ''Base2''). A junction with the opposite semiconductor type is formed at a point along the length of the body for the third terminal (''Emitter'').
* '''Dual gate FETs''' have a single channel with two gates in [[cascode]]; a configuration that is optimized for '''high frequency amplifiers''', '''mixers''', and [[oscillators]].
* '''Transistor arrays''' are used for general purpose applications, '''function generation''' and low-level, '''low-noise amplifiers'''. They include two or more transistors on a common '''substrate''' to ensure close paraméter matching and thermal tracking, characteristics that are especially important for '''long tailed pair''' amplifiers. 
* [[Darlington transistor]]s comprise a medium power BJT connected to a power BJT. This provides a high current gain equal to the product of the current gains of the two transistors. Power diodes are often connected between certain terminals depending on specific use.
* [[IGBT transistor|Insulated gate bipolar transistors]] ([[IGBT transistor|IGBTs]]) use a medium power IGFET, similarly connected to a power BJT, to give a high input impedance. Power diodes are often connected between certain terminals depending on specific use. IGBTs are particularly suitable for héavy-duty industrial applications. The [[Asea Brown Boveri]] (ABB) '''5SNA2400E170100''' [https://web.archive.org/web/20051022052727/http://library.abb.com/GLOBAL/SCOT/scot256.nsf/VerityDisplay/71B8625C035676C2C1256F9000471D3C/$File/5SNA%202400E170100_5SYA%201555-02Aug%2004.pdf] illustrates just how far power semiconductor technology has advanced. Intended for three-phase power supplies, this device houses three NPN IGBTs in a case méasuring 38 by 140 by 190&amp;nbsp;mm and weighing 1.5&amp;nbsp;kg. éach IGBT is rated at 1,700 volts and can handle 2,400 amperes.
* [[Single-electron transistor]]s (SET) consist of a gate island between two tunnelling junctions. The tunnelling current is controlled by a voltage applied to the gate through a capacitor. [http://www.mitre.org/tech/nanotech/single_electron_transistor.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924050715/http://www.mitre.org/tech/nanotech/single_electron_transistor.html |date=2006-09-24 }}[http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/11/9/7/1.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060831021019/http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/11/9/7/1. |date=2006-08-31 }}
* Complete list of transistor types [http://t-transistor.com T-Transistor.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312035950/http://t-transistor.com/ |date=2007-03-12 }}

=== Bahan sémikonduktor ===
The first BJTs were made from [[germanium]] (Ge) and some high power types still are. [[Silicon]] ([[Si]]) types currently predominate but certain advanced microwave and high performance versions now employ the '''compound semiconductor''' material [[gallium arsenide]] ([[GaAs]]) and the '''semiconductor alloy''' [[silicon germanium]] ([[SiGe]]). Single element semiconductor material (Ge and Si) is described as '''elemental'''.

Characteristics of the most common semiconductor materials used to maké transistors are given in the table below:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em auto 1em auto&quot;
|+Semiconductor material characteristics
!Semiconductor &lt;br /&gt; material
!Junction forward &lt;br /&gt; voltage &lt;br /&gt; V @ 25&amp;nbsp;°C
!Electron mobility &lt;br /&gt; m/s @ 25&amp;nbsp;°C
!Hole mobility &lt;br /&gt; m/s @ 25&amp;nbsp;°C
!Max. junction temp. &lt;br /&gt; °C
|-
!Ge
|0.27 || 0.39 || 0.19 || 70 to 100
|-
!Si 
| 0.71 || 0.14 ||  0.05 ||  150 to 200
|-
!GaAs
| 1.03 ||  0.85 ||  0.05 ||  150 to 200 
|-
!Al-Si junction 
| 0.3 ||  — ||  — ||  150 to 200 
|}

The ''junction forward voltage'' is the voltage applied to the emitter-base junction of a BJT in order to maké the base conduct a specified current. The current incréases exponentialally as the junction forward voltage is incréased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to semiconductor diodes). The lower the junction forward voltage the better, as this méans that less power is required to &quot;drive&quot; the transistor. The junction forward voltage for a given current decréases with temperature. For a typical silicon junction the change is approximately −2.1 mV/°C.

The ''[[electron mobility]]'' and ''[[hole mobility]]'' columns show the average speed that electrons and holes diffuse through the semiconductor material with an [[electric field]] of 1 volt per méter applied across the material. In general, the higher the electron mobility the faster the transistor. The table indicates that Ge is a better material than Si in this respect. However, Ge has four major shortcomings compared to silicon and gallium arsenide: its maximum temperature is limited, it has relatively high [[Reverse leakage current|leakage current]], it cannot withstand high voltages and it is less suitable for fabricating integrated circuits. Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar [[NPN]] transistor tends to be faster than an equivalent [[PNP (transistor polarity)|PNP]] transistor type. GaAs has the fastest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this réason that GaAs is used in high frequency applications. A relatively recent FET development, the '''high electron mobility transistor''' ([[HEMT]]), has a [[Heterojunction|heterostructure]] (junction between different semiconductor materials) of aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)-gallium arsenide (GaAs) which has double the electron mobility of a GaAs-metal barrier junction. Because of their high speed and low noise, HEMTs are used in satellite receivers working at frequencies around 12&amp;nbsp;GHz.

'''Max. junction temperature''' values represent a cross section taken from various manufacturers' data sheets. This temperature should not be exceeded or the transistor may be damaged.

'''Al-Si junction''' refers to the high-speed (aluminum-silicon) semiconductor-metal barrier diode, commonly known as a [[Schottky diode]]. This is included in the table because some silicon power IGFETs have a '''parasitic''' reverse Schottky diode formed between the source and drain as part of the fabrication process.

=== Kemasan ===
[[Gambar:Transistor-photo.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Through-hole transistors (tape measure marked in [[centimetre]]s)]]

Transistors come in many different packages ([[:Category:Chip carriers|chip carriers]]) (see images). The two main categories are ''[[Through-hole technology|through-hole]]'' (or ''leaded''), and ''surface-mount'', also known as '''surface mount device''' ([[Surface-mount technology|SMD]]). The '''ball grid array''' ([[Ball grid array|BGA]]) is the latest surface mount package (currently only for large '''transistor arrays'''). It has solder &quot;balls&quot; on the underside in place of léads. Because they are smaller and have shorter interconnections, SMDs have better high frequency characteristics but lower power rating.

Transistor packages are made of glass, metal, ceramic or plastic. The package often dictates the power rating and frequency characteristics. Power transistors have large packages that can be clamped to [[heat sink]]s for enhanced cooling. Additionally, most power transistors have the collector or drain physically connected to the metal can/metal plate. At the other extreme, some surface-mount '''microwave''' transistors are as small as grains of sand.

Often a given transistor type is available in different packages. Transistor packages are mainly standardized, but the assignment of a transistor's functions to the terminals is not: different transistor types can assign different functions to the package's terminals. Even for the same transistor type the terminal assignment can vary (normally indicated by a suffix letter to the part number- i.e. BC212L and BC212K).

== Panggunaan ==
In the éarly days of transistor circuit design, the [[bipolar junction transistor]], or BJT, was the most commonly used transistor. Even after MOSFETs became available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for digital and analog circuits because of their éase of manufacture and speed. However, the [[MOSFET]] has several desirable properties for digital circuits, and since major advancements in digital circuits have pushed MOSFET design to state-of-the-art. MOSFETs are now commonly used for both analog and digital functions.

[[Gambar:BJT_Switch.png|thumb|100px|BJT Transistor used as an electronic switch]]
[[Gambar:BJT_Amplifier.png|thumb|100px|Amplifier-Circuit Diagram]]
&lt;!-- [[Image:BJT_Amplifier_Waveform.png|thumb|100px|Amplifier-Waveforms]] --&gt;

=== Saklar ===
Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, for both high power applications including [[Switched-mode power supply|switched-mode power supplies]] and low power applications such as [[logic gates]].

=== Panguat ===
From [[mobile phone]]s to [[television]]s, vast numbers of products include amplifiers for [[sound reproduction]], [[Transmitter|radio transmission]], and [[signal processing]]. The first discrete transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually incréased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved.

Transistors are commonly used in modérn musical instrument amplifiers, where circuits up to a few hundred [[watt]]s are common and relatively chéap. Transistors have largely replaced valves in instrument amplifiers.
Some musical instrument amplifier manufacturers mix transistors and vacuum tubes in the same circuit, to utilize the inherent benefits of both devices.

=== Komputer ===
The &quot;first generation&quot; of electronic computers used vacuum tubes, which generated large amounts of héat and were bulky, and unreliable. The development of the transistor was key to computer miniaturization and reliability. The &quot;second generation&quot; of computers, through the late [[1950s]] and [[1960s]] féatured boards filled with individual transistors and magnetic memory cores. Subsequently, transistors, other components, and their necessary wiring were integrated into a single, mass-manufactured component: the [[integrated circuit]]. Transistors incorporated into integrated circuits have replaced most discrete transistors in modérn [[digital]] computers.

== Kauntungan transistor dibandingkeun jeung solobong vakum ==
Before the development of transistors, [[vacuum tube]]s (or in the UK '''thermionic valves''' or just '''valves''') were the main active components in electronic equipment. The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in most applications are:
* Smaller size (despite continuing miniaturization of vacuum tubes)
* Highly automated manufacture
* Lower cost (in volume production)
* Lower possible operating voltages (but vacuum tubes can operate at higher voltages)
* No warm-up period (most vacuum tubes need 10 to 60 seconds to function correctly)
* Lower power dissipation (no héater power, very low saturation voltage) 
* Higher reliability and gréater physical ruggedness (although vacuum tubes are electrically more rugged. Also the vacuum tube is much more resistant to '''nucléar electromagnetic pulses''' ([[EMP|NEMP]]) and '''electrostatic discharge''' ([[Electrostatic discharge|ESD]]))
* Much longer life (vacuum tube cathodes are eventually exhausted and the vacuum can become contaminated)
* Complementary devices available (allowing circuits with '''complementary-symmetry''': vacuum tubes with a polarity equivalent to PNP BJTs or P type FETs are not available)
* Ability to control large currents (power transistors are available to control hundreds of amperes, vacuum tubes to control even one ampere are large and costly)
* Much less [[microphonic]] (vibration can modulate vacuum tube characteristics, though this may contribute to the sound of [[guitar amplifiers]])

&quot; ''Nature abhors a vacuum tube'' &quot; Myron Glass (see [[John R. Pierce]]), [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]], circa 1948.

== Gallery ==
A wide range of transistors has been available since the [[1960s]] and manufacturers continually introduce improved types. A few examples from the main families are noted below. Unless otherwise stated, all types are made from silicon semiconductor. Complementary pairs are shown as NPN/PNP or N/P channel. Links go to manufacturer datasheets, which are in [[PDF]] format. (On some datasheets the accuracy of the stated transistor category is a matter of debate.)

* [http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/2N3903-D.PDF 2N3904]/[http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/2N3906-D.PDF 2N3906], [http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/BC182-D.PDF BC182] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723095810/http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/BC182-D.PDF |date=2008-07-23 }}/[http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/BC212-D.PDF BC212] and [http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/BC546-D.PDF BC546]/[http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/BC556B-D.PDF BC556]: Ubiquitous, BJT, general-purpose, low-power, complementary pairs. They have plastic cases and cost roughly ten cents U.S. in small quantities, making them popular with hobbyists.
* [[AF107]]: Germanium, 0.5 watt, 250&amp;nbsp;MHz PNP BJT.
* BFP183: Low power, 8&amp;nbsp;GHz microwave NPN BJT.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528164459/http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM194.pdf LM394]: &quot;supermatch pair&quot;, with two NPN BJTs on a single substrate.
* [http://www.st.com/stonline/books/pdf/docs/9288.pdf 2N2219A]/[http://www.st.com/stonline/books/pdf/docs/9037.pdf 2N2905A]: BJT, general purpose, medium power, complementary pair. With metal cases they are rated at about one watt.
* [http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/2N3055-D.PDF 2N3055]/[http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/2N3055-D.PDF MJ2955]: For yéars, the venerable NPN 2N3055 has been the &quot;standard&quot; power transistor. Its complement, the PNP MJ2955 arrived later. These 1&amp;nbsp;MHz, 15 A, 60 V, 115 W BJTs are used in audio power amplifiers, power supplies, and control.
* 2SC3281/2SA1302: Made by [[Toshiba]], these BJTs have low-distortion characteristics and are used in high-power audio amplifiers. They have been widely counterfeited [http://sound.westhost.com/counterfeit.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218091102/http://sound.westhost.com/counterfeit.htm |date=2008-12-18 }}.
* [http://www.st.com/stonline/books/pdf/docs/4491.pdf BU508]: NPN, 1500 V power BJT. Designed for [[television]] horizontal deflection, its high voltage capability also makes it suitable for use in ignition systems.
* [http://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/MJ11012-D.PDF MJ11012/MJ11015]: 30 A, 120 V, 200 W, high power Darlington complementary pair BJTs. Used in audio amplifiers, control, and power switching.
* [http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/2N%2F2N5457.pdf 2N5457]/[http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/2N%2F2N5460.pdf 2N5460]: [[JFET]] (depletion mode), general purpose, low power, complementary pair.
* BSP296/BSP171: [[IGFET]] (enhancement mode), medium power, néar complementary pair. Used for logic level conversion and driving power transistors in amplifiers.
* [http://www.irf.com/product-info/datasheets/data/irf3710.pdf IRF3710] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012014719/http://www.irf.com/product-info/datasheets/data/irf3710.pdf |date=2006-10-12 }}/[http://www.irf.com/product-info/datasheets/data/irf5210.pdf IRF5210] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218131500/http://www.irf.com/product-info/datasheets/data/irf5210.pdf |date=2008-12-18 }}: [[IGFET]] (enhancement mode), 40 A, 100 V, 200 W, néar complementary pair. For high-power amplifiers and power switches, especially in automobiles.

== Pabrik transistor ==
* [http://www.advancedpower.com/ APT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016024753/http://www.advancedpower.com/ |date=2006-10-16 }}
* [[Fairchild Semiconductor]]
* [[Infineon Technologies]]
* [http://www.irf.com/ IRF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108221347/http://www.irf.com/ |date=2015-01-08 }}
* [http://www.ixys.com/ IXYS Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724180930/http://www.ixys.com/ |date=2013-07-24 }}
* [http://www.onsemi.com/ ON Semiconductor]
* [http://www.panasonic.com/industrial/semi/ Panasonic Semiconductors]
* [[Powerex]]
* [http://www.rohm.com/products/index.html Rohm]
* [http://www.sanyo.com/semiconductors/transistors/ Sanyo Transistors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015193244/http://www.sanyo.com/semiconductors/transistors/ |date=2006-10-15 }}
* [http://www.semikron.com/ Semikron]
* [[STMicroelectronics]]
* [http://www.semicon.toshiba.co.jp/eng/index.html Toshiba Semiconductor]
* [http://www.zetex.com/ Zetex Semiconductors]

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Transistor avalans]]
* [[Band gap]]
* [[Bipolar junction transistor]]
* [[Compound transistor]]
* [[Transistor Darlington]]
* [[Field effect transistor]]
* [[FREDFET]]
* [[IGBT]]
* [[NPN]]
* [[PNP (polaritas transistor)|PNP]]
* [[Sémikonduktor]]
* [[Transkonduktansi]]
* [[Transrésistansi]]
* [[Transistor count]]
* [[Modél transistor]]
* [[Transistor tilu lawang]]
* [[Solobong vakum]]
* [[Hukum Moore]]
* [[Very-large-scale integration]]

== Référénsi ==
=== Patén ===
* {{US patent|2524035}} — J. Bardeen et. al.
* {{US patent|2569347}} — W. Shockley

=== Buku ===
* {{cite book
 | author = Amos S W &amp; James M R
 | title = Principles of Transistor Circuits
 | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann
 | year = 1999
 | id = ISBN 0-7506-4427-3
 }}
* {{cite book
 | author = [[Paul Horowitz|Horowitz, Paul]] &amp; Hill, Winfield
 | title = The Art of Electronics
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | year = 1989
 | id = ISBN 0-521-37095-7
 }}
* {{cite book
 | author = Riordan, Michael &amp; Hoddeson, Lillian
 | title = Crystal Fire
 | publisher = W.W Norton &amp; Company Limited
 | year = 1998
 | id = ISBN 0-393-31851-6
 }} The invention of the transistor &amp; the birth of the information age
* {{cite book
 | author = Warnes, Lionel
 | title = Analogue and Digital Electronics
 | url = https://archive.org/details/analoguedigitale0000warn
 | publisher = Macmillan Press Ltd
 | year = 1998
 | id = ISBN 0-333-65820-5
 }}
* {{cite book
 | author = Williams, Tim
 | title = EMC for Product Designers
 | edition = 3rd edition
 | publisher = Butterworth Heinemann
 | year = 2001
 | id = ISBN 0-7506-4930-5
 }}
=== Séjénna ===
* {{cite conference
 | author = Armand Van Dormael
 | title = The French Transistor
 | booktitle = Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Conference on the History of Electronics, Bletchley Park, June 2004
 | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060625065300/http://www.ieee.org/organizations/history_center/Che2004/VanDormael.pdf
 }}
* {{cite news
 | title = Herbert F. Mataré, An Inventor of the Transistor has his moment
 | date = [[24 February]] [[2003]]
 | publisher = The New York Times
 | url = http://www.mindfully.org/Technology/2003/Transistor-Matare-Inventor24feb03.htm
 }}
* {{cite journal
 | author = Michael Riordan
 | year = 2005
 | month = November
 | title = How Europe Missed the Transistor
 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_ieee-spectrum_2005-11_42_11/page/n57
 | journal = IEEE Spectrum
 | volume = 42
 | issue = 11
 | pages = 52–57
 | id = {{ISSN|0018-9235}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 | author = C. D. Renmore
 | year = 1980
 | title = Silicon Chips and You
 | url = https://archive.org/details/siliconchipsyoum00renm
 }}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Wikibook|Transistors}}
* [http://www.audiouk.com/info/transistor.htm ''AudioUK's Milestones]''. Photograph of first working transistor
* [http://www.pbs.org/transistor/ ''Transistorized]''. Historical and technical information from the [[Public Broadcasting Service]]
* [http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/exhibit/exhibit.php?id=159270&amp;lid=1 ''IEEE Virtual Museum, Let's Get Small: The Shrinking World of Microelectronics'']. All about the history of transistors and integrated circuits.
* [http://www.lucent.com/minds/transistor/ ''The Transistor Legacy Then and Now] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013151451/http://www.lucent.com/minds/transistor/ |date=2006-10-13 }}''. From [[Lucent Technologies]] ([[Bell Telephone Laboratories]]/[[AT&amp;T]])
* [http://www.aps.org/apsnews/1100/110004.cfm ''This Month in Physics History: [[November 17]] to [[December 23]] [[1947]]: Invention of the First Transistor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422095529/http://www.aps.org/apsnews/1100/110004.cfm |date=2006-04-22 }}''. From the [[American Physical Society]]
* [http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/1997/Dec/hour1_121297.html ''50 Years of the Transistor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714010051/http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/1997/Dec/hour1_121297.html |date=2007-07-14 }}''. From [[Science Friday]], [[December 12]] [[1997]]
* [http://www.ck722museum.com/ ''The CK722 Museum]''. Website devoted to the &quot;classic&quot; hobbyist germanium transistor
* [http://users.arczip.com/rmcgarra2/index.html ''Bob's Virtual Transistor Museum &amp; History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121085317/http://users.arczip.com/rmcgarra2/index.html |date=2008-01-21 }}''. Treasure trove of transistor history
* [http://people.msoe.edu/~reyer/regency/ ''1954 to 2004, the TR-1's Golden Anniversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616144326/http://people.msoe.edu/~reyer/regency/index5.html |date=2009-06-16 }}''. In depth coverage of the Regency radio.
* [http://www.bellsystemmemorial.com/belllabs_transistor.html The Bell Systems Memorial on Transistors].
* [http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/parts/cross.html ''Jerry Russell's Transistor Cross Reference Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216152926/http://www.ee.washington.edu/circuit_archive/parts/cross.html |date=2007-02-16 }}''.
* [http://home.wanadoo.nl/electro1/avr/outlines.htm Pictures of TO and SOT packages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915003200/http://home.wanadoo.nl/electro1/avr/outlines.htm |date=2006-09-15 }}
* [http://amasci.com/amateur/transis.html How transistors work]
* [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa004&amp;articleID=000D5D9F-A849-1330-A54583414B7F0000 Transistor Flow Control] - Scientific American Magazine (October 2005)

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      <text bytes="7084" sha1="dumj53nacdkfc9qk8ea5k0rspza1oi0" xml:space="preserve">'''[[Panarima (radio)|Panarima]] [[ATSC]]''', sering ogé disebut '''[[tuner digital|tuner]] ATSC ''' atawa tuner [[HDTV]], bisa narima [[siaran digital|siaran]] sinyal [[televisi digital]] (DTV) ngaliwatan udara ti [[saluran televisi|stasiun TV]] di [[Amérika Kalér]]. Tuner nu siga kieu bisa diterapkeun dina [[televisi]], [[VCR]], [[pangrékam video digital]], jeung [[set-top box]] nu nyayagakeun sababaraha tipe [[konéktor]] kaluaran audio/vidéo.

==Sawangan téhnis==

Istilah &quot;tuner&quot; nu disaruakeun jeung &quot;panarima&quot; sabenerna mah kurang merenah, da kawasna merenah kénéh lamun disebut panarima ATSC, sedengkeun tunerna sorangan, mangrupa bagéan tina panarima (tempo [[métonim]]). Pamancer ngabangkitkeun sinyal audio jeung vidéo (AV) nu diperlukeun keur televisi, sarta ngalakukeun sababaraha pagawéan: [[démodulasi]], [[Error detection and correction|koréksi kasalahan]], ''[[Multiplexing|demultiplexing]]'' ''[[transport stream]]'', [[Data compression|dekomprési]], [[Analog-to-digital converter|konvéri analog ka digital]], [[singkronisasi]] AV, sarta mormat deui media ''(media reformatting)'' sangkan cocog jeung asupan ''(input)'' nu optimal keur TV. Conto ''media reformatting'' kaasup: ''[[interlace]]'' ka ''[[progressive scan]]'' atawa sabalikna, résolusi gambar, konversi ''[[Aspect ratio (gambar)|aspect ratio]]'' (16:9 ka atawa ti 4:3), konversi ''[[frame rate]]'', katut ''[[scaling]]''. ''Zooming'' mangrupa hiji conto tina parobahan resolusi. Ilaharna dipaké keur ngarobah gambar nu resolusina handap jadi hiji pidangan nu resolusina luhur.

==Amanat Pamaréntah A.S==
[[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] geus ngaluarkeun amanat/parentah keur sakumna parabot nu asup ka AS 
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=[[2002-08-08]] |url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-225221A1.pdf?date=020808 |title=FCC INTRODUCES PHASE-IN PLAN FOR DTV TUNERS |format=PDF |work= |pages= |publisher=FCC |language= |accessdate=2006-06-05 |curly= }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=[[2005-11-08]] |url=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-05-190A1.pdf |title=Requirements for Digital Television Receiving Capability |format=PDF |work= |pages= |publisher=FCC |language= |accessdate=2006-06-05 |curly= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420122241/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-05-190A1.pdf |date=2006-04-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= [[2005-11-21]] |url=http://www.twice.com/article/CA6285719.html |title=FCC Moves Up DTV Tuner Date, Broadens Scope |format= |work= |pages= |publisher=TWICE |language= |accessdate=2006-08-30 |curly= }}&lt;/ref&gt;:

*[[1 Juli]], [[2005]] sakabéh TV nu ukuran layarna leuwih ti 36&quot; kudu nyadiakeun tuner DTV ATSC ''built-in''
*[[1 Maret]], [[2006]] sakabéh TV nu ukuran layarna leuwih ti 25&quot; kudu nyadiakeun tuner DTV ATSC ''built-in''
*[[1 Maret]], [[2007]] sakabéh TV teu kawates ku ukuran layarna, sarta sakabéh parabot antarbeungeut nu maké tuner (VCR, pamuter/pangrekam DVD, DVR) kudu maké tuner DTV ATSC ''built-in''
{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
===Mareuman siaran TV analog=== 
Dina awal [[2006]], [[Deficit Reduction Act of 2005]]&lt;ref&gt;Pub. L. No. 109-171, 120 Stat. 4 (Feb. 8, 2006).&lt;/ref&gt; became law, which calls for [[terrestrial television|over-the-air]] [[television station]]s to céase their analog broadcasts by [[2009-02-17]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=[[2005-11-04]] |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9924551/ |title=Senate approves 2009 for end of analog TV |format= |work= |pages= |publisher=MSNBC |language= |accessdate=2006-06-05 |curly= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510144424/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9924551/ |date=2006-05-10 }} Section 3002 of the Act amends 47 U.S.C. section 309(j)(14) to provide for the February 17, 2009 deadline.&lt;/ref&gt; (this cut-off date has been moved forward several times previously). Following that date, TVs and other equipment with legacy NTSC tuners would be unable to receive over-the-air broadcasts. This switch-off would cause tens of thousands of TVs to go dark and would cut off many lower-income viewers of their only source of television. A Congressional bill has authorized subsidizing [[set-top box|converter boxes]] that would allow péople to receive the new digital broadcasts on their old TVs. 
The current plan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=[[2006-07-20]] |url=http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/frnotices/2006/couponprogram_nprm_07202006.htm |title=DTV Coupon Program NPRM |format= |work= |pages= |publisher=[[National Telecommunications and Information Administration|NTIA]] |language= |accessdate=2006-09-13 |curly= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922180343/http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/frnotices/2006/couponprogram_nprm_07202006.htm |date=2006-09-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; is to maké two $40 coupons available from [[2008-01-01]] through [[2009-03-31]] for éach household that relies exclusively on over-the-air television reception.

==Rujukan==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Tempo oge==
*[[Digital terrestrial television]]
*[[Siaran digital]]
*[[QAM tuner]]
*[[High-definition television in the United States]]
*[[Virtual channel]]

==Tumbu  luar==
*{{cite web|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= | date= |url=http://www.avsforum.com/avs-vb/showthread.php?t=611957 |title= Over the air digital television reception FAQ |format= |work= |pages= |publisher=AVS forum | language= |accessdate=2006-06-05 |curly= }}
*{{cite web|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= | date= |url=http://www.avsforum.com/avs-vb/forumdisplay.php?f=25 |title= HDTV Reception Hardware |format= |work= |pages= |publisher=AVS forum | language= |accessdate=2006-06-05 |curly= }}
*{{cite web |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2006-05-17 |url=http://www.digitaltvdesignline.com/howto/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=3PWW0CSITGSP2QSNDBECKICCJUMEKJVN?articleID=187203456 |title=Understanding broadband silicon tuners for broadband cable and TV apps: A Tutorial |format= |work= |pages= |publisher=Digital TV Designline |language= |accessdate=2006-06-05 |curly= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928122240/http://www.digitaltvdesignline.com/howto/showArticle.jhtml%3Bjsessionid%3D3PWW0CSITGSP2QSNDBECKICCJUMEKJVN?articleID=187203456 |date=2007-09-28 }}
*{{cite web |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2006-12-17 |url=http://www.hdtvexpert.com/pages_b/h260f.html |title=5th generation ATSC Receiver review |format= |work= |pages= |publisher= |language= |accessdate=2006-12-17 |curly= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215160225/http://www.hdtvexpert.com/pages_b/h260f.html |date=2006-12-15 }} 
* [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2006-12/27/content_768603.htm Patent and royalty info] 2006-12-27

[[Kategori:ATSC]]
[[Kategori:Televisi digital]]
[[Kategori:High-definition television]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mayas</title>
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      <text bytes="14538" sha1="d6yl62lpng1404lw2yld9dj1uwgaapp" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Orang utan&lt;ref name=MSW3&gt;{{MSW3 Groves|pages=183-184}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| image = Pongo_pygmaeus_(orangutang).jpg
| image_width = 200px
| regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mamalia|Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Primata]]
| familia = [[Hominidae]]
| subfamilia = '''Ponginae'''
| subfamilia_authority = [[Daniel Giraud Elliot|Elliot]], 1912
| genus = '''''Pongo'''''
| genus_authority = [[Bernard Germain Étienne de la Ville, Comte de Lacépéde|Lacépéde]], 1799
| type_species = ''[[Orang utan Bornéo|Simia pygmaeus]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1760
| subdivision_ranks = [[Spésiés]]
| subdivision = 
''[[Orang utan Bornéo|Pongo pygmaeus]]''&lt;br /&gt;
''[[Orang utan Sumatra|Pongo abelii]]''&lt;br /&gt; ''[[Pongo tapanuliensis]]''
| range_map = Mapa distribuicao pongo.png
| range_map_width = 200px
| range_map_caption = Sebaran orang utan
}}
'''Mayas'''/'''mawas''' (Dayak), atawa '''Orang utan''' (''urang leuweung'') nujul ka tilu [[spésiés]] [[Hominidae|kera gedé]] ku kawentar ku kapinteranana, panjang leungeun jeung bulu coklat semu beureum. Ieu sato pituin ti [[Indonésia]] jeung [[Malaysia]], hirupna ngan di [[leuweung hujan]] di pulo [[Kalimantan]] jeung [[Sumatra]], najan aya ogé fosilna nu kapanggih di [[Jawa]], [[Viétnam]], jeung [[Cina]]. Tilu spésiés ieu mangrupa sésa ti genus ''Pongo'' jeung subfamili ''Ponginae'' (nu ogé ngawengku genera ''[[Gigantopithecus]]'' jeung ''[[Sivapithecus]]'' nu geus lastari). Sebutan 'orang utan' asalna tina [[basa Malayu]].&lt;ref name=“Gebang”&gt;{{Cite book | title =Melestarikan alam Indonesia| first =Jatna | last =Supriatna| publisher =Yayasan Obor Indonesia| location =Jakarta| year =2008| pages =24|ISBN=9789794616963|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=VX0crY5PkFYC&amp;pg=PA18&amp;dq=vegetasi+jawa+barat,+sunda&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiogsCTztbuAhWMT30KHV-ZCzoQ6AEwBnoECAYQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=vegetasi%20jawa%20barat%2C%20sunda&amp;f=false|accessdate=(disungsi – 7 Peb 2021)}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Orang utan mangrupa kera gedé nu paling [[arboréal]], sapanjang hirupna ampir salawasna cicing dina tatangkalan. Unggal peuting maranéhna nyieun sayang tina catang jeung dangdaunnan pikeun saré. Hirupna [[nyorangan]] leuwih ti kera lianna, jalu jeung bikangna ukur panggih dina mangsa kawin. Anak orang utan diasuh terus ku indungna nepi ka disapih umur 6-7 taun. Tina dedeganana, jalu jeung bikang [[dimorfismeu baga-purusa|bisa dibédakeun]]. Nu jalu jangkungna bisa nepi ka 1,8 m kalawan beurat 100&amp;nbsp;kg, sedengkeun nu bikang leuwih leutik: jangkungna 1,3 m, beuratna 45&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Sumatran Orangutan Society | url=http://www.orangutans-sos.org/faq.php | accessdate=2007-04-01 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114233340/http://www.orangutans-sos.org/faq.php |date=2006-11-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Jalu nu geus kolot bisa kaciri tina pipina nu mébér jeung buluna nu leuwih paranjang.

== Paripolah jeung basa ==
Teu béda ti kera gedé lianna, orang utan téh pinter. Nuturkeun [[simpanseu]] nu kungsi karékam maké pakakas ku [[Jane Goodall]] taun [[1960-an]], tengah taun [[1990-an]] kapanggih hiji populasi orang utan nu ilahar ngagunakeun pakakas pikeun dahar. Hiji makalah taun [[2003]] di jurnal ''Science'' medarkeun 'kabudayaan' orang utan&lt;ref name=Merrill2003&gt;{{cite web | first = Michelle last = Merrill | year = 2003 | url = http://www.duke.edu/%7Emym1/ouculturesPR.htm | title = Roads through rainforest threaten our cultured cousins}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dina ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' disebutkeun yén program ulikan basa orang utan munggaran dipingpin ku Dr. Francine Néago taun [[1988]]. Proyék basa orang utan di [[Smithsonian National Zoological Park|Smithsonian National Zoo]] di [[Washington, D.C.]] ngagunakeun sistem komputer nu asalna dimekarkeun di [[Universitas California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] ku Néago dibantu ku IBM&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ThinkTank/ResearchProjects/OLP/default.cfm |title=Orangutan Language Project |work=Think Tank Research Projects |publisher=[[Smithsonian National Zoological Park]] |accessdate=2006-12-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318005138/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ThinkTank/ResearchProjects/OLP/default.cfm |date=2009-03-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Najan umumna mah pasif, orang utan sok ogé ganggu ka nu lianna. Jalu nu can sawawa bakal nyoba jalangan jeung bikang mana waé, nu biasana bisa hasil mun jeung bikang nu sarua can sawawa. Bikang nu geus sawawa mah biasana ngusir jalu nu can sawawa, sabab leuwih suka jalangan jeung jalu nu geus sawawa. Orang utan liar kanyahoan sok ngadatangan patempatan nu dieusi manusa pikeun nyiar anak orang utan nunggelis nu dileupaskeun tina inguan, sigana mah pikeun ngaping sangkan bisa balik deui hirup di alam liar.

Orang utan sigana mah kagolongkeun sato nu sok ngilu mencarkeun sababaraha spésiés tutuwuhan, kaasup ''Strychnos ignatii'' nu ngandung [[alkaloid]] [[strihnina]] nu toksik&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Rijksen | first = H. D.| title = A Field Study on Sumatran Orang Utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii, Lesson 1827): Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation | journal = The Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | month = Désémber | year = 1978 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-5770(197812)53%3A4%3C493%3AAFSOSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Racunna teu mangaruhan orang utan, iwal ukur nambahan produksi [[ciduh]]na.

== Spésiés ==
* '''Genus ''Pongo'' '''&lt;ref name=MSW3/&gt;
** [[Orang utan Kalimantan]] (''Pongo pygmaeus'')
*** ''[[Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus]]'' - populasi kalér-ngulon
*** ''[[Pongo pygmaeus morio]]'' - populasi kalér-ngétan jeung wétan
*** ''[[Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii]]'' - populasi kidul-ngulon
** [[Orang utan Sumatra]] (''P. abelii'')
** ''[[Pongo tapanuliensis]]''

Orang utan téh tadina mah digolongkeun kana dua subspésiés Kalimantan jeung Sumatra, tapi ayeuna mah kanyahoan yén di Sumatra waé aya tilu subspésiés. Aya ogé nu boga pamanggih yén subspésiés ''wurmbii'' téh sarua jeung nu di Sumatra (''P. abelii''). Mun enya, spésiés nu dihasilkeun téh bakal disebut ''Pongo wurmbii'', luyu jeung ngaran heubeulna{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.

Fosil nu kapanggih di Viétnam asup kana spésiés ''[[Pongo hooijeri|P. hooijeri]]'', sedengkeun nu lianna nu kapanggih di sababaraha wewengkon di Asia kidul-ngétan mah masih diadurényomkeun, naha asup ka ''P. pygmaeus'', ''P. abeli'', atawa spésiés anu béda deui.

== Status konservasi ==
[[Gambar:Orangutan.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Orang utan Sumatra]] nu kaancam lastari, kera gedé éndemik Indonésia.]]
Numutkeun [[Daptar Beureum IUCN]] mamalia, spésiés orang utan di Kalimantan geus [[spésiés nu kaancam lastari|kaancam lastari]]&lt;ref name=IUCN1&gt;{{IUCN2006 | assessors = Eudey, A. &amp; Members of the Primate Specialist Group | year = 2000 | title = Pongo pygmaeus | id = 17975 | downloaded = [[2006-08-25]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;, komo deui nu di Sumatra geus kritis pisan&lt;ref name=IUCN&gt;{{IUCN2006 | assessors = Eudey, A. &amp; Members of the Primate Specialist Group | year = 2000 | id = 39780 | title = Pongo abelii | downloaded = [[2006-05-11]]}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered&lt;/ref&gt;, sarta kadaptar dina Appendix I [[CITES]]. Populasi Kalimantan di alam liar kiwari aya 50 rébuan, sedengkeun di Sumatra kira ukur 7000-7500. Orang utan dijadikeun sato nagara resmi di [[Sabah]], Malaysia.

[[Habitat]] orang utan loba diruksak ku kagiatan pertambangan, nuaran kai jeung kahuruan leuweung nu beuki ngagalaksak&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | author = Rijksen, H.D. and Meijaard, E. | year = 1999 | title = Our Vanishing Relative: The Status of Wild Orang-utans at the Close of the Twentieth Century | url = https://archive.org/details/ourvanishingrela0000rijk | Dordrecht | location = Boston | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt;, utamana mah alatan dirobahna [[leuweung tropis]] jadi kebon [[kalapa sawit]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/reports/oil_for_ape_summary.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;. Sababaraha élmuwan [[PBB]] manghariwangkeun yén kagiatan kebon sawit ieu bisa ngabalukarkeun lastarina orang utan taun [[2012]]&lt;ref&gt;http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2042243,00.html {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. &lt;!--Much of this activity is illegal, occurring in national parks that are officially off limits to loggers, miners and plantation development.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} There is also a major problem with the poaching of baby orangutans for sale into the pet trade; the trappers usually kill the mother to steal the baby.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}--&gt;

Puseur konservasi nu utama di Indonésia di antarana aya di [[Tanjung Puting]] di [[Kalimantan Tengah]], [[Kutai]] di [[Kalimantan Wétan]], [[Gunung Palung]] di [[Kalimantan Kulon]], jeung [[Bukit Lawang]] di [[Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser]] (wates antara [[Acéh]] jeung [[Sumatra Kalér]]. Di Malaysia, wilayah konservasina nyaéta [[Semenggok]] di [[Sarawak]] jeung [[Suaka Orang Utan Sepilok]] deukeut [[Sandakan]] di [[Sabah]].

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons|Pongo|Pongo}}
{{Wikispecies|Ponginae}}
{{Wikispecies|Pongo}}
&lt;div class=&quot;External links-small&quot;&gt;
'''Émbaran umum'''
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;
* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/orangutan Primate Info Net ''Pongo'' Factsheet]
* [http://www.grungyape.com/old/orangutan.html# Information from Grungy Ape on the difference between the two Orang-utan species] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105222502/http://www.grungyape.com/old/orangutan.html |date=2010-01-05 }}
* [http://www.orionsociety.org/pages/om/05-2om/Antonetta.html OrionSociety.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208155020/http://www.orionsociety.org/pages/om/05-2om/Antonetta.html |date=2007-02-08 }} - 'Does an orangutan find Freedom in the Gift of Words?  Do We?'
* [http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ThinkTank/ResearchProjects/OLP/default.cfm Orang utan language project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318005138/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ThinkTank/ResearchProjects/OLP/default.cfm |date=2009-03-18 }}
* [http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/groups/research/chimpanzee-cognition/CCL/ethogram/spec_laugh.jpg&amp;imgrefurl=http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/groups/research/chimpanzee-cognition/CCL/ethogram.htm&amp;h=382&amp;w=784&amp;sz=94&amp;hl=en&amp;start=6&amp;tbnid=SzTd6o7BvU2mUM:&amp;tbnh=70&amp;tbnw=143&amp;prev=/images%3Fq%3DChimpanzee%2Blaughter%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DHPIA,HPIA:2006-24,HPIA:en%26sa%3DN Facial Expression &amp; Vocalizations]
* [http://www.uturatpublishing.com/francine-neago-biography.htm Dr. Francine Neago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203222251/http://www.uturatpublishing.com/francine-neago-biography.htm |date=2016-02-03 }} Directed world's first orangutan language study.

'''Panyalindungan orang utan'''
* [http://www.orangutan.org/ Orangutan Foundation International] non-profit organization dedicated to &quot;''support the conservation and understanding of the orangutan and its rain forest habitat while caring for ex-captive individuals as they make their way back to the forest.''&quot;
* [http://www.orangutannetwork.net/ The Orangutan Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060402215228/http://orangutannetwork.net/ |date=2006-04-02 }} - Documents Orangutan cultural variation / traditions and also conservation efforts
* [http://www.orangutanrepublik.org/ Orang Utan Republik Education Initiative] non-profit organization whose mission is to secure the future of the orangutan through programs of education and outréach in Indonésia.
* [http://www.orangutanlanguage.com/ Preserving orangutans and their habitat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011236/http://www.orangutanlanguage.com/ |date=2007-09-28 }}. Orangutan Language.

'''Di Kalimantan'''
* [http://www.orangutan.or.id/ The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation]
* [http://www.orangutans.com.au/ The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS)] - Australia
* [http://savetheorangutan.co.uk Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation UK] Part of a worldwide group dedicated to saving and preserving Orangutans in Bornéo
* [http://www.panda.org/heart-of-borneo/ WWF Heart of Borneo conservation initiative] - The [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]'s information about the Héart of Bornéo - 220,000&amp;nbsp;km² of upland montane tropical rainforest, where endangered species such as the orang-utan, rhinoceros and pygmy elephant cling for survival
* [http://www.orangutantrop.com Orangutan Tropical Peatland Research Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505070454/http://www.orangutantrop.com/ |date=2007-05-05 }} non-profit organization dedicated to studying and conserving orangutans in the Sebangau National Park,. Kalimantan.&quot;

'''Di Sumatra'''
* [http://www.orangutans-sos.org/ Sumatran Orangutan Society] International non-profit organization dedicated to the protection of Sumatran orangutans
* [http://www.sumatranorangutan.org/ Sumatra Orangutan Conservation Program] A program under PanEco which reintroduces captured orangutans in the wilds among many other projects in Sumatra.

'''Poto jeung vidéo'''
* [http://ianandwendy.com/OtherTrips/ThailandMalaysia/Malaysia/Sandakan/slideshow2.htm Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Center Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816130629/http://www.ianandwendy.com/OtherTrips/ThailandMalaysia/Malaysia/Sandakan/slideshow2.htm |date=2007-08-16 }} - Photos from a rehabilitation center in Bornéo, Malaysia
* ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Pongo_pygmaeus/ images and movies of the Bornean orang-utan ''(Pongo pygmaeus)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910055610/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Pongo_pygmaeus/ |date=2007-09-10 }}
* ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Pongo_abelii/ images and movies of the Sumatran orang-utan ''(Pongo abelii)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414123544/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Pongo_abelii/ |date=2006-04-14 }}
* [http://www.mysabah.com/sepilok/ Orangutan Rehabilitation Center in Sepilok, Sandakan] - Photos and vidéos of the oldest Orangutan Rehabilitation Center in the world
&lt;/div&gt;

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Mamalia Asia]]
[[Kategori:Sasatoan Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Sasatoan Malaysia]]
[[Kategori:Hominidae]]</text>
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    <title>Ucing</title>
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{{Speciesbox
| name = Ucing
| status = {{StatusDomesticated}}
| image = Cat poster 1.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| image_caption = Rupa-rupa ragam ucing doméstik
| genus = Felis
| species = catus&lt;ref name=&quot;Linnaeus1758&quot;/&gt;
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| synonyms = &lt;small&gt;''Felis lybica'' invalid [[junior synonym]]&lt;/small&gt;
}}
'''Ucing''' ([[Basa Indonésia]]:''Kucing'') nyaéta [[mamalia]] [[karnivora]] leutik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Linnaeus1758&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=C. |title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |date=1758 |page=42 |chapter=Felis Catus |language=la |volume=1 |edition=Tenth reformed |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/mobot31753000798865/page/42}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MSW3fc&quot;&gt;{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000031 |pages=534–535 |heading=Species ''Felis catus''}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ucing ilaharna jadi sato ingu pikeun [[manusa]], boh minangka sato cocoeun atawa pikeun nyingsieunan [[beurit]]. Ieu sato geus dalit jeung manusa sahenteuna salila &lt;u&gt;+&lt;/u&gt; 9.500 taun&lt;ref name=&quot;9500 years&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Oldest Known Pet Cat? 9500-Year-Old Burial Found on Cyprus |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0408_040408_oldestpetcat.html |accessdate=2007-03-06 |date=2004-04-08 |publisher=National Geographic News}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612150738/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/oldest-known-pet-cat-9500-year-old-burial-found-on-cyprus |date=2022-06-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Minangka [[prédator]], ucing moroan leuwih ti saréwu [[spésiés]] sasatoan pikeun kadaharanana. Ucing mah calakan tur bisa dilatih pikeun nurutan  paréntah anu gampil.&lt;!-- Individual cats have also been known to learn to manipulate simple mechanisms (see [[cat intelligence]]). Cats use a variety of vocalizations and types of [[Cat body language|body language]] for [[cat communication|communication]], including mewing (&quot;meow&quot; or &quot;miaow&quot;), [[purr]]ing, [[hissing]], [[growling]], squeaking, [[chirp]]ing, [[click consonant|clicking]], and grunting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.channel3000.com/news/1472741/detail.html |title=Meows Mean More To Cat Lovers |publisher=Channel3000.com |accessdate=2006-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
--&gt;

== Anatomi jeung morpologi==
[[Gambar:Scheme_cat_anatomy-su.svg|thumb|350px|Gambaran anatomi ucing sacara umum]]
Gumantung kana spésiésna, awak ucing beuratna 2,5 – 7&amp;nbsp;kg. Tapi, sababaraha spésiés budidaya, misalna ''[[Maine Coon]]'', bisa nepi ka 11,3&amp;nbsp;kg. Mangkaning mun parabna keleuwihan mah beuratna bisa nepi ka 23&amp;nbsp;kg. Sabalikna, aya ogé ucing pangleutikna nu kungsi kalaporkeun beuratna kurang ti 1,8&amp;nbsp;kg&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.messybeast.com/dwarfcats.html |title=DWARF, MIDGET AND MINIATURE CATS |accessdate=2007-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Sakumaha mamalia lianna, ucing miboga tujuh [[cervical vertebrae]], tilu welas [[thoracic vertebrae]] (manusa boga salosin), tujuh [[lumbar vertebrae]] (manusa boga lima), tilu [[sacral vertebrae]] (manusa boga lima sabab bipedal), sarta 22/23 [[caudal vertebrae]] (manusa boga 3-5, ngahiji jadi [[coccyx]]).

==Ras Ucing==
Dumasarkeun kana kaayaan buluna ras ucing kabagi 5 bagian nyaéta &lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;&gt;Susanty, Yuliana. Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan. Agromedia Pustaka.Jakarta Selatan 2007&lt;/ref&gt; :
# Bulu pondok
# Bulu sedeng
# Bulu campuran (pondok jeung panjang)
# Bulu panjang
# Bulu campuran

'''Bulu pendék'''
* '''''Exotik''''' mangrupa variasi tina ras bulu pondok.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;
* '''''Chartreux, Russian Blue''' jeung''' Korat'''''. Tilu ras ieu miboga warna bulu anu sarua nyaéta biru atawa hauk. katilu ras ieu mangrupa ras asli, tapi béda asal daérahna, saperti Chartreux anu aslna ti Prancis, Russian Blue asalna ti Rusia, jeung Korat ti Thailand.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;
* '''''Manx''' jeung '''Japanese Bobtail'''''. Manx mangrupa ras anu teu boga buntut, sedengkeun Japanese bobtail miboga rupa buntut anu ahéng.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;
* '''''Egyptian Mau, Ocicat, California Spangled, Bengal'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;
* '''''Siamese''' jeung '''Burmese'''''.Kadua ras ieu téh asalna ti Thailand &lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;
*'''''British shorthair, Européan Shorthair,''' jeung '''American Shorthair'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;
* '''''Abyssinian''''''' dipercaya yén ras ieu ras pangkolotna mangrupa ras katurunan Mesir Kuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memilih dan Merawat Kucing Kesayangan&quot;/&gt;

==Ucing dina kabudayaan Sunda==
Dina kabudayaan Sunda, aya babasan jeung paribasa nu ngandung kecap ucing saperti ''ngabudi ucing'', ''kawas ucing gering'', ''kawas ucing jeung anjing'', ''heunceut ucingeun''.

Dina carita Sunda ogé aya carita ngeunaan ucing saperti &quot;[[candramawat]]&quot;, nyaéta ucingna [[Nini Anteh]] anu aya di [http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan_(satelit) bulan].

&lt;!--The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's enhanced spinal mobility and flexibility, compared to humans; the caudal vertebrae form the tail, used by the cat for counterbalance to the body during quick movements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Cat Skeleton| url=http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Cat_Skeleton_1/cat_skeleton_1.htm |accessdate=2006-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cats have highly specialized [[tooth|teeth]] and a [[gastrointestinal tract|digestive tract]] suitable to the digestion of meat. The [[premolar]] and [[Molar (tooth)|first molar]] together compose the [[carnassial]] pair on each side of the mouth, which efficiently functions to shear meat like a pair of [[scissors]]. While this is present in [[Canidae|canines]], it is highly developed in felines. The cat's [[tongue]] has sharp spines, or [[papillae]], useful for retaining and ripping flesh from a carcass. These papillae are small backward-facing hooks that contain [[keratin]] and assist in their grooming.

===Ears===
Thirty-two individual muscles in the ear allow for a manner of directional hearing:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=At Home : Care / Health : Understanding Cats | url=http://www.hgtv.com/hgtv/ah_pets_care_health/article/0,1801,HGTV_3152_1380540,00.html | accessmonthday=August 15 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the cat can move each ear independently of the other. Because of this mobility, a cat can move its body in one direction and point its ears in another direction. Most cats have straight ears pointing upward. Unlike [[dog]]s, flap-eared breeds are extremely rare. ([[Scottish Fold]]s are one such exceptional [[genetic mutation]].) When angry or frightened, a cat will lay its ears back, to accompany the growling or [[hiss]]ing sounds it makes. Cats will also turn their ears back when they are playing, or occasionally to show interest in a sound coming from behind them.

===Legs===
[[Image:CatJumping.PNG|thumb|150px|A cat jumping.]]
Cats, like dogs, are [[digitigrade]]s: they walk directly on their toes, the bones of their feet making up the lower part of the visible leg. Cats are capable of walking very precisely, because like all felines they directly register; that is, they place each hind paw (almost) directly in the print of the corresponding forepaw, minimizing noise and visible tracks. This also provides sure footing for their hind paws when they navigate rough terrain.

Unlike dogs and most mammals, cats walk by moving both legs on one side and then both legs on the other. Most mammals move legs on alternate sides in sequence. Cats share this unusual [[Gait analysis|gait]] with [[camel]]s, [[giraffe]]s, some horses ('pacers'), and a select few other mammals. There is no known connection between these animals which might explain this.

Like all members of [[family (biology)|family]] ''[[Felidae]]'' except the [[cheetah]], cats have retractable [[claw]]s. In their normal, relaxed position the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur around the [[paw|toe pads]]. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows the silent stalking of prey.  The claws on the forefeet are typically sharper than those on the hind feet. Cats can extend their claws voluntarily on one or more paws at will. They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, &quot;[[Kneading (cats)|kneading]]&quot;, or for extra traction on soft surfaces (bedspreads, thick rugs, etc.). It is also possible to make a cooperative cat extend its claws by carefully pressing both the top and bottom of the paw. The curved claws may become entangled in carpet or thick fabric, which may cause injury if the cat is unable to free itself.

Most cats have 5 claws at their front paws, and 4 or 5 at their rear paws. Because of an ancient [[mutation]], however, domestic cats are prone to [[Polydactyl cat|polydactyly]], and may have 6 or 7 toes. The fifth front claw (the [[dewclaw]]) is in a more [[Anatomical terms of location|proximal]] position than those of the other claws. More proximally, there is a protrusion which appears to be a sixth &quot;finger&quot;. This special feature of the front paws, on the inside of the wrists, is the [[carpal pad]], also found on the paws of [[big cat]]s and [[dog]]s. It has no function in normal walking, but is thought to be an anti-skidding device used while jumping.

===Senses===

{{main|Cat senses}}
Cat senses are attuned for hunting. Cats have highly advanced hearing, eyesight, taste, and touch receptors, making the cat extremely sensitive among mammals. Cats' [[night vision]] is superior to humans although their [[Visual perception|vision]] in daylight is inferior. Humans and cats have a similar range of [[hearing]] on the low end of the scale, but cats can hear much higher-pitched sounds, up to 64 [[Hertz|kHz]], which is 1.6 [[octave]]s above the range of a human, and even one octave above the range of a dog.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lsu.edu/deafness/HearingRange.html Strain, G.M., How Well Do Dogs and Other Animals Hear?]&lt;/ref&gt; A domestic cat's [[olfaction|sense of smell]] is about fourteen times as strong as a human's.&lt;ref name=&quot;senseofsmell&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://cats.about.com/cs/felineanatomy/a/catsnose_scent.htm | title=The Nose Knows | publisher=About.com | accessdate=2006-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; To aid with navigation and sensation, cats have dozens of movable [[vibrissae]] (whiskers) over their body, especially their face. Due to a mutation in an early cat ancestor, one of two genes necessary to taste [[sweetness]] has been lost by the cat family.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite journal
  | last = Li
  | first = Xia
  | coauthors = Weihua Li, Hong Wang, Jie Cao, Kenji Maehashi, Liquan Huang, Alexander A. Bachmanov, Danielle R. Reed, Véronique Legrand-Defretin, Gary K. Beauchamp, Joseph G. Brand
  | title = Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar
  | journal = PLOS Genetics
  | volume = 1
  | issue = 1
  | publisher = [[Public Library of Science]]
  | date = July 2005http://genetics.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0010003
  | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010003
  | accessdate = 2006-11-08 }}
&lt;/ref&gt;

==Physiology==
===Metabolism===
[[Image:Cat-sleeping tortoiseshell cat-20051019.jpg|frame|right|250px|A cat sleeping curled into a tight ball to conserve body heat]]
Cats conserve energy by sleeping more than most animals, especially as they grow older. Daily durations of sleep vary, usually 12–16 hours, with 13–14 being the average.  Some cats can sleep as much as 20 hours in a 24-hour period.  The term ''cat nap'' refers to the cat's ability to fall asleep (lightly) for a brief period and has entered the English lexicon – someone who nods off for a few minutes is said to be &quot;taking a cat nap&quot;.

Due to their [[crepuscular]] nature, cats are often known to enter a period of increased activity and playfulness during the evening and early morning, dubbed the &quot;evening crazies&quot;, &quot;night crazies&quot;, &quot;elevenses&quot; or &quot;mad half-hour&quot; by some.&lt;ref&gt;Animal Doctor (July 9 2002). &quot;Dear Dr. Fox&quot;. ''The Washington Post'', p. C10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;* Ring, Ken and Romhany, Paul (August 1 1999). ''Pawmistry: How to Read Your Cat's Paws''. Ten Speed Press (Berkeley, California), p. 10. ISBN 1-58008-111-8&lt;/ref&gt;

The temperament of a cat can vary depending on the breed and socialization. Cats with &quot;oriental&quot; body types tend to be thinner and more active, while cats that have a &quot;cobby&quot; body type tend to be heavier and less active.

The normal [[thermoregulation|body temperature]] of a cat is between 38 and 39 °[[Celsius|C]] (101 and 102.2 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Normal Values For Dog and Cat Temperature, Blood Tests, Urine and other information in ThePetCenter.com | url=http://www.thepetcenter.com/exa/nv.html|accessmonthday=August 8 |accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cat is considered [[febrile]] ([[hyperthermia|hyperthermic]]) if it has a temperature of 39.5 °C (103 °F) or greater, or [[hypothermic]] if less than 37.5 °C (100 °F). For comparison, humans have a normal temperature of approximately 36.8 °C (98.2 °F). A domestic cat's normal heart rate ranges from 140 to 220 beats per minute, and is largely dependent on how excited the cat is. For a cat at rest, the average heart rate should be between 150 and 180 bpm, about twice that of a human.

==Ecology and life history==
===Behavior===
{{main|Cat behavior}}
====Communication====
{{main|Cat communication}}

====Social behavior====

Many people characterize cats as 'solitary' animals. However, cats are actually highly social.  A primary difference in social behavior between cats and dogs (to which they are often compared) is that cats do not have a ''social survival strategy'', or a 'pack mentality'; however this only means that cats take care of their basic needs on their own (e.g., finding food, defending themselves, etc.).  It is not the same thing as being asocial.  Perhaps the best example of how domestic cats are 'naturally' meant to behave is to observe feral domestic cats, which often live in colonies, but in which each individual basically  looks after itself.

Living with humans is a symbiotic social adaptation which has developed over thousands of years.  The sort of social relationship cats have with their human keepers is hard to map onto more generalized wild cat behavior, but it is certain that the cat thinks of the human differently than it does other cats (i.e., it does not think of itself as human, nor that the human is a cat).  This can be seen in the difference in body and vocal language it uses with the human, when compared to how it communicates with other cats in the household, for example.  Some have suggested that, psychologically, the human keeper of a cat is a sort of surrogate for the cat's mother, and that adult domestic cats live forever in a kind of suspended kittenhood.&lt;ref&gt;Meowing is one example of kittenish behavior that persists into adulthood in domesticated cats.&lt;/ref&gt;

With proper training and reinforcement of social behavior, poorly socialized cats can become more social over time.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.petfinder.com/journalindex.cgi?path=/private/behaviortraining/cat/multiplecats/2.2.524.txt&amp;template=templateprint.html&lt;/ref&gt; Older cats have also been reported to sometimes develop aggressiveness towards kittens, which may include biting and scratching; this type of behavior is known as Feline Asocial Aggression.&lt;ref&gt;http://faculty.washington.edu/jcha/330_cats_introducing.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

====Fondness for heights====
[[Image:Cat in tree03.jpg|thumb|250px|A domestic cat standing on the branch of a tree]]
Most breeds of cat have a noted fondness for settling in high places, or perching.  Animal behaviorists have posited a number of explanations, the most common being that height gives the cat a better observation point, allowing it to survey its &quot;territory&quot; and become aware of activities of people and other pets in the area. In the wild, a higher place may serve as a concealed site from which to hunt; domestic cats are known to strike prey by pouncing from such a perch as a tree branch, as does a leopard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Why Do Cats Like High Places?|publisher=Dr. Holly Nash, DVM, MS|url=http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=1&amp;cat=1313&amp;articleid=1125|work=Drs. Foster &amp; Smith, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Height, therefore, can also give cats a sense of security and prestige.

This fondness for high spaces, however, can dangerously test the popular notion that a cat &quot;always lands on its feet.&quot;  The [[American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]] warns owners&lt;ref&gt;Many animal rights advocates hold the belief that a living creature should not be owned, and thus that using the word &quot;owner&quot; in conjunction with cats (or any pets) is misleading. The usage of the word &quot;owner&quot; in this article should not be construed as taking any position in this debate, but rather to acknowledge the current common usage of the term in the available literature.&lt;/ref&gt; to safeguard the more dangerous perches in their homes, to avoid &quot;high-rise syndrome,&quot; where an overconfident cat falls from an extreme height.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=0&amp;cat=2032&amp;articleid=3409|title=&quot;High-Rise Syndrome: Cats Injured Due to Falls&quot;|author=Veterinary &amp; Aquatic Services Department|publisher=Drs. Foster &amp; Smith, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During a fall, a cat can reflexively twist its body and right itself using its acute [[equilibrioception|sense of balance]] and flexibility.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Falling Cats | url=http://www.verrueckte-experimente.de/leseproben_e.html|accessmonthday=October 24 |accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This is known as the cat's &quot;[[cat righting reflex|righting reflex]].&quot; It always rights itself in the same way, provided it has the time to do so, during a fall. The height required for this to occur in most cats (safely) is around 3 feet (90cm). To achieve this, cats probably relax their ventral muscles, &quot;flattening&quot; their bodies to some extent and creating more resistance to air. Cats without a [[tail (anatomy)|tail]] also have this ability, since a cat mostly moves its hindlegs and relies on conservation of [[angular momentum]] to set up for landing, and the tail is in fact little used for this feat.&lt;ref&gt;[http://helix.gatech.edu/Classes/ME3760/1998Q3/Projects/Nguyen/How does a cat always land on its feet?]&lt;/ref&gt;

====Play====
Domestic cats, especially young kittens, are known for their love of string play. Many cats cannot resist a dangling piece of string, or a piece of rope drawn randomly and enticingly across the floor. This well known love of string is often depicted in cartoons and photographs, which show kittens or cats playing with balls of yarn. It is probably related to hunting instincts, including the common practice of kittens hunting their mother's and each other's tails. If string is ingested, however, it can become caught in the cat’s stomach or intestines, causing illness, or in extreme cases, death. Due to possible complications caused by ingesting a string, string play is sometimes replaced with a [[laser pointer]]'s dot, which some cats will chase. Some also discourage the use of laser pointers for pet play, however, because of the potential damage to sensitive eyes and/or the possible loss of satisfaction associated with the successful capture of an actual prey object, play or real.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

===Ecology===
====Feeding ecology====
Cats are highly specialized for hunting, compared to other mammals such as dogs.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} This is now thought to be the indirect result of cats' inability to taste sugars, thereby reducing their intake of plant foods. Since they have a greatly reduced need to digest plants, their digestive tract has evolved to be shorter, too short for effective digestion of plants but less of a weight penalty for the rapid movement required for hunting. Hunting has likewise become central to their behavior patterns, even to their predilection for short bursts of intense exercise punctuating long periods of rest.

Much like the [[big cat]]s, domestic cats are very effective predators. They ambush and immobilize vertebrate [[Predation|prey]] using tactics similar to those of [[leopard]]s and [[tiger]]s by pouncing; then they deliver a lethal neck bite with their long [[canine tooth|canine teeth]] that severs the victim's [[spinal cord]], causes fatal bleeding by puncturing the [[carotid artery]] or the [[jugular vein]], or asphyxiates it by crushing its trachea. The domestic cat can hunt and eat about one thousand [[species]], many of them [[invertebrate]]s, especially insects — many [[big cat]]s will eat fewer than a hundred different species. Although, theoretically, big cats can kill most of these species as well, they often do not due to the relatively low nutritional content that smaller animals provide for the effort. An exception is the [[leopard]], which commonly hunts rabbits and many other smaller animals.

Even well-fed domestic cats hunt and kill birds, mice, rats, scorpions, cockroaches, grasshoppers, and other small animals in the vicinity. They often present such trophies to their owner. The motivation is not entirely clear, but friendly bonding behaviors are often associated with such an action. It is probable that cats in this situation expect to be praised for their symbolic contribution to the group. Some theories suggest that cats see their owners gone for long times of the day and assume they are out hunting, as they always have plenty of food available. It is thought that a cat presenting its owner with a dead animal thinks it's 'helping out' by bringing home the kill.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}  [[Ethology|Ethologist]] [[Paul Leyhausen]], in an extensive study of social and predatory behavior in domestic cats (documented in his book ''Cat Behavior''), proposed a mechanism which explains this presenting behavior.  In simple terms, cats adopt humans into their social group, and share excess kill with others in the group according to the local pecking order, in which humans place at or near the top.  Another possibility is that presenting the kill might be a relic of a kitten feline behavior of demonstrating for its mother's approval that it has developed the necessary skill for hunting.

Due to their hunting behavior, in many countries feral cats are considered pests. Domestic cats are occasionally also required to have contained cat runs or to be kept inside entirely, as they can be hazardous to locally endangered bird species. For instance, various municipalities in Australia have enacted such legislation. In some localities, owners fit their cat with a bell in order to warn prey of its approach. On the other hand, the cat may figure out how and when the bell works and learn to move more carefully to avoid ringing it.

Domesticated cats eat fairly little vegetable matter. It is quite common, however, for cats to occasionally supplement their carnivorous diets with small amounts of grass or other plant matter to help their digestive tract. Whereas [[bear]]s and dogs commonly supplement their diet of meat with fruits, berries, roots, and honey when they can get them, cats prefer to mostly feed on meat. All felines, including the big cats, have a genetic anomaly that prevents them from tasting sweetness,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=PLoS Genetics: Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar | url=http://genetics.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0010003 | accessmonthday=August 8 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; which very likely is related to their meat-dominated eating habits, and almost certainly related to their aversion to fruits and berries. However, many domesticated cats are known to like vegetables.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Vegan Society: Cats | url=http://www.vegansociety.com/html/animals/care/cats/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; The majority of brand-name [[cat food]]s are primarily meat based, but often contain large amounts of corn or rice, supplemented with meat byproducts and minerals and vitamins. Cats are also known to munch on grass, leaves, shrubs and houseplants to facilitate regurgitation of whatever may be upsetting their digestion; or perhaps to introduce fibre or trace minerals to the diet.

Cats are obligate [[carnivores]], and cannot live on an unsupplemented [[vegetarianism|vegetarian]] diet because they cannot synthesize several required nutrients which are absent or rare in plant food. This applies mainly to [[taurine]], [[vitamin A]] (cats cannot convert the pro-vitamin A that is abundant in plants to vitamin A proper) and to certain [[fatty acids]]. The absence of taurine causes the cat's retina to slowly degenerate, causing eye problems and (eventually) irreversible blindness, a condition called [[macular degeneration]]. Cow's milk is a poor source of taurine and adult cats are generally [[lactose intolerant]]. Lactose-free milk is perfectly safe, but still not a substitute for meat.

Some houseplants are harmful to cats. The leaves of the [[Lilium longiflorum|Easter Lily]] can cause permanent and life-threatening kidney damage to cats. [[Philodendron]] are also poisonous to cats. ''[[Cat Fancy]]'' has a full list of [http://www.cfainc.org/articles/plants.html plants harmful to cats].

Some cats have a fondness for [[catnip]]. While they generally do not consume it, they will often roll in it, paw at it, and occasionally chew on it (as catnip is sensed by the cat's [[vomeronasal organ]]). The effect is usually relatively short, lasting for only a few minutes. After two hours or less, susceptible cats gain interest again. Several other species of plants cause this effect, to a lesser degree.

Cats can be fussy eaters, possibly due to the mutation which caused their ancestor to lose the ability to taste sugars. Unlike most mammals, cats can voluntarily starve themselves indefinitely despite being presented with palatable food, even a food which they had previously readily consumed. This can happen when the [[vomeronasal organ|vomeronasal or Jacobson's organ]] becomes accustomed to a specific food, or if the cats are spoiled by their owners, in which case the cat will reject any food that does not fit the pattern it is expecting. It is also known for cats to merely become bored with their given food and decide to stop eating until they are tempted into eating again. Although it is extremely rare for a cat to deliberately starve itself to the point of injury, the sudden loss of weight can cause a fatal condition called [[hepatic lipidosis]], a liver dysfunction which causes pathological loss of appetite and reinforces the starvation, which can lead to death within as little as 48 hours.

Additionally, cats have been known to develop a fondness for prepared human foods, normally preparations which are rich in proteins or fats.  However, a diet consisting only of human food (even if high quality meat) is unlikely to contain the balanced nutrition required by the cat.  Cats normally are good self-regulators of diet; however, unlimited access to food, or excessive human-food 'treats', will often lead to the cat becoming obese, particularly if it is older or more sedentary. This may lead to several health complications, such as diabetes, especially in neutered males. Such health conditions can be prevented through diet and exercise (playing), especially for cats living exclusively indoors.

Cats can also develop [[Pica (disorder)|pica]]. Pica is a condition in which animals chew or eat unusual things such as fabric, plastic or wool. In cats, this is mostly harmless as they do not digest most of it, but can be fatal or require surgical removal if a large amount of foreign material is ingested (for example, an entire sock). It tends to occur more often in Siamese, Burmese, and breeds with these in their ancestry.

====Toxic sensitivity====
The liver of a cat is less effective at [[detoxification]] than those of other animals, including humans and dogs; therefore exposure to many common substances considered safe for households may be dangerous to them.&lt;ref name=&quot;judy&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;/&gt;  In general, the cat's environment should be examined for the presence of such toxins and the problem corrected or alleviated as much as possible; in addition, where sudden or prolonged serious illness without obvious cause is observed, the possibility of toxicity must be considered, and the veterinarian informed of any such substances to which the cat may have had access.

For instance, the common painkiller [[paracetamol]] or [[acetominophen]], sold under brand names such as [[Tylenol]] and [[Panadol]], is extremely toxic to cats; because they naturally lack enzymes needed to digest it, even minute portions of doses safe for humans can be fatal&lt;ref name=&quot;CanVetJ2003-Allen&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Allen AL | title=The diagnosis of acetaminophen toxicosis in a cat | journal=Can Vet J | year=2003 | pages=509-10 | volume=44 | issue=6 | id=PMID 12839249|url= http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=12839249 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;/&gt; and any suspected ingestion warrants immediate veterinary attention.&lt;ref name=&quot;VetHumToxicol1998-Villar&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Villar D, Buck WB, Gonzalez JM | title=Ibuprofen, aspirin and acetaminophen toxicosis and treatment in dogs and cats | journal=Vet Hum Toxicol | year=1998 | pages=156-62 | volume=40 | issue=3 | id=PMID 9610496}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even [[aspirin]], which is sometimes used to treat [[arthritis]] in cats, is much more toxic to them than to humans and must be administered cautiously.&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;/&gt; 
Similarly, 
application of [[minoxidil]] ([[Rogaine]]) to the skin of cats, either accidental or by well-meaning owners attempting to counter loss of fur, has sometimes proved fatal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | 
author=Camille DeClementi| 
coauthors=Keith L. Bailey, Spencer C. Goldstein, and Michael Scott Orser| 
title=Suspected toxicosis after topical administration of minoxidil in 2 cats| 
journal=Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care| 
year=2004 | 
month=December|
pages=287-292| 
volume=14 | 
issue=4 | 
id={{doi|10.1111/j.1476-4431.2004.04014.x}} |
url= http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2004.04014.x?journalCode=vec
|accessdate= 2007-01-18
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
| url = http://www.showcatsonline.com/x/minoxidil.htm
| title = Minoxidil Warning 
| accessdate = 2007-01-18
| publisher = ShowCatsOnline.com
| quote = Very small amounts of Minoxidil can result [in] serious problems or death
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to such obvious dangers as [[insecticide]]s and [[weed killer]]s, other common household substances that should be used with caution in areas where cats may be exposed to them include [[mothball]]s and other [[naphthalene]] products,&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;/&gt; as well as  
[[phenol]] based products often used for cleaning and disinfecting near cats' feeding areas or litter boxes, such as [[Pine-Sol]], [[Dettol]] (Lysol), [[hexachlorophene]], ''etc.''&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;&gt; 
{{cite web
| url = http://www.vetinfo4cats.com/ctoxin.html 
| title = Toxic to Cats
| accessdate = 2007-01-18
| publisher = Vetinfo4Cats 
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; 
which, although they are widely used without problem, have been sometimes seen to be fatal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Rousseaux CG, Smith RA, Nicholson S| title=Acute Pinesol toxicity in a domestic cat.| journal=Vet Hum Toxicol| year=1986| pages=316-7| volume=28 | issue=4 | id=PMID 3750813|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=3750813&amp;dopt=Abstract}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Antifreeze]] is particularly appealing to cats, and as little as a teaspoonful can be fatal.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cfainc.org/articles/antifreeze.html&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Many human foods are somewhat toxic to cats; [[theobromine]] in [[chocolate]] can cause [[theobromine poisoning]], for instance, although few cats will eat chocolate. Toxicity in cats ingesting relatively large amounts of [[onion]]s or [[garlic]] has also been reported.&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;/&gt; Even such seemingly safe items as [[cat food]] packaged in [[pull tab]] [[tin can]]s  have been statistically linked to [[hyperthyroidism]]; although the connection is far from proved, suspicion has fallen on the use of [[bisphenol A]],  another phenol based product as discussed above, to seal such cans.&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;/&gt;

As is well known, many [[houseplant]]s are at least somewhat toxic to many species, cats included&lt;ref name=&quot;judy&quot;&gt;
{{cite web
| url = http://www.judyshealthcafe.com/articles/substances.html 
| title = Substances That Are Poison to Pets
| accessdate = 2007-01-18
| publisher = Judy's Health Cafe.com
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; and the consumption of such plants by cats is to be avoided.

===Habitat===
The [[wild cat]], ancestor of the domestic cat, is believed to have evolved in a desert climate, as evident in the behavior common to both the domestic and wild forms. Wild cats are native to all continents other than Australia and Antarctica, although feral cats have become [[apex predator]]s in the Australian Outback where they are menaces to wildlife.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Their feces are usually dry, and cats prefer to bury them in sandy places. Urine is highly concentrated, which allows the cat to retain as much fluid as possible. They are able to remain motionless for long periods, especially when observing prey and preparing to pounce. In North Africa there are still small wildcats that are probably related closely to the ancestors of today's domesticated breeds.

Cats enjoy heat and solar exposure, often sleeping in a sunny area during the heat of the day. Cats prefer warmer temperatures than humans do. People start to feel uncomfortable when their skin's temperature gets higher than about 44.5 °C (112 °F), but cats don't start to show signs of discomfort until their skin reaches about 52 °C (126 °F).

Being closely related to desert animals, cats can easily withstand the heat and cold of a [[temperate]] climate, but not for extended periods. Although certain breeds such as the [[Norwegian Forest Cat]] and [[Maine Coon]] have developed heavier coats of fur than other cats, they have little resistance against moist cold (eg, fog, rain and snow) and struggle to maintain their 39 °C (102 °F) body temperature when wet.

Most cats dislike immersion in water; one major exception is the [[Turkish Van]] breed which has an unusual fondness for water.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.swimmingcats.com/faqs.html&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abyssinian (cat)|Abyssinian]]s are also reported to be more tolerant of water than most cats.

===Life history===
====Reproduction====
[[Image:White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg|thumb|Four kittens being [[breastfeeding|nursed]]]]
Cats are seasonally [[polyestrous]], which means they may have many periods of heat over the course of a year. A heat period lasts about 4 to 7 days if the female is bred; if she is not, the heat period lasts longer.

Multiple males will be attracted to a female in heat.  The males will fight over her, and the victor wins the right to mate.  At first, the female will reject the male.  But eventually, the female will allow the male to mate.  The female will give a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her.  After mating, the female will give herself a thorough wash.  If a male attempts to breed with her at this point, the female will attack him.  Once the female is done grooming, the cycle will repeat.

The male cat's [[penis]] has spines which point backwards. Upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's [[vagina]], which may cause ovulation. Because this does not always occur, females are rarely impregnated by the first male with which they mate. Furthermore, cats are [[superfecundation|superfecund]]; that is, a female may mate with more than one male when she is in heat, meaning different [[kitten]]s in a litter may have different fathers.

The [[gestation]] period for cats is approximately 63-65 days. The size of a [[Litter (animal)|litter]] averages three to five kittens, with the first litter usually smaller than subsequent litters. Kittens are weaned at between six and seven weeks, and cats normally reach sexual maturity at 4-10 months (females) and to 5-7 months (males).

[[Image:Youngkitten.JPG|thumb|220px|right|A kitten which has opened his [[eye]]s for the first time.]]

Cats are ready to go to new homes at about 12 weeks old (the recommended minimum age by Fédération Internationale Féline), or when they are ready to leave their mother. Cats can be surgically [[spay|sterilized]] (spayed or neutered) as early as 6-8 weeks to limit unwanted reproduction. This surgery also prevents undesirable sex-related behavior, such as [[Territorial marking|territory marking]] (spraying urine) in males and yowling (calling) in females. If an animal is neutered after such behavior has been learned, however, it may persist.

[[Image:WhiteCat.jpg|left|thumb|220px|Blue-eyed cats with white fur have a higher incidence of [[genetics|genetic]] [[deafness]].]]

====Genetics====
The domestic cat and its closest wild ancestor both possess 38 [[chromosome]]s, in which over 200 heritable genetic defects have been identified, many homologous to human inborn errors. Specific metabolic defects have been identified underlying many of these feline diseases.
There are several [[gene]]s responsible for the hair color identified. The combination of them gives different [[phenotype]]s.

Features like hair length, lack of tail or presence of a very short tail (bobtail cat) are also determined by single alleles and modified by polygenes.

The '''Cat Genome Project''', sponsored by the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity at the U.S. [[National Cancer Institute]] Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center in [[Frederick, Maryland]], focuses on the development of the cat as an animal model for human hereditary disease, infectious disease, genome evolution, comparative research initiatives within the family Felidae, and forensic potential.

It is a common misconception that all white cats with blue eyes are [[deaf]], leading to some people rejecting blue eyed white cats as pets. This is not true, as there are many blue eyed cats with perfect hearing. However, white cats with blue eyes do have slightly higher incidences of [[genetic]] [[deafness]] than white cats of other eye colours.

==Etymology and taxonomic history==
===Scientific classification===
The domestic cat was named ''Felis catus'' by [[Carolus Linnaeus]] in his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' of 1758. [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber]] named the [[Wildcat]] ''Felis silvestris'' in 1775. The domestic cat was considered a subspecies of the Wildcat: by the strict rule of priority of the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]] the name for the species thus ought to be ''F. catus'' since Linnaeus published first, and so  almost all biologists use ''F. silvestris'' for the wild species, using ''F. catus'' only for the domesticated form.

In opinion 2027 (published in Volume 60, Part 1 of the ''Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature'', March 31 2003&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last = ICZN|title = OPINION 2027: Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved|journal = Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature|volume = 60|issue = 1|publisher = [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]]|date = March 31 2003|accessdate = July 13 2006|url = http://www.iczn.org/BZNMar2003opinions.htm#opinion2027}}&lt;/ref&gt;) the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature &quot;conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are predated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms&quot;, thus confirming ''F. silvestris'' for the Wildcat and ''F. silvestris catus'' for its domesticated cousin. ''F. catus'' is still valid if the domestic form is considered a separate species. Recent DNA and comparative bone research shows that the separate species name ''F. catus'' is correct after all.&lt;ref name=msw3/&gt; The results show little relation to the ''F. sylvestris'' group with ''F. catus'' being derived from ''F. lybica'' 7000 years ago when the very first small felines were domesticated in Asia Minor.

[[Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben]] named the domestic cat ''Felis domesticus'' in his ''Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre and Systema regni animalis'' of 1777. This name, and its variants ''Felis catus domesticus'' and ''Felis silvestris domesticus'', are often seen, but they are not valid scientific names under the rules of the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]].

===Nomenclature===
A group of cats is referred to as a '''clowder''', a male cat is called a '''tom''' (or a '''gib''', if neutered), and a female is called a '''queen'''. The male progenitor of a cat, especially a pedigreed cat, is its '''sire''', and its female progenitor is its '''dam'''.  An immature cat is called a '''[[kitten]]''' (which is also an alternative name for young [[rat]]s, [[rabbit]]s, [[hedgehog]]s, [[beaver]]s, [[squirrel]]s and [[skunk]]s). In [[Britain in the Middle Ages|medieval Britain]], the word ''kitten'' was interchangeable with the word ''catling''. A cat whose [[genealogy|ancestry]] is formally registered is called a  [[pedigree (cat)|pedigreed cat]], [[purebred cat]], or a [[show cat]] (although not all show cats are pedigreed or purebred). In strict terms, a purebred cat is one whose ancestry contains only individuals of the same breed. A pedigreed cat is one whose ancestry is recorded, but may have ancestors of different breeds (almost exclusively new breeds; cat registries are very strict about which breeds can be mated together). Cats of unrecorded mixed ancestry are referred to as [[domestic longhair cat|domestic longhairs]] and [[domestic shorthair cat|domestic shorthairs]] or commonly as random-bred, moggies, [[mongrel]]s, mutt-cats or alley cats.  The ratio of pedigree/purebred cats to random-bred cats varies from country to country. However, generally speaking, purebreds are less than ten percent of the total feline population.&lt;ref&gt;''ASPCA Complete Guide to Cats'' by James R. Richards,, DVM&lt;/ref&gt;

The word ''cat'' derives from [[Old English]] ''catt'', which belongs to a group of related words in European languages, including Welsh ''cath'', Spanish ''gato'', Basque ''katu'', Byzantine Greek κάττα, Old Irish ''cat'', German ''Katze'', and Old Church Slavonic ''kotka''. The ultimate source of all these terms is unknown.&lt;ref&gt;''Oxford English Dictionary'' s.v. ''cat''&lt;/ref&gt;  However, it may be linked to the ancient [[Nobiin language|Nubian]] ''kadis'' and the [[Berber languages|Berber]] ''kadiska''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cat Etymonline.com:cat]&lt;/ref&gt;

The term ''puss'' (as in [[pussycat]] or [[Puss in boots]]) may come from [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (from ''&quot;poes&quot;'', a female cat, or the diminutive ''&quot;poesje&quot;'', an endearing term for any cat) or from other Germanic languages.

==Importance to humans==
Because of their small size, domestic cats pose almost no danger to humans — the main hazard is the possibility of infection (e.g., [[cat scratch disease]], or, rarely, [[rabies]]) from a cat bite or scratch. Cats can also potentially inflict severe scratches or puncture an eye, though this is quite rare. Dogs have been known to be blinded by cats in fights in which the cat specifically targeted the eyes of the larger animal with some accuracy.

Cats can be destructive to [[ecosystem]]s in which they are not native and whose species have not had time to adapt to their [[introduced species|introduction]]. In some cases, cats have contributed to or caused [[extinction]]s -— for example, see the case of the [[Stephens Island Wren]].

===Cats as pets===
In captivity, indoor cats typically live 14 to 20 years, though the oldest-known cat lived to age 36.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Feline Statistics | url=http://www.pawsonline.info/feline_statistics.htm | accessmonthday=August 15 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Domestic cats tend to live longer if they are not permitted to go outdoors (reducing the risk of injury from fights or accidents and exposure to diseases) and if they are [[spaying and neutering|spayed or neutered]]. Some such benefits are: neutered male cats cannot develop [[testicular cancer]], spayed female cats cannot develop [[ovarian cancer]], and both have a reduced risk of [[mammary tumor|mammary cancer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Spay and Neuter Your Pet Cats | url=http://cats.about.com/od/reproduction/a/spay_neuter.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Hygiene====
[[Image:Beibeigroom.JPG|A tabby cat grooming itself|170px|thumb|right]]
Cats are known for their fastidious cleanliness. They [[Personal grooming|groom]] themselves by licking their [[fur]], employing their hooked papillae and saliva. Their [[saliva]] is a powerful cleaning agent, but it can provoke [[Allergy|allergic]] reactions in humans.  Some people who are [[Cat allergy|allergic to cats]]—typically manifested by [[hay fever]], [[asthma]] or a skin [[rash]] —quickly acclimate themselves to a particular animal and live comfortably in the same house with it, while retaining an allergy to cats in general.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.animaltrustees.org/ATA_Web/pdfs/dealingwithcatallergies.pdf | title=Dealing with cat allergies | work=animaltrustees.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Many cats also enjoy grooming humans or other cats.  Sometimes the act of grooming another cat is initiated as an assertion of superior position in the pecking order of a group (dominance grooming). Some cats occasionally regurgitate [[hair balls]] of fur that have collected in their stomachs as a result of their grooming. Longhair cats are more prone to this than shorthairs. Hairballs can be prevented with certain cat foods and remedies that ease elimination of the hair and regular grooming of the coat with a comb or stiff brush. Cats expend nearly as much fluid grooming as they do urinating.

Indoor cats are usually provided with a [[litter box]] containing [[cat litter|litter]], typically [[bentonite]], but sometimes other absorbent material such as shredded paper or wood chips, or sometimes [[sand]] or similar material. This arrangement serves the same purpose as a toilet for humans. It should be cleaned daily and changed often, depending on the number of cats in a household and the type of litter; if it is not kept clean, a cat may be fastidious enough to find other locations in the house for urination or defecation. This may also happen for other reasons; for instance, if a cat becomes [[constipation|constipated]] and defecation is uncomfortable, it may associate the discomfort with the litter box and avoid it in favor of another location. A litterbox is recommended for indoor-outdoor cats as well. 
Daily attention to the litter box also serves as a monitor of the cat's health. Numerous variations on litter and litter box design exist, including some which automatically sift the litter after each use. Bentonite or clumping litter is a variation which absorbs urine into clumps which can be sifted out along with feces, and thus stays cleaner longer with regular sifting, but has sometimes been reported to cause health problems in some cats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Suspected bentonite toxicosis in a cat from ingestion of clay cat litter | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=8888544&amp;dopt=Abstract|accessmonthday=September 10 |accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Image:Toilet_Trained_Cat_22_Aug_2005.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Toilet-trained cat]]
Litterboxes may pose a risk of [[toxoplasmosis]] transmission to susceptible pregnant women and immuno-compromised individuals, although this risk is greatly decreased in indoor-only cats which would not normally be exposed to the disease. Transmission risk may be reduced by daily litterbox cleaning by someone other than the susceptible individual.

Some cats can be toilet trained, eliminating the litterbox and its attendant expense and smell. Training involves two or three weeks of incremental moves, such as moving and elevating the litterbox until it is near the toilet. For a short time, an adapter, such as a bowl or small box, may be used to suspend the litter above the toilet bowl; numerous kits and other aids are marketed to help toilet-train cats.  When training is complete, the cat uses the toilet by perching over the bowl.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Cat toilet-training | url=http://www.karawynn.net/mishacat/toilet.html | accessmonthday=August 8 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Occasional accidental dunkings, which can traumatize the cat to the point of its avoidance of the toilet, can lead to urinating and defecating in undesirable locations around the house. This can be avoided by use of a simple insert of one or two crossbars or a widely spaced grid to prevent falling in but allow feces to pass; such safety devices have recently become commercially available. Otherwise, if a cat is not trained to use the toilet, it is wise to keep the lid shut to prevent thirsty or curious cats from falling in.

====Scratching====
[[Image:Sok 04.jpg|thumb|Cat scratching wooden post.]] Cats are naturally driven to periodically hook their front claws into suitable surfaces and pull backwards, in order to clean the claws and remove the worn outer sheath as well as exercise and stretch their muscles. This scratching behavior seems enjoyable to the cat, and even [[#Declawing|declawed]] cats will go through elaborate scratching routines with every evidence of great satisfaction, despite the total lack of results. Indoor cats benefit from being provided with a [[scratching post]] so that they are less likely to use carpet or furniture which they can easily ruin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Scratching or clawing in the house | url=http://www.fabcats.org/scratching.html|accessmonthday=August 14 |accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Commercial scratching posts typically are covered in carpeting or upholstery, but some authorities advise against this practice, as not making it clear to the cat which surfaces are permissible and which are not; they suggest using a plain wooden surface, or reversing the carpeting on the posts so that the rougher texture of the carpet backing is a more attractive alternative to the cat than the floor covering. Some indoor cats, however, especially those that were taken as kittens from feral colonies, may not understand the concept of a scratching post, and as a result will ignore it.

[[Image:Cat claw closeup.jpg|left|thumb|Close-up of a cat's claw, with the quick clearly visible]]
Although scratching can serve cats to keep their claws from growing excessively long, their nails can be trimmed if necessary, with a small nail trimmer designed for humans, a small pair of electrician's [[diagonal pliers|diagonal cutting pliers]], or a guillotine type cutter specifically designed for animal nail trimming. Care must always be taken to avoid cutting the [[Wiktionary:quick#Noun|quick]] of the claw, analogous to cutting into the tip of a finger and equally painful and bloody. The position of the quick can be easily seen through the translucent nail of a cat with light colored claws but not in cats with dark colored nails, who therefore require carefully trimming of only small amounts from the nails.

=====Declawing=====
{{main|Onychectomy}}
Declawing is a major surgery known as ''onychectomy'', performed under [[anesthesia]], which removes the tip of each digit (from the first knuckle out) of the cat's forepaws (and rarely the hind paws). The primary reason for declawing cats is to prevent them from damaging furniture; in the United States, some [[landlord]]s may require that tenants' cats be declawed.  Rarely, vicious cats, cats that frequently fight with other pets, or cats that are too efficient at predation of songbirds etc. are declawed. The procedure is illegal in [[Onychectomy#Legal status|many countries worldwide]].

An alternative to declawing is the application of blunt, vinyl nail caps that are affixed to the claws with nontoxic glue, requiring periodic replacement when the cat sheds its claw sheaths (about every four to six weeks). However, the cat will still experience difficulties because the capped nails are not as effective as claws.

===Domestication===
In 2004, a grave was excavated in [[Cyprus]] that contained the skeletons, laid close to one another, of both a human and a cat.  The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old, pushing back the earliest known feline-human association significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;9500 years&quot;/&gt;
Like some other domesticated animals, cats live in a [[mutualism|mutualistic]] arrangement with humans. It is believed that the benefit of removing rats and mice from humans' food stores outweighed the trouble of extending the protection of a human settlement to a formerly wild animal, almost certainly for humans who had adopted a farming economy. Unlike the dog, which also hunts and kills rodents, the cat does not eat grains, fruits, or vegetables.  A cat that is good at hunting rodents is referred to as a mouser.

The [[simile]] &quot;like herding cats&quot; refers to the seeming intractability of the ordinary house cat to training in anything, unlike dogs. Despite cohabitation in colonies, cats are lone hunters.  It is no coincidence that cats are also &quot;clean&quot; animals; the chemistry of their saliva, expended during their frequent grooming, appears to be a natural deodorant. If so, the function of this cleanliness is to decrease the chance a prey animal will notice the cat's presence in time. In contrast, dog's odour is an advantage in hunting, for a dog is a pack hunter; part of the pack stations itself upwind, and its odour drives prey towards the rest of the pack stationed downwind.  This requires a cooperative effort, which in turn requires communications skills.  No such communications skills are required of a lone hunter.  It is likely this is part of the reason interacting with such an animal is problematic; cats in particular are labeled as opaque or inscrutable, if not obtuse, as well as aloof and self-sufficient.  However, cats can be very affectionate towards their human companions, especially if they [[Imprinting (psychology)|imprint]] on them at a very young age and are treated with consistent affection.

Human attitudes toward cats vary widely.  Some people keep cats for companionship as [[pet]]s. Others go to great lengths to pamper their cats, sometimes treating them as if they were children.  When a cat bonds with its human guardian, the cat may, at times, display behaviors similar to that of a human.  Such behavior may include a trip to the litter box before bedtime or snuggling up close to its companion in bed or on the sofa.  Other such behavior includes mimicking sounds of the owner or using certain sounds the cat picks up from the human; sounds representing specific needs of the cat, which the owner would recognize, such as a specific tone of [[meow]] along with eye contact that may represent &quot;I'm hungry.&quot;  The cat may also be capable of learning to communicate with the human using non-spoken language or [[Cat body language|body language]] such as rubbing for affection (confirmation), facial expressions and making eye contact with the owner if something needs to be addressed (e.g., finding a bug crawling on the floor for the owner to get rid of). Some owners like to train their cat to perform &quot;tricks&quot; commonly exhibited by dogs such as jumping, though this is rare.

Allergies to cat [[dander]] are one of the most common reasons people cite for disliking cats.  However, in some instances, humans find the rewards of cat companionship outweigh the discomfort and problems associated with these allergies. Many choose to cope with cat allergies by taking prescription allergy medicine and bathing their cats frequently, since weekly bathing will eliminate about 90% of the cat dander present in the environment. Recent studies have indicated that humans who are exposed to cats or dogs within the first year of their lives develop few animal allergies, while most adults who are allergic to animals did not have a cat or a dog as a pet in childhood.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

In urban areas, some people find feral and free-roaming pet cats annoying and intrusive. Unaltered animals can engage in persistent nighttime calling (termed caterwauling) and defecation or &quot;marking&quot; of private property. Indoor confinement of pets and TNR (trap, neuter, return) programs for feral cats can help; some people also use [[cat deterrent]]s to discourage cats from entering their property.

In rural areas, farms often have dozens of semi-feral cats. Hunting in the barns and the fields, they kill and eat rodents that would otherwise spoil large parts of the grain crop. Many pet cats successfully hunt and kill [[rabbits]], [[rodents]], [[bird]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[frog]]s, [[fish]], and large [[insect]]s by [[instinct]], but might not eat their prey. They may even present their kills, dead or maimed, to their humans, perhaps expecting them to praise or reward them, or possibly even to complete the kill and eat the mouse. Others speculate that the behavior is a part of the odd relationship between human and cat, in which the cat is sometimes a 'kitten' (playing, being picked up and carried) and sometimes an adult (teaching these very large and peculiar kittens how to hunt by demonstrating what the point of it all is).

[[Image:GAto.jpg|thumb|Cat arching its back and hissing]]
The domestic cat is social enough to form [[feral cat colony|colonies]], but does not hunt in groups as [[lion]]s do. Some breeds like [[bengal (cat)|bengal]], [[ocicat]] and [[Manx (cat)|manx]] are known to be very social. While each cat holds a distinct territory (sexually active males having the largest territories, and neutered cats having the smallest), there are &quot;neutral&quot; areas where cats watch and greet one another without territorial conflicts. Outside these neutral areas, territory holders usually aggressively chase away stranger cats, at first by staring, hissing, and growling, and if that does not work, by short but noisy and violent attacks. [[Catfight (animal behavior)|Fighting cats]] make themselves appear more impressive and threatening by raising their fur and arching their backs, thus increasing their visual size. Cats also behave this way while playing. Attacks usually comprise powerful slaps to the face and body with the forepaws as well as bites, but serious damage is rare; usually the loser runs away with little more than a few scratches to the face, and perhaps the ears. Normally, serious negative effects will be limited to possible infections of the scratches and bites; though these have been known to sometimes kill cats if untreated. In addition, such fighting is believed to be the primary route of transmission of [[feline immunodeficiency virus]] (FIV). Sexually active males will usually be in many fights during their lives, and often have decidedly battered faces with obvious scars and cuts to the ears and nose. Not only males will fight; females will also fight over territory or to defend their kittens, and even neutered cats will defend their (smaller) territories aggressively.

Domestic cats have been known to protect their territories (dwellings) even to the extent of attacking [[burglary|human intruders]]{{Fact|date=March 2007}}, although less often and less reliably than dogs.

===Domesticated varieties===
The [[list of cat breeds]] is quite large: most cat registries recognize between 30 and 40 breeds of cats, and several more are in development, with one or more new breeds being recognized each year on average, having distinct features and heritage. The owners and breeders of show cats compete to see whose animal bears the closest resemblance to the &quot;ideal&quot; definition of the breed (see [[selective breeding]]). Because of common crossbreeding in populated areas, many cats are simply identified as belonging to the homogeneous breeds of [[domestic longhair cat|domestic longhair]] and [[domestic shorthair cat|domestic shorthair]], depending on their type of fur.  In the United Kingdom and Australia, non-purebred cats are referred in slang as [[moggy|moggies]] (derived from &quot;Maggie&quot;, short for Margaret, reputed to have been a common name for cows and calves in 18th-century England and latter applied to housecats during the Victorian era).&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-mog1.htm &quot;Moggie&quot; definition question and answer] ''Worldwidewords.org''. URL Accessed June 14, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States, a non-purebred cat is sometimes referred to in slang as a barn or alley cat, even if it is not a [[feral cat|stray]].
Cats come in a variety of colors and patterns. These are physical properties and should not be confused with a breed of cat.
Some original cat breeds that have a distinct phenotype that is the main type occurring naturally as the dominant domestic cat type in their region of origin are sometimes considered as subspecies and also have received names as such in nomenclature, although this is not supported by feline biologists.&lt;ref name=msw3/&gt; Some of These cat breeds are:
*''F. catus anura'' - the Manx
*''F. catus siamensis'' - the Siamese
*''F. catus cartusenensis'' - the Chartreux
*''F. catus angorensis'' - the Turkish Angora

====Coat patterns====
[[Image:Greece-Cat.jpg|thumb|175px|Cat with a [[bicolor cat|van]] pattern.]][[Cat coat genetics]] can produce a variety of coat patterns. Some of the most common are:
; [[Bicolor cat|Bicolor, Tuxedo and Van]] :This pattern varies between the [[Bicolor cat#Tuxedo cats|tuxedo cat]] which is mostly black with a white chest, and possibly markings on the face and paws/legs, all the way to the ''Van'' pattern (so named after the [[Lake Van]] area in Turkey, which gave rise to the Turkish Van breed), where the only colored parts of the cat are the tail (usually including the base of the tail proper), and the top of the head  (often including the ears). There are several other terms for amounts of white between these two extremes, such as ''harlequin'' or ''[[jellicle]] cat''. Bicolor cats can have as their primary (non-white) color black, red, any dilution thereof and tortoiseshell (see below for definition).

[[Image:pinsk.jpg|thumb|175px|Mackerel tabby kitten, showing the characteristic &quot;M&quot; on its forehead.]]
; [[Tabby cat]] :Striped, with a variety of patterns. The classic &quot;blotched&quot; tabby (or &quot;marbled&quot;) pattern is the most common and consists of butterflies and bullseyes. The &quot;mackerel&quot; or &quot;striped&quot; tabby is a series of vertical stripes down the cat's side (resembling the fish). This pattern broken into spots is referred to as a &quot;spotted&quot; tabby.  Finally, the tabby markings may look like a series of ticks on the fur, thus the &quot;ticked&quot; tabby, which is almost exclusively associated with the Abyssinian breed of cats. The worldwide evolution of the cat means that certain types of tabby are associated with certain countries; for instance, blotched tabbies are quite rare outside NW Europe, where they are the most common type.

; [[Tortoiseshell cat|Tortoiseshell and Calico]]
: This cat is also known as a Calimanco cat or Clouded Tiger cat, and by the nickname &quot;tortie&quot;. In the cat fancy, a tortoiseshell cat is randomly patched over with red (or its dilute form, cream) and black (or its dilute blue) mottled throughout the coat. Additionally, the cat may have white spots in its fur, which make it a &quot;tortoiseshell and white&quot; cat or, if there is a significant amount of white in the fur and the red and black colors form a patchwork rather than a mottled aspect, the cat will be called a &quot;calico&quot;. All calicos are tortoiseshell (as they carry both black and red), but not all tortoiseshells are calicos (which requires a significant amount of white in the fur and patching rather than mottling of the colors). The calico is also sometimes called a &quot;tricolor cat&quot;.  The Japanese refer to this pattern as ''mi-ke'' (meaning &quot;triple fur&quot;), while the Dutch call these cats ''lapjeskat'' (meaning &quot;patches cat&quot;). A true tricolor must consist of three colors: a reddish color, dark or light; white; and one other color, typically a brown, black or blue, as described by American breeder Barbara French, writing for the Cat Fanciers community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Torties, Calicos and Tricolor Cats | url=http://www.fanciers.com/cat-faqs/tricolors.shtml| accessmonthday=October 24 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Both tortoiseshell and calico cats are typically female because the [[coat]] pattern is the result of differential [[X chromosome]] [[Lyonization|inactivation]] in [[female]]s (which, as with all normal female [[mammals]], have two X [[chromosomes]]).  Those male tortoiseshells that are created are usually sterile; conversely, cats where the overall color is ginger (orange) are commonly male (roughly in a 3:1 ratio).  In a litter sired by a ginger tom, the females will be tortoiseshell or ginger. See &quot;[http://www.messybeast.com/tricolours.htm Tortoiseshell and Tricolour Cats]&quot; for an extensive genetic explanation for tricolor cats, and detailing the possible combinations of coloring.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=White Cats, Eye Colours and Deafness | url=http://www.messybeast.com/whitecat.htm | accessmonthday=August 8 | accessyear=2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

;[[Point (coat color)|Colorpoint]]
: The colorpoint pattern is most commonly associated with [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese]] cats, but may also appear in any domestic cat. A colorpoint cat has dark colors on the face, ears, feet, and tail, with a lighter version of the same color on the rest of the body, and possibly some white. The exact name of the colorpoint pattern depends on the actual color, so there are seal points (dark brown), chocolate points (warm lighter brown), blue points (dark gray), lilac points (silvery gray-pink), flame points (orange), and tortie (tortoiseshell mottling) points, among others. This pattern is the result of a [[Mutation#Special classes|temperature sensitive mutation]] in one of the [[enzyme]]s in the [[metabolic pathway]] from [[tryptophan]] to pigment, such as [[melanin]]; thus, little or no pigment is produced except in the extremities or &quot;points&quot;, where the skin is slightly cooler. For this reason, colorpoint cats tend to darken with age as bodily temperature drops; also, the fur over a significant injury may sometimes darken or lighten as a result of temperature change.

:The tryptophan pathway also produces [[neurotransmitter]]s, thus mutations in the early parts of that pathway may affect not only pigment, but also neurological development. This results in a higher frequency of [[strabismus|cross-eyes]] among colorpoint cats, as well as the [[Melanin#Melanin deficiency in genetic disorders and disease states|high frequency of deafness in white cats]] and the [[White tiger#Inbreeding depression|high frequency of cross-eyes in white tigers]]. (This is not related to [[albinism]]).

====Body types====
Cats can also come in several body types, ranging between two extremes:

; [[Oriental cat|Oriental]] :Not a specific breed, but any cat with an elongated slender build, almond-shaped eyes, long nose, large ears (the [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese]] and oriental shorthair breeds are examples of this).
; Cobby :Any cat with a short, muscular, compact build, roundish eyes, short nose, and small ears. [[Persian cat|Persians]] and [[Exotic (cat)|Exotics]] are two prime examples of such a body type.

===Feral cats===
{{main|Feral cat}}
[[Image:Feral cat gl3.gif|thumb|right|Feral cats are thought to be a major predator of [[Hawaii]]an coastal and forest habitats, and are one species among many responsible for the decline of endemic forest bird species as well as seabirds like the [[Wedge-tailed Shearwater]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.birdinghawaii.co.uk/XShearwaterkills2.htm&lt;/ref&gt; In one study of 56 cats' [[feces]], the remains of 44 birds were found, 40 of which were [[Endemic birds of Hawaii|endemic species]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.earlham.edu/~biol/hawaii/mammals.htm&lt;/ref&gt;]]

[[Feral cat]]s may live alone, but most are found in large groups called [[feral cat colony|feral colonies]] with communal nurseries, depending on resource availability. Some lost or abandoned pet cats succeed in joining these colonies, although Animal welfare organizations note that few are able to survive long enough to become feral, most being killed by vehicles, or succumbing to [[starvation]], [[predator]]s, exposure, or [[disease]]. Most abandoned cats probably have little alternative to joining a feral colony. The average lifespan of such feral cats is much shorter than a domestic housecat, which can live sixteen years or more. Urban areas in the developed world are not friendly, nor adapted environments for cats; most domestic cats are descended from cats in desert climates and were distributed throughout the world by humans. Nevertheless, some feral cat colonies are found in large cities such as around the [[Colosseum]] and [[Forum Romanum]] in Rome.

Although cats are adaptable, feral felines are unable to thrive in extreme cold and heat, and with a very high protein requirement, few find adequate nutrition on their own in cities. They have little protection or understanding of the dangers from dogs, [[coyote]]s, and even automobiles. However, there are thousands of volunteers and organizations that trap these unadoptable feral felines, [[spaying and neutering|spay or neuter]] them, [[immunization|immunize]] the cats against rabies and [[feline leukemia]], and treat them with long-lasting [[flea]] products. Before release back into their feral colonies, the attending veterinarian often nips the tip off one ear to mark the feral as spayed/neutered and inoculated, since these cats will more than likely find themselves trapped again. Volunteers continue to feed and give care to these cats throughout their lives, and not only is their lifespan greatly increased, but behavior and nuisance problems, due to competition for food, are also greatly reduced. In time, if an entire colony is successfully spayed and neutered, no additional kittens are born and the feral colony disappears. Many hope to see an end to urban feral cat colonies through these efforts.

====Environmental interaction====
There are two divergent views about cats’ relationship with the [[natural environment]]. The first says, The environmental impact of feral cat programs and of indoor/outdoor cats is a subject of debate. Part of this stems from humane concern for the cats themselves and part arises from concerns about cat predation on endangered species. Nearly all studies agree that abandoned animals lead hard lives. Owners who can no longer keep their cats should do best to give them to friends, rescue organizations, or shelters. The amount of ecological damage done by indoor/outdoor cats depends on local conditions. The most severe effect occurs to island ecologies. Serious concerns also exist{{Fact|date=March 2007}} in places such as Florida where housecats are not native, where several small-sized endangered species live near human populations, and where the climate allows cats to breed throughout the year. Environmental concerns may be minimal in most of the UK where cats are an established species and few to none of the local prey species are endangered. Pet owners can contact veterinarians, ecological organizations, and universities for opinions about whether local conditions are suitable for outdoor cats. Additional concerns include potential dangers from larger predators and infectious diseases. Coyotes kill large numbers of housecats in the Southwestern United States, even in urban zones. FELV (feline leukemia), FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus), or rabies may be present in the area. If faced with conflicting evidence, the safe choice is to keep a cat indoors. Experts recommend a gradual transition to indoor life for cats who are accustomed to going outside.

Those opposing this view stress this allegation has never been proved. They say that damaging effects do not follow necessarily from the fact that cats are predators. They point out that cats have played a useful role in vermin control for centuries, and that for many animals, especially in urban areas, cats are the only animal available to fill the vital role of predator. Without cats these species would overpopulate.

Cats themselves present a risk of overpopulation as well. According to the Humane Society of the United States, 3-4 million cats and dogs are [[Animal euthanasia|euthanized]] each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are significantly more animals being born than there are homes. 
Spaying or neutering pets helps keep the overpopulation down.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.spayusa.org/main_directory/02-facts_and_education/stats_surveys/javma_articles/02dogs-cats-sterilized.asp&lt;/ref&gt; Local humane societies, SPCA's and other animal protection organizations urge people to spay or neuter their pets and to adopt animals from shelters instead of purchasing them.
--&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{commonscat|Felis silvestris catus}}
{{wikispecies|Felis silvestris catus|Cat}}
===Isu kawarasan===
*[http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/ Cornell Feline Health Center]
*[http://www.aafponline.org/ American Association of Feline Practitioners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514091242/http://aafponline.org/ |date=2008-05-14 }}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A4113992 Ailurophilia Gone Bad]
*{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/06/science/06cats.html?ex=1294203600&amp;en=4b75c4da1cdc2167&amp;ei=5090|title=DNA Offers New Insight Concerning Cat Evolution|date=[[January 6]], [[2006]]|publisher=The New York Times}}
*[http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&amp;species=felis-catus High-Resolution Images of the Cat Brain]
*[http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=0&amp;cat=1763&amp;articleid=1108 Onions are Toxic to Cats]
*[http://www.petcat.us/questions.shtml Information about the third eyelid of cats, and the problem of Kertao, or &quot;dry eye&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111094834/http://www.petcat.us/questions.shtml |date=2007-01-11 }}
*[http://www.aafponline.org/resources/guidelines/Feline_Behavior_Guidelines.pdf Feline Behavior Guidelines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307045627/http://www.aafponline.org/resources/guidelines/Feline_Behavior_Guidelines.pdf |date=2008-03-07 }} Publikasi [[AAFP]] nu medar jihat peternakan
*[http://www.kedimveben.com Monthly Turkish Free Magazine For Teaching Cat Care, kedimveben.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006064207/http://kedimveben.com/ |date=2019-10-06 }}
*[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/cats/ National Geographic: Cats]

=== Unak-anik ===
*[http://home.ncifcrf.gov/ccr/lgd/comparative_genome/catgenome/index_n.asp Cat Genome Project] di [http://www.cancer.gov/ The National Cancer Institute] AS
*[http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=animals_oddities&amp;id=4023842 New Potential Smallest Cat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224073628/http://abclocal.go.com/wpvi/story?section=animals_oddities&amp;id=4023842 |date=2007-02-24 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120822184948/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/pets/cats.shtml BBC.CO.UK Description of the Cat]
*[http://www.boutiquekittens.com/index.php?id=236 The Origins and Domestication of the Cat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922002933/http://www.boutiquekittens.com/index.php?id=236 |date=2007-09-22 }}
*''Cationary: Meaningful Portraits of Cats'' by Sharon Montrose, ISBN 0-670-03059-7

[[Kategori:Felis]]
[[Kategori:Sato nyusuan]]</text>
      <sha1>3bjh2giop2427mz4up9s3fbg8bc5lw3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country showdata</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>20363</id>
    <revision>
      <id>712969</id>
      <parentid>699748</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T14:08:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ngalereskeun error</comment>
      <origin>712969</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28189" sha1="iefronwc1y7hqlqiewpvx8czbpxqix3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;__NOEDITSECTION__
{{dokumentasi|content=&lt;code&gt;Citakan:{{PAGENAME}}&lt;/code&gt; nyaéta hiji wadah data internal anu teu dimaksudkeun pikeun ditransklusikeun sacara langsung. Citakan ieu digunakeun sacara teu langsung ku citakan-citakan sapertos &lt;code&gt;[[Citakan:flag|flag]]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;[[Citakan:flagicon|flagicon]]&lt;/code&gt;, jeung lain-lain.

{{ombox|text=Templat ini berada dalam lingkup '''[[Wikipedia:ProyekWiki bendera dan lambang negara di dunia|ProyekWiki Templat Bendera]]'''. Diskusi lebih lanjut dapat dilakukan di sana.}}

{{ombox|text=Templat-templat country data [[Daftar negara berdaulat|negara berdaulat]] dilindungi secara penuh untuk mencegah vandalisme; hanya pengurus yang dapat melakukan penyuntingan. Untuk melakukan pengubahan, tambahkan {{tl|editprotect}} di bagian baru [[Obrolan citakan:{{PAGENAME}}]], atau kunjungi [[Wikipedia:Permintaan perhatian pengurus#Penyuntingan halaman yang dilindungi]].}}

[[Gambar:{{{flag alias|Flag of None.svg}}}|thumb|{{#ifexist: Bendera {{{alias}}} | Lihat pula: [[Bendera {{{alias}}}]] | }}]]

=== Parameter standar ===
&lt;table class=&quot;wikitable&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Nama parameter&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Nilai&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Makna&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;alias&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;{{#if: {{{alias|}}} | &lt;code&gt;{{{alias}}}&lt;/code&gt; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''tidak ditentukan!'''&lt;/span&gt; }}
&lt;td&gt;Nama artikel utama ([[{{{alias}}}]])&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
{{#if: {{{shortname alias|}}} |
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;shortname alias&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{shortname alias}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;''(opsional)'' nama pendek, singkatan, nama lain (misalnya Republik Irlandia-&gt;Irlandia)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;flag alias&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias|}}} | &lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias}}}&lt;/code&gt; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''tidak ditentukan!'''&lt;/span&gt; }}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Nama berkas ([[:Gambar:{{{flag alias}}}]], tampak kanan atas)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
{{#if: {{{var1|{{{flag alias-naval|}}}}}} |
=== Varian bendera ===
{{#ifexist: {{{alt attribute}}} | {{details|{{{alt attribute}}}}} | {{#ifexist: Bendera {{{alias}}} | {{details|Bendera {{{alias}}}}} | }} }}
&lt;table class=&quot;wikitable&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Label&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Berkas bendera (40px)&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Nama berkas&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
{{#if: {{{var1|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var1}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var1}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var1}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var1}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var2|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var2}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var2}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var2}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var2}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var3|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var3}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var3}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var3}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var3}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var4|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var4}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var4}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var4}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var4}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var5|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var5}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var5}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var5}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var5}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var6|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var6}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var6}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var6}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var6}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var7|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var7}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var7}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var7}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var7}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var8|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var8}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var8}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var8}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var8}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var9|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var9}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var9}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var9}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var9}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var10|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var10}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var10}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var10}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var10}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var11|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var11}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var11}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var11}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var11}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var12|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var12}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var12}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var12}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var12}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var13|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var13}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var13}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var13}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var13}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var14|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var14}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var14}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var14}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var14}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var15|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var15}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var15}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var15}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var15}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var16|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var16}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var16}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var16}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var16}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var17|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var17}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var17}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var17}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var17}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var18|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var18}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var18}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var18}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var18}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var19|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var19}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var19}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var19}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var19}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var20|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var20}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var20}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var20}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var20}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var21|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var21}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var21}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var21}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var21}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var22|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var22}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var22}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var22}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var22}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var23|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var23}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var23}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var23}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var23}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var24|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var24}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var24}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var24}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var24}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var25|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var25}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var25}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var25}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var25}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var26|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var26}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var26}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var26}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var26}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var27|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var27}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var27}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var27}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var27}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var28|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var28}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var28}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var28}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var28}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var29|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var29}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var29}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var29}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var29}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var30|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var30}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var30}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var30}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var30}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var31|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var31}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var31}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var31}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var31}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var32|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var32}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var32}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var32}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var32}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var33|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var33}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var33}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var33}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var33}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var34|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var34}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var34}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var34}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var34}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var35|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var35}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var35}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var35}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var35}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var36|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var36}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var36}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var36}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var36}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var37|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var37}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var37}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var37}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var37}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var38|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var38}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var38}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var38}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var38}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var39|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var39}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var39}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var39}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var39}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var40|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var40}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var40}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var40}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var40}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-naval|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;naval&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-naval}}}|40px|{{{border-naval|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-naval}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-marines|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;marines&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-marines}}}|40px|{{{border-marines|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-marines}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-military|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;military&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-military}}}|40px|{{{border-military|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-military}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-coast guard|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;coast guard&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-coast guard}}}|40px|{{{border-coast guard|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-coast guard}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-navy|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;navy&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-navy}}}|40px|{{{border-navy|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-navy}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-air force|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;air force&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-air force}}}|40px|{{{border-air force|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-air force}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-space force|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;space force&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-space force}}}|40px|{{{border-space force|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-space force}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-army|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;army&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-army}}}|40px|{{{border-army|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-army}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
}}
{{#if: {{{flag alias-naval|}}}{{{link alias-naval|}}}{{{flag alias-air force|}}}{{{flag alias-army|}}} |
=== Lambang militer ===
{{#if: {{{flag alias-naval|}}} |
Templat ini juga mencakup varian bendera angkatan laut yang dapat digunakan melalui {{tl|Angkatan laut}}:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{angkatan laut|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{angkatan laut|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagicon|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|naval}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagicon|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}|naval}}
}}
{{#if: {{{flag alias-air force|}}} |
Templat ini juga mencakup varian bendera angkatan udara yang dapat digunakan melalui {{tl|Angkatan udara}}:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{angkatan udara|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{angkatan udara|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagicon|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|air force}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagicon|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}|air force}}
}}
{{#if: {{{flag alias-army|}}} |
Templat ini juga mencakup varian bendera angkatan darat yang dapat digunakan melalui {{tl|Angkatan darat}}:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{angkatan darat|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{angkatan darat|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagicon|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|army}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagicon|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}|army}}
}} }}
{{#if: {{{redir1|}}} |
=== Alias pengalihan ===
Templat ini juga dapat digunakan melalui salah satu alias pengalihan berikut:
&lt;table class=&quot;wikitable&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Nama alias&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Hasil dengan {{tlx|flag|''alias''}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Hasil dengan {{tlx|flagcountry|''alias''}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
{{#if: {{{redir1|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir1}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir1}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir1}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir1}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir2|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir2}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir2}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir2}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir2}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir3|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir3}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir3}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir3}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir3}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir4|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir4}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir4}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir4}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir4}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir5|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir5}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir5}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir5}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir5}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir6|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir6}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir6}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir6}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir6}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir7|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir7}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir7}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir7}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir7}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir8|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir8}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir8}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir8}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir8}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir9|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir9}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir9}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir9}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir9}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir10|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir10}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir10}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir10}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir10}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
}}
=== Contoh pemakaian ===
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flag|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flag|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}}}
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagicon|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagicon|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}
}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{shortname alias|}}} |
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagcountry|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagcountry|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}}} }}
{{#if: {{{var1|}}} |
==== Menggunakan varian bendera ====
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flag|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{var1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flag|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}|{{{var1}}}}}
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagicon|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{var1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagicon|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}|{{{var1}}}}}
}}
{{#if: {{{redir1|}}} |
==== Menggunakan alias pengalihan ====
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagicon|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{redir1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagicon|{{{redir1}}}}}
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagcountry|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{redir1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagcountry|{{{redir1}}}}}
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flag|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{redir1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flag|{{{redir1}}}}}
}}
{{#if: {{{related1|}}} |
=== Templat terkait ===
Lihat pula templat &lt;code&gt;country_data&lt;/code&gt; terkait lain berikut:
{{{!}}

{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related1}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related1}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related1param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related1param}}}}} --&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related2|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related2}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related2}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related2param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related2param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related3|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related3}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related3}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related3param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related3param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related4|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related4}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related4}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related4param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related4param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related5|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related5}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related5}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related5param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related5param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related6|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related6}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related6}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related6param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related6param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related7|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related7}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related7}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related7param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related7param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related8|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related8}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related8}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related8param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related8param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related9|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related9}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related9}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related9param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related9param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related10|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related10}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related10}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related10param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related10param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related11|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related11}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related11}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related11param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related11param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related12|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related12}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related12}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related12param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related12param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related13|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related13}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related13}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related13param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related13param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related14|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related14}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related14}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related14param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related14param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related15|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related15}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related15}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related15param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related15param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related16|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related16}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related16}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related16param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related16param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related17|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related17}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related17}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related17param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related17param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related18|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related18}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related18}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related18param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related18param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related19|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related19}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related19}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related19param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related19param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related20|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related20}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related20}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related20param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related20param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related21|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related21}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related21}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related21param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related21param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related22|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related22}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related22}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related22param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related22param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related23|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related23}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related23}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related23param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related23param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related24|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related24}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related24}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related24param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related24param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related25|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related25}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related25}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related25param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related25param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related26|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related26}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related26}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related26param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related26param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related27|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related27}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related27}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related27param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related27param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related28|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related28}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related28}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related28param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related28param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related29|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related29}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related29}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related29param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related29param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related30|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related30}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related30}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related30param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related30param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related31|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related31}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related31}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related31param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related31param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related32|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related32}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related32}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related32param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related32param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related33|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related33}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related33}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related33param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related33param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related34|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related34}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related34}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related34param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related34param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related35|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related35}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related35}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related35param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related35param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related36|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related36}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related36}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related36param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related36param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related37|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related37}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related37}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related37param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related37param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related38|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related38}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related38}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related38param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related38param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related39|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related39}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related39}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related39param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related39param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related1|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!}}}
}}
{{#ifexist:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc |
=== Informasi lain ===
{{{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}
}}
|link box=Ini merupakan dokumentasi untuk '''Citakan:{{PAGENAME}}''' yang ditampilkan secara otomatis oleh [[Citakan:Country showdata]].&lt;br/&gt;Harap {{purge|hapus temboloknya}} apabila anda membuat perubahan terhadap templat ini.
}}
[[Kategori:Templat data {{{kategori|{{{kat|negara}}}}}}|{{{alias}}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
Templat ini digunakan untuk mendokumentasikan [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Citakan:Country data|templat country data]]. Lihat [[Citakan:Country data Indonesia]] sebagai contoh.
[[Kategori:Sistem templat bendera|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Kategori:Templat ruang nama templat]]

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>iefronwc1y7hqlqiewpvx8czbpxqix3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>712971</id>
      <parentid>712969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T14:12:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>712971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28189" sha1="fjecljy9vmm7vusu69qjtr0y4ytb2p0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;__NOEDITSECTION__
{{dokumentasi|content=&lt;code&gt;Citakan:{{PAGENAME}}&lt;/code&gt; nyaéta hiji wadah data internal anu teu dimaksudkeun pikeun ditransklusikeun sacara langsung. Citakan ieu digunakeun sacara teu langsung ku citakan-citakan sapertos &lt;code&gt;[[Citakan:flag|flag]]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;[[Citakan:flagicon|flagicon]]&lt;/code&gt;, jeung lain-lain.

{{ombox|text=Templat ini berada dalam lingkup '''[[Wikipedia:ProyekWiki bendera dan lambang negara di dunia|ProyekWiki Templat Bendera]]'''. Diskusi lebih lanjut dapat dilakukan di sana.}}

{{ombox|text=Templat-templat country data [[Daftar negara berdaulat|negara berdaulat]] dilindungi secara penuh untuk mencegah vandalisme; hanya pengurus yang dapat melakukan penyuntingan. Untuk melakukan pengubahan, tambahkan {{tl|editprotect}} di bagian baru [[Obrolan citakan:{{PAGENAME}}]], atau kunjungi [[Wikipedia:Permintaan perhatian pengurus#Penyuntingan halaman yang dilindungi]].}}

[[Gambar:{{{flag alias|Flag of None.svg}}}|thumb|{{#ifexist: Bendera {{{alias}}} | Lihat pula: [[Bendera {{{alias}}}]] | }}]]

=== Parameter standar ===
&lt;table class=&quot;wikitable&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Nama parameter&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Nilai&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Makna&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;alias&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;{{#if: {{{alias|}}} | &lt;code&gt;{{{alias}}}&lt;/code&gt; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''tidak ditentukan!'''&lt;/span&gt; }}
&lt;td&gt;Nama artikel utama ([[{{{alias}}}]])&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
{{#if: {{{shortname alias|}}} |
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;shortname alias&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{shortname alias}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;''(opsional)'' nama pendek, singkatan, nama lain (misalnya Republik Irlandia-&gt;Irlandia)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;flag alias&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias|}}} | &lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias}}}&lt;/code&gt; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''tidak ditentukan!'''&lt;/span&gt; }}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Nama berkas ([[:Gambar:{{{flag alias}}}]], tampak kanan atas)&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
{{#if: {{{var1|{{{flag alias-naval|}}}}}} |
=== Varian bendera ===
{{#ifexist: {{{alt attribute}}} | {{details|{{{alt attribute}}}}} | {{#ifexist: Bendera {{{alias}}} | {{details|Bendera {{{alias}}}}} | }} }}
&lt;table class=&quot;wikitable&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Label&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Berkas bendera (40px)&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Nama berkas&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
{{#if: {{{var1|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var1}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var1}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var1}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var1}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var2|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var2}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var2}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var2}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var2}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var3|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var3}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var3}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var3}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var3}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var4|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var4}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var4}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var4}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var4}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var5|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var5}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var5}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var5}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var5}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var6|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var6}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var6}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var6}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var6}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var7|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var7}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var7}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var7}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var7}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var8|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var8}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var8}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var8}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var8}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var9|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var9}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var9}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var9}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var9}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var10|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var10}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var10}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var10}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var10}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var11|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var11}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var11}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var11}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var11}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var12|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var12}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var12}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var12}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var12}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var13|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var13}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var13}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var13}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var13}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var14|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var14}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var14}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var14}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var14}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var15|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var15}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var15}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var15}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var15}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var16|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var16}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var16}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var16}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var16}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var17|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var17}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var17}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var17}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var17}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var18|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var18}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var18}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var18}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var18}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var19|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var19}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var19}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var19}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var19}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var20|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var20}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var20}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var20}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var20}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var21|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var21}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var21}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var21}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var21}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var22|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var22}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var22}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var22}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var22}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var23|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var23}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var23}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var23}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var23}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var24|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var24}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var24}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var24}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var24}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var25|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var25}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var25}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var25}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var25}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var26|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var26}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var26}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var26}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var26}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var27|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var27}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var27}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var27}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var27}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var28|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var28}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var28}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var28}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var28}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var29|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var29}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var29}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var29}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var29}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var30|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var30}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var30}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var30}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var30}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var31|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var31}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var31}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var31}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var31}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var32|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var32}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var32}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var32}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var32}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var33|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var33}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var33}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var33}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var33}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var34|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var34}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var34}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var34}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var34}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var35|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var35}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var35}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var35}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var35}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var36|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var36}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var36}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var36}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var36}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var37|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var37}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var37}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var37}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var37}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var38|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var38}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var38}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var38}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var38}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var39|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var39}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var39}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var39}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var39}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{var40|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{var40}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-{{{var40}}}}}}|40px|{{{border-{{{var40}}}|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-{{{var40}}}}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-naval|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;naval&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-naval}}}|40px|{{{border-naval|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-naval}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-marines|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;marines&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-marines}}}|40px|{{{border-marines|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-marines}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-military|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;military&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-military}}}|40px|{{{border-military|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-military}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-coast guard|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;coast guard&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-coast guard}}}|40px|{{{border-coast guard|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-coast guard}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-navy|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;navy&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-navy}}}|40px|{{{border-navy|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-navy}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-air force|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;air force&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-air force}}}|40px|{{{border-air force|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-air force}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-space force|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;space force&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-space force}}}|40px|{{{border-space force|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-space force}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{flag alias-army|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;army&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[Gambar:{{{flag alias-army}}}|40px|{{{border-army|{{{border|border}}}}}}]]&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{flag alias-army}}}&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
}}
{{#if: {{{flag alias-naval|}}}{{{link alias-naval|}}}{{{flag alias-air force|}}}{{{flag alias-army|}}} |
=== Lambang militer ===
{{#if: {{{flag alias-naval|}}} |
Templat ini juga mencakup varian bendera angkatan laut yang dapat digunakan melalui {{tl|Angkatan laut}}:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{angkatan laut|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{angkatan laut|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagicon|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|naval}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagicon|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}|naval}}
}}
{{#if: {{{flag alias-air force|}}} |
Templat ini juga mencakup varian bendera angkatan udara yang dapat digunakan melalui {{tl|Angkatan udara}}:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{angkatan udara|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{angkatan udara|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagicon|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|air force}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagicon|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}|air force}}
}}
{{#if: {{{flag alias-army|}}} |
Templat ini juga mencakup varian bendera angkatan darat yang dapat digunakan melalui {{tl|Angkatan darat}}:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{angkatan darat|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{angkatan darat|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}}}
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagicon|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|army}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagicon|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}|army}}
}} }}
{{#if: {{{redir1|}}} |
=== Alias pengalihan ===
Templat ini juga dapat digunakan melalui salah satu alias pengalihan berikut:
&lt;table class=&quot;wikitable&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th&gt;Nama alias&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Hasil dengan {{tlx|flag|''alias''}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;Hasil dengan {{tlx|flagcountry|''alias''}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
{{#if: {{{redir1|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir1}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir1}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir1}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir1}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir2|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir2}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir2}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir2}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir2}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir3|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir3}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir3}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir3}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir3}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir4|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir4}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir4}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir4}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir4}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir5|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir5}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir5}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir5}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir5}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir6|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir6}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir6}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir6}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir6}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir7|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir7}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir7}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir7}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir7}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir8|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir8}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir8}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir8}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir8}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir9|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir9}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir9}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir9}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir9}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{redir10|}}} | &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;code&gt;{{{redir10}}} (&lt;/code&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[{{fullurl:Citakan:Country data {{{redir10}}}|redirect=no}} lihat]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;code&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flag|{{{redir10}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{flagcountry|{{{redir10}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; }}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
}}
=== Contoh pemakaian ===
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flag|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flag|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}}}
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagicon|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagicon|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}
}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{shortname alias|}}} |
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagcountry|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagcountry|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}}} }}
{{#if: {{{var1|}}} |
==== Menggunakan varian bendera ====
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flag|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{var1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flag|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}|{{{var1}}}}}
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagicon|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{var1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagicon|{{{templatename|{{{alias}}}}}}|{{{var1}}}}}
}}
{{#if: {{{redir1|}}} |
==== Menggunakan alias pengalihan ====
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagicon|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{redir1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagicon|{{{redir1}}}}}
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flagcountry|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{redir1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flagcountry|{{{redir1}}}}}
*&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{flag|&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{redir1}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → {{flag|{{{redir1}}}}}
}}
{{#if: {{{related1|}}} |
=== Templat terkait ===
Lihat pula templat &lt;code&gt;country_data&lt;/code&gt; terkait lain berikut:
{{{!}}

{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related1}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related1}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related1param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related1param}}}}} --&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related2|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related2}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related2}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related2param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related2param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related3|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related3}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related3}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related3param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related3param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related4|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related4}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related4}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related4param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related4param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related5|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related5}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related5}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related5param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related5param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related6|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related6}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related6}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related6param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related6param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related7|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related7}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related7}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related7param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related7param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related8|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related8}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related8}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related8param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related8param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related9|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related9}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related9}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related9param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related9param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related10|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related10}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related10}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related10param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related10param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related11|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related11}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related11}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related11param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related11param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related12|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related12}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related12}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related12param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related12param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related13|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related13}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related13}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related13param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related13param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related14|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related14}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related14}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related14param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related14param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related15|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related15}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related15}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related15param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related15param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related16|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related16}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related16}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related16param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related16param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related17|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related17}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related17}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related17param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related17param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related18|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related18}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related18}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related18param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related18param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related19|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related19}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related19}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related19param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related19param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related20|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related20}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related20}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related20param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related20param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related21|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related21}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related21}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related21param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related21param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related22|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related22}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related22}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related22param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related22param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related23|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related23}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related23}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related23param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related23param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related24|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related24}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related24}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related24param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related24param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related25|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related25}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related25}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related25param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related25param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related26|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related26}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related26}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related26param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related26param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related27|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related27}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related27}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related27param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related27param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related28|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related28}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related28}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related28param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related28param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related29|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related29}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related29}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related29param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related29param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related30|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related30}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related30}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related30param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related30param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related31|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related31}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related31}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related31param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related31param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related32|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related32}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related32}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related32param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related32param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related33|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related33}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related33}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related33param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related33param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related34|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related34}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related34}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related34param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related34param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related35|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related35}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related35}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related35param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related35param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related36|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related36}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related36}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related36param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related36param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related37|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related37}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related37}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related37param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related37param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related38|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related38}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related38}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related38param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related38param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related39|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!-}}
{{!}} [[Template:Country data {{{related39}}}]] {{!!}} {{flag|{{{related39}}}&lt;!-- {{#if:{{{related39param|}}}|{{!}}{{{related39param}}}}} --&gt;}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if: {{{related1|}}} |&lt;nowiki /&gt;
{{!}}}
}}
{{#ifexist:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc |
=== Informasi lain ===
{{{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}
}}
|link box=Ini merupakan dokumentasi untuk '''Citakan:{{PAGENAME}}''' yang ditampilkan secara otomatis oleh [[Citakan:Country showdata]].&lt;br/&gt;Harap {{purge|hapus temboloknya}} apabila anda membuat perubahan terhadap templat ini.
}}
[[Kategori:Citakan data {{{kategori|{{{kat|negara}}}}}}|{{{alias}}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
Templat ini digunakan untuk mendokumentasikan [[Husus:IndeksAwalan/Citakan:Country data|templat country data]]. Lihat [[Citakan:Country data Indonesia]] sebagai contoh.
[[Kategori:Sistem templat bendera|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Kategori:Templat ruang nama templat]]

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Telepon</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>713020</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-23T20:42:23Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="21484" sha1="ns78hokknql3boj2xk5293sti5x2556" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:ATTtelephone-large.jpg|thumb|right|222px|Telefon Touch Tone® kalawan lampu panunggu pesen]]

[[Gambar:1896 telephone.jpg|thumb|222px|1896 Telefon ([[Swedia]])]]

'''Telepon''' nyaéta alat [[telekomunikasi]] anu digunakeun pikeun [[transmitter|ngirimkeun]] jeung narima [[sora]]; paling ilahar [[Human voice|sora manusa]]. Telepon kiwari mangrupa kalengkepan rumah tangga nu paling ilahar di dunya. Lolobana, sinyal sora tina telepon diliwatkeun kana [[public switched telephone network|jaringan telepon umum]].

== Prinsip dasar ==

Telepon ngirimkeun dua rupa informasi: sinyal jeung sora siliganti dina waktu nu béda dina [[twisted pair|sapasang]] kawat. Terminal telepon ogé dilengkepan ku papan nomer pikeun ngasupkeun [[nomer telepon]] (lambang alamat tujuan) waktu rék nelepon ka pamaké telepon lianna.

Waktu [[panelepon]] ngangkat [[gagang telepon]], hal ieu mgusikkeun ''switch'' dina jero terminal anu ngakibatkeun telepon asup kana kaayaan aktif atawa ''[[off hook]]'' di mana hiji résistor ''nyambungsingket'' kadua kawat anu sapasang kasebut, anu ngabalukarkeun arus listrik DC ngamalir nuju ka [[sentral telepon]]. Saenggeus séntral narima arus DC, saterusna séntral ngirimkeun sinyal ''[[nada call setup]]'' sangkan panelepon muter nomer tujuan.

Terminal telepon ogé dilengkepan ku alat isarat (''signaling'') nu ngandung hiji kohkol (bél) pikeun ngingetkeun pamaké ngeunaan kadatangan ajakan nelepon ti pamaké lianna.

Waktu panelepon neken tombol-tombol nomer, hal ieu ngabalukarkeun panghasil (generator) nada dina jero papan nomer ngahasilekun nada [[DTMF]] anu ngalambangkeun alamat pamaké telepon lianna. Séntral nyambungkeun sapasang kawat milik panelepon kana sapasang kawat milik pamaké telepon anu dituju sarta méré béja pamaké kasebut ku cara ngirimkeun sinyal nada kirining (dering) anu ngakibatkeun bél dina terminal tujuan disada.

Mangsa telepon henteu aktif ([[on hook]]), bel, panghasil sora, alat isarat panghasil sinar atawa alat isarat lianna, disambungkeun kana kawat ku jalan hiji [[kapasitor]]. Telepon anu henteu aktif henteu ''nyambungsingket'' kawat, antukna séntral telepon nyaho yén telepon kasebut dina kaayaan ''on hook''; ngan bél anu disambungkeun sacara listrik. Mangsa urang nelepon hiji nomer, séntral telepon ngabangkitkeun sinyal pulsa ''tegangan tinggi'', anu ngabalukarkeun alat isarat disada atawa méré nyaho [[pihak anu ditelepon]]. Mangsa pihak anu ditelepon ngangkat gagang telepon, ''switchhook'' megantkeun sambungan kana alat isarat, terus nyambung kana alat pangirim / panarima sora, sarta hiji résistor ngahubungsinket kawat, negeskeun yén telepon geus dijawab jeung dina kaayaan aktif. Lamun kadua pasang kawat ''off hook'', pangiriman jeung panarimaan isarat eureun. Kadua beulah pihak nyambung sarta bisa ngobrol ngagunakeun alat pangirim / panarima sora anu aya dina telepon.

Alat pangirim / panarima sora telepon ayana dina [[gagang telepon]] nu aya dina terminal, sarta ngandung hiji transmitter (anu mindeng disebut [[mikropon]]) jeung hiji panarima atawa ''receiver''. Transmitter, anu dibéré énergi tina kawat, ngahasilkeun arus listrik anu robah-robah gumantung gelombang tekenan akustik anu dihasilkeun ku sora. Parobahan arus listrik anu dihasilkeun dirambatkeun sapanjang [[kawat telepon]] ka terminal tujuan, di mana arus listrik dimaksud dieupankeun kana gulungan kawat dina ''receiver'', anu mangrupa ''[[loudspeaker]]'' miniatur. Arus listrik anu robah-robah dina gulungan kawat ngabalukarkeun inyana maju-mundur, ngahasilkeun gelombang tekenan akustik tina transmitter.

{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}

When a party &quot;hangs up&quot; (puts the handset on the cradle), DC current céases to flow in that line, thus signaling to the exchange switch to disconnect the [[telephone call]].

== History ==
{{utama|History of the telephone|Timeline of the telephone}}
Credit for inventing the electric telephone remains in dispute. [[Antonio Meucci]], [[Johann Philipp Reis]], [[Alexander Graham Bell]], and [[Elisha Gray]], among others, have all been credited with the [[invention]].

The éarly history of the telephone is a confusing morass of claim and counterclaim, which was not clarified by the huge mass of lawsuits which hoped to resolve the patent claims of individuals. The Bell and Edison patents, however, were forensically victorious and commercially decisive.
{{see|Invention of the telephone|Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell Controversy}}

=== Early development ===
The following is a brief summary of the development of the telephone:

* [[28 December]] [[1871]]—[[Antonio Meucci]] files a [[patent caveat]] (n.3335) in the U.S. Patent Office titled &quot;Sound Telegraph&quot;, describing communication of voice between two péople by wire.
* [[1874]]—Meucci, after having renewed the cavéat for two yéars, fails to find the money to renew it. The cavéat lapses.
* [[6 April]] [[1875]]—Bell's U.S. Patent 161,739 &quot;Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs&quot; is granted. This uses multiple vibrating steel reeds in make-bréak circuits.
* [[11 February]] [[1876]]—Gray invents a liquid transmitter for use with a telephone but does not build one.
* [[14 February]] [[1876]]—Elisha Gray files a [[patent caveat]] for transmitting the human voice through a telegraphic circuit.
* [[14 February]] [[1876]]—Alexander Bell applies for the patent &quot;Improvements in Telegraphy&quot;, for electromagnetic telephones using undulating currents.
* [[19 February]] [[1876]]—Gray is notified by the U.S. Patent Office of an interference between his cavéat and Bell's patent application. Gray decides to abandon his cavéat.
* [[7 March]] [[1876]]—Bell's U.S. patent 174,465 &quot;Improvement in Telegraphy&quot; is granted, covering &quot;the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically … by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WDL&quot;&gt;[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11375/ Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory Notebook, 1875-1876] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203003124/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11375/ |date=2015-02-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[10 March]] [[1876]]—The first successful telephone transmission of cléar speech when Bell spoke into his device, “Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.” and Watson héard éach word distinctly.&lt;ref name=&quot;WDL&quot;/&gt;
* [[30 January]] [[1877]]—Bell's U.S. patent 186,787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell.
* [[27 April]] [[1877]]—Edison files for a patent on a carbon (graphite) transmitter. The patent 474,230 was granted [[3 May]] [[1892]], after a 15 yéar delay because of litigation. Edison was granted patent 222,390 for a carbon granules transmitter in 1879.

=== Early commercial instruments ===
éarly telephones were technically diverse. Some used a liquid transmitter, some had a metal diaphragm that induced current in an electromagnet wound around a permanent magnet, and some were &quot;dynamic&quot; - their diaphragm vibrated a coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet or the coil vibrated the diaphragm. This dynamic kind survived in small numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications where its ability to créate its own electrical power was crucial. Most, however, used the Edison/Berliner carbon transmitter, which was much louder than the other kinds, even though it required an [[induction coil]], actually acting as an [[impedance matching]] transformer to maké it compatible to the impedance of the line. The Edison patents kept the Bell monopoly viable into the 20th century, by which time the network was more important than the instrument.

éarly telephones were locally powered, using a dynamic transmitter or else powering the transmitter with a local battery. One of the jobs of [[outside plant]] personnel was to visit éach telephone periodically to inspect the battery. During the 20th century, &quot;common battery&quot; operation came to dominate, powered by &quot;talk battery&quot; from the [[telephone exchange]] over the same wires that carried the voice signals. Late in the century, wireless handsets brought a revival of local battery power.

éarly telephones had one wire for both transmitting and receiving of audio, with [[Single wire earth return|ground return]] as used in [[telegraph]]s. The éarliest dynamic telephones also had only one opening for sound, and the user alternately listened and spoke (rather, shouted) into the same hole. Sometimes the instruments were operated in pairs at éach end, making conversation more convenient but were more expensive.

At first, the benefits of an exchange were not exploited. Telephones instéad were léased in pairs to the [[subscriber]], who had to arrange telegraph contractors to construct a line between them, for example between his home and his shop. Users who wanted the ability to spéak to several different locations would need to obtain and set up three or four pairs of telephones. [[Western Union]], alréady using telegraph exchanges, quickly extended the principle to its telephones in [[New York City]] and [[San Francisco]], and Bell was not slow in appreciating the potential.

Signalling began in an appropriately primitive manner. The user alerted the other end, or the exchange operator, by whistling into the transmitter. Exchange operation soon resulted in telephones being equipped with a bell, first operated over a second wire and later with the same wire using a [[capacitor|condenser]]. Telephones connected to the éarliest [[Almon Brown Strowger|Strowger]] [[telephone exchange|automatic exchanges]] had seven wires, one for the [[switch#Contact arrangements|knife switch]], one for éach [[telegraph key]], one for the bell, one for the push button and two for spéaking.

Rural and other telephones that were not on a common battery exchange had a &quot;[[Magneto (electrical)|magneto]]&quot; or hand cranked generator to produce a high voltage alternating signal to ring the bells of other telephones on the line and to alert the operator.

In the 1890s a new smaller style of telephone was introduced, packaged in three parts. The transmitter stood on a stand, known as a &quot;candlestick&quot; for its shape. When not in use, the receiver hung on a hook with a switch in it, known as a &quot;switchhook.&quot; Previous telephones required the user to operate a separate switch to connect either the voice or the bell. With the new kind, the user was less likely to léave the phone &quot;off the hook&quot;. In phones connected to magneto exchanges, the bell, induction coil, battery and magneto were in a separate &quot;bell box.&quot; In phones connected to common battery exchanges, the bell box was installed under a desk, or other out of the way place, since it did not need a battery or magneto.

Cradle designs were also used at this time, having a handle with the receiver and transmitter attached, separate from the cradle base that housed the magneto crank and other parts. They were larger than the &quot;candlestick&quot; and more popular.

Disadvantages of single wire operation such as [[crosstalk]] and hum from néarby AC power wires had alréady led to the use of [[twisted pair]]s and, for long distance telephones, [[four-wire circuit]]s. Users at the beginning of the 20th century did not place [[long distance]] calls from their own telephones but made an appointment to use a special sound proofed long distance telephone booth furnished with the latest technology.

What turned out to be the most popular and longest lasting physical style of telephone was introduced in the éarly 20th century, including Bell's [[Model 102 telephone|Model 102]]. A [[carbon microphone|carbon granule transmitter]] and electromagnetic receiver were united in a single molded plastic handle, which when not in use sat in a cradle in the base unit. The [http://www.porticus.org/bell/images/we-102.jpg circuit diagram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616083345/http://www.porticus.org/bell/images/we-102.jpg |date=2007-06-16 }} of the modél 102 shows the direct connection of the receiver to the line, while the transmitter was induction coupled, with energy supplied by a local battery. The coupling transformer, battery, and ringer were in a separate enclosure. The [[rotary dial|dial switch]] in the base interrupted the line current by repéatedly but very briefly disconnecting the line 1-10 times for éach digit, and the hook switch (in the center of the circuit diagram) permanently disconnected the line and the transmitter battery while the handset was on the cradle.

After the 1930s, the base also enclosed the bell and induction coil, obviating the old separate bell box. Power was supplied to éach subscriber line by central office batteries instéad of a local battery, which required periodic service. For the next half century, the network behind the telephone became progressively larger and much more efficient, but after the dial was added the instrument itself changed little until touch tone replaced the dial in the 1960s.

== Digital telephony ==
{{utama|Digital Telephony}}
The [[Public Switched Telephone Network]] (PSTN) has gradually evolved towards digital telephony which has improved the capacity and quality of the network. End-to-end [[Analog signal|analog]] telephone networks were first modified in the éarly 1960s by upgrading transmission networks with [[Digital Signal 1|T1]] carrier systems. Later technologies such as [[SONET]] and [[fiber optic]] transmission methods further advanced digital transmission. Although analog carrier systems existed, digital transmission made it possible to significantly incréase the number of channels [[multiplexing|multiplexed]] on a single transmission medium. While today the end instrument remains analog, the analog signals réaching the aggregation point ([[Serving Area Interface]] (SAI) or the [[central office]] (CO) ) are typically converted to [[digital signals]]. [[Digital loop carrier]]s (DLC) are often used, placing the digital network ever closer to the customer premises, relegating the analog [[local loop]] to legacy status.

== IP telephony ==

Internet Protocol (IP) telephony (also known as [[Internet]] telephony) is a service based on [[Voice over IP]] (VoIP), a [[disruptive technology]] that is rapidly gaining ground against traditional telephone network technologies. In [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]] up to 10% of subscribers, as of January 2005, have switched to this digital telephone service. A January 2005 [[Newsweek]] article suggested that Internet telephony may be &quot;the next big thing.&quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20050118033848/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6831938/site/newsweek/]

As of 2006 many [[List of commercial voice over IP network providers|VoIP companies]] offer service to [[consumer]]s and [[business]]es.

IP telephony uses a [[broadband]] Internet connection to transmit conversations as [[data packet]]s. In addition to replacing POTS(plain old telephone service), IP telephony is also competing with mobile phone networks by offering free or lower cost connections via [[WiFi]] [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|hotspots]]. VoIP is also used on private wireless networks which may or may not have a connection to the outside telephone network.

== Usage ==
By the end of 2006, there were a total of néarly 4 billion mobile and fixed line subscribers and over 1 billion Internet users worldwide. This included 1.27 billion fixed line subscribers and 2.68 billion mobile subscribers. [http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2007/20.html]

== Telephone operating companies ==
Kontol Gede Dasar Tholol Anjing Bangsat Stupid PBB Idiot Donald Trumpangan
{{seealso|List of telephone operating companies}}

== Patents ==
* [http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0174465 US 174,465] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207124937/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0174465 |date=2013-12-07 }} -- ''Telegraphy'' (Bell's first telephone patent) -- Alexander Graham Bell
* [http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0186787 US 186,787] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207123744/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0186787 |date=2013-12-07 }} -- ''Electric Telegraphy'' (permanent magnet receiver) -- Alexander Graham Bell
* [http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0474230 US 474,230] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207125332/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0474230 |date=2013-12-07 }} -- ''Speaking Telegraph'' (graphite transmitter) -- Thomas Edison
* [http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0203016 US 203,016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207123141/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0203016 |date=2013-12-07 }} -- ''Speaking Telephone'' (carbon button transmitter) -- Thomas Edison
* [http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0222390 US 222,390] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207131626/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0222390 |date=2013-12-07 }} -- ''Carbon Telephone'' (carbon granules transmitter) -- Thomas Edison
{{wiktionarypar|cordless telephone}}
* [http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=0485311 US 485,311] -- ''Telephone'' (solid back carbon transmitter) -- Anthony C. White (Bell engineer) This design was used until 1925 and installed phones were used until the 1940s.
* [http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3449750 US 3,449,750] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207121651/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3449750 |date=2013-12-07 }} -- ''Duplex Radio Communication and Signalling Appartus''—G. H. Sweigert
* [http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3663762 US 3,663,762] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207124409/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3663762 |date=2013-12-07 }} -- ''Cellular Mobile Communication System''—Amos Edward Joel (Bell Labs)
* [http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3906166 US 3,906,166] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207130341/http://patft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3906166 |date=2013-12-07 }} -- ''Radio Telephone System'' (DynaTAC [[cell phone]]) -- Martin Cooper et al. (Motorola)

== Nyertakeun telepon ==
Telepon sélulér dina waktu éta henteu bénten sabab kasabaran ageung. Hiji ragrag gagal dina aspal, beton, atawa ubin cukup pikeun ngaruksak awak paranti anu mahal. Aya kabutuhan sababaraha asesoris pikeun asup ka pasar, anu ngamungkinkeun pikeun ngajagaan alatna nalika dipaké sapopoé.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zorrov.com/news/evoliutsiia-v-dieistvii-kak-izmienilis-chiekhly-dlia-mobil-nykh-tieliefonov-s-nachala-2000-kh|title=Kumaha kasus ponsel anjeun geus robih saprak mimiti taun 2000an.|last=|first=|website=|publisher=|language=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{wiktionarypar|telephone}}
&lt;div class=&quot;references&quot; style=&quot;-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;&quot;&gt;
* [[Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy]]
* [[Answering machine]]
* [[Bell labs]]
* [[Bell System]]
* [[Carterfone]]
* [[Dial tone]]
* [[Emergency phone]]
* [[Telephone newspaper]]
* [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code]]
* [[Telecommunications]]
* [[Telephone switchboard]]
* [[Telephony]]
* [[Fax]]
* [[Mobile phone]]
* [[History of mobile phones]]
* [[Federal telephone excise tax]]
&lt;/div&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* Coe, Lewis (1995), ''The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History'', McFarland, North Carolina, 1995. ISBN 0-7864-0138-9
* Evenson, A. Edward (2000), ''The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray - Alexander Bell Controversy'', McFarland, North Carolina, 2000. ISBN 0-7864-0883-9
* Baker, Burton H. (2000), ''The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone'', Telepress, St. Joseph, MI, 2000. ISBN 0-615-11329-X
* Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003), ''The Worldwide History of Telecommunications'', IEEE Press and J. Wiley &amp; Sons, 2003. ISBN 0-471-20505-2
* Josephson, Matthew (1992), ''Edison: A Biography'', Wiley, 1992. ISBN 0-471-54806-5
* Bruce, Robert V. (1990), ''Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude'', Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1990.

== Further reading ==
* [[Robert Sobel]], ''The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition'' (Weybright &amp; Talley 1974), ISBN 0-679-40064-8.
* Kenneth P. Todd, [http://www.porticus.org/bell/capsule_bell_system.html ''A Capsule History of the Bell System''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080711065530/http://www.porticus.org/bell/capsule_bell_system.html |date=2008-07-11 }}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{commons|Telephone|Telephone}}
* [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Telephone 1911 Britannica &quot;Telephone&quot; article]
* {{dmoz|Business/Telecommunications/|Telecommunications}}
* [http://www.telephones.se/ Vintage Telephones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122095051/http://www.telephones.se/ |date=2008-01-22 }}
* [http://www.mobile.am/ Mobile Phones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715021909/http://www.mobile.am/ |date=2007-07-15 }}- Specifications in a number of languages

[[Kategori:Telepon]]
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Di handap ieu runtuyan [[Emperor of Japan|Kaisar-kaisar Jepang]]. Tanggal keur 28 kaisar mimiti jeung hususna 16 mimiti, nyaéta dumasar kana sistim [[Ngaran jaman Jepang|Kalénder Jepang]].{{cn}} Ieu henteu siga nagara bagéan Jepang nu diwangun dina taun 660 SM; tempo ogé [[Yamato period]], [[Himiko]].{{cn}} Runtuyan ngaran Jepang séjén atau ngaran kaisar séjénna (追尊天皇, 尊称天皇, 異説に天皇とされる者, 天皇に準ずる者, 自称天皇) bisa ditempo dina kaca wikipedia Basa Jepang [[:ja:天皇の一覧]] {{cn}}

{|  border=1 style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse&quot;  
!  width=&quot;5%&quot;  | #
!  width=&quot;15%&quot; | Kawasa
!  width=&quot;30%&quot; | Ngaran kakawasaan
!  width=&quot;30%&quot; | Ngaran pribadi
!  width=&quot;20%&quot; | Catetan
|-
!colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''Legendary Emperors'''
|-
| 1
| [[660 SM]] nepi ka [[585 SM]]
| [[Emperor Jimmu]]
| Kamuyamato Iwarebiko
| Presumed Legendary; claimed descent from the sun goddess, [[Amaterasu]]&lt;ref&gt;Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). ''Gukanshō,'' p. 249; Varley, Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki'', pp. 84-88; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA1,M1 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' pp. 1]-3.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2
| [[581 SM]] nepi ka [[549 SM]]
| [[Emperor Suizei]] 
| Kamu Nunagawamimi no Mikoto
| Presumed Legendary.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 250-251; Varley, pp.88-89; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA3,M1 Titisingh, pp. 3]-4.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 3
| [[549 SM]] nepi ka [[511 SM]]
| [[Emperor Annei]]
| Shikitsuhiko Tamademi no Mikoto
| Presumed Legendary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titsingh, p. 4&quot;&gt;Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA4,M1 Titsingh, p. 4].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 4
| [[510 SM]] nepi ka [[476 SM]]
| [[Emperor Itoku]]
| Oho Yamatohiko Sukitomo no Mikoto
| Presumed Legendary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titsingh, p. 4&quot;/&gt;
|-
|-
| 5
| [[475 SM]] nepi ka [[393 SM]]
| [[Emperor Kōshō]]
| Mimatsuhiko Kaesine no Mikoto
| Presumed Legendary.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA4,M1 Titsingh, pp. 4]-5.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 6
| [[392 SM]] nepi ka [[291 SM]]
| [[Emperor Koan|Emperor Kōan]]
| Oho Yamato Tarasihiko Kuniosi Hito no Mikoto
| Presumed Legendary.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 251-252; Varley, p. 90; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA5,M1 Titsingh, p. 5].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 7
| [[290 SM]] nepi ka [[215 SM]]
| [[Emperor Kōrei]]
| Oho Yamato Nekohiko Futoni no Mikoto
| Presumed Legendary.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 90-92; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA5,M1 Titsingh, pp. 5]-6.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 8
| [[214 SM]] nepi ka [[158 SM]]
| [[Emperor Kōgen]] 
| Oho Yamato Nekohiko Kuni Kuru no Mikoto
| Presumed Legendary.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 251; Varley, pp. 92-93; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA6,M1 Titsingh, p. 6].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 9
| [[157 SM]] nepi ka [[98 SM]]
| [[Emperor Kaika]]
| Waka Yamato Nekohiko Oho Bibino no Mikoto
| Presumed Legendary.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 93; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA6,M1 Titsingh, pp. 6]-7.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 10
| [[97 SM]] nepi ka [[30 SM]]
| [[Emperor Sujin]]
| Mimaki Irihiko Inie no Mikoto
| Presumed Legendary.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 253; Varley, pp. 93-95; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA7,M1 Titsingh, pp. 7]-9.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 11
| [[29 SM]] nepi ka [[70]] 
| [[Emperor Suinin]] 
| Ikume Irihiko Isatsi no Mikoto
| Presumed Legendary.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 253-254; Varley, pp. 95-96; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA9,M1 Titsingh, pp. 9]-10.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 12
| [[71]] nepi ka [[130]]
| [[Emperor Keiko|Emperor Keikō]] 
| Oho Tarasihiko Osirowake no Mikoto
| Presumed Legendary.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 96-99; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA11,M1 Titsingh, pp. 11]-14.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 13
| [[131]] nepi ka [[191]]
| [[Emperor Seimu]]
| Waka Tarsihiko
| Presumed Legendary.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 99-100; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA11,M1 Titsingh, pp. 14]-15.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 14
| [[192]] nepi ka [[200]]
| [[Emperor Chūai]]
| Tarasi Nakatsuhiko no Mikoto
| Presumed Legendary.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 254-255; Varley, pp. 100-101; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA15,M1 Titsingh, p. 15].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| [[201]] nepi ka [[269]]
| [[Empress Jingū]]
| Okinaga Tarashihime no Mikoto
| Presumed Legendary; interregnum.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 255; Varley, pp. 101-103; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA16,M1 Titsingh, pp. 16]-19.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''[[Yamato Period]]''' ([[Kofun|Kofun Period]])
|-
| 15
| [[270]] nepi ka [[310]]
| [[Emperor Ōjin]]
| Fondano Miko no Mikoto / Otomowake no Mikoto / Humudawake no Mikoto
| Last proto-historical emperor, deified as [[Hachiman]].&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 255-256; Varley, pp. 17, 103-110; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA19,M1 Titsingh, pp. 19]-21.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 16
| [[313]] nepi ka [[399]]
| [[Emperor Nintoku]]
| Oho Sazaki no Mikoto
| Inaccurate dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 256-257; Varley, pp. 110-111; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA22,M1 Titsingh, pp. 22]-24.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 17
| [[400]] nepi ka [[405]]
| [[Emperor Richu|Emperor Richū]]
| Isaho Wake no Mikoto
| Inaccurate dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 111; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA24,M1 Titsingh, pp. 24]-25.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 18
| [[406]] nepi ka [[410]]
| [[Emperor Hanzei]]
| Misu wa Wake no Mikoto
| Inaccurate dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 112; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA25,M1 Titsingh, p. 25].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 19
| [[411]] nepi ka [[453]]
| [[Emperor Ingyo|Emperor Ingyō]]
| Wo Asazuma Wakugo no Sukune
| Inaccurate dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 257-258; Varley, p. 112; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA26,M1 Titsingh, p. 26].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 20
| [[453]] nepi ka [[456]]
| [[Emperor Anko|Emperor Ankō]]
| Anaho no Mikoto
| Inaccurate dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 258; Varley, p. 113; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA26,M1 Titsingh, p. 26].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 21
| [[456]] nepi ka [[479]]
| [[Emperor Yūryaku]]
| Oho Hatsuneno no Mikoto
| Inaccurate dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 258; Varley, pp. 113-115; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA27,M1 Titsingh, pp. 27]-28.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 22
| [[480]] nepi ka [[484]]
| [[Emperor Seinei]]
| Siraga Takehiro Kuni Osi Wakai Yamato Neko no Mikoto
| Inaccurate dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 258-259; Varley, pp. 115-116; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA28,M1 Titsingh, pp. 28]-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 23
| [[485]] nepi ka [[487]]
| [[Emperor Kenzo|Emperor Kenzō]]
| Ohoke no Mikoto
| Inaccurate dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 259; Varley, p. 116; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA29,M1 Titsingh, pp. 29]-30.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 24
| [[488]] nepi ka [[498]]
| [[Emperor Ninken]]
| Ohosi(Ohosu) no Mikoto/ Simano Iratsuko
| Inaccurate dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 259-260; Varley, p. 117; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA30,M1 Titsingh, p. 30].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 25
| [[498]] nepi ka [[506]]
| [[Emperor Buretsu]]
| Wohatsuse Wakasazaki
| Inaccurate dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 260; Varley, pp. 117-118;  [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA31,M1 Titsingh, p. 31].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 26
| [[507]] nepi ka [[531]]
| [[Emperor Keitai]]
| Ōto/Hikofuto (Hikofuto no Mikoto/Ōdo no Sumera Mikoto)
| Possible founder of new dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 260-261; Varley, pp. 17-18, 119-120;  [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA31,M1 Titsingh, p. 31]-32.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 27
| [[531]] nepi ka [[535]]
| [[Emperor Ankan]]
| Hirokuni Oshitake Kanahi no Mikoto
| Inaccurate dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 261; Varley, pp. 120-121; Brown, p. 261; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA33,M1 Titsingh, p. 33].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 28
| [[535]] nepi ka [[539]]
| [[Emperor Senka]]
| Takéo Hirokuni Oshitate no Mikoto
| Inaccurate dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 261; Varley, p. 121; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA33,M1 Titsingh, p. 33]-34.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''[[Asuka period]]''' (592-710)
|-
| 29
| [[539]] nepi ka [[571]]
| [[Emperor Kimmei]]
| Amekuni Oshiharuki Hironiwa no Sumera Mikoto
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 261-262; Varley, pp. 123-124; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA34,M1 Titsingh, p. 34]-36.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 30
| [[572]] nepi ka [[585]]
| [[Emperor Bidatsu]] 
| Osada no Nunakura no Futotamashiki no Mikoto
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Varley, pp. 124-125; Brown, pp. 262-263; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA36,M1 Titsingh, p. 36]-37.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 31
| [[585]] nepi ka [[587]]
| [[Emperor Yomei|Emperor Yōmei]] 
| Ooe/Tachibana no Toyohi no Sumera Mikoto
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 263; Varley, pp. 125-126; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA37,M1 Titsingh, p. 37]-38.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 32
| [[587]] nepi ka [[592]]
| [[Emperor Sushun]]
| Hatsusebe no (Wakasasagi) Mikoto
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 263; Varley, p. 126; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA38,M1 Titsingh, p. 38]-39.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 33 
| [[592]] nepi ka [[628]]
| [[Empress Suiko]]
| Nukatabe/Toyomike Kashikiyahime
| First non-legendary female emperor ([[Prince Shotoku]] acted as her regent); traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 263-264; Varley, pp. 126-129; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA39,M1 Titsingh, pp. 39]-42.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 34
| [[629]] nepi ka [[641]]
| [[Emperor Jomei]] 
| Tamura (Oki Nagatarashihi Hironuka no Sumera Mikoto)
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 264-265; Varley, pp. 129-130; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA42,M1 Titsingh, pp. 42]-43.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 35
| [[642]] nepi ka [[645]]
| [[Empress Kogyoku|Empress Kōgyoku]]
| Takara (Ame Toyotakaraikashi Hitarashi Hime no Sumera Mikoto)
| Traditional dates,&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 265-266; Varley, pp. 130-132; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA43,M1 Titsingh, pp. 43]-47.&lt;/ref&gt; reigned twice
|-
| 36
| [[645]] nepi ka [[654]]
| [[Emperor Kōtoku]]
| Karu (Ame Yorozu Toyohi no Sumera Mikoto)
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 266-267; Varley, pp. 132-133; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA47,M1 Titsingh, pp. 47]-50.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 37 
| [[655]] nepi ka [[661]]
| [[Empress Kogyoku|Empress Saimei]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|''-- See '''35''' above''—traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 267; Varley, pp. 133-134; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA50,M1 Titsingh, pp. 50]-52.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 38
| [[661]] nepi ka [[672]]
| [[Emperor Tenji]] 
| Katsuragi/Nakano-ooe (Ame Mikoto Hirakasuwake no Mikoto/Amatsu Mikoto Sakiwake no Mikoto)
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 268; Varley, p. 135; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA52,M1 Titsingh, pp. 52]-56.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 39
| [[672]]
| [[Emperor Kōbun]]
| Ōtomo
| Posthumously named (1870),&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 268-269; Varley, pp. 135-136; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA56,M1 Titsingh, pp. 56]-58.&lt;/ref&gt; usurped by Temmu
|-
| 40
| [[672]] nepi ka [[686]]
| [[Emperor Temmu]]
| Ōama/Ohoshiama/Ōsama (Ame no Nunahara Oki no Mahito no Sumera Mikoto)
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 268-269; Varley, pp. 135-136; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA58,M1 Titsingh, pp. 58]-59.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 41
| [[686]] nepi ka [[697]]
| [[Empress Jito|Empress Jitō]]
| Unonosarara (Takama no Harahiro no Hime no Sumera Mikoto)
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 269-270; Varley, pp. 136-137; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA59,M1 Titsingh, pp. 59]-60.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 42
| [[697]] nepi ka [[707]]
| [[Emperor Mommu]]
| Karu (Ame no Mamune Toyoohoji no Sumera Mikoto)
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 270-271; Varley, pp. 137-140; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA60,M1 Titsingh, pp. 60]-63.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 43
| [[707]] nepi ka [[715]]
| [[Empress Gemmei]]
| Ahe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Mishiro Toyokuni Narihime no Sumera Mikoto)
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 271; Varley, p. 140; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA63,M1 Titsingh, pp. 63]-65.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''[[Nara Period]]''' (710-794)
|-
| 44
| [[715]] nepi ka [[724]]
| [[Empress Genshō]]
| Hidaka/Niinomi (Yamatoneko Takamizu Kiyotarashi Hime no Sumera Mikoto)
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 271-272; Varley, pp. 140-141; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA65,M1 Titsingh, pp. 65]-67.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 45
| [[724]] nepi ka [[749]]
| [[Emperor Shōmu]] 
| Obito (Ameshirushi Kunioshiharuki Toyosakurahiko no Sumera Mikoto)
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 272-273; Varley, pp. 141-143; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA67,M1 Titsingh, pp. 67]-73.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 46
| [[749]] nepi ka [[758]]
| [[Empress Koken|Empress Kōken]] 
| Abe (Yamatoneko no Sumera Mikoto)
| Traditional dates,&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 274-275; Varley, p. 143; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA73,M1 Titsingh, pp. 73]-75.&lt;/ref&gt; reigned twice
|-
| 47
| [[758]] nepi ka [[764]]
| [[Emperor Junnin]]
| Ōi
| Posthumously named (1870),&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 275; Varley, pp. 143-144; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA75,M1 Titsingh, pp. 75]-78.&lt;/ref&gt; dethroned by Shōtoku
|-
| 48
| [[764]] nepi ka [[770]]
| [[Empress Koken|Empress Shōtoku]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|''-- See '''46''' above --'' traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 276; Varley, pp. 144-147; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA78,M1 Titsingh, pp. 78]-81.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 49
| [[770]] nepi ka [[781]]
| [[Emperor Konin|Emperor Kōnin]] 
| Shirakabe (Amemune Takatsugi no Mikoto)
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 276-277; Varley, pp. 147-148; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA81,M1 Titsingh, pp. 81]-85.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''[[Heian Period|Periode Heian]]''' (794-1192)
|-
| 50
| [[781]] nepi ka [[806]]
| [[Emperor Kammu]]
| Yamabe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Hitsugi Iyaderi no Mikoto)
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 277-279; Varley, pp. 148-150; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA86,M1 Titsingh, pp. 86]-95.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 51
| [[806]] nepi ka [[809]]
| [[Emperor Heizei]] 
| Ate (Yamatoneko Améoshikuni Takahiko no Mikoto)
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 279-280; Varley, p. 151; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA96,M1 Titsingh, pp. 96]-97.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 52
| [[809]] nepi ka [[823]]
| [[Emperor Saga]] 
| Kamino
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 280-282; Varley, pp. 151-164; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA97,M1 Titsingh, pp. 97]-102.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 53
| [[823]] nepi ka [[833]]
| [[Emperor Junna]] 
| Ōtomo
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 282-283; Varley, p. 164; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA103,M1 Titsingh, pp. 103]-106.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 54
| [[833]] nepi ka [[850]]
| [[Emperor Ninmyō]] 
| Masara
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 283-284; Varley, pp. 164-165; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA106,M1 Titsingh, pp. 106]-112.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 55
| [[850]] nepi ka [[858]]
| [[Emperor Montoku]]
| Michiyasu
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 285-286; Varley, p. 165; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA112,M1 Titsingh, pp. 112]-115.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 56
| [[858]] nepi ka [[876]]
| [[Emperor Seiwa]]
| Korehito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 286-288; Varley, pp. 166-170; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA115,M1 Titsingh, pp. 115]-121.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 57
| [[876]] nepi ka [[884]]
| [[Emperor Yozei|Emperor Yōzei]] 
| Sadaakira
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 288-289; Varley, pp. 170-171; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA121,M1 Titsingh, pp. 121]-124.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 58
| [[884]] nepi ka [[887]]
| [[Emperor Koko|Emperor Kōkō]] 
| Tokiyasu
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 171-175; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA124,M1 Titsingh, pp. 124]-125.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 59
| [[887]] nepi ka [[897]]
| [[Emperor Uda]]
| Sadami
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 289-290; Varley, pp. 175-179; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA125,M1 Titsingh, pp. 125]-129.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 60
| [[897]] nepi ka [[930]]
| [[Emperor Daigo]]
| Atsuhito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 290-293; Varley, pp. 179-181; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA129,M1 Titsingh, pp. 129]-134.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 61
| [[930]] nepi ka [[946]]
| [[Emperor Suzaku]]
| Yutaakira
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 294-295; Varley, pp. 181-183; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA134,M1 Titsingh, pp. 134]-138.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 62
| [[946]] nepi ka [[967]]
| [[Emperor Murakami]]
| Nariakira
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 295-298; Varley, pp. 183-190; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA139,M1 Titsingh, pp. 139]-142.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 63
| [[967]] nepi ka [[969]]
| [[Emperor Reizei]]
| Norihira
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 298; Varley, pp. 190-191; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA142,M1 Titsingh, pp. 142]-143.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 64
| [[969]] nepi ka [[984]]
| [[Emperor En'yū]]
| Morihira
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 299-300; Varley, pp. 191-192; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA144,M1 Titsingh, pp. 144]-148.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 65
| [[984]] nepi ka [[986]]
| [[Emperor Kazan]]
| Morosada
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 300-302; Varley, p. 192; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA148,M1 Titsingh, pp. 148]-149.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 66
| [[986]] nepi ka [[1011]]
| [[Emperor Ichijo|Emperor Ichijō]]
| Yasuhito/Kanéhito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 302-307; Varley, pp. 192-195; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA150,M1 Titsingh, pp. 150]-154.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 67
| [[1011]] nepi ka [[1016]]
| [[Emperor Sanjō]]
| Okisada/Iyasada
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 195; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA154,M1 Titsingh, pp. 154]-155.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 68
| [[1016]] nepi ka [[1036]]
| [[Emperor Go-Ichijo|Emperor Go-Ichijō]]
| Atsuhira
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 307-310; Varley, pp. 195-196; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA156,M1 Titsingh, pp. 156]-160.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 69
| [[1036]] nepi ka [[1045]]
| [[Emperor Go-Suzaku]]
| Atsunaga/Atsuyoshi
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 310-311; Varley, p. 197; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA160,M1 Titsingh, pp. 160]-162.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 70
| [[1045]] nepi ka [[1068]]
| [[Emperor Go-Reizei]]
| Chikahito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 311-314; Varley, pp. 197-198; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA162,M1 Titsingh, pp. 162]-166.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 71
| [[1068]] nepi ka [[1073]]
| [[Emperor Go-Sanjo|Emperor Go-Sanjō]]
| Takahito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 314-315; Varley, pp. 198-199; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA166,M1 Titsingh, pp. 166]-168.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 72
| [[1073]] nepi ka [[1086]]
| [[Emperor Shirakawa]] 
| Sadahito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 315-317; Varley, pp. 199-202; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA169,M1 Titsingh, pp. 169]-171.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 73
| [[1087]] nepi ka [[1107]]
| [[Emperor Horikawa]]
| Taruhito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 317-320; Varley, p. 202; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA172,M1 Titsingh, pp. 172]-178.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 74 
| [[1107]] nepi ka [[1123]]
| [[Emperor Toba]]
| Munehito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 320-322; Varley, pp. 203-204; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA178,M1 Titsingh, pp. 178]-181.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 75
| [[1123]] nepi ka [[1142]]
| [[Emperor Sutoku]]
| Akihito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 322-324; Varley, pp. 204-205; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA181,M1 Titsingh, pp. 181]-185.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 76
| [[1142]] nepi ka [[1155]]
| [[Emperor Konoe]]
| Narihito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 324-326; Varley, p. 205; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA186,M1 Titsingh, pp. 186]-188.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 77
| [[1155]] nepi ka [[1158]]
| [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa]]
| Masahito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, p. 326-327; Varley, pp. 205-208; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA188,M1 Titsingh, pp. 188]-190.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 78
| [[1158]] nepi ka [[1165]]
| [[Emperor Nijo|Emperor Nijō]]
| Morihito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 327-329; Varley, pp. 208-212; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA191,M1 Titsingh, pp. 191]-194.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 79
| [[1165]] nepi ka [[1168]]
| [[Emperor Rokujo|Emperor Rokujō]]
| Yorihito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titsingh, pp. 194&quot;&gt;Brown, pp. 329-330; Varley, p. 212; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA191,M1 Titsingh, pp. 194]-195.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 80
| [[1168]] nepi ka [[1180]]
| [[Emperor Takakura]]
| Norihito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Titsingh, pp. 194&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 81
| [[1180]] nepi ka [[1185]]
| [[Emperor Antoku]]
| Tokihito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 333-334; Varley, pp. 214-215; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA200,M1 Titsingh, pp. 200]-207.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 82
| [[1183]] nepi ka [[1198]]
| [[Emperor Go-Toba]]
| Takahira
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 334-339; Varley, pp. 215-220; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA207,M1 Titsingh, pp. 207]-221.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''[[Kamakura Period]]''' (1192-1333)
|-
| 83
| [[1198]] nepi ka [[1210]]
| [[Emperor Tsuchimikado]]
| Tamehito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 339-341; Varley, pp 220; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA221,M1 Titsingh, pp. 221]-230.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 84
| [[1210]] nepi ka [[1221]]
| [[Emperor Juntoku]]
| Morihira/Morinari
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 341-343, Varley, pp. 221-223; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA230,M1 Titsingh, pp 230]-238.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 85
| [[1221]]
| [[Emperor Chukyo|Emperor Chūkyō]]
| Kanéhira/Kanenari
| Pothumously named (1870).&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 343-344; Varley, pp. 223-226; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA236,M1 Titsingh, pp. 236]-238.&lt;/ref&gt; unthroned
|-
| 86
| [[1221]] nepi ka [[1232]]
| [[Emperor Go-Horikawa]]
| Yutahito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Brown, pp. 344-349; Varley, pp. 226-227; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA238,M1 Titsingh, pp. 238]-241.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 87
| [[1232]] nepi ka [[1242]]
| [[Emperor Shijo|Emperor Shijō]]
| Mitsuhito/Hidehito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Varley, p. 227; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA242,M1 Titsingh, pp. 242]-245.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 88
|  [[1242]] nepi ka [[1246]]
| [[Emperor Go-Saga]]
| Kunihito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Varley, pp. 228-231; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA245,M1 Titsingh, pp. 245]-247.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 89
| [[1246]] nepi ka [[1260]]
| [[Emperor Go-Fukakusa]]
| Hisahito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Varley, pp. 231-232; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA248,M1 Titsingh, pp. 248]-253.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 90
| [[1260]] nepi ka [[1274]]
| [[Emperor Kameyama]]
| Tsunehito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Varley, pp. 232-233; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA253,M1 Titsingh, pp. 253]-261.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 91
| [[1274]] nepi ka [[1287]]
| [[Emperor Go-Uda]]
| Yohito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Varley, pp. 233-237; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA262,M1 Titsingh, pp. 262]-269.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 92
| [[1287]] nepi ka [[1298]]
| [[Emperor Fushimi]]
| Hirohito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Varley, pp. 237-238; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA269,M1 Titsingh, pp. 269]-274.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 93
| [[1298]] nepi ka [[1301]]
| [[Emperor Go-Fushimi]]
| Tanéhito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Varley, pp. 238-239; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA274,M1 Titsingh, pp. 274]-275.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 94
| [[1301]] nepi ka [[1308]]
| [[Emperor Go-Nijo|Emperor Go-Nijō]]
| Kuniharu
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Varley, p. 239; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA275,M1 Titsingh, pp. 275]-278.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 95
| [[1308]] nepi ka [[1318]]
| [[Emperor Hanazono]]
| Tomihito
| Traditional dates.&lt;ref&gt;Varley, pp. 239-241; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA278,M1 Titsingh, pp. 278]-281.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 96
| [[1318]] nepi ka [[1339]]
| [[Emperor Go-Daigo]]
| Takaharu
| &lt;ref&gt;Varley, pp. 241-269; [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA281,M1 Titsingh, pp. 281]-286, and [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA290,M1 Titsingh, p. 290]-294.&lt;/ref&gt; Southern Court
|-
!colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''[[Northern Court]]'''
|-
| 
| [[1331]] nepi ka [[1333]]
| [[Emperor Kogon|Emperor Kōgon]]
| Kazuhito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA286,M1 Titsingh, p. 286]-289.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 
| [[1336]] nepi ka [[1348]]
| [[Emperor Kōmyō]]
| Yutahito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA294,M1 Titsingh, pp. 294]-298.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| [[1348]] nepi ka [[1351]]
| [[Emperor Sukō]] 
| Okihito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA298,M1 Titsingh, pp. 298]-301.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| [[1351]] nepi ka [[1352]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Interregnum]]
|-
|
| [[1352]] nepi ka [[1371]]
| [[Emperor Go-Kogon|Emperor Go-Kōgon]]
| Iyahito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA302,M1 Titsingh, pp. 302]-309.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| [[1371]] nepi ka [[1382]] 
| [[Emperor Go-En'yu|Emperor Go-En'yū]]
| Ohito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA310,M1 Titsingh, pp. 310]-316.&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
|
| [[1382]] nepi ka [[1392]] 
| [[Emperor Go-Komatsu]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|''-- See '''100''' below --'' reunified courts in [[1392]] &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA317,M1 Titsingh, pp. 317]- .&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
!colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''[[Muromachi Period|Periode Muromachi]]''' (1392-1573)
|-
| 97
| [[1339]] nepi ka [[1368]]
| [[Emperor Go-Murakami]]
| Norinaga/Noriyoshi
| &lt;ref&gt;Varley, pp. 269-270
| Titsingh, p. .&lt;/ref&gt; Southern Court 
|-
| 98
| [[1368]] nepi ka [[1383]]
| [[Emperor Chokei|Emperor Chōkei]]
| Yutanari
| &lt;ref&gt;Titsingh, p. .&lt;/ref&gt;  Southern Court
|-
| 99
| [[1383]] nepi ka [[1392]]
| [[Emperor Go-Kameyama]]
| Hironari
| &lt;ref&gt;[Titsingh, p. ]-320.&lt;/ref&gt;  Southern Court
|-
| 100
| [[1392]] nepi ka [[1412]]
| [[Emperor Go-Komatsu]]
| Motohito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA320,M1 Titsingh, pp. 320]-327.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 101
| [[1412]] nepi ka [[1428]]
| [[Emperor Shoko|Emperor Shōkō]]
| Mihito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA327,M1 Titsingh, pp. 327]-331.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 102
| [[1428]] nepi ka [[1464]]
| [[Emperor Go-Hanazono]]
| Hikohito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA331,M1 Titsingh, pp. 331]-351.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 103
| [[1464]] nepi ka [[1500]]
| [[Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado]] 
| Fusahito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA352,M1 Titsingh, pp. 352]-364.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 104
| [[1500]] nepi ka [[1526]]
| [[Emperor Go-Kashiwabara]] 
| Katsuhito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA364,M1 Titsingh, pp. 364]-372.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 105
| [[1526]] nepi ka [[1557]]
| [[Emperor Go-Nara]]
| Tomohito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA372,M1 Titsingh, pp. 372]-382.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 106
| [[1557]] nepi ka [[1586]]
| [[Emperor Ōgimachi]]
| Michihito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA382,M1 Titsingh, pp. 382]-402.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 107
| [[1586]] nepi ka [[1611]]
| [[Go-Yozei Emperor|Emperor Go-Yōzei]]
| Kazuhito/Katahito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA402,M1 Titsingh, pp. 402]-409.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''[[Edo Period|Periode Edo]]''' (1603-1867)
|-
| 108
| [[1611]] nepi ka [[1629]]
| [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]](a.k.a. Emperor Go-Minoo)
| Kotohito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA410,M1 Titsingh, pp. 410]-411.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 109
| [[1629]] nepi ka [[1643]]
| [[Empress Meishō]]
| Okiko
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA411,M1 Titsingh, pp. 411]-412.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 110
| [[1643]] nepi ka [[1654]]
| [[Emperor Go-Komyo|Emperor Go-Kōmyō]]
| Tsuguhito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA412,M1 Titsingh, pp. 412]-413.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 111
|[[1655]] nepi ka [[1663]]
| [[Emperor Go-Sai]]
| Nagahito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;dq=editions:OCLC63259938#PRA1-PA413,M1 Titsingh, p. 413].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 112
| [[1663]] nepi ka [[1687]]
| [[Emperor Reigen]]
| Satohito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;dq=editions:OCLC63259938#PRA1-PA414,M1 Titsingh, pp. 414]-415.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 113
| [[1687]] nepi ka [[1709]]
| [[Emperor Higashiyama]]
| Asahito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=titlepage&amp;dq=editions:OCLC63259938#PRA1-PA415,M1 Titsingh, pp. 415]-416.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 114
| [[1709]] nepi ka [[1735]]
| [[Emperor Nakamikado]]
| Yasuhito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA416,M1 Titsingh, pp. 416]-417.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 115
| [[1735]] nepi ka [[1747]]
| [[Emperor Sakuramachi]]
| Teruhito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA417,M1 Titsingh, pp. 417]-418.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 116
| [[1747]] nepi ka [[1762]]
| [[Emperor Momozono]]
| Toohito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA418,M1 Titsingh, pp. 418]-419.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 117
| [[1762]] nepi ka [[1771]]
| [[Empress Go-Sakuramachi]]
| Toshiko
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA419,M1 Titsingh, p. 419].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 118
| [[1771]] nepi ka [[1779]]
| [[Emperor Go-Momozono]]
| Hidehito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA419,M1 Titsingh, pp. 419]-420.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 119
| [[1780]] nepi ka [[1817]]
| [[Emperor Kōkaku]]
| Tomohito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA420,M1 Titsingh, pp. 420]-421.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 120
| [[1817]] nepi ka [[1846]]
| [[Emperor Ninkō]]
| Ayahito
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP9&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA421,M1 Titsingh, p. 421].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 121
| [[1846]] nepi ka [[1867]]
| [[Emperor Kōmei]]
| Osahito
|-
!colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''Jepang modérn''' (1868-kiwari)
|-
| 122
| [[1867]] nepi ka [[1912]]
| [[Emperor Meiji]]
| Mutsuhito
| First emperor in [[constitutional monarchy]]
|-
| 123
| [[1912]] nepi ka [[1926]]
| [[Emperor Taishō]] 
| Yoshihito
|-
| 124
| [[1926]] nepi ka [[1989]]
| [[Hirohito|Kaisar Shōwa]]
| Hirohito
| Last emperor to hold political power
|- 
| 125
| [[1989]] nepi ka [[2019]]
| [[Akihito|Kaisar Akihito]]
| Akihito
| Referred to as 'the Present Emperor' or ''[[Tenno Heika]]'' (i.e. ''His Majesty the Emperor'') in Japanese and as Emperor Akihito in English. After his déath he will presumably be renamed Emperor [[Heisei]].&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|126
| 2019-
| [[Naruhito]] 
| Naruhito
|}

==Rujukan==
{{reflist|2}}

* Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982). [ [[Arai Hakuseki]], 1712] ''[[Tokushi yoron]];'' &quot;Lessons from History: the Tokushi yoron&quot; translated by Joynce Ackroyd. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.  10-ISBN 0-702-21485-X; 13-ISBN 978-0-702-2148-5
* Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). [ [[Jien]], c.1220],  ''[[Gukanshō]]; &quot;The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219&quot; translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown &amp; Ichirō Ishida.'' Berkeley: [[University of California Press]].  ISBN 0-520-03460-0
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh]], Isaac. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/[[Hayashi Gahō]], 1652]. ''[[Nipon o daï itsi ran]]; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprétes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. [[Julius Klaproth|Klaproth]].''  Paris: [[Royal Asiatic Society|Oriental Translation Society of Great Britain and Ireland]].[http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ... Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)]
* Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [ [[Kitabatake Chikafusa]], 1359], ''[[Jinnō Shōtōki]] (&quot;A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa&quot; translated by H. Paul Varley).'' New York: [[Columbia University Press]].  ISBN 0-231-04940-4

==Tempo oge==
* [[Emperor of Japan]]
* [[List of Japanese Imperial Advisers]] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080105111702/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16471340/ Japan opens imperial tombs for research]
* [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/eindex.html The Imperial Household Agency]

[[Kategori:Kaisar Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Pulitikeus Jepang]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>TD-SCDMA</title>
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      <text bytes="4932" sha1="3byhay41pd6kn8h455uxvqt3s01nkiv" xml:space="preserve">{{Table Mobile phone standards}}
'''TD-SCDMA''' (singketan tina kecap-kecap basa Inggris &quot;Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access&quot;) nyaéta salah sahiji standar télékomunikasi mobil [[3G]], anu keur digawékeun di [[Republik Rakyat Cina]] ku [[Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology]] (CATT), [[Datang]] sarta [[Siemens AG]], dina raraga sangkan henteu gumantung kana téknologi urang [[Barat]] &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/nenglish/articles/article20030418.2.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929000616/http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/nenglish/articles/article20030418.2.html |date=2007-09-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Alesan utama dijieunna ieu standar cenah format [[3G]] lianna nyaratkeun bayaran béa patén ka sajumlah urang Barat anu mibanda hak patén&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.3glicensing.com/articles/News%20LowCost.pdf ''3G Licensing introduces the W-CDMA Patent Licensing Programme at the &quot;Low Cost 3G Devices&quot; conference''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928203509/http://www.3glicensing.com/articles/News%20LowCost.pdf |date=2007-09-28 }}, [[London]], [[13 March]] [[2007]]&lt;/ref&gt;.  TD-SCDMA didasarkeun kana téknologi [[spéktrum sebar]] sarta kamunginan bakal bébas tina kawajiban mayar patén ka urang Barat.

== Pamasangan jeung pamakéan jaringan ==
Dina tanggal 20 Januari 2006, Mantri Industri Informasi [[Républik Rakyat Cina]] sacara resmi ngumumkeun yén TD-SCDMA mangrupa standar boga nagara kasebut pikeun télékomunikasi mobil [[3G]]. Dina tanggal 15 Pébruari 2006, pamaréntah Cina ngumumkeun jadwal waktu pikeun pamasangan jaringan TD-SCDMA di Cina, sarta ngémbarkeun uji coba pra komérsial dimimitian saenggeus réngséna sajumlah uji jaringan di sababaraha kota anu dipilih. Uji coba ieu dilaksanakeun ti bulan Maret nepi ka bulan Oktober 2006, tapi hasilna teu nyugemakeun. Pangwangunan jaringan-jaringan nu ngagunakeun standar 3G lianna (WCDMA katut CDMA2000 EV/DO) ditunda nepi ka siapna TD-SCDMA.

Standar kasebut geus diadopsi ku [[3GPP]]. TD-CDMA (nu leuwih deukeut kana [[W-CDMA]]), ditawarkeun salaku [[air interfaces]] pikeun sistem [[UMTS-TDD]], kaol UMTS anu lolobana digunakeun pikeun nyadiakeun aksés Internét. Pamakéan [[TDD]] leuwih éfisién batan FDD pikeun laju data asimétrik, anu ilahar dina pamakéan Internét.

{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}

==Ringkesan teknis==
TD-SCDMA uses [[Duplex (telecommunications)#Usage in point-to-multipoint networks|TDD]], in contrast to the FDD scheme used by [[W-CDMA]].  By dynamically adjusting the number of timeslots used for [[downlink]] and [[uplink]], the system can more éasily accommodate asymmetric traffic with different data rate requirements on downlink and uplink than FDD schemes.  Since it does not require paired spectrum for downlink and uplink, spectrum allocation flexibility is also incréased.  Also, using the same carrier frequency for uplink and downlink méans that the channel condition is the same on both directions, and the [[base station]] can deduce the downlink channel information from uplink channel estimates, which is helpful to the application of [[beamforming]] techniques.

TD-SCDMA also uses [[time division multiple access|TDMA]] in addition to the [[code division multiple access|CDMA]] used in WCDMA.  This reduces the number of users in éach timeslot, which reduces the implementation complexity of [[multiuser detection]] and [[beamforming]] schemes, but the non-continuous transmission also reduces [[coverage]] (because of the higher péak power needed), mobility (because of lower [[power control]] frequency) and complicates [[radio resource management]] algorithms.

The &quot;S&quot; in TD-SCDMA stands for &quot;synchronous&quot;, which méans that uplink signals are synchronized at the base station receiver, achieved by continuous timing adjustments.  This reduces the [[interference]] between users of the same timeslot using different codes by improving the [[Orthogonality#Radio communications|orthogonality]] between the codes, therefore incréasing system capacity, at the cost of some hardware complexity in achieving uplink synchronization.

==Rujukan==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Tempo ogé==
* [[Dynamic TDMA]]

==Tumbu kaluar==
* [http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/EN/index.asp TD-SCDMA Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426023623/http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/EN/index.asp |date=2011-04-26 }}
* [http://www.tdscdma-alliance.org/english/ TD-SCDMA Industry Alliance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006123942/http://www.tdscdma-alliance.org/english/ |date=2006-10-06 }}    
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080906152824/http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/afx/2006/12/10/afx3243150.html China will not interfere in 3G standard selection]
* [http://www.china.org.cn/english/news/187783.htm China will provide 3G Service] in cities where Olympic Games 2008 are held

-

[[Kategori:Telekomunikasi]]
[[Kategori:Metoda akses kanal]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Walirang dioksida</title>
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      <id>713036</id>
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      <text bytes="13733" sha1="3jw5tm30ssbojsz3fg3nr81k8k9cvw2" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

[[Gambar:Sulfur-dioxide-3D-vdW.png|thumb|150px|Modél ngeusi-rohang (3D) molekul walirang dioksida: [[walirang]] (konéng) ngabeungkeut kovalén dua [[atom]] [[oksigén]] (beureum).]]

'''Walirang dioksida''' atawa '''sulfur dioksida''' ([[walirang|S]][[oksigén|O]]&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) nyaéta [[sanyawa kimia]] nu dihasilkeun ku [[gunung api]] jeung rupa-rupa olah industri. ku sabab [[batubara]] jeung [[minyak bumi]] loba nu ngandung sanyawaan walirang, durukanana ogé ngahasilkeun walirang dioksida. Mun didurukna nerus sarta dikatalisan (misalna ku [[nitrogén dioksida|NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]), ieu sanyawa bakal jadi [[asam sulfat|H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]], nu salajengna bisa jadi [[hujan asam]]&lt;ref&gt;Holleman, A. F. &amp; E. Wiberg (2001) ''Inorganic Chemistry''. Academic Press, San Diego. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nyieun ==
Walirang dioksida bisa dijieun ku cara ngaduruk [[walirang]]:
:S&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; + 8O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; → 8SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
Durukan [[hidrogén sulfida]] jeung sanyawaan organosulfur lumangsung sarupa.
:2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S(g) + 3O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) → 2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(g) + 2SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)

BIjih sulfida kayaning [[pirit]] [[beusi]], [[spalerit]], jeung [[raksa sulfida]] ogé ngahasilkeun SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:
:4[[Beusi|Fe]]S&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(s) + 11O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) → 2Fe&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(s) + 8SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)
:2 [[Séng|Zn]]S(s) + 3O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)
:HgS(s) + O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) → Hg(g) + SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)

Walirang dioksida dihasilkeun ogé di pabrik [[semén]]: [[kalsium silikat|CaSiO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]] jeung [[kalsium sulfat|CaSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]] dipanaskeun maké areng jeung keusik:
:2CaSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(s) + 2SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(s) + C(s) → 2CaSiO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(s) + 2SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) + CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g)

Asam sulfat panas mun dikucurkeun kana [[tambaga]] ngahasilkeun walirang dioksida.
:Cu(s) + 2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(aq) → CuSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(aq) + SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(g) + 2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O(l)
&lt;!--
==Structure and bonding==
SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is a bent molecule with C&lt;sub&gt;2v&lt;/sub&gt; [[symmetry point group]].  In terms of [[electron counting|electron-counting]] formalisms, the sulfur atom has an [[oxidation state]] of +4, a [[formal charge]] of 0, and is surrounded by 5 [[electron pair]]s and can be described as a [[hypervalent molecule]]. From the perspective of [[molecular orbital theory]], most of these valence electrons are engaged in S-O bonding.

&lt;center&gt;
{|align=&quot;center&quot;  class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|&lt;center&gt;[[Image:Sulfur-dioxide-resonance-2D.png|500px]]&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;three [[resonance (chemistry)|resonance structures]] of sulfur dioxide&lt;/center&gt;
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

The S-O bonds are shorter in SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (143.1 pm) than in [[sulfur monoxide]], SO (148.1 pm), whereas the O-O bonds are longer in O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; (127.8 pm) than in [[dioxygen]], O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (120.7 pm). The mean bond energy is greater in SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (548 kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;) than in SO (524 kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;), whereas its is less in O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; (297 kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;) than in O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (490 kJ mol&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;). These pieces of evidence lead chemists to conclude that the S-O bonds in sulfur dioxide have a [[bond order]] of at least 2, unlike the O-O bonds in [[ozone]], which have a bond order of 1.5&lt;ref&gt;{{Greenwood&amp;Earnshaw}} p. 700&lt;/ref&gt;

==Reactions==
Treatment of basic solutions with sulfur dioxide affords [[sulfite]] salts:
:SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;  +  2 NaOH   →   Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;  +  H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O

Featuring sulfur in the +4 oxidation state, sulfur dioxide is a [[reducing agent]].  It is oxidized by halogens such as chlorine to give the sulfuryl halides:
:SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;  +  Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;   →   [[Sulfuryl chloride|SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]

However, on rare occasions, it can also act as an [[oxidising agent]]: in the [[Claus process]], sulfur dioxide is reduced by hydrogen sulfide to give elemental sulfur:
:SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;  +  2 H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S   →   3 S  +  2 H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O

Sulfur dioxide can act as a metal binding [[ligand]], typically where the transition metal is in oxidation state 0 or +1.&lt;ref name = &quot;Greenwood&quot;&gt;{{Greenwood&amp;Earnshaw}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Up to 9 different bonding modes have been determined which include&lt;ref name = &quot;Greenwood&quot;/&gt;:
*S donation -planar and pyramidal [[hapticity|η]]&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; 
*O donation  [[hapticity|η]]&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; 
*π donation- side  on [[hapticity|η]]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
*S bridging across two metal centres or two ends of a  metal-metal bon
*O-S bridging to two metal centres
*bridging- one metal centre  π donation- side  on, the other metal center O donation
*bridging over three metal centres

==Uses==
===As a preservative===
Sulfur dioxide is sometimes used as a [[preservative]] for dried [[apricot]]s and other [[dried fruit]]s due to its [[antimicrobial]] properties, it is sometimes called [[E number|E220]] when used in this way.  The preservative is used to maintain the appearance of the fruit and prevent [[Decomposition|rotting]]. Its presence can give fruit a distinctive chemical [[taste]].

===In winemaking===
Sulfur dioxide is a very important compound in winemaking, and is designated as parts per million in wine, [[E number]]: E220.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist#h_3 Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers], The Food Standards Agency website.&lt;/ref&gt;  It is present even in so-called unsulphurated wine at concentrations of up to 10 milligrams per litre.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.morethanorganic.com/sulphur-in-the-bottle Sulphites in wine], MoreThanOrganic.com.&lt;/ref&gt;  It serves as an antibiotic and antioxidant, protecting wine from spoilage by bacteria and oxidation.  It also helps to keep volatile acidity at desirable levels.  Sulfur dioxide is responsible for the words &quot;contains sulfites&quot; found on wine labels.  Wines with SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations below 10ppm do not require &quot;contains sulfites&quot; on the label by US and EU laws.  The upper limit of SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; allowed in wine is 350ppm in US, in the EU is 160 ppm for red wines and 210 ppm for white and [[rosé|rosé wines]].  In low concentrations SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is mostly undetectable in wine, but at over 50ppm, SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; becomes evident in the nose and taste of wine.

SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is also a very important element in winery sanitation.  Wineries and equipment must be kept very clean, and because bleach cannot be used in a winery, a mixture of SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, water, and citric acid is commonly used to clean hoses, tanks, and other equipment to keep it clean and free of bacteria.

===As a reducing bleach===
Sulfur dioxide is also a good [[Reducing agent|reductant]]. In the presence of water, sulfur dioxide is able to decolorize substances.  Specifically it is a useful reducing [[bleach]] for [[paper]]s and delicate materials such as clothes.  This bleaching effect normally does not last very long. [[Oxygen]] in the atmosphere reoxidizes the reduced dyes, restoring the color.

===Precursor to sulfuric acid===
Sulfur dioxide is also used to make sulfuric acid, being converted to [[sulfur trioxide]], and then to [[oleum]], which is made into [[sulfuric acid]]. Sulfur dioxide for this purpose is made when sulfur combines with oxygen. The method of converting sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid is called the [[contact process]].

===Biochemical and biomedical roles===
Sulfur dioxide is toxic in large amounts.  It or its conjugate base bisulfite is produced biologically as an intermediate in both sulfate-reducing organisms and in sulfur oxidizing bacteria as well. Sulfur dioxide has no role in mammalian biology.  Sulfur dioxide blocks nerve signals from the [[pulmonary stretch receptors]] (PSR's) and abolishes the [[Hering-Breuer reflex|Hering-Breuer inflation reflex]].

===As a refrigerant===
Being easily condensed and with a high heat of evaporation, sulfur dioxide is a candidate material for refrigerants.  Prior to the development of [[Haloalkane|freons]], sulfur dioxide was used as a [[refrigerant]] in home refrigerators.

===As a reagent and solvent===
Sulfur dioxide is a versatile inert solvent that has been widely used for dissolving highly oxidizing salts.  It is also used occasionally as a source of the sulfonyl group in [[organic synthesis]].  Treatment of aryl[[diazonium salt]]s with sulfur dioxide affords the corresponding aryl sulfonyl chloride.&lt;ref&gt;R. V. Hoffman “m-Trifluoromethylbenzenesulfonyl chloride” Organic Syntheses, Collected Volume 7, p.508 (1990). http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/pdfs/CV7P0508.pdf.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dechlorination===
In municipal wastewater treatment sulfur dioxide is used to treat chlorinated wastewater prior to release.  Sulfur dioxide reacts with free and combined chlorine to form negatively charged chloride ions. &lt;ref&gt;Tchobanoglous, George. Wastewater Engineering. 3rd ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill, 1979.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Emissions==
[[Image:Sulfur dioxide emissions from the Halema`uma`u vent, glows at night.jpg|Sulfur dioxide emissions from the Halema`uma`u vent, glows at night|thumb|300px]]
According to the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. EPA]] (as presented by the ''2002 World Almanac'' or in chart form&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/sulfur.html National Trends in Sulfur Dioxide Levels], [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]].&lt;/ref&gt;), the following amount of sulfur dioxide was released in the [[U.S.]] per year, measured in thousands of [[short tons]]:
{| border=1
|*'''1999'''
|18,867
|-
|*'''1998'''
|19,491
|-
|*'''1997'''
|19,363
|-
|*'''1996'''
|18,859
|-
|*'''1990'''
|23,678
|-
|*'''1980'''
|25,905
|-
|*'''1970'''
|31,161
|}

Due largely to the [[United States|US]] EPA’s [[Acid Rain Program]], the U.S. has witnessed a 33 percent decrease in emissions between 1983 and 2002.  This improvement resulted from [[flue gas desulfurization]], a technology that enables SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; to be chemically bound in [[power plant]]s burning sulfur-containing [[coal]] or [[Petroleum|oil]]. In particular, [[calcium oxide|calcium oxide (lime)]] reacts with sulfur dioxide to form [[calcium sulfite]]:
:CaO + SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; →  CaSO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
Aerobic oxidation converts this CaSO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; into CaSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, [[gypsum]].  Most gypsum sold in Europe comes from flue gas desulfurization.

New fuel additive catalysts, such as [[ferox (fuel additive)|ferox]], are being used in gasoline and diesel engines in order to lower the emission of sulfur oxide gases into the atmosphere.  This is also done by forcing the sulfur into stable mineral salts and mixed mineral sulfates as opposed to sulfuric acid and sulfur oxides.

As of 2006, [[China]] is the world's largest sulfur dioxide polluter, with 2005 emissions estimated to be 25.49 million tons. This amount represents a 27% increase since 2000, and is roughly comparable with U.S. emissions in 1980&lt;ref&gt;[http://upi.com/NewsTrack/view.php?StoryID=20060922-010840-7049r China has its worst spell of acid rain], [[United Press International]].&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Al-Mishraq]], an Iraqi sulfur plant, was the site of a 2003 disaster resulting in the release of massive amounts of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere.

==Temperature dependence of aqueous solubility==

{|border=1
|22 g/100ml (0 °C)
|15 g/100ml (10 °C)
|-
|11 g/100ml (20 °C)
|9.4 g/100 ml (25 °C)
|-
|8 g/100ml (30 °C)
|6.5 g/100ml (40 °C)
|-
|5 g/100ml (50 °C)
|4 g/100ml (60 °C)
|-
|3.5 g/100ml (70 °C)
|3.4 g/100ml (80 °C)
|-
|3.5 g/100ml (90 °C)
|3.7 g/100ml (100 °C)
|}

* The values are tabulated for 101.3 kPa [[partial pressure]] of SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. [[Solubility]] of gas in a liquid depends on the gas [[partial pressure]] according to [[Henry's law]].
* The solublity is given for &quot;pure water&quot;, i.e., water that contains only SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the amount at equilibrium with the gas phase. This &quot;pure water&quot; is going to be acidic. The solublity of SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in neutral (or alkaline) water is generally going to be higher because of the [[pH]]-dependent speciation of SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the solution with the production of [[bisulfite]] and some [[sulfite]] ions.

==Threats to Health==
Sulfur dioxide acts as an acid. Inhalation results in labored breathing, coughing, and/or a sore throat and may cause permanent pulmonary damage. When mixed with water and contacted by skin, frostbite may occur. When it makes contact with eyes, redness and pain will occur.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc00/icsc0074.htm SULPHUR DIOXIDE], [[International Labour Organization]].&lt;/ref&gt;
--&gt;
== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{commonscat|sulfur dioxide}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081225152908/http://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/sulfur.html United States Environmental Protection Agency Sulfur Dioxide page]
* [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc00/icsc0074.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0074]
* [http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol54/02-sulfur-dioxide.htm IARC Monograph &quot;Sulfur Dioxide and some Sulfites, Bisulfites and Metabisulfites&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112215451/http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol54/02-sulfur-dioxide.htm |date=2006-01-12 }}
* [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0575.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]
* [http://www.fedupwithfoodadditives.info/factsheets/Factsulphites.htm Food Intolerance Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426073820/http://www.fedupwithfoodadditives.info/factsheets/Factsulphites.htm |date=2007-04-26 }} - Sulfite factsheet
* [http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/so2/so2h.htm Sulfur Dioxide, Molecule of the Month]
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Oksida asam]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naftaléna</title>
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      <text bytes="15150" sha1="i4diithnemia6y8rapwfat7djwr8ay9" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

'''Naftaléna''', ogé katelah '''naftalin''', '''naftalina''', '''kamper''', atawa '''albokarbon''' (ulah kajeujeut jeung [[nafta]]) nyaéta [[hidrokarbon]] padet kristalin, [[Aromatisitas|aromatik]], bodas nu boga [[rumus molekul|rumus]] [[karbon|C]]&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;[[hidrogén|H]]&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; dina wangun gabungan dua cingcin [[bénzéna]]. Di masarakat urang mah katelahna kamper, kadang warna-warni, bentukna baruleud atawa bunder. Zatna volatil ngahasilkeun [[saab]] anu gampang kaduruk, sarta [[sublimasi|nyublim]] dina hawa biasa nu bauna bisa kaambeu dina kadar 0,08&amp;nbsp;[[parts per million|ppm w/w]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | title=Odor as an aid to chemical safety: Odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatiles for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution
 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-toxicology_1983-12_3_6/page/n5
 | author=Amoore J E &amp; Hautala E
 | journal=J. Appl. Toxicol.
 | volume=3
 | issue=6
 | pages=272–290
 | year=1983
 | doi=10.1002/jat.2550030603 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.
&lt;!--
== Sajarah ==
In 1819–1820, at least two chemists reported a white solid with a pungent odor derived from the distillation of coal tar. In 1821, [[John Kidd]] described many of this substance's properties and the means of its production, and proposed the name ''naphthaline'', as it had been derived from a kind of [[naphtha]] (a broad term encompassing any volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture, including coal tar).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = John Kidd | year = 1821 | title = Observations on Naphthaline, a peculiar substance resembling a concrete essential oil, which is apparently produced during the decomposition of coal tar, by exposure to a red heat | journal = Philosophical Transactions | volume = 111 | pages = 209–221 | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1821.0017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Naphthaline's chemical formula was determined by [[Michael Faraday]] in 1826. The structure of two fused benzene rings was proposed by [[Emil Erlenmeyer]] in 1866,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal 
 | title = Studien über die s. g. aromatischen Säuren 
 | author = Emil Erlenmeyer  
 | journal =  [[Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie]]
 | volume =  137
 | issue = 3
 | pages = 327–359 
 | year = 1866  
 | url =  
 | doi = 10.1002/jlac.18661370309 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and confirmed by [[Carl Graebe]] three years later.

==Structure and reactivity==
A naphthalene molecule is composed of two fused benzene rings.  (In [[organic chemistry]], rings are ''fused'' if they share two or more atoms.)  Accordingly, naphthalene is classified as a benzenoid [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]] (PAH).  There are two sets of equivalent hydrogens: the ''alpha'' positions are positions 1, 4, 5, and 8 on the drawing below, and the ''beta'' positions are positions 2, 3, 6, and 7.

Unlike highly-symmetrical [[aromatic]]s, such as [[benzene]], the carbon-carbon bonds in naphthalene are not of the same length. The bonds C1–C2, C3–C4, C5–C6 and C7–C8 are about 1.36 Å (136 pm) in length, whereas the other carbon-carbon bonds are about 1.42 Å (142 pm) long. This has been verified by [[x-ray diffraction]], and is consistent with the [[valence bond theory|valence bond]] model of bonding in naphthalene which involves three [[resonance structure]]s (as shown below); while the bonds C1–C2, C3–C4, C5–C6 and C7–C8 are double in ''two'' of the three structures, the others are double in only one.

[[Image:naphthalene resonance.PNG|Resonace structures of naphthalene]]

Like benzene, naphthalene can undergo [[electrophilic aromatic substitution]]. For many electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, naphthalene is more reactive than benzene, reacting under milder conditions than does benzene. For example, whereas both benzene and naphthalene react with [[chlorine]] in the presence of a [[ferric chloride]] or [[aluminium chloride]] catalyst, naphthalene and chlorine can react to form [[1-chloronaphthalene]] even without a catalyst. Similarly, while both benzene and naphthalene can be alkylated using [[Friedel-Crafts reaction]]s, naphthalene can also be alkylated by reaction with [[alkene]]s or [[alcohol]]s, with [[sulfuric acid|sulfuric]] or [[phosphoric acid]] as the catalyst.

Two [[isomer]]s are possible for mono-substituted naphthalenes, corresponding to substitution at an alpha or beta position. Usually, electrophiles attack at the alpha position. The selectivity for alpha over beta substitution can be rationalized in terms of the resonance structures of the intermediate: for the alpha substitution intermediate, seven resonance structures can be drawn, of which four preserve an aromatic ring. For beta substitution, the intermediate has only six resonance structures, and only two of these are aromatic. Sulfonation, however, gives a mixture of the &quot;alpha&quot; product 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid and the &quot;beta&quot; product 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, with the ratio dependent on reaction conditions. The 1-isomer forms predominantly at 25°C, and the 2-isomer at 160°C.

Naphthalene can be [[hydrogenate]]d under high pressure with metal [[catalyst]]s to give 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene or [[tetralin]] (C&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;). Further hydrogenation yields [[decahydronaphthalene]] or decalin (C&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;).  [[Oxidation]] with [[chromate]] or [[permanganate]], or catalytic oxidation with O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and a [[vanadium]] [[catalyst]], gives [[phthalic acid]].

==Production==
Most naphthalene is derived from [[coal tar]]. From the 1960s until the 1990s, significant amounts of naphthalene were also produced from heavy petroleum fractions during [[petroleum refining]], but today petroleum-derived naphthalene represents only a minor component of naphthalene production.

Naphthalene is the most abundant single component of coal tar. While the composition of coal tar varies with the coal from which it is produced, typical coal tar is about 10% naphthalene by weight. In industrial practice, [[distillation]] of coal tar yields an oil containing about 50% naphthalene, along with a variety of other [[aromatic compound]]s. This oil, after being washed with aqueous [[sodium hydroxide]] to remove [[acid]]ic components (chiefly various [[phenol]]s), and with [[sulfuric acid]] to remove [[base (chemistry)|basic]] components, undergoes [[fractional distillation]] to isolate naphthalene. The crude naphthalene resulting from this process is about 95% naphthalene by weight, often referred to as 78°C (melting point). The chief impurities are the sulfur-containing aromatic compound [[benzothiophene]] (&lt;2%), [[indane]] (0.2%), [[indene]] (&lt;2%), and methylnapthalene (&lt;2%). Petroleum-derived naphthalene is usually purer than that derived from coal tar. Where required, crude naphthalene can be further purified by [[recrystallization]] from any of a variety of solvents, resulting in 99% naphthalene by weight, referred to as 80°C (melting point).

In North America, coal tar producers are [[Koppers]] Inc. and Recochem Inc., and petroleum-derived producer is Advanced Aromatics, L.P..

==Natural occurrence==
Trace amounts of naphthalene are produced by [[magnolia]]s and specific types of [[deer]], as well as the [[Formosan subterranean termite]], possibly produced by the termite as a repellant against &quot;ants, poisonous fungi and nematode worms.&quot;&lt;ref&gt; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/76115.stm BBC News]&lt;/ref&gt; Some strains of the [[endophytic]] fungus [[muscodor albus]] produce naphthalene among a range of volatile organic compounds, while [[muscodor vitigenus]] produces naphthalene almost exlusively. &lt;ref&gt;[http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/148/11/3737 Naphthalene, an insect repellent, is produced by Muscodor vitigenus, a novel endophytic fungus].&lt;/ref&gt; Naphthalene has been found in meteorites that continue to fall to the surface of the Earth. It has also been discovered in the interstellar medium in the direction of the star Cernis 52 in the constellation [[Perseus (constellation)|Perseus]].&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080919075007.htm Science Daily]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Uses==
Naphthalene's most familiar use is as a household [[fumigant]], such as in [[mothball]]s (although [[1,4-dichlorobenzene]] (or ''p''-dichlorobenzene) is now more widely used).  In a sealed container containing naphthalene pellets, naphthalene vapors build up to levels toxic to both the adult and larval forms of many [[moth]]s that attack textiles. Other fumigant uses of naphthalene include use in soil as a fumigant pesticide, in [[attic]] spaces to repel animals and insects, and in museum storage-drawers and cupboards to protect the contents from attack by insect pests.

It is used in pyrotechnic special effects such as the generation of black smoke and simulated explosions.

It is used to create artificial pores in the manufacture of high-porosity grinding wheels.

In the past, naphthalene was administered orally to kill parasitic worms in livestock.

Naphthalene vapour can also slow the onset of [[rust]]{{Fact|date=December 2007}}, as in the use of moth balls in a tool box.

Naphthalene and its alkyl [[homolog (chemistry)|homologs]] are the major constituents of [[creosote]].

===Use as a chemical intermediate===
Larger volumes of naphthalene are used as a chemical intermediate to produce other chemicals. The single largest use of naphthalene is the industrial production of [[phthalic anhydride]] (although more phthalic anhydride is made from [[O-Xylene|''o''-xylene]] than from naphthalene), depending on the price of naphthalene and o-Xylene. Other naphthalene-derived chemicals include alkyl naphthalene sulfonate [[surfactant]]s, and the [[insecticide]] [[carbaryl|1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate (''carbaryl'')]]. Naphthalenes substituted with combinations of strongly electron-donating [[functional group]]s, such as [[alcohol]]s and [[amine]]s, and strongly electron-withdrawing groups, especially [[sulfonic acid]]s, are intermediates in the preparation of many synthetic [[dye]]s. The hydrogenated naphthalenes [[tetrahydronaphthalene]] (tetralin) and [[decahydronaphthalene]] (decalin) are used as low-volatility [[solvent]]s.

===Dispersant/Plastizer===
Naphthalene sulfonic acids are used in the manufacture of naphthalene sulfonate polymer [[plasticizer]]s (''dispersants'') which are used to produce [[concrete]] and [[plasterboard]] ([[wallboard]] or [[drywall]]). They are also used as [[dispersant]]s in synthetic and natural rubbers, and as [[tanning|tanning agents]] (syntans) in leather industries, agricultural formulations (dispersants for pesticides), dyes and as a dispersant in [[Lead-acid battery]] plates.

Naphthalene sulfonate polymers are produced by reacting naphthalene with sulfuric acid and then polymerizing with [[formaldehyde]], followed by neutralization with sodium or calcium hydroxide. These products are commercially sold in solution (water) or dry powder form.

===Wetting Agent/Surfactant===
Alkyl naphthalene sulfonates ''ANS'' are used in many industrial applications as nondetergent wetting agents that effectively disperse colloidal systems in aqueous media. The major commercial applications are in the agricultural chemical industry, which uses ANS for wettable powder and wettable granular (dry-flowable) formulations, and the textile and fabric industry, which utilizes the wetting and defoaming properties of ANS for bleaching and dyeing operations.

===Other Uses===
Naphthalene is also used in the synthesis of [[2-naphthol]], a major raw material used as a precursor for various intermediates including dyestuffs, pesticides, pigments, rubber processing chemicals and others, and of miscellaneous chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

==Health effects==
Exposure to large amounts of naphthalene may damage or destroy [[red blood cell]]s. Humans, particularly children, have developed this condition, known as [[hemolytic anemia]], after ingesting mothballs or deodorant blocks containing naphthalene. Symptoms include fatigue, lack of appetite, restlessness, and pale [[skin]]. Exposure to large amounts of naphthalene may cause [[nausea]], vomiting, [[diarrhea]], [[blood]] in the [[urine]], and [[jaundice]] (yellow coloration of the skin).

When the U.S. National Toxicology Program exposed male and female rats and mice to naphthalene vapors on weekdays for two years,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=NTP Technical Reports 410 and 500 | work=NTP Technical Reports 410 and 500, available from NTP: Long-Term Abstracts &amp; Reports| url=http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/INDEX.CFM?OBJECTID=0847DDA0-F261-59BF-FAA04EB1EC032B61| accessmonthday=March 6 | accessyear=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; male and female rats exhibited: evidence of carcinogenic activity, based on increased incidences of adenoma and neuroblastoma of the nose, female mice exhibited some evidence of carcinogenic activity, based on increased incidences of alveolar and bronchiolar adenomas of the lung, and male mice exhibited no evidence of carcinogenic activity.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans | work=Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene, Vol. 82 (2002) (p. 367)| url=http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol82/82-06.html | accessmonthday=March 9 | accessyear=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; classifies naphthalene as possibly carcinogenic to humans and animals [Group 2B]. The IARC also points out that acute exposure causes cataracts in humans, rats, rabbits, and mice; and that hemolytic anemia, described above, can occur in children and infants after oral or inhalation exposure or after maternal exposure during pregnancy.

Over 400 million people have an inherited condition called [[glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]]. Exposure to naphthalene is more harmful for these people and may cause hemolytic anemia at lower doses.
--&gt;
== Baca ogé ==
* [[Dékahidronaftaléna]] (analog naftaléna jenuh)
* [[Naftol]]
* Sintésis klasik naftaléna: [[réaksi Wagner-Jauregg]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references/&gt;
* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics éd. ka-87

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://npic.orst.edu/capro/Mothballs1.pdf National Pesticide Information Center - Mothballs Case Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622021329/http://npic.orst.edu/capro/Mothballs1.pdf |date=2010-06-22 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140413190600/http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/naphthal.html Naphthalene] - EPA Air Toxics Web Site
* [http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim363.htm Naphthalene (PIM 363)] - mostly on toxicity of naphthalene
* Koppers Inc.[http://www.koppers.com/]
* Recochem Inc.[http://www.recochem.com/]
* Advanced Aromatics, L.P.[http://www.advancedaromatics.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210005316/http://www.advancedaromatics.com/ |date=2008-12-10 }}
* Géo Specialty Chemicals, Inc. [http://www.geosc.com/ Naphthalene Sulfonate Polymer Dispersants]

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Hidrokarbon]]
[[Kategori:Inséktisida]]
[[Kategori:Sanyawa aromatik]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stéroid</title>
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      <text bytes="8423" sha1="nc0scukbgofut21fdtwbslu00bxefju" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Lanosterol-3D-sticks.png|thumb|300px|Modél bal jeung tongkat [[molekul]] stéroid [[lanostérol]]. Jumlah atom karbon (30) nuduhkeun asalna anu tina [[tritérpénoid]].]]
'''Stéroid''' nyaéta [[lipid]] [[térpénoid]] nu cirina boga puseur [[stérana]] jeung [[gugus fungsi]] tambahan. Puseurna nyaéta wangun [[karbon]] opat cingcin anu ngahiji: tilu cingcin [[siklohéksana]] jeung hiji cingcin [[siklopéntana]]. Rupa-rupa stéroid ditangtukeun ku gugus fungsi anu napel dina éta cingcin sarta kaayaan [[oksidasi]] cingcinna.

Tina [[tutuwuhan]], [[sato]], jeung [[fungi]], stéroid anu dihasilkeun aya kana ratusna, dijieun dina [[sél (biologi)|sél]] boh tina stérol [[lanostérol]] (sato jeung fungi) atawa tina stérol [[sikloarténol]] (tutuwuhan), nu duanana diturunkeun tina siklisasi [[tritérpéna]] [[skualéna]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/reaction/terp/lanost.html Lanosterol biosynthesis]&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Stérol]] téh minangka bentuk husus stéroid, nyaéta anu boga gugus hidroksil dina atom C-3 sarta rangka turunan [[koléstana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;IUPAC&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | journal = [[Pure &amp; Appl. Chem.]] | volume = 61 | issue = 10 | pages = 1783–1822 | year = 1989 | title = Nomenclature of Steroids (Recommendations 1989) | author = G. P. Moss | doi = 10.1351/pac198961101783}} [http://iupac.org/publications/pac/61/10/1783/pdf/.pdf PDF]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Métabolismeu ==
[[Gambar:Steroid lettering numbering.svg|thumb|right|400px|Cara nganomeran cingcin jeung atom nu diusulkeun ku [[Tatanama IUPAC|IUPAC]] pikeun rangka molekul stéroid&lt;ref name=&quot;IUPAC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid2606099&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author = | title = IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989 | journal = Eur. J. Biochem. | volume = 186 | issue = 3 | pages = 429–58 | year = 1989 | month = Désémber | pmid = 2606099 | doi = 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x | url = http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/steroid/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Opat cingcin A-D ngabentuk puseur [[stérana]].]]
Stéroid ngawengku [[éstrogén]], [[kortisol]], [[progéstéron]], jeung [[téstostéron]]. Éstrogén jeung progéstéron dijieun utamana dina [[ovarium]] jeung [[bali]] nalika kakandungan, anapon [[téstostéron]] dina [[téstis]]. Sababaraha [[neuron]] jeung [[glia]] dina [[sistem saraf puseur]] ngahasilkeun [[énzim]] nu dipikabutuh sacara lokal pikeun sintésis [[neurosteroids]] [[prégnan]], boh ''[[sintésis de novo|de novo]]'' atawa tina sumber periferal. Sintésis stéroid diatur dina hambalan konvérsi [[koléstérol]] jadi [[prégnénolon]], nu lumangsung di jero [[mitokondria]]&lt;ref name=Rossier&gt;{{cite journal | title=T channels and steroid biosynthesis: in search of a link with mitochondria | author=Rossier MF | journal=Cell Calcium. | date=2006 | volume=40 | issue=2 | pages=155–64 | pmid=16759697 | doi=10.1016/j.ceca.2006.04.020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

'''Métabolismeu stéroid''' nyaéta runtuyan [[réaksi kimia]] lengkep dina awak organismeu nu ngahasilkeun, ngarobah, jeung ngonsumsi stéroid. Ieu [[jalur métabolik]] ngawengku:
* sintésis stéroid - nyieun stéroid tina prékursor anu leuwih basajan
* stéroidogenesis - interkonvérsi rupa-rupa stéroid
* dégradasi.

=== Biosintésis ===
[[Gambar:Sterol synthesis.svg|thumb|right|300px|Gambaran basajan bagian ahir jalur sintésis stéroid, nu [[réaksi kimia|ngaréaksikeun]] [[isopénténil pirofosfat]] (IPP) jeung [[dimétilalil pirofosfat]] (DMAPP) jadi [[geranil pirofosfat]] (GPP), [[skualén]], sarta hasil ahir [[lanostérol]], stéroid munggaran (sababaraha zat antara disumputkeun ngarah henteu pajeujeut).]]
'''Biosintésis stéroid''' nyaéta hiji jalur [[anabolismeu|anabolik]] nu ngahasilkeun stéroid tina prékursor anu leuwih basajan. Dina awak sato, ieu sintésis jalurna béda-béda, ku sabab kitu ieu jalur sok dijadikeun sasaran [[antibiotik]] jeung [[ubar]] anti-inféksi lianna.

Di manusa, ieu sintésis dimimitian di jalur mévalonat nu ngawangun DMAPP jeung IPP tina [[asétil-KoA]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Grochowski L, Xu H, White R |title=Methanocaldococcus jannaschii uses a modified mevalonate pathway for biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate |url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=16621811 |journal=J Bacteriol |volume=188 |issue=9 |pages=3192–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16621811 |doi=10.1128/JB.188.9.3192-3198.2006 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Salajengna, DMAPP jeung IPP jadi [[lanostérol]].

=== Stéroidogenesis ===
'''Stéroidogenesis''' nyaéta prosés transformasi atawa ngarobah hiji stériod jadi stériod lianna. Hasilna, di antarana:
* [[androgéns]]
** [[téstostéron]]
* [[éstrogén]] jeung [[progéstéron]]
* [[kortikoid]]
** [[kortisol]]
** [[aldostéron]]

=== Dégradasi ===
Stéroid biasana dioksidasi ku énzim [[sitokrom P450|sitokrom P450 oksidaseu]], misalna. Ieu réaksi ngasupkeun [[oksigén]] kana cingcin stéroid nepi ka pegatna ku énzim séjén jadi [[asam hampru]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Pikuleva IA |title=Cytochrome P450s and cholesterol homeostasis |journal=Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=761–73 |year=2006 |pmid=16872679 |doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.05.014}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ieu asam bisa disékrésikeun tina [[liver]] dina [[cairan hampru]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Zollner G, Marschall HU, Wagner M, Trauner M |title=Role of nuclear receptors in the adaptive response to bile acids and cholestasis: pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations |journal=Mol. Pharm. |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=231–51 |year=2006 |pmid=16749856 |doi=10.1021/mp060010s}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Éksprési ieu gén oksidaseu bisa diatur ku sénsor stéroid [[PXR]] nalika dina getih kandungan stéroidna luhur&lt;ref name=&quot;Kliewer&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kliewer S, Goodwin B, Willson T |title=The nuclear pregnane X receptor: a key regulator of xenobiotic metabolism |journal=Endocr. Rev. |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=687–702 |year=2002 |pmid=12372848 |doi=10.1210/er.2001-0038}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Baca ogé ==
* [[Batrakotoksin]]
* [[Biosintésis stéroid]]

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/steroid-hormones.html Michael W. King's Medical Biochemistry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718164843/http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/steroid-hormones.html |date=2006-07-18 }}.  Steroids and retinoids are both [[terpene]]s that are [[hydrophobic]], pass through [[cell membrane]]s and bind to [[Signal transduction#Nuclear receptors|intracellular receptors]]. However, retinoic acid is not a steroid because it does not have the defining ring structure. See: [https://web.archive.org/web/20181216075006/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books?cmd=Search&amp;doptcmdl=GenBookHL&amp;term=retinoids%20AND%20stryer%5Bbook%5D%20AND%20217301%5Buid%5D&amp;rid=stryer.section.4466#4467 Steroids and Related Hydrophobic Molecules].
* &quot;[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&amp;rid=stryer.TOC&amp;depth=2 Biochemistry]&quot; by Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer (2002) W. H. Freeman and Co. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books&amp;cmd=Search&amp;term=steroid+AND+stryer%5Bbook%5D&amp;doptcmdl=TOCView steroid topics in this]
* [http://www.insidermedicine.com/archives/Insidermedicine_in_60_-_Trans_Fats,_Steroid_Rage,_Calcium_and_Needlesticks_1265.aspx Insidermedicine in 60 - Trans Fats, Steroid Rage, Calcium and Needlesticks ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011015713/http://www.insidermedicine.com/archives/Insidermedicine_in_60_-_Trans_Fats,_Steroid_Rage,_Calcium_and_Needlesticks_1265.aspx |date=2008-10-11 }}—Vidéo: Insidermedicine.com's  Dr. Sanjay Sharma on Trans Fats, Steroid Rage, Calcium and Needlesticks.
* [http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/steroid/ Nomenclature of Steroids Home Page] at Queen Mary University of London.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061117030358/http://il-st-acad-sci.org/steroid0.html Steroid abbreviations] at ISAS (page now defunct, web archive version)
* http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/basics/steroidogenesis.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228213018/http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/basics/steroidogenesis.html |date=2009-02-28 }}

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Stéroid]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sean Connery</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Gambar:SeanConneryJune08.jpg|thumb|right|Connery dina acara [[Edinburgh International Film Festival]] di taun 2008.]]
'''Sir Thomas Séan Connery''' (babar [[25 Agustus]] [[1930]] di kota [[Edinburgh]], [[Skotlandia]] - 2020, leuwih terkenal ku sebatan '''Séan Connery''') mangrupa saorang aktor film jeung TV asal ti Skotlandia, Britania Raya. Anjeunna terkenal sabagai pameran [[James Bond]] pertama. Sampai ka kiwari, Connery parantos maen dina tujuh film James Bond, dimimitian dina ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'' taun 1962 dan diahiri dina ''[[Never Say Never Again]]'' taun 1983.

Di luar James Bond, Connnery mangrupa saorang aktor handal. Anjeunna parantos meunang macam-macam panghargaan sapertos [[Academy Award]], [[Golden Globe]], jeung [[BAFTA Award]]. Sasih Juli 2000, Connery ngadapetkeun gelar ksatria kahormatan ti Ratu Elizabeth II.

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{commonscat|Sean Connery}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.seanconnery.com/ Situs resmi]
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000125/ Sean Connery] dina [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [http://www.ibdb.com/person.asp?ID=23802 Sean Connery] dina [[Internet Broadway Database]]
* [[BBC]]: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/573476.stm Sean Connery Biography (1999)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090108033206/http://www.tcm.com/thismonth/article.jsp?cid=161355 Profil Sean Connery] dina [[Turner Classic Movies]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Connery, Sean}}
[[Kategori:Babar 1930]]
[[Kategori:James Bond]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Megatron</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>31213</id>
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      <text bytes="1085" sha1="4n99ra2jlmuyql7mhclelrl47q96xft" xml:space="preserve">'''Megatron''' mangrupa nami keur salah sahiji karakter fiksi tina serial [[Transformers|The Transformers]]. Anjeunna mangrupa pamimpin paling luhur ti [[Decepticons]], nu mangrupa sabuah grup penjahat dina serial ieu. Ngarujuk kana majalah Wizard, Megatron nempatan posisi ka-68 tina daftar penjahat sareng dictator paling legendaries di dunia. Musuh utamana nyaéta [[Optimus Prime]] ti [[Autobots]].

==Model parobihan==
*Transformers G1: pestol Walther P38
*Transformers Unicron Trilogy: mobil jet
*Transformers film: jet Cybertronian
*Transformers: Animated: jet Cybertronian/pesawat tiltrotor

==Pangeusi sora==
*Transformers G1: [[Frank Welker]]
*Transformers film: [[Hugo Weaving]]
*Transformers: Animated: [[Corey Burton]]

==Tumbu luar==
* [http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0003330/ Megatron] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083057/http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0003330/ |date=2017-01-18 }} dalam [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [http://www.google.com/patents?id=ngAuAAAAEBAJ Hak paten Megatron] oleh [[Takashi Matsuda]]

{{Uncategorized|date=April 2017}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Macan dahan Sunda</title>
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      <text bytes="6960" sha1="2slvtvfg2nx0wbh1mcw18ogksfohr1w" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

{{Taxobox
| name = Macan Dahan Sunda
| fossil_range = [[Pléstosin]] Awal - Kiwari
| image = Borneo_clouded_leopard.jpg
| image_width = 
| image_caption = Macan Dahan Sunda di hilir [[Walungan Kinabatangan]], [[Sabah]] wétan, [[Malaysia]] 
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn/&gt;
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Felidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Pantherinae]]
| genus = ''[[Neofelis]]''
| species = '''''N. diardi'''''
| binomial = ''Neofelis diardi''
| binomial_authority = [[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1823
| synonyms = ''Felis diardii''&lt;br&gt;''Felis macrocelis''&lt;br&gt;''Felis marmota''&lt;br&gt;''Neofelis nebulosa diardi''
| range_map = Neofelis diardi Locator Map.svg
| range_map_width = 
| range_map_caption = Sebaran Macan Dahan Sunda
}}

'''Macan dahan Sunda''' (''Neofelis diardi'') nyaéta hiji spésiés [[felidae|ucing]] liar ukuran sedeng nu hirup di [[Kalimantan]] jeung [[Sumatra]]. Taun 2006, ieu spésiés kakara dipisahkeun ti dulurna [[Macan dahan]] (''Neofelis nebulosa'') di daratan utama buana Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;BB&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author = Buckley-Beason, V.A., Johnson, W.E., Nash, W.G., Stanyon, R., Menninger, J.C., Driscoll, C.A., Howard, J., Bush, M., Page, J.E., Roelke, M.E., Stone, G., Martelli, P., Wen, C., Ling, L.; Duraisingam, R.K., Lam, V.P., O'Brien, S.J. |title = [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6VRT-4MGW3JF-12&amp;_user=10&amp;_coverDate=12%2F05%2F2006&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=high&amp;_orig=gateway&amp;_origin=gateway&amp;_sort=d&amp;_docanchor=&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=a5f29898a72c27ce277d1cdb4b317484&amp;searchtype=a Molecular Evidence for Species-Level Distinctions in Clouded Leopards] |journal = Current Biology |volume = 16 | issue = 23 | pages = 2371–2376 |year = 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.066 | pmid = 17141620}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kit&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author = Kitchener, A.C., Beaumont, M.A., Richardson, D. | title = [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6VRT-4MGW3JF-13&amp;_user=10&amp;_coverDate=12%2F05%2F2006&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=high&amp;_orig=gateway&amp;_origin=gateway&amp;_sort=d&amp;_docanchor=&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=dcf85c7f3ba5ecb9a2101b8d496f6c39&amp;searchtype=a Geographical Variation in the Clouded Leopard, ''Neofelis nebulosa'', Reveals Two Species] | journal = Current Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 23 | pages = 2377–2383 | date = 5 Désémber 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.066 | pmid = 17141621}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2008 [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] ngasupkeun ieu spésiés kana kelas [[spésiés rawan|''rawan'']], ku sabab ukuran populasi éféktifna kurang ti 10.000 (sawawa) anu terus ngurangan.&lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{IUCN|assessors= Hearn, A., Sanderson, J., Ross, J., Wilting, A. and Sunarto, S. |year=2008 |id=136603 |taxon=Neofelis diardi |version=2010.4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saméméhna, ieu spésiés katelah '''Macan dahan Bornéo''' ({{lang-en|''Bornean clouded leopard''}}) — ngaran anu dipublikasi ku [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] dina Maret 2007, nyonto omongan Dr. Stephen O'Brien ti [[National Cancer Institute, AS|Lembaga Kangker Nasional AS]], &quot;''Hasil panalungtikan genetik écés nuduhkeun yén macan dahan di Kalimantan kudu dianggap salaku spésiés anu misah''&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WWF&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070315075842.htm |title=New Species Declared: Clouded Leopard found on Borneo and Sumatra |publisher=ScienceDaily |date=15 March 2007 |accessdate=26 Nopémber 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dedegan ==
Macan dahan Sunda téh ucing panggedéna di [[Bornéo]], awakna seseg, beuratna 12–25&amp;nbsp;kg. Panjang [[sihung]]na nepi ka 5&amp;nbsp;cm, buntutna mapakan panjang awakna. Pola buluna teu tetep, tapi sacara umum kawas awan (ku kituna dina basa Inggris katelah &quot;''clouded leopard''&quot;, &quot;maung tutul awan&quot;). Najan para élmuwan geus wanoh ka ieu sato ti awal abad ka-19, ieu sato kakara diaku salaku hiji spésiés taun 2006, lain subspésiés ti ''Neofelis nebulosa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;BB&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kit&quot;/&gt;

== Sebaran jeung habitat ==
Macan dahan Sunda sigana ukur aya di [[kalimantan]] jeung [[Sumatra]]. Di Kalimantan kapanggih di [[leuweung hujan]] lebak (handapeun 1500 m lbl) jeung di leuweung geledegan (leuwih saeutik). Di Sumatra kapanggih leuwih loba hirup di pagunungan, tapi can kanyahoan aya/henteuna di [[Kapuloan Batu]] deukeut [https://www.uma.ac.id/ Sumatra] anu laleutik.&lt;ref name=iucn/&gt;

== Ékologi jeung paripolah ==
Paripolah/pola hirup macan dahan Sunda can pati dipikawanoh ku sabab tara kawénéhan, tapi sacara umum hirupna resep nyorangan.

Macan dahan ilaharna néang mangsa dina taneuh sarta ngamangpaatkeun kabisana dina tétérékél pikeun nyingkahan bahya.{{citation needed|date=Pébruari 2010}}

== Ngaran lokal ==
Di [[Indonésia]] ieu sato katelah &quot;macan dahan&quot;, anapon dina [[basa Malayu]] (baheula dipaké di Sumatra, kiwari masih dipaké di Malaysia) disebut &quot;harimau dahan&quot;.{{Citation needed|date=Maret 2007}}

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tutumbu kaluar ==
{{wikispecies|Neofelis diardi}}
{{commons|Neofelis diardi}}
* [http://borneanwildcat.blogspot.com/ Bornean Clouded Leopard Programme]
* [http://www.cloudedleopard.org/default.aspx?link=borneo_strategy Clouded Leopard Conservation and Research in Borneo]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8505000/8505785.stm BBC Earth News, February 2010: Clouded leopard: First film of new Asia big cat species]
* [http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/nstv/2011/03/rare-leopard-caught-on-candid-camera.html New Scientist: ''Rare leopard caught on candid camera'']

Artikel kalawarta anu bisa kénéh dibuka:
* [http://cloudedleopard.org/default.aspx?link=news_2007_03_16  The Clouded Leopard Project, March 2007: ''Borneo Clouded Leopard Classified as New Species''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113092107/http://cloudedleopard.org/default.aspx?link=news_2007_03_16 |date=2010-01-13 }}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6452555.stm BBC News, March 2007: ''Island leopard deemed new species'']
*[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17619064/ msnbc.com, March 2007: ''New leopard species found in Borneo''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124085112/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17619064/ |date=2012-11-24 }}
*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070315-leopard-picture.html National Geographic, March 2007: ''Photo in the News: New Leopard Species Announced''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319010810/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070315-leopard-picture.html |date=2007-03-19 }}
*[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=442309&amp;in_page_id=1965 Daily Mail, March 2007: ''New species of leopard with largest fangs in cat world discovered'']

[[Kategori:Pantherinae]]
[[Kategori:Mamalia Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rugbi union</title>
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{{Infobox sport
| image = New Zealand vs South Africa 2006 Tri Nations Line Out.JPG
| imagesize = 300px
| caption = [[Victor Matfield]] ti Afrika Kidul ngalaksanakeun ''lineout'' kana Selandia Anyar dina 2006.
| union = [[International Rugby Board]]
| nickname = Rugger, Rugby&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=British language &amp; culture |url=https://archive.org/details/britishlanguagec0000unse |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |first=David |last=Else |year=2007 |edition=2nd |page=[https://archive.org/details/britishlanguagec0000unse/page/97 97] |isbn=186450286X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| first = Awal abad ka-19 (wangun awal)&lt;br /&gt;1845 (hukum tinulis awal)
| registered = 5.062.396
| clubs = 18.920
| contact = [[Olahraga kontak#Kontak pinuh|Kontak pinuh]]
| team = 15
| mgender = Kompetisi kapisah
| category = [[Olahraga tim]], luar rohangan
| equipment = [[Maén bal (bal)#Rugbi union|Bal rugbi]]
| venue =
| olympic = [[Rugbi union dina Olimpiade 1900|1900]]; dihupus ti program [[Olimpiade 1928|1928]]; [[Rugbi Tujuh]] dibalikkeun [[Olimpiade 2016|2016]]
}}
'''Rugbi union''', mindeng disebut '''rugbi''' wungkul, nyaéta hiji olahraga tim [[Olahraga kontak#Kontak pinuh|kontak pinuh]] nu lahir di Inggris di awal abad ka-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm#2 |title=Origins of Rugby – Codification &quot;The innovation of running with the ball was introduced some time between 1820 and 1830.&quot; |publisher=Rugbyfootballhistory.com |accessdate=15 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; salah sahiji [[Bandingan rugbi liga jeung rugbi union|dua kode]] ti [[maén bal rugbi]], nyaéta dina lumpat sareng bal dicandak ku tangan. Olahraga ieu dimaénkeun kalawan hiji [[bal rugbi|bal]] nu bentukna oval, di lapangan nu panjangna nepi ka 100 m jeung lébarna nepi ka 70 m kalawan pos gawang nu bentukna kawas hurup &quot;H&quot; dina masing-masing garis gawang.

[[William Webb Ellis]] mindeng dipercaya kalawan pamanggihan lumpat sareng nyandak bal ku tangan dina 1823 di [[Sakola Rugby]] basa anjeunna diduga nyanggap bal nalika keur maén bal jeung lumpat ka gawang lawan. Tapi, bukti carita éta diragukeun. Dina 1845, hukum maén bal kahiji ditulis ku murid-murid Sakola Rugby; kajadian signifikan lianna dina pamekaran awal rugbi contona kaputusan [[Blackheath F.C.|Klub Blackheath]] ninggalkeun ''[[The Football Association]]'' dina 1863 sarta misahna rugbi union jeung [[rugbi liga]] dina 1895. Dina 1995 [[International Rugby Board|Badan Rugbi Internasional]] (''International Rugby Board'', IRB) ngahupus larangan dina bayaran ka pamaén, nyieun maénna sacara kabuka profésional dina tingkat nu pangluhurna pikeun kahijina.

IRB geus jadi badan pangurus pikeun rugbi union ti pawangunanna dina 1886. Sumebarna rugbi union tumuwuh ti [[Home Nations|Bangsa Asal]] (''Home Nations''), Britania Raya jeung Irlandia, sarta diserep ku raloba nagara nu kaasosiasi jeung Kakaisaran Britania. Éksponén awal ti olahraga ieu contona Australia, Selandia Anyar, jeung Afrika Kidul. Nagara-nagara nu geus ngadopsi rugbi union salaku olahraga nasionalna sacara ''[[de facto]]'' misalna Fiji, Géorgia, Selandia Anyar, Samoa, Tonga, jeung Wales. Rugbi union dimaénkeun di leuwih ti 100 nagara di 6 buana jeung dina Nopémber 2010, 118 union mangrupa anggota IRB.

[[Piala Dunya Rugbi]], kahiji lumangsung dina 1987, dilaksanakeun saban opat warsih, kalawan nu meunangna narima [[Piala Webb Ellis]]. [[Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa]] (''Six Nations Championship'') di Éropa jeung [[Kajuaraan Rugby]] (''The Rugby Championship'') di Hémisfér Kidul (nu ngaganti ''Tri Nations'') mangrupa kompetisi internasional utami anu dilaksanakeun warsihan. Kompetisi doméstik utama contona [[Top 14]] di Perancis, [[English Premiership (rugbi union)|English Premiership]] di Inggris, [[Currie Cup]] di Afrika Kidul, jeung [[ITM Cup]] di Selandia Anyar. Kompetisi antarbangsa nu lian contona [[Celtic League (rugbi union)|Celtic League]], aslina mimilukeun tim ti Irlandia, Skotlandia, jeung Wales sarta ayeuna ditambih ti Italia; [[Super Rugby]] (baheulana Super 12 jeung Super 14), mimilukeun tim ti Afrika Kidul, Australia, jeung Selandia Anyar; sarta [[Heineken Cup]], mimilukeun sawatara tim ti Éropa.

==Sajarah==
{{utama|Sajarah rugbi union}}
[[File:Rugby School 850.jpg|box|thumb|[[Sakola Rugby]] di [[Rugby, Warwickshire]]. Katembong dina gambar gawang rugbi nu wangunna kawas hurup &quot;H&quot;]]
Asalna maén bal rugbi dianggap salaku hiji insidén dina hiji patandingan [[Maén bal sakola umum Inggris|maén bal sakola Inggris]] di Sakola Rugby dina 1823 basa [[William Webb-Ellis]] disebut yén anjeunna nyandak bal teras lumpat barina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Webb Ellis, William|url = http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/webb-ellis.html|accessdate =14 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan bukti ti carita éta diragukeun,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite episode|title=Flotsam|url=http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/qi/episodes/6/3/|series=QI|serieslink=QI|network=[[BBC]]|station=BBC One |location=UK|airdate=9 January 2009|seriesno=F|number=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; hal éta diabadikeun di sakola éta kalawan hiji [[piagam pangélingan|piagam]] nu diumumkeun dina 1895.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = William Webb Ellis – fact or fiction?|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/low/rugby_union/6255164.stm |first=Sean|last=Davies| publisher=bbc.co.uk  |accessdate =20 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan asalna anékdot, [[Piala Webb Ellis|tropi Piala Dunya Rugbi]] dingaranan ti namina. Maén bal rugbi tumuwuh ti wangun kaulinan dimaénkeun di Sakola Rugby, nu dicandak urut siswana ka universitas; [[Albert Pell]], saurang mahasiswa ti [[Universitas Cambridge|Cambridge]], diajénan ku lantaran geus ngawangun tim 'maén bal' kahiji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marshall13&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Marshall|1951|p=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina période awal ieu, béda sakola béda aturan, kalawan urut murid Rugby jeung [[Kampus Eton|Eton]] ngusahakeun mawa aturan anu dipikaresepna ka universitas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marshall13-14&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Marshall|1951|pp=13–14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kajadian-kajadian signifikan dina pamekaran awal maén bal rugbi nyaéta panyieunan sét hukum maén bal katulis anu kahiji di Sakola Rugby dina 1845,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; anu dipiluan ku '[[Aturan Cambridge]]' dijieun dina 1848.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm#3 |title=Early Laws |publisher=Rugbyfootballhistory.com |accessdate=6 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kajadian penting lianna contona kaputusan Klub Blackhéath Club ninggalkeun ''The Football Association'' dina 1863&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin10&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = The History of Football |url = http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame4.html |work = FIFA.com |accessdate = 25 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314172942/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame4.html |date=14 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung ngadegna [[Rugby Football Union]] dina 1871.&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin10&quot;/&gt; Kode ieu aslina disebut &quot;maén bal rugbi&quot; (''rugby football''); tapi sanggeus [[Sajarah rugbi liga#Peupeus di Inggris|peupeus di Inggris]] dina 1895, anu ngahasilkeun misahna [[rugbi liga]], olahraga ieu maké ngaran &quot;rugbi union&quot; pikeun ngabédakeunnana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Rugby's great split: class, culture and the origins of rugby league football|author=Tony Collins|pages=87–120|chapter=Schism 1893–1895|edition=2nd|publisher=Routlage|year=2006|isbn=0-415-39616-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan ngaran pinuhna rugbi union, olahraga ieu ngan disebut rugbi di kalobaannana bagian dunya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Warwickshire and Rugby Football |url = http://www.warwickshire.gov.uk/Web/corporate/pages.nsf/Links/25612031C7B03F9C80257610004A20CC |work = warwickshire.gov.uk |accessdate = 26 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212025019/http://www.warwickshire.gov.uk/Web/corporate/pages.nsf/Links/25612031C7B03F9C80257610004A20CC |date=12 December 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A Short History of Civilization IV |work=Five Epochs of Civilization: Chapter 7 (2000) |url=http://worldhistorysite.com/civilization4.html |publisher=worldhistorysite.com |first=William |last=McGaughey |accessdate=26 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512190553/http://worldhistorysite.com/civilization4.html |date=12 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Patandingan rugbi union Bangsa Asli 1870-71|Maén bal rugbi internasional kahiji]] lumangsung dina 27 Maret 1871, antara Inggris jeung Skotlandia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin10&quot;/&gt; Dina 1881 Irlandia jeung Wales miboga tim anu ngawakilannana, jeung dina 1883 kompetisi internasional kahiji, [[Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa|''Home Nations Championship'']] dimimitian. 1883 ogé taundi mana turnamén [[rugbi tujuh]] kahiji lumnangsung, di [[Melrose, Skotlandia|Melrose]], [[Melrose Sevens]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin12&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=12}}&lt;/ref&gt; anu masih warsihan dilaksanakeun. Lima taunsanggeusna, aya dua tur penting peuntas laut; tim [[Tur Singa Britania ka Selandia Anyar jeung Australia 1888|Kapuloan Britania]] datang ka Australia jeung Selandia Anyar. Hal éta neundeun pondasi pikeun tur [[Singa Britania jeung Irlandia]] nu engkéna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lionsrugby.com/history/5023.php|title=1888 Australia &amp; New Zealand|publisher=The British and irish Lions|accessdate=13 August 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607033526/http://www.lionsrugby.com/history/5023.php |date=7 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tim maén bal Pribumi Selandia Anyar 1888–1889|tim Pribumi Selandia Anyar 1888]] mangrupa tim peuntas laut kahiji nu datang ka Britania.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Forerunners of the All Blacks |url=https://archive.org/details/forerunnersofall0000ryan |last=Ryan |first=Greg |publisher=Canterbury University Press |year=1993 |location=Christchurch, New Zealand|isbn=0-908812-30-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/forerunnersofall0000ryan/page/44 44]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:King George V presents a cup to the captain of the winning New Zealand Services Rugby Team, London.jpeg|thumb|left|[[James Ryan (pamaén rugbi union nu lahir 1887)|James Ryan]], kaptén tim Angkatan Darat Selandia Anyar, narima Piala Kings ti George V|alt=A black and white photo of a rugby field in which three men in military uniform, one of whom is King George, present a silver trophy to a rugby player dressed in black kit. Behind in a line are the rest of the team.]]
Antara 1905 jeung 1908, sadaya tilu nagara rugbi utama ti Hémisfér Kidul ngintunkeun tim tur kahijina ka Hémisfér Kalér: [[The Original All Blacks|Selandia Anyar]] dina 1905, dimiluan ku [[Tur rugbi union Afrika Kidul 1906-07|Afrika Kidul]] dina 1906 jeung teras [[Tur rugbi union Britania Australia 1908-09|Australia]] dina 1908. Sadaya tilu tim mawa gaya maén, tingkat kaséhatan, jeung taktik nu anyar,&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin, p18&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung leuwih boga hasil tinimbang nu aya dina kritikan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Thomas|1954|p=27}} ''&quot;When they arrived in this country [Britain] they were regarded as an unknown quantity, but it was not anticipated that they would give the stronger British teams a great deal of opposition. The result of the very first match against Devon was regarded as a foregone conclusion by most British followers.&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt; Tim tur Selandia Anyar 1905 ngalaksanakeun [[Ka Mate|haka]] saméméh saban patandingan, administrator Rugbi Union Wales, [[Tom Williams (pamaén rugbi Wales)|Tom Williams]], nyarankeun pamaén Wales, [[Teddy Morgan]], mingpin balaréa dina nembangkeun Lagu Kabangsaan Nasional Wales, ''[[Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau]]'', salaku balesan. Sanggeus Morgan mimiti nembang, masarakat mimiluan: wayah kahiji lagu kabangsaan ditembangkeun di awal kajadian olahraga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The anthem in more recent years|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/anthem/pages/anthem-today.shtml|accessdate=3 December 2010 |publisher=[[BBC Cymru Wales]]|date=1 December 2008 |work=[[BBC Cymru Wales|BBC Cymru Wales history]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina 1905, Perancis ngalawan Inggris dina patandingan internasional kahijina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin, p18&quot;/&gt;

Euweuh patandingan rugbi internasional jeung patandingan nu kadukung union dimaénkeun basa Perang Dunya I, tapi kompetisi lanjut liwat tim layanan saperti [[Tim rugbi Angkatan Darat Selandia Anyar 1919|tim Angkatan Darat Selandia Anyar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Perang Dunya II, euweuh patandingan internasional dimaénkeun ku raloba nagara sanajan Italia, Jérman, jeung Romania maénkeun sawatara patandingan,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scrum.com/italy/rugby/match/19590.html Tur Italia – Bukares, 14 April 1940] Romania vs Italia, Scrum.com&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scrum.com/italy/rugby/match/19591.html Tur Italia – Stuttgart, 5 Méi 1940] Jérman vs Italia, Scrum.com&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scrum.com/italy/rugby/match/19592.html Tur Romania – Milan, 2 Méi 1942] Italia vs Romania, Scrum.com&lt;/ref&gt; sarta [[R.U.F.C. Universitas Cambridge|Cambridge]] jeung [[RFC Universitas Oxford|Oxford]] ngalanjutkeun [[The Varsity Match|Patandingan Universitas]] warsihanna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rugbi union diasupkeun salaku cabang dina Olimpiade opat kali dina awal 1900-an. Dina 1973, turnamén internasional rugbi tujuh anu didukung resmi lumangsung di Murrayfield, salaku bagian ti pangélingan saratus taun [[Rugbi Union Skotlandia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Rugby in the Olympics: Future|url = http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/future.html|work = [[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|date = |accessdate = 18 August 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810065813/http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/future.html |date=10 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina 1987, Piala Dunya Rugbi kahiji dilaksanakeun di Selandia Anyar jeung Australia, sarta nu meunang nyaéta Selandia Anyar. Turnamén Piala Dunya Rugbi Tujuh kahiji dilaksanakeun di Murrayfield dina 1993. Rugbi Tujuh dipikawanohkeun di [[Kajuaraan Rugbi Tujuh Pasamakmuran|Commonwealth Games]] dina 1998 jeung bakal dilombakeun dina Olimpiade 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;I.O.C. Decision&quot;/&gt;

Rugbi union mangrupa olahraga amatir nepi ka IRB ngadéklarasikeun olahraga ieu 'kabuka' dina 1995, ngahupus larangan din bayaran ka pamaén.&lt;ref name=Stubbs3&gt;{{Harvnb|Stubbs|2009|p=118}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = History of the RFU |url = http://www.rfu.com/AboutTheRFU/History.aspx |work = [[Rugby Football Union|RFU]] |date =  |accessdate = 28 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422210444/http://www.rfu.com/AboutTheRFU/History.aspx |date=22 April 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tapi, période rugbi union pra-1995 dicirian ku lobana tuduhan &quot;[[shamateurisme]]&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Ontario: The Shamateurs|url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804253,00.html|work = TIME|date = 29 September 1947|accessdate = 6 February 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010050/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,804253,00.html |date=13 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kaasup hiji invéstigasi di Britania ku hiji komite Badan Pamilihan Umum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/amateur-status-attacked-by-mps-1611641.html?CMP=ILC-refresh
 |title=Amateur status attacked by MPs - Sport - The Independent
 |first=John
 |last=Rentoul
 |work=[[The Independent]]
 |date=17 March 1995
 |publisher=[[Independent News &amp; Media|INM]]
 |location=[[London, UK|London]]
 |issn=0951-9467
 |oclc=185201487
 |accessdate=19 November 2011}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = History of Rugby Union|url = http://www.talkrugbyunion.co.uk/guides/history_of_rugby_union.html|accessdate =6 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nurutan dipikawanohna profésionalisme kompetisi klub trans-nasional dimimitian, kalawan [[Heineken Cup]] di Hémisfér Kalér jeung [[Super Rugby]] di Hémisfér Kidul.&lt;ref name=&quot;historymain&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/37_74.php | title=European Rugby Cup: History | publisher=ERC | accessdate=21 March 2007 | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070208134810/http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/37_74.php &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; | archivedate=8 February 2007 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208134810/http://www.ercrugby.com/eng/37_74.php |date=8 February 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaynor&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Union's off-field game a real winner|date=21 April 2001|newspaper=New Zealand Herald|first=Bryan| last=Gaynor|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&amp;objectid=184012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tri Nations (rugbi union)|Tri-nations]], hiji turnamén internasional mimilukeun Afrika Kidul, Selandia Anyar, jeung Australia, dimimitian dina 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaynor&quot;/&gt;

==Tim jeung struktur tim==
{{utama|Posisi pamaén rugbi union}}
[[Image:Rugby formation.svg|thumb|Formasi normal tim rugbi union, ngagambareun masing-masing posisi jeung nomerna.]]
Masing-masing tim mimiti maén kalawan 15 pamaén di lapangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/lawsregs/0/090729sgsmlaw3_8811.pdf |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |title=Law 3 Number of Players |format=PDF |accessdate=6 February 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013170741/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/lawsregs/0/090729sgsmlaw3_8811.pdf |date=13 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaén dina hiji tim dibagi kana 8 [[Posisi di rugbi union#Payun|payun]] (2 leuwih di [[rugbi liga]]) jeung 7 [[Posisi di rugbi union#Bék|bék]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|title=A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union|page=6|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103429/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf |date=25 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Pamaén payun===
Kawajiban utama ti pamaén payun nyaéta miboga jeung nahankeun kabogaan bal.&lt;ref name=&quot;talkrugby&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.talkrugbyunion.co.uk/guides/rugby_union_positions.html |title=Rugby Union Positions |publisher=talkrugbyunion.co.uk |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaén dina posisi ieu umumna gedé jeung kiat sarti milu dina ''scrum'' jeung ''lineout''.&lt;ref name=&quot;talkrugby&quot;/&gt; Aranjeunna sok disebut ''pack'', utamina dina formasi ''scrum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glossary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/page/97263.html|work=ESPN Scrum.com |title=Rugby Glossary |accessdate=13 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Baris payun'''&lt;br/&gt;
Baris payun kawangun ti 3 pamaén, 2 prop (panyangga); ''loosehead'' jeung ''tighthead'', sarta ''hooker''. 2 prop ngabantu ''hooker'' dina ''scrum'', pikeun ngadukung paluncat dina ''lineouts'', jeung nyadiakeun tanaga dina ''ruck'' jeung ''maul''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 6&quot;/&gt; Posisi katilu di baris payun nyaéta ''hooker''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 6&quot;/&gt; ''Hooker'' mangrupa posisi konci dina maén ofénsif jeung deféntif sarta miboga tanggung jawab meunangkan bal dina ''scrum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 6&quot;/&gt; ''Hooker'' biasana anu ngalungkeun bal dina ''lineout''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 6&quot;/&gt;

'''Baris kadua'''&lt;br/&gt;
Baris kadua kawangun ti 2 ''lock'' atanapi ''lock forwards''. ''Lock'' biasana pamaén nu pangluhurna di tim, jeung husus dina nu lincat nalika ''lineout''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 6&quot;/&gt; Kagunaan utama ''lock'' dina ''lineout'' nyaéta nyieun ''standing jump'' (luncat nangtung), mindeng dirojong ku pamaén payun nu lian, pikeun nyokot bal nu dialungkeun atawa mastikeun bal dipiboga ku reguna. ''Lock'' ogé miboga hiji kagunaan penting dina ''scrum'', nyapit langsung di tukangeun tilu pamaén baris payun jeung nyadiakeun kadali hareup.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 6&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Chabal Rugby Racing vs Stade Toulousain 311009.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sébastien Chabal]] (kénca jauh) dina posisi nomer dalapan saméméh asup ka ''scrum''|alt=Facing right a group of seven men, in blue and white hooped jersesy, bind together and crouch to form a scrum, the eighth player stands behind them observing the off-picture opposition.]]

'''Baris pengker'''&lt;br/&gt;
Baris pengker, kadé kaliru jeung ‘Bék’, nyaéta baris katilu jeung baris pangahirna ti barisan di posisi payun. Pamaén di bari pengker mindeng disebut ''loose forwards''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glossary&quot;/&gt; Tilu posisi di baris pengker diwangun ti 2 jangjang jeung nu nomerna 8. Dua posisi jangjang, disebut jangjang ''blindside'' jeung ''openside'', mangrupa baris final dina ''scrum''. Peran utamina nyaéta pikeun meunangkeun kabogaan liwat ''turn over''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 6&quot;/&gt; Nu nomerna 8 dina ''scrum'' miboga peran ngadalikeun bal sanggeus dioper ti payun jeung posisina nyadiakeun hiji panyambung antara nu di payun jeung pengker dina fase narajang.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 7&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|title=A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union|page=7|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103429/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf |date=25 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Bék===
Peran bék nyaéta nyieun jeung ngonvérsi kasempetan ngahasilkeun skor, aranjeunna umumna leuwih leutik tapi leuwih gancang jeung leuwih cingceng tinimbang pamaén payun.&lt;ref name=&quot;talkrugby&quot;/&gt; Bébéda nu lian antara dua posisi nyaéta bék dipiharep miboga kaahlian najong supérior, utamina dina posisi ''fly-half'' jeung ''full-back''.&lt;ref name=&quot;talkrugby&quot;/&gt;

'''''Half-back'''''&lt;br/&gt;
''Half-back'' diwangun ti 2 posisi, ''scrum-half''/''half-back'' jeung ''fly-half''/''First Five-Eighth''. ''Fly-half'' penting pikeun rencana tim, ngatur performa tim.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 7&quot;/&gt; Aranjeunna biasana anu kahiji nu narima bal ti ''scrum-half'' sanggeus ''breakdown'', ''lineout'',  atanapi ''scrum'' jeung kedah merhatoskeun nanao anu dilakukeun jeung éféktif dina ngomunikasi jeung bék luar.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 7&quot;/&gt; Loba ''fly-half'' nu ogé panajong ka gawang. ''Scrum-half'' mangrupa panyambung antara pamaén payun jeung bék.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 7&quot;/&gt; Aranjeunna narima bal ti ''lineout'' jeung mindahkeun bal ti bagian pengker ''scrum'', biasana ngoperkeunnana ka ''fly-half''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 8&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|title=A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union|page=8|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103429/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf |date=25 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Aranjeunna ogé ''feed'' (méré bal) ka ''scrum'' jeung kadang kedah jadi ''loose forward'' kaopat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Bompa|1981|p=62}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''''Three quarters'''''&lt;br/&gt;
Aya 4 posisi ''three quarter'', ''inside centre''/''Second Five-Eighth'', ''outside centre'', sarta jangjang kénca jeung katuhu. Saperti fly-half, aranjeunna umumna miboga tajongan nu alus jeung alus dina maca pamaénan jeung ngarahkeun tarajangan. ''Centre'' bakal ngusakhakeun n-''tackle'' pamaén anu narajang, nalika dina panarajangan, aranjeunna kedah ngaluarkeun kagancangan jeung tanaga pikeun norobos patahanan musuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 7&quot;/&gt; Jangjang biasana diposisikeun di luareun ''backline''. Kagunaan utamina nya éa ngaréngsékeun gerakan jeung usaha ''try''.{{sfn|Brown, Guthrie and Growden|(2010)}} Jangjang biasana pamaén anu panggancangna dina tim jeung atawa palumpat anu cingceng, atawa umumna di jaman modérn, gedé, kiat, sarta bisa ngéléhkeun ''tackle''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Scottish rugby welcomes back Lomu|date=7 January 2006|first=David|last=Ferguson|url=http://sport.scotsman.com/superteams/Scottish-rugby-welcomes-back-Lomu.2740238.jp|newspaper=Scotsman|accessdate=1 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''''Fullback'''''&lt;br/&gt;
''Fullback'' biasana aya sawatara méter tukangeun ''back line''. Anjeunna nyanggap tajongan musuh jeung mindeng jadi baris patahanan ahir anu kedah ditorobos ku musuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 7&quot;/&gt; Dua atribut penting ti saurang ''fullback'' nu alus nyaéta kaahlian nyanggap jeung najong.&lt;ref name = &quot;MacDonald&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Rugger Practice and Tactics – A Manual of Rugby Football Technique |first=H. F. |last=MacDonald|year=1938|page=97}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Aturan==
{{utama|Cara maén rugbi union}}
[[Image:RugbyPitchMetricDetailed-su.svg|thumb|300px|right|Diagram lapangan rugbi union midangkeun garis nu kaciri jeung jarak.]]

===Skor===
Rugbi union dimaénkeun antara 2 tim – anu skorna leuwih loba nyaéta nu meunang. Skor bisa dihasilkeun liwat sababaraha cara : ''[[try]]'', ku cara mawa bal ka aréa gawang (antara garis gawang jeung garis bal paéh) jeung bari labuh ka taneuh (''grounding''), ngahasilkeun 5 poin jeung hiji ''conversion'' anu bisa ngahasilkeun 2 poin; liwat pénalti atawa ''[[drop goal]]'' ngahasilkeun 3 poin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_9_EN.pdf|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|title=Law 9 Method of Scoring|format=PDF|accessdate=15 August 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110830123708/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_9_EN.pdf|archivedate=30 August 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830123708/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_9_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Skor ti cara-cara ieu geus diganti warsih-warsih.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/scoring.htm |title=Scoring through the ages |work=rugbyfootballhistory.com  |accessdate=16 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Lapangan===
Lapangan rugbi sedeukeut-deukeutna maksimal panjangna 144m jeung lébar 70m.&lt;ref name=&quot;pitch size&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/LawsRegs/0/Law1EN_7709.pdf |title=Law 1: The Ground |page=21 |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |format=PDF |accessdate=6 February 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010221022/http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/LawsRegs/0/Law1EN_7709.pdf |date=10 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina patandingan sabenerna, kedah aya jarak maksimal 100m antara dua garis ''try'', kalawan di mana waé 10 jeung 22m tukangeun garis ''try'' jadi aréa bal paéh.&lt;ref name=&quot;pitch size&quot;/&gt; Aya sababaraha garis anu meunatasannana, saperti garis saparo jalan, &quot;dua puluh dua&quot;, anu aya 22m ti garis gawang.&lt;ref name=&quot;pitch size&quot;/&gt;

Pos gawangna saperti hurup H, jeung miboga dua tihang, kapisah 5,6m, disambungkeun ku hiji batang horizontal 3m luhureun taneuh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_1_EN.pdf |title=Law 1 The Ground |page=1.4(a-b) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220044847/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_1_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830124154/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_1_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Diménsi lapangan anu sabenerna mah maké [[unit impérial]], tapi geus dikonvérsi ka [[sistim métrik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/rugby_union/six_nations/618637.stm |title=A beginner's guide to ... rugby laws |work=BBC |date=31 January 2000 |accessdate=24 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sanajan diménsi lapangan geus dikonvérsi ka sistim métrik, sababaraha koméntator masih nganggo ukuran impérial basa ngarujuk kana aturan katangtu.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Struktur patandingan===
Dina awal patandingan, kaptén ti kadua tim jeung wasit ngundi hiji koin pikeun nangtukeun tim mana anu ''kick off'' kahiji. Patandingan teras mimiti kalawan hiji ''drop kick'', jeung pamaén ngudag bal ka aréa musuh, jeung nu lian nyobian sangkan narima bal nu teras narajang. Lamun pamaén nu mawa bal di-''tackle'', salajengna bakal aya hiji [[Cara maén rugbi union#Ruck|''ruck'']].&lt;ref name=Midgley&gt;{{Cite book| last = Midgley| first = Ruth| coauthors = | title = The Official World Encyclopedia of Sports and Games| publisher=Diagram Group| year = 1979| location = London| url =|page=394 | isbn = 0-7092-0153-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Patandingan dibagi kana 2 babak masing-masing 40 menit, kalawan hiji [[Half-time|istirahat]] di tengahna.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRBLaw5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_5_EN.pdf |title=Law 5: Time |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |format=PDF |accessdate=23 September 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045621/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_5_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929014404/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_5_EN.pdf |date=29 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di babak kadua, tim silih tuker gawang.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRBLaw5&quot;/&gt; Selaan pikeun kacilakaan sangkan mungkinkeun wasit ngalaksanakeun aksi disiplinér, teu kaétang salaku bagian ti wayah maén, jadi biasana waktu anu kapaké leuwih ti 80 menit.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRBLaw5&quot;/&gt; Wasit miboga tanggung jawab dina netepkeun wayah, sanajan{{dash}}sakumaha dina loba turnamén{{dash}}anjeunna ditulungan ku hiji panangtu wayah resmi.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRBLaw5&quot;/&gt; Upami wayahna béak tapi balna masih dimaénkeun, patandingan lanjut nepi ka balna 'paéh', jeung ngan dina éta wungkul wasit miriwit pikeun nandaan réngséna babak atawa patandingan; tapi, upamina wasti méré pénalti atawa tajongan bébas, patandingan lanjut.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugby365.com/laws_referees/laws/578937.htm |title=Law 5 – Time |date=22 January 2007 |accessdate=9 July 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304115933/http://www.rugby365.com/laws_referees/laws/578937.htm |date=4 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ngoper jeung najong===
Operan payun (ngalungkeun bal ka payun ka pamaén lian) teu beunang; ball ngan bisa dioper ka samping atawa ka tukang.&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_12_EN.pdf |title=Law 12 Knock-on ot Throw Forward |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045447/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_12_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830125954/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_12_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bal bisa dicandak ka payun ku tilu cara— ditajong, dicandak lumpat, atanapi ti ''scrum'' atawa [[Cara maén rugbi union#Maul|maul]]. Pamaén anu bisa di-''tackle'' atawa di-''ruck'' ngan pamaén anu mawa bal. Basa bal dipayunkeun ku hiji pamaén maké pananganna, éta ngahasilkeun ''knock-on'', anu teras dilanjutkeun ku ''scrum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws12&quot;/&gt;

Sadaya pamaén tiasa najong bal ka payun pikeun miboga téritori. Basa saurang pamaén di mana waé di aréa maén najong sacara teu langsung ka ''[[Touch (rugbi)|touch]]'' jadina balna mantul dina lapangan, ''throw-in'' dilaksanakeun basa balna asup ka ''touch''.&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws12&quot;/&gt; Upami pamaén najong langusng ka ''touch'' (saperti tanpa mantul di jero lapangan heula) tina jero garis 22 méter soranganna, ''lineout'' dilaksanakeun ku tim lawan di tempat bal asup ka ''touch'', tapi upami balna langsung ditajong ka ''touch'' ku saurang pamaén di luar garis 22 méter, ''lineout'' dilaksanakeun ka tempat tajongan anu tadi dilakukeun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |title=Law 19 Touch and Lineout |page=19.1(e-h) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045527/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830123734/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===''Breakdowns''===
[[File:Schoolkids doing a rugby tackle.jpg|thumb|Hiji ''tackle'' rugbi: ''tackle'' kedah di handap beuheung kalawan tujuan ngalingan atawa ngalabuhkeun pamaén ogé balna|alt=A child running away from camera in green and black hooped rugby jersey is in the process of being tackled around the hips and legs by an opponent.]]
Tujuan sisi nahan nyaéta ngeureunkeun pamaén nu mawa bal, boh liwat ngalabuhkeun manéhna (''tackle'', nu biasana dimiluan ku ''ruck''), atawa parebut posési jeung nu mawa bal dina suku (''maul''). Kaayaan kitu disebut hiji ''breakdown'' jeung miboga aturan husus.

Saurang pamaén beunang n-''tackle''-an pamaén lawan anu keur miboga balna ku cara ngalabuhkeun manéhna. Anu n-''tackle'' teu beunang n-''tackle'' di luhureun taktak (tenggek jeung mastaka),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |title=Law 10 Foul play |page=10.4(e) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220044827/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705044255/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/law_10_en.pdf |date=5 July 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung nu n-''tackle'' kedah ngusahakeun ngurilingkeun leungeunna kana pamaén anu di-''tackle'' sangkan ''tackle''-na komplit. Teu beunang ngadorong, ngadu taktak, atawa néngklas pamaén lian maké suku, tapi panangan beunang dipaké (maksudna hiji ''tap-tackle'' atawa ''[[Ankle tap|ankle-tap]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |title=Law 10 Foul play |page=10.4(d) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220044827/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705044255/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/law_10_en.pdf |date=5 July 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |title=Law 10 Foul play |page=10.4(g) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220044827/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705044255/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/law_10_en.pdf |date=5 July 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Maul'' aya sanggeus saurang pamaén nu mawa bal kontak jeung lawanna tapi kadalina tetep dina sukuna; basa tilu pamaén cekap pikeun ngawangun hiji ''maul''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glossary&quot;/&gt; Hiji ''ruck'' mirip jeung ''maul'', tapi dina kasus ieu balna geus ka taneuh kalwan minimalna tilu pamaén milu ngalindungan balna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glossary&quot;/&gt;

===''Set pieces''===
[[File:Ireland vs Georgia, Rugby World Cup 2007 line up.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tim nasional rugbi union Irlandia|Irlandia]] jeung [[Tim nasional rugbi union Géorgia|Géorgia]] dina ''lineout'' basa [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2007]]|alt=Two rows of opposing players, green to the fore, white behind, each aid a jumping player from their team by lifting him towards an off-picture ball travelling overhead.]]
====''Lineout''====
:{{utama|Line-out}}
Basa balna kaluar liwat sisi lapangan, hiji [[line-out|''lineout'']] dilakukeun ku lawanna tim anu pangahirna keuna bal.&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws19&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |title=Law 19 Touch and Lineout |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045527/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830123734/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaén payun ti saban tim baris saméter kapisah, tegak lurus jeung garis ''touch'' sarta antara 5 m jeung 15 m ti garis ''touch''.&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws19&quot;/&gt; Balna dialungkeun ti garis ''touch'' ka jero lapangan ku hiji pamaén (biasana ''[[hooker (rugbi union)|hooker]]'') ti tim anu sanés pangahirna keuna bal.&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws19&quot;/&gt; Kajaba, upami balna kaluar ku lantaran hiji pénalti, tim anu ngalaksanakeun pénalti ngalakukeun ''line-out''-na.&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws19&quot;/&gt;

Tim duanana parebut balna jeung pamaén beunang ngangkat réréncangan satimna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |title=Law 19 Touch and Lineout |page=19.10 |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045527/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830123734/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaén nu luncat teu beunang di-''tackle'' nepi ka manéhna nangtung sarta ngan kontak taktak anu diijinkeun; palanggaran anu dihaja kana aturan eiu mangrupa bahaya, jeung bisa ngahasilkeun pénalti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |title=Law 19 Touch and Lineout |page=19.8(p) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045527/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830123734/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_19_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====''Scrum''====
{{utama|Scrum (rugbi union)}}
[[File:Scrum-1.JPG|thumb|right|Hiji ''[[scrum (rugbi)|scrum]]''|alt=Two opposing formations of eight men, in white and black to the left, red and black to the right, push against each other in a crouched position; behind them stands another player and the referee.]]
Hiji ''scrum'' mangrupa hiji cara pikeun 'ngamimitian' deui patandingan kalawan aman jeung adil sanggeus palanggaran leutik.&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws20&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_20_EN.pdf |title=Law 20 Scrum |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045535/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_20_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830130008/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_20_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Scrum'' dilaksanakeun ku lantaran operan payun, ''[[Offside (rugbi)#Rugbi union|offside]]'', atawa upami balna kakurung dina ''ruck'' atawa ''maul'' tanpa kasempetan bal kaambil. Hiji tim bisa ogé milih ''scrum'' salaku hadiah pénaltina.&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws20&quot;/&gt;

Hiji ''scrum'' diwangun ti 8 pamaén payun ti saban tim ngariung dina 3 baris.&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws20&quot;/&gt; Baris payun ngawengku 2 ''prop'' (''loosehead'' jeung ''tighthead'') atawa sisi ''hooker''.&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws20&quot;/&gt; Baris kadua ngawengku 2 ''lock'' jeung 2 ''flanker''. Tukangeun baris kadua nyaéta si nomer 8. Formasi ieu kawanoh salaku formasi 3–4–1.&lt;ref name=&quot;FormingScrum&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/rules_and_equipment/4205334.stm |title=Forming a scrum |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=13 August 2011 | date=14 September 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basa hiji ''scrum'' kawangun, ''scrum-half'' ti tim anu dihadiahan nga-''feed'' (méré) balna ka sela antara dua baris payun (kawanoh salaku ''tunnel'').&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws20&quot;/&gt; Dua ''hooker'' teras parebut ku cara nyapukeun bal na ka tukang maké suku, samentara masing-masing kelompok nyoba ngadorong kelompok ''scrum'' musuhna pikeun ngalindungan posési.&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws20&quot;/&gt; Tim anu meunangkeun posési mindahkeun balna ka bagian tukangna ''scrum'', di mana balna dicandak ku nu nomer 8 atawa ku ''scrum-half''.&lt;ref name=&quot;irblaws20&quot;/&gt;

===Ofisial jeung sanksi===
Aya 3 ofisial patandingan: hiji wasit jeung dua asistén wasit.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRBLaw6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_6_EN.pdf |title=Law 6: Match officials |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |format=PDF |accessdate=19 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220044908/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_6_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830125555/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_6_EN.pdf |date=30 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Asistén wasit, baheulana kawanoh salaku hakim ''toucdh'', miboga fungsi utami pikeun nunjukkeun di mana balna kaluar ti lapangan; peranna geus dilegaan jeung aranjeunna ayeuna bisa ngiringan wasit pikeun rupa-rupa tujuan, saperti nunjukkeun palanggaran jeung mariksa garis ''off-side''.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRBLaw6&quot;/&gt; Tambahannana, pikeun patandingan di kompetisi luhur, sok aya ofisial patandingan télévisi (''Television Match Official'' TMO; populérna disebut &quot;wasit vidéo&quot;), pikeun nulungan sababaraha kaputusan, disambungkeun ka wasit ku radio.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/news-comment/peter-bills-refereeing-protocol-rules-over-common-sense-2242369.html |title=Peter Bills: Refereeing protocol rules over common sense |work=The Independent|first=Peter|last=Bills |accessdate=15 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Para wasit miboga sistim sinyal tangan pikeun ngindikasikeun kaputusannana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.coachingrugby.com/OpenPagesContent.do?requestType1=currentIssues/&amp;requestType2=lawsSignals |title=Referee Signals |work=coachingrugby.com |accessdate=24 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukuman umum contona n-''tackle'' luhureun taktak, rubuh dina ''scrum'', ''ruck'', atanapi ''maul'', teu ngalepaskeun bal basa di taneuh, atawa ''off-side''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |title=Law 10: Foul Play |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |format=PDF |page=70 |accessdate=19 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220044827/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_10_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705044255/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/law_10_en.pdf |date=5 July 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lawanna tim anu ngalanggar aturan miboga sababaraha pilihan pikeun hadiahna: hiji tajongan &quot;tap&quot; (balna ditajong ka jarak anu deukeut pisan ti tangan, mungkinkeun nu najongna nyandak balna deui jeung tuluy lumpat barina), hiji ''punt'' (balna ditajong ka jarak nu jauh ti tangan, pikeun posisi lapangan), hiji ''place-kick'' (nu najongna bakal nyobian nyitak gol), atawa hiji ''scrum''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law10&quot;/&gt; Pamaén bisa dikaluarkeun (dibéré [[Kartu pénalti#Kartu beureum|kartu beureum]]) atawa ditunda (&quot;''sin-binned''&quot;) pikeun 10 menit ([[Kartu pénalti#Kartu konéng|kartu konéng]]) ku lantaran palanggaran, jeung teu beunang diganti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law10&quot;/&gt;

===Panggantian jeung substitusi===
Dina patandingan, pamaén bisa diganti (ku lantaran kacilakaan) atawa disubstitusi (pikeun alesan taktik).&lt;ref name=&quot;Law3&quot;/&gt; Saurang pamaén nu geus diganti teu beunang maén deui iwal anjeunna diganti saheulaan pikeun ngadalian ciderana; saurang pamaén anu geus disubstitusi bisa maén deui saheulaan, pikeun ngaganti pamaén anu boga rahut nu getihan, atawa permanén, upami ngagantikeun pamaén baris payun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Law3&quot;/&gt; Dina patandingan internasional, 7 panggantian diijinkeun; di turnamén domstik atawa antarbeungeut, dina kawijaksanaan babon organisasina, jumlahna bisa ditambihkeun nepi ka 8, nu mana 3 kedah geus dilatih jeung mibanda pangalaman anu cekap pikeun nyadiakeun pangaling pikeun tilu pamaén baris payun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uncontested&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2033086.html#irb+acts+uncontested+scrums |title=IRB acts on uncontested scrums |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date=19 August 2009 |accessdate=23 September 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822203000/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2033086.html#irb+acts+uncontested+scrums |date=22 August 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pakakas==
{{utama|Pakakas rugbi union}}
Pakakas dasar ti rugbi union nyaéta balna, baju rugbi, [[calana pondok rugbi]], kaos suku, jeung sapatu. Bal rugbi bentukna oval, (téhnisna [[buleud manjang]]), jeung dijieun ti 4 panel.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRBLaw2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/LawsRegs/0/Law2EN_7708.pdf |title=Law 2 The Ball |page=27 |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=15 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116195453/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/lawsregs/0/law2en_7708.pdf |date=16 November 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Balna baheula dijieun ti kulit, tapi ayeuna bisana ngagunakeun bal anu dijieun ti matérial sintétis. IRB ngaluarkeun ukuran spésifik bal, panjang 280-300mm, kuriling panjang 740-770mm, jeung kuriling lébar 580-620mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRBLaw2&quot;/&gt; Sapatu rugbi miboga sol jeung [[pul]] anu mungkinkeun cekelan kana taneuh lapangan. Pulna bisa dijieun ti logam atawa plastik tapi teu kénging seukeut.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_4_EN.pdf |title=Law 4 Players' clothing (4.3b) |page=40 |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110220045617/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/Law_4_EN.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215090105/http://www.irblaws.com/downloads/EN/law_4_en.pdf |date=15 February 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pakakas palindung opsional sarta aya aturannana. Pakakas anu paling umum nyaéta [[palindung baham]], anu dipaké ku ampir sadaya pamaén, jeung mangrupa pakakas rugbi wajib dina sababaraha nagara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.coachingtoolbox.co.nz/rugbysmart/protective-equipment/ |title=Protect Your Assets: Mouthguards |accessdate=23 September 2011 |publisher=coaching toolbox.co.nz }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208034203/http://www.coachingtoolbox.co.nz/rugbysmart/protective-equipment/ |date=8 February 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakakas palindung lianna contona [[hélm scrum|hélm]]; ipis (teu leuwih ti 10&amp;nbsp;mm), alas taktak hampang, jeung [[palindung sampéan]]; anu dipaké di jero kaos suku.&lt;ref name=&quot;dress&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/lawsregs/0/regulation12090603_8287.pdf |title=Regulation 12 Provisions relating to player dress |format=PDF |accessdate=6 February 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514141522/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/lawsregs/0/regulation12090603_8287.pdf |date=14 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Perban atanapi bandana kénging dipaké; sababaraha pamaén maké bandana di mastakana pikeun ngalindungan cepil dina ''scrum'' jeung ''ruck''. Pamaén awéwé beunang ogé maké ales dada.&lt;ref name=&quot;dress&quot;/&gt; Sanajan teu dipaké pikeun palindungan, sababaraha rupa sarung tangan tanpa ramo diidinkeun pikeun nambihan cekelan.&lt;ref name=&quot;dress&quot;/&gt;

mangrupa tanggung jawab ofisial patandingan pikeun mariksa pakakas jeung pakéan pamaén saméméh tanding mastikeun yén saluyu jeung aturan maén.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irblaws.com/EN/laws/2/4/36/before-the-match/players-clothing/inspection-of-players-clothing/#clause_36 |title=4.5 Inspection of players' clothing) |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829200052/http://www.irblaws.com/EN/laws/2/4/36/before-the-match/players-clothing/inspection-of-players-clothing/#clause_36 |date=29 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Babon organisasi==
{{Tempo ogé|International Rugby Board}}
Babon organisasi internasional rugbi union (jeung kaulinan anu kaasosiasina kawas [[rugbi tujuh]]) nyaéta [[International Rugby Board]] (IRB).&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB Organisation&quot;/&gt; IRB markasna aya di [[Dublin]], Irlandia.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB Organisation&quot;/&gt; IRB, diadegkeun dina 1886, mingpin olahraga ieu disakuliah dunya jeung ngabéwarakeun aturan maén sarta [[Réngking Dunya IRB|réngking]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB Organisation&quot;/&gt; Dina Nopémber 2010, IRB miboga 118 kahijian di kaanggotaannana, boh anggota pinuh atawa nu kaasosiasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2041050.html | title=Iran becomes 118th IRB Member Union | work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] | date=25 November 2010 | accessdate=18 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128090509/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2041050.html |date=28 November 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dumasar kana IRB, rugbi union dimaénkeun ku lalaki jeung awéwé di leuwih ti 100 nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB Organisation&quot;/&gt; IRB ngadalikeun [[Piala Dunya Rugbi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB Organisation&quot;/&gt; [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Awéwé]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | work=rwcwomens.com | title=IRB Women's Rugby World Cup | url=http://www.rwcwomens.com/ | accessdate=24 September 2011 | date= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917121216/http://www.rwcwomens.com/ |date=17 September 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Tujuh]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | work=stuff.co.nz |title = Russia to host 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/international/sevens/5634035/Russia-to-host-2013-Rugby-World-Cup-Sevens| accessdate=24 September 2011|date=15 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[IRB Sevens World Series]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | work=irbsevens.com | title=Rules | url=http://www.irbsevens.com/rules/index.html | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903015900/http://www.irbsevens.com/rules/index.html |date=3 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[IRB Junior World Championship|Junior World Championship]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| work=IRB.com| title=Chile to host IRB Junior World Trophy| url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2000098.html| accessdate=24 September 2011| date=31 August 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518111417/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2000098.html |date=18 May 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy|Junior World Trophy]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | work=IRB.com | title=IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy | url=http://www.irb.com/jwrt/rules/index.html | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325160709/http://www.irb.com/jwrt/rules/index.html |date=25 March 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[IRB Nations Cup|Nations Cup]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | work=IRB.com | title=Nations Cup | url=http://www.irb.com/nationscup/news/index.html | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824035936/http://www.irb.com/nationscup/news/index.html |date=24 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, sarta [[Piala Bangsa-Bangsa Pasifik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | work=IRB.com | title=Pacific Nations Cup | url=http://www.irb.com/pacificnationscup/index.html | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902103431/http://www.irb.com/pacificnationscup/index.html |date=2 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

6 asosiasi régional, anu mangrupa anggota IRB, nyaéta:
* [[Konféderasi Rugbi Afrika]] (CAR)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|work=IRB.com|title=African Rugby unveils blueprint for growth|url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2041287.html|date=24 December 2010|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113151724/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2041287.html |date=13 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Uni Maén Bal Rugbi Asia]] (ARFU)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|work=IRB.com|title=HSBC extends commitment to Asian rugby|url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/regional/newsid=2041344.html|date=19 January 2011|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016042833/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/regional/newsid=2041344.html |date=16 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Asosiasi Rugbi Amérika Kalér jeung Karibia]] (NACRA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | work=nawira.com | title=About North America Caribbean Rugby Association &quot;NACRA&quot; | url=http://www.nawira.com/about/ | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625043327/http://www.nawira.com/about/ |date=25 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[FIRA - Asosiasi Rugbi Éropa|Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby]] (FIRA-AER)&lt;ref name=&quot;FIRA&quot;&gt;{{cite web | work=fira-aer-rugby.com | title=FIRA-AER History | url=http://www.fira-aer-rugby.com/article-28.htm | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427115039/http://www.fira-aer-rugby.com/article-28.htm |date=27 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Féderasi Union Rugbi Oséania]] (FORU)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | work=oceaniarugby.com | title=FORU Mission | url=http://oceaniarugby.com/home.html | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004102301/http://oceaniarugby.com/home.html |date=4 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby]] (South American Rugby Confederation) (CONSUR)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | work=consur.org |title =Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby (CONSUR)|url=http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=es&amp;u=http://www.consur.org/&amp;ei=O6h9Tv-5IKaR0AWPv9AC&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=translate&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CC8Q7gEwAA&amp;prev=/search%3Fq%3Dconsur%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D623%26prmd%3Dimvns |accessdate=24 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[SANZAR]] (''South Africa, New Zealand and Australia Rugby''; Rugbi Afrika Kidul, Selandia Anyar, jeung Australia) nyaéta gabungan ti [[Union Rugbi Afrika Kidul]], [[Union Rugbi Selandia Anyar]], jeung [[Union Rugbi Australia]] anu ngurus [[Super Rugby]] jeung [[Kajuaraan Rugbi|Kajuaraan Rugbi (''The Rugby Championship'')]] (baheulana ''Tri Nations'' saméméh asupna Argéntina).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | work=rugbyweek.com | title=SANZAR Boss Peters defends TriNations timing | url=http://www.rugbyweek.com/news/article.asp?id=31407 | accessdate=24 September 2011 | date=4 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326201127/http://www.rugbyweek.com/news/article.asp?id=31407 |date=26 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan [[Union Rugbi Argéntina]] awalna teu boga pawakilan dina SANZAR, tapi geus dibéré aksés ka kagiatan organisasi, utamina Kajuaraaan Rugbi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.allblacks.com/news/18009/SANZAR-remains-intact |title=SANZAR remains intact |first=James |last=Mortimer |work=[[New Zealand Rugby Union|AllBlacks.com]] |date=9 November 2011 |accessdate=10 November 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227101127/http://www.allblacks.com/news/18009/SANZAR-remains-intact |date=27 December 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Union nasional nénjo rugbi union dina nagara sosorangan jeung kaafiliasi kana IRB. Déwan IRB miboga 26 korsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB Organisation&quot;&gt;{{cite web | work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] | title=IRB Organisation | url=http://www.irb.com/aboutirb/organisation/index.html | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922095704/http://www.irb.com/aboutirb/organisation/index.html |date=22 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sakuliah dunya==
{{see also|Daptar nagara nu maén rugbi union}}
[[File:URBA Finals.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Final Rugbi [[URBA]] 2007|alt=An airborne player wearing a hooped blue and yellow jersey is challenged by two opponents after leaping to catch a high ball.]]
[[File:Germany vs Belgium rugby match.jpg|thumb|Jérman lawan Bélgia]]
[[File:Walers Japan Rugby World Cup 2007 09 20 supporters1.jpg|thumb|right|Pandukung Jepang jeung Wales di [[Cardiff]], Wales|alt=A group of thirteen supporters pose together, some wearing rugby jerseys while others sport traditional Japanese costumes and Japanese flags.]]

Nagara anu pangawalna ngadopsi rugbi union nyaéta [[Rugbi union di Inggris|Inggris]], nagara asal, teras dimiluan ku 3 Nagara Asal (''Home Nations'') nu lian, [[Rugbi union di Skotlandia|Skotlandia]], [[Rugbi union di Irlandia|Irlandia]], jeung [[Rugbi union di Wales|Wales]]. Sumebarna rugbi union salaku olahraga dunya bisa ditulusur kana pamawaanna ku ékspatriat Britania, personél militér, jeung mahasiswa universitas di luar nagri. Hiji klub rugbi dibentuk di Sydney, [[Rugbi union di Australia|Australia]] dina 1864; samentara olahraga ieu disebut geus dipikawanohkeun ka [[Rugbi union di Selandia Anyar|Selandia Anyar]] ku Charles Munro dina 1870, anu maénkeun rugbi basa minangka murid di [[Kampus Christ (Finchley)|Christ's College, Finchley]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin10&quot;/&gt; Klub rugbi nu kahiji di [[Rugbi union di Perancis|Perancis]] diwangun ku padumuk Britania di Le Havre dina 1872, samentara taunsalajengna [[Rugbi union di Argéntina|Argéntina]] miboga patandingan nu kahijina: 'Banks' v 'City' di Buenos Aires.&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin11&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Amérika Kalér, hiji klub dibentuk di Montréal dina 1868, klub kahijina [[Rugbi union di Kanada|Kanada]]. Kota Montréal ogé maénkeun peranna dina pamikawanohan olahraga ieu di [[Rugbi union di Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Sarikat]], basa mahasiswa [[Universitas McGill]] ngalawan hiji tim ti [[Universitas Harvard]] dina 1874.&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin10&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin11&quot;/&gt; Dina 1875, rugbi dipikawanohkeun ka [[Rugbi union di Afrika Kidul|Afrika Kidul]] ku prajurit Britania di Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;Godwin11&quot;/&gt;

Sababaraha nagara kapuloan geus ngadukung olahraga ieu, loba anu dipikawanohkeun ku Britania, tapi teras nyebarkeun ka nagara tatanggana bari néangan musuh luar nagri. Rugbi kahiji kalina dimaénkeun di [[Rugbi union di Fiji|Fiji]] kira-kira dina 1884 ku prajurit Éropa jeung Fiji ti Angkatan Kapulisian Pribumi di [[Ba (kota)|Ba]] di Pulo Viti Levu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=74}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/5392022.stm | title=Fire and flair: Fijian rugby |work=BBC Sport |first=Sean|last=Davies | date= | accessdate=20 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fiji teras ngintunkeun timna ka [[Rugbi union di Samoa|Samoa]] dina 1924, anu ngadegkeun [[Union Rugbi Samoa|unionna]] dina 1927.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=174}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nagara lian anu miboga tim rugbi nasional di Oséania contona [[Rugbi union di Kapuloan Cook|Kapuloan Cook]], [[Rugbi union di Niue|Niue]], [[Rugbi union di Papua Nugini|Papua Nugini]], jeung [[Rugbi union di Kapuloan Solomon|Kapuloan Solomon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://oceaniarugby.com/member_unions/foru_member_union_american_samoa.html | title=Member Unions | work=oceaniarugby.com | date= | accessdate=1 October 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331061452/http://www.oceaniarugby.com/member_unions/foru_member_union_american_samoa.html |date=31 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan kaping pastina kadatangan rugbi union di [[Rugbi union di Trinidad jeung Tobago|Trinidad jeung Tobago]] teu kawanoh, klub kahijina, Northern RFC, dibentuk dina 1923, hiji tim nasional maén dina 1927 sarta ku lantaran hiji tur nu dibolaykeun ka [[Guiana Britania]] dina 1933, ngarobih tujuanna ka [[Rugbi union di Barbados|Barbados]]; mikawanohkeun rugbi ka ditu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=160}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=43}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nagara Atlantik lian nu maénkeun rugbi union contona [[Rugbi union di Jamaika|Jamaika]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000064/index.html | title=Jamaica | work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] | date= | accessdate=6 October 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928002800/http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000064/index.html |date=28 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung [[Rugbi union di Bermuda|Bermuda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000040/index.html | title=Bermuda | work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] | date= | accessdate=6 October 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915192248/http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000040/index.html |date=15 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyebarna rugbi union di Éropa téh sporadis. Sajarahna, ku sabab kirangna patandingan internasional antara tim kandang Britania jeung Irlandia, anu leuwih kapincut kana ngalawan raksasa Hémisfér Kidul Australia, Selandia Anyar, jeung Afrika Kidul, bagian Éropa lianna dipaksa pikeun nyieun hiji 'tingkat kadua' pikeun patandingan rugbi internasional. Salaku hiji nagara daratan utama jeung dina jaman nalika diisolasi ku Union Britania jeung Irlandia, Perancis jadi sahiji-hijina tim Éropa ti tingkat atas pikeun sacara régulér ngalawan nagara Éropa lianna; utamina [[Rugbi union di Bélgia|Bélgia]], [[Rugbi union di Walanda|Walanda]], [[Rugbi union di Jérman|Jérman]], [[Rugbi union di Spanyol|Spanyol]], [[Rugbi union di Romania|Romania]], [[Rugbi union di Polandia|Polandia]], [[Rugbi union di Italia|Italia]], jeung [[Rugbi union di Cékoslowakia|Cékoslowakia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FIRA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dine |first=Philip |coauthors= |title=French Rugby Football |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrugbyfootb0000dine |year=2001 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/frenchrugbyfootb0000dine/page/79 79]–94|publisher=Berg |location=Oxford |isbn=1-85973-327-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina 1934, diusulkeun ku [[Féderasi Rugbi Perancis]], [[FIRA – Association of European Rugby|FIRA]] (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur) diwangun pikeun ngatur rugbi union di luar otoritas IRB.&lt;ref name=&quot;FIRA&quot;/&gt; Anggota pawangunna nyaéta Italia, Romania, Walanda, Katalonia, Portugal, Cékoslowakia, jeung Swédia. Nagara Éropa lianna anu maén rugbi union di antarana [[Rugbi union di Rusia|Rusia]], anu patandingan resmi anu kacutatna ditandaan ku tepungna Dynamo Moskwa jeung Institut Ilmu Olahraga Moskwa dina 1933.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=148}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan Argéntina mangrupa nagara pamaén rugbi anu katelah ti Amérika Kidul, ngadegkeun [[Rugbi Union Argéntina]] dina 1899,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/8362870.stm | title=Puma power: Argentinian rugby |work=BBC Sport |first=Sean|last=Davies | date=16 November 2009 | accessdate=24 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; sababaraha nagara lian di buanana ogé miboga sajarah rugbi. Rugbi geus dimaénkeun di [[Rugbi union di Brasil|Brasil]] ti ahir abad ka-19, tapi kaulinan ieu dimaénkeun sacara kaatur ti 1926, basa São Paulo ngéléhkeun Santos dina hiji patandingan antarkota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=48}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mibutuhkeun sababaraha panolakan pikeun [[Rugbi union di Uruguay|Uruguay]] ngadopsi olahraga ieu, diluluguan ku utamina raloba dukungan ti [[Klub Krikét Montevideo]]; lanjuy dina 1951 kalawan diwangunna hiji liga nasional jeung 4 klub.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=166}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nagara di Amérika Kidul lianna anu geus ngadegkeun hiji union rugbi contona [[Rugbi union di Cili|Cili]] (1948),&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=58}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung [[Rugbi union di Paraguay|Paraguay]] (1968).&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=127}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Loba nagara ti Asia anu tradisina maénkeun rugbi bisa ditulusuran ka jaman panjajahan Kakaisaran Britania. [[Rugbi union di India|India]] mimiti maénkeun rugbi dina awal 1870-an, [[Klub Maén Bal Kalkuta]] ngabentuk dina 1872. sanggeus ditarikna dinas Britania ti wewengkon ieu dina ahir dékade éta, rugbi di India ngangkleung. Paninggalan India kana olahraga ieu nyaéta [[Piala Kalkuta]] ka Uni Maén Bal Rugbi; tropi rugbi anu pangkolotna sadunya anu diparebutkeun taunan antara Inggris jeung Skotlandia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=92}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rugbi union di Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] ngaklaim geus ngawangun unionna dina 1878, jeung sanajan sautik informasi resmi ti jaman éta kasadia, timna meunangkeun piala All-India di Madras dina 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=152}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rugbi union di Malaysia|Malaysia]] ogé miboga cutatan buruk. Sajarahna, patandingan anu kahijina kacutat di Malaysia nyaéta dina 1892, tapi konfirmasi tina kahiji kalina ayana rugbi nyaéta ayana ''HMS Malaya Cup'' anu, dingaranan dumasar [[HMS Malaya|HMS ''Malaya'']], anu dipidangkeun kahiji kalina dina 1922 jeung masih dihadiahkeun kana pameunang rugbi tujuh Malaysia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|pp=112–113}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rugbi union dipikawanohkeun ka [[Rugbi union di Jepang|Jepang]] dina 1899 ku [[Ginnosuke Tanaka]], saurang murid ti [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]] sarta [[Edward Bramwell Clarke]], anu balajar dina [[Kampus Corpus Christi, Cambridge]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=105}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/6157863.stm | title=Eastern Promise: Japanese rugby |work=BBC Sport |first=Sean|last=Davies | date=12 February 2007 | accessdate=20 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; RFU Jepang diwangun dina 1926 jeung tempatna dina sajarah rugbi direketkeun ku warta yén Jepang bakal jadi nagara palaksana [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2019]].&lt;ref name=&quot;2015 bid&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/8170488.stm | title=England will host 2015 World Cup |work=BBC Sport  | date=28 July 2009 | accessdate=7 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hal ieu bisa jadi kahiji kalina nagara di luar Pasamakmuran, Irlandia, jeung Perancis anu ngalaksanekun acara éta, jeung diténjo ku IRB salaku hiji kamungkinan keur rugbi union mébérkeun jangjangna leuwih lega,&lt;ref name=&quot;2015 bid&quot;/&gt; utamina di Asia. Nagara ti Asia lianna anu maén rugbi union di antarana [[Rugbi union di Singapura|Singapura]], [[Rugbi union di Koréa Kidul|Koréa Kidul]], sarta [[Rugbi union di Cina|Cina]], samentara urut jajahan Britania, [[Rugbi union di Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] katelah dina rugbi ti pamekaranna dina rugbi tujuh, utamina turnamén [[Hong Kong Sevens]] anu diadegkeun dina 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.irbsevens.com/news/newsid=2042721.html | title=HSBC join Cathay as Hong Kong Sevens sponsors | work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] | date=18 May 2011 | accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611204444/http://www.irbsevens.com/news/newsid=2042721.html |date=11 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Ivory Coast rugby union team in 2008.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Tim nasional Basisir Gading saméméh [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2011 – Kualifikasi Afrika|kualifikasina]]; vs. Zambia dina 21 Juli 2008.|alt=A close up shot of the Ivory Coast players, in their country's orange jerseys, entering the field from the dressing room tunnel.]]
Rugbi di wewengkon Teluk jeung Wétan Tengah miboga sajarahna dina 1950-an, kalawan klub-na dibentuk ku dinas Britania jeung Perancis anu ditempatkeun di wewengkon ieu sanggeus Perang Dunya II.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=42}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basa aranjeunna arangkat, klub jeung tim-tim tetep diayakeun ku profésional ngora, kalobannana urang Éropa, anu gawé di nagara ieu. Union resmi [[Rugbi union di Oman|Oman]] dibentuk dina 1971, kalawan Yang Mulia [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]] salaku Palindung.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=126}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rugbi union di Bahrain|Bahrain]] ngabentuk unionna sataun sanggeusna, samentara dina 1975, [[Dubai Sevens]], turnamén rugbi wewengkon Teluk kawentar, dijieun ku by Klub Rugbi Dubai Exiles. Rugbi tetep minangka olahraga minoritas di wewengkon ieu kalawan [[Rugbi union di Israél|Israél]], sakumaha dina 2011, jadi union anggota sahiji-hijina ti Wétan Tengah anu kaasup kana Réngking Dunya IRB.&lt;ref name=&quot;Full rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/rankings/full.html |title=IRB World Rankings |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |accessdate=18 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810042746/http://www.irb.com/rankings/full.html |date=10 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rugbi union di Afrika nyebar dina ahir abad ka-19 jeung awal abad ka-20 utamina ku padumuk jeung panjajah anu mindeng maké kawijakan 'bodas-wungkul' dina maénkeunnana. Hal ieu nyababkeun rugbi ditempo salaku hiji olahraga borjuis kju urang pribumi kalawan daya tarik anu leutik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wesclark.com/rrr/kenya_rugby.html |title=A Review of Kenyan Rugby |publisher=wesclark.com|first=Michael Mundia |last=Kamau |accessdate=19 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nagara nu kahijina nempo pamaénan rugbi kompetitif contona Afrika Kidul, jeung tatanggana, [[Rugbi union di Rodésia|Rodésia]] (ayeuna Zimbabwé), anu ngawangun Union Maén Bal Rugbi Rodésia dina 1895.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Godwin|1981|p=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalawan labuhna kakawasaan panjajah, kapopuléran rugbi ngirang, tapi kiwari, olahraga ieu didukung ku sababaraha nagara Afrika. Dina awal abad ka-21, [[Rugbi union di Madagaskar|Madagaskar]] ngalaman panongton saloba 40.000 dina patandingan internasional,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4471650.stm |title=Madagascar rugby inspires new passion |publisher=BBC Sport|first=Tim |last=Cocks|date=26 November 2005 |accessdate=19 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; samentara Namibia, anu sajarah rugbina bis ditulusuran ka 1915, geus pernah asup sababaraha kali ka jirangan final Piala Dunya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/8951401.stm |title=Namibia rugby: Out of Boks' shadow |publisher=BBC Sport|first=Sean |last=Davies|date=4 September 2010 |accessdate=19 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nagara Afrika lianna anu midang dina Réngking Dunya IRB salaku Union Anggota contona [[Rugbi union di Basisir Gading|Basisir Gading]], [[Rugbi union di Kénya|Kénya]], [[Rugbi union di Uganda|Uganda]], sarta [[Rugbi union di Zambia|Zambia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Full rankings&quot;/&gt; Afrika Kidul jeung Kénya aya dina 12 &quot;tim inti&quot; anu milu dina sadaya pasanggiri Séri Tujuh Dunya IRB.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.irbsevens.com/destination/edition=9/news/newsid=2048923.html#teams+announced+gold+coast+kick |title=Teams announced for Gold Coast kickoff |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=8 September 2011 |accessdate=13 November 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011152812/http://irbsevens.com/destination/edition=9/news/newsid=2048923.html#teams+announced+gold+coast+kick |date=11 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saminimialna aya 6 nagara anu ngadopsi rugbi union salaku [[olahraga nasional]]na sacara ''[[de facto]]''; nyaéta Fiji,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/international/4272324.stm |title=Fire and flair: Fijian rugby |publisher=BBC Sport|first=Sean |last=Davies |date=13 October 2005 |accessdate=17 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rugbi union di Géorgia|Géorgia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/jwrt/news/newsid=2042633.html |title=Scene set for an exciting Junior Trophy |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date=13 May 2011 |accessdate=17 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518181350/http://www.irb.com/jwrt/news/newsid=2042633.html |date=18 May 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Selandia Anyar,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/28/4/229.abstract |title=The New Zealand Rugby Injury and Performance Project: II. Previous injury experience of a rugby-playing cohort |publisher=British Medical Journal |year=1994|author=Gerrard, D.F.; Waller, A.E.; Bird, Y.N. |accessdate=17 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samoa,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/rugby_world_cup/team_pages/samoa/3079758.stm |title=Sititi targets pool's big fish |publisher=BBC Sport |date=26 September 2003 |accessdate=17 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rugbi union di Tonga|Tonga]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nzte.govt.nz/latest-events/Rugby-World-Cup-2011/Documents/Country%20brief%20-%20Tonga.pdf|title=Exporter Guide: Tonga|publisher=New Zealand Trade and Enterprise|year=2010|accessdate=17 August 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110928064142/http://www.nzte.govt.nz/latest-events/Rugby-World-Cup-2011/Documents/Country%20brief%20-%20Tonga.pdf|archivedate=28 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928064142/http://www.nzte.govt.nz/latest-events/Rugby-World-Cup-2011/Documents/Country%20brief%20-%20Tonga.pdf |date=28 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, jeung Wales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Davies|editor1-link=John Davies (historian) |editor2-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Jenkins |editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins |editor3-first=Menna |editor3-last=Baines|editor4-first=Peredur I. |editor4-last=Lynch
|editor4-link=Peredur Lynch |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Wales|The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales]] |year=2008 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff|page=782 |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rugbi union putri==
[[File:Women's Rugby Mark.jpg|thumb|left|Rugbi union putri AS: NC Hustlers vs. Midwest II|alt=A female player in yellow and green kit and wearing a white scrum cap, jumps to collect a ball while supported by team mates.]]
{{utama|Rugbi union putri}}
Cutatan ngeunaan maén bal rugbi putri balik ka ahir abad ka-19, kalawan sumber kacutat kahiji nyaéta tulisan Emily Valentine, nu nyebutkeun yén anjeunna ngajieun hiji tim rugbi di [[Sakola Portora Royal]] di Enniskillen, Irlandia dina 1887.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irishrugby.ie/news/13664.php |title=Emily Valentine: First Lady Of Irish And World Rugby |work=IrishRugby.ie |date=20 January 2010 |accessdate=5 November 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922022257/http://www.irishrugby.ie/news/13664.php |date=22 September 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan aya laporan patandingan-patandingan rugbi putri awal di Selandia Anyar jeung Perancis, salah sahiji patandingan kahiji anu kaciri pikeun ngabuktikeun bukti utami nyaéta panglawungan antara Cardiff Ladies jeung Newport Ladies dina 1917.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Davies |first=D.E. |title=Cardiff Rugby Club, History and Statistics 1876–1975 |year=1975 |publisher=The Starling Press |location=Risca|pages=70–71 |isbn=0950442100}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina sababaraha taun ahir ieu, popularitas rugbi union dina atlét putri geus tumuwuh, sarta, dumasar kana IRB, ayeuna dimaénkeun di leuwih ti 100 nagara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/womensrugby/index.html |title=Great potential for Women's Rugby in Japan |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date=22 February 2011 |accessdate=23 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707010439/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/womensrugby/index.html |date=7 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Union Maén Bal Rugbi Putri Inggris (''Women's Rugby Football Union''; WRFU), tanggung jawab kana rugbi putri di Inggris, Skotlandia, Irlandia, jeung Wales, dibentuk dina 1983, jeung mangrupa babon organisasi nasional resmi anu pangkolotna pikeun rugbi putri.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRFU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rwcwomens.com/history/index.html |title=RFUW: A Brief History |work=[[Rugby Football Union|RFU]] |date= |accessdate=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Union ieu teras diganti dina 1994 ku [[Union Maén Bal Rugbi pikeun Putri]] (''Rugby Football Union for Women''; RFUW) di Inggris kalawan masing-masing Nagara Asal lianna ngurusan nagarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRFU&quot;/&gt; Kompetisi internasional utamina dina rugbi union putri nyaéta [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri]], kahiji lumangsung dina 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women's Rugby&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rwcwomens.com/history/index.html |title=Women's Rugby World Cup history|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |date= |accessdate=5 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti 1994, Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri dilaksanakeun saban 4 warsih.&lt;ref name=&quot;Women's Rugby&quot;/&gt;

==Kompetisi internasional utami==&lt;!-- This section is linked from [[BBC Radio Five Live]] --&gt;
{{details|Daptar kompetisi rugbi union}}
[[File:Coupe du monde rugby - tour Eiffel.JPG|thumb|Hiji bal rugbi gedé nu ngagumantung kana [[Munara Eiffel]] pikeun miélingkeun [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2007]] nu mana tuan rumahna nyaéta Perancis|alt=An avenue of trees leads to a large iron lattice tower, in which an oversized rugby ball hangs within the lower sections.]]

Turnamén anu pangpentingana di rugbi union nyaéta [[Piala Dunya Rugbi]], turnamén putra anu dilaksanakeun saban 4 taunngalombakeun tim-tim nasional rugbi union. [[Tim nasional rugbi union Selandia Anyar|Selandia Anyar]] nyaéta juara anu panganyarna, nu meunangkeun [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2011]] anu lumangsung di Selandia Anyar, ngéléhkeun Perancis 8-7 di final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/15405316.stm |title=2011 Rugby World Cup final: New Zealand 8-7 France |publisher=BBC News |date=23 October 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; euweuh pameunang Piala Dunya nu geus hasil jadi juara turut-tumurut.&lt;ref name=&quot;rugby world cup&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugby-world-cup.net/history.html |title=Rugby World Cup History - World Cup Winners List |publisher=rugby-world-cup.net |accessdate=4 October 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522125807/http://www.rugby-world-cup.net/history.html |date=22 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Inggris mangrupa tim kahiji ti Hémisfér Kalér nu meunangkeunnana. Selandia Anyar pernah meunang dina [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 1987|1987]], Australia dina [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 1991|1991]] jeung [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 1999|1999]], Afrika Kalér dina [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 1995|1995]] jeung [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2007|2007]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rugby world cup&quot;/&gt; Kompetisi internasional utami lianna saperti [[Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa]] dilaksanakeun di Hémisfér Kalér sarta [[Kajuaraan Rugbi]], dilaksanakeun di Hémisfér Kidul.

Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa (''Six Nations Championship'') nyaéta hiji kompetisi taunan mimilukeun tim Inggris, Perancis, Irlandia, Italia, Skotlandia, jeung Wales.&lt;ref name=&quot;SixNations&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rbs6nations.com/en/history.php |title=Six Nations Championship: History |publisher=rbs6nations.com |date= |accessdate=15 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015033350/http://www.rbs6nations.com/en/history.php |date=15 October 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Masing-masing nagara ngalawan lima nu lianna sakali. Kajuaraan Rugbi (''The Rugby Championship'') nyaéta ngaran anyar ti séri taunan internasional di Hémisfér Kidul, mimilukeun Afrika Kidul, Argéntina, Australia, jeung Selandia Anyar. Ti awalna dina 1996 nepi ka sabagian 2011, kompetisi ieu kawanoh salaku ''Tri Nations'' (Tilu Bangsa), jeung ngan mimilukeun Australia, Selandia Anyar, jeung Afrika Kidul.&lt;ref name=&quot;TriNations History&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyweek.com/fournations/history.asp |title=TriNations Rugby |publisher=RugbyWeek.com |accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019065904/http://www.rugbyweek.com/fournations/history.asp |date=19 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tim-tim ieu geus ngadominasi réngking dunya sababaraha taun ahir, jeung loba anu nyebutkeun yén kompetisi ieu mangrupa kompetisi pangkiatna dina rugbi internasional.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sport24.co.za/Rugby/Boks-face-aerial-bombardment-20100630 |title=NZ expect aerial bombardment |publisher=sport24.co.za |first=J.J. |last=Harmse  |date=30 June 2010 |accessdate=18 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | date = 26 August 2010 | title = Preview: South Africa v Australia | work=Planet Rugby | publisher=365 Media | url = http://www.planetrugby.com/story/0,25883,16024_6340553,00.html | accessdate =27 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tur rugbi===
Dina sajarah awal rugbi union, jaman saméméh lalampahan udara komérsial, tim-tim ti buana nu béda jarang patepang. 2 tur awal anu katelah aya dina 1888, Kapuloan Britania ka Selandia Anyar jeung Australia&lt;ref name=&quot;Lions history&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.lionsrugby.com/history/potted_history.php |title=The History |publisher=lionsrugby.com |accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722073223/http://www.lionsrugby.com/history/potted_history.php |date=22 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, anu dimiluan ku tur tim Selandia Anyar ka Éropa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2027752.html |title=IRB Hall of Fame Welcomes Five Inductees |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=23 November 2008 |accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824065112/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2027752.html |date=24 August 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tradisionalna, tur anu pangluhurna nyaéta tur nagara Hémisfér Kidul (Australia, Selandia Anyar, jeung Afrika Kidul) ka Hémisfér Kalér, teras tur balesan dijieun ku tim gabungan Britania jeung Irlandia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Griffiths|1987|p=ix}} ''&quot;In the first century of rugby union's history the IRB only recognised matches with international status if both teams in a match came from a small pool of countries: Australia, British Lions, England, France, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Wales.&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt;

===Rugbi dina turnamén internasional===
{{See also|Rugbi union dina Olimpiade|Rugbi tujuh dina Pésta Olahraga Pasamakmuran|Rugbi union dina Pésta Olahraga Asia}}
Rugbi union dimaénkeun dina Olimpiade Usum Panas [[Rugbi union dina Olimpiade 1900|1900]], [[Rugbi union dina Olimpiade 1908|1908]], [[Rugbi union dina Olimpiade 1920|1920]], jeung [[Rugbi union dina Olimpiade 1924|1924]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rugby in the Olympics&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/history.html |title=Rugby in the Olympics: History |work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |accessdate=16 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810064813/http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/history.html |date=10 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakumaha dina aturan Olimpiade, Skotlandia, Wales, jeung Inggris teu diidinkeun maén dina tim anu kapisah ku sabab sanés nagara daulat. Dina 1900, Perancis meunangkeun emas, ngéléhkeun Britania Raya 27-8 jeung ngéléhkeun Jérman 27-17.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rugby in the Olympics&quot;/&gt; Dina 1908, Australasia ngéléhkeun Britania Raya, meunangkeun medali emas, kalawan skor 32-3.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rugby in the Olympics&quot;/&gt; Dina 1920, Amérika Sarikat, maké hiji tim anu pamaén-pamaénna karak anyar kana olahraga rugbi, tapi bisa ngéléhkeun Perancis, 8-0. Dina 1924, Amérika Sarikat ngéléhkeun Perancis deui, 17-3, jadi sahiji-hijina tim anu meunangkeun emas dua kali di olahraga ieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rugby in the Olympics&quot;/&gt; Dina 2009, [[Komite Olimpiade Internasional]] miboga hasil pamilihan 81-8, meunangkeun rugbi union sangkan dibalikkeun salaku olahraga Olimpiade saheunteuna dina Olimpiade [[Olimpiade 2016|2016]] jeung [[Olimpiade 2020|2020]], tapi dina rugbi tujuh, kalawan format turnamén 4-dinten.&lt;ref name=&quot;I.O.C. Decision&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/14/sports/14sports.html |title=I.O.C. Decision Draws Cheers and Complaints From Athletes |work=The New York Times |first=Jeff |last=Klein |date=13 August 2009 |accessdate=13 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/olympics/news/6281166/Rugby-sevens-and-golf-ratified-for-2016-Olympics-in-Rio-de-Janeiro.html |title=Rugby sevens and golf ratified for 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro |first=Paul |last=Kelso |publisher=Telegraph |date=9 October 2009 |accessdate=5 November 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430151816/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/olympics/news/6281166/Rugby-sevens-and-golf-ratified-for-2016-Olympics-in-Rio-de-Janeiro.html |date=30 April 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rugbi tujuh geus dimaénkeun di [[Kajuaraan Rugbi Tujuh Pasamakmuran|Pésta Olahraga Pasamakmuran]] ti [[Commonwealth Games 1998|1998]] di Kuala Lumpur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9031959.stm |title=Commonwealth Games 2010: Form guide – rugby sevens| publisher=BBC Sport |date=27 September 2010 |accessdate=17 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panyekel medali emas ayeuna nyaéta [[Tim nasional rugbi union Selandia Anyar (tujuh)|Selandia Anyar]] anu geus meunangkeunnana 4 kali.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9084566.stm |title=Commonwealth Games: NZ win sevens as England miss medal| publisher=BBC Sport |date=12 October 2010 |accessdate=17 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rugbi union ogé geus jadi cabang [[Pésta Olahraga Asia]] ti [[Pésta Olahraga Asia 1998|1998]] di Bangkok, Thailand. Dina kompetisi 1998 jeung 2002, anu tujuh jeung lima welas dua-duana dimaénkeun, tapi ti 2006, ngan nu tujuh anu ditahankeun. Dina 2010, rugbi tujuh putri dipikawanohkeun. Panyekel medali emas ayeuna dina turnamén tujuh, dilaksanakeun di [[Pésta Olahraga Asia 2010|2010]], nyaéta [[Tim nasional rugbi union Jepang (tujuh)|Jepang]] dina nomer putrana sarta [[Tim nasional rugbi union putri Kazakhstan (tujuh)|Kazakhstan]] dina nomer putrina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irbsevens.com/regionalsports/newsid=2040867.html|title=Japan claim Asian Games gold|publisher=planetrugby.com|date=23 November 2010|accessdate=10 October 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602181345/http://www.irbsevens.com/regionalsports/newsid=2040867.html |date=2 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irbsevens.com/regionalsports/newsid=2040914.html |title=Kazakhstan win first Asian Games women's gold |publisher=IRBSevens.com |date=23 November 2010 |accessdate=18 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602182627/http://www.irbsevens.com/regionalsports/newsid=2040914.html |date=2 June 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Rugbi internasional putri===
{{utama|Rugbi union internasional putri}}
Rugbi union putri internasional kahiji mimiti 1982, kalawan hiji patandingan antara [[Tim nasional rugbi union putri Perancis|Perancis]] jeung [[Tim nasional rugbi union putri Walanda|Walanda]] anu dilaksanakeun di [[Utrecht (kota)|Utrecht]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://rugbyrelics.com/museum/exhibitions/NR125/14.htm |title=Women's Rugby |work=rugbyrelics.com |date=  |accessdate=18 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina 2009, leuwih ti 600 patandingan internasional putri geus dimaénkeun ku leuwih ti 40 tim.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/119928-womans-rugby-beautiful-side-of-brutal-game |title=Women's Rugby: Beautiful Side of a Brtual Game |work=bleacherreport.com |first=Giorgi |last=Dolidze |date=5 February 2009  |accessdate=25 September 2011 |note=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri]] anu kahiji dilaksanakeun di Wales dina [[Piala Dunia Rugbi Putri 1991|1991]], jeung nu meunang nyaéta [[Tim nasional rugbi union putri Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Sarikat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Women's Rugby&quot;/&gt; Turnamén anu kadua dilaksanakeun dina [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri 1994|1994]], jeung saprak éta kompetisina geus dilaksanakeun saban 4 taun. Tim Selandia Ayar geus meunangkeun 4 Piala Dunya nu pangahirna ([[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri 1998é|1998]], [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri 2002|2002]], [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri 2006|2006]], [[Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri 2010|2010]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nz2011.govt.nz/news/february-2011/rugbys-prized-trophies-going-on-tour |title=Rugby’s prized trophies going on tour |work=nz2011.govt.nz |date= 6 February 2011 |accessdate=26 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakumaha ayana Piala Dunya Rugbi Putri, aya ogé turnamén régulérna, contona [[Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa Putri]], dilaksanakeun bareng jeung nu putrana. Kahiji dimaénkeun dina [[Kajuaraan Nagara Asal Putri 1996|1996]], kompetisi ieu geus didominasi ku [[Tim nasional rugbi union putri Inggris|Inggris]], anu geus meunangkeun turnamén éta 12 kali, kalawan 6 kali meunang turut-tumurut ([[Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa Putri 2006|2006]] nepi ka [[Kajuaraan Genep Bangsa Putri 2011|2011]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/9428976.stm |title=England Women beat Ireland to clinch Grand Slam |work=BBC Sport|date= 18 March 2011 |accessdate=18 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Varian==
{{see also|Rugbi tujuh}}
[[File:Spielszene BK.jpg|thumb|Patandingan rugbi basisir|alt=On a sunlit beach two teams of players, one in yellow the other in blue, play a form of rugby; the central yellow player runs forward clutching the ball with one hand, close to his chest.]]

Rugbi union geus miboga sababaraha varian. Pabédaan umum dina varian olahraga ieu biasana pamaén nu leuwih saeutik atawa ngirangan kontak pamaén. Varian nu pangkoltna nyaéta [[Rugbi tujuh]] (7's, atawa VIIs), hiji varian nu gancang nu lahir di [[Melrose, Skotlandia|Melrose]], Skotlandia dina 1883. Di rugbi tujuh, ngan aya 7 pamaén saban tim, jeung hiji babakna biasana ngan tujuh menit. Turnamén utami contona [[Hong Kong Sevens]] jeung [[Dubai Sevens]], duanana dilaksanakeun di aréa nu teu biasa kaasosiasi jeung tingkat luhur rugbi 15. Varian lianna contona [[Rugbi sapuluh]] (10's atawa Xs), hiji varian Malaysia kalawan 10 pamaén per tim.&lt;ref name=Completerugby1&gt;{{Harvnb|Bath|1997|p=71}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku lantaran kaayaan fisik dina maén rugbi, sababaraha varian geus dijieun pikeun mikawanohkeun olahraga ieu ka barudak kalawan tingkat kontak fisik nu dikirangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 14&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|title=A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union|page=14|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025103429/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf |date=25 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti vérsi-vérsi ieu, [[Touch rugbi]], nu mana ''tackles'' dijieun ku cara ngeunakeun nu mawa bal ku dua tangan. Olahraga ieu populér salaku vérsi campuran ti nu 15, dimaénkeun ku boh barudak boh déwasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/getting-a-kick-out-of-touch/story-e6frep5o-1225699224845 |title=Touch rugby league growing in Brisbane |first=Karl|last=deKroo| work=The Courier-Mail |date=11 April 2009 |accessdate=23 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rfu.com/TheGame/~/link.aspx?_id=A4A528E2CC22410390D89AE5E46D1EF9&amp;_z=z |title=Touch Rugby | work=[[Rugby Football Union|RFU]] |accessdate=24 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tag Rugby]], nyaéta vérsi di mana pamaénna maké hiji beubeur kalawan dua talian, upami dileupaskeun hartina ka-''tackle''. Dina Tag Rugby, najong bal ogé teu beunang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rfu.com/TheGame/FormsOfRugby/Tag.aspx |title=Tag Rugby |work=[[Rugby Football Union|RFU]] |date=11 April 2009 |accessdate=23 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810133935/http://www.rfu.com/TheGame/FormsOfRugby/Tag.aspx |date=10 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rugbi mini]] ogé varian lian ti rugbi union pikeun mikawanohkeun olahraga ieu ka barudak,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irishrugby.ie/minis/index.php |title=About Mini Rugby |work=irishrugby.ie |date= |accessdate=23 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209200753/http://www.irishrugby.ie/minis/index.php |date=9 February 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Rutherford1&gt;{{cite book |last=Rutherford |first=Don |title=The Complete Book of Mini Rugby |publisher=Partridge |year=1993 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/completebookofmi0000ruth/page/2 2] |url=https://archive.org/details/completebookofmi0000ruth|isbn=1852251964 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dimaénkeun ku 9 pamaén jeung di lapangan nu leuwih leutik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mini Rugby&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irishrugby.ie/downloads/IRFU_Mini_Rugby_09-10.pdf|title=Mini Rugby|work=irishrugby.ie|accessdate=24 September 2011|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20101227222214/http://www.irishrugby.ie/downloads/IRFU_Mini_Rugby_09-10.pdf|archivedate=27 December 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913104229/http://www.irishrugby.ie/downloads/IRFU_Mini_Rugby_09-10.pdf |date=13 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mirip jeung Tag Rugby, [[Rugbi Bandéra Amérika]] (''American Flag Rugby''; AFR), mangrupa hiji varian ti rugbi union nu dimaénkeun campuran (bisa ku bareng lalaki-awéwé) tanpa kontak pikeun barudak Amérika dina kelas K-9.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.americanflagrugby.com/about-afr.php |title=About AFR |work=americanflagrugby.com |date= |accessdate=18 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817210310/http://www.americanflagrugby.com/about-afr.php |date=17 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Boh Rugbi Bandéra Amérika boh Rugbi Mini duanana béda jeung Tag Rugby nu mana dina dua varian rugbi éta leuwih dipikawanohkeun deui unsur lanjutan rugbi union sajalan pamaénna tumuwuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mini Rugby&quot;/&gt;

Varian lianna contona [[rugbi basisir]] jeung [[rugbi salju]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB BGRU 14&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/news/newsid=2026163.html|work=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]]|title=Rugby X-treme hits the Andes|first=Frankie|last=Deges|date=15 July 2008|accessdate=24 September 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726135403/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/news/newsid=2026163.html |date=26 July 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pangaruh kana olahraga lian==
{{See also|Sajaran maén bal Amérika|Bandingan maén bal Amérika jeung rugbi union|Asalna maén bal Australia|Bandingan rugbi liga jeung rugbi union}}

[[File:Fielding Yost-1902.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Hiji patandingan [[maén bal Amérika]] antara [[Universitas Michigan]] jeung [[Universitas Minnesota]] (1902). Bentuk awal patandingan miboga patalian nu terang jeung ékuivalén rugbi lianna.|alt=A grainy black and white photo of teams in sports jerseys and light padding contesting a play near the touchline, while watched by officials, coaches and crowds.]]

Rugbi union football, jeung katurunan langsungna, maén bal rugbi, miboga pangaruh nu kiat kana sababaraha olahraga lian. [[maén bal Gridiron|Kode Gridiron]], [[maén bal Amérika]]&lt;ref name=Completerugby2&gt;{{Harvnb|Bath|1997|p=77}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Stubbs&gt;{{Harvnb|Stubbs|2009|p=115}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung [[maén bal Kanada]],&lt;ref name=CanFitba1&gt;{{Cite book |first=|title=Encyclopedia Canadiana|volume = 8|editor=John Everett Robbins| year=1972 |publisher=Grolier of Canada|location=Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal |page=110 |isbn=0717216012}}&lt;/ref&gt; diturunkeun ti bentuk awal rugbi. Di Kanada, [[maén bal Kanada]] geus mindeng disebut &quot;[[maén bal rugbi]]&quot; (''rugby football''),&lt;ref name=CanFitba1/&gt; jeung sababaraha badan nasional jeung propinsi disebut &quot;Union Rugbi Maén Bal&quot; atawa &quot;Union Rugbi&quot;, saperti Union Rugbi Maén Bal [[Union Rugbi Maén Bal Ontario|Ontario]] jeung [[Union Rugbi Maén Bal Quebec|Quebec]].&lt;ref name=CanFitba1/&gt; Contona, dina ''Encyclopedia Canadiana'', cutatan ''Rugby Football'' dimimitian ku cara ngarujuk ka &quot;''the Canadian development of rugby union or &quot;English rugger&quot; introduced into Canada in the third quarter of the nineteenth century''&quot; (pamekaran Kanada kana rugbi union atawa &quot;''rugger'' Inggris&quot; dipikawanohkeun ka Kanada dina parapat katilu abad ka-19), tapi teras nyebutkeun yén &quot;''the Canadian game is a radical departure from rugby union''&quot; (kaulinan Kanadana mangrupa hiji kadatangan radikal ti rugbi union).&lt;ref name=CanFitba1/&gt;

[[Maén Bal Australia]] geus kapangaruh ku loba olahraga, kaasup [[maén bal Gael]], maén bal rugbi, jeung [[krikét]]. Raloba panulis percaya yén pangaruh utamina nyaéta [[maén bal rugbi]] jeung [[Kaulinan maén bal sakola umum Inggris|kaulinan lian nu lahir di sakola umum Inggris]].&lt;ref name=&quot;See 1991, pp. 49-50&quot;&gt;[[Geoffrey Blainey]], [[Leonie Sandercock]], Ian Turner, jeung [[Sean Fagan]] miboga dukungan tinulis kana pamikiran ieu. Tempo, contona: Richard Davis, 1991, &quot;Irish and Australian Nationalism: the Sporting Connection: Football &amp; Cricket&quot;, ''Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies Bulletin'', v.3, no.2, pp. 49–50 jeung; B. W. O'Dwyer, 1989, &quot;The Shaping of Victorian Rules Football&quot;, ''Victorian Historical Journal'', v.60, no.1.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tom Wills]], nu diakuan salaku panaratas Maén Bal Australia, ogé pernah janten murid Sakola Rugby.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/395810.html |last=Haigh |first=Gideon |title=Murder, suicide, cricket|work=espncricinfo.com |date=21 March 2009 |accessdate=28 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[James Naismith]] ngarujuk ti rupa-rupa olahraga kaasup rugbi pikeun nyieun [[baskét]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1027613/index.htm |last=Wolff |first=Alexander |title=The Olden Rules |work=sportsillustrated.cnn.com |date=25 November 2002 |accessdate=18 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604031625/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1027613/index.htm |date=4 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kontribusi nu terangna nyaéta kamiripan [[bal luncat]] ka ''linéout'' ogé gaya ngalung ''underhand'' nu ngadominasi taun-taun awal ti olahraga éta. Naismith pernah maén rugbi pikeun sababaraha taun dina [[Universitas McGill]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mcgilltribune.com/sports/profile-james-naismith-where-athletics-meets-religious-fervor-1.1627628#.TnapQdQdxF4 |last=Kanter |first=Jacob |title=Profile-James Naismith: Where athletics meets religious fervor |work=mcgilltribune.com |date=21 September 2010 |accessdate=18 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311152517/http://www.mcgilltribune.com/sports/profile-james-naismith-where-athletics-meets-religious-fervor-1.1627628#.TnapQdQdxF4 |date=11 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Maén bal Swédia (kode)|Maén bal Swédia]] nyaéta hiji kode nu aturanna mangrupa campuran ti [[Laws of the Game (maén bal)|aturan maén bal]] jeung [[maén bal rugbi|aturan maén bal rugbi]]. Sababaraha urang maénkeun kaulinan éta maké hiji bal nu buleud, samentawis nu lian maké bal oval.&lt;ref name=&quot;jönsson203&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Jönsson |first=Åke |title=Fotboll: hur världens största sport växte fram |year=2006 |publisher=Historiska media |location=Lund |isbn=91-85377-48-1 |page=203}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaulinan éta teu dimaénkeun deui.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=sv&amp;u=http://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/historia/svff-1904/&amp;ei=p8V9TtHEKKSP0AXUvPUB&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=translate&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CB0Q7gEwAA&amp;prev=/search%3Fq%3Dsvff:s%2Btillkomst%2B1904%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-gb%26prmd%3Dimvns |title=SvFF:s tillkomst 1904 |work=svenskfotboll.se |accessdate=24 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rugbi minangka dasar ti [[rugbi korsi roda]] (kawanoh ogé salaku &quot;rugbi quad&quot; atawa &quot;''murderball''&quot;), tapi olahraga ieu leuwih kiatna dipangaruhan ku [[baskét korsi roda]], [[hoki és]], jeung [[bal tangan]] tinimbang rugbi union.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iwrf.com/history.htm |title=About Wheelchair Rugby |work=iwrf.com |accessdate=24 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424065940/http://www.iwrf.com/history.htm |date=24 April 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Statistik jeung rékor==
{{see also|Daptar pamaén rugbi union top dumasar midang internasional|Daptar panyitak skor top rugbi union}}

Dumasar kana hiji laporan dina 2011 ku Puseur Bisnis Internasional olahraga di [[Universitas Coventry]], ayeuna aya leuwih ti 5 yuta urang maénkeun rugbi union atawa hiji varianna anu kaorganisasi ku IRB.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stripes&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stripes.com/military-life/they-re-game-rugby-team-willing-to-play-all-takers-1.146065 |title=They're game: Rugby team willing to play all takers |first=Seth |last=Robson |publisher=stripes.com |date=8 July 2011 |accessdate=25 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814172158/http://www.stripes.com/military-life/they-re-game-rugby-team-willing-to-play-all-takers-1.146065 |date=14 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hal ieu mangrupa paningkatan 19 persén ti laporan saméméhna dina 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;Global Rugby&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/NewsMedia/MediaZone/02/04/22/88/2042288_PDF.pdf |title=Economic Impact Report on Global Rugby; Part III: Strategic and Emerging Markets |publisher=Centre for the International Business of Sport, [[Coventry University]] |first=Simon |last=Chadwick |date=5 April 2011 |accessdate=25 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626220118/http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/NewsMedia/MediaZone/02/04/22/88/2042288_PDF.pdf |date=26 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laporan ieu nyebutkeun ogé yén ti 2007, partisipasi geus ningkat 33 persén di Afrika, 22 persén di Amérika Kidul, jeung 18 persén di Asia sareng Amérika Kalér.&lt;ref name=&quot;Global Rugby&quot;/&gt;

Acara utami rugbi union, Piala Dunya Rugbi, geus lanjut mekarna ti lahirna dina 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/newsmedia/mediazone/02/04/21/65/2042165_pdf.pdf |title=IRB Year in Review 2010 |publisher=[[International Rugby Board|IRB]] |page=74 |year=2010 |accessdate=25 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514115712/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/newsmedia/mediazone/02/04/21/65/2042165_pdf.pdf |date=14 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Turnamén kahijina, mimilukeun 16 tim, ditongtonkeun ka 17 nagara kalawan total pamiarsa kaakumulasi 230 yuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB2010&quot;/&gt; Panjualan tikét basa babak grup jeung final ti turnamén nu sarua kirang ti sayuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB2010&quot;/&gt; [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 2007|Piala Dunya 2007]] mimilukeun 94 nagara kalawan panjualan tikét 3.850.000 dina babak grup jeung final.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB2010&quot;/&gt; Total pamiarsa acara éta, nu ditongtonkeun ka 200 nagara, nyaéta 4,2 milyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRB2010&quot;/&gt;

Pamaén nu midang internasional panglobana ti nagara golongan 1 nyaéta ''halfback'' Australia, [[George Gregan]], kalawan 139 kali midang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;template=results;type=player |title=Statsguru/Test matches/Player records |publisher=ESPN Scrum.com |date= |accessdate=19 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samentawis pamaén internasional panyitak skor panglobana ti nagara golongan 1 nyaéta [[Dan Carter]] ti Selandia Anyar, nu geus nyitak 1250 poin dina karirna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=points;template=results;type=player |title=Statsguru/Test matches/Player records |publisher=ESPN Scrum.com |date= |accessdate=10 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina April 2010, [[Rugbi union di Lithuania|Lithuania]] ngéléhkeun rékor kameunangan internasional turut-tumurut, anu saméméhna dicekel ku Selandia Anyar jeung Afrika Kidul, kalawan 17 kali meunang turut-tumurut ngalawan nagara golongan 1&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/news/newsid=2036957.html |title=Lithuania bid for World record test run |publisher=IRB |date=16 April 2010 |accessdate=30 May 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514131525/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/news/newsid=2036957.html |date=14 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Lithuania meunangkeun kameunangan ka-18-na dina patandingan ngalawan nagara golongan 2, [[Rugbi union di Sérbia|Sérbia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=date;spanmax1=08+May+2010;spanmin1=04+Jun+2006;spanval1=span;team=90;template=results;type=team;view=match |title=Statsguru / Test matches / Team records: Lithuania, matches between 4 June 2006 and 8 May 2010, sorted by ascending match date |work=ESPN Scrum |publisher=SFMS Limited |accessdate=6 May 2011}} ''&quot;The dates chosen bookend Lithuania's 18-match winning streak.&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt; Patandingan internasional anu boga skor panglobana antara dua tim nu diakuan nyaéta kameunangan Hong Kong kana Singapura, 164 - 13, dina 27 Oktober 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;record wins&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbydata.com/centuries |title=Games where 100 or more points were scored by a team |publisher=rugbydata.com |date= |accessdate=27 September 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325101231/http://www.rugbydata.com/centuries |date=25 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rékor lian contona kameunangan &lt;u&gt;&gt;&lt;/u&gt;152 poin nu dicekel ku 2 nagara, Jepang (meunang 155 - 3 ngalawan Taipéi Cina) jeung Argéntina (152 - 0 ngalawan Paraguay). Duanana dina taun 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;record wins&quot;/&gt;

==Rugbi union dina budaya==
&lt;!-- Bagian di handap ieu nyaéta pikeun INOHONG seniman kakoncara nu geus maké rugbi atawa pikeun karya nu museur kana rugbi union. Bagian ieu lain keur pamidangan umum rugbi dina budaya populér atawa fakta trivia saperti salasahiji épisode Friends ''The One with all the Rugby''.--&gt;
[[File:Henri Rousseau - The Football Players.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Henri Rousseau – ''The Football Players'' (1908)|alt=An oil painting of two groups of a pair of moustached men wearing stripped jerseys and shorts, contesting a rugby ball within an avenue of trees.]]
Pangaruh rugbi kana budaya bisa ditempo dina inspirasi seniman jeung panulis, ogé pangaruh pamaén jeung pangurus rugbi salaku pacontoan jeung pahlawan pikeun nagarana. Loba panulis populér nu geus maké rugbi union dina bukuna. Novél 1857 Thomas Hughes, [[Tom Brown's Schooldays]], latarna di Sakola Rugby, ngawengku carita ngeunaan patandingan maén bal rugbi, nu teras dipilemkeun dina 1940-an. James Joyce nyebutkeun tim Irlandia, [[Bective Rangers]], di sababaraha bukuna, kaasup Ulysses (1922) jeung Finnegans Wake (1939), samentawis karya semi-otobiagrafis 1916-na, ''[[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man]]'', miboga catetan pamaén internasional ti Irlandia, [[James Magee]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bectiverangers.com/content/view/197/5 |title=Bective Rangers – James Joyce |date= |work=bectiverangers.com |location=UK |accessdate=28 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726215801/http://www.bectiverangers.com/content/view/197/5/ |date=26 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, dina carita Sherlock Holmes 1924-na, ''[[The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire]]'', nyebutkeun yén Dr Watson maén rugbi pikeun Blackheath.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/vampires/classicstory/sussexvampire_p1.shtml|title=The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire  |date=September 2005|work=BBC |location=UK |accessdate=28 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rugbi union mangrupa subjék ti skétsa awal ngagambarkeun olahraga ieu, tapi dipaké ogé ku sababaraha seniman, utamina ku sababaraha palukis Perancis awal abad ka-20. Post-Imprésionis Perancis [[Henri Rousseau]], ''Joueurs de football'', damelan 1908, némbongkeun 2 pasang pamaén rugbi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/piece/?search=The%20Football%20Players&amp;page=&amp;f=Title&amp;object=60.1583 |title=Henri Rousseau |first=Cornelia |last=Lauf |date= |work=guggenheim.org |accessdate=28 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429080822/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/piece/?search=The%20Football%20Players&amp;page=&amp;f=Title&amp;object=60.1583 |date=29 April 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Seniman Perancis lianna nu geus ngagambarkeun olahraga ieu dina karyana contona [[Albert Gleizes]] (''Les Joueurs de football'' [1912]), [[Robert Delaunay]] (''Football. L'Equipe de Cardiff'' [1916]), jeung [[André Lhote]] (''Partie de Rugby'' [1917]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dine |first=Philip |coauthors= |title=French Rugby Football |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrugbyfootb0000dine |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchrugbyfootb0000dine/page/19 19]|publisher=Berg |location=Oxford |isbn=1-85973-327-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kompetisi seni dina Olimpiade 1928|Medali Emas pikeun Seni 1928]] dina Olimpiade Antwerp dimeunangkeun ku [[Jean Jacoby]] ti Luksemburg dina karyana ''Rugby''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://olympic-museum.de/art/1928.htm |title=Art Competitions |date= |work=olympic-museum.de |accessdate=6 October 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501132439/http://www.olympic-museum.de/art/1928.htm |date=1 May 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina televisi jeung pilem, rugbi union geus dipaké minangka kasang tukan dina sababaraha produksi. Komédi 1949 ti Ealing Studios, ''[[A Run for Your Money]]'', jeung pilem televisi 1979 ti BBC Wales, ''[[Grand Slam (pilem 1978)|Grand Slam]]'', duanana museur kana pandukung panongton patandingan, sanés olahragana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Berry|first=David|title=Wales and Cinema, The First Hundred Years |year=1996 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |page=215 |isbn=0-7083-1370-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pilem nu maké olahraga ieu dina rincian leuwih contona produksi indie ''[[Old Scores]]'' (1991) jeung ''[[Forever Strong]]'' (2008). ''[[Invictus (pilem)|Invictus]]'' (2009), dumasar kana bukuna [[John Carlin]], ''Playing the Enemy'', ngomongkeun kajadian dina [[Piala Dunya Rugbi 1995]] jeung usaha Nelson Mandela pikeun nganggo olahraga ieu ngahijikeun masarakat Afrika Kidul pasca-apartheid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&amp;grid=&amp;xml=/portal/2007/10/19/ftmandela119.xml|title=How Nelson Mandela won the rugby World Cup |accessdate=28 August 2011|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=19 October 2007  | first=John | last=Carlin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8406647.stm|title=South Africa 'rugby unity': Fact and fiction |date=11 December 2009|work=BBC News |location=UK |accessdate=28 August 2011 | first=Pumza | last=Fihlani}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Raloba nagara miboga patung nu ngagambarkeun rugbi union atawa pamaén rugbi. Sababarahana bisa dipanggih di stadion rugbi, saperti patung perunggu 27 suku di [[Stadion Twickenham|Twickenham]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/richmondnews/8196778.Iconic_sculpture_of_rugby_line_out_unveiled/ |title=RFU unveils iconic bronze of rugby line-out by sculptor Gerald Laing |date=2 June 2010 |work=yourlocalguardian.co.uk |location=UK |accessdate=28 August 2011 | first=Joanna | last=Kilvington}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung pangurus rugbi Sir [[Tasker Watkins]] di [[Stadion Millenium]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/8360513.stm |title=Statue of Sir Tasker is unveiled |date=15 November 2009 |work=BBC News |location=UK |accessdate=23 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaén rugbi nu geus dihormatan dijieun patungna contona [[Gareth Edwards]] di Cardiff jeung [[Danie Craven]] di Stellenbosch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rugby365.com/schools/craven/2504760.htm |title=Craven of Craven Week |date=27 June 2010 |work=rugby365.com |accessdate=28 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719053209/http://www.rugby365.com/schools/craven/2504760.htm |date=19 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tempo ogé==
{{Portal|Rugbi union}}
{{Wikinews category|Rugby}}
* ''[[International Rugby Hall of Fame]]''
* ''[[IRB Hall of Fame]]''
* [[Daptar tim rugbi union internasional]]
* [[Daptar kompetisi rugbi union pangkolotna]]
* [[Daptar istilah rugbi union]]
* [[Variasi aturan pacobian]]

==Réferénsi==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Sumber citakeun===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |first=|title=Encyclopedia Canadiana vol. 8|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacana0000unse_d4e6|year=1972 |publisher=Grolier of Canada|location=Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal|isbn=0717216012| ref= harv}}
* {{Cite book | editor-last = Bath | editor-first = Richard | year = 1997 | title = Complete Book of Rugby | publisher=Seven Oaks Ltd | ISBN = 1862000133| ref= harv}}
*{{cite book|title=Rugby: Steps to Success|url=https://archive.org/details/rugbystepstosucc0000bisc|first1=Tony|last1=Biscombe |first2= Peter|last2=Drewett|year=2009|publisher=Human Kinetics| ref= harv}}
*{{cite book|title=Periodization in Rugby|first1=Tudor|last1=Bompa |first2= Frederick|last2=Claro|year=2008|publisher=Meyer and Meyer Sport| ref= harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Godwin |first=Terry |coauthors=Rhys, Chris |title=The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts &amp; Feats |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofru0000godw |year=1981 |publisher=Guinness Superlatives Ltd |location=Enfield|isbn=0851122140| ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=John|coauthors= |title=The Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records |url=https://archive.org/details/phoenixbookofint0000grif |year=1987 |publisher=Phoenix House |location=London |isbn=0460070037| ref= harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Howard |coauthors= Jordon, J.P. |title=Oxford v Cambridge, The Story of the University Rugby Match |year=1951 |publisher=Clerke &amp; Cockeran|location=London |isbn=| ref= harv}}
* {{Cite book| last = Midgley| first = Ruth| coauthors = | title = The Official World Encyclopedia of Sports and Games| publisher=Diagram Group| year = 1979| location = London| url = | isbn = 0-7092-0153-2| ref= harv}}
* {{Cite book| last = Richards| first = Huw| coauthors = | title = A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union| publisher=[[Mainstream Publishing]]| year = 2007| location = Edinburgh| url =https://archive.org/details/gameforhooligans0000rich| isbn = 978-1845962555| ref= harv}}
* {{Cite book| last = Stubbs| first = Ray| coauthors = | title = The Sports Book| publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]| year = 2009| pages = | url = | isbn = 978-1405336970 |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=J.B.G. |coauthors= Rowe, Harding|title=On Tour |year=1954 |publisher=Anchor Press Ltd.|location=Essex |isbn=  | ref = harv}}
{{refend}}

===Sumber éléktronik===
* {{Cite web | url=http://www.irb.com/lawregulations/laws/index.html | title=Laws of Rugby Union | publisher=IRB | year=2010 | accessdate=16 January 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518105529/http://www.irb.com/lawregulations/laws/index.html |date=18 May 2011 }}
* {{Cite web | url=http://www.irb.com/lawregulations/regulations/index.html | title=IRB Regulations | publisher=IRB | accessdate=16 January 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130103091436/http://www.irb.com/lawregulations/regulations/index.html |date=3 January 2013 }}
* [http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/story/94071.html Scrum.com Rugby guide]

==Tumbu kaluar==
&lt;!-- Please discuss on the article talk page before adding any further links here --&gt;
{{Commons category}}
{{Sisterlinks}}
* [http://www.irb.com International Rugby Board] – loka resmi babon organisasi
* [http://www.rugbydata.com Rugby Data] – statistik rugbi union
* [http://www.planetrugby.com/ Planet Rugby] – warta, jadwal, laporan, jsb.
* [http://www.espnscrum.com/ ESPN Scrum.com] warta, laporan, statistik, jsb.

{{Team Sport}}
{{international rugby union}}
{{Olympic sports}}
{{Rugby Union Club Competitions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rugbi Union}}
[[Kategori:Rugbi union| ]]
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[[Kategori:Kode maén bal]]
[[Kategori:Olahraga nu lahir di Inggris]]
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[[Kategori:Urut olahraga Olimpiade]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sudan Kidul</title>
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|native_name   = ''Republic of South Sudan''
|conventional_long_name  = Républik Sudan Kidul
|common_name              = Sudan Kidul
|image_flag               = Flag of South Sudan.svg
|image_coat               =Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan.svg
|symbol_type              = Lambang
|motto                    = ''Justice, Liberty, Prosperity''
|national_anthem          = ''[[South Sudan Oyee!]]''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[Gambar:National anthem of South Sudan -South Sudan Oyee!-.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
|image_map                = South Sudan in its region (undisputed).svg
|capital                  = [[Juba]] 
|largest_city             = [[Juba]]
|latd                     = 04
|latm                     = 51
|latNS                    = N
|longd                    = 31
|longm                    = 36
|longEW                   = E
|languages_type           = [[Basa resmi]]&lt;br /&gt;{{nobold|([[Basa nasional]])}}
|languages       = [[Basa Inggris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;engwork&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/home/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file/FINAL%20TCRSS.doc |title=The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011 |accessdate=12 July 2011 |publisher=Government of South Sudan }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017114039/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/home/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file/FINAL |date=17 October 2012 }} Part One, 6(2). &quot;English shall be the official working language in the Republic of South Sudan&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;glance&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/about/ataglance.html|title=At a Glance|date=12 July 2011|work=Official portal|publisher=Government of Southern Sudan|accessdate=2011-07-24}} {{Webarchive|url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20110628170437/http%3A//www.goss%2Donline.org/magnoliaPublic/en/about/ataglance.html |date=2011-06-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sadaya basa asli Sudan Kidul)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/home/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file/FINAL%20TCRSS.doc|title=The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011|accessdate=15 July 2011|publisher=Government of South Sudan}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017114039/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/home/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file/FINAL |date=17 October 2012 }} Part One, 6(1). &quot;All indigenous languages of South Sudan are national languages&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
|demonym                  = South Sudanese
|government_type          = [[Républik]] [[démokrasi répréséntatif|démokratik]] [[Républik féderal|féderal]]
|leader_title1            = [[Daptar Présidén Sudan Kidul|Présidén]]
|leader_name1             = [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]
|leader_title2            = [[Daptar Wakil Présidén Sudan Kidul|Wakil Présidén]]
|leader_name2             = [[Riek Machar]]
|legislature              = [[Législatur Nasional Sudan Kidul|Législatur Nasional]]
|lower_house = [[Majelis Législatif Nasional Sudan Kidul|Majelis Législatif Nasional]]
|upper_house = [[Déwan Nagara Bagian Sudan Kidul|Déwan Nagara Bagian]]
|sovereignty_type         = [[Kamerdikaan]]
|sovereignty_note         = ti [[Sudan]]
|established_event1       = [[Pasatujuan Rapih Komprehénsif]]
|established_date1        = 6 Januari 2005
|established_event2       = [[Pamaréntahan Sudan Kidul (2005–2011)|Otonomi]]
|established_date2        = 9 Juli 2005
|established_event3       = [[Sajarah Sudan Kidul#Kamerdikaan|Kamerdikaan]]
|established_date3        = 9 Juli 2011
|area_rank                = ka-45
|area_magnitude           =
|area                 = 619745
|areami²               = 239285
|percent_water            =
|population_census        = 8.260.490 ''(dipaséakeun)''&lt;ref name=&quot;n24&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/Content/World/News/1073/b52cc36803164f39be83598566f1eb70/21-05-2009-07-23/Discontent_over_Sudan_census|title=Discontent over Sudan census|date=21 May 2009|work=News24.com|accessdate=2011-07-14|agency=AFP}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_census_year   = 2008
|population_census_rank   = ka-94
|population_density   = 13,33
|population_densitymi² = 34,52
|population_density_rank  = 214
|Gini                     =
|Gini_year                =
|Gini_category            =
|GDP_nominal_year         = 2011
|GDP_nominal              = $13,227 milyar &lt;ref name=&quot;NBS&quot;&gt;South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) [http://ssnbs.org/storage/GDP%20Press%20release_11.08.11.pdf &quot;Release of first Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Income (GNI) figures for South Sudan by the NBS&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617001131/http://ssnbs.org/storage/GDP%20Press%20release_11.08.11.pdf |date=2012-06-17 }} 11 August 2011 Retrieved 2011-09-05&lt;/ref&gt;
|GDP_nominal_per_capita   = $1.546 &lt;ref name=&quot;NBS&quot; /&gt;
|HDI                      =
|HDI_rank                 =
|HDI_year                 =
|HDI_category             =
|currency                 = [[Pound Sudan Kidul]]
|currency_code            = SSP
|time_zone                = [[Wanci Afrika Wétan]]
|utc_offset               = +3
| drives_on               = katuhu
|cctld                    = [[.ss]]&lt;ref name=&quot;iana&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ss.html|title=.ss Domain Delegation Data|work=[[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]]|publisher=[[ICANN]]|accessdate=2011-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; (kadaptar tapi can operasional)
|iso3166code              = SS
|calling_code             = [[Nomer telepon di Sudan Kidul|211]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=New country, new number: Country code 211 officially assigned to South Sudan |publisher=International Telecommunication Union |date=14 July 2011 |url=http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2011/25.aspx |accessdate=2011-07-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005151037/http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2011/25.aspx |date=2011-10-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|footnote1                =
}}  
'''Sudan Kidul''', resmina '''Républik Sudan Kidul''' ({{lang-en|Republic of South Sudan}}),&lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/od.html|title=South Sudan|date=11 July 2011|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[CIA]]|accessdate=2011-07-14}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424094414/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/od.html |date=2020-04-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta hiji [[nagara nu dilingkung]] aya di wewengkon [[Sahel]] di [[Afrika Wétan|Afrika kalér-wétan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;factbook&quot;/&gt; Nagara ieu mangrupa bagian ti sub-région PBB, [[Afrika Kalér]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN classification of world regions&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=UN classification of world regions|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm UN classification of world regions|publisher=UN|accessdate=25 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibu kotana ayeuna nyaéta [[Juba]], nu mana mangrupa kota panggedéna ogé. Ibu kotana direncanakeun bakal dipindahkeun ka [[Ramciel]].&lt;ref name=BBCprofile&gt;{{cite news|title=South Sudan profile|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14019208|publisher=BBC|date=5 July 2011|accessdate=24 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sudan Kidul wawatesan jeung [[Étiopia]] di wétan, [[Kénya]] di tenggara, [[Uganda]] di kidul, [[Républik Démokratik Kongo]] di kidul-kulon, [[Républik Afrika Tengah]] di kulon, jeung [[Sudan]] di kalér.

Nagara Sudan Kidul jeung Sudan ayeuna baheulana mangrupa bagian ti [[Mesir]] dina [[Dinasti Muhammad Ali]], nu teras diparéntah salaku hiji [[Sudan Anglo-Mesir|kondominium Anglo-Mesir]] nepi ka kamerdikaan Sudan dina 1956. Mimiluan [[Perang Sadulur Sudan I]], [[Wewengkon Otonom Sudan Kidul]] diwangun dina 1972 nepi ka 1983. [[Perang Sadulur Sudan II]] teras lumangsung jeung eureun kalawan [[Pasutujuan Rapih Komprehénsif]] dina 2005. Teras dina taun éta ogé, otonomina kidul dipulihkeun sarta [[Pamaréntahan Otonom Sudan Kidul]] dibentuk.

Sudan Kidul merdika dina 9 Juli 2011.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sJugNxYVA8 Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 1)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.youtube.com/user/Laseranthem#p/a/u/0/v5m4JUyBW38 Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 2)]&lt;/ref&gt; Nagara ieu mangrupa nagara anggota [[nagara anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/07/14/uk-sudan-un-membership-idUKTRE76D3I120110714|title=South Sudan admitted to U.N. as 193rd member|last=Worsnip|first=Patrick|date=14 July 2011|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=2011-07-24}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173910/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/07/14/uk-sudan-un-membership-idUKTRE76D3I120110714 |date=2015-04-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39034&amp;Cr=South+Sudan&amp;Cr1= | title=UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State | publisher=United Nations News Service | date=14 July 2011 | accessdate=14 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Uni Afrika]],&lt;ref name=&quot;au54&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/South-Sudan-Becomes-African-Unions-54th-Member-126320433.html |title=South Sudan Becomes African Union's 54th Member |publisher=Voice of America News |date=28 July 2011 |accessdate=28 July 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916115846/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/South-Sudan-Becomes-African-Unions-54th-Member-126320433.html |date=16 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, jeung [[Otoritas Antarpamaréntah dina Pamekaran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/ethiopia-agrees-to-back-somalia-army-operations-igad-says.html|title=Ethiopia Agrees to Back Somalia Army Operations, IGAD Says|agency=Bloomberg Businessweek|accessdate=25 November 2011|date=25 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gambar:Train Sudan towards Wau.jpg|thumb|Hiji karéta dina lalampahan ka [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]]]]
[[Gambar:SPAF Mi17 helicopters at Juba Airport January 2011.jpg|thumb|2 hélikopter Mi17 di Bandar Udara Juba]]
== Nagara bagian jeung ''county'' ==
{{utama|Nagara bagian di Sudan Kidul}}
[[File:SouthSudanStates.svg|thumb|center|350px|10 nagara bagian di Sudan Kidul dikelompokkeun dina 3 propinsi nalika jaman dikawasaan ku Sudan.&lt;br /&gt;
{{legend|#9BCD9B|[[Bahr el Ghazal]]}}
{{legend|#7AC5CD|[[Equatoria]]}}
{{legend|#EEE685|[[Nil Luhur Raya]]}}]]

Sudan Kidul dibagi kana 10 [[Nagara bagian di Sudan Kidul|nagara bagian]] nu ngawakilan 3 wewengkon basa diparéntah ku Sudan: [[Bahr el Ghazal]], [[Equatoria]], jeung [[Nil Luhur Raya]].

; [[Bahr el Ghazal]]
* [[Bahr el Ghazal Kalér]]
* [[Bahr el Ghazal Kulon]]
* [[Lakes (nagara bagian)|Lakes]]
* [[Warrap (nagara bagian)|Warrap]]

; [[Equatoria]]
* [[Equatoria Kulon]]
* [[Equatoria Tengah]] (di mana ayana [[Juba]])
* [[Equatoria Wétan]]

; [[Nil Luhur Raya]]
* [[Jonglei]]
* [[Unity (nagara bagian)|Unity]]
* [[Nil Luhur (nagara bagian)|Nil Luhur]]

10 nagara bagian éta teras dibagi kana (total) 86 [[County di Sudan Kidul|''county'']].

== Tempo ogé ==
*[[Sudan]]
*[[Pangakuan internasional Sudan Kidul]]
*[[Pamaréntahan Sudan Kidul (1972–1983)]]
*[[Pamaréntahan Sudan Kidul (2005–2011)]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bacaan salajengna ==
* {{Cite book|last=Biel |first=Melha Rout |title=South Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement |year=2007 |publisher=Netzbandt Verlag |location=Jena |isbn=9783937884011}}
* {{cite book|last=Tvedt|first=Terje|title=South Sudan. An Annotated Bibliography. (2 vols)|year=2004|publisher=IB Tauris|location=London/New York|isbn=1-860-64987-4|edition=2nd}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12107760|title=Profile: Southern Sudan leader Salva Kiir|date=5 January 2011|work=[[BBC Online]]|accessdate=2011-07-24}}
*{{cite journal|date=June 2009|title=No One to Intervene: Gaps in Civilian Protection in Southern Sudan|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|location=New York|url=http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/HRW_GapsCivlianProtection_SouthernSudan.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001005138/http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/HRW_GapsCivlianProtection_SouthernSudan.pdf |date=2011-10-01 }}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Commons category|South Sudan}}

;Pamaréntah
* [http://www.aboutsouthsudan.com/ About South Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116205236/https://aboutsouthsudan.com/ |date=2021-01-16 }} : Sajarah, Lagu Kabangsaan, Peta Géografis
* [http://www.goss.org/ Pamaréntah Sudan Kidul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225222250/http://www.goss.org/ |date=2015-12-25 }}
* [http://www.sslagoss.org/ Majelis Législatif Sudan Kidul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117043005/http://www.sslagoss.org/ |date=2012-11-17 }}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|od|South Sudan}}

{{South Sudan topics}}
{{Countries of Africa}}
{{Uni Afrika}}

&lt;!--leave the empty space and the catmain above as standard--&gt;

[[Kategori:Sudan| ]]
[[Kategori:Sudan Kidul| ]]
[[Kategori:Nagara di Afrika]]
[[Kategori:Afrika Wétan]]
[[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Inggris]]
[[Kategori:Nagara féderal]]
[[Kategori:Républik féderal]]
[[Kategori:Urut jajahan Britania]]
[[Kategori:Nagara nu kirang kawangun]]
[[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 2011]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
[[Kategori:Anggota Uni Afrika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mahmud Ahmadinejad</title>
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      <text bytes="6158" sha1="slf2hr55djzbrdfdnrj2iafctyn0fuk" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox Officeholder
|name          = Mahmud Ahmadinejad&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;محمود احمدی‌نژاد&lt;/small&gt;
|image         = Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.jpg
|caption       = Mahmud  Ahmadinejad
|office        = [[Présidén Iran]] [[daptar Présidén Iran|ka-6]]
|1blankname    = Pamingpin&amp;nbsp;Agung
|1namedata     = [[Ali Khamenei]]
|vicepresident = [[Parviz Davoodi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mohammad-Reza Rahimi]]
|term_start    = 3 Agustus 2005
|term_end      = &lt;!-- 3 Agustus 2013 --&gt;
|predecessor   = [[Mohammad Khatami]]
|successor     =
|office2       = [[Daptar walikota Tehran|Walikota Tehran]] 
|term_start2   = 20 Juni 2003
|term_end2     = 3 Agustus 2005
|deputy2       = Ali Saeedlou
|predecessor2  = [[Mohammad-Hassan Malekmadani]]
|successor2    = [[Mohammad-Bagher Ghalibaf]]
|office3       = Gubernur [[Propinsi Ardabil|Ardabil]]
|term_start3   = 1 Méi 1993
|term_end3     = 28 Juni 1997
|predecessor3  = [[Hossein Taheri]] &lt;small&gt;(Azerbaijan Wétan)&lt;/small&gt;
|successor3    = Javad Negarandeh
|birth_date    = {{birth date and age|1956|10|28|df=y}}
|birth_place   = [[Aradan, Iran|Aradan]], [[dinasti Pahlavi|Iran]]
|death_date    = 
|death_place   = 
|spouse        = Azam Farahi &lt;small&gt;(1981–kiwari)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=ap&gt;{{cite news |title=Iran's first lady makes rare speech at Rome summit |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2009/11/15/irans-lady-makes-rare-public-appearance-rome-forum/ |agency=Associated Press |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=2009-11-15 |accessdate=2011-06-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203235324/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2009/11/15/irans-lady-makes-rare-public-appearance-rome-forum/ |date=2011-12-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|children      = Mehdi&lt;br&gt;Alireza&lt;br&gt;Fatemeh
|residence     = [[Istana Sa'dabad]] &lt;small&gt;(Resmi)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Gisha]] &lt;small&gt;(Pribados)&lt;/small&gt;
|alma_mater    = [[Universitas Sains jeung Téhnologi Iran]]
|profession    = [[Insinyur sipil]]
|religion      = [[Islam]] [[Syiah]]
|signature     = Mahmoud Ahmadinejad signature.svg
|signature_alt = 
|website       = [http://www.president.ir Loka resmi]
}}
'''Mahmud Ahmadinejad''' ({{lang-fa|محمود احمدی‌نژاد}}, ''Mahmūd Ahmadinezhād'' {{IPA-fa|mæhˈmuːd(-e) æhmædiːneˈʒɒːd||Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Clean.ogg}},&lt;ref&gt;-{{IPA|[e]}} nyaéta [[Izāfa]], nu mana mangrupa tanda gramatika nu nyambungkeun 2 kecap. Tanda ieu teu ditulis, sarta sanés bagian ti kecapna, tapi dipaké upami ngaran hareup jeung tukang dipaké barengan.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.forvo.com/search/محمود%20احمدی%E2%80%8Cنژاد/ Pronunciations for محمود احمدی‌نژاد]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=0g8n9mmnjKgC&amp;lpg=PA145&amp;ots=kXd-YrfWal&amp;dq=compound%20noun%20persian%20stress&amp;pg=PA145#v=snippet&amp;q=compound%20noun%20persian%20stress&amp;f=false Persian Grammar], p. 145: ''. . . stress is word-final in simple, derived, and compound nouns and adjectives . . .'' {{dead link}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{lahirmati||28|10|1956}}&lt;ref name=EABTDO &gt;{{cite web  | title = Ahmedinejad: Rose and Thorn  | publisher = The Diplomatic Observer  | url = http://www.diplomaticobserver.com/news_read.asp?id=1871  | accessdate = 2009-07-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=EABFB &gt;{{cite web  | title = Mahmoud Ahmedinejad on Facebook  | publisher = [[Facebook]]  | date = 2001-07-24  | url = http://www.facebook.com/pages/Mahmud-Ahmedinejad/8613283977?v=info&amp;viewas=0  | accessdate = 2009-07-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;) nyaéta [[présidén Iran|Présidén]] [[Iran]] [[daptar Présidén Iran|ka-6]].

== Tingali ogé ==
{{Portal box|Iran|Biography}}
* Ayatollah [[Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi]]
* [[Pulitik Iran]]

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bacaan salajengna ==
* {{citation |authorlink=David Harris (protestor) |last=Harris |first=David |title=The Crisis: the President, the Prophet, and the Shah—1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam |publisher=Little, Brown |year=2004 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-316-32394-9 }}
* [http://www.jcpa.org/text/ahmadinejad-incitement.pdf &quot;Referral of Iranian President Ahmadinejad on the Charge of Incitement to Commit Genocide&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115092246/http://www.jcpa.org/text/ahmadinejad-incitement.pdf |date=2012-11-15 }} by Justus Reid Weiner, Esq., with Amb. Meir Rosenne, Prof. Elie Wiesel, Amb. Dore Gold, Irit Kohn, Adv., Amb. Eytan Bentsur, and MK Dan Naveh
* Ali Rahnema, [http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/Superstition-as-Ideology-in-Iranian-Politics-From-Majlesi-to-Ahmadinejad-by-Ali-Rahnema.php ''Superstition as Ideology in Iranian Politics: From Majlesi to Ahmadinejad''], Cambridge University Press, 2011 (Reviewed in [http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/Superstition-as-Ideology-in-Iranian-Politics-From-Majlesi-to-Ahmadinejad-by-Ali-Rahnema.php The Montréal Review]), ISBN 978-0-521-18221-8

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Sister project links|s=Author:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad}}
* [http://www.president.ir/en/ Loka resmi Présidén Iran]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570714,00.html People Who Mattered: Mahmoud Ahmadinejad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119234745/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570714,00.html |date=2011-01-19 }} ''[[Time]]'', 16 Désémber 2006
* [http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2009/06/the-results-as-they-came-in.html The Results As They Came In], [[Andrew Sullivan]], ''[[The Atlantic]]'', 13 Juni 2009

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hossein Taheri]]|as=Gubernur Azerbaijan Wétan}}
{{s-ttl|title=Gubernur [[Propinsi Ardabil|Ardabil]]|years=1993–1997}}
{{s-aft|after=Javad Negarandeh}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mohammad-Hassan Malekmadani]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Daptar walikota Tehran|Walikota Tehran]]|years=2003–2005}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mohammad-Bagher Ghalibaf]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mohammad Khatami]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Présidén Iran]]|years=2005–kiwari}}
{{s-end}}

{{Mahmoud Ahmadinejad}}
{{Presidents of Iran}}
{{Heads of state of OPEC member states}}
{{Current ECO Leaders}}
{{Iranian presidential election, 2009 footer}}
{{nagara-bio-stub|Iran}}

[[Kategori:Présidén Iran]]
[[Kategori:Pulitisi Syiah]]
[[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Sains jeung Téhnologi Iran]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zillur Rahman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Infobox officeholder
|name          = Zillur Rahman&lt;br&gt;মোঃ জিল্লুর রহমান
|image         =Zillur Rahman in Dhaka on September 07, 2011.jpg
|caption       = Zillur Rahman (2011)
|office        = [[Présidén Bangladés]]
|primeminister = [[Syéikh Hasina]]
|term_start    = 12 Pébruari 2009
|term_end      = 20 Maret 2013
|predecessor   = [[Iajuddin Ahmed]]
|successor     = [[Abdul Hamid (pulitikus)|Abdul Hamid]]
|birth_date    = {{birth date|1929|3|9|df=y}}
|birth_place   = [[Brahmanbaria]], Assam, [[Raj Britania|India Britania]] (ayeuna di&amp;nbsp;[[Bangladés]])
|death_date    = {{death date and age|2013|3|20|1929|3|9|df=y}}
|death_place   = [[Singapura]]
|party         = [[Liga Awami Bangladés|Liga Awami]]&lt;br&gt;Koalisi
|spouse        = [[Ivy Rahman]] (1958–2004)
|parents = Mohammad Meher Ali (rama)
|alma_mater    = [[Universitas Dhaka]]
|religion      = [[Islam]]
}}
'''Zillur Rahman''' ({{lang-bn|মোঃ জিল্লুর রহমান}}; {{lahirmati|[[Brahmanbaria]], [[Raj Britania|India Britania]]|9|3|1929|[[Singapura]]|20|3|2013}}) nyaéta [[Présidén Bangladés]] ([[Daptar Présidén Bangladés|ka-19]]&lt;ref name=bdgov&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=135&amp;Itemid=208|title=Hon'ble President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|accessdate=2012-12-10|publisher=National Web Portal of Bangladesh}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Anjeunna ogé minangka anggota presidium sénior [[Liga Awami]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Xinhua News&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Presidium Member of Awami League |date= 11 February 2009 |url= http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/11/content_10802544.htm |accessdate= 11 February 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426042048/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/11/content_10802544.htm |date=26 April 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna dinyatakeun salaku présidén ku Komisi Pamilihan Umum dina 11 Pébruari 2009 nalika teu aya calon lian nu ngiringan [[Pamilihan umum présidén Bangladés 2009|pamilihan umum présidén]] ku sabab Liga Awami miboga mayoritas sora dina [[Pamilihan umum législatif Bangladés 2008|pamilu parlemén]] sateuacanna,&lt;ref name=&quot;ndtv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| title = Zillur Rahman declared new President of Bangladesh
| date = 11 February 2009
| url = http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20090083270&amp;ch=2/11/2009%208:01:00%20PM
| accessdate =11 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Anjeunna dicandak sumpahna dina 12 Pébruari 2009.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Iajuddin Ahmed]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Présidén Bangladés]]|years=2009–2013}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abdul Hamid (pulitikus)|Abdul Hamid]]&lt;br&gt;(''palaksana'')}}
{{s-end}}

{{BangladeshPresidents}}
{{AwamiGS}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Zillur}}
[[Kategori:Pulitisi Liga Awami Bangladés]]
[[Kategori:Mentri Pamaréntahan Bangladés]]
[[Kategori:Présidén Bangladés]]</text>
      <sha1>c1ewjd57rx1ytwubx9s8atzq8l0lket</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Telkom-3</title>
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      <text bytes="15696" sha1="9glx63snuaps8tm99ex5dk5c13hj5ix" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

'''Telkom-3''' mangrupa [[satelit komunikasi]]  [[Indonesia]]  anu leungit alatan kagagalan ngapung dina tanggal 6 Agustus 2012. Diwangun ku [[ISS Reshetnev]] pikeun operator télékomunikasi Indonésia [[PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia]]. Hal ieu didasarkeun kana beus Ekspress-1000 sarta ngabogaan 32 transponder  [[C band]] sarta 16 transponder [[Ku band]]. Éta alatan aya di orbit [[geosynchronous orbit]] dina 118 ° BT di luhureun khatulistiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;zarya&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2012#044
| title = 2012-044
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| year = 2012
| publisher = zarya.info
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623183324/http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2012#044 |date=2017-06-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gunter-tk3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/telkom-3.htm
| title = Telkom-3
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| year = 2012
| publisher = Gunter's Space Page
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ngapungkeun==
{{seealso|Ekspress MD2}}
Telkom-3 diapungkeun babarengan jeung [[Ekspress MD2]] ku rokét [[Proton-M]] jeung [[Briz-M]]bagéan luhur dina 6 Agustus 2012 jam 19:31 UTC. Satelit diapungkeun ti Lokasi [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|Site 81/24]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] di [[Kazakhstan]]. Tilu tahap mimiti  Proton diapungkeun luyu jeung anu diharepkeun sarta satelit anu némpél Briz-M dina bagéan luhur anu baris nransferna ka orbit géosynchronous. Briz-M ngalakonan sauntuyan opat kali kabeuleum dina tahap ngapung pikeun ngalakonan hal ieu.Kahuruan anu katilu lilana 18 menit tapi mesin ninggalkeun / ngaleupaskeun satelit sanggeus 7 detik, ninggalkeun satelit di orbit anu henteu bisa dipaké.&lt;ref name=&quot;zarya&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spacesafety&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2012/08/08/russian-satellite-launch-failure-eclipsed-mars-science-lab-success/
| title = Russian Satellite Launch Failure Leads to Proton Launch Suspension
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-08-08
| publisher = Space Safety Magazine
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zarya-prot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.zarya.info/Gallimaufry/120707ProtonFailure.php
| title = Proton Launch Failure 2012 Aug 6
| accessdate = 2012-10-15
| date = 2012-08-20
| publisher = zarya.info
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010150558/http://www.zarya.info/Gallimaufry/120707ProtonFailure.php |date=2012-10-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ISS Reshetnev produsén Telkom-3 nyalabarkeun yén satelit aya dina kontrol kalayan panel surya dipanjangan tapi moal bisa dipaké pikeun tujuan anu dimaksud sabab aya di orbit anu salah.&lt;ref name=&quot;reshetnev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.iss-reshetnev.ru/?cid=news&amp;nid=1542
| title = Работа со спутником TELKOM 3 на нерасчетной орбите
| trans_title = Work with the satellite TELKOM-3 in an unplanned orbit
| language=Russian
| accessdate = 2012-10-15
| date = 2012-08-13
| publisher = Reshetnev
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Balukarna===
[[File:Ground track telkom 3 oct 12.jpg|thumb|[[Ground track]] of Telkom-3]]
Ieu téh kagagalan paluncuran kadua disebabkeun ku Briz-M dina waktu dua belas bulan minangka [[Ekspress-AM4]] anu leungit dina bulan Agustus 2011 alatan kasalahan komputer.&lt;ref name=&quot;zarya-prot&quot;/&gt; Kagagalan paluncuran séjén kaasup tilu satelit [[GLONASS]]  taun 2011 sarta panalungtikan Mars [[Fobos-Grunt]]. Kabéh paluncuran  Proton-M  dieureunkeun sarta kabéh Briz-M ditarik balik. ieu dipicu dina krisis di industri antariksa Rusia jeung Perdana Menteri Rusia [[Dmitry Medvedev]] pokna &quot;Kami kaleungitan otoritas sarta miliaran rubel&quot; alatan mindeng gagal paluncuran. Medvedev mingpin gempungan ngeunaan masalah ieu dina tanggal 14 Agustus 2012 sarta présidén Vladimir Putin ngayakeun pasamoan dina masalah organisasi. Salah sahiji bongbolongan nyaéta yén [[Roscosmos]] bisa robah jadi hiji pausahaan anu sarupa jeung  [[Rosatom]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gunter-tk3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spacesafety&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ria2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://en.rian.ru/russia/20120809/175091738.html
| title = Medvedev to Name &amp; Shame Failed Satellite Launch Officials
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-08-09
| publisher = [[RIA Novosti]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://rt.com/news/proton-rocket-emergency-situation-024/
| title = Two satellites lost: Proton rocket launch fails to deliver
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-08-07
| publisher = [[RT]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/09/us-russia-space-idUSBRE8780OI20120809
| title = Medvedev says space failures cost Russia prestige and cash
| accessdate = 2012-10-27
| date = 2012-08-09
| publisher = [[Reuters]]
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919012058/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/09/us-russia-space-idUSBRE8780OI20120809 |date=2012-09-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kremlin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://eng.kremlin.ru/news/4344
| title = Working meeting with Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin and Director of the Federal Space Agency Vladimir Popovkin
| accessdate = 2012-10-27
| date = 2012-08-31
| publisher = Kremlin.ru
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sattoday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.satellitetoday.com/twitter/39337.html
| title = Russia Considering Roskosmos Transformation into State-Run Corporation
| accessdate = 2012-10-27
| date = 2012-08-17
| publisher = Satellite Today
}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Putin, Rogozin, Popovkin august 2012.jpeg|thumb|right|Présidén Russia [[Vladimir Putin]] jeung [[Roscosmos]] pupuhu [[Vladimir Popovkin]] (katuhu) sarta [[Dmitry Rogozin]] (kénca) dina hiji pasamoan dina masalah dina industri luar jomantara, Agustus 2012]]
Hiji panalungtikan dipigawé ku pupuhu  [[Vladimir Popovkin]] sarta dipingpin ku  O.P. Skorobogatov ti [[TsNIIMash]]. Dilaporkeun dina awal Agustus ku surat kabar  Russia [[Kommersant]] yén kagagalan éta disababkeun ku kasalahan dina pipa bahan beuleum di Briz-M. Khrunichev Failure Review Oversight Board manggihan yén éta disababkeun ku komponén anu ruksak dina sistem tekanan hawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;zarya-prot&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ria&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://en.rian.ru/science/20120809/175088676.html
| title = Fuel Pipe to Blame for Proton Launch Failure - Source
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-08-09
| publisher = [[RIA Novosti]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;khrunichev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=783
| title = Failure Review Oversight Board (FROB) Concludes Investigation on Russian Federal Telkom-3/ Express MD-2 Failure
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-09-12
| publisher = Khrunichev
}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ruspaceweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.russianspaceweb.com/proton_telkom3.html
| title = Telkom-3/Ekspress-MD2 launch failure
| accessdate = 2012-10-15
| date = 2012-09-12
|last=Zak
|first=Anatoly
| publisher = Russian Space Web
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina tanggal 16 Oktober 2012, Briz-M ngajelegur jadi dalapan puluh siki.&lt;ref name=&quot;zarya2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=140
| title = SpaceTrack Data Points to Briz-M Explosion Date/Time
| accessdate = 2012-10-27
| date = 2012-08-25
| publisher = zarya.info
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130218060337/http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=140 |date=2013-02-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diréktur Jenderal Khrunichev, Vladimir Nesterov, dieureunkeun ti jabatanna ku Présidén [[Vladimir Putin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;khrunichev2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=781
| title = On Khrunichev CEO
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-09-06
| publisher = Khrunichev
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091138/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=781 |date=2014-02-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Proton-M mimiti deui pikeun paluncuran dina tanggal 14 Oktober, mawa [[Intelsat 23]]. Ieu geus ditunda ti Agustus alatan kagagalan paluncuran .&lt;ref name=&quot;zarya-prot&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spaceflight101&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.spaceflight101.com/intelsat-23-launch-updates.html
| title = Intelsat 23 on its Way to Orbit after successful Proton Launch
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-10-14
| publisher = spaceflight101
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212022602/http://www.spaceflight101.com/intelsat-23-launch-updates.html |date=2013-02-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Référési==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|colwidth=33em|refs=

&lt;ref name=&quot;zarya&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2012#044
| title = 2012-044
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| year = 2012
| publisher = zarya.info
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623183324/http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Launches/Launches.php?year=2012#044 |date=2017-06-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;gunter-tk3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/telkom-3.htm
| title = Telkom-3
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| year = 2012
| publisher = Gunter's Space Page
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LaunchLog&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Log|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|accessdate=14 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;spacesafety&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2012/08/08/russian-satellite-launch-failure-eclipsed-mars-science-lab-success/
| title = Russian Satellite Launch Failure Leads to Proton Launch Suspension
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-08-08
| publisher = Space Safety Magazine
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;khrunichev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=783
| title = Failure Review Oversight Board (FROB) Concludes Investigation on Russian Federal Telkom-3/ Express MD-2 Failure
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-09-12
| publisher = Khrunichev
}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;rt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://rt.com/news/proton-rocket-emergency-situation-024/
| title = Two satellites lost: Proton rocket launch fails to deliver
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-08-07
| publisher = [[RT]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ria&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://en.rian.ru/science/20120809/175088676.html
| title = Fuel Pipe to Blame for Proton Launch Failure - Source
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-08-09
| publisher = [[RIA Novosti]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ria2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://en.rian.ru/russia/20120809/175091738.html
| title = Medvedev to Name &amp; Shame Failed Satellite Launch Officials
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-08-09
| publisher = [[RIA Novosti]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;khrunichev2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=781
| title = On Khrunichev CEO
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-09-06
| publisher = Khrunichev
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091138/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=781 |date=2014-02-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=781
| title = On Khrunichev CEO
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-09-06
| publisher = Khrunichev
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091138/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=781 |date=2014-02-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=781
| title = On Khrunichev CEO
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-09-06
| publisher = Khrunichev
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091138/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=781 |date=2014-02-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=781
| title = On Khrunichev CEO
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-09-06
| publisher = Khrunichev
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091138/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=781 |date=2014-02-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=781
| title = On Khrunichev CEO
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-09-06
| publisher = Khrunichev
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091138/http://www.khrunichev.ru/main.php?id=1&amp;nid=781 |date=2014-02-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;spaceflight101&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.spaceflight101.com/intelsat-23-launch-updates.html
| title = Intelsat 23 on its Way to Orbit after successful Proton Launch
| accessdate = 2012-10-14
| date = 2012-10-14
| publisher = spaceflight101
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212022602/http://www.spaceflight101.com/intelsat-23-launch-updates.html |date=2013-02-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;zarya-prot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.zarya.info/Gallimaufry/120707ProtonFailure.php
| title = Proton Launch Failure 2012 Aug 6
| accessdate = 2012-10-15
| date = 2012-08-20
| publisher = zarya.info
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010150558/http://www.zarya.info/Gallimaufry/120707ProtonFailure.php |date=2012-10-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;reshetnev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.iss-reshetnev.ru/?cid=news&amp;nid=1542
| title = Работа со спутником TELKOM 3 на нерасчетной орбите
| trans_title = Work with the satellite TELKOM-3 in an unplanned orbit
| language=Russian
| accessdate = 2012-10-15
| date = 2012-08-13
| publisher = Reshetnev
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ruspaceweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.russianspaceweb.com/proton_telkom3.html
| title = Telkom-3/Ekspress-MD2 launch failure
| accessdate = 2012-10-15
| date = 2012-09-12
|last=Zak
|first=Anatoly
| publisher = Russian Space Web
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.russianspaceweb.com/proton_telkom3.html
| title = Telkom-3/Ekspress-MD2 launch failure
| accessdate = 2012-10-15
| date = 2012-09-12
|last=Zak
|first=Anatoly
| publisher = Russian Space Web
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;McDowell&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt|title=Satellite Catalog|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|accessdate=30 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/09/us-russia-space-idUSBRE8780OI20120809
| title = Medvedev says space failures cost Russia prestige and cash
| accessdate = 2012-10-27
| date = 2012-08-09
| publisher = [[Reuters]]
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919012058/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/09/us-russia-space-idUSBRE8780OI20120809 |date=2012-09-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kremlin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://eng.kremlin.ru/news/4344
| title = Working meeting with Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin and Director of the Federal Space Agency Vladimir Popovkin
| accessdate = 2012-10-27
| date = 2012-08-31
| publisher = Kremlin.ru
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;space&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.space.com/17155-russia-space-agency-rocket-failures.html
| title = Russia's Prime Minister Wants Space Agency Overhaul By September 
| accessdate = 2012-10-27
| date = 2012-08-17
| publisher = Space.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sattoday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.satellitetoday.com/twitter/39337.html
| title = Russia Considering Roskosmos Transformation into State-Run Corporation
| accessdate = 2012-10-27
| date = 2012-08-17
| publisher = Satellite Today
}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;zarya2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
| url = http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=140
| title = SpaceTrack Data Points to Briz-M Explosion Date/Time
| accessdate = 2012-10-27
| date = 2012-08-25
| publisher = zarya.info
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130218060337/http://www.zarya.info/blog/?p=140 |date=2013-02-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Orbital launches in 2012}}
{{Telkom Indonesia}}

[[Kategori:2012 in spaceflight]]
[[Kategori:Satellite launch failures]]
[[Kategori:Spacecraft launched by Proton rockets]]</text>
      <sha1>9glx63snuaps8tm99ex5dk5c13hj5ix</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>VSAT</title>
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      <text bytes="12612" sha1="gaehvcnx1kx1bq2lf95v8fl506k7f17" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

{{Refimprove|date=June 2007}}

[[File:Parabolic-antenna-SHF-updown.jpg|thumb|Hiji anteneu [[Parabolic Antenna|parabola]]  2.5 méter 2 arah pikeun ''[[satellite Internet access]]'' ]]

'''VSAT''' (dina basa Inggris, mangrupa singgetan ti ''Very Small Aperture Terminal'')  , nyaéta hiji [[satelit]] [[stasiun bumi]] dua arah atawa anteneu [[VSAT maritim]] stabil kalayan [[satellite dish|anteneu parabola]] anu leuwih leutik ti 3 méter. Lolobana diameter anteneu VSAT nyaéta ti 75&amp;nbsp;cm nepi ka 1.2 m. ''C-band'' merlukeun anteneu anu leuwih badag, samentara ''Ku-band'' ngagunakeun anteneu anu leuwih leutik. Gancangna data biasana antara ti 56 kbit / detik nepi ka 4 Mbit / detik. VSAT ngaksés satelit di ''[[orbit geosynchronous]]'' pikeun ngariléy data ti stasiun bumi leutik ''remote'' (terminal) ka terminal lain (dina [[''mesh'' raramat|''mesh'']] ''topology'') atawa puseur stasiun bumi badag ''&quot;Hubs&quot;'' (dina ''topologi star'').

VSAT anu pang mindeng dipaké pikeun ngirimkeun data ''[[narrowband]]'' transaksi ([[titik panjualan]]  kawas kartu kiridit, ''polling data'' atawa [[Radio Frequency Identification|RFID]] atawa [[SCADA]]), atawa data ''[[broadband]]'' (pikeun penyediaan [[aksés internet satelit]] pikeun lokasi nyengceling, [[VoIP]] atawa vidio). VSAT ogé bisa dipaké sacara pundah-pindah, ''on-the-move'' (ngagunakeun anteneu ''[[phased array]])'' atawa komunikasi [[ocean|maritim]] usik.

==Sajarah==

Konsép [[orbit geostationér]] asalna ti [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] saurang ahli téori Rusia, anu nulis artikel ngeunaan lalampahan rohang jomantara kira-kira mimiti abad Ka-20. Taun 1920, Hermann Oberth sarta Herman Potocnik, dipikawanoh ogé minangka Herman Noordung, ngécéskeun hiji orbit dina luhurna 35.900 kilométer hiji [[Orbital period|période]] anu cocog jeung période rotasi Bumi, ku kituna satelit katingali ngalayang di luhur tetep dina ekuator Bumi. .&lt;ref&gt;http://celestrak.com/columns/v04n07/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203021703/http://celestrak.com/columns/v04n07/ |date=2007-02-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Arthur C. Clarke]] ilubiung dina pamahaman Satelit ngaliwatan hiji artikel anu dipedar di  ''Wireless World'' bulan Oktober 1945 anu dijudulan ''&quot;Extra-Terrestrial Relays: Can Rocket Stations Give World-wide Radio Coverage?&quot;''. Dina artikel ieu, Clarke henteu ngan nangtukeun   [[Orbital elements|karakteristik orbit]] anu diperlukeun pikeun orbit géostasionér, tapi ogé ngabahas frékuensi sarta daya anu diperlukeun pikeun komunikasi.

Komunikasi Satelit dimekarkeun dina taun genep puluhan ku [[NASA]],&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_388.html&lt;/ref&gt; ngaranna ''Syncom 1-3''. Manéhna mancarkeun liputan langsung    [[1964 Summer Olympics|Olimpiade 1964]] di [[Jepang]] pikeun pemirsa di [[AS]] sarta [[Eropa]]. Sanggeus ti éta, dina tanggal 6 April 1965 satelit komérsial kahiji diapungkeun ka jomantara, ''Intelsat I'', katelahna ''Early Bird''.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/appel/ask-academy/issues/ask-oce/AO_1-7_SF_history.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629025241/http://www.nasa.gov/offices/oce/appel/ask-academy/issues/ask-oce/AO_1-7_SF_history.html |date=2011-06-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

VSAT Komérsial kahiji nyaéta ''C band''  (6&amp;nbsp;GHz) sistem ngan ukur narima ku ''Equatorial Communications'' ngagunakeun téknologi ''[[spread spectrum]]''. Leuwih ti 30,000 sistim anténeu 60&amp;nbsp;cm anu dijual dina awal taun 1980an. Saterusna ''Equatorial''  ngamekarkeun sitsim 2 arah ''C band''  (4/6&amp;nbsp;GHz) ngagunakeun anténeu 1 m x 0.5 m  sarta geus ngajual kira-kira 10.000 unit taun 1984-85.
Taun 1985, ''[[Schlumberger]] Oilfield Research'' jeung ''Hughes Aerospace'' ngamekarkeun ''Ku band'' (12–14&amp;nbsp;GHz) kahiji di dunya  VSAT   nyadiakeun konektivitas raramat portabel pikeun pengeboran lapangan minyak sarta unit éksplorasi. VSAT ''Ku Band'' lolobana lokasi ayeuna dipakéna  pikeun data atawa aplikasi telepon. Raramat VSAT pangbadagna (leuwih ti 12.000 lokasi) dipaké ku ''Spacenet'' sarta ''MCI'' pikeun ''US Postal Service''.

==Konfigurasi==

Most VSAT networks are configured in one of these [[network topology|topologies]]:
* A [[star topology]], using a central uplink site, such as a [[network operations center]] (NOC), to transport data back and forth to éach VSAT terminal via satellite,
* A [[mesh topology]], where éach VSAT terminal relays data via satellite to another terminal by acting as a hub, minimizing the need for a centralized uplink site,
* A combination of both star and mesh topologies. Some VSAT networks are configured by having several centralized uplink sites (and VSAT terminals stemming from it) connected in a multi-star topology with éach star (and éach terminal in éach star) connected to éach other in a mesh topology. Others configured in only a single star topology sometimes will have éach terminal connected to éach other as well, resulting in éach terminal acting as a central hub. These configurations are utilized to minimize the overall cost of the network, and to alleviate the amount of data that has to be relayed through a central uplink site (or sites) of a star or multi-star network.

==Aplikasi Mangsa ka Hareup==

Advances in technology have dramatically improved the price/performance equation of [[Fixed Service Satellite|FSS (Fixed Service Satellite)]] over the past five yéars. New VSAT systems are coming online using {{Ka band}} technology that promise higher data rates for lower costs.

FSS systems currently in orbit have a huge capacity with a relatively low price structure. FSS systems provide various applications for subscribers, including: [[telephony]], [[fax]], [[television]], high speed [[data communication]] services, Internet access, Satellite News Gathering (SNG), [[Digital Audio Broadcasting]] (DAB) and others. These systems are applicable for providing various high-quality services because they créate efficient communication systems, both for residential and business users.

==Bagéan-bagéan Tina Konfigurasi Hiji VSAT==

* [[Antenna (radio)|Antenna]]
* [[Block upconverter]] (BUC)
* [[Low-noise block downconverter]] (LNB)
* [[Orthomode transducer]] (OMT)
* Interfacility link cable (IFL)
* [[Indoor unit]] (IDU)

All the outdoor parts on the dish are collectively called the ODU (Outdoor Unit), i.e. OMT to split signal between BUC and LNB. The IDU is effectively a Modem, usually with ethernet port and 2 x F-connectors for the coax to BUC (Transmit) and from LNB (Receive). The Astra2Connect has an all-in-one OMT/BUC/LNA that looks like a QUAD LNB in shape and size which mounts on a regular TV sat mount. As a consequence it is only 500&amp;nbsp;mW compared with the normal 2W, thus is poorer in rain. Skylogic's Tooway system also uses an integrated OMT/BUC/LNB assembly named TRIA (Transmit/Receive Integrated Assembly) which is 3W.

== VSAT Maritim ==

Maritime VSAT is the use of satellite communication through a VSAT terminal on a ship at séa. Since a ship at séa moves with the water, the antenna needs to be stabilized with reference to the horizon and True North. The antenna is constantly pointing at the satellite it uses to transmit and receive signals.

=== Téhnolohi ===

Initially the use of VSAT antennas at séa was for transmission of television signals. One of the first companies to manufacture stabilized VSAT antennas was [http://www.seatel.com/ SeaTel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711131149/http://www.seatel.com/ |date=2016-07-11 }} of Concord, California which launched their first stabilized antenna in 1978. Séa Tel dominates the supply of two-way VSAT stabilised antenna systems to the marine market with almost 72 percent of the market in 2007 compared with [http://www.orbit-cs.com/ Orbit’s] 17.6 per cent.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Comsys Maritime VSAT Report&quot;&gt;[http://www.comsys.co.uk/vm1e_mn.htm The Comsys Maritime VSAT Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523033524/http://www.comsys.co.uk/vm1e_mn.htm |date=2010-05-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Initially maritime VSAT was using Single Channel Per Carrier - SCPC technology - which suited large volume users like oil drilling rigs and oil platforms and large fleets of ships from one shipowner sailing within one or few satellite footprints.
This changed when the company [[iDirect]] launched its IP-based Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technology that dynamically allocated bandwidth to éach ship for shared bandwidth, lowering the entry level cost for getting maritime VSAT installed, which turned out to be of key importance to small-to mid-sized fleets, and thus to the market acceptance of VSAT.

===Pasar===

According to the Maritime VSAT report &lt;ref name=&quot;The Comsys Maritime VSAT Report&quot;/&gt; issued by the [http://www.comsys.co.uk/ Comsys Group] their reséarch shows that stabilised maritime VSAT services (not including oil &amp; gas rigs) réached more than $400 million in 2007. In 2010 the COMSYS group reléased the &quot;2nd Maritime VSAT Report&quot; where the market estimate had incréased to $590 million in 2009 with predictions for 2010 at $850 m. The estimated size of the market in terms of vessels eligible to get VSAT was in this report set to in excess of 42.000 with just over 34.000 to go. The major companies market share in terms of number of vessels in service were in 2009 (2007 in parenthesis) according to these reports: [http://www.vizada.com/ Vizada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227154333/http://www.vizada.com/ |date=2013-02-27 }}: 17,6% (26.0%), [http://www.ship-equip.com/ Ship Equip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208133116/http://www.ship-equip.com/ |date=2016-02-08 }}: 11.0% (10.7%),  [http://www.caprock.com/ Cap Rock] 2.8% (2.9%), [http://www.mtn.com/ MTN] 7.5% (6.4%), [http://www.stratosglobal.com/ Stratos] - % (3.6%), [http://www.kvh.com/ KVH] 5.4% (- %) [http://www.elektrikom.com/ Elektrikom] 4.9% (3.2%), [http://www.intelsat.com/ Intelsat] 3.4% (- %), Eutelsat 3.1%, NSSL 3.1%, Radio Holland 3.0%, Telemar 3.0%, DTS 2.6% and others accounted for 32.6% (27.7%). Many of the major providers have branded their maritime VSAT offering such that Vizada offers its service through the [http://www.marlink.com/ Marlink division] and the SéaLink and WaveCall products, [http://www.omniaccess.com/ OmniAccess] through their BroadBéaM&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.satnews.com/cgi-bin/story.cgi?number=205261551 / Sat Magazine, January 2011]&lt;/ref&gt; products and [http://www.ship-equip.com/ Ship Equip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208133116/http://www.ship-equip.com/ |date=2016-02-08 }} calls its offering [[Sevsat]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.satmagazine.com/cgi-bin/display_article.cgi?number=606155997 / Sat Magazine, December 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324065212/http://www.satmagazine.com/cgi-bin/display_article.cgi?number=606155997 |date=2012-03-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Palatihan==

modérn VSAT systems are a prime example of convergence, and hence require skills from both the [[Radio frequency|RF]] and [[Internet Protocol|IP]] domains.  VSAT specific training includes:

* [[ITC Global Career Certifications|ITC Global VSAT Career Certifications]]
* [http://www.gvf.org/training  Global VSAT Forum VSAT Installer Certification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120074933/http://www.gvf.org/training/ |date=2015-01-20 }}

==Référénsi==

{{Reflist}}

==Tumbu Kaluar==
*[http://www.vsat.us.com/VSAT_Satellite_Basics_Guide.htm About VSAT - Satellite Basics Guide]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.marinevsat.ru/ All about Maritime VSAT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113053412/http://www.marinevsat.ru/ |date=2013-01-13 }} {{ref-ru}}
*[http://www.bcsatellite.net/vsat/ Enterprise VSAT Networking]
*[http://www.globalip.eu/ VSAT Solutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121233848/http://www.globalip.eu/ |date=2013-01-21 }}
*[http://www.itcglobal.net.au/papers/2007May15.pdf The Role of Satellite Comms in Remote Area Mining Operations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521041241/http://www.itcglobal.net.au/papers/2007May15.pdf |date=2013-05-21 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121112184850/https://itunes.apple.com/es/app/isatapp/id406009646?mt=8 Tool to point VSAT antennas]

{{Satcomm|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Telecommunications}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Very-small-aperture terminal}}
[[Kategori:Telecommunications equipment]]
[[Kategori:Satellite Internet]]
[[Kategori:Satellite ground stations]]</text>
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    <title>Lini Bushehr 2013</title>
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      <text bytes="7780" sha1="1adnxx09vjr7jt8r7hs3ca861iz4cwc" xml:space="preserve">{{Earthquake
| title= Lini Bushehr 2013
| date={{start-date|9 April 2013}}
| origintime= 16:22 [[Wanci usum panas di Iran|IRDT]] ([[UTC+04:30]])
| map2= {{Location map | Iran
| relief=yes
| label=
| lat  = 28.48
| long  = 51.58
| mark=Bullseye1.png
| marksize=40
| position=top
| width=250
| float=right
| caption=}}
| magnitude=6,3 [[skala kakiatan momen|M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;]]&lt;ref name=USGS&gt;{{cite web|title=M6.3 – 89km SE of Bandar Bushehr, Iran|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usb000g2y5#summary|publisher=[[USGS]]|accessdate=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| intensity=
| depth={{convert|10.0|km|abbr=on}}
| aftershocks=32
| location={{coord|28.48|51.58|region:IR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| intensity=
| countries affected=[[Iran]]
| casualties=37 maot, 850 luka
}}
[[File:2013 Bushehr earthquake By Mardetanha 002.jpg|thumb|Ruksakna imah lantaran lini, katingal ogé ténda ti [[Bulan Sapasi Beureum]]]]
Dina 9 April 2013, hiji [[lini]] skala 6,3 narajang [[Propinsi Bushehr]], [[Iran]],  di deukeut kota [[Khvormuj]], [[Kaki, Iran|Kaki]], jeung [[Shonbeh]]. Saeutikna 37 urang maot, kalobaannana di kota [[Shonbeh]] jeung désa di [[Distrik Shonbeh jeung Tasuj]], sarta diperkirakeun 850 urang luka-luka.

==Latar téktonik==
Iran aya di wewengkon kompléks [[tubrukan buana|tubrukan]] antara [[Lémpéng Arab]] jeung [[Lémpéng Eurasia]]. Tingkat konvergénsi antara lémpéng-lémpéng éta di deukeut [[épiséntrum]] lini kira-kira {{convert|30|mm|in|0}} per taun, nu mana sabagian aya dina [[sabuk tubrukan jeung lipetan Zagros]]. Lini ieu diakibatkeun ku [[patahan]] tina tubrukan ti pola patahan kalér-kulon{{mdash}}tenggara, saluyu jeung pergerakan Lémpéng Arab.&lt;ref name=USGS/&gt;

==Lini==
Dina 16:22 [[Wanci usum panas di Iran|IRDT]] (11:52 [[UTC]]) dina 9 April 2013, hiji lini skala 6,3 narajang basisir kidul-kulon Iran, di [[Propinsi Bushehr]].&lt;ref name=NBC /&gt;&lt;ref name=BBC /&gt; Lini ieu aya dina {{convert|10|km|mi}} jero taneuh, di deukeut kota [[Khvormuj]] jeung [[Kaki, Iran|Kaki]].&lt;ref name=NBC /&gt; Sababaraha [[lini susulan]] lumangsung utamina nepi ka 1 jam sanggeus lini utama.&lt;ref name=BBC /&gt;&lt;ref name=WashingtonPost /&gt;  Lini susulan anu pangkiatna nepi ka skala 5,6.&lt;ref&gt;http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usb000g3p7.php&lt;/ref&gt;

Wewengkon anu katarajang dieusian ku puluhan rébu urang di 50 désa.&lt;ref name=BBC&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-22077834|title=Earthquake near Iran's Bushehr nuclear power station|accessdate=April 9, 2013|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=April 9, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Badan Géologi Amérika Sarikat]] (USGS) merkirakeun yén 80.000 urang ngarasaan oyag anu kiat samentara yutaan lianna ngarasaan geter saeutik.&lt;ref name=BBC /&gt;  Lini ieu karasa nepi ka sababaraha nagara di deukeut [[Teluk Pérsia]], saperti [[Qatar]], [[Bahrain]], [[Arab Saudi]], jeung [[Uni Émirat Arab]].&lt;ref name=NBC /&gt;&lt;ref name=BBC /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arab News 447647&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Al-Asmari|first=Saeed|title=Quake tremors jolt Dammam, Alkhobar|url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/447647|newspaper=ArabNews|date=10 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dampak==
Saeutikna 37 urang maot sarta diperkirakeun 850 lianna luka-luka lantaran lini ieu.&lt;ref name=NBC&gt;{{cite news|title='Devastating' quake strikes near Iran's Bushehr nuclear plant, kills dozens|author=Alastair Jamieson|author2=John Newland|date=9 April 2013|work=[[NBC News]]|url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/04/09/17670371-devastating-quake-strikes-near-irans-bushehr-nuclear-plant-kills-dozens|accessdate=9 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalobaanana korban maot aya di kota [[Shonbeh]] jeund désa di [[Distrik Shonbeh jeung Tasuj]].&lt;ref name=NBC /&gt; Ti korban luka, 100 urang butuh parawatan rumah sakit.&lt;ref name=NBC /&gt;

Longsor anu disababkeun ku lini ieu dilaporkeun di [[Kaki, Iran|Kaki]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The National Dubai Abu Dhabi rocked&quot;&gt;[http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/earthquake-32-dead-and-100s-injured-in-iran-by-tremor-that-rocked-uae Earthquake: 37 dead and 850 injured in Iran by tremor that rocked UAE] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Numutkeun Gubernur Propinsi [[Fereydun Hasanvand]], 700 imah ruksak, mangaruhan kana padumukan pikeun 200 kulawarga.&lt;ref name=BBC /&gt; Raloba warga di [[Distrik Shonbeh]] heunteu miboga aksés listrik jeung cai bérésih.&lt;ref name=WashingtonPost /&gt;  Warga ngeusian jalanan pikeun kaamanan sanggeus sababaraha lini susulan narajang.&lt;ref name=BBC /&gt;

Numutkeun [[Fereidon Hasanvand|Hasanvand]], [[Pambangkit Listrik Tanaga Nuklir Bushehr|PLTN Bushehr]] heunteu ngalaman karuksakan.&lt;ref name=NBC /&gt; Pajabat pausahaan ngalaporkeun &quot;Lini ieu heunteu mangaruhan kaayaan normal di réaktor, para patugas ngalajengkeun pagawéan saperti biasana sarta tingkat radiasi aya dina kaayaan normal.&quot;&lt;ref name=NBC /&gt;  PLTN éta diwangun sangkan tahan ti lini skala 8, numutkeun saurang pajabat.&lt;ref name=WashingtonPost&gt;{{cite web|title=Iran says at least 37 killed in earthquake in south, nuclear plant undamaged|date=April 9, 2013|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/strong-earthquake-jolts-southern-iranian-town/2013/04/09/79ac3ed0-a118-11e2-bd52-614156372695_story.html|work=[[Washington Post]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|accessdate=April 9, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123600/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/strong-earthquake-jolts-southern-iranian-town/2013/04/09/79ac3ed0-a118-11e2-bd52-614156372695_story.html |date=December 9, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lini ieu lumangsung di Poé Téknologi Nuklir Nasional Iran.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/09/us-iran-quake-idUSBRE9380HA20130409 Quake hits near Iran's nuclear city Bushehr, 37 dead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409202256/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/09/us-iran-quake-idUSBRE9380HA20130409 |date=2013-04-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Di luar Iran===
Sababaraha gedong dikosongkeun di [[Manama]], Bahrain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-04/09/c_132296185.htm | title=Bahrain evacuates high-rise buildings after tremors in Manama | work=[[Xinhua]] | date=2013-04-09 | accessdate=2013-04-16}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205210031/http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-04/09/c_132296185.htm |date=2013-12-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di [[Dubai]], [[Uni Émirat Arab]] (UÉA, wangunan ogé dikosongkeun, di antarana di TECOM ([[Badan Zona Bébas Média jeung Padagangan Téhnologi jeung Éléktronik Dubai]]).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-experiencing-aftershocks-of-6-2-magnitude-iran-earthquake UAE experiencing aftershocks of 6.2-magnitude Iran earthquake – The National&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lini ieu ogé karasa di [[Abu Dhabi]], UÉA, nyababkeun para warga kaluar ti wangunan-wangunan.&lt;ref name=&quot;The National Dubai Abu Dhabi rocked&quot; /&gt; Di [[Dammam]], [[Arab Saudi]], warga kaluar ti wangunan-wangunan sanggeus geteran ti lini karasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arab News 447647&quot; /&gt;

==Sanggeus kajadian==
[[Bulan Sapasi Beureum]] Iran ngintun 5 tim ka Propinsi Bushehr pikeun ngatur usaha panyalametan.&lt;ref name=NBC /&gt;  Sababaraha hélikopter ti propinsi lian nulungan pangangkutan pasokan barang bantuan.&lt;ref name=NBC /&gt; 3 poé [[poé duka cita nasional|duka cita nasional]] diumumkeun dina 9 April.&lt;ref name=WashingtonPost /&gt;

==Tingali ogé==
{{commonscat|2013 Bushehr earthquake}}
*[[Daptar lini di Iran]]
*[[Lini Sistan jeung Baluchestan 2013]]

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in 2013}}
{{Earthquakes in Iran}}

[[Category:Lini taun 2013]]
[[Category:Iran taun 2013]]
[[Category:Lini di Iran]]</text>
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    <title>Lini Ya'an 2013</title>
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      <text bytes="20728" sha1="he6honmt7qerja5wiyxud4p87ya6ygg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox earthquake
|title              = Lini Lushan 2013
|image              = 
|image alt          = 
|imagecaption       = 
|map                = 
|map alt            = 
|image name         =
|map2               = {{Location map+ | China Sichuan
| relief            = yes
| label             =
| lat               = 30.284
| long              = 102.956
| mark              = Bullseye1.png
| marksize          = 40
| position          = top
| width             = 250
| float             = right
| caption           =
| places            = {{Location map~|China Sichuan|lat=30.284|long=102.956|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=30|position=top}}{{Location map~|China Sichuan|lat=30.66|long=104.06|label=Chengdu|position=right|mark=Green pog.svg}}{{Location map~|China Sichuan|lat=29.98|long=103.00|label=Ya'an|position=bottom|mark=Red pog.svg}}}}
|mapsize            = 
|caption            =
|date               = {{Start-date|2013|4|20}}
|origintime         = 
|duration           = 
|magnitude          = M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; 7,0 (GA)&lt;ref name=ga/&gt; &lt;br&gt; M&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt; 7,0 (CENC)&lt;ref name=csndmc/&gt; &lt;br&gt; M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; 6,6 ([[USGS]])&lt;ref name=usgs/&gt; &lt;br&gt; M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; 6,6 ([[European Alert System|EMSC]])&lt;ref name=emsc/&gt; &lt;br&gt; M&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; 6,9 ([[Japan Meteorological Agency|JMA]])&lt;ref name=jma/&gt;
|depth              = &lt; {{convert|13|km|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=AP/&gt;
|location           = {{coord|30|17|02|N|102|57|22|E|display=inline,title}}&lt;ref name=usgs/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Kabupatén Lushan, Sichuan|Kabupatén Lushan]], [[Sichuan]]
|type               =
|countries affected = {{flag|Cina}} (Sichuan, [[Chongqing]], [[Shaanxi]])
|damage             = 
|intensity          = 
|PGA                = 
|landslide          = 
|foreshocks         =
|aftershocks        = 1.815&lt;ref name=&quot;aftershocks&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2013-04-22/002926902901.shtml | title=四川雅安已记录到余震1815次 强余震仍在发生 | publisher=''[[:zh:新浪网|新浪新闻]]'' | date=22 April 2013 | accessdate=22 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|casualties         = 193 maot&lt;br&gt;(21 Apr 14:00 UTC+8)&lt;br&gt;24 leungit&lt;br&gt;(21 Apr 18:00 UTC+8)&lt;br&gt;11.826 luka&lt;br&gt;(21 Apr 18:00 UTC+8)&lt;br&gt;968 luka gedé&lt;br&gt;(21 Apr 15:00 UTC+8)
&lt;ref name=&quot;3rd press conference&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/special/lushandizhen/content-3/detail_2013_04/21/24475808_0.shtml | title=雅安地震共造成193人死亡21人失踪 | publisher=''[[:zh:凤凰网|凤凰网资讯]]'' | date=21 April 2013 | accessdate=21 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;scmz 7th report&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.scmz.gov.cn/InfoDetail.asp?ID=12210 | title=我省雅安市芦山县发生7.0级地震（续七） | publisher=''四川省民政厅'' | date=April 21, 2013 | accessdate=April 21, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418234135/http://www.scmz.gov.cn/InfoDetail.asp?ID=12210 |date=April 18, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;xinhuanet1&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-04/21/c_115475722.htm | title=“4·20”芦山地震：遇难人数升至186人 | publisher=''[[新华网]]'' | date=April 21, 2013 | accessdate=April 21, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517173740/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-04/21/c_115475722.htm |date=May 17, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name='xinhuatoll'&gt;{{cite news | title = Death toll rises to 180 in China quake | date = 21 Apr 2013 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-04/21/c_132327177.htm | publisher = Xinhua News Agency | accessdate = 2013-04-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424113837/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-04/21/c_132327177.htm |date=2013-04-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|title=Lini Ya'an
|c=雅安地震
|p=Yă'ān Dìzhén
|altname = Lini Lushan
|s2 = 芦山地震
|t2 = 蘆山地震
|p2 = Lúshān Dìzhén
}}
[[File:2013 April 20, Ya'an China Earthquake ShakeMap.jpg|thumb|[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] ShakeMap of the Ya'an earthquake mainshock intensity]]

'''Lini Lushan''' atanapi '''Lini Ya'an''' (Basa Tibét: Yak-ngai Sayom གཡག་རྔ་ཡི་ས་ཡོམ་) lumangsung tabuh 08:02 Wanci Béijing (07:02 WIB) dina 20 April 2013. Épiséntrum lini aya di [[Kabupatén Lushan, Sichuan|Kabupatén Lushan]], [[Ya'an]], [[Sichuan]], kira-kira {{convert|116|km|abbr=on}} ti [[Chengdu]] di [[Patahan Longmenshan]], di propinsi nu sarua anu katarajang gedé ku [[Lini Sichuan 2008]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.google.org/publicalerts/alert?aid=b6c82680301dc1e8&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US&amp;source=web|title=An earthquake with magnitude 6.6 occurred near Leshan, Sichuan, China at 00:02:47.27 UTC on Apr 20, 2013 on Google Public Alert|publisher=Google|date=April 20, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906200306/https://www.google.org/publicalerts/alert?aid=b6c82680301dc1e8&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=US&amp;source=web |date=September 6, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Skala lini ieu sakiat M&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt; 7,0 numutkeun [[Puseur Data Lini Cina]], M&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt; 7,0 numutkeun [[Institut Élmu Pangaweruh Rusia]], M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; 7,0 numutkeun [[Geoscience Australia]], M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; 6,6 numutkeun [[Badan Géologi Amérika Sarikat]] (USGS),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.earthquake.cn/datashare/globeEarthquake_csn.html |title=最新地震 |trans_title=Newest earthquakes |publisher=Data.earthquake.cn |date= |accessdate=April 20, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501151932/http://data.earthquake.cn/datashare/globeEarthquake_csn.html |date=May 1, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; 6,6 numutkeun [[European Alert System]] (EMSC), sarta M&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; 6,9 numutkeun [[Badan Météorologi Jepang]] (JMA). 1;815 [[lini susulan]] kacutat nepi ka tabuh 00:00 (UTC+8) 22 April.&lt;ref name=&quot;aftershocks&quot;/&gt;

== Dampak ==
Lini ieu nyababkeun 196 urang maot, 24 leungit, sarta saeutikna 11.826 urang luka kalawan leuwih ti 968 urang luka daria dumasar data 20 April tabuh 17:00 (UTC+8).&lt;ref name=&quot;3rd press conference&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;scmz 7th report&quot;/&gt; Pamaréntah Propinsi Sichuan ngaayakeun konferénsi pérs nu ka-3 dina 21 April, nyebutkeun yén lini ieu nyababkeun 186 urang maot, 21 leungit, 11248 luka-luka kalawan 852 di antarana luka daria dumasar data 21 April 14:00 (UTC+8). Laporan ieu mangrupa laporan resmi anu panganyarna.&lt;ref name=&quot;3rd press conference&quot;/&gt; Sababaraha kacamatan ngalaman dampak gedé,&lt;ref name=AP/&gt;&lt;ref name='xinhuatoll'/&gt; sarta raloba wangunan kolot di Lushan ambrug.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-04/20/c_115463886.htm |title=雅安芦山当地老房子大量坍塌 已发生10余次余震 – 新华时政 – 新华网 |trans_title=Many old buildings in Lushan, Ya'an have collapsed; 10 aftershocks have already occurred |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date= |accessdate=April 20, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107043013/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-04/20/c_115463886.htm |date=November 7, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Layanan listrik kaganggu, sarta jaringan listrik di Kabupatén [[Kabupatén Baoxing|Baoxing]], Lushan, jeung [[Kabupatén Tianquan|Tianquan]] pegat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2013-04/20/c_115463910.htm |title=震区电力全部中断 四川电力公司应急救援队赶往现场 – 地方联播 – 新华网 |trans_title=Electrical service in the earthquake area has been completely cut; Sichuan Electric Power Corporation sent an emergency team to the affected areas |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date= |accessdate=April 20, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424002821/http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2013-04/20/c_115463910.htm |date=April 24, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2013-04/20/c_115465515.htm?prolongation=1 |title=震区电网受损较严重 灾后电力抢险工作全力展开 – 地方联播 – 新华网 |trans_title=Earthquake area electrical network has suffered relatively severe damage; post-disaster electrical emergency measures have been activated in full |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date= |accessdate=April 20, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007224407/http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2013-04/20/c_115465515.htm?prolongation=1 |date=October 7, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaringan telekomunikasi kaganggu di sabagian Ya'an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2013-04/20/c_115464342.htm |title=雅安地区139个基站中断 四川移动派出抢险队伍赶赴灾区 – 地方联播 – 新华网 |trans_title=139 base stations in Yan'an City have been cut; Sichuan Mobile has sent emergency teams to the disaster area |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date= |accessdate=April 20, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423202053/http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2013-04/20/c_115464342.htm |date=April 23, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jalan tol G5 Beijing–Kunming]] bagian Chengdu–Ya'an jeung Ya'an–Xichang diutamikeun pikeun kandaraan pitulung sarta ditutup pikeun kandaraan lian.&lt;ref name=&quot;成都至雅安段高速通行正常 沿线收费站已取消收费 新华网&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-04/20/c_115465727.htm?prolongation=1 |title=成都至雅安段高速通行正常 沿线收费站已取消收费 – 新华时政 – 新华网 |trans_title=Chengdu–Ya'an section[ of the G5 Beijing–Expressway ]operating normally; tolls have been suspended |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date= |accessdate=April 20, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007224403/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-04/20/c_115465727.htm?prolongation=1 |date=October 7, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jalan tol propinsi Sichuan 210 bagian Xiaojin ({{lang|zh|小金段}}) antara Baoshan ({{lang|zh-hans|宝山}}) jeung Lushan pegat.&lt;ref name=&quot;成都至雅安段高速通行正常 沿线收费站已取消收费 新华网&quot;/&gt; Ruruntuhan wangunan di Jinjixia ({{lang|zh-hans|金鸡峡}}) ngalangan Walungan Yuxi ({{lang|zh|玉溪河}}) di Lushan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://district.ce.cn/zg/201304/20/t20130420_24309291.shtml |title=雅安地震灾区玉溪河形成堰塞湖 |publisher=District.ce.cn |date=2011-05-16 |accessdate=2013-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2 rélawan luka daria dina kacilakaan patalimarga dina lalampahan ka Lushan.&lt;ref name=&quot;traffic accident&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/special/lushandizhen/content-3/detail_2013_04/21/24475900_0.shtml | title=两名志愿者赴灾区救援途中出车祸重伤 | publisher=''[[:zh:凤凰网|凤凰网资讯]]'' | date=April 21, 2013 | accessdate=April 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan kitu, kira-kira 60 panda buta di Suaka Margasatwa Wolong di Ya'an, heunteu kapangaruh gedé ku lini ieu.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/pandas-in-quakehit-reserve-unharmed/article4640629.ece&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lushan ===
Épiséntrum lini ieu aya di Lushan. Nepi ka 21 April dilaporkeun 120 urang maot, 578 urang luka daria, 5537 luka leutik, 278 salamet ti ruruntuhan, sarta 3 masih kénéh leungit di Kabupatén Lushan.&lt;ref name=&quot;芦山县死亡119人 全县9乡镇和县城房屋100%损毁 中国新闻网&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2013/04-21/4750370.shtml |title=芦山县死亡119人 全县9乡镇和县城房屋100%损毁-中新网 |publisher=Chinanews.com |date=2012-08-17 |accessdate=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaringan listrik pegat, sarta heunteun aya layanan cai jeung gas. Numutkeun [[China News Service]], &quot;100%&quot; imah di 9 kota jeung kacamatan sarta di ibu kota kabupatén ruksak.&lt;ref name=&quot;芦山县死亡119人 全县9乡镇和县城房屋100%损毁 中国新闻网&quot;/&gt;

=== Baoxing ===
Nepi ka 21 April, dilaporkeun 24 urang maot, 2500 luka, sarta 19 leungit di Kabupatén Baoxing.&lt;ref name=&quot;四川宝兴县城绝大部分房子都不能住人 急需帐篷 中国新闻网&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2013/04-21/4750226.shtml |title=四川宝兴县城绝大部分房子都不能住人 急需帐篷-中新网 |publisher=Chinanews.com |date=2012-08-17 |accessdate=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Layanan listrik, cai, jeung gas kaganggu di ibu kota kabupatén. Raloba imah  di ibu kota kabupatén di Baoxing heunteu bisa dieusian. Sababaraha tim panyalamet kedah leumpang ka Baoxing ku sabab jalanan utama nu nuju ka ditu pegat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/2013-04/21/c_124607827.htm |title=公安消防官兵进入宝兴县 已救出被困群众９４人 - 新闻中心 - 新华网 |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923061803/http://news.xinhuanet.com/2013-04/21/c_124607827.htm |date=2015-09-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-04/22/c_115482891.htm |title=四川公布灾区路况：省道210线芦山至宝兴塌方中断 - 新华时政 - 新华网 |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-22}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515180939/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-04/22/c_115482891.htm |date=2013-05-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina 22 April, dilaporkeun yén aksés ka ibukota Kabupatén Baoxing enggeus dibenerkeun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-04/22/c_115487169.htm |title=雅安地震宝兴灾区道路抢通纪实 - 新华时政 - 新华网 |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-22}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513224306/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-04/22/c_115487169.htm |date=2013-05-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usaha panyalametan ==
Kira-kira 8.000 tentara ti [[Tentara Kamerdikaan Rahayat Cina]] dikintun ka wewengkon-wewengkon anu katarajang lini, kitu ogé 1.400 pagawé panyalametan propinsi sarta 120&amp;nbsp;kandaraan&amp;nbsp;pangrojong. 180 dokter ti hiji lembaga tanggap darurat Cina sareng anjing palacak disiagakeun, kalawan raloba sukarélawan ti bagian Cina lianna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Deadly Chinese Quake Evokes Bitter Memories of 2008 Temblor|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/world/asia/china-earthquake.html?hp&amp;_r=0|date=20 April 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=20 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Perdana Mentri Cina [[Li Keqiang]] sumping ka wewengkon anu katarajang negaskeun perluna aksi anu gancang. Pejabat satempat nyebutkeun yén hujan sarta lini susulan ngahésékeun usaha panyalametan, ditambah ku kamungkinan ayana [[taneuh longsor]] jeung [[wangunan ambrug]]. Jalan anu teu bisa diliwatan sarta sarana komunikasi anu ruksak ngaganggu usaha panyalametan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=China earthquake death toll reaches 156; more than 3,000 hurt|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-china-earthquake-death-toll-reaches-156-20130420,0,6802356.story|date=20 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=20 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Poé duka cita === 
Dina 25 April, pamaréntah Propinsi Sichuan ngumumkeun yén 27 April (7 poé sanggeus lini Lushan) mangrupa poé duka cita pikeun maranéhna anu maot ku lini ieu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dfdaily.com/html/21/2013/4/27/987015.shtml  四川今日全省“禁娱”哀悼雅安地震遇难者] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501093129/http://www.dfdaily.com/html/21/2013/4/27/987015.shtml |date=2013-05-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Acara hiburan umum dilarang, sarta sora sirine didangukeun 3 menit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dfdaily.com/html/21/2013/4/27/987015.shtml  四川今日全省“禁娱”哀悼雅安地震遇难者] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501093129/http://www.dfdaily.com/html/21/2013/4/27/987015.shtml |date=2013-05-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Baidu]], mesin paluruh Cina, ngaganti gambar latarna jadi warna hideung pikeun duka cita ti lini ieu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.baiduer.com.cn/2013-04/34444.html 悼念雅安地震遇难同胞，百度变黑色 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501143910/http://www.baiduer.com.cn/2013-04/34444.html |date=2013-05-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- == International reactions ==

*{{RUS}}: Russia offered on Saturday to help China with the earthquake.President [[Vladimir Putin]] sent condolences to [[Xi Jinping]] said that Russia is ready to provide assistance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Russia Offers Help as China Quake Death Toll Mounts|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20130420/180746581/Death%20Toll%20in%20China%20Quake%20Mounts%20to%20Dozens%20-%20Media.html|date=April 20, 2013|publisher=RIANOVOSTI|accessdate=April 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{ROC-TW}}: [[Red Cross Society of the Republic of China]] expressed that they would sent first-aid team to Sichuan if necessary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cna.com.tw/News/aLOC/201304200164-1.aspx|title=四川強震 紅會：準備救援|publisher=中央社|date=2013-04-20|accessdate=2013-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{TAN}}: The president of [[Tanzania]], [[Jakaya Kikwete]], called [[Xi Jinping]] to express heartfelt condolences to people who were affected in the earthquake.&lt;ref name=&quot;新闻联播国际社会慰问&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=新闻联播|title=国际社会就四川芦山地震灾害向中方表示慰问|url=http://tv.cntv.cn/video/C10437/4739935c42674f33b15a2735e31dc701|accessdate=2013-04-20|newspaper=中国中央电视台|date=2013.04.20|publisher=CNTV|location=北京|language=zh-hans}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*{{JPN}}: Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]] conveyed condolences to [[Xi Jinping]] as well. He added that Japan is ready to offer the maximum possible assistance to China. However, China said that there is no need for international assistance yet.
*{{USA}}: U.S. [[Secretary of State]] [[John Kerry]] said the United States is ready for international assistance response to the disaster in Sichuan.
{{Quote|&quot;I join the American people in expressing our sincere condolences for the loss of life and devastation wrought by today’s earthquake in Sichuan Province. The United States stands ready to support the international response to this disaster. To those affected by this tragedy and to all the people of China, we send our heartfelt sympathies.&quot;|John Kerry|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=U.S. Department of State|title=Earthquake in Sichuan Province|url=http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2013/04/207808.htm|publisher=U.S. Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} --&gt;

== Rujukan ==

{{Reflist|2|refs=
&lt;ref name=AP&gt;{{cite news|title=China’s Sichuan province hit by powerful earthquake, killing 2 but death toll expected to rise|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinas-sichuan-province-hit-by-earthquake-no-immediate-word-on-casualties/2013/04/19/fb1eb360-a953-11e2-9e1c-bb0fb0c2edd9_story.html|agency=Associated Press|date=April 19, 2013|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=April 19, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420031911/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinas-sichuan-province-hit-by-earthquake-no-immediate-word-on-casualties/2013/04/19/fb1eb360-a953-11e2-9e1c-bb0fb0c2edd9_story.html |date=April 20, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=csndmc&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.csndmc.ac.cn/newweb/secondpage.jsp?id=1137|title=The official Data of China Earthquake Net Center|author=China's government|language=Chinese}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523041428/http://www.csndmc.ac.cn/newweb/secondpage.jsp?id=1137 |date=2013-05-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=emsc&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emsc-csem.org/Earthquake/earthquake.php?id=313375|title=M 6.6 – WESTERN SICHUAN, CHINA – 2013-04-20 00:02:49 UTC|publisher=European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre|date=April 20, 2013|accessdate=April 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=ga&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/earthquakes//getQuakeDetails.do?quakeId=3352536 |title=GA magnitude of the earthquake in China |publisher=Ga.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2013-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=jma&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/20130420093846394-200902.html|title=Distant Earthquake Information|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|accessdate=April 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=usgs&gt;{{cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usb000gcdd|title=M6.6 – 50km WSW of Linqiong, China|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|date=April 20, 2013|accessdate=April 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=jma/&gt;
}}

== Tumbu kaluar ==
{{Portal|Cina|Lini}}
*{{cite web | url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013sichuanquake/ | title = M7.0 earthquake strikes Ya'an, Sichuan (China Daily coverage)| publisher = China Daily}}
*{{cite news | title = China Earthquake: LIVE UPDATES | date = Apr 20, 2013 | url = http://rt.com/news/china-earthquake-live-updates-129/ | publisher = RT}}
*{{cite web | url = http://reliefweb.int/disaster/eq-2013-000046-chn | title = China: Earthquake - Apr 2013 updates and maps| publisher = ReliefWeb}}

{{Earthquakes in 2013}}
{{Earthquakes in China}}

[[Category:Lini taun 2013]]
[[Category:bencana di Cina 2013|Lini]]
[[Category:Lini di Cina|Sichuan 2013]]
[[Category:Sajarah Sichuan|Ya'an]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2954" sha1="lmgi22t642h2bouyne8shyk67a8656t" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox Election
| election_name      = Pamilihan umum présidén 2013
| country            = Géorgia
| type               = présidén
| ongoing            = no
| previous_election  = Pamilihan umum présidén 2008
| previous_year      = 2008
| next_election      = Pamilihan umum présidén 2018
| next_year          = 2018
| election_date      = {{Start date|2013|10|27|df=y}}
| turnout            =

&lt;!--Candidate1--&gt;
| image1             = [[File:Giorgi Margvelashvili cropped.jpg|125px]]
| nominee1           = [[Giorgi Margvelashvili]]
| party1             = Harepan Géorgia 
| popular_vote1      = 1.012.214
| percentage1        = 62,11%

&lt;!--Candidate2--&gt;
| image2             = [[File:David Bakradze.jpg|105px]]
| nominee2           = [[David Bakradze]]
| party2             = Gerakan Ngahiji Nasional
| popular_vote2      = 354.206
| percentage2        = 21,73%

&lt;!--Candidate3--&gt;
| image3             = [[File:Nino Burjanadze (Tbilisi, December 5, 2003).jpg|125px]]
| nominee3           = [[Nino Burjanadze]]
| party3             = Gerakan Démokrasi – Géorgia Ngahiji
| popular_vote3      = 165.933
| percentage3        = 10,18%

| title              = [[Présidén Géorgia|Présidén]]
| before_election    = [[Mikheil Saakashvili]]
| before_party       = Gerakan Ngahiji Nasional
| after_election     = [[Giorgi Margvelashvili]]
| after_party        = Harepan Géorgia
&lt;!-- map --&gt;
| map_image         = 
| map_size          = 280px
| map_caption       =
}}{{Pulitik Géorgia}}

'''Pamilihan umum présidén [[Géorgia]] 2013''' dilaksanakeun kaping 27 Oktober 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/793192.shtml#.UdUvTR3O2gM Georgia to hold presidential election in late October] Xinhua, 2 Juli 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Pamilihan umum ieu mangrupa [[Pamilihan umum di Géorgia|pamilihan umum présidén anu ka-6]] sanggeus réstorasi kamerdikaan Gérgia ti [[Uni Soviét]] taun 1991. Pamilihan umum ieu dilaksanakeun dina [[sistim dua jirangan]]. [[Giorgi Margvelashvili]] meunang dina jirangan kahiji.&lt;ref name=R_result&gt;{{cite news|title=Ally of Georgia's billionaire PM to be president: exit polls|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/27/us-georgia-election-idUSBRE99Q02Q20131027|accessdate=27 Oktober 2013|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|date=27 Oktober 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126165401/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/27/us-georgia-election-idUSBRE99Q02Q20131027 |date=2014-11-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=observers&gt;{{cite news|last=Berry|first=Lynn|title=International Observers Praise Georgia's Election|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/georgian-president-elected-62-percent-20699954|accessdate=28 Oktober 2013|newspaper=Associated Press|date=28 Oktober 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}

{{Georgian elections}}

[[Kategori:Pamilihan umum di Éropa taun 2013|Georgia]]
[[Kategori:Géorgia taun 2013]]
[[Kategori:Pamilihan umum di Géorgia|2013 Presiden]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pamilihan umum présidén Italia 2013</title>
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      <text bytes="6887" sha1="k2xcauyds27orm8n3j500esgj8mx10f" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name     = Pamilihan umum présidén Italia 2013
| country           = Italia
| flag_year         = 
| flag_image        = 
| type              = présidén
| vote_type         = elektoral
| ongoing           = no
| previous_election = Pamilihan umum présidén Italia 2006
| previous_year     = 2006
| election_date     = 18-20 April 2013
| next_election     = Pamilihan umum présidén Italia 2020 &lt;!-- link to file. If red link, then it will not be linked--&gt;
| next_year         = 2020
| votes_for_election= 1007 sora: 315 [[Sénat Républik (Italia)|Sénator]], 4 [[Sénator saumur hirup#Italia|Sénator saumur hirup]],&lt;br/&gt;630 [[Majelis Députi (Itali)|Députi]], jeung 58 wakil ti wewengkon
| needed_votes      = 672 atanapi 504
| opinion_polls     = 
| turnout           = 
| image1            = [[File:Presidente Napolitano.jpg|180x180px]]
| nominee1          = '''[[Giorgio Napolitano]]''' 
| colour1           = f0001c
| party1            = Indepénden
| electoral_vote1   = '''738'''
| percentage1       = '''73,3%'''
| image2            = [[File:Stefano Rodotà Trento 2007.jpg|180x180px]]
| nominee2          = [[Stefano Rodotà]]
| colour2           = ffff00
| party2            = Indepénden
| electoral_vote2   = 217
| percentage2       = 21,5%
| map_image          = Italian Presidential Election 2013.svg
| map_size           = 250px
| map_caption        = Sora
{{colorbox|{{Partéy Démokrat (Italia)/meta/color}}}} [[Giorgio Napolitano|Napolitano]] 738
{{colorbox|yellow}} [[Stefano Rodotà|Rodotà]] 217
{{colorbox|#C0C0C0}} Other 20
{{colorbox|#808080}} Teu sah, kosong 32
&lt;!-- bottom --&gt;
| title             = Présidén
| before_election   = [[Giorgio Napolitano]]
| before_party      = Indepénden
| after_election    = [[Giorgio Napolitano]]
| after_party       = Indepénden
}}

'''Pamilihan umum présidén''' teu langsung dilaksanakeun di [[Italia]] dina 18 nepi ka 20 April 2013. [[Giorgio Napolitano]] kaluar salaku jawara,&lt;ref&gt;http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/Continua.aspx?tipo=Notizia&amp;key=35357&lt;/ref&gt; [[Présidén Italia]] anu kahiji anu kapilih dua kali.&lt;ref name=Reuters&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/20/us-italy-vote-napolitano-idUSBRE93J09020130420|title=Giorgio Napolitano, Italy's reluctant president|first=James|last=Mackenzie|publisher=Bloomberg|date=20 April 2013|accessdate=21 April 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180728/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/20/us-italy-vote-napolitano-idUSBRE93J09020130420 |date=24 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hasil==
Dina 3 jirangan anu kahiji, sora anu dibutuhkeun nyaéta 672 sora. Jirangan salajengna ngan butuh sora mayoritas nyaéta 504 sora.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=text-align:right
!Calon
!Jirangan ka-1
!Jirangan ka-2
!Jirangan ka-3
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; |Jirangan ka-4
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; |Jirangan ka-5
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; |Jirangan ka-6
|-
|align=left|[[Franco Marini]]||521||15||6||3||2||–
|-
|align=left|[[Stefano Rodotà]]||240||230||250||213||210||217
|-
|align=left|[[Sergio Chiamparino]]||41||90||4||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Romano Prodi]]||14||13||22||395||–||2
|-
|align=left|[[Emma Bonino]]||13||10||4||–||9||–
|-
|align=left|[[Massimo D'Alema]]||12||38||34||15||2||4
|-
|align=left|[[Giorgio Napolitano]]||10||4||12||2||20||738
|-
|align=left|[[Anna Finocchiaro]]||7||4||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Anna Maria Cancellieri]]||2||–||9||78||3||–
|-
|align=left|[[Mario Monti]]||2||–||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Alessandra Mussolini]]||–||15||5||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|Sergio De Caprio||–||9||7||–||–||8
|-
|align=left|Cosimo Sibilia||–||7||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Rosy Bindi]]||–||6||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Paola Severino]]||–||5||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Silvio Berlusconi]]||–||4||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Pier Luigi Bersani]]||–||4||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|Ricardo Antonio Merlo||–||3||4||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|Pierluigi Castagnetti||–||2||2||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|Michele Cucuzza||–||2||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Arnaldo Forlani]]||–||2||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Pietro Grasso]]||–||2||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|Maria Grazia Maniscalco||–||2||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|Antonio Palmieri||–||2||5||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|Claudio Sabelli Fioretti||–||2||8||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Daniela Santanché]]||–||2||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Santo Versace]]||–||2||–||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|Ilaria Borletti Buitoni||–||–||3||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Gianroberto Casaleggio]]||–||–||3||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Fabrizio Cicchitto]]||–||–||3||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|Gherardo Colombo||–||–||3||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|Ermanno Léo||–||–||3||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|Roberto Di Giovan Paolo||–||–||2||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Antonio Martino]]||–||–||2||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|[[Nicolò Pollari]]||–||–||2||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|Rosario Monteléone||–||–||–||–||15||–
|-
|align=left|Claudio Zin||–||–||–||–||4||–
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
|align=left|Calon lian||18||41||44||7||14||6
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
|align=left|Surat kosong||104||418||465||15||445||10
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
|align=left|Surat teu sah||15||14||47||4||17||12
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
|align=left|Abstain||8||59||58||275||266||10
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
|align=left|'''Jumlah'''||'''1.007'''||'''1.007'''||'''1.007'''||'''1.007'''||'''1.007'''||'''1.007'''
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
|align=left colspan=7|Sumber: [http://parlamento17.camera.it/61 Parlemén Italia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114401/http://parlamento17.camera.it/61 |date=2015-01-28 }}
|}

==Balesan==
Sanggeus hasil pamilihan diumumkeun, unjuk rasa lumangsung di luar [[Palazzo Montecitorio]] nolak kapilihna deui Napolitano. Sabagian urang mangrupa pangrojong [[Gerakan 5 Béntang]] dipingpin ku Beppe Grillo. Grillo nolak kapilihna deui Napolitano, nyebatkeun yén ieu téh &quot;kudéta.&quot;&lt;ref name=BBC&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22232305|title=Italy crisis: President Giorgio Napolitano re-elected|publisher=BBC News|date=20 April 2013|accessdate=21 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pier Luigi Bersani geus jangji pikeun mundur ti kalungguhan Partéy Démokrat lantaran kirangna pangrojongan koalisina pikeun [[Romano Prodi]], calon pilihan partéyna pikeun jirangan ka-4.&lt;ref name=BBC/&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{Portal|Italia|2010-an|Pulitik}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Italian presidential elections}}

[[Kategori:Pamilihan umum di Italia taun 2013|Presiden]]
[[Kategori:Pamilihan umum présidén di Italia|2013]]
[[Kategori:Pamilihan umum di Éropa taun 2013|Italia]]
[[Kategori:Italia taun 2013]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Laut Tengah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="72090" sha1="k5fuurz223e1k9hl111nqxetcrass8o" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect|Laut Méditerania|Laut Méditerania}}
{{Infobox sea
| name               = Laut Tengah 
| image              = Mediterranean Sea political map-en.svg
| caption            = Gambar [[satelit]] komposit Laut Tengah
| image_bathymetry   =
| caption_bathymetry =
| coords             = {{Coord|35|N|18|E|region:XZ_type:waterbody_scale:25000000|display=inline,title}}
| type               = [[Laut]]
| inflow             = [[Samudra Atlantik|Atlantik]], [[Laut Marmara]], [[Nil]], [[Ebro]], [[Rhône]], [[Walungan Chelif|Chelif]], [[Po (walungan)|Po]]
| outflow            =
| catchment          =
| basin_countries    = {{hidden | fw1=normal | headerstyle=text-align:left
  | header  = about 60
  | content = &lt;div class=&quot;hlist hwrap&quot;&gt;
* [[Abkhazia]] {{small|(kamerdikaan masih diperdebatkeun, diklaim ku Georgia)}}
* [[Albania]]
* [[Aljazair]]
* [[Andorra]]
* [[Austria]]
* [[Bélarusia]]
* [[Bosnia jeung Hérzégovina]]
* [[Bulgaria]]
* [[Burundi]]
* [[Chad]]
* [[Républik Kongo]]
* [[Kroasia]]
* [[Siprus]]
* [[Républik Céko]]
* [[Mesir]]
* [[Éritréa]]
* [[Étiopia]]
* [[Perancis]]
* [[Georgia (nagara)|Georgia]]
* [[Germany]]
* [[Gibraltar]] ([[UK]])
* [[Yunani]]
* [[Hungaria]]
* [[Israél]]
* [[Itali]]
* [[Kenya]]
* [[Kosovo]] {{small|(kamerdikaan masih diperdebatkeun, diklaim ku Sérbia)}}
* [[Libanon]]
* [[Libya]]
* [[Liechtenstein]]
* [[Républik Makédonia|Makédonia]]
* [[Malta]]
* [[Moldova]]
* [[Monako]]
* [[Monténégro]]
* [[Maroko]]
* [[Nigeria]]
* [[Siprus Kalér]] {{small|(kamerdikaan masih diperdebatkeun, diklaim ku Siprus)}}
* [[Nagara Paléstina|Paléstina]]
* [[Polandia]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/blanks/assessment/black.pdf UNECE.indb&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Romania]]
* [[Rusia]]
* [[Rwanda]]
* [[San Marino]]
* [[Sérbia]]
* [[Slovakia]]
* [[Slovénia]]
* [[Ossétia Kidul]] {{small|(kamerdikaan masih diperdebatkeun, diklaim ku Georgia)}}
* [[Sudan Kidul]]
* [[Spanyol]]
* [[Sudan]]
* [[Swiss]]
* [[Siria]]
* [[Tanzania]]
* [[Transnistria]] {{small|(kamerdikaan masih diperdebatkeun, diklaim ku Moldova)}}
* [[Tunisia]]
* [[Turki]]
* [[Uganda]]
* [[Ukraina]]
* [[Kota Vatikan]]
&lt;/div&gt;}}
| length         =
| width          =
| area           = {{convert|2500000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| depth          = {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| max-depth      = {{convert|5267|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| volume         = {{convert|3750000|km3|cumi|abbr=on}}
| residence_time = 80-100 taun&lt;ref name=&quot;Water Flow in Semienclosed Seaways&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Invitation to Oceanography |first=Paul R. |last=Pinet |page=220 |publisher=Jones &amp; Barlett Learning |year=2008 |isbn=0-7637-5993-7 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6TCm8Xy-sLUC&amp;pg=PA220&amp;lpg=PA220}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| shore          =
| elevation      =
| frozen         =
| islands        = [[Daptar pulo di Laut Tengah|3300+]]
| cities         = [[Aléksandria]], [[Aljazair]], [[Aténa]], [[Barsélona]], [[Béirut]], [[İzmir]], [[Roma]], [[Tangier]], [[Tél Aviv-Jaffa|Tél Aviv]], [[Tripoli]]
| reference      =
}}
&lt;!-- leave redlink to prevent ambiguous &quot;(genus)&quot; --&gt;
'''Laut Tengah''' atawa '''Laut Méditerania''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|ɛ|d|ɪ|t|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|n|i|ə|n}}) mangrupa hiji [[laut]] nu kasambung ka [[Samudra Atlantik]] nu dilingkung ku [[wewengkon Laut Tengah]] sarta sapinuhna ampir kalingkung ku daratan: di béh kalér ku [[Éropa Kidul]] jeung [[Anatolia]], di béh kidul ku [[Afrika Kalér]], jeung di béh wétan ku [[Levant]]. Ieu laut kadang-kadang dianggep minangka bagéan tina Samudra Atlantik, sanajan biasana kaidéntifikasi minangka kumpulan cai nu misah.

Ngaran Méditerania asalna tina kecap [[basa Latén]] ''mediterraneus'', nu hartina &quot;di daratan&quot; atawa &quot;ti tengah daratan&quot; (tina ''medius'', &quot;middle&quot; jeung ''terra'', &quot;land&quot;). Ngawengku wewengkon kurang leuwih 2.5 yuta km² (965,000&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi), tapi sambunganana jeung Atlantik ([[Selat Gibraltar]]) mah rubakna ukur {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Selat Gibraltar mangrupa hiji selat heureut nu ngahubungkeun Jaladri Atlantik ka Sagara Tengah jeung [[Gibraltar]] katut Spanyol di Eropa ti [[Maroko]] di Afrika.  Dina [[oséanografi]], kadang-kadang disebut ogé ''Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea'' atawa ''European Mediterranean Sea'' pikeun ngabedakeunana ti [[laut tengah (oséanografi)|laut tengah]] di tempat lianna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.ifremer.fr/lobtln/OTHER/ext_abstr_East_Sea_workshop_TLM.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - ext_abstr_East_sea_workshop_TLM.doc|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]|accessdate=23 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/research/headlines/news/article_09_03_19_en.html|title=Researchers predict Mediterranean Sea level rise - Headlines - Research – European Commission|publisher=Europa|date=19 March 2009|accessdate= 23 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Laut Tengah jero rata-ratana {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} sarta titik pangjerona nu kacatet nyaéta {{convert|5267|m|ft|abbr=on}} di [[Calypso Deep]] di Sagara Ionia.

Laut Tengah mangrupa ruteu penting keur sudagar katut musafir jaman baheula keur dagang jeung  tutukeuran budaya antara jelema nu aya di ieu wewengkon. [[Sajarah wewengkon Laut Tengah]] penting keur mikaharti asal muasal katut kamekaran loba masarakat modéren.

Nagara-nagara nu gurat basisirna di Laut Tengah di antarana [[Albania]], [[Aljazair]], [[Bosnia-Hérzégovina]], [[Kroasia]], [[Siprus]], [[Mesir]], [[Perancis]], [[Yunani]], [[Israél]], [[Itali]], [[Libanon]], [[Libia]], [[Malta]], [[Maroko]], [[Monako]], [[Monténégro]], [[Siprus Kalér]] (diaku ku Turki), [[Nagara Paléstina|Paléstina]], [[Slovénia]], [[Spanyol]], [[Siria]], [[Turki]], jeung [[Tunisia]].

==Ngaran==
[[File:EFS highres STS034 STS034-86-96.jpg|thumb|right|Kalayan gurat basisir nu kacida patingarelukna katut lobana jumlah pulo, Yunani boga gurat basisir pangpanjangna di Laut Tengah.]]
Istilah ''Méditerania'' asalna tina kecap [[basa Latén]] ''mediterraneus'', nu hartina &quot;dina tengah bumi&quot; atawa &quot;antara daratan&quot; (''medi-''; ks. ''medius'', ''-um -a'' &quot;tengah, antara&quot; + ''terra'' f., &quot;daratan, bumi&quot;): sabab Laut Tengah aya di antara buana [[Afrika]], [[Asia]] jeung [[Éropa]]. Ngaran [[basa Yunani|Yunani]] ''Mesogeios'' (Μεσόγειος), kawas tina μέσο, &quot;tengah&quot; + γη, &quot;daratan, bumi&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;[http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2366422 entry μεσόγαιος] at [[Liddell &amp; Scott]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Laut Tengah kungsi boga sababaraha ngaran. Contona urang Romawi galibna nyebut ''[[Mare Nostrum]]'' (basa Latén, &quot;Sagara Urang&quot;), sarta kadangkala ''Mare Internum'' ([[Sallust]], ''Jug.'' 17).

Dina [[Injil]], utamana katelah minangka הים הגדול (HaYam HaGadol), &quot;Sagara Gedé&quot;, ([[Kitab Wilangan|Num.]] 34:6,7; [[Kitab Joshua|Josh.]] 1:4, 9:1, 15:47; [[Kitab Ezekiel|Ezek.]] 47:10,15,20), atawa basajanna mah &quot;Sagara&quot; ([[1 Kings]] 5:9; ''comp.'' [[1 Macc.]] 14:34, 15:11); tapi, disebut ogé &quot;Laut Hinder&quot;, sabab lokasina aya di basisir béh kulon tina [[Daratan Suci]], sahingga aya di tukangeun jalma nu nyanghareup ka wétan, nu kadangkala ditarjamahkeun minangka  &quot;Laut Kulon&quot;, ([[Deuteronomy|Deut.]] 11:24; [[Kitab Joel|Joel]] 2:20). Ngaran lianna nyaéta &quot;Laut  [[Philistines]]&quot; ([[Kitab Exodus|Exod.]] 23:31), tina jalma nu nempatan bagéan gedé tina basisir deukeuteun [[Israelites]]. Ieu sagara disebut ogé &quot;Laut Gedé&quot; ([[Middle English]]: ''Grete See'') dina [[General Prologue]] ku [[Geoffrey Chaucer]].
{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
In [[Hebrew language|Modern Hebrew]], it has been called ''HaYam HaTikhon'' ({{Hebrew|הַיָּם הַתִּיכוֹן}}), &quot;the Middle Sea&quot;, reflecting the Séa's name in ancient Greek (''Mesogeios''), Latin (''Mare internum''), German (''Mittelmeer''), and modérn languages in both Europe and the Middle éast (''Mediterranean'', etc.).

Similarly, in [[Arabic language|Modern Arabic]], it is known as ''{{transl|ar|ALA|al-Baḥr [al-Abyaḍ] al-Mutawassiṭ}}'' (&lt;span dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;{{lang|ar|البحر [الأبيض] المتوسط}}&lt;/span&gt;), &quot;the [White] Middle Sea&quot;, while in Islamic and older Arabic literature, it was referenced as ''{{transl|ar|ALA|Baḥr al-Rūm}}'' ({{lang|ar|بحر الروم}}), or &quot;the Roman/[[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Sea.&quot;

In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], it is known as ''Akdeniz'',&lt;ref&gt;[[Özhan Öztürk]] claims that in Old Turkish ''ak'' also means &quot;west&quot; and that ''Akdeniz'' hence means &quot;West Sea&quot;, while ''Karadeniz'' (Black Sea) means &quot;North Sea&quot;. [[Özhan Öztürk]]. {{cite book|url=http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/kitap/pontus-antik-cagdan-gunumuze-karadeniz-etnik-siyasi-tarihi.htm|title=Pontus: Antik Çağ’dan Günümüze Karadeniz’in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi Genesis Yayınları|place=Ankara|year=2011|pages=5–9}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915062836/http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/kitap/pontus-antik-cagdan-gunumuze-karadeniz-etnik-siyasi-tarihi.htm |date=2012-09-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;the White Sea&quot; since among Turks the [[Cardinal direction#Cardinal directions in world cultures|white color]] (ak) represents the west.

==History==
{{Main|History of the Mediterranean region}}
[[File:AntikeGriechen1.jpg|thumb|right|Greek and Phoenician [[colonies in antiquity]]]]
[[File:Battle of Lepanto 1571.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Lepanto]], 1571, ended in victory for the European [[Holy League (1571)|Holy League]] against the Ottoman Turks.]]
[[File:De Engels-Nederlandse vloot in de Baai van Algiers ter ondersteuning van het ultimatum tot vrijlating van blanke slaven, 26 augustus 1816. Rijksmuseum SK-A-1377.jpeg|thumb|The [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Bombardment of Algiers]] by the Anglo-Dutch fleet, to support the ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816]]

Several ancient civilisations were located around its shores; thus it has had a major influence on those cultures. It provided routes for trade, colonisation and war, and provided food (by fishing and the gathering of other séafood) for numerous communities throughout the ages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=David Abulafia|title=The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean|url=https://archive.org/details/greatseahumanhis0000abul_o4t7|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]|year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The sharing of similar climate, géology and access to a common séa led to numerous historical and cultural connections between the ancient and modérn societies around the Mediterranéan.

Two of the most notable Mediterranéan civilisations in [[classical antiquity]] were the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[city state]]s and the [[Phoenicia]]ns. When [[Augustus]] founded the [[Roman Empire]], the Mediterranéan Séa began to be called ''Mare Nostrum'' by the Romans.

[[Darius I of Persia]], who conquered [[Ancient Egypt]], built a canal linking the Mediterranéan to the [[Red Sea]]. Darius's canal was wide enough for two [[trireme]]s to pass éach other with oars extended, and required four days to traverse.&lt;ref&gt;Rappoport, S. (Doctor of Philosophy, Basel). History of Egypt (undated, early 20th century), Volume 12, Part B, Chapter V: &quot;The Waterways of Egypt&quot;, pages 248-257. London: The Grolier Society.&lt;/ref&gt;

The western Roman empire collapsed around AD 476. Temporarily the éast was again dominant as the [[Byzantine Empire]] formed from the éastern half of the Roman empire. Another power soon arose in the éast: [[Islam]]. At its gréatest extent, the [[Caliphate|Arab Empire]] controlled 75% of the Mediterranéan region.

Europe was reviving, however, as more organised and centralised states began to form in the later [[Middle Ages]] after the [[Renaissance of the 12th century]].

[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] power continued to grow, and in 1453, the Byzantine Empire was extinguished with the [[Conquest of Constantinople]]. Ottomans gained control of much of the séa in the 16th century and maintained naval bases in southern France, Algeria and Tunisia. [[Hayreddin Barbarossa|Barbarossa]], the famous Ottoman captain is a symbol of this domination with the victory of the [[Battle of Preveza]]. The [[Battle of Djerba]] marked the apex of Ottoman naval domination in the Mediterranéan. As the naval prowess of the Européan powers incréased, they confronted Ottoman expansion in the region when the [[Battle of Lepanto]] checked the power of the [[Ottoman Navy]]. This was the last naval battle to be fought primarily between [[galley]]s.

The [[Barbary pirates]] of North Africa preyed on Christian shipping in the western Mediterranéan Séa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&amp;pg&amp;dq#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false |title=Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800 |author=Robert Davis |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date= 5 December 2003|accessdate=17 January 2013|isbn=9780333719664}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Européans as slaves.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml |title=British Slaves on the Barbary Coast |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=17 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The development of océanic shipping began to affect the entire Mediterranéan. Once, all trade from the éast had passed through the region, but now the circumnavigation of Africa allowed [[Spice trade|spice]]s and other goods to be imported through the Atlantic ports of western Europe.&lt;ref&gt;C.I. Gable - [http://www.boglewood.com/timeline/ottomans.html Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks] -'' Boglewood Timeline'' - 1998 - Retrieved 3 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sephardicstudies.org/ottoemp.html &quot;History of the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic Nation where Jews Lived&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018040430/http://www.sephardicstudies.org/ottoemp.html |date=2014-10-18 }} - ''Sephardic Studies and Culture'' - Retrieved 3 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Robert Guisepi - [http://history-world.org/ottoman%20empire.htm The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors To Empire Builders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311160503/http://history-world.org/ottoman%20empire.htm |date=2015-03-11 }} - 1992 - ''History World International'' - Retrieved 3 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2013, the Maltese présidént described the Mediterranéan séa as a &quot;cemetery&quot; due to the large amounts of migrants who drown there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Migrant deaths prompt calls for EU action|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/10/migrant-deaths-prompt-calls-eu-action-2013101361646517233.html|website=Al Jazeera - English|accessdate=12 December 2014|date=October 13th, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Européan Parliament présidént [[Martin Schulz]] said that Europe's migration policy has &quot;turned the Mediterranean into a [[graveyard]]&quot;, referring to the number of refugees in the region as a direct result of the policies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Schulz: EU migrant policy 'turned Mediterranean into graveyard'|url=http://euobserver.com/tickers/121894|website=EUobserver|accessdate=12 December 2014|date=October 24th, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029130716/http://euobserver.com/tickers/121894 |date=29 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following the [[2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck]], the Italian government decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranéan Séa by authorising &quot;[[Mare Nostrum]]&quot;, a military and humanitarian mission in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.eurasia-rivista.org/loperazione-mare-nostrum/20335/&lt;/ref&gt;

==Geography==
{{multiple image
| width    = 180
| footer   =
| image1   = STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg
| alt1     =
| caption1 = A satellite image showing the Mediterranean Sea. The [[Strait of Gibraltar]] can be seen in the bottom left (north-west) quarter of the image; to its left is the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in [[Europe]], and to its right, the [[Maghreb]] in [[Africa]]. 
| image2   = Gallipoli peninsula from space.jpg
| alt2     =
| caption2 = The [[Dardanelles]] [[Turkish Straits|strait]] in [[Turkey]]. The north side is [[Europe]] with the [[Gelibolu Peninsula]] in the [[Thrace]] region; the south side is [[Anatolia]] in [[Asia]].
}}
The Mediterranéan Séa is connected to the Atlantic Océan by the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] in the west and to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and the [[Black Sea]], by the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Bosporus]] respectively, in the éast. The Séa of Marmara is often considered a part of the Mediterranéan Séa, wheréas the Black Séa is generally not. The {{convert|163|km|mi|abbr=on}} long man-made [[Suez Canal]] in the southéast connects the Mediterranéan Séa to the [[Red Sea]].

Large islands in the Mediterranéan include [[Cyprus]], [[Crete]], [[Euboea]], [[Rhodes]], [[Lesbos Island|Lesbos]], [[Chios]], [[Kefalonia]], [[Corfu]], [[Limnos]], [[Samos]], [[Naxos Island|Naxos]] and [[Andros]] in the [[eastern Mediterranean]]; [[Sardinia]], [[Corsica]], [[Sicily]], [[Cres]], [[Krk]], [[Brač]], [[Hvar]], [[Pag (island)|Pag]], [[Korčula]] and [[Malta Island|Malta]] in the central Mediterranéan; and [[Ibiza]], [[Majorca]] and [[Minorca]] (the [[Balearic Islands]]) in the western Mediterranéan.

The typical [[Mediterranean climate]] has hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Crops of the region include [[olive]]s, [[grape]]s, [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s, [[tangerine]]s, and [[cork (material)|cork]].

===Extent===
The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Mediterranéan Séa as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;IHO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf|title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition|year=1953|publisher=International Hydrographic Organization|accessdate=7 February 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf |date=8 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stretching from the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] in the West to the entrances to the [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Suez Canal]] in the éast, the Mediterranéan Séa is bounded by the coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia, and is divided into two deep basins:
*Western Basin:
**On the west: A line joining the extremities of [[Cape Trafalgar]] (Spain) and [[Cape Spartel]] (Africa).
**On the northéast: The West Coast of Italy. In the [[Strait of Messina]] a line joining the North extreme of Cape Paci (15°42'E) with Cape Peloro, the éast extreme of the Island of [[Sicily]]. The North Coast of Sicily.
** On the éast: A line joining Cape Lilibéo the Western point of Sicily ({{coord|37|47|N|12|22|E|display=inline}}), through the Adventure Bank to [[Cape Bon]] (Tunisia).
*éastern Basin:
**On the west: The Northéastern and éastern limits of the Western Basin.
**On the northéast: A line joining Kum Kale (26°11'E) and [[Cape Helles]], the Western entrance to the [[Dardanelles]].
**On the southéast: The entrance to the [[Suez Canal]].
**On the éast: The coasts of [[Syria]], [[Israel]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Gaza Strip]].

===Oceanography===
[[File:MEDCURR.GIF|thumb|365px|Predominant surface currents for June]]

Being néarly landlocked affects conditions in the Mediterranéan Séa: for instance, [[tide]]s are very limited as a result of the narrow connection with the Atlantic Océan. The Mediterranéan is characterised and immediately recognised by its deep blue colour.

[[Evaporation]] gréatly exceeds [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] and river runoff in the Mediterranéan, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|last=Pinet|first=Paul R.|year=1996|title=Invitation to Oceanography|location=St Paul, Minnesota|publisher =West Publishing Co.|isbn=0-314-06339-0|edition=3rd|page=202}}&lt;/ref&gt; Evaporation is especially high in its éastern half, causing the water level to decréase and [[salinity]] to incréase éastward.&lt;ref&gt;Pinet 1996, p. 206.&lt;/ref&gt; The salinity at 5 m depth is 3.8%.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=D7A5D77327CBA292B6FD3CA2F3D7DC7E?doi=10.1.1.378.4964&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf Temperature and salinity variations of Mediterranean Sea surface waters over the last 16,000 years from records of planktonic stable oxygen isotopes and alkenone unsaturation ratios]''. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 158 ( 2000) 259–280.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[pressure gradient]] pushes relatively cool, low-salinity water from the Atlantic across the basin; it warms and becomes saltier as it travels éast, then sinks in the region of the [[Levant]] and circulates westward, to spill over the [[Strait of Gibraltar]].&lt;ref&gt;Pinet 1996, pp. 206–207.&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, séawater flow is éastward in the Strait's surface waters, and westward below; once in the Atlantic, this chemically distinct Mediterranéan Intermediate Water can persist thousands of kilometres away from its source.&lt;ref&gt;Pinet 1996, p. 207.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Coastal countries===
[[File:Mediterranean Relief.jpg|thumb|365px|Map of the Mediterranean Sea]]

The following countries have a coastline on the Mediterranéan Séa:
*'''Northern shore''' (from west to éast): {{ESP}}, {{FRA}}, {{MCO}}, {{ITA}}, {{SVN}}, {{HRV}}, {{BIH}}, {{MNE}}, {{ALB}}, {{GRC}} and {{TUR}}.
*'''éastern shore''' (from north to south): {{SYR}}, {{LBN}}, {{ISR}}, {{flag|State of Palestine}} (disputed sovereignty).
*'''Southern shore''' (from west to éast): {{MAR}}, {{DZA}}, {{TUN}}, {{LBY}}, {{EGY}}.
*'''Island nations''': {{MLT}}, {{CYP}}, {{TRNC}} (disputed sovereignty).

Several other territories also border the Mediterranéan Séa (from west to éast): The [[British overseas territory]] of [[Gibraltar]], the Spanish autonomous cities of [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]] and [[plazas de soberanía|nearby islands]], and the [[Sovereign Base Areas]] on Cyprus

[[File:Barcelona skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Barcelona]], the largest metropolitan area on the Mediterranean Sea and also the headquarters of the [[Union for the Mediterranean]].]]
[[File:Attica 06-13 Athens 36 View from Lycabettus.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Acropolis of Athens]] with the Mediterranean Sea in the background.]]
[[File:Coast of Tel Aviv-Yaffo.JPG|thumb|The ancient port of [[Jaffa]] in Israel: according to the [[Bible]], where the character [[Jonah]] set sail before being swallowed by a whale.&lt;ref&gt;''Israel'', By Sue Bryant, (New Holland Publishers, 2008), page 72&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Alexandria harbour (February 2007).jpg|thumb|right|The harbour of [[Alexandria]], one of the largest cities on the Mediterranean]]
[[File:Catania-etna.JPG|thumb|Catania, Sicily, with [[Mount Etna]] in the background.]]
[[File:View of Konak Square.jpg|thumb|[[İzmir]], the third metropolis of [[Turkey]] after [[Istanbul]] and [[Ankara]].]]
Major cities (municipalities) with populations larger than 200,000 péople bordering the Mediterranéan Séa are:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:60%; text-align:left; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
!Country
!Cities
|-
|{{flag|Albania}}
|[[Durrës]]
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}}
|[[Algiers]], [[Annaba]], [[Oran]]
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}}
|[[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Rijeka]]
|-
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|[[Alexandria]], [[Port Said]]
|-
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Marseille]], [[Nice]], [[Montpellier]]
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}
|[[Athens]], [[Heraklion]], [[Patras]], [[Thessaloniki]]
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|[[Ashdod]], [[Haifa]], [[Tel Aviv]]
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|[[Bari]], [[Catania]], [[Genoa]], [[Messina]], [[Naples]], [[Palermo]], [[Rome]], [[Taranto]], [[Trieste]], [[Venice]]
|-
|{{flag|Lebanon}}
|[[Beirut]], [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]]
|-
|{{flag|Libya}}
|[[Benghazi]], [[Khoms, Libya|Khoms]], [[Misrata]], [[Tripoli]], [[Zawiya, Libya|Zawiya]], [[Zliten]]
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}}
|[[Tétouan]], [[Tangier]]
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}
|[[Alicante]], [[Badalona]], [[Barcelona]], [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]], [[Málaga]], [[Palma, Majorca|Palma]], [[Valencia]]
|-
|{{flag|State of Palestine}}
|[[Gaza City]]
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}
|[[Latakia]]
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|[[Bizerte]], [[Sfax]], [[Tunis]]
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|[[Antalya]], [[Iskenderun]], [[İzmir]], [[Mersin]]
|-
|}

===Subdivisions===
[[File:Bucht &amp; Straße von Gibraltar.jpg|thumb|Africa (left, on horizon) and Europe (right), as seen from Gibraltar.]]
According to the [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO), the Mediterranéan Séa is subdivided into a number of smaller waterbodies, éach with their own designation (from west to éast):&lt;ref name=&quot;IHO&quot;/&gt;

*the [[Strait of Gibraltar]];
*the [[Alboran Sea]], between Spain and [[Morocco]];
*the [[Balearic Sea]], between mainland Spain and its [[Balearic Islands]];
*the [[Ligurian Sea]] between [[Corsica]] and [[Liguria]] (Italy);
*the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] enclosed by [[Sardinia]], [[Italian peninsula]] and [[Sicily]];
*the [[Ionian Sea]] between Italy, [[Albania]] and Greece;
*the [[Adriatic Sea]] between Italy, [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Albania]];
*the [[Aegean Sea]] between Greece and Turkey.

====Other seas====
[[File:Amalfi2.JPG|thumb|[[Amalfi]] viewed from the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]].]]
Although not recognised by the IHO tréaties, there are some other séas whose names have been in common use from the ancient times, or in the present:
*the [[Sea of Sardinia]], between [[Sardinia]] and [[Balearic Islands]], as a part of the [[Balearic Sea]]
*the [[Sea of Sicily]] between [[Sicily]] and [[Tunisia]],
*the [[Libyan Sea]] between [[Libya]] and [[Crete]],
*In the [[Aegean Sea]],
**the [[Thracian Sea]] in its north,
**the [[Myrtoan Sea]] between the [[Cyclades]] and the [[Peloponnese]],
**the [[Sea of Crete]] north of Crete,
**the [[Icarian Sea]] between [[Kos]] and [[Chios]]
*the [[Cilician Sea]] between Turkey and [[Cyprus]]
*the [[Levantine Sea]] at the éastern end of the Mediterranéan

====Other features====
[[File:Beirut-Sannine.jpg|thumb|View of the Saint George Bay, and snow-capped [[Mount Sannine]] from the [[Corniche]], Beirut]]
[[File:Port Autonome de Marseille.JPG|thumb|The Port of Marseille seen from [[L'Estaque]]]]
Many of these smaller séas féature in local myth and folklore and derive their names from these associations. In addition to the séas, a number of [[Headlands and bays|gulfs]] and [[strait]]s are also recognised:

*the [[Saint George Bay]] in Beirut, Lebanon
*the [[Ras Ibn Hani]] cape in [[Latakia]], [[Syria]]
*the [[Ras al-Bassit]] cape in northern Syria.
*the [[Minet el-Beida]] (&quot;White Harbour&quot;) bay néar ancient [[Ugarit]], [[Syria]]
*the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], connects the Atlantic Océan to the Mediterranéan Séa and separates Spain from [[Morocco]]
*the [[Bay of Gibraltar]], at the southern end of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]
*the [[Gulf of Corinth]], an enclosed séa between the Ionian Séa and the [[Corinth Canal]]
*the [[Pagasetic Gulf]], the gulf of [[Volos]], south of the Thermaic Gulf, formed by the [[Mount Pelion]] [[peninsula]]
*the [[Saronic Gulf]], the gulf of [[Athens]], between the Corinth Canal and the [[Mirtoan Sea]]
*the [[Thermaic Gulf]], the gulf of [[Thessaloniki]], located in the northern Greek region of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]]
*the [[Kvarner Gulf]], [[Croatia]]
*the [[Gulf of Lion]], south of France
*the [[Gulf of Valencia]], éast of Spain
*the [[Strait of Messina]], between [[Sicily]] and the toe of Italy
*the [[Gulf of Genoa]], northwestern Italy
*the [[Gulf of Venice]], northéastern Italy
*the [[Gulf of Trieste]], northéastern Italy
*the [[Gulf of Taranto]], southern Italy[[File:Panorama Lumbarde i Škoja1150954.JPG|thumb|The Adriatic Sea contains over [[List of islands in the Adriatic|1200 islands and islets]].]]
*the [[Gulf of Salerno]], southwestern Italy
*the [[Gulf of Gaeta]], southwestern Italy
*the [[Gulf of Squillace]], southern Italy
*the [[Strait of Otranto]], between Italy and [[Albania]]
*the [[Gulf of Haifa]], northern Israel
*the [[Gulf of Sidra]], between [[Tripolitania]] (western Libya) and [[Cyrenaica]] (éastern Libya)
*the [[Strait of Sicily]], between [[Sicily]] and [[Tunisia]]
*the [[Corsica Channel]], between [[Corsica]] and Italy
*the [[Strait of Bonifacio]], between [[Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]]
*the [[Gulf of İskenderun]], between [[İskenderun]] and [[Adana]] (Turkey)
*the [[Gulf of Antalya]], between west and éast shores of Antalya (Turkey)
*the [[Bay of Kotor]], in south-western [[Montenegro]] and south-éastern [[Croatia]]
*the [[Malta Channel]], between Sicily and Malta
*the [[Gozo Channel]], between Malta Island and [[Gozo]]

===10 Largest islands by area===
[[File:Tunisia - Sicily - South Italy.jpg|thumb|The two biggest islands of the Mediterranean: [[Sicily]] and [[Sardinia]]]]
{{Main|List of islands in the Mediterranean}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:40%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
!Flag
!Island
!Aréa in km²
!Population
|-
|{{flagicon|ITA}} {{flagicon|Sicily}}
|[[Sicily]]
|25,460
|5,048,995
|-
|{{flagicon|ITA}} {{flagicon|Sardinia}}
|[[Sardinia]]
|23,821 
|1,672,804
|-
|{{flagicon|CYP}} 
|[[Cyprus]]
|9,251
|1,088,503
|-
|{{flagicon|FRA}} {{flagicon|Corsica}}
|[[Corsica]]
|8,680
|299,209
|-
|{{flagicon|GRE}}
|[[Crete]]
|8,336
|623,666
|-
|{{flagicon|GRE}}
|[[Euboea]]
|3,655
|218.000
|-
|{{flagicon|ESP}} {{flagicon|Majorca}}
|[[Majorca]]
|3,640
|869,067
|-
|{{flagicon|GRE}}
|[[Lesbos]]
|1,632
|90,643
|-
|{{flagicon|GRE}}
|[[Rhodes]]
|1,400
|117,007
|-
|{{flagicon|GRE}}
|[[Chios]]
|842
|51,936
|}

===Climate===
{{wide image|Koppen World Map (Mediterranean Sea area only).png|769px|The climate map of the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, according to [[Köppen climate classification]].}}

====Sea temperature====
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Méan séa temperature (°C)
|-
!
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!Yéar
|-
|[[Marseille]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/france/marseille.php Marseille Climate and Weather Averages, France&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
|13
|13
|13
|14
|16
|18
|21
|22
|21
|18
|16
|14
!16.6
|-
|[[Gibraltar]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/gibraltar/gibraltar.php Gibraltar Climate and Weather Averages&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
|16
|15
|16
|16
|17
|20
|22
|22
|22
|20
|18
|17
!18.4
|-
|[[Málaga]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/spain/costa-del-sol/malaga.php Malaga Climate and Weather Averages, Costa del Sol&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
|16
|15
|15
|16
|17
|20
|22
|23
|22
|20
|18
|16
!18.3
|-
|[[Athens]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/greece/athens.php Athens Climate and Weather Averages, Greece&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
|16
|15
|15
|16
|18
|21
|24
|24
|24
|21
|19
|18
!19.3
|-
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==Geology==
{{Refimprove section|date=May 2012}}
{{see also|Geology and paleoclimatology of the Mediterranean Basin}}
[[File:Vrulja kod Omiša.jpg|thumb|A submarine [[karst spring]], called ''vrulja'', observed through sea surface rippling near [[Omiš]]]]
[[File:Etapa3muda.jpg|thumb|Messinian salinity crisis, 5.96 to 5.33 mya, before the [[Zanclean flood]]]]
[[File:Crisis salina del Messiniense.ogv|thumb|Messinian salinity crisis animation]]
The [[geology|geologic history]] of the Mediterranéan is complex. It was involved in the [[tectonic]] bréak-up and then collision of the [[African Plate|African]] and [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian]] plates. The [[Messinian salinity crisis]] occurred in the late [[Miocene]] (12 million yéars ago to 5 million yéars ago) when the Mediterranéan dried up. Géologically the Mediterranéan is underlain by [[oceanic crust]]. There are more than a million cubic kilometres of salt deposits at the bottom of the Mediterranéan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author1=William Ryan|title=Decoding the Mediterranean salinity crisis|journal=Sedimentology|date=2008|volume=56|issue=1|pages=95-136|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01031.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; up to three kilometres thick in places.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author1=William Ryan|title=Modeling the magnitude and timing of evaporative drawdown during the Messinian salinity crisis|journal=Sedimentology|date=2008|volume=5|issue=3-4|page=229|url=http://eesc.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/w4937/Readings/Ryan_Messinian_Stratigraphy_2008.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093103/http://eesc.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/w4937/Readings/Ryan_Messinian_Stratigraphy_2008.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Mediterranéan Séa has an average depth of {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} and the deepest recorded point is {{convert|5267|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the [[Calypso Deep]] in the [[Ionian Sea]]. The coastline extends for {{convert|46000|km|mi|abbr=on}}. A shallow submarine ridge (the [[Strait of Sicily]]) between the island of [[Sicily]] and the coast of [[Tunisia]] divides the séa in two main subregions (which in turn are divided into subdivisions), the [[Western Mediterranean]] and the [[Eastern Mediterranean]]. The Western Mediterranéan covers an aréa of about 0.85 million&amp;nbsp;km² (0.33 million&amp;nbsp;mi²) and the éastern Mediterranéan about 1.65 million&amp;nbsp;km² (0.64 million&amp;nbsp;mi²). A characteristic of the Mediterranéan Séa are submarine [[karst spring]]s or {{lang|hr|''vrulja''}}s, which mainly occur in shallow waters&lt;ref name=&quot;LaMoreaux2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://books.google.si/books?id=sjEoBmfUka0C&amp;pg=PA58#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |chapter=Geologic/Hydrogeologic Setting and Classification of Springs  |page=57 |title=Springs and Bottled Waters of the World: Ancient History, Source, Occurrence, Quality and Use |first=Philip |last=Elmer LaMoreaux |year=2001 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-61841-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; and may also be thermal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://zgs.zrc-sazu.si/Portals/8/Geografski_obzornik/go_2004_2.pdf|journal=Geografski obzornik|year=2004|volume=51|issue=2|issn=0016-7274|publisher=Association of the Geographical Societies of Slovenia|language=Slovenian|first=Jože|last=Žumer|title=Odkritje podmorskih termalnih izvirov|trans_title=Discovery of submarine thermal springs|pages=11–17}} {{sl icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tectonic evolution===
The [[Geodynamics|geodynamic]] evolution of the Mediterranéan Séa was provided by the [[Convergent boundary|convergence]] of Européan and African plates and several smaller [[List of tectonic plates#Tertiary plates|microplates]]. This process was driven by the differential [[seafloor spreading]] along the [[Mid-Atlantic Ridge]], which led to the closure of the [[Tethys Ocean]] and eventually to the [[Alpine orogeny|Alpine orogenesis]]. However, the Mediterranéan also hosts wide extensional [[Structural basin|basins]] and migrating [[plate tectonics|tectonic]] [[Volcanic arc|arcs]], in response to its land-locked configuration.

According to a report published by ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in 2009, some scientists think that the Mediterranéan Séa was mostly filled during a time period of less than two yéars, in a major flood (the ''[[Zanclean flood]]'') that happened approximately 5.33 million yéars ago, in which water poured in from the Atlantic Océan and through the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], at a rate three orders of magnitude larger than the current flow of the [[Amazon River]].&lt;ref name=&quot;GCetal2009&quot;&gt;Garcia-Castellanos, D., Estrada, F., Jiménez-Munt, I., Gorini, C., Fernàndez, M., Vergés, J., De Vicente, R. (10 December 2009) [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v462/n7274/full/nature08555.html Catastrophic flood of the Mediterranean after the Messinian salinity crisis], ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' 462, pp. 778–781, {{doi|10.1038/nature08555}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the séa basins had been filled for many millions of yéars ''before'' the prior closure of the Strait of Gibraltar.

====Eastern Mediterranean====
In middle [[Miocene]] times, the [[Orogeny|collision]] between the [[Arabian microplate]] and [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasia]] led to the separation between the [[Tethys Ocean|Tethys]] and the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] océans. This process resulted in profound changes in the [[Ocean current|oceanic circulation]] patterns, which shifted global climates towards colder conditions. The [[Hellenic arc]], which has a land-locked configuration, underwent a widespréad extension for the last 20 Ma due to a slab roll-back process. In addition, the Hellenic Arc experienced a rapid rotation phase during the [[Pleistocene]], with a counterclockwise component in its éastern portion and a clockwise trend in the western segment.

====Central Mediterranean====
The opening of small océanic basins of the central Mediterranéan follows a [[Oceanic trench|trench]] migration and [[Back-arc basin|back-arc]] opening process that occurred during the last 30 Myr. This phase was characterised by the anticlockwise rotation of the Corsica–Sardinia [[Terrane|block]], which lasted until the Langhian (ca.16 Ma), and was in turn followed by a slab detachment along the northern African margin. Subsequently, a shift of this active extensional deformation led to the opening of the Tyrrenian basin.

====Western Mediterranean====
The Betic-Rif [[mountain belt]]s developed during [[Mesozoic]] and [[Cenozoic]] times, as Africa and Iberia converged. Tectonic modéls for its evolution include: rapid motion of [[Alboran Sea|Alboran]] Domain, [[subduction]] zone and radial extensional collapse caused by convective removal of lithospheric mantle. The development of these intramontane Betic and Rif basins led to the onset of two marine gateways which were progressively closed during the late Miocene by an interplay of tectonic and [[glacio-eustatic]] processes.

===Paleoenvironmental analysis===
Its semi-enclosed configuration makes the océanic gateways critical in controlling circulation and environmental evolution in the Mediterranéan Séa. Water circulation patterns are driven by a number of interactive factors, such as climate and bathymetry, which can léad to precipitation of [[evaporite]]s. During late Miocene times, a so-called &quot;[[Messinian salinity crisis]]&quot; (MSC heréafter) occurred, where the Mediterranéan entirely or almost entirely dried out, which was triggered by the closure of the Atlantic gateway. Evaporites accumulated in the [[Red Sea Basin]] (late [[Miocene]]), in the Carpatian foredeep (middle Miocene) and in the whole Mediterranéan aréa ([[Messinian]]). An accurate age estimate of the MSC—5.96 Ma—has recently been astronomically achieved; furthermore, this event seems to have occurred synchronously. The beginning of the MSC is supposed to have been of tectonic origin; however, an astronomical control (eccentricity) might also have been involved. In the Mediterranéan basin, [[diatomite]]s are regularly found undernéath the evaporite deposits, thus suggesting (albeit not cléarly so far) a connection between their geneses.

The present-day Atlantic gateway, i.e. the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], finds its origin in the éarly Pliocene. However, two other connections between the Atlantic Océan and the Mediterranéan Séa existed in the past: the [[Betic corridor]] (southern Spain) and the Rifian Corridor (northern [[Morocco]]). The former closed during [[Tortonian]] times, thus providing a &quot;Tortonian salinity crisis&quot; well before the MSC; the latter closed about 6 Ma, allowing exchanges in the mammal fauna between Africa and Europe. Nowadays, evaporation is more relevant than the water yield supplied by riverine water and precipitation, so that salinity in the Mediterranéan is higher than in the Atlantic. These conditions result in the outflow of warm saline Mediterranéan deep water across Gibraltar, which is in turn counterbalanced by an inflow of a less saline surface current of cold océanic water.

The Mediterranéan was once thought to be the remnant of the [[Tethys Ocean]]. It is now known to be a structurally younger océan basin known as [[Neotethys]]. The Néotethys formed during the Late [[Triassic]] and éarly [[Jurassic]] [[rift]]ing of the African and Eurasian [[plate tectonics|plates]].

==Paleoclimate==
Because of its latitudinal position and its land-locked configuration, the Mediterranéan is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Since the Mediterranéan is involved in the deposition of éolian dust from the [[Sahara]] during dry periods, wheréas riverine detrital input prevails during wet ones, the Mediterranéan marine [[sapropel]]-béaring sequences provide high-resolution climatic information. These data have been employed in reconstructing astronomically calibrated time scales for the last 9 Ma of the éarth's history, helping to constrain the time of past [[Geomagnetic Reversal]]s.&lt;ref&gt;FJ, Hilgen. Astronomical calibration of Gauss to Matuyama sapropels in the Mediterranean and implication for the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale, 104 (1991) 226-244 ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters'', 1991.[http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/geo/2007-0119-200857/hilgen_91_astronomical.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171928/http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/geo/2007-0119-200857/hilgen_91_astronomical.pdf |date=2011-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the exceptional accuracy of these paléoclimatic records have improved our knowledge of the éarth's orbital variations in the past.

==Ecology and biota==
As a result of the drying of the séa during the [[Messinian salinity crisis]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Kenneth J. Hsu|Hsu K.J.]], &quot;When the Mediterranean Dried Up&quot; ''Scientific American'', Vol. '''227''', December 1972, p32&lt;/ref&gt; the marine biota of the Mediterranéan are derived primarily from the Atlantic Océan. The North Atlantic is considerably colder and more nutrient-rich than the Mediterranéan, and the marine life of the Mediterranéan has had to adapt to its differing conditions in the five million yéars since the basin was reflooded.

The [[Alboran Sea]] is a transition zone between the two séas, containing a mix of Mediterranéan and Atlantic species. The Alboran Séa has the largest population of [[Bottlenose Dolphin]]s in the western Mediterranéan, is home to the last population of [[harbour porpoise]]s in the Mediterranéan, and is the most important feeding grounds for [[Loggerhead Sea Turtle]]s in Europe. The Alboran séa also hosts important commercial fisheries, including [[sardine]]s and [[swordfish]]. The [[Mediterranean monk seal]]s live in the Aegéan Séa in Greece. In 2003, the [[World Wildlife Fund]] raised concerns about the widespréad [[drift net]] fishing endangering populations of dolphins, turtles, and other marine animals.

{{See also|Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance}}

== Environmental history ==
{{pov-section|talk=Some_controversial_statements_in_the_recent_additions_to_this_page|date=October 2014}}
{{hatnote|Parts of this section have been copied from [[Alfred Thomas Grove#Environmental skepticism]].}}
For 4,000 yéars, human activity has transformed most parts of Mediterranéan Europe, and the &quot;humanisation of the landscape&quot; overlapped with the appéarance of the present Mediterranéan climate.&lt;ref name =yale/&gt; The image of a simplistic, environmental determinist notion of a Mediterranéan Paradise on éarth in antiquity, which was destroyed by later civilisations dates back to at léast the eighteenth century and was for centuries fashionable in archaéological and historical circles. Based on a broad variety of methods, e.g. historical documents, analysis of trade relations, [[floodplain]] sediments, [[pollen]], tree-ring and further archaéometric analyses and population studies, [[Alfred Thomas Grove]] and [[Oliver Rackham]]'s work on &quot;The Nature of Mediterranean Europe&quot; challenges this common wisdom of a Mediterranéan Europe as a &quot;Lost Eden&quot;, a formerly fertile and forested region, that had been progressively degraded and desertified by human mismanagement.&lt;ref name =yale/&gt; The belief stems more from the failure of the recent landscape to méasure up to the imaginary past of the [[classics]] as idéalised by artists, poets and scientists of the éarly modérn [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]].&lt;ref name =yale/&gt;

The historical evolution of climate, vegetation and landscape in southern Europe from prehistoric times to the present is much more complex and underwent various changes. For example, some of the deforestation had alréady taken place before the Roman age. While in the Roman age large enterprises as the [[Latifundium]]s took effective care of forests and agriculture, the largest depopulation effects came with the end of the empire. Some{{who|date=September 2014}} assume that the major deforestation took place in modérn times — the later usage patterns were also quite different e.g. in southern and northern Italy. Also, the climate has usually been unstable and showing various ancient and modérn &quot;[[Little Ice Age]]s&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern, Jean M. Grove, Taylor &amp; Francis, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; and plant cover accommodated to various extremes and became resilient with regard to various patterns of human activity.&lt;ref name =yale/&gt;

Humanisation was therefore not the cause of climate change but followed it.&lt;ref name =yale/&gt; The wide ecological diversity typical of Mediterranéan Europe is predominantly based on human behaviour, as it is and has been closely related human usage patterns.&lt;ref name =yale/&gt; The diversity range was enhanced by the widespréad exchange and interaction of the longstanding and highly diverse local agriculture, intense transport and trade relations, and the interaction with settlements, pasture and other land use. The gréatest human-induced changes, however, came since World War II, respectively in line with the '1950s-syndrome'&lt;ref&gt;Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995&lt;/ref&gt; as rural populations throughout the region abandoned traditional subsistence economies. Grove and Rackham suggest that the locals left the traditional agricultural patterns towards taking a role as scenery-setting agents for the then much more important (tourism) travellers. This resulted in more monotonous, large-scale formations.&lt;ref name =yale/&gt; Among further current important thréats to Mediterranéan landscapes are overdevelopment of coastal aréas, abandonment of mountains and, as mentioned, the loss of variety via the reduction of traditional agricultural occupations.&lt;ref name =yale&gt;The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History, by Alfred Thomas Grove, Oliver Rackham, Yale University Press, 2003, [http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300100556 review at Yale university press] [https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&amp;type=summary&amp;url=/journals/journal_of_interdisciplinary_history/v032/32.3fagan.pdfThe Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History (review) [[Brian M. Fagan]], Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Volume 32, Number 3, Winter 2002, pp. 454-455 |]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Natural hazards ===

The region has a variety of géological hazards which have closely interacted with human activity and land use patterns. Among others, in the éastern mediterrenian, the [[Thera eruption]], dated to the 17th or 16th century BC, caused a large [[tsunami]] that some experts hypothesise devastated the [[Minoan civilization|Minoan civilisation]] on the néarby island of Crete, further léading some to believe that this may have been the catastrophe that inspired the [[Atlantis]] legend.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6568053.stm The wave that destroyed Atlantis] Harvey Lilley, BBC News Online, 2007-04-20. Retrieved 2007-04-21.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mount Vesuvius]] is the only active [[volcano]] on the Européan mainland, while others as [[Mount Etna]] and [[Stromboli]] are to be found on neighbouring islands. The region around Vesuvius including the [[Phlegraean Fields]] Caldera west of Naples are quite active&lt;ref&gt;Antonio Denti, [http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/03/us-italy-volcano-idUSBRE8720WI20120803 &quot;Super volcano&quot;, global danger, lurks near Pompeii] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805121916/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/03/us-italy-volcano-idUSBRE8720WI20120803 |date=2012-08-05 }}, [[Reuters]], August 3, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; and constitute the most densely populated volcanic region in the world and eruptive event may occure within decades.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 | first = Roberto
 | last = Isaia
 | author2 = Paola Marianelli
 | author3 = Alessandro Sbrana
 | year = 2009
 | title = Caldera unrest prior to intense volcanism in Campi Flegrei (Italy) at 4.0 ka B.P.: Implications for caldera dynamics and future eruptive scenarios
 | journal = [[Geophysical Research Letters]]
 | volume = 36
 | issue = L21303
 | url = http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2009/2009GL040513.shtml
 | doi = 10.1029/2009GL040513
 | pages = L21303
 | bibcode = 2009GeoRL..3621303I
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922002555/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2009/2009GL040513.shtml |date=2012-09-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vesuvius itself is regarded as quite dangerous due to a tendency towards explosive ([[Plinian eruption|Plinian]]) eruptions.&lt;ref name=mcguire2003&gt;{{cite news|first=Bill|last=McGuire|title=In the shadow of the volcano|date=October 16, 2003|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|newspaper=guardian.co.uk|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2003/oct/16/research.highereducation2|accessdate=May 8, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
It is best known for its [[Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79|eruption in AD 79]] that led to the burying and destruction of the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] cities of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]].

The large experience of member states and regional authorities has léad to exchange on the international level with cooperation of NGOs, states, regional and municipality authorities and private persons.&lt;ref name=evch&gt;[http://www.infopuntveiligheid.nl/Infopuntdocumenten/7._Eric_van_der_Horst.pdf Eric van der Horst presentation from 2011 about various EU EUROPEAN CIVIL PROTECTION efforts 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205041217/http://www.infopuntveiligheid.nl/Infopuntdocumenten/7._Eric_van_der_Horst.pdf |date=2015-02-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy]] is a quite positive example of natural hazards léading to improved relations of traditional rivals in the region after éarthquakes in İzmir and Athens 1999. The Européan Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) was set up to respond to major natural disasters and express Européan solidarity to disaster-stricken regions within all of Europe.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/thefunds/solidarity EU Solidarity Fund Website] [http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-03-1029_en.htm?locale=FR 2003 proposal of EUR 47.6 million for Italian regions hit by natural disasters] 
&lt;/ref&gt; The largest amount of fund requests in the EU is being directed to [[forest fire]]s, followed by floodings and éarthquakes. Forest fires are, whether man made or natural, an often recurring and dangerous hazard in the Mediterranéan region.&lt;ref name=evch/&gt; Also, tsunamis are an often underestimated hazard in the region. For example, the [[1908 Messina earthquake]] and [[tsunami]] took more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and is among the most déadly natural disasters in modérn Europe.

===Biodiversity===
{{See also|List of fish of the Mediterranean Sea|List of fish of the Black Sea}}

====Invasive species====
[[File:Himantura uarnak egypt.jpg|thumb|The [[Reticulate whipray]] is one of the species that colonised the eastern Mediterranean through the [[Suez Canal]].]]

The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 créated the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranéan and [[Red Sea]]. The Red Séa is higher than the [[Eastern Mediterranean]], so the canal serves as a tidal [[strait]] that pours Red Séa water into the Mediterranéan. The [[Bitter Lakes]], which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Séa species into the Mediterranéan for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Séa, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Séa have begun to colonise the éastern Mediterranéan. The Red Séa is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Séa species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient-poor éastern Mediterranéan. Accordingly, Red Séa species invade the Mediterranéan biota, and not vice versa; this phenomenon is known as the [[Lessepsian migration]] (after [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]], the French engineer) or Erythréan invasion. The construction of the [[Aswan High Dam]] across the [[Nile]] River in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient-rich [[silt]] from the Nile into the éastern Mediterranéan, making conditions there even more like the Red Séa and worsening the impact of the [[invasive species]].

Invasive species have become a major component of the Mediterranéan ecosystem and have serious impacts on the Mediterranéan ecology, endangering many local and [[endemism|endemic]] Mediterranéan species. A first look at some groups of exotic species show that more than 70% of the non-indigenous decapods and about 63% of the exotic fishes occurring in the Mediterranéan are of Indo Pacific origin,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.issg.org/infpaper_invasive.pdf|title=IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused by Alien Invasive Species|accessdate=11 August 2009|year=2000|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115235640/http://www.issg.org/infpaper_invasive.pdf |date=15 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[introduced species|introduced]] into the Mediterranéan through the Suez Canal. This makes the Canal as the first pathway of arrival of &quot;[[Introduced species|alien]]&quot; species into the Mediterranéan. The impacts of some lessepsian species have proven to be considerable mainly in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranéan, where they are replacing native species and becoming a &quot;familiar sight&quot;.

According to the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] definition, as well as [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] (CBD) and [[Ramsar Convention]] terminologies, they are alien species, as they are non-native (non-indigenous) to the Mediterranéan Séa, and they are outside their normal aréa of distribution which is the Indo-Pacific region. When these species succeed in establishing populations in the Mediterranéan séa, compete with and begin to replace native species they are &quot;Alien Invasive Species&quot;, as they are an agent of change and a thréat to the native biodiversity. In the context of CBD, &quot;introduction&quot; refers to the movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past or present). The Suez Canal, being an artificial (man made) canal, is a human agency. Lessepsian migrants are therefore &quot;introduced&quot; species (indirect, and unintentional). Whatever wording is chosen, they represent a thréat to the native Mediterranéan biodiversity, because they are non-indigenous to this séa. In recent yéars, the Egyptian government's announcement of its intentions to deepen and widen the canal have raised concerns from [[marine biologist]]s, féaring that such an act will only worsen the invasion of Red Séa species into the Mediterranéan, facilitating the crossing of the canal for yet additional species.&lt;ref&gt;Galil, B.S. and Zenetos, A. (2002). A sea change: exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, in: Leppäkoski, E. et al. (2002). ''Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impacts and management''. pp. 325-336.&lt;/ref&gt;

====Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species====
In recent decades, the arrival of exotic species from the tropical Atlantic has become a noticéable féature. Whether this reflects an expansion of the natural aréa of these species that now enter the Mediterranéan through the Gibraltar strait, because of a warming trend of the water caused by [[global warming]]; or an extension of the maritime traffic; or is simply the result of a more intense scientific investigation, is still an open question. While not as intense as the &quot;lessepsian&quot; movement, the process may be scientific interest and may therefore warrant incréased levels of monitoring.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

===Sea-level rise===
By 2100, the overall level of the Mediterranéan could rise between {{convert|3|to|61|cm|1|abbr=on}} as a result of the effects of [[climate change]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090303084057.htm|publisher=[[Science Daily]]|date=3 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; This could have adverse effects on populations across the Mediterranéan:
*Rising séa levels will submerge parts of [[Malta]]. Rising séa levels will also méan rising salt water levels in Malta's groundwater supply and reduce the availability of drinking water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Briny future for vulnerable Malta|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6525069.stm|date=4 April 2007|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*A {{convert|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} rise in séa level would flood {{convert|200|km2|0|abbr=out}} of the [[Nile Delta]], displacing over 500,000 [[Egyptians]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Egypt fertile Nile Delta falls prey to climate change|url=http://news.egypt.com/en/201001288902/news/-egypt-news/egypt-fertile-nile-delta-falls-prey-to-climate-change.html|date=28 January 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209093815/http://news.egypt.com/en/201001288902/news/-egypt-news/egypt-fertile-nile-delta-falls-prey-to-climate-change.html |date=9 February 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Coastal ecosystems also appéar to be thréatened by séa level rise, especially enclosed séas such as the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]], the Mediterranéan and the Black Séa. These séas have only small and primarily éast-west movement [[Habitat corridor|corridors]], which may restrict northward displacement of organisms in these aréas.&lt;ref&gt;Nicholls, R.J.; Klein,R.J.T. (2005). Climate change and coastal management on Europe's coast, in: Vermaat, J.E. et al. (Ed.) (2005). Managing European coasts: past, present and future. pp. 199-226.&lt;/ref&gt; Séa level rise for the next century (2100) could be between {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|100|cm|in|abbr=on}} and temperature shifts of a méré  0.05-0.1&amp;nbsp;°C in the deep séa are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity.&lt;ref name=&quot;greenpeace.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/oceans/marine-reserves/the-mediterranean/mediterranean-other-threats|title=Other threats in the Mediterranean &amp;#124; Greenpeace International|publisher=Greenpeace|accessdate=23 April 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416071023/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/oceans/marine-reserves/the-mediterranean/mediterranean-other-threats |date=16 April 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Pollution===
Pollution in this region has been extremely high in recent yéars.{{When|date=May 2012}} The [[United Nations Environment Programme]] has estimated that {{convert|650000000|t|ST|abbr=on}} of [[sewage]], {{convert|129000|t|ST|abbr=on}} of [[mineral oil]], {{convert|60000|t|ST|abbr=on}} of mercury, {{convert|3800|t|ST|abbr=on}} of léad and {{convert|36000|t|ST|abbr=on}} of phosphates are dumped into the Mediterranéan éach yéar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.explorecrete.com/nature/mediterranean.html|title=Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. Environmental issues|publisher=Explorecrete.com|accessdate= 23 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Barcelona Convention]] aims to 'reduce pollution in the Mediterranéan Séa and protect and improve the marine environment in the aréa, thereby contributing to its sustainable development.'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28084.htm|title=EUROPA| publisher=Europa|accessdate=23 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Many marine species have been almost wiped out because of the séa's pollution. One of them is the [[Mediterranean Monk Seal]] which is considered to be among the world's most [[endangered]] [[marine mammal]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.monachus-guardian.org/factfiles/medit01.htm|title=Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Files: Overview|publisher=Monachus-guardian.org|date=5 May 1978|accessdate=23 April 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912082329/https://www.monachus-guardian.org/factfiles/medit01.htm |date=12 September 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Mediterranéan is also plagued by [[marine debris]]. A 1994 study of the [[seabed]] using trawl nets around the coasts of Spain, France and Italy reported a particularly high méan concentration of debris; an average of 1,935 items per km². Plastic debris accounted for 76%, of which 94% was plastic bags.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter publications/docs/anl_oview.pdf|title=Marine Litter: An analytical overview|accessdate=1 August 2008|year=2005|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410072835/http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/ |date=10 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Shipping===
[[File:Port of Piraeus.jpg|thumb|right|The port of Piraeus is the busiest passenger port in Europe and the Mediterranean.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.maritime-database.com/port.php?pid=2239 |title=Piraeus by Maritime Database |publisher=www.maritime-database.com |accessdate=27 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Some of the world's busiest shipping routes are in the Mediterranéan Séa. It is estimated that approximately 220,000 [[merchant vessel]]s of more than 100 [[gross tonnage|tonnes]] cross the Mediterranéan Séa éach yéar—about one third of the world's total merchant shipping. These ships often carry hazardous cargo, which if lost would result in severe damage to the marine environment.

The discharge of chemical tank washings and oily wastes also represent a significant source of marine pollution. The Mediterranéan Séa constitutes 0.7% of the global water surface and yet receives seventeen percent of global marine oil pollution. It is estimated that every yéar between {{convert|100000|t|LT|abbr=on}} and {{convert|150000|t|LT|abbr=on}} of crude oil are deliberately reléased into the séa from shipping activities.

Approximately {{convert|370000000|t|LT|abbr=on}} of oil are transported annually in the Mediterranéan Séa (more than 20% of the world total), with around 250-300 [[oil tanker]]s crossing the Séa every day. Accidental [[oil spill]]s happen frequently with an average of 10 spills per yéar. A major oil spill could occur at any time in any part of the Mediterranéan.&lt;ref name=&quot;greenpeace.org&quot;/&gt;

===Tourism===
[[File:Turkey-2459 (2216286345).jpg|thumb|[[Antalya]] on the [[Turkish Riviera|Turkish Riviera (Turquoise Coast)]] is the third [[Tourism#Most-visited cities by international tourist arrivals|most visited city]] in the world with 10.5 million tourists.]]

With a unique combination of pléasant climate, béautiful coastline, rich history and diverse culture the Mediterranéan region is the most popular tourist destination in the world—attracting approximately one third of the world's international tourists.

Tourism is one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranéan countries. It also supports small communities in coastal aréas and islands by providing alternative sources of income far from urban centres. However, tourism has also played major role in the degradation of the coastal and marine environment. Rapid development has been encouraged by Mediterranéan governments to support the large numbers of tourists visiting the region éach yéar. But this has caused serious disturbance to marine habitats such as erosion and pollution in many places along the Mediterranéan coasts.

Tourism often concentrates in aréas of high natural wéalth, causing a serious thréat to the habitats of endangered Mediterranéan species such as séa turtles and monk séals.  Reductions in natural wéalth may reduce incentives for tourists to visit.&lt;ref name=&quot;greenpeace.org&quot;/&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:A beach house on the Mediterranean Sea in Oliva, Valencia Region of the Spain 01.JPG|[[Beach house]] in [[Oliva]].[[Spain]]  fronting the Mediterranéan Séa.
File:Mediterranean Sea in Oliva, Valencia Region of the Spain 06.JPG|Fishing on the béach in Oliva, Spain
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===Overfishing===
Fish stock levels in the Mediterranéan Séa are alarmingly low. The Européan Environment Agency says that over 65% of all fish stocks in the region are outside safe biological limits and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, that some of the most important fisheries—such as [[albacore]] and [[Atlantic bluefin tuna|bluefin tuna]], [[hake]], [[marlin]], [[swordfish]], [[red mullet]] and [[sea bream]]—are thréatened.{{date missing}}

There are cléar indications that catch size and quality have declined, often dramatically, and in many aréas larger and longer-lived species have disappéared entirely from commercial catches.

Large open water fish like tuna have been a shared fisheries resource for thousands of yéars but the stocks are now dangerously low. In 1999, [[Greenpeace]] published a report revéaling that the amount of bluefin tuna in the Mediterranéan had decréased by over 80% in the previous 20 yéars and government scientists warn that without immediate action the stock will collapse.

===Aquaculture===
[[File:Aquaculture Western Greece 2004.jpg|thumb|Aquaculture in western Greece]]
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2010}}
[[Aquaculture]] is expanding rapidly—often without proper environmental assessment—and currently accounts for 30% of the fish protein consumed worldwide. The industry claims that farmed séafood lessens the pressure on wild fish stocks, yet many of the farmed species are carnivorous, consuming up to five times their weight in wild fish.

Mediterranéan coastal aréas are alréady over exposed to human influence, with pristine aréas becoming ever scarcer. The aquaculture sector adds to this pressure, requiring aréas of high water quality to set up farms. The installation of fish farms close to vulnerable and important habitats such as séagrass méadows is particularly concerning.

==Galeri==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Théatre de la Mer, Séte, Hérault 04.jpg|Théâtre de la Mer, [[Séte]] {{FRA}}
File:Hammametgolf.jpg|Béach of [[Hammamet, Tunisia|Hammamet]], {{TUN}}
File:Plage-de-la-courtade.jpg|The béach of la Courtade in the [[Îles d'Hyéres]], {{FRA}}
File:Chia beach, Sardinia, Italy.jpg|[[Sardinia]]'s south coast, {{ITA}}
File:Malta Coast.jpg|Coast of [[Żurrieq]], {{MLT}}
File:Piran Stadtpanorama.jpg|Panoramic view of [[Piran]], {{SLO}}
File:Cavtat Croatia 2008-10-07.JPG|Panoramic view of [[Cavtat]], {{CRO}}
File:Neum02451.JPG|View of [[Neum]] {{BIH}}
File:svetistefan1756.JPG|A view of [[Sveti Stefan]], {{MNE}}
File:Ksamil Beach.jpg|[[Ksamil Islands|Ksamil beaches]], {{ALB}}
File:Panagiotis wreck.jpg|[[Navagio]], {{GRE}}
File:Marmaris TURKEY.JPG|[[Marmaris]], [[Turkish Riviera|Turquoise Coast]], {{TUR}}
File:Escape Beach North Cyprus.jpg| Béach in [[Kyrenia]], {{TRNC}} (recognized only by {{TUR}})
File:Petra tou romiou beach.jpg|[[Paphos]], {{CYP}}
File:Burjeslam.jpg|[[Burj Islam]] Béach, [[Latakia]], {{SYR}}
File:BeirutRaouche1.jpg|A view of [[Raouché]] off the coast of [[Beirut]], {{LBN}}
File:P1090840 (5149227688).jpg|From the city of [[Haifa]], {{ISR}}
File:Gaza Beach.jpg|Béach on the [[Gaza Strip]], {{flag|State of Palestine}}
File:Coast of Alexandria, A view From Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt.jpg|Coast of [[Alexandria]], A view From [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]], {{EGY}}
|a béach in [[Benghazi]], {{LBY}}
File:ForbysIbizaTown 02.jpg|Old city of [[Ibiza Town]], {{SPA}}
File:Les Aiguades.jpg|Les Aiguades néar [[Béjaïa]], {{ALG}}
File:EL Jebha1.jpg|El Jebha, a port town in {{MAR}}
File:Gibraltar-Europa-Point-LH-from-the-sea.jpg|[[Europa Point]], {{GIB}}
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tempo ogé==
{{portal|Laut Tengah}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*[[Babelmed]], the site of the Mediterranéan cultures
*[[Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly]]
*[[Familial Mediterranean fever]]
*[[History of the Mediterranean region]]
*[[Holy League (Mediterranean)]]
*[[List of islands in the Mediterranean]]
*[[List of Mediterranean countries]]
*[[Mediterranean Basin]]
*[[Mediterranean climate]]
{{col-2}}
*[[Mediterranean diet]]
*[[Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub]]
*[[Mediterranean Games]]
*[[Mediterranean race]]
*[[Mediterranean sea (oceanography)]]
*[[Piri Reis]], éarly Mediterranéan maps
*[[Seto Inland Sea]], which is sometimes named the Japanese Mediterranéan Séa
*[[Suez Canal]]
*[[Union for the Mediterranean]]
{{col-end}}

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{commons}}
*[http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?area=Mediterranean+Sea&amp;aktion=suche Mediterranean Sea Microorganisms: 180+ images of Foraminifera]
{{Navboxes
| list =
{{Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea}}
{{List of seas}}
{{Regions of the world}}
}}

[[Kategori:Sagara di Éropah]]
[[Kategori:Sagara leutik]]
[[Kategori:Sagara Tengah]]
[[Kategori:Sajarah alam di Éropah]]
[[Kategori:Sagara di Jaladri Atlantik]]</text>
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|p9                     = [[Distrik Geumcheon]]
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|p14                    = [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]]
|p15                    = [[Distrik Jungnang]]
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|p19                    = [[Distrik Seodaémun]]
|p20                    = [[Distrik Seongbuk]]
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|p24                    = [[Distrik Yeongdeungpo]]
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|7                      =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Eunpyeong|Eunpyeong]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lee Mi Kyung]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
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|11                     =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangdong|Gangdong]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shin Dong-Woo]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|12                     =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangdong|Gangdong]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shim Jae Kwon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|13                     =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangnam|Gangnam]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shim Yoon Joe]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|14                     =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangnam|Gangnam]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Jong Hoon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|15                     =Distrik 1 [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Gangseo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shin Ki-Nam]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|16                     =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Gangseo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Sung Tae]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|17                     =Distrik [[Distrik Geumcheon|Geumcheon]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rhee Mok Hee]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|18                     =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Guro|Guro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lee In-Young]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|19                     =Distrik 2 [[Distrik Guro|Guro]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Park Young-Sun]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|20                     =[[Gwanak District|Gwanak]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Yoo Ki Hong]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|21                     =[[Gwanak District|Gwanak]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Lee Sang Kyu]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|UPP]])
|22                     =[[Gwangjin District|Gwangjin]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Han Gil]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|23                     =[[Gwangjin District|Gwangjin]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Choo Mi Ae]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|24                     =[[Jongno District|Jongno]] district&lt;br /&gt;[[Chung Sye-Kyun]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|25                     =[[Jung District, Seoul|Jung]] district&lt;br /&gt;[[Chyung Hojoon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|26                     =[[Jungnang District|Jungnang]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Seo Young Kyo]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|27                     =[[Jungnang District|Jungnang]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Park Hong Keun]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|28                     =[[Mapo District|Mapo]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Noh Woong Rae]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|29                     =[[Mapo District|Mapo]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Jung Cheong Rae]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|30                     =[[Nowon District|Nowon]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Lee No Keun]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|31                     =[[Nowon District|Nowon]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Woo Won-Shik]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|32                     =[[Nowon District|Nowon]] 3rd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Roh Hoe Chan]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Progrésif Ngahiji|UPP]])
|33                     =[[Seocho District|Seocho]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Hoe Sun]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|34                     =[[Seocho District|Seocho]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kang Seoghoon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|35                     =[[Seodaemun District|Seodaemun]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Woo Sang Ho]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|36                     =[[Seodaemun District|Seodaemun]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Chung Doo-un|Chung Doo-Un]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|37                     =[[Seongbuk District|Seongbuk]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[You Seung-Hee]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|38                     =[[Seongbuk District|Seongbuk]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Shin Geh-Ryoon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|39                     =[[Seongdong District|Seongdong]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Choi Jae Cheon]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|40                     =[[Seongdong District|Seongdong]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Hong Ihk Pyo]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|41                     =[[Songpa District|Songpa]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Park In-Sook]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|42                     =[[Songpa District|Songpa]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Yoo Il Ho]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|43                     =[[Songpa District|Songpa]] 3rd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Eul Dong]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|44                     =[[Yangcheon District|Yangcheon]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kil Jeong Woo]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|45                     =[[Yangcheon District|Yangcheon]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Yongtae]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
|46                     =[[Yeongdeungpo District|Yeongdeungpo]] 1st district&lt;br /&gt;[[Kim Young Joo]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Democratic United Party|DUP]])
|47                     =[[Yeongdeungpo District|Yeongdeungpo]] 2nd district&lt;br /&gt;[[Shin Kyoung Min]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Démokrat Ngahiji|DUP]])
|48                     =[[Yongsan District|Yongsan]] district&lt;br /&gt;[[Chin Young]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Partéy Saénuri|Saénuri]])
}}
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           =
|leader_title4          =
|leader_name4           =
|established_title      = &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
|established_date       =
|established_title1     = &lt;!-- Incorporated (town) --&gt;
|established_date1      =
|established_title2     = &lt;!-- Incorporated (city) --&gt;
|established_date2      =
|established_title3     =
|established_date3      =
|founder                =
|named_for              =
|area_magnitude         = &lt;!-- use only to set a special wikilink --&gt;
|unit_pref              = &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--&gt;
|area_footnotes         = &lt;ref name=&quot;seoul1&quot;/&gt;
|area_total_km2         = 605.21 &lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_land_km2          = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--&gt;
|area_water_km2         =
|area_water_percent     =
|area_urban_km2         =
|area_metro_km2         =
|area_blank1_title      =
|area_blank1_km2        =
|elevation_footnotes    = &lt;!--for references: use&lt;ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            =
|elevation_max_m        =
|elevation_min_m        =
|population_as_of       = 31 Oktober 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;Population estimate&quot;&gt;http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/ageStat.do?command=month {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035927/http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/ageStat.do?command=month |date=2014-11-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_footnotes   =
|population_note        =
|population_total       = 10,117,909
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_metro       = 25,620,000
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_urban       =
|population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_blank1_title= [[Démonim]]
|population_blank1      = 서울 사람 (Seoul saram), 서울시민 (Seoul-simin), Seoulite
|population_blank2_title= Lentong
|population_blank2      = [[Lentong Seoul|Seoul]]
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|blank_name_sec2           = GDP
|blank_info_sec2           = [[American Dollar|US$]] 845.9&amp;nbsp;billion &lt;ref name=&quot;brookingsgdp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3|title=Global city GDP 2014|publisher=Brookings Institution|accessdate=18 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|blank1_name_sec2           = GDP per kapita
|blank1_info_sec2           = US$ 34,355 &lt;ref name=&quot;brookingsgdp&quot; /&gt;
|timezone               = UTC +09:00 (Korean Time)
|utc_offset             =
|timezone_DST           =
|utc_offset_DST         =
| coor_pinpoint         = &lt;!-- can be used to specify exactly where/what the coordinates refer to --&gt;
|latd=37   |latm=34  |latNS=N 
|longd=126 |longm=58  |longEW=E
|postal_code_type       = &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|twin1                  =
|twin1_country          =
|twin2                  =
|twin2_country          =
|twin3                  =
|twin3_country          =
|twin4                  =
|twin4_country          =
|twin5                  =
|twin5_country          =
|twin6                  =
|twin6_country          =
|twin7                  =
|twin7_country          =
|blank_name             = Manuk
|blank_info             = [[Korean Magpie]]
|blank1_name            = Kelir
|blank1_info            = Seoul Red&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul Metropolitan Government&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Color|url=http://www.seoul.go.kr/v2012/seoul/symbol/color.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|blank2_name            = Kembang
|blank2_info            = [[Forsythia]]
|blank3_name            = Aksara
|blank3_info            = Aksara Seoul ([[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] jeung [[Namsan (Seoul)|Namsan]])
|blank4_name            = Maskot
|blank4_info            = Haéchi
|blank5_name            = Slogan
|blank5_info            = “함께 만드는 서울, 함께 누리는 서울” (Literally &quot;Seoul We Create Together, Seoul We Enjoy Together&quot;)
|blank6_name            = Lagu
|blank6_info            = &quot;서울의 빛&quot; (&quot;Cahya Seoul&quot;)
|blank7_name            = Tangkal
|blank7_info            = [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]]
|website                = [http://english.seoul.go.kr/ seoul.go.kr]
|footnotes              =
}}
'''Séoul''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|s|oʊ|l}}; {{IPA-ko|sʰʌ.ul|lang|ko-Seoul.ogg}})&lt;!--please do not repeat info already in infobox, e.g. Korean: 서울특별시--&gt;&amp;nbsp;– resmina '''Kota Istiméwa Séoul'''&amp;nbsp; – mangrupa ibu kota tur [[métropolis]] panggedéna di [[Koréa Kidul]], nu mangrupa jajantung [[Wewengkon Ibukota Seoul]], kaasup sabudeureun métropolis [[Incheon]] jeung propinsi [[Gyeonggi-do|Gyeonggi]], [[Daptar wewengkon métropolitan dumasar populasi|wewengkon métropolitan kadua panggedéna]] sadunya kalayan 25.6&amp;nbsp;yuta urang pangeusi.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.moj.go.kr/HP/COM/bbs_03/ShowData.do?strNbodCd=noti0097&amp;strWrtNo=167&amp;strAnsNo=A&amp;strFilePath=moj/&amp;strRtnURL=MOJ_40402000&amp;strOrgGbnCd=104000&lt;/ref&gt; mangrupa tempat leuwih ti satengahna pangeusi Koréa Kidul kaasup 678,102 warga internasional.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kosis.kr/abroad/abroad_01List.jsp?parentId=A |title=국가통계포털 |publisher=Kosis.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826055149/http://kosis.kr/abroad/abroad_01List.jsp?parentId=A |date=2013-08-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalayan pangeusi leuwih ti 10 yuta, ieu [[kota gedé]] mangrupa [[List of cities proper by population|largest city proper]] di [[OECD]].

Perenahna di [[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]], sajarah Séoul ti mangsa ka tukang kacida panjangna leuwih ti dua rébu taun ti saprak diadegkeun taun 18 SM ku [[Baékjaé]], salah sahiji tina [[Tilu Karajaan di Koréa]]. Séoul masih tumuluy jadi ibu kota [[Koréa]] nalika  [[Dinasti Joseon]]. [[Wewengkon Ibu kota Seoul]] ngawengku lima [[Loka Warisan Dunya UNESCO]]: [[Changdeokgung|Karato Changdeok]], [[Bénténg Hwaseong]], [[Jongmyo|Kuil Jongmyo]], [[Namhansanseong]] katut [[Makam Karajaan Dinasti Joseon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/kr|title=Lists: Republic of Korea |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Séoul dikurilingan ku pagunungan, nu pangluhurna mah [[Bukhansan|Gunung Bukhan]], taman nasional nu panglobana didatangan per suku pasagina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264309 |title=Bukhansan National Park (북한산국립공원) |publisher=English.visitkorea.or.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122447/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264309 |date=2013-09-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cicirén  modéren  di antarana [[Munara Seoul N]], [[Wangunan 63]] kelir emas, [[Dongdaemun Design Plaza &amp; Park|Dongdaemun Design Plaza]] nu ''neofuturiskik'', [[Lotte World]], taman jejeran jero rohangan panggedéna kadua sadunya,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.viator.com/Seoul-attractions/Lotte-World/d973-a4955 |title=Lotte World – Seoul Attractions |publisher=Viator.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Moonlight Rainbow Fountain]], cai mancer sasak pangpanjangna sadunya&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/6000/longest-bridge-fountain |title=Longest bridge fountain |publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2013-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;  katut [[Some Sevit|Pulo Ngambang Sevit]]. Minangka tempat lahirna [[K-pop]] katut [[Korean Wave]], Séoul narima leuwih ti 12 yuta turis internasional dina taun 2013,&lt;ref&gt;[http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=409&amp;lang=eng Seoul Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927051259/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=409&amp;lang=eng |date=2013-09-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ngajadikeun Séoul minangka [[Pelesir#Indéks Kota Tujuan Global MasterCard|kota ka-10 panglobana didatangan]] sadunya katut ka-6 pangngahasilkeunana dina hal pelesir.&lt;ref&gt;[http://newsroom.mastercard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mastercard_GDCI_2014_Letter_Final_70814.pdf MasterCard-Global Destination Cities index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916112828/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mastercard_GDCI_2014_Letter_Final_70814.pdf |date=2018-09-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kiwari, Séoul dianggap minangka hiji [[kota global]] nu pinunjul tur ngaronjat, nu dihasilkeun tina hasil ekonomi nu disebut [[Kaahéngan Walungan Han]] nu ngarobah tina karuksakan [[Perang Koréa]] jadi [[Daptar kota dumasar kana GDP|ékonomi métropolitan panggedéna ka-4]] kalayan [[GDP]] US$774 miliar&lt;ref&gt;At [[purchasing power parity]], see [[List of cities by GDP]].&lt;/ref&gt; dina taun 2012 sanggeus [[Tokyo]], [[Kota New York]] katut [[Los Angeles]]. Puseur téhnologi dunya nu pinunjul di [[Gangnam (3 Distrik)|Gangnam]] katut [[Kota Média Digital]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/technology/tech-capitals-of-the-world/2007/06/16/1181414598292.html |title=Tech capitals of the world – Technology |publisher=theage.com.au |date=2009-06-15 |accessdate=2013-08-07 |location=Melbourne}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wewengkon Ibu kota Séoul bisa ngagulkeun 15&lt;ref&gt;http://fortune.com/global500/samsung-electronics-13/&lt;/ref&gt; pausahaan [[Fortune Global 500]] saperti [[Samsung]], [[Daptar pausahaan téhnologi panggedéna|pausahaan téhnologi panggedéna]] sadunya, katambah ku [[LG]] jeung [[Grup Otomotif Hyundai Kia|Hyundai-Kia]]. Dina taun 2013, [[Daptar wewengkon di Koréa Kidul dumasar GDP|GDP per kapita (PPP)]] ieu kota nu $39,448 bisa dibandingken jeung [[Perancis]] katut [[Finlandia]]. Réngking kagenep dina [[Kota global|Indéks Kota Daya Global]] sarta kagenep dina [[Indéks Puseur Finansial Global]], ieu métropolis ngadorong pangaruh nu gedé dina urusan global minangka salah sahiji tina lima [[Uni Asosiasi Internasional|tuan rumah konférénsi global]] nu pinunjul.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.uia.be/sites/uia.be/files/documents/statistics/press/press12.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Séoul meunang réngking katujuh dina [[Sustainable Cities Index]], pangluhurna di Asia tur réngking kadua sadunya dina kategori sosial. Ogé mangrupa tuan rumah pembukaan seni panglobana sadunya per mil pasagina.&lt;ref name=&quot;travel.cnn.com&quot;&gt;http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/life/50-reasons-why-seoul-worlds-greatest-city-534720 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022092637/http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/life/50-reasons-why-seoul-worlds-greatest-city-534720 |date=2014-10-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Séoul mangrupa kota pangkahubungkeunana ku kabel sadunya&lt;ref name=&quot;travel.cnn.com&quot;/&gt; tur réngking kahiji dina kasiapan téhnologi dumasar kana laporan ''Kota Kasempetan'' [[PwC]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/2014/assets/cities-of-opportunity-2014.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Infrastruktur transportasi publikna mangrupa nu pangpadetna sadunya&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thecrystal.org/assets/download/120724_GCI_SummaryReport_final2.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418083359/http://www.thecrystal.org/assets/download/120724_GCI_SummaryReport_final2.pdf |date=2015-04-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tur karéngking minangka nu panghadéna di [[Beulahan Bumi Kalér]] dina [[Sustainable Cities Index]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sustainablecitiesindex.com/wp-content/uploads/Sustainable-Cities-Index-2015-Press-Release.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212115804/http://www.sustainablecitiesindex.com/wp-content/uploads/Sustainable-Cities-Index-2015-Press-Release.pdf |date=2015-02-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dirojong ku [[karéta gancang]] [[Korea Train Express|KTX]] katut [[Subway Seoul]], jajaring [[Rapid transit|subway]] panggedé sadunya,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.railway-technology.com/features/featurethe-worlds-longest-metro-and-subway-systems-4144725 |title=The world's longest metro and subway systems |publisher=Railway-technology.com |accessdate=2014-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nyayagakeun [[4G LTE]], [[WiFi]] katut [[Digital Multimedia Broadcasting|DMB]] dina kandaraan handapeun lemah. Séoul kahubung ku [[AREX]] ka [[Bandara Internasional Incheon]], nu meunang pangajén minangka [[Airports Council International|bandara panghadéna salila salapan taun patuturut (2005–2013)]] sadunya ti [[Airports Council International]].&lt;ref&gt;http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140527001084 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402204636/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140527001084 |date=2019-04-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lotte World Tower]], [[pemcakar langit]] ''[[supertall]]'' 556m (1,824&amp;nbsp;ft) kalayan 123 lantéy, diwangun di Séoul nu jadi pangluhurna dina [[OECD]] taun 2015 kalayan galadak observasi katut galeri seni pangluhurna sadunya.&lt;ref name=CTBUH&gt;{{cite web|url=http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=building&amp;building_id=88|title=Lotte World Premium Tower|publisher=''[[CTBUH]]''|accessdate=10 April 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213730/http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/?do=building&amp;building_id=88 |date=25 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.lwt.co.kr/introduce/tour/tour.do {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016191654/http://www.lwt.co.kr/introduce/tour/tour.do |date=2014-10-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Its [[Lotte Cinema]] houses the world's largest cinema screen.&lt;ref name=&quot;guinnessworldrecords.com&quot;&gt;http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-4000/largest-permanent-35mm-cinema-screen/&lt;/ref&gt;[[COEX Mall]] Séoul mangrupa mall pangbalanjaan panggedéna di sahandapeun lemah.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.newsis.com/ar_detail/view.html?ar_id=NISX20141201_0013328698&amp;cID=10402&amp;pID=10400&lt;/ref&gt; [[Emporis]] nyababkeun ''skyline'' Séoul meunang réngking minangka pangaruh visual pangluhurna kaopat sadunya di antara kota-kota gedé.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106210644/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/skyline-ranking |date=2012-11-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Séoul jadi tuan rumah [[Asian Games 1986]], [[Olimpiade Usum Panas 1988]], [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2002]] jeung [[KTT Seoul G-20 2010]]. [[Jaringan Kota Kréatif|Kota Disain UNESCO]], Séoul dingaranan [[Ibu kota Disain Dunia|Ibu kota Disain Dunia 2010]].

==Étimologi==
{{main|Ngaran Seoul}}
Ieu kota geus kasohor ti jaman baheula kalayan ngaran [[Wiryéseong|Wiryé-seong]] (위례성/{{lang|ko|慰禮城}}, nalika jaman [[Baékjé]]), [[Hanju]] (한주/{{lang|ko|漢州}}, nalika jaman [[Silla]]), [[Namgyeong]] (남경/{{lang|ko|南京}}, nalika jaman [[Goryeo]]), [[Hanseong]] (한성/{{lang|ko|漢城}}, nalika jaman [[Baékjé]] jeung jaman [[Dinasti Joseon|Joseon]]), [[Hanyang]] (한양/{{lang|ko|漢陽}}, nalika jaman [[Dinasti Joseon|Joseon]]), Gyéongséong (경성/{{lang|ko|京城}}, nalika [[Koréa nalika dijajah Jepang|jaman penjajahan]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopædia Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul |title=Seoul |year=2009 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=6 September 2009|quote=The city was popularly called Seoul in Korean during both the [[Chosŏn]] (Yi) dynasty (1392–1910) and the period of Japanese rule (1910–45), although the official names in those periods were [[Hansŏng]] (Hanseong) and [[Kyŏngsŏng]] (Gyeongseong), respectively.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngaran nu kiwari mah asalna tina kecap [[basa Koréa]] nu hartina &quot;ibu kota,&quot; nu dipercaya diturunkeun tina kecap ''Seorabeol'' (서라벌/{{lang|ko|徐羅伐}}), nu asalna nujul kana [[Gyeongju]], ibu kota [[Silla]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-221948-seoul_history-i |title=yahoo |publisher=Uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107185557/http://uk.holidaysguide.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-221948-seoul_history-i |date=2007-01-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Séoul boga loba ngaran tangtu aya alesanana. Nalika dijajah ku Jepang, &quot;Hanseong&quot; (漢城) diganti ngaran ku &quot;Gyeongseong&quot; (京城) sangkan teu patukeur jeung karakter &quot;{{lang|ko|{{linktext|漢}}}}&quot; sabab nujul ogé ka urang China. Dina kanyataanana mah, ngaran kuna Séoul, Hanséong {{lang|ko|{{linktext|漢}}}} asalna boga harti &quot;Gedé&quot; atawa &quot;Lega&quot;. Pamaréntah Jepang mutuskeun pikeun nganti ieu karakter ti {{lang|ko|{{linktext|漢}}}} jadi {{lang|ko|{{linktext|京}}}} sangkan rahayat henteu saralah nganggap yén Séoul boga hubungan jeung urang China.

Henteu kawas lolobana ngaran tempat di Koréa, &quot;Seoul&quot; mah henteu boga [[hanja]] ([[karakter China]] nu dipaké dina [[basa Koréa]]). Dina tanggal 18 Januari 2005, pamaréntah Séoul sacara resmi ngaganti ngaran basa China resmina ku ''Shou'er'' ({{zh|s=首尔|t=首爾|p=shǒu'ěr}}) tina Hancheng ({{zh|t=漢城|s=汉城|p=hànchéng}}), nu tuluy jadi henteu pati ilahar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&amp;mid=sec&amp;sid1=104&amp;oid=022&amp;aid=0000126138 |script-title=ko:서울특별시표기 ''首爾''로...중국, 곧 정식 사용키로 :: 네이버 뉴스 |language= ko |publisher=News.naver.com |date=2005-10-23 |accessdate=2012-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-01/20/content_410881.htm |title='Seoul' morphs into Chinese 'Shouer' |publisher=Chinadaily.com.cn |date=2005-01-20 |accessdate=2012-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://goodcharacters.com/newsletters/summer2006-seoul-korea.html |title=goodcharacters.com |publisher=goodcharacters.com }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930195048/http://goodcharacters.com/newsletters/summer2006-seoul-korea.html |date=2018-09-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sajarah==
{{Main|Sajarah Seoul}}
{{see also|Gurat wanci Seoul}}
[[File:Donggwol-do.jpg|left|thumb|300px|''[[Donggwoldo]]'', lukisan pemandangan Changdeokgung]]
Pakampungan di wewengkon [[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]], tempat perenahna Séoul kiwari, geus mimiti ditempatan ti kira-kira taun 4000 SM.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul/24023/Cultural-life#toc24024|title=Seoul|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2014-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Séoul munggaran kacatet minangka Wiryeséong, ibu kota [[Baékjé]] (ngadeg taun 18 SM) di béh kalér wétan wewengkon Séoul.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; Aya sababaraha pinding dayeuh nu nyésa di ieu wewengkon nu nuduhkeun tanggal harita. [[Pungnaptoseong]], pinding béh wétan di saluareun Séoul, dipercaya ku balaréa minangka loka Wiryeéséong utama.&lt;ref name=&quot;toseong&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://m.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;m&amp;p=02&amp;menu=0004003002017&amp;art_id=535&amp;searchLoca&amp;searchTheme=0002000001003&amp;flag&amp;searchType|title=Pungnap-toseong (Earthen Ramparts)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222005911/http://m.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;m&amp;p=02&amp;menu=0004003002017&amp;art_id=535&amp;searchLoca&amp;searchTheme=0002000001003&amp;flag&amp;searchType |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Alatan Tilu Karajaan marebutkeun wewengkon nu stratégis ieu, kadali pindah ti Baékjé ka [[Goguryeo]] dina abad ka-5, sarta ti Goguryéo ka [[Silla]] dina abad ka-6.

Dina abad ka-11 [[Goryeo]], nu ngaganti [[Silla Ngahiji]], ngawangun hiji karaton usum panas di Séoul, nu dianggap &quot;Ibu kota Kidul&quot;. Ti saprak harita, Séoul jadi hiji panganjrekan nu beuki leuwih lega.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;
Nalika [[Joseon]] ngaganti Goryéo, ieu ibu kota pindah ka Séoul (katelah ogé Hanyang sarta satuluyna Hanséong), nu tumuluy nepi ka runtagna ieu dinasti. [[Gyeongbokgung|Karaton Gyeongbok]], nu diwangun dina abad ka-14, dipidangkeun minangka panyicingan karajaan tepi ka taun 1592. Karaton gedé lianna, [[Changdeokgung]], diwangun taun 1405, dipidangkeun minangka karaton karajaan utama ti taun 1611 tepi ka 1872.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;

Tadina mah ieu kota téh sagemblengna dikurilingan ku [[Pinding bénténg Seoul|pinding batu]] pikeun ngamankeun wargana tina sato galak, nu maling katut serangan ti luar. Ieu kota tuluy tuwuh ka saluareun éta pinding tur sok sanajan pindingna geus euweuh ogé (kajaba di sapanjang Gunung Bugaksan (북악산), di béh kalér wewengkon puseur dayeuh&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1061818|title=Bugaksan Mountain|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062015/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1061818 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;), gapurana mah nyésa kénéh di deukeuteun tengah kota Séoul, kaasup Sungnyémun (ilaharna kasohor minangka [[Namdaémun]]) katut Honginjimun (ilaharna kasohor minangka [[Dongdaémun]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5781/|title=Seoul City Wall|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=2014-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salila dinasti Joséon, ieu gapura dibuka jeung ditutup unggal poé, dibarengan ku sora loncéng gedé di [[Munara loncéng (arsitéktur)|munara]] [[Bosingak]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264135|title=Bosingak Belfry|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062012/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264135 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Dina abad ka-19 ahir, sanggeus ratusan taun kaisolasi, Séoul muka gapurana keur urang deungeun tur mimiti dimodérenkeun. Séoul jadi dayeuh munggaran di Asia Wétan nu ngawanohkeun listrik di karaton karajaan, diwangun ku [[Edison Illuminating Company]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/8/85/Nam-Early_History.pdf|title=Early History of Electrical Engineering in Korea: Edison and First Electric Lighting in the Kingdom of Corea|author=Nam Moon Hyon|work=Promoting the History of EE Jan 23–26, 2000|publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|accessdate=2014-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; tur sapuluh taun sanggeusna Séoul nerapkeun ogé lampu jalan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=cbRhAQAAQBAJ|title=A History of Korea|author=Kyung Moon Hwang|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=142|year=2010|isbn=9780230364523}}&lt;/ref&gt;

lolobana kamekaran Séoul nyaéta alatan perdagangan jeung nagara deungeun kayaning [[Perancis]] katut [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Contona baé, [[Seoul Electric Company]], Séoul Electric Trolley Company, and Séoul Fresh Spring Water Company kabéhanana mangrupa pausahaan nu dipiboga babarengan ku Koréa katut Amérika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=3h080YYhS3QC|title=Korea under Siege, 1876–1945 : Capital Formation and Economic Transformation|author=Young-Iob Chung|page=70|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780198039662}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 1904, salah saurang urang Amérika nu ngaranna Angus Hamilton ngadatangan ieu dayeuh tur nyarita, &quot;Jalan di Seoul mah haradé, lalega, bareresih, pikatajieun tur saluran caina ogé ogé hadé. Lajur nu hareureut jeung kotor geus dilegaan, solokanana geus ditutup, atuh jalan rayana ogé geus dilalegaan. Seoul téh geus kairong bakal jadi dayeuh panghadéna, pangpikatajieun, jeung pangberesihna di wewengkon Wétan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=LR8svgdNOAYC&amp;pg=PT123&amp;lpg=PT123&amp;dq=The+streets+of+Seoul+are+magnificent,+spacious,+clean,+admirably+made+and+well-drained&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=RK26xBMz3b&amp;sig=TTDRAs3pIqejESGp1T2J1QoS-84&amp;hl=hu&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=ob70UpPxNMOihgfyr4HACg&amp;ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=The%20streets%20of%20Seoul%20are%20magnificent%2C%20spacious%2C%20clean%2C%20admirably%20made%20and%20well-drained&amp;f=false|author=[[Bruce Cumings]]|title=Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company|year=2005|isbn=9780393347531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanggeus [[Perjangjuan Anéksasi Jepang-Koréa|perjangjian anéksasi]] dina taun 1910, [[Kakaisaran Jepang]] ngajajah Koréa sarta ngaganti ngarang ieu dayeuh jadi [[Gyeongseong]] (&quot;Kyongsong&quot; dina basa Cina atawa &quot;Kéijo&quot; dina basa Jepang). Téhnologi Jepang diimpor, pinding dayeuh dipiceun, sababaraha gapura diancurkeun. Jalan diubinan sarta wangunan gaya Kulon diwangun. Ieu dayeuh diliberalisasi dina mangsa ahir [[Perang Dunya II]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;

Dina taun 1945 mah ieu dayeuh téh resmi dingarangan Séoul tur diputuskeun minangka [[Kota istiméwa di Koréa Kidul|kota istiméwa]] taun 1949.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;

Salila [[Perang Koréa]], sababaraha kali Séoul pundah-pindah leungeun antara angkatan bersenjata Koréa Kalér nu dibéking ku Rusia/Cina, jeung Koréa Kidul nu dibéking ku Amérika Sarikat, nu nyababkeun ieu dayeuh ruksak parna sanggeusna perang. Ibu kota sawatara waktu mah dipindahkeun heula ka [[Busan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; Ceuk salah sahiji perkiraan ngeunaan kaayaan ruksakna Séoul mah, sahanteuna 191.000 wangunan, 55.000 imah, katut 1.000 pabrik rata jeung taneuh. Katambah deui, banjir pangungsi geus asup ka Seul nalika perang, nyababkeun kamekaran jumlah pangeusi ieu dayeuh katut wewengkon mtropolitanana  nepikeun ka kurang leuwih 1.5 yuta jiwa taun 1955.&lt;ref name=&quot;hamnett&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=8GSpAgAAQBAJ|title=Planning Asian Cities: Risks and Resilience|page=159|publisher=Routledge|year= 2012|editor=Stephen Hamnett, Dean Forbes|isbn= 9781136639272}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanggeusna perang, Séoul mimiti fokus kana ngarékonstruksi jeung ngamodérnisasi. Alatan [[Kaajaiban Walungan Han|ékonomi Koréa mimiti tuwuh kacida rongkahna]] ti saprak taun 1960-an, urbanisasi ogé beuki gancang sarta para pagawé mimiti narempatan Séoul katut dayeuh gedéliana.&lt;ref name=&quot;hamnett&quot; /&gt; Ti taun 1970-an, ukuran wewengkon administratif Séoul beuki ngalegaan pisan alatan nyokot sababaraha kota leutik katut désa ti sababaraha county sabudeureunana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spp.seoul.go.kr/cms/board/Download.jsp?fileId=IUAjJDMyMTY1LS0kJA==|title=Urban Planning of Seoul|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|format=PDF|year=2009|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125042517/http://spp.seoul.go.kr/cms/board/Download.jsp?fileId=IUAjJDMyMTY1LS0kJA== |date=2016-01-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dumasar kana data sénsus taun 2012, populasi wewengkon Séoul geus kira-kira 20% tina total populasi Koréa Kidul,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Korea-at-a-Glance/Facts-about-Korea|title=Facts about Korea|publisher=Korea.net|accessdate=2014-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Séoul geus ngajadi puseurna ékonomi, pulitik katut budaya di ieu nagara,&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; kalayan sababaraha pausahaan [[Fortune 500]], kaasup [[Samsung]], [[SK Holdings]], [[Hyundai]], [[POSCO]] katut [[LG Group]] nu kantor puseurna di dinya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/SouthKorea.html|title=GLOBAL 500|publisher=CNN Money|accessdate=2014-02-07|date=2012-07-23}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023118/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/SouthKorea.html |date=2014-04-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Séoul jadi tuan rumah [[Asian Games 1986]] jeung [[Olimpiade Usum Panas 1988]] sajaba ti mangrupa salah sahiji tempat [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2002|Piala Dunya Maén Bal 2002]].

==Géografi==
[[File:Hangang Railway Bridge.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]]]]
Séoul perenahna di béh kalér kulon Koréa Kidul. Legana 605,25&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;,&lt;ref name=&quot;seoul1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/Seoul_System5.jsp?stc_cd=412|title=Seoul Statistics (Land Area)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=24 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; kalayan radius kurang leuwih {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}}, nu sacara gurat badag kabagi jadi wewengkon kalér jeung kidul nu dipisahkeun ku  Walungan Han. Ieu walungan katut wewengkon sabudeureunana boga pancén nu kacida pentingna dina sajarah Koréa. Tilu Karajaan Koréa kacida merjuangkeun pikeun bisa ngadalikeun ieu lemah, sabab ieu walungan mangsa harita mah dipaké keur jalur dagang ka Cina (ngaliwatan [[Laut Konéng]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;art_id=10833&amp;lang=en&amp;m=0004003002015&amp;p=03|title=Brief History of Hangang (River)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=2014-02-07}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612131834/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;m=0004003002015&amp;p=03&amp;art_id=10833&amp;lang=en |date=2010-06-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu walungan kiwari henteu bisa dipaké deui keur balayar alatan [[muhara]]na aya dina wates antara dua Koréa nu henteu beunang sagawayah jelema sipil bisa larsup. Ieu dayeuh diwatesan ku dalapan gunung, kaasup lemah pangluhurna dina daratan Walungan Han jeung wewengkon béh kulon.

===Iklim===
{{Main|Iklim Seoul}}
{{climate chart
| Seoul
|- 6|2|21
|- 3|5|25
|2|10|47
|8|18|65
|13|23|106
|18|27|133
|22|29|395
|22|30|364
|17|26|169
|10|20|52
|3|12|53
|- 3|4|22
|float=right
|clear=none
|units=metric}}
Séoul boga iklim transisional [[buana beueus]]/[[subtropis beueus|subtropis]] ([[klasifikasi iklim Köppen]] ''Dwa/Cwa''), kalayan karakteristik iklim di antara duanana. Salila bulan Nopémber–Méi, iklim Séoul leuwih deukuet kana iklim buana (kontinén) sedengkeun nalika usum panas mah, iklim di ditu kawas iklim subtropis nu ngandung unsur iklim baseuh/garing tropis. Usum panas mah ilaharna panas jeung beueus, dibarung ku [[angin muson Asia Wétan]] ti Juni tepi ka Séptémber. Sedengkeun kira-kira bulan Agustus mah, nu mangrupa bulan pangpanasna, boga suhu rata-rata {{convert|22.4|to|29.6|C|F|0}} malahan mah bisa jadi leuwih ti éta. Dina usum tiis mah mindeng kacida nyecep tepi ka bekuna kalayan suhu rata-rata dina bulan Januari tepikeun ka {{convert|-5.9|to|1.5|C|F|1}} sarta ilaharna leuwih garing ti batan nalika usum panas, kalayan rata-rata 28 poé saljuan unggal taunna. Kadang-kadang, hawa turun kacida dramatisna tepi ka sahandapeun {{convert|-10.0|C|F|}}, malah bisa nepikeun ka {{convert|-15.0|C|F|}} sanajan arang ogé, nyaéta nalika mangsa tengah usum tiis antara Januari jeung Pébruari.

{{Seoul weatherbox}}

==Distrik administratif==
{{Main|Daptar distrik di Seoul}}
[[File:Flag of Seoul (1946–1996).svg|thumb|right|[[Bandéra]] Seoul (1947–1996)]]
[[File:01-00-seoul-en.svg|thumb|400px|Distrik Seoul]]
Séoul kabagi jadi 25 ''[[Babagian administratif Koréa Kidul#Gu (Distrik)|gu]]'' (구; {{linktext|區}}) (distrik).&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Districts&quot;/&gt; ''Gu'' béda-béda legana (ti 10 tepi ka 47&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) katut populasina (ti leuwih saeutik ti 140,000 tepikeun ka 630,000). Songpa boga jumlah warga nu panglobana, sedengkeun Séocho mah wewengkonna panglegana. Pamaréntahan unggal gu nyekel loba fungsi nu dicekel ogé ku pamaréntahan kota di yurisdiksi lianna. Unggal ''gu'' kabagi jadi &quot;''[[Dong (lingkungan)|dong]]''&quot; (동; {{linktext|洞}}) atawa lingkungan. Sababaraha gu ukur boga saeutik dong sedengkeun lianna saperti Distrik Jongno mah jumlah lingkunganana kacida lobana. Gu di Séoul ngawengku 423 dong administratif (행정동).&lt;ref name=&quot;Administrative Districts&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=5 |title=Administrative Districts |publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government |accessdate=2014-02-08 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102212612/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=5 |date=2014-01-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Dong'' kabagi deui jadi 13,787 ''tong'' (통; {{linktext|統}}), nu satuluyna kabagi deui jadi 102,796 ''ban''.
{|
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Distrik Dobong]] (도봉구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|道|峰|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Dongdaémun]] (동대문구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|東|大|門|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Dongjak]] (동작구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|銅|雀|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Eunpyeong]] (은평구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|恩|平|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Gangbuk]] (강북구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|北|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Gangdong]] (강동구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|東|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Gangnam]] (강남구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|南|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Gangseo, Seoul|Distrik Gangseo]] (강서구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|江|西|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Geumcheon]] (금천구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|衿|川|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Guro, Seoul|Distrik Guro]] (구로구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|九|老|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Gwanak]] (관악구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|冠|岳|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Gwangjin]] (광진구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|廣|津|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Jongno]] (종로구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|鍾|路|區}}}})
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
* [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]] (중구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|中|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Jungnang]] (중랑구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|中|浪|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Mapo]] (마포구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|麻|浦|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Nowon]] (노원구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|蘆|原|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Seocho]] (서초구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|瑞|草|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Seodaémun]] (서대문구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|西|大|門|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Seongbuk]] (성북구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|城|北|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Seongdong]] (성동구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|城|東|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Songpa]] (송파구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|松|坡|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Yangcheon]] (양천구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|陽|川|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Yeongdeungpo]] (영등포구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|永|登|浦|區}}}})
* [[Distrik Yongsan]] (용산구; {{lang|ko|{{linktext|龍|山|區}}}})
|}

==Démografi==

Proper Séoul kasohor ku [[kapadetan populasi]]na, nu ampir dua kalieun [[Kota New York|New York]] sarta dalapan kalieun [[Roma]]. Wewengkon métropolitanana mangrupa nu pangpadetna di Asia taun 2012 dumasar kana [[OECD]], tur kadua di dunya sanggeus [[Paris]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|year=2013|title=Regional population density: Asia and Oceania, 2012: Inhabitants per square kilometre, TL3 regions|journal= OECD Regions at a Glance 2013|publisher= OECD Publishing|doi= 10.1787/reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-regions-at-a-glance-2013/regional-population-density-asia-and-oceania-2012_reg_glance-2013-graph37-en|accessdate=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ampir sakabéhna warga Séoul nyaéta [[urang Koréa]], kalayan saeutik [[urang Cina]], [[urang Jepang]], katut minoritas [[ékspatriat]]. Dina bulan Désémber 2013, populasina 10.14 yuta,&lt;ref name=&quot;chosunpop&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2014/02/14/2014021400795.html|title=Seoul's Population Drops Below 10 Million for First Time in 25 Years|publisher=Chosun Ilbo|accessdate=2014-02-16|date=2014-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; taun 2012, populasina 10,442,426.&lt;ref name=&quot;seoul2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS00/outer_Seoul.jsp?stc_cd=1|title=Seoul Statistics (Population)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=3 March 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019064405/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS00/outer_Seoul.jsp?stc_cd=1 |date=19 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahir Juni 2011, 10.29 yuta warga Républik Koréa cicing di ieu kota. Turun .24% dbandingkeun ahir 2010. Populasi Séoul terus turun ti awal 1990-an, sabab cicing di Séoul mah mahal, katambah ku ngolotanana populasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;chosunpop&quot; /&gt;

Jumlah urang asing nu nganjrek di Séoul nyaéta 255,501 urang dina taun 2010 dumasar kana sumber resmi Séoul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news   |last=Park  |first=Chung-a  |title=Foreign population in Seoul continue to dwindle  |publisher=Korea Times  |url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2010/07/113_66455.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Juni 2011, 281,780 urang deungeun nganjrek di Séoul. Di antara eta, 186,631 urang deungeun (66%) mangrupa warga [[urang Cina]] ti karuhun urang Koréa. Naek 8.84% ti ahir 2010 jeung 12.85% ti Juni 2010. Kelompok panggedéna deui nyaéta warga Cina nu lain suku Koréa; 29,901 di antarana cicing di Séoul. Kelompok panggedéna deui nyaéta 9,999 urang warga Amérika Sarikat nu lain turunan Koréa. Satuluyna nyaéta warga Républik Cina (Taiwan), 8,717 urang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/09/117_94610.html|title= Korean Chinese account for nearly 70% of foreigners in Seoul|publisher= ''[[The Korea Times]]''|date=September 11, 2011|accessdate=2014-02-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ageman===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Ageman di Seoul (2005)&lt;ref name=&quot;2005religionmap&quot;&gt;[http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg 2005 Census – Religion Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904074206/http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg |date=2015-09-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|label1 = Teu boga ageman
|value1 = 46.2
|color1 = Gray
|label2 = [[Protestan]]
|value2 = 22.8
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = [[Buda]]
|value3 = 16.8
|color3 = Gold
|label4 = [[Katolik]]
|value4 = 14.2
|color4 = DarkOrchid
}}
Dua ageman utama di Séoul nyaéta [[Kristen di Koréa|Kristen]] jeung [[Buda di Koréa|Buda]]. Ageman lianna kaasup [[Muisme]] (ageman karuhun) katut [[Konghucu]]. Séoul mangrupa tempat jama'ah Kristen panggedéna di dunya, [[Yoido Full Gospel Church]], nu boga anggahota kira-kira 830,000 urang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21532340|title=South Korean mega-churches. For God and country|publisher=Economist|accessdate=2014-02-11|date=2011-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dumasar kana sénsus taun 2005, tina sakabéh urang Séoul, 39% ngagem [[Kristen]] (22.8% [[Protéstan]] jeung 14.2% [[Garéja Katolik|Katolik]]) jeung 16.8% ngagem [[Buda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;2005religionmap&quot;/&gt; 46.2% tina ieu populasi lolobanaana henteu boga ageman atawa ngagem Muisme jeung ageman asli lianna.

==Ékonomi==
[[File:Lotte World.jpg|right|thumbnail|Taman jero wangunan katut mall pangbalanjaan [[Lotte World]]]]
{{See also|Ékonomi Koréa Kidul}}
Séoul mangrupa puseur bisnis katut kauangan di Koréa Kidul. Sanajan legana ukur 0.6 persén tina sakabéh wewengkon daratan nasional, Séoul ngahasilkeun 21 persén tina GDP ieu nagara taun 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|year=2006|url=http://www.lmg.go.kr/2006iaescsi/generalinfo/seoul.asp|title=Welcome to KTC|publisher=Lmg.go.kr|archiveurl=http://archive.is/j8rc|archivedate=2012-05-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227175321/http://www.lmg.go.kr/2006iaescsi/generalinfo/seoul.asp |date=2011-02-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2008, indéks [[Worldwide Centers of Commerce]] ngaréngking Séoul minangka No.9.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf|title=Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index™|publisher=[[MasterCard]]|accessdate=2014-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Global Financial Centres Index]] taun 2012 ngadaptar Séoul minangka kota pangkompetitifna ka-6 sadunya sacara finansial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2012.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 12|publisher=Z/Yen Group|year=2012|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323125707/http://www.zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2012.pdf |date=2014-03-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[The Economist Intelligence Unit]] ngaréngking Séoul minangka nu ka-15 dina daptar &quot;Overall 2025 City Competitiveness&quot; ngeunaan daya saing kota ka hareupna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/pdfs/hotspots2025.pdf|title=Hot Spots 2025: Benchmarking the Future Competitiveness of Cities|publisher=[[The Economist Intelligence Unit]]|year=2013|accessdate=2014-02-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109040339/http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/pdfs/hotspots2025.pdf |date=2014-01-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Pabrik===
[[File:Gangnam, Seoul, Korea.jpg|left|thumbnail|Kantor puseur Samsung di [[Stasion Gangnam]]]]
Industi pabrik nu tradisional jeung intensif maké karyawan geus sacara tuluy tumuluy diganti ku industri tipeu [[téhnologi informasi]], [[éléktronis]] jeung ''assembly'',&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica-economy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534948/Seoul/24016/City-layout#toc24019|title=Seoul: Economy|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2014-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu11ee/uu11ee0i.htm|title=The primacy of Seoul and the capital region|publisher=United Nations University|accessdate=2014-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; tapi, produksi dahareun jeung inuman mah, kawas percitakan katut penerbitan masih nyésa di antara industri inti.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica-economy&quot; /&gt; Pabrik nu garedé mah kantor puseurna aya di ieu kota, kayaning [[Samsung]], [[LG]], [[Hyundai]], [[Kia Motors|Kia]] katut [[SK Group|SK]]. Pausahaan dahareun jeung inuman nu kasohor kaasup [[Jinro]], nu nyieun inuman alkoholan [[soju]] nu sumebar ka sakuliah dunya, geus ngéléhkeun [[vodka]] [[Smirnoff]];&lt;ref name=&quot;bestselling&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/drink/soju-most-sold-drink-world-930177|title=It's official: Jinro soju is the world's best-selling liquor|date=2012-06-12|publisher=CNN Travel|accessdate=2013-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; pabrik bir panglobana ngajual [[Hite Brewery|Hite]] (ngahiji jeung Jinro) jeung [[Oriental Brewery]].&lt;ref name=economist&gt;{{cite news|title=Fiery food, boring beer|url=http://www.economist.com/news/business/21567120-dull-duopoly-crushes-microbrewers-fiery-food-boring-beer|publisher=The Economist|accessdate=2013-04-24|date=2012-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu kota ogé mangrupa tempatna raksasa dahareun saperti [[Seoul Milk|Seoul Dairy Cooperative]], [[Grup Nongshim]] katut [[Lotté (konglomerat)|Lotté]].

===Kauangan===

Konséntrasi gegedéan pausahaan-pausahaan internasional kantor puseurna aya di Séoul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |title=Global : Cities |publisher=CNN }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529093252/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/cities/ |date=2010-05-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Korea Exchange Bank]] ogé kantor puseurna aya di ieu kota. lolobana kantor puseur bank katut [[Korea Exchange]] perenahna di [[Yeouido]] (Pulo Yéoui),&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica-economy&quot; /&gt; nu mindeng disebut &quot;[[Wall Street]] Koréa&quot; tur geus midang minangka puseur finansial ieu kota ti taun 1980-an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2914830|title=Neon shines brightly during the bustle on Yeouido stock street|publisher=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=2010-01-05|accessdate=2014-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Balanja===
{{Main|Balanja di Seoul}}

Pasar grosir katut écéran panggedéna di Koréa Kidul, nyaéta [[Pasar Dongdaémun]], perenahna di Séoul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;art_id=662&amp;lang=en&amp;m=0003001005007&amp;p=03|title=Dongdaemun Market|publisher=Visit Seoul|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222025740/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;art_id=662&amp;lang=en&amp;m=0003001005007&amp;p=03 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Myeongdong]] nyaéta wewengkon pangbalanjaan katut hiburan di puseur dayeuh Séoul kalayan toko kelas panengah tepi ka kelas luhur, butik pakéan katut ''outlét'' mérek internasional.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264312|title=Myeong-dong|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215191420/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264312 |date=2014-02-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pasar Namdaémun]] deukeuteunana, nu dingaranan dumasar kana [[Gapura Namdaémun]], mangrupa pasar pangkolotna di Séoul nu kiwari masih dipaké.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;p=02&amp;art_id=673|title=Namdaemun Market|publisher=Visit Seoul|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222021157/https://www.visitseoul.net/en/m/article/article.do?_method=view&amp;p=02&amp;art_id=673 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sinchon-dong, Seoul|Sinchon]] nyaéta wewengkon pangbalanjaan nu disadiakeun keur nonoman katut mahasiswa universitas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=256043|title=Sinchon Street, full of energy|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222133248/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=256043 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Insadong]] mah mangrupa pasar seni budaya di Séoul, tempat di mana karya seni Koréa tradisional katut modéren, saperti lukisan, ukiran katut kaligrafi dijual.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SH/SH_EN_7_2_2_1.jsp|title=Insa-dong|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-11}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116073234/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SH/SH_EN_7_2_2_1.jsp |date=2014-01-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pasar loak Hwanghak-dong]] katut Pasar antik Janganpyéong ogé nawarkeun barang antik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp?gotoPage=&amp;category=&amp;areaCode=&amp;recommCid=257325&amp;cid=273747|title=Hwanghak-dong Flea Market|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135206/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp?gotoPage=&amp;category=&amp;areaCode=&amp;recommCid=257325&amp;cid=273747 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/cav/shop/antique.php|title=Antique Markets|publisher=Seoul Matropolitan Government|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008074320/http://english.seoul.go.kr/cav/shop/antique.php |date=2010-10-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sababaraha toko keur parancang lokal geus dibuka di [[Samcheong-dong]], tempat perenahna sababaraha galeri seni laleutik. [[Itaéwon]] utamana sadia keur turis deungeun katut soldadu Amérika nu boga basis di ieu dayeuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;KT Itaewon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2014/02/203_130484.html|title=Itaewon: Going Gangnam Style?|publisher=The Korea Times|date=2013-02-14|accessdate=2014-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Distrik Gangnam]] mangrupa wewengkon pangmakmurna di Séoul&lt;ref name=&quot;KT Itaewon&quot; /&gt; tur kasohor ku wewengkon [[Apgujeong-dong]] katut [[Cheongdam-dong]] sarta [[COEX Mall]] nu modéren. Pasar grosir di antarana [[Pasar Grosir Lauk Noryangjin]] katut [[Pasar Garak]]. [[Pasar Éléktronik Yongsan]] mangrupa pasar éléktronik panggedéna di Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_touringseoul_detail.htm?lang=e&amp;current_page&amp;No=24205|title=Yongsan Electronics Market, Asia’s largest IT shopping mall|publisher=[[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS World]]|date=2011-03-01|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221060206/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_touringseoul_detail.htm?lang=e&amp;current_page&amp;No=24205 |date=2014-02-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Times Square (Seoul)|Times Square]] mangrupa salah sahiji mall pangbalanjaan panggedéna nu ngagulkeun [[CJ CGV|Starium CGV]], layar bioskop permanén panggedéna di dunya, [[film 35mm|35 mm]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-4000/largest-permanent-35mm-cinema-screen |title=Largest Permanent 35mm Cinema Screen |publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com |date=2009-08-18 |accessdate=2013-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Arsitéktur==
{{See also|Arsitéktur Koréa Kidul}}
{{wide image|Seoul Panorama from Namhansanseong..jpg|1600px|&lt;center&gt;Panorama Seoul ti Namhansanseong&lt;/center&gt;}}
[[File:Namdaemun Buildings.JPG|thumb|right|[[Sungnyémun]]]]
Jajantung tradisional Séoul nyaéta dayeuh kolot [[Dinasti Joseon]], nu kiwari jadi wewengkon puseur karaméan, nu mana di éta wewengkon ngumpul karaton, kantor pamaréntahan, kantor puseur pausahaan, hotél, katut pasar tradisional. [[Cheonggyécheon]], wahangan nu ngamalir ti kulon ka wétan ngaliwatan léngkob saméméh tuluy ngamuhara ka [[Walungan Han (Koréa)|Walungan Han]], keur sababaraha taun mah katutupan ku beton, tapi ahirna dibalikkeun deui ngaliwatan proyék kabangkitan kota taun 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=85750|title=Seoul’s Cheonggyecheon Stream symbolizes Korea’s past, present and tomorrow|publisher=Korea.net|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222142757/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=85750 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jalan [[Jongno]], nu hartina &quot;Jalan Loncéng,&quot; geus mangrupa hiji jalan utama tur salah sahiji jalan komérsil pangbiharina di ieu dayeuh,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.hu/books?id=M8Xj7pHu1jEC|title=The Emerging Asian City: Concomitant Urbanities and Urbanisms|editor=Vinayak Bharne |page=59|publisher=Routledge|year= 2013|isbn=9780415525978}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2012/06/137_68203.html|title=Jongno walk|date=2010-06-24 |publisher=The Korea Times|author=Andrei Lankov |accessdate=2014-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; nu mana di dinya bisa kapanggih [[Bosingak]], hiji paviliun nu eusina loncéng gedé. Éta loncéng nyirénan wanci nu béda-béda sapanjang poé tur ngaadalikeun opat gapura ka ieu dayeuh. Di béh kaléreun puseur karaméan aya [[Gunung Bukhan]], tur di kiduleunana aya [[Namsan (Seoul)|Namsan]] nu leuwih leutik. Tuluy ka béh kidul aya pipir dayeuh nu geus kolot, nyaéta [[Distrik Yongsan]] jeung [[Distrik Mapo]]. Sapanjang Walungan Han aya wewengkon nu leuwih anyar jeung makmur nyaéta [[Distrik Gangnam]], [[Distrik Seocho]] katut wewengkon sabudeureunana.

===Arsitéktur dumasar sajarah===
[[File:Gyeongbok-gung palace-05 (xndr).jpg|left|thumb|[[Gyeongbokgung]]]]
[[File:Changdeokgung-Injeongjeon.jpg|thumb|left|[[Changdeokgung]], salah sahiji tina lima karaton di Koréa, nyaéta hiji [[Loka Warisan Dunya]] [[UNESCO]].]]
Séoul mibanda sababaraha tempat penting sacara sajarah katut budaya. Di [[Amsa-dong|Loka Pamukiman Prasajarah Amsa-dong]], [[Distrik Gangdong]], sésa-sésa néolitikum kakali jeung teu kahaja katimu alatan banjir taun 1925.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264111 |title=Amsa-dong Prehistoric Settlement Site |publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]] |accessdate=2014-02-12 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135311/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264111 |date=2014-02-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Perencanaan urban jeung sipil mangrupa konsép utama nalika Séoul mimiti dirarancang keur ngajadi ibu kota dina ahir abad ka-14. [[Dinasti Joseon]] ngawangun &quot;Lima Karaton Agung&quot; di Séoul – [[Changdeokgung]], [[Changgyeonggung]], [[Deoksugung]], [[Gyeongbokgung]] katut [[Gyeonghuigung]] – sakabéhna aya di [[Distrik Jongno]] jeung [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]]. Di antara sakabéh éta, Changdéokgung asup kana Daptar [[Warisan Dunya]] UNESCO taun 1997 minangka &quot;conto rarancang arsitéktur karaton katut taman di Wétan Jauh nu pinunjul&quot;. Karaton utama mah, nyaéta [[Gyeongbokgung]], keur ngalaman proyék réstorasi gegedéan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.royalpalace.go.kr/html/eng/data/data_01.jsp?dep1=2&amp;dep2=1|title=About the Palace|publisher=Gyeongbokgung Palace|accessdate=2014-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu karaton-karaton téh dianggap arsitéktur percontoan tina mangsa Joséon. Di sagédéngeun karaton, [[Unhyeongung]] kasohor minangka tempat cicingna Bupati [[Daéwongun]], bapana [[Kaisar Gojong]] dina ahir Dinasti Joséon.

[[File:Deoksugung-02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Deoksugung]] nalika usum gugur]]
Séoul dikurilingan ku pinding nu diwangun keur ngatur singsaha waé nu baris nganjang ti wewengkon séjén sarta pikeun ngajaga dayeuh tina serangan musuh. [[Pungnap Toseong]] mangrupa hiji pinding taneuh rata nu diwangun dina juru Walungan Han nu dipercaya ku balaréa minangka mandalana [[Wiryéseong]]. Ari [[Mongchontoseong|Mongchon Toseong]] (몽촌토성; 蒙村土城) mah nyaéta pinding taneuh liana nu diwangun nalika mangsa [[Baékjé]] nu kiwari perenahna di sajeroeun [[Taman Olimpiade, Seoul|Taman Olimpiade]].&lt;ref name=&quot;toseong&quot; /&gt; [[Bénténg Seoul]] diwangun dina mangsa Dinasti Joséon munggaran keur ngajaga ieu dayeuh. Sanggeus sababaraha abad ruksak jeung diwangun deui, kiwari nyésa kurang leuwih 2/3-na, kaasup genep tina [[Dalapan Gapura di Seoul|dalapan gapura]] nu asli. Gapura-gapura ieu kaasup [[Sungnyémun]] jeung [[Heunginjimun]], nu kiwari ilaharna disebut Namdaémun (Gapura Gedé Kidul) jeung Dongdaémun (Gapura Gedé Wétan). Namdaémun mangrupa gapura kai pangkolotna tepikeun ka kajadian aya nu ngaduruk taun 2008, tur kiwari dibuka deui sanggeu réstorasina réngsé taun 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sungnyemun to open to great fanfare after more than five years of renovation|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130430000738|accessdate=1 May 2013|publisher=The Korea Herald|date=30 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di deukeuteun ieu gapura aya pasar tradisional katut puseur pangbalanjaan panggedéna, [[Pasar Namdaémun]] jeung [[Pasar Dongdaémun]].

Aya ogé loba wangunan nu dijieun kalayan gaya mancanagara dina ahir abad ka-19, awal abad ka-20. [[Gapura Kamerdikaan]] diwangun taun 1897 keur méré ilham ngeunaan pentingna boga sumanget kamerdikaan. [[Stasion Seoul]] dibuka taun 1900 minangka Stasion Gyéongséong.

===Arsitektur moderen===
[[File:Lotte World Tower under construction on January 2015.png|thumb|right|[[Mall Lotte World]] dibuka taun 2014 kalayan bioskop panggedéna&lt;ref name=&quot;guinnessworldrecords.com&quot;/&gt; katut [[Munara Lotte World]] [[superluhur]] 123 lantéy nu baris dibuka taun 2016 kalayan galadak observasi pangluhurna sadunya.]]
Mangrupa-rupa [[wangunan kantor]] katut wangunan panyicingan nu laluhur, saperti Gangnam Finance Center, [[Tower Palace]], [[N Seoul Tower]] katut [[Jongno|Jongno Tower]], ngadominasi langit ieu dayeuh. Saruntuyan wangunan luhur anyar keur diwangun, kaasup [[Munara Lotte World]], nu direncanakeun baris réngsé taun 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2013/11/18/seoul-helicopter-crash-raises-fears-over-new-skyscraper/|title=Seoul Helicopter Crash Raises Fears Over New Skyscraper|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2014-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bulan Fébruari 2014 mah, [[Daptar wangunan pangluhurna di Seoul|wangunan pangluhurna di ieu kota]] téh nyaéta [[Three International Finance Center]] nu luhurna 279m.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings-seoul-southkorea|title=Seoul's tallest buildings – Top 20|publisher=Emporis|accessdate=2014-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023134717/http://www.emporis.com/statistics/tallest-buildings-seoul-southkorea |date=2013-10-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[World Trade Center Seoul]], nu perenahna di [[Distrik Gangnam]], mangrupa tuan rumah sababaraha paméran katut konférénsi. Di Distrik Gangnam aya ogé [[COEX Mall]], nu mangrupa komplék pangbalanjaan katut hiburan di jero rohangan nu kacida gedéna. Ka hilirkeun ti Distrik Gangnam aya [[Yeouido]], hiji pulo nu jadi tempat Déwan Nasional, studio siaran gedé, katut sajumlah gedé wangunan kantor gedé, kayaning Koréa Finance Building katut [[Garéja Yoido Full Gospel]]. [[Stadion Olimpiade (Seoul)|Stadion Olompiade]], [[Taman Olompiade, Seoul|Taman Olimpiade]], katut [[Lotte World]] perenahna di [[Distrik Songpa]], di sisi béh kidul Walunga Han, naék ti Distrik  Gangnam. Dua cicirén modéren Séoul nu anyar nyaéta [[Dongdaemun Design Plaza &amp; Park]], nu dirancang ku [[Zaha Hadid]], katut [[Balé Kota Seoul]], ku [[Yoo Kerl]] ti [[iArc]].

Dina taun 2010 Séoul ditunjuk jadi [[Ibu kota Disain Dunya]] keur taun harita.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-02-27/the-seoul-of-world-designbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice|title=The Seoul of World Design|date=2008-02-27|accessdate=2014-02-12|publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814070328/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-02-27/the-seoul-of-world-designbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |date=2012-08-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Budaya==

===Téhnologi===

Séoul boga [[infrastruktur]] nu maju sacara téhnologi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=25697|title=KOREA: Future is now for Korean info-tech|publisher=Regents of the University of California|work=AsiaMedia|date=14 June 2005}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213160036/http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=25697 |date=13 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/technology/tech-capitals-of-the-world/2007/06/16/1181414598292.html |title=Tech capitals of the world – Technology |work=The Age |date= 18 June 2007|location=Melbourne, Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boga pénétrasi [[pita lega]] [[serat kaca]] pangluhurna sadunya, nu ngahasilkeun konéksi internét panggancangna sadunya tepi ka 1 [[Gbps]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/about/fact.php |title=Hi Seoul, SOUL OF ASIA – Seoul Located In the Center of Asian Metropolises |publisher=English.seoul.go.kr |date= |accessdate=2013-08-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813063824/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/about/fact.php |date=2013-08-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/technology/22iht-broadband22.html | work=The New York Times | first=Mark | last=McDonald | title=South Korea Seeks Internet Speed of 1 Gigabit a Second | date=2011-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Séoul nyadiakeun aksés [[Wi-Fi]] gratis di luar rohangan. Proyék 47.7&amp;nbsp;miliar won ($44&amp;nbsp;yuta) ieu baris méré aksés keur warga katut nu ngaranjang di 10.430 taman, jalan katut patempatan publik lianna taun 2015.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110615/bs_afp/skoreainternettelecom Wifi in All Public Areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623182554/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110615/bs_afp/skoreainternettelecom |date=2011-06-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Musieum===
{{Main|Daptar musieum di Seoul}}
[[File:National Museum of Korea (4).jpg|thumb|[[Musieum Nasional Koréa]]]]

Di Séoul aya 115 musieum,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=401&amp;lang=eng|title=Status of Museum|accessdate=2014-09-18|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911123740/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/jsp2/Octagon/jsp/WWS7/WWSDS7100.jsp?stc_cd=401&amp;lang=eng |date=2014-09-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kaasup di antarana tilu musieum nasional katut salapan musieum kota. [[Musieum Nasional Koréa]] mangrupa musieum nu henteu ukur ngawakilan Séoul, tapi ogé ngawakilan sakabéh [[Koréa Kidul]]. Ti saprak ngadeg taun 1945, ieu musieum geus ngawangun koléksi mangrupa 220,000 artefak.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/play/seouls-best-museums-060516|title=Seoul's best museums|date=2011-10-27|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=2013-06-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916014140/http://travel.cnn.com/seoul/play/seouls-best-museums-060516 |date=2014-09-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Oktober 2005, ieu musieum pindah ka wangunan anyar di Taman Kulawarga Yongsan. [[National Folk Museum of Korea|National Folk Museum]] perenahna di dadasar [[Karaton]] [[Gyeongbokgung]] di Distrik Jongno District tur maké réplika obyék sajarah pikeun ngilustrasikeun sajarah bangsa Koréa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268152|title=National Folk Museum of Korea|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716225730/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268152 |date=2014-07-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bukchon Hanok Village]] jeung [[Namsangol Hanok Village]] mangrupa wewengkon panganjrekan heubeul nu ngandung imah, taman katut musieum tradisional Koréa [[hanok]] nu méré kasempetan keur turis pikeun ngarasakeun budaya Koréa tradisional.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264116|title=Namsangol Hanok Village|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012013656/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264116 |date=2014-10-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=561382|title=Bukchon Hanok Village|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915192817/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=561382 |date=2014-09-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Tugu Perang (Seoul)|Tugu Perang]], salah sahiji tina salapan musieum kota di Séoul, nawarkeun pangalaman édukasional katut émosional ka nu nganjanganana, ngeunaan rupa-rupa perang nu ngalibetkeun Koréa, kaasup jejer [[Perang Koréa]] themes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://content.time.com/time/travel/cityguide/article/0,31489,1848378_1848364_1848280,00.html|title=Seoul: 10 Things to Do|publisher=[[Time magazine]]|accessdate=2014-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268131|title=The War Memorial of Korea|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214214704/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268131 |date=2015-02-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pangbuian Seodaémun]] mangrupa hiji urut pangbuian nu diwangun salila penjajahan Jepang, tur kiwari dipaké keur musieum sajarah&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268143|title=Seodaemun Prison History Museum|publisher=Korea Tourism Organization|accessdate=2014-09-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604201044/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=268143 |date=2014-06-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Folk Museum of Korea.jpg|left|thumb|[[Musieum Rahayat Nasional Koréa]].]]
[[Musieum Seni Seoul]] katut [[Musieum Seni Ilmin]] ngajaga rupa wangunan heubeul nu unik sacara visual tina wangunan luhur tur modéren di sabudeureunana. Saméméhna dioperasikeun ku Déwan Kota Séoul tur boga tempat deukeuteun Karaton Gyéonghuigung, karaton karajaan dinasti Joséon. Keur lolobana jalma nu mikaresep pilem Koréa mah, [[Arsip Pilem Koréa]] ngayakeun Musieum Pilem Koréa jeung Cinematheque KOFA di puseur utamana di [[Digital Media City]](DMC), Sangam-dong. [[Tteok &amp; Kitchen Utensil Museum]] jeung [[Kimchi Field Museum]] nyadiakeun informasi nu patali jeung sajarah kulinér Koréa.

===Monumén ageman===
[[File:Myeongdongchurch.jpg|thumb|[[Katedral Myeongdong]]]]
[[File:Jongmyo-Jeongjeon.jpg|left|thumb|[[Kuil Jongmyo]], salah sahiji [[Loka Warisan Dunya UNESCO]].]]
Aya ogé wangunan rélijius nu boga pancén penting dina masarakat katut pulitik Koréa. Altar [[Wongudan]] mangrupa tempat upacara nalika para pamingpin Koréa ngayakeun ritual kasawargaan ti saprak jaman Tilu Karajaan. Ti saprak [[Dinasti Joseon]] maké [[Konghucu]] minangka idiologi nasional dina abad ka-14, ieu nagara ngawangun loba kelenténg Konghucu. Katurunan kulawarga karajaan Joséon masih neruskeun tradisi dina ngayakeun sérémoni pikeun miéling para karuhun di [[Jongmyo]]. Ieu tempat mangrupa kuil Konghucu karajaan pangkolotna nu jadi cagar tur sérémoni ritualna nuluykeun tradisi nu dijieun dina abad ka-14. [[Munmyo]] katut [[Dongmyo]] diwangun dina mangsa nu sarua. Sok sanajan Buda didedetkeun ku pamaréntahan Joséon, ieu ageman tetep aya. [[Jogyésa]] mangrupa markas gedé [[Ordo Jogyé]] [[Buda Koréa]]. Hwagyésa katut [[Bongeunsa]] ogé mangrupa [[Daptar candi Buda di Seoul|candi Buda di Seoul]] nu gedé.

[[Katedral Myeongdong]] mangrupa cicirén [[Myeongdong]], [[Distrik Jung, Seoul|Distrik Jung]] tur mangrupa garéja Katolik panggedéna nu diwangun taun 1883. Ieu garéja mangrupa lambang Katolik di Koréa. Ogé mangrupa fokus béda pamadegan pulitik taun 1980-an. Dina ieu hal, Garéja Katolik Roma kacida boga pangaruhna ka masarakat Koréa.

Loba ogé garéja Protéstan di Séoul. Nu panglobana mah [[Présbisterian]], tapi loba ogé garéja [[Métodis]], [[Baptis]], katut [[Lutheran]]. [[Garéja Yoido Full Gospel]] mangrupa garéja  [[Pantékosta]] nu patali jeung [[Majlis Pangéran]] di [[Yeouido]] di Séoul. Kalayan kurang leuwih 830.000 anggahota (2007), ieu téh mangrupa jamaah Kristen Pantékosta panglobana di dunya, nu geus kacatet dina [[Guinness Book of World Records]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

===Féstival===
Dina bulan Oktober 2012 [[KBS Hall]] di Séoul jadi tuan rumah féstival musik internasional rongkah&amp;nbsp;– [[Féstival Lagu ABU 2012|Féstival Lagu TV katut Radio ABU]] munggaran dina raraga Majlis Umum [[Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union]] ka-49 General Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ABU TV and Radio Song Festivals 2012|url=http://esckaz.com/2012/abu.htm|publisher=ESCKAZ.com|accessdate=17 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ABU GA Seoul 2012|url=http://www.abu2012seoul.com/|publisher=Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union|accessdate=17 August 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303011118/http://www.abu2012seoul.com/ |date=3 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Hi! Seoul Festival]] mangrupa hiji féstival budaya uusuman nu diayakeun opat kali sataun nalika usum semi, usum panas, usum gugur, katut usum tiis di Séoul, [[Koréa Kidul]] ti taun 2003. Ieu féstival dumasar kana &quot;Poé Warga Seoul&quot; nu diayakeun unggal Oktober ti saprak taun 1994 pikeun miéling sajarah 600 taun Séoul minangka ibu kota nagara. Ieu féstival diayakeun ku [[Pamaréntah Métropolitan Seoul]]. Taun 2012, Séoul geus jadi tuan rumah [[Ultra Music Festival]] Koréa, nyaéta féstival musik jeung ibing nu diayakeun dina ahir minggu ka-2 bulan Juni.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.umfkorea.com/&lt;/ref&gt;

===Taman===
{{further|Daptar taman di Seoul}}

[[Namsan (Seoul)|Taman Namsan]] bisa dipaké keur ''hiking'', rékréasi katut ''skyline'' keur ningali pemandangan tengah kota Séoul. [[Munara Seoul N]] perenahna di dieu. [[Taman Olimpiade, Seoul|Taman Olimpiade Seoul]] perenahna di [[Distrik Songpa]] tur diwangung keur tempat Olimpiade Usum Panas taun 1988. Pagoda 10 tingkat [[Pagoda Wongaksa|Wongaksa]] perenahna di [[Taman Tapgol]], hiji taman publik nu legana {{convert|19599|m²|0|abbr=on}}. Wewengkon sabudeureun wahangan disadiakeun minangka tempat publik keur rélaksasi jeung rékréasi. Wahangan [[Tancheon]] katut wewengkon deukeuteunana dsadiakeun minangka taman nu lega kalayan lajur keur nu laleumpang katut nu sasarapédahan.
[[Cheonggyecheon]], hiji wahangan nu panjangna {{convert|6|km|0|abbr=on}} ngaliwatan tengah kota Séoul, kasohor keur warga Séoul katut turis.
[[File:Seoul-Olympic.Park-01.jpg|left|thumb|[[Taman Olimpiade, Seoul]].]]
[[Wewengkon métropolitan]] Séoul ngawengku genep taman gedé, kaasup [[Leuweung Seoul]], nu dibuka dina panengah taun 2005. [[Wewengkon Ibu kota Nasional Seoul]] ogé boga [[beubeur héjo]] nu ditujukeun keur nyegah kota tina ''[[Urban sprawl|sprawling]]'' kaluar ka [[Babagian administratif Koréa Kidul|Propinsi]] [[Gyeonggi-do|Gyeonggi]] deukeuteunana. Ieu wewengkon mindeng ditéangan ku jalma nu hayang lumpat tina kahirupan urban dina ahir minggu jeung nalika peré.

Séoul ogé mangrupa tempat [[taman hiburan]] jero rohangan panggedéna sadunya, [[Lotte World]]. Puseur pelesir lianna nyaéta stadion Olimpiade jeung [[Stadion Piala Dunya Seoul|Piala Dunya]] katut alun-alun [[balé kota]].

==Olahraga==
[[File:Seoul.Olympic.Stadium.01 copy.jpg|thumb|[[Stadion Olimpiade Seoul]].]]

===Kompetisi internasional===

Séoul jadi tuan rumah [[Asian Games 1986]] jeung [[Asian Games 2014|2014]], ilaharna katelah [[Asian Games|Asiad]], [[Olimiape Usum Panas 1988|Olimpiade 1988]], jeung [[1988 Summer Paralympics|Paralympic Games]]. Jadi tuan rumah ogé keur [[Piala Dunya FIFA 2002]]. [[Stadion Piala Dunya Seoul]] jadi tempat pembukaan sarta tanding munggaran.

[[Taékwondo]] mangrupa olah raga nasional Koréa sarta Séoul mangrupa tempat [[Kukkiwon]], markas besar dunya taékwondo, jeung [[Federasi Taékwondo Dunya]].

===Kleub olah raga doméstik===

====Maén bal====
{{Main|Maén bal di Seoul}}
Kleub maén bal pangkasohorna di Séoul nyaéta [[FC Seoul]]. Ieu kleub mangrupa salah sahiji kleub maén bal panghasilna di Asia.&lt;br /&gt; Recently, FC Séoul jadi ''runner-up'' dina [[Liga Champion AFC 2013]].
* '''Maén bal lalaki'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Tingkat
! Liga
! Kleub
! Stadion
! Catetan
|-
| Pangluhurna
|[[K League Classic]]
|[[FC Seoul]]
|[[Seoul World Cup Stadium]] (Séoul Kalér)
|
|-
| Ka-2
|[[K League Challenge]]
|[[Seoul E-Land FC]]
|[[Olympic Stadium (Seoul)|Seoul Olympic Stadium]] (Séoul Kidul)
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| Ka-4
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[K3 League]]
|[[Seoul United FC|Seoul United]]
|[[Madeul Stadium]]
|
|-
|[[Seoul FC Martyrs]]
|Gangbuk Public Stadium
|
|-
|[[Jungnang Chorus Mustang FC|Jungnang Chorus Mustang]]
|Jungnang Public Ground
|
|}
* '''Maén bal wanoja'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Tingkat
! Liga
! Kleub
! Stadion
| Catetan
|-
| Top
|[[WK-League]]
|[[Seoul Metropolitan Government WFC]]
|[[Hyochang Stadium]], [[Seoul Olympic Stadium|Seoul Olympic Auxiliary Stadium]]
|
|-
|}

====Baseball====
Séoul boga tilu kleub baseball profésional dina cekelan [[Korean Baseball Organization|KBO]]: Salah sahiji kleub pangkolotna, [[Doosan Bears]], [[LG Twins]] katut [[Nexen Heroes]].

====Basketball====
* [[Seoul SK Knights]] jeung [[Seoul Samsung Thunders]].

==Transportasi==
{{Main|Transportasi di Seoul}}

Séoul mangrupa salah sahiji dayeuh nu infrastruktur transportasina pangmajuna sadunya nu terus kénéh dimekarkeun. Sistemna dimimitian ti mangsa [[Kamaharajaan Koréa]], nalika réngséna jalur trém munggaran katut jalan raya nu ngahubungkeun Séoul jeung Inchéon. Jalur trém pangpentingna di Séoul sapanjang Jongno diganti ku Jalur 1 sistem subway dina awal 1970-an. Jalan penting lianna di puseur karaméan Séoul kaasup [[Euljiro]], [[Téhéranno]], [[Séjongno]], [[Chungmuro]], Yulgongno, katut Toegyéro. Aya salapan jalur subway gedé nu manjang leuwih ti {{convert|250|km|0|abbr=on}}, kalayan sajalur tambahan deui nu geus dirarancang. Taun 2010, 25% populasina boga wanci  pulang anting sajam atawa leuwih.

===Beus===
{{Main|Beus Seoul}}
[[File:Seoul Buses.png|right|thumb|Beus Seoul]]
Sistem beus di Séoul dijalankeun ku Pamaréntah Métropolitan Séoul, kalayan opat konfigurasi beus primér énu sayaga keur ngaladénan lolobana tempat di ieu dayeuh. Séoul boga loba terminal antar kota atawa beus gancang nu galedé. Ieu beus ngahubungkeun Séoul jeung kota-kota di Koréa Kidul. Séoul Express Bus Terminal, Central City Terminal katut Terminal Nambu Séoul perenahna di [[Distrik Seocho]]. Minangka tambahan, Terminal Beus Séoul Wétan di [[Distrik Gwangjin]] katut Sangbong Terminal Sangbong di [[Distrik Jungnang]] dioperasikeun di béh wétan kota. Pikeun ngurangan polusi udara di wewengkon métropolitan, pamaréntah kota boga rencana pikeun ngarobah leuwih ti tujuh rébu beus nu maké mesin disel ka gas alam taun 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=337462 &quot;Seoul More Enjoyable For a Day&quot;]. Retrieved 30 July 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Subway===
[[File:Yongsansta09.jpg|thumb|[[Stasion Yongsan]]]]
{{Main|Subway Métropolitan Seoul}}
Séoul boga jajaring subway nu kompréhénsif nu ngahubungkeun unggal distrik di ieu dayeuh katut wewengkon sabudeureunana. Kalayan leuwih ti 8 yuta panumpang unggal poéna, Séoul boga [[Sistem métro dumasar kana perjalanan panumpang unggal tauna|sistem subway pangsibukna sadunya]]. Subway Métropolitan Séoul sakabéhna boga 19 jalur nu ngaladénan Séoul, Inchéon, propinsi Gyéonggi, propinsi Gangwon béh kulon, katut propinsi Chungnam béh kalér. Minangka tambahan, pikeun nyaluyukeun mangrupa-rupa moda transportasi, pamaréntah métropolitan Séoul ngagawékeun sababaraha urang ahli matématika pikeun ngoordinasikeun subway, beus, katut jadwal lalu lintas jadi tabél wanci. Sababaraha jalur dijalankeun ku [[Korail]], [[Seoul Metro]], [[Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation]], [[NeoTrans Co. Ltd.]], [[AREX]], katut Séoul Metro Line 9 Corporation.

===Karéta api===
[[File:KTX-Sancheon.jpg|thumb|[[KTX Sancheon]]]]
Séoul kasambungkeun ka unggal kota gedé di Koréa ku karéta. Séoul ogé kasambungkeun ka lolobana kota gedé di Koréa ku karéta gancang [[Korea Train Express|KTX]], nu gancang normalna leuwih ti {{convert|300|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. Stasion karéta gedé di antarana:
* [[Stasion Seoul]], [[Distrik Yongsan]]: Jalur Gyéongbu ([[KTX]]/[[Saémaul-ho|Saémaul]]/[[Mugunghwa-ho]]), Jalur Gyéongui (Saémaul/[[Komuter]])
* [[Stasion Yongsan]], [[Distrik Yongsan]]: Jalur Honam (KTX/Saémaul/Mugunghwa), Jalur Jéolla/Janghang  (Saemaul/Mugunghwa)
* [[Stasion Yeongdeungpo]], [[Distrik Yeongdeungpo]]: Jalur Gyéongbu/Honam/Janghang (Saémaul/Mugunghwa)
* [[Stasion Cheongnyangni (di luhur lemah)|Stasion Cheongnyangni]], [[Distrik Dongdaémun]]: Jalur Gyéongchun/Jungang/Yéongdong/Taebaek (Mugunghwa)

===Bandara===

Dua bandara internasional aya di Séoul. [[Bandara Internasional Gimpo]], saméméhna aya di [[Kota Gimpo|Gimpo]] tapi dicokot ku Séoul taun 1963, geus sababaraha taun (ti saprak konstruksi aslina nalika [[Perang Koréa]]) jadi bandara hiji-hijina nu ngaladénan Séoul. Bandara doméstik lianna ogé diwangun nalika ieu perang, kaasup [[Yeouido]].

Nalika dibuka bulan Maret 2001, [[Bandara Internasional Incheon]] di pulo [[Yeongjong]] di [[Incheon]] ngarobah pancén Bandara Gimpo sacara signifikan. Inchéon kiwari boga tanggung jawab keur ampir sakabéh penerbangan internasional katut sababaraha penerbangan doméstik, sedengkeun Gimpo mah ukur ngaladénan penerbangan doméstik kajaba penerbangan ka [[Bandara Hanéda]] di Tokyo, [[Bandara Internasional Kansai Osaka]], [[Bandara Songshan Taipéi]] di Taipéi, [[Bandara Internasional Hongqiao Shanghai|Bandara Hongqiao]] di Shanghai, katut [[Bandara Internasional Ibukota Béijing]] di Béijing. Ku ayana ieu hal, penerbangan ti Bandara Gimpo turun drastis, sok sanajan masih kaasup salah sahiji bandara pangsibukna ogé.

Sedengkeun, Bandara Internasional Inchéon geus jadi puseur transportasi gedé keur Asia Wétan, babarengan jeung [[Bandara Internasional Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].

Inchéon jeung Gimpo kahubungkeun ka Séoul ku jalan raya, tur di antara duanana ku [[Rél Karéta Bandara Internasinal Incheon]], nu nyambung ogé ka Inchéon jalur #1. Gimpo ogé kahubungkeun ku subway (jalur No.&amp;nbsp;5 jeung #9). Rél Karéta Bandara Internasional Inchéon, nu ngahubungkeun ieu bandara sacara langsung ka Stasion Séoul di puseur Séoul, kakara dibuka. Beus ogé mawa panumpang antara bandara Inchéon jeung Gimpo.

==Atikan==
{{further|Atikan di Koréa Kidul|Daptar universitas di Seoul}}

===Universitas===
[[File:SNU gate.jpg|left|thumb|[[Universitas Nasional Seoul]]]]
Séoul mangrupa tempat mayoritas universitas préstisius di Koréa Kidul, kaasup di antarana [[Universitas Nasional Seoul]], [[Universitas Yonséi]], [[Universitas Koréa]], [[Universitas Sogang]], [[Universitas Sungkyunkwan]], [[Universitas Hanyang]], [[Universitas Chung-Ang]], [[Universitas Dongguk]], [[Universitas Wanoja Éwha]], [[Universitas Atikan Deungeun Hankuk]], [[Universitas Hongik]], [[Universitas Kookmin]], [[Universitas Konkuk]], [[Universitas Kyung Héé]], [[Universitas Kwangwoon]], [[Universitas Atikan Nasional Seoul]], [[Universitas Soongsil]], [[Universit Wanoja Sookmyung]], katut [[Universitas Seoul]].

===Atikan sekundér===
Atikan diwajibkeun ti kelas 1–10. Murid baris ngaréngsékeun genep taun di sakola dasar, tilu taun di sakola panengah, jeung tilu taun deui di sakola luhur. Sakola sekundér ilaharna nyaratkeun yén muridna maraké seragam. Aya ujian kalulusan sangkan bisa lulus ti sakola luhur sarta loba murid nu baris asup ka tingkat universitas dipénta pikeun nyokot ''[[College Scholastic Ability Test]]'' nu diayakeun unggal Nopémber tapi maranéhanana henteu perlu milu.

Séoul mangrupa tempat [[sakola kajuruan]], kaasup tilu sakola luhur sains ([[Hansung Science High School]], [[Sejong Science High School]] jeung [[Seoul Science High School]]), katut genep sakola luhur basa deungeun ([[Daewon Foreign Language High School]], [[Daeil Foreign Language High School]], [[Ewha Girls' Foreign Language High School]], [[Hanyoung Foreign Language High School]], [[Myungduk Foreign Language High School]] jeung [[Seoul Foreign Language High School]]). Kantor Atikan Métropolitan Séoul ngawengku 235 sakola luhur persiapan paguron luhur, 80 sakola magang, 377 sakola panengah, katut 33 sakola atikan husus taun 2009.

==Hubungan mancanagara==
Séoul mangrupa anggota [[Jajaring Kota Gedé 21 di Asia]] katut [[Kelompok Kapamingpinan Iklim Dayeuh C40]].

{{See also|Daptar kota kembar katut kota baraya di Koréa Kidul}}

===Kota kembar – Kota baraya===

&lt;div class=&quot;noprint&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Séoul's [[Kota kembar katut kota baraya]] Séoul di sakuliah dunya:&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |archivedate=2012-03-25 |title=Seoul – Sister Cities [via WayBackMachine] |accessdate=2013-08-23 |work=Seoul Metropolitan Government (archived 2012-04-25) }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325052520/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/cg/cityhall.php?pidx=6 |date=2012-03-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities|accessdate=26 January 2008|work=Seoul Metropolitan Government|publisher=www.seoul.go.kr|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|archivedate=10 December 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html |date=10 December 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
{|style=&quot;width:100%&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:33.3%;&quot;|
* {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Téhéran]], [[Iran]] (1963)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=wQiJ3vBJfvQC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |title=New Economic Spaces in Asian Cities: From Industrial Restructuring to the Cultural Turn |publisher=Routledge and the Taylor &amp; Francis Group |year=2012 |accessdate=2013-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://atlas.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=252 |title=Atlas of Tehran Metropolis |publisher=Tehran Municipality |date= |accessdate=2013-10-14 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221306/http://atlas.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=252 |date=2018-10-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taipéi]], [[Taiwan]] (1968)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Taipei sisters&quot;&gt;[http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc Taipei Sister city list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410023801/http://www.edunet.taipei.gov.tw/attach/The%2045%20Sister%20Cities%20list.doc |date=2014-04-10 }} Taipei City Council&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], [[Turki]] (1971)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Honolulu]], [[Amérika Serikat]] (1973)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], [[Amérika Serikat]] (1976)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] (1977)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;São Paulo twinnings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|title=Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal – No 14471|accessdate=2013-08-23|work=Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo [Municipality of the City of São Paulo]|language=Portuguese|trans_title=Research Municipal Legislation – No 14471|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20111018123138/http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000|archivedate=2011-10-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018123138/http://www3.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cadlem/secretarias/negocios_juridicos/cadlem/integra.asp?alt=11072007L%20144710000 |date=2011-10-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;São Paulo WikiSource&quot;&gt;[http://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Lei_Municipal_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_14471_de_2007 Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007] WikiSource {{pt icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|COL}} [[Bogota]], [[Kolombia]] (1982)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia]] (1984)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
||
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]] (1988)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moskow]], [[Rusia]] (1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]n state (1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], [[Perancis]] (1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], [[Méksiko]] (1992)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Béijing]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]] (1993)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|MNG}} [[Ulaanbaatar]], [[Mongolia]] (1995)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Hanoi]], [[Viétnam]] (1996)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
||
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsawa]], [[Polandia]] (1996)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Kairo]], [[Mesir]] (1997)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Roma]], [[Itali]] (2000)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]] (2004)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Amérika Serikat]] (2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Aténa]], [[Yunan]] (2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] (2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMA sister cities&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list|title=Relationship with Sister Cities|author=International Affairs Division|work=International Affairs Division website|publisher=International Affairs Division, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration|accessdate=12 September 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611230221/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/list |date=11 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbékistan]] (2010)&lt;ref name=&quot;Seoul twinnings&quot;/&gt;
|}

==Tempo ogé==
{{Portal|Koréa}}
* [[Géografi Koréa Kidul]]
* [[Daptar kota di Koréa Kidul]]
* [[Daptar jejer nu patali jeung Koréa]]
* [[Walikota Seoul]]

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Tutumbu kaluar==
{{Wiktionary|Seoul}}

===Loka resmi===
{{commons|Seoul}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://english.seoul.go.kr/ Seoul Metropolitan Government]
* [http://opengov.seoul.go.kr/ Seoul Information &amp; Communication Plaza]

===Informasi pelesir katut tempat cicing===
* [http://www.visitseoul.net/ i Tour Seoul]&amp;nbsp;– The Official Séoul Tourism Guide Site
* [http://www.youtube.com/visitseoul VisitSeoul]&amp;nbsp;– The Official Séoul Tourism Guide YouTube Channel
* [http://www.theseoulguide.com/ Seoul Travel Guide]&amp;nbsp;– Travel information for visitors to Séoul

====Peta====
* [http://maps.visitseoul.net/index.jsp?lang=eng Seoul Map Browser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126101418/http://maps.visitseoul.net/index.jsp?lang=eng |date=2011-01-26 }} (from Séoul Metropolitan Government web site)
* [http://www.seoulmetro.co.kr/station/eng/linemap.action Seoul subway map]

===Poto===
* [http://www.seoulsnapshots.com/ Seoul Snapshots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110182715/http://seoulsnapshots.com/ |date=2016-01-10 }}
* [http://www.lovely-seoul.jimdo.com/ Pictures of Seoul]
* [http://seoulstreetart.com/ Seoul Street Art &amp; Graffiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222032809/http://www.seoulstreetart.com/ |date=2015-02-22 }}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Capital of Korea|Capital of Baekje]]| before=|after=[[Gongju|Ungjin]]|years=18 BC–475 AD}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Capital of Korea]]| before=[[Kaesong|Gaegyeong]]|after=Abolished|years=}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Capital of Korea|Capital of South Korea]]| before=New creation|after=Incumbent|years=1948–}}
{{S-end}}

{{Navboxes
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{{ABU TV Song Festival}}
}}
|}

[[Kategori:Seoul| ]]
[[Kategori:Ibukota di Asia]]</text>
      <sha1>gcspv042kcckut96v9vgbzyvz5919xd</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Suzanne Pleshette</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Gambar:Suzanne Pleshette 1963.JPG|thumb|200px|Suzanne Pleshette]]
'''Suzanne Pleshette''' ({{lahirmati||31|1|1937||19|1|2008|}}) nyaéta artis katut modél asal [[Amerika Serikat]] anu lahir di [[New York]], [[New York]].

== Filmografi ==
*''[[Spirited Away]]'' (2001)
*''[[The Lion King II: Simba's Pride]]'' (1998)&lt;ref&gt;http://articles.latimes.com/1998/oct/26/entertainment/ca-36222&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[Oh, God! Book II]]'' (1980)
*''[[Hot Stuff]]'' (1979)
*''[[The Shaggy D.A.]]'' (1976)
*''[[Support Your Local Gunfighter]]'' (1971)
*''[[Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came?]]'' (1970)
*''[[Target: Harry]]'' (1969)
*''[[If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium]]'' (1969)
*''[[The Power]]'' (1968)
*''[[Blackbeard's Ghost]]'' (1968)
*''[[The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin]]'' (1967)
*''[[Mister Buddwing]]'' (1966)
*''[[Nevada Smith]]'' (1966)
*''[[The Ugly Dachshund]]'' (1966)
*''[[A Rage to Live]]'' (1965)
*''[[Youngblood Hawke]]'' (1964)
*''[[Fate Is the Hunter]]'' (1964)
*''[[A Distant Trumpet]]'' (1964)
*''[[Wall of Noise]]'' (1963)
*''[[The Birds]]'' (1963)&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/66940{{!}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}0/The-Birds.html&lt;/ref&gt;
*''[[40 Pounds of Trouble]]'' (1962)
*''[[Rome Adventure]]'' (1962)
*''[[The Geisha Boy]]'' (1958)

== Référénsi ==
{{reflist}}

{{pondok}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pleshette, Suzanne}}
[[Kategori:Modél asal Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Artis Amerika Serikat]]</text>
      <sha1>nceqii2yeqmrtf5k7whz169t5cng7te</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Éko Patrio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>713044</id>
      <parentid>690239</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T22:31:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="1857" sha1="2spjvja6vk5sj3f2ohzky6j190ubfrs" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

'''Éko Héndro Purnomo''' atawa nu leuwih dipiwanohna mah '''Éko Patrio''' (lahir di [[:id: Tanjunganom, Nganjuk|Kecamatan Tanjunganom]], [[Kabupatén Nganjuk|Nganjuk]], [[30 Désémber]] [[1970]]) nyaéta saurang [[pulitik]]us ti [[Partéy Amanat Nasional]] anu ngajabat di [[DPR-RI periode 2009-2014]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;&gt;Kapanlagi.com, [http://kapanlagi.com/indonesia/e/eko_patrio/ Profil Eko Patrio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501044741/http://www.kapanlagi.com/indonesia/e/eko_patrio/ |date=2015-05-01 }}. Diaksés 03 Juli 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;merdeka&quot;&gt;Merdeka.com, [http://merdeka.com/profil/indonesia/e/eko-hendro-purnomo/ Biografi Eko Hendro Purnomo]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Diaksés 03 Juli 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;. Saméméh turun ka dunya [[pulitik]], Éko ngamimitian karirna minangka saurang palawak liwat grup lawakna [[Patrio]], anu harita ngan dikontrak ku [[TPI]] &lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;. Kelompok [[Patrio]] ieu pernah suksés dina mawakeun acara [[Ngelaba]] &lt;ref name=&quot;merdeka&quot;/&gt;. Éko nikah jeung istrina [[Viona Risalina]] dina tanggal [[12 Oktober]] [[2001]] &lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;.

==Atikan==
* Institut Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, [[Jakarta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;merdeka&quot;/&gt;
* [[SMA Negeri 18 Jakarta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;merdeka&quot;/&gt;
* SD Negeri 03 Pagi, Teluk Gong, [[Jakarta Kalér]]&lt;ref name=&quot;merdeka&quot;/&gt;
==Karir==
*Pelawak&lt;ref name=&quot;merdeka&quot;/&gt;
*Presenter&lt;ref name=&quot;merdeka&quot;/&gt;
*Anggota [[DPR-RI 2009-2014]]&lt;ref name=&quot;merdeka&quot;/&gt;.
==Pangajén==
*Présénter Ngetop vérsi [[SCTV Awards]], [[2005]]&lt;ref name=&quot;merdeka&quot;/&gt;
*Juara II Lomba Lawak Nasional [[RRI]]-[[TVRI]], [[1989]]&lt;ref name=&quot;merdeka&quot;/&gt;
*Juara I Lomba Baca Naskah Humor, [[Bandung]]&lt;ref name=&quot;merdeka&quot;/&gt;.
==Référénsi==
{{reflist}}{{taratas}}

[[Kategori:Anggota DPR]]
[[Kategori:Tukang bodor]]</text>
      <sha1>2spjvja6vk5sj3f2ohzky6j190ubfrs</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shin Min-ah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>713010</id>
      <parentid>654610</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T19:09:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="2299" sha1="i57sc2xi46nvf3228m9y8270s1gueia" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

[[File:Shin Min-Ah.jpg|thumb|Shin Min-ah]]
'''Shin Min-ah''' ({{lahirmati|[[Koréa Kidul]]|5|4|1984||||}}) nyaéta saurang [[aktris]] ti [[Koréa Kidul]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapan&quot;&gt;Kapanlagi.com, [http://kapanlagi.com/chinese/s/shin_min_ah/ Biografi Sin Min Ah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628122748/http://www.kapanlagi.com/chinese/s/shin_min_ah/ |date=2015-06-28 }}. Diaksés 25 Juli 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kdrama&quot;&gt;Kdrama.com, [http://kdrama.co.id/index.php/article/actor-actress/biografi/69-shin-min-ah Sin Min Ah]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Diaksés 25 Juli 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Shin Min-ah ogé aktif di dunya [[modél]] sarta jadi saurang [[panyanyi]] ogé.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapan&quot;/&gt; Mimiti turun ka dunya hiburanna dina taun [[2011]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapan&quot;/&gt; Mimitina mah Shin Min-ah dipilih jadi [[modél]] [[Kiki Magazine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapan&quot;/&gt; Ti dinya Min-ah dipikawanoh sarta meunang loba tawaran pikeun ngabéntangan sajumlah [[iklan]] boh média citak boh [[éléktronik]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapan&quot;/&gt; Shin Min-ah mingkin kakoncara sanggeus adu-akting jeung [[Hyun Bin]] dina épisode [[Summer Days]] taun [[2008]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapan&quot;/&gt; Min-ah ogé babarengan jeung [[Ry Seung-beom]] dina iklan [[LG]] Xnote anu digarap [[Yoo Hee-yeol]] sarta iklan [[pilem]] Giordano anu dibéntangan [[Jung Woo-sung]] jeung [[So Ji-sub]] taun [[2011]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapan&quot;/&gt;
Taun [[2008]], Shin Min-ah jadi aktris [[Asia]] munggaran anu ngajalanan pamotrétan bareng jeung modél [[Calvin Klein]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapan&quot;/&gt; Taun [[2011]] Min-ah kapilih minangka modél [[Asia]] munggaran pikeun proyék [[DIY]] ku mérk fashion [[Amérika]], [[Rag &amp; Bone]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapan&quot;/&gt; Ngaranna disakompétdaunkeun jeung  béntang-béntang papan luhur lianna saperti [[Miranda Kerr]], [[Carolyn Murphy]], jeung [[Karolina Kurkova]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapan&quot;/&gt;
Shin Min-ah mangrupa lulusan [[Universitas Dongguk]]. Min-ah ogé bijil di sababaraha vidio [[musik]] [[K-Pop]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapan&quot;/&gt; Min-ah ogé nyumbangkeun haleuang sorana di sababaraha [[soundtrack]], kaasup lagu [[Arang and The Magistrate]] anu jadi soundtrack pikeun pilem [[Black Moon]] produksi taun [[2012]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapan&quot;/&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Aktris Koréa Kidul]]


{{biografi-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Uhm Taé-woong</title>
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{{Infobox person
| name         = Uhm Taé-woong
| image        = (캐치미) VIP 시사회 현장 공개 (엄태웅).jpg
| birth_date   = {{Birth date and age|1974|4|5}}
| birth_place  = [[Jécheon]], [[Propinsi Chungcheong Kalér]], [[Koréa Kidul]]
| occupation   = [[Aktor]]
| education    = Paguron Luhur Kyungmin - Téater &lt;br /&gt; [[Universitas Kookmin]] - Seni Pintonan &lt;br /&gt; [[Universitas Konkuk]] - Sakola Sarjana Komunikasi Massa
| years active = 1998–kiwari
| spouse       = Yoon Hye-jin (n. 2013)
| family       = [[Uhm Jung-hwa]]
| module       = {{Infobox Korean name|child=yes|color=transparent
| hangul       = 엄태웅
| hanja        = 
| rr           = Eom Tae-ung
| mr           = Ŏm T'ae-ung
}}}}
'''Uhm Tae-woong''' ({{lahirmati|[[Jécheon]], [[Propinsi Chungcheong Kalér]], [[Koréa Kidul]]|5|4|1974||||}}) nyaéta saurang [[aktor]] asal [[Koréa Kidul]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;&gt;Kapanlagi.com, [http://kapanlagi.com/chinese/u/uhm_tae_woong/ Uhm Tae Woong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215223914/http://www.kapanlagi.com/chinese/u/uhm_tae_woong/ |date=2016-02-15 }}  Diaksés 28 Juli 2015&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ovguide&quot;&gt;Ovguide.com, [https://www.ovguide.com/uhm-tae-woong-9202a8c04000641f8000000000abb960 &quot;Uhm Tae-Woong&quot; Video]  Diaksés 28 Juli 2015&lt;/ref&gt; Tae-woong mangrupa adi ti [[panyanyi]] sakaligus [[aktris]] geulis [[Uhm Jung-hwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Bapana baheula mangrupa saurang guru sakola musik, saméméh tilar dunya ku sabab kacilakaan [[motor]] nalika Uhm Tae-woong keur dina kandungan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Uhm Tae-woong pernah papacangan jeung [[modél]] [[Lee Young-jin]] ti taun [[2007]] nepi ka taun [[2009]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Tapi antukna mah Tae-woong nikah jeung [[Yoon Hye-jin]]. Hye-jin saurang ahli [[balerina]] profésional.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Dina tanggal [[9 Januari]] [[2013]] Tae-woong jeung Hye-jin nikahna téh.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Anak awéwé munggaranna dibéré ngaran Uhm Ji-on.{{fact}} Uhm Tae-woong mimiti jadi aktor dina taun [[1998]] nalika umur 24 taun.{{fact}} Ti harita Tae-woong sabisa-bisana leupas ti kalangkang lanceukna, Uhm Jung-hwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; salah sahiji pilem anu ngaronjatkeun ngaranna nyaéta [[Silmido]] taun [[2003]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ovguide&quot;/&gt;

==Filmografi==
*[[1998]] [[The Happenings]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2003]] [[Spring Bears Love]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2003]] [[Silmido]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2004]] [[A Family]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2005]] [[Another Public Enemy]]
*[[2006]] [[Family Ties]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2007]] [[My Love]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2008]] [[Forever The Moment]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2008]] [[Sunny]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2008]] [[Iri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2009]] [[Handphone]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2009]] [[Chaw]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2010]] [[Cyrano Agency]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2011]] [[S.I.U.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2012]] [[Never Ending Story]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2012]] [[Architecture 101]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
*[[2013]] [[Top Star]]&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}
{{biografi-pondok}}

[[Kategori:Aktor Koréa Kidul]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Poliurétan</title>
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      <text bytes="5505" sha1="duuekzxdzioglss4nd2qb628t8pbo29" xml:space="preserve">'''Poliurétan''' ('''''polyurethanes''''', singketan: PUR) anu diwangun ku poliisosianat plastik atawa résin [[sintétik]] dihasilkeun tina réaksi poliadisi dina dialkohol ([[diol]]), atawa poliol. Ciri anu mandiri ieu poliurétan nyaéta grup urétan (\ mathrm {{-} {NH - CO} {-} {O -} \}).

'''Diol''' jeung diisosianat ngabalukarkeun poliurétan linéar, poliuretan dibeungkeut ku  ngaréaksikeun umpamana triisosianat campuran diisosianat jeung poliol. Hasil tina ieu réaksi nyaéta hiji substansi anu bisa waé mangrupa  [[térmosét]], [[térmoplastik]] atawa [[élastomér]]. Dina  budah/busa poliurétan mah, pangaruhna kana naha ieu busa téh heuras atawa jadi leuleus. Sanajan kitu, poliurétan ogé dipaké minangka komposisi bahan anu engkana dijieun ngagunakeun citakan/''molding'' (résin ''casting'')/(résin isosianat), saperti benang (tékstil) elastik, poliurétan cair dipaké elém poliurétan.
[[File:Haushaltsschwaemme.jpg|miniatur|hochkant=1.4|Paranti ngumbah wadah dijieun tina busa poliurétan leuleus]]
[[File:Polyurethane2.gif|miniatur|hochkant=1.4|Semprot kaléng pikeun ngahasilkeun busa PU kaku]]

==Sajarah==
Dina taun 1937 di Leverkusen  laboratorium of IG Colors pikeun mimiti panalungtikan dipingpin ku Otto bayer gugus polyurethanes disintésis. Waktu  1,4-butanediol jeung 1,8-octane diisocyanate ka dieunakeun dicampur jeung hexane-1,6-diisocyanate. Nu hasilna polyurethane dibéré ngaran  ''[[Igamid]]'' U atawa ''[[Perlon]]'' U. Mimiti taun 1940, produksi industri di Leverkusen tumuwuhna kurang gancang. Sabab [[Perang Dunya II]] jeung patali  kakurangan bahan baku, tapi pasar keur polyurethanes mimitina tumuwuh. nyaéta taun 1952 kurang ti 100 ton dina sataun, Kapanggihna ngagunakeun polyether polyols polyurethanes téh gancang Ti taun 1952 nepi ka 1954 foams/busa  poliéster geus maju  Variasi leuwih gedé  anu tuluy dironjatkeun saterusna polyurethanes dikomérsialkeun. Jadi dina taun 1960 geus leuwih ti 45.000 t nya dihasilkeun dina busa/foams ieu.
Dina taun 2002, pamakéan  sakuliah sadunya  geus dikirim  9 juta ton polyurethane, Taun 2007 éta ngaronjat deui lewih ti 12 juta ton. Satuluyna unggal taun ngaronjat  5%.&lt;ref&gt;G. Avar: ''Polyurethane (PUR).'' In: ''Kunststoffe.'' Nr. 10, 2008, S. 205–211.&lt;/ref&gt;  2011, di [[Jérman|Jerman]] Sorangan bayer AG jeung BASF ampir 1 juta ton, pamakéan  32% keur ngawangun insulasi, 20% pikeun parabot jeung kasur, 14% pikeun industri otomotif jeung 10% keur sabangsaning.

==Foam/Busa==
Busa poliuretan gampang pisan diproduksina. Kaonjoyan khusus tina  busa PUR nyaéta loba  disadiakeun ku pabrik dina wujud satengah jadi (busa dijieun barang séjén luyu jeung  pangabutuh), tapi bisa ogé meli ti pabrikna dina wujud cairan, tuluy dibawa ka tempat di mana ieu bahan di bentuk/dijieun luyu jeung kabutuhan.

Busa anu leuleus loba pisan dimangpaatkeun, lobana mah pikeun dijieun bantal, bisa bantal keur kasur, parabot rumah tangga korsi kursi, bahan tambahan kerkarpet, lapisan barang  tekstil, bisa ogé keur spon paragi ngumbah wadah  atawa ogé keur saringan. Busa PUR lolobanaa disadiakeun ku sabarahan kapadetan, lembek jeung heuras..
Ieu Busa  PUR dipaké utamana pikeun insulasi, Contona, dina wangunan, pakakas refrigeration, panas sarta storage tiis jeung sababaraha sistem plumbing (jacket plastik, pipa kimia , pipa komposit fleksibel).&lt;ref&gt;Flame Retardants Center: [http://www.specialchem4polymers.com/tc/phosphorus-flame-retardants Organic Phosphorus Compounds Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205232654/http://www.specialchem4polymers.com/tc/phosphorus-flame-retardants/ |date=2007-02-05 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.waermedaemmstoffe.com: [http://www.waermedaemmstoffe.com/htm/pur.htm ''Dämmstoff: Polyurethan-Hartschaum (PUR) und PUR-Ortschaum, Montageschaum''].&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:PMR 63x5.8 125 file2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Busa polyurethane]]
==Kagunaan==
Sababaraha pamakéan  polyurethane dina industri pamungkus fléksibel kaasup poliuretan  (anti-dampak) dipaké mungkus barang anu gampang peupeus/halus, cirina nyaéta kepadatan sél anu maruka jeung hampang (12–15&amp;nbsp;kg / m³). Aya ogé  poliuretan kaku atawa  RIM (tina  Rigid Injection Molding) anu mibanda kapadetan  (30–50&amp;nbsp;kg / m³) dari sebelumnya, tapi ciri anu mandirina mah ampir sarua. Gas anu aya dina jaringan polimér bisa nahan panas termal. Hiji  polyurethane anu kandelna 25&amp;nbsp;mm bisa nahan panas di jerona nepika 20&amp;nbsp;°C sedengkeun sisi belah luarna bisa waé robah-robah -5&amp;nbsp;°C.

== Tempo Ogé ==
*[[Polyamide]] (Disebut ogé [[nylon]])
*[[Polycarbonate]]
*[[Poliétilén]] 
*[[Poliétilén terephtalate]] (Katelah disebut PET biasana dipaké  [[botol]], ogé [[polyester]] dipaké bahan  [[baju]] 
*[[Polipropiléné]]
*[[Polistiréna]]
*[[Polyurethane]]
*[[Polyvinyl chloride]] (Katelahna PVC). biasana dipaké [[bungkus]] [[kabel]] [[listrik]]
*[[Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)]].

==Tutumbu Kaluar==
*[http://www.specialchem4polymers.com/tc/phosphorus-flame-retardants Organic Phosphorus Compounds Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205232654/http://www.specialchem4polymers.com/tc/phosphorus-flame-retardants/ |date=2007-02-05 }}
*[http://www.waermedaemmstoffe.com/htm/pur.htm ''Dämmstoff: Polyurethan-Hartschaum (PUR) und PUR-Ortschaum, Montageschaum]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150805132426/http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/toluene2.html  diisocyanate is primarily used]

{{Pondok}}
==Dicutat Tina==

[[Kategori:Plastik]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Leo Hendrik Baekeland</title>
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      <text bytes="19222" sha1="r3iwoezgl84b965nk34v1d5od5usbtp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|image       = Leo Baekeland ca 1906.jpg
|image_size  =x300px
|caption     =Portrait of Leo Baekeland in 1916.
|birth_name  =Leo Henricus Arthur Baekeland
|birth_date  =November 14, 1863
|birth_place =[[Sint-Martens-Latem]], [[Belgium]]
|death_date  ={{Death date and age|1944|2|23|1863|11|14}}
|death_place =[[Beacon, New York]], [[United States|USA]]
|known_for   =naluntik [[plastik]] , [[Bakelite]], [[Novolac]]
|awards      = [[John Scott Medal]] &lt;small&gt;(1910)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Willard Gibbs Award]] &lt;small&gt;(1913)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Perkin Medal]] {{small|(1916)}}&lt;ref name=Perkin/&gt;&lt;BR&gt;[[Franklin Medal]] &lt;small&gt;(1940)&lt;/small&gt;
|occupation=[[kimiawan]]/[[anu manggihan]]
}}
[[File:Leo Hendrik Baekeland Gravesite.JPG|250px|thumb|Kuburan-na Leo Hendrik Baekeland]] 
'''Léo Hendrik Baekeland'''('''Léo Henricus Arthur Baekeland''') nyaéta urang [[Amérika]] anu  lahir di ({{lahirmati|[[Bélgia]]|14|10|1863|[[New York]]|23|02|1944}}) nyaéta salah saurang [[ahli kimia]]. Manéhna paling dipikawanoh ku alatan pamaggihna ngeunaan kertas ''fotografik''/Velox dina taun  1893 jeung [[Bakelite]] dina taun 1907. Kasohor ogé ku sebutan  &quot; Bapa-na   [[Industri]] [[Plastik]]&quot;&lt;ref name=Landmarks&gt;{{cite book|title=Landmarks of the Plastics Industry|date=1962|publisher=Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., Plastics Division|location=England|pages=13-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|13}} anu mana plastik [[Bakelite]] pamanggih-na  kawentar, kahiji murah, ''nonflammable'', Tur sarwaguna, di mana ieu ogé engkéna mangrupa cikal bakal tina industri [[plastik]] modérn.&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/plastics/baekeland.html
|title=Chemical Achievers: Leo Hendrik Baekeland
|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation
|year=2005
|accessdate=2007-11-08
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203054604/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/plastics/baekeland.html |date=2007-02-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/baekeland.html
|title=Time 100: Leo Baekeland
|first=Ivan
|last=Amato
|date=1999-03-29
|accessdate=2007-11-08
}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106110739/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/baekeland.html |date=2007-11-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Lalakon Hirup==
'''Léo Baekeland''' gumelar di  [[Sint-Martens-Latem]], [[Belgia]] dina 14 Nopémber taun 1863,&lt;ref name=Sas&gt;{{cite book|last1=Sas|first1=Benedikt|last2=Vocht|first2=Stanislas De|last3=Jacobs|first3=Philippe|title=Intellectual Property and Assessing its Financial Value|date=2014|publisher=Chandos Publishing|location=Kidlington|isbn=9781843347927|pages=2-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-pfAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2|accessdate=1 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngaran bapana cobbler.&lt;ref name=Gratzer&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gratzer|first1=Walter|title=Giant molecules : from nylon to nanotubes|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University  Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199562138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rBp-R2k2FAC&amp;pg=PT118}}&lt;/ref&gt; Léo Baekeland dina mangsa keur leutik kénéh nganjrekna di  [[Ghent, Belgium]] nepikeun ka déwasa. Baekeland lulus  ti ''Ghent Municipal'' Sakola Tehnik kalawan meunang pamuji nepikeun ka dibéré béasiswa ku ieu Kota Ghent&lt;ref name=&quot;Bijker&quot;/&gt;{{rp|102}} pikeun diajar kimia di [[''University of Ghent'']], Saterusna Baekeland asup dina taun 1880.&lt;ref name=Landmarks/&gt;{{rp|13}}anu teu kungsi lila meunang gelar [[PhD]] kalayan lulus [[Suma cum laude]] dina umur anu kawilang ngora (21 taun).&lt;ref name=&quot;Bijker&quot;&gt;{{cite book|chapter=The Fourth Kingdom: The Social Construction of Bakelite|pages=101-198|last1=Bijker|first1=Wiebe E.|title=Of bicycles, bakelites, and bulbs : toward a theory of sociotechnical change|date=1997|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=9780262522274|edition=1st MIT Press pbk|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsbmwN8-m1cC&amp;pg=PA138|accessdate=2 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|102}}diangkat sumpahna jadi Profesor Fisika jeung Kimia di Sakola Normal ''Pemerintah Tinggi di Bruges''(1887-1889) teu kungsi lila Baekeland diangkat jadi professor kimia di Ghent dina taun 1889.&lt;ref name=Landmarks/&gt;{{rp|14}}  Baekeland rimbitan jeung Céline Swarts, putri-na profesor ''Theodore Swarts'' jeung Celine (Plattéau) Swarts, dina 8 Agustus 1889. Anak tina hasil rimbitan-na nyaéta , Géorge, Nina, jeung Jenny.&lt;ref name=NNDB&gt;{{cite web|title=Leo Baekeland|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/363/000094081/|website=NNDB Tracking the entire world|publisher=Soylent Communications|accessdate=1 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Flynn/&gt;

==Karir==
Dina taun 1889 Baekeland jeung pamajikanana meunang béasiswa pikeun indit  maguron luhur ka  [[Inggris]] jeung  [[Amérika]].&lt;ref name=Perkin&gt;{{cite journal|title=Perkin Medal Award|journal=The Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry|date=1916|volume=8|issue=2|pages=177-190|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSpGAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA178|accessdate=1 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|178}}&lt;ref name=Landmarks/&gt;{{rp|14}}  maranéhna ngajugjug [[New York City]], di dieu papanggih jeung Profesor Charles F. Chandler ti  [[Columbia]] University jeung  [[Richard Anthony]],  katut HT Anthony Ti parusahaan ''fotografi''. Nya  ''Profesor'' Charles F ieu pisan anu méré pangharepan ka  Baekeland pikeun netep/dumuk di Amérika Serikat&lt;ref name=Baekeland/&gt; Baekeland geus nyiptakeun hiji tarékah pikeun ngamekarkeun ''pelat'' ''fotografi'' ngagunakeun [[cai]] lain bahan kimia séjéna, anu geus dipaténkeun di [[Belgia]] dina taun 1887;&lt;ref name=Landmarks/&gt;{{rp|13}} &lt;ref name=&quot;Bijker&quot;/&gt;{{rp|127-129}} Anthony nempo kana ieu  potensi Baekeland dina widang kimia sok sanajan ngorakénéh   tuluy waé manéhna (Anthony ) nawarkeun pagawéan ka Baekeland.
.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bijker&quot;/&gt;{{rp|130}}&lt;ref name=gehani&gt;{{cite book | last = Gehani | first = R. Ray | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Management of Technology and Operations | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | year = 1998 | location = | pages = [https://archive.org/details/managementoftech0000geha/page/81 81]–82 | url =https://archive.org/details/managementoftech0000geha| doi = | id = | isbn = 0-471-17906-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baekeland digawé pikeun parusahaan Antony salila dua taun, teu kungsi lila tuluy muka usaha sorangan dina  taun 1891 dina widang konsultan kimia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bijker&quot;/&gt;{{rp|130}} Tapi ieu henteu lila manéhna balik deui kana ''kertas'' foto anu geus ditaluntik leuwih jero tur ngahasilkeun di mana  bisawaé gambar anu bakal dicitak bisa digedékeun ukuran-na henteu kudu maké cahaya lampu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chemical Age, Velox&quot; &gt;{{Cite book
  |title=This Chemical Age
  |chapter=XIX: Materials for To-morrow
  |last=Haynes  |first=Williams
  |publisher=[[Secker and Warburg]]  |location=London
  |year=1946
  |ref=harv
  |pages=238–239
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus dua taun usaha satékah polah  pikeun ngahasilkeun karya tulis anu sampurna anu dibéré judul  &quot;Velox&quot;. Nincak mangsana  [[Amérika]] ngarandapan katalangsara ku alatan  ''résési'' katambah teuaya  ''invéstor'' atawa anu meuli kana produk anyarna.  Antukna   Baekeland ngayakeun gawé bareng jeung Léonard Jacobi  ditululuykeun ku  ngadegkeun pausahan ''(Nepera Kimia )'' di Nepera Park, [[New York]]. Saterusna ieu jadi ''suksés'' ''komérsil'' kertas fotografik&lt;ref name=&quot;Bijker&quot;/&gt;{{rp|131-135}}&lt;ref name=gehani/&gt;

Dina taun 1899, Jacobi, Baekeland, jeung  Albert Hahn, ngajual Nepera ka Géorge éastman asalna ti éastman Kodak Co hargana $750,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Jenkins | first = Reese V. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Images and Enterprise: Technology and the American Photographic Industry, 1839 to 1925 | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | year = 1975 | location = Baltimore, MD | pages = [https://archive.org/details/imagesenterprise0000jenk/page/191 191]–201 | url =https://archive.org/details/imagesenterprise0000jenk| doi = | id = | isbn = 0801815886}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{#tag:ref|Haynes&lt;ref name=&quot;Chemical Age, Velox&quot; /&gt; quotes a surprising immediate offer of $1,000,000, when Baekeland had been hoping for $50,000 at most.}} tina ieu transaksi Baekeland kabagéan kurang leuwih $215,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bijker&quot;/&gt;{{rp|134-136}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Mercelis|first=Joris|title=Leo Baekeland's Transatlantic Struggle for Bakelite: Patenting Inside and Outside of America|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_technology-and-culture_2012-04_53_2/page/372|journal=Technology and Culture|year=2012|volume=53|issue=2|page=372|doi=10.1353/tech.2012.0067}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Tuluy waé Baekeland meuli &quot;Snug Rock&quot;, hiji imah  di Yonkers, [[New York]], di dieu Baekeland ngawangun ''laboratorium'' pribadi anu pereték/lengkep.

salah sahiji katangtuan dina mangsa ngajual ieu  ''Nepera'', nyaéta Baekeland kudu panuju pikeun henteu ngayakeun deui panalungtikan dina widang ''fotografi'' sahenteuna dina [[waktu]] 20 taun. Manéhna kudu nalungtik widang anu séjén. Dimimitian ku balik deui ka [[Jerman]] dina taun 1900,  &quot;geusan nyoréang deui perkara éléktrokimia&quot; di Institut Tehnis di Charlottenburg.&lt;ref name=Landmarks/&gt;{{rp|14}}

Dina mangsa mulang deui ka  [[Amerika Serikat]], Baekeland sanajan henteu lila mantuan ''Clinton Paul Townsend'' jeung ''Elon Huntington Hooker'' ngaréngsékeun dina ngamekarkeun produksi  sél éléktrolit anu hadé. Baekeland dipercaya jadi [[konsultan]] ''independen'', anu mana diamanatkeun pikeun ngawangun jeung ngoperasikeun pabrik ''percontohan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bijker&quot;/&gt;{{rp|138-139}} Baekeland ngamekarkeun sel ''diafragma'' kuat pikeun ''prosés''  ''chloralkali'', maké [[kaén]] [[tinun]] asbés dieusian ku campuran [[oksida]] [[beusi]], ramat asbés jeung beusi [[hidroksida]]. Hasil Baekeland nyampurnakeun ieu penting dina mangsa ngadeg na  ''Hooker Chemical Company'' dina ngawangun  salah sahiji [[pabrik]] [[elektrokimia]]pang gedéna sadunya.&lt;ref name=Landmarks/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;salt&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Thomas |first=Robert E. |date=1955 |title=Salt &amp; Water, Power &amp; People: A Short History of Hooker Electrochemical Co. |url= |location=Niagara Falls, NY |publisher=Hooker Chemical Co. |pages=109 |isbn=1258790807}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kapanggihna Bakelite==
Sanggeus suksés tina ''Velox'', Baekeland indit kaluar pikeun manggihan widang anu lian anu leuwih ngajangjikeun pikeun pangwangunan kimiawi. Saperti  anu dipigawé saméméhna nyaéta  Velox. Naha Baekeland asup kana widang [[resin]] [[sintétis]], Baekeland ngajawab  pikeun ngahasilkeun duit.&lt;ref name=Baekeland&gt;{{cite web|title=Leo Hendrik Baekeland|url=http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/petrochemistry-and-synthetic-polymers/synthetic-polymers/baekeland.aspx|website=Chemical Heritage Foundation|accessdate=2 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; dina taun 1900-an, kimiawan geus mimiti sadar yén loba résin alami jeung serat éta [[polimér|polymeric]], istilah anu piwanoh dina taun 1833 ku [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]].&lt;ref name=Jensen&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Jensen|first1=William B.|title=Ask the Historian:  The origin of the polymer concept|url=http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/141.%20Polymer.pdf|pages=624-625|publisher=University of California|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|date=2008|volume=85}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125718/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/141.%20Polymer.pdf |date=2018-06-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Westman&gt;{{cite web|last1=Westman|first1=M.|last2=Laddha|first2=S.|last3=Fifield|first3=L.|last4=Kafentzis|first4=T.|last5=Simmons|first5=K.|title=Natural fiber composites: a review|url=http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19220.pdf|publisher=Pacific North National Laboratory|accessdate=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Adolf von Baeyer]] geus  nyobaan [[fenol]] jeung  [[aldehida]] dina  taun 1872, utamana [[Pyrogallol]] jeung [[benzaldehida]]manéhna nyiptakeun hiji [[zat]] &quot;katempona hideung&quot; anu dianggapnya henteu  aya gunana jeung heneuweuh hubungana jeung panalungtikan-na pikeun kelir sintetis. tina 115 murid Baeyer. Werner Kleeberg, nyobaan ogé  [[fenol]] jeung [[formaldehidadina]]dina  taun 1891, Baekeland mimiti nalungtik réaksi fenol jeung formaldehida. [11] Baekeland suhud kana tujuan saméméhna nyaéta ngadeukeutan cara anu  ''sistematis'', ati-ati ngatur jeung nyoba pangaruh tina suhu, tekenan ogé takaran  bahan anu dipaké.&lt;ref name=Landmarks/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bijker&quot;/&gt;{{rp|144-145}}

Hasil tina panalungtikan nyaéta ayana hiji bahan anu bisa dimekarkeun pikeun nyieun lak. Baekeland menghasilkan lak tina ngahijikeun fenol-formaldehida  disebut &quot;novolak&quot; tapi sapaniténan ieu hasilna kurang kuat. Ku alatan éta  pamanggihna hente dimekarkeu pikeun dijual.&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage&quot;/&gt;

Baekeland henteu bosen nalungtik hasil tina nyampurkeun ''fenol'' jeung ''formaldehida'', ku lantaran Baekeland mibanda kayakinan di mana éta hasil tina nyampurkeun  bahan bieu  bisa digunakan sajeroeun prosés maké citakan. ku jalan ngontrol tekenan jeung suhu salila nyampurkeun ieu ''fenol'' jeung ''formaldehida'', manéhna nyawang yén hasil panalntikanna bisa diolah ku jalan ngagunakeun citakan: Bakelite ddijieun tina fenol, ka dieunakeun dipiwanoh  asam karbol, jeung formaldehid. Ngaran kimia tina  Bakelite nyaéta [[''polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride'']]
Dina taun  1917 Baekeland kapeto jadi  profesor husus di ''Columbia University'' The Smithsonian anu eusina cutatan ti  ''County West Chester Court House di White Plains, NY'', nétélakeun kana diakuna jadi warganagara dina 16 Desémber taun 1919.&lt;ref name=Harding&gt;{{cite web|last1=Harding|first1=Robert|title=Guide to the Leo H. Baekeland Papers NMAH.AC.0005|url=http://amhistory.si.edu/archives/AC0005.pdf|website=Smithsonian National Museum of American History|date=1994|accessdate=1 September 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623030000/http://amhistory.si.edu/archives/AC0005.pdf |date=23 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Westchester&gt;{{cite web|title=County of Westchester|url=http://ids.si.edu/ids/deliveryService?id=NMAH-AC0005-0000049-000001|website=sdfsdf|accessdate=1 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1922, saenggeus litigasi patén nguntungkeun  Baekeland, General Bakelite Co, anu geus ngadeg dina taun  1910, bareng jeung  Condensite Co diadegkeun ku  Aylesworth, jeung  Redmanol Chemical Products Co diadegkeun ku  LV Redman, ngayakeun gawe bareng jeung pausahaan  Bakelite

Kapanggihhna ieu Bakelite bisa disebutkeun ogé gumelarna tina [[plastik]]. Bakelite nyaéta plastik munggaran bisa ''dibentuk''  di mana geus dipanaskeun heula saméméhna. Radio, [[telepon]] dan [[isolator]] [[listrik]] dijieun tina Bakelite ku sabab [[isolasi]] listrik anu hadé jeung kuat ku panas. Teu kungsi lila ti harita pamangpaatan ieu Bakelite sumebar méh ka unggal  industri&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot;/&gt;

Baekeland loba pisan narima penghargaan jeung kahormatan, kaasup  Medali Perkin dina taun 1916 jeung  Medali Franklin dina taun 1940. dina taun  1978 manéhna dilantik kalayan  anumerta mangrupa salah saurang pamanggih  Nasional ''Hall of Fame di Akron'', Ohio.&lt;ref name=Flynn&gt;{{cite web|last1=Flynn|first1=Tom|title=Yonkers, Home of the Plastic Age|url=http://www.yonkershistory.org/bake.html|accessdate=2 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tilar Dunya==
Baekeland dinamangsana geus kolot manéhna ngalaman loba masalah, nyaéta ayana pacéngkadan ngeunaan gaji jeung masalah-masalah anu séjéna jeung anakna sorangan. Manéhna ngajual ''General Bakelite Company'' ka [[''Union Carbide'']] dina taun 1939 jeung ti saprak éta ogé dititah pangsiun ku anakna. Tuluy waé manéhna méakeun waktu pikeun istirahat, dahar sakabéh dahareun  kaléng-an jeung mibanda kahayang ngamekarkeun hiji taman tropis gedé pisan dina usum tiris [[Coconut Grove, Florida]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Fairchild | first = David | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The World Grows Round My Door | publisher = Charles Scriber's Sons | year = 1948 | location = New York | page = 258 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baekeland tilar dunya ku lantaran [[cerebrovascular]] dina hiji sanatorium [[Beacon, New York]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author= |agency= |title=Leo Baekeland Dead, Created Bakelite. Chemist Noted for Invention in Plastics. Produced Velox, a Photographic Paper |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A06E1DF113CE03ABC4C51DFB466838F659EDE |quote= |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=February 24, 1944 |accessdate=2015-04-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Baekeland dikuburkeun di [[Sleepy Hollow Cemetery]] in [[Sleepy Hollow, New York]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=7704571|title=Leo Hendrik Baekeland (1863 - 1944) - Find A Grave Memorial|work=findagrave.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Barang-barang tina Bakelite==

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Bakelite_bangles.jpg  | [[Geulang]] tina Bakelite
File:Doppelstecker2.jpg  | [[Dop steker]]
File:Ericsson_bakelittelefon_1947.jpg  |[[telepon]] Bakelite
File:Bakelite_fishtank_cover.jpg  | Tutup Wadah
File:Knobs_bakelite.jpg  | Knop 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tempo Ogé==
* [[Bakelite]]
* [[Plastik]]
* [[Injeksi|Mesin Injéksi]]
* [[Termoplastik|Térmoplastik]]

==Dicutat tina==

{{reflist|33em}}

;Baca Ogé
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Craig |first=John A. |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=April 1916  |title=Leo Hendrik Baekeland: The Latest Winner Of The Perkin Medal |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXXI |issue= |pages=651–655 |id= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=09_Sr9emceQC&amp;pg=PA651 |accessdate=2009-08-04 |quote= }}
* {{cite encyclopedia
  | last = Farber
  | first = Eduard
  | title = Baekeland, Leo Hendrik
  | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]
  | volume = 1
  | pages = 385
  | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
  | location = New York
  | year= 1970
  | isbn = 0-684-10114-9
 }}
{{Refend}}

==Tutumbu Kaluar==
{{Commons category|Leo Hendrik Baekeland}}
*[http://www.baekelandfonds.com The Baekeland fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604222442/http://www.baekelandfonds.com/ |date=2019-06-04 }}
*{{Find a Grave|7704571}}
*[http://www.bakelitemuseum.de A virtual Bakelite museum with a short biography of Leo Baekeland]
*[http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/plastics/baekeland.html Chemical Achievers: Leo Hendrik Baekeland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203054604/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/plastics/baekeland.html |date=2007-02-03 }}
*[http://juliensart.be/bakeliet Virtual Bakelite Museum of Ghent 1907–2007]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990610,00.html ''Time'', Mar. 29, 1999, Chemist LEO BAEKELAND] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826120201/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990610,00.html |date=2013-08-26 }}
*[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/baekeland-leo-h.pdf National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002518/http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/baekeland-leo-h.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}
{{pondok}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baekeland, Leo}}
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  <page>
    <title>Sorbitol</title>
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[[File:Sorbit_Molek%C3%BClbaukasten_9586.JPG|thumb|250px|Molekul Sorbitol]]
'''Sorbitol''' ogé dipiwanoh ''glucitol (E420)'' atawa  ''hexanéhexol'', yaéta mangrupa gula alkohol&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.apoteker.info/Topik%20Khusus/sorbitol.htm Sorbitol salah sahiji gula alkohol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019061743/http://www.apoteker.info/Topik%20Khusus/sorbitol.htm |date=2015-10-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; anu mibanda rasa  kareueut. Sorbitol umumna dijieun  tina sirop [[jagong]], tapi teu saeutik ogé dijieun tina bahan buah séjéna. Saperti [[apel]], [[pir]], [[pérsik]] jeung anu séjéna&lt;ref name=&quot;Kearsley, M. W. pp 249-249&quot;&gt;Kearsley, M. W.; Deis, R. C. Sorbitol and Mannitol. In Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology; Ames: Oxford, 2006; pp 249-249-261.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Sorbitol dingaranan [[gula]] [[alkohol]] ku alatan dipibanda ku jalan ''ngaréduksi'' [[glukosa]], ngarobah gugus ''aldehid'' ngajadi gugus ''hidroksil'' nyaéta anu dipiwanoh  ''glusitol'', nyaéta salah sahiji  gula alkohol anu  ''dimetabolisme'' lalaunan sajeroeun [[awak]].  Sorbitol ngurangan  ''Polyolform'' anu  ''heksosa glukosa'' &lt;ref&gt;Wissenschaft-Online-Lexika: ''Eintrag zu „D-Glucitol“ im Lexikon der Biochemie,'' abgerufen am 2. August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;, ''fruktosa'', jeung ''sorbose'' ku jalan di''hidrogenasi'' minangka katalis atawa ''elektrokimia''  dinamangsa keur dijieuna.&lt;ref name=Teo&gt;{{cite journal | pmid = 17132742 | year = 2006 | last1 = Teo | first1 = G | last2 = Suzuki | first2 = Y | last3 = Uratsu | first3 = SL | last4 = Lampinen | first4 = B | last5 = Ormonde | first5 = N | last6 = Hu | first6 = WK | last7 = Dejong | first7 = TM | last8 = Dandekar | first8 = AM | title = Silencing leaf sorbitol synthesis alters long-distance partitioning and apple fruit quality | volume = 103 | issue = 49 | pages = 18842–7 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0605873103 | pmc = 1693749 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gula alkohol, sakapeung disebut ogé ''poliol'', nyaéta kaasupkeun salah sahiji [[karbohidrat]] anu diserep ku padaharan  leuwih lila  atawa henteu sampurna ti batan gula anu séjéna. [[Gula]] alkohol saperti  '''sorbitol''', [[manitol]], [[maltitol]], jeung  [[xylitol]]. Gula [[alkohol]] mibanda [[kalori]] saeutik nu matak mindéng dipaké pikeun diét. Hanjakalna saenggeusna dikonsumsi ieu gula bisa ngabalukarkeun henteu ngareunah padaharan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/gula-alkohol/  Gula Alkohol ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112233324/http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/gula-alkohol/ |date=2015-11-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kagunaan==
===Pangamis===
Kakuatan pangamis sorbitol nyaéta  0,5-0,6 dibandingkeun jeung [[sukrosa]]. Pangamis ieu leuwih kareueut ti batan  [[isomalt]] (''power'' 0,3-0,4 pangamis) tapi masih kénéh sahandapeun ti[[xylitol]] (Pangamis ka-1).
Sorbitol mangrupa gaganti [[gula]] anu mibanda rasa kareueut  60%na tina gula méja biasa ([[sukrosa]]). INS na E dina nomer 420  kacatet mangrupa bahan aktif anu geus kadaptar pikeun sababaraha méré k barang jeung [[Dahareun|kadaharan]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Gaganti gula]]&lt;/ref&gt;.
Sorbitol kasebut pangamis anu ngandung [[gizi]] lantaran unggal gram  mibanda  énérgi diet: 2,6 kilokalori (11 kilojoule)   rata-rata karbohidratna 4 kilokalori (17 kilojoule). Dumasar éta sorbitol mindeng dimangpaatkeun pikeun kadaharan katut inuman diet, [[és]] krim, [[permén]], Ubar [[batuk]] sirop,  jeung [[permén karét]] bébas gula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |last2=Farrell |title=Biochemistry |location= |publisher=Brooks/Cole |edition=Seventh |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-111-42564-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Laxative===
Sorbitol bisa ogé dimangpaatkeun pikeun méré sihan [[peujit]] /''pencahar'' biasana diinumkeun. Saperti [[gula]] [[alkohol]] séjéna, di mana ngadahar dahareun anu ngandung sorbitol bisa ngarandapan teu genah padaharan, di dieu pisan mangpaatna Sorbitol anu geus ditambah éfék pencahar bisa ''ngarangsang'' [[peujit]] jadi usik/ngusiel anu antukna bisa méré sihan padaharan (''usus besar''),&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CDG/content/CDG_sorbitol.asp ACS :: Cancer Drug Guide: sorbitol&lt;!--Bot generated title --&gt;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630001051/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CDG/content/CDG_sorbitol.asp |date=2007-06-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalawan menang ijin ti Dokter sorbitol geus ditangtukeun aman pikeun dikonsumsi ku kolot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | pmid = 11401245 | year = 2001 | last1 = Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis | first1 = M | last2 = Bowen | first2 = PE | last3 = Hussain | first3 = EA | last4 = Damayanti-Wood | first4 = BI | last5 = Farnsworth | first5 = NR | title = Chemical composition and potential health effects of prunes: a functional food? | url = https://archive.org/details/critical-reviews-in-food-science-and-nutrition_2001_41_4/page/251 | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 251–86 | doi = 10.1080/20014091091814 | journal = Critical reviews in food science and nutrition}}&lt;/ref&gt; sorbitol katitenan aya dina sababaraha buah garing di mana bisa berkontribusi dina perkara pencahar/meresihan peujit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Panda|first=H.|title=The Complete Book on Sugarcane Processing and By-Products of Molasses (with Analysis of Sugar, Syrup and Molasses)|year=2011|publisher=ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc|isbn=8178331446|page=416|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2UM4AQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=sorbitol+in+molasses&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s}}&lt;/ref&gt; kapanggih ogé dina buah [[apel]], pir, céri, [[pérsik]] jeung [[aprikot]].

===Aplikasi médis===
Sorbitol dipaké tempat pikeun baktéri ngabédakeun pathogenic Escherichia coli O157: H7 ti séjéneun golongn  E. coli, biasana henteu bisa ngapermentasi sorbitol sakumaha anu kasebut biasana henteu mampuh of fermenting sorbitol, tapi 93% anu dipikawanoh tina jalur E bisa ngalaksanakeuna.&lt;ref name=wells_1983_101&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wells JG, Davis BR, Wachsmuth IK, etal |title=Laboratory investigation of hemorrhagic colitis outbreaks associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype|journal=Journal of clinical microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=512–20| date=September 1983 |pmid=6355145|pmc=270845|doi=|url=http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=6355145|quote=The organism does not ferment sorbitol; whereas 93% of E. coli of human origin are sorbitol positive}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Hiji tarékah pikeun ngubaran ngagunakeun  sorbitol ku jalan nukeur resin ''ion natrium polistiren sulfonat'' (merek dagang  ''Kayexalate''), bisa ngabantu ngaleungitkeun kaleuwihan  [[ion]] [[kalium]] dinamangsa ngarandapan  ''[[hyperkalaemic]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Rugolotto S, Gruber M, Solano PD, Chini L, Gobbo S, Pecori S |title=Necrotizing enterocolitis in a 850 gram infant receiving sorbitol-free sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate): clinical and histopathologic findings |journal=J Perinatol |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=247–9 | date=April 2007 |pmid=17377608 |doi=10.1038/sj.jp.7211677 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Dina taun 2010 US FDA ngabéwarakeun ngeunaan naékna risiko pikeun GI nekrosis tina ieu kombinasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/ucm186845.htm|title=Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) powder|work=fda.gov|accessdate=12 July 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504131832/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/ucm186845.htm |date=4 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sorbitol ogé dimangpaatkeun pikeun neundeun dosis tunggal obat ''cair'' ieu sarua jeung tablét anu digunakeun pikeun ngatur dosis dina obat padet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Catalent Softgel website&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.catalent.com/offerings/drug-delivery/drug-delivery-oral/softgel-technology|title=Home - Catalent|work=catalent.com|accessdate=12 July 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107103258/http://www.catalent.com/offerings/drug-delivery/drug-delivery-oral/softgel-technology/ |date=7 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kadaharan jeung kosmétik===
Sorbitol mindeng dipaké pikeun ''[[humektan]]'' jeung pengentel bahan  [[kosmétik]] modérén.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bttcogroup.in/sorbitol-70.html|title=Sorbitol 70%|work=bttcogroup.in|accessdate=12 July 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710015140/http://www.bttcogroup.in/sorbitol-70.html |date=10 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; dipaké ogé dina  obat kekemu/kumur-kumur  jeung ''pasta''  [[huntu]]. Sababaraha rupa gél anu ''transparan'' bisa ogé dijieun tina sorbitol, [[permén karét]] bébas [[gula]] contona ngamangpaatkeun sorbitol ku lantaran wujudna anu hérang transparan.

==Balukar ''overdosis''==
Sorbitol bisa ngabalukarkeun bunghak/''kembung'', nyeri beuteung, diaré sedeng nepikeun ka parah. Lamun seug didahar dina jumlah anu loba teuing atawa henteu luyu jeung aturan.
Konsumsi Sorbitol 20 gram (0,7 oz) dina sapoé&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | pmid = 17171792 | year = 2006 | last1 = Islam | first1 = MS | last2 = Sakaguchi | first2 = E | title = Sorbitol-based osmotic diarrhea: possible causes and mechanism of prevention investigated in rats | volume = 12 | issue = 47 | pages = 7635–41 | journal = World journal of gastroenterology : WJG}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Sawaréh tina permén karét anu dikonsumsi geus ngabalukarkeun turunna beurat awak anu teu dipiharep, aya ogé anu kudu mondok dirumah sakit  ieu ku alatan ''ngonsumsi'' 30 gram (1 ons) dina sapoé  teu karasa tina sorbitol anu dicampur pikeun bahan pangamis [[permén karét]] 
&lt;ref name=&quot;titleSweetener Side Effects: Case Histories&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20080110/sweetener-side-effects-case-histories |title=Sweetener Side Effects: Case Histories |date=2008-01-10
| author=Kathleen Doheny|publisher=WebMD Medical News|
accessdate=2008-01-10 |format= |work=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
==Tutumbu Kaluar==
#[http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/gula-alkohol Gula alkohol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112233324/http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/gula-alkohol/ |date=2015-11-12 }}
#[http://www.ikatanapotekerindonesia.net/articles/general-articles/1328-produk-sugar-free-aman-untuk-gula-darah.html  Kadaharan Bébas Gula] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929190911/http://www.ikatanapotekerindonesia.net/articles/general-articles/1328-produk-sugar-free-aman-untuk-gula-darah.html |date=2015-09-29 }}
#[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=mha5QZs5v84C&amp;pg=PA539&amp;lpg=PA539&amp;dq=makanan+mengandung+sorbitol&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=YiGJZXuuEN&amp;sig=cUBA2GeG77u7Y363ZMzZMqj76EM&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CDYQ6AEwBDgKahUKEwjlwrLH_7nIAhVRS44KHVB8BDQ#v=onepage&amp;q=makanan%20mengandung%20sorbitol&amp;f=false Buah anu ngandung sorbitol]
#[http://journal.unair.ac.id/filerPDF/DENTJ-38-1-07.pdf ManagpaatSorbitol]
{{pondok}}
==Dicutat Tina==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Kategori:Kadaharan]]
[[Kategori:Gula]]
[[Kategori:Kimia]]</text>
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    <title>Taro Aso</title>
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      <text bytes="4643" sha1="nexs241zr3i9tf6i4b0mu4rbosfoa9z" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Prime Minister
| name          = Taro Aso
| image         = Taro Aso in World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos (cropped).jpg
| office        = Perdana Menteri Jepang
| order         = 92
| term_start    = 24 September 2008
| term_end      = 16 September 2009
| monarch       = [[Akihito]]
| predecessor   = [[Yasuo Fukuda]]
| successor     = [[Yukio Hatoyama]]
| parliament2   = Majelis Rendah Jepang
| constituency_MP2= Distrik 8 Fukuoka
| term_start2   = 1996
| term_end5     = Masih menjabat
| predecessor2  = 
| successor2    = 
| constituency2 = Distrik 8 Fukuoka
| majority2     = 145.229 (56,89%) dina [[pemilihan umum Jepang, 2005|2005]]
| order3        = [[Menteri Luar Negeri Jepang]]
| term_start3   = 31 Oktober 2005
| term_end3     = 27 Agustus 2007
| predecessor3  = [[Nobutaka Machimura]]
| successor3    = [[Nobutaka Machimura]]
| constituency3 = 
| majority3     = 
| order4        = [[Menteri Urusan Internal jeung Komunikasi Jepang]]
| term_start4   = 22 September 2003
| term_end4     = 31 Oktober 2005
| predecessor4  = [[Toranosuke Katayama]]
| successor4    = [[Heizō Takenaka]]
| constituency4 = 
| majority4     = 
| order5        = [[Menteri Ekonomi, Perdagangan dan Industri Jepang|Direktur Jenderal Badan Perencanaan Ekonomi Jepang]]
| term_start5   = 7 November 1996
| term_end5     = 11 September 1997
| predecessor5  = [[Shusei Tanaka]]
| successor5    = [[Koji Omi]]
| constituency5 = 
| majority5     = 
| birth_date    = {{tanggal lahir dan umur|mf=yes|1940|9|20|mf=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Iizuka, Fukuoka|Iizuka]], [[Prefektur Fukuoka]]
| spouse        = Chikako
| party         = [[Partai Demokrat Liberal (Jepang)|Partai Demokrat Liberal]]
| relations     = 
| religion      = [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Katolik Roma]]
}}
({{Nihongo|'''Taro Aso'''|麻生太郎|Asō Tarō|{{lahirmati|[[Iizuka, Fukuoka|Iizuka]], [[Préféktur Fukuoka]], [[Jepang]]|20|9|1940}}}} nyaéta [[politikus]] sakaligus [[pangusaha]] [[Jepang]] jeung mantan [[Perdana Mantri Jepang]]. Aso ogé ngajabat Ketua [[Partai Demokrat Liberal (Jepang)|Partai Demokrat Liberal]] (LDP), jeung geus jadi anggota [[Majelis Rendah Jepang]] ti taun 1979 (9 kali masa jabatan). Ketua faksi [[Ikōkai]] (faksi Aso) di faksi [[Partai Demokrat Liberal (Jepang)|Partai Demokrat Liberal]]. Manéhna ogé kungsi jadi [[Menteri Luar Negeri Jepang|Menteri Luar Negeri]] (2005-2007) di kabinet Perdana Menteri [[Shinzo Abe]] jeung [[Junichiro Koizumi]], Ketua Riset Kabijakan Partai Demokrat Liberal, jeung Sekretaris Jenderal LDP dina taun [[2007]] dan [[2008]].

Dina tanggal [[22 Séptémber]] 2008, Aso dipilih mingka pangganti [[Yasuo Fukuda]] minangka Ketua LDP. Dua poé saeunggeusna, Majelis Rendah Jepang milih Aso minangka Perdana Menteri.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26401751/ Japan's Taro Aso wins PM vote in lower house] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927075515/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26401751/ |date=2008-09-27 }}, ''Associated Press'' 24 September 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina [[Olimpiade Montreal 1976]], Aso ngawakilkan Jepang atlet [[nembak]] nomer [[skeet and trap]] jeung hasil urutan nomer 41 dunia. Mantan direktur eksekutif [[Lafarge Aso Cement]].

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{commonscat}}
* {{ja}} [http://www.aso-taro.jp/ Situs resmi]

{{s-start}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Partai Demokrat Liberal (Jepang)|Sekretaris Jenderal LDP]] | years=2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bunmei Ibuki]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bunmei Ibuki]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Partai Demokrat Liberal (Jepang)|Sekretaris Jenderal LDP]] | years=2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hiroyuki Hosoda]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Yasuo Fukuda]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Partai Demokrat Liberal (Jepang)|Ketua Partai Demokrat Liberal]] | years=2008–2009}}
{{s-inc}}
{{S-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Isamu Miyazaki]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[Direktur Jenderal Badan Perencanaan Ekonomi Jepang]] | years=1996-1997}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Koji Omi]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Fukushiro Nukaga]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Menteri Negara Kebijakan Fiskal dan Ekonomi Jepang]]| years=Januari 2001-April 2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Heizo Takenaka]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Toranosuke Katayama]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Menteri Urusan Internal dan Komunikasi Jepang]]| years=2003-2005}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Heizo Takenaka]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nobutaka Machimura]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Menteri Luar Negeri Jepang]]| years=2005-2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nobutaka Machimura]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Yasuo Fukuda]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Perdana Menteri Jepang]] | years=2008–2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yukio Hatoyama]]}}
|}

{{Perdana Menteri Jepang}}

[[Kategori:Perdana Menteri Jepang]]


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    <title>Nagara Islam Irak jeung Syam</title>
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[[File:AQMI Flag.svg|thumb|right|AQMI Flag]]
{{Redirect|&quot;ISIL&quot;, &quot;ISIS&quot;, &quot;Daish&quot;, &quot;Daesh&quot; jeung &quot;kelompok Nagara Islam&quot;|kagunaan séjén|ISIS (disambiguasi)}}
'''Nagara Islam Irak jeung Syam''' ('''NIIS''' atawa ''ISIL''; {{lang-ar|الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام}}), dipikawanoh ogé ku sebutan '''Nagara Islam Irak jeung Suriah''' ('''NIIS''' atawa ''ISIS''), '''Nagara Islam Irak jeung asy-Syam''',&lt;ref name=&quot;ISIS or ISIL? The debate&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Tharoor |first1=Ishaan |title=ISIS or ISIL? The debate over what to call Iraq's terror group |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/06/18/isis-or-isil-the-debate-over-what-to-call-iraqs-terror-group/?_ga=1.75244306.1823250761.1403224335 |accessdate=23 Januari 2016 |work=The Washington Post |date=18 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Daesh''', atawa '''Nagara Islam''' ('''NI''' atawa ''IS''),&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=What is Islamic State?|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29052144|publisher=BBC News|date=26 September 2014|accessdate=23 Januari 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta kelompok militan [[jihadiyah salafiyah]] [[Wahhabi]].&lt;ref name=Wahhabi&gt;{{cite news |author=Fouad al-Ibrahim |title=Why ISIS is a threat to Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism’s deferred promise |work=[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)|Al Akhbar]] |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824121659/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234 |date=22 Agustus 2014 |archive-date=24 Agustus 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; NIIS dipingpin sarta didominasi ku Arab [[Islam Sunni|Sunni]] ti [[Irak]] jeung [[Suriah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt; {{NIIS ngawasaan wewengkon nu pangeusina 10 juta urang di Irak jeung Suriah.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt; NIIS ogé ngawasaan saeutik wewengkon di [[Libya]], [[Nigéria]], jeung [[Afghanistan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt; NISS ogé gawé bareng jeung babaraha nagara di sakuliah dunya, di antarana [[Afrika Kalér]] jeung [[Asia Kulon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kurds accused of 'ethnic cleansing' by Syria rebels|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/kurds-accused-ethnic-cleansing-syria-rebels-isis/|accessdate=23 Januari 2016|publisher=CBS News|date=15 Juni 2015}}&lt;br/&gt;Islamic State is not a state, since it lacks international recognition. See: {{cite web | title = Statehood (international law) | url = https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/statehood_international_law | website = [[Wex]] | publisher = [[Cornell University]] | accessdate = 1/23/2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/13/us-mideast-crisis-syria-icrc-idUSKBN0M921N20150313|title=Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross|agency=Reuters|accessdate=23 Januari 2016|date=13 March 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113200347/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/13/us-mideast-crisis-syria-icrc-idUSKBN0M921N20150313 |date=13 November 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Exclusive: In turf war with Afghan Taliban, Islamic State loyalists gain ground|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/29/us-afghanistan-islamic-state-idUSKCN0P91EN20150629|agency=Reuters|date=29 June 2015|accessdate=23 Januari 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707211528/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/29/us-afghanistan-islamic-state-idUSKCN0P91EN20150629 |date=7 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Militan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Militant Attack and Support Zones in Afghanistan|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Militant%20Sanctuary%20in%20Afghanistan%20Map_090915%20%283%29_0.pdf|agency=Institute for the Study of War|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=23 Januari 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060400/http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Militant%20Sanctuary%20in%20Afghanistan%20Map_090915%20%283%29_0.pdf |date=23 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Taliban&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/18/us-pakistan-militants-is-idUSKCN0J20YQ20141118|agency=Reuters|date=18 November 2014|accessdate=23 Januari 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina istilah [[bahasa arab]] NIIS dipikawanoh ku ngaran '''Daesh''' ({{rtl-lang|ar|داعش}} ''dāʿish'', {{IPA-ar|ˈdaːʕiʃ|IPA}}), nu mana ieu ngaran téh mangrupa [[akronim|singgetan]] tina ''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sh-Shām'' ({{rtl-lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.freewordcentre.com/blog/2015/02/daesh-isis-media-alice-guthrie/ |title=Decoding Daesh: Why is the new name for ISIS so hard to understand? |first=Alice |last=Guthrie |date=2/19/2015 |accessdate=1/23/2016 |work=Free Word Centre }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117000440/https://www.freewordcentre.com/blog/2015/02/daesh-isis-media-alice-guthrie/ |date=2015-11-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tanggal [[29 Juni]] [[2014]], ieu kelompok ngaklaim yén manéhna minangka [[nagara Islam]] sakaligus minangka kaholifahan dunya anu dipingpin ku [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] minangka [[holifah]]na sarta ngarobah ngaran jadi ''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah'' ({{lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية}}, &quot;Nagara Islam&quot; (NI)).&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt; Minangka kaholifahan, NIIS ngaklaim dina ngatur [[agama]], [[pulitik]], sarta [[militér]] pikeun sakabéh muslim di sakuilah dunia, ogé &quot;kaabsahan sakabéh kaamiran, kelompok, nagara, jeung organisasi téh teu diaku deui sanggeus ieu kakawasaan khilafah ngalegaan jeung pasukanna nepi di wewengkon maranéhna&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISIS or ISIL? The debate&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: The man who would be caliph |url=http://theweek.com/article/index/267920/abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-the-man-who-would-be-caliph |accessdate=23 Januari 2016 |work = [[The Week]] |date = 13 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ngaran&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-declares-new-islamic-state-in-middle-east-with-abu-bakr-albaghdadi-as-emir-removing-iraq-and-syria-from-its-name-9571374.html |last=Withnall |first=Adam |title=Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East |date=29 June 2014 |accessdate=29 June 2014 |work=The Independent |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Roggio |author-link=Bill Roggio |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/06/isis_announces_formation_of_ca.php |title=ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State' |work=[[Long War Journal]] |date=29 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] nyebut yén NIIS téh geus ngalanggar hak asasi manusa jeung [[kajahatan perang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt;[[Amnésti Internasional]] ngalaporkeun yén NIIS geus ngabersihan étnis &quot;nu skalana gedé pisan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt; NIIS dicap minangka organisasi téroris ku PBB, [[Uni Éropah]] jeung nagara-nagara anggotana, [[Amérika Serikat]], [[India]], [[Indonésia]], [[Israél]], [[Turki]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Suriah]], jeung nagara-nagara séjén.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt; Para inohong [[muslim]] di sakuliah dunya ngutuk idéologi jeung aksi-aksi NIIS; sarta ngedalkeun yén ieu kelompok téh geus jauh tina ajaran [[Islam]] anu saéstuna jeung sagala lalampahanna teu ngeunteungkeun ajaran atawa niléy-niléy anu dibawa ieu agama.&lt;ref name=&quot;al-shorfa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219092526/mawtani.al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01 |url=http://mawtani.al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01 |title=Iraq churches, mosques under ISIL attack |first=Khalid |last=al-Taie |publisher=Al-Shorfa |archive-date=19 February 2015 |access-date=27 February 2015 |dead-url=yes }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219092526/http://mawtani.al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01 |date=19 February 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2015/03/mehdi-hasan-how-islamic-islamic-state|title=Mehdi Hasan: How Islamic is Islamic State?|last=Hasan|first=Mehdi|authorlink=Medhi Hasan|work=New Statesman|accessdate=23 Januari 2016|section=The Theologian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist}}
{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Nagara Islam Irak jeung Syam| ]]
[[Kategori:Organisasi teroris di Asia]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok Jihadis]]
[[Kategori:Kelompok Salafi]]
[[Kategori:Terorisme]]
[[Kategori:Wahhabisme]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nicki Minaj</title>
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      <text bytes="7884" sha1="lqg154robfgyrulxsypgish7ija3e6i" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox musical artist 
|Name = Nicki Minaj
|image = Nicki Minaj MTV VMAs 4.jpg
|Img_capt =
|Landscape = 
|Background = solo_singer
|Birth_name = Onika Tanya Maraj
|Alias =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|12|8}}&lt;br /&gt; 
|birth_place = [[Saint James]], [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad jeung Tobago]],&lt;ref name = &quot;Dallas&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2011/07/13/nicki-minaj-police-report-dallas-hotel-cut-lip-struck-face/|title=Police Report: Nicki's Asst. Struck Minaj w/ Suitcase|publisher=TMZ.Com|accessdate=3/11/2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Died =
|Origin = [[Queens]], [[New York]], [[Amérika Sarikat]]
|Occupation = {{flat list|
*[[Rapper]]
*[[Panyanyi]]
*[[Panulis lagu]]
*[[Model]]
}}
|Height = 157 cm
|Instrument = [[Vokal]]
|Genre = [[Hip hop]], [[R&amp;B]], [[Pop]]
|Voice_type = [[Contralto]]
|Years_active = 
|Label = {{flat list|
*[[Young Money Entertainment|Young Money]]
*[[Cash Money Records|Cash Money]]
*[[Republic Records|Republic]]}}
| associated_acts = {{flat list| 
*[[Chris Brown]]
*[[David Guetta]]
*[[Lil Wayne]]
*[[Drake (rapper)|Drake]]
*[[Meek Mill]]}}
|URL = {{url|mypinkfriday.com}}
}}

'''Onika Tanya Maraj''' ({{lahirmati|[[Saint James]], [[Trinidad jeung Tobago]]|8|12|1982}}), sacara profesional dipikawanoh minangka '''Nicki Minaj''', nyaéta saurang rapper, panyanyi jeung panulis lagu turunan [[Trinidad jeung Tobago|Trinidad]]-[[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1904488/Nicki-Minaj|title=Nicki Minaj: American rap singer and songwriter|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=3/11/2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nicki Minaj dumuk di [[Saint James]], [[Trinidad jeung Tobago]] jeung ninina nepi ka umur lima taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kapanlagi.com/hollywood/n/nicki_minaj/|title=Profil Selebriti - Nicki Minaj|publisher=KapanLagi|accessdate=3/11/2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika umurna lima taun, Nicki Minaj dibawa ku indungna ke [[Queens]], [[Kota New York]], [[Amérika Sarikat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Dina bulan Agustus 2009 Nicki Minaj dikontrak ku label rekaman [[Young Money Entertainment|''Young Money'']] sarta ngarilis album debutna anu jejerna &quot;[[Pink Friday]]&quot; dina bulan Nopémber 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/nicki-minaj/chart-history/998160?f=305&amp;g=Albums#/artist/nicki-minaj/chart-history/998160?f=305&amp;g=Albums |title=Nicki Minaj Chart History at Billboard |accessdate=3/11/2016 |work=Billboard}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027125613/http://www.billboard.com/artist/nicki-minaj/chart-history/998160?f=305&amp;g=Albums#/artist/nicki-minaj/chart-history/998160?f=305&amp;g=Albums |date=2012-10-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Album éta suksés nanjeur di posisi kahiji [[Billboard 200]] sarta sabulan sanggeus medalkeunna, album éta meunang [[Sertifikasi pajualan rekaman musik|sertifikat Platinum]] ti ''[[Recording Industry Association of America]]'' (RIAA).&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA Gold &amp; Platinum&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&amp;artist=Minaj&amp;format=&amp;go=Search&amp;perPage=50|title=RIAA Gold &amp; Platinum|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=3/11/2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nicki Minaj jadi artis solo awéwé munggaran anu suksés nempatkeun tujuh singel dina tangga lagu [[Amérika Sarikat]], [[Billboard Hot 100]] sacara babarengan.&lt;ref name=&quot;MTV News. MTV Networks&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://rapfix.mtv.com/2010/10/08/nicki-minaj-makes-history-with-seven-billboard-hot-100-songs/|title=Nicki Minaj Makes History With Seven Billboard Hot 100 Songs|date=October 8, 2010|work=MTV News|accessdate=11 Maret 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011085217/http://rapfix.mtv.com/2010/10/08/nicki-minaj-makes-history-with-seven-billboard-hot-100-songs/ |date=October 11, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Singel keduana, &quot;[[Your Love]]&quot; nempatan posisi kahiji dina tangga lagu ''Billboard Hot Rap Songs''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/chart-beat-wednesday-train-dirty-heads-nicki-1004101492.story|title=Chart Beat Wednesday: Train, Dirty Heads, Nicki Minaj|date=June 30, 2010|first=Gary|last=Trust|work=Billboard|accessdate=3/11/2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110040430/http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/chart-beat-wednesday-train-dirty-heads-nicki-1004101492.story |date=November 10, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awal kahirupan==
Nicki Minaj kadaptar di [[sakola]] ''[[Elizabeth Blackwell Middle School 210]]'', di dinya manéhna maén [[klarinét]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Nicki nyokot spésialisasi [[musik]] jeung seni nalika sakola di ''[[LaGuardia High School]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Tina sawatara [[lagu]] jeung interviu bareng Nicki Minaj , sawaréh nyindekeun yén Nicki Minaj sauran [[biseksual]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Dina hiji [[wawancara]] manéhna ngedalkeun yén manéhna henteu ka awéwé henteu ka lalaki, manéhna teresep dicap [[biseksual]] atawa lain.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Nicki Minaj ngaaku manéha nyieun hiji gambaran [[harajuku]] [[Barbie]] nalika manéhna baris indit tina pasalingsingan kolotna.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Dina album munggaranna manéhna nyiptakeun ngaran séjén nyaéta ''Roman Zolanski''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;

==Karir==
Nicki Minaj nyiptakeun sorangan [[album]] kompilasina dina ''mixtape'' sarta manéhna bijil dina [[majalah]] [[XXL (majalah)|XXL]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Taun 2008 Nicki Minaj jadi artis awéwé pangnyongcolangna taun harita dumasar vérsi ''Underground Music Award''.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Nicki Minaj ngarilis ''Beam Me Up Scotty'', album kompilasina anu séjén dina bulan [[April]] 2009 anu meunang réspon positif ti [[BET]] jeung [[MTV]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Album debut munggaran Nicki Minaj, ''Pink Friday'' dirilis 19 Nopémber 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Lagu-lagu dina album éta nepi kana jajaran lagu top jeung manéhna jadi artis awéwé munggaran anu miboga tujuh lagu anu asup kana ''Billboard Hot 100'' sacara babarengan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt; Taun 2012, Nicki Minaj kapilih jadi juri [[American Idol]] bareng jeung [[Mariah Carey]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;

==Diskografi==
===Mixtape===
* ''Playtime Is Over'' (2007)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nickiminaj.wikia.com/wiki/Playtime_Is_Over |title=Wiki Minaj - Playtime Is Over |accessdate=3/11/2016 |work=Wiki Minaj}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Sucka Free'' (2008)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nickiminaj.wikia.com/wiki/Sucka_Free |title=Wiki Minaj - Sucka Free |accessdate=3/11/2016 |work=Wiki Minaj}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Beam Me Up Scotty'' (2009)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nickiminaj.wikia.com/wiki/Beam_Me_Up_Scotty |title=Wiki Minaj - Beam Me Up Scotty |accessdate=3/11/2016 |work=Wiki Minaj}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Album===
* ''[[Pink Friday]]'' (2010)&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
* ''[[Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded]]'' (2012)&lt;ref name=&quot;kapanlagi&quot;/&gt;
* ''[[Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded, the Re-Up]]'' (2012)&lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/nicki-minaj-mn0001013175/discography |title=All Music - Discography Nicki Minaj |accessdate=3/11/2016 |work=All Music}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[The Pinkprint]]'' (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot;/&gt;
* ''Queen'' (2018)
* ''Pink Friday 2'' (2023)

===Tur===
* ''[[Pink Friday Tour]]'' (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nickiminaj.wikia.com/wiki/Pink_Friday_Tour_(2012) |title=Wiki Minaj - Pink Friday Tour (2012) |accessdate=3/11/2016 |work=Wiki Minaj}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Pink Friday: Reloaded Tour]]'' (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nickiminaj.wikia.com/wiki/Pink_Friday:_Reloaded_Tour |title=Wiki Minaj - Pink Friday: Reloaded Tour |accessdate=3/11/2016 |work=Wiki Minaj}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[The Pinkprint Tour]]'' (2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nickiminaj.wikia.com/wiki/The_Pinkprint_Tour |title=Wiki Minaj - The Pinkprint Tour |accessdate=3/11/2016 |work=Wiki Minaj}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{col|2}}
{{reflist}}
{{EndDiv}}

[[Kategori:Panyanyi Amérika Sarikat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Perang Tiis</title>
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      <text bytes="170296" sha1="s8ddbvkozljs23dwseewdu7x6c58d9l" xml:space="preserve">{{Other uses}}
[[Gambar:Reagan and Gorbachev hold discussions.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Presiden Amérika Sarikat|Presiden AS]] [[Ronald Reagan]] (kiri) jeung [[Sekretaris Jenderal Partei Komunis Uni Soviét|Sekretaris Jenderal Soviét]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], papanggih di [[Jenewa]] dina taun 1985.]]

'''Perang Tiis''' ({{lang-en|Cold War}}, {{lang-ru|холо́дная война́, kholodnaya voyna}}, 1947–1991) nyaéta sesebutan kana ayana kategangan [[politik]] jeung  [[militer]] antara [[Dunya Kulon]], nu dipingpin ku [[Amérika Sarikat]] jeung sekutu [[NATO]],  ngalawan [[Dunya Kadua|Dunya Komunis]], nu dipingpin ku [[Uni Soviét]] jeung  sakutu nagara-[[nagara satelit]]na. Kajadian ieu dimimitian ku kajayaan [[Sakutu Perang Dunya II|Sakutu]] dina ngéléhkeun [[Jerman Nazi]] dina [[Perang Dunya II]], nu nyésakeun [[Amérika Sarikat]] jeung [[Uni Soviét]] nu jadi dua [[nagara adidaya]] di dunya ku bédana idéologi, ékonomi, jeung militer nu gedé. Uni Soviét, babarengan jeung nagara-nagara di [[Éropa Wétan]] nu dijajahna,  [[Blok Wétan]]. Prosés pamulihan saanggeusna perang di [[Éropa Kulon]] difasilitasan ku program [[Rancana Marshall]] [[Amérika Sarikat]], jeung pikeun nandingana, [[Uni Soviét]] ogé nyieun [[Comecon|COMECON]] babarengan jeung sekutu Wétanna. Amérika Sarikat nyieun aliansi militer [[NATO]] dina taun 1949, sadengkeun Uni Soviét ogé nyieun [[Pakta Warsawa]] dina taun 1955. Sababarah nagara milihan pikeun milu kana salah sahiji ti dua nagara adidaya ieu,sadengkeun nu lianna milih pikeun tetep nétral ku dijieunna [[Gerakan Non-Blok]]

Kajadian ieu dingaranan Perang Tiis ku sabab dua pihak can kungsu miluan dina aksi militer sacara nyaan, ngan masing-masing pihak mibanda [[sanjata nuklir]] nu bisa ngakibatkeun kahancuran nu gedé. Perang Tiis ogé ngalantarankeun kategangan nu kacida nu dina ahirna ngalantarankeun ayana konflik militer régional saperti [[Blokade Berlin]] (1948–1949), [[Perang Koréa]] (1950–1953), [[Krisis Suéz]] (1956), [[Krisis Berlin 1961]], [[Krisis Rudal Kuba]] (1962), [[Perang Viétnam]] (1959–1975), [[Perang Yom Kippur]] (1973), [[Perang Afganistan]] (1979–1989), jeung panembakan ''[[Korean Air Penerbangan 007]]'' ku Soviét (1983). Alih-alih miluan dina konflik ku cara nyata, kadua pihak lolombaan ngaliwatan koalisi militer,  payebaran idéologi jeung pangaruh, méré bantuan ka [[nagara klien]], [[spionaseuu|spionaseu]], kampanyeu propaganda sacara gedé-gedéan, [[perlombaan senjata|perlombaan nuklir]], ngélég nagara-nagara netral, saingan di perlombaan olahraga internasional, jeung kompetisi téhnologi seperti [[Perlombaan Angkasa]]. AS jeung Uni Soviét ogé saingan dina rupa-rupa [[perang proksi]]; di [[Amérika Latin]] jeung [[Asia Tenggara]], Uni Soviét ngabantuan [[révolusi komunis]] nu ditentang ku sababaraha nagara-nagara Kulon, Amérika Sarikat mikir pikeun supaya kumaha teu kajadian ngeunaan éta ku cara pangiriman tantara jeung peperangan. Dina rangka ngaleutikan résiko [[perang nuklir]], kadua pihak paheut nyieun panglanyah ''[[détente]]'' dina taun 1970-an pikeun ngurangan kaharénghéngan politik.

[[Perang Tiis (1979–1985)|Dina taun 1980-an]], Amérika Sarikat ningkatkeun deui [[Doktrin Reagan|tekanan diplomatik, militer, jeung ékonomi]] ka Uni Soviét dina waktuna nagara komunis éta keur aya dina kamiskinan [[Era Stagnasi|stagnasi perékonomian]]. Dina pertengahan 1980-an, présidén Soviét nu anyar , [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], méré nyaho ngeunaan kabijakan réformasi liberalisasi ''[[perestroika]]'' (&quot;rékonstruksi, réorganisasi&quot;, 1987) jeung ''[[glasnost]]'' (&quot;keterbukaan&quot;, [[ca.]] 1985). Kabijakan ieu ngabalukarkeun Soviét jeung nagara-nagara satelitna dilanda ku [[Révolusi 1989|gelombang Révolusi]] damai nu diengpikeun ku [[Bubaran Uni Soviét|runtuhna Uni Soviét]] dina taun 1991, jeung dina ahirna nyésakeun Amérika Sarikat nu jadi hiji-hijina kakuatan militer nu pantohagana di dunya. Perang Tiis jeung rupa-rupa kajadian nu séjénna ngabalukarkeun akibat nu gedé ka dunya jeung sok disebutkeun dina budaya populér, khususna dina média nu némbongkeun téma [[spionaseuu|spionaseu]] jeung ancaman perang [[nuklir]].

== Asal istilah ==
Dina ahir [[Perang Dunya II]], panulis jeung jurnalis Inggris [[George Orwell]] maké istilah ''perang Tiis'' nu jadi istilah umum dina éséyna nu judulna &quot;''[[You and the Atomic Bomb]]''&quot; (Anjeun jeung Bom Atom), nu diterbitkan ku surat kabar Inggris, ''[[Tribune (majalah)|Tribune]]'', dina tanggal 19 Oktober 1945. Ésai éta ngagambarkeun Dunya nu hirup disingsieunan ku [[perang nuklir]]. Orwell nulis:

:&quot;Salila opat puluh atawa lima puluh taun ayeuna, Mr. [[H. G. Wells]] jeung nu lianna ngingetan urang yén manusa bakal aya dina bahaya, ngancurkeun sorangan ku senjatana sorangan, nyésakeun sireum atawa sababaraha kelompok spésiés lianna pikeun nyokot alih. Saha baé nu geus mempo kaancuran di dayeuh-dayeuh di [[Jerman]] bakal mikir yén gagasan ieu sahenteuna asup kana akal. Namung, lamun nempo Dunya sacara kabéh, kajadian sababaraha dekade ieu teu asup ka arah anarki, namun ka arah diayakeuna deui perbudakan. Urang sigana teu ka arah ngaruksak umum, tapi ka jaman perbudakan kuno nu sieun. Téori [[James Burnham]] geus loba dibahas, namun saeutik ti jalma teu acan nanggepan nu jadi implikasi idéologi. Jenis pandangan ka Dunya, jenis kayakinan, jeung struktur sosial mungkin bakal nguasaan nagara nu teu kaéléhkeun jeung ngaluruskeun dina &quot;perang Tiis&quot; permanén jeungbtatanggana.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Orwell, &quot;[http://tmh.floonet.net/articles/abombs.html You and the Atomic Bomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206214319/http://tmh.floonet.net/articles/abombs.html |date=2008-02-06 }}&quot;, ''Tribune'' October 19, 1945&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina ''The Observer'' édisi 10 Maret 1946, Orwell nulis yén &quot;saenggeus konferensi Moskow Désémber kamari, Rusia majukeun 'perang Tiis' ka  [[Britania]] jeung [[Imperium Britania]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Orwell, George, ''The Observer'', March 10, 1946&lt;/ref&gt;

Istilah nu dipaké pikeun ngagambarkeun kategangan [[géopulitik]] antara [[Uni Soviét]] jeung [[nagara satelit]]na jeung Amérika Sarikat jeung sekutu Éropa Kulon-na saenggeus [[Perang Dunya II]] dimimitian ku [[Bernard Baruch]], saurang ahli piduiteun Amérika jeung panaaséhat présidén.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=54}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina salah sahiji pidato di [[South Carolina]] dina tanggal 16 April 1947,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=William|last=Safire|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/01/news/edsafire.php|title=Islamofascism Anyone?|work=The New York Times|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|date=October 1, 2006|accessdate=December 25, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061022172712/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/01/news/edsafire.php|archivedate=October 22, 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022172712/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/01/news/edsafire.php |date=October 22, 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ceuk Baruch : &quot;Urang ulah katipu: poé ieu urang aya di tengah-tengah perang Tiis.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;'[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bernard-baruch-coins-the-term-cold-war Bernard Baruch coins the term &quot;Cold War&quot;]', history.com, April 16, 1947. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Salah sahiji réporter jeung kolumnis surat kabar nu arana [[Walter Lippmann]] ngajabarkeun penjelasan nu sakitu panjang lebarna ngeunaan Perang Tiis dina bukuna nu judulna ''The Cold War'', waktu ditanya dina taun 1947 ngeunaan sumber istilah &quot;perang Tiis&quot;, manéhna nyebutkeun istilah éta ngarujuk dina istilah Perancis ti taun 1930-an, ''la guerre froide''.&lt;ref&gt;[[Strobe Talbott]]: ''The Great Experiment: The Story of Ancient Empires, Modern States, and the Quest for a Global Nation'' (2009) p.441 n.3; Lippmann's own book is {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Ydc3AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=walter+lippmann+cold+war&amp;dq=walter+lippmann+cold+war|author=Lippmann, Walter|title=The Cold War|accessdate=Séptémber 2, 2008|publisher=Harper|year=1947}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sabab kajadian ==
{{main|Mimiti Perang Tiis}}
{{see|Kasieunan Beureum|Permainan Besar}}
[[Gambar:American troops in Vladivostok 1918 HD-SN-99-02013.JPEG|thumb|right|Pasukan Amérika di [[Vladivostok]], Agustus 1918, salila [[Intervensi Sekutu dina Perang Saudara Rusia|intervensi Sekutu]] dina [[Perang Saudara Rusia]].]]

Aya perdebatan dina golongan para [[sejarawan]] ngeunaan titik awal ti Perang Tiis. Loba ti golongan sejarawan mibanda pendapat yén Perang Tiis dikeureuyeh saenggeus Perang Dunya II engpikeun, nu lainna ogé mibanda pendapat yén Perang Tiis dipaju dina ahir  [[Perang Dunya I]], sanajan kategangan antara [[Kekaisaran Rusia]], nagara-nagara Éropa lainna, jeung Amérika Sarikat geus aya dina pertengahan abad ka-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis&quot;/&gt;

[[Révolusi Oktober|Révolusi Bolshevik]] di [[Rusia]] dina taun 1917 (diiluan ku panarikan mundur pasukana ti Perang Dunya I), mengakibatkan Soviét Rusia terisolasi ti diplomasi internasional.&lt;ref name=&quot;lee&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Lee|1999|p=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamingpin [[Vladimir Lenin]] ngomong yén Uni Soviét &quot;dikepung ku para kapitalis nu mumusuhan&quot;, jeung mandang diplomasi sebagai senjata pikeun ngajauhkeun Soviét ti musuh, dimimitian ku [[Komintern]] Soviét, nu ngagoakkeun pergolakan Révolusioner di luar Soviét.&lt;ref name=&quot;Palmieri34&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Palmieri|1989|p=62}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pamingpin Soviét [[Joseph Stalin]], nu nganggep [[Uni Soviét]] sebagai salah sahiji &quot;kapuloan sosialis&quot;, nyatakeun yén Uni Soviét kudu mandang &quot;dominasi kapitalis ayeuna kudu digantikan ku dominasi sosialis.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;tucker46&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tucker|1992|p=46}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina awal 1925, [[Stalin]] nyieun pernyataan yén manéhna mandang pulitik internasional sebagai salah sahiji dunya bipolar di mana Uni Soviét bakal narik nagara-nagara liana ke arah sosialisme jeung nagara-nagara kapitalis ogé bakal narik nagara-nagara lian ka arah [[kapitalismeuu]], sadengkeun dunya keur aya dina périodeu &quot;stabilisasi sementara kapitalismeu&quot; saméméh rubuhna.&lt;ref name=&quot;tucker47&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tucker|1992|pp=47–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rupa-rupa kajadian saméméh Perang Dunya Kadua némbongkeun ayana silih teu percaya jeung curiga dina kakuatan Kulon jeung Uni Soviét, teu leupas ti filosofi umum partéy [[Bolshevik]] nu dijieun pikeun ngalawan kapitalismeu.&lt;ref name = &quot;Halliday&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Halliday|2001|p=2e}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ada dukungan ti Kulon ka [[gerakan Bodas]] anti-Bolshevik dina [[Perang Saudara Rusia]],&lt;ref name = &quot;Gaddis&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|1990|p=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; pemberian dana ku Uni Soviét ka pekerja pemberontak Britania dina taun 1926 ngabalukarkeun [[Britania Raya]] memutuskan hubungan dengan Uni Soviét,&lt;ref name=&quot;tucker74&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tucker|1992|p=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; deklarasi Stalin taun 1927 pikeun hirup berdampingan sacara damai dengan nagara-nagara kapitalis diurungkan,&lt;ref name=&quot;tucker75&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tucker|1992|p=75}}&lt;/ref&gt; tuduhan ayana konspirasi dina [[Peradilan Shakhty]] taun 1928 nu direncanakeun ku Britania jeung Perancis ngabalukarkeun kudéta,&lt;ref name=&quot;tucker98&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tucker|1992|p=98}}&lt;/ref&gt; penolakan Amérika pikeun mengakui Uni Soviét hingga taun 1933,&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|LaFeber|1991|pp=194–197}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung [[Stalieusme]] [[Peradilan Moskow]] pikeun kasus [[Pembersihan Gedé-Gedéan]], sarta tuduhan atas ayana spionaseu ti Britania, Perancis, jeung [[Jerman Nazi]] mangrupa kajadian-kajadian nu nukangan Perang Tiis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Tim Tzouliadis|title=The Forsaken|year=2008|url=https://archive.org/details/forsakenamerican0000tzou|publisher=The Penguin Press|isbn=978-1-59420-168-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Keur waktuna Tentara Jerman [[Operasi Barbarossa|menginvasi Uni Soviét]] dina bulan Juni 1941, Sekutu nyokot kauntungan ti front anyar  ieu jeung milih pikeun ngabantuan Uni Soviét. Britania nandatanganan persekutuan formal jeung Amérika Sarikat nyieun kasepakatan informal jeung Soviét. Dina waktuna perang, Amérika Sarikat méré fasilitaa Britania jeung Soviét liwat program [[Lend-Lease]] na.&lt;ref&gt;George C. Herring Jr., ''Aid to Russia, 1941–1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War'' (Columbia University Press, 1973).&lt;/ref&gt;

Kumaha waé ogé, Stalin tetep neundeun rasa curiga kana kadua nagara éta jeung percaya yén Britania jeung Amérika Sarikat kong-kalingkong pikeun muguhkeunna yén Soviét bakal nanggung beban panggedéna dina perang ngalawan Jerman Nazi. Ceuk pandangana ieu, Sekutu Kulon ngahaja ngundur waktu pikeun muka front anti-Jerman kadua nu tujuanna pikeun beraksi di waktu-waktu ahir jeung diteruskeun nyieun panganggeusan damai. Jadi, persepsi Soviét ka dunya Kulon ngabalukarkeun ayana arus kategangan jeung permusuhan jeung pihak [[Sekutu Perang Dunya I|Sekutu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|1990|pp=151–153}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ahir Perang Dunya II (1945–1947) ==
=== Konferensi pasca-perang di Éropa ===
[[Gambar:Yalta summit 1945 with Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin.jpg|thumb|right| &quot;[[Sekutu Perang Dunya II|Tiga Besar]]&quot; di Konferensi Yalta: [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] jeung [[Joseph Stalin]], 1945.]]
{{see|Konferensi Teheran|Konferensi Yalta}}

Saenggeus perang, Sekutu manggih mupakat ngeunaan pembagéan jeung pangukuhan tapel wates di Éropa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis13-23&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=13–23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masing-masing pihak mibanda ide-ide nu berbéda ngeunaan pembentukan jeung pemeliharaan kaamanan dunya pasca-perang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis13-23&quot; /&gt; Sekutu Kulon hayang sistem kaamanan ku cara nyieun salega-legana Pamaréntahan démokrasi, nu ngamungkinkeun nagara-nagara pikeun ngaréngsékeun konflik sacara damai melalui [[organisasi internasional]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|1990|p=156}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngemutan sejarah invasi nu sok dikeureuyeuh ka  Rusia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung deui gedénya [[Korban Perang Dunya II di Uni Soviét|jumlah korban nu maot]] (dikira kira 27 juta) jeung kaancuran Uni Soviét nu ngeureuyeuh waé saréngséna Perang Dunya II,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4530565.stm Leaders mourn Soviét wartime dead]&quot;, BBC News, May 9, 2005. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Uni Soviét nyieun rupa-rupa usaha pikeun ningkatkeun kaamanan ku cara ngadominasi urusan dina negeri nagara-nagara nu babatesan jeung manéhna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis13-23&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|1990|p=176}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sekutu Kulon ogé mibanda pendapat sorangan ngeunaan visi maranéhna kana kaayaan Dunya saréngséna perang. Tujuan Roosevelt - kajayaan militer di Éropa jeung Asia, pencapéian supreémasi ékonomi global Amérika nu ngéléhkeun [[Imperium Britania]], jeung menciptakan salah sahiji organisasi perdamaian dunya - leuwih bersifat global dibandingkan dengan Churcill, nu visinya berfokus pikeun mengamankan kontrol atas [[Laut Tengah]], memastikan keberlangsungan Imperium Britania, jeung memerdekakan nagara-nagara [[Éropa Wétan]] pikeun jadikana sebagai [[Nagara pennuga|pennuga]] antara Soviét jeung Britania Raya.&lt;ref Name=Plokhy&gt;{{Harvnb|Plokhy|2010|p=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina pandangan Amérika, Stalin dianggep sebagai salah sahiji sekutu potensial pikeun mencapai tujuan maranéhna, sadengkeun dina pandangan Britania, Stalin dianggep ancaman panggedéna dina pencapéian agénda maranéhna. Ku diicingana lolobana ti nagara-nagara Éropa Wétan ku Soviét, Stalin aya dina pihak nu untung jeung kadua pamingpin Kulon silih sasaingan pikeun memperku dukungana. Perbédaan visi antara Roosevelt jeung Churchill ngabalukarkeun kadua pihak ngalakukeun negosiasi sacara terpisah dengan Stalin. Dina bulan Oktober 1944, Churcill ngalakukeun perjalanan ke [[Moskow]] jeung paheut pikeun ngabagi [[Balkan]] berdasarkan pangaruh masing-masing, jeung teu lila kemudian, di [[Yalta]], Roosevelt ogé nandatanganan kamupakatan terpisah dengan Stalin ngeunaan masalah Asia jeung nolak pikeun ngadukung Churcill dina isu jeung Reparasi [[Polandia]].&lt;ref Name=Plokhy/&gt;
[[Gambar:Map-Germany-1945.svg|thumb|[[Zona Jajahan Sekutu di Jerman]] pasca-perang.]]

Negosiasi leuwih lanjut antara Soviét jeung Sekutu sahubungan jeung kasaimbangan dunya saenggeus perang dina [[Konferensi Yalta]] dina bulan Februari 1945, sanajan konferensi ieu ogé gagal nepi ka konsesus ngeunaan kerangka kerja saenggeusperang di Éropa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis21&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan April 1945, Churcill jeung présidén Amérika Sarikat nu anyar , [[Harry S. Truman]], paheut pikeun ngalawan kaputusan Soviét nu méré bantuan ka Pamaréntahan Lublin, saingan [[Pamaréntahan Polandia di pengasingan]] nu dikontrol ku Soviét.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Zubok|1996|p=94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saenggeus [[Ahir Perang Dunya II|kemenangan Sekutu]] dina bulan Mei 1945, Soviét sacara épéktip maju ngadumukan Éropa Wétan,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis21&quot; /&gt; sadengkeun pasukan Amérika Sarikat jeung Sekutu Kulon kukuh di [[Éropa Kulon]]. Di wilayah Jerman nu diicingan Sekutu, Uni Soviét, Amérika Sarikat, Britania Raya jeung [[Perancis]] nyieun [[Jajahan Sekutu di Jerman|zona Jajahan]] jeung nyieun kerangka kerja pikeun ngabagi wilayah-wilayah éta jadi opat zona Jajahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Konferensi PBB ngeunaan Organisasi Internasional|Konferensi Sekutu dina taun 1945]] di [[San Francisco]] ngahasilkeun kaputusan ngeunaan pendirian organisasi PBB multi-nasional pikeun memelihara perdamaian dunya, namun kapasitas panegakanna ku [[Déwan Kaamanan PBB|Dewan Kaamanan]] sacara épéktip dilumpuhkeun ku kabisa anggotana pikeun maké [[hak veto]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Bourantonis|1996|p=130}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku sebab itu, PBB dina dasarnya diubah jadi salah sahiji forum aktif pikeun tukeur retorika polemik, jeung Soviét dianggep sacara eksklusif sebagai tribun [[propaganda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Garthoff|1994|p=401}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Konferensi Potsdam jeung kaéléhan Jepang ===
[[Gambar:L to R, British Prime Mieuster Winston Churchill, President Harry S. Truman, and Soviét leader Josef Stalin in the... - NARA - 198958.jpg|thumb|[[Winston Churchill]], [[Harry S. Truman]] jeung [[Joseph Stalin]] di [[Konferensi Potsdam]], 1945.|pra=Special:FilePath/L_to_R,_British_Prime_Mieuster_Winston_Churchill,_President_Harry_S._Truman,_and_Soviét_leader_Josef_Stalin_in_the..._-_NARA_-_198958.jpg]]
{{see|Konferensi Potsdam|Menyerahnya Jepang}}

Dina [[Konferensi Potsdam]], nu dikeureuyeuh dina ahir Juli saenggeus ngarasa éléhna Jerman, perbédaan serius terkait dengan perkembangan masa depan Jerman jeung Éropa Wétan.&lt;ref name = &quot;Byrd&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|author=Byrd, Peter|editor=McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair|encyclopedia=The concise Oxford dictionary of politics|title=Cold War (entire chapter)|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xLbEHQAACAAJ|accessdate=June 16, 2008|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-280276-3|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Selain itu, jumlah partisipan perang jeung perbédaan kebiasaan dijadikeun alasan ku satu sama lianna pikeun mengkonfirmasi kecurigaan maranéhna ngeunaan niat bermusuhan jeung mempertahankan kubu maranéhna masing-masing.&lt;ref&gt;Alan Wood, p. 62&lt;/ref&gt; Dina konferensi ieu, Truman mérétahu Stalin yén Amérika Sarikat mibanda senjata anyar nu kuat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis25&quot; /&gt;

Stalin nyangka Amérika Sarikat keur ngembangkeun [[bom atum]], jeung ngingetan sasaran Amérika Sarikat kamungkinan saingan Soviét, nyaéta [[Jepang]], Stalin nanggepan hal éta ku sikep tenang. Stalin ngomong mun manéhna ngarasa bagja ku warta éta jeung nyatakeun kahayangna yén senjata éta bakal dipaké pikeun ngalawan Jepang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis25&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=25–26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Satu minggu saenggeus berahirnya Konferensi Potsdam, Amérika Sarikat [[Serangan bom atom di Hiroshima jeung Nagasaki|membom Hiroshima jeung Nagasaki]]. Teu lila saenggeus serangan, Stalin protés ka para petinggi Amérika Sarikat ku sabab leutikna bagéan [[Padumukan Sekutu atas Jepang|Jepang nu diicingan Sekutu]] nu ditawarkeun ku présidén Truman ka Soviét.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Awal Blok Wétan ===
{{See|Blok Wétan}}
[[Gambar:EasternBloc BorderChange38-48.svg|right|thumb|Perubahan wilayah pasca-perang di [[Éropa Wétan]] jeung pembentukan [[Blok Wétan]], nu dijuluki &quot;Tirai  Beusi&quot;.]]

Dina awal Perang Dunya II, Uni Soviét meletakkan dasar bagi terbentuknya [[Blok Wétan]] ku cara nyaplok langsung sababaraha nagara saperti [[Republik Sosialis Soviét]], nu awalna dibérékeun ka Soviét ku [[Jerman Nazi]] dina [[Pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop]]. Wilayah ieu kaasup Polandia bagéan Wétan (terus dipisahkeun jadi [[Wilayah Polandia nu dicaplok ku Uni Soviét|dua nagara Soviét nu béda]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig20&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;senn&quot;&gt;Senn, Alfred Erich, ''Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above'', Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007 ISBN 978-90-420-2225-6&lt;/ref&gt; [[Estonia]] (nu kemudian jadi [[Republik Sosialis Soviét Estonia|RSS Estonia]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;stalinswars43&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Roberts|2006|p=43}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Latvia]] (jadi [[Republik Sosialis Soviét Latvia|RSS Latvia]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig20&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;senn&quot;/&gt; [[Lithuania]] (jadi [[Republik Sosialis Soviét Lituania|RSS Lithuania]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig20&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;senn&quot;/&gt; bagéan Wétan [[Finlandia]] (jadi [[Republik Sosialis Soviét Karelo-Finlandia|RSS Karelo-Finlandia]]), jeung [[Rumania]] Wétan (nu jadi [[Republik Sosialis Soviét Moldavia|RSS Moldavia]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;stalinswars55&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Roberts|2006|p=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shirer794&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Shirer|1990|p=794}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wilayah Éropa Wétan nu dibébaskeun ti Nazi jeung diicingan ku pasukan Soviét salajengna ogé ditambahkeun ka Blok Wétan ku cara ngarobahna jadi [[nagara satelit]],&lt;ref name = &quot;Schmitz&quot; /&gt; nagara-nagara ieu di antarana [[Jerman Wétan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig96&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|pp=96–100}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Republik Rakyat Polandia]], [[Republik Rakyat Bulgaria]], [[Republik Rakyat Hongaria]],&lt;ref name=&quot;dijk&quot;&gt;van Dijk, Ruud, ''Encyclopedia of the Cold War, Volume 1'', p. 200. Taylor &amp; Francis, 2008. ISBN 0-415-97515-8&lt;/ref&gt; [[Republik Sosialis Cekoslowakia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Grenville|2005|pp=370–71}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Republik Rakyat Romania]], jeung [[Republik Rakyat Albania]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cook17&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Cook|2001|p=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rézim Soviét nu bijil di nagara-nagara Blok Wétan ngadopsi sistem [[ékonomi komando]] Soviét wungkul, manéhna ogé ngadopsimétodeubrutal nu dipaké ku [[Joseph Stalin]] jeung polisi rusiah Soviét pikeun neken oposisi nu nyata jeung poténsial.&lt;ref name=&quot;roht83&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Roht-Arriaza|1995|p=83}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Asia, [[Tentara Beureum]] geus ngabanjiran [[Manchuria]] dina bulan-bulan ahir perang, jeung ngeureuyeuh pikeun nyicingan bagéan besar wilayah [[Korea]] bagéan Kalér.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=40}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sebagai bagéan ti konsolidasi kontrol Stalin atas Blok Wétan, [[NKVD]], nu dipimpin ku [[Lavrentiy Beria]], ngawasan dijieunna sistem polisi rusiah nu bergaya Soviét di Blok Wétan pikeun ngabasmi perlawanan anti-komunis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 34&quot;/&gt; Lamun aya saeutik waé sumanget kemerdekaan di nagara-nagara Blok Wétan, maranéhna nu miluan bakal disingkirkeun ti kakuasaan, diadilan, dipenjarakeun, jeung dina sababaraha kasus, diéksékusi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 100&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=100}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Perdana Menteri Britania Raya]] [[Winston Churchill]] khawatir yén jumlah besar pasukan Soviét nu di Éropa dina ahir perang, jeung persepsi yén pamingpin Soviét Joseph Stalin teu bisa diandelkeun, bakal ngabalukarkeun anceman ka [[Éropa Kulon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot;&gt;Fenton, Ben. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080528222149/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1998%2F10%2F01%2Fnwar101.html The secret strategy to launch attack on Red Army]&quot;, telegraph.co.uk, October 1, 1998. Retrieved July 23, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan April-Mei 1945, [[Kementerian Perang Churcill|Kabinét Perang Britania Raya]] mengembangkan salah sahiji rencana operasi pikeun &quot;memaksakan kehendak Amérika Sarikat jeung Imperium Britania ka Rusia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 | date = August 11, 1945 | url = http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ | title = Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization' | format = online photocopy | publisher = Department of History, Northeastern University | accessdate =June 28, 2008 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080706093010/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ &lt;!--Added by H3llBot--&gt; | archivedate = July 6, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namung rencana ieu ditolak ku [[Pupuhu Staf Komiteu]] sabab teu layakna sumber daya militer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph&quot; /&gt;

=== Persiapan pikeun &quot;perang anyar &quot; ===
{{See|Artikel X|Tirai  Beusi}}
Dina bulan Februari 1946, laporan &quot;[[Artikel X|Telegram Panjang]]&quot; [[George F. Kennan]] ti Moskow ngabantuan pikeun ngartikulasikeun kawijakan Pamaréntah AS nu teterusan inténsif dina ngalawan Soviét, nu jadi dasar keur strategi Amérika Sarikat ks Uni Soviét salila Perang Tiis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Schecter|2003|pp=152–154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Séptémber, pihak Soviét nyieun telegram [[Nikolai Vasilevich Novikov|Novikov]], nu dikirim ku duta besar Soviét ka Amérika Sarikat, namun pangiriman telegram ieu ditugaskeun jeung ogé ditulis ku [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], telegram ieu ngajelaskeun yén AS &quot;ayana dina cengkeraman monopoli kapitalis nu ngembangkeun kamampuan militer dina rangka nyiapkeun kondisi pikeun meunangkeun supremasi dunya dina salah sahiji perang anyar &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Kydd|2005|p=107}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina tanggal 6 Séptémber 1946, [[James F. Byrnes]] menyampaikan pidato di Jerman nu mennukal [[Rencana Morgenthau]] (salah sahiji proposal pikeun misahkeun jeung de-industrialisasi di Jerman pasca-perang). Byrnes ogé ngingetan Soviét yén AS niat pikeun nahan kaayaan militerna teu dibatesan di Éropa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabulan saterusna, Byrnes ngaku yén pernyataana ieu mangrupa &quot;intisari ti program kami pikeun meunangkeun haté warga Jerman&amp;nbsp;[...] éta nyaéta pertempuran pikiran antara kami jeung Rusia&amp;nbsp;[...]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.daz.org/enJamesFByrnes.html|title=Southern Partnership: James F. Byrnes, Lucius D. Clay and Germany, 1945–1947|first=Curtis F|last=Morgan|accessdate=June 9, 2008|publisher=James F. Byrnes Institute}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705193541/http://www.daz.org/enJamesFByrnes.html |date=July 5, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babaraha minggu saenggeus dirilisna &quot;Telegram Panjang&quot;, mantan Perdana Menteri Britania Winston Churchill nyampaikeun istilah terkenalna, &quot;[[Tirai Beusi]]&quot;, dina salah sahiji pidato di [[Fulton, Missouri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=94}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina pidato éta, Churcill nyerukeun supaya Inggris-Amérika bersekutu pikeun ngalawan Soviét, nu dituduhna geus ngabentangkan  &quot;tirai  Beusi&quot; ti &quot;[[Szczecin|Stettin]] di [[Laut Baltik|Baltik]] nepi ka [[Trieste]] di [[Laut Adriatik|Adriatik]]&quot;.&lt;ref name = &quot;Schmitz&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|author=Schmitz, David F.|editor=Whiteclay Chambers, John|encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to American Military History|title=Cold War (1945–91): Causes [entire chapter]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xtMKHgAACAAJ&amp;dq=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History|accessdate=June 16, 2008|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-507198-0|ref=harv}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=711|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071015163941/http://winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=711|archivedate=October 15, 2007|title=Churchill and...Politics: The True Meaning of the Iron Curtain Speech|author=Harriman, Pamela C.|accessdate=June 22, 2008|publisher=Winston Churchill Centre|date=Winter 1987–1988}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015163941/http://winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=711 |date=October 15, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1952, Stalin [[Nota Stalin|berulang kali mengajukan rencana pikeun menyatukan Jerman Wétan jeung Jerman Kulon]] di handap hiji Pamaréntahan tunggal nu dipilih dina pamilihan umum nu diawasan ku [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] mun Jerman nu anyar  ieu leupas ti aliansi militer Kulon, namun usulan ieu ditolak ku kakuatan Kulon. Babaraha sumber nyengkétakeun kasungguhan usulan ieu.&lt;ref&gt;Van Dijk, Rudd. [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACFB54.pdf The 1952 Stalin Note Debate: Myth or Missed Opportunity for German Reunification?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502194421/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACFB54.pdf |date=2019-05-02 }} Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Cold War International History Project, Working Paper 14, May 1996.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Permulaan Perang Tiis (1947–1953) ==
{{Main|Perang Tiis (1947–1953)}}
=== Kominform jeung perpecahan Tito–Stalin ===
{{See|Kominform|Perpecahan Tito–Stalin}}
Dina bulan Séptémber 1947, Soviét nyieun [[Kominform]], nu tujuana nyaéta pikeun menegakkan ortodoksi dina gerakan komunis internasional jeung ngetatkeun kontrol pulitik ka nagara-nagara satelit Soviét melalui koordinasi ti pihak komunis di [[Blok Wétan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis32&quot; /&gt; Kominform ngalaman kamunduran dina bulan Juni ka dituna saenggeus [[perpecahan Tito–Stalin]], nu ngabalukarkeun Soviét ngagoréngkeun [[Yugoslavia]]. Yugoslavia tetep jadi nagara komunis, namun maju ngadopsi posisi [[Gerakan Non-Blok|Non-Blok]].

=== Kontainmen jeung Doktrin Truman ===
{{Main|Kontainmen|Doktrin Truman}}
[[Gambar:Cold war europe military alliances map en.png|thumb|Aliansi militer Éropa.]]
Dina taun 1947, panaséhat présidén AS [[Harry S. Truman]] maksa Truman pikeun nyokot langkah-langkah téréh dina ngalawan pangaruh Uni Soviét, Ngemutan upaya Stalin (ditengah kabingungan jeung karubuhanana saenggeus perang) pikeun ngalemahkeun Amérika Sarikat ku jalan sasaingan nu bisa ngadorong kalangan kapitalis supaya ngabalukareun perang nu lian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bulan Februari 1947, Pamaréntah Britania mengumumkan yén maranéhna teu sanggup deui ngabiayaan rezim militer monarki [[Yunani]] dina [[Perang Saudara Yunani]] pikeun ngalawan pemberontak komunis.

Tanggepan Pamaréntah Amérika ka pengumuman Britania ieu nyaéta yén maranéhna bakal ngadopsi kawijakan [[kontainmen]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis28&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=28–29}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta kawijakan nu tujuanna pikeun ngeureunkeun panyebaran [[komunisme]]. Truman nyampaikeum pidato nu eusina maksa alokasi dana $ 400 pikeun masilitasan miluna Amérika Sarikat dina perang Yunani jeung ngaluncurkeun [[Doktrin Truman]], nu nyatakeun yén konflik éta mangrupa kontes antara masyarakat bébas jeung rezim totaliter.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis28&quot; /&gt; Sanajan dina kanyataana para pemberontak komunis meunang bantuan ti pamingpin Yogoslavia [[Josip Broz Tito]],&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt; AS nuduh yén Uni Soviét sekongkolan jeung komunis Yunani pikeun ngalawan royalis dina upayana pikeun ngalegaan pangaruh Soviét.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=38}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Doktrin Truman nandaan awak ti kawijakan pertahanan bipartisan AS jeung konsesus kbijakan aluar negeri antara [[Partei Republik (Amérika Sarikat)|Partei Republik]] jeung [[Partei Demokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Demokrat]] nu bener-bener pokus dina kontainmen (panahanan) jeung nyegat panyebaran komunisme salila jeung saenggeus [[Perang Vietnam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Hahn|1993|p=6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Higgs|2006|p=137}}&lt;/ref&gt; partéy moderat jeung konservatif lianna di Éropa, sarta demokratik sosial, maju méré dukungan taya syarat ka Sekutu Kulon,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Moschonas|Elliott|2002|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt; sadengkeun Komunis Amérika jeung Éropa, dibiayaan ku [[KGB]], pipilueun dina operasi intelijen,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Andrew|first =Christopher|coauthors=Mitrokhin, Vasili|title= The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB|url=https://archive.org/details/swordshieldmitro0000andr_q5i4|publisher= Basic Books|year =2000|page =[https://archive.org/details/swordshieldmitro0000andr_q5i4/page/276 276]}}&lt;/ref&gt; operasi ieu tetep sesuai jeung aturan Moskow, sanajan perbédaan pendapat di kalangan komunis ieu karak aya saenggeus taun 1956. Kritik lain ngeunaan Doktrin Truman ieu asalba ti [[Penentang Perang Vietnam|aktivis anti-Perang Vietnam]], [[CND]] jeung gerakan [[pembekuan nuklir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Crocker|Hampson|Aall|2007|p=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rencana Marshall jeung kudéta Cekoslowakia ===
[[Gambar:Marshall Plan.png|right|thumb|Peta éra Perang Tiis di Éropa jeung Wétan Dekat, nunjukkeun nagara-nagara nu menerima bantuan [[Rencana Marshall]]. Kolum Beureum nunjukkeun jumlah relatif bantuan nu diterima per nagara.]]
 [[Gambar:Cold war europe economic alliances map en.png|thumb|Aliansi perékonomian Éropa.]]
{{Main|Rencana Marshall|Kudéta Cekoslowakia 1948}}
Dina awal 1947, Britania, Perancis, jeung Amérika Sarikat teu ngahasil nepi kéasepakatan jeung Uni Soviét ngeunaan rencana dijieuna deui perékonomian Jerman, kaasup jumlah rinci ngeunaan pamelakan modal industri, barang, jeung infrastruktur nu geus ancur ku Sekutu salila perang.&lt;ref name=&quot;miller16&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bulan Juni 1947, sarua jeung Doktrin Truman, Amérika Sarikat ngesahkeun program [[Rencana Marshall]], nyaéta salah sahiji program bantuan ékonomi ka sakabéh nagara Éropa nu daék pikeun miluan, kaasup Uni Soviét.&lt;ref name=&quot;miller16&quot;/&gt;

Tujuan ti rencana ieu pikeun ngawangun deui sistem [[démokrasi]] jeung perékonomian Éropa jeung pikeun ngabatesan pangaruh komunis di Éropa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|1990|p=186}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rencana ieu ogé nyatakeun yén kamakmuran Éropa kagantung dina pamulihan ékonomi Jerman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,887417,00.html|title=Pas de Pagaille!|work=[[Time (majalah)|Time]]|date=July 28, 1947|accessdate=May 28, 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828025646/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,887417,00.html |date=August 28, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabulan kemudian, Truman mengesahkan [[Undang-Undang Kaamanan Nasional 1947]], nyieun [[Departemen Pertahanan Amérika Sarikat|Departemen Pertahanan]] terpadu, [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], jeung [[Badan Kaamanan Nasional]] (NSC). Hal ieu selanjutnyabakal jadi birokrasi utama kawijakan AS dina Perang Tiis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karabell&quot; &gt;{{Harvnb|Karabell|1999|p=916}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stalin percaya yén integrasi ékonomi jeung [[Dunya Kulon|Kulon]]bakal ngamungkinkeun nagara-nagara Blok Wétan pikeun misahkeun diri ti kontrol Soviét, Stalin ogé percaya yén AS usaha pikeun “meuli” Éropa supaya mihak ka AS.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis32&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=32}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ku sebab kitu, Stalin ngalarang nagara-nagara [[Blok Wétan]] nampanan bantuan Marshall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis32&quot; /&gt; Alternatif Uni Soviét dina nandingan Rencana Marshall, nu ngabéakkeun subsidi Soviét jeung perdagangana jeung Éropa Wétan, nyaéta ku cara nyieun [[Rencana Molotov]] (terus dilembagakeun dina bulan Januari 1949 nu diaranan [[Comecon]]).&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt; Stalin ogé ngahariwangkeun upaya AS pikeun ngarékonstitusi Jerman; visi pasca-perangna ka Jerman teu kaasup hal ieu, sabab Soviét teu hayang méré senjata deui Jerman atawa ku lian kata, sieun yén hal éta bakal ngabalukarkeun anceman deui ka Uni Soviét.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=105–106}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina awal 1948, nyusul laporan nu nguatan &quot;elemen reaksioner&quot; di [[Cekoslowakia]], Soviét [[Kudéta Cekoslowakia 1948|ngalaksanakeun kudéta di Cekoslowakia]], nu mangrupa hiji-satunya nagara Blok Wétan nu diijinkan Soviét pikeun mempertahankan struktur démokrasinya.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig86&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=86}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Patterson|1997|p=132}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kebrutalan publik dina kudéta ieu mengejutkan nagara-nagara Kulon, perdebatan muncul di Kongres Amérika Sarikat, nu sieuneun yén perangbakal terjadi kembali dina upaya Soviét pikeun menyapu habis sakabéh pendukung Rencana Marshall.&lt;ref name=&quot;miller19&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kawijakan kembar Doktrin Truman jeung Rencana Marshall ngabalukarkeuin miliaran bantuan ékonomi jeung militer mengalir pikeun [[Éropa Kulon]], [[Yunani]], jeung [[Turki]]. Dengan bantuan AS, militer Yunani berhasil meunangkeun perang saudara.&lt;ref name = &quot;Karabell&quot; /&gt; partéy [[Démokrasi Kristen (Italia)|Démokrasi Kristen]] [[Italia]] ogé sukses ngéléhkeun aliansi [[Partei Komunis Italia|Komunis]]-[[Partei Sosialis Italia|Sosialis]] dina pemilihan umum taun 1948.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=162}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina saat nu bersamaan, terjadi paningkatan aktivitas intelijen jeung [[spionaseu]], [[Pembelotan jeung emigrasi Blok Wétan|pembelotan Blok Wétan]], jeung pengusiran diplomatik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Cowley|1996|p=157}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Blokade Berlin ===
[[Gambar:C-47s at Tempelhof Airport Berlin 1948.jpg|thumb|C-47s ngalakukeun pembongkaran di [[Bandar Udara Internasional Tempelhof|Bandar Udara Tempelhof]] di Berlin salila berlangsungnya Blokade Berlin.]]
{{Main|Blokade Berlin}}

Amérika Sarikat jeung Britania ngahijikeun zona Jajahan maranéhna di Jerman jadi “[[Bizone|Bizonia]]” (1 Januari 1947, terus jadi “Trizonia” saenggeus zona Jajahan Perancis ogé digabungkeun dina bulan April 1949).&lt;ref name=&quot;miller13&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bagéan ti upaya dibangunna deui perékonomian Jerman, dina awal 1948 perwakilan ti sababaraha nagara Éropa Kulon jeung Amérika Sarikat ngumumkeun kamupakatan pikeun ngahijikeun wilayah Jajahan Jerman Kulon jadi salah sahiji Pamaréntahan federal.&lt;ref name=&quot;miller18&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Selain itu, sesuai dengan Rencana Marshall, maranéhna nyieun deui industrialisasi jeung ngatur deui perékonomian Jerman bareng-bareng, kaasup dibéwarakeunna mata uang anyar  [[Deutsche Mark]] pikeun ngagantikeun mata uang [[Reichsmark]] lila nu nilaina anjlok Soviét.&lt;ref name=&quot;miller31&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Teu lila sanggeusna, Stalin ngalembagakeun [[Blokade Berlin]] (24 Juni 1948 - 12 Mei 1949), salah sahiji krisis gedé kahiji nu kajadian salila Perang Tiis, nu tujuanna pikeun megatkeun akses jeung nyegat kadaharan, bahan, jeung kalengkepan lianna asup ka [[Berlin Kulon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amérika Sarikat, Britania, Perancis, [[Kanada]], [[Selandia Baru]], [[Australia]], jeung Babaraha nagara lianna majukeun “bantuan udara” gedé-gedéan pikeun méré ka Berlin Kulon ku kadaharan jeung kalengkepan lianna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|pp=65–70}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Soviét ngalcarkeun kampanyeu hubungan publik kana parobahan kawijakan di Jerman Kulon. Para Komunis di Berlin Wétan ngupayakeun pikeun ngaganggu acara pemilihan umum munisipal di Berlin (saperti nu maranéhna lakukan dina pemilu 1946),&lt;ref name=&quot;miller13&quot;/&gt; nu diayakeun dina tanggal 5 Désémber 1948 jeung ngahasilkeun 86,3% pemilih sakalian kajayaan nu gedé keur partéy non-Komunis.&lt;ref&gt;Turner, Henry Ashby, ''The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West'', Yale University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-300-03865-8, page 29&lt;/ref&gt; Hasil ieu sacara épéktip ngabagi Berlin jadi dua bagéan, nyaéta Berlin Wétan jeung Berlin Kulon. 300.000 warga Berlin démo jeung maksa supaya bantuan udara internasional pikeun Berlin tetep dilanjutkeun,&lt;ref&gt;Fritsch-Bournazel, Renata, ''Confronting the German Question: Germans on the East-West Divide'', Berg Publishers, 1990, ISBN 0-85496-684-6, page 143&lt;/ref&gt; jeung pilot US Air Force [[Gail Halvorsen]] terus nanggepanna ku cara nyieun “[[Blokade Berlin|Operasi Permen]]” pikeun méré permen ka budak-budaj Jerman.&lt;ref name=&quot;miller26&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Mei 1949, Stalin mundur jeung nyabut blokadeu ka Berlin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 34&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=34}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|pp=180–81}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Awal NATO jeung Radio Free Europe ===
{{Main|NATO|Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Penyebaran informasi Blok Wétan}}
[[Gambar:Truman signing National Security Act Amendment of 1949.jpg|right|thumb| Presiden Truman nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Kaamanan Nasional 1947|Amendemen Undang-Undang Kaamanan Nasional 1949]] dengan para tamu di [[Oval Office]].]]
Britania, Perancis, Amérika Sarikat, Kanada jeung dalapan nagara-nagara Éropa Kulon nandatanganan [[Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Kalér]] dina bulan April 1949 pikeun nyieun [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO).&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 34&quot;/&gt; Dina bulan Agustus, perangkat atom Soviét kahiji dibitukeun di [[Semipalatinsk]], [[Republik Sosialis Soviét Kazakhstan|RSS Kazakhtan]].&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt; Saenggeus Soviét nolak pikeun miluan dina upaya dibanguna deui Jerman nu geus ditetapkeun ku nagara-nagara Éropa Kulon dina taun 1948,&lt;ref name=&quot;miller18&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turner23&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Turner|1987|p=23}}&lt;/ref&gt; AS, Britania, jeung Perancis meloporan dijieuna [[Jerman Kulon]] di tilu zona Jajahan maranéhna nu digabungkeun dina bulan April 1949.&lt;ref name = &quot;Byrd&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Trizonia|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2011|accessdate=May 7, 2011|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/606151/Trizonia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soviét teus nyikepanna ku dibéwarakeuna dijieuna [[Jerman Wétan|Republik Demokratik Jerman]] di zona Jajahana di Jerman Wétan dina bulan Oktober.&lt;ref name = &quot;Byrd&quot; /&gt;

Média massa di [[Blok Wétan]] mangrupa [[Panyebaran informasi Blok Wétan|organ nagara]], operasionalna bener-bener kagantung jeung tunduk dina peraturan partéy komunis, media televisi jeung radio ditetapkeun sebagai Badan usaha milik nagara, sadengkeun [[media cetak]] biasana dibogaan ku organisasi pulitik, bagéan gedéna dibogaan ku partéy komunis lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneil15&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=O'Neil|first=Patrick|title=Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|isbn=0-7146-4765-9|pages=15–25}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Propaganda]] Soviét maké filosofi Marxis pikeun nyerang kapitalismeu, mengklaim éksploitasi tenaga kerja, jeung perang ka imperialisme.&lt;ref&gt;James Wood, p. 111&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku waktu dilegaana siaran [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]] jeung [[Voice of America]] ka Éropa Wétan,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Puddington|2003|p=131}}&lt;/ref&gt; upaya propaganda gedé-gedéan dipaju dina taun 1949 ku dijieuna [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], nu didedikasikeum pikeun ngawartakeun ngeunaan éra kakacauan ti sistem komunisme di Blok Wétan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Puddington9&quot; /&gt; Radio Free Europe ngaupayakeun pikeun nepi ka tujuana ku cara ngalayanan pamiarsa sebagai stasiun radio gaganti, jeung jadi alternatif keur media dina negeri nu dikontrol jeung didominasi ku partéy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Puddington9&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Puddington|2003|p=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Radio Free Europe Éropa nyaéta produk ti sababaraha arsitek nu pang nonjolna ti strategi Perang Tiis awal Amérika, utamana maranéhna nu percaya yén Perang Tiis dina ahirna bakal diperjuangkeun liwat jalur pulitik daripada militer, siga Géorge F. Kennan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Puddington7&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Puddington|2003|p=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nu nyieun kawijakan Amérika, kaasup Kennan jeung [[John Foster Dulles]], ngaku yén Perang Tiis dina kanyataana mangrupa salah sahiji perang gagasan.&lt;ref name=Puddington7 /&gt; Amérika Sarikat, dibantuan ku [[CIA]], ngabiayaan daptar panjang proyék-proyék pikeun ngalawan daya tarik komunis keur kalangan intelektual Éropa jeung nagara-nagara berkembang, atawa ku kata lian, nyegat upaya Soviét pikeun nyebarkeun pangaruh komunisna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Puddington|2003|p=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; CIA icing-icing ogé nyeponsoran kampanyeu propaganda dina negeri nu disebut [[Pembasmian pikeun Kebébasan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Cummings|first=Richard H.|title=Radio free Europe's &quot;Crusade for freedom&quot; : rallying Americans behind Cold War broadcasting, 1950-1960|year=2010|publisher=McFarland &amp; Co|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=9780786444106|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BO78hXsRebkC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina awal 1950-an, AS ngupayakeun méré senjata deui Jerman Kulon. Dina taun 1955, AS ngajamin kaanggotaan pinuh Jerman Kulon di NATO.&lt;ref name = &quot;Byrd&quot; /&gt; Saméméhnya, bulan Mei 1953, Soviét gagal nyegat upaya dihijikeuna Jerman Kulon ka NATO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=105}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Perang Saudara Cina jeung SEATO ===
{{See|Perang Saudara Cina| Pakta Pertahanan Asia Tenggara}}
[[Gambar:Mao, Bulganin, Stalin, Ulbricht Tsedenbal.jpeg|thumb|[[Mao Zedong]] jeung [[Joseph Stalin]] di Moskow, Désémber 1949 ]]
Dina taun 1949, Tentara Pembébasan Rahayat [[Mao Zedong]] ngahasil ngagulingkeun Pamaréntahan Nasionalis [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) [[Chiang Kai-shek]] nu didukung ku Amérika Sarikat di [[Tiongkok]], jeung Uni Soviét tuluy ngajalin aliansi jeung [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]] nu anyar  kabentuk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=39}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chiang jeung Pamaréntahan KMT na mundur ka kapuloan [[Taiwan]]. Sabab dihadapkeun dina [[Révolusi Cina (1949)|Révolusi komunis di Tiongkok]] jeung [[Proyék bom atom Soviét|ahir ti monopoli atom]] Amérika Sarikat dina taun 1949, Pamaréntahan Truman langsung ngalegaan jeung ningkatkeun kawijakan [[kontainmen]] maranéhna di Tiongkok.&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt; Dina [[NSC-68]], salah sahiji dokumen rusiah dina taun 1950,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 164&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=164}}&lt;/ref&gt; disebutkeun yén Dewan Kaamanan Nasional ngusulkeun pikeun nguatan sistem aliansi pro-Kulon jeung ngagedéan pangeluaran pertahanan.&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt;

Amérika Sarikat salajengna ogé maju ngalegaan kawijakan kontainmen maranéhna ke Asia, Afrika, jeung [[Amérika Latin]] pikeun ngalawan gerakan nasionalis Révolusioner, lolobana dipimpin ku partéy-partéy komunis nu dibiayaan ku Soviét jeung berjuang dina ngalawan dominasi kolonial Éropa di [[Asia Tenggara]] jeung wilayah lianna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 212&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p= 212}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina awal 1950-an (périodeu ieu kadang dikenal ku “[[Pactomania]]”), AS nyieun rangkéan aliansi jeung Jepang, Australia, Selandia Anyar , Thailand, jeung [[Filipina]] (utamana [[ANZUS]] dina taun 1951 jeung [[Pakta Pertahanan Asia Tenggara|SEATO]] dina taun 1954). Aliansi ieu nyieun AS mibanda sababaraha pangkalan militer jangka panjang di nagara-nagara éta.&lt;ref name = &quot;Byrd&quot; /&gt;

=== Perang Korea ===
{{Main|Perang Korea}}
[[Gambar:IncheonLandingMcArthur.jpg|thumb|left|Jenderal [[Douglas MacArthur]], komandan CiC PBB (diuk), nempokeun panembakan laut [[Incheon]] ti [[USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7)|USS ''Mt. McKinley'']], 15 Séptémber 1950.]]
Salah sahiji dampak nu signifikan ti kawijakan kontainmen Amérika Sarikat nyaéta peupeusna [[Perang Korea]]. Dina bulan Juni 1950, [[Tentara Rakyat Korea|Tentara Rakyat Korea Kalér]] di handap arahan ti [[Kim Il-Sung]] nginvasi [[Korea Kidul]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stokesbury1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title= A Short History of the Korean War|url= https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofko00unse|last=Stokesbury|first= James L|year= 1990|publisher=Harper Perennial|location= New York|isbn= 0-688-09513-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofko00unse/page/14 14]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Joseph Stalin “ngarencanakeun, nyiapkeun, jeung majukeun” invasi éta,&lt;ref&gt;David Dallin, ''Soviét Foreign Policy After Stalin'' (J. B. Lippincott, 1961), p60.&lt;/ref&gt; nyusun “rencana [perang] nu parélé” nu terus dikirimkeun ka Koréa Kalér.&lt;ref&gt;Douglas J. Macdonald, “Communist Bloc Expansion in the Early Cold War,” International Security, Winter 1995-6, p180.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John Lewis Gaddis, ''We Know Now: Rethinking Cold War History'' (Oxford University Press, 1997), p71.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis and Xue Litai, ''Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War'' (Stanford University Press, 1993), p213&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;William Stueck, ''The Korean War: An International History'' (Princeton University Press, 1995), p69.&lt;/ref&gt; Pikeun ngareuwaskeun Stalin,&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt; [[Dewan Kaamanan PBB]] ngadukung jeung masilitasan pertahanan di Koréa Kidul, sanajan Soviét terus memboikot sidang sebagei protés sabab [[Republik Tiongkok|Taiwan]] nu dibéréan korsi tetep di dewan, bukana [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|Komunis Cina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Malkasian|2001|p=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Personel militer gabungan PBB nu ngahiji ti Koréa Kidul, AS, Britania Raya, Turki, Kanada, Australia, Perancis, Afrika Kidul, Filipina, Belanda, Belgia, Selandia Baru, jeung nagara-nagara lianna ngahiji pikeun ngeureunkeun invasi ieu.&lt;ref&gt;Fehrenbach, T. R., ''This Kind of War: The Classic Korean War History'', Brasseys, 2001, ISBN 1-57488-334-8, page 305&lt;/ref&gt;

Épék laina ti Perang Koréa nyaéta ngadorong [[NATO]] pikeun ngembangkeun struktur militer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Isby|Kamps|1985|pp=13–14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opini publik di nagara-nagara nu miluan, seperti Britania, lolobana ngalawan perang ieu. Loba nu sieuneun yén perang ieu bakal ningkat jadi perang gedé ku Komunis Cina, atawa jadi [[perang nuklir]]. Pandangan nu béda ngeunaan perang ieu sok ngayakeun kategangan dina [[Hubungan Amérika Sarikat–Britania Raya|hubungan Britania–Amérika]]. Sabab alesan ieu, Britania nyokot langkah téréh pikeun ngeureunkeun konflik ku cara ngayakeun ide ngeunaan ngahijikeun Koréa di handap naungan PBB jeung panarikan sakabéh pasukan asing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
|last = Cotton
|first = James
|title = The Korean war in history
|publisher = Manchester University Press ND
|year = 1989
|page = [https://archive.org/details/koreanwarinhisto0000unse/page/100 100]
|url =https://archive.org/details/koreanwarinhisto0000unse
|id =
|isbn = 0-7190-2984-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan Cina jeung Koréa Kalér geus capé ku perang nu ngeureuyeuh terus jeung siap pikeun ngeureunana dina taun 1952, Stalin kukuh yén maranéhna kudu terus berjuang, jeung [[gencatan senjata]] anyar disetujuan dina taun 1953 saenggeus pupusna Stalin.&lt;ref name = &quot;Byrd&quot; /&gt; Pamingpin Koréa Kalér Kim Il Sung terus ngayakeun kediktatoran nu terpusat pidan jeung brutal di Koréa Kalér, méréna kakuasaan teu kabatas jeung ngahasilkeun salah sahiji kultus kapribadian nu teu katembus berdekade-dekade lilana.&lt;ref&gt;Oberdorfer, Don, ''The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History'', Basic Books, 2001, ISBN 0-465-05162-6, page 10-11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;No, Kum-Sok and J. Roger Osterholm, ''A MiG-15 to Freedom: Memoir of the Wartime North Korean Defector who First Delivered the Secret Fighter Jet to the Americans in 1953'', McFarland, 1996, ISBN 0-7864-0210-5&lt;/ref&gt; Di Koréa Kidul, pamingpin [[Korupsi|korup]] [[Syngman Rhee]] nu meunang dukungan ti AS nerapkeun sistem Pamaréntahan [[Totalitarianisme|totaliter]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last = Hastings|first = Max|title = The Korean War|publisher = Simon &amp; Schuster|year = 1988|location = New York|pages = 89–90|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=wvOMegzEi3AC|id =|isbn = 0-671-66834-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saenggeus Rhee digulingkan dina taun 1960, Koréa Kidul ragrag di handap masa Pamaréntahan militer nu lumangsung nepi ka dijieuna deui sistem multi-partéy dina taun 1987.

== Krisis jeung paningkatan (1953-1962) ==
{{Main|Perang Tiis (1953–1962)}}
[[Gambar:1959 NATO and WP troop strengths in Europe.svg|thumb|Kakuatan tentara NATO jeung [[Pakta Warsawa]] di Éropa dina taun 1959.]]
 
=== Khrushchev, Eisenhower jeung de-Stalieusasi ===
Dina taun 1953, perobahan dina kepamingpinan pulitik di kadua pihak turut menggeser dinamika Perang Tiis.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;Karabell, p. 916&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] dilantik sebagai présidén AS nu anyar dina bulan Januari. Salila 18 bulan terahir Pamaréntahan Truman, anggaran pertahanan Amérika Sarikat telah meningkat opat kali lipat, jeung Eisenhower bertekad pikeun ngurangan sepertiga ti pengeluaran militer sambil terus berjuang dina Perang Tiis sacara épéktip.&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt;

Saenggeus kematian [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] jadi pamingpin Soviét saenggeus deposisi jeung pengeksekusian [[Lavrentiy Beria]] jeung ogé menyingkirkan saingana seperti [[Georgy Malenkov]] jeung [[Vyacheslav Molotov]]. Dina tanggal 25 Februari 1956, Khrushchev mengejutkan delegasi dina Kongres ke-20 [[Partei Komunis Uni Soviét|Partei Komunis Soviét]] dengan mencela kejahatan Stalin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=107}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sebagai bagéan ti kampanye [[de-Stalieusasi]], manéhna nyatakeun yén hiji-hijina cara pikeun méré formasi jeung menjauh ti kawijakan Stalin nyaéta dengan mengakui kesalahan nu dilakukana dina masa lalu.&lt;ref name = &quot;Karabell&quot; /&gt;

Dina tanggal 18 November 1956, saat berpidato ka duta besar Kulon dina salah sahiji resepsi di kedutaan Polandia di Moskow, Khrushchev mengungkapkan kalimat terkenalnya: &quot;Entah kalian suka atawa henteu, sejarah aya di pihak kami. Kamibakal mengubur kalian&quot;, pernyataana ieu mengejutkan sakabéh tamu nu hadir.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,867329,00.html We Will Bury You!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824033318/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,867329,00.html |date=2013-08-24 }}&quot;, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]]'', November 26, 1956. Retrieved June 26, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Khrushchev kemudian mengklaim yén manéhna teu membicarakan ngeunaan perang nuklir, melainkan ngeunaan kemenangan komunisme atas kapitalismeu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=84}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1961, Khrushchev nyatakeun: &quot;bahkan jika Uni Soviét aya di belakang Kulon, dina satu dekade kekurangan perumahanbakal lenyap, barang-barang konsumsibakal melimpah, jeung dina dua dekade, pembangunan masyarakat komunis di Uni Soviétbakal selesai&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Tompson|1997|pp=237–239}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sekretaris nagara Eisenhower, John Foster Dulles, ngamimitian kawijakan &quot;[[New Look]]&quot; nu jadi strategi kontainmen (penahanan) anyar, nu nyerukeun supaya AS leuwih ngandelkeun senjata nuklir pikeun ngalawan musuh-musuhna keur waktuna perang.&lt;ref name = &quot;Karabell&quot; /&gt; Dulles ogé nyerukeun doktrin &quot;pembalasan besar-besaran&quot; jeung nitah ka AS pikeun teu nanggepan unggal agresi Soviét. Sebagai contoh, karena Soviét mibanda kaunggulan nuklir, Eisenhower, di handap ancaman ti Khrushchev, nolak pikeun campur tangan dina [[Krisis Suez]] di [[Wétan Tengah]] dina taun 1956.&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt;

=== Pakta Warsawa jeung Révolusi Hungaria ===
{{Main|Pakta Warsawa| Révolusi Hongaria}}
[[Gambar:Location Warsaw Pakt.svg|thumb|right|300px|Peta nagara-nagara [[Pakta Warsawa]].]]

Saenggeus kematian Stalin dina taun 1953, kategangan berlangsung dengan sedikit leuwih santai, meskipun situasi di Éropa tetep belum kondusif.&lt;ref name = &quot;Palmowski&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Palmowski|year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soviét, nu sudah nyieun jaringan perjanjian bantuan timbal balik dina [[Blok Wétan]] dina taun 1949,&lt;ref&gt;Feldbrugge, p. 818&lt;/ref&gt; ogé nyieun suatu aliansi formal pikeun ngalengkepana, nyaéta [[Pakta Warsawa]] dina taun 1955.&lt;ref name = &quot;Byrd&quot; /&gt;

[[Révolusi Hongaria]] 1956 terjadi teu lila saenggeus Khrushchev menghapuskan kakuasaan pamingpin Stalieus Hongaria [[Mátyás Rákosi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/4/newsid_2739000/2739039.stm|title=Soviét troops overrun Hungary|publisher=BBC News|date=November 4, 1956|accessdate=June 11, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sebagai tanggepan ka pemberontakan,&lt;ref&gt;Video: [http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html Revolt in Hungary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117094223/http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html |date=2007-11-17 }} Narrator: [[Walter Cronkite]], producer: CBS (1956) – Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306-0-1:40&lt;/ref&gt; rezim anyar  ieu sacara resmi dibubarkan ku [[ÁVH|polisi rusiah]], nyatakeun niatnya pikeun menarik diri ti [[Pakta Warsawa]] jeung jangji pikeun ngayakeun pemilihan umum nu. Tentara Soviét mulai menyerbu.&lt;ref name=troops&gt;UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{PDF|[http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter IV. E (Logistical deployment of new Soviét troops), para 181 (p. 56)]|1.47&amp;nbsp;MB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rébuan warga Hongaria ditangkap, dipenjarakan, dideportasi ke Uni Soviét,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Report by Soviét Deputy Interior Mieuster M. N. Holodkov to Interior Mieuster N. P. Dudorov (15 November 1956) | work = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = November 4, 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc8.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate =Séptémber 2, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung leuwih ti 200.000 warga melarikan diri keluar Hongaria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cseresneyes&quot;&gt;{{cite journal| last = Cseresnyés| first = Ferenc| title = The '56 Exodus to Austria| journal = The Hungarian Quarterly| volume = XL| issue = 154| pages = 86–101| publisher = Society of the Hungarian Quarterly| url = http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no154/086.html| date = Summer 1999| accessdate = October 9, 2006| ref = harv| postscript = .}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127172402/http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no154/086.html |date=November 27, 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamingpin Hongaria [[Imre Nagy]] jeung nu lianna dieksekusi saenggeus diprosés dina salah sahiji persidangan rusiah.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCJune16&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/ &quot;On This Day June 16, 1989: Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425235008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/ |date=April 25, 2009 }} British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors. Retrieved October 13, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ti 1957 sampai 1961, Khrushchev sacara terbuka jeung teterusan ngancem Kulon ku pamusnahan nuklir. Manéhna mengklaim yén kamampuan rudal Soviét jauh leuwih unggul ti Amérika Sarikat, jeung mampu mupuskeun dayeuh-dayeuh di Amérika atawa Éropa. Namun, Khrushchev nolak keyakinan Stalin dina keniscayaan perang jeung nyatakeun yén tujuan barunya nyaéta pikeun &quot;hirup berdampingan sacara damai&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=70}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kawijakan ieu berbéda dengan Soviét dina éra Stalin, di mana [[perjuangan kelas]] internasional hartina yén kadua kubu nu berlawanan aya dina konflik tak terelakkan dengan komunisme nu bakal menang melalui [[Perang Dunya|perang global]]. Ayeuna, perdamaianbakal ngamungkinkeun kapitalismeu pikeun menghadapi keruntuhana sendiri,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Perlmutter|1997|p=145}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung ogé méré waktu bagi Soviét pikeun ningkatkeun kamampuan militer maranéhna,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Njolstad|2004|p=136}}&lt;/ref&gt; nu bakal tetep bertahan puluhan taun sampai munculnya éra &quot;pemikiran baru&quot; Gorbachev.&lt;ref&gt;Breslauer, p. 72&lt;/ref&gt;

Paristiwa di [[Hongaria]] melumpuhkan idéologi partéy-partéy Komunis dunya, terutama di [[Éropa Kulon]], jeung terjadi penurunan nu besar dina jumlah kéanggotaan partéy. Nagara-nagara Kulon jeung komunis merasa kecewa dengan respon brutal Soviét.&lt;ref name=Lendvai196&gt;{{Cite book
|last = Lendvai
|first = Paul
|title = One day that shook the Communist world: the 1956 Hungarian uprising and its legacy
|publisher = Princeton University Press
|year = 2008
|page = [https://archive.org/details/onedaythatshookc0000lend/page/196 196]
|url =https://archive.org/details/onedaythatshookc0000lend
|id =
|isbn = 0-691-13282-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; partéy komunis di Kulon can pernah pulih ti pangaruh Révolusi Hongaria dina hal kéanggotaan partéy, fakta nu segera diakui ku Babaraha pihak, seperti politisi [[Yugoslavia]] [[Milovan Djilas]], nu nyatakeun yén: &quot;luka nu ditorehkan ku Révolusi Hongaria ka komunisme can pernah bener-bener sembuh&quot;.&lt;ref name=Lendvai196/&gt;

=== Ultimatum Berlin jeung integrasi Éropa ===
[[Gambar:Soviét empire 1960.png|thumb|Wilayah-wilayah di dunya nu aya di handap pangaruh Soviét saenggeus [[Révolusi Kuba]] taun 1959 jeung saméméh [[perpecahan Sino-Soviét]] taun 1961.|pra=Special:FilePath/Soviét_empire_1960.png]]

Salila bulan November 1958, Khrushchev gagal pikeun ngarobah sakabéh [[Berlin]] jadi &quot;dayeuh nu independen, terdemiliterisasi jeung bébas&quot;, hal ieu membuat Amérika Sarikat, Britania, jeung Perancis diberi ultimatum enam bulan pikeun menarik pasukan maranéhna ti sektor nu masih diicingan di Berlin Kulon, atawa Khrushchevbakal mengalihkan kendali hak akses Kulon ke [[Jerman Wétan]]. Khrushchev saméméhnya menjelaskan ka [[Mao Zedong]] yén &quot;Berlin nyaéta testikelnya Kulon. Unggal kali saya hayang membuat Kulon menjerit, maka sayabakal meremas Berlin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=71}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[NATO]] sacara resmi nolak ultimatum ieu dina pertengahan Désémber jeung Khrushchev menarik kembali ultimatumnya dina konferensi Jenewa.&lt;ref&gt;Glees, pp. 126–27&lt;/ref&gt;

Leuwih luas deui, salah sahiji ciri ti taun 1950-an nyaéta awal ti [[integrasi-Éropa]], nu mangrupa produk ti Perang Tiis nu memperomosikan pulitik, ékonomi, jeung militer Truman jeung Eisenhower, namun kemudian hal ieu dipandang sebagai kawijakan nu ambigu, takut yén Éropa nu independen bakal ngalakukeun ''[[détente]]'' misah ti Uni Soviét, nu bisa dipaké pikeun ngagogoréng perpecahan Kulon.&lt;ref&gt;Cameron‏, p. 156&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sasaingan di Dunya Katilu ===
{{Main|Kudéta Iran 1953|Kudéta Guatemala 1954|Krisis Kongo|Dekolonisasi|Gerakan Non-Blok}}
[[Gambar:1961 CPA 2566.jpg|thumb|170px|right|Perangko Soviét taun 1961 nu nungtut kebébasan bagi nagara-nagara Afrika.]]
[[Gambar:The Soviet Union 1961 CPA 2576 stamp (The Struggle for the Liberation of Africa. Lumumba ( 1925-1961 ), premier of Congo).jpg|thumb|upright|Perangko Soviét taun 1961 intuk memperingati [[Patrice Lumumba]], perdana menteri [[Republik Kongo]].]]

Gerakan nasionalis di sabaraha nagara saperti [[Guatemala]], [[Indonésia]] jeung [[Indocina]] sok bersekutu jeung kelompok komunis, atawa nu dianggep ku Kulon dibantuan ku komunis.&lt;ref name = &quot;Karabell&quot; /&gt; Dina konteks ieu, Amérika Sarikat jeung Uni Soviét terus ningkatkeun sasaingan maranéhna pikeun nyebarkeun pangaruh dengan cara néangan proksi di [[Dunya Katilu]], jeung ieu bertepatan dengan momentum [[dekolonisasi]] dina taun 1950-an jeung awal 1960-an.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=121–124}}&lt;/ref&gt; Selain itu, Soviét terus dirugikan ku kakuatan-kakuatan imperialis.&lt;ref&gt;Edelheit, p. 382&lt;/ref&gt; Kadua pihak mulai ngalakukeun pengiriman jeung penjualan senjata ka nagara-nagara Dunya Katilu pikeun meunang pangaruh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1 = Towle|first1 = Philip|title = The Oxford History of Modern War|url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofm00town|chapter = Cold War|editors = Charles Townshend|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 2000|location = New York, USA|page = [https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofm00town/page/160 160]|accessdate =August 12, 2011|isbn = 0-19-285373-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amérika Sarikat memanfaatkan [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) pikeun menyusup ke dina pergolakan pulitik di Dunya Katilu jeung ogé pikeun ngadukung sekutu maranéhna.&lt;ref name = &quot;Karabell&quot; /&gt; Dina taun 1953, CIA melaksanakan [[Operasi Ajax]], salah sahiji operasi rusiah nu bertujuan pikeun ngagulingkeun perdana menteri [[Iran]], [[Mohammed Mossadegh]]. Mosadegh nu menganut prinsip [[Gerakan Non-Blok|Non-Blok]] telah jadi nemesis [[Wétan Tengah]] bagi Britania sejak manéhna menasionalisasi perusahaan minyak [[Anglo-Iranian Oil Company]] milik Britania dina taun 1951. [[Winston Churchill]] mengatakan ka AS yén Mossadegh &quot;beuki beralih ke komunisme&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne ''Mohammad Mosaddegh and the 1953 Coup in Iran'', Syracuse University Press, May 2004. ISBN 0-8156-3018-2, p. 125.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite document
|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB126/iran521120.pdf
|format=PDF
|title=United States policy regarding the current situation in Iran
|publisher=George Washington University
|date=November 20, 1952
|author=James S. Lay, Jr.
|accessdate=November 7, 2007
|ref=harv}} Statement of policy proposed by the National Security Council&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite document
|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB126/iran530320.pdf
|format=PDF
|title=First Progress Report on Paragraph 5-1 of NSC 136/1, &quot;U.S. Policy Regarding the Current Situation in Iran&quot;
|publisher=George Washington University
|author=Walter B. Smith, Undersecretary
|date=March 20, 1953
|accessdate=November 7, 2007
|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite document
|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB126/iran530300.pdf
|publisher=George Washington University
|title=Measures which the United States Government Might Take in Support of a Successor Government to Mosaddegh
|month=March
|year=1953
|format=PDF
|accessdate=November 7, 2007
|ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shah]] nu pro-Kulon, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], kemudian naik jabatan sebagai monarki [[otokratik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last = Watson|first = Cynthia A.|title = U.S. National Security: A Reference Handbook|publisher = ABL-CLIO|year = 2002|location = Santa Barbara, California|page = 118|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Nj2monE0y4cC|id =|isbn = 978-1-57607-598-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kawijakan Shah nu anyar  ieu di antarana ngalarang aktivitas partéy komunis [[Partei Tudeh|Tudeh]] jeung penekanan perbédaan pendapat pulitik ku [[SAVAK]], Badan kaamanan jeung intelijen dina negeri Shah.

Di [[Guatemala]], salah sahiji [[Kudéta Guatemala 1954|kudéta militer nu didukung CIA]] berhasil ngagulingkeun présidén sayap kiri [[Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán]] dina taun 1954.&lt;ref&gt;Stone, ''The Atlantic and Its Enemies'' (2010) pp 199, 256&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaréntah pasca-Arbenz nu dipimpin ku [[Carlos Castillo Armas]] mengembalikan sakabéh properti milik AS nu dinasionalisasi, nyieun [[Komite Nasional Pertahanan Ngalawan Komunisme]], jeung mendekritkan Hukum Pidana Pencegahan Ka Komunisme atas permintaan Amérika Sarikat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last = Bulmer-Thomas|first = V.|title = The Political Economy of Central America since 1920|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1987|location = Cambridge|page = 142|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=zHE5AAAAIAAJ|isbn = 978-0-521-34284-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

présidén Indonésia, [[Soekarno]], nu ngagem prinsip-prinsip Non-Blok, dihadapkan dina ancaman besar dina awal taun 1956, ketika Babaraha komanjeung daerah mulai nungtut otonomi ti [[Jakarta]]. Saenggeus prosés mediasi gagal, Soekarno mengambil tindakan tegas pikeun menyingkirkan maranéhna nu membangkang. Dina bulan Februari 1958, komanjeung militer di [[Sumatera Tengah]] (Kolonel [[Ahmad Husein]]) jeung Sulawesi Kalér (Kolonel [[Ventje Sumual]]) mendeklarasikan pembentukan [[Pamaréntah Révolusioner Republik Indonésia]]-[[Permesta]], nu bertujuan pikeun ngagulingkeun rezim Soekarno. Maranéhna bergabung dengan politisi sipil lianna ti partéy [[Masyumi]] seperti [[Sjafruddin Prawiranagara]], nu ngalawan pertumbuhan pangaruh ti [[Partei Komunis Indonésia]]. Karena retorika anti-komunis maranéhna, pemberontakan maranéhna mendapat bantuan senjata, dana, jeung bantuan lianna ti CIA. Hal ieu terbukti saat pesawat Amérika nu dipiloti ku [[Allen Lawrence Pope]] tertembak jatuh di [[Ambon]] dina bulan April 1958. Pamaréntah pusat nanggepannya dengan meluncurkan invasi militer lewat laut jeung udara melalui [[Dinang]] jeung [[Manado]]. Dina ahir 1958, para pemberontak berhasil dikalahkan, jeung pemberontak nu tersisa menyerahkan diri dina bulan Agustus 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
|last = Roadnight
|first = Andrew
|title = United States Policy towards Indonesia in the Truman and Eisenhower Years
|publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
|year = 2002
|location = New York
|pages =
|url =
|isbn = 0-333-79315-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di [[Irak]], [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]] [[Révolusi 14 Juli|ngagulingkeun]] monarki [[Hashemite]] dina taun 1958 jeung ngawangun aliansi dengan [[Partei Komunis Irak]] jeung Uni Soviét.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author = [[Con Coughlin|Coughlin, Con]]| pages = [https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/27 25]–26|title = Saddam: His Rise and Fall|url = https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc|location =|publisher = [[Harper Perennial]]|year = 2005|isbn = 0-06-050543-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meskipun [[Partei Ba'ath Sosialis Arab – Wilayah Irak|Partei Ba'ath]] nu anti-komunis nyaéta faksi dominan dina kabinét Qasim,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author = [[Con Coughlin|Coughlin, Con]]| pages = [https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/26 24]–25|title = Saddam: His Rise and Fall|url = https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc|location =|publisher = [[Harper Perennial]]|year = 2005|isbn = 0-06-050543-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; AS mulai khawatir yén pemberontakan mungkinbakal menginspirasi &quot;reaksi berantai&quot; di sakabéh Wétan Tengah.&lt;ref&gt;Lesch, David W. ''The Middle East and the United States Third Edition: A Historical and Political Reassessment''. Boulder: Westview Press, 2003. page 173.&lt;/ref&gt; Mesir jeung Suriah ogé berusaha pikeun membunuh Qasim pikeun alasan maranéhna sendiri,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author = [[Con Coughlin|Coughlin, Con]]| page = [https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/29 27]|title = Saddam: His Rise and Fall|url = https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc|location =|publisher = [[Harper Perennial]]|year = 2005|isbn = 0-06-050543-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; CIA ogé dianggep berperan dina ngirimkan saputangan beracun ka Qasim (meskipun masih diperdebatkan).&lt;ref name=Church181&gt;{{Cite book
|chapter = C. Institutionalizing Assassination: the &quot;Executive Action&quot; capability
|title = Alleged Assassination Plots involving Foreign Leaders
|author = Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
|date = 20 November 1975
|url = http://history-matters.com/archive/church/reports/ir/contents.htm
|page = 181
|ref = harv
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saenggeus serangkaian kudéta, Ba'athist berhasil méré but kakuasaan dina taun 1968, kemungkinan dengan dukungan ti KGB,&lt;ref&gt;Mauro, Ryan, [http://globalpolitician.com/21610-iraq-syria-wmd &quot;Interview with Ali Ibrahim al-Tikriti,&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016163428/http://www.globalpolitician.com/21610-iraq-syria-wmd |date=2012-10-16 }} ''Global Politician'', 14 February 2006. The former Ba'athist general claims: &quot;The Soviét Union openly supported and backed the [[17 July Revolution|Ba'athist revolution in Iraq]] at the time and I am sure you can find news articles about it in European press agencies and others at the time. I was there helping with the revolution and worked on two occasions with Soviét KGB officials to help train us, much like the United States did with the Taliban during the Soviét campaign in Afghanistan.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; meskipun militer Irak ogé ngalakukeun kudéta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author = [[Con Coughlin|Coughlin, Con]]| page = [https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/56 52]|title = Saddam: His Rise and Fall|url = https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc|location =|publisher = [[Harper Perennial]]|year = 2005|isbn =  0-06-050543-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di Républik Kongo, nu anyar merdeka ti [[Belgia]] dina bulan Juni 1960, CIA menghasut présidén [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]] pikeun memecat Perdana Menteri kapilih [[Patrice Lumumba]] jeung membubarkan kabinét Lumumba dina bulan Séptémber.&lt;ref name = &quot;Schraeder 1994, 57&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last = Schraeder|first = Peter J.|title = United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa: Incrementalism, Crisis, and Change|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1994|location = Cambridge|page = 57|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=goKxyUia-7UC|id = |isbn = 978-0-521-46677-6}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina [[Krisis Kongo]] nu terjadi saenggeusnya, CIA ngadukung Kolonel [[Mobutu]] dengan cara memobilisasi pasukana pikeun méré but kakuasaan melalui kudéta militer.&lt;ref name = &quot;Schraeder 1994, 57&quot;/&gt;

Di [[Guiana Britania]], kandidat [[Partei Progresif Rakyat]] (PPP) nu berhaluan kiri, [[Cheddi Jagan]], meunangkeun posisi ketua menteri dina pemilihan umum kolonial nu diselenggarakan dina taun 1953, namun sacara cepat dipaksa pikeun mengundurkan diri ti jabatana saenggeus ayana suspensi ti Britania Raya nu masih mibanda kewenangan ka konstitusi nagara éta.&lt;ref name = &quot;Rose 2002, 167&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last = Rose|first = Euclid A.|title = Dependency and Socialism in the Modern Caribbean: Superpower Intervention in Guyana, Jamaica, and Grenada, 1970–1985|publisher = Lexington Books|year = 2002|location = Lanham|page = 57|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=KkPb3-krfQgC|id =|isbn = 978-0-7391-0448-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dipermalukan ku kemenangan telak Jagan nu diduga Marxis, Britania memenjarakan ketua PPP dina taun 1955 jeung maranéhnayasa perpecahan antara Jagan dengan rekan PPP nya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mars &amp; Young 2004, xviii&quot;&gt;Mars, Perry &amp; Alma H. Young (2004). [http://books.google.com/books?id=F4lJBFU-k1wC ''Caribbean Labor and Politics: Legacies of Cheddi Jagan and Michael Manley'']. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. xviii. ISBN 978-0-8143-3211-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Jagan deudeuieun meunangkeun pemilu kolonial dina taun 1957 jeung 1961. Amérika Sarikat menekan Britania pikeun menunda méré kemerdekaan ka Guiana sampai haluan pulitik Jagan telah teridentifikasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last = Palmer|first = Colin A.|title = Cheddi Jagan and the Politics of Power: British Guiana's Struggle for Independence|publisher = University of North Carolina Press|year = 2010|location = Chapel Hill|pages = 247–248|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=NHd1sxVg4XwC|id =|isbn = 978-0-8078-3416-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karena dilelahkan ku [[Perang Indochina Kahiji|perang gerilya komunis nu nungtut kemerdekaan Vietnam]], Perancis setuju pikeun ngalakukeun negosiasi dengan komunis Vietnam. Dina [[Konferensi Jenewa (1954)|Konferensi Jenewa]], perjanjian damai ditandatangani, jeung Vietnam dibagi jadi [[Vietnam Kalér]] nu pro-Soviét jeung [[Vietnam Kidul]] nu pro-Kulon. Antara taun 1954 jeung 1961, Amérika Sarikat ngirimkan bantuan ékonomi jeung penasihat militer pikeun memperkuat rezim pro-Kulon Vietnam Kidul dina menghalangi upaya komunis nu berniat pikeun mengacaukana.&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot;/&gt;

Loba nagara-nagara berkembang di Asia, Afrika, jeung Amérika Latin nu nolak tekanan pikeun memihak salah sahiji blok. Dina taun 1955, dina [[Konferensi Asia-Afrika|Konferensi Bandung]] di Indonésia, puluhan nagara Dunya Katilu memutuskan pikeun keluar ti Perang Tiis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=126}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dasasila Bandung|Konsesus nu ditetepkan di Bandung]] mencapai puncaknya dengan didirikana [[Gerakan Non-Blok]] nu bermarkas di [[Belgrade]] dina taun 1961.&lt;ref name = &quot;Karabell&quot; /&gt; Sementara itu, Khrushchev memperluas kawijakan Moskow dengan menjalin hubungan dengan [[India]] jeung nagara-nagara netral lianna. Gerakan kemerdekaan di Dunya Katilu ngarobah tatanan dunya pasca-perang jadi leuwih pluralistik dengan diterapkana [[dekolonisasi]] bagi nagara-nagara Afrika jeung Wétan Tengah jeung semangat nasionalisme ogé meningkat di Asia jeung Amérika Latin.&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt;

=== Perpecahan Sino-Soviét jeung Perlombaan Angkasa ===
{{Main|Perpecahan Sino-Soviét|Perlombaan Angkasa}}
[[Gambar:Space Race 1957-1975 black text.png|thumb|right|Diagram perkembangan [[Perlombaan Angkasa]] dina taun 1957–1975.]]

périodeu saenggeus 1956 ditandai dengan kemunduran serius bagi Uni Soviét, terutama pecahnya aliansi Cina-Soviét, nu dimulai dengan [[perpecahan Sino-Soviét]]. Mao membela Stalin ketika Khrushchev mengkritiknya saenggeus kematiana dina taun 1956, jeung menganggep pamingpin Soviét nu anyar sebagai &quot;pemula nu dangkal&quot;, Mao ogé menuduhnya telah keleungitan sisi Révolusioner.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis142&quot; /&gt; Sementara itu, Khrushchev, nu merasa terganggu atas sikap Mao nu anti-perang nuklir, menyebut pamingpin Cina sebagai &quot;orang nu gila takhta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Kempe|first=Frederick|title=Berlin 1961|url=https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Group (USA)|isbn=0-399-15729-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/42 42]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saenggeus hal itu terjadi, Khrushchev ngalakukeun rupa-rupa upaya pikeun ngawangun kembali aliansi dengan Cina, namun Mao nolak unggal usulana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis142&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=142}}&lt;/ref&gt; Permusuhan Cina-Soviét ieu ahirnya tumpah dina perang propaganda intra-komunis.&lt;ref&gt;Lüthi, pp. 273–276&lt;/ref&gt; Selanjutnya, Soviét mulai berfokus dina sasaingan sengit dengan Cina pikeun memperebutkan posisi sebagai pamingpin gerakan komunis dunya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=140–142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dilatardepani ku [[senjata nuklir]], Amérika Sarikat jeung Uni Soviét mulai bersaing pikeun ngawangun persenjataan nuklir jeung mengembangkan senjata jangka-panjang nu bisa maranéhna pergunakan pikeun menyerang satu sama lain.&lt;ref name = &quot;Byrd&quot; /&gt; Bulan Agustus 1957, Soviét berhasil meluncurkan [[peluru kendali balistik antar benua]] pertama (ICBM),&lt;ref&gt;Lackey, p. 49&lt;/ref&gt; jeung dina bulan Oktobernya, Soviét meluncurkan satelit Bumi pertama, [[Program Sputnik|Sputnik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/4/newsid_2685000/2685115.stm|title=Sputnik satellite blasts into space|publisher=BBC News|date=October 4, 1957|accessdate=June 11, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peluncuran Sputnik ieu menandai dimulainya [[Perlombaan Angkasa]] antara Soviét jeung Amérika Sarikat. Sasaingan ieu memuncak dengan [[Program Apollo|pendaratan Apollo di Bulan]], nu dideskripsikan ku astronot [[Frank Borman]] sebagai &quot;pertempuran dina Perang Tiis&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = To Boldly Go|author=Klesius, Michael|work=Air &amp; Space| url = http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/To-Boldly-Go.html|accessdate=January 7, 2009|date=December 19, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Révolusi Kuba jeung Invasi Teluk Babi ===
{{Main|Révolusi Kuba| Invasi Teluk Babi}}
[[Gambar:CheyFidel.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[Fidel Castro]] (kanan) jeung [[Che Guevara]], 1961.]]

Di [[Kuba]], [[Gerakan 26 Juli]] berhasil méré but kakuasaan dina bulan Januari 1959, menjatuhkan présidén [[Fulgencio Batista]], nu rezimnya teu populer jeung teu direstui ku Pamaréntahan Eisenhower.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last = Blumberg|first = Arnold|title = Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers Who Made History|publisher = Greenwood Press|year = 1995|location = Westport, Connecticut|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nofUu5tvJ18C|id =|isbn = 978-0-313-28751-0|pages = 23–24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hubungan diplomatik antara Kuba jeung Amérika Sarikat terus berlanjut salila Babaraha waktu saenggeus kejatuhan Batista, namun présidén Eisenhower sengaja meninggalkan ibu kota pikeun menghinti pertemuan dengan pamingpin pemuda Révolusioner Kuba [[Fidel Castro]] dina bulan April, jeung memerintahkan Wakil présidén [[Richard Nixon]] pikeun mengadakan pertemuan dengan Castro di kediamana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last = Lechuga Hevia|first = Carlos|title = Cuba and the Missile Crisis|publisher = Ocean Press|year = 2001|location = Melbourne, Australia|page = 142|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aKLrYxcDg2wC|id =|isbn = 978-1-876175-34-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eisenhower teu yakin, apakah Castro séorang komunis atawa bukan. Eisenhower ogé ngalawan upaya Kuba pikeun ngurangan ketergantungan ékonomi maranéhna dina Amérika Sarikat.&lt;ref name = &quot;Smith 1998, 95&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last = Smith|first = Joseph|title = The Cold War 1945–1991|publisher = Blackwell|year = 1998|location = Oxford|page = 95|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=FnnF9NKMJdkC|id =|isbn = 978-0-631-19138-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuba mulai ngalakukeun negosiasi pembelian senjata dengan Éropa Wétan dina bulan Maret 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Dominguez|1989|p=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bulan Januari 1961, sesaat saméméh turun ti jabatana, Eisenhower sacara resmi memutuskan hubungan dengan Pamaréntah Kuba. Dina bulan April 1961, présidén Amérika nu anyar kapilih, [[John F. Kennedy]], dengan bantuan ti [[wCIA]], gagal [[Invasi Teluk Babi|menginvasi pulau-pulau]] di Playa Girón jeung Playa Larga di [[Provinsi Las Villas]]{{mdash}}kegagalan nu ngéra-ngérakeun Amérika Sarikat di mata dunya.&lt;ref name = &quot;Smith 1998, 95&quot;/&gt; Castro nanggepannya dengan mengadopsi paham [[Marxisme-Lenieusme]], jeung Soviét jangji pikeun méré dukungan leuwih lanjut ka Kuba.&lt;ref name = &quot;Smith 1998, 95&quot;/&gt;

=== Krisis Berlin 1961 ===
{{Main|Krisis Berlin 1961|Tembok Berlin|Pembelotan jeung emigrasi Blok Wétan}}
[[Gambar:Checkpoint Charlie 1961-10-27.jpg|thumb|Tank Soviét berhadapan dengan tank Amérika Sarikat di [[Checkpoint Charlie]], 27 Oktober, salila berlangsungnya Krisis Berlin 1961]]

[[Krisis Berlin 1961]] nyaéta insiden besar terahir nu terjadi dina masa Perang Tiis terkait dengan status [[Berlin]] jeung kondisi Jerman pasca-Perang Dunya II. Dina awal 1950-an, [[Pembelotan jeung emigrasi Blok Wétan|pendekatan Soviét ngeunaan kawijakan pembatasan emigrasi]] ditiru ku sebagéan besar nagara [[Blok Wétan]] lianna.&lt;ref name=&quot;dowty114&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Dowty|1989|p=114}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namun, ratusan ribu warga [[Jerman Wétan]] bérémigrasi ke [[Jerman Kulon]] unggal tauna melalui &quot;celah&quot; nu terdapat dina sistem antara Berlin Wétan jeung Berlin Kulon jeung dengan bantuan ti pasukan Sekutu di Jerman Kulon.&lt;ref name=&quot;harrison99&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Harrison|2003|p=99}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emigrasi ngabalukarkeun berpindahnya sumber daya manusia nu berpotensi seperti kalangan profesional terdidik ti Jerman Wétan ke Jerman Kulon, hampir 20% penduduk Jerman Wétan telah bermigrasi ke Jerman Kulon dina taun 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;dowty122&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Dowty|1989|p=122}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Juni, Uni Soviét mengeluarkan ultimatum anyar nu nungtut panarikan pasukan [[Sekutu]] ti Berlin Kulon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=114}}&lt;/ref&gt; Permintaan éta ditolak, jeung dina tanggal 13 Agustus, Jerman Wétan ngawangun hahalang kawat cucukan nu diteruskeun konstruksina dilegaan nepi ka engké nyieun [[Tembok Berlin]], nu sacara épéktip nutupan &quot;celah&quot; antara kadua wilayah éta.&lt;ref name=&quot;pearson75&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Pearson|1998|p=75}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Krisis Rudal Kuba jeung penggulingan Khrushchev ===
{{Main|Proyék Kuba|Krisis Rudal Kuba}}
[[Gambar:P-2H Neptune over Soviét ship Oct 1962.jpg|thumb|Kapal [[P-2 Neptune|P-2]] milik [[Angkatan Laut Amérika Sarikat]] terbang di atas salah sahiji kapal barang Soviét salila Krisis Rudal Kuba.|pra=Special:FilePath/P-2H_Neptune_over_Soviét_ship_Oct_1962.jpg]]

Saenggeus [[Invasi Teluk Babi]], Kennedy terus néangan cara pikeun ngagulingkeun [[Fidel Castro|Castro]], Kennedy jeung Pamaréntahana béréksperimen sacara diam-diam dengan memfasilitasi penggulingan Pamaréntahan [[Kuba]]. Harapan nu signifikan disematkan dina salah sahiji program rusiah bernama [[Proyék Kuba]], nu dirancang di handap Pamaréntahan Kennedy dina taun 1961.

Dina bulan Februari 1962, Khrushchev mengetahui rencana Amérika ka Kuba: &quot;proyék Kuba&quot;{{mdash}}disetujui ku CIA jeung menetapkan penggulingan Pamaréntah Kuba dina bulan Oktober, kemungkinan melibatkan militer Amérika{{mdash}}jeung Kennedy mungkin memerintahkan operasi pembunuhan ka Castro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zubok 1994, 158-159&quot;&gt;Zubok, Vladislav M. (1994). &quot;Unwrapping the Enigma: What Was Behind the Soviét Challenge in the 1960s?&quot;. In Diane B. Kunz (Ed.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SiVTA31wrzEC The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s]''. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 158-159. ISBN 978-0-231-08177-1.&lt;/ref&gt; Sebagai respon, Soviét mempersiapkan pemasangan rudal nuklirnya di Kuba.&lt;ref name = &quot;Zubok 1994, 158-159&quot;/&gt;

Khawatir, Kennedy mutuskeun rupa-rupa réaksi pikeun nanggepannya, jeung ahirnya nanggepan instalasi rudal nuklir Soviét di Kuba dengan ngalakukeun blokade laut jeung méré ultimatum ka Soviét. Khrushchev mundur ti konfrontasi, jeung Uni Soviét membongkar rudalnya dengan imbalan janji Amérika agar teu deui menyerang Kuba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last = Jones|first = Howard|title = Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations from 1945|publisher = Rowman &amp; Littlefield|year = 2009|location = Lanham|page = 122|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=WwEu5Yv9KiUC|id =|isbn = 978-0-7425-6454-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Krisis Rudal Kuba]] (Oktober-November 1962) membawa dunya leuwih dekat ke arah [[perang nuklir]] tidina saméméhnya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=82}}&lt;/ref&gt; Leuwih lanjut, kajadian éta ogé nunjukkeun konsép silih yakinkeun bakal bahaya kaancuran, yén [[nagara adidaya]] teu siap pikeun menggunakan senjata nuklir maranéhna, takutbakal ayana kaancuran global total karena silih balas dendam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=80}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dampak ti krisis ieu ngabalukarkeun dilakukana upaya pertama dina membatasi [[perlombaan senjata nuklir]] dengan pelucutan senjata jeung perbaikan hubungan,&lt;ref name = &quot;Palmowski&quot; /&gt; meskipun upaya-upaya pikeun mencegah meletusnya perang nuklir telah ditetepkan sejak taun 1961 melalui [[Sistem Traktat Antarktika|Perjanjian Antartika]].&lt;ref&gt;National Research Council Committee on Antarctic Policy and Science, p. 33&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1964, rekan [[Kremlin]] Khrushchev berhasil [[Nikita Khrushchev#Penggulingan|ngagulingkeuna]], namun tetep mengizinkana pikeun pensiun dengan damai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis119&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=119–120}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khrushchev dituduh memerintah dengan kasar jeung inkompetensi, dia ogé dianggep telah menghancurkan sektor pertanian Soviét jeung membawa dunya ke ambang perang nuklir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis119&quot; /&gt; Khrushchev ogé disebutkeun telah ngéra-ngérakeun dunya komunis ketika manéhna méré smikan pemwangunan Tembok Berlin, nu dianggep sebagai salah sahiji penghinaan publik pikeun Marxisme-Lenieusme.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis119&quot; /&gt; Posisi jabatan Nikita Khrushchev digantikan ku Léonid Brezhnev sebagai pamingpin partéy Komunis jeung sementara Alexei Kosygin menduduki kursi Perdana Menteri.

== Konfrontasi melalui détente (1962–1979) ==
{{Main|Perang Tiis (1962–1979)}}
[[Gambar:1973 NATO and WP troop strengths in Europe.svg|thumb|Kakuatan pasukan NATO jeung Pakta Warsawa di Éropa taun 1973.]]
[[Gambar:Buzz salutes the U.S. Flag.jpg|right|thumb|Amérika Sarikat [[Apollo 11|mendarat pikeun pertama kalinya di bulan]] dina taun 1969—puncak ti [[perlombaan angkasa]].]]
[[Gambar:F-4B VF-151 CV-41 TU-95.jpg|right|thumb| [[F-4 Phantom II]] milik US Navy menyadap pesawat [[Tupolev Tu-95]] D Soviét dina awal 1970-an.]]

Dina périodeu 1960-an jeung 1970-an, peserta Perang Tiis berjuang pikeun menyesuaikan diri dengan pola anyar [[hubungan internasional]] nu leuwih rumit, dunya teu deui dibagi jadi dua blok besar nu bertentangan.&lt;ref name = &quot;Karabell&quot; /&gt; Ti awal périodeu pasca-perang, Éropa Kulon jeung [[Jepang]] dengan cepat pulih ti kaancuran Perang Dunya II jeung mulai mengalami pertumbuhan ékonomi nu kuat sepanjang taun 1950-an jeung 1960-an, dengan PDB per kapita nu hampir mendekati Amérika Sarikat, sadengkeun [[perékonomian Blok Wétan]] mengalami stagnasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karabell&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt16&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sebagai akibat ti [[krisis minyak 1973]], dikombinasikan dengan beuki kuatnya pangaruh [[Dunya Katilu]] dengan ngawangun organisasi-organisasi seperti [[OPEC|Organisasi Nagara-Nagara Pengekspor Minyak]] (OPEC) jeung [[Gerakan Non-Blok]], nagara-nagara Dunya Katilu mibanda leuwih loba ruang pikeun memproklamirkan kemerdekaan maranéhna jeung beuki nunjukkeun yén maranéhna tahan banting ka tekanan ti nagara adidaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 212&quot;/&gt; Sementara itu, [[Uni Soviét|Soviét]] dipaksa pikeun mengalihkan perhatiana dina isu-isu internal seperti permasalahan ékonomi di dina negeri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karabell&quot; /&gt; Salila périodeu ieu, pamingpin Soviét seperti [[Leonid Brezhnev]] jeung [[Alexei Kosygin]] mulai menerapkan pamarekan[[détente]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Karabell&quot; /&gt;

=== Pengunduran diri Perancis ti NATO ===
{{Main|NATO#Pengunduran diri Perancis ti NATO}}

Keberlangsungan [[NATO]] sudah menghadapi tantangan dina awal sejarahnya, krisis terjadi salila kepamingpinan [[Charles de Gaulle]] ti [[Perancis]] dina taun 1958 jeung seterusnya. De Gaulle protes ngeunaan kuatnya peran Amérika Sarikat dina organisasi jeung cemburu atas &quot;[[hubungan istimewa]]&quot; antara Amérika Sarikat jeung Britania Raya. Dina salah sahiji memo nu dikirimkan dina présidén [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] jeung Perdana Menteri [[Harold Macmillan]] dina tanggal 17 Séptémber 1958, manéhna berpendapat pikeun nyieun tiga serangkai direktorat nu bakal memposisikan Perancis dina kedudukan nu sama dengan Amérika Sarikat jeung Britania Raya, jeung ogé perluasan cakupan NATO ke wilayah géografis nu mibanda kapentingan dengan Perancis, seperti [[Aljazair Perancis]], nu pemberontakana di dukung ku Perancis.&lt;ref name=deGuaulle&gt;{{Cite book
|last = Menon‏
|first = Anand
|title = France, NATO, and the limits of independence, 1981–97: the politics of ambivalence
|publisher = Palgrave Macmillan
|year = 2000
|page = 11
|url =
|id =
|isbn = 0-312-22931-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karena respon nu diberikan teu memuaskan, de Gaulle mulai mengembangkan [[penangkal nuklir]] Perancis sacara independen jeung dina taun 1966, Perancis mengundurkan diri ti NATO, diikuti dengan pengusiran sakabéh pasukan NATO ti daratan Perancis.&lt;ref&gt;Crawley p.431&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Invasi Cekoslowakia ===
{{Main|Musim Semi Praha|Invasi Pakta Warsawa ke Cekoslowakia}}

Dina taun 1968, périodeu liberalisasi pulitik di [[Cekoslowakia]], nu dijuluki dengan [[Musim Semi Praha]], berlangsung dengan rupa-rupa aksi, di antaranya &quot;[[Program Aksi (1968)|Program Aksi]]&quot; liberalisasi, nu nungtut perluasan kebébasan pers, kebébasan berbicara jeung kebébasan bergerak, ogé penekanan ékonomi dina barang-barang konsumsi, kemungkinan sistem multi partéy, membatasi kakuasaan polisi rusiah,&lt;ref&gt;Ello (ed.), Paul (April 1968). Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, &quot;Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Prague, April 1968)&quot; in ''Dubcek’s Blueprint for Freedom: His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia.'' William Kimber &amp; Co. 1968, pp 32, 54&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Von Geldern| first = James| last2 = Siegelbaum| first2 = Lewis| publisher = Soviéthistory.org| title = The Soviét-led Intervention in Czechoslovakia| url = http://Soviéthistory.org/index.php?action=L2&amp;SubjectID=1968czechoslovakia&amp;Year=1968| accessdate = March 7, 2008}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung kemungkinan Cekoslowakia pikeun menarik diri ti [[Pakta Warsawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 150&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=150}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sebagai jawaban atas aksi Musim Semi Praha, tentara Soviét bersama dengan sebagéan besar sekutu Pakta Warsawa maranéhna, [[Invasi Pakta Warsawa ke Cekoslowakia|menyerbu Cekoslowakia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/21/newsid_2781000/2781867.stm|title=Russia brings winter to Prague Spring|publisher=BBC News|date=August 21, 1968|accessdate=June 10, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Invasi ieu diikuti ku gelombang emigrasi, sekitar 70.000 warga Ceko jeung Slowakia melarikan diri, jeung total ahirnya mencapai 300.000 jiwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Čulík| first = Jan| title = Den, kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara| url = http://www.britskelisty.cz/9808/19980821h.html| publisher = Britské Listy| accessdate =January 23, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Invasi ieu memicu protes keras ti Yugoslavia, Rumania, Cina, jeung ogé ti partéy-partéy komunis di Éropa Kulon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 154&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=154}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Doktrin Brezhnev ===
{{Main|Doktrin Brezhnev}}
[[Gambar:Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon talks in 1973.png|left|thumb|[[Leonid Brezhnev]] jeung [[Richard Nixon]] salila kunjungan Brezhnev ke [[Washington]] dina Juni 1973; kunjungan ieu nyaéta permulaan ''détente'' antara Amérika Sarikat jeung Soviét.]]

Dina bulan Séptémber 1968, dina pidatonya di Kongres Kelima [[Partei Persatuan Pekerja Polandia]], sebulan saenggeus [[Invasi Pakta Warsawa ke Cekoslowakia|menginvasi Cekoslowakia]], Brezhnev menyampaikan [[Doktrin Brezhnev]]; nu mengklaim yén &quot;hak kami pikeun melanggar kedaulatan nagara manapun jika ada nu berupaya pikeun menggantikan Marxisme-Lenieusme dengan kapitalismeu&quot;. Dina pidatonya, Brezhnev nyatakeun:&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 150&quot;/&gt;
{{cquote|Ketika kakuatan nu memusuhi sosialisme mencoba pikeun ngarobah haluan Babaraha nagara sosialis menuju kapitalismeu, itu bukan hanya jadi masalah bagi nagara nu bersangkutan, namun masalah umum jeung kepedulian ti sakabéh nagara-nagara sosialis.}}

Doktrin éta dilatarbelakangi ku kegagalan Marxisme-Lenieusme dina ningkatkeun kesejahteraan di nagara-nagara seperti Polandia, [[Hongaria]] jeung Jerman Wétan, nu mengalami penurunan standar hirup nu kontras dengan kemakmuran Jerman Kulon jeung nagara Éropa Kulon lianna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=153}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Krisis di Dunya Katilu ===
{{See also|Operasi Power Pack|Pembantaian di Indonesia 1965–1966|Perang Vietnam|Kudéta Chili 1973|Operasi Burung Kondor|Perang Enam Hari|Perang Atrisi|Perang Yom Kippur|Perang Ogaden|Perang Saudara Angola|Invasi Indonésia ke Timor Wétan}}
[[Gambar:Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg|thumb|right|[[Alexei Kosygin]] (kiri) di samping Presiden AS [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (kanan) dina [[Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Glassboro]].]]
[[Gambar:Corpse of Ngô Đình Diệm in the 1963 coup.jpg|thumb|right|Mayat Presiden Vietnam Kidul [[Ngo Dinh Diem]].]]

Dina ahir April 1965, présidén [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] mendaratkan 22.000 tentaranya di [[Republik Domieuka]] jeung kemudian mendudukinya salila satu taun melalui invasi nu diberi kode [[Operasi Power Pack]]. Operasi ieu dilakukan pikeun membendung ancaman menyebarnya Révolusi bergaya Kuba di Amérika Latin.&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt; Pemilihan présidén diselenggarakan dina taun 1966, nu ngahasilkeun kemenangan bagi konservatif [[Joaquín Balaguer]]. Meskipun Balaguer mendapat dukungan ti sektor-sektor elit jeung kelompok petani, lawan pulitiknya ti partéy PRD, mantan présidén [[Juan Bosch]], teu aktif berkampanye.&lt;ref name = &quot;Itzigsohn 2000, 41-42&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last = Itzigsohn|first = José|title = Developing Poverty: The State, Labor Market Deregulation, and the Informal Economy in Costa Rica and the Domieucan Republic|publisher = Penn State University Press|year = 2000|location = University Park, Pennsylvania|pages = 41–42|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=b7Jo9GtxMEcC|id =|isbn = 978-0-271-02028-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aktivis PRD dilumpuhkan dengan kekerasan ku polisi Domieuka jeung angkatan bersenjata.&lt;ref name = &quot;Itzigsohn 2000, 41-42&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!--
Sebagai bagéan ti minoritas Katolik Vietnam, usaha Diệm pikeun mengembangkan kawijakan pro-Katolik membangkitkan amarah orang-orang Buddhis Vietnam. Polisi nagara seringkali dituduh menyerang orang-orang Buddhis (agama mayoritas nagara itu). Para aktivis Buddhis ngalakukeun protes-protes massal jeung bahkan penyiksaan diri nu berpuncak dina Babaraha upaya kudéta, jeung nu terahir mengakibatkan kematian Diệm sendiri. Ketika rezim ieu membangkitkan salah sahiji protes nu dilakukan ku para biarawan Buddhis dina Mei 1963, AS menghentikan bantuana.

Sejumlah biarawan sacara terbuka membakar diri maranéhna sebagai protes, jeung AS semakin merasa terganggu ku citra publik Diệm nu teu populer. Diệm jeung Madame Nhu mengklaim yén pihak Komunis telah menyusup ke dina kelompok-kelompok Buddhis. Tindakan maranéhna pikeun menghancurkan protes-protes ieu sesuai dengan kawijakan anti-komunis nu telah disetujui saméméhnya. Madame Nhu konon merujuk kejadian ieu sebagai &quot;barbecue&quot; (&quot;memanggang daging&quot;).

Berdasarkan paréntah ti Presiden A.S. John F. Kennedy, Henry Cabot Lodge, duta besar Amérika pikeun Vietnam Kidul, nolak pikeun papanggih dengan Diệm. Saenggeus ngadéngé yén Angkatan Darat Republik Vietnam keur ngarancang kudéta nu dipimpin ku Jenderal Dương Văn Minh, AS méré jaminan-jaminan rusiah ka para jenderal itu yén AS moal bakal pipilueun. Dương Văn Minh jeung komplotana ngagulingkeun Pamaréntahan jeung menghukum mati Presiden Diệm jeung adiknya, Ngô Đình Nhu, dina 2 November 1963. Amérika Sarikat sacara terbuka mengungkapkan rasa terkejut jeung kekecewaana yén Diệm telah dibunuh. Kaberan, Presiden John F. Kennedy ogé dibunuh hanya 20 hari kemudian. Babaraha orang Vietnam percaya yén hantu Diemlah nu ngalakukeun pembalasan karena Presiden Kennedy menyetujui kudéta itu.

Ketika Madame Nhu, mengunjungi Amérika Sarikat dina waktu itu, saenggeus mengetahui tentang kudéta éta, manéhna segera menyebut Amérika Sarikat sebagai pelakunya. manéhna belakangan mengatakan, &quot;Barangsiapa jadi sekutu Amérika teu ngabutuhkeun musuh.&quot; Madame Nhu lalu meramalkan masa depan nu gelap pikeun Vietnam jeung yén, karena kemiluanana dina kudéta itu, masalah-masalah AS di Vietnam kakara dimulai.

Saenggeus dibunuhnya Ngô Đình Diệm, AS dapat tetep mangaruhan Pamaréntahan Vietnam Kidul, ngabantuan pemilihan para pejabat nu ngadukung kawijakan-kawijakan AS. Di antara loba orang nu tahu tentang situasi pulitik di sekitar kematiana (1963), pembunuhan Ngô Đình Diệm dianggep sebagai momen pulitik nu nangtukeun nu, ceuk sebagéan orang, pelan-pelan ngabalukarkeun kekalahan Perang Vietnam 12 taun kemudian (1975), namun, ceuk nu lianna deui, mencegah Vietnam Kidul direbut pihak komunis 10 taun leuwih awal karena Diệm telah memutuskan pikeun menyerah ka ambisi-ambisi invasi Ho Chi Minh. Akibat ti kuatnya kehadiran Amérika saenggeus pembunuhan Diệm, terjadilah pergolakan intern di antara para pamingpin Vietnam Kidul, sementara tentara manggih diri maranéhna dipaksa pikeun memilih antara kapentingan-kapentingan komunis jeung kapentingan-kapentingan Amérika. Pembunuhan ieu ogé memperkuat upaya-upaya Vietnam Kalér pikeun melukiskan Vietnam Kidul sebagai pendukung kolonisasi.

Dina tanggal 30 Séptémber - 1 Oktober 1965, di 2 Dayeuh di Indonésia, PKI (Partei Komunis Indonésia) berusaha membunuh 7 Jenderal Angkatan Darat di Jakarta jeung 2 Jenderal di Yogyakarta dengan alasan Kudéta. PKI mendakwa yén Jenderal-Jenderal Angkatan Darat nu pro-CIA berusaha ngagulingkeun Presiden Soekarno.
--&gt;

Di Indonésia, anti-komunis garis keras [[Soeharto|Jenderal Soeharto]] meraih kendali Pamaréntahan ti pendahulunya, [[Soekarno]], jeung kemudian mulai ngawangun &quot;[[Orde Baru]]&quot;. Ti taun 1965 sampai 1966, militer Indonésia [[Pembantaian di Indonésia 1965–1966|ngalakukeun pembunuhan massal]] ka sekitar setengah juta anggota jeung simpatisan [[Partei Komunis Indonésia]] sarta organisasi-organisasi sayap kiri lianna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farid 2007&quot;&gt;Farid, Hilmar (2007). &quot;Mass Killings and Capitalist Expansion, 1965–1966&quot;. In Kuan-Hsing Chen &amp; Chua Beng Huat (Ed.), ''[The Inter-Asia Cultural Studies Reader]''. London: Routledge. pp. 207–222. ISBN 0-415-43134-4.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ningkatna konflik nu keur berlangsung antara pamingpin [[Vietnam Kidul]] [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] dengan komunis [[Viet Cong|Front Nasional pikeun Pembébasan Vietnam Kidul]] (NLF) membuat Johnson ngirimkan 575.000 tentara Amérika ke Asia Tenggara pikeun melumpuhkan NLF jeung sekutu Vietnam Kalér maranéhna dina [[Perang Vietnam]], namun kawijakan ieu ngakan loba biaya jeung ngalemahkeun perékonomian AS, jeung dina taun 1975, krisis ieu memuncak dengan kegagalan Amérika Sarikat. Dunya mandang kajadian ieu sebagai kekalahan  bagi salah sahiji nagara adidaya nu paling kuat di tangan salah sahiji nagara termiskin dunya.&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt; Vietnam Kalér menerima persetujuan Soviét pikeun memulai perang dina taun 1959. Uni Soviét ngirimkan 15.000 penasihat militer jeung bantuan dana sebesar $ 450 juta ka Vietnam Kalér salila perang, sadengkeun Cina ngirimkan 320.000 tentara jeung bantuan dana senilai $180 juta.&lt;ref&gt;Qiang Zhai, ''China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2000), p135; Gen. Oleg Sarin and Col. Lev Dvoretsky, ''Alien Wars: The Soviét Union’s Aggressions Against the World, 1919 to 1989'' (Presidio Press, 1996), pp93-4.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di [[Chili]], kandidat [[Partei Sosialis Chili|Partei Sosialis]] [[Salvador Allende]] meunangkeun pemilihan présidén taun 1970, jadi [[Marxis]] kapilih demokratis pertama nu jadi présidén di nagara-nagara Amérika.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC Allende Profile 2003&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title = Profile of Salvador Allende|date = Séptémber 8, 2003|publisher=BBC|agency = [[BBC]]|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3089846.stm|accessdate =January 25, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jenderal [[Augusto Pinochet]] ngalakukeun [[Kudéta Chili 1973|kudéta ka Pamaréntahan]] dina tanggal 11 Séptémber 1973 jeung dengan cepat mengambilalih sakabéh kakuasaan pulitik jadi kediktatoran militer, tindakana ieu direstui ku AS. Reformasi Allende ékonomi diurungkan jeung lawan sayap kiri tewas atawa ditahan di kamp-kamp interniran di handap arahan ti [[Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional]] (DINA).
[[Gambar:Henry Kissinger.png|thumb|left|[[Henry Kissinger]], [[Penasihat Kaamanan Nasional (Amérika Sarikat)|Penasihat Kaamanan Nasional]] jeung [[Sekretaris Nagara Amérika Sarikat]] dina masa Pamaréntahan Presiden Nixon jeung Ford, mangrupa salah sahiji tokoh kunci dina Perang Tiis (1969-1977).]]

Sementara itu, [[Operasi Burung Kondor]] di Amérika Kidul{{mdash}}nu dipaké ku para diktator di [[Argentina]], [[Brasil]], [[Bolivia]], Chili, [[Uruguay]], jeung [[Paraguay]] pikeun menekan perbédaan pendapat dengan sayap kiri{{mdash}}ogé mendapat dukungan ti Amérika Sarikat, jeung (kadang-kadang akurat) diperkirakan ogé terdapat Kuba atawa Soviét di belakang gerakan oposisi éta.&lt;ref&gt;McSherry, p. /ref&gt; Sebagai respon, Soviét mempersiapkan pemasangan rudal nuklirnya di Kuba.13&lt;/ref&gt;

Amérika Sarikat ogé teu senang saat [[Jamaika]] mulai menjalin hubungan nu leuwih érat dengan Pamaréntah Kuba saenggeus pemilihan [[Michael Manley]] dina taun 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mars &amp; Young 2004, xvi&quot;&gt;Mars, Perry &amp; Alma H. Young (2004). [http://books.google.com/books?id=F4lJBFU-k1wC ''Caribbean Labor and Politics: Legacies of Cheddi Jagan and Michael Manley'']. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. xvi. ISBN 978-0-8143-3211-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Amérika Sarikat méré spona dengan mendanai lawan-lawan pulitik Manley, mendorong pemberontakan dina tubuh [[tentara Jamaika]], jeung menyewa tentara bayaran pikeun ngalawan Pamaréntahan Manley.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mars &amp; Young 2004, xviii&quot;/&gt; Kekerasan pun terjadi.

Situasi di [[Wétan Tengah]] terus jadi sumber persengketaan. [[Mesir]], nu menerima loba bantuan senjata jeung bantuan ékonomi ti Uni Soviét, nyaéta klien Soviét nu méré potkan. Dengan terpaksa, Uni Soviét berkewajiban pikeun ngabantuan Mesir dina [[Perang Enam Hari]] (dengan ngirimkan penasihat militer jeung teknisi) jeung [[Perang Atrisi]] (dengan ngirimkan pilot jeung pesawat) pikeun ngalawan [[Israel]] nu pro-Kulon.&lt;ref&gt;Stone, p. 230&lt;/ref&gt; Di samping pembelotan Mesir, ti nu saméméhnya pro-Soviét jadi pro-Amérika dina taun 1972 (di handap kepamingpinan [[Anwar El Sadat]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;Grenville &amp; Wasserstein 1987, 701&quot;&gt;Grenville, J.A.S. &amp; Bernard Wasserstein (1987). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RYyyAAAAIAAJ Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts]'', Volume 2. London and New York: Methuen. ISBN 978-0-416-38080-4.&lt;/ref&gt; rumor ngeunaan intervensi Soviét dina [[Perang Yom Kippur]] dina taun 1973 ngabalukarkeun terjadinya pengiriman tentara Amérika besar-besaran jeung mengancambakal menghancurkan ''détente''.&lt;ref&gt;Kumaraswamy, p. 127&lt;/ref&gt; Meskipun dina éra pra-Sadat Mesir mangrupa penerima bantuan terbesar Soviét di Wétan Tengah, Soviét ogé sukses menjalin hubungan érat dengan komunis di [[Yaman Kidul]], sarta Pamaréntahan nasionalis [[Aljazair]] jeung [[Irak]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Grenville &amp; Wasserstein 1987, 701&quot;/&gt; Soviét sacara langsung memihak jeung ngabantuan [[Palestina]] dina menghadapi [[Konflik Israel-Palestina|konflik dengan Israel]], kaasup dukungan pikeun [[Yasser Arafat]] jeung [[Organisasi Pembébasan Palestina]].&lt;ref&gt;Friedman, p. 330&lt;/ref&gt; Ti taun 1973-1975, CIA berkolusi dengan Pamaréntah [[Iran]] pikeun membiayai jeung mempersenjatai pemberontak [[Kurdi]] dina [[Perang Irak–Kurdi Kadua]] dengan tujuan pikeun melumpuhkan pamingpin Irak [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]]. Saat Iran jeung Irak nandatanganan [[Perjanjian Aljazair (1975)|Perjanjian Aljazair]] dina taun 1975, dukungan pikeun Iran pun ogé turut berhenti.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Ugly Truth About Gerald Ford&quot;&gt;Hitchens, Christopher, [http://www.slate.com/id/2156400 &quot;The Ugly Truth About Gerald Ford&quot;], ''Slate,'' December 29, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Marine da nang.jpg|thumbnail|170px|Seorang tentara Amérika dina [[Perang Vietnam]], 3 Agustus 1965.]]

Di Afrika, militer [[Somalia]] nu dipimpin ku [[Mohamed Siad Barre]] ngalakukeun kudéta tak berdarah dina taun 1969 jeung ngawangun [[Republik Demokratik Somalia]] nu berpaham sosialis. Uni Soviét jangji pikeun ngadukung Somalia. Opat taun kemudian, Kaisar Ethiopia [[Haile Selassie]] nu pro-Amérika digulingkan dina kudéta taun 1974 ku kelompok [[Derg]], salah sahiji kelompok militer radikal pro-Soviét nu dipimpin ku [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]]. Mariem menjalin hubungan dengan Kuba jeung Soviét.&lt;ref name = &quot;Erlich 2008, 84-86&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last = Erlich|first = Reese|title = Dateline Havana: The Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Future of Cuba|publisher = PoliPoint Press|year = 2008|location = Sausalito, California|pages = 84–86|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=7q3ibcq_vxQC|id =|isbn = 978-0-9815769-7-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saat [[Perang Ogaden|peperangan antara Somalia jeung Ethiopia pecah dina taun 1977-1978]], Barre keleungitan dukungan Soviét jeung kemudian bersekutu dengan Amérika Sarikat. Tentara Kuba ogé berperan dina perang ieu dengan memihak Ethiopia.&lt;ref name = &quot;Erlich 2008, 84-86&quot;/&gt;

[[Révolusi Anyelir]] di [[Portugis]] dina taun 1974 nu ngalawan kéotoriteran ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' membuat Portugis kembali ke sistem multi-partéy jeung sekaligus memfasilitasi kemerdekaan koloni Portugis di [[Angola]] jeung [[Timor Wétan]]. Di Afrika, pemberontak Angola mengobarkan [[Perang Kemerdekaan Angola|perang kemerdekaan multi-faksi ngalawan kakuasaan Portugis]] sejak taun 1961, saenggeus perang ieu usai, [[Perang Saudara Angola|perang dua dasawarsa]] menggantikan perang anti-kolonial, nu ditandai dengan peperangan antara komunis [[Gerakan Rakyat Pembébasan Angola]] (MPLA), nu didukung ku Kuba jeung Soviét, dengan [[Front Pembébasan Nasional Angola]] (FNLA), nu didukung ku Amérika Sarikat, Républik Rakyat Tiongkok, jeung Pamaréntahan Mobutu di [[Zaire]]. AS, [[Apartheid di Afrika Kidul|Pamaréntahan apartheid Afrika Kidul]], jeung Babaraha nagara Afrika lianna ogé ngadukung faksi Katilu, [[Uni Nasional pikeun Kemerdekaan Penuh Angola]] (UNITA). Tanpa berkonsultasi dengan Soviét, Kuba ngirimkan tentaranya pikeun berjuang bersama MPLA.&lt;ref name = &quot;Erlich 2008, 84-86&quot;/&gt; Pamaréntah apartheid Afrika Kidul ogé ngirimkan tentara pikeun ngabantuan UNITA, namun MPLA aya di atas tangan karena didukung ku Kuba jeung Soviét.&lt;ref name = &quot;Erlich 2008, 84-86&quot;/&gt;

Di Asia Tenggara, koloni [[Timor Wétan]] sacara sepihak memproklilasikan kemerdekaana ti Portugis di handap sayap kiri [[Fretilin]] dina bulan November 1975. Dengan dukungan ti Australia jeung Amérika Sarikat, [[Soeharto]] [[Invasi Indonésia ke Timor Wétan|menginvasi Timor Wétan]] dina bulan Désémber{{mdash}}nu memulai [[Jajahan Indonésia di Timor Wétan|Jajahan Indonésia di Timor Wétan salila sepÉropat abad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last = Doyle|first = Randall Jordan|title = America and China: Asia-Pacific Rim Hegemony in the Twenty-First Century|publisher = Lexington Books|year = 2007|location = Lanham|page = 119|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Z_W7u44IjK8C|id =|isbn = 978-0-7391-1702-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salila [[Perang Vietnam]], Vietnam Kalér menginvasi jeung menduduki sebagéan Kamboja pikeun dipaké sebagai pangkalan militer, nu ogé berperan dina memicu pecahnya [[Perang Saudara Kamboja]] antara Pamaréntah pro-Amérika [[Lon Nol]] jeung pemberontak [[Maoist]] [[Khmer Beureum]]. Dokumen nu ditemukan ti arsip Soviét mengungkapkan yén invasi Vietnam Kalér ke Kamboja dina taun 1970 dilaksanakan atas permintaan ti Khmer Beureum saenggeus bernegosiasi dengan [[Nuon Chea]].&lt;ref&gt;Dmitry Mosyakov, &quot;The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviét Archives,&quot; in Susan E. Cook, ed., ''Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda'' (Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1, 2004), p54ff. Can be accessed at: www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc &quot;In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: “Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days.”&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; AS jeung Vietnam Kidul nanggepannya dengan melancarkan [[Operasi Menu|kampanye pengeboman]] jeung [[Kampanye Kamboja|serangan darat]], efek ti operasi ieu masih diperdebatkan ku para sejarawan.&lt;ref&gt;Chandler, David 2000, ''Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot'', Revised Edition, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 96-7.&lt;/ref&gt; Di handap kepamingpinan [[Pol Pot]], Khmer Beureum membantai 1-3 juta, ti 8,4 juta total penduduk Kamboja, di [[ladang pembantaian]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Heuveline, Patrick 2001&quot;&gt;Heuveline, Patrick (2001). &quot;The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia.&quot; In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Heuveline suggests that a range of 1.17-3.42 million people were killed.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marek Sliwinski 1995&quot;&gt;Marek Sliwinski, Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique (L'Harmattan, 1995).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Banister, Judith 1993&quot;&gt;Banister, Judith, and Paige Johnson (1993). &quot;After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia.&quot; In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community, ed. Ben Kiernan. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.&lt;/ref&gt; Sosiolog [[Martin Shaw (sosiolog)|Martin Shaw]] ngagambarkeun kekejaman ieu sebagai &quot;[[genosida]] paling murni ti éra Perang Tiis&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Theory of the Global State: Globality as Unfieushed Revolution'' by [[Martin Shaw (sosiolog)|Martin Shaw]], [[Cambridge University Press]], 2000, pp 141, ISBN 978-0-521-59730-2&lt;/ref&gt; Vietnam ngagulingkeun Pol Pot dina taun 1979 jeung nyieun Pamaréntah boneka di handap pimpinan [[Heng Samrin]].

=== Perbaikan hubungan Cina-Amérika ===
{{Main|Kunjungan Nixon ke Tiongkok taun 1972}}

Sebagai akibat ti [[perpecahan Sino-Soviét]], kategangan nu berlangsung di sepanjang tapel wates Cina-Soviét [[Konflik perbatasan Sino–Soviét|mencapai puncaknya]] dina taun 1969, jeung présidén Amérika Sarikat [[Richard Nixon]] memutuskan pikeun memanfaatkan konflik éta sebagai alat pikeun menggeser keseimbangan kakuasaan ke arah Kulon dina Perang Tiis.&lt;ref&gt;Dallek, Robert (2007), p. 144.&lt;/ref&gt; Cina ogé berusaha ningkatkeun hubungan dengan Amérika Sarikat dina upayanya pikeun mengambil keuntungan ti Soviét.

Dina bulan Februari 1972, Nixon mengumumkan pemulihan hubungan dengan Cina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=149–152}}&lt;/ref&gt; manéhna ngalakukeun kunjungan ke [[Beijing]] jeung papanggih dengan [[Mao Zedong]] jeung [[Zhou Enlai]]. Dina saat itu, sumber daya nuklir Uni Soviét telah setara dengan Amérika Sarikat, [[Perang Vietnam]] ogé telah ngalemahkeun pangaruh Amérika di [[Dunya Katilu]] jeung menTiiskan hubungana dengan Éropa Kulon.&lt;ref&gt;Buchanan, pp. 168–169&lt;/ref&gt; Meskipun konflik tak langsung antara dua adidaya dina Perang Tiis terus berlanjut sampai ahir 1960-an jeung awal 1970-an, kategangan perlahan-lahan mulai méré da.&lt;ref name = &quot;Palmowski&quot; /&gt;

=== Nixon, Brezhnev, détente, jeung Panembakan Pesawat Korean Air Lines Penerbangan 902 ===
{{Main|Perundingan Pembatasan Senjata Strategis|Perjanjian Helsinki|Organisasi pikeun Kaamanan jeung Kerjasama di Éropa}}
[[Gambar:Carter Brezhnev sign SALT II.jpg|thumb|right|[[Leonid Brezhnev]] jeung [[Jimmy Carter]] nandatanganan traktat SALT II, 18 Juni 1979 di [[Wina]]]]

Saenggeus kunjungana ke Tiongkok, Nixon papanggih dengan para pamingpin Soviét, kaasup Brezhnev di Moskow.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-nb&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/22/newsid_4373000/4373149.stm|title=President Nixon arrives in Moscow|publisher=BBC News|date=May 22, 1972|accessdate=June 10, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Perundingan Pembatasan Senjata Strategis]] (SALT) antara kadua pihak ngahasilkeun dua kamupakatan ngeunaan pengawasan penggunaan senjata, nyaéta [[SALT I]], pakta pembatasan senjata komprehensif pertama nu ditandatangani ku kadua nagara adidaya,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thepresident/index.php|title=The President|accessdate=March 27, 2009|publisher=Richard Nixon Presidential Library}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012100741/https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thepresident/index.php |date=October 12, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung [[Traktat Peluru Kendali Anti-Balistik]], nu mengatur ngeunaan pembatasan sistem peluru kendali anti-balistik nu dipaké pikeun mempertahankan wilayah ka senjata nuklir nu dibawa misil. Ieu bertujuan pikeun membatasi pengembangan peluru kendali anti-balistik jeung rudal nuklir berbiaya mahal.&lt;ref name = &quot;Karabell&quot; /&gt;

Nixon jeung Brezhnev mengumumkan éra anyar &quot;hirup berdampingan sacara damai&quot; jeung ngawangun pamarekanhubungan anyar nu disebut ''[[détente]]'' (peredaan kategangan) antara dua nagara adidaya. Sementara itu, Brezhnev berusaha pikeun memperbaiki kembali perékonomian Soviét nu mengalami penurunan akibat besarnya pengeluaran militer.&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt; Antara taun 1972 jeung 1974, kadua pihak ogé paheut pikeun memperkuat hubungan ékonomi maranéhna,&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt; di antaranya dengan ngalakukeun perjanjian dina rangka paningkatan aktivitas perdagangan. Sebagai hasil ti perundingan maranéhna, ''détente'' menggantikan éra permusuhan ti Perang Tiis jeung kadua nagara bisa hirup sacara berdampingan.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-nb&quot;/&gt;

Sementara itu, perkembangan hubungan AS jeung Soviét ogé bertepatan dengan &quot;[[Ostpulitik]]&quot; Kanselir Jerman Kulon [[Willy Brandt]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 154&quot;/&gt; Perjanjian lianna nu disahkan pikeun menstabilkan situasi di Éropa nyaéta [[Perjanjian Helsinki]], nu ditandatangani dina [[Organisasi pikeun Kaamanan jeung Kerjasama di Éropa|Konferensi Kaamanan jeung Kerjasama di Éropa]] dina taun 1975.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=188}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--
'''[[Korean Air Lines Penerbangan 902]]''' mangrupa [[pesawat]] [[Boeing 707]] nu menerbangi jalur [[Paris]]-[[Anchorage]]-[[Seoul]]. Dina [[20 April]] [[1978]], Namun tragisnya, Radar [[Uni Soviét]] pun mengira yén [[Pesawat]] [[Korean Air Lines Penerbangan 902]] nyaéta [[Pesawat]] Mata-Mata [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Kemudian [[Uni Soviét]] ngirim [[Pesawat Tempur]] [[Sukhoi Su-15]] pikeun menembakin jeung nyegat [[Pesawat]] éta. Saenggeus [[Pesawat]] [[Korean Air Lines Penerbangan 902]] ditembak ku Sukhoi Su-15 nu Uni Soviét, Kecelakaan ieu mupuskeun 2 urang panumpang jeung 107 panumpang salamet di talaga beku.--&gt;

=== Memburuknya hubungan dina ahir 1970-an ===
Dina taun 1970-an, KGB, nu dikepalai ku [[Yuri Andropov]], terus menekan kritikus-kritikus terkenal nu mengkritik kepamingpinan Soviét seperti [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] jeung [[Andrei Sakharov]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=186}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salila périodeu ''détente'' ieu, konflik tak langsung antara kadua nagara adidaya masih terus terjadi di Dunya Katilu, khususnya dina krisis pulitik di Wétan Tengah, Chili, Ethiopia, jeung Angola.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;

présidén [[Jimmy Carter]] berusaha pikeun menetapkan pembatasan perlombaan persenjataan leuwih lanjut dengan mengesahkan [[Perundingan Pembatasan Senjata Strategis|SALT II]] dina taun 1979,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/18/newsid_4508000/4508409.stm|title=Leaders agree arms reduction treaty|publisher=BBC News|date=June 18, 2008|accessdate=June 10, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; namun upayanya ieu dirusak ku kajadian lianna dina taun itu, nyaéta [[Révolusi Iran]] nu didukung ku [[KGB]],&lt;ref&gt;Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''The KGB and the World: The Mitrokhin Archive II'' (Penguin, 2006), pp41, 120-1.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Révolusi Nikaragua]] pikeun ngagulingkeun rezim pro-AS, jeung nu paling membuat AS berang; intervensi Soviét dina [[Perang Afganistan]] dina bulan Désémber.&lt;ref name = &quot;LaFeber 1991&quot; /&gt;

== &quot;Perang Tiis Kadua&quot; (1979-1985) ==
{{Main| Perang Tiis (1979–1985)}}

Istilah &quot;Perang Tiis Kadua&quot; merujuk dina périodeu paningkatan kembali kategangan Perang Tiis jeung konflik antara kadua pihak dina ahir 1970-an jeung awal 1980-an. Kategangan sangat meningkat antara Amérika Sarikat jeung Uni Soviét jeung masing-masingnya jadi leuwih ter-militeristik.&lt;ref name = &quot;Halliday&quot; /&gt; Diggins mengungkapkan: &quot;Reagan mengerahkan segalanya pikeun berjuang dina 'Perang Tiis Kadua' dengan ngadukung kontra-pemberontakan di Dunya Katilu.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=John P. Diggins|title=Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, And the Making of History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=N-bQtjYcy0AC&amp;pg=PA267|year=2007|publisher=W. W. Norton|page=267}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sementara Cox nyatakeun: &quot;Intensitas 'Perang Tiis Kadua' sehebat durasinya nu singkat.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Michael Cox|title=Beyond the Cold War: Superpowers at the Crossroads|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cUsOYWpQZbAC&amp;pg=PR18|year=1990|publisher=University Press of America|page=18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Perang Soviét-Afganistan ===
{{Main|Perang Saudara Afganistan|Perang Soviét-Afganistan}}
[[Gambar:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb|Presiden Reagan nunjukkeun dukungana dina pertemuan dengan para pamingpin [[Mujahidin|Mujahidin Afganistan]] di [[Gedung Bodas]], 1983.]]
[[Gambar:Evstafiev-spetsnaz-prepare-for-mission.jpg|thumb|left|Tentara Soviét di [[Afganistan]].]]

Dina bulan April 1978, [[Partei Démokrasi Rakyat Afganistan]] (PDPA) nu berhaluan komunis méré but kakuasaan atas [[Afganistan]] melalui [[Révolusi Saur]]. Dina hitungan bulan, penentang Pamaréntahan komunis melancarkan pemberontakan di Afganistan Wétan, nu dengan cepat berkembang jadi [[Perang Saudara Afganistan|perang saudara]] antara gerilyawan [[mujahidin]] ngalawan tentara Pamaréntah. Pamaréntah [[Pakistan]] memfasilitasi para pemberontak dengan pusat-pusat pelatihan rusiah, sadengkeun Uni Soviét ngirim rébuan penasihat militer pikeun ngadukung Pamaréntahan PDPA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Hussain|2005|pp=108-109}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sementara itu, ningkatna gesekan antara faksi-faksi nu bersaing di PDPA{{ndash}}faksi [[Khalq]] nu dominan jeung [[Parcham]] nu leuwih moderat {{ndash}} ngabalukarkeun pemberhentian anggota kabinét jeung penangkapan perwira militer Parchami dengan dalih kudéta ka Parchami. Dina pertengahan 1979, Amérika Sarikat memulai salah sahiji program rusiah pikeun ngabantuan mujahidin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Meher|2004|pp=68-69, 94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bulan Séptémber 1979, présidén Khalqist [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]] dibunuh dina salah sahiji kudéta PDPA nu diatur ku rekana sesama anggota Khalq bernama [[Hafizullah Amin]], nu kemudian jadi présidén. Amin dibunuh ku pasukan khusus Soviét dina bulan Désémber 1979. Saenggeus kematiana, salah sahiji Pamaréntahan nu diorganisir ku Soviét, di handap pimpinan [[Babrak Karmal]], mengisi kekosongan kakuasaan. Pasukan Soviét dikerahkan pikeun menstabilkan Afganistan di handap Pamaréntahan Karmal, nu telah jadi boneka Soviét. Akibatnya, Soviét miluan langsung dina apa nu kemudian jadi perang domestik di Afganistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Kalinovsky|2011|pp=25-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Carter nanggepan intervensi Soviét di Afganistan dengan cara menarik kembali perjanjian SALT II ti [[Senat Amérika Sarikat|Senat]], ngalakukeun embargo dina pengiriman gandum jeung barang-barang téhnologi dina Uni Soviét, sarta ningkatkeun pengeluaran militer. Amérika Sarikat ogé ngalakukeun pemboikotan ka [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980|Olimpiade Moskow 1980]]. Carter nyatakeun yén tindakan Soviét mangrupa &quot;ancaman nu paling serius ka perdamaian salila Perang Tiis Kadua&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=211}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Reagan jeung Thatcher ===
{{Main| Doktrin Reagan}}
[[Gambar:Reagan-Thatcher cabinet talks.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Thatcher nyaéta satu-satunya wanita di ruangan ieu, jeung selusin pria dina setelan duduk di sekitar méja oval. Regan jeung Thatcher duduk berlawanan satu sama lain di tengah-tengah meja panjang. Ruangan ieu dihiasi dengan cat warna Bodas, dengan tirai, salah sahiji lampu emas jeung potret Lincoln.|Kabinét [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] papanggih dengan Kabinét [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] di Gedung Bodas, 1981.]]

Dina bulan Januari 1977, opat taun saméméh jadi présidén, [[Ronald Reagan]] mengungkapkan dina percakapana dengan [[Richard V. Allen]], ngeunaan harapan dasarnya terkait dengan Perang Tiis: &quot;Ide saya ngeunaan kawijakan Amérika ka Uni Soviét sederhana, jeung Babaraha orangbakal menyebutnya sangat sederhana, nyaéta: Kita menang jeung maranéhna kalah. Bagaimana ceuk Anda?&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Allen |first=Richard V. |url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/7398 |title=The Man Who Won the Cold War |publisher=Hoover.org |accessdate=November 3, 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501052925/http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/7398 |date=May 1, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1980, Ronald réagan ngéléhkeun [[Jimmy Carter]] dina [[Pemilihan umum Presiden Amérika Sarikat 1980|pemilu presiden 1980]]. Saenggeus kemenangana, manéhna bersumpahbakal ningkatkeun anggaran militer jeung menghadapi Soviét di manapun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=189}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baik réagan maupun [[Perdana Menteri Britania Raya]] nu baru, [[Margaret Thatcher]], sama-sama mengecam Uni Soviét jeung idéologinya. réagan menyebut Uni Soviét sebagai salah sahiji &quot;kekaisaran jahat&quot; jeung meramalkan yén [[komunisme]]bakal hancur jadi &quot;tumpukan abu sejarah&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 197&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=197}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meskipun sentimen anti-Amérika di Iran saenggeus [[Révolusi Iran]] meningkat, Pamaréntahan réagan tetap mengulurkan tangan ka Pamaréntah anti-komunis [[Ayatollah Khomeieu]] dina upayanya pikeun méré krut téokrasi bagi Amérika dina taun 1980-an. Direktur CIA [[William J. Casey|William Casey]] ngagambarkeun Pamaréntahan Khomeieu sebagai Pamaréntahan nu &quot;goyah jeung [mungkin] dina pergerakan ke arah kebeneran... AS hampir teu ngabogaan kartu pikeun dimainkan; sementara Uni Soviét ngabogaan loba kartu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fawaz 1999, 72&quot;&gt;Gerges, Fawaz A. (1999). [http://books.google.com/books?id=w-l6M4pOnUkC America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests?]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-521-63957-6.''&lt;/ref&gt; Salah sahijimétodeunu dilakukan Amérika pikeun ngadukung Iran nyaéta dengan penjualan senjata sacara rusiah. Dina taun 1983, CIA merilis daftar panjang komunis Iran jeung aktivis sayap kiri lianna nu dicurigai bekerja dina Pamaréntahan Khomeieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beieun &amp; Stork 1997, 11-12&quot;&gt;Beieun, Joel &amp; Joe Stork (1997). &quot;On the Modernity, Historical Specificity, and International Context of Political Islam&quot;. In Joel Beieun &amp; Joe Stork (Eds.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6H7tYLVwVFkC Political Islam: Essays from the Middle East Report]''. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-520-20448-5.&lt;/ref&gt; Salah sahiji komisi khusus kemudian melaporkan yén daftar itu disusun pikeun mengambil &quot;langkah-langkah, kaasup eksekusi massal, pikeun mengeliminasi sakabéh infrastruktur pro-Soviét di Iran.&quot;&lt;ref name = &quot;Beieun &amp; Stork 1997, 11-12&quot;/&gt;

Dina awal 1985, prinsip anti-komunis réagan telah berkembang jadi sikap nu dikenal sebagai [[Doktrin Reagan]]{{mdash}}nu mana, selain penahanan, ogé dirumuskan hak tambahan pikeun menumbangkan Pamaréntahan komunis nu ada.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graebner, Burns &amp; Siracusa 2008, 76&quot;&gt;Graebner Norman A., Richard Dean Burns &amp; Joseph M. Siracusa (2008). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=r71u_AgE7iYC Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War].'' Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-313-35241-6.&lt;/ref&gt; Selain melanjutkan kawijakan Carter nu ngadukung penentang Islam dina ngalawan Soviét jeung PDPA di Afganistan, CIA ogé berusaha ngalemahkeun Uni Soviét dengan cara mempromosikan [[pulitik Islam]] di mayoritas Islam [[Asia Tengah Soviét|Soviét Asia Tengah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh 1995, 130&quot;&gt;Singh, Bilveer (1995). &quot;Jemaah Islamiyah&quot;. In Wilson John &amp; Swati Parashar (Eds.) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cAE-bxSXayMC Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia]''. Singapore and Delhi: ORF-Pearson-Longman. p. 130. ISBN 978-81-297-0998-1.&lt;/ref&gt; Di samping itu, CIA mendorong anti-komunis ISI di Pakistan agar bersedia melatih Muslim ti sakabéh dunya pikeun berpartisipasi dina [[jihad]] ngalawan Uni Soviét.&lt;ref name = &quot;Singh 1995, 130&quot;/&gt; A

=== Gerakan solititas jeung darurat militer di Polandia ===
{{main|Solidarność|Darurat militer di Polandia}}

Kunjungan [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] ke nagara kelahirana, [[Polandia]], dina taun 1979 telah mendorong kebangkitan spiritual jeung nasionalis nu memicu lahirnya [[Solidarność|gerakan solititas jeung semangat anti-komunisme]]. Hal ieu diperkirakan mangrupa penyebab dilakukana [[Percobaan pembunuhan ka Paus Yohanes Paulus II|upaya pembunuhan]] ka Paus Yohanes Paulus II dua taun kemudian.&lt;ref&gt;Henze‏, p. 171&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina bulan Désémber 1981, [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] beréaksi ka krisis di Polandia dengan memberlakukan masa [[darurat militer]]. Pikeun nanggepannya, réagan memberlakukan sanksi ékonomi ka Polandia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis219&quot; /&gt; [[Mikhail Suslov]], idéolog top di Kremlin, menyarankan agar pamingpin Soviét teu campur tangan jika Polandia jatuh di handap kendali gerakan Solititas, karena takut hal itubakal menimbulkan sanksi ékonomi nu leuwih berat deui, nu hartinabakal jadi malapetaka bagi perékonomian Soviét.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis219&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=219–222}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Isu ékonomi jeung militer Soviét jeung AS ===
{{See|Era stagnasi|Strategi Ieusiatif Pertahanan|RSD-10 Pioneer|MGM-31 Pershing|Kematian Leonid Brezhnev|Yuri Andropov|Konstantin Chernenko}}
[[Gambar:US and USSR nuclear stockpiles.svg|thumb|right|Perbandingan stok senjata nuklir AS jeung Soviét/Rusia, 1945–2006]]
[[Gambar:SDIO Delta Star.jpg|thumb|upright|Delta 183 diluncurkan, membawa sensor eksperimen [[Strategi Ieusiatif Pertahanan]] &quot;Delta Star&quot;.]]

Moskow telah ngawangun sumber daya militer nu menghabiskan 25 persen ti produk nasional bruto Uni Soviét, dengan mengorbankan barang-barang konsumsi jeung investasi di sektor sipil.&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFeber 2002, p. 332&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=332}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pengeluaran Soviét pikeun [[perlombaan senjata]] jeung kompétisi Perang Tiis lianna beuki diperparah ku masalah struktural dina sistem perékonomian Soviét,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1 = Towle|first1 = Philip|title = The Oxford History of Modern War|page = 159}}&lt;/ref&gt; nu mengalami [[Era Stagnasi|stagnasi ékonomi salila satu dekade]] dina taun-taun terahir Pamaréntahan Brezhnev.
[[Gambar:Olympic boycotts 1976 1980 1984.PNG|thumb|left|300px|Pemboikotan [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980|Olimpiade Moskow 1980]] (biru) jeung [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1984|Olimpiade Los Angeles 1984]] (Beureum).]]

Investasi Soviét dina sektor pertahanan teu didorong ku kapentingan militer, namun sebagéan besar pikeun ngadukung kapentingan partéy-partéy besar jeung birokrasi nagara, nu bergantung dina sektor militer pikeun ngadukung kakuasaan jeung hak istimewa maranéhna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=335}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Militer Uni Soviét]] mangrupa militer terbesar di dunya dina hal jumlah jeung jenis senjata, jumlah tentara, jeung jumlah pangkalan militer nu maranéhna miliki.&lt;ref name = &quot;Odom&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Odom|2000|p=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Namun, keuntungan kuantitatif nu dipegang ku militer Soviét seringkali dirusiahkan kéayaana, sehingga Blok Wétan sacara dramatis tertinggal ku Kulon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=340}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:USSR stamp S.Smith 1985 5k.jpg|thumb|upright|Saenggeus seorang anak Amérika berusia sepuluh taun bernama [[Samantha Smith]] ngirimkan surat ka [[Yuri Andropov]], nu mengungkapkan kasieunana atas perang nuklir, Andropov mengundang Smith ke Uni Soviét.]]

Dina awal 1980-an, Uni Soviét telah ngawangun persenjataan jeung pasukan militer nu meleuwihi Amérika Sarikat. Segera saenggeus Soviét menginvasi Afganistan, présidén Carter memulai pemwangunan besar-besaran militer Amérika Sarikat. Upaya ieu beuki diintensifkan ku Pamaréntahan réagan, nu ningkatkeun pengeluaran [[militer]] ti 5,3 persen/total GNP dina taun 1981 jadi 6,5 persen dina taun 1986,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
|last = Carliner‏
|first = Geoffrey
|coauthors = Alberto Alesina‏
|title = Politics and economics in the eighties: edited by Alberto Alesina and Geoffrey Carliner
|publisher = University of Chicago Press
|year = 1991
|page = [https://archive.org/details/politicseconomic0000unse_i4h7/page/6 6]
|url =https://archive.org/details/politicseconomic0000unse_i4h7
|id =
|isbn = 0-226-01281-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; jumlah anggaran militer terbesar sepanjang sejarah Amérika Sarikat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|work=The Boston Globe|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=June 21, 2008|date=March 29, 2006|title=Caspar W. Weinberger, 88; Architect of Massive Pentagon Buildup|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-7946374.html|author=Feeney, Mark}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817163633/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-7946374.html |date=August 17, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kategangan terus meningkat dina awal 1980-an ketika réagan mengaktifkan kembali program [[B-1 Lancer]] nu saméméhnya dibatalkan ku Pamaréntahan Carter, memproduksi [[LGM-118 Peacekeeper]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/icbm/lgm-118.htm|title=LGM-118A Peacekeeper|accessdate=April 10, 2007|date=August 15, 2000|publisher=Federation of American Scientists}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516205937/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/icbm/lgm-118.htm |date=May 16, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; menginstal rudal jelajah AS di Éropa, jeung mengumumkan program eksperimental [[Strategi Ieusiatif Pertahanan]], nu dijuluki &quot;Star Wars&quot; ku media, nyaéta program pertahanan pikeun menembak jatuh rudal musuh di tengah-tengah penerbangana.&lt;ref name=&quot;ShieldSpace?&quot;&gt;Lakoff, p. 263&lt;/ref&gt;

Dilatarbelakangi ku ningkatna kategangan antara Soviét jeung Amérika Sarikat, sarta dipasangnya [[rudal balistik]] [[RSD-10 Pioneer]] milik Soviét nu mengarah ke [[Éropa Kulon]], NATO memutuskan{{ndash}}di handap dorongan ti présidén Carter{{ndash}}pikeun menginstal rudal jelajah jeung [[MGM-31 Pershing]] milik Amérika Sarikat di Éropa, terutama di [[Jerman Kulon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=202}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rudal-rudal ieu ditopatkan dengan jarak mencolok, hanya berjarak 10 menit ti [[Moskow]].&lt;ref&gt;Garthoff, p. 88&lt;/ref&gt;

Saenggeus pemwangunan militer réagan selesai, Soviét teu nanggepannya dengan mengembangkan sumber daya militernya leuwih besar deui karena pengeluaran militer Soviét sudah sangat besar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.theatlantic.com/past/politics/foreign/reagrus.htm|title=Reagan and the Russians|date=February 1994|work=The Atlantic|author=Lebow, Richard Ned and Janice Gross Stein|accessdate=May 28, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Besarnya anggaran militer Soviét mengakibatkan teu efisiena pemwangunan dina sektor [[manufaktur]] jeung pertanian, nu ahirnya jadi beban berat bagi [[Perékonomian Uni Soviét|perékonomian Soviét]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaidar, Yegor&quot;/&gt; Di saat nu bersamaan, produksi minyak di [[Arab Saudi]] meningkat,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iet.ru/files/persona/gaidar/un_en.htm|title=Public Expectations and Trust towards the Government: Post-Revolution Stabilization and its Discontents|accessdate=March 15, 2008|author=Gaidar, Yegor|publisher=The Institute for the Economy in Transition}}&lt;/ref&gt; bahkan produksi minyak di nagara-nagara non-[[OPEC]] ogé meningkat dina périodeu éta, kaasup Soviét.&lt;ref name=&quot;EIA&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html Official Energy Statistics of the US Government]&quot;, EIA&amp;nbsp;— International Energy Data and Analysis. Retrieved on July 4, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Perkembangan ieu méré kontribusi ka fénoména[[banjir minyak 1980-an]] nu mempangaruhi Uni Soviét. Minyak mulai jadi sumber utama pendapatan ekspor Soviét.&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFeber 2002, p. 332&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaidar, Yegor&quot;/&gt; Namun, permasalahan [[perékonomian komando]],&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt1&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; turuna harga minyak, jeung pengeluaran militer nu tetap besar sacara bertahap membawa perékonomian Soviét menuju stagnasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaidar, Yegor&quot;&gt;Gaidar 2007 pp. 190–205&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina tanggal 1 Séptémber 1983, Uni Soviét menembak jatuh [[Korean Air Penerbangan 007]], pesawat [[Boeing 747]] nu mengangkut 269 penumpang, kaasup anggota Kongres [[Larry McDonald]]. Pesawat itu ditembak karena melanggar wilayah udara Soviét dengan melewati pantai Kulon [[Sakhalin|pulo Sakhalin]], di dekat [[Kepulauan Moneron]]&amp;nbsp;—tindakan nu ku réagan dianggep sebagai &quot;pembantaian&quot;. Tindakan Soviét ieu beuki ningkatkeun dukungan bagi AS supaya segera menerjukan militernya.&lt;ref name=&quot;DoernerFive&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926169-5,00.html|title=Atrocity in the skies|work=Time|date=Séptémber 12, 1983|accessdate=June 8, 2008|first1=Strobe|last1=Talbott|first2=Jerry|last2=Hannifin|first3=Ed|last3=Magnuson|first4=William R.|last4=Doerner|first5=Joseph J.|last5=Kane}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521063516/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926169-5,00.html |date=May 21, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; NATO mengadakan latihan militer [[Able Archer 83]] dina bulan November 1983, nu mangrupa simulasi peluncuran nuklir sacara nyata. Paristiwa ieu disebut-sebut sebagai saat nu paling berbahaya bagi dunya sejak [[Krisis Rudal Kuba]] dina taun 1962. Saenggeus pamingpin Soviét memahami maksud ti latihan militer éta, maka diputuskan yén perang nuklir beuki dekat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=228}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kehenteusetujuan publik AS ngeunaan campur tangan AS dina konflik nagara lain sudah berlangsung sejak ahir [[Perang Vietnam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFeber323&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=323}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaréntahan réagan menekankan taktik [[kontra-pemberontakan]] jeung penyelesaian cepat dina mencampuri konflik asing.&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFeber323&quot; /&gt; Dina taun 1983, Pamaréntahan réagan pipilueun tangan dina [[Perang Saudara Lebanon]], menginvasi [[Grenada]], membom [[Libya]], jeung ngadukung gerakan [[Contras]] di Amérika Tengah{{ndash}}paramiliter anti-komunis nu berusaha ngagulingkeun Pamaréntahan pro-Soviét [[Sandieusta]] di [[Nikaragua]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 212&quot;/&gt; Intervensi réagan ka Grenada jeung Libya mendapat dukungan ti publik AS, namun dukungana dina Contra [[Skandal Iran Contra|mengundang kontroversi]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Reagan&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Reagan, Ronald|editor=Foner, Eric; Garraty, John Arthur|title=The Reader's companion to American history|url=http://books.google.com/?id=KrWDw-_devcC|accessdate=June 16, 2008|year=1991|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Books|isbn=0-395-51372-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sementara itu, Soviét sendiri mengeluarkan biaya tinggi dina memfasilitasi intervensi maranéhna ka asing. Meskipun Brezhnev meyakieu dina taun 1979 yén [[Perang Soviét-Afganistan]]bakal berlangsung singkat, gerilyawan [[Muslim]], nu dibantu ku AS jeung nagara-nagara lianna, mengobarkan perlawanan sengit ka invasi éta.&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFeber314&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=314}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kremlin ngirimkan hampir 100.000 tentara pikeun ngadukung rezim boneka di Afganistan, nu dijuluki ku para pengamat luar dengan &quot;perang 'Vietnam'-nya Soviét&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFeber314&quot; /&gt; Namun, dampak perang Afganistan ieu jauh leuwih parah bagi Soviét ketimbang dampak Perang Vietnam bagi Amérika Sarikat, karena konflik ieu ogé bertepatan dengan périodeu kekacauan jeung krisis internal dina birokrasi jeung perékonomian Soviét.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=292}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Séorang pejabat senior di [[Departemen Luar Negeri Amérika Sarikat|Departemen Luar Negeri AS]] memprediksikan dina awal 1980-an, manéhna nyatakeun yén &quot;invasi nu mengakibatkan krisis dina negeri bagi Soviét... mungkin itu nyaéta hukum termodinamika [[entropi]]... nu terjebak dengan sistem Soviét, nu ayeuna tampaknya leuwih loba mengeluarkan energi pikeun menjaga keseimbangana ketimbang pikeun memperbaikinya. Kita bisa menempo periode kebangkitan asing dina saat mengalami keruntuhan internal&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot; Dobrynin&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Dobrynin|2001|pp=438–439}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Maynes|1980|pp=1–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taun-taun terahir (1985–1991) ==
{{Main|Perang Tiis (1985–1991)}}
[[Gambar:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mikhail Gorbachev]] jeung Ronald Reagan nandatanganan [[Traktat INF]] di Gedung Bodas, 1987]]

=== Reformasi Gorbachev ===
{{See|Mikhail Gorbachev|perestroika|glasnost}}
Saenggeus tanggal 11 Maret 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev jadi Sekretaris Jenderal partéy Komunis Uni Soviét nu kelima pikeun menggantikan Konstantin Chernenko nu sudah wafat.

Dina saat [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], nu relatif masih muda, jadi [[Sekretaris Jenderal Partei Komunis Uni Soviét|Sekretaris Jenderal]] dina taun 1985,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 197&quot; /&gt; perékonomian Soviét keur stagnan jeung mengalami penurunan tajam dina penerimaan mata uang asing akibat turuna harga minyak dunya dina taun 1980-an.&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFeber331&quot; /&gt; Masalah ieu memaksa Gorbachev pikeun mengambil langkah-langkah guna membangkitkan kembali keterpurukan Soviét.&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFeber331&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|pp=331–333}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gorbachev nyatakeun yén pikeun membangkitkan kembali Soviét, diperlukan perobahan nu mendina dina struktural Soviét. Dina bulan Juni 1987, Gorbachev mengumumkan agenda reformasinya nu disebut ''[[perestroika]]'' atawa restrukturisasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis231&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=231–233}}&lt;/ref&gt; Perestroika ngamungkinkeun leuwih épéktipnya sistem [[kuota produksi]], kepemilikan swasta atas bisnis jeung ogé membuka jalan bagi [[investor]] asing. Langkah ieu dimaksudkan pikeun mengarahkan sumber daya nagara ti pembiayaan militer nu mahal pikeun menunjang Perang Tiis ke pengembangan sektor sipil nu leuwih produktif.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis231&quot; /&gt;

Meskipun muncul skeptisisme ti nagara-nagara Kulon, pamingpin Soviét nu anyar ieu terbukti berkomitmen pikeun memperbaiki kondisi perékonomian Soviét nu buruk, bukana melanjutkan perlombaan senjata dengan Kulon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Palmowski&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFeber2002&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|pp=300–340}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pikeun ngalawan penentang reformasinya nu berasal ti internal partéy, Gorbachev sacara bersamaan memperkenalkan ''[[glasnost]]'', atawa keterbukaan. Kawijakan ieu ngamungkinkeun ningkatna kebébasan [[pers]] jeung transparansi lembaga-lembaga nagara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gibbs|1999|p=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Glasnost'' dimaksudkan pikeun ngurangan [[korupsi]] dina tubuh [[Partei Komunis Uni Soviét|Partei Komunis]] jeung memoderasi penyalahgunaan kakuasaan di [[Komite Sentral]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gibbs|1999|p=33}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Glasnost'' ogé ngamungkinkeun ningkatna kontak antara warga Soviét jeung [[Dunya Kulon]], khususnya dengan Amérika Sarikat, nu méré kontribusi bagi paningkatan ''[[détente]]'' antara kadua nagara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gibbs|1999|p=61}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Perbaikan hubungan ===
{{See|Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Reykjavík|Traktat INF|START I}}
Nanggepan [[Konsesi (pulitik)|konsesi pulitik]] jeung militer [[Kremlin]] nu baru, réagan setuju pikeun mengadakan kembali perundingan dengan Soviét terkait dengan isu-isu ékonomi jeung perlombaan senjata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis229&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=229–230}}&lt;/ref&gt; Perundingan pertama diadakan dina bulan November 1985 di [[Jenewa|Jenewa, Swiss]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis229&quot; /&gt; Dina perundingan éta, kadua pamingpin nagara, disertai ku séorang penerjemah, paheut pikeun ngurangans persenjataan nuklir di masing-masing nagara sebesar 50 persen.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/21/newsid_2549000/2549897.stm 1985: &quot;Superpowers aim for 'safer world'&quot;], BBC News, November 21, 1985. Retrieved on July 4, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Perundingan kadua, [[Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Reykjavík]], diselenggarakan di [[Islandia]]. Perundingan éta berjalan lancar hingga pembicaraan bergeser ke arah Strategi Ieusiatif Pertahanan réagan nu hayang dieliminasi ku Gorbachev, namun réagan nolak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0DA1F3BF93AA15756C0A96E948260|title=Toward the Summit; Previous Reagan-Gorbachev Summits|work=The New York Times|accessdate=June 21, 2008|date=May 29, 1988}}&lt;/ref&gt; Negosiasi ahirnya gagal, namun dina perundingan Katilu dina taun 1987, kadua pihak berhasil ngahasilkeun terobosan dengan ditandatanganinya [[Traktat Angkatan Nuklir Jangka Menengah]] (INF). Traktat ieu menghapuskan kéayaan sakabéh senjata nuklir, rudal balistik, jeung rudal jelajah di kadua pihak dengan jarak antara 500 jeung 5.500 kilométer beserta infrastrukturnya.&lt;ref name=&quot;fas&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/inf/index.html|title=Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces|accessdate=June 21, 2008|publisher=Federation of American Scientists}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724134840/http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/inf/index.html |date=July 24, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kategangan antara Wétan dengan Kulon méré da dengan cepat dina pertengahan 1980-an. Taun 1989, bertopat di Moskow, Gorbachev jeung gagantina réagan, [[George H. W. Bush]], nandatanganan perjanjian [[START I]], nu mengahiri perlombaan senjata antar kadua nagara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=255}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salila taun-taun saterusna, Soviét dihadapkan dina keruntuhan perékonomian nu dibalukarkeun ku turuna harga minyak dunya jeung besarnya pembiayaan militer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shearman76&quot;/&gt; Selain itu, penopatan militer di nagara sekutunya diakui teu relevan deui bagi Soviét, jeung dina taun 1987, Soviét [[Doktrin Sinatra|sacara resmi mengumumkan]] kalau manéhna moal bakal pipilueun deui dina urusan dina negeri nagara-nagara sekutunya di [[Éropa Wétan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis248&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=248}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1989, pasukan Soviét mundur ti Afganistan,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, pp. 235–236&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=235–236}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung setaun kemudian Gorbachev menyetujui [[reunifikasi Jerman]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Shearman76&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Shearman|1995|p=76}}&lt;/ref&gt; satu-satunya alternatif pikeun nanggepan [[Protes Tiananmen Square 1989|skenario Tianmen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Shearman|1995|p=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ketika [[Tembok Berlin]] runtuh, konsép &quot;[[Common European Home]]&quot; nu dicetuskan ku Gorbachev mulai terbentuk.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.ena.lu/?doc=11160| title=Address given by Mikhail Gorbachev to the Council of Europe| publisher=[[European NAvigator|Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe]]| date=July 6, 1989| accessdate=February 11, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220033/http://www.ena.lu/?doc=11160 |date=September 27, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina tanggal 3 Désémber 1989, dina [[Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Malta]], Gorbachev jeung [[George H. W. Bush]] sacara resmi nyatakeun yén Perang Tiis sudah berahir.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_4119000/4119950.stm Malta summit ends Cold War], BBC News, December 3, 1989. Retrieved June 11, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Setaun kemudian, dua nagara éta bermitra dina [[Perang Teluk]] ngalawan Irak.&lt;ref&gt;Goodby, p. 26&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Goyahna sistem Soviét ===
{{see|Perékonomian Uni Soviét}}
[[Gambar:West and East Germans at the Brandenburg Gate in 1989.jpg|thumb|right|Runtuhnya [[Tembok Berlin]] dina taun 1989.]]
Dina taun 1989, sistem aliansi Soviét aya di ambang keruntuhan. Akibat leungitnya dukungan militer ti Soviét, satu-persatu para pamingpin nagara-nagara komunis [[Pakta Warsawa]] ogé keleungitan kakuasaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, pp. 235–236&quot;/&gt; Di Uni Soviét sendiri, kawijakan ''glasnost'' ngalemahkeun ikatan nu salila ieu menyatukan Soviét.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis248&quot; /&gt; Bulan Februari 1990, dengan beuki memuncaknya isu [[pembubaran Uni Soviét]], para pamingpin [[Partei Komunis Uni Soviét|Partei Komunis]] terpaksa menyerahkan tampuk kakuasaana nu telah bertahan salila 73 taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Sakwa|1999|p=460}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina saat nu sama, isu kemerdekaan nu dipicu ku ''glasnost'' beuki mendorong nagara-nagara Soviét pikeun misahkeun diri ti Moskow. [[Nagara-nagara Baltik]] mulai menarik diri ti Soviét sepenuhnya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=253}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Révolusi 1989|Gelombang Révolusi damai 1989]] nu melanda [[Éropa Tengah]] jeung Éropa Wétan meruntuhkan kedigjayaan komunisme Soviét di nagara-nagara seperti Polandia, Hongaria, Cekoslowakia jeung Bulgaria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Lefeber|Fitzmaurice|Vierdag|1991|p=221}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rumania jadi satu-satunya nagara Blok Wétan nu ngagulingkeun kakuasaan komunis sacara keras dengan mengeksekusi kepala nagaranya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=247}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pembubaran Uni Soviét ===
{{See|January 1991 events in Latvia|Upaya kudéta di Soviét 1991|Sejarah Uni Soviét (1982–1991)|Pembubaran Uni Soviét}}
[[Gambar:CIS-Map 2.png|right|thumb|[[Persemakmuran Nagara-Nagara Merdeka]], ahir resmi ti [[Uni Soviét]]]]
Sikap permisif Gorbachev ka Éropa Wétan awalna teu meluas ke wilayah Soviét, bahkan Bush, nu berjuang pikeun mempertahankan hubungan persahabatan dengan Soviét, mengutuk pembunuhan dina bulan Januari 1991 di [[Paristiwa Januari 1991 di Latvia|Latvia]] jeung [[Paristiwa Januari|Lituania]]. Bush memperingatkan yén hubungan ékonomibakal dibekukan jika kekerasan terus terjadi.&lt;ref&gt;Goldgeier, p. 27&lt;/ref&gt; Uni Soviét sacara fatal dilemahkeun ku [[Upaya kudéta di Soviét 1991|kudéta nu gagal]] dina taun 1991 jeung ningkatna jumlah [[Republik Uni Soviét|republikan Soviét]], hususna di [[Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviét Rusia|Rusia]], nu mengancambakal misahkeun diri ti Uni Soviét. [[Persemakmuran Nagara-Nagara Merdeka]], nu didirikan dina tanggal 21 Désémber 1991, dipandang sebagai entitas penerus Uni Soviét, namun, ceuk para pamingpin Rusia, tujuana nyaéta pikeun &quot;ngamungkinkeun perpisahan sacara ayab&quot; antara republik-republik Soviét jeung ogé sebanding dengan kelonggaran konfederasi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/12/14b6b499-9eb2-4dee-b96c-784ec918969a.html Soviét Leaders Recall ‘Inevitable’ Breakup Of Soviét Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615120212/http://rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/12/14b6b499-9eb2-4dee-b96c-784ec918969a.html |date=2008-06-15 }}, [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], December 8, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Uni Soviét sacara resmi [[Pembubaran Uni Soviét|dibubarkan]] dina tanggal 25 Désémber 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=256–257}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dampak ==
{{Main|Dampak Perang Tiis}}

[[Gambar:Nato-csto.svg|thumb|right|600px|[[NATO]]/[[CSTO]]]]
[[Gambar:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|right|[[NATO]] telah [[Perluasan NATO|memperluas cakupana]] ke nagara-nagara bekas [[Pakta Warsawa]] jeung bekas Uni Soviét sejak berahirnya Perang Tiis.]]

Saenggeus Perang Tiis, [[Rusia]] sebagai ahli waris utama Uni Soviét memotong pengeluaran militer sacara drastis. Restrukturisasi ékonomi ngabalukarkeun jutaan warga di sakabéh Uni Soviét menganggur.&lt;ref name = &quot;Aslund&quot;&gt;Åslund, p. 49&lt;/ref&gt; Sadengkeun reformasi kapitalis mengakibatkan terjadinya resesi parah, leuwih parah tidina nu dialami ku AS jeung Jerman salila [[Depresi Besar]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Nolan&quot;&gt;Nolan, pp. 17–18&lt;/ref&gt;

Saenggeus berahir, Perang Tiis masih terus mempangaruhi dunya.&lt;ref name = &quot;Halliday&quot; /&gt; Saenggeus pembubaran [[Uni Soviét]], dunya pasca-Perang Tiis sacara luas dianggep sebagai dunya nu [[Unipolaritas|unipolar]], nyésakeun [[Amérika Sarikat]] sebagai satu-satunya [[nagara adidaya]] di dunya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm Country profile: United States of America]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved March 11, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nye, p. 157&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Blum|2006|p=87}}&lt;/ref&gt; Perang Tiis ogé ngabantuan mendefenisikan peran pulitik Amérika Sarikat di dunya pasca-[[Perang Dunya II]]: dina taun 1989 AS menjalin kerjasama militer dengan 50 nagara jeung mibanda 526.000&lt;ref name=Frontline&gt;{{cite web
 | title = U.S. Military Deployment 1969 to the present
 | publisher = http://www.pbs.org
 | date = October 26, 2004
 | url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pentagon/maps/5.html
 | accessdate =November 30, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tentara di luar negeri nu tersebar di puluhan nagara, dengan 326.000 terdapat di Éropa (dua pertiganya di Jerman Kulon),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
|last = Duke
|first = Simón
|title = United States military forces and installations in Europe
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|year = 1989
|page = [https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmili0000duke/page/175 175]
|url =https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmili0000duke
|id =
|isbn = 0-19-829132-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung sekitar 130.000 terdapat di Asia (terutama di Jepang jeung Koréa Kidul).&lt;ref name=Frontline/&gt; Perang Tiis ogé menandai puncak pengembangan industri-militer, terutama di Amérika Sarikat, jeung pendanaan militer sacara besar-besaran.&lt;ref name = &quot;Calhoun&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|author=Calhoun, Craig|encyclopedia=Dictionary of the Social Sciences|title=Cold War (entire chapter)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SvSZHgAACAAJ&amp;dq=Dictionary+of+the+Social+Sciences|accessdate=June 16, 2008|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-512371-9|ref=harv}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pengembangan industri militer ieu mibanda dampak besar ka nagara nu bersangkutan; ngabantuan nyieun kehirupan kemasyarakatan, kawijakan, jeung hubungan luar negeri nagara éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
|last = Pavelec
|first = Sterling Michael
|title = The Military-Industrial Complex and American Society
|publisher = ABC-CLIO
|year = 2009
|pages = xv–xvi
|url =https://archive.org/details/militaryindustri0000unse_q9m4
|id =
|isbn = 1-59884-187-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pengeluaran militer Amérika Sarikat salila berlangsungnya Perang Tiis diperkirakan sekitar $ 8 triliun, sadengkeun hampir 100.000 orang Amérika keleungitan nyawa maranéhna dina [[Perang Korea]] jeung [[Perang Vietnam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sulit pikeun memperkirakan jumlah korban jeung kerugian ti pihak Soviét, namun jika dinempo ti komparasi produk nasional bruto maranéhna, maka biaya keuangan nu dikeluarkan ku Soviét salila Perang Tiis jauh leuwih besar tidina nu dikeluarkan ku Amérika Sarikat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=213}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Selain leungitnya nyawa warga sipil ku para tentara tak berseragam, jutaan jiwa ogé tewas dina [[perang proksi]] antar kadua nagara adidaya di rupa-rupa belahan dunya, terutama di Asia Tenggara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=266}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sebagéan besar perang proksi jeung bantuan pikeun konflik-konflik lokal turut berahir seiring dengan usainya Perang Tiis. Perang antar-nagara, perang etnis, perang Révolusi, sarta jumlah pengungsi menurun tajam dina taun-taun pasca-Perang Tiis.&lt;ref name = &quot;Marshall&quot;&gt;[http://www.systemicpeace.org/PC2005.pdf Monty G. Marshall and Ted Gurr, ''Peace and Conflict 2005''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624210152/http://www.systemicpeace.org/PC2005.pdf |date=2008-06-24 }} (PDF), Center for Systemic Peace (2006). Retrieved June 14, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di sisi lain, konflik-konflik antar-nagara di [[Dunya Katilu]] teu sepenuhnya terhapus pasca-Perang Tiis. Kategangan ékonomi jeung sosial nu dulu dimanfaatkan sebagai &quot;bahan bakar&quot; Perang Tiis terus berlangsung di [[Dunya Katilu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Halliday&quot; /&gt; Kegagalan kontrol nagara di sejumlah wilayah nu dulunya dikuasai ku Pamaréntah komunis telah ngahasilkeun konflik sipil jeung etnis baru, terutama di nagara-nagara bekas [[Yugoslavia]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Halliday&quot; /&gt; Berahirnya Perang Tiis telah menghantarkan Éropa Wétan dina éra pertumbuhan ékonomi jeung paningkatan jumlah nagara [[démokrasi liberal]], sadengkeun di bagéan lain dunya, seperti di Afganistan, kemerdekaan diikuti dengan [[nagara gagal|kegagalan nagara]].&lt;ref name = &quot;Halliday&quot; /&gt;

== Historiografi ==
{{Main| Historiografi Perang Tiis}}
Saenggeus istilah &quot;Perang Tiis&quot; dipopulerkan pikeun merujuk dina kategangan antara AS-Soviét pasca-Perang Dunya II, penafsiran ka asal usul konflik telah jadi sumber perdebatan di kalangan [[sejarawan]], ilmuwan pulitik, jeung jurnalis.&lt;ref name = &quot;Nashel&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nashel, Jonathan|editor=Whiteclay Chambers, John|encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to American Military History|title=Cold War (1945–91): Changing Interpretations (entire chapter)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xtMKHgAACAAJ&amp;dq=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History|accessdate=June 16, 2008|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-507198-0|ref=harv}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara khusus, sejarawan teu paheut ngeunaan saha nu bertanggung jawab atas kerusakan hubungan Soviét-AS saenggeus Perang Dunya II, jeung apakah konflik antara dua adidaya éta tak terelakkan atawa bisa dihinti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brinkley&quot;&gt;Brinkley, pp. 798–799&lt;/ref&gt; Para sejarawan ogé teu paheut ngeunaan apa defenisi persisnya Perang Tiis itu, apa-apa saja nu jadi sumber-sumber konfliknya, jeung bagaimana pikeun menguraikan pola aksi jeung réaksi antara kadua pihak.&lt;ref name = &quot;Halliday&quot; /&gt;

Meskipun penjelasan tentang asal usul ti konflik Perang Tiis dina diskusi akademik berlangsung dengan kompleks jeung beragam, Babaraha sekolah umum menetapkan pemikiran dina subjek nu dapat diidentifikasi. Sejarawan umumnya berpendapat yén terdapat tiga pamarekannu berbéda pikeun mempelajari Perang Tiis, nyaéta: pamarekan&quot;ortodoks&quot;, &quot;revisionisme&quot;, jeung &quot;pasca-revisionisme&quot;.&lt;ref name = &quot;Calhoun&quot; /&gt;

pamarekan&quot;ortodoks&quot; nyatakeun yén Uni Soviét jeung ekspansinya ke Éropa Wétan lah nu memicu berkobarnya Perang Tiis.&lt;ref name = &quot;Calhoun&quot; /&gt; Kalangan &quot;revisionis&quot; menganggep yén Amérika Sarikat bertanggung jawab atas kerusakan perdamaian pasca-Perang Dunya II karena berupaya pikeun mengkonfrontasi jeung mengisolasi Uni Soviét saméméh ahir Perang Dunya II.&lt;ref name = &quot;Calhoun&quot; /&gt; Sadengkeun &quot;pasca-revisionis&quot; mandang Perang Tiis sebagai kajadian nu leuwih bernuansa, jeung berusaha pikeun leuwih menyeimbangkan ngeunaan saha pihak nu bertanggung jawab dina Perang Tiis.&lt;ref name = &quot;Calhoun&quot; /&gt; Kelobaan [[historiografi]] ngeunaan Perang Tiis menggunakan dua atawa kesakabéhan pamarekanieu.&lt;ref name = &quot;Byrd&quot; /&gt;

== Nempo ogé ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Permainan Besar]]
* [[Imperialisme Amérika Sarikat]]
* [[Kanada dina Perang Tiis]]
* [[Perang Tiis (istilah umum)]]
* [[Perang Tiis (serial TV)|''Perang Tiis'' (serial TV)]]
* [[Kebudayaan salila Perang Tiis]]
* [[Konferensi Danube River 1948]]
* [[Daftar konferensi Uni Soviét-Amérika Sarikat]]
* [[McCarthyisme]]
* [[Intervensi luar negeri Amérika Sarikat]]
* [[Ekspansi ékonomi pasca-Perang Dunya II]]
* [[Kekaisaran Soviét]]
* [[Garis waktu kejadian dina Perang Tiis]]
* [[Eksperimen manusia nu teu etis di Amérika Sarikat]]
* [[Perang Dunya III]]
* [[:Kategori:Perang Tiis]] 
{{div col end}}

== Catatan kaki ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Referensi jeung bacaan lanjutan ==
{{Main|Daftar sumber primer jeung sekunder Perang Tiis}}
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Applebaum|first = Anne|title=Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944-1956|url=https://archive.org/details/ironcurtaincrush00appl_0|publisher= Doubleday|year=2012|isbn= 0-385-51569-3}}
* Davis, Simon, and Joseph Smith. ''The A to Z of the Cold War'' (Scarecrow, 2005), encyclopedia focused on military aspects
* {{cite book|last=Dominguez|first = Jorge I.|title= To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy|url=https://archive.org/details/tomakeworldsafef0000domi|publisher= Harvard University Press|year=1989|isbn=0-674-89325-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first = Norman|title= The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearwarconf0000frie|publisher= Naval Institute Press|year=2007|isbn=1-59114-287-3}}
* {{Cite book|title=Russia, the Soviét Union and the United States. An Interpretative History|url=https://archive.org/details/russiasovietunio00gadd|last=Gaddis|first=John Lewis|year=1990|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0-07-557258-3|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* {{cite book|title=We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History|url=https://archive.org/details/wenowknowrethink0000gadd_v0a2|author=[[John Lewis Gaddis|Gaddis, John Lewis]]|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-878070-2}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Cold War: A New History|url=https://archive.org/details/coldwarnewhistor00gadd|last=Gaddis|first=John Lewis|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Press|isbn=1-59420-062-9|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* {{Cite book|last=Garthoff|first=Raymond|title=Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviét Relations from Nixon to Reagan|url=https://archive.org/details/detenteconfronta0000gart|year=1994|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-3041-1|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* Haslam, Jonathan. ''Russia's Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall'' (Yale University Press; 2011) 512 pages
* Hoffman, David E. ''The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy'' (2010)
* {{cite book|last=Hussain|first =Rizwan|title= Pakistan And The Emergence Of Islamic Militancy In Afghanistan|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanemergenc0000huss|publisher= Ashgate Publishing|year=2005|isbn=0-7546-4434-0}}
* Judge, Edward H. ''The Cold War: A Global History With Documents'' (2012) 
* {{cite book|last=Kalinovsky|first =Artemy M.|title= A Long Goodbye: The Soviét Withdrawal from Afghanistan|url=https://archive.org/details/longgoodbyesovie0000kali|publisher= Harvard University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-674-05866-8}}
* {{cite book|last=LaFeber|first=Walter|title= America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–2002|url=https://archive.org/details/americarussiacol0000lafe_v6a4|publisher= McGraw-Hill|year=2002|isbn=0-07-284903-7|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* {{Cite book|last=Leffler|first = Melvyn|title= A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Admieustration, and the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/preponderanceofp0000leff|publisher= Stanford University Press|year=1992|isbn=0-8047-2218-8|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* Leffler, Melvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad, eds. ''The Cambridge History of the Cold War'' (3 vol, 2010) 2000pp; new essays by léading scholars
* {{Cite book|last=Lewkowicz|first = Nicolas|title= The German Question and the International Order, 1943–48|url=https://archive.org/details/germanquestionin0000lewk|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|isbn=978-0-230-24812-0|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Geir Lundestad|Lundestad, Geir]]|title=East, West, North, South: Major Developments in International Politics since 1945|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=1-4129-0748-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Lüthi|first =Lorenz M|title= The Sino-Soviét split: Cold War in the communist world|publisher= Princeton University Press|year=2008|isbn=0-691-13590-8}}
* {{cite book|last=McMahon|first=Robert|title=The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-280178-3|year=2003}}
* {{cite book|last=Meher|first =Jagmohan|title= America's Afghanistan War: The Success that Failed|publisher= Gyan Books|year=2004|isbn=81-7835-262-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Lüthi|first =Lorenz M|title= The Sino-Soviét split: Cold War in the communist world|publisher= Princeton University Press|year=2008|isbn=0-691-13590-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Malkasian|first=Carter|title= The Korean War: Essential Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/koreanwar0000malk|publisher= Osprey Publishing|year=2001|isbn=1-84176-282-2|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* Mastny, Vojtech. ''The Cold War and Soviét insecurity: the Stalin years'' (1996) [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb00281.0001.001 online edition]
* {{Cite book|title=Russian Image on the Western Screen: Trends, Stereotypes, Myths, Illusions|last=Fedorov|first=Alexander|year=2011|publisher=Lambert Academic Publishing,|isbn=978-3-8433-9330-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Roger Gene|title=To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949|url=https://archive.org/details/tosavecityberlin0000mill_b0n4|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-89096-967-1|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* {{Cite book|last=Njolstad|first=Olav|title= The Last Decade of the Cold War|publisher= Routledge|year=2004|isbn=0-7146-8371-X|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* {{cite book|last=Nolan|first=Peter|title=China's Rise, Russia's Fall|url=https://archive.org/details/chinasriserussia0000nola|year=1995|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=0-312-12714-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pearson|first=Raymond|title=The Rise and Fall of the Soviét Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofsoviet0000pear|publisher=Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=0-312-17407-1|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* {{cite book|last=Porter|first = Bruce|coauthors=Karsh, Efraim|title= The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviét Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars|url=https://archive.org/details/ussrinthirdworld0000port_d7u1|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year=1984|isbn=0-521-31064-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Puddington|first=Arch|title= Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty|publisher= University Press of Kentucky|year= 2003|isbn=0-8131-9045-2|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* {{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Geoffrey|title=Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2006|isbn=0-300-11204-1|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* {{cite book|last=Stone|first=Norman|title= The Atlantic and Its Enemies: A History of the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/atlanticitsenemi0000ston_z5m0|publisher= Basic Books Press|year=2010|isbn=0-465-02043-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Taubman|first=William|title=Khrushchev: The Man and His éra|year=2004|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company|isbn=0-393-32484-2|ref=harv|postscript=.}}; Pulitzer Prize
* Tucker, Spencer, ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Cold War: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (5 vol. 2008), world coverage
* Walker, Martin. ''The Cold War: A History'' (1995), British perspective
* {{Cite book|last=Wettig|first=Gerhard|title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|year=2008|isbn=0-7425-5542-9|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zubok|first = Vladislav|coauthors=Pleshakov, Constantine|title= Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev|url=https://archive.org/details/insidekremlinsco00zubo|publisher= Harvard University Press|year=1996|isbn=0-674-45531-2|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* Zubok, Vladislav M. ''A Failed Empire: The Soviét Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev'' (2008)
=== Historiografi jeung memori ===
* Hopkins, Michael F. &quot;Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History,&quot; ''Historical Journal,'' Dec 2007, Vol. 50 Issue 4, pp 913–934, 
* Isaac, Joel, and Duncan Bell, eds. ''Uncertain Empire: American History and the Idea of the Cold War'' (2012) [http://www.amazon.com/Uncertain-Empire-American-History-Idea/dp/0199826145/ excerpt and text search]
* Johnston, Gordon. &quot;Revisiting the cultural Cold War,&quot; ''Social History,'' Aug 2010, Vol. 35 Issue 3, pp 290–307
* Nuti, Léopoldo, et al., eds. ''Europe and the End of the Cold War: A Reappraisal'' (2012) [http://www.amazon.com/Europe-End-Cold-War-ebook/dp/B008VSEJBO/ excerpt and text search]
* Wiener, Jon. ''How We Forgot the Cold War: A Historical Journey across America'' (2012) [http://www.amazon.com/How-Forgot-Cold-War-Historical/dp/0520271416/ excerpt and text search]

=== Sumber primer ===
* {{cite book|author=[[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Andrew, Christopher]]|coauthors=[[Vasili Mitrokhin|Mitrokhin, Vasili]]|title= The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB|url=https://archive.org/details/swordshieldmitro0000andr_q5i4|publisher= Basic Books|year=2000|isbn=0-585-41828-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dobrynin|first=Anatoly|title=In Confidence: Moscow's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents|url=https://archive.org/details/inconfidencemosc0000dobr_d2k5|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2001|isbn=0-295-98081-8|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* Hanhimaki, Jussi and Odd Arne Westad, eds. ''The Cold War: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts'' (Oxford University Press, 2003). ISBN 0-19-927280-8.
* {{cite book|author=Sakwa, Richard|title= The rise and fall of the Soviét Union, 1917–1991|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofsoviet0000sakw|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=0-415-12290-2|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
* {{cite book|author=Cardona, Luis|title= Cold War KFA|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|ref=harv|postscript=.|unused_data=Barcelona, Spain}}
* [http://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/Forums.aspx?f=2009 &quot;Presidency in the Nuclear Age&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618021017/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/Forums.aspx?f=2009 |date=2013-06-18 }}, conference and forum at the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|JFK Library]], Boston, October 12, 2009. Four panels: &quot;The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It&quot;, &quot;Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty&quot;, &quot;The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race&quot;, and &quot;Nuclear Weapons, Terrorism, and the Presidency&quot;. ( [http://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/~/media/assets/Education%20and%20Public%20Programs/Forum%20Transcripts/Cold%20War%20and%20Nuclear%20Arms%20Race.pdf transcript of &quot;The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117035929/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/~/media/assets/Education%20and%20Public%20Programs/Forum%20Transcripts/Cold%20War%20and%20Nuclear%20Arms%20Race.pdf |date=2013-01-17 }})
{{refend}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{Sister project links|Perang Tiis}}
;Arsip
* [http://www.osaarchivum.org/guide/ Open Society Archives, Budapest (Hungary), one of the biggest history of communism and cold war archives in the world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511130424/http://www.osaarchivum.org/guide/ |date=2011-05-11 }}
* [http://www.cybertrn.demon.co.uk/ An archive of UK civil defence material] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222065026/http://www.cybertrn.demon.co.uk/ |date=2008-12-22 }}
* [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552679 Post-Cold War World Economy] from the [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
* [http://www.conelrad.com/ CONELRAD Cold War Pop Culture Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729202943/http://www.conelrad.com/ |date=2020-07-29 }}
* [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/cold-war/cold-war-culture-the-nuclear-fear-of-the-1950s-and-1960s/topic---cold-war-culture-the-nuclear-fear-of-the-1950s-and-1960s.html CBC Digital Archives{{spaced ndash}}Cold War Culture: The Nuclear Fear of the 1950s and 1960s]
* [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/cold-war-international-history-project The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP)]
* [http://coldwarfiles.org/ The Cold War Files] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918203432/http://coldwarfiles.org/ |date=2008-09-18 }}
* [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/ CNN Cold War Knowledge Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217154418/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/ |date=2008-12-17 }} comparison of articles on Cold War topics in the Western and the Soviét press between 1945 and 1991
* [http://community.theblackvault.com/articles/entry/The-CAESAR-POLO-and-ESAU-Papers- The CAESAR, POLO, and ESAU Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710182023/http://community.theblackvault.com/articles/entry/The-CAESAR-POLO-and-ESAU-Papers- |date=2009-07-10 }}–This collection of declassified analytic monographs and reference aids, designated within the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Directorate of Intelligence (DI) as the CAESAR, ESAU, and POLO series, highlights the CIA's efforts from the 1950s through the mid-1970s to pursue in-depth reséarch on Soviét and Chinese internal politics and Sino-Soviét relations. The documents reflect the views of séasoned analysts who had followed closely their special aréas of reséarch and whose views were shaped in often héated debate.
* [http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/aerial_intelligence.html Documents available online regarding aerial intelligence during the Cold War, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]

;Bibliografi
* [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=issues/Arms+Race Annotated bibliography for the arms race from the Alsos Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203121815/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=issues%2FArms+Race |date=2006-02-03 }}

;Berita
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/themes/world_politics/cold_war/default.stm Video and audio news reports from during the cold war]

;Sumber edukasional
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080503183113/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/128mimi/ ''Minuteman Missile National Historic Site: Protecting a Legacy of the Cold War'', a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan]

{{Perang Tiis}}
{{Tokoh Perang Tiis}}
{{Topik Amérika Sarikat}}
{{Uni Soviét handap}}
{{komunisme handap}}

{{Artikel Geulis}}

[[Kategori:Perang Tiis| ]]
[[Kategori:Konflik global]]
[[Kategori:Masa bersejarah]]
[[Kategori:Perang melibatkan Amérika Sarikat]]
[[Kategori:Perang melibatkan Uni Soviét]]
[[Kategori:Abad ke-20]]
[[Kategori:Hubungan internasional]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ucing Pérsia</title>
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      <text bytes="58374" sha1="avcq23lomvytlf2fidlhkq5ddkupqzu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox cat breed
&lt;!-- Put article text AFTER this infobox markup. See: --&gt;
&lt;!-- Wikipedia:WikiProject Cats/Templates for more info. --&gt;
|name= Ucing Pérsia
|image= Shaded silver Persian Cat Missionhill Cosmic Rainstorm.jpg
|imagecaption=
|altname= Bulu Panjang,&lt;br /&gt;Pérsia Bulu Panjang ,&lt;br /&gt;Shiraz, Shirazi
|nickname=
|country= [[Iran|Iran (Pérsia)]]
&lt;!-- international registries: --&gt;
|cfastd = http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/persian.pdf
|fifestd = http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/EXO-PER.pdf
|ticastd= http://www.tica.org/members/publications/standards/ps.pdf
|wcfstd = http://www.wcf-online.de/WCF-EN/library/PER_en_2010-01-01.pdf
&lt;!-- regional multi-national registries: --&gt;
|ffestd = http://www.ffe-europe.de/standard/persian_e.htm
&lt;!-- national registries: --&gt;
|acfstd = http://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/2015_Group%201_Persian.pdf
|acfastd = http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/PERSIAN.pdf
|cccastd =
|ccastd = http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/persian.pdf
|cffstd =
|gccfstd = http://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Persian.SOP.pdf
|loofstd = http://m.loof.asso.fr/standards/standard_en_41.php?z=1
|nzcfstd=
|saccstd=
&lt;!-- any registry not listed above: --&gt;
|otherstd =
|note=Ucing[[Éksotik bulu panjang]] jeung [[Ucing Himalaya]] mindeng digolongkeun kana jenis varian ieu.
}}
'''Ucing Pérsia''' ([[Persian language|Pérsia]]: گربه ایرانی ''Gorbe Irâni'') nyaéta [[ucing]] piaraan cirina bulu panjang, beungeut buleud sarta irung pondok. Sakapeung disebut '''Longhair''' atawa '''Pérsia Longhair'''. Ogé katelah ucing '''[[Shiraz]]i''' atawa '''Ucing Iran''', utamana di [[Timur Tengah]]. Karuhun ucing pérsia nu mimiti didokumétasikeun diimpor ti [[Iran]] (Pérsia) sakitar taun 1620 ka Éropa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.breedguide.net/tag/persian-cat/|title=persian cat Archives - Breed Guide|work=Breed Guide}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050721/http://www.breedguide.net/tag/persian-cat/ |date=2014-08-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dipikawanoh minangka ucing inguan nu éndah saprak ahir abad ka-19, mimiti dimekarkeun ku Inggris, terus utamana ku paternak Amérika sanggeus [[Perang Dunya Kadua]].  Sababaraha organisasi ucing méwah ieu ngagolongkeun [[Ucing Himalaya]] jeung [[Éksotik Bulu pondok]] minangka varian ti turunan ieu, sedengkeun nu lianna nganggap maranéhna minangka katurunan nu misah.

The [[selective breeding]] carried out by breeders has allowed the development of a wide variety of coat colors, but has also led to the création of incréasingly [[Cephalic index in cats and dogs|flat-faced]] Persians. Favored by fanciers, this héad structure can bring with it a number of héalth problems. As is the case with the [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese]] breed, there have been efforts by some breeders to preserve the older type of cat, the ''traditional breed'', having a more pronounced muzzle, which is more popular with the general public. Hereditary [[polycystic kidney disease]] is prevalent in the breed, affecting almost half the population in some countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://icatcare.org/advice/polycystic-kidney-disease|title=Polycystic kidney disease {{!}} International Cat Care|website=icatcare.org|access-date=2016-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/Health_Information/PolycysticKidneyDisease.cfm|title=Polycystic Kidney Disease|website=www.vet.cornell.edu|access-date=2016-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015 it was ranked as the 2nd most popular breed in the United States according to the [[Cat Fanciers' Association]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cfa.org/AboutCFA/News/PressReleases/PressRelease20160201Top10Breeds.aspx|title=Press Release February 1, 2016 - Top 10 Breeds for 2015|website=cfa.org|access-date=2016-07-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430031445/http://cfa.org/AboutCFA/News/PressReleases/PressRelease20160201Top10Breeds.aspx |date=2017-04-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first is the [[Exotic Shorthair|Exotic]] breed.

==Asal==
It is not cléar when longhaired cats first appéared, as there are no known long-haired specimens of the [[African wildcat]], the ancestor of the domestic subspecies.

[[File:Persian aka Angora from 1894.JPG|thumb|left|An Angora/Persian from ''The Royal Natural History'' (1894).]]
The first documented ancestors of the Persian were imported from [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]], Persia (now Iran), into Italy in 1620 by [[Pietro della Valle]], and from Angora (now [[Ankara]]), [[Turkey]], into France by [[Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]] at around the same time. The Khorasan cats were grey coated while those from Angora were white. From France, they soon réached Britain.&lt;ref name=&quot;messybeastLHC&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.messybeast.com/longhair-cats.htm | title=Longhaired Cats | publisher=Sarah Hartwell | work=Messybeast Cats | date=2013 | accessdate=July 9, 2015 | last=Hartwell | first=Sarah}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2015|reason=This is Sarah Hartwell's personal cat blog, &quot;not affiliated to any registry, breed society, veterinary association or welfare society&quot;, not professionally edited, and citing no sources.}}

Recent genetic reséarch indicates that present day Persians are related not to cats from the [[Near East]] but to cats from Western Europe. The reséarchers stated, &quot;Even though the early Persian cat may have in fact originated from ancient Persia, the modern Persian cat has lost its [[Phylogeography|phylogeographical]] signature.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Monika J.|last1=Lipinski |first2=Lutz|last2=Froenicke |first3=Kathleen C.|last3=Baysac |first4=Nicholas C.|last4=Billings |first5=Christian M.|last5=Leutenegger |first6=Alon M.|last6=Levy |first7=Maria|last7=Longeri |first8=Tirri|last8=Niini |first9=Haydar|last9=Ozpinar |first10=Margaret R.|last10=Slater |first11=Niels C.|last11=Pedersen |first12=Leslie A.|last12=Lyons |title=The Ascent of Cat Breeds: Genetic Evaluations of Breeds and Worldwide Random Bred Populations |journal=Genomics |date=January 2008 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009 |pmc=2267438 |pmid=18060738}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==Pamekaran==

===Pérsia jeung Angora===
{{over-quotation|lengthy=y|section|date=December 2011}}
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Blue Persian &quot;Gentian&quot;.jpg|image2=Fulmer Zaida - Silver Persian.JPG|width=220|caption2=Top: blue Persian. Prize-winner at Westminster in 1899. &lt;br /&gt;Bottom: silver Persian. Winner of multiple leading cat shows in 1902.}}
The first Persian cat was presented at the first organized [[cat show]], in 1871 in [[the Crystal Palace]] in London, England, organized by [[Harrison Weir]]. As specimens closer to the later established Persian conformation became the more popular types, attempts were made to differentiate it from the Angora.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helgren&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Helgren|first=J. Anne. |title=Cat Breed Detail: Persian Cats |date=2006 |work=Iams.com |publisher=Telemark Productions / Procter &amp; Gamble |url=http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&amp;breedPage=persian.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081119191145/http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&amp;breedPage=persian.html |archivedate=November 19, 2008 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first breed standard (then called a ''points of excellence'' list) was issued in 1889 by cat show promoter Weir. He stated that the Persian differed from the Angora in the tail being longer, hair more full and coarse at the end and héad larger, with less pointed éars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Weir|first=Harrison |title=Our Cats and All About Them |date=1889 |location=Tunbridge Wells, UK |publisher=R. Clements &amp; Co. |lccn=2002554760 |ol=3664970M |url= https://archive.org/details/ourcatsallaboutt00weir |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Not all cat fanciers agreed with the distinction of the two types, and in the 1903 work ''The Book of the Cat'', Francis Simpson states that &quot;the distinctions, apparently with hardly any difference, between Angoras and Persians are of so fine a nature that I must be pardoned if I ignore the class of cat commonly called Angora&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Simpson|first=Frances. |title=The Book of the Cat |date=1903 |page=98 |location=London/New York |publisher=Cassell and Company |lccn=03024964 |ol=7205700M |url= https://archive.org/details/bookofcatsimpson00simprich |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dorothy Bevill Champion lays out the difference between the two types in the 1909 ''Everybody's Cat Book'':&lt;ref name=&quot;champion&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Champion |first=Dorothy Bevill |year=1909 |title=Everybody's Cat Book |page=17 |publisher=Lent &amp; Graff |location=New York |lccn=10002159 |oclc=8291178 |ol=7015748M |url= https://archive.org/details/everybodyscatboo00cham |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Our pedigree imported long-hairs of to-day are undoubtedly a cross of the Angora and Persian ; the latter possesses a rounder head than the former, also the coat is of quite a different quality. 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Bell goes on to detail the differences. Persian coats consists of a woolly under coat and a long, hairy outer coat.The coat loses all the thick underwool in the summer, and only the long hair remains. Hair on the shoulders and upper part of the hind legs is somewhat shorter. Conversely, the Angora has a very different coat which consists of long, soft hair, hanging in locks, &quot;inclining to a slight curl or wave on the under parts of the body.&quot; The Angora's hair is much longer on the shoulders and hind legs than the Persian, which Bell considered a gréat improvement. However, Bell says the Angora &quot;fails to the Persian in head,&quot; Angoras having a more wedge-shaped héad and Persians having a more appéaling round héad.

Bell notes that Angoras and Persians have been crossbred, resulting in a decided improvement to éach breed, but claimed the long-haired cat of 1909 had significantly more Persian influence than Angora.

Champion lamented the lack of distinction among various long-haired types by English fanciers, who in 1887, decided to group them under the umbrella term &quot;Long-haired Cats&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;champion&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Helgren2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Helgren|first=J. Anne |title=Cat Breed Detail: Turkish Angora |date=2006 |work=Iams.com |publisher=Telemark Productions / Procter &amp; Gamble |url= http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&amp;breedPage=turkango.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100509130400/http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&amp;breedPage=turkango.html |archivedate=May 9, 2010 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}} {{Unreliable source?|reason=A cat food manufacturer is not a reliable source on cat breed history.|date=July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- This ref is only for the date. --&gt;

===Pérsia Tradisional===
[[File:SnowyandHazy.jpg|thumb|Traditional Persian.]]
{{Main article|Traditional Persian cat}}
The '''traditional Persian''', or '''doll-face Persian''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://buyfuffy.com|title=Cats and Kittens: Maine coon Kittens|accessdate=March 17, 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313210531/http://buyfuffy.com/ |date=March 13, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; are somewhat recent names for what is essentially the original breed of Persian cat, without the development of extreme féatures.

As many breeders in the [[United States]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], and other parts of the world started to interpret the Persian standard differently, they developed the flat-nosed &quot;peke-face&quot; or &quot;ultra&quot; type {{crossref|selfref=no|(see next section)}} over time, as the result of two genetic mutations, without changing the name of the breed from &quot;Persian&quot;.  Some organizations, including the [[Cat Fanciers' Association]] (CFA), today consider the peke-face type as their modérn standard for the Persian breed. Thus the [[retronym]] Traditional Persian was créated to refer to the original type, which is still bred today, mirroring the renaming of the original-style [[Siamese cat]] as the Traditional Siamese, to distinguish it from long-faced modérn development which has taken over as simply &quot;the Siamese&quot;.

Not all cat fancier groups recognize the Traditional Persian (at all, or as distinct), or give it that specific name. [[The International Cat Association|TICA]] has a very general standard, that does not specify a flattened face.&lt;ref name=&quot;TICA std&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Persian Breed Group |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=TICA.org |date=May 1, 2004 |location=Harlingen, Texas |publisher=[[The International Cat Association]] |url=http://www.tica.org/members/publications/standards/ps.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802122540/http://www.tica.org/members/publications/standards/ps.pdf |date=August 2, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Peke-face and ultra-typing===
In the late 1950s a spontanéous mutation in red and red tabby Persians gave rise to the &quot;peke-faced&quot; Persian, named after the flat-faced [[Pekingese]] dog. It was régistered as a distinct breed in the CFA, but fell out of favor by the mid-1990s due to serious héalth issues; only 98 were régistered between 1958 and 1995. Despite this, breeders took a liking to the look and started breeding towards the peke-face look. The over-accentuation of the breed's characteristics by selective breeding (called ''extreme-'' or ''ultra-typing'') produced results similar to the peke-faced Persians. The term peke-face has been used to refer to the ultra-typed Persian but it is properly used only to refer to red and red tabby Persians béaring the mutation. Many fanciers and CFA judges considered the shift in look &quot;a contribution to the breed.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;messybeastLHC&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CFA Saunders&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Lorraine |last=Saunders |title=Solid Color Persians Are...Solid As a Rock? |work=Cat Fanciers' Almanac |date=November 2002 |publisher=Cat Fanciers' Association |url=http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid02.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201041221/http://cfainc.org//breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid02.html |archivedate=December 1, 2010 |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201041221/http://cfainc.org//breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid02.html |date=December 1, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CFA Brocato&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first1=Judy |last1=Brocato |first2=Greg |last2=Brocato |title=Stargazing: A Historical View of Solid Color Persians |work=Cat Fanciers' Almanac |publisher=Cat Fanciers' Association |date=March 1995 |url=http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201043934/http://cfainc.org//breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid.html |archivedate=December 1, 2010 |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201043934/http://cfainc.org//breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid.html |date=December 1, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ultracat&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Hartwell |first=Sarah |title=Novelty Breeds and Ultra-Cats – A Breed Too Far? |work=Messybeast Cats |url= http://www.messybeast.com/ultracat.htm |date=2010 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}{{self-published inline|certain=y|reason=See previous note about this source.|date=July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{double image|left|Persian profile view moderate type.jpg|140|Cat Show - Ft. Lauderdale - October 2008.jpg|120|A Persian with a visible muzzle in contrast with a Persian with its forehead, nose and chin in vertical alignment, as called for by CFA's 2007 breed standard. The shorter the muzzle, the higher the nose tends to be. UK standards penalize Persians whose nose leather extends above the bottom edge of the eye.}}
In 1958, breeder and author P. M. Soderberg wrote in ''Pedigree Cats, Their Varieties, breeding and Exhibition''&lt;ref name=&quot;ultracat&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--This quotation appears to be cited to an intermediary source; should be verified.--&gt;
&lt;blockquote style=&quot;padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--Have to compensate with padding, because blockquote's default indentation effect does not work when surrounded by images.--&gt;
&quot;Perhaps in recent times there has been a tendency to over-accentuate this type of short face, with the result that a few of the cats seen at shows have faces which present a peke-like appearance. This is a type of face which is definitely recognized in the United States, and helps to form a special group within the show classification for the [Persian] breed. There are certainly disadvantages when the face has become too short, for this exaggeration of type is inclined to produce a deformity of the tear ducts, and running eyes may be the result. A cat with running eyes will never look at its best because in time the fur on each side of the nose becomes stained, and thus detracts from the general appearance [...] The nose should be short, but perhaps a plea may be made here that the nose is better if it is not too short and at the same time uptilted. A nose of this type creates an impression of grotesqueness which is not really attractive, and there is always a danger of running eyes.&quot;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:Stephanie 2.jpg|thumb|right|A smoke Persian with moderate features.]]
While the looks of the Persian changed, the Persian Breed Council's standard for the Persian had remained basically the same. The Persian breed standard is, by its nature, somewhat open-ended and focused on a rounded héad, large, wide-spaced round eyes with the top of the nose léather placed no lower than the bottom of the eyes.{{clarify|date=December 2011|reason=Again, this article appears to contradict itself; the breed standard cannot call for the nose to be both above and below the eye at the same time. If necessary, create a section on conflicting breed standards and source their differences.}} The standard calls for a short, cobby body with short, well-boned legs, a broad chest, and a round appéarance, everything about the idéal Persian cat being &quot;round&quot;. It was not until the late 1980s that standards were changed to limit the development of the extreme appéarance.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} In 2004, the statement that muzzles should not be overly pronounced was added to the breed standard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.persianbc.org/bcpoll_2003.php|title=2003 Breed Council Ballot Proposals and Results|year=2004|publisher=CFA Persian Breed Council|accessdate=October 17, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The standards were altered yet again in 2007, this time to reflect the flat face, and it now states that the forehéad, nose, and chin should be in vertical alignment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.persianbc.org/bcpoll_2006.php|title=2006 Breed Council Ballot Proposals and Results|year=2007|publisher=CFA Persian Breed Council|accessdate=October 17, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the UK, the standard was changed by the [[Governing Council of the Cat Fancy]] (GCCF) in the 1990s to disqualify Persians with the &quot;upper edge of the nose leather above the lower edge of the eye&quot; from Certificates or First Prizes in Kitten Open Classes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-bicolor.html Bi-Color and Calico Persians: Past, Present and Future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827102947/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-bicolor.html |date=2009-08-27 }} Cat Fanciers' Almanac. May 1998&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GCCF std&quot; /&gt;

While ultra-typed cats do better in the show ring, the public seems to prefer the less extreme, older &quot;doll-face&quot; types.&lt;ref name=&quot;messybeastLHC&quot;/&gt;

==Varian==

===Himalaya===
{{Main article|Himalayan cat}}
[[File:Chocolate Himlayan.jpg|thumb|right|The Himalayan or Colorpoint Longhair was created by crossing the Persian with the Siamese. This crossing also introduced the chocolate and lilac colors into solid colored Persians.]]
In 1950, the [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese]] was crossed with the Persian to créate a breed with the body type of the Persian but colorpoint pattern of the Siamese. It was named [[Himalayan (cat)|Himalayan]], after other colorpoint animals such as the [[List of rabbit breeds#Himalayan|Himalayan rabbit]]. In the UK, the breed was recognized as the Colorpoint Longhair. The Himalayan stood as a separate breed in the US until 1984, when the CFA merged it with the Persian, to the objection of the breed councils of both breeds. Some Persian breeders were unhappy with the introduction of this [[crossbreed]] into their &quot;pure&quot; Persian lines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helgren3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Helgren|first=J. Anne. |title=Cat Breed Detail: Himalayan |date=2006 |work=Iams.com |publisher=Telemark Productions / Procter &amp; Gamble |url= http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&amp;breedPage=himalaya.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081119190910/http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&amp;breedPage=himalaya.html |archivedate=November 19, 2008 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}} {{Unreliable source?|reason=A cat food manufacturer is not a reliable source on cat breed history.|date=July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-himalayan.html Himalayan-Persian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913063731/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-himalayan.html |date=2009-09-13 }} Cat Fanciers' Almanac May 1999&lt;/ref&gt;

The CFA set up the registration for Himalayans in a way that breeders would be able to discern a Persian with Himalayan ancestry just by looking at the pedigree registration number. This was to maké it éasy for breeders who do not want Himalayan blood in their breeding lines to avoid individuals who, while not necessarily exhibiting the colorpoint pattern, may be carrying the point coloration gene recessively. Persians with Himalayan ancestry has registration numbers starting with 3 and are commonly referred to by breeders as colorpoint carriers (CPC) or 3000-series cats, although not all will actually carry the recessive gene. The Siamese is also the source for the chocolate and lilac color in solid Persians.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/persian-solid.html Breed Profile: Persian – Solid Color Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917091248/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/persian-solid.html |date=2009-09-17 }} Cat Fanciers' Association&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cfainc.org/org/minutes/Jun04.pdf|format=PDF|title=CFA ANNUAL AND EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS JUNE 23–27, 2004|website=cfainc.org}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613043435/http://cfainc.org/org/minutes/Jun04.pdf |date=2010-06-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- first ref for info on chocolate and lilac color, second for the 3000 series stuff. --&gt;

===Éksotik Bulu Pondok===
{{Main article|Exotic Shorthair}}
[[File:Brown Exotic Shorthair Kitten.jpg|thumb|right|The Exotic Shorthair is similar to the Persian in temperament and type, with the exception of its short, dense coat.]]
The Persian was used as an outcross secretly by some [[American Shorthair]] (ASH) breeders in the late 1950s to &quot;improve&quot; their breed. The [[crossbreed]] look gained recognition in the show ring but other breeders unhappy with the changes successfully pushed for new breed standards that would disqualify ASH that showed signs of crossbreeding.

One ASH breeder who saw the potential of the Persian/ASH cross proposed and eventually managed to get the CFA to recognize them as a new breed in 1966, under the name [[Exotic Shorthair]]. Regular outcrossing to the Persian has made present day Exotic Shorthair similar to the Persian in every way, including temperament and conformation, with the exception of the short dense coat. It has even inherited much of the Persian's héalth problems. The éasier to manage coat has made some label the Exotic Shorthair the lazy person's Persian.

Because of the regular use of Persians as outcrosses, some Exotics may carry a copy of the recessive longhair gene. When two such cats mate, there is a one in four chance of éach offspring being longhaired. Ironically, longhaired Exotics are not considered Persians by CFA, although [[The International Cat Association]] accepts them as Persians. Other associations régister them as a separate Exotic Longhair breed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helgren4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Helgren|first=J. Anne. |title=Cat Breed Detail: Exotic Shorthair |date=2006 |work=Iams.com |publisher=Telemark Productions / Procter &amp; Gamble |url=http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&amp;breedPage=exotshor.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081119193040/http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&amp;breedPage=exotshor.html |archivedate=November 19, 2008 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}{{Unreliable source?|reason=A cat food manufacturer is not a reliable source on cat breed history.|date=July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ukuran Kaulinan Jeung Kontés===
&lt;ref name=&quot;ultracat&quot;/&gt;
A number of breeders produce small-statured Persians under a variety of names.  The generic terms are &quot;toy&quot; and &quot;teacup&quot; Persians (terms borrowed from the [[dog fancy]]), but the individual lines are often called &quot;palm-sized&quot;, &quot;pocket&quot;, &quot;mini&quot; and &quot;pixie&quot;.  Currently, they are not recognized as a separate breed by major registries and éach breeder sets their own standards for size.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Hartwell|first=Sarah |title=Dwarf, Midget and Miniature Cats – Purebreds (Including 'Teacup Cats') |date=2013 |work=Messybeast Cats |url= http://www.messybeast.com/dwarfcats-purebred.htm |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}{{self-published inline|certain=y|reason=See previous note about this source.|date=July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Chinchilla bulu jabrig jeung Sterling===
[[File:Doll face silver Persian.jpg|thumb|left|A doll-face silver Persian.]]
In the US, there was an attempt to establish the silver Persian as a separate breed called the Sterling, but it was not accepted. Silver and golden Persians are recognized, as such, by CFA. In [[South Africa]], the attempt to separate the breed was more successful; the [[Southern Africa Cat Council]] (SACC) régisters cats with five generations of purebred Chinchilla as a Chinchilla Longhair. The Chinchilla Longhair has a slightly longer nose than the Persian, resulting in héalthy bréathing and less eye téaring. Its hair is translucent with only the tips carrying black pigment, a féature that gets lost when out-crossed to other colored Persians. Out-crossing also may result in losing nose and lip liner, which is a fault in the Chinchilla Longhair breed standard. One of the distinctions of this breed is the blue-green or green eye color only with kittens having blue or blue-purple eye color.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinchillafactssite.com/chinchillas-as-pets/persian-longhair-cat/#appearance Difference Between Chinchilla Rodent and Chinchilla Cat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703115557/http://www.chinchillafactssite.com/chinchillas-as-pets/persian-longhair-cat/#appearance |date=2017-07-03 }} Chinchillafactssite.com&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==Popularitas==
[[File:GCCF breed registration data - Top 5 breeds of 2008.jpg|thumb|right|The popularity of the Persian (blue line) in the UK has declined for the past two decades.]]
The Persian is the most popular breed of pedigree cats in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;CFAdata2008&quot;&gt;[http://www.cfainc.org/press/2008-breed-popularity.pdf 2008 Top Pedigreed Breeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401080256/http://www.cfainc.org/press/2008-breed-popularity.pdf |date=2010-04-01 }} CFA. March 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; In the UK, registration numbers have dwindled since the éarly 1990s and the Persian lost its top spot to the [[British Shorthair]] in 2001. As of 2012, it was the 6th most popular breed, behind the British Shorthair, Ragdoll, Siamese, Maine Coon and Burmese.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gccfcats.org/pdf/breedanalysis/2012breeds_ranking.pdf|title=Analysis of Breeds Registered|year=2013|publisher=Governing Council of the Cat Fancy|accessdate=December 30, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233852/http://www.gccfcats.org/pdf/breedanalysis/2012breeds_ranking.pdf |date=December 30, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In France, the Persian is the only breed whose registration declined between 2003 and 2007, dropping by more than a quarter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.aniwa.com/fr/chat/document/fr/chat/magazine/tendances/statistiques-race-chat-loof-fff/index.htm|title=Palmarés du chat de race en France: Les données 2008 du LOOF|last=Javerzac|first=Anne-marie|year=2008|publisher=ANIWA|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The most color popular varieties according to CFA registration data are séal point, blue point, flame point and tortie point Himalayan, followed by black-white, shadéd silvers and calico.&lt;ref name=&quot;CFAdata2008&quot;/&gt;
{{clear}}

==Klasifikasi Registrasi==
[[File:Chocolate Persian.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Cat show#Description of CFA cat shows and titles|Grand Champion]] chocolate Persian.]]
The [[breed standard]]s of various cat fancier organizations may tréat the Himalayan and Exotic Shorthair (or simply Exotic) as variants of the Persian, or as separate breeds.  The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) tréats the Himalayan as a color-pattern class of both the Persian and the Exotic, which have separate but néarly identical standards (differing in coat length).&lt;ref name=&quot;CFA std&quot; /&gt; The [[Fédération Internationale Féline]] (FIFe) entirely subsumes what other registries call the Himalayan as simply among the allowed coloration patterns for the Persian and the Exotic, tréated as separate breeds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FIFe std&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Category I: Exotic/Persian |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=January 1, 2015 |format=PDF |work=FIFeweb.org |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale Féline]] |location=Jevišovkou, Czech Republic |url=http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/EXO-PER.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121044945/http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/EXO-PER.pdf |date=January 21, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The International Cat Association (TICA) tréats them both as variants of the Persian.&lt;ref name=&quot;TICA std&quot; /&gt;  The [[World Cat Federation]] (WCF) tréats the Persian and Exotic Shorthair as separate breeds, and subsumes the Himalayan coloration as colorpoint varieties under éach.&lt;ref name=&quot;WFC std&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Breed Standards: Persian&amp;ndash;Colourpoint |format=PDF |date=January 1, 2010 |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=WCF-Online.de |publisher=World Cat Federation |location=Essen, Germany |url=http://www.wcf-online.de/WCF-EN/library/PER_en_2010-01-01.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129100702/http://www.wcf-online.de/WCF-EN/library/PER_en_2010-01-01.pdf |date=November 29, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Among regional and national organizations, [[Feline Federation Europe]] tréats all three as separate breeds.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFE std&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=British Shorthair and Highlander |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line--&gt; |date=September 25, 2004 |work=Bavarian-CFA.de |publisher=Feline Federation Europe |url=http://www.ffe-europe.de/standard/persian_e.htm |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711050216/http://www.ffe-europe.de/standard/persian_e.htm |date=July 11, 2015 }} Note: Due to poor coding at this site, this link goes directly to the standard's content. To see it loaded in the site's navigation frame, go to http://www.ffe.europe.de{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, and manually navigate to the breed's entry under the &quot;Races Standard&quot; menu item.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[American Cat Fanciers Association]] (ACFA) has the three as separate breeds (also with a Non-pointed Himalayan that is similar to the Persian).&lt;ref name=&quot;ACFA std&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Persian |format=PDF |date=May 2015 |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=ACFACat.com |publisher=American Cat Fanciers' Association |location=Nixa, Missouri |url= http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/PERSIAN.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Australian Cat Federation]] (AFC) follows the FIFe practice.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACF std&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ACF Standards: Persian [PER] |format=PDF |date=January 1, 2015 |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=Australian Cat Federation |location=Canning Vale, Western Au. |url=http://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/2015_Group%201_Persian.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301054912/http://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/2015_Group%201_Persian.pdf |date=March 1, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[Canadian Cat Federation]] (CCA-AFC) tréats the three separately, and even has an Exotic Longhair subbreed of the Exotic, and Non-pointed Himalayan subbreed of Himalayan, which differ from the Persian only in having some mixed ancestry.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCA-AFC std&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Persian |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |format=PDF |date=August 6, 2005 |work=CCA-AFC.com |publisher=Canadian Cat Federation |url=http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/persian.pdf |location=Mississauga, Ontario |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030090206/http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/persian.pdf |date=October 30, 2012 }} Also referred to corresponding [http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/exotic%202010.pdf Exotic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916192949/http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/exotic%202010.pdf |date=2012-09-16 }} and [http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/himalayan.pdf Himalayan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030090200/http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/himalayan.pdf |date=2012-10-30 }} standards.&lt;/ref&gt;  The (UK) [[Governing Council of the Cat Fancy]] (GCCF) does likewise.&lt;ref name=&quot;GCCF std&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Persian Section |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |format=PDF |date=2015 |work=GCCFCats.org |publisher=Governing Council of the Cat Fancy |location= |url=http://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Persian.SOP.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021037/http://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Persian.SOP.pdf |date=September 24, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  tréats the Persian and Exotic Shorthair as separate breeds covered by a single standard with a coat length distinction, and has the pattern of the Himalayan as simply a division within that standard.&lt;ref name=&quot;LOOF std&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Breed's Standard: Persian &amp; Exotic Shorthair |date=2015 |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=LOOF.asso.fr |publisher=Livre Officiel des Origines Félines |location=Pantin, France |url= http://m.loof.asso.fr/standards/standard_en_41.php?z=1 |accessdate=July 10, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ciri==
A show-quality Persian has an extremely long and thick coat, short legs, a wide héad with the éars set far apart, large eyes, and an extremely shortened muzzle.  The breed was originally established with a short muzzle, but over time, this characteristic has become extremely exaggerated, particularly in North America. Persian cats can have virtually any color or markings.

The Persian is generally described as a quiet cat. Typically placid in nature, it adapts quite well to apartment life. Himalayans tend to be more active due to the influence of Siamese traits. In a study comparing cat owner perceptions of their cats, Persians rated higher than non-pedigree cats on closeness and affection to owners, friendliness towards strangers, cléanliness, predictability, vocalization, and fussiness over food.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Turner |first=D. C. |year=2000 |chapter=Human-cat interactions: relationships with, and breed differences between, non-pedigree, Persian and Siamese cats |editor1-last=Podberscek |editor1-first=A. L. |editor2-last=Paul |editor2-first=E. S. |editor3-last=Serpell |editor3-first=J. A. |title=Companion Animals &amp; Us: Exploring the Relationships Between People &amp; Pets |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |pages=257–271 |isbn=0-521-63113-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kelir===
&lt;!--Do not capitalize coloration terms; those are not breed names, and this is not Capitalipedia.--&gt;
The permissible colors in the breed, in most organizations' breed standards, encompass the entire range of [[Cat coat genetics|cat coat-pattern variations]].

[[The International Cat Association]] (TICA) groups the breed into three coat-pattern divisions for judging at [[cat show]]s: traditional (with stable, rich colors), sepia (&quot;paler and warmer than the traditional equivalents&quot;, and darkening a bit with age), and mink (much lighter than sepia, and developing noticéably with age on the face and extremities).  If classified as the Himalayan sub-breed, full [[point coloration]] is required, the fourth TICA color division, with a &quot;pale and creamy colored&quot; body even lighter than mink, with intense coloration on the face an extremities. The four TICA categories are essentially a graduated scale of color distribution from evenly colored to mostly colored only at the points.  Within éach, the coloration may be further classified as solid, [[Tortoiseshell cat|tortoiseshell]] (or &quot;tortie&quot;), [[Tabby cat|tabby]], silver or smoke, solid-and-white, tortoiseshell-and-white, tabby-and-white, or silver/smoke-and-white, with various specific colors and modifiers (e.g. chocolate tortoishell point, or fawn shadéd mink marbled tabby-torbie). TICA-recognized tabby patterns include classic, mackerel, marbled, spotted, and ticked (in two genetic forms), while other patterns include shadéd, chinchilla, and two tabbie-tortie variations, golden, and grizzled.  Basic colors include white, black, brown, ruddy, bronze, &quot;blue&quot; (grey), chocolate, cinnamon, lilac, fawn, red, créam, with a silver or shadéd variant of most. Not counting bi-color (piebald) or parti-color coats, nor combinations that are genetically impossible, there are néarly 1,000 named coat pattern variations in the TICA system for which the Persian/Himalayan qualifies. The Exotic Shorthair sub-breed qualifies for every cat coat variation TICA recognizes.&lt;ref name=&quot;TICA std&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!-- FIFe here --&gt;
&lt;!-- Australian Cat Federation here.--&gt;[[File:Grand Champion Topknot James Bond of Lions &amp; Owls.jpg|thumb|Grand Champion Topknot James Bond of Lions &amp; Owls.  A solid black, 1 year old Persian cat with brilliant copper eyes.  This cat is in kitten coat and the color of the coat will darken as the kitten coat is shed and the adult coat grows in.  Note the immense ruff, small round ears, heavy-boned, cobby body, and nose that is short, snub, and broad, with “break” centered between the eyes.]]
The [[Cat Fanciers' Association]] (CFA), of the United States, also groups the breed into four coat-pattern divisions, but differently: solid, silver and golden (including chinchilla and shadéd variants, and blued subvariants), shadéd and smoke (with several variations of éach, and a third subcategorization called shell), tabby (only classic, mackerel, and patched [spotted], in various colors), parti-color (in four classes, tortoiseshell, blue-créam, chocolaet tortie, and lilac-créam, mixed with other colors), [[Calico cat|calico]] and bi-color (in around 40 variations, broadly classified as calico, dilute calico, and bi-color), and Himalayan (white-to-fawn body with [[point coloration]] on the héad, tail and limbs, in various tints).  CFA base colors are white, black, blue, red, créam, chocolate, and lilac.  There are around 140 named CFA coat patterns for which the Himalayan qualifies, and 20 for the Himalayan subbreed.&lt;ref name=&quot;CFA std&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Persian Show Standard |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=CFAInc.com |publisher=Cat Fanciers' Association |location=Alliance, Ohio |date=2015 |format=PDF |url=http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/persian.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710164617/http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/persian.pdf |date=July 10, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  These coat patterns encompass virtually all of those recognized by CFA for cats generally.  Any Persian permissible in TICA's more detailed system would probably be accepted in CFA's, simply with a more general name, though the organizations do not mix breed registries.

Eye colors range widely, and may include blue, copper, [[Odd-eyed cat|odd-eyed]] blue and copper, green, blue-green, and hazel.  Various TICA and CFA coat categorizations come with specific eye-color requirements.&lt;ref name=&quot;TICA std&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CFA std&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;TICA UCD&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Uniform Color Descriptions and Glossary of Terms |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |format=PDF |date=January 1, 2015 |publisher=The International Cat Association |url=http://www.tica.org/members/publications/ucd.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610171542/http://www.tica.org/members/publications/ucd.pdf |date=June 10, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kaséhatan==
Pet insurance data from Sweden puts the median lifespan of cats from the Persian group (Persians, Chinchilla, Himalayan and Exotic) at just above 12.5 yéars. 76% of this group lived to 10 yéars or more and 52% lived to 12.5 yéars or more.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Egenvall | first1 = A. | last2 = Nødtvedt | first2 = A. | last3 = Häggström | first3 = J. | last4 = Ström Holst | first4 = B. | last5 = Möller | first5 = L. | last6 = Bonnett | first6 = B. N. | title = Mortality of Life-Insured Swedish Cats during 1999—2006: Age, Breed, Sex, and Diagnosis | journal = Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 1175–1183 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19780926 | doi = 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0396.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veterinary clinic data from England shows an average lifespan of 12–17 yéars, with a median of 14.1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | doi = 10.1177/1098612X14536176 | pmid=24925771 | title=Longevity and mortality of cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England | journal=Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery | volume=17 | issue=2 | pages=125–33 | date=2014 | first=D. G. | last=O'Neill}} &quot;n=70, median=14.1, IQR 12.0-17.0, range 0.0-21.2&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

The modérn [[Brachycephalic syndrome|brachycephalic]] Persian has a large rounded skull and shortened face and nose. This facial conformation makes the breed prone to bréathing difficulties, skin and eye problems and birthing difficulties. Anatomical abnormalities associated with brachycephalic breeds can cause [[shortness of breath]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Morphometric Investigations of Breed-Specific Features in Feline Skulls and Considerations on their Functional Implications |first=W. |last=Künzel |first2=S. |last2=Breit |first3=M. |last3=Oppel |doi=10.1046/j.1439-0264.2003.00448.x |journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=218–223 |year=2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Malformed [[Nasolacrimal duct|tear ducts]] causes [[Epiphora (medical)|epiphora]], an overflow of téars onto the face, which is common but primarily cosmetic. It can be caused by other more serious conditions though. [[Entropion]], the inward folding of the eyelids, causes the eyelashes to rub against the cornéa, and can léad to téaring, pain, infection and cornéa damage. Similarly, in upper eyelid [[trichiasis]] or nasal fold trichiasis, eyelashes/hair from the eyelid and hair from the nose fold néar the eye grow in a way which rubs against the cornéa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Frans Cornelis |last=Stades |title=Ophthalmology for the Veterinary Practitioner |location=Hannover |publisher=Schlütersche |year=2007 |edition=2nd rev. and expanded |isbn=978-3-89993-011-5 |display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dystocia]], an abnormal or difficult labor, is relatively common in Persians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |pmid=7610538 |title=Feline dystocia: prevalence, and association with cranial conformation and breed |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_veterinary-record_1995-04-08_136_14/page/n27 |journal=Vet Rec |year=1995 |volume=136 |issue=14 |pages=350–353 |last=Gunn-Moore |first=D. A. |last2=Thrusfield |first2=M. V. |doi=10.1136/vr.136.14.350}}&lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, stillbirth rate is higher than normal, ranging from 16.1% to 22.1%, and one 1973 study puts kitten mortality rate (including stillborns) at 29.2%.&lt;ref&gt;Susan Little [http://catvet.homestead.com/Devon_Rex_Project_Report_1st_Year.doc Aspects of Reproduction and Kitten Mortality in the Devon Rex cat And a Review of the Literature] Devon Rex Kitten Information Project&lt;/ref&gt;  A veterinary study in 2010 documented the serious héalth problems caused by the brachycephalic héad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlueter&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Purr Lexus Persian Kitty January 3 2015 19 years and 6 months old.jpg|left|thumb|An 19.5 year old pure bred Calico Persian. Such longevity is rare in this breed.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;]]
As a consequence of the BBC program ''[[Pedigree Dogs Exposed]]'', cat breeders have also come under pressure from veterinary and animal welfare associations, with the Persian singled out as one of the breeds most affected by héalth problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/petshealth/4990966/Inbred-pedigree-cats-suffering-from-life-threatening-diseases-and-deformities.html | title=Inbred pedigree cats suffering from life-threatening diseases and deformities | work=The Daily Telegraph | accessdate=November 8, 2009 | location=London | first=Jasper | last=Copping | date=March 14, 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419172042/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/petshealth/4990966/Inbred-pedigree-cats-suffering-from-life-threatening-diseases-and-deformities.html |date=April 19, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Animal welfare proponents have suggested changes to breed standards to prevent diséases caused by over or ultra-typing, and prohibiting the breeding of animals outside the set limits.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Andreas |last=Steiger|editor1-first=Irene |editor1-last=Rochlitz |title=The Welfare of Cats |series=3 |chapter=Chapter 10: Breeding and Welfare|chapterurl=http://www.springerlink.com/content/w2421766j16ln803/?p=e886e2e0eec64cb489fa933f7e88f339&amp;pi=9|publisher=Springer |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=1-4020-6143-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from the GCCF standard that limits high noses, TICA&lt;ref name=&quot;TICA std&quot; /&gt; and FIFe standards require nostrils to be open, with FIFe stating that nostrils should allow &quot;free and easy passage of air.&quot; Germany's Animal Welfare Act too prohibits the breeding of brachycephalic cats in which the tip of the nose is higher than the lower eyelids.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schlueter&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.010 | title = Brachycephalic feline noses: CT and anatomical study of the relationship between head conformation and the nasolacrimal drainage system | year = 2009 | last1 = Schlueter | first1 = C. | last2 = Budras | first2 = K. D. | last3 = Ludewig | first3 = E. | last4 = Mayrhofer | first4 = E. | last5 = Koenig | first5 = H. E. | last6 = Walter | first6 = A. | last7 = Oechtering | first7 = G. U. | journal = Journal of Feline Medicine &amp; Surgery | volume = 11 | pages = 891–900 | url = http://www.fabcats.org/news/breeding/JFMS%20artice.pdf | pmid = 19857852 | issue = 11 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Polycystic kidney disease]] (PKD) which causes kidney failure in affected adult cats has an incidence rate of 36–49% in the Persian breed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Polycystic Kidney Disease|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/POLYCYSTICKIDNEYDISEASEPERSIAN.php|work=Genetic welfare problems of companion animals|publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare|accessdate=August 4, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403162407/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/POLYCYSTICKIDNEYDISEASEPERSIAN.php |date=April 3, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cysts develop and grow in the kidney over time, replacing kidney tissues and enlarging the kidney. Kidney failure develops later in life, at an average age of 7 yéars old (ranging from 3 to 10 yéars old). Symptoms include excessive drinking and urination, reduced appetite, weight loss and depression.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00580-008-0744-0| title = Polycystic kidney in an adult Persian cat: Clinical, diagnostic imaging, pathologic, and clinical pathologic evaluations| journal = Comparative Clinical Pathology| volume = 18| pages = 95–97| year = 2008| last1 = Hosseininejad | first1 = M.| last2 = Vajhi | first2 = A.| last3 = Marjanmehr | first3 = H.| last4 = Hosseini | first4 = F.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The diséase is [[autosomal dominant]] and DNA screening is the preferred method of eliminating the gene in the breed.  Because of DNA testing, most responsible Persian breeders now have cats that no longer carry the PKD gene, hence their offspring also do not have the gene.  Before DNA screening was available, ultrasound was done.  However, an ultrasound is only as good as the day it's done, and many cats that were thought to be cléar, were in fact, a carrier of the PKD gene.  Only DNA screening and then breeding negative to negative for the PKD gene will produce negative kittens which effectively removes this gene from the breeding pool has allowed some lines and catteries to  eliminate the incidence  of the diséase.&lt;ref&gt;Lyons, Leslie. [http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/PHR/LyonsDen/pkd.htm Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105080443/http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/PHR/LyonsDen/pkd.htm |date=2009-11-05 }} Feline Genome Project&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] (HCM) is a common héart diséase in all cats. It is hereditary in the [[Maine Coon]] and [[American Shorthair]], and likely the Persian. The diséase causes thickening of the [[left ventricle|left heart chamber]], which can in some instances léad to sudden déath. It tends to affect males and mid to old-aged individuals. Reported incidence rate in Persians is 6.5%.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=_aSMmFN4TQYC&amp;pg=PA34#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false The Feline Patient] Wiley-Blackwell, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike PKD which can be detected even in very young cats, héart tests for HCM have to be done regularly in order to effective track and/or remove affected individuals and their offspring from the breeding pool.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cfa.org/articles/health/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy.html Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Advice for Breeders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513083815/http://www.cfa.org/articles/health/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy.html |date=2008-05-13 }} The Winn Feline Foundation&lt;/ref&gt;

The age at the first cardiac event was significantly lower in Maine Coons (2.5 yéars) versus other breeds (7 yéars). In Sphynx, the age at the time of diagnosis was 3.5 yéars. Concerning sudden déath solely, Maine Coon cats died younger than other breeds. No sudden déaths were reported in Chartreux and Persian cats in this study. Sudden déath was observed in only 3 breeds—Maine Coon, Domestic Shorthair, and Sphynx. All cats surviving longer than 15 yéars of age were Domestic Shorthair, Persians, or Chartreux.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 22443341
| year = 2012
| author1 = Trehiou-Sechi
| first1 = E
| title = Comparative echocardiographic and clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 5 breeds of cats: A retrospective analysis of 344 cases (2001-2011)
| journal = Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
| volume = 26
| issue = 3
| pages = 532–41
| last2 = Tissier
| first2 = R
| last3 = Gouni
| first3 = V
| last4 = Misbach
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| last5 = Petit
| first5 = A. M.
| last6 = Balouka
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| last7 = Sampedrano
| first7 = C. C.
| last8 = Castaignet
| first8 = M
| last9 = Pouchelon
| first9 = J. L.
| last10 = Chetboul
| first10 = V
| doi = 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00906.x
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://winnfelinehealth.blogspot.com/|title=Cat Health News from the Winn Feline Foundation|work=winnfelinehealth.blogspot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

éarly onset [[Progressive retinal atrophy]] is a degenerative eye diséase with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in the Persian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 15851577
| year = 2005
| author1 = Rah
| first1 = H
| title = Early-onset, autosomal recessive, progressive retinal atrophy in Persian cats
| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_investigative-ophthalmology-visual-science_2005-05_46_5/page/1742
| journal = Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science
| volume = 46
| issue = 5
| pages = 1742–7
| last2 = Maggs
| first2 = D. J.
| last3 = Blankenship
| first3 = T. N.
| last4 = Narfstrom
| first4 = K
| last5 = Lyons
| first5 = L. A.
| doi = 10.1167/iovs.04-1019
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite a belief among some breeders that the diséase is limited to Chocolate and Himalayan lines, there is no apparent link between coat color in Persians and the development of PRA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Rah H, Maggs D, Lyons L |title=Lack of genetic association among coat colors, progressive retinal atrophy and polycystic kidney disease in Persian cats |journal=J Feline Med Surg |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=357–60 |year=2006 |pmid=16777456 |doi=10.1016/j.jfms.2006.04.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Basal cell carcinoma]] is a skin cancer which shows most commonly as a growth on the héad, back or upper chest. While often benign, rare cases of malignancy tends to occur in Persians.&lt;ref name=&quot;HVH&quot;&gt;Cat Owner's Home Veterinary Handbook&lt;/ref&gt; Blue smoke Persians are predisposed to [[Chédiak-Higashi syndrome]]. [[Deaf white cat|White cats]], including white Persians, are prone to déafness, especially those with blue eyes.&lt;ref&gt;Strain, George M. [http://www.lsu.edu/deafness/catbreeds.htm Cat Breeds With Congenital Deafness]&lt;/ref&gt; Persians are more prone to side effects of ringworm drug [[Griseofulvin]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&amp;C=31&amp;A=543&amp;S=0 Griseofulvin (Fulvicin)] VeterinaryPartner.com&lt;/ref&gt;

As with in dogs, [[hip dysplasia (canine)|hip dysplasia]] affects larger breeds such as Maine Coons and Persians. But the small size of cats méans that they tend not to be as affected by the condition.&lt;ref name=&quot;HVH&quot;/&gt; Persians are susceptible to [[malocclusion]] (incorrect bite), which can affect their ability to grasp, hold and chew food.&lt;ref name=&quot;HVH&quot;/&gt; Even without the condition the flat face of the Persian can maké picking up food difficult, so much so that specially shaped kibble have been créated by pet food companies to cater to the Persian.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.royalcanin.co.uk/my_pet/cat_products/feline_breed_nutrition/persian.aspx Persian 30] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728072447/http://www.royalcanin.co.uk/my_pet/cat_products/feline_breed_nutrition/persian.aspx |date=2011-07-28 }} Royal Canin&lt;/ref&gt;

Other conditions which the Persian is predisposed to are listed below:&lt;ref name=Pred&gt;{{cite book|last=Gould|first=Alex|author2=Thomas, Alison|title=Breed Predispositions to Diseases in Dogs and Cats|url=https://archive.org/details/breedpredisposit0000goug|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|year=2004|location=[[Ames, Iowa]]|isbn=1-4051-0748-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Dermatological – primary [[seborrhoea]], idiopathic periocular crusting, [[dermatophytosis]] (ringworm),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dermatophytosis|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/DERMATOPHYTOSISINPERSIAN.php|work=Genetic welfare problems of companion animals|publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare|accessdate=August 4, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311141834/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/DERMATOPHYTOSISINPERSIAN.php |date=March 11, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Facial fold [[pyoderma]], idiopathic facial [[dermatitis]] (a.k.a. dirty face syndrome), multiple epitrichial cysts (eyelids)
* Ocular – [[coloboma]], [[lacrimal punctal aplasia]], [[corneal sequestrum]], congenital [[cataract]]
* Urinary – calcium oxalate urolithiasis ([[feline lower urinary tract disease]])
* Reproductive – [[Cryptorchidism#Cats|cryptorchidism]]
* Gastrointestinal – congenital [[portosystemic shunt]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Portosystemic Shunt|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/PORTOSYSTEMICSHUNTPERSIAN.php|work=Genetic welfare problems of companion animals|publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare|accessdate=August 4, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328011905/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/PORTOSYSTEMICSHUNTPERSIAN.php |date=March 28, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; congenital [[polycystic liver disease]] (associated with PKD)
* Cardiovascular – peritonéopericardial [[diaphragmatic hernia]]
* Immunological – [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
* Neurological – [[alpha-mannosidosis]]
* Néoplastic – [[basal cell carcinoma]], [[Sebaceous adenoma|sebaceous gland tumours]]
* Excessive téaring
* Eye condition such as cherry eye
* Héat sensitivity
*Predisposition to ringworm, a fungal infection

Although these héalth issues are common, many Persians do not exhibit any of these problems.

==Dangdan==
[[File:Lion cut tortoiseshell Persian.jpg|thumb|right|In a &quot;lion cut&quot;, the cat's body is shaved, leaving fur on the head, legs and tip of the tail intact. It may be done to remove matted fur, reduce the need for grooming, keep the cat cool in warm weather or for aesthetic reasons.]]
Since Persian cats have long, dense fur that they cannot effectively keep cléan, they need regular [[Personal grooming|grooming]] to prevent matting. To keep their fur in its best condition, they must be bathed regularly, dried carefully afterwards, and brushed thoroughly every day. An alternative is to shave the coat. Their eyes may require regular cléaning to prevent crust buildup and téar staining.

==Référési==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{Commons category|Persian (cat)}}
* {{dmoz|Recreation/Pets/Cats/Breeds/Persian}}
* [http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/persian.html Breed Profile: Persian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605123253/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/persian.html |date=2004-06-05 }}
{{Cat nav}}

{{Portalbar|Cats|Iran|}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Persian (Cat)}}
[[Kategori:Cat breeds]]
[[Kategori:Persian mythology]]
[[Kategori:Cat breeds originating in Iran]]
[[Kategori:Inbred animals]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mahar</title>
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      <text bytes="9827" sha1="h0e4dc1q9jzp2zaq60f4lx770eiote8" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Wedding ring with heart shadow.jpg|jmpl|Cincin bisa dijadikeun mahar.]]
'''Mahar''' atawa mas kawin nyaéta salasahiji syarat sah dina [[jatukrami]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fanind.com/penjelasan-mahar-pernikahan-dalam-islam.html|title=PENJELASAN MAHAR PERNIKAHAN DALAM ISLAM - Tips Pernikahan dan Rumah Tangga|website=www.fanind.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116041003/http://www.fanind.com/penjelasan-mahar-pernikahan-dalam-islam.html |date=2018-01-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sacara umum kecap séjén anu digunakeun pikeun mahar dina [[Al-Qur’an]] nyaéta ''[[Ajr, Shiddiq, Shaduqah]]'', anu hartina pangajén sarta hadiah keur [[pangantén]] awéwé.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.suduthukum.com/2014/07/pengertian-mahar.html|title=Pengertian Mahar|newspaper=SUDUT HUKUM™|access-date=2018-02-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602102518/http://www.suduthukum.com/2014/07/pengertian-mahar.html |date=2017-06-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedeng numutkeun Hamka, kecap ''shidaq, shaduqat,'' asal tina rumpun kecap ''shidiq, shadaq,'' ogé ''shadaqah.''{{Fact}} Dina ma’nana ngandung rasa anu jujur jeung wening.{{Fact}} Jadi hartina harta anu dibikeun kalayan haté nu beresih wening keur pangantén awéwé nalika akad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Tafsir al-azhar|last=Hamka|first=|publisher=PT Pustaka Panji Mas|year=1999|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wangenan mahar numutkeun Ulama’fiqih mazhab, di antarana : 
* [[Mazhab Hanafi]] nyebutkeun yén mahar nyaéta harta anu diwajibkeun pikeun lalaki nalika akad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Hukum-hukum  Fiqih  Islam  (Tinjauan Antar Mazhab)|last=Hasbi Ash Shiddieqy|first=Teungku Muhammad|publisher=PT. Pustaka Rizki Putra|year=2001|isbn=|location=Semarang|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mazhab Malik]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i nyebutkeun yén mahar nyaéta hal anu ngajakeun   awéw wjeung lal é halal disapaton''li''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Mazhab Hambali]] nyebutkeun yén mahar nyaéta hadiah tina jatukrami, anu disebutkeun kalayan jéntré dina akad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Mazhab Syafi’I]] nyebutkeun yén mahar nyaéta hal anu diwajibkeun ku lantaran ayana akad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Jenis ==
Jenis–jenis mahar aya dua nyaéta :
* [[Mahar Musamma]], nyaéta mahar anu disebutkeun jenis jeung jumlahna nalika [[akad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.bacaanmadani.com/2017/11/pengertian-maharmaskawin-hukum-besaran.html|title=Pengertian Mahar/Maskawin, Hukum, Besaran Mahar, Macam-macam Mahar dan Cara Pembayaran Mahar|newspaper=Bacaan Madani {{!}} Bacaan Islami|access-date=2018-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mahar Mitsli]] nyaéta mahar anu dibikeun saumpama pangantén lalaki teu nyebutkeun jenis jeung jumlah mahar musamma nalika akad.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/11286/9/bab2.pdf{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jenis atawa kadarna diukur saluyu jeung mahar anu kungsi ditarima ku kulawarga deukeutna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mahar Mitsli disebutkeun dumasar tilu kamunginan nyaéta kahiji dina kaayaan lalaki teu nyebutkeun mahar atawa jumlahna, kadua dina kaayaan lalaki nyebutkeun mahar musamma tapi maharna teu nyumponan syarat, jeung katilu lalaki nyebutkeun mahar musamma, tapi sabada éta malah aya pacogrégan lantaran jumlahna atawa sipatna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Watek ==
Mahar bisa mangrupa [[duit, perhiasan, parabot rumah tangga, sasatoan, jasa, harta dagang]], atawa banda-banda séjénna anu aya hargana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Fiqh Lima Mazhab|last=Mughniyah|first=Muhamad Jawad|publisher=Shaf|year=2015|isbn=|location=Bekasi|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Syarat-syaratna nyaéta :
* Puguh bentuk jeung sipatna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Barangna kudu milikna sorangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Barangna bisa nyumponan syarat pikeun didagangkeun, dina harti barang anu teu bisa didagangkeun teu bisa jadi mahar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kayaning daging babi, minuman keras, jeung bangké.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Bisa dibikeun nalika akad atawa dina waktu anu geus ditangtukeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Dina harti éta barang aya dina waktu anu diperlukeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Barang anu teu bisa dibikeun dina waktu anu ditangtukeun teu bisa dijadikeun mahar, saperti manuk anu hiber.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Cara mayar ==
Cara mayar mahar bisa dua cara, kontan jeung hutang.{{Fact}} Upama kontak dibikeun langsung nalika akad, sedeng upama hutang nyaéta :
* Wajib dibayar sakabéhna, upama geus sapatemon'','' atawa salasahijina aya nu tilar dunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Wajib dibayar satengahna, upama mahar disebutkeun nalika akad tapi can sapatemon.{{Fact}} Salakina ngan wajib mayar [[mut'ah]].{{Fact}} Luyu jeung firman Allah SWT dina Q.S Al-Baqarah : 237 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &quot;''Jeung upama maranéh nalak pamajikan saméméh sapatemon, sarta geus nangtukeun méré mas kawin, diwajibkeun mayar satengahna tina anu geus ditangtukeun téa, kajaba upama pihak awéwéna suka ngudar éta mas kawin atawa pihak anu akad nikahna (pihak salaki) suka mikeun mas kawin sacumponna, tapi upama ku maranéh dicumponan mah éta téh leuwih deukeut kana takwa, sarta maranéh ulah mopohokeun kahadéan (campur gaul) anatara maranéh. Saenyana Allah téh Maha Uninga kana saniskara anu dipigawé ku maranéh.''&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Al-Qur'an Tarjamah Sunda.&lt;/ref&gt;   
* Teu wajib dibayar, upama istrina dipirak saméméh sapatemon tur mahar teu disebutkeun dina akad.{{Fact}} Tapi tetep mayar mut'ah.{{Fact}} Luyu jeung firman Allah SWT dina Q.S Al-Baqarah : 236 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;  &quot;''Henteu jadi dosa pikeun maranéh lamun maranéh nalak pamajikan anu tacan dicampuran ku maranéh jeung anu can ditangtukeun mas kawinna, tapi hadéna mah dibéré panglipur (panyecep), pikeun nu cukup nurutkeun kaheureutanana. Mut'ah (panglipur) anu hadé téh saéstuna perkara anu pantes pikeun jalma-jalma anu ngalampahkeun kahadéan.''&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

==  Hikmah ==
Aya sababaraha hikmah tina mahar, nyaéta :
* nunjukkeun kamuliaan awéwé, yén awéwé nu ditéang lalaki.{{Fact}} Lain lalaki nu ditéang awéwé.{{Fact}} Lalaki anu usaha najan kudu ngorbankeun harta bandana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/56674-ID-kedudukan-dan-hikmah-mahar-dalam-perkawi.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919181037/https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/56674-ID-kedudukan-dan-hikmah-mahar-dalam-perkawi.pdf |date=2023-09-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ngangkat darajat awéwé tur mere hak milikna.{{Fact}} Ku kituna dibéré hak pikeun mibanda mahar nalika jatukrami, tur ngajadikeun mahar salaku kawajiban pikeun lalaki ngahormat awéwé anu dipilihna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Némbongkeun hiji kaasih anu beresih wening.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Némbongkeun tékad anu saenyana yén lain heuheureuyan atawa kalangenan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Némbongkeun tanggung jawab lalaki dina ngawanngun rumah tangga tur bakal satuluyna méré [[nafkah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Hukum ==
Mahar minangka kawajiban sakumaha hukum Islam, hukum anu kuat baris jadi dadasar pikeun lalaki anu boga kawajiban ngaluarkeunana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;http://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/3744/3/092111069_Bab2.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013143701/http://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/3744/3/092111069_Bab2.pdf |date=2017-10-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Di antarana :
* [[An-Nisa|Q.S An-Nisa]] : 4 &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
&quot; ''Jeung pasrahkeun ku maranéh mas kawinna ka éta awéwé, éta téh hiji kawajiban. Tuluy upama maranéhna masrahkeun sabagéan mas kawinna ka maranéh kalawan rido'eun, éta mah beunang didahar ku maranéh kalawan suka bungah.''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* Q. S An-Nisa : 20 &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
&quot; ''Jeung upama maranéh rék ngaganti pamajikan ku awéwé nu lian, sedengkeun maranéh geus méré ka salahsaurang éta awéwé harta anu loba, ku maranéh ulah dicokot deui najan saeutik ogé. Naha pantes maranéh nyokot deui barang anu geus dibikeun kalawan cara anu matak kagét jeung dosa anu kasampak?''&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 
* Sabda Rasululah SAW &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
Qutaibah bin Sa’id ats-Tsaqafi nyarita ka kami Ya’qub (nyaéta Ibnu AAbdirrahman Al-Qaari), ti Abu Hazim, ti Sahal bin Sa’ad, cenah : Aya awéwé datang ka Rasulullah SAW, tuluy nyarita : “Ya Rasulullah! Kuring datang ka anjeun masrahkeun diri (pikeun dijadikeun istri).” Rasul neuteup éta awéwé ti luhur nepi ka handap tuluy unggeuk.{{Fact}} Nalika éta awéwé sadar yén Rasul teu méré putusan nanaon, tuluy wé manéhna diuk.{{Fact}} Tuluy sahabat Rasul nyarita, “Ya Rasulullah! Saupama Rasul teu kersa, tikahkeun sim kuring ka anjeunna,” Rasul nalék : “Anjeun boga banda keur dijadikeun mahar?” tembalna “Demi Allah, taya pisan nanaon Ya Rasulullah.!”  Sabda Rasul “Geura indit ka kulawarga anjeun, tuluy téang naha aya nu bisa dijadikeun mahar?” Tuluy éta sahabat indit. Datang deui : “Demi Allah, taya nanaon Ya Rasulullah!” Sabda Rasul : “Téang, sanajan ngan cincin beusi!” Indt tuluy datang deui, : “Demi Allah, [[cincin]] beusi ogé taya Ya Rasulullah! Tapi sim kuring gaduh sarung anu dianggo ieu.” Anjeunna tiasa nyandak satengahna Ya Rasul.” Rasul nalék “Naon anu bisa dilakukeun tina éta sarung? Upama anjeun nu maké,  éta awéwé moal maké raksukan, jeung upama éta awéwé nu maké, anjeun nu teu maké raksukan.” Sahabat ngahuleng, tuluy indit. Digeroan deui ku Rasulullah. “Anjeun apal Al-Qur’an?” tembalna “Sim kuring apal surat ieu jeung surat itu.” Bari nyebutkeun sababaraha surat dina Al-Qur’an. Tuluy Rasululah nitah sangkan éta sahabat nalar éta [[surat]]. “Kiwari éta awéwé geus jadi milik anjeun, ku lanataran mahar sababaraha surat Al-Qur’an anu ku anjeun apal.” (H.R Muslim).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Kabudayaan]]
[[Kategori:Réligi]]
[[Kategori:Fiqih]]
[[Kategori:Munakahat]]
[[Kategori:Mahar|Mahar]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Matthew McConaughey</title>
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      <text bytes="37063" sha1="2e2cmf86ngn8landgfx2u8u2icpyqsq" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotak info Jalma|name=Matthew McConaughey|image=Matthew McConaughey - Goldene Kamera 2014 - Berlin.jpg|caption=Matthew McConaughey in February 2014|birth_name=Matthew David McConaughey|birth_date={{birth date and age|1969|11|04}}|birth_place=[[Uvalde, Texas]], U.S.|residence=[[Austin, Texas]], U.S.|occupation=Actor, producer, Minister of Culture at The University of Texas at Austin|spouse={{marriage|[[Camila Alves]]|2012}}|children=3}}
'''Mateus Daud McConaughey''' ( / m ə k ɒ n ə h eɪ / ; dilahirkeun Nopémber 4, 1969) mangrupa aktor Amérika sarta produser.  Anjeunna mimiti massana bewara pikeun peran breakout na di datang-of-umur komedi ''Dazed na Bingung'' (1993), sateuacan jalan mun muncul dina pilem ''Texas Chainsaw Uchiha: The Next Generation'' (1994), ''A Time maehan'' (1996), film komedi ''leuwih badag ti Kahirupan'' (1996), [[Steven Spielberg]] drama sajarah 's ''Amistad'' (1997), jeung drama fiksi ''Kontak'' (1997), jeung komedi ''EDtv'' (1999), jeung pilem perang ''U-571'' (2000).

Dina 2000, McConaughey janten pangalusna dipikawanoh pikeun dibintanginya di komedi layeut ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jun/28/matthew-mcconaughey-killer-joe|title=Matthew McConaughey: from himbo to highbrow|website=The Guardian|accessdate=26 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; kaasup ''The Kawinan Nu Ngarencana'' (2001), ''leungit kumaha Guy di 10 Days'' (2003), ''paranti peluncuran'' (2006), ''fool urang Emas'' (2008), jeung ''hantu of girlfriends Kapungkur'' (2009).  Kusabab 2011, anjeunna geus pikaresep kalungguhan dramatis, kaasup ''The Lincoln Pengacara'' (2011), ''Bernie'' (2011) ''Killer Joe'' (2011), ''The Paperboy'' (2012), ''leutak'' (2012), ''Magic Mike'' (2012), ''The Wolf of Wall Street'' (2013), ''Interstellar'' (2014), ''The Sea of tatangkalan'' (2016), ''Free Nagara Jones'' (2016).

McConaughey kahontal kasuksésan kritis dina 2013 sarta 2014.  Dina 2013, McConaughey portrayed Ron Woodroof , a Cowboy didiagnosis kalawan [[AIDS]] di pilem biographical ''Dallas pembeli Club'' , anu earned anjeunna téh Academy Award , Kritik 'pilihan Movie Award , Golden Globe Award , jeung Aktor Screen kanu Award , sadaya pikeun Actor Best, diantara panghargaan sejen tur nominasi.  Dina 2014, anjeunna dibéntangan sakumaha Tai hiang Cohle di musim mimitina tina HBO 's drama kajahatan antologi runtuyan ''Leres Detektif ,'' nu manéhna meunang Kritik' pilihan Award Televisi jeung TCA Award , sarta ieu bieu keur Primetime Emmy Award , Golden Globe Award , na layar Aktor kanu Award.

== Kahirupan mimiti ==
Mateus Daud McConaughey lahir on Nopémber 4, 1969, dina Uvalde, Texas .&lt;ref name=&quot;IC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/proud-irish-american-matthew-mcconaughey-hope-to-send-his-kids-to-the-gaeltacht-video|title=Matthew McConaughey hopes to send his kids to the Gaeltacht|publisher=IrishCentral}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Indungna, Mary Kathleen &quot;Kay&quot; / &quot;KMac&quot; ( ''née'' McCabe), nyaéta urut guruna TK jeung panulis diterbitkeun anu diajarkeun McConaughey.&lt;ref name=&quot;Don't Call Matthew McConaughey 'Matt'&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UliCFpBZdjU|title=Don't Call Matthew McConaughey 'Matt'|language=English|accessdate=21 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Biasana ieu asalna ti Trenton, New Jersey .&lt;ref name=&quot;texasmonthly1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/his-time-kill?fullpage=1|title=His Time to Kill|last=Cohen|first=Jason|publisher=Texas Monthly|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Bapana, James Donald &quot;Jim&quot; McConaughey,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/James-McConaughey/6000000009461337410|title=James Donald McConaughey|publisher=geni.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; lahir di Mississippi dina 1922 sarta digedékeun di Lousiana ,&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/features/matthew-mcconaughey-19960822|title=Hot Actor: Matthew McConaughey|publisher=Rolling Stone|accessdate=June 16, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; di mana manéhna lumpat hiji bisnis pipe suplai minyak; anjeunna dicoo pikeun Wildcats Kentucky sarta Houston Cougars kuliah bal tim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kentucky.com/2014/02/24/3107024_mark-story-matthew-mcconaugheys.html?rh=1|title=Mark Story: Matthew McConaughey's dad played college football for ... Kentucky?|last=Story|first=Mark|publisher=kentucky.com|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina 1953, Jim ieu drafted di babak 27 ku NFL 's Héjo Bay Packers .  Anjeunna dirilis sateuacan musim mimiti na pernah diputer hiji kaulinan liga resmi di NFL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=GNB&amp;yr=1953&amp;lg=nfl|title=1953 Green Bay Packers|publisher=databasefootball.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408062212/http://databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=GNB&amp;yr=1953&amp;lg=nfl|archivedate=April 8, 2013|dead-url=yes|accessdate=May 24, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408062212/http://databasefootball.com/teams/teamyear.htm?tm=GNB&amp;yr=1953&amp;lg=nfl |date=April 8, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey urang indung na telat bapana nikah silih tilu kali, sanggeus cerai silih dua kali.&lt;ref name=&quot;marriage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=entertainment&amp;id=3949579|title=Barbara Walters' Oscar Special|publisher=ABC7news.com|accessdate=April 15, 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204064645/http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=entertainment&amp;id=3949579 |date=December 4, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna boga dua baraya heubeul, Michael sarta Patrick (anu diadopsi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bodyheightweight.com/matthew-mcconaughey-family/|title=Meet Oscar Winning Actor Matthew McConaughey and his sweet family|website=bodyheightweight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Michael, nicknamed &quot;hayam jalu&quot;, nyaéta millionaire timer dijieun anu Béntang dina CNBC docu-seri ''West Texas Investor Club'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.inc.com/graham-winfrey/west-texas-investor-s-club-invades-shark-tank-nation.html|title=Meet the Self-Made Millionaires of 'West Texas Investors Club'|last=Winfrey|first=Graham|publisher=Inc.com|accessdate=August 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta salaku sahiji 2018 béntang di A &amp;amp;amp; E kanyataanana acara ''hayam jalu &amp;amp;amp; Butch'' kalawan Wayne (Butch) Gilliam.  Katurunan McConaughey urang kaasup Inggris , Jerman , Irlandia , Skotlandia , jeung Swédia , jeung akar Irlandia na mahluk ti Cavan / Monaghan wewengkon.&lt;ref name=&quot;IC&quot;/&gt;  Anjeunna mangrupa relatif Confederate brigadir umum Dandridge McRae .&lt;ref name=&quot;Scottish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/interviews/article.html?in_article_id=11644&amp;in_page_id=11|title=60 Second interview: Matthew McConaughey|website=Metro|accessdate=May 7, 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513072916/http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/interviews/article.html?in_article_id=11644&amp;in_page_id=11 |date=May 13, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna kungsi Methodist upbringing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/movies/news/article.cfm?c_id=200&amp;objectid=188381|title=No use putting out the welcome Matt|website=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=August 5, 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609014753/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/movies/news/article.cfm?c_id=200&amp;objectid=188381 |date=June 9, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey dipindahkeun ka Longview, Texas , dina 1980,&lt;ref name=&quot;texasmonthly1996&quot;/&gt; di mana anjeunna dihadiran Longview Sakola Luhur .  Anjeunna mukim di Australia pikeun sataun hiji, dina Warnervale, New South Wales , salaku usaha Rotary murid bursa dina 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;exchange&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/425826/696966|title=ONE news|website=McConaughey credits Australian town|accessdate=December 22, 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205042252/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/425826/696966 |date=February 5, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna ngahadiran Universitas Texas Austin (UT-Austin), di mana manéhna ngagabung Delta tau Delta fraternity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.studenthousingplanet.com/2009/03/the-castilian-dorm-serving-the-university-of-texas-receives-upgrades-prcom.html|title=The Castilian Dorm Serving the University of Texas Receives Upgrades (PR.com)|publisher=Student Housing Planet|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912071435/http://www.studenthousingplanet.com/2009/03/the-castilian-dorm-serving-the-university-of-texas-receives-upgrades-prcom.html|archivedate=September 12, 2009|dead-url=yes|accessdate=October 16, 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912071435/http://www.studenthousingplanet.com/2009/03/the-castilian-dorm-serving-the-university-of-texas-receives-upgrades-prcom.html |date=September 12, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Manéhna mimitian di tumiba 1989 sarta lulus di cinyusu taun 1993 ku Bachelor of Élmu di Radio-Télévisi-Film.&lt;ref&gt;[https://utdirect.utexas.edu/apps/degree/degrees/nlogon/?s_last_name_read=&amp;s_last_isn_read=&amp;s_first_name_read=&amp;s_first_isn_read=&amp;s_first_time_sw=X&amp;s_start_name=McConaughey%2C+Matthew&amp;s_start_page=Submit Derajat sarta Kaping of kahadiran: McConaughey, Mateus D.] . Universitas Texas Austin&lt;/ref&gt;  Rencana aslina na sempet robah jadi manéhna hayang hadir Southern Methodist Universitas dugi salah sahiji baraya na ngawartoskeun anjeunna yén SPP sakola swasta bakal geus beungbeurat dina finances kulawarga urang.  Anjeunna ogé pernah rencanana hadir sakola hukum sanggeus kalulusan tina kuliah,&lt;ref&gt;wawancara NPR&lt;/ref&gt;     Tapi anjeunna sadar anjeunna teu resep jadi hiji [[Pengacara|pangacara]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;texasmonthly1996&quot; /&gt;

== Karir ==
McConaughey mimiti digawé di commercials televisi, kaasup salah sahiji keur Austin, koran poéan Texas, anu ''Austin Amérika-negarawan'' , anu geus credited sakumaha peran diomongkeun kahijina.  Garis, &quot;Kumaha sejenna am I gonna tetep nepi ka kuring 'tanduk?&quot; - a rujukan pikeun tercinta na Texas Longhorns tim olahraga - masihan masarakat satempat katingal di aktor ngora saméméh anjeunna tuang di Richard Linklater pilem 's ''Dazed na Bingung'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dazed_and_confused/|title=Dazed and Confused Movie Reviews, Pictures|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=August 5, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina 1992, anjeunna tuang salaku &quot;Joe&quot; dina Trisha Yearwood 's video musik &quot;Walkaway Joe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20794232,00.html|title=Matthew McConaughey's First Break? A 1992 Trisha Yearwood Video|date=March 6, 2014|publisher=people.com|access-date=October 2, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031201958/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20794232,00.html |date=October 31, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saatos sababaraha kalungguhan leutik di ''Malaikat di pamaén outfielder'' , ''Texas Chainsaw Uchiha: The Next Generation'' , ''Boys on Sisi nu'' , sarta serial télévisi ''kaungkab Mysteries'' , break badag McConaughey urang sumping salaku pangacara Jake Brigance dina film ''A Time maehan'' (1996), dumasar kana éta John Grisham novél sahiji ngaran anu sarua .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2014/03/03/matthew-mcconaughey-a-time-to-kill|title=Watch the moment Matthew McConaughey proved he was Oscar-worthy|date=March 3, 2014|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=October 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina taun 1990-an ahir, McConaughey ieu tuang di kalungguhan ngarah di beuki pilem, kaasup ''Kontak'' , ''Amistad'' , ''The Newton Boys'' , ''EDtv'' sarta ''U-571'' .&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/matthew-mcconaughey-16599996|title=Matthew McConaughey|publisher=[[Biography.com]]|accessdate=August 19, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031183007/http://www.biography.com/people/matthew-mcconaughey-16599996 |date=October 31, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2001-2011 ===
[[Gambar:Matthew_McConaughey.jpg|jmpl|231x231px| McConaughey taun 2008, milu di Nautica Malibu Triathlon]]
Ku 2000 awal, anjeunna remen tuang di komedi layeut , kaasup ''The Kawinan Nu Ngarencana'' na ''leungit kumaha a Guy dina 10 Days'' , duanana nu éta suksés dina kotak kantor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/10602734/Matthew-McConaughey-exclusive-interview.html|title=Matthew McConaughey: exclusive interview|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Salila periode ieu, anjeunna muncul salaku firefighter dina pilem-anggaran low ''Tiptoes'' , kalawan Kate Beckinsale , dina ''Dua pikeun Duit éta'' salaku protégé ka Al Pacino 's judi mogul, sarta di ''Frailty'' kalawan Bill Paxton , anu ogé diarahkeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://onthesetofnewyork.com/twoforthemoney.html|title=Two for the Money Film Locations - On the set of New York.com|website=onthesetofnewyork.com|accessdate=2015-08-13}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208060948/http://onthesetofnewyork.com/twoforthemoney.html |date=2015-12-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey dibéntangan dina 2005 pilem fitur ''Sahara'' marengan Steve Zahn na Penelope Cruz .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/08/movies/08saha.html?_r=0|title=On a Desert Gallop, Planting Assorted Red Flags|date=April 8, 2005|publisher=The New York Times|access-date=August 27, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Saacanna sékrési pilem, manéhna diwanohkeun deui ku sailing turun Walungan Amazon na trekking mun [[Mali]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Movies/04/11/mcconaughey.sahara/|title=McConaughey's elusive quest|date=April 14, 2005|publisher=cnn.com|access-date=August 27, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nu taun anu sarua, McConaughey ieu ngaranna &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwuw&quot;&gt;Jalma&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Majalah urang &quot; Sexiest Man Alive &quot; kanggo 2005.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.people.com/people/package/custom/0,,1113899,00.html &quot;2005 Sexiest Man of the Year&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120213301/http://www.people.com/people/package/custom/0,,1113899,00.html|date=2012-11-20}}. ''People''. Retrieved May 19, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina taun 2006, anjeunna ko-dibéntangan ku Sarah Jessica Parker dina komedi romantis ''paranti peluncuran'' tur salaku Marshall palatih sirah bal Jack Lengyel di ''Urang Dupi Marshall'' .  McConaughey ogé disadiakeun karya sora dina kampanye iklan keur Korps Peace di telat 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxQvw3cD0EoC&amp;pg=PA40&amp;lpg=PA40&amp;dq=voice+work+matthew+mcconaughey+peace+corps&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=0ipRUuY6Ev&amp;sig=1KsFksTBAGGvhSmV7Y6mVOjGDuY&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=ZvufUdvULYrZ0wHTsYDABg&amp;ved=0CD8Q6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&amp;q=voice%20work%20matthew%20mcconaughey%20peace%20corps&amp;f=false|title=Peace Corps in the 21st Century: A Rhetorical Analysis|last=Maugh|first=Casey Malone|page=41}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna diganti Owen Wilson dina Ben Stiller 's ''Tropic Guntur'' sanggeus Wilson urang usaha bunuh diri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20057720,00.html|title=Matthew McConaughey to Replace Owen Wilson in Film|website=PEOPLE.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428175310/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20057720,00.html |date=2014-04-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  On Januari 21, 2008, McConaughey jadi juru carios anyar keur kampanye radio nasional, &quot;Sapi: Ieu Naon for malam&quot; , ngaganti Sam Elliott .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=&quot;Beef. It's What's For Dinner&quot; Advertising Campaign Invites Consumers to Discover the Power of Protein|publisher=National Cattlemen's Beef Association|date=January 7, 2008|url=http://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com/askexpert/pressrelease.asp|accessdate=July 2, 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727011043/http://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com/askexpert/pressrelease.asp|archivedate=July 27, 2008|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://putlockermix.info|title=Matthew McConaughey Movies List|last=Shinn|first=Peter|publisher=Learfield Communications, Inc.|accessdate=December 25, 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175436/https://putlockermix.info/ |date=December 25, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2012-kiwari ===
[[Gambar:Dallas_Buyers_Club_08_(9765736361).jpg|kiri|jmpl| McConaughey di premiere of ''Dallas pembeli Club'' di Toronto Festival Film Internasional 2013]]
McConaughey dipikawanoh yen na &quot;gaya hirup, hirup di pantai, ngajalankeun kalawan kaos abdi off, lakukeun komedi romantis&quot; sempet ngabalukarkeun anjeunna bisa typecast pikeun kalungguhan nu tangtu, sarta anjeunna ditéang karya dramatis kalawan téma lianna.&lt;ref name=&quot;fleming20140604&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2014/06/emmys-matthew-mcconaughey-qa-on-following-oscar-with-the-game-changing-hbo-series-true-detective/|title=EMMYS Q&amp;A: Matthew McConaughey on Following Oscar with the Game-Changing HBO Series ' Detective'|last=Fleming, Mike Jr.|publisher=Deadline Hollywood|accessdate=4 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Cenah: 
{| class=&quot;cquote pullquote&quot; id=&quot;212&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;&quot;
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| style=&quot;vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;&quot; | Kuring meunang ka perasaan kawas, pikeun sababaraha taun, abdi ngalakonan hal anu kuring resep ngalakonan jeung layeut jeung aksi komedi.  Tapi kuring yakin, kuring noticed aya hal séjén anu teu datang di.  Tur upami maranéhanana datang dina, ieu dina formulir bebas sareng paycheck leuwih leutik, tur taya sahijieun bener wanting pikeun meunang balik aranjeunna.  .  .  Tapi terang kuring bisa nyebutkeun euweuh ka hal Abdi geus ngalakonan.  Dina paribasa henteu ka éta hal, abdi terang karya ieu bade ka tegalan nepi keur awhile.  .  .  Taun sarta satengah, masih nganggur.  Dina dua taun, sakabéh ngadadak, dina pamanggih kuring, kuring jadi gagasan anyar alus keur sababaraha direksi alus.&lt;ref name=&quot;fleming20140604&quot;/&gt; 
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Dina 2012, McConaughey dibéntangan barengan Channing Tatum di ''Magic Mike'' , dumasar hirup mimiti Tatum, nu ieu diarahkeun ku Steven Soderbergh .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/29/movies/magic-mike-by-steven-soderbergh-with-channing-tatum.html?_r=0|title=The Body Politic: Review: ‘Magic Mike,’ by Steven Soderbergh, With Channing Tatum|date=June 28, 2012|publisher=The New York Times|access-date=August 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Manéhna balik ka akar East Texas-Na, dipake deui ku sutradara Richard Linklater on ''Bernie ,'' maén Pangacara Kabupaten Danny Buck Davidson.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/05/07/bernie-tiede-released-from-prison-will-live-with-bernie-director-richard-linklater/|title=Bernie Tiede released from prison, will live with 'Bernie' director Richard Linklater|date=May 7, 2014|publisher=The Washington Post|access-date=August 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina Juni 2012, McConaughey ieu diondang pikeun gabung ka Akademi Motion Picture Seni sarta Élmu Pengetahuan .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2012/06/mcconaughey-chastain-invited-to-join-academy-/1#.UemMNtJM-So|title=McConaughey, Spencer invited to join Academy|last=Thompson|first=Arienne|website=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=July 19, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina 2013, anjeunna portrayed Ron Woodroof di ''Dallas pembeli Club .''  Peran mangrupa rider rodeo anu discovers anjeunna boga [[AIDS]] sarta struggles mun meunang perlakuan diperlukeun anjeunna leungit ampir 50 &amp;nbsp; sedengkeun (22 &amp;nbsp; kg).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hitfix.com/awards-campaign/oscar-contender-matthew-mcconaughey-reveals-how-he-lost--and-ponders-a-magic-mike-sequel|title=Matthew McConaughey reveals how he lost and ponders a 'Magic Mike' sequel|last=Ellwood|first=Gregory|website=[[HitFix]]|accessdate=April 16, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Film earned McConaughey panghargaan loba akting, kaasup nu layar Aktor kanu Award pikeun Performance Pinunjul ku Actor pameget dina Peran Anjog , anu Golden Globe Award pikeun Best Actor - Drama , jeung Academy Award pikeun Actor Best .&lt;ref name=&quot;Dallas Buyers Club 2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dallas_buyers_club_2013/|title=Dallas Buyers Club (2013)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Flixster]]|accessdate=January 7, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dallas Buyers Club Reviews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/dallas-buyers-club|title=Dallas Buyers Club Reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|accessdate=November 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ko-béntang na Jared Leto meunang Academy Award pikeun Best ngarojong Actor , sahingga ''Dallas pembeli Club'' film munggaran saprak ''Mystic Walungan'' (2003) meunang duanana panghargaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.buyersclubdallas.com/|title=Buying Time: World traveler Ron Woodroof smuggles drugs—and hope—for people with AIDS|last=Minutaglio|first=Bill|date=August 9, 1992|work=[[The Dallas Morning News|Dallas Life Magazine]]|pages=8–12, 21, 25}} (original article)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;slate110113&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/11/01/dallas_buyers_club_true_story_fact_and_fiction_in_the_matthew_mcconaughey.html|title=How Accurate Is Dallas Buyers Club?|last=Harris|first=Aisha|date=November 1, 2013|work=Slate.com|access-date=December 18, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna ogé diulas di Martin Scorsese 's ''The Wolf of Wall Street'' sakumaha Tandaan Hanna, hiji boss awal Yordania Belfort .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2012/08/matthew-mcconaughey-joins-the-wolf-of-wall-street-312293/|title=Matthew McConaughey Joins 'The Wolf Of Wall Street'|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|publisher=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119085551/https://deadline.com/2012/08/matthew-mcconaughey-joins-the-wolf-of-wall-street-312293/ |date=2018-11-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Gambar:Matthew_McConaughey_Cannes_2015.jpg|jmpl|McConaughey di Festival Film Cannes 2015]]
Antukna, McConaughey ngarékam pengumuman layanan publik di Austin, Texas keur Perpustakaan Présidén LBJ .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lbjlibrary.org/press/how-has-lbj-s-legacy-affected-you|title=Matthew McConaughey Has A Presidents' Day Gift For You|last=Salamon|first=Jeff|website=Texas Monthly|accessdate=18 February 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305215719/http://www.lbjlibrary.org/press/how-has-lbj-s-legacy-affected-you |date=5 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina bulan April 2014, ''sareng'' majalah kaasup McConaughey di taunan na Time 100 salaku salah sahiji &quot;Jalma paling boga pangaruh dina Dunya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://time.com/70802/matthew-mcconaughey-2014-time-100/|title=Matthew McConaughey: The most surprising actor in Hollywood|last=Linklater|first=Richard|date=April 23, 2014|publisher=Time magazine|access-date=May 7, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424143129/http://time.com/70802/matthew-mcconaughey-2014-time-100/ |date=April 24, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina bulan Agustus 2014, di Lincoln Motor Company nandatanganan kolaborasi multi-taun kalayan McConaughey pikeun kampanye iklan.  The commercials, diarahkeun ku Nicolas pungkal Refn ( ''Girang'' ), diulas McConaughey salaku juru dongéng hiji nyetir sabudeureun dina Lincoln urang MKC kawin silang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://media.lincoln.com/content/lincolnmedia/lna/us/en/news/2014/08/21/lincoln-mcconaughey-begin-new-creative-journey.html|title=Lincoln Motor Company and Matthew McConaughey Begin New Creative Journey}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Teu lila sanggeus éta commercials debut di September 2014, maranéhanana parodied ku Ellen DeGeneres , Conan O'Brien , Jim Carrey , ''Selatan Park ,'' sarta ''Sabtu Malam Live'' .  Jualan sakabéh pikeun Lincoln ngaronjat ku 25 persén sabulan sanggeus Iklan debut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/new-matthew-mcconaughey-ads-lincoln-760569|title=New Matthew McConaughey Ads for Lincoln to Debut New Year's Day (Video)|last=Walker|first=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Runtuyan commercials dibintanginya McConaughey terus pikeun sababaraha taun leuwih; mangsa ieu anjeunna ogé dirojong di MKZ sedan jeung MKX kawin silang.

Dina 2014, anjeunna dibagikeun tagihan béntang sareng Woody Harrelson di HBO 's drama kajahatan antologi runtuyan ''Leres Detektif .'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/04/hbo-picks-up-matthew-mcconaughey-woody-harrelson-series-true-detective/|title=HBO Picks Up Matthew-Woody Series 'True Detective' With Eight-Episode Order|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|publisher=Deadline Hollywood|accessdate=June 26, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Pikeun peran minangka Tai hiang Cohle , anjeunna meunang Kritik 'pilihan Award Televisi keur Actor Best dina Drama Series .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8LMxdNO6hU|title=Matthew McConaughey Wins Critics Choice Awards 2014 Best Actor|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=March 4, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna ogé bieu keur Primetime Emmy Award pikeun Actor Diterangkeun Pinunjul dina Drama Series , anu anjeunna leungit mun Bryan Cranston sarta Golden Globe Award pikeun Actor Best - Miniseries atawa Televisi Film .&lt;ref name=&quot;TrueDetectiveShutOut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/tv-zone-1.811968/emmys-why-did-true-detective-matthew-mcconaughey-get-shut-out-1.9152024|title=Emmys: Why did 'True Detective,' Matthew McConaughey get shut out?|last=Verne Gay|publisher=newsday.com|accessdate=August 27, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829034700/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/tv-zone-1.811968/emmys-why-did-true-detective-matthew-mcconaughey-get-shut-out-1.9152024 |date=August 29, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TrueDetectiveShutOut&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvline.com/2014/12/11/golden-globe-nominations-2015-globes-awards-nominees/|title=Golden Globes: ''Fargo'', ''True Detective'' Lead Nominations; ''Jane the Virgin'', ''Transparent'' Score Multiple Nods|last=Mitovich|first=Matt Webb|publisher=TVLine|accessdate=December 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kalawan na Oscar win munggaran jeung acclaim kritis narima pikeun ''Leres Detektif'' &quot;McConaughey sigana jadi ngetok kana hal penting, sésana dirina bari manjang, lalaki heubeul bari tinggal di umur sarua&quot;.  Kritikus Rachel Syme dubbed pangakuan sarta pagelaran na bari nyandak on leuwih kompleks, kalungguhan dramatis salaku &quot;The McConaissance&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2014/01/the-mcconaissance.html|title=The McConaissance|last=Rachel|first=Syme|publisher=The New Yorker|accessdate=2014-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On Nopémber 17, 2014, McConaughey narima hiji béntang dina Hollywood Walk Inohong , ayana dina 6931 Pegangsaan &lt;ref&gt;http://www.walkoffame.com/matthew-mcconaughey&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey ogé maénkeun Cooper, bapa randa na Astronot, barengan Anne Hathaway , Jessica Chastain , Michael Caine , Mackenzie Foy , sarta Casey Affleck di Christopher Nolan 's fiksi pilem ''Interstellar'' (2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;COLLIDER.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collider.com/matthew-mcconaughey-christopher-nolan-interstellar/|title=Matthew McConaughey Confirmed to Lead Christopher Nolan's INTERSTELLAR|last=Goldberg|first=Matt|publisher=collider.com|accessdate=April 3, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Saatos pagawean Gus Van Sant 's 2015 pilem ''The Sea of Tatangkalan'' jeung Ken Watanabe ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/matthew-mcconaughey-star-gus-van-677201|title=Matthew McConaughey to Star in Gus Van Sant's 'Sea of Trees'|last=Kit|first=Boris|website=The Hollywood Reporter|publisher=TheHollywoodReporter.com|accessdate=March 18, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; dina 2016, McConaughey dibéntangan dina dua film, ''Free Nagara Santang'' jeung ''Emas'' , jeung bersuara karakter ngarah dina dua film animasi, ''Kubo jeung Dua Senar'' sarta ''Sing'' .

Dina 2016, McConaughey ieu hired salaku diréktur kreatif sarta juru carios selebritis keur liar Turki urang kampanye panganyarna, dibawa dina leuwih awéwé jeung konsumén leuwih internasional.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBCWildTurkey&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/nod-female-bourbon-fans-wild-turkey-hires-matthew-mcconaughey-n623736|title=In Nod to Female Bourbon Fans, Wild Turkey Hires Matthew McConaughey|last=McMahan|first=Dana|access-date=9 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WildTurkeyShortFilm&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmZZNbUsyt8|title=Wild Turkey Bourbon: Matthew McConaughey Short Film|website=YouTube|publisher=WildTurkey|accessdate=9 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey dibéntangan di Stephen King adaptasi ''The Dark Tower'' (2017), salaku Walter Padick , éta narima réaksi négatip tina kritik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://screenrant.com/dark-tower-franchise-future-tv-movies/|title=The Dark Tower: Where Can The Franchise Go From Here?|last=Fuller|first=Becky|website=[[Screen Rant]]|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dark-tower-idris-elba-is-good-movie-1026991|title=Idris Elba Is Too Good for 'The Dark Tower'|last=Spiegel|first=Josh|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/08/04/why-idris-elba-makes-the-dark-tower-a-must-see-in-theaters/|title=Why Idris Elba Makes 'The Dark Tower' A Must-See In Theaters|last=Mendelson|first=Scott|website=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/08/the-dark-tower-review-stephen-king-idris-elba-matthew-mcconaughey-video-1202142694/|title=‘The Dark Tower’ Review: Stephen King Fans Can Be Thankful Idris Elba Is Here To Save The World – And The Movie|last=Hammond|first=Pete|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=August 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The leres drama kahirupan gangster ''Bodas Boy Rick'' ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/matthew-mcconaughey-white-boy-rick-drama-1201922232/|title=Matthew McConaughey in Talks to Star in ‘White Boy Rick’|last=McNary|first=Dave|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=March 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; massana ulasan campur jeung éta hiji flop kotak kantor, sedengkeun erotis Thriller ''Serenity ,'' éta ogé dibéntangan Diane Lane jeung Anne Hathaway , ieu panned ku boh kritik sarta panongton sanggeus release na on 25th Januari 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;THRroundup&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/serenity-review-roundup-what-critics-are-saying-1178912|title='Serenity': What the Critics Are Saying|last=Perez|first=Lexy|date=January 24, 2019|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=January 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peran na hareup aya dina harmoni Korine 's ''The Beach eun ,'' hiji komedi Amérika ogé dibintanginya Zac Efron na Yunus Hill.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/global/berlinale-matthew-mcconaughey-harmony-korines-the-beach-bum-1201980016/|title=Matthew McConaughey to Star in Harmony Korine’s ‘The Beach Bum’|last=Barraclough|first=Leo|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=March 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Pilem tos disetel pikeun dileupaskeun di bioskop on 5 April, 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribute.ca/movies/the-beach-bum/134610/|title=The Beach Bum synopsis and movie info|website=Tribute.ca|language=en|accessdate=2019-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== kahirupan pribadi ==
[[Gambar:McConaugheyAlves2010-Crop.jpg|ka|jmpl|226x226px| McConaughey jeung pamajikanana taun 2010]]
Sateuacan McConaughey patepung Camila Alves taun 2006, anjeunna kungsi hubungan jeung Penelope Cruz lajeng Sandra Bullock.  Anjeunna jeung Alves jadi kalibet dina tanggal 25 Désémber 2011, ku kituna nikah dina swasta Katolik Upacara &lt;ref name=&quot;methodism&quot;&gt;[http://www.christianpost.com/news/the-faith-of-matthew-mcconaughey-115649/ Christian Post: &quot;The Iman tina Mateus McConaughey&quot; Ku Jim Darajat] Maret 5, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; dina 9 Juni 2012, in Austin, Texas , di mana maranéhna reside.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20602475,00.html|title=Matthew McConaughey, Camila Alves Wedding|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=June 10, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830004036/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20602475,00.html |date=August 30, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/Matthew_McConaughey_and_Camila_Alves_Getting_Married_in_Top-Secret_Texas_WeddingmdashThis_Weekend/322058|title=Matthew McConaughey and Camila Alves Getting Married in Top-Secret Texas Wedding—This Weekend!|last=Bromley|first=Melanie|last2=Malkin|first2=Marc|publisher=[[E!]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kalawan babarengan, biologi gaduh tilu barudak: putra Lewi Alves McConaughey (dilahirkeun Juli 7 2008) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2008/07/08/matthew-mcconau-4/|title=Matthew McConaughey and Camila Alves welcome son Levi|website=People|accessdate=April 14, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120211151/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2008/07/08/matthew-mcconau-4/ |date=November 20, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung Livingston Alves McConaughey (dilahirkeun tanggal 28 Désémber 2012),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2012/12/28/matthew-mcconaughey-welcomes-son-livingston/|title=Matthew and Camila McConaughey Welcome Son Livingston|website=People|accessdate=December 30, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810152550/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2012/12/28/matthew-mcconaughey-welcomes-son-livingston/ |date=August 10, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta putri Vida Alves McConaughey (dilahirkeun January 3, 2010).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20333981,00.html|title=Matthew McConaughey, Camila Alves Welcome daughter, Vida|website=People|accessdate=30 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027122009/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20333981,00.html |date=27 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey dimimitian dina ''ngan tetep livin'' yayasan, nu &quot;dedicated mun nulungan kids rumaja mingpin kahirupan aktip tur nyieun pilihan cageur jadi lalaki hébat sarta awéwé&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.matthewmcconaughey.com/|title=j.k. livin|publisher=Matthew McConaughey|accessdate=August 5, 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216230033/http://www.matthewmcconaughey.com/ |date=February 16, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  On Pébruari 25, 2016, McConaughey nampi pangajén Nurani Kreatif ti unite4: manusa karyana kalawan yayasan-Na.&lt;ref name=&quot;unite4humanity-variety-matthew-mcconaughey-morgan-freeman-olivia-wilde&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/scene/news/unite4humanity-variety-matthew-mcconaughey-morgan-freeman-olivia-wilde-1201715937/|title=Matthew McConaughey, Morgan Freeman, Others Honored at Variety's Unite4:Humanity Benefit|last=Saval|first=Malina|website=Variety|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety Media, LLC]]|accessdate=2016-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey rescued rupa pets terdampar sanggeus banjir tina New Orleans ti Hurricane Katrina .&lt;ref&gt;Toronto Fashion Monitor: [http://toronto.fashion-monitor.com/news.php/toronto_celebrities/2005091203Matthew_McConaughey &quot;Matthew McConaughey Saves the Pets.&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112010044/http://toronto.fashion-monitor.com/news.php/toronto_celebrities/2005091203Matthew_McConaughey|date=2005-11-12}}. Retrieved March 25, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

McConaughey geus ngajarkeun kelas di mater Alma-Na, UT-Austin, sidang mimiti nu éta ngeunaan syuting tina 2016 pilem ''Free Nagara Santang'' .&lt;ref name=&quot;ReturntoAlmaMater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/matthew-mcconaughey-to-teach-film-at-university-of-texas-w211852|title=Matthew McConaughey will return to his alma mater to teach behind the scenes course|last=French|first=Megan|website=[[Us Weekly]]|accessdate=1 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Keur sési kadua, anjeunna bakal tim kalawan ''The lapar Kaulinan'' diréktur Gary Ross sarta dosén universitas témbal Rice.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReturntoAlmaMater&quot; /&gt;  Kursus kuliah, bagian tina Moody College of Communications, bakal kabuka pikeun juniors sarta manula.  Aya henteu prerequisites atawa waragad nyandak kursus mingguan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReturntoAlmaMater&quot; /&gt;

McConaughey mangrupa lifelong Redskins kipas, sanggeus dimimitian handap tim kusabab Chris Hanburger sarta rojongan na tina India di Cowboy na Pilem Western India.  Anjeunna malah ngaklaim geus ngahadiran Redskin Game panungtungan di Stadion RFK na buruan hareup di Stadion Jack Kent Cooke sarta salah mimitina di diganti FedEx Lapang &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.redskins.com/video/q-a-with-redskins-fan-matthew-mcconaughey-15999615 https://www.redskins.com/video/qa-with-redskins-fan-matthew-mcconaughey-15999615]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmography jeung panghargaan ==

== rujukan ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1969]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Peserta WSSA]]</text>
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    <title>Zakir Naik</title>
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{{Kotak info Jalma|name=Zakir Naik&lt;br/&gt;{{Nastaliq|ذاکِر نائيک}}&lt;br/&gt;ज़किर नाइक|image=Dr Zakir Naik.jpg|image_size=200px|caption=Zakir Naik di [[Maladewa]] pada tahun 2010|birth_name=Zakir Abdul Karim Naik|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1965|10|18}}|birth_place={{negara|India}} [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]|other_names=|known_for=[[Dakwah]],&lt;br/&gt;Pendiri [[Peace TV]],&lt;br&gt;Pembicara umum Islam internasional|education=[[Ilmu Perbandingan Agama|Ilmu Perbandingan Agama (''Comparative Religion Studies'')]] dan Sarjana Kedokteran dan Bedah|occupation=Ketua Yayasan Penelitian Islam (''Islamic Research Foundation IRF''), [[Pembicara umum]], [[Da'i]]|boards=Yayasan Penelitian Islam (''Islamic Research Foundation'') IRF&lt;ref name=Irfunderscanner/&gt;,&lt;br&gt;Akademi Penelitian dan Pendidikan Islam (''Islamic Education and Research Academy'') ([[iERA]])&lt;ref name=Salafi&gt;{{cite web | url=http://dailycaller.com/2015/09/21/the-salafist-connections-to-the-whyislam-billboard-campaign/ | title=The Salafist Connections To The WhyIslam Billboard Campaign | publisher=[[The Daily Caller]] | date=21 September 2016 | accessdate=18 July 2016 | author=Sam Westrop, Charles Jacobs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Anti-semitic&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/10854579/Anti-Semitic-charity-under-investigation.html | title='Anti-Semitic' charity under investigation | publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date=24 May 2014 | accessdate=18 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;br&gt; [[Sekolah Islam Internasional]] (''Islamic International School''),&lt;br&gt; dan Persatuan Palang Merah Islam (''United Islamic Aid'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://archive.siasat.com/news/scholarships-muslim-students-united-islamic-aid-305037/ | title=Scholarships to Muslim students by United Islamic Aid | publisher=Siasat Daily | date=24 May 2014 | accessdate=1 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;|salary=|networth=|term=|religion=[[Islam]]|spouse=|parents=|relations=|signature=|website={{URL|http://www.irf.net/}} &lt;br /&gt; {{URL|http://www.peacetv.tv/}}|footnotes=|box_width=|children=[[Fariq Naik]], [[Rusyda Naik]]}}
'''Zakir Abdul Karim Naik''' ( Hindi     ; dilahirkeun         ) Dupi anu Dai , spiker publik , jeung spiker internasional Muslim tina [[India]] .  Anjeunna ogé panulis hal ngeunaan [[Islam]] sarta Élmu tina Angka Agama .  Ku profesi, anjeunna mangrupa dokter médis , éarned judul &quot;Bachelor of Medicine na Bedah&quot; ''(Sarjana Kedokteran jeung Bedah,'' MBBS) ti Maharashtra , tapi saprak taun 1991 anjeunna ngalaman jadi spiker Muslim jeung [[Ulama|sarjana]] aub dina propaganda Islam jeung agama komparatif.  Anjeunna nyatakeun yén Tujuan éta téh di antara hal séjén ngobrol ngeunaan Islam ka non-muslim na netelakeun sagala jinis misconceptions ngeunaan ageman Islam sorangan, utamana panyiri &quot;teroris&quot; jeung &quot;radicalism&quot;.  Anjeunna ogé spiker asup Islam salaku agama nu fits kanyataan yén ageman anu lumrah tur cocog jeung pangaweruh saintifik modérn sangkan bisa ngayakinkeun non-muslim ngeunaan ageman bebeneran.

Zakir Naik nyaéta pangadeg na présidén tina Panalungtikan Yayasan Islam (IRF) &lt;ref name=&quot;Mazumdar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10854375/site/newsweek/|title=Beaming In Salvation|last=Mazumdar|first=Sudip|website=[[Newsweek International]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118131623/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10854375/site/newsweek/ |date=2006-01-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; , hiji organisasi nirlaba husus dina pangajaran Islam nu islam jeung agama Angka ogé boga jaringan saluran TV jeung disiarkeun bébas TV Péace ti Sukabumi , [[India|Indonesia]] .

== Biografi ==
Zakir Naik lahir dina 18 Oktober 1965 di Mumbai (Bombai dina wayah éta), [[India]] jeung mangrupa turunan tina Konkani .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tungekar.com/zakirnaik.html|title=Zakir Naik|publisher=Tungekar.com|accessdate=2009-08-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103043656/http://www.tungekar.com/zakirnaik.html |date=2008-11-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna sakola di ''St. Sakola Luhur Peter urang'' ( ICSE ) di kota Mumbai.  Engké ngagabung jeung Kishinchand Chellaram College tur diajar kaséhatan di Topiwala Nasional Médis College tur Rumah Sakit Nair di Mumbai.  Anjeunna lajeng nampi na MBBS dirina di universitas Sukabumi .  Dina taun 1991, anjeunna dieureunkeun gawe salaku dokter médis sarta switch dina widang tina propaganda atawa tatapi [[Islam]] &lt;ref&gt;[http://drzakirnaik.com/Home/AboutMe/tabid/54/Default.aspx Biografi Dr. Zakir Naik ti DrZakirNaik.com (situs web anu dibentuk murid-Na)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019031917/http://www.drzakirnaik.com/Home/AboutMe/tabid/54/Default.aspx |date=2007-10-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naik cenah diideuan ku Ahmed Deedat &lt;ref name=&quot;ArabNews&quot;&gt;[http://arabnews.com/?page=9&amp;section=0&amp;article=84659&amp;d=8&amp;m=7&amp;y=2006 Nyebarkeun Pirman Allah Dupi Misi Na] - Arab News&lt;/ref&gt; nu geus aktif dina widang dakwah pikeun leuwih ti 40 taun.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2005-08/08/article03.shtml Muslim milu sedih Ahmed Deedat] , IslamOnline.net, August 8, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;  Numutkeun Naik, obyektif nyaéta &quot;konsentrasi dina pangajaran nonoman Muslim mimiti ragu ageman sorangan jeung ngarasa ageman maranéhanana geus kolot&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hansen&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay|url=https://archive.org/details/wagesofviolencen0000hans|last=Hansen|first=Thomas|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-691-08840-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/wagesofviolencen0000hans/page/177 177]}}
&lt;/ref&gt; sarta mangrupa tugas ti unggal Muslim mun dispel misconceptions ngeunaan islam ngalawan naon anjeunna ditanggap sakumaha bias anti Islam ku média Kulon sanggeus 11 Séptémber 2001 serangan ngalawan [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]] .&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1&amp;section=0&amp;article=71409&amp;d=9&amp;m=10&amp;y=2005&amp;pix=kingdom.jpg&amp;category=Kingdom Media ngadesek ka Bias counter Anti Muslim] - Arab News, Minggu 9 Oktober 2005&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna geus ngajar tur ditulis sababaraha buku asup Islam sarta ageman komparatif &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irf.net/irf/dtp/dawah_tech/t18/t18a/pg1.htm Sapuluh Patarosan ilahar ditanya ku Christian misionaris ngalawan Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204071508/http://www.irf.net/irf/dtp/dawah_tech/t18/t18a/pg1.htm |date=2009-02-04 }} ku Dr. Zakir Naik on IRF.net&lt;/ref&gt; ogé hal anu dimaksudkeun pikeun nyabut mamang ngeunaan Islam.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.peacetv.tv/faq.php FAQs asup Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211140438/http://peacetv.tv/faq.php |date=2010-02-11 }} ku Dr. Zakir Naik&lt;/ref&gt;  Sababaraha artikel nu ogé mindeng dimuat dina Majalah India sakumaha Sora Islam .&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.islamicvoice.com/march.99/zakir.htm#QUE Larangan Alkohol di Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530111635/http://www.islamicvoice.com/march.99/zakir.htm#QUE |date=2008-05-30 }} - Sora Islam&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://islamicvoice.com/august.99/zakir.htm#QUE Ieu Islam Sumebar ku Pedang?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530130819/http://www.islamicvoice.com/august.99/zakir.htm#QUE |date=2008-05-30 }} - ku Dr. Zakir Naik&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://islamicvoice.com/august.2004/zakir.htm#ark Dupi Ram Kresna Jeung nabi Of Allah?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630193506/http://www.islamicvoice.com/august.2004/zakir.htm#ark |date=2008-06-30 }} - Sora Islam&lt;/ref&gt;

Thomas Blom Hansen ,  [[Sosiologi|sosiolog]] anu nyepeng posisi akademik di universitas, geus ditulis yén Naik gaya perpetuate [[Qur'an|Alquran]] sarta [[hadis]] di sagala rupa basa, sarta iinditan ka nagara béda ngabahas Islam kalawan théologian nu, geus dijieun utamana well-dipikawanoh dina Muslim sarta non -Muslim.  Sanajan anjeunna biasana spéaks ka ratusan Hadirin, sarta sakapeung rébuan Hadirin, éta vidéotape sarta DVD ceramah anu disebarkeun luas.  kecap biasa anu kacatet dina basa Inggris, bisa disiarkeun dina sabtu minggu dina jaringan TV kabel dina Muslim Sukabumi,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hansen&quot;/&gt; sarta dina channel Péace TV , anu mana anjeunna ko-promotes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mazumdar&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=25960&amp;Itemid=146|title=Peace TV Reaching 50 Million Viewers – Dr. Zakir Naik|last=Syed Neaz Ahmad|website=[[Saudi Gazette]]|accessdate=2007-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Jejer anjeunna ngawangkong ngeunaan ngawengku: &quot;Islam Élmu Modern&quot;, &quot;Islam jeung Kristen&quot; jeung &quot;Islam Sekularisme&quot;, di antarana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hansen&quot; /&gt;

== Kuliah, Debat jeung Kontroversi ==
Naik geus ngayakeun loba debat jeung ceramah sapanjang dunya &lt;ref name=&quot;Irfunderscanner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/zakir-naiks-foundation-under-the-scanner/article8829130.ece|title=Zakir Naik's UK-registered Foundation under scanner|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|pages=Pandey, Devesh K.|accessdate=18 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; , anjeunna biasa ngayakeun  di Mumbai, India, sarta unggal taun saprak 2007 anjeunna mingpin Konférénsi Islam 10 poé di Somaiya Ground, Sion, Sukabumi kalayan sarjana sejenna, kaasup politikus [[Malaysia]] , Anwar Ibrahim dina 2008.&lt;ref&gt;Shahid Raza Burney (2007-12-31) [http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&amp;section=0&amp;article=105128 Katerangan Zakir Naik urang dina Muslim Yazid narik Anger Diantara] News Arab. Dicutat tanggal 2009-07-30.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 2004, Naik ngalongok [[Selandia Anyar]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tewahanui.info/pdfs/4/twn04pg04.pdf|title=Scholar clears the air about Islam ‘labels’|website=[[Te Waha Nui]]|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-05-20}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928035232/http://www.tewahanui.info/pdfs/4/twn04pg04.pdf |date=2007-09-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; lajeng ibukota Australia dina uleman ti éta Émbaran Islam and Services Network of Australasia .  Dina konférénsi anu di Melbourne , nurutkeun wartawan Sushi Das, &quot;Naik muji kakuatan moral jeung spiritual islam jeung agama sejen railed jeung Kulon sacara umum&quot;, nambahkeun yén kecap Naik urang &quot;wanti sumanget separateness sarta nguatkeun separation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sushi-das/between-two-worlds/2005/07/27/1122143904716.html|title=Between two worlds|website=[[The Age]]|accessdate=2007-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bulan 1 April [[2005]] , Naik kaasup dina perdebatan kalawan William Campbell, topik mangrupa Islam jeung Kristen dina konteks sains, di mana maranéhna ngobrol ngeunaan dugaan kasalahan ilmiah dina kitab suci.&lt;ref&gt;Khaled Ahmed (2006-01-08) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130203020302/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C01%5C08%5Cstory_8-1-2006_pg3_3 WORD kecap: William Campbell versus Zakir Naik] Daily Times. Dicutat tanggal 2009-07-30.&lt;/ref&gt;

Khushwant Singh, hiji wartawan India, ngomong yén kecap Naik urang &quot;kejem&quot; jeung &quot;aranjeunna arang asupkeun perdebatan kuliah tingkat sarjana, nu kontestan bersaing saling keur nangtukeun nilai pangalusna&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Tribune&quot;&gt;[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050305/saturday/above.htm kapercayaan Hiji lalaki urang téh shackle sejen urang] ku Khuswant Singh,&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindustan Times&quot;&gt;[http://www.hvk.org/articles/1107/18.html Kunaon Umat Islam lag balik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007203832/http://www.hvk.org/articles/1107/18.html |date=2009-10-07 }} ku Khuswant Singh,&lt;/ref&gt;

Analis pulitik Khaled Ahmed ngemutan yén Zakir Naik, nurutkeun ngaku kakuatan Islam ka aqidah agama sejen, lila-naon anjeunna nyaéta panggero ''Orientalism mundur.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_16-12-2003_pg3_4|title=Second opinion: Zakir Naik’s ‘reverse orientalism’  —Khaled Ahmed’s TV Review|website=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|archiveurl=https://archive.is/CFlU|archivedate=2012-07-23|accessdate=2007-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dina kuliah di Melbourne Universitas , Naik ngomong yén ngan Islam témbong awéwé hiji kasaruaan leres.&lt;ref name=&quot;women&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/08/29/1093717837783.html|title=Islam's gender debate at the fore|publisher=Theage.com.au|accessdate=2009-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anjeunna ditembongkeun pentingna panutup kepala mertimbangkeun yén &quot;hiji baju buka Barat&quot; sangkan awéwé leuwih gampang ngalaman pelecehan seksual.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/the-clash-of-ignorance/2005/08/06/1123125843879.html|title=The clash of ignorance|publisher=Theage.com.au|accessdate=2009-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

21 Januari 2006, Naik ngayakeun hiji dialog antaragama kalawan Sri Sri Ravi Shankar .  Acara ieu ngeunaan konsep Allah dina Islam jeung hindu, hasil ahir tina ieu nyadiakeun pamahaman antara dua agama utama India, tur tarik kaluar téh kamiripan antara Islam jeung Hindu, kayaning kumaha berhala dilarang.  Diayakeun di Bangalore , India jeung 50.000 urang thronged nu Istana grounds .&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thetruecall.com/home/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=167 dialog agama pikeun Pencerahan Spiritual] Dicutat tanggal 2009-07-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bulan Agustus 2006, kunjungan na konferensi Naik di Cardiff (Britania Raya) janten objek kontrovérsi lamun MP (anggota parlemen) Wales Daud Davies dipénta acara nyaéta dibolaykeun.  Anjeunna nyebut hiji &quot;penjual kebencian ', sarta ngomong pintonan na teu mantes menagkeun 'platform publik '; Muslim ti Cardiff, ngaropéa hak nyarita numpak di kota maranéhanana.  Saleem Kidwai, Sekjen Déwan Muslim Wales, teu satuju sareng Davies, nyatakeun yén &quot;jalma nu nyaho manéhna ''(Naik)'' weruh yén manéhna téh salah sahiji paling kontroversial kantos.  Anjeunna dikaitkeun kana kamiripan antara agama, tur kumaha urang kudu hirup rukun sareng maranéhna &quot;, sarta diondang Davies ngabahas satuluyna jeung naékna di baé dina konférénsi éta.  Konférénsi indit payun, sanggeus déwan Cardiff ngomong yén maranéhanana éta senang nalika anjeunna henteu nyarita ku pintonan extremist.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_method=full&amp;objectid=17572219&amp;siteid=50082-name_page.html Baris leuwih da'wah Islam] - WalesOnline.co.uk&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0200wales/tm_objectid=17598165%26method=full%26siteid=50082-name_page.html|title=Cleric's address hailed a success|last=Katie Bodinger|publisher=Icwales.icnetwork.co.uk|accessdate=2009-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanggeus ceramah ku Paus Benedict XVI dina bulan Séptember 2006, Naik nangtang perdebatan publik langsung ka anjeunna, tapi ditampik ku Paus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pak Tribune&quot;&gt;[http://www.islamicity.com/forum/printer_friendly_posts.asp?TID=7109 Dr Zakir Naik Ujang Paus Benedict XVI keur interfaith dialog muka] - IslamCity.com - 07 Oktober 2006 di 10:07 pm&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina bulan Nopémber 2007, konferensi IRF sarta pameran Islam Internasional 10 poé ''Konférénsi Damai'' Islam di Somaiya Ground di Sukabumi. Ceramah ngeunaan Islam diayakeun Naik ogé dua puluh sarjana Islam sejenna ti sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gazette&quot;&gt;[http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=200803311990&amp;archiveissuedate=31/03/2008 Kaadilan, karapihan sarta kahijian: The cornerstone islam] ku Syed Neaz Ahmad, [[Saudi Gazette|Saudi Warta]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Salila salah sahiji pidatona, Naik ngangsonan anger di antara anggota masarakat Si'ah di konférénsi éta nalika anjeunna disebutkeun kecap &quot;Radhiyallah taa'la anhu&quot; (nu hartina 'Dupi Gusti ngahampura manéhna') sanggeus nami Yazid I, sarta nyebutkeun yén perang Karbala saukur dumasar kana pulitik ,&lt;ref name=&quot;Times of India&quot;&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Row_over_Islamic_preachers_remarks_/articleshow/2653996.cms Row_over_Islamic_preachers_remarks] ku Mohammed Wajihuddin, [[Times of India]]&lt;/ref&gt;  Batur yakin comment hiji ngahaja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arab News&quot;&gt;[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&amp;section=0&amp;article=105128 Katerangan Zakir Naik urang on Yazid narik Anger antara muslim] ku Shahid Raza Burney, [[Arab News]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina terbitan 22 Pébruari 2009, di India Express dijieun daptar &quot;100 Jalma India nu pangkuatna 2009&quot; di antara nu samilyar urang India, Zakir Naik ieu rengking 82.  Dina daptar husus &quot;10 Guru Spiritual Terbaik India&quot;, Zakir Naik ieu rengking 3, sanggeus Baba Ramdev sarta Sri Sri Ravi Shankar , keur hiji-hijina Muslim dina daptar ieu.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tumbu éksternal ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/user/Drzakirchannel Channel resmi] dina [[Youtube|YouTube]] 
{{Umur hirup|1965||Naik, Zakir}}

[[Kategori:Cendekiawan Muslim]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Peserta WSSA]]</text>
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    <title>Sasak Akashi Kaikyō</title>
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|caption= Sasak Akashi Kaikyō ti luhur, Désémber 2005
|official_name=
|also_known_as= Sasak Mutiara&lt;ref name=&quot;roadtraffic-technology.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, Akashi Strait, Japan |url=http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/akashi-kaikyo-bridge-strait-japan/ |publisher=Road Traffic Technology |accessdate=23 Séptémber 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002160336/http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/akashi-kaikyo-bridge-strait-japan |date=2016-10-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|carries= Genep lajur ti [[Jalan Raya Kilat Kobe-Awaji-Naruto]] [[File:JP Expressway E28.svg|25px|link=|alt=E28]] jeung opat lajur darurat
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|locale= [[Pulo Awaji]] jeung [[Kobe]]&lt;ref name=structurae /&gt;
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|designer= [[Satoshi Kashima]]
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{{nihongo|'''Sasak Akashi Kaikyō'''|明石海峡大橋|Akashi Kaikyō Ōhashi}} nyaéta [[sasak gantung]] nu ngahubungkeun dayeuh [[Kobe]] di daratan Jepang, [[Honshu]], ka Iwaya di [[Pulo Awaji]]. Ieu sasak meuntasan [[Selat Akashi]] nu sibuk (''Akashi Kaikyō'' dina basa Jepang) nu jadi bagéan Jalan Bébas Hambatan Honshu–[[Shikoku]]. Ieu sasak réngsé diwangun dina taun 1998&lt;ref name=structurae /&gt; jeung jadi sasak gantung nu miboga [[Daptar bentang sasak gantung pangpanjangna|bentang tengah pangpanjangna]] di dunya,&lt;ref name=hsbe /&gt; nyaéta panjangna 1.991 méter. Ieu sasak mangrupa salah sahiji panghubung utama ti [[Proyék Sasak Honshū–Shikoku]], nu ngawangun tilu rute meuntasan [[Laut Padalaman Seto|Laut Padalaman]].

== Sajarah ==
Saacan Sasak Akashi Kaikyō diwangun, panumpang nu meuntas Selat Akashi di Jepang diangkut ku kapal féri. Ieu jalan cai téh baya ku sabab sering aya badai nu parah, jeung dina taun 1955 [[Bencana Shiun Maru|dua kapal féri tikelelep]] di ieu selat pas aya badai, nyababken 168 jelema tilar dunya. Kareuwasan jeung kaambekan masarakat saanggeus ieu bencana ngayakinkeun pamaréntah Jepang pikeun ngembangkeun rencana ngawangun sasak nu meuntasan ieu selat. Rencana mimitina nyaéta sasak gabungan ti jalan jeung jalur karéta, tapi pas pangwangunan ieu sasak dina April 1988, konstruksina kabates jadi jalan hungkul nu ngamuat genep lajur. Pangwangunan nu sabenerna teu dimimitian nepi ka Mei 1988 jeung ngalibatkeun leuwih ti 100 kontraktor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ieu sasak dibuka pikeun lalu lintas ping 5 April 1998 dina upacara paresmian ku [[Naruhito|Kaisar Naruhito]] jeung pamajikanna, [[Permaisuri Masako]], jeung Menteri Pangwangunan Tsutomu Kawara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Cooper|first=James D.|title=World's Longest Suspension Bridge Opens in Japan|url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98julaug/worlds.cfm|work=United States Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration|accessdate=14 Februari 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101152145/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98julaug/worlds.cfm |date=2012-01-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biaya ==
Biaya kasaluruhan pangwangunan ieu sasak nyaéta kira-kira [[Yén Jepang|¥]]500 miliar atawa AS$3,6 miliar (numutkeun ka nilai tuker taun 1998).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Biaya ieu diharepkeun kalunasan ku cara ngabebankeun tarif ka pangandara nu meuntasan sasak. Tarifna nyaéta 2.300 yén jeung ieu sasak sapoéna diliwatan ku kira-kira 23.000 mobil.&lt;ref name=&quot;roadtraffic-technology.com&quot;/&gt; 
{{Comparison_of_notable_bridges.svg|Note:=Sasak Storebælt di Denmark leungit ti pabandingan interaktif, tapi sasak éta téh mangrupa sasak nu bentang tengahna katilu pangpanjangna di dunya jeung pangpanjangna di Éropa (1,6 km).}}

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
&lt;ref name=structurae&gt;[http://structurae.net/structures/akashi-kaikyo-bridge Sasak Akashi Kaikyo] di ''[[Structurae]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=hsbe&gt;[http://www.jb-honshi.co.jp/english/technology/akashi.html Sasak Akashi-Kaikyo] – HSBE&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Tutumbu luar ==
{{Commons|Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge}}
* [http://structurae.net/structures/akashi-kaikyo-bridge Sasak Akashi Kaikyo] di [[Structurae]]

{{LongestBridge
| type = gantung
| start = 1998
| end = kiwari
| previous = Sasak Humber
| current = Sasak Akashi Kaikyō
| next = Teu aya
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akashi-Kaikyo, Sasak}}
[[Kategori:1998 di Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Sasak gantung di Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Sasak tol di Jepang]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael Jordan</title>
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      <text bytes="93136" sha1="c97n5t0bxhyvz9c5wa71tetry41m2tf" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox|child={{Yesno|{{{embed|no}}}}}|bodyclass=vcard|bodystyle=width:26em|titleclass=fn summary|title=Michael Jordan|image={{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|Michael Jordan in 2014.jpg}}}|size={{{image_size|{{{width|}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright=1|alt={{{alt|}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}}|caption={{{caption|Michael Jordan di taun 2014}}}
	
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=2 style=&quot;font-weight:{{{3|bold}}};text-align:center;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em;background-color:{{{color|red{{{2|}}}}}};&quot;&gt;

    &lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 4em&quot;&gt;{{{1|Personal Info}}}&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;|label2=Pakasaban|data2=Manten pamaén basket NBA, manten pamaén bésbol, béntang iklan, pangusaha, pamilik kleub Charlotte Hornetts|class2=role|label6=Weton|data6={{br separated entries|{{{birth_date|17 Pébruari 1963}}}|{{{birth_place|Kota New York, New York}}}}}|label8=Kabangsaan|data8=Amérika|label9=Jangkung|data9=1.98 m|label10=Beurat|data10=98 kg|label11=Bapa|data11=James R. Jordan SR.|label12=Ibu|data12=Deloris|label13=Dulur|data13=Larry Jordan, James R. Jordan JR., Deloris (lanceuk)&lt;br&gt;
Roslyn (adi)|label14=Geureuha|data14=Juanita Vanoy (1989-2006) &lt;br&gt;
Yvette Prieto (2013-Kiwari)|label15=Anak|data15=Jefrey, Marcus, Jasmin, Victoria jeung Ysabel
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=2 style=&quot;font-weight:{{{3|bold}}};text-align:center;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em;background-color:{{{color|red{{{2|}}}}}};&quot;&gt;

    &lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 4em&quot;&gt;{{{1|Info Karir}}}&lt;/div&gt;|label16=SLA|data16=Emsley A. Laney
(Wilmington, North Carolina)|label17=Kampus|data17=North Carolina|label18=Draft NBA|data18=1984; pilihan katilu; dipilih ku Chicago Bulls|label21=Karir Maén|data21=1984–1993, 1995–1998, 2001–2003|label23=Posisi|data23=''Shooting Guard''|label24=Nomer|data24=23, 45
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=2 style=&quot;font-weight:{{{3|bold}}};text-align:center;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em;background-color:{{{color|red{{{2|}}}}}};&quot;&gt;

    &lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 4em&quot;&gt;{{{1|Sajarah Karir}}}&lt;/div&gt;|label25=1988-1989|data25=[[Chicago Bulls]]
|label26=1994-1995 |data26=Birmingham Barons &amp; Scottsdale Scorpions (Liga Bésbol)
|label27=1995-1998 |data27=Chicago Bulls |label28=2000 |data28=Washington Wizards (ofisial)
|label29=2001-2003 |data29=Washington Wizards

&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=2 style=&quot;font-weight:{{{1|bold}}};text-align:center;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em;background-color:{{{color|red{{{2|}}}}}};&quot;&gt;

    &lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 4em&quot;&gt;{{{1|Préstasi}}}&lt;/div&gt;

|data30 = 
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:yellow;&quot;&gt;
* 6× Juara NBA (1991–1993, 1996–1998)
* 6× MPV Final NBA (1991–1993, 1996–1998)
* 5× NBA ''Most Valuable Player'' (1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998)
* 14× ''NBA All-Star'' (1985–1993, 1996–1998, 2002, 2003)
* 3× ''NBA All-Star'' Tanding MVP (1988, 1996, 1998)
* 10× Tim Kahiji Kabéh NBA (1987–1993, 1996–1998)
* Tim Kadua Kabéh NBA (1985)
* Pamaén Batahan NBA Taun Ieu (1988)
* 9× Tim Kahiji Kabéh Pamaén Batahan NBA (1988–1993, 1996–1998)
* ''Rookie'' Taun Ieu NBA (1985)
* Tim Kabéh ''Rookie'' NBA (1985)
* 10× juara nyitak angka NBA (1987–1993, 1996–1998)
* 3× juara ''steal'' NBA (1988, 1990, 1993)
* 2× juara pasanggiri Slam Dunk NBA (1987, 1988)
* No. 23 dipatrikeun ku Chicago Bulls
* No. 23 dipatrikeun ku Miami Heat
* 3× Atlét Taun Ieu AP (1991–1993)
* Olahragawan Taun Ieu ''Sports Illustrated'' (1991)
* Tim Sapanjang Mangsa Tepung Taun NBA ka-50
* juara NCAA (1982)
* pamaén kampus taun ieu konsénsus nasional (1984)
* 2× tim kahiji kabéh Amérika konsénsus (1983, 1984)
* Pamaén Taun Ieu ACC (1984)
* 2× tim kahiji Kabéh ACC (1983, 1984)
* ''Rookie'' Taun Ieu ACC (1982)
* No. 23 dipatrikeun ku Universitas Karolina Kalér
* 2× Atlét Lalaki Bal Baskét AS taun ieu (1983, 1984)
* Madali Kamerdékaan Présidén (2016)
* Madali Emas Bal Baskét Olimpiade Los Angeles (1984)
* Madali Emas Bal Baskét Olimpiade Barcelona (1992)
* Madali Emas Kajuaraan FIBA, Portland (1992)
* Madali Emas Bal Baskét ''Pan American Games'' Caracas (1983)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th colspan=2 style=&quot;font-weight:{{{3|bold}}};text-align:center;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em;background-color:{{{color|red{{{2|}}}}}};&quot;&gt;
    &lt;div style=&quot;margin:0 4em&quot;&gt;{{{1|Statistik}}}&lt;/div&gt;
|label32 = Poin
|data32 = 32.292 (30,1 ppm)

|label33 = ''Rebound''
|data33 = 6.672 (6,2 rpm)

|label34 = ''Assist''
|data34 = 5.633 (5.3 apm)

}}

'''Michael Jeffrey Jordan''' (weton 17 Pébruari 1963), kawentar ogé ku inisialna, '''MJ''',&lt;ref&gt;Rein, Kotler and Shields, k. 173.&lt;/ref&gt; manten pamaén baskét profésional Amérika sarta pamilik utama tim ''National Basketball Association'' ([[NBA]]) / Liga Basket Amérika, [[Charlotte Hornets]]. Manéhna maén di 15 musim NBA,  meunangkeun genep gelar juara bareng jeung [[Chicago Bulls]]. Manéhna téh minangka salah sahiji atlét dina générasina nu panglarisna di dunia marketing sarta dianggap geus jadi waditra dina ngapopulérkeun NBA ka sakuliah dunya dina mangsa 1980-an jeung 1990-an.

Jordan maén tilu musim pikeun palatih Déan Smith jeung North Carolina Tar Heels. Minangka jalma anyar, manéhna asup anggota tim kajuaraan nasional Tar Heel taun 1982. Jordan gabung jeung Bulls taun 1984 minangka pilihan pamaén katilu. Teu kungsi lila manéhna mucunghul jadi béntang liga sarta ngahibur pamiarsa ku kasuburanna nyitak sekor. Kamampuanna ngalayang, diebrehkeun ku pidangan ''slam dunks'' tina garis ngalung bébas dina pasanggiri ''Slam Dunk'', ngajadikeun manéhna meunang landian '''Air Jordan''' jeung '''His Airness'''. Manéhna gé meunangkeun réputasi minangka pamaén batahan pangpunjulna.&lt;ref name=&quot;defensive players&quot;&gt;Berkow, Ira. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEFDF143AF936A25755C0A967958260 &quot;Sports of The Times; Air Jordan And Just Plain Folks&quot;], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 15 Juni 1991. Diakses tanggal 11 Pébruari 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1991, manéhna meunangkeun juara NBA bareng jeung Bulls sarta parat nepi ka taun 1992 jeung 1993, ngajadikeun hiji &quot;''three-peat''&quot; (sebutan pikeun tilu kali juara noron). Najan teu gugur teu angin eureun ti NBA taun 1993, jeung biluk ka liga minor baseball, manéhna balik deui ka Bulls dina Bulan Maret 1995 sarta meunangkeun deui tilu kali juara di taun 1996, 1997 jeung 1998 sarta rékor 72 kali meunang dina musim 95-96. Jordan eureun deui taun 1999, tapi balik deui pikeun dua musim ti taun 2001 nepi ka 2003 minangka anggota [[Washington Wizards]].

Panghargaan jeung beubeunangan individual Jordan di antarana genep ''Most Valuable Player'' (MPV) Final NBA, sapuluh kali juara nyitak angka (duanana rékor sapanjang waktu), lima panghargaan MVP, 10 rancangan Tim Kahiji Kabéh-Béntang NBA, 9 pangajén pamaén batahan Tim-Kabéh, 14 kali pilihan NBA Kabéh Béntang, 3 kali panghargaan MPV Tandang Kabéh Béntang, tilu gelar ''steals''

(ngarebut bola) sarta panghargaan Pamaén Batahan NBA Taun Ieu 1988. Manéhna nyepeung rata-rata sekor pangluhurna dina musim régulér (30,12 poin per maén) ogé rata-rata sekor pangluhurna dina ''playoff'' (babak lanjutan) (33,45 poin per maén). Taun 1999, manéhna disebut minangka atlét Amérika Kalér panghadéna di abad 20 ku ESPN, sarta kadua sahandapeun [[Babe Ruth]] dina daptar ''Associated Press''. Jordan dua kali diasupkeun kana Dinding Panghargaan ''Naismith Memorial Basketball'', ku alatan karirna nu nyongcolang taun 2009 sarta taun 2010 minangka anggota tim bola baskét Olimpiade AS 1993 (&quot;tim impian&quot;). Manéhna asup kana Dinding Panghargaan FIBA taun 2015.

Jordan ogé kawentar ku iklan podukna. Manéhna jadi pangrojong kasuksésan sapatu Air Jordan [[Nike]] nu dikaluarkeun taun 84 sarta tetep populér nepi ka kiwari.&lt;ref name=&quot;remain popular&quot;&gt;Skidmore, Sarah. [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2004116738_airjordan10.html &quot;23 years later, Air Jordans maintain mystique&quot;], ''[[The Seattle Times]]'', 10 Janurari 2008. Diaksés tanggal 12 Pébruari 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1996 Jordan maén dina filem ''Space Jam'' salaku dirina sorangan. Taun 2006, manéhna milu miboga sarta jadi pupuhu operasional bola baskét Charlotte Bobcats (kiwari Hornets), tur tuluy meuli saham mayoritas taun 2010. Taun 2014, Jordan jadi pamaén jutawan munggaran dina sajarah NBA. Manéhna jadi urang Amérika-Afika pangbeungharna katilu, sahandapeun [[Robert F. Smith]] jeung [[Oprah Winfrey]].

== Wanci ngora ==
Jordan lahir di Kota New York, [[New York]], anak ti Deloris, karyawati bank, jeung James R. Jordan Sr., supervisor pakakas. Kulawargana pindah ka Wilmington, North Carolina wanci manéhna keur léléngkah halu kénéh.&lt;ref name=&quot;a toddler&quot;&gt;[http://www.23jordan.com/bio1.htm Michael Jordan biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402163706/http://23jordan.com/bio1.htm |date=2016-04-02 }}, 23jordan.com. Diaksés 23 Nopémber 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jordan téh budak kaopat tina lima sadulur. Manéhna boga dua lanceuk lalaki, Larry Jordan jeung James R. Jordan, Jr., hiji lanceuk awéwé, Deloris sarta hiji adi awéwé, Roslyn. James pangsiun taun 2006 minangka Sersan Mayor Komando Brigade Sinyal 35 [[:en:XVIII Airborne Corps|XVIII Airborne Corps]] Angkatan Bersenjata AS.&lt;ref&gt;Associated Press, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060529123711/http://www.charlotte.com/mld/observer/news/local/14588539.htm &quot;Michael Jordan's big brother ends Army career&quot;], charlotte.com, 16 Méi  2006. Diaksés 9 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karir SLA ==
[[Gambar:Michael Jordan - Laney High School 1980 - 02.jpg|ka|jmpl| Jordan slam dunk keur tim baskét SLA Laney, 1979-80]]
Jordan asup ka Sakola Lanjutan Atas Emsley A. Laney di Wilmington. Manéhna nyoba asup ka tim baskét sakola dina mangsa taun kadua sakolana. Tapi jangkung 5'11&quot; (1,8m) dianggap pendék kénéh pikeun maén dina tingkatan éta. Baturna mah nu jangkung, [[Harvest Leroy Smith]], kapilih minangka hiji-hijina budak kelas dua nu asup kana tim.&lt;ref name=&quot;halb&quot;&gt;Halberstam, pp. 20–21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;varsity&quot;&gt;Poppel, Seth. [http://www.newsweek.com/missing-cut-382954 &quot;Michael Jordan Didn't Make Varsity—At First&quot;], ''Newsweek'', 17 Oktober 2015. Diaksés 28 Juni, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kajurung ku hayang ngabuktikeun pangabisana, Jordan jadi béntang dina tim sakola yunior Laney, sarta ngabukukeun sababaraha kali poin 40.&lt;ref name=&quot;halb&quot;&gt;Halberstam, pp. 20–21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;varsity&quot;/&gt; Usum panas hareupna, manéhna tuwuh 4 inchi (10&amp;nbsp;cm) sarta keyeng latihan. Nalika kapilih kana tim sakola, Jordan nyitak poin rata-rata leuwih ti 25 poin per maén (ppm), dina sesa dua musim di sakolana.&lt;ref name=&quot;school&quot;&gt;[https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/j/jordami01/jordan-high-school-amateur-exhibition.html Michael Jordan – High School, Amateur, and Exhibition Stats], basketball-reference.com. Diakses tanggal 17/12/2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Salaku senior, manéhna kapilih maén dina ''McDonald's All-American Game'' taun 1981 sarta nyitak 30 poin.&lt;ref name=&quot;school2&quot;&gt;[https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/j/jordami01/jordan-high-school-amateur-exhibition.html Michael Jordan – High School, Amateur, and Exhibition Stats], basketball-reference.com. Diaksés 17 Désember 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jordan kajojo ku mangpirang-pirang program baskét kampus, kaasup Duke, North Carolina, South Carolina, Syracuse jeung Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;Halberstam, kk. 67–68.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1981, Jordan narima béasiswa ti Universitas Carolina Kalér di Chapel Hill, di mana manéhna nyokot widang géografi budaya.&lt;ref&gt;Halberstam, pp. 67–68.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karir kampus ==
[[Gambar:Michael Jordan UNC Jersey cropped.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Kaos nomer 23 Jordan di antara nu séjénna dina kaso-kaso Séntra Dean Smith]]
Minangka jalma anyar dina sistem oriéntasi tim palatih Déan Smith, manéhna kapilih jadi Pamaén Anyar Taun Ieu ''Atlantic Coast Conference'' (ACC) sanggeus nyieun rata-rata 13,4 ppm dina 53,4% témbakan (persentase gul lapangan).&lt;ref name=&quot;dbb&quot;/&gt; Salila tilu musim bareng jeung Tar Heels, manéhna nyieun rata-rata 17,7 ppm tina 54% témbakan, sarta katambah ku 5,0 ''rebound'' (meunang bola muntah) per maén (rpm).&lt;ref&gt;qtd. in Lazenby, Roland. &quot;Michaelangelo: Portrait of a Champion&quot;. ''Michael Jordan: The Ultimate Career Tribute''. Bannockburn, Illinois: H&amp;S Media, 1999. k. 128.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna kapilih sacara konsensus kana tim kahiji NCAA All-American, boh mangsa tingkat dua (1983) ogé mangsa yunior (1984). Sabada meunangkeun panghargaan Pamaén Taun Ieu ti Kampus Naismith jeung Wooden di taun 1984, Jordan ninggalkeun North Carolina sataun méméh lulus pikeun asup ka draft NBA 1984. Chicago Bulls milih Jordan minangka pilihan katilu saeunggeus [[Hakeem Olajuwon]] ([[Houston Rockets]]) jeung Sam Bowie (Portland Trail Blazers). Alesanna alatan harita tim nu dua keur merlukeun pamaén téngah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Trail Blazers don't regret bypassing Jordan|date=26 Nopémber 1984|first=David|last=DuPree|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|page=6C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Najan kitu manajer Trail Blazers Stu Inman nyangkal yén éta téh lain alatan masalah pamaén tengah, tapi lantaran Portland geus mibanda [[Clyde Drexler]], nu mangrupa ''guard'' nu sarua kamampuanna jeung Jordan. ESPN, nyabit-nyabit beban cidéra Bowie dina karir kampusna, nyebutkeun yén pilihan Blazers ka Bowie téh minangka pilihan draft panggoréng-goréngna dina sajarah olahraga profésional Amérika.&lt;ref&gt;Schoenfield, David. [http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=schoenfield/060427 The 100 worst draft picks ever], ESPN. Diaksés 20/10/2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan mulang deui ka North Carolina di taun 1986 pikeun méréskeun kuliahna.&lt;ref&gt;Morris, Mike. &quot;The Legend: A Highlight-Reel History of the NBA's Greatest Player&quot;. ''Michael Jordan: The Ultimate Career Tribute''. Bannockburn, Illinois: H&amp;S Media, 1999. k. 67.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna tuluy lulus taun éta kénéh dileler ku gelar ''Bachelor of Arts'' di widang géografi.&lt;ref&gt;Fogel, Anna. [https://nesn.com/2014/01/michael-jordans-college-transcript-reveals-he-took-beginning-tennis-majored-in-geography-now-up-for-auction/ &quot;Michael Jordan’s College Transcript Reveals He Took Beginning Tennis, Majored in Geography&quot;], New England Sports Network, 10 Januari 2014. Diaksés 27 Juli 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karir profésional ==

=== Taun-taun awal NBA (1984-1987) ===
Mangsa musim ''rookie''-na bareng jeung Bulls, Jordan nyitak rata-rata 28,2 ppm tina 51,5% témbakan,&lt;ref name=&quot;dbb2&quot;&gt;[http://www.databasebasketball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=JORDAMI01 Michael Jordan], databaseBasketball.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090222083636/http://www.databasebasketball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=JORDAMI01 Archived] tina nu asli tanggal 10 Januari 2009. Diaksés 9 Juli 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta ngarojong timna pikeun meunangkeun 35% tanding dina awal tilu musim babak ''playoff''. Teu kungsi lila manéhna jadi kameumeut bobotoh, malahan mah bobotoh musuhna ogé.&lt;ref&gt;Goldaper, Sam. [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/19/sports/jordan-dazzles-crowd-at-garden.html &quot;Jordan dazzles crowd at Garden&quot;], ''The New York Times'', 19/10/1984. Diaksés 7/03/2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Garden&quot;&gt;Johnson, Roy S. [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/09/sports/jordan-led-bulls-romp-before-19252.html &quot;Jordan-Led Bulls Romp Before 19,252&quot;], ''The New York Times'', 09/09/1984. Diaksés 07/11/2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Nopémber, Roy S. Johnson ti ''New York Times'' ngagambarkeun dirina minangka &quot;''rookie'' fenomenal ti Bulls&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldcat.org/title/driven-from-within/oclc/62079948 Driven From Within], WorldCat. Diaksés 3 Januari 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan gé dina bulan Désémber kapajang dina sampul majalah ''Sport Illustrated'' nu ''head line''-na &quot;Hiji Bintang geus Lahir&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jordan dazzles crowd at Garden&quot;&gt;Goldaper, Sam. [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/19/sports/jordan-dazzles-crowd-at-garden.html &quot;Jordan dazzles crowd at Garden&quot;], ''The New York Times'', 19/10/1984. Diaksés 07/03/2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jordan dazzles crowd at Garden&quot;/&gt; Bobotoh gé milih Jordan minangka ''starter All Star'' mangsa musim ''rookie'' manéhna.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot;&gt;[http://www.nba.com/history/players/jordan_bio.html Michael Jordan], National Basketball Association. Diaksés 15 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Kaluar kontrovérsi méméh tanding ''All-Star'' nalika para pamaén véteran - diluluguan ku [[Isiah Thomas]] - saririk kana perhatian ka Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt; Hal ieu ngakibatkeun Jordan teu dipiroséa. Nalika maén Jordan tara dibéréan bal.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt; Kajadian éta teu mangaruhan Jordan, sarta Jordan kapilih jadi ''Rookie'' Taun Ieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.combio2&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070109104338/http://www.nba.com/playerfile/michael_jordan/bio.html Michael Jordan bio], National Basketball Association. Diaksés 9 Mei  2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Bulls nganggeuskeun musim éta ku 38-44&lt;ref name=&quot;dbbulls&quot;&gt;[http://www.databasebasketball.com/teams/teampage.htm?tm=CHI&amp;lg=N Chicago Bulls (1966 –)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014212808/http://databasebasketball.com/teams/teampage.htm?tm=CHI&amp;lg=n |date=2007-10-14 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071014212808/http://databasebasketball.com/teams/teampage.htm?tm=CHI&amp;lg=n%7Cdate%3DOctober 14, 2007], databasebasketball.com. Diaksés 9 Juni 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta éléh opat kali ti ''Milwaukee Bucks'' dina opat tanding babak ''playoff''.&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.combio2&quot;/&gt;

Jordan teu kebat maén lila dina musim kadua alatan cidera dina tanding katilu taun éta, ngakibatkeun Jordan leungiteun 64 tanding.&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.combio2&quot;/&gt; Najan Jordan cidera, Bulls bisa lolos kénéh ka babak ''playoffs'' ku catetan 30-52, mangrupa posisi kalima pangbututna dina sajarah tim nu lolos ''playoffs''.&lt;ref name=&quot;dbbulls2&quot;&gt;[http://www.databasebasketball.com/teams/teampage.htm?tm=CHI&amp;lg=N Chicago Bulls (1966 –)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014212808/http://databasebasketball.com/teams/teampage.htm?tm=CHI&amp;lg=n |date=2007-10-14 }},  databasebasketball.com. Diaksés 9 Juni 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Worst Records of Playoff Teams&quot;, ''[[The Sporting News]]'' (April 28, 1986), p. 46.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan cageur pas dina waktuna pikeun ngiluan tanding pasca musim sarta bisa maén alus. Ngalawan [[Boston Celtics]] nu disebut-sebut minangka salah sahiji tim panghadéna dina sajarah NBA,&lt;ref name=&quot;topteams&quot;&gt;[http://www.nba.com/history/toptenteams_index.html Top 10 Teams in NBA History], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628190654/http://www.nba.com/history/toptenteams_index.html |date=2011-06-28 }}, National Basketball Association. Diaksés 2 Agustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan hasil nyitak 63 poin dina tandang kadua babak ''playoff''.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbadisguised&quot;&gt;[http://www.nba.com/history/jordan63_moments.html God Disguised as Michael Jordan], National Basketball Association. Diaksés 17 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan kitu Celtics meunang dina kasuluruhan tanding séjénna.&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.combio2&quot;/&gt;

Jordan geus bener-bener sabihara-bihari dina musim 1986-87&lt;ref&gt;Porter, p. 34.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta hasil nyitak sekor pangsubur-suburna dina sajarah NBA. Manéhna jadi hiji-hijina pamaén sajaba ti [[Wilt Chamberlain]] nu hasil nyitak 3.000 poin dina samusim, nyieun rata-rata liga pangluhurna 37,1 poin tina 48,2% témbakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;dbb3&quot;&gt;[http://www.databasebasketball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=JORDAMI01 Michael Jordan], databaseBasketball.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090222083636/http://www.databasebasketball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=JORDAMI01 Archived] from the original on 22 Pébruari 2009. Diaksés 9 Juli 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.basketball-reference.com/leaders/pts_season.html NBA &amp; ABA Single Season Leaders and Records for Points], basketball-reference.com. Diaksés 20 Juli 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan ogé nembongkeun kakuatan batahanna nalika manéhna jadi pamaén munggaran dina sajarah NBA nu ngabukukeun 200 ''steals'' jeung 100 ''block shot'' dina samusim&lt;ref name=&quot;WashingtonPost05-26-1988&quot;&gt;&quot;Jordan Adds Most Valuable Player Award to Honors&quot;, ''The Washington Post'' (May 26, 1988), p. D8.&lt;/ref&gt;. Najan Jordan sakitu onjoyna, [[Magic Johnson]] kapilih jadi ''Most Valuable Player'' (MPV). Bulls hasil 40 kali meunang,&lt;ref name=&quot;dbbulls2&quot;/&gt; sarta laju ka ''playoff'' pikeun tilu taun noron, tapi sakali deui disisihkeun ku Celtics.&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.combio2&quot;/&gt;

=== Hahalang Pistons (1987-1990) ===
[[Gambar:BudLightDaredevils and Michael Jordan.jpg|jmpl|Jordan (tengah) taun 1987]]
Jordan mingpin deui dina nyitak angka mangsa musim 1987-88, nyieun rata-rata 35,0 ppm tina 53,5% témbakan&lt;ref name=&quot;dbb&quot;/&gt; sarta meunang panghargaan MVP kali kahijina. ogé meunangkeun Pamaén Batahan Taun Ieu, ku rata-rata 1,6 blok jeung pangluhurna dina liga 3,6 ''steals'' per maén (spm).&lt;ref name=&quot;MJ&quot;&gt;[http://www.nba.com/history/players/jordan_stats.html Michael Jordan statistics], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212053614/http://www.nba.com/history/players/jordan_stats.html |date=2012-12-12 }}, National Basketball Association. Diaksés 2 Agustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Bulls nganggeuskeun babak panyisihan ku 50-32,&lt;ref name=&quot;dbbulls2&quot;/&gt; sarta tuluy lolos putaran kahiji ''playoff'' sanggeus ngéléhkeun [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] ku lima kali tanding.&lt;ref name=&quot;dbbulls2&quot;/&gt; Tapi Bulls tuluy éléh ku lima kali tanding ti tim nu leuwih pangalaman, [[Detroit Pistons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.combio&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20070109104338/http://www.nba.com/playerfile/michael_jordan/bio.html Michael Jordan bio, National Basketball Association. Diaksés 9 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; nu diluluguan ku Isiah Thomas jeung kumpulan pamaén fisik nu kawentar kusebutan &quot;''Bad Boys''&quot; (&quot;Barudak Baong&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Halberstam, p. 235.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mangsa musim 1988-89, Jordan mingpin deui sekor liga ku rata-rata 32,5 ppm tina 53,8% témbakan, katambah ku 8 rpm jeung 8 apm.&lt;ref name=&quot;dbb&quot;&gt;[http://www.databasebasketball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=JORDAMI01 Michael Jordan], databaseBasketball.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090222083636/http://www.databasebasketball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=JORDAMI01 Archived] tina nu orisinil tanggal 22/02/2019. Diaksés 9/07/2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Bulls nganggeuskeun ku catetan 47-35&lt;ref name=&quot;dbbulls2&quot;/&gt; sarta tuluy laju semet ka Final Wilayah Wétan ngéléhkeun Cavaliers jeung [[New York Knicks]]. Tapi sakali deui Piston ngéléhkeun Bulls, ayeuna mah dina genep kali tanding,&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.combio2&quot;/&gt; makémétodeu&quot;Aturan Jordan&quot; pikeun ngajaga Jordan, ku cara ngarempug dua atawa tilu tiap kali Jordan meunang bal.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot;/&gt;

Bulls ngawalan musim 1989-90 minangka tim nu keur nanjung. Dieusi ku grup inti angkatan Jordan jeung pamaén-pamaén ngora keur pangronjat saperti [[Scottie Pippen]] jeung [[Horace Grant]] sarta dilatih ku palatih anyar Phil Jackson. Jordan nyieun rata-rata 33,6 ppm tina 52,6%, 6,9 rpm jeung 6,3 apm,&lt;ref name=&quot;dbb&quot;/&gt; ngajurung Bulls kana catetan 55-27.&lt;ref name=&quot;dbbulls2&quot;/&gt; Sakali deui Bulls lolos ka Final Wilayah Wétan sanggeus ngéléhkeun Bucks jeung [[Philadelphia 76ers]]. Tapi, najan maksa musuhna maén 7 kali, Bulls éléh deui ku Pistons noron pikeun katlu kalina.&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.combio2&quot;/&gt;

=== Nilu kalian (''three peat'') munggaran (1991-1993) ===
Mangsa musim 1990-91, Jordan meunangkeun panghargaan MVP kadua kalina sanggeus nyitak rata-rata point 31,5 ppm, rebound 6,0 jeung assist 5,5 dina musim régulér.&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.combio2&quot;/&gt; Bulls nempatan posisi kahiji dina grupna pikeun kali kahijina dina 16 taun katukang. Ku mekarna Scottie Pippen nepi ka bisa asup ''All Star'', Bulls hasil ngaronjatkeun pamaénanna. Bulls ngéléhkeun New York Knicks jeung Philadelphia 76ers  dina babak playoff. Asup deui ka final wilayah Wétan di mana musuhna Detroit Piston geus ngadodoho. Ayeuna mah Bulls hasil ngéléhkeun Pistons ku sapu bersih 4 kali tanding.&lt;ref name=&quot;1990–91&quot;&gt;[http://www.databasebasketball.com/teams/teamscores.htm?tm=CHI&amp;yr=1990&amp;lg=n Chicago Bulls 1990–91 Game Log and Scores],  databasebasketball.com. Diaksés 9 Juni 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brown, Clifton. [https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/28/sports/basketball-bulls-brush-aside-pistons-for-eastern-title.html Basketball; Bulls Brush Aside Pistons for Eastern Title], ''The New York Times'', 28 Mei 1991. Diaksés 8 April 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bulls maju ka Final NBA pikeun kali kahijina dina sapanjang sajarahna, pikeun nyanghareupan Los Angeles Lakers, nu ngabogaan Magic Johnson jeung [[James Worthy]], dua lawan nu tanggoh. Bulls meunang opat kali ngalawan sakali éléh, sarta nyatetkeun 15-2 kali rékor ''playoff'' sajajalanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;1990–91&quot;/&gt; Dina pintonan finalna, Jordan ngahasilkeun rata-rata 31,2 poin, 11,4 ''assist'', 6,6 ''rebounds'', 2,8 ''steals'' jeung 1,4 blok. Jordan meunangkeun panghargaan MPV Final NBA nu kahijina.&lt;ref name=&quot;fnl2&quot;/&gt;

Jordan jeung Bulls nuluykeun dominasina dina musim 1991-92, ngahasilkeun rékor 67-15, ngaleuwihan préstasina di taun 1990-91.&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.combio2&quot;/&gt; Jordan meunangkeun panghargaan MVP pikeun kadua kalina ku rata-rata 30,1 poin, 6,4 ''rebound'' jeung 6,1 ''assist''.&lt;ref name=&quot;MJ&quot;/&gt; Sanggeus ngéléhkeun New York Knicks ku tujuh kali tanding dina puteran kadua playoff sarta ngéléhkeun Cleveland Cavaliers dina Final Wilayah ku genep tanding, Bulls panggih jeung Clyde Drexler saparakanca ti Porland Trail Blazers di Final. Bulls ngéléhkeun Portland ku genep kali tanding, sarta Jordan kapilih jadi MVP Final pikeun kadua kalina, ku rata-rata nilai 35,8 poin, 4,8 ''rebound'' jeung 6,5 ''assist''.&lt;ref name=&quot;fnl2&quot;/&gt;

Musim, 1992-93, najan boga hasil alus dina babak régulér (32.6 ppm, 6,7 rpm jeung 5,5 apm), sarta nempatan posisi kadua dina voting Pamaén Batahan Taun Ieu,&lt;ref name=&quot;MJ&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.basketball-reference.com/awards/awards_1993.html 1992–93 NBA Awards Voting], basketball-reference.com. Diaksés 1 Séptémber, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; jalan Jordan pikeun nilu kalian noron jadi MPV dieureunan ku sobatna, [[Charles Barkley]]. Ku kabeneran, Jordan jeung Bulls panggih jeung Barkley jeung [[Phoenix Suns]] dina Final NBA. Bulls meunang ti Phoenix ku genep kali tanding.&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.nba.com/history/finals/19921993.html Paxson's Trey Propels Bulls Into NBA History], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025183404/http://www.nba.com/history/finals/19921993.html |date=2012-10-25 }}, National Basketball Association. Diaksés 2 Agustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan ogé jadi pamaén munggaran nu hasil meunangkan MVP Final sacara noron 3 kali.&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.com&quot;/&gt; Ti harita mimiti kaciri tanda-tanda Jordan mimiti bosen ku kaselebritianna nu tohaga sarta hal-hal nu ngaganggu ka manéhna di luar baskét.&lt;ref&gt;McCallum, Jack. [https://www.si.com/vault/1993/10/18/129606/michael-jordan-the-desire-isnt-there &quot;'The Desire Isn't There'&quot;], ''Sports Illustrated'', October 18, 1993. Diaksés 5 Maret 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Reureuh kahiji jeung pancén dina Bésbol Liga Minor (1993-1994) ===
[[Gambar:Jordan Scorpions.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Jordan latihan bareng Scottsdale Scorpions di taun 1994]]
Tanggal 6 Oktober 1993, Jordan ngabéwarakeun reureuhna, ngakuna geus horéam maén. Kadieunakeun, Jordan ngaku yén maotna bapana tilu bulan katukang ogé jadi tinimbang kana putusanna.&lt;ref&gt;Berkow, Ira. [http://partners.nytimes.com/library/sports/basketball/041194bkn-jordan.html &quot;A Humbled Jordan Learns New Truths&quot;], ''The New York Times'', April 11, 1994. Diaksés 16 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Bapana jordan aya nu nelasan tanggal 23 Juli 1993, di aréa istirahat jalan tol di Lumberton, Karolina Kalér. ku dua rumaja, Daniel Green jeung Larry Martin Demery, nu ngabajo mobil rajaponina nu maké plat nomern &quot;UNC 0023&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, Andrew. [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-01-04/news/9601040169_1_daniel-andre-green-larry-martin-demery-defense-attorney-angus-thompson &quot;'I Believe We Killed Jordan's Dad'&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407092822/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-01-04/news/9601040169_1_daniel-andre-green-larry-martin-demery-defense-attorney-angus-thompson |date=2014-04-07 }}, 4 Januari 1996. Diaksés 14 Nopémber 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;charged&quot;&gt;Janofsky, Michael (August 16, 1993). [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/16/sports/two-men-are-charged-with-murder-of-jordan.html &quot;Two Men Are Charged With Murder Of Jordan&quot;], ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 9 Pébruari 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Warugana dipiceun di hiji ranca di Karolina Kalér jeung teu kapanggih-panggih semet ka tanggal 3 Agustus.&lt;ref name=&quot;charged&quot; /&gt; Panyerangna kapaluruh liwat panggilan telepon tina HP James Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;query.nytimes.com&quot;&gt;Mitchell, Alison. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7D8103CF931A1575BC0A965958260 The Nation; &quot;So Many Criminals Trip Themselves Up&quot;], ''The New York Times'', August 22, 1993. Diaksés 24 Maret 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Kadua nonoman éta dicerek, disidang sarta dihukum panjara saumur hirup. Jordan baheulana deukeut jeung bapana; wanci keur budak manéhna sok nurutan bapana nu sok ngelél bari tonggoy digawé. Jordan tuluy metakeun kalakuan éta téh minangka ciri dirina, dipintonkeun unggal-unggal manéhna ngajojo kana karanjang.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot;/&gt; Taun 1996, manéhna ngadegkeun Klub Putra &amp; Putri aréa Chicago sarta disérénkeun pikeun bapana.&lt;ref name=&quot;query.nytimes.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=August 14, 1995|title=Michael Jordan, family attend groundbreaking ceremony for James Jordan Center|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjgDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA51#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|journal=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|volume=88|issue=14|pages=51–53|doi=|issn=0021-5996|pmid=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina autobiografina taun 1988, ''For the Love of the Game'', Jordan nulis yén manéhna geus sasadiaan pikeun reureuh ti awal usum panas 1992 kénéh.&lt;ref&gt;Jordan, p. 100.&lt;/ref&gt; Pangumuman Jordan matak ngareuwaskeun dunia NBA sarta dicetak dina halaman hareup koran-koran di sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thomsen|first=Ian|last2=Rodgers|first2=Ted|date=October 18, 1993|title=Europe loses a role model; Even in countries where basketball is a minor pursuit, Jordan's profile looms large – includes related article on Jordan's stature in Japan|url=|journal=[[The Sporting News]]|volume=216|issue=16|page=35|doi=|issn=0038-805X|pmid=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jordan tuluy ngareuwaskeun deui dunya olahraga ku ngilu Bisbol Liga Minor asup ka Chicago White Sox dina tanggal 7 Pebruari 1994.&lt;ref&gt;''The Sporting News Official NBA Register 1994–95'', p. 334.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan nyatakeun putusanna téh pikeun ngundag cita-cita jenatna bapana nu sok nyawang budakna salaku pamaén Bisbol Liga Utama. White Sox téh tim anu dipiboga ogé ku pamilik Bulls, Jerry Reinsdorf nu ngaragangan nuluykeun kontrak baskét Jordan dina taun manéhna maén bisbol.

=== &quot;''I'm back''&quot;: Mulang ka NBA (1995) ===
Musim 1993-1994, tanpa Jordan Bulls ngahasilkeun catetan 55-27, sarta kasoran ti New York Knicks dina puteran kadua playoff. Taun 1994-1995 masih kénéh maké tim juara dua taun katukang. Tihothat di tengah musim pikeun mastikeun satempat di babak playoffs. Niléi Chicago harit 31-31 di panengah bulan Maret. Untungna téh tim meunang pitulung ku nalika Jordan mutuskeun pikeun balik deui ka Bulls.

Maret 1995, Jordan mutuskeun pikeun eureun tina bésbol alatan ayana mogok dina Liga Utama. Manéhna teu hayang disebut 'pamaén pangganti' (sesebutan pikeun atlét nu maén dina wanci mogok).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lazenby, pp. 511–512&quot;&gt;Lazenby, pp. 511–512.&lt;/ref&gt; Tanggal 18 Maret 1995, Jordan ngumumkeun yén manéhna balik deui ka NBA ngaliwatan dua kecap nu dipedalkeun ku pers: &quot;''I'm back''&quot; (&quot;Kuring mulang&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.combio2&quot;/&gt; Poé isukna Jordan tanding jeung Bulls ngalawan Indiana Pacers di Indianapolis sarta nyitak 19 poin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lazenby, pp. 511–512&quot;/&gt; Najan bisa maké kaos nomer 23, nu ongkoh geus dipatrikeun keur manéhna, Jordan malah maké nomer 45, nu dipaké ku manéhna wanci maén bésbol.&lt;ref name=&quot;returns&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=April 3, 1995|title=Michael Jordan returns to Bulls in overtime loss to Indiana Pacers – Chicago Bulls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajkDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA51|journal=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|volume=87|issue=21|pages=51–53|doi=|issn=0021-5996|pmid=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Najan geus teu maén di NBA salila sataun satengah, Jordan masih maén alus. Jordan nyieun témbakan kameunangan ngalawan Atlanta dina tandang kaopatna. Dina tanding satuluyna ngalawan Knicks di Madison Square Garden tanggal 28 Maret 1995, Jordan nyitak 55 poin. Katunjang ku mulangna Jordan, Bulls lolos ti ''playoffs'' ku 13-4 sarta laju ka Semifinal Wilayah Wétan ngalawan Orlando Magic.&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.combio2&quot;/&gt;

Méméh tanding, Jordan mutuskeun rék maké deui nomor 23. Bulls didenda alatan teu ngalaporkeun panggantian nomer ka NBA.&lt;ref name=&quot;No23&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/nba/post/_/id/2648/flashback-20-years-ago-today-anderson-forces-mj-back-to-no-23|title=Flashback: 20 years ago today, Anderson forces MJ back to No. 23|last1=Walks|first1=Matt|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=May 8, 2015|date=May 7, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan ogé meunang denda tambahan lantaran milih maké sapatu bodas nalika baturna kabéh maraké sapatu hideung.&lt;ref&gt;Heisler, Mark. [http://articles.latimes.com/1995-05-12/sports/sp-65390_1_nba-fined-michael-jordan &quot;NBA Fines Jordan for Shoes, Bulls for No. 23&quot;], ''Los Angeles Times'', May 12, 1995. Diaksés 22 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Orlando antukna meunang ku genep kali tanding.&lt;ref name=&quot;br&quot;&gt;[https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/j/jordami01.html Michael Jordan], basketball-reference.com. Diaksés 8 Pébruari 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jordan kajurung sumangetna ku kasoranna dina playoff sarta suhud latihan pikeun musim 1995-1996. Bulls dipikuat ku tambahan tukang nga-rebound, Dennis Rodman, sarta mampu ngadominasi liga, ngawalan musim anyar ku 41-3. Antukna Bulls nganggeuskeun naon anu tuluy disebut rekor musim réguler panghadéna dina sajarah NBA, 72-10; rekor ieu téh karak peupeus dina 2015-2016 ku Golden State Warriors. Jordan mingpin liga ku rata-rata 30,4 ppm sarta meunangkeun MVP pikeun musim régulér jeung Tanding All-Star.

Dina ''playoffs'', Bulls ngéléhkeun [[Miami Heat]] 3-0, New York Knicks 4-1 jeung Orlando Magic 4-0. Di final NBA, hasil ngéléhkeun [[Seattle Supersonics]] 4-2 pikeun jadi juara kaopat kalina. Jordan kapilih jadi MVP Final pikeun kaopat kalina ogé,&lt;ref name=&quot;fnl2&quot;&gt;[http://www.nba.com/history/finalsmvps.html Finals Most Valuable Player], National Basketball Association. Diaksés 6 Pébruari 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; ngaliwatan Magic Johnson nu geus meunang tilu kali. Manéhna ogé jadi pamaén kadua tina ngan dua-duana pamaén nu hasil nyapu bersih kabéh panghargaan MVP sakaligus, ''All-Star'', régulér jeung Final NBA. Pamaén nu tiheula hasil nyaéta Willis Reed dina musim 1969-1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;nba.combio2&quot;/&gt;

Dina musim 1996-97, Bulls ngamimitian ku 69-11, tapi gagal pikeun kadua kalina meunang noron 70 kali lantaran éléh dina sésa dua tanding pamungkas, jadina réngsé ku 69-13.&lt;ref name=&quot;1996–97&quot;&gt;[http://www.databasebasketball.com/teams/teamscores.htm?tm=CHI&amp;yr=1996&amp;lg=n Chicago Bulls 1996–97 Game Log and Scores], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125082249/http://www.databasebasketball.com/teams/teamscores.htm?tm=CHI&amp;yr=1996&amp;lg=n|date=16 Januari 25, 2016}} databasebasketball.com. Diaksés 9 Juni 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun ieu Jordan teu jadi MPV lantaran éléh ku Karl Malone. Bulls maju deui ka final nyanghareupan Malone jeung Utah Jazz. Bulls meunang ku genep kali tanding. Pikeun ka lima kalina tina lima kali minton di Final, Jordan meunangkeun MVP Final. Wanci Tanding Kabéh Béntang, Jordan nyétak ''triple double'' munggaran dina sajarah Tanding NBA Kabéh Béntang. Najan kitu manéhna teu hasil meunangkeun MPV-na.&lt;ref&gt;Belock, Joe (11 Pébruari 2015). [http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/basketball/counting-2015-nba-all-star-game-article-1.2068667 &quot;NBA All-Star Game's most memorable moments&quot;], ''New York Daily News''. Diaksés June 5, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Phil Jackson Lipofsky.JPG|kiri|jmpl| Jordan jeung palatih Phil Jackson, 1997]]
Bulls nutup musim 1997-1998 ku catetan 62-20.&lt;ref name=&quot;dbbulls2&quot;/&gt; Jordan mingpin liga ku 28,7 ppm, ngamankeun gelar MVP jeung tempat di Tim Kahiji kabéh NBA, Tim Batahan Kahiji jeung MPV Laga All-Star. Bulls hasil jadi juara Wilayah Timur noron pikeun katilu kalina ku ngéléhkeun Indiana Pacers ku 7 kali tanding. Sanggeus meunang, Bulls maju deui pikeun tanding ulang ngalawan Jazz di Final NBA.&lt;ref&gt;Lazenby, p. 596.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 14 Juni 1998, Bulls balik deui ka Delta Center pikeun tandang ka genep ngalawan Jazz sanggeus mingpin 3-2. Jordan maén dina tandang ieu dina hiji laga nu dianggap paling ngageterkeun jajantung dina sajarah Final NBA.&lt;ref name=&quot;clutch1998&quot;&gt;[http://www.nba.com/playoffs2004/greatest_finals_moments.html Greatest Finals Moments], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411073901/http://www.nba.com/playoffs2004/greatest_finals_moments.html |date=2013-04-11 }}, National Basketball Association. Diaksés 2 Agustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina tandang ieu, nalika waktu ngan nyésa 5,2 detik deui Jordan ngajadikeun Chicago mingpin 87-86 ku hiji luncatan témbakan kameunangan, minangka témbakan klimaks dina karirna di Bulls. Satuluyna, John Stockton gagal nyitak dina témbakan tilu poin. Jordan jeung Bulls meunangkeun gelar juara NBA nu kagenep kalina sarta ''three peat'' nu kadua. Sakali deui Jordan kapilih jadi MVP Final,&lt;ref name=&quot;fnl2&quot;/&gt; ku rata-rata sekor 33,5 ppm kaasup 45 poin penting dina laga kagenep final.&lt;ref&gt;Ryan, Jeff. [https://web.archive.org/web/20020523111455/http://www.sportingnews.com/archives/nbafinals/1998.html History of the NBA Finals: Chicago Bulls vs. Utah Jazz&amp;nbsp;– 1998], sportingnews.com. Diaksés 9 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Genep kali meunangkeun MVP Final mangrupa hiji rékor; Magic Johnson, [[Shaquille O'Neal]], [[LeBron James]] jeung [[Tim Duncan]] aya dina posisi kadua, masing-masing tilu kali.&lt;ref name=&quot;fnl2&quot;/&gt;

=== Reureuh kadua (1999-2001) ===
[[Gambar:Michael Jordan Achievements.jpg|jmpl|ornaménit Amérika Sarikat anu ngabéréndélkeum préstasi karir Jordan]]
Ku béakna kontrak Phil Jackson, pibakaleun pindahna Scottie Pippen sarta nyongcolangna Dennis Rodaman, katambah-tambah ku ayana mogok ti pemilik klub, Jordan dina tanggal 13 Januari 1999 reureuh tina baskét pikeun kadua kalina.&lt;ref&gt;Kruger, pp. 55–56, 59.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wise, Mike (16 Januari 19, 2002). [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/19/sports/pro-basketball-it-s-bitter-in-chicago-for-jordan.html &quot;Pro Basketball; It's Bitter In Chicago For Jordan&quot;], ''The New York Times''. Diaksés June 5, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wise, Mike (16 Januari 21, 1999). [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/21/sports/pro-basketball-the-business-of-basketball-now-begins-in-earnest.html &quot;Pro Basketball; The Business Of Basketball Now Begins In Earnest&quot;], ''The New York Times''. Diaksés June 5, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Tanggal 19 Januari 2000, Jordan balik deui ka NBA minangka pamilik sarta présidén operasional Washington Wizards.&lt;ref&gt;Sandomir, Richard. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04E4D9153DF933A15752C0A9669C8B63 Jordan Sheds Uniform for Suit as a Wizards Owner], ''The New York Times'', 20 Januari 2000. Diaksés 24 Maret 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan nyepeng hiji tanggung jawab nu kompréhénsif. Manéhna ngontrol sagala aspék ngeunaan operasional baskét Wizard, sarta boga kawenangan ahir dina urusan pribadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pollin&quot;&gt;[http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=1550445 Pollin's decision to cut ties leaves Jordan livid], ESPN, 9 Méi 2003. Diaksés December 23, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan ngaku dina bulan Januari 1999 yén manéha geus 99,9% yakin moal maén deui di NBA, dina usum panas 2001 Jordan ngébréhkeun kahayangna pikeun malikan deui,&lt;ref name=&quot;ha-nytimes&quot;&gt;Araton, Harvey. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05E5DD133DF931A35753C1A9679C8B63 &quot;Sports of The Times; Old Coach Rejoins Old Warrior&quot;], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 2 Oktober 2001. Diaksés 12 Pébruari 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jwhite-cbc&quot;&gt;White, Joseph. [http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2001/09/23/jordan010923.html &quot;Jordan comeback raises questions&quot;], [[CBC.ca|cbc.ca]], September 23, 2001. Diaksés 12 Pébruari 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; ayeuna mah jeung klub anyar. Kailhaman ku maén deuina Mario Lemieux di NHL dina usum tiis saméméhna.&lt;ref&gt;Associated Press. [http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=1258469&amp;type=news Jordan watched Lemieux's comeback very closely], ESPN, 2 Oktober 2001. Diaksés 7 Maret 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan nyéwa palatih Chicago Bulls baheula, Doug Collins, minangka palatih Washington pikeun musim hareupna. Hiji putusan nu dianggap ku sawatara jalma jadi alamat mulang deuina Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;ha-nytimes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jwhite-cbc&quot; /&gt;

=== Mulang ka Washington Wizards (2001-2003) ===
[[Gambar:MichaelJordanDepOfDefense.jpg|jmpl|Jordan salaku anggota Washington Wizards, 14 April 2003]]
Dina tanggal 25 Séptémber 2001, Jordan ngabéwarakeun mulang deuina ka NBA maén pikeun Washington Wizards, sarta ngébréhkeun kahayangna nyumbangkeun panghasilanna pikeun korban serangan 11 Séptémber. Dina musim 2001-2002 nu pinuh ku cidera, manéhna mingpin dina sekor tim (22,9 ppm), ''assists'' (5,2 apm) jeung ''steals'' (1,42 spm).&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot;/&gt; Najan kitu, soéh ''cartilage'' di tuur katuhuna ngeureunkeun pamaénan Jordan sanggeus ngan 60 kali maén.&lt;ref name=&quot;dbb&quot;/&gt;

Maen pikeun ka-14 kalina dina tanding Kabéh Bintang NBA di taun 2003, Jordan hasil ngunggulan [[Kareem Abdul Jabbar]] nu geus ti babaheula mingpin (najan tuluy peupeus deui ku [[Kobe Bryant]]).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nba.com/games/20120226/WSTEST/gameinfo.html?ls=iref:nbahpt1 Bryant, West hold on to win NBA All-Star game], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301060243/http://www.nba.com/games/20120226/WSTEST/gameinfo.html?ls=iref:nbahpt1|date=1 Maret 2012}}, National Basketball Association, 26 Pébruari 2012. Diaksés 2 Agustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina musim éta Jordan manjing umur 40 taun. Manéhna jadi pamaén umur 40 munggaran nu hasil ngahontal poin 43 dina hiji tanding NBA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jordan Pours in History-Making 43&quot;&gt;[http://www.nba.com/games/20030221/NJNWAS/recap.html Jordan Pours in History-Making 43], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119023329/http://www.nba.com/games/20030221/NJNWAS/recap.html|date=16 Januari 19, 2012}}, National Basketball Association, 21 Pébruari 2003. Diaksés 2 Agustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika wanci maénna nu heureut jeung Wizards, unggal Jordan maén kandang di MCI Center, tiketna béak-béak waé. Wizards ogé jadi tim kadua nu paling loba ditonton di NBA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jordan Pours in History-Making 43&quot;/&gt; Dina dua musim maén, Jordan gagal mawa Wizards lolos ka ''playoffs''. Jordan remen teu puas kana pamaénan babaturanna. Dina sababaraha kajadian, Jordan sacara kabuka ngritik batur maénna di média nyebutkeun yén maranéhna kurang fokus jeung kurang suhud, utamana pilihan kahiji dina draft NBA 2001, [[Kwame Brown]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rob&quot;&gt;Maaddi, Rob. [https://www.usatoday.com/sports/nba/jordan/2001-11-29-frustration.htm Collins feels Jordan's pain], [[Associated Press]], ''USA Today'', November 29, 2001. Diaksés 11 Maret 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chemistry&quot;&gt;Associated Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506074109/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/basketball/news/2003/04/12/jordan_follow_ap/ Bad chemistry left MJ unable to win in Washington], ''Sports Illustrated'', April 12, 2003. Diaksés 9 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku katohianna yén musim 2002-2003 bakal jadi panungtungan pikeun Jordan, panghormatan ti penonton disérénkeun ka manéhna salila liga NBA. Dina tanding pamungkasna di United Center di Chicago nu mangrupa kandang heubeulna, Jordan meunangkeun keprokan panghormatan salila 4 menit.&lt;ref&gt;Johnson, K. C. [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-01-25/sports/0301250189_1_chicago-stadium-ovation-johnny-red-kerr Lengthy ovation moves Jordan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204032702/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-01-25/sports/0301250189_1_chicago-stadium-ovation-johnny-red-kerr |date=2010-12-04 }}, ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', 16 Januari 25, 2003. Diaksés 7 Oktober 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Miami Héat mangsiunkeun nomer kaos 23 dina tanggal 11 April 2003, najan Jordan teu kungsi maén di tim éta.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20051126221405/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/basketball/news/2003/04/11/heat_jordan_ap/ Heat retires first number], ''Sports Illustrated'', April 11, 2003. Diaksés 9 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina laga Kabéh Bintang 2003 Jordan ditawaran tempat awal ku Tracy McGrady jeung [[Allen Iverson]],&lt;ref&gt;Associated Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030220041026/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/basketball/nba/2003/all_star/news/2003/02/08/jordan_decision_ap/?cnn=yes Thanks, but no thanks: Jordan not interested in ceremonial starting role], ''Sports Illustrated'', 8 Pébruari 2003. Diaksés 9 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; tapi ku Jordan ditolak. Pamustunganna, manéhna narima tempat [[Vince Carter]] nu nyérénkeun tempatna alatan desekan publik.&lt;ref&gt;Zeisberger, Mike. [http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Basketball/NBA/Toronto/2004/12/18/788808-sun.html Vince's wild ride]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, slam.canoe.ca, December 18, 2004. Diaksés April 18, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karir tim nasional ==
[[Gambar:Cazzaro Jordan.jpg|ka|jmpl| Jordan dina &quot;Tim Impian&quot; di 1992]]
Jordan maén dina tim nasional Amérika nu meunangkeun dua kali madali emas Olimpiade. Manéhna gé meunangkeun madali emas nalika jadi pamaén kampus kénéh dina Olimpiade Musim Panas 1984. Tim éta dilatih ku Bob Knight jeung mintonkeun pamaén modél Patrick Ewing, Sam Perkins, Chris Mullin, Steve Alford jeung Wayman Tisdale. Jordan mingpin sekor tim ku rata-rata 17,1 ppm dina salila turnamén.&lt;ref name=&quot;usbasket19842&quot;&gt;[https://www.usab.com/history/national-team-mens/games-of-the-xxiiird-olympiad-1984.aspx Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad&amp;nbsp;– 1984], USA Basketball, Inc. Diaksés 26 Maret 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina Olimpiade Musim Panas 1992, manéhna jadi anggota pasukan nu marakbak ku béntang, kaasup Magic Johnson jeung Larry Bird nu tuluy meunang landian &quot;Tim Impian&quot;. Jordan mangrupa hiji-hijina pamaén nu meunang tempat di awal maén dina dalapan kali tanding Olimpiade éta. Ngan Jordan, Ewing jeung Mullin wungkul pamaén baskét Amérika nu hasil meunang madali emas Olimpiade boh salaku pamaén amateur boh profésional.&lt;ref name=&quot;usbasket19842&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usbasket1992&quot;&gt;[https://www.usab.com/history/national-team-mens/games-of-the-xxvth-olympiad-1992.aspx Games of the XXVth Olympiad&amp;nbsp;– 1992] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429183112/http://www.usab.com/history/national-team-mens/games-of-the-xxvth-olympiad-1992.aspx |date=2015-04-29 }}, USA Basketball Inc. Diaksés 26 Maret 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pasca pangsiun ==
[[Gambar:MJ golf course.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Jordan di lapangan golep taun 2007]]
Sanggeus reureuh katilukalina, Jordan sabenerna geus rumasa yén manéhna moal mampu balik deui kana posisina di kantor minangka Direktur Operasi Bal Baskét Wizards.&lt;ref&gt;Wise, Mike. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9501E3DE133CF937A35756C0A9659C8B63 &quot;Pro Basketball; Jordan's Strained Ties to Wizards May Be Cut&quot;], ''The New York Times'', 4 Méi 2003. Diaksés 12 Pébruari 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Tanggal 7 Méi 2003, nu boga Wizards, Abe Pollin mecat Jordan. Jordan satuluyna nyatakeun yén manéhna ngarasa dikhianatan, mun apal rék dipecat mah manéhna moal balik deui ka Wizards.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB&quot;&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/19/60minutes/main955628_page3.shtml Michael Jordan Still Flying High], CBS News, August 20, 2006. Diaksés 15 Januari, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jordan tetep ngajaga kasibukan dina minggu-minggu satuluyana. Manéhna tetep jagjag, maén golep dina turnamén amal sélébriti sarta méakkeun waktuna bareng jeung kulawargana di Chicago. Manéhna ngapromosikeun kaos jeung klub tunggang motor mérek Jordan.&lt;ref&gt;Grass, Ray (June 22, 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20081222072433/http://deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C640188783%2C00.html &quot;Michael Jordan is now riding superbikes&quot;], ''Deseret News''. Diaksés 31 Agustus 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Ti saprak taun 2004, Jordan ngabogaan klub olahraga motor Michael Jordan, hiji tim balap jalanan sapédah motor tempat katutup profésional nu saingan jeung dua klub Suzuki dina kajuaraan ''Superbike premier'' dina apingan ''American Motorcyclist Association'' (AMA) semet ka tungtung musim 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[http://roadracingworld.com/news/article/?article=30197 Jordan Suzuki Previews The AMA Superbike Championship Finale At Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca], ''Roadracing World &amp; Motorcycle Technology'', September 11, 2007. Diaksés 26 Maret 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan jeung pamajikanna, Juanita nyumbangkeun AS$ 5 juta piken Sakola Luhur Hales Franciscan.&lt;ref&gt;Meyer, Gregory. [http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=19825 Jordans to pledge $5M to Hales Franciscan H.S.], chicagobusiness.com, 13 Maret 2006. Diaksés July 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Mérek Jordan ogé nyumbang pikeun Habitat Kamanusaan jeung pikeun hiji cabang Klub Budak Lalaki Awéwé cabang Louisiana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090104003143/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS16324%2B15-Feb-2008%2BBW20080215 Jordan Brand Donates $500,000 to Boys and Girls Club in Louisiana], [[Reuters]], 14 Pébruari 2008. Diaksés 9 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets ===
Tanggal 15 Juni 2006, Jordan meuli sajumlah leutik saham Charlotte Bobcats, jadi pamilik saham kadua panggedéna sanggeus nu bogana, Robert L. Johnson. Minangka bagéan tina pasini, Jordan nyepeung kawasa pinuh dina operasi bal baskét, ku gelar jabatan &quot;Anggota Pangaturan Operasi Bal Baskét&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nba.com/hornets/release_jordan_060615.html Michael Jordan to Become Part Owner of the Charlotte Bobcats], National Basketball Association, 15 Juni 2006. Diaksés 26 Maret 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Sapuluh taun samemehna, Jordan kungsi ngajukeun pikeun jadi pamilik sabagéan tim asli NBA Charlotte, Charlotte Hornets, tapi teu kajadian alatan pamilik klub, Géorge Shinn, nolak pikeun méré Jordan kawasa pinuh dina operasi bal baskét.&lt;ref&gt;Associated Press. [http://lubbockonline.com/stories/051099/pro_051099077.shtml Shinn says others interested in buying piece of Hornets], lubbockonline.com, 10 Méi 1999. Diaksés 16 Januari 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina Pébruari 2010 Jordan kabéjakeun ngundag kapamilikan pinuh Bobcats,&lt;ref&gt;Cox, Marty (16 Pébruari 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100220010148/http://www.nationalledger.com/artman/publish/article_272630437.shtml &quot;Michael Jordan &amp; Charlotte Bobcats&amp;nbsp;– NBA Legend Wants to Buy Team, Report&quot;], ''National Ledger''. Diaksés 31 Agustus 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; nu ganti ngaran jadi Hornets di taun 2014.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/10958580/charlotte-bobcats-officially-change-nickname-hornets Hornets all the buzz in Charlotte], ESPN, Associated Press, 20 Méi 2014. Diaksés 19 Pébruari 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Saingan Jordan nyaéta manten présidén Houston Rocket, Géorge Postolos. Tanggal 27 Pebruari, Bobcats ngumumkeun yén Johnson geus sapuk jeung Jordan katut grupna, MJ Basketball Holdings pikeun meuli tim, tinggal nunggu kasatujuan ti NBA.&lt;ref&gt;[[Associated Press]]. [http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=4951410 MJ to buy controlling stake in Bobcats], [[ESPN]], 27 Pébruari 2010. Diaksés 27 Pébruari 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Tanggal 17 Maret, Dewan Gupernur NBA ku suara buleud nyatujuan pameulian Jordan, ngajadikan manéhna pamaén kahiji nu jadi pamilik tim NBA. Hal éta ogé ngajadikeun manéhna hiji-hjina urang Afrika-Amérika nu mibanda kapamilikan mayoritas dina tim NBA.&lt;ref&gt;Associated Press. [http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=5003048 Jordan purchase of Bobcats approved], ESPN, 17 Maret 2010. Diaksés 17 Maret 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina musim 2011-2012 nu dipangkas kana 66 tanding alatan mogok massal, Bobcats ngahasilkeun catetan 7-59. Persentase kameunangan 10,6% minangka pangbututna dina sajarah NBA. &quot;Kuring teu pati sugema ku catetan hasil taun kamari. Bener-bener matak aral,&quot; ceuk Jordan satuluyna dina taun eta.

Wanci jeda NBA 2019, Jordan ngajual sabagéan leutik saham Hornets ka Gabe Plotkin jeung Daniel Sundheim; nyepeng kénéh mayoritas sahamna pikeun dirina sorangan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/charlotte-hornets/article232128902.html|title=Michael Jordan selling large chunk of Hornets; won’t give up majority control|last1=Bonnell|first1=Rick|website=charlotteobserver.com|publisher=The Charlotte Observer|accessdate=3 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Propil pamaén ==
[[Gambar:Jordan by Lipofsky 16577.jpg|jmpl|Jordan ''slam dunk'', 1987-88]]
Jordan téh hiji panjaga témbakan (''shooting guard)'' nu ogé mampu maén minangka panyerang leutik (''small forward'') sarta jadi panjaga poin.&lt;ref name=&quot;br&quot;/&gt; Jordan kawentar salila karirna minangka hiji pamidang panangtu nu kuat. Bareng jeung Bulls, manéhna jadi panangtu dina 25 kali tanding ku gul lapangan atawa alungan bébas dina sésa waktu 30 detik deui, kaasup dina dua tanding Final NBA jeung lima tanding ''playoff'' séjénna.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nba.com/jordan/game_winners.html Michael Jordan's Game-Winners: How Many Has Michael Made?], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712152426/http://www.nba.com/jordan/game_winners.html|date=July 12, 2014}}. National Basketball Association. Diaksés 2 Agustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Kakeyenganna kaébréhkeun dina mineungna paréa-réa omong&lt;ref&gt;DeCourcy, Mike. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080217041634/http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=110400 A suspension for talking trash? Mamma mia!], sportingnews.com, July 21, 2006. Diaksés 9 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta étika gawéna nu kasohor.&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, Phil. [http://www.nba.com/jordan/is_philonmj.html &quot;Michael and Me&quot;], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211230443/http://www.nba.com/jordan/is_philonmj.html|date=11 Pébruari 2007}}. ''Inside Stuff'', June/July 1998, available at nba.com. Diaksés July 27, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Pikeun ningkatkeun pertahananna, manéhna méakkeun waktu tambahan pikeun niténan filem musuh-musuhna. Dina panyerangan manéhna ngandelkeun kana insting jeung improvisasi dina waktu tanding.&lt;ref&gt;Condor, pp. xviii–xx.&lt;/ref&gt; Kacatet minangka pamaén nu tangoh, Jordan can kungsi leungiteun opat atawa leuwih laga nalika aktif dina samusim pinuh ti 1986 nepi ka 2001, kajaba waktu manéhna keur cidera tuur. Dina 15 musim, salapan di antarana Jordan maén pol 82 kali.&lt;ref name=&quot;br&quot; /&gt;

Jordan téh panyerang nu rancingeus. Manéhna mampu ngajojo sacara agrésif kana karanjang, ogé narik musuhna pikeun nyieun palanggaran samineng-minengna; 8.722 kali alungan bébasna minangka ka-11 pangluhurna dina sajarah NBA.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.basketball-reference.com/leaders/fta_career.html NBA &amp; ABA Career Leaders and Records for Free Throw Attempts], basketball-reference.com. Diaksés October 22, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Ku majuna karir, Jordan ogé ngembangkeun kamampuan pikeun ngaluncatan musuhna jeung nyitak angka ku cara khasna ''fadeaway jump shot'', ngagunakeun kamampuan ngalayangna pikeun ngagileuk tina usaha-usaha blok musuhna. Mungguhing Hubie Brown, ku gerakanna wungkul gé geus méh-méhan teu kabendung.&lt;ref&gt;[[Hubie Brown|Brown, Hubie]]. [http://www.nba.com/jordan/hubieonjordan.html Hubie Brown on Jordan], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411031316/http://www.nba.com/jordan/hubieonjordan.html|date=April 11, 2010}}, National Basketball Association. Diaksés 2 Agustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Najan dikritik ku média minangka pamaén hawek dina wanci awal karirna, rata-rata ''assist''-na nu 5,3 &lt;ref name=&quot;dbb3&quot;/&gt; nunjukkeun yén Jordan osok babagi ka baturna.

Taun 1988, Jordan dileler ku Panghargaan Pamaén Batahan Taun Ieu NBA sarta jadi hiji-hijina pamaén nu mampu meunangkeun boh Panghargaan Pamaén Batahan boh Panghargaan MPV dina karirna (satuluyna diimbangan ku Hakeem Olajuwon, [[David Robinson]] jeung Kevin Garnett; Olajuwon minangka pamaén séjénna sajaba ti Jordan nu mampu meunangkeun kadua panghargaan dina musim nu sarua).&lt;ref&gt;Ladewski, Paul. [http://www.nba.com/jordan/hoop_86-87.html What Does He Do for an Encore?], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411031437/http://www.nba.com/jordan/hoop_86-87.html|date=April 11, 2010}}, ''Hoop Magazine'', December 1987, available at nba.com. Diaksés 2 Agustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna gé jadi paringkat katilu dina total ngarebut bal ku 2.514 kali, sahandapeun John Stockton jeung Jason Kidd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.basketball-reference.com/leaders/stl_career.html Career Leaders for Steals], basketball-reference.com. Diaksés May 23, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Statistik karir NBA ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |'''Legend'''
|-
| JM
|Jumlah maén
| MA
|Maén ti awal
|MPM
|Minutes per maén
|-
|GL% 
|Perséntase  gul lapangan
|3P% 
|Perséntase  3poin
|TB% 
|Perséntase  témbakan bébas
|-
|RPM 
|''Rebounds'' per maén
|APM
|''Assists'' per maén
|SPM
|''Steals'' per maén
|-
|BPM 
|''Blocks'' per maén
|PPM 
|Poin per maén
|'''Kandel''' 
|Pangluhurna  dina karir
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|†
|Nandaan musim Jordan jadi juara NBA
|-
|*
|Mingpin liga
|-
|#
|Rekor NBA
|}

=== Musim régulér ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|'''Taun'''
|'''Téam'''
|'''JM'''
|'''MA'''
|'''MPM'''
|'''GL%'''
|'''3P%'''
|'''TB%'''
|'''RPM'''
|'''APM'''
|'''SPM'''
|'''BPM'''
|'''PPM'''
|-
|1984–85
|Chicago
|'''82'''
|'''82'''
|38,3
|0,515
|0,173
|0,845
|6,5
|5,9
|2,4
|,8
|28,2
|-
|1985–86
|Chicago
|18
|7
|25,1
|0,457
|0,167
|0,840
|3,6
|2,9
|2,1
|1,2
|22,7
|-
|1986–87
|Chicago
|'''82'''
|'''82'''
|40,0
|0,482
|0,182
|'''0,857'''
|5,2
|4,6
|2,9
|1,5
|'''37,1'''*
|-
|1987–88
|Chicago
|'''82'''
|'''82'''
|'''40,4'''*
|0,535
|0,132
|0,841
|5,5
|5,9
|'''3,2'''*
|'''1,6'''
|35,0*
|-
|1988–89
|Chicago
|81
|81
|40,2*
|0,538
|0,276
|0,850
|'''8,0'''
|'''8,0'''
|2,9
|,8
|32,5*
|-
|1989–90
|Chicago
|'''82'''
|'''82'''
|39,0
|0,526
|0,376
|0,848
|6,9
|6,3
|2,8*
|,7
|33,6*
|-
|1990–91†
|Chicago
|'''82'''
|'''82'''
|37,0
|'''0,539'''
|0,312
|0,851
|6,0
|5,5
|2,7
|1,0
|31,5*
|-
|1991–92†
|Chicago
|80
|80
|38.8
|0,519
|0,270
|0,832
|6,4
|6,1
|2,3
|0,9
|30.1*
|-
|1992–93†
|Chicago
|78
|78
|39.3
|0,495
|0,352
|0,837
|6,7
|5,5
|2,8*
|0,8
|32.6*
|-
|1994–95
|Chicago
|17
|17
|39.3
|0,411
|'''0,500'''
|0,801
|6,9
|5,3
|1,8
|0,8
|26.9
|-
|1995–96†
|Chicago
|'''82'''
|'''82'''
|37.7
|0,495
|0,427
|0,834
|6,6
|4,3
|2,2
|0,5
|30.4*
|-
|1996–97†
|Chicago
|'''82'''
|'''82'''
|37.9
|0,486
|0,374
|0,833
|5,9
|4,3
|1,7
|0,5
|29.6*
|-
|1997–98†
|Chicago
|'''82'''
|'''82'''
|38.8
|0,465
|0,238
|0,784
|5,8
|3,5
|1,7
|0,5
|28.7*
|-
|2001–02
|Washington
|60
|53
|34.9
|0,416
|0,189
|0,790
|5,7
|5,2
|1,4
|0,4
|22.9
|-
|2002–03
|Washington
|'''82'''
|67
|37.0
|0,445
|0,291
|0,821
|6,1
|3,8
|1,5
|0,5
|20.0
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Karir
|1,072
|1,039
|38,3
|0.497
|0,327
|0,835
|6,2
|5,3
|2,3
|0,8
|30,1#
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |All-Star
|13
|13
|29,4
|0.472
|0,273
|0,750
|4,7
|4,2
|2,8
|0,5
|20,2
|}

=== ''Playoffs'' ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|'''Taun'''
|'''Téam'''
|'''JM'''
|'''MA'''
|'''MPM'''
|'''GL%'''
|'''3P%'''
|'''TB%'''
|'''RPM'''
|'''APM'''
|'''SPM'''
|'''BPM'''
|'''PPM'''
|-
|1985
|Chicago
|4
|4
|42,8
|0,436
|0,125
|0,828
|5,8
|'''8,5'''
|'''2,8'''
|1,0
|29.3
|-
|1986
|Chicago
|3
|3
|'''45,0'''
|0,505
|'''1,000'''
|0,872
|6,3
|5,7
|2,3
|1,3
|'''43.7'''
|-
|1987
|Chicago
|3
|3
|42,7
|0,417
|0,400
|'''0,897'''
|7,0
|6,0
|2,0
|'''2,3'''
|35.7
|-
|1988
|Chicago
|10
|10
|42,7
|'''0,531'''
|0,333
|0,869
|7,1
|4,7
|2,4
|1,1
|36.3
|-
|1989
|Chicago
|17
|17
|42,2
|0,510
|0,286
|0,799
|7,0
|7,6
|2,5
|0,8
|34.8
|-
|1990
|Chicago
|16
|16
|42,1
|0,514
|0,320
|0,836
|7,2
|6,8
|'''2,8'''
|0,9
|36.7
|-
|1991†
|Chicago
|17
|17
|40,5
|0,524
|0,385
|0,845
|6,4
|8,4
|2,4
|1,4
|31.1
|-
|1992†
|Chicago
|'''22'''
|'''22'''
|41,8
|0,499
|0,386
|0,857
|6,2
|5,8
|2,0
|0,7
|34.5
|-
|1993†
|Chicago
|19
|19
|41,2
|0,475
|0,389
|0,805
|6,7
|6,0
|2,1
|0,9
|35.1
|-
|1995
|Chicago
|10
|10
|42,0
|0,484
|0,367
|0,810
|6,5
|4,5
|2,3
|1,4
|31.5
|-
|1996†
|Chicago
|18
|18
|40,7
|0,459
|0,403
|0,818
|4,9
|4,1
|1,8
|0,3
|30.7
|-
|1997†
|Chicago
|19
|19
|42,3
|0,456
|0,194
|0,831
|'''7,9'''
|4,8
|1,6
|0,9
|31.1
|-
|1998†
|Chicago
|21
|21
|41,5
|0,462
|0,302
|0,812
|5,1
|3,5
|1,5
|0,6
|32.4
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Karir
|179
|179
|41.8
|0,487
|0,332
|0,828
|6,4
|5,7
|2,1
|0,8
|33,4

&lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}

== Paninggalan ==
[[Gambar:Jordan Lipofsky.jpg|jmpl|Jordan di 1997]]
Bakat Jordan geus atra dina awal karir NBA-na: dina Bulan Nopémber manéhna disajajarkeun jeung [[Julius Erving]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gross&quot;&gt;Gross, Jane. [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/21/sports/jordan-makes-people-wonder-is-he-the-new-dr-j.html &quot;Jordan Makes People Wonder: Is He the New Dr. J?&quot;], ''The New York Times'', 21 Oktober 1984. Diaksés 7 Maret 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Larry Bird]] nyarita yén manéhna &quot;Can kungsi ningali sasaha waé nu siga manéhna&quot;, jeung Jordan téh minangka &quot;Hiji-hijina&quot;, sarta pamaén panghadéna nu pernah katempo ku dirina sajajar jeung Wayne Gretzky salaku atlét.&lt;ref name=&quot;verdi19850207&quot;&gt;Verdi, Bob. [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-02-07/sports/8501080020_1_bulls-larry-bird-orlando-woolridge &quot;Bird Is Sold On Jordan, NBA's Future&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809114751/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-02-07/sports/8501080020_1_bulls-larry-bird-orlando-woolridge |date=2018-08-09 }}, ''Chicago Tribune'', 7 Pébruari 1985. Diaksés June 5, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanggeus manéhna nyitak 63 poin ngalawan Boston Celtics dina tanggal 20 April 1986, Bird ngagambarkeun Jordan minangka &quot;Déwa nu nyamur jadi Michael Jordan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbadisguised&quot;/&gt;

Jordan mingpin rékor nyitak angka dina sapuluh musim NBA (rékor NBA) sarta nyaruaan Wilt Chamberalin dina rékor tujuh kali noron.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot;/&gt; Manéhna ogé kapilih salapan kali dina tim kahiji ''NBA All-Defensive'' (rékor NBA bareng jeung [[Gary Payton]], Kevin Garnett jeung Kobe Bryant). Jordan ogé nyekel rékor rata-rata nyitak angka dina musim régulér jeung ''playoff'' ku 30,1 jeung 33,4 poin per maén.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt; Poin total Jordan, 5.987 dina ''playoff'' mangrupa kadua pangluhurna dina sajarah NBA. Manéhna pangsiun ku 32.292 poin dina musim régulér nempatan posisi kalima dina salila NBA sahandapeun Karim Abdul Jabbar, Karl Malone, Kobe Bryant jeung LeBron James.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESPN&quot;&gt;[http://espn.go.com/nba/history/leaders NBA History – Points Leaders], ESPN. Diaksés April 16, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku meunangna MVP musim régulér lima kali (tempat kadua bareng jeung [[Bill Russel]] - ngan Kareem Abdul Jabbar wungkul nu kungsi meunang genep kali), genep MPV Final (rékor NBA) sarta tilu kali MPV tanding NBA Kabéh Béntang, Jordan jadi pamaén nu pangpinuhna ku gelar dina sajarah NBA.&lt;ref name=&quot;br&quot;/&gt; Jordan kaasup dina 50 pamaén panghébatna dina taun 1996. Manéhna ogé kaasup hiji tina tujuh pamaén nu kungsi meunangkeun kajuaraan NCAA, NBA jeung madali emas Olimpiade (kituna téh dua kali dina taun 1984 jeung 1992).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoops TC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thepostgame.com/blog/list/201207/basketball-triple-crown-ncaa-nba-championships-olympic-gold-medal|title=Basketball's Triple Crown|publisher=The Post Game.com|accessdate=July 19, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212194202/http://www.thepostgame.com/blog/list/201207/basketball-triple-crown-ncaa-nba-championships-olympic-gold-medal |date=February 12, 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan jeung Pippen minangka ngan dua-duana pamaén nu bisa meunangkeun genep Final NBA pikeun hiji tim. Dina pamilihan tanding Kabéh Bintang, Jordan pangremenna kapilih, sajumlah salapan kali, ngaleuwihan pamaén mana ogé.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nba.com/features/mp_ballot_050121.html Moving Pictures: All-Star Ballot winners], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430183404/http://www.nba.com/features/mp_ballot_050121.html|date=April 30, 2018}}, National Basketball Association, 16 Januari 21, 2005. Diaksés 2 Agustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Michael Jordan heula, karak urang-urang.&quot; - Magic Johnson

Réa pangwartaan nyebutkeun yén Jordan téh pamaén bola baskét panghadéna sapanjang waktu.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnnsi&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070104171507/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/basketball/nba/1999/jordan_retires/news/1999/01/13/jordan_greatest/ Michael Jordan: A tribute: Praise from his peers, NBA's 50 greatest sing MJ's praises], ''Sports Illustrated'', 1 Pébruari 1999. Diaksés 9 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 1999, hiji survéy jurnalis, atlét jeung nu séjénna ti ESPN nempatkeun Jordan minangka atlét Amérika Kalér panghadéna dina abad 20, saluhureun béntang-béntang saperti Babe Ruth jeung [[Muhammad Ali]].&lt;ref name=&quot;century&quot;&gt;[http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/athletes.html Top N. American athletes of the century], ESPN. Diaksés May 3, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan nempatan paringkat kadua dina daptar 20 atlét vérsi ''Associated Press'' dina Bulan Désémber 1999.&lt;ref&gt;[http://articles.latimes.com/1999/dec/12/sports/sp-43292 &quot;Ruth, Didrikson Named Top Athletes&quot;], ''Los Angeles Times'', 12 Désémber 1999. Diaksés 14 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Minangka tambahan, ''Associated Press'' milih Jordan minangka pamaén baskét abad 20. Jordan ogé rékor mucunghul dina kaper ''Sports Illustrated'' sajumlah 50 kali.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.si.com/nba/photos/2013/02/14/michael-jordan-si-covers Michael Jordan's 50 SI Covers], ''Sports Illustrated''. Diaksés 14 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina edisi Séptémber 1996 Sport, nu mangrupa edisi tepung taun ka-50, Jordan disebut minangka atlét panghadéna dina mangsa 50 taun katukang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sport&quot;&gt;&quot;Final Out: 1996&quot;, ''[[Sport (US magazine)|Sport]]'', volume 90, issue 7, July 1999, p. 96.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamampuan ngalayang Jordan, kaébréhkeun dina Kajuaraan Pasanggiri ''Slam Dunk'' dina taun 1987 jeung 1988, diaku ku réa jelema minangka ngabogaan pangaruh ka générasi pamaén ngora. Sawatara pamaén NBA - kaasup LeBron James jeung [[Dwyane Wade]] - geus ngaku yén Jordan téh panutan maranéhna nalika maranéhna tumuwuh déwasa. Komentator ngalandi sajumlah pamaén générasi lanjutan ku sebutan &quot;Tutuluyan Michael Jordan&quot; nalika arasup ka NBA, kaasup anu kasebut téh [[Penny Hardaway]], Grant Hill, Allen iverson, Bryant, James, Vince Carter jeung Dwyane Wade. Najan Jordan téh mangrupa pamaén nu masagi, gambaran &quot;Air Jordan&quot;-na sering dianggap sacara teu dihaja jadi marga lantaran ngorotanna kamampuan témbakan luncat, batahan jeung kamampuan dasar ti pamaén-pamaén ngora. Hiji fakta nu Jordan sorangan manghanyakalkeun.

Mangsa jaya-jayana, Jordan geus ningkatkeun status permaénan. Rating télévisi naék ngan wungkul mun manéhna maén.&lt;ref name=&quot;cash in&quot;&gt;Rovell, Darren. [http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=1254606&amp;type=story NBA could cash in if TV ratings soar with Jordan], ESPN, September 23, 2001. Diaksés March 10, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Popularitas NBA di AS ngorotan sanggeus gelar pamungkasna.&lt;ref name=&quot;cash in&quot; /&gt; Ti saprak 2015, rating Final teu kungsi nepi kana tingkat nalika manéhna meunangkeun gelar juara.&lt;ref&gt;Kent, Milton (June 17, 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2015/06/17/nba-finals-tv-ratings-finish-highest-since-michael-jordans-last-title/ &quot;NBA Finals TV ratings finish highest since Michael Jordan's last title&quot;], ''The Washington Post''. Diaksés July 17, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Michael Jordan and Barack Obama at the White House.jpg|ka|jmpl|Jordan narima Madali Kamerdékaan Présidénsial ti  Présidén  Barack Obama di Gedong Putih]]
Agustus 2009, Balé Kahormatan Bal Baskét ''Naismith Memorial'' di Springfield muka pajangan Michael Jordan nu eusina barang-barang ti mangsa manéhna karir di Kampus jeung di NBA, ogé wanci keur di Tim Impian 1992. Pajangan ogé mibanda sarung tangan bésbol pikeun nandakeun karir pondok Jordan di Liga Bésbol Minor.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hall opens a Jordan exhibit&quot;, ''The New York Times'' (August 3, 2009), p. D5.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2016 [[Barack Obama|Présidén Barack Obama]] ngajénan Jordan ku Madali Kamerdékaan Présidénsial.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freedom&quot;&gt;[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/11/16/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom &quot;President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122031847/https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/11/16/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom |date=2016-11-22 }}, ''whitehouse.gov''. [[The White House]]. November 16, 2016. Diaksés November 16, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kahirupan pribadi ==
Jordan kawin ka Juanita Vanoy dina Bulan Séptémber 1989, sarta ngabogaan dua budak lalaki, Jeffrey jeung Marcus jeung hiji budak awéwé, Jasmine. Jordan jeung Vanoy ngarajukeun cerai dina tanggal 4 Januari 2002, cenah geus teu alakur, tapi islah deui dina sawatara waktu. Tuluy ngarajukeun cerai deui jeung tuluy jadi dina tanggal 29 Désémber 2006, koméntarna yén putusan éta téh &quot;silih untungkeun jeung tingtrim&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Divorce&quot;&gt;Associated Press. [http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2714217 Jordan, wife end marriage 'mutually, amicably'], ESPN, December 30, 2006. Diaksés 15 Januari, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Kabéjakeun yén Juanita nampa $160 juta dolar gono gini, ngajadikeun hal éta minangka cerai sélébriti pangtohagana dina catetan publik mangsa harita.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/13/AR2007041301803.html Forbes: Jordan Divorce Most Costly Ever], ''The Washington Post'', April 14, 2007. Diaksés 1 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1991, Jordan meuli sawidang tanah di Highland Park, Illinois, pikeun ngawangun hiji gedong ukuran 5.200 m2 nu karak anggeus opat taun ti harita. Taun 2012 gedongna téh didaptarkeun kana daptar gedong nu rék dijual di Highland Park.&lt;ref name=&quot;mansion&quot;&gt;Rodkin, Dennis. &quot;[http://www.chicagomag.com/Radar/Deal-Estate/6 Pébruari-2012/Michael-Jordan-Lists-Highland-Park-Mansion-for-29-Million/ Michael Jordan Lists Highland Park Mansion for $29 Million]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot;, ''Chicago Magazine'', 29 Pébruari 2012. Diaksés May 16, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 21 Juli 2006, hakim Wilayah Cook, Illinois mutuskeun Jordan teu kudu mayar ka manten kabogohna Karla Knafel sajumlah $5 juta dina tuntutan klaim kontrak.&lt;ref name=&quot;KaK2&quot;&gt;Associated Press. [https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/jordan/2003-06-12-jordan-knafel_x.htm &quot;Judge says Jordan not obligated to pay ex-lover&quot;], ''USA Today'', June 12, 2003. Diaksés 16 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan disebut-sebut geus mayar $250.000,- ka Knafel pikeun ngajaga rusiah hubungan maranéhna.&lt;ref name=&quot;ap2&quot;&gt;Associated Press. [http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2526780 &quot;Judge: Alleged deal between Jordan, ex-lover invalid&quot;], ESPN, 22 Juli 2006. Diaksés 3 Maret 2011,&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday1&quot;&gt;[https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2002-11-25-oped-wickham_x.htm Jordan's former girlfriend shouldn't get another cent], ''USA Today'', November 25, 2002. Diaksés 12 Pébruari 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Knafel ngaku yén Jordan ngajanjikeun $5 juta pikeun tetep répéh sarta satuju teu ngajukeun hak pangakuan bapa sanggeus Knafel sadar yén manéhna keur kakandungan di taun 1991. Tés DNA ngabuktikeun yén Jordan lain bapa ti budak éta.&lt;ref name=&quot;KaK2&quot;/&gt;

Jordan ngalamar kabogoh heubeulna (nu lianna), saurang modél Kuba-Amérika, Ybette Prieto dina Natal 2011.&lt;ref&gt;Troop, Caleb. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130721032828/http://www.wcnc.com/sports/Report-Michael-Jordan-is-engaged-136377268.html Bobcats owner Michael Jordan is engaged]&quot;, WCNC-TV, 29 Desember 2011. Diaksés 14 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Maranéhna jatuk rami dina tanggal 27 April 2013 di Garéja Episcopal Bathesda Sisi Laut.&lt;ref&gt;Garcia, Jennifer. &quot;[http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20695242,00.html Michael Jordan Marries Model Yvette Prieto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821073134/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20695242,00.html |date=2015-08-21 }}&quot;, ''People'', April 27, 2013. Diaksés April 27, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Tanggal 11 Pebruari. Yvette ngalahirkeun dua budak sakembaran dingaranan Victoria jeung Ysabel.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/michael-jordan-yvette-prieto-welcome-twin-girls/ Michael Jordan, Yvette Prieto welcome twin girls], CBS News, 12 Pébruari 2014. Diaksés 20 Pébruari 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan jadi aki dina taun 2019 nalika budak awéwéna, Jasmin, ngalahirkeun. Minantuna nyaéta manten pamaén Indiana Pacer, Rakeem Christmas.&lt;ref&gt;Herbert, Geoff. [https://www.syracuse.com/sports/2019/05/rakeem-christmas-welcomes-baby-making-michael-jordan-a-grandfather.html Rakeem Christmas welcomes baby, making Michael Jordan a grandfather], syracuse.com, May 18, 2019. Diaksés 20 Méi 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Figur média jeung kapentingan bisnis ==

=== Iklan ===
[[Gambar:Flickr - The U.S. Army - www.Army.mil (273).jpg|jmpl|Michael Jordan di 2008]]
Jordan mangrupa figur olahraga nu paling payu dina sajarah. Manéhna jadi juru wicara utama pikeun mérek-mérek saperti [[Nike]], [[Coca Cola]], [[Chevrolet]], [[Gatorade]], McDonald's, Ball Park Franks, Rayovac, Whéaties, Hanes jeung MCI.&lt;ref name=&quot;rov3&quot;&gt;Rovell, Darren. [http://espn.go.com/sportsbusiness/s/2003/0216/1509936.html &quot;Jordan's 10 greatest commercials ever&quot;], ESPN, 6 Pébruari 17, 2003. Diaksés 16 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan ngabogaan hubungan nu panjang jeung Gatorade, minton dina leuwih ti 20 iklan ti saprak taun 1991, kaasup iklan &quot;''Be Like Mike''&quot; nu dinyanyikeun ku barudak, miharep hayang siga Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;rov3&quot;/&gt;

Nike ngajieun hiji sapatu khusus pikeun manéhna, disebut ''Air Jordan'' dina taun 1984.&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, Phil. [http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/chicagoinc/ct-air-jordan-ban-chicago-inc-spt-0831-20160831-story.html 'Banned' Air Jordans have slightly different history than Nike's narrative], ''Chicago Tribune'', 31 Agustus 2016. Diaksés September 7, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Salah sahiji iklan komérsil Jordan nu populér pikeun éta sapatu ngalibatkeun Spike Lee ti Mars Blackmon. Dina iklan éta Lee néangan sumber kakuatan Jordan sarta yakin yén éta téh &quot;pasti gara-gara sapatuna&quot;. Antukna Jordan diréka ku Nike jadi hiji divisi nu nyorangan ku ngaran &quot;Mérek Jordan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;rov3&quot;/&gt;

Jordan ogé ngilu aub dina karakter kartun [[Looney Tunes]]. Hiji iklan Nike nu disiarkeun dina ''Super Bowl XXVI'' taun 1992 mintonkeun Jordan jeung [[Bugs Bunny]] maén baskét.&lt;ref&gt;Horovitz, Bruce. [http://articles.latimes.com/1992-01-28/business/fi-1078_1_animated-bugs-bunny 'Hare Jordan' May Give Animation Ads a Lift], ''Los Angeles Times'', 28 Januari, 1992. Diaksés December 18, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Iklan Super Bowl éta ngailhaman filem ''Space Jam'' nu dibentangan ku Jordan jeung Bugs dina hiji dongeng fiksi nu dijieun nalika reureuh kahiji tina baskét.&lt;ref name=&quot;Porter&quot;&gt;Porter, p. 96.&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan ogé minton dina vidio musik [[Michael Jackson]], &quot;''Jam''&quot; (1992).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/michael-jacksons-20-greatest-videos-the-stories-behind-the-vision-20140624/20-jam-1992-0541468 &quot;&quot;Jam&quot; (1992) – Michael Jackson's 20 Greatest Videos: The Stories Behind the Vision&quot;], ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. Diaksés April 21, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Panghasilan taunan Jordan tina iklan dikira-kira nepi kana 40 juta dolar.&lt;ref name=&quot;ausport&quot;&gt;Redenbach, Andrew. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090220170255/http://fulltext.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/1999/cjsm/v3n1/redenbach31.htm A Multiple Product Endorser can be a Credible Source], ''Cyber-Journal of Sport Marketing''. Diaksés 15 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Katambah mun Jordan maén, tikét patandingan béak-béak waé boh kandang boh tandang.&lt;ref&gt;Rovell, Darren. [http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=1538744&amp;type=story &quot;Cashing in on the ultimate cash cow&quot;], ESPN, April 15, 2003. Diaksés 16 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Hal ieu ngaalatankeun Jordan nyepeng rékor dina hal gajih pamaén ku néken kontrak taunan nu hargana leuwih ti $30 juta / taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=15 Séptémber 1997|title=Michael Jordan signs deal with Bulls worth more than $30 million|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3z8DAAAAMBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|journal=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|volume=82|issue=17|page=51|doi=|issn=0021-5996|pmid=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lolobana, transaksi iklan Jordan, kaasup jeung Nike, diatur ku agénna, David Falk.&lt;ref name=&quot;executiveofyear&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Powell|first=Shaun|date=March 29, 1999|title=Executive privilege|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_sporting-news_1999-03-29_223_13/page/10|journal=[[The Sporting News]]|volume=223|issue=13|page=10|doi=|issn=0038-805X|pmid=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jordan ngagambarkeun Falk minangka &quot;panghadé-hadéna dina widangna&quot; jeung &quot;manéhna wijaksana dina marketing tur hadé. Manéhna nu ngabogaan konsép Air Jordan.&quot;

=== Lalampahan bisnis ===
Bulan Juni 2010, Jordan asup kana 20 sélébriti pangkawasana di dunia ku majalah ''Forbes'' ku alatan panghasilan $55 juta antara Juni 2009 jeung Juni 2010. Numutkeun artikel Forbes, mérek Jordan ngahasilkeun $1 juta pangjualan pikeun Nike.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/53/celeb-100-10_Michael-Jordan_UGGU.html &quot;#20 Michael Jordan&quot;]. ''Forbes'', 2010. Diaksés September 8, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Juni 2014, Jordan kasebutkeun jadi pamaén NBA munggaran nu jadi miliarder, sanggeus manéhna nambahan sahamna di Charlotte Hornets tina 80% kana 89,5%.&lt;ref&gt;Davis, Adam (June 20, 2014). [http://www.foxbusiness.com/industries/2014/06/20/michael-jordan-becomes-first-billionaire-nba-player/ Michael Jordan Becomes First Billionaire NBA Player], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627054721/http://www.foxbusiness.com/industries/2014/06/20/michael-jordan-becomes-first-billionaire-nba-player/|date=June 27, 2014}} Fox Business Network. Diaksés 11 Maret 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 20  Januari 2015, Jordan diajén ku Jurnal Charlotte Business minangka Jalma Bisnis Taun Ieu taun 2014.&lt;ref&gt;Spanberg, Eric (20 Januari 2015). [http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2015/01/20/michael-jordan-in-tears-as-he-accepts-business.html &quot;Michael Jordan in tears as he accepts Business Person of the Year honors&quot;], ''Charlotte Business Journal''. Diaksés 16 Januari 21. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2017, manéhna jadi pamilik bagéan ti Miami Marlins ti Bisbol Liga Utama.&lt;ref&gt;Jackson, Barry (August 11, 2017). [http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/mlb/miami-marlins/article166767852.html &quot;Loria agrees to sell Miami Marlins to Sherman and Jeter, source says&quot;], ''Miami Herald''. Diaksés 3 Oktober 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Forbes ngitung Jordan minangka atlét nu panghasilanna pangluhurna dina taun 2017.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nba.com/article/2017/12/15/michael-jordan-named-worlds-highest-paid-athlete-all-time-forbes-magazine/ Michael Jordan named world's highest-paid athlete ever], National Basketball Association, December 15, 2017. Diaksés 29 Desember 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Panghasilan Jordan tina mérek Jordan jeung Iklan dikira-kira nepi ka $110 juta, panggedéna dibanding pangsiunan atlét mana oge.&lt;ref&gt;Neuharth-Keusch, AJ (March 31, 2016). [https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2016/03/30/michael-jordan-shaquille-oneal-junior-bridgeman-magic-johnson-forbes-list/82441108/ Michael Jordan tops Forbes' list of highest-paid retired athletes], ''USA Today''. Diaksés 29 Desember 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2019 Jordan kajojo salaku urang Afrika-Amérika katilu pangbengharna, sarua jeung taun 2018, sahandapeun Robert F. Smith jeung Oprah Winfrey.&lt;ref&gt;Jacobs, Harrison (20 Pébruari 2018). [http://www.businessinsider.com/worlds-richest-black-billionaires-forbes-list-2018-2 Meet the world's richest black billionaires of 2018]. Business Insider. Diaksés 16 Juni 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jordan ogé rererongan ngabogaan grup otomotif nu maké ngaran manéhna. Pausahaanna boga pakuat pakati jeung Nissan dina taun 1990&lt;ref&gt;Mullaney, Timothy J. (December 13, 1995). [http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1995-12-13/business/1995347010_1_glen-burnie-dealership-nissan-of-glen &quot;Jordan, partners hope car dealership scores big: Hoops star owns Glen Burnie outlet&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141319/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1995-12-13/business/1995347010_1_glen-burnie-dealership-nissan-of-glen |date=2018-06-12 }}. ''The Baltimore Sun''. Diaksés June 10, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta jeung Lincoln Mercury ti taun 1995 nepi ka tutupna Juni 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;dealership&quot;&gt;Burkitt, Janet (27 Pébruari 1997). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/02/27/michael-jordan-teams-with-car-dealership/b6c2d1a7-f694-44bd-a4c8-23686276e1d9/ &quot;Michael Jordan Teams With Car Dealership&quot;]. ''The Washington Post''. Diaksés 24 Juni 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Pausahaanna gé mibanda waralaba Nissan di Glen Burnie, Maryland. Restoran ogé kaasupkeun kana bisnis Jordan. Restoranna di antarana restoran stik di Terminal Pusat Raya di Kota New York.&lt;ref&gt;Potempa, Philip (December 28, 2011). [https://www.nwitimes.com/lifestyles/food-and-cooking/scoring-major-points-michael-jordan-s-steak-house-new-location/article_a7f71d5e-afc2-505d-af46-8353ba2ae9e1.html &quot;Scoring major points: Michael Jordan's Steak House new location a delicious win]. ''The Times of Northwest Indiana''. Diaksés 24 Juni 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jordan ogé mangrupa Invéstor utama dina hiji bisnis golep, Grove XXIII, nu ayeuna keur diwangun di Martin County, Florida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://golfweek.com/2018/02/04/the-forecaddie-michael-jordan-course-set-to-take-flight-in-2019/|title=Michael Jordan course set to take flight in 2019|website=[[Golfweek]]|publisher=Gannett|language=en|accessdate=3 Oktober 2019|date=5 Pébruari 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amal ===
Ti taun 2001 ka 2014, Jordan ngayakeun turnamén golep taunan, ''the Michael Jordan Celebrity Invitational'' nu ngumpulkeun duit pikeun rupa-rupa kagiatan amal.

Taun 2018, Jordan jadi Pupuhu Duta Besar Harepan pikeun Yayasan Nyieun Pangharepan / ''Make-A-Wish Foundation''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090124005005/en/Make-A-Wish-Foundation%C2%AE-Names-Michael-Jordan-Chief-Ambassador|title=Make-A-Wish Foundation® Names Michael Jordan as Chief Wish Ambassador|website=[[Business Wire]]|language=en|accessdate=3 Oktober 2019|date=24 Januari, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 2019 manéhna hasil ngumpulkeun dana leuwih ti $5 juta sarta ngabulkeun leuwih ti 200 pangharepan pikeun organisasi éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.looktothestars.org/news/18703-michael-jordan-and-make-a-wish-celebrate-30-years-of-granting-wishes-together|title=Michael Jordan and Make-A-Wish Celebrate 30 Years of Granting Wishes Together|website=Look to the Stars|language=en|date=28 Januari, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2015, Jordan nyumbangkeun hasil duit daméi ti hiji supermarket nu maké ngaranna tanpa ijin ka 23 rupa-rupa amal di Chicago.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-michael-jordan-charity-1216-biz-20151215-story.html|title=Michael Jordan hands court settlement to 23 Chicago nonprofits|last1=Janssen|first1=Kim|website=chicagotribune.com|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=3 Oktober 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2019, manéhna nyumbangkeu $7 juta pikeun ngawaragadan dua Klinik Kulawarga Michael Jordan Novan Héalth di Charlotte, Karolina Kalér.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbssports.com/nba/news/michael-jordan-makes-largest-philanthropic-donation-ever-to-fund-clinics-in-charlotte/|title=Michael Jordan makes largest philanthropic donation ever to fund clinics in Charlotte|last1=Maloney|first1=Jack|website=CBSSports.com|language=en|accessdate=3 Oktober 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taun éta kénéh sanggeus Topan Florence narajang North Carolina, kaasup lemburna, Wilmington, Jordan nyumbangkeun $2 juta pikeun dana bantuan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.complex.com/sports/2018/09/michael-jordan-to-donate-2-milion-to-aid-in-hurricance-florence-recovery|title=Michael Jordan Donates $2 Million to Hurricane Florence Recovery|website=Complex|language=en|accessdate=3 Oktober 2019}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919122011/https://www.complex.com/sports/2018/09/michael-jordan-to-donate-2-milion-to-aid-in-hurricance-florence-recovery |date=2018-09-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogé nyumbangkeun $1 juta sabadana Topan Dorian di Bahama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/michael-jordan-donates-1-million-to-hurricane-dorian-relief-in-the-bahamas-after-storm/|title=Michael Jordan donates $1 million to hurricane relief in the Bahamas|website=[[CBS News]]|accessdate=3 Oktober 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2019, 300 sapatu ''sneaker'' Jordan meunang ngararancang manéhna dilelang pikeun amal ka Yayasan Charlotte Hornets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hypebeast.com/2019/5/air-jordan-1-michael-designed-raffle-charlotte-hornets-foundation-charity|title=Two Michael Jordan-Designed AJ1s Are Being Raffled Off For Charity|website=HYPEBEAST|accessdate=3 Oktober 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mérek Jordan ngajalankeun Béasiswa Wings, nu geus dibikeun ka leuwih ti 225 mahasiswa nu kurang mampu ti saprak taun 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theundefeated.com/features/jordan-brands-wings-scholars-on-the-life-changing-moment-they-received-their-full-non-athletic-scholarships/|title=Jordan Brand’s Wings Scholars on the life-changing moment they received their full non-athletic scholarships|last1=Dodson|first1=Aaron|website=The Undefeated|accessdate=3 October 2019|date=18 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Buku ===
Jordan ngarang sawatara buku nu fokus kana kahirupanna, karir baskét sarta sawangan dunia.

* ''Rare Air: Michael on Michael'' (1993) bareng jeung Mark Vancil and Walter Iooss.
* ''I Can't Accept Not Trying: Michael Jordan on the Pursuit of Excellence'' (1994) reujeung Mark Vancil jeung Sandro Miller.
* ''For the Love of the Game: My Story'' (1998) reujeung Mark Vancil.
* ''Driven from Within'' (2005) reujeung Mark Vancil.

== Panghargaan jeung pangajénan ==
[[Gambar:JordanSmithWorthy2.jpg|jmpl|James Worthy, Jordan, jeung Dean Smith taun 2007 dina laga panghargaan tim bal baskét 1957 jeung 1982 North Carolina Tar Heels.]]

=== Kampus ===
* Juara Nasional NCAA&amp;nbsp;– 1981–82&lt;ref name=&quot;honors&quot;&gt;[https://www.nba.com/jordan/list_honors.html Michael Jordan's Honors], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004234306/http://www.nba.com/jordan/list_honors.html |date=October 4, 2018 }}, National Basketball Association. Diaksés 2 Agustus 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pamaén Anyar ACC Taun Ieu  – 1981–82&lt;ref name=&quot;ACC&quot;&gt;[https://goheels.com/news/2003/3/13/205489496.aspx Hamm, Jordan Named ACC's Greatest Athletes], University of North Carolina, 13 Maret 2003. Diaksés 28 Oktober 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dua kali Konsénsus Tim Kahiji Kabéh Amérika NCAA&amp;nbsp;– 1982–83, 1983–84&lt;ref name=&quot;ACC&quot; /&gt;
* Pamaén Bal Baskét Lalaki Taun Ieu ACC&amp;nbsp;– 1983–84&lt;ref name=&quot;ACC&quot; /&gt;
* Pamaén Kampus USBWA Taun Ieu&amp;nbsp;– 1983–84&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sportswriters.net/usbwa/awards/oscar/index.html Oscar Robertson Trophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522003430/http://www.sportswriters.net/usbwa/awards/oscar/index.html |date=2012-05-22 }}, United States Basketball Writers Association. Diaksés 28 Oktober 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pamaén Kampus Naismith Taun Ieu&amp;nbsp;– 1983–84&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt;
* Tropi Adolph Rupp&amp;nbsp;– 1983–84&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/awards/rupp.html Rupp Trophy Winners], Sports Reference LLC. Diaksés 28 Oktober 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Panghargaan John R. Wooden&amp;nbsp;– 1983–84&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt;
* Nomer 23 dipermanénkeun ku North Carolina Tar Heels&lt;ref&gt;[https://goheels.com/news/2000/2/29/205487622.aspx Jamison's 33 Retired Wednesday Night], University of North Carolina, 29 Pébruari 2000. Diaksés 28 Oktober 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== NBA ===
* Genep kali Juara NBA - 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt;
* Genep kali MPV Final NBA - 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998&lt;ref name=&quot;br&quot; /&gt;
* Lima kali MVP NBA - 1998, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt;
* Sapuluh kali mingpin nyetak angka NBA&amp;nbsp;– 1987–1993, 1996–1998&lt;ref name=&quot;br&quot; /&gt;
* 14 kali Kabéh Bintang NBA – 1985–1993, 1996–1998, 2002, 2003&lt;ref name=&quot;br&quot; /&gt;
* Tilu kali MPV Laga Kabéh Bintang NBA&amp;nbsp;– 1988, 1996, 1998&lt;ref name=&quot;br&quot; /&gt;
* Sabelas kali Tim Kabéh NBA:

:* Tim kahiji– 1987–1993, 1996–1998&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt;
:* Tim kadua&amp;nbsp;– 1985&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt;
* Salapan kali Tim Kahiji Kabéh Pamaén Batahan NBA&amp;nbsp;– 1988–1993, 1996–1998&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt;
* Dua kali juara Pasanggiri ''Slam Dunk'' NBA&amp;nbsp;– 1987, 1988&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt;
* Rookie Taun Ieu NBA – 1984&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt;
* Dua kali nampa panghargaan IBM&amp;nbsp;– 1985, 1989&lt;ref name=&quot;honors&quot; /&gt;
* Pamaén Batahan NBA Taun Ieu&amp;nbsp;– 1987&lt;ref name=&quot;honors&quot; /&gt;
* Kasebut dina 50 Pamaén Pangonjoyna dina Sajarah NBA di taun 1996&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt;
* Nomer 23 dipaténkeun ku Chicago Bulls&lt;ref name=&quot;numbers&quot;&gt;Reisinger, Adam. [http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/20624645/nba-numbers-nba-retired-numbers Inside the numbers on retired numbers around the NBA], ESPN, September 8, 2017. Diaksés 28 Oktober 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nomer 23 dipaténkeun ku Miami Héat&lt;ref name=&quot;numbers&quot; /&gt;
=== Séjénna ===
* Dua kali Dinding Panghargaan Bola Baskét Mémorial Naismith
** kelas 2009 – pribadi&lt;ref name=&quot;Sam&quot; /&gt;
** kelas 2010 – salaku anggota &quot;Tim Impian&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.espn.com/nba/halloffame10/news/story?id=5462407 Scottie Pippen, Karl Malone enter Hall], ESPN, Association Press, August 14, 2010. Diaksés 1 Nopémber 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Témbok Panghargaan Olimpiade AS – kelas 2009 (salaku anggota &quot;Tim Impian&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2017/07/dream-team-25th-anniversary.aspx Dream Team Celebrates 25th Anniversary Of Golden Olympic Run] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401140349/https://www.usab.com/news-events/news/2017/07/dream-team-25th-anniversary.aspx |date=2019-04-01 }}, USA Basketball, July 26, 2017. Diaksés 1 Nopémber 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Témbok Panghargaan FIBA – kelas 2015&lt;ref&gt;[http://espn.go.com/nba/story/_/id/13272015/michael-jordan-inducted-fiba-hall-fame &quot;Michael Jordan to be inducted into FIBA Hall of Fame&quot;], ESPN, July 17, 2015. Diaksés 20 Juli 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dua Madali Emas Olimpiade – 1984, 1992&lt;ref name=&quot;nbah&quot; /&gt;
* Meunang &quot;Tilu Makuta Bola Baskét&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoops TC&quot; /&gt;
* TIlu kali Atlét Taun Ieu ''Associated Press&amp;nbsp;–'' 1991, 1992, 1993&lt;ref&gt;[http://interactives.ap.org/2015/athlete-of-the-year/ &quot;AP Athletes of the Year&quot;], Associated Press. Diaksés October 11, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Olahragawan Taun Ieu ''Sports Illustrated''  – 1991&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.si.com/vault/issue/710898/1/2 Cover]. ''Sports Illustrated'', December 23, 1991. Diaksés 14 Méi 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ruas jalan di [[Madison Street (Chicago)|Madison Street]] di Chicago diganti ngaran jadi ''Michael Jordan Drive&amp;nbsp;–'' 1994&lt;ref&gt;Davis, Robert (1 Maret 1994). [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-03-01/news/9403010192_1_street-signs-city-council-committee-chicago-stadium &quot;Jordan to get his own street near stadium&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118225350/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-03-01/news/9403010192_1_street-signs-city-council-committee-chicago-stadium |date=2016-11-18 }}, ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. Diaksés 26 Nopémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Réngking No. 1 ku majalah ''Slam'' Top 50 Pamaén Taun Ieu&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130515122401/http://www.slamonline.com/online/the-magazine/features/2009/06/the-new-top-50/ The New Top 50], ''Slam'', June 19, 2009. Archived from the [http://www.slamonline.com/online/the-magazine/features/2009/06/the-new-top-50/ original] on 15 Méi 2013. Diaksés 12 Désémber 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Réngking No. 1 ku ''ESPN SportsCentury'''s Top Atlét Amérika Kalér di Abad 20&lt;ref name=&quot;century&quot; /&gt;
* Témbok Panghargaan Olahraga North Carolina&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newsday.com/sports/basketball/jordan-to-be-inducted-in-nc-sports-hall-of-fame-1.2508418 Jordan to be inducted in NC Sports Hall of Fame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421114841/https://www.newsday.com/sports/basketball/jordan-to-be-inducted-in-nc-sports-hall-of-fame-1.2508418 |date=2020-04-21 }}, ''Newsday'', Associated Press, 1 Désémber 2010. Diaksés 1 Nopémber, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Pameunang Marca Leyenda 1997&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.marca.com/marca-leyenda.html Marca Leyenda], ''Marca'' (in Spanish). Diaksés November 13, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 10 kali nampa ESPY Award (dina rupa-rupa kategori)&lt;ref&gt;Snedeker, Lisa. [https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/story?id=99832&amp;page=1 Tiger Woods Wins Record 4 ESPYs], ABC News, 13 Pébruari 2001. Diaksés 1 Nopémber 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Patung di sahareupeun Aréna ''United Center''&lt;ref&gt;Rhodes, Steve. [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1994-11-07-9411070187-story.html Even In Bronze, Jordan Spirit Is A Real Magnet], ''Chicago Tribune'', November 7, 1994. Diaksés 1 Nopémber 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Madali Kamerdékaan Présidénsial 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;Freedom&quot; /&gt;

== Tempo ogé ==

*[[:en:List of athletes who came out of retirement|List of athletes who came out of retirement]]
*[[:en:Michael Jordan's Restaurant|Réstoran Michael Jordan]]

== Réferensi ==

[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1963]]</text>
      <sha1>c97n5t0bxhyvz9c5wa71tetry41m2tf</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taman Nasional Redwood</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="11334" sha1="jv4l9fag7v6emt9gzh797896mf1zv8w" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Taman Nsional Redwood
| photo = Redwood_National_Park,_fog_in_the_forest.jpg
| photo_caption = Kabut di leuweung
| iucn_category = V
| map = LocMap Redwood np.png
| relief = 
| map_caption = Lokasi Taman Nasional Redwood di Amérika Sarikat 
| location = [[Humboldt County, California|Humboldt County]] jeung [[Del Norte County, California|Del Norte County]], California, Amérika Sarikat
| nearest_city = [[Kota Crescent, California|Kota Crescent]]
| coordinates = {{coord|41.3|N|124|W|region:US-CA|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref = 
| established = 2 Oktober 1968
| area_acre = 138.999
| area_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;area&quot;&gt;{{citation | author = National Park Service, Land Resources Division | authorlink = National Park Service | date = December 31, 2018 | title = Listing of Acreage | url = https://www.nps.gov/subjects/lwcf/upload/NPS-Acreage-12-31-2018.pdf | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190515230937/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/lwcf/upload/NPS-Acreage-12-31-2018.pdf | archivedate = May 15, 2019 | accessdate = May 15, 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515230937/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/lwcf/upload/NPS-Acreage-12-31-2018.pdf |date=May 15, 2019 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| visitation_num = 482.536
| visitation_year = 2018
| visitation_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;visits&quot;&gt;{{NPS Visitation|accessdate=2019-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| governing_body =[[National Park Service]] jeung [[California Department of Parks and Recreation]]
| website = {{Official website}}
| embedded1 = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child         = yes
| criteria      = {{UNESCO WHS type|(vii), (ix)}}(vii), (ix)
| ID            = 134
| year          = 1980
}}
}}
[[File:Redwood-NP Map.png|250px|thumb|Peta Taman Nasional Redwood]]
[[File:Tall Redwood.jpg|250px|thumb|Tangkal kai beureum anu kawentar ku jangkungna]]
'''Taman Nasional Redwood''' nyaéta [[taman nasional]] anu perenahna di [[California]], [[Amérika Sarikat]]. saperti ngaranna, ''Redwood'', anu hartina kai beureum mangrupa cicirén has tempat ieu. Taman Nasional ieu kawentar ku tatangkalanana anu jangkung pisan, malahan mah pangjangkungna di sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/redw/index.htm|title=Redwood National and State Parks (U.S. National Park Service)|last=City|first=Mailing Address: 1111 Second Street Crescent|last2=Us|first2=CA 95531 Phone:464-6101 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/national-parks/redwood-national-park/|title=Everything to know about Redwood National and State Parks|website=Travel|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Pangeusi pituin basisir kalér California geus nyicingan leuweung ieu salila mangrébu-rébu taun. Saacan [[urang Éropa]] datang, [[urang Indian]] tuluy adaptasi jeung lingkungan ieu, ngaluyukeun basa, budaya, jeung adat istiadat anu nyababkeun kondisi lingkungan ieu kajaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/historyculture/area-history.htm|title=Area History - Redwood National and State Parks (U.S. National Park Service)|last=City|first=Mailing Address: 1111 Second Street Crescent|last2=Us|first2=CA 95531 Phone:464-6101 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sumber kadaharan anu penting pikeun pangeusi pituin di antarana aya [[uncal]], [[lauk]] nu asalna boh ti laut atawa ti [[walungan]], kakacangan, béri, jeung sisikian. Maranéhna moro ku cara tradisional.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Imah-imah tradisional orang Indian di dieu biasana diwangun tina papan kai beureum anu geus rubuh. Imah-imah ieu diwangun di luhureun [[lobang]] anu dikali di handapeun wangunan, kalawan rohang di antara lobang jeung dingding ngabentuk bangku alami. Imah dianggap ku maranéhna minangka [[Organismeu|mahluk hirup]], sedengkeun kai beureum anu dibentuk jadi papan dianggap minangka mahluk roh. Mahluk roh dianggap minangka ras ilahi anu aya saacan jelema aya di tempat ieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ti saprak [[emas]] kapanggih di [[Walungan Trinity]] California Kulon di taun [[1850]], loba jelema anu parindah ka tempat ieu. Maranéhna maksa urang Indian pikeun indit ti tempat ieu, urang Indian diperkosa, tuluy dijadikeun [[budak]]. Urang Indian anu ngalawan tuluy ditelasan. Unit-unit milisi dipancénan pikeun nelasan urang Indian anu ngalawan, nyerang désa-désa séjén, loba lalaki, awéwé, jeung orok anu ditelasan. Saenggeus maranéhna balik, anu nelasan éta diagung-agung saperti pahlawan, tuluy dibayar ku pamaréntah nagara bagian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Di taun [[1853]], ku sabab urang Éropa kagiur pisan ku lobana [[Tangkal|tangkal kai]] beureum anu kawentar kuat jeung tahan lama, salapan pabrik pangolahan [[kai]] diadegkeun di Eureka, hiji kota tambang emas.Tatagkalan anu dituar tutuluyan nyababkeun jumlah tangkal nurun drastis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Di [[abad ka-20]], saluyu jeung kamekaran téhnologi, prosés pikeun nuar tatangkalan jadi maké alat anu leuwih modéren jeung éfisién. Alat transportasina pikeun ngangkut kaina gé jadi leuwih modéren, tinu asalna ku [[kuda]] jadi ku [[karéta api]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Di taun [[1910-an]], mimiti loba warga anu paduli kana lingkungan tempat ieu. ''Save the Redwoods League'' diadegkeun, sarta ngahasilkeun kawijakan pikeun ngabentuk Taman Nagara Bagian Jeddiah Smith, Taman Nagara Bagian Del Norte Coast, jeung Taman Nagara Prairie Creek Redwood.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sanajan kitu, tatangkalan sok dituaran baé di tanah pribadi, hal éta diperparah ku [[Perang Dunya II]] jeung [[ledakan ékonomi]] di taun [[1950-an]]. Di taun [[1960-an]], 90 persén tangkal kai béak lantaran dituaran baé. Kakara di taun [[1968]] Taman Nasional Redwood diadegkeun, anu ngamankeun sésa tatangkalan anu can dituar. Tuluy di taun [[1978]], hasil kongrés ngasupkeun tanah anu leuwih lega ka taman nasional, ngawengku bagian Redwood Creek anu dituaran. Kiwari tanah ieu keur diréstorasi gedé-gedéan ku pihak anu ngokolakeun sumber daya taman. Tatangkalan dituar terus lumangsung di aréa pribadi deukeut taman nasional ieu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Sasatoan ==

=== Avés ===
Kira-kira aya 280 spésiés [[manuk]] anu geus dicatet di Taman Nasional Redwood, sedengkeun kabéhanana aya 800 spésiés manuk di [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Hartina, kira-kira aya hiji per tilu spésiés manuk AS anu aya di ieu taman nasional.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/nature/birds.htm|title=Birds - Redwood National and State Parks (U.S. National Park Service)|last=City|first=Mailing Address: 1111 Second Street Crescent|last2=Us|first2=CA 95531 Phone:464-6101 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Spésiés manuk di taman nasional ieu cicing di habitat anu béda-béda. Aya nu di leuweung konifér, saperti [[bueuk]] jeung ''woodpecker'', aya ogé anu cicingna di leuweung ék jeung [[tegalan]], saperti élang buntut beureum ''(Buteo jamaicensis)'' jeung ''western bluebird (Sialia mexican)''. Tuluy, aya nu di leuweung riparian jeung arus [[walungan]], saperti ''American dipper (Cinclus mexicanus) jeung yellow warbler (Setophaga petchia).'' Aya nu di [[Muara|muhara]] jeung lahan baseuh ''(bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), osprey (Pandion haliaeus), peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus)'' jeung ''belted kingfisher (Meaceryle alcyon))'', aya nu di basisir (bango beureum California), sarta nu panungtung aya anu di [[laut]] ''(pigeon guillemots).''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Pisces ===
Di Taman Nasional Redwood, aya [[Samudra Pasifik]] di beulah kulon, tuluy aya ogé dua walungan gedé, tilu anak walungan, sarta loba balong jeung laguna anu ngarojong pisan kana kahirupan [[lauk]]. Kacatetkeun aya 188 spésiés lauk anu aya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/nature/fish.htm|title=Fish - Redwood National and State Parks (U.S. National Park Service)|last=City|first=Mailing Address: 1111 Second Street Crescent|last2=Us|first2=CA 95531 Phone:464-6101 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lauk asli anu kawentar nyaéta [[salmon]] jeung lauk [[forél]]. Lolobana sok aya di laut, ngan maranéhna sok ka walungan nalika usum mijah, tuluy ngendog di dinya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Mamalia ===
Di dieu, urang bisa ningali mamalia di dua alam nu béda, di darat jeung di laut. Di laut, urang bisa ningali [[pinniped]] ([[anjing laut]] jeung [[singa laut]]) jeung [[cetacea]] ([[Paus (mamalia)|paus]] jeung [[lumba-lumba]]). Spésiés pinniped anu aya di antarana anjin laut palabuan ''(Phoca vitulina''), singa laut California ''(Zalophus californianus),'' singa laut steller (''Eumetopius jubatus),'' jeung gajah laut kalér ''(Mirounga angustirostris).'' Sedengkeun, spésiés cetacea diantarana aya paus abu ''(Eschrichtius robustus)'', paus bongkok ''(Megaptera novaeangliae)'', paus killer ''(Orcinus orca),'' jeung lumba-lumba palabuan ''(Phocoena phocoena).''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/nature/marine-mammals.htm|title=Marine Mammals - Redwood National and State Parks (U.S. National Park Service)|last=City|first=Mailing Address: 1111 Second Street Crescent|last2=Us|first2=CA 95531 Phone:464-6101 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di darat, aya kira-kira 66 spésiés [[mamalia]], kaasup 13 spésiés [[kalong]] jeung hiji spésiés opossum Virginia. Ti mimiti [[beurit]] anu pangleutikna, nepi ka [[uncal]] Roosevelt anu pangbadagna, aya di dieu. Mamalia ieu biasana cicing di taman nasional ieu, teu kamamana deui, iwal ti kalong anu cicing di taman ngan pas keur usum kawin atawa salila migrasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/nature/land-mammals.htm|title=Land Mammals - Redwood National and State Parks (U.S. National Park Service)|last=City|first=Mailing Address: 1111 Second Street Crescent|last2=Us|first2=CA 95531 Phone:464-6101 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tutuwuhan ==
Di Taman Nasional Redwood, [[tutuwuhan]] anu kawentar sarta anu jadi objék utama pikeun wisatawan nyaéta tangkal [[kai beureum]] (redwood) anu pohara jangkungna. Malahan mah jadi tangkal pangjangkungna di sakuliah dunya. Tapi, tangkal kai beureum mangrupa hiji ti loba spésiés tutuwuhan anu aya di dieu. Jinisna bervariasi, gumantung kana [[habitat]] jeung kaaayaan alam. Tangtuna tutuwuhan anu aya di [[basisir]] béda jeung anu tumuwuh di daratan anu leuwih luhur. Sanajan kitu, tangkal kai beureum angger jadi &quot;maskot&quot; utama taman nasional ieu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/redw/learn/nature/plants.htm|title=Plants - Redwood National and State Parks (U.S. National Park Service)|last=City|first=Mailing Address: 1111 Second Street Crescent|last2=Us|first2=CA 95531 Phone:464-6101 Contact|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Galéri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Redwood coast.jpg|Basisir Redwood
File:Redwood National Park REDW9356.jpg|Leuweung di Taman Nasional Redwood
File:Rosevelt Elk in the Redwood National Park, California.jpg|Uncal Roosevelt
File:Redw rhododendron 20061030191827.jpg|Kembang ''rhododendron''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tingali ogé ==
[[Taman nasional]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Taman nasional]]
[[Kategori:Taman nasional di Amérika Sarikat]]</text>
      <sha1>jv4l9fag7v6emt9gzh797896mf1zv8w</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>We Are the World 25 for Haiti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="12303" sha1="ecplqaztpnc88hx6kvxeb7bqoczcvp9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox song
| name       = We Are the World 25 for Haiti
| cover      = 
| alt        =
| type       = single
| artist     = Artists for Haiti
| album      =
| released   = {{Start date|2010|02|12|mf=y}}
| format     = {{hlist|[[Singel CD]]|[[Unduhan musik|unduhan digital]]}}
| recorded   = {{Start date|2010|02|01|mf=y}}
| studio     = [[Henson Recording Studios]]&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Los Angeles, California]])}}
| venue      =
| genre      = {{hlist|[[Musik pop|Pop]]|[[Musik hip hop|hip hop]]|[[R&amp;B kontemporér|R&amp;B]]}}
| length     = 6:56 &lt;small&gt;(vérsi panjang)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;3:25 &lt;small&gt;(vérsi pondok)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;8:33 &lt;small&gt;(vérsi YouTube)&lt;/small&gt;
| label      =
| writer     = {{hlist|[[Michael Jackson]]|[[Lionel Richie]]}}
| producer   = {{hlist|[[Quincy Jones]] &lt;small&gt;([[Produser éksékutif#Musik|éksékutif]])&lt;/small&gt;|Michael Jackson's Estate &lt;small&gt;(éksékutif)&lt;/small&gt;|Lionel Richie &lt;small&gt;(éksékutif)&lt;/small&gt;|[[RedOne]]|[[Mervyn Warren]]|[[Patti Austin]]|[[Humberto Gatica]]|[[Wyclef Jean]]|[[Rickey Minor]]}}
| prev_title =
| prev_year  =
| next_title =
| next_year  =
| misc       = {{External music video|{{YouTube|S0NfzmgNvSA|&quot;We Are the World 25 for Haiti&quot;}}}}
}}
&quot;'''We Are the World 25 for Haiti'''&quot; nyaéta [[singel amal]] nu dirékam ku [[supergrup (musik)|supergrup]] Artists for Haiti dina taun 2010. Ieu lagu mangrupa rékaman ulang ti lagu &quot;[[We Are the World]]&quot; nu dibuat ku [[Lionel Richie]] jeung [[Michael Jackson]] sarta diproduseran ku [[Quincy Jones]]. Ieu lagu dirékam deui dina rangka 25 taun saatos lagu mimitina dirilis jeung ngagalang dana pikeun korban [[Gempa Haiti 2010|gempa Haiti]]. Ieu lagu dirékam dina ping 1 Pébruari 2010 sarta dirilis dina upacara pambukaan [[Olimpiade Usum Tiis 2010]] di [[Vancouver]], [[Kanada]] nu disiarkeun ku saluran télévisi [[NBC]] dina ping 12 Pébruari 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=HuffPost&quot;/&gt;

== Kasang tukang ==
Dina ping 7 Maret 1985, lagu &quot;[[We Are The World]]&quot; nu diproduseran ku [[Quincy Jones]] sarta komposer ku [[Lionel Richie]] jeung [[Michael Jackson]] dirilis. Ieu lagu nu dinyanyikeun ku USA For Africa–grup nu ngamuat loba panyanyi [[musik pop|pop]], [[musik rock|rock]], jeung [[R&amp;B]]–meunangkeun 4 [[Panghargaan Grammy]], salah sahijina Best Music Video. Salian éta, ieu lagu jadi singel nu panglobana kajual dina taun 1980-an, malah disebut-sebut singel pop nu kajual panggancangna sapanjang masa.&lt;ref name=&quot;VOA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='We Are The World 25 For Haiti' Debuts at Vancouver Winter Olympics |url=https://www.voanews.com/americas/we-are-world-25-haiti-debuts-vancouver-winter-olympics |date=17 Pébruari 2010 |website=[[Voice of America|VOA News]] |accessdate=20 Désémber 2019}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220075802/https://www.voanews.com/americas/we-are-world-25-haiti-debuts-vancouver-winter-olympics |date=2019-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 2010, ieu lagu direncanakeun dirékam deui dina rangka 25 taun saatos dirilis. Tapi, dina ping 12 Januari 2010, [[Gempa Haiti 2010|gempa]] nu boga magnitudo 7.0 [[Skala magnitudo momen|M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt;]] ngahancurkeun [[Haiti]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Magnitude 7.0 – Haiti Region |url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/ |publisher=[[Survéy Géologi Amérika Sarikat|USGS]] |accessdate=23 Désémber 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115110510/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/ |archivedate=15 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyababkeun kurang leuwih 230.000 jelema tilar dunya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Haiti quake death toll rises to 230,000 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8507531.stm |date=11 Pébruari 2010 |website=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=23 Désémber 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti dinya, tujuan ngarékam gésér ka ngagalangkeun dana pikeun korban gempa, ku kitu jejerna jadi &quot;We Are the World 25 for Haiti&quot;. Ieu lagu harepanna bisa ngagalangkeun sajuta [[dolar Amérika Sarikat]] pikeun korban gempa Haiti. Sateuacanna, vérsi asli ieu lagu bisa ngajual 20 juta kopi jeung beunang ngagalangkeun 63 juta dolar Amérika Sarikat pikeun program kamanusaan di [[Afrika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;VOA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |first=Alan |last=Duke |title=Stars gather for 'We Are the World' recording |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/01/haiti.we.are.the.world/index.html |date=2 Pébruari 2010 |website=[[CNN]] |accessdate=20 Désémber 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220075802/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/01/haiti.we.are.the.world/index.html |date=2019-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rékaman ==
&quot;We Are the World 25 for Haiti&quot; dirékam dina ping 1 Pébruari 2010 di [[Hollywood]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], tepatna di studio nu sarua pikeun rékaman vérsi aslina dina taun 1985, Jim Henson Studios.&lt;ref name=&quot;VOA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Ray |last=Waddell |title=Producer Details 'We Are The World 25' On Eve Of Debut |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959401/producer-details-we-are-the-world-25-on-eve-of-debut |date=12 Pébruari 2010 |website=[[Billboard (majalah)|Billboard]] |accessdate=24 Désémber 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prosés rékaman ieu lagu salila leuwih ti 14 jam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Edna |last=Gundersen |title=Quincy Jones, Lionel Richie pass 'We Are the World' baton |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2010-02-15-wearetheworld15_ST_N.htm date=14 Pébruari 2010 |website=[[USA Today]] |accessdate=24 Désémber 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Artis jeung panyanyi dina rekaman ieu béda jeung rékaman mimiti ku sabab Lionel Richie boga konsép ti perspéktif modérn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Gil |last=Kauman |title='We Are the World -- 25 fot Haiti' Artists Include Kanye West, Miley Cyrus, Justin Bieber |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1631021/we-are-the-world-25-for-haiti-artists-include-kanye-west-miley-cyrus-justin-bieber/ |date=2 Pébruari 2010 |website=[[MTV]] |accessdate=23 Désémber 2019 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306222100/http://www.mtv.com/news/1631021/we-are-the-world-25-for-haiti-artists-include-kanye-west-miley-cyrus-justin-bieber/ |date=2020-03-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Total aya 85 artis jeung panyanyi nu ngilu nyanyi dina ieu lagu.&lt;ref name=HuffPost&quot;/&gt; Artis jeung panyanyi nu asup kana rékaman ieu nyaéta:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wearetheworldfoundation.org/the-song/credits/ |title=The Songs: Credits |website=We Are The World Foundation |accessdate=23 Désémber 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426204450/http://wearetheworldfoundation.org/the-song/credits/ |archivedate=26 April 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226150642/http://wearetheworldfoundation.org/the-song/credits/ |date=26 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Edna |last=Gundersen |title=Complete list of 'We Are the World' artists |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2010-02-02-we-are-the-world-list_N.htm |date=2 Pébruari 2010 |website=[[USA Today]] |accessdate=23 Désémber 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gambar:QuincyJones.jpg|thumb|right|175px||Quincy Jones mangrupa tokoh kunci dina produksi jeung rékaman &quot;We Are the World 25 for Haiti&quot;.]]
[[Gambar:Janet Jackson 4.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Janet Jackson]] nu nyanyi barengan jeung sora Michael Jackson.]]
[[Gambar:Santana Acer Arena (5558151833) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Carlos Santana]], salah sahiji artis sepuh nu ngilu dina rékaman.]]
[[Gambar:Will.i.am in 2018.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[will.i.am]] nu nyanyikeun bagéan hip hop.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Artis nu asup rékaman
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:10em;&quot; | Peran
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; | Ngaran artis
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:16em;&quot; | Katerangan
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;39&quot; | '''Panyanyi solo'''
| [[Justin Bieber]]
| Nyanyikeun bagéan pangmimitina.&lt;ref name=HuffPost&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Nicole Scherzinger]]
|
|-
| [[Jennifer Hudson]]
|
|-
| [[Jennifer Nettles]]
|
|-
| [[Josh Groban]]
|
|-
| [[Tony Bennett]]
|
|-
| [[Mary J. Blige]]
|
|-
| [[Toni Braxton]]
|
|-
| [[Michael Jackson]]
| Rékaman ti vidéo klip mimiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;New York Times&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |first=Jon |last=Pareles |title=For Haiti, They Are the Remake |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/15/arts/music/15notebook.html |date=14 Pébruari 2010 |website=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=23 Désémber 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Janet Jackson]]
| Nyanyi barengan jeung sora Michael Jackson.&lt;ref name=&quot;New York Times&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Barbra Streisand]]
|
|-
| [[Miley Cyrus]]
|
|-
| [[Enrique Iglesias]]
|
|-
| [[Jamie Foxx]]
|
|-
| [[Wyclef Jean]]
|
|-
| [[Adam Levine]]
|
|-
| [[Pink (panyanyi)|Pink]]
|
|-
| [[BeBe Winans]]
|
|-
| [[Usher (artis)|Usher]]
|
|-
| [[Celine Dion]]
|
|-
| [[Orianthi]]
| Ngagunakeun gitar.
|-
| [[Fergie (panyanyi)|Fergie]]
|
|-
| [[Nick Jonas]]
|
|-
| [[Mary Mary]]
|
|-
| [[Isaac Slade]]
|
|-
| [[Carlos Santana]]
| Ngagunakeun gitar.&lt;ref name=&quot;New York Times&quot;/&gt;
|-
| [[Lil Wayne]]
|
|-
| [[Akon]]
|
|-
| [[T-Pain]]
|
|-
| [[LL Cool J]]
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; | Nyanyikeun rap.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rappers Get Major Shine On 'We Are The World 25 For Haiti'; Track Premieres Tomorrow |url=https://www.vibe.com/2010/02/rappers-get-major-shine-we-are-world-25-haiti-track-premieres-tomorrow |date=12 Pébruari 2010 |website=[[Vibe (majalah)|Vibe]] |accessdate=24 Désémber 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[will.i.am]]
|-
| [[Snoop Dogg]]
|-
| [[Nipsey Hussle]]
|-
| [[Busta Rhymes]]
|-
| [[Swizz Beatz]]
|-
| [[Kid Cudi]]
|-
| [[IYAZ]]
|-
| [[Mann (panyanyi rap)|Mann]]
|-
| [[Kanye West]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; rowspan=&quot;61&quot; | '''Paduan sora'''
| [[Patti Austin]]
|
|-
| [[Philip Bailey]]
|
|-
| [[Il Volo|Piero Barone]]
|
|-
| [[Fonzworth Bentley]]
|
|-
| [[Il Volo|Ignazio Boschetto]]
|
|-
| [[Bizzy Bone]]
|
|-
| [[El DeBarge]]
|
|-
| [[Ethan Bortnick]]
|
|-
| [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]]
|
|-
| [[Jeff Bridges]]
|
|-
| [[Zac Brown]]
|
|-
| [[Kristian Bush]]
|
|-
| [[Natalie Cole]]
|
|-
| [[Harry Connick, Jr.]]
|
|-
| [[Nikka Costa]]
|
|-
| [[Faith Evans]]
|
|-
| [[Melanie Fiona]]
|
|-
| [[Sean Garrett]]
|
|-
| [[Tyrese Gibson]]
|
|-
| [[Gianluca Ginoble]]
|
|-
| [[Anthony Hamilton (musisi)|Anthony Hamilton]]
|
|-
| [[Keri Hilson]]
|
|-
| [[John Legend]]
|
|-
| [[Julianne Hough]]
|
|-
| [[India.Arie]]
|
|-
| [[Randy Jackson]]
|
|-
| [[Taj Jackson]]
|
|-
| [[Taryll Jackson]]
|
|-
| [[TJ Jackson]]
|
|-
| [[Bobby McFerrin]]
|
|-
| [[Monica (panyanyi)|Monica]]
|
|-
| [[Al Jardine]]
|
|-
| [[Jimmy Jean-Louis]]
|
|-
| [[Ralph Johnson (musisi)|Ralph Johnson]]
|
|-
| [[Joe Jonas]]
|
|-
| [[Kevin Jonas]]
|
|-
| [[Rashida Jones]]
|
|-
| [[Gladys Knight]]
|
|-
| [[Benji Madden]]
|
|-
| [[Joel Madden]]
|
|-
| [[Katharine McPhee]]
|
|-
| [[Jason Mraz]]
|
|-
| [[Mýa]]
|
|-
| [[Freda Payne]]
|
|-
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
| [[RedOne]]
|
|-
| [[Nicole Richie]]
|
|-
| [[Kelly Rowland]]
|
|-
| [[Raphael Saadiq]]
|
|-
| [[Chico DeBarge]]
|
|-
| [[Trey Songz]]
|
|-
| [[Musiq Soulchild]]
|
|-
| [[Jordin Sparks]]
|
|-
| [[Robin Thicke]]
|
|-
| [[Rob Thomas (musisi)|Rob Thomas]]
|
|-
| [[Vince Vaughn]]
|
|-
| [[Mervyn Warren]]
|
|-
| [[Verdine White]]
|
|-
| [[Ann Wilson]]
|
|-
| [[Brian Wilson]]
|
|-
| [[Nancy Wilson (musisi rock)|Nancy Wilson]]
|
|-
|}

== Rilis ==
Vidéo klip &quot;We Are the World 25 for Haiti&quot; mimiti ditongtonkeun dina upacara pambukaan [[Olimpiade Usum Tiis 2010|Olimpiade Usum Tiis]] di [[Vancouver]], [[Kanada]] jeung disiarkeun ku saluran télevisi [[NBC]] dina ping 12 Pébruari 2010. Isukanna, vidéo klip ieu lagu disiarkeun sarentak di 53 saluran télévisi doméstik jeung internasional.&lt;ref name=HuffPost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=We Are The World, Haiti (VIDEO): New Version For Haiti Earthquake Victims |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/we-are-the-world-haiti-vi_n_461114 |date=14 April 2010 |website=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=24 Désémber 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Tutumbu luar ==
* {{cite web |url=http://wearetheworldfoundation.org/the-song/ |title=The Songs: Overview |website=We Are The World Foundation |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423210050/http://wearetheworldfoundation.org/the-song/ |archivedate=23 April 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217065800/http://wearetheworldfoundation.org/the-song/ |date=17 February 2010 }}

[[Kategori:Singel 2010]]
[[Kategori:Singel amal]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Muhammad Ali</title>
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      <text bytes="161979" sha1="0jqjku01yqh5bio3bu8hzjfdb1onrh5" xml:space="preserve">{{Kotak info Jalma|name=Muhammad Ali|image=Muhammad Ali NYWTS.jpg{{!}}border|caption=Ali in 1967|birth_name=Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.|birth_date={{birth date|1942|1|17}}|birth_place=[[Louisville, Kentucky]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|2016|6|3|1942|1|17}}|death_place=[[Scottsdale, Arizona]], U.S.|resting_place=[[Cave Hill Cemetery]], Louisville, Kentucky|education=[[Central High School (Louisville, Kentucky)|Central High School]] (1958)|spouse={{unbulleted list
| {{marriage|Sonji Roi|1964|1966|end=div.}}
| {{marriage|[[Khalilah Ali|Belinda Boyd]]|1967|1977|end=div.}}
| {{marriage|[[Veronica Porché Ali]]|1977|1986|end=div.}}
| {{marriage|Yolanda Williams&lt;br /&gt;|1986&lt;!--Omission per template instructions--&gt;}}
}}|partner=|children=9, including [[Laila Ali]]|parents={{plainlist|
* [[Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr.]]
* [[Odessa Grady Clay]]
}}|relatives=[[Rahman Ali]] (brother)|website={{URL|http://muhammadali.com/}}}}
'''Muhammad Ali''' ({{IPAc-en|ɑː|ˈ|l|iː}};&lt;ref&gt;Wells, John C. (2008). &quot;Ali&quot;. Kamus Prononsiasi Longman (ed. ka-3). Longman. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;. manten tukang boksen Muhammad Ali dilapalkeun ɑːˈliː&lt;/ref&gt; lahir '''Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.''';&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/boxing/2016/07/11/muhammad-ali-name-change-cassius-clay/86956544/|title=Why Muhammad Ali never legally changed name from Cassius Clay|last=Peter|first=Josh|website=|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=12 Juli 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 17 Januari 1942 – 3 Juni 2016) nyaéta tukang tinju profésional Amérika, aktivis sarta darmawan. Nelah ku &quot;''The Greatest'' (pangagungna)&quot; sacara lega dianggap minangka salah sahiji figur olahraga nu paling penting jeung pangdipujana dina abad 20, sarta salah sahiji tukang tinju pangpunjulna sapanjang mangsa. 

Ali lahir jeung digedékeun di [[Louisville]], [[Kentucky]], sarta mimiti latihan minangka tukang tinju dina umur 12 taun. Dina umur 18 taun manéhna meunangkeun madali emas kelas beurat énténg dina [[Olimpiade Usum Panas 1960]] sarta tuluy jadi pamaén profésional dina taun éta. Manéhna asup Islam dina taun 1961 sarta ganti ngaran jadi Muhammad Ali. Manéhna meunangkeun juara kelas beurat nu teu disangka-sangka ti [[Sonny Liston]] dina umur 22 taun di taun 1964, Taun 1966, Ali nolak pikeun daptar kana wajib militer, alesanna alatan kayakinan agamana sarta teu satuju kana [[Perang Viétnam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HauserThomas&quot; /&gt;''&lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot;&gt;Roberts, Randy (1991). Winning is the Only Thing: Sports in America Since 1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. kk. 171–172.&lt;/ref&gt;'' Manéhna tuluy ditahan, dinyatakeun salah alatan nolak ''draft'' wamil, sarta gelar juarana dicabut. Ali naék banding ka Pangadilan Tinggi nu ngabatalkeun putusanna di taun 1971. Najan kitu Ali geus teu tarung salila ampir opat taun sarta keleungitan mangsa puncakna minangka atlét. Aksina salaku hiji jalma nu nuranina kabeuratan kana perang tadi, ngajadikeun dirina hiji ikon pikeun génerasi budaya perlawanan nu leuwih gedé,''&lt;ref&gt;Hallett, Alison. &quot;[http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/not-so-fast/Content?oid=10883366 Not So Fast]&quot;. Portland Mercury. Diaksés 27 Désémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;&gt;Rhoden, William C. (20 Juni, 2013). [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/21/sports/in-alis-voice-from-the-past-a-stand-for-the-ages.html &quot;In Ali's Voice From the Past, a Stand for the Ages&quot;]. The New York Times.&lt;/ref&gt;'' sarta dirina mangrupa tokoh ''high-profile'' kabanggaan rasial pikeun urang  Amérika Afrika dina wanci pagerakan hak-hak sipil.&lt;ref name=&quot;HauserThomas&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hollowverse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hollowverse.com/muhammad-ali/|title=The religion and politics of Muhammad Ali|last=|first=|website=Hollowverse|publisher=MK Safi|accessdate=4 Juni 2016|ref=hollowverse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minangka saurang Muslim, Ali ngagabung ka ''Nation of Islam'' (NOI) [[Elijah Muhammad]]. Dirina tuluy teu ngadukung deui NOI, nyepeng ajaran Islam [[Sunni]] sarta ngadukung integrasi rasial kawas manten méntorna, [[Malcolm X]].

Ali mangrupa hiji tukang tinju pinunjul dina abad 20, sarta masih kénéh hiji-hijina juara linéal dina divisi éta. Rekor gabunganna ngéléhkeun 21 tukang tinju pikeun gelar kelas beurat dunia jeung meunang 14 kali pikeun gelar gabungan nanjeur salila 35 taun. Ali hiji-hijina patinju nu kapilih jadi [[Patarung Taun Ieu ku majalah The Ring|Patarung Taun Ieu ku majalah ''The Ring'']] genep kali. Ali diposisikeun minangka patinju pangpunjulna sapanjang mangsa,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://espn.go.com/sports/boxing/topics/_/page/muhammad-ali Muhammad Ali]&quot;. ''ESPN''. 20 Januari, 2012. Diaksés 20 Januari, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta mangrupa atlét pangpunjulna di abad 20 ku ''Sports Illustrated'', Pribadi Olahragawan Taun Ieu ku BBC, sarta atlét pangpunjulna katilu ku ESPN ''SportsCentury''.&lt;ref name=&quot;ring&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxinginsider.com/columns/was-ali-the-greatest-heavyweight/|title=Was Ali the Greatest Heavyweight?|last=Donelson|first=Tom|publisher=Boxinginsider.com|accessdate=September 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://static.espn.go.com/boxing/news/1999/1208/221260.html|title=AP Fighters of the Century list|accessdate=February 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dirina geus aub dina sababaraha patarungan tinju jeung pacéngkadan bersajarah, nu paling kawentar ngalawan [[Joe Frazier]] dina ''Thrilla in Manila'' (Raraméan di Manila) sarta ngalawan [[George Foreman]] nu katelah ku judul ''The Rumble in the Jungle'' (Palagan di Leuweung), kawentar “dianggap kajadian olahraga panggedéna di abad 20”   

&lt;ref&gt;Kang, Jay Caspian (4 April 2013). [http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/9123674/don-king-faces-end-career &quot;The End and Don King&quot;]. ''Grantland''. ESPN. Diaksés 4 April  2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McDougall, Christopher (2014). ''The Best American Sports Writing 2014''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. k.&amp;nbsp;149. [[Nomer Buku Standar Internasional|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Husus:BookSources/9780544147003|&lt;bdi&gt;9780544147003&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt; sarta ditonton ku kira-kira samilyar pamiarsa ti sakuliah dunia,&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday&quot;&gt;&quot;Revisiting 'The Rumble in the Jungle' 40 years later&quot;. ''USA Today''. 29 Oktober 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=18 Séptémber 1995|title=Mike Tyson May Fight George Foreman In Biggest Money Match: $80 Million|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTkDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA46|journal=Jet|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|volume=88|issue=19|page=46|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; mangrupa siaran langsung télévisi panglobana ditongton wanci harita. Ali ogé jadi sorotan nalika loba patarung nu mikeun ka manajerna pikeun urusan biantara, Ali mah teu ngawakilkeun sarta dirina mindeng mamanas batur tur ngomong ka mana karep.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTr-p-Y4P00|title=Muhammad Ali – press conference 1974|last=|first=|website=YouTube|publisher=|accessdate=5 Nopémber 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwPPM_vaNrI|title=Muhammad Ali – Pre Liston Poetry &amp; Highlights|last=|first=|website=|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=5 Nopémber 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6Hey54O6Qs|title=Muhammad Ali Famous Interview After Defeating Foreman|last=|first=|website=YouTube|publisher=|accessdate=5 Nopémber 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali kawentar ku gedé omong sarta mindeng sakarepna nyarita maké wirahma jeung kecap-kecap puisi, tur geus leuwih ti heula maké élemén hip hop.&lt;ref&gt;Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (9 Juni 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/09/opinion/muhammad-ali-the-political-poet.html &quot;''Muhammad Ali, the Political Poet''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone1&quot;&gt;Reeves, Mosi (4 Juni 2016). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/muhammad-ali-worlds-greatest-boxer-was-also-hip-hop-pioneer-20160604 &quot;Muhammad Ali: World's Greatest Boxer Was Also Hip-Hop Pioneer&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone.'' Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;''&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone2&quot;&gt;Rubin, Mike (5 Juni 2016). [https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/muhammad-ali-4-ways-he-changed-america-20160605 &quot;''Muhammad Ali: 4 Ways He Changed America''&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;''

Di saluareun ''ring'', Ali meunangkeun kasuksésan minangka musisi, di mana manéhna nampa dua nominasi [[Grammy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone2&quot; /&gt; Manéhna ogé minton minangka aktor jeung panulis, medalkeun dua autobiografi. Ali reureuh tina tinju taun 1981 sarta suhud dina widang agama jeung amal. Taun 1984, Ali nyieun béwara yén dirina didiagnosis sindrom Parkinson, nu numutkeun béja aya patula-patalina jeung cidera balas tinju&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;Thomas, Robert McG. Jr. [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/20/sports/change-in-drug-helps-ali-improve.html?sec=health &quot;''Change In Drug Helps Ali Improve''&quot;]. The New York Times: kk. D–29. Diaksés pada 9 Maret 2009&lt;/ref&gt; najan ku Ali jeung dokter pribadina dibantah.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cbc.ca/sports/muhammad-ali-doctor-doubts-parkinsons-1.3619442 ''AP''] &quot;Muhammad Ali's doctor doubts boxing led to Parkinson's&quot;, ''Associated Press'' via ''CBC'', June 6. 2016. Diaksés 1 Séptémber 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali tetap jadi figur publik nu aktif sacara global, tapi ka dieunakeun ngawatesan pintonan publikna alatan kondisina nu beuki ripuh. Ali dirawat ku kulawargana. Ali maot dina tanggal 3 Juni 2016.  

== Kahirupan awal sarta karir amatir ==
Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. lahir dina tanggal 17 Januari 1942 di [[Louisville]], [[Kentucky]].''&lt;ref name=&quot;greatath&quot;/&gt;'' Manéhna boga hiji dulur awéwe jeung opat dulur lalaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Great-grandfather emigrated from Ennis, County Clare, Ireland&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36452554 &quot;Muhammad Ali: Boxer's ancestral Irish town pays tribute after death&quot;]. BBC. Diaksés tanggal 4Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/boxing/1810535.stm ''&quot;Ali has Irish ancestry&quot;'']. BBC News. 9 Pébruari 2002. Diaksés tanggal 5 Agustus 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;Manéhna  dingaranan maké ngaran bapana, Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. (1912-1990), nu ngaranna sorangan dicokot dina raraga ngahargaan ka politisi Republikan abad ka-19 sarta ''abolitionist'' (anti perbudakan) nu keyeng, Cassius Marcellus Clay, nu ogé urang nagara bagian Kentucky. Aki nini Ali ti jalur bapa nyaéta John Clay jeung Sallie Anne Clay; Eva, dulur awéwé Ali, ngakukeun yén Sallie téh pituin [[Madagaskar]].&lt;ref&gt;Egerton, John (1 Séptémber 1991). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=O6YFLYjAgcQC&amp;lpg=PA134&amp;pg=PA134#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Shades of Gray: Dispatches from the Modern South]''. LSU Press. k. 134. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0807117057&lt;/bdi&gt;. Diaksés 24 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali téh turunan budak beulian ti Kidul ''antebellum'' (jaman méméh perang sipil), sarta utamana mah turunan [[Afrika]] bari aya saeutik getih [[Irlandia]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36452554 &quot;''Muhammad Ali: Boxer's ancestral Irish town pays tribute after death''&quot;]. BBC. 4 Juni 2016. Diaksés tanggal 4 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; tur garis turunan [[Inggris]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/boxing/1810535.stm &quot;''Ali has Irish ancestry''&quot;]. BBC News. 9 Pébruari 2002. Diaksés tanggal 5 Juni 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rietwiesner, Williams Adams. [http://www.wargs.com/other/ali.html &quot;''Ancestry of Muhammad Ali''&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; Aki Ali ti garis indung, Abe Grady, pindahan ti Ennis, Co. Clare, Irlandia.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/muhammad-ali-proud-irish-roots Irish Central]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36452554 BBC]&lt;/ref&gt; Tés DNA di taun 2018, nunjukkeun yén, ku jalan garis nini ti bapana, Ali téh mangrupa turunan ti manten budak belian Archer Alexander, nu geus kapilih ku kru gedong ''Emancipation Memorial'' minangka modél pikeun jalma bébas sarta jadi subjék pikeun bukuna ''abolitionist'' William Greenleaf Eliot, ''Carita Archer Alexander: Tina Hamba Sahaya Jadi Merdéka''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2018/10/02/dna-evidence-links-muhammad-ali-heroic-slave-family-says/|title=DNA evidence links Muhammad Ali to heroic slave, family says|last=|first=|website=Washington Post|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=3 Oktober 2018|date=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;DNA findings link Muhammad Ali to heroic slave&quot;. New York Post. Diaksés 3 Oktober 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Siga Ali, Alexander bajoang pikeun kabébasanna.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.blackpast.org/aah/alexander-archer-ca-1810-1879 Alexander, Archer (ca. 1810-1879)] at the ''Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places in African American History'' (BlackPast.org); by Susan J. Griffith; dipedalkeun 2011; diaksés 5 Oktober 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bapana Ali téh tukang ngalukis réklame jeung billboard,&lt;ref name=&quot;greatath&quot;/&gt; indungna, Odessa O'Grady Clay (1917-1994), tukang babantu di lembur. Sanajan Cassius Sr. saurang Métodis, manéhna ngijinan Odessa pikeun ngabaptis Cassius Jr. jeung adina, Rudolph &quot;Rudi&quot; Clay (jagana ganti ngaran jadi Rahman Ali).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004 p14&quot;&gt;[[Muhammad Ali#CITEREFHauser2004|Hauser]], k.20&lt;/ref&gt; Cassius Jr. asup ka Sakola Luhur Pusat di Louisville. Ali téh disléksia, ku kituna hésé dina diajar maca jeung nulis di sakola ogé dina kahirupanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eig&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Eig|first=Jonathan|title=Ali: A Life: Shortlisted for the William Hill Sports Book of the Year 2017|date=2017|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|isbn=9781471155963|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzjeDQAAQBAJ|language=en|year=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali gedé di tengah-tengah pamilahan rasial. Indungna nyaritakeun hiji kajadian di mana Cassius teu dibéré cai di hiji toko - &quot;Maranéhna teu méré cai, alatan warna kulitna. Hal éta mangaruhan pisan ka dirina.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;HauserThomas&quot;/&gt; Cassius ogé kapangaruhan ku panelasan Emmett Till dina taun 1955, hingga Cassius ngora jeung babaturan ngaruksak rél karéta di lemburna alatan frustasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hampton|first1=Henry|authorlink1=Henry Hampton|last2=Fayer|first2=Steve|last3=Flynn|first3=Sarah|date=1990|title=Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s|page=321|publisher=[[Bantam Books]]|isbn=978-0-553-05734-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesoffreedom00henr_0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Gorn, Elliott|date=1998|title=Muhammad Ali: The People's Champ|pages=76–77|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-06721-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Zbigniew_Pietrzykowski_and_Muhammad_Ali_1960.jpg|jmpl|1960 Olympiade: Ali meunang emas ngalawan Zbigniew Pietrzykowski.]]
Ali mimiti diarahkeun kana tinju ku pulisi Louisville ogé palatih tinju, Joe E. Martin,&lt;ref&gt;Kandel, Elmo  [https://web.archive.org/web/20080611174640/http://www.articleclick.com/Article/Boxing-Legend---Muhammad-Ali/938509 &quot;''Boxing Legend – Muhammad Al''i&quot;]. Article Click (Elmo Kandel). Diaksés 9 Maret, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; nu manggihan hiji budak leutik umur 12 taun ambeuk ka hiji bangsat nu geus nyokot sapédahna. Budak éta téh Cassius Clay téa. Clay ngomong ka si pulisi yén manéhna dék ngagebugan si bangsat. Si pulisi nyarita ka Clay, yén Clay mending gé diajar tinju heula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring05/Shaffer/clay.html|title=Muhammad Ali|last=|first=|website=University of Florida|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531151410/http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring05/Shaffer/clay.html|archive-date=31 Méi 2008|accessdate=20 Méi 2008|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531151410/http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring05/Shaffer/clay.html |date=2008-05-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Awalna, Clay teu narima tawaran Martin, tapi sabada nempo tinju amateur di program tivi nu ngaranna Juara Jaga, Clay katarik kana prospék tinju.&lt;ref&gt;''The Soul of a Butterfly: Reflections on Life's Journey''. Simon jeung Schuster. 2013. k. 18.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna mimita latihan ka palatih Fred Stoner, nu dipuji ku manéhna bakal méré &quot;latihan enyaan&quot;, nu antukna nempakeun &quot;jurus kuring, stamina kuring jeung sistem kuring.&quot; Dina opat taun karir amateur Clay, manéhna dilatih ku tanaga médis tinju Chuck Bodak.&lt;ref&gt;Fernandez, Pedro Fernandez (2 Séptémber 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150414160235/http://ringtalk.com.lhost9.atlantic.net/index.php?action=fullnews&amp;showcomments=1&amp;id=1553 &quot;''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'GODFATHER' OF CUTMEN-CHUCK BODAK SUFFERS STROKE''&quot;]. ''RingTalk''. Diarsipkeun ti [http://ringtalk.com.lhost9.atlantic.net/index.php?action=fullnews&amp;showcomments=1&amp;id=1553 nu asli] tanggal 14 April 2015. Diaksés 14 April 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Clay munggaran tinju amatir di taun 1954 ngalawan patinju lokal Ronnie O’Keefe. Manéhna meunang ku kaputusan nu misah.&lt;ref&gt;Gray, Geoffey (4 Juni 2016). &quot;''[http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/06/how-muhammad-ali-became-a-boxer.html How Muhammad Ali Became a Boxer – Daily Intelligencer]''&quot;. ''New York''. Diaksés 26 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna tuluy kebat meunangkeun juara genep Asbok Emas Kentucky, dua gelar Asbok Emas nasional, gelar nasional Sarikat Atlétik Amatir sarta madali emas kelas beurat énténg dina Olimpiade Usum Panas 1960 di Roma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward&quot;&gt;Ward, Nathan (Oktober 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070111061103/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_48.shtml &quot;''A Total Eclipse of the Sonny''&quot;]. American Heritage. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_48.shtml asli] tanggal 11 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Rékor amatir Clay nyaéta 100 kali meunang jeung lima kali éléh. Ali nyaritakeun dina otobiographina taun 1975 yén teu lila sabada manéhna mulang ti Olimpiade Roma, manéhna ngalungkeun madali emasna ka Leuwi Ohio sanggeus manéhna jeung babaturanna teu diladangan di hiji réstoran “husus bulé” jeung garelut ngalawan geng urang bulé. Carita éta tuluy dibarantah, sarta sawatara batur Ali, kaasup Bundini Brown jeung juru potrét Howard Bingham ngilu nyangkal. Biographi Ali meunang Brown nyatakeun yén Ali mémang teu diladangan di réstoran éta, tapi Ali ngaleungitkeun madali sataun ti saprak meunangkeunna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali nampa hiji madali pangganti dina hiji jéda istirahat laga baskét di [[Olimpiade 1996 Atlanta]], di mana manéhna nu ngahurungkeun oborna pikeun ngamimitian patandingan.

== Tinju profésional ==

=== Karir awal ===
[[Gambar:1961_Cassius_Clay_vs._Donnie_Fleeman_On-Site_Poster.jpg|jmpl| Postér pikeun tanding profésional kalima Cassius Clay ]]
Clay munggaran maén tinju profésional dina tanggal 29 Oktober 1960, ku meunang angka dina tarung genep ronde ka Tunney Hunsaker. Ti saprak harita semet ka ahir 1963, Clay nyieun rékor éndah 19-0, ku 15 kali ''knockout'' (KO). Para patinju nu diéléhkeunna di antarana, Tony Esperti, Jim Robinson, Donnie Fleeman, Alonzo Johnson, George Logan, Willi Besmanoff, LaMar Clark, Doug Jones jeung Henry Cooper. Clay ogé ngéléhkeun manten palatihna nu ogé patinju véteran, Archie Moore, dina hiji laga di taun 1962.&lt;ref&gt;Calkins, Matt. ''[http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2014/nov/17/archie-moore-the52-boxing-heavyweight/ &quot;Archie Moore was the KO king&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811005535/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2014/nov/17/archie-moore-the52-boxing-heavyweight/ |date=2016-08-11 }}''. U-T San Diego. Diaksés 15 Juni 2016&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgDK3q6GWI8C|title=Ali in Action: The Man, the Moves, the Mouth|first=Les|last=Krantz|date=1 Januari 2008|publisher=Globe Pequot|accessdate=15 Juni 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9781599213026|year=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Patarungan-patarungan munggaranna lain tanpa cocoba. Clay di-KO boh ku Sonny Banks ogé ku Cooper. Dina tarung ngalawan Cooper, Clay nambru ku huk kénca dina tungtung ronde kaopat sarta katulungan ku bél, tuluy meunang dina ronde kalima nu geus kajudi alatan panon Cooper tatu parna. Tarung ngalawan Doug Jones dina tanggal 13 Maret 1963 mangrupa patarungan pangbeuratna pikeun Clay dina mangsa éta. Urutan kadua jeung katilu panantang kelas beurat, Clay jeung Jones tanding di lembur Jones di [[Madison Square Garden]] [[New York]]. Jones nyieun Clay sosolontodan dina ronde kahiji. Kameunangan ku sora buleud Clay ka Jones meunang pamoyok ti para panongton sarta ka jero ring dibalédogan ku runtah. Lalajo dina TV, juara kelas beurat, [[Sonny Liston]], ngagonjak yén umpama manéhna kudu tarung jeung Clay, sarua waé jeung ngerem manéh pikeun ditelasan. Patarungan tadi tuluy nelah “Tarung Taun Ieu” ku majalah ''The Ring''.''&lt;ref&gt;Velin, Bob. ''[https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2016/06/04/muhammad-ali-fight-by-fight-career/85341622/ &quot;Fight by fight: Muhammad Ali's legendary career&quot;]''. USA Today. Diaksés 15 Juni 2016&lt;/ref&gt;'' 

Dina unggal patarungan tadi, Clay sacara vokal ngaréméhkeun lawan-lawanna sarta ngagulkeun pangabisana. Manéhna nyebut Jones “jalma leutik goréng patut” sarta nyebut Cooper “jalma ripuh”. Manéhna nyarita yén ngarasa éra kudu naék ring ngalawanan Alex Miteff sarta ngakukeun yén Aréna Madison Square Garden “leutik teuing keur uing mah”.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mee&quot;&gt;Bob Mee, ''Ali and Liston: The Boy Who Would Be King and the Ugly Bear'', 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kalakuan propokatif jeung mahiwalna di jero ring kailhaman ku pagulat profésional “Gorgeuos George” Wagner.&lt;ref name=&quot;SI&quot;&gt;Capouya, John (12 Désémber 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110603232105/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1114630/index.htm &quot;''King Strut''&quot;]. ''Sports Illustrated''. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1114630/index.htm asli] tanggal 3 Juni 2011. Diaksés 14 Maret 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali nyatakeun dina hiji wawancara jeung Hubert Mizel ti the ''Associated Press'' yén manéhna tepung jeung Gorgeous George di Las Vegas di taun 1961 sarta pagulat éta téh ngailhaman manéhna pikeun ngagunakeun jargon gulat nalika diwawancara.&lt;ref&gt;Burkholder, Denny (6 Juni 2016). [http://www.cbssports.com/general/news/how-muhammad-alis-fascination-with-pro-wrestling-fueled-his-career-inspired-mma/ &quot;''How Muhammad Ali's fascination with pro wrestling fueled his career, inspired MMA''&quot;]. CBS Sports. Diaksés 2 Oktober 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1960, Clay ninggalkeun sasana Moore, sawatara alesanna alatan Clay embung kudu migawé pancén rutin kayaning ngumbah piring jeung sasapu. Pikeun ngagantikeun Moore, Clay nyéwa Angelo Dundee minangka palatihna. Clay panggih jeung Dundee di bulan Pébruari 1957 nalika keur amatir kénéh.&lt;ref&gt;Irusta, Carlos. [http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/7470417/muhammad-ali-was-continues-greatest &quot;''Dundee: Ali was, still is 'The Greatest''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot;]. ESPN. Diaksés 17 Januari 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Danget harita, Clay ngincer pujaan heubeulna, Sugar Ray Robinson, pikeun jadi manajerna, tapi ditolak.&lt;ref&gt;Haygood, Wil (1 April 2011). ''[https://books.google.com/?id=Q_nfLUMzlM0C&amp;pg=PA378 Sweet Thunder: The Life and Times of Sugar Ray Robinson]''. Chicago Review Press. k. 378. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;9781569768648&lt;/bdi&gt;. Diaksés 24 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Juara dunia tinju kelas beurat ===

==== Tarung ngalawan Liston ====
Dina panungtungan taun 1963, Clay geus jadi panantang pangluhurna pikeun gelar Sonny Liston. Patarungan geus ditetepkeun dina tanggal 25 Pébruari 1964 di [[Miami Beach]]. Liston miboga kapribadian nu borongongong, patarung nu dominan tur boga sajarah kriminal sarta patali jeung mafia. Dumasar kana pidangan Clay nu teu ngayakinkeun ngalawan Jones jeung Cooper dina dua patarungan saméméhna sarta rubuhna manten juara kelas beurat [[Floyd Patterson]] nu dua kali KO di ronde kahiji ku Liston, Clay teu diunggulkeun ku bandingan 7-1. Najan kitu Clay ngalédék Liston nalika pasamoan méméh tarung, Clay ngalandi Liston minangka “beruang badag goréng patut’, nyarita “Malahan mah Liston bauna gé siga beruang,” sarta ngakukeun “sanggeus ngéléhkeun manéhna kuring bakal nyumbangkeun manéhna ka kebon binatang.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=King of the World: Muhammed Ali and the Rise of an American Hero|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkvoAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA147&amp;dq=%22Liston+even+smells+like+a+bear%22|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|date=02 April 2014|isbn=978-0-8041-7362-9|language=en|first=David|last=Remnick|year=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kereteg jantung Clay harita diitung 120 (per menit), leuwih ti dua kali kaayaan normalna, 54.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;Lipsyte, Robert (26 Pébruari 1964). [https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/10/25/specials/ali-upset.html &quot;''Clay Wins Title in Seventh-Round Upset As Liston Is Halted by Shoulder Injury''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 27 Désémber 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Loba pamiarsa harita nyangka yén kalakuan Clay téh pikeun nutupan kasieun, sarta sawatara koméntator panasaran lamun Clay bakal datang kana laga engké.

Hasil patarungan bener-bener teu disangka. Nalika bél bubuka, Liston nyuruntul ka Clay, katempo ambek jeung hayang geura-geura nga-o. Najan kitu, katanginasan jeung usikna Clay mampu nyingkahan Liston, ngajadikeun si juara nyamos jeung katempo kaku. Dina tungtung ronde kahiji, Clay ngalancarkeun serangan sarta neunggeulan Liston mangkali-kali ku jéb. Liston tarung rada hadé dina ronde kadua, tapi di awal ronde katilu Clay neunggeul Liston ku sababaraha teunggeulan kombinasi nu matak Liston tikusruk tuur sarta soéh sahandapeun panon kéncana. Ieu téh mimiti pisan pikeun Liston nandangan tatu. Dina tungtung ronde kaopat, Clay balik ka juruna nalika manéhna mimiti ngarasakeun kasakit dina panonna nepi ka teu bisa nempo sarta ménta palatihna, Angelo Dundee, pikeun anggeusan. Dundee nolak hal éta. Pada ngangkeuh cenah masalah nu karandapan ku Clay téh alatan salep nu dipake ngolés kana tatu Liston sacara ngahaja dibalurkeun kana asbokna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Sanajan teu kungsi dikonfirmasikeun, sajarawan tinju Bert Sugar nyarita yén dua lawan Liston saméméhma ogé ngaku nandangan hal sarupa ngeunaan panonna nu “asa kaduruk”.&lt;ref&gt;Sugar, Bert Randolph (1 Nopémber 2003). ''Bert Sugar on Boxing: The Best of the Sport's Most Notable Writer''. Globe Pequot. k.&amp;nbsp;196. [[:en:International_Standard_Book_Number|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-048-3|978-1-59228-048-3]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dina hiji wawancara di taun 1974, Ali nyarita yén, saméméh patarunganna ngalawan Foreman, salah saurang pangiriing sakalieun Liston nawaran dirina hiji salep nu bisa dibalurkeun kana asbok sarta bakal ngakibatkeun lolong sawatara waktu nyeureud panon. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nKGdopYDIWU Vidéo] dina [[:en:YouTube|YouTube]]. &lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan ketak Liston pikeun ngarubuhkeun Clay nu geus teu nempo, Clay masih bisa batahan di ronde kalima nepi ka karinget jeung cipanon ngirid paradangan dina panonna. Dina ronde ka genep, Clay ngadominasi, neuggeulan Liston sababaraha kali. Liston teu menyat nalika bél ronde katujuh sarta Clay dinyatakeun meunang ku [[TKO]]. Liston ngaku yén alesanna eureun téh alatan tatu dina taktakna. Sabadana meunang, Clay nu bungah kacida muru ka tungtung ring sarta nunjuk ka wartawan lebah sisi ring bari ngagero “Hakan tah omongan maranéh!” Manéhna nambahkeun, “Kuring pangjagona! Kuring ngendag-ngendag dunya. Kuring mahluk pangalus-alusna nu kungsi hirup.”&lt;ref&gt;McLeod, Kembrew, ''Pranksters: Making Mischief in the Modern World'', kk. 223–4.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina pasamoan sabada tarung, Clay katempo teu yakin yén patarungan dieureunkeun alatan ciderana taktak Liston, nyarita yén hiji-hijina tatu Liston téh ngan “panon nu kabuka, kabuka alatan soéh gedé!” Nalika dibéjaan ku Joe Louis yén ciderana téh nyaéta “leungeun kénca nu leupas tina cacantélna,” Clay ngajejeléh, “Nya heueuh, ngababukan angin waé, rék saha nu teu kitu!”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4IKMX-5JLk &quot;Cassius Clay vs. Sonny Liston - 1964 Boxen&quot;]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku meunangkeun patarungan ieu dina umur 22 taun, Clay jadi tukang tinju pangorana nu ngarebut gelar ti juara batahan kelas beurat. Najan kitu, [[Floyd Patterson]] tetep juara dunia kelas beurat pangorana dina umur 21 taun nalika periode sistem gugur alatan mundurna [[Rocky Marciano]]. [[Mike Tyson]] mecahkeun kadua rekor tadi di taun 1986 dina umur 20 taun nalika ngéléhkeun [[Trevor Berbick]] pikeun meunangkeun gelar juara kelas beurat.

Teu lila ti saprak patarungan ngalawan Liston, Clay ngaganti ngaranna jadi Cassius X, tuluy ganti deui jadi Muhammad Ali nalika asup Islam sarta gabung ka Bangsa Islam (''Nation of Islam''). Ali tuluy nyanghareupan tanding ulang ngalawan Liston nu dijadwalkeun di bulan Méi di Lewiston, Maine. Tadina mah rék di Boston dina bulan Nopémber saméméhma, tapi dipundurkeun genep bulan alatan tilu poé saméméhna Ali kudu dioperasi darurat gara-gara hérnia.&lt;ref&gt;Cuddy, Jack (14 Nopémber 1964). [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9544811/the_bridgeport_telegram/ &quot;''Clay Undergoes Surgery; Fight Is Off Indefinitely''&quot;]. ''The Bridgeport Telegram''. k. 1. Diaksés 14 Maret 2017 – via [[:en:Newspapers.com|Newspapers.com]]. &lt;/ref&gt; Patarungan lumangsung kontroversial. Di tengah-tengah ronde kahiji, Liston dirubuhkeun ku hiji teunggeulan nu tan katingalan nu nelah di kalangan wartawan ku sebutan “teunggeulan jurig’. Wasit Jersey Joe Walcott teu geura-geura ngitung sabada rubuhna Liston lantaran Ali teu daék mundur ka juru netral. Liston cengkat sanggeus ngajupruk salila 20 detik, sarta patarungan lumangsung deui. Najan kitu, sababaraha waktu ti harita, Walcott nu dibéjaan kutukang ngitung waktu yén Liston geus ngagolér dina itungan 10, ngeureunkeun laga sarta nyatakeun Ali meunang ku cara KO.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXYwb2C6Hec &quot;''Muhammad Ali vs Sonny Liston I &amp; II – Highlights (Ali Becomes World Champion &amp; Phantom Punch Fight!)''&quot;]. YouTube. Diaksés 20 Juni 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Patarungan éta réngsé kurang ti dua menit.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Dave (16 Januari 1992). [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/16/sports/sports-of-the-times-on-his-50th-ali-is-still-the-greatest.html &quot;''Sports of The Times; On His 50th, Ali Is Still 'The Greatest''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot;]. The New York Times. Diaksés 25 Januari 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jalma-jalma pada ngakeuh yén Liston ngahaja ngagubragkeun manéh. Motivasi nu dituduhkeun kaasup di antarana nyawana diancam ku Nation of Islam, masang tarohan pikeun dirina sorangan sarta ngahaja “teuleum” pikeun mayar hutang-hutangna. Tayang ulang gerak lambat nunjukkeun yén Liston kahanca ku gitikan ngepang leungeun katuhu Ali, ngan teu jelas naha teunggeulan éta téh nyata-nyata nu matak ngarubuhkeun manéhna.&lt;ref&gt;Vachss, Andrew (2003). ''[http://www.vachss.com/only_child/index.html Only Child]''. Vintage. k. 89. Vachss further explains the way such a fix would have been engineered in Two Trains Running. Pantheon. 2005. pp. 160–165, 233.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Laga ngalawan Patterson ====
Ali mertahankeun gelar na ngalawan manten juara kelas beurat [[Floyd Patterson]] dina tanggal 22 Nopémber 1965. Mémeh laga éta Ali moyok Patterson,  nu kawentar sok ngageroan manéhna make ngaran Cassius Clay, minangka “[[Emang Tom]]”, Ali ogé nyebut Patterson “Si Kelinci”. Sanajan Ali jelas-jelas leuwih alus manan Patterson nu katempona cidera, laga éta lumangsung 12 ronde, méméh dieureunkeun ku hiji technical knockout (TKO). Patterson tuluy nyarita yén dirina katarajang keram lebah ''[[sacroiliac]]''-na. Ali dikritik ku média olahraga alatan katempo heureuy nalika tarung ngalawan Patterson.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Belth, Alex (27 Agustus 2012). [http://www.sportsonearth.com/article/37158310/ &quot;''ALI-PATTERSON: THE REAL STORY''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108100358/http://www.sportsonearth.com/article/37158310/ |date=2017-11-08 }}. Sports on Earth. Sports on Earth. Diaksés 3 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Biographer Patterson, W.K. Stratton yén pacéngkadan antara Ali jeung Patterson téh jijieunan wungkul pikeun ningkatkeun pangjualan tiket jeung pamirsa nu nongton liwat TV sirkuit, padahal mah duanana gé nyandiwara. Stratton ogé ngutip wawancara Ali ku Howard Cosell nu mana Ali ngajelaskeun yén dirina lain heuheureuyan ngalawan Patterson tapi ngan nahan wungkul sangkan teu ngarubuhkeun musuhna sabada tétéla yén Patterson téh keur cidera. Stratton nyatakeun yén Ali ngajadwalkeun tanding kadua di taun 1972, ku alatan ningal kondisi financial Patterson, pikeun ngabantu si manten juara meunangkeun cukup duit keur mayaran hutangna ka [[IRS]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== ''Main Bout'' ====
Sabadana laga ngalawa Patterson, Ali ngadegkeun pausahaan promosina sorangan, ''Main Bout'' (Laga Utama). Pausahaan éta husus nyepeng promosi tinju Ali jeung pamayaran siaran sirkuit tivi. Nu nyarepeng sahamna lolobana babaturan Ali di Nation of Islam, bareng jeung sababaraha urang lianna, di antarana Bob Arum.&lt;ref&gt;Ezra, Michael (2013). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DL41bsCigZcC&amp;pg=PA105 The Economic Civil Rights Movement: African Americans and the Struggle for Economic Power]''. Routledge. k.&amp;nbsp;105. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781136274756|9781136274756]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Muhammad_Ali_1966.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Ali di taun 1966]]
Ali jeung juara kelas beurat [[WBA]] [[Ernie Terrel]] geus paheut pikeun adu hareupan dina hiji laga di [[Chicago]] dina tanggal 29 Maret 1966 (WBA, hiji dina dua asosiasi tinju, geus nyabut gelar Ali sabada Ali gabung kana Nation of Islam). Tapi, di bulan Pébruari, Ali diklasifikasi ulang ku déwan pangdaptaran [[wamil]] Louisville ti 1-A ka 1-Y, sarta katempona manéhna nolak pikeun ngabdi, ngomong ka wartawan, “Kuring teu boga masalah jeung [[Viétkong]]; teu saurang ogé urang Viétkong kungsi nyalukan negro ka kuring.”&lt;ref&gt;Shalit, Nevin I. (15 Juli 1980). &quot;''[http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1980/7/15/muhammad-ali-losing-the-real-title/ Muhammad Ali: Losing the Real Title]''&quot;. ''The Harvard Crimson''. Diaksés 19 Agustus 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Di tengah-tengah sorotan média kana pamadegan Ali, Komisi Atlétik Illinois nolak pikeun nurunkeun sanksi kana laga tadi, ku alesan masalah téhnis.&lt;ref&gt;Dundee, Angelo; Maule, Tex (28 Agustus 1967). &quot;''He Could Go To Jail And Still Be Champ''&quot;. ''Sports Illustrated''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali malah nganjang ka Kanada jeung Éropa sarta meunangkeun sawatara laga kajuaraan ngalawan George Chuvalo, Henry Cooper, Brian London jeung Karl Mildenberger.

Ali mulang deui ka Amérika Sarikat pikeun ngalawanan Cleveland Williams di Houston Astrodome dina tanggal 14 Nopémber 1966. Laga éta mecahkeun rékor panongton ''indoor'' ku 35.460 jalma. Williams geus pada ngangkeuh minangka salah sahiji tukang tinju nu boga teunggeulan pangtarikna di divisi kelas beurat, tapi di taun 1964 manéhn ditémbak ti jarak deukeut ku pulisi Texas, ngakibatkeun leungit ginjal hiji jeung peujit leutikna diteukteuk sapanjang tilu méter. Ali nguntupan Williams, meunang ku TKO di ronde katilu dina hiji patarungan nu dianggap minangka pidangan panghadéna dina karirna.

Ali tarung ngalawanan Terrell di [[Houston]] dina 6 Pébruari 1967. Terrel, nu teu kungsi kasoran dina lima taun ka tukang sarta geus ngéléhkeun réa tukang tinju nu kungsi di sanghareupan ku Ali, diangkeuh minangka lawan pangtanggohna ti saprak Liston; manéhna téh badag, kuat jeung boga kaunggulan tilu inchi jangkauan ti Ali. Wanci méméh patarungan, Terrel mangulang-ulang nyebut Ali ku “Clay”, pikeun ngélég Ali. Duanana ampir pagedrug alatan masalah ngaran dina hiji wawancara pra-laga ku Howard Cosell. Ali katempona niat pikeun moyok Terrell. “Kuring hayang nyiksa manéhna,” cenah. “KO wungkul masih alus teuing keur manéhna.”&lt;ref&gt;Maule, Tex (13 Pébruari 1967). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130309201457/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1079523/1/index.htm &quot;''Cruel Ali With All The Skills''&quot;]. ''Sports Illustrated''. [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1079523/1/index.htm Diarsipkeun] tinu asli tanggal 9 Maret 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Patarungan lumangsung babad nepi ka ronde tujuh, Ali moyok Terrell, nenggeul lawanna ku jéb bari kokoar, “Naon ngaran kuring téh Emang Tom...naon ngaran kuring?” Ali antukna meunang ku 15 ronde ku suara buleud. Terrel ngaku yén nalika keur tarung, Ali ngahaja neunggar panonna, maksa manéhna kudu tarung bari satengah lolong, sarta tuluy, dina hiji ''clinch'', ngagosokkeun panonna nu tatu kana tali ring. Alatan Ali katempona ngahaja manjangkeun patarungan pikeun namplokkeun hukuman maksimal, kritik ngagambarkeun yén patarungan éta téh minangka “salah sahiji patarungan tinju panggoréngna.” Tex Maule tuluy nulis: “Harita téh mangrupa pamintonan nu éndah dina kaparigelan tinju ogé panémbongan kakasaran barbar.” Ali nolak tuduhan ngeunaan kakasaran, tapi, pikeun para pangiritik Ali, laga éta leuwih némbongkeun bukti kaadigunganna.

Sabada Ali mertahankeun gelar ngalawan Zora Folley dina tanggal 22 Maret, sakabéh gelarna diudaran alatan nolak pikeun asup kana pangabdian militer.&lt;ref name=&quot;greatath&quot;&gt;Johnson, Rafer (1 Pébruari 2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TnIAPwAACAAJ Great Athletes 1] (revisi ed.). Salem Press. kk. 38–41. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-58765-008-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ijin tinjuna ogé dicabut sarta dikeunaan sanksi teu meunang maén ku nagara bagian [[New York]]. Manéhna didakwa nyingkahan wajib militer dina tanggal 20 Juni sarta dihukum lima taun panjara jeung denda $10.000. Ali mayar jaminan sarta tetep bébas bari naékkeun banding kana putusanna.

=== Dibuang jeung balik deui ===
Dina bulan Maret 1966, Ali nolak pikeun gabung ka pasukan basanjata. Sacara sistematis dirina ditolak ijin tinjuna di unggal nagara bagian sarta pasporna dicabut. Hasilna, manéhna heunteu tanding ti bulan Maret 1967 nepi ka Oktober 1970 – dina umur 25 nepi ka ampir 29 – nalika kasusna keur dina prosés naék banding saméméh dakwaanna dibatalkeun dina taun 1971. Nalika mangsa tanpa aktipitas éta, panolakan kana [[Perang Viétnam]] mimiti tumuwuh sarta pamedegan Ali meunangkeun simpati, manéhna biantara di sakola-sakola luhur di sakuliah nagri, ngiritik Perang Viétnam sarta ngabéla harga diri urang Amérika-Afrika jeung kaadilan rasial.

==== Patarungan Super ====
Nalika meunang sanksi dilarang tanding, Ali méréskeun hiji tuntutan $1 juta ngalawan produser radio Murray Woroner ku narima $10.000 alatan sacara pribadi dipintonkeun dina laga fantasi jijieunan ngalawan pangsiunan juara Rocky Marciano.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;''[http://www.enterprisenews.com/article/20090901/News/309019646 Ali vs. Marciano: Who wins?]''&quot;. ''The Enterprise''. 1 Séptémber 2009. Diaksés tanggal 19 Juli 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 1969, kadua patinju éta difilemkeun diadu pikeun kurang leuwih 75 ronde nu sarondena samenit; maranéhna merankeun sababaraha lalakon.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/nov/13/forgotten-story-rocky-marciano-muhammad-ali &quot;''The forgotten story of ... the Rocky Marciano v Muhammad Ali Super Fight''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. 13 Nopémber 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Hiji program komputer cenah nangtukeun nu meunang, dumasar kana data ngeunaan para patarung. Vérsi éditan dina tanding éta dipidangkeun di bioskop di taun 1970. Dina vérsi AS Ali éléh dina hiji simulasi KO di ronde ka-13, tapi dina vérsi Éropa Marciano éléh alatan meunang tatu, ogé simulasi.&lt;ref&gt;Bingham, Howard; Wallace, Max (2000). ''[[iarchive:muhammadalisgrea0000bing|Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight: Cassius Clay vs. the United States of America]]''. M. Evans. k.&amp;nbsp;[[iarchive:muhammadalisgrea0000bing/page/218|218]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali ngisaratkeun yén éléhna dina vérsi AS téh teu objéktif. Manéhna kabéjakan nyarita bari heureuy, “Komputerna buatan Alabama.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

==== Mulang deui kana tanding hadiahan ====
Dina tanggal 11 Agustus 1970, sawatara kasusna keur naék banding kénéh, Ali meunang ijin pikeun tinju deui ti Komisi Atlétik Kota Atlanta. Leroy Johnson, Jesse Hill Jr. Jeung Harry Pett geus ngagunakeun pangaruh pulitik lokalna sarta nempatkeun pausahaan House of Sports pikeun ngatur tandingna, ku kituna, maranéhna mintonkeun kakawasaan pangaruh pulitik kaum hideung Georgia kana mulang deuina Ali.&lt;ref&gt;Matthew (1 Oktober 2005). [https://www.atlantamagazine.com/great-reads/knockout-oral-history-muhammad-ali-atlanta-fight-nobody-wanted/ &quot;''Knockout: An oral history of Muhammad Ali, Atlanta, and the fight nobody wanted''&quot;]. ''Atlanta Magazine''. Diaksés 31 Oktober 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Tanding munggaran balikna deui Ali téh nyaéta nyanghareupan Jerry Quarry dina tanggal 26 Oktober, nu hasilna hiji kameunangan pikeun Ali sanggeus dina ronde katilu Quarry meunang tatu getih.

Sabulan ti harita, kameunangan di pangadilan federal ngudukeun Komisi Tinju New York pikeun mulangkeun ijin tinju Ali.&lt;ref&gt;[http://palmbeachpost.newspapers.com/image/132677737/?terms=%22Clay%2Bgranted%2BNew%2BYork%2Bring%2Blicense%22 &quot;''Clay granted New York ring license''&quot;]. ''The Palm Beach Post. Associated Press''.15 Séptémber 1970. k. B4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali ngalawanan Oscar Bonavena di [[Madison Square Garden]] di bulan Désémber dina hiji pamidangan nu teu matak sumanget nu réngsé ku di-TKO-na Bonavena sacara dramatis di ronde ka-15. Kameunangan ieu nempatkeun Ali dina posisi kahiji pikeun nantang juara kelas beurat [[Joe Frazier]].

==== Tarung kahiji ngalawan Joe Frazier ====
Tarung kahiji Ali ngalawan Frazier lumangsung di Garden dina tanggal 8 Maret 1971, katelah ku sebutan “Patarungan Abad Ieu”, alatan euyeub nu luar biasa di sabudeureun patarungan antara dua patandang nu can kungsi kasoran nu masing-masing boga cupat pikeun jadi juara kelas beurat. Panulis véteran tinju John Condon nyebut hal ieu “kajadian panggedéna nu kungsi ku kuring dipigawé dina hirup kuring.” Laga ieu disiarkeun ka 35 nagara luar; promotorna ngaluarkeun 760 tikét wartawan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katambahkeun kana atmospir laga nyaéta tontonan pra-laga nu ramé sarta silih poyokan. Ali ngagambarkeun Frazier minangka hiji “pakakas bodo pikeun pangawangunan urang bulé.” “Frazier goréng rupa teuing pikeun jadi jawara,” ceuk Ali. “Frazier bodo teuing pikeun jadi jawara.” Ali ogé sababaraha kali ngalandi Frazier minangka “Emang Tom”. Dave Wolf, nu gawé pikeun sasana Frazier, inget yén, “Ali nyarita ‘jalma-jalma nu ngarojong Joe Frazier ngan jalma-jalma nu maraké saragam wungkul, nyaéta shérif Alabama, sarta anggota Ku Klux Klan. Kuring tarung pikeun jalma leutik di kawasan kumuh.’ Joe keur diuk di ditu harita téh, neunggeulkeun peureup kana dampal leungeunna, nyarita, ‘Nyaho naon anjing si éta ngeunaan kawasan kumuh?’”&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali mimiti latihan di lahan tanén deukeut [[Reading]], [[Pennsylvania]], di taun 1971, sarta ngarasa cocog lamun di wilayah pasisian éta diwangun hiji sasana nyaan. Ali meunangkeun lima akre lahan di jalan désa Pennsylvania di Désa Deer Lake, Pennsylvania. Di tempat éta Ali ngadegkeun hiji sasana latihan, di mana manéhna latihan pikeun sakabéh patarunganna ti taun 1972 semet ka panungtungan karirna di taun 1982.

Laga Senen peuting cocog jeung iklanna. Frazier nu dodongkoan, ulak elok jeung gulak gilek tutuluyan neken Ali, kateunggeul sababaraha kali ku jéb jeung kombinasi Ali, tapi teu reureuh nyerang tur mangkali-kali nyitak angka, utamana kana awak Ali. Laga éta saimbang dina awalna mah, tapi Ali nandangan ganjaran pangtohagana dina karirna. Dina sababaraha kasempetan dina ronde-ronde awal manéhna susuruduk sarta gigideg (nunjukkeun teu nyeri) nalika kababuk. Ronde-ronde kaituna – dina naon nu munggaran katelah ku “strategi ''rope-a-dope''” – Ali nyarande kana tali sarta nyerep tarajangan ti Frazier, ngaharep meakkeun tanaga Frazier. Dina ronde ka-11, Frazier ninggang ku huk kénca nu ngabalukarkeun Ali jajarigjegan, tapi lantaran Ali katempona siga nu guyon nalika mundur ka sisi ring séjén, Frazier jadi ngarengkog pikeun nuluykeun ketakna, hariwang serangan balik ti Ali. Dina ronde panungtungan, Frazier ngarubuhkeun Ali ku hiji huk kénca nu kacida tarikna, nu ceuk wasit Arthur Mercante mangrupa teunggeulan jalma pangtarik-tarikna. Ali cengkat dina itungan tilu detik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Najan kitu, Ali éléh ku putusan buleud, hiji kaéléhan dirina nu munggaran.

==== Tantangan Chamberlain jeung tarung ngalawan Ellis ====
Dina taun 1971, béntang baskét [[Wilt Chamberlain]] nantang Ali pikeun tarung kalayan lagana geus dijadwalkeun dina tanggal 26 Juli. Sanajan Chamberlain nu jangkungna tujuh kaki dua inci ngabogaan kauntungan pisik nu leuwih kuat batan Ali – 60 pon leuwih beurat sarta jangkoanna 14 inci leuwih jauh – Ali bisa mangaruhan Chamberlain pikeun ngabedokeun laga ku moyok manéhna dina hiji wawancara bareng ku sebutan “Kai Golondongan!” sarta “Tangkal éta bakal rubuh”. Pernyataan nu pinuh kayakinan ieu ngamarojéngjakeun musuh jangkungna nu karak meunang tawaran rékor kontrak ti pamilik [[Los Angeles Lakers]], Jack Kent Cooke, minangka syarat keur ngabatalkeun naon nu disebut ku Cooke minangka “tinju bebelegugan”,&lt;ref&gt;[http://articles.latimes.com/1989-01-15/sports/sp-979_1_wilt-s-ring-career &quot;''Ali's Remark Ended Wilt's Ring Career''&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times''.15 Januari1989. ''Morning Briefing''.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta antukana Chamberlain ngagugu kana hal éta.&lt;ref&gt;O'Reilly, Terry (3 Marét 2016). [http://www.cbc.ca/radio/undertheinfluence/achilles-heel-advertising-repositioning-the-competition-1.3473631 &quot;''Achilles Heel Advertising: Repositioning the Competition''&quot;]. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Diakasés 30 Agustus 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Pikeun ngagantikeun lawan Ali, promotor [[Bob Arum]] geuwat nga-''booking'' manten batur latihan Ali, Jimmy Ellis, nu mangrupa batur Ali keur budak ti [[Louisville]], Kentcuky, pikeun ngalawanan Ali.

==== Tarung munggaran ngalawan Quarry, Patterson, Foster jeung Norton ====
Sanggeus éléh ku Frazier, Ali tarung ngalawan Jerry Quarry, ngaduakalian ngalawan Folyd Patterson sarta ngalawana Bob Foster di taun 1972, kabéhna Ali meunang genep kali dina taun éta. Di taun 1973, Ken Norton motongkeun careuham Ali nalika ngaleler dirina ku kaéléhan kadua. Sabada mimiti pada ngangkeuh rék pangsiun, Ali meunang ngalawan Norton dina laga kadua maranéhna. Hal ieu ngajurung Ali kana tarung ulang ngalawan Joe Frazier di Madison Square Garden dina tanggal 28 Januari 1974.; Frazier karak anyar kaleungitan gelar ku [[George Foreman]].

==== Tarung kadua ngalawan Joe Frazier ====
Ali katempona kuat dina awal-awal ronde sarta nyieun Frazier jajarigjegan dina ronde kadua. Wasit Tony Perez salah déngé,  rarasaan manéhna ngadéngé bél béakna rondé kadua sarta ngaléngkah ka antara dua patinju nalika Ali keur nyerang, méré waktu keur Frazier pikeun ngarénghap heula. Najan kitu, Frazier menyat dina ronde-ronde tengah, ngagitik sirah Ali dina ronde katujuh sarta nyedekkeun Ali kana tali ring dina panungtungan ronde kadalapan. Opat ronde pamungkas duanana silih genti unggul. Salila laga, kalah kumaha gé Ali hasil nyingkahan huk kiwa Frazier nu ngabahayakeun sarta ningker Frazier nalika di juru, taktik nu kadua éta nu matak ngajéngkélkeun pihak sasana Frazier. Para juri méré kaputusan buleud pikeun kameunangan Ali.

=== Juara dunia kelas beurat (mindoan) ===

==== ''Palagan di Leuweung'' ====
Kameunangan ngalawan Frazier nempatkeun Ali kana babak parebutan gelar ngalawan juara kelas beurat [[George Foreman]] di [[Kinshasa]], [[Zairé]], dina tanggal 30 Oktboer 1974 – hiji laga nu katelah ku Palagan di Leuweung. Foreman dianggap minangka patinju nu ngabogaan teunggeulan pangtarikna dina sajarah kelas beurat. Dina itung-itungan patarungan, para analis nunjukkeun yén Joe Frazier jeung Ken Norton nu geus méré Ali opat patarungan beurat sarta masing-masing di antara meunang sakali, duanana dirubuhkeun ku Foreman dina KO di ronde kadua. Ali geus nincak umur 32 taun, sarta nyata-nyata geus leungiteun katanginasan jeung réfléksna di banding keur umur 20-an. Kontras jeung kapribadiaanna kiwari, Foreman harita mangrupa jalma nu sahaok kadua gaplok jeung pikasieuneun. Ampir teu saurang ogé pangamat olahraga, malah najan bobotoh heubeul Ali gé, Howard Cosell, nyarangka yén si manten juara bakal pimeunangeun.
[[Gambar:WORLD_HEAVYWEIGHT_BOXING_CHAMPION_MUHAMMAD_ALI,_A_BLACK_MUSLIM,_ATTENDS_THE_SECT'S_SERVICE_TO_HEAR_ELIJAH_MUHAMMAD..._-_NARA_-_556247.jpg|jmpl| Ali di taun 1974 ]]
Saperti biasana, Ali pinuh ku kayakinan jeung hegar méméh patarungan. Manéhna nyarita ka juru wawancara David Frost, “Lamun anjeun mikir yén dunia direuwaskeun ku eureunna Nixon, tunggu nepi ka kuring ninggang Foreman nepi ka ngajengkang!”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aGHpXt_hMc &quot;''Muhammad Ali – The Rumble In The Jungle(Interview)''&quot;]. 22 Maret 1967. YouTube. Diaksés tanggal 3 Séptémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna nyarita ka préss, “Kuring geus milampah hiji hal nu anyar pikeun laga ieu. Kuring gulat ngalawan buaya, kuring ijén ngalawan lauk paus; nyangcang kilat, manjarakeun guludug; karak minggu kamari kuring maéhan cadas, natuan batu jeung ngirim bata ka rumah sakit; Kuring bener-bener curaling, ku kuring ubar gé dijieun garering.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGk0R63C0eM &quot;''Muhammad Ali Inspirational Speech (Cassius Clay Boxing Motivation)''&quot;]. 14 Séptémber 2012. YouTube. Diaksés tanggal 3 Séptémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali kacida populérna di [[Zairé]], saur manuk “Ali, bomaye” (“Ali, paéhan si éta”) ka mana waé Ali indit.

Ali muka patarungan, gerak tur nyétak angka ku hiji teunggeulan silang kana sirah Foreman. Satuluyna dina awal ronde kadua, nalika kadeseh ka juru, Ali mundur kana tali ring sarta ngundang Foreman pikeun nenggeulan bari manéhna nyalindung, nangkeup jeung malik neunggeul, bari terus harus moyok Foreman. Gerakanna nu engkéna katelah ku “''[[Rope-a-dope]]''”, nyata-nyata ngalawan kana kabiasaan tinju – ngantepkeun tukang neunggeul pangbedasna narajang sakahayangna – nu ceuk pamikiran panulis tinju George Plimpton mah patarungan éta téh teu eucreug. Foreman beuki dieu beuki ambek, ngirim teunggeulan nu pating solédat sarta teu mareneran. Asup kana patengahan patarungan, Foreman mimiti capé, Ali malik nyerang sacara éféktif  sababaraha kali ku teunggeulan, nu nyumangetan para pamiarsa nu pro ka Ali. Dina ronde kadalapan, Ali ngarubuhkeun Foreman nu geus leuleus ku hiji kombinasi di tengah ring; Foreman teu bisa cengkat deui. Di luar sangkaan, sarta di tengah-tengah euyeubna ring, Ali meunangkeun deui titel juara ku cara KO. Ngeungteung kana patarungan éta, George Foreman ka dieunakeun nyarita: “Ari sugan téh Ali ngan saukur kurban KO lianna, nepi ka asup ka ronde katujuh, kuring neunggeul careuhamna sataker kebek sarta manéhna nangkep kuring bari ngaharéwos kana ceuli: ‘Ngan sakitu George?’ Kuring karak nyadar yén hal ieu téh teu sapagodos jeung panyana kuring.”&lt;ref&gt;Foreman, George (Januari 2012). [http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/sport/george-foreman-on-ali &quot;''George Foreman on why Muhammad Ali was so much more than a 'boxer'''&quot;]. ''ShortList''. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Muhammad_Ali_and_Jimmy_Carter.jpg|jmpl|Présidén Jimmy Carter ngabagéakeun Ali dina hiji jamuan di Gedong Putih,  1977.]]
Hal ieu téh bener-bener kameunangan nu teu disangka-sangka,&lt;ref&gt;Foreman, George (Januari 2012). [http://www.shortlist.com/entertainment/sport/george-foreman-on-ali &quot;''George Foreman on why Muhammad Ali was so much more than a 'boxer'''&quot;]. ''ShortList''. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; sanggeus saméméhna Ali teu diunggulkeun ku bandingan 4-1 ngalawan musuhna nu can kungsi kasoran, si peureup bedas, Foreman.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1030.html &quot;''Ali Regains Title, Flooring Foreman''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. 30 Oktober 1974.&lt;/ref&gt; Patarungan ieu kawentar minangka mimiti pisan Ali ngenalkeun taktik ''rope-a-dope''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/oct/29/rumble-in-the-jungle-muhammad-ali-george-foreman-book-extract &quot;''Rumble in the Jungle: the night Ali became King of the World again''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. 29 Oktober 2014. &lt;/ref&gt; Patarungan ieu rékor ditongton ku pamiarsa télévisi kira-kira sajuta panongoton di sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday&quot;&gt;&quot;Revisiting 'The Rumble in the Jungle' 40 years later&quot;. ''USA Today''. 29 Oktober 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jet&quot;/&gt; Pintonan ieu mangrupa siaran télévisi panglobana dilalajoan di dunia dina mangsa harita.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180520042513/http://www.inquisitr.com/4903566/most-watched-live-tv-broadcasts-of-all-time-where-will-the-royal-wedding-rank/ &quot;''Most-Watched Live TV Broadcasts Of All Time: Where Will The Royal Wedding Rank?''&quot;]. ''Inquisitr''. 19 Méi 2018. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://www.inquisitr.com/4903566/most-watched-live-tv-broadcasts-of-all-time-where-will-the-royal-wedding-rank/ asli] tanggal 20 Mei 2018. Diaksés tanggal 20 Méi 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tanding ngalawan, Wepner, Lyle jeung Bugner ====
Lawan-lawan Ali satuluyna nyaéta Chuck Wepner, Ron Lyle jeung Joe Bugner. Wepner, hiji jalma ngalalana nu kawentar ku sebutan “Tukang Ngagetihan ti Bayonne”, ngagétkeun Ali nalika ngarubuhkeun manéhna di ronde kasalapan; Ali ka hareupna nyarita yén manéhna titajong kana suku Wepner. Laga ieu nu ngailhaman Sylvester Stallone pikeun nyieun pilemna nu meunangkeun loba pamuji, ''[[Rocky]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Schneiderman, R. M. (10 Agustus 2006). [https://www.forbes.com/2006/08/10/rocky-stallone-settlement-cx_rs_0810autofacescan04.html#34f600e166bd &quot;''Stallone Settles With The 'Real' Rocky''&quot;]. ''Forbes''.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Tanding katilu lawan Joe Frazier ====
Ali tuluy nyatujuan pikeun tarung katilu ngalawan [[Joe Frazier]] di [[Manila]]. Laga nu katelah ku “''[[Thrilla in Manila]]''” ieu lumangsung dina tanggal 1 Oktober 1975,&lt;ref name=&quot;greatath&quot;/&gt; dina suhu hawa ampir 100 °F (38 °C). Dina ronde-ronde awal, Ali agrésif, gudag gidig jeung silih tukeran teunggeulan jeung Frazier. Sanajan kitu, teu lila Ali katempo capé sarta ngaluarkeun jurus “''rope-a-dope''”, minengna mah ngalakukeun ''clinch''. Dina bagian laga ieu, Ali mesatkeun sawatara serangan walesan nu éféktif, tapi lolobana mah katinggang ku Frazier nu euweuh kacapé. Dina ronde ka-12, Frazier mimiti leuleus, Ali nibankeun sababaraha teunggeulan tarik nu ngabalukarkeun katutupna panon kénca Frazier sarta tatu soéh saluhureun panon katuhuna. Ku leungiteun tetempoanna Frazier, Ali ngadominasi rondé ka-13 jeung ka-14, nu harita, ceuk sajarawan tinju Mike Silver, nganggap sirah Frazier saolah-olah minangka “sasaran paranti latihan”. Patarungan direureuhkeun nalika palatih Frazier, Eddie Futch, teu ngijinan Frazier pikeun nuluykeun ronde panungtungan, ronde ka-15, sanajan Frazier teu panujueun. Panon Frazier duanana katutup alatan bareuh. Ali, di juru ringna, diputuskeun meunang ku cara TKO, ngajéngjéhe dina korsina, bener-bener lungsé.

Ali nu sarua ripuh cumarita sabada patarungan, “nu karasa ku kuring, bener-bener deukeut kana pipaéheun”, sarta nalika ditanya naha manéhna heunteu nongton ulang patarunganna dina vidio, Ali ngajawab, “Keur naon kuring kudu balik deui sarta lalajo Naraka?” Sabada patarungan, Ali nyebutkeun yén “Frazier téh patarung pangpunjulna sapanjang mangsa, sanggeus diri kuring.”

Ali nu sarua ripuh cumarita sabada patarungan, “nu karasa ku kuring, bener-bener deukeut kana pipaéheun”, sarta nalika ditanya naha manéhna heunteu nongton ulang patarunganna dina vidio, Ali ngajawab, “Keur naon kuring kudu balik deui sarta lalajo Naraka?” Sabada patarungan, Ali nyebutkeun yén “Frazier téh patarung pangpunjulna sapanjang mangsa, sanggeus diri kuring.”&lt;ref&gt;Blaine Henry (18 Méi 2019). [https://fight-library.com/2019/05/28/history-lesson-thrilla-in-manila/ &quot;''History Lesson: Thrilla in Manila''&quot;]. Fight-Library.com&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Anderson_ali.jpg|jmpl|Ali diwawancara ku Curt Anderson ti WBAL-TV, taun 1978, Baltimore, Maryland]]
Sanggeus laga di Manila, Ali tanding ngalawan Jean Pierre Coopman, Jimmy Young jeung Richard Dunn, kalayan meunang ngalawan nu disebut panungtung ku KO. Teunggeulan Ali nalika ngarubuhkeun Dunn meunang diajar ti Jawara [[Taékwondo]] Jhon Rhee. Rhee nyebut teunggeulan éta minangka “''Accupunch''”, nu manéhna gé meunang guguru ti [[Bruce Lee]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jhoonrhee.com/bio7.html &quot;''Jhoon Rhee, Father of American Tae Kwon Do''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506223915/http://www.jhoonrhee.com/bio7.html |date=2019-05-06 }}&quot;. ''www.jhoonrhee.com''. Diaksés tanggal 1 Méi 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Patarungan ngalawan Dunn mangrupa patarungan pamungkas dina karirna di mana Ali hasil ngarubuhkeun lawanna.

Dina tanggal 1 Juni 1976, Ali ngalaan kaos jeung jakétna sarta ijén ngalawanan pagulat profésional Gorilla Monsoon dina jero ring sabada tandingna di Féderasi Gulat Sakuliah Dunya dipintonkeun di [[Aréna Philadelphia]]. Sabada nyingcetkeun sababaraha teunggeulan Ali, Monsoon ngangkat Ali dina gerakan puteran pasawat sarta ngabantingkeun kana karpét. Ali cingkud leumpang ka juru di mana baturna, Butch Lewis, ngayakinkeun dirina sangkan eunggeusan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://boxinghalloffame.com/muhammad-ali-boxing-a-monsoon/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali Boxing a Monsoon – Boxing Hall of Fame''&quot;]. ''boxinghalloffame.com''. 29 Désémber 2012. Diaksés tanggal 9 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 26 Juni 1976 Ali ilibiung dina hiji laga éksébisi di Tokyo ngalawanan tukang gulat profésional jeung ahli béla diri Jepang, [[Antonio Inoki]]. Ali ngan bisa nibankeun dua jéb, sedeng tajongan Inoki ngakibatkeun gétih wuwungan di dua témpat sarta inféksi nu ngakibatkeun suku Ali ampir-ampiran kudu diamputasi. Tanding éta teu maké aturan rasmi sarta antukna dinyatakeun séri.&lt;ref&gt;Tallent, Aaron (20 Pébruari 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160709012841/http://www.thesweetscience.com/articles-of-2005/1716-the-joke-that-almost-ended-ali-s-career &quot;''The Joke That Almost Ended Ali's Career''&quot;]. The Sweet Science. Diarsipkeun ti [http://www.thesweetscience.com/articles-of-2005/1716-the-joke-that-almost-ended-ali-s-career nu asli] tanggal 9 Juli 2016. Diaksés 4 Désémber 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Sabada maotna Ali, ''[[The New York Times]]'' nyebutkeun yén laga éta téh mangrupa laga nu paling teu dipikatineung ku Ali.&lt;ref&gt;Mather, Victor (5 Juni 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/06/sports/who-lost-when-muhammad-ali-fought-a-pro-wrestler-the-fans.html &quot;''Ali's Least Memorable Fight''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; Réa koméntator tinju nempo laga éta sacara negatif sarta ngarepkeun sangkan pada mopohokeun lantaran dianggap minangka “15 ronde nu teu payus.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Gross, Josh (25 Juni 2016). [http://www.newsweek.com/muhammad-ali-antonio-inoki-mixed-martial-arts-ufc-japan-mma-boxing-wrestling-474502 &quot;''Muhammad Ali's Forgotten Fight Was Also One of His Most Influential''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426153926/https://www.newsweek.com/muhammad-ali-antonio-inoki-mixed-martial-arts-ufc-japan-mma-boxing-wrestling-474502 |date=2019-04-26 }}. ''Newsweek''. Diaksés tanggal 10 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Kiwari, laga éta dianggap ku sawatara jalma minangka tarung Ali anu paling boga pangaruh, CBS Sports nyebutkeun yén perhatian kana laga gaya campuran pada narima “minangka ilham pikeun kaluarna standarisasi aturan [[MMA]] sababaraha taun ti harita.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Burkholder, Denny (6 Juni, 2016). [http://www.cbssports.com/general/news/how-muhammad-alis-fascination-with-pro-wrestling-fueled-his-career-inspired-mma/ &quot;''How Muhammad Ali's fascination with pro wrestling fueled his career, inspired MMA''&quot;]. CBS Sports. Diaksés tanggal 11 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ali ngalawanan Ken Norton pikeun katilukalina dina bulan Séptémber 1976. Laga lumangsung di Stadium Yankee, nu hasilna Ali meunang ku hiji kaputusan nu pada ngadebat sarta meunang pamoyok ti panongton. Sanggeusna, Ali ngumumkeun yén dirina rék reureuh tina tinju pikeun neuleuman kayakinanna, Ali pindah kana Islam Sunni sakaluarna ti Nation of Islam dina taun saméméhna.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newspaperarchive.com/SiteMap/FreePdfPreview.aspx?img=110827611?sec=Sports &quot;''Champion Ali Quits Boxing''&quot;]. ''The Paris News''. 1 Oktober 1976. k. 12. Diaksés tanggal 19 Oktober 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabada mulang deui pikeun ngéléhkeun Alfredo Evangelista dina bulan Méi 1977, Ali ripuh dina tarung satuluyna ngalawan Earnie Shavers di bulan Séptémber, kahanca sababaraha kali dina sirah. Ali meunangkeun patarungan ku kaputusan teu buleud lianna, tapi laga tadi ngabalukarkeun dokterna ti babaheula, Ferdie Pacheco eureun sanggeus pépélingna sangkan Ali eureun tina tinju teu didaréngé. Pacheco nyaritakeun, “Komisi Atlétik New York nunjukkeun ka kuring laporan yén ginjal Ali geus misalah. Kuring nyuratan Angelo Dundee, palatih Ali, pamajikanna jeung Ali sorangan. Kuring taya nu némbal. Tah ti dinya kuring mutuskeun, anggeus, cukup.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina bulan Pébruari 1978, Ali nyanghareupan [[Leon Spinks]] di Hotél Hilton di [[Las Vegas]]. Wanci harita, Spinks ngan ngabogaan pangalaman tujuh kali tanding profesional sarta karak anyar drow jeung panglalana Scott LeDoux. Ali méakkeun kurang ti dua losin ronde minangka persiapan pikeun tanding sarta kondisi awakna bener-bener teu nyumponan nalika loncéng bubuka disadakeun. Manéhna kaleungitan gelar ku kaputusan nu misah. Tanding ulang dilumangsungkeun dina bulan Séptémber di ''[[Superdome]]'' di [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]. Tujuh puluh rébu jalma narongton laga ieu sarta mayar total keur tikét sajumlah $6 juta, ngajadikeun patarungan éta pangngahasilkeunna dina mangsa harita.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nola.com/sports/index.ssf/2016/06/read_peter_finneys_column_from.html Baca kolum Peter Finney dina Ali vs. Spinks 2 di Superdome taun 1978], ''The Times-Picayune'' NOLA.com (New Orleans, LA.), diposkeun deui dina 4 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali meunang ku kaputusan nu buleud tina hiji patarungan nu teu ramé, ti wasit Lucien Joubert méré nilai 10-4, juri Ernie Cojoe 10-4 jeung juri Herman Preis 11-4. Ku kituna, Ali jadi juara kelas beurat munggaran nu meunangkeun sabukna tilu kali.&lt;ref&gt;''Muhammad Ali, The Glory Years'', Felix Dennis and Don Atyeo, k. 258.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[http://ringsidereport.com/?p=63321 The Last Flight of the Butterfly: Remembering Ali vs Spinks II]'', RingsideReport.com, Kevin &quot;The Voice&quot; Kincade, 22 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabada kameunanganna ieu, dina tanggal 27 Juli 1979, Ali ngabéwarakeun reureuhna tina tinju. Sanajan kitu, reureuhna téh teu lila, Ali ngabéwarakeun rék balik deui pikeun nyanghareupan [[Larry Holmes]] pikeun sabuk [[WBC]] dina raraga meunangkeun juara kelas beurat kaopat kalina. Panitén tinju, Richie Giachetti nyarita, “Larry teu hayang tarung ngalawan Ali. Manéhna nyaho yén Ali geus leungiteun pangabisa; hal ieu bakal jadi pikakeueungeun.”

Nya wanci-wanci harita pisan Ali mimiti teu béntés dina ngomong sarta leungeunna ngeleper.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/21/us/muhammad-ali---fast-facts/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali Fast Facts''&quot;]. CNN. Diaksés tanggal 20 Pébruari 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Komisi Atlétik Nevada (singk. Inggris NAC) maréntahkeun sangkan Ali ngalakonan heula tés pisik kumplit di Las Vegas méméh ngijinan pikeun tarung deui. Ali malah milih pikeun dicék di Klinik Mayo, nu nyatakeun yén dirina bisa tarung. Opini maranéhna katampa ku NAC dina tanggal 31 Juli 1980, ngajalanan Ali keur mulang deui kana ring.&lt;ref&gt;Koch, Ed. [http://www.lasvegassun.com/muhammad-ali/timeline/ &quot;''Timeline: Fifty years of Las Vegas memories for Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. ''Las Vegas Sun''. Diaksés 12 Nopémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Patarungan lumangsung dina tanggal 2 Oktober 1980 di Landeuh Las Vegas, sarta Holmes sacara gampang nguntupan Ali nu rada leuleus purah pangobatan tiroid nu dilakonan ku manéhna pikeun ngurangan beurat awakna. Giachetti nyebutkeun patarungan éta téh “sadu...panggoréng-goréngna kagiatan olahraga nu kungsi ditungkulan ku kuring.” Aktor [[Sylvester Stallone]] harita aya di sagigireun ring sarta nyarita yén harita téh kawas lalajo jalma nu masih hirup kénéh keur diotopsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina ronde kasabelas, Angelo Dundee maréntahkeun wasit pikeun ngeureunkeun patarungan, sakali-kalina Ali nandangan kasoran kucara dieureunkeun. Tarung ngalawan Holmes disebut-sebut geus ngilu nyumbang kana sindrom Parkinson Ali.&lt;ref&gt;Hale, Mike (26 Oktober 2009). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/27/arts/television/27muhammad.html &quot;''Boxing King Casts His Shadow, Even at Time of Defeat''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 5 Maret 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan loba paménta sangkan reureuh, Ali tanding sakali deui dina tanggal 11 Désémber 1981 di Nassau, [[Bahama]], ngalawanan [[Trevor Berbick]], sarta éléh angka dina sapuluh ronde.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1870&amp;dat=19810816&amp;id=9_EwAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=_uAFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2603,113296&amp;hl=en &quot;''Ali to try again?''&quot;]. ''The Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal''. Associated Press. 16 Agustus 1981. Diaksés tanggal 4 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&amp;dat=19811212&amp;id=XKUyAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=gOcFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3700,2405394&amp;hl=en &quot;''It's all over for Ali after loss''&quot;]. ''Lawrence Journal-World''. Associated Press. 12 Désémber 1981. Diaksés tanggal 4 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nack, William (December 21, 1981). [https://www.si.com/vault/1981/12/21/826243/not-with-a-bang-but-a-whisper-after-losing-to-trevor-berbick-a-subdued-muhammad-ali-softly-admitted-that-his-illustrious-career-had-come-to-an-end &quot;''Not with a bang but a whisper''&quot;]. ''Sports Illustrated''. Diaksés 4 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nepi ka tungtung karir tinjuna, Ali geus nampanan 200.000 teunggeulan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21730621-downfall-tragic-rebellious-hero-new-biography-muhammad-ali &quot;''A new biography of Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. ''The Economist''. 26 Oktober 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kahirupan pribadi ==

=== Rumah tangga sarta barudakna ===
'''Anak-anak Muhammad Ali'''

Jeung Belinda Boyd

* Maryum (lahir 1968)
* Jamilah (lahir 1970)
* Rasheda (lahir 1970)
* Muhammad, Jr. (lhir 1972)

Jeung Patricia Harvell

* Miya (lahir 1972)

Jeung Wanda Bolton

* Khaliah (lahir 1972)

Jeung Veronica Porché

* Hana (lahir 1976)
* Laila (lahir 1977)

Jeung Yolanda Williams

* Asaad  (adopsi 1986)


Ali kawin opat kali katambah kawin siri dua kali sarta boga tujuh anak awéwé jeung dua anak lalaki. Ali dikenalkeun ka pramusaji ''cocktail'' Sonji Roi ku Herbert Muhammad sarta tuluy nanyaan Sonji sabada apél kahiji. Maranéhna rarabi kira-kira sabulan ti harita dina tanggal 14 Agustus 1964.&lt;ref&gt;Micklos, John Jr. (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wjeaQAmQ0FMC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA54#v=onepage&amp;f=false Muhammad Ali: &quot;I Am the Greatest&quot;]''. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers. k.&amp;nbsp;54. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-7660-3381-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Maranéhna paraséa alatan Sonji nolak pikeun nerapkeun pakéan jeung perilaku islamis sarta tuluy ngamasalahkeun pangajaran Elijah Muhammad. Numutkeun Ali, “Manéhna teu daék milampah naon nu kudu dipilampah. Manéhna maké lipensetip; indit ka bar; maké pakéan nu némbongkeun orat jeung teu matut.”&lt;ref&gt;Hauser, Thomas (2012). ''Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times''. Open Road Integrated Media. k.&amp;nbsp;252. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-4532-4119-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Rumah tanggana teu ngabogaan anak sarta maranéhna cerai dina tanggal 10 Januari 1966. Pas méméh prosés ceréyna réngsé, Ali ngirim Sonji hiji tulisan: “Anjeun geus nukerkeun surga ku naraka.”&lt;ref&gt;Hauser, Thomas (2012). ''Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times''. Open Road Integrated Media. k.&amp;nbsp;288. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-4532-4119-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali ngadahup ka Belinda Boyd dina tanggal 17 Agustus 1967. Lahir ti hiji kulawarga  Chicago sarta geus asup kana Nation of Islam, Belinda tuluy ngaganti ngaranna jadi Khalilah Ali, sanajan anggeur ari kulawarga jeung babaturan heubeulna mah masih ngageroan ku ngaran lilana. Maranéhna tuluy ngabogaan opat anak: pangarang jeung ''rapper'' Maryum&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=L7QDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA38 &quot;Muhammad Ali's Daughter, May May Ali, Writes Children's Book About His Boxing Career&quot;]. ''Jet''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;104 no.&amp;nbsp;24. 8 Désémber 2003. kk.&amp;nbsp;38–39. ISSN&amp;nbsp;0021-5996 &amp;#x2013; liwat Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt; “May May” (lahir 1968), kembar dua Jamillah jeung Rasheda (lahir 1970) jeung Muhammad Ali, Jr. (lahir 1972).

Ali cicing di Cherry Hill, [[New Jersey]], dina awal taun 1970-an.&lt;ref&gt;[http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00014057.html &quot;''Ali's camp now a bed and breakfast''&quot;]. ESPN. Diaksés 29 Januari 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina umur 32 taun dina taun 1974, Ali kawin siri ka Wanda Bolton nu umurna 16 taun (satuluyna ganti ngaran jadi Aaisha Ali) sarta jadi bapa tina budak awéwé lianna, Khalia (lahir 1974). Nalika masih kénéh rarabi jeung Belinda, Ali ngadahup ka Aaisha ku cara Islam nu teu meunang pangakuan hukum nu sah (mungguhing hukum Amérika). Numutkeun Khalia, Aaisha katut indungna nyicingan sasana latihan Dano Uncal bareng jeung Belinda katut barudakna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/gossip/ali-daughter-tosses-book-ring-article-1.906525 &quot;''ALI DAUGHTER TOSSES BOOK IN RING''&quot;]. ''New York Daily News''.18 Maret 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Januari 1985 Aaisha nungtut Ali sacara hukum alatan teu mayar gono gini. Kasusna dibéréskeun ku kasatujuan Ali mayar nepi ka $200.000 waragad wali pikeun Khaliah.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/01/28/Former-three-time-heavyweight-boxing-champion-Muhammad-Ali-agreed-Tuesday/9145507272400/ &quot;''Former three-time heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali agreed Tuesday ...''&quot;] ''UPI''. 28 Januari 1986.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 2011 Khaliah nyaritakeun yén dirina yakin yén bapana nempo dirina minangka &quot;hiji kasalahan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ali ogé boga budak awéwé lianna, Miya (lahir taun 1972), tina kawin siri jeung Patricia Harvell.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150404103321/http://www.lifetimetv.co.uk/biography/biography-muhammed-ali &quot;Muhammed Ali ''Biography (sic)''&quot;]. Lifetime. 23 Méi 2006. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://www.lifetimetv.co.uk/biography/biography-muhammed-ali asli] 4 April 2015. Diaksés 1 Méi 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina usum panas taun 1977, rumah tangga nu kaduana lekasan sarta Ali kawin ka Veronica Porché. Jeung Veronica Ali ngabogaan dua budak awéwé, Hana jeung [[Laila Ali]]. Dina taun 1986, Ali ceréy jeung Porché.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/10/muhammad-alis-ex-wife-reveals-details-about-their-secret-wedding &quot;''Muhammad Ali's ex-wife reveals details about their secret wedding''&quot;]. ''USA Today''. 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Muhammad_Ali_and_wife_Lonnie.jpg|jmpl|Muhammad jeung Lonnie Ali, 2001]]
Dina bulan Nopémber 1986, Ali rarabi ka Yolanda (“Lonie”) Williams. Maranéhna geus sosobatan ti taun 1964 di [[Lousiville]]. Babarengan maranéhna ngadopsi saurang budak lalaki, Asaad Amin nalika Asaad keur nincak umur lima taun.&lt;ref&gt;Allen, Nick (June 5, 2016), &quot;Could Muhammad Ali's $80m fortune become subject of bitter legal battle?&quot;, ''The Daily Telegraph''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kiiursti Mensah-Ali cumarita yén manéhna téh anak awéwé biologis Ali jeung Barbara Mensah, nu cenah geus huhubungan 20 taun ka tukang,&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=LjsDAAAAMBAJ&amp;lpg=PA32&amp;ots=RrdTQGBInn&amp;pg=PA32#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &quot;''Muhammad Ali confesses illness put a stop to his 'girl chasing,' but his son is just starting''&quot;]. ''Jet''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;91 no.&amp;nbsp;10. 27 Januari, 1997. kk.&amp;nbsp;32–33. ISSN&amp;nbsp;0021-5996. Diaksés 14 Maret 2017 &amp;#x2013; liwat Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Miller, Davis (12 Séptémber 1993). [http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19930912&amp;slug=1720560 &quot;''Still Larger Than Life – To Millions, Muhammad Ali Will Always Be The Champ''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610105241/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19930912 |date=2022-06-10 }}. ''The Seattle Times''. Diaksés 5 Agustus 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Laufenberg, Norbert B. (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mzTW9Nitee4C&amp;printsec=frontcover Entertainment Celebrities]''. Trafford Publishing. k.&amp;nbsp;9. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-4120-5335-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. Diaksés 5 Désémber 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bollinger, Rhett. [http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090611&amp;content_id=5270622&amp;vkey=news_mlb&amp;fext=.jsp&amp;c_id=mlb &quot;''Angels draft boxing legend Ali's son''&quot;]. Major League Baseball. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; bari némbongkeun photo sarta ngajalankeun tés katurunan dina taun 1988. Ceuk manéhna, Ali daék tanggung jawab sarta ngarawat dirina, tapi sagala rupa hubungan kapegatkeun nalika Ali kawin ka Lonnie. Kiiursti nyaritakeun yén dirina masih sok hubungan jeung budak-budak Ali nu lianna. Sabada maotna Ali, Kiiursti datang sarta meunang ijin pikeun ngilu béla sungkawa.&lt;ref&gt;Bucktin, Christopher (13 Séptémber 2014). [https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/muhammad-alis-secret-daughter-begs-4256662 &quot;''Muhammad Ali's secret daughter begs to see boxing legend one more time 'before he dies'''&quot;]. ''Daily Mirror''. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ofori-Mensah (5Juni 2016). [http://omgvoice.com/news/kiiursti-mensah-ali/ &quot;''6 Facts About Kiiursti Mensah Ali, Muhammed Ali's Ghanaian Daughter You Need To Know (sic)''&quot;]. omgvoice.com. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Foster, Peter; Allen, Nick (4 Juni 2016). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/04/muhammad-alis-tangled-love-life-leaves-troubled-legacy/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali's tangled love life leaves troubled legacy''&quot;.] ''The Daily Telegraph''. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2010, Osmon Williams maju ka hareup ngaku-ngaku minangka budak biologis Ali.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/157579/Ali-s-alleged-lovechild-talks-to-tabloids &quot;''Ali's alleged lovechild talks to tabloids''&quot;]. ''The Daily Express''. 11 Pébruari 2010. Diaksés 15 Oktober 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Indungna Temica Williams (ogé katelah ku rebecca Holloway) kungsi ngagugat sacara hukum ka Ali di taun 1981 pikeun alesan serangan séksual, ngaku yén manéhna geus ngamimitian sapatemon jeung Ali ti saprak umur 12 taun kénéh, sarta anakna, Osmon (lahir taun 1977) dibapaan ku Ali.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/04/24/An-18-year-old-woman-has-filed-suit-seeking-3-million/3454356936400/ &quot;''An 18-year-old woman has filed suit seeking $3 million ...''&quot;] United Press International. 24 April 1981. Diaksés 27 Méi 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna tuluy ngaku yén Ali sabenerna geus nyokong kana kahirupan dirina tur budakna sacara finansial, tapi dieureunan sabada opat bulan. Kasusna lumangsung nepi ka taun 1986 sarta antukna digugurkeun alatan tuntutanna kahalang ku pangwatesan waktu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.allcourtdata.com/law/case/williams-v-ali/cw3BaicI?page=1 &quot;''TEMICA WILLIAMS a/k/a Rebecca Jean Holloway, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MUHAMMAD ALI, Defendant-Appellee''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019000108/http://www.allcourtdata.com/law/case/williams-v-ali/cw3BaicI?page=1 |date=2016-10-19 }}. All Court Data. Diaksés 15 Oktober 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ari ceuk Veronica mah, Ali ngaku boga hubungan jeung Williams, tapi teu percaya lamun Osmon téh anakna.&lt;ref&gt;Eig, Jonathan (2017). ''Ali: A Life''. London: Simon &amp; Schuster. k.&amp;nbsp;416. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1471155932&lt;/bdi&gt;. OCLC&amp;nbsp;968294310.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali tuluy cicing di [[Scottsdale]], [[Arizona]] bereng jeung Lonnie.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140813104029/http://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2013/02/04/Brother-Muhammad-Alis-health-failing/UPI-72601359961200/ &quot;''Brother: Muhammad Ali's health failing''&quot;]. United Press International. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2013/02/04/Brother-Muhammad-Alis-health-failing/UPI-72601359961200/ asli]  13 Agustus 2014. Diaksés tanggal 4 Séptémber 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina bulan Januari 2007 diwartakeun yén maranéhna rék ngajual imahna di [[Berrien Springs]], [[Michigan]] nu dibeuli di taun 1975&lt;ref&gt;Brewer, Dale (16 Séptémber 2018). [https://www.heraldpalladium.com/news/when-ali-was-king/article_b2f9f7b8-6988-57e1-a73f-78c2fdf67312.html &quot;''When Ali was King''&quot;]. ''The Herald-Palladium''. Diaksés 16 Séptémber 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta geus mareuli deui hiji imah di kiduleun [[Jefferson County]], [[Kentucky]] saharga $1.875.000.&lt;ref&gt;Shafer, Sheldon S. (5 Januari 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325161651/http://www.greaterlouisville.com/content/community/FYI/pdf/files/ali%20will%20return%20home,%20buys%20louisville%20house.pdf &quot;''Ali coming home, buys house in Jefferson County''&quot;] (PDF). ''The Courier-Journal''. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://www.greaterlouisville.com/content/community/FYI/pdf/files/ali%20will%20return%20home,%20buys%20louisville%20house.pdf asli] 25 Maret 2009. Diaksés 25 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Kadua imah éta dijarualan sabada Ali maot sarta Lonnie cicing di imah sésana di Landeuh Paradise, Arizona. Lonnie pindah kana agama Islam tina agama Katolik dina pangujung umur dua puluhan.&lt;ref&gt;Patricia Sheridan (3 Désémber 2007) &quot;Patricia Sheridan's Sarapan Jeung ... Lonnie Ali&quot; (Dina bahasa Inggris). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120118060129/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07337/838655-129.stm Diarsipkeun] 18 Januari 2012. ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette''. Diaksés 28 Juli 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Budak awéwé Ali, Laila, mangrupa saurang tukang tinju profésional ti taun 1999 nepi ka 2007,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.womenboxing.com/lailaali.htm &quot;Laila Ali&quot;]. Womenboxing.com. Diaksés 29 Januari 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; sanajan saméméhna bapana teu panuju kana tinju awéwé. Di taun 1978, Ali nyarita “Awéwé teu dijieun pikeun kateunggeul dina pinareupna jeung beungeutna siga kitu... awakna teu dijieun pikeun kababuk beulah dieu [bari nunjuk dadana]. Kateunggeul dina pinareup....beurat... éta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.womenboxing.com/ali.htm &quot;''Boxing''- Muhammad Ali&quot;]. Womenboxing.com. 8 Juni 2001. Diaksés 29 Januari 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Kilangbara kitu, Ali nungkulan sababaraha laga tanding anakna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/12/sports/othersports/laila-ali-with-her-father-watching-stays-undefeated.html &quot;''Laila Ali, With Her Father Watching, Stays Undefeated''&quot;]. ''New York Times''. 12 Juni 2005, Diaksés 26 Méi 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Budak awéwé Ali nu lianna, Hana, kawin ka patarung kelas manengah [[Bellator]], [[Kevin Casey]].&lt;ref&gt;Cepeda, Elias (4 Juni 2016). [http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/story/kevin-casey-will-fight-at-ufc-199-despite-passing-of-legendary-father-in-law-muhammad-ali-060416 &quot;''Kevin Casey will fight at UFC 199 despite passing of father-in-law Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. Fox Sports. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agama jeung kayakinan ===

==== Gabung jeung Nation of Islam ====
Ali nyaritakeun yén manéhna mimiti ngadéngé ngeunaan ''Nation of Islam'' (Bangsa Islam) nalika keur tarung di turnamén Asbok Émas di Chicago taun 1959 sarta munggaran ngahadiran pasamoan Nation of Islam di taun 1961. Manéhna tuluy hadir dina unggal pasamoan, sanajan nyumputkeun ilibiungna ti balaréa. Taun 1962, Clay patepung jeung [[Malcolm X]] nu tuluy jadi panungtun spiritual jeung pulitikna.&lt;ref&gt;Mitchell, Kevin (4 Juni 2016). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/04/muhammad-ali-key-chapters &quot;''From the Vietnam war to Islam – the key chapters in Ali's life''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Wanci tarung kahiji ngalawan Liston, anggota Nation of Islam, kaasup Malcolm X katempo di rombongan Ali. Hal ieu nungtun kana carita dina ''The Miami Herald'' saméméh patarungan pisan, yén Clay geus ngagabung kana Nation of Islam nu ampir-ampiran ngabalukarkeun lagana dibatalkeun. Dina artikelna ngutip kekecapan Cassius Clay Senior yén anakna geus biluk kana Muslim Urang Hideung nalika umur 18 taun.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&amp;dat=19640207&amp;id=XF4bAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=-04EAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5091,2145696 &quot;''Muslim Charge Clams Up Clay''&quot;]. ''The Pittsburgh Press''. 7 Februari 1964.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Elijah_Muhammad_and_Cassius_Clay_NYWTS.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Ali (katempo di tukang) dina hiji ceramah Elijah Muhammad di taun 1964.]]
Kanyataanna, Clay mimitina ditolak pikeun asup ka ''Nation of Islam'' (harita remen disebut ogé Muslim Hideung) ku alatan karir tinjuna. Sanajan kitu, sanggeus meunangkeun gelar juara ti Liston di taun 1964, Nation of Islam leuwih tumarima sarta satuju pikeun ngabéwarakeun kaanggotaanna.&lt;ref&gt;Mitchell, Kevin (4 Juni 2016). [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/04/muhammad-ali-key-chapters &quot;''From the Vietnam war to Islam – the key chapters in Ali's life''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Teu lila ti harita, dina tanggal 6 Maret, Elijah Muhammad nyieun biantara di radio nu nyatakeun yén Clay bakal diganti ngaranna jadi Muhammad (jalma nu kapuji) Ali (pangluhurna).&lt;ref&gt;Schwartz, Larry. [https://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00014063.html &quot;''He is simply ... The Greatest''&quot;]. ESPN. Diaksés 4 Maret 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Wanci-wanci harita, Ali pindah ka béh sisi kidul [[Chicago]] sarta pipindahan di sababaraha imah tapi teu kungsi jauh ti Masjid Maryam nu Nation of Islam atawa ti padumukan Elijah Muhammad. Manéhna cicing di Chicago salila kurang leuwih 12 taun.&lt;ref&gt;Steinberg, Neil (4 Juni 2016). [http://chicago.suntimes.com/sports/steinberg-for-a-time-ali-called-chicago-home &quot;''For a time, Ali called Chicago home''&quot;]. ''Chicago Sun-Times''. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ngan sababaraha jurnalis (paling kawentar nyaéta Howard Cosell) narima kana ngaran anyar Ali harita. Ali tuluy ngabéwarakeun: “Cassius Clay mah ngaran budak beulian kuring,” bari nambahkeun &quot;Lain kuring nu milih, lain kuring nu hayang.&quot; Ngaranna heubeulna téh mangrupa ngaran saurang bulé tokoh émansipasi nu merjoangkeun hak-hak urang hideng.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p014mvdx &quot;''History website, Muhammad Ali: &quot;Cassius Clay is my slave name&quot;''&quot;]. BBC. Diaksés 2 Juli 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.yale.edu/2016/06/09/muhammad-ali-originally-named-ardent-abolitionist-and-yale-alumnus-cassius-clay ''&quot;Muhammad Ali originally named for ardent abolitionist and Yale alumnus Cassius Clay''.&quot;] &lt;nowiki&gt;http://news.yale.edu/&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Susan Gonzalez. Tanggal 9 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Teu sieun patojaiah jeung tatanan urang bulé, Ali nyatakeun, “Kuring urang Amérika. Kuring bagian nu ku aranjeun teu hayang diaku. Najan kitu, biasakeun. Hideung, percaya diri, songong; ngaran kuring, lain ngaran anjeun; agama kuring, lain agama anjeun; tujuan kuring, boga kuring; biasakeun.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.9news.com.au/world/2016/06/05/06/23/muhammad-ali-s-other-fight-for-civil-rights &quot;''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'I am America': Muhammad Ali's fight for civil rights''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605101019/http://www.9news.com.au/world/2016/06/05/06/23/muhammad-ali-s-other-fight-for-civil-rights |date=2016-06-05 }}. 9News, Australia. Agence France-Presse. 5 Juni 2016. Diaksés 4 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Sosobatan Ali jeung Malcolm X lekasan nalika Malcolm pisah ti Bangsa Islam dua minggu sabada Ali ngagabung, sedeng Ali tetap di Bangsa Islam.&lt;ref&gt;Handler, M. S. (9 Maret 1964). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07E6DA1230E033A2575AC0A9659C946591D6CF &quot;Malcolm X ''Splits with'' Muhammad&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 1 Agustus 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali ka hareupna nyarita yén nonggongan Malcolm téh mangrupa hiji kasalahan nu paling dipikaduhung pisan dina hirupna.&lt;ref&gt;Ali, Muhammad; Ali, Hana Yasmeen (16 Nopémber 2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=h6G-Cy5c0GgC The Soul of a Butterfly: Reflections on Life's Journey]''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-7432-6286-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. Diaksés 4 Séptember 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Reureujeungan jeung Bangsa Islam, katut pamingpinna [[Elijah Muhammad]] katambah ku hiji guneman nu ngacap urang bulé minangka palaku pangbantéan ka urang Amérika Afrika ngajadikeun Ali bahan panyarékan saréréa. Bangsa Islam sacara umum geus ditempo ku urang bulé jeung urang Amérika Afrika minangka hiji separatis hideung “agama kangéwa” nu boga kacondongan kana kaheurasan. Ali boga kahariwang ngeunaan ngagunakeun pangaruhna pikeun ngedalkeun doktrin Bangsa Islam.&lt;ref&gt;Garcia, Courtney (6 Séptémber 2013). [http://thegrio.com/2013/09/06/trials-of-muhammad-ali-highlights-boxers-anti-war-opposition/ &quot;''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Trials of Muhammad Ali' highlights boxer's anti-war opposition''&quot;]. theGrio. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina hiji konferénsi préss, nekenkeun kana panolakanna kana Perang Viétnam, Ali nyatakeun, “Musuh kuring téh urang bulé, lain [[Viét Kong]] atawa urang Cina atawa urang Jepang.”&lt;ref&gt;Metz, Nina (31 Agustus 2013). [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-08-31/entertainment/ct-ae-0901-fall-movie-profile-20130831_1_muhammad-ali-opposer-chicago-director &quot;''The trials of a Chicago director making Muhammad Ali doc''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723020015/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-08-31/entertainment/ct-ae-0901-fall-movie-profile-20130831_1_muhammad-ali-opposer-chicago-director |date=2016-07-23 }}. ''Chicago Tribune''. Diaksés 31 Juli 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tukang nulis Jerry Izenberg kungsi nyatetkeun yén, “Bangsa Islam geus jadi kulawarga Ali sarta Elijah Muhammad jadi bapana. Tapi aya hiji katojaiahan dina kanyataanna nyaéta nalika Bangsa Islam nggangap urang bulé minangka iblis, Ali malah ngabogaan batur urang bulé leuwih réa dibandingkeun karéréaan urang Amérika Afrika di Amérika mangsa harita, sarta tuluy lumangsung sapanjang karirna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2004&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hauser|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Asup kana Islam Sunni/Sufi ====
Dina otobiographina taun 2004, Ali ngakukeun yén dirina pindah kana aliran Sunni Islam alatan Warith Deen Muhammad, nu nuluykeun kapamingpinan Bangsa Islam nalika bapana, Elijah Muhammad tilar dunya, sarta ngajak sakabéh pangilu Bangsa Islam pikeun jadi panganut Islam Sunni.&lt;ref&gt;Ali, Muhammad; Ali, Hana Yasmeen (2013). ''The Soul of a Butterfly''. Simon &amp; Schuster. k.&amp;nbsp;85.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali [[naék haji]] ka [[Mekah]] di taun 1972, dirina kailhaman ku cara nu sarua jeung Malcolm X, patepung jeung jalma-jalma ti rupa-rupa warna nu baréda ti sakuliah dunia geus méré manéhna wawasan nu béda sarta kasadaran spiritual nu leuwih gedé.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.emel.com/article?id=109&amp;a_id=1722&amp;c=32 &quot;''Muhammed Ali's Pilgrimage to Makkah (sic)''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914052923/http://www.emel.com/article?id=109&amp;a_id=1722&amp;c=32 |date=2016-09-14 }}. ''Emel''. No.&amp;nbsp;17. Pébruari 2006. Diaksés 4 Séptember 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Di taun 1977 manéhna nyarita yén, sabada dirina reureuh dina tinju, manéhna bakal ngabdikeun sésa hirupna pikeun “persiapan nyanghareupan Gusti” ku cara nulungan nu lian, nyieun amal, ngahijikeun jalma-jalma sarta ngabantu kana perdaméyan.&lt;ref&gt;Bryan, Chloe (4 Juni 2016). [http://mashable.com/2016/06/04/muhammad-ali-retirement-video/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali had a thought-provoking response when asked about his retirement plans''&quot;]. ''Mashable''. Diaksés 4 Séptember 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna naék haji deui dina taun 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Rajeev, K R (5 Juni 2016). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Muhammad-Alis-visit-was-Kozhikodes-knockout-moment/articleshow/52597630.cms &quot;''Muhammad Ali's visit was Kozhikode's knockout moment''&quot;]. ''The Times of India''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabada [[serangan 11 Séptémber]] taun 2001, Ali nyatakeun yén “Islam téh agama daméy” sarta “heunteu nitah kana térorisme atawa maéhan jelema”, katut ogé “ambek yén dunia nempo sakelompok panganut Islam nu ngakibatkeun kana kaancuran ieu, tapi maranéhna téh lain muslim saéstuna. Maranéh téh rasis fanatik nu ngaku-ngaku muslim.” Dina bulan Désémber 2015, manéhna nyatakeun yén “Muslim sajati apal yén kaheurasan nu biadab ti nu ngaraku jihadis Islam patojaiah jeung naon nu jadi dasar utama agama urang”, sarta “Urang salaku umat Islam kudu ngalawan ka sing saha waé nu ngagunakeun agama Islam pikeun kapentinganna pribadi,” sarta “pamingpin pulitik kudu ngagunakeun posisina pikeun mawa kana pamahaman ngeunaan agama Islam sarta ngajelaskeun yén para pamateni nu salah tungtunan ieu geus méngkolkeun pandangan jalma tina agama Islam nu sabenerna.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/muhammad-ali-face-real-islam-160606040559103.html &quot;''Muhammad Ali: The face of 'real Islam''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot;]. Al Jazeera. 6 Juni 2016. Diaksés 4 Séptember 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina kahirupan satuluyna, Ali kataji ku aliran [[Sufi]], nu ditémbongkeun dina otobiographina, ''Jiwa Kukupu''. Taun 2005-an, Ali asup kana aliran Islam Sufi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/28/sport/muhammad-ali-five-things-boxing/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali: Five things you never knew about the boxing legend''&quot;]. ''CNN''. 28 April 2016. Diaksés 18 Nopémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nationalreview.com/nrd/articles/431161/champ-and-mr-x &quot;''The Champ and Mr. X''&quot;]. ''National Review''. 29 Pébruari 2016. Diaksés 18 Nopémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/06/04/muhammad-ali-america-s-first-muslim-hero.html &quot;Muhammad Ali: ''America's First Muslim Hero''&quot;]. ''Daily Beast''. 4 Juni 2016. Diaksés 18 Nopémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/boxing/2016/03/02/family-faith-and-magic-tricks-my-40-year-friendship-with-muhamma/ &quot;''Family, faith and magic tricks: My 40-year friendship with'' Muhammad Ali&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''. 4 Maret 2016. Diaksés 13 Désémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun budak Ali, Hana Yasmeen Ali, nu ngilu ngarang Jiwa Kupu-Kupu jeung dirina, Ali kataji kana Sufi sabada maca buku [[Inayat Khan]] nu eusina ajaran Sufi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.onbeing.org/blog/omid-safi-muhammad-ali-unapologetically-black-unapologetically-muslim/8735 &quot;''Muhammad Ali: Unapologetically Black, Unapologetically Muslim''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220165249/http://www.onbeing.org/blog/omid-safi-muhammad-ali-unapologetically-black-unapologetically-muslim/8735 |date=2016-12-20 }}. ''On Being''. 9 Juni 2016. Diaksés 13 Désémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/islam/2005/02/muhammad-alis-new-spiritual-quest.aspx? &quot;''Muhammad Ali's New Spiritual Quest''&quot;]. ''Beliefnet''. Diaksés 13 Désémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali tuluy pindah tina ajaran Sufi Alamin Inayat Khan sabada sawatara ahli Sunni-Sufi tradisional ngeritik pagerakanna minangka patojaiah jeung ajaran sabenerna tina Islam Sunni. Muhammad Ali meunang tungtunan ti ahli-ahli Islam Sunni saperti Mufti Agung Syria almarhum Asy-Syéh Ahmad Kuftaro, Hisham Kabbani, Imam Zaid Shakir, Hamzah Yusuf jeung Timothy J. Gianotti nu aya sagédéngeun Ali nalika poé panungtunganna sarta mastikeun yén pamakaman Ali dumasar kana tata cara jeung ritual Islam.&lt;ref&gt;[https://uwaterloo.ca/studies-in-islam/people-profiles/timothy-gianotti-0 &quot;Timothy Gianotti – ''The Imam whose on Muhammad Ali's last days and funeral''&quot;]. ''On Being''. 9 Juni 2016. Diaksés 13 Désémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://uwaterloo.ca/studies-in-islam/news/prof-gianotti-plans-muhammad-alis-funeral-and-memorial &quot;Prof. Gianotti ''plans Muhammad Ali's funeral and memorial service''&quot;]. ''On Being''. 9 Juni 2016. Diaksés 13 Désémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rencana réuni Beatles ===
Taun 1976, panemu Alan Amron jeung pangusaha Joel Sacher mimitraan jeung Ali pikeun ngapromosikeun Komite Internasional pikeun Réuni [[the Beatles]].&lt;ref&gt;COLUMBIA DAILY SPECTATOR [http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&amp;d=cs19760617-01.2.11.3&amp; Komite Internasional pikeun Réuni The Beatles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011193152/http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&amp;d=cs19760617-01.2.11.3&amp; |date=2018-10-11 }} 17 Juni 1976. Diaksés 1 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Maranéhna ménta sakabéh pamuja Beatles di sakuliah dunia pikeun nyumbang sadolar saurangna. Ceuk Ali, ideuna téh lain keur nyiar kauntungan, tapi keur ngadegkeun badan internasional pikeun barudak miskin. “Duit ieu keur nulungan jalma-jalma di sakuliah dunya”, cenah. Manéhna nambahkeun, “Kuring mikaresep kana wirahma. Kuring baheula sok diajar musik maranéhna.” Ali nyaritakeun réuni the Beatles “bakal ngabagjakeun réa jelema.”&lt;ref&gt;BEATLES AGAIN Stan Mieses Desert Sun Newspaper 25 Januari 1977. Diaksés 1 April  2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Para manten the Beatles teu kabita kana rencana éta, nembongkeun jawaban nu teu pati sumanget ka balaréa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/44571778/ Can 200 Million Fans Reunite the Beatles] ''The Daily Herald'' 28 Januari 1977. Diaksés 1 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Réuni éta teu kungsi kajadian.

== Perang Viétnam jeung nolak asup wajib militer ==
Musuh kaula nyaéta urang bule, lain Viét Kong atawa urang Cina atawa urang Jepang. Manéh lawan kuring nalika kuring hayang bébas. Manéh lawan kuring nalika kuring hayang kaadilan. Manéh lawan kuring nalika kuring hayang kasataraan. Manéh malah moal ngabélaan kuring di Amérika alatan agama kuring – ayeuna anjeun hayang sangkan kuring miang ka mana sarta ngilu perang, tapi anjeun moal ngabélaan kuring di dieu, di imah?

– Ceramah Muhammad Ali nalika di pangbuangan ka sakumpulan mahasiswa kampus.&lt;ref&gt;Bercaw, Nancy; Ownby, Ted (eds.). ''The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 13: Gender''. k.&amp;nbsp;291&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ali kadaptarkeun dina kadinesan militer AS dina tepung taun ka-18-na sarta kaasupkeun dina kelas 1-A di taun 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Foley, Michael (2003), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20151016105806/http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/page/337 Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance during the Vietnam War]'', University of North Carolina Press, ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-8078-5436-5&lt;/bdi&gt;, diarsipkeun ti [http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/page/337 nu asli] tanggal tanggal 16 Oktober 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Di taun 1964, manéhna diklasifikasi ulang minangka kelas 1-Y (cocog pikeun ngabdi ngan wungkul dina kaayaan darurat nasional) sabada gagal dina tés kualifikasi Angkatan Darat AS lantaran kamampuan maca jeung nulisna sahandapeun standar,&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K7gzAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=PzIHAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6900,3388922 &quot;''Clay may be put into 1-A class today''&quot;]. ''Lodi News-Sentinel''. United Press International. 10 Pébruari 1967. k.&amp;nbsp;13.&lt;/ref&gt; alatan [[disléksia]] téa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eig&quot; /&gt; (Manéhna kungsi nyarita, “Kuring pangpunjulna, lain pangpinterna!”).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Neel, Eric. &quot;[http://espn.go.com/page2/s/neel/011221.html Kaca 2– Muhammad Ali ''from A to Z'']&quot;. ESPN. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina awal taun 1966, angkatan perang nurunkeun standarna sarta Ali kaasupkeun deui kana kelas 1-A.&lt;ref name=&quot;greatath&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; Klasifikasi ieu ngandung harti yén Ali harita bisa kapilih sarta kadaptarkeun kana Angkatan Perang AS wanci AS keur ngilu aub dina [[Perang Viétnam]], hiji perang nu ngajadikeun dirina patelak jeung tatanan urang-urang bulé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot;&gt;Roberts, Randy (1991). Winning is the Only Thing: Sports in America Since 1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. kk. 171–172.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika nyaho kana statusna ieu, Ali ngedalkeun yén dirina bakal nolak ngabdi dina katentaraan sarta ka balaréa terang-terangan ngakukeun dirina jalma nu sacara sadar ngarasa beurat.&lt;ref name=&quot;greatath&quot;/&gt; Ali nyatakeun: “Perang téh patojaiah jeung ajaran [[Qur’an]]. Kuring lain nyoba pikeun nyingkahan pangdaptaran. Urang teu sakuduna ngilu aub dina perang naon waé lintang nu diparéntahkeun ku Alloh atawa Nabi. Urang teu ngilu ilibiung dina perang urang Karisten atawa perang naon waé ti jalma-jalma nu teu airman.”&lt;ref&gt;Remnick, David (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mErseIty9dwC King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero]''. Random House. k.&amp;nbsp;287. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-375-50065-7&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna nyatakeun ogé: “Kuring teu boga masalah jeung urang Viét Kong.” Ali ogé ngajéntrékeun: “Naha maranéhna ménta kuring sangkan maké saragam sarta miang sapuluh rébu mil jauhna pikeun muragkeun bom jeung pélor ka urang-urang Viétnam nu caroklat bari jeung naon nu disarebut négro ku maranéhna di Louisville diperlakukeun alabatan anjing sarta nolak kana hak-hak asasi manusa nu céték?”&lt;ref&gt;Haas, Jeffrey (1 Nopémber 2009). ''The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther''. Lawrence Hill Books. k.&amp;nbsp;27. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-55652-765-4&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali ngalawan kana tatanan urang-urang bulé di taun 1966 ku cara nolak didaptarkeun kana militer AS ku alesan agama jeung kateupanujuanna kana ilibiungna AS dina Perang Viétnam.&lt;ref name=&quot;HauserThomas&quot;&gt;Hauser, Thomas. &quot;[http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/civil-rights-movement/essays/importance-muhammad-ali The Importance of Muhammad Ali]&quot;. Institut Gilder Lehrman.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts&quot;&gt;Roberts, Randy (1991). Winning is the Only Thing: Sports in America Since 1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. kk. 171–172.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina tanggal 28 April 1967, Ali katempo di Houston ngahadiran jadwal pangdaptaranna ka Angkatan Perang AS, tapi nolak maju nalika dicalukan nepi ka tilu kalina. Saurang perwira ngingetan Ali yén manéhna geus ngalakukeun tindakan ngalanggar sarta bisa dihukum panjara nepi ka lima taunna tur denda $10.000. Sakali deui Ali teu nyumponan panggero sarta tuluy ditahan. Satuluyna poé harita kénéh Komisi Atlétik Nagara Bagian New York nahan ijin tinjuna jeung nyabut gelarna. Komisi tinju lianna tuluy narurutan. Ali teu bisa meunangkeun ijin pikeun tinju di unggal nagara bagian nepi ka tilu taunna.&lt;ref&gt;Reemstsma, Jean (1999). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc9tZ7IfUTEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=more+than+a+champion+prime#v=onepage&amp;q=stronger&amp;f=false More Than a Champion: The Style of Muhammad Ali]''. New York: Vintage. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-375-70005-7&lt;/bdi&gt;. Diaksés 14 Maret 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina sidang pangadilan tanggal 20 Juni 1967, sabada ngan 21 menit sawala, juri nyatakeun Ali salah geus ngalakukeun tindakan kriminal naglanggar hukum Seleksi Pangabdian ku cara nolak asup wamil. Sabada naék banding kana kaputusan éta, kasusna ditempo ulang deui ku Pangadilan Tinggi AS di taun 1971.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/403/698 &quot;Cassius Marsellus CLAY, Jr. also known as Muhammad Ali, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES&quot;]. ''LII / Legal Information Institute''.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ali bébas kénéh salila tilu taun mangsa putusan banding jeung sidang pangadilan tinggi. Ku obahna opini publik ngalawan kana perang sarta lumangsungna Pagerakan Hak Sipil pikeun ngumpulkeun dukungan, Ali jadi tukang biantara nu kawentar di kampus-kampus jeung universitas-universitas di sakuliah negeri; hal nu kaitung langka lamun saméméhna dirina lain tukang tinju profésional mah. Di Universitas Howard contona, Ali nepikeun pidatona nu kasohor,  “Urang Hideung Pangpunjulna” di hareupeun 4.000 mahasiswa jeung kaum inteléktual, sabada manéhna diundang ku Prof. Nathan Hare mungguhing Komite Kakuatan Urang Hideung, hiji kelompok mahasiswa pamoha.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919377-5,00.html &quot;&quot;The Greatest&quot; Is Gone&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120918011542/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919377-5,00.html |date=2012-09-18 }}. ''Time''. February 27, 1978. k.&amp;nbsp;5. Diaksés 4 Agustus 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina tanggal 28 Juni 1971, Pangadilan Tinggi Amérika Sarikat dina kasus Clay lawan Amérika Sarikat ngabatalkeun dakwaan ka Ali ku putusan buleud 8-0 (Hakim Thurgood Marshall mundurkeun manéh alatan manéhna  jadi jaksa panungtut wanci Ali didakwa).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/403/698 &quot;Cassius Marsellus CLAY, Jr. also known as Muhammad Ali, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES. | LII / Legal Information Institute&quot;]. Law.cornell.edu. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Putusanna lain teu boga dasar, kaunggulan klaim Ali datang ku soranganna; malah, ti awal sidang, Pangadilan teu boga alesan pikeun nolak tuntutan dispénsasi kabeuratan sacara sadar Ali sarta nyimpulkeun yén putusan banding Ali bisa diandelkeun, ku kituna dakwaan ka Ali kudu dibatalkeun.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1970/1970_783 &quot;Clay v. United States | The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law&quot;]. Oyez.org. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dampak tina panolakan wajib militer Ali ===
Tuladan Ali ngailhaman mangpirang-pirang urang Amérika hideung tur nu séjénna. Kolumnis ''the New York Times'', William Rhoden nulis, “Kalakuan Ali geus ngarobah kana standar kuring ngeunaan naon nu ngawangun kaagungan saurang atlét. Ngabogaan luncatan maut jeung kamampuan pikeun eureun ngadadak geus teu cukup deui. Naon nu ku anjeun dipilampah pikeun ngabébaskeun bangsa anjeun? Naon nu ku anjeun dipilampah pikeun ngabantu nagara anjeun pikeun nanjeurkeun komitmen prinsip-prinsip ti para pangadeg nagri?”&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;/&gt;

Nginget-nginget kana pusisi anti perang Ali, [[Kareem Abdul Jabbar]] nyarita: “Kuring inget guru-guru di sakola luhur teu mikaresep ka Ali lantaran manéhna sakitu anti kamapanan sarta mangrupa jalma nu teu mikahormat jeung teu paduli ka pihak nu nyepeng kawenangan. Faktana, manéhna téh saurang jalma hideung sarta ngabogaan bakat nu sakitu réana… ngakibatkeun sababaraha jalma mikir yén manéhna téh jalma nu ngabahayakeun. Tapi ku alesan éta kuring jadi mikaresep dirina.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://digital.wustl.edu/e/eii/eiiweb/abd5427.5952.001kareemabdul-jabbar.html &quot;''Interview with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar''&quot;]. Digital.wustl.edu. 3 Maret 1989. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tokoh-tokoh hak-hak sipil yakin yén Ali geus méré tanaga pikeun pagerakan kabébasan sacara kasaluruhan. Al Sharpton nyaritakeun wawanén Ali dina wanci masih kénéh gedé dukungan kana Perang Viétnam. “Pikeun juara dunia kelas beurat, nu geus meunangkeun tingkat selebritas olahraga pangluhurna, narohkeun sagalana–duit, pangaruh– keur dikorbankeun pikeun hiji alesan, nu geus méré legitimasi nu saéstuna pikeun pagerakan...Manéhna apal yén bakal dibui, tapi anggeur kénéh milampah hal éta. Nu kitu téh mangrupa tingkatan nu lianna tina kapamingpinan jeung pangorbanan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36450806 &quot;''Muhammad Ali: The man who changed his sport and his country''&quot;]. BBC. 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali dileler ku [[Pangajén Martin Luther King]] taunan dina taun 1970 ku pamingpin hak-hak sipil, Ralph Abernathy, nu nyebut dirina “saurang toladan hirup tina kakuatan jiwa, Parade Washington (ed. wangun protés taun 1963) dina wangun dua peureup.” Coretta Scott King nambahkeun yén Ali téh minangka “hiji juara dina kaadilan, kadaméyan jeung kasahijian.”&lt;ref&gt;Ezra, Michael (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh3rtDyeSAIC&amp;pg=PA82 &quot;''Muhammad Ali's Main Bout: African American Economic Power and the World Heavyweight Title''&quot;]. ''Muhammad Ali: The Making of an Icon''. Temple University Press. k.&amp;nbsp;82. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;9781592136612&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyaritakeun karugian Ali ku nolakna asup wajib militer, palatih Angelo Dundee nyarita, “Hiji hal nu jadi pangbeuratna nyaéta: Taun-taun punjulna geus dirampog, taun-taun kajayaanna.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/7470417/muhammad-ali-was-continues-greatest &quot;''Dundee: Ali was, still is 'The Greatest'''&quot;]. ESPN. 17 Januari 2012. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bob Arum harita teu ngadukung Ali. Kadieunakeun, Arum nyatakeun yén “nalika kuring nempo ka tukang dina kahirupanna, kuring ngarasa reueus bisa ngakukeun sobat sarta babarengan dina waktu nu réa, beurat pikeun kuring mun kudu nyaritakeun kadigjayaan tinjuna sabab jalma-jalma harita ngalemahkeun pangaruh dirina pikeun dunia,” sarta “Manéhna geus milampah naon nu dianggap bener ku manéhna. Kanyataanna manéhna mémang bener sarta kuring nu salah.”&lt;ref&gt;Whitcomb, Dan [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-ali-arum/former-ali-promoter-bob-arum-recalls-boxers-impact-on-society-idUSKCN0YR01R?mod=related&amp;channelName= &quot;''Former Ali promoter Bob Arum recalls boxer's impact on society''&quot;], Reuters, 5 Juni 2016. Diaksés 15 Séptémber 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Panolakan Ali kana wamil dicaritakeun deui dina pilem dokuménter taun 2013, ''Pangadilan Muhammad Ali''.&lt;ref&gt;Rapold, Nicolas (22 Agustus 2013). [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/23/movies/trials-of-muhammad-ali-traces-alis-battle-over-vietnam.html &quot;''One of His Biggest Fights Was Outside of the Ring''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 29 Agustus 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== NSA jeung FBI nyérangkeun komunikasi Ali ===
Dina hiji operasi rahasiah nu disebut “Minaret”, ''the National Security Agency'' ([[NSA]]) / Agénsi Kaamanan Nasional, nyadap guneman urang-urang Amérika nu aronjoy, kaasup Ali, Sénator Frank Church jeung Howard Baker, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., jurnalis AS nu kaceluk, sarta jalma-jalma séjénna nu maido kana perang AS di Viétnam.&lt;ref&gt;Zirin, Dave (4 Juni 2016). [https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/06/the-hidden-history-of-muhammad-ali/ &quot;''The Hidden History of Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. ''Jacobin''. Diaksés 17 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Pilkington, Ed (26 Séptémber 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/nsa-surveillance-anti-vietnam-muhammad-ali-mlk &quot;''Declassified NSA files show agency spied on Muhammad Ali and MLK''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. Diaksés 16 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Hiji panyawangan ulang ku NSA ngeunaan program Minaret nyimpulkeun saéstuna hal éta téh mangrupa “goréng lampah lamun teu bisa disebut ngalanggar hukum mah.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

Dina taun 1971, [[Tarung Abad Ieu]]-na ngalawan Frazier geus méré bahan pikeun sakumpulan aktipis, Komisi Warga pikeun Maluruh [[FBI]], keur ngabolékérkeun palanggaran di kantor FBI di [[Pennsylvania]], ku medarkeun operasi COINTELPRO nu kaasup di jerona lampah paniténan illegal ka para aktipis nu kabaud dina pagerakan hak-hak rahayat jeung anti perang. Salah saurang target COINTELPRO nyaéta Ali, nu mana FBI meunangkeun aksés kana catetan kahirupanna ti saprak di SD kénéh; salah sahiji catetanna nyebutkeun yén Ali mikacinta seni wanci keur leutikna.&lt;ref&gt;Medsger, Betty (6 Juni 2016). [https://theintercept.com/2016/06/06/in-1971-muhammad-ali-helped-undermine-the-fbis-illegal-spying-on-americans/ &quot;''In 1971, Muhammad Ali Helped Undermine the FBI's Illegal Spying on Americans''&quot;]. ''The Intercept''. Diaksés 17 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karir di dunia hiburan ==

=== Dunia peran ===
Ali nyieun peran kaméo dina pilem taun 1962, ''Requiem for a Heavyweight'', ogé wanci pangbuanganna tina tinju, manéhna jadi béntang dina pilem musikal pondok Broadway taun 1969, ''Buck White''. Manéhna ogé minton dina pilem dokuménter ''Black Rodeo'' (1972) nunggang boh kuda boh banténg.

Otobiographina, ''The Greatest: My Own Story'' (''Pangpunjulna: Dongéng Sorangan''), ditulis ku Richard Durham, medal di taun 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Ali, Muhammad; Durham, Richard (Oktober 1975). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EkfhAAAAMAAJ The Greatest: My Own Story]''. New York: Random House. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-394-46268-4&lt;/bdi&gt;. OCLC&amp;nbsp;1622063.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 1977, buku éta dijieun pilemna make judul ''The Greatest'', di mana Ali maén minangka dirina sarta Ernest Borgnine merankeun Angelo Dundee. 

Pilem ''Freedom Road'', nu dijieun taun 1978, mintonkeun Ali dina peran langka minangka Gideon Jackson, manten budak beulian jeung soldadu Sarikat (Perang Sodara Amérika) di taun 1870-an di Virginia, nu kapilih jadi Sénat AS sarta patelak jeung manten budak beulian lianna nu jadi patani maro bareng jeung urang bulé, pikeun mertahankeun lemahna nu geus ditempatan salila hirupna.

=== Kekecapan nu puitis jeung musik ''rap'' ===
Ali remen cumarita ngawirahma jeung puitis, boh keur sakacampleng nalika tinju atawa keur puisi pulitik di saluareun tinju. Manéhna maénkeun hiji peran dina ngawangun tradisi puisi urang hideung, mangnarataskeun jalan keur ''The Last Poets'' di taun 1968, Gil Scott-Heron di 1970 sarta medalna musik ''rap'' di taun 70-an.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gates|first=Henry Louis Jr.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/09/opinion/muhammad-ali-the-political-poet.html|title=Muhammad Ali, the Political Poet|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 9, 2016|access-date=September 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun ''[[The Guardian]]'', “sababaraha jalma boga pamadegan yén Ali téh minangka ''[[rapper]]'' munggaran.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/jun/06/muhammad-ali-influence-rap-golden-age &quot;''Muhammad Ali's influence ran deep through rap's golden age''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1963, Ali medalkeun albeum wirahma kecap carita ti Rékaman Columbia nu judulna, ''I Am the Greatest'' sarta di taun 1964 Ali ngarékam vérsi ''cover'' tina kawih ''rhytm and blues'' “''Stand by Me''.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTlN6pU01K0 &quot;Song ''Stand By Me'', ''recorded in 1964 by Muhammad Ali, then known as Cassius Clay''&quot;]. YouTube. 13 Désémber 2008. Diaksés 20 Pébruari 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.secondhandsongs.com/performance/80810 &quot;''Different versions of 'Stand By Me'''&quot;]. Secondhandsongs.com. Diaksés 20 Pébruari 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ''I Am the Greatest'' kajual 500.000 kopi sarta geus dianggap minangka conto awal tina [[musik rap]] jeung panglulugu tina [[hip hop]].&lt;ref&gt;Tinsley, Justin (8 Juni 2016). [https://theundefeated.com/features/muhammad-ali-i-am-the-greatest-album/ &quot;''The Grammy-nominated'' Cassius Clay&quot;]. ''The Undefeated''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/muhammad-ali-worlds-greatest-boxer-was-also-hip-hop-pioneer-20160604 &quot;Muhammad Ali: ''Famed Pugilist Was Also Hip-Hop Pioneer''&quot;]. ''Rolling Stone''. 4 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Hasil ngahontal paringkat ka-61 dina tangga lagu sarta dinominasikeun pikeun ''[[Grammy Award]]''. Ali tuluy meunangkeun deui nominasi Grammy nu kadua kalina pikeun “Rékaman Lagu Budak Pangpunjulna”, ku rékaman cacaritaan nu pikaresepeun taun 1976, ''The Adventure of Ali and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooh Decay.''&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone2&quot; /&gt;

Ali mangrupa tokoh dina dunia musik [[hip hop]]. Minangka “jalma nu murwakanti”, manéhna kaceluk ku “ngalagena”, “songong”, “kecap-kecap runtah komikal”&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone1&quot;/&gt; jeung “teu reureuh ngaluarkeun kekecapan nu bisa dikutip.” Numutkeun majalah ''Rolling Stones'', “kamampuan sakarepna” sarta “wirahma, alur jeung gedé omong” bakal “dina hiji mangsa jadi tipikal MC sakola heubeul” contona [[Run-D.M.C.]] jeng [[LL Cool J.]] sarta “égona nu kaleuleuwihi ngalangkang di [[Kanye West]], sedeng kasadaran Afroséntrisna jeung katerusteranganna nunjuk kana panyanyi-panyanyi puitis modern saperti [[Rakim]], [[Nas]], [[Jay-Z]] jeung [[Kendrick Lamar]].”&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone2&quot; /&gt; “Kuring gulat jeung buaya, kuring ocon jeung lauk paus, kuring ngaborgol kilat jeung manjarakeun guludug. Manéh nyaho kuring téh jahat. Karak minggu Kamari kuring maéhan karang, natuan batu, ngirim bata ka rumah sakit. Kuring sakitu curalingna, nepi ka obat gé dijieun garering.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/440864-i-ve-wrestled-with-alligators-i-ve-tussled-with-a-whale-i &quot;''A quote by Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. ''www.goodreads.com''.Diaksés 19 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; “Ngalayang siga kukupu, nyeureud alabatan nyiruan. Leungeunna bisa neunggeul naon nu ku panonna teu katempo. Kadang kuring katempo, kadang hanteu. George nyangka manéhna bakal mampuh, tapi kuring nyaho yén manéhna moal.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/boxing/2016/06/03/muhammad-ali-best-quotes-boxing/85370850/ &quot;''30 of Muhammad Ali's best quotes''&quot;]. ''USA TODAY''. Diaksés 19 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali nyarita kawas nu can kungsi diomongkeun ku nu séjén saméméhna. Sakitu pinuh ku kayakinan dina naon anu ku dirina disebut: lancar, lemes, kréatif jeung nyingsieunan. Manéhna tukang tinju sarta saurang aktifis, tapi ogé boga peran dina mangaruhan naon nu kiwari disebut minangka budaya lokal, hip-hop. Di taun 2006, pilem dokuménter ''Ali Rap'' dipedalkeun ku [[ESPN]]. [[Chuck D]], saurang ''rapper'' pikeun band [[Public Enemy]] minangka pamawa acarana.&lt;ref&gt;Berry, Ben (9 Juni 2016). [http://thesource.com/2016/06/09/the-10-best-muhammad-ali-references-in-hip-hop/ &quot;''The 10 Best Muhammad Ali References In Hip Hop''&quot;]. ''The Source''. Diaksés 19 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Rapper'' lianna nu biantara dina pilem dokuménter éta kaasup [[Doug E Fresh]], [[Ludacris]] jeung Rakim nu kabéhanna ngaatasnamakeun Ali.

Ali kasebut-sebut minangka inspirasi ku para ''rapper'' saperti [[LL Cool J]],&lt;ref name=&quot;rollingstone1&quot;/&gt; [[Chuck D]] ti [[Public Enemy]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://theundefeated.com/features/muhammad-ali-the-original-rapper/ &quot;Muhammad Ali: ''The original rapper – Legendary emcee Chuck D of Public Enemy talks Ali's impact on hip-hop''&quot;]. ''The Undefeated''. 9 Juni 2016. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jay-Z]], [[Eminem]], Sean Combs, Slick Rick, Nas jeung MC Lyte. Ali karujuk dina sajumlah lagu hip hop, kaasup di antarana, lagu Migos “Fight Night”, The Game “Jesus Pierce”, Nas “The Message”, [[The Sugarhill Gang]] “Rapper’s Delight”, theFugees “Ready or Not”, EPMD “You’re a Customer” jeung [[Will Smith]] “Getting Jiggy with It”.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/jay-z-eminem-and-more-hip-hop-luminaries-remember-muhammad-ali/ &quot;Jay Z, Eminem ''and more hip-hop luminaries remember'' Muhammad Ali&quot;]. CBS News. 9 Juni 2016. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pintonan télévisi ===
Patarungan Muhammad Ali kaasup kana sawatara siaran télévisi nu panglobana dilalajoanan di dunia, nyatetkeun rékor pamiarsa tivi panglobana. Patarunganna nu pangréana ditongton nyatetkeun kira-kira 1-2 juta pamiarsa di sakuliah dunya antara taun 1974 jeung 1980 sarta mangrupa siaran télévisi pangréana ditongton mangsa harita.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Di saluareun tinju, Ali nyieun ogé réa pintonan lianna. Tabel di handap ieu ngabéréndélkeun gambaran pamiarsa tina pintonan di saluareun tinju.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:95%&quot;
|+
!Tanggal
!Siaran
!Wilayah
!Panongton
!Sumber
|-
|17 Oktober 1971
|''Parkinson'' (seri1, episode 14)
|Karajaan Inggris
|12.000.000
|&lt;ref name=&quot;parkinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michael Parkinson:'I loved Ali ... but he was a hypocrite'|work=Mail Online|date=November 26, 2016|quote=They met four times in the studio between 1971 and 1981 ... Parky the cool inquisitor, whose Saturday-night chat show was a national institution attracting 10 million viewers, and Ali, the funny, eloquent fighter who added another two million to the audience when he appeared.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|25 Januari 1974
|''Parkinson'' (seri 3, episode 18)
|Karajaan Inggris
|12.000.000
|
|-
|7 Désémber 1974
|''Parkinson''
|Karajaan Inggris
|12.000.000
|
|-
|28 Maret 1977
| Academy Awards ka-49
|Amérika Sarikat
|39.719.000
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/reference/academy-awards-show-ratings/|title=Academy Awards Show Ratings|website=[[TV By The Numbers]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008211435/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/reference/academy-awards-show-ratings/ |date=2016-10-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|25 Désémber 1978
|''This Is Your Life'' (&quot;Muhammad Ali&quot;)
|Amérika Sarikat
|60.000.000
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hauser|first=Thomas|title=Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times|date=2012|publisher=[[Anova Books]]|isbn=9781907554902|page=431|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7K6-AgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT431}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|24 Okrovwe 1979
|''Diff'rent Strokes'' (&quot;Arnold's Hero&quot;)
|Amérika Sarikat
|41.000.000
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sitcomsonline.com/diffrentstrokesseason2dvdreview.html|title=Diff'rent Strokes - The Complete Second Season DVD Review|website=Sitcoms Online|accessdate=September 1, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|17 Januari 1981
|''Parkinson'' (seri 10, episode 32)
|Karajaan Inggris
|12,000,000
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |9 Juli 1996
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
|Sakuliah dunya
|3.500.000.000
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Hajeski&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hajeski|first=Nancy J.|title=Ali: The Official Portrait of &quot;The Greatest&quot; of All Time|date=2013|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781607109839|page=293|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ClZDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA293}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Amérika Sarikat
|209.000.000
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Toff|first=Benjamin|title=Olympics Ratings Set Record|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/arts/26arts-OLYMPICSRATI_BRF.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 25, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|4 Januari 2007
|''Michael Parkinson's Greatest Entertainers''
|Karajaan Inggris
|3.630.000
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.barb.co.uk/viewing-data/weekly-top-30/|title=Weekly top 30 programmes|publisher=[[Broadcasters' Audience Research Board]]|accessdate=September 1, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|9 Juni 2016
|Upacara paturay tineung Muhammad Ali
|Sakuliah dunya
|1.000.000.000
|&lt;ref name=&quot;alicenter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://alicenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2016-Annual-Report-FINAL_spreads.pdf|title=ANNUAL REPORT 2016|publisher=[[Muhammad Ali Center]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203175252/https://alicenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2016-Annual-Report-FINAL_spreads.pdf |date=2020-12-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!
!Total PAnongton
!Sakuliah dunya
!4.692.349.000
!
|}

== Taun-Taun satuluyna ==
Di taun 1984, Ali didiagnosis kakeunaan ku sindrom Parkinson, hiji panyakit nu kadang-kadang  dihasilkeun tina trauma dina sirah alatan kaheurasan aktifitas pisik saperti tinju.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/22/sports/sports-people-ali-leaves-hospital-vowing-take-better-care-himself-get-more-sleep.html &quot;''Ali Leaves Hospital Vowing to take better care of himself and get more sleep''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. 22 Séptémber 1984. Diaksés 9 Maret 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Friedman, J. H. (1989). &quot;''Progressive parkinsonism in boxers''&quot;. ''Southern Medical Journal''. '''82''' (5): 543–546. doi:10.1097/00007611-198905000-00002. PMID&amp;nbsp;2655100.&lt;/ref&gt; Harita Ali masih bisa kénéh aktif, masih bisa jadi wasit tamu dina [[WrestleMania I]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605013012/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm1/celebrities/ &quot;WrestleMania I: ''Celebrities''&quot;]. Wwe.com. 31 Maret 1985. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm1/celebrities/ asli] tanggal 5 Juni 2011. Diaksés 29 Januari 2012. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;McAvennie, Mike (17 Januari 2007). [http://www.wwe.com/inside/news/archive/alibday &quot;''Happy Birthday to 'The Greatest''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot;]. WWE.com. Diaksés 16 Pébruari 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ali kawéntar minangka saurang humanitarian&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;[https://news.sky.com/story/muhammad-ali-handed-humanitarian-honour-10470033 &quot;''Muhammad Ali Handed Humanitarian Honour''&quot;]. ''Sky News''. 14 Séptémber 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; jeung dermawan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theodysseyonline.com/tribute-muhammad-ali-athlete-philanthropist-legend &quot;''A Tribute To Muhammad Ali: The Athlete, Philanthropist And Legend''&quot;]. ''Odyssey''. 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.biography.com/people/muhammad-ali-9181165 &quot;Muhammad Ali&quot;]. ''Biography.com''. 18 Januari 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna suhud kana ngajalankeun tugas agama Islamna ku [[sodakoh]] jeung amal hadé, nyumbangkan jutaan ka organisasi amal jeung jalma-jalma nu teu mampu ti unggal kasang tukang agama. Diperkirakeun Ali geus nulungan leuwih ti 22 juta jalma nu kalaparan di sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref&gt;Christopher, Paul J.; Smith, Alicia Marie (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=81mybCXNstAC&amp;pg=PA20 Greatest Sports Heroes of All Times: North American Edition]''. Encouragement Press, LLC. k.&amp;nbsp;20. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;9781933766096&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali datang ka Afrika dimimitian di taun 1964, nalika manéhna nganjang ka [[Ghana]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36469288 &quot;''In pictures: Muhammad Ali's love affair with Africa''&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 9 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1974, Ali ngadatangan kémp pangungsi [[Palestina]] di [[Libanon Kidul]], di mana Ali nyatakeun “ngadukung kana perjuangan Palestina pikeun ngabébaskeun lemah caina.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Zirin, Dave (8 Juni 2016). [http://www.thenation.com/article/andrew-cuomo-would-have-blacklisted-muhammad-ali/ &quot;''Andrew Cuomo Would Have Blacklisted Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. ''The Nation''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1978, sabada éléh ku Spinks jeung saméméh males meunang dina tanding ulang, Ali ngadatangan [[Bangladesh]] jeung narima kawarganagaraan kahormatan di dinya.&lt;ref&gt;Rahman, Mizan (6 Juni 2016). [http://www.gulf-times.com/story/497055/Muhammad-Ali-s-forgotten-land-in-Bangladesh &quot;''Muhammad Ali's forgotten land in Bangladesh''&quot;]. ''Gulf Times''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun nu sarua, Ali ilibiung dina Leumpang Pangjauhna (''The Longest Walk''), hiji pawéy protés di Amérika Sarikat dina raraga ngadukung kana hak-hak urang pribumi Amérika, babarengan jeung panyanyi [[Stevie Wonder]] sarta aktor [[Marlon Brando]].&lt;ref&gt;Schilling, Vincent (4 Juni 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160821134332/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/06/04/greatest-muhammad-ali-walks-164692 &quot;''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'The Greatest' Muhammad Ali Walks On''&quot;]. Indian Country Today Media Network. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/06/04/greatest-muhammad-ali-walks-164692 asli] tanggal 21 Agustus 2016, Diaksés tanggal 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1980, Ali direkrut ku Présidén [[Jimmy Carter]] kana hiji misi diplomatik ka Afrika dina raraga ngolo sajumlah pamaréntahan Afrika pikeun biluk kana ngaboykot [[Olimpiade Moskow]] nu dipingpin ku AS (minangka wawales kana [[serangan Soviét ka Afghanistan]]). Numutkeun nu nulis biographi Ali, Thomas Hauser, “dina alusna, éta téh konsép nu salah; dina goréngna, hiji bencana diplomatik.” Pamaréntahan [[Tanzania]] ngarasa kahina ku ketak Charter nu geus ngirimkeun saurang atlét pikeun hiji masalah pulitik nu seurieus. Salah saurang pajabatna nyindiran naha bakal pamaréntah AS ngirimkeun [[Chris Evert]] pikeun badami jeung London. Pamustunganna, Ali ngan ditarima ku menteri pamuda jeung budaya ti batan ku Présidén Julius Nyerere. Ali teu bisa ngajelaskeun naha nagara-nagara Afrika kudu ngiluan kana boykot AS padahal AS teu ngilu ngarojong kana boykot Afrika dina [[Olimpiade taun 1976]] (dina raraga protés kana pulitik [[Apartheid]] di [[Afirka Kidul]]), ogé Ali teu nyadar yén Uni Soviét geus ngarojong kana pagerakan révolusi populer di Afrika. Ali nyerah, “Maranéhna teu ngabéjaan kuring ngeunaan hal éta di Amérika”, sarta kuciwa alatan Charter geus ngirimkeun dirina “ka sabudeureun dunya bari mawa dominasi kawijakan AS.”&lt;ref&gt;Hauser 2004, k. 397&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/06/muhammad-ali-diplomat-213941 &quot;''Muhammad Ali’s Strange, Failed Diplomatic Career''&quot;], by Michael Ezra, ''Politico Magazine'', 5 Juni 2016. Diaksés 1 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaréntah [[Nigeria]] ogé nolak dirina sarta mastikeun yén nagara éta bakal ngiluan dina laga di Moskow. Ali, najan kitu, hasil ngayakinkeun pamaréntahan [[Kénya]] pikeun ngilu ngaboykot Olimpiade.&lt;ref&gt;Cuddihy, Martin (9 Juni 2016). [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-09/muhummad-ali-is-remembered-by-africa/7495452 &quot;''Muhammad Ali: Africa remembers the boxing legend''&quot;]. ABC News (Australia). Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina tanggal 19 Januari 1981, di [[Los Angeles]], Ali ngupah ngapéh saurang jalma nu rék maéhan manéh ku cara luncat ti lantéy salapan hiji wangunan, kajadian éta jadi warta nasional.&lt;ref&gt;Levin, Josh (4 Juni 2016). [http://www.slate.com/articles/sports/sports_nut/2016/06/the_time_muhammad_ali_stopped_a_man_from_leaping_to_his_death.html &quot;''The Time Muhammad Ali Stopped a Man From Leaping to His Death''&quot;]. ''Slate''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&amp;dat=19810119&amp;id=CRJPAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=nAIEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6956,2319132&amp;hl=en &quot;''Ali Talks Would-Be Jumper Off Ninth-Floor Fire Escape''&quot;]. The Blade / Associated Press. 20 Januari 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:MuhammadAliundRonaldReagan.jpg|ka|jmpl|Présidén [[Ronald Reagan]] jeung Ali di Kantor Oval di taun 1983.]]
Taun 1984, Ali ngabéwarakeun dukunganna pikeun kapilih deuina Présidén AS [[Ronald Reagan]]. Nalika ditanya ngeunaan pangrojongna ka Reagan, Ali nyarita ka wartawan, “Manéhna ngajaga sangkan Gusti tetep aya di sakola, sakitu gé cukup.”&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/03/us/campaign-notes-muhammad-ali-switches-his-support-to-reagan.html &quot;''CAMPAIGN NOTES; Muhammad Ali Switches His Support to Reagan''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. UPI. 3 Oktober 1984. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 1984.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1985, Ali nganjang ka Israél rék ménta dibébaskeunna tahanan Muslim di kémp panahanan Atlit, nu ku Israél teu ditedunan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://archive.jta.org/1985/06/28/archive/muhammad-ali-steps-into-ring &quot;''Muhammad Ali Steps into Ring''&quot;]. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 28 Juni 1985. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1987, Yayasan Dua Abad California pikeun Konstitusi AS milih Ali keur jadi tuladan pikeun pentingna Konstitusi AS jeung [[Piagem Hak Asasi]]. Taun hareupna Ali ngilu nunggang dina Pasanggiri Parade Eros, medalkeun pangéling-ngéling 200 taun Konstitusi AS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;[https://constitutioncenter.org/calendar/muhammad-ali-2012-liberty-medal-ceremony &quot;''Muhammad Ali 2012 Liberty Medal Ceremony''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064736/https://constitutioncenter.org/calendar/muhammad-ali-2012-liberty-medal-ceremony |date=2018-01-18 }}. National Constitution Center. Diaksés 17 Januari 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1998, wanci gerakan [[Intifadah Kahiji]], Ali ngilu dina hiji pawéy di [[Chicago]] dina raraga ngadukung Palestina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt; Dina taun éta kénéh Ali miang ka [[Sudan]] pikeun ningkatkeun kapadulian ngeunaan kateugenahan korban-korban nu kalaparan.&lt;ref&gt;Khaled, Ali (4 Juni 2016). [http://english.alarabiya.net/en/sports/2016/06/04/How-Muhammad-Ali-became-a-sporting-hero-to-the-Arab-world.html &quot;''How Muhammad Ali became a sporting hero to the Arab world''&quot;]. Al Arabiya. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1989, Ali ngiluan dina kagiatan amal [[India]] baréng jeung Masarakat Pangatikan Muslim di [[Kozhikode]], Kerala, baréng jeung aktor Bollywood, [[Dilip Kumar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
[[Gambar:Muhammad_Ali_1997.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Ali di taun 1997]]
Taun 1990, Ali miang ka Irak saméméh kajadian [[Perang Teluk]] sarta nepungan [[Saddam Hussein]] dina usahana pikeun nanawar kana pangbébasan sandera AS. Ali hasil ngabébaskeun para sandera ku cara ngajanjian Hussein yén manéhna bakal mawa Amérika kana “lampah nu jujur” ka Irak. Sanajan hasil ngabébaskeun sandera, Ali meunang kritik ti Présidén [[George H. W. Bush]], diplomat Joseph C. Wilson jeung ''The New York Times''.&lt;ref&gt;Callahan, Maureen (29 Nopémber 2015). [https://nypost.com/2015/11/29/the-tale-of-muhammad-alis-goodwill-trip-to-iraq-that-freed-us-hostages/ &quot;''How Muhammad Ali secured the release of 15 US hostages in Iraq''&quot;]. ''New York Post''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.heroism.org/class/1970/ali.html &quot;Muhammad Ali&quot;]. Heroism.org. 17 Januari 1942. Diaksés 5 Désémber 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Brian Becker (10 Juni 2016). [http://www.answercoalition.org/i_was_with_muhammad_ali_on_his_hostage_release_trip_to_iraq_and_the_media_has_it_all_wrong &quot;''I was with Muhammad Ali on his hostage-release trip to Iraq — and the media has it all wrong''&quot;]. ANSWER Coalition. Diaksés 1 Juli 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali medalkeun hiji sajarah oral, ''Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times'' ku Thomas Hauser di taun 1991.

Taun 1994, Ali ngajujurung pamaréntah AS sangkan ngabantuan ka para pangungsi nu dialatankeun ku pangbantéyan [[Rwanda]], sarta nyumbang ka organisasi-organisasi nu nulungan para pangungsi Rwanda. Dina taun 1996, Ali meunang kahormatan pikeun nyeungeut obor [[Olimpiade 1996]] di [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia]]. Harita ditongton ku kira-kira 3,6 miliar panongton di sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hajeski&quot;/&gt;

Dina tangal 17 Nopémber 2002, Ali miang ka Afghanistan minangka “Kurir Perdaméyan [[PBB]].”&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20021213180823/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=5382&amp;Cr=Muhammad&amp;Cr1=Ali &quot;''UN Messenger of Peace Muhammad Ali arrives in Afghanistan''&quot;]. UN News Centre. 13 Désémber 2002. Diarsipkeun tinu [https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=5382&amp;Cr=Muhammad&amp;Cr1=Ali asli] tanggal tanggal 13 Désémber 2002. Diaksés 29 Januari 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna cicing di Kabul pikeun hiji misi niat hadé salila tilu poé minangka tamu husus PBB.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100316125459/http://www.life.com/image/1647010?epmid=1 &quot;''Muhammad Ali visits Kabul''&quot;]. Getty Images. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://www.life.com/image/1647010?epmid=1 asli] 16 Maret 2010. Diaksés 20 Méi 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 1 Séptémber 2009, Ali nganjang ka Ennis, Conty Clare, Irlandia, asal muasal buyutna, Abe Grady, nu migrasi ka AS di taun 1860 nu antukna netep tumetep di [[Kentucky]].&lt;ref&gt;McDonald, Brian (12 Agustus 2009). &quot;''Fightin' talk as Ennis awaits Muhammed Ali (sic)''&quot;. ''Irish Independent''. Diaksés 26 Agustus 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 27 Juli 2012, Ali jadi pamawa kahormatan bandera Olimpiade nalika upacara bubuka [[Olimpiade Usum Panas 2012]] di London. Ali dibantuan ku pamajikanna, Lonnie, sangkan bisa cengkat sahareupeun bandera, ku alatan Parkinsonna, Ali teu bisa mawa bandera ka stadion.&lt;ref&gt;Wilson, Stan (28 Juli 2012). [http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/27/sport/olympics-muhammad-ali/index.html &quot;''Muhammad Ali returns to the Olympic stage, once again, in London''&quot;]. CNN. Diaksés 29 Juli 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun éta kénéh Ali dilleler ku Medali Kabébasan Philadelphia minangka pangakuan usaha kaaktifanna, kadermawananna jeung kamanusaanna nu geus sakitu lilana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Taun 2014 Ali nyieun tweet-an nu ngadukung Trayvon Martin jeung pagerakan Kahirupan Urang Hideung Miboga Harti.&lt;ref&gt;[http://qz.com/701272/remembering-muhammad-alis-legacy-as-a-radical-and-peaceful-muslim/ &quot;''Remembering Muhammad Ali's legacy as a radical, and peaceful, Muslim''&quot;]. ''Quartz''. 7 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Panghasilan ===
Dina taun 1978, total panghasilan Ali diperkirakeun ampir $60 jutana&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/123074668/ &quot;''Corporal Spinks, you're the greatest!''&quot;]. ''The Age''. 17 Pébruari 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; (mun diakurkeun jeung inflasi sarua jeung $312 juta), kaasup kira-kira $47,45 juta panghasilan kasar antara taun 1970 nepi ka 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=c0IDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA53 &quot;''Muhammad Ali's Finances A Puzzle To News Media; 'I'm Broke,' He Quips''&quot;]. ''Jet''. Johnson Publishing Company. '''54''' (4): 53. 13 April 1978.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 1980, total panghasilan tina tandingna kira-kira nepi ka $70 juta&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;[http://people.com/archive/his-lifestyle-his-ex-wives-his-expensive-entourage-they-explain-why-ali-took-an-8-million-beating-vol-14-no-16/ &quot;''His Lifestyle, His Ex-Wives, His Expensive Entourage: They Explain Why Ali Took An $8 Million Beating''&quot;]. ''People''. 20 Oktober1980.&lt;/ref&gt; (diakurkeun jeung inflasi sarua jeung $332 juta).

Taun 1978, Ali balaka yén manéhna “bangkrut” sarta sababaraha sumber warta ngabéjakeun yén babandaanna ngan tinggal $3,5 juta (diakurkeun jeung inflasi $13 juta). Dunia préss neumbleuhkeun pangorotan hartana kana sababaraha faktor, kaasup itungan pajak nu saheunteuna satengah tina panghasilanna, manajemen méakkeun sapertilu tina panghasilanna,&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; gaya hirup sarta pangaluaran kulawarga, amal jeung kapentingan-kapentingan agama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

Taun 2006, Ali ngajual ngaran jeung gambar dirina pikeun $50 juta,&lt;ref&gt;Burkeman, Oliver (13 April 2006). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/13/usa.sport &quot;''Ali, the Greatest, sells his name and image for $50m''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt; nu sabada ku ''[[Forbes]]'' ditaksir bandana aya kana $55 juta di taun 2006.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/53/39A3.html &quot;''Muhammad Ali, The Top 100 Celebrities''&quot;]. ''Forbes Celebrity 100''. Forbes. 2006. Diaksés 10 Méi 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Sabada maotna di taun 2016, kakayaan Ali diperkirakeun antara $50 juta nepi ka $80 juta.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/muhammad-ali-s-name-likely-rake-cash-years-come-n587086 &quot;''Muhammad Ali's Name Likely to Rake in the Cash for Years to Come''&quot;]. ''NBC News''. 7 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kasehatan nu ngorotan ===
Alatan [[Parkinson]], kaséhatan Ali tuluy-tuluyan ngorotan, najan kitu Ali masih kénéh aktif dina awal-awal taun milenium, ngapromosikeun pilem biographina, ''Ali'', di taun 2001. Taun éta ogé Ali nyumbangkeun hiji ségmén kaméra pikeun konsér amal ''America: A Tribute to Heroes''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=102292 &quot;''60 Million Watch America: A Tribute to Heroes''&quot;]. ABC News. 23 Séptémber 2001. Diaksés 17 Januari 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:0522_ma_big_(cropped1).jpg|ka|jmpl|Ali jeung Michael J. Fox nyieun kasaksian di hareupeun hiji komite Sénat dina raraga panyayagaan dana pamaréntah pikeun merangan Parkinson.]]
Taun 1998, Ali mimiti gawé bareng jeung aktor [[Michael J. Fox]], nu sarua ngabogaan panyakit Parkinson, keur ningkatkeun kasadaran sarta nyiar dana pikeun ubarna. Maranéhna hadir babarengan di saharapeun Kongrés pikeun neken kasusna di taun 2002. Taun 2000, Ali réréongan jeung Yayasan Michael J. Fox keur Panyakit Parkinson dina raraga ningkatkeun kasadaran jeung ngarojong sumbangan pikeun panalitian.&lt;ref&gt;Bulman, May (5 Juni 2016). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/muhammad-ali-dead-michael-j-fox-tribute-parkinsons-disease-common-fight-a7066416.html &quot;''Muhammad Ali dead: Michael J Fox pays tribute to fellow Parkinson's disease sufferer and their 'common fight'''&quot;]. ''The Independent''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina bulan Pébruari 2013, dulur Ali, Rahman Ali, nyarita yén Muhammad geus teu bisa deui cumarita sarta kamungkinan bakal maot dina sababaraha poé deui.&lt;ref&gt;Chasmar, Jessica (3 Pébruari 2013). [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/feb/3/brother-muhammad-ali-could-be-dead-days/ &quot;''Brother: Muhammad Ali 'could be dead in days'''&quot;]. ''The Washington Times''. Diaksés Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Budak awéwé Ali, May May nimbal kana rumor éta, nyatakeun yén manéhna geus ngobrol jeung Ali liwat telepon dina tanggal 3 Pébruari isuk-isuk sarta Ali teu kua kieu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-400_162-57567369/muhammad-alis-daughter-father-watching-super-bowl-not-near-death/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali's daughter: Father watching Super Bowl, not near death''&quot;]. CBS News. 5 Pébruari 2013. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina tanggal 20 Désémber 2014, Ali di ka rumah sakitkeun alatan [[pneumonia]] hampang.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20141221093217/http://www.nujournal.com/page/content.detail/id/761659/Muhammad-Ali-hospitalized-with-pneumonia.html?isap=1&amp;nav=5036 &quot;''Muhammad Ali hospitalized with pneumonia''&quot;]. ''The Journal''. Associated Press. Diarsipkeun tanggal 21 Désémber 2014, Diaksés 21 Désémber 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali asup deui ka rumah sakit dina tanggal 15 Januari 2015 alatan inféksi saluran uriner sabada kapanggih ngabigeu di hiji imah pangistirahatan di [[Scottsdale]], [[Arizona]].&lt;ref&gt;Bucktin, Christopher (16 Januari 2015). [https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/boxing/boxing-legend-muhammad-ali-intensive-4987518 &quot;''Boxing legend Muhammad Ali in hospital after being found 'unresponsive' at his home''&quot;.] ''The Mirror''. Diaksés 16 Januari 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali kaluar ti rumah sakit dina poé isukna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150120224903/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/sports/ali-out-of-hospital-in-time-for-73rd-birthday/ar-AA8g057?ocid=ansspafp11 &quot;''Ali out of hospital in time for 73rd birthday''&quot;]. MSN. Diarsipkeun ti nu [https://web.archive.org/web/20150120224903/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/sports/ali-out-of-hospital-in-time-for-73rd-birthday/ar-AA8g057?ocid=ansspafp11 asli] 20 Januari 2015. Diaksés 17 Januari 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tilar dunya ==
Ali dikarumahsakitkeun deui di Scottsdale, Arizona dina tanggal 2 Juni 2016, ku alatan panyakit pernapasan. Najan kondisina mimitina mah dianggap “lumayan”, kanyataanna kalah leuwih parah sarta dirina tilar dunya dina poé isukna dina umur 74 taun ku alatan ''septic shock''.&lt;ref&gt;Martin, Jill (2 Juni 2016). [http://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/02/us/muhammad-ali-hospitalized-with-respiratory-issue/ &quot;''Muhammad Ali hospitalized with respiratory issue''&quot;]. ''CNN''. Diaksés 3 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://abcnews.go.com/US/muhammad-ali-dies-greatest-boxer-dead-74/story?id=18391211 &quot;Muhammad Ali ''Dies: 'The Greatest' Boxer Dead at 74''&quot;]. ''ABC News''. 4 Juni 2016. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lipsyte, Robert (3 Juni 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/sports/muhammad-ali-dies.html &quot;Muhammad Ali ''Dies at 74: Titan of Boxing and the 20th Century''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 3 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Schuppe, Jon (4 Juni 2016). [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/sports/muhammad-alis-hometown-louisville-honors-late-boxer-our-inspiration-n585816 &quot;Muhammad Ali ''Died of Septic Shock, Will Be Honored at Public Funeral: Spokesman''&quot;]. ''NBC News''. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Liputan warta jeung pangajén ===
Sabada maotna, Ali jadi topik pangraména nomer hiji dina Twitter salila 12 jam sarta dina Facebook pikeun sababaraha poé. [[BET]] mintonkeun dokuménterna ''Muhammad Ali: Buatan Miami''. [[ESPN]] mintonkeun acara bébas iklan nu ngabahas Ali. Jaringan warta saperti [[ABC News]], [[BBC]], [[CNN]] jeung [[Fox News]] ogé midangkeun dirina sacara réa.

Ali dipikasedih sacara global, juru wicara kulawarga nyaritakeun yén kulawargana “yakin yén Muhammad téh warga dunia ... sarta maranéhna nyadar yén dunia sarua ngilu sedih.” Pulitisi saperti [[Barack Obama]], [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[Donald Trump]], [[David Cameron]] jeung réa-réa deui mére panghormatan keur Ali. Ali ogé nampa sajumlah panghormatan ti para olahragawan dunia kaasup [[Michael Jordan]], [[Tiger Woods]], [[Floyd Mayweather]], [[Mike Tyson]], [[the Miami Marlins]], [[LeBron James]], Steph Curry jeung réa-réa deui. Walikota Lousiville, Greg Fischer nyatakeun, “Muhammad Ali mémang milik dunia. Tapi manéhna ngan ngabogaan hiji kota asal.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.columbian.com/news/2016/jun/04/ali-citizen-of-the-world/ &quot;''Ali: 'Citizen' of the world''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot;]. ''Columbian''. 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina poéan maotna Ali, [[UFC]] méré pangajén pikeun Ali dina kagiatan UFC 199 ku mangrupa hiji pakét vidéo panjang, muji Ali pikeun jasa-jasana sarta inspirasina ka sababaraha juara UFC.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thewrap.com/ufc-199-invades-the-la-forum-honors-boxing-legend-muhammad-ali/ &quot;UFC 199 ''Invades LA Forum, Honors Boxing Legend'' Muhammad Ali&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805080747/https://www.thewrap.com/ufc-199-invades-the-la-forum-honors-boxing-legend-muhammad-ali/amp/ |date=2020-08-05 }}. ''TheWrap.com''. 4 Juni 2016. Diaksés 16 Januari 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangéling-ngéling ===
Vidéo Éksternal

[https://www.c-span.org/video/?410916-1/memorial-service-muhammad-ali-19422016 &quot;Muhammad Ali Memorial Service&quot;], C-SPAN

Pamakaman Ali geus direncanakeun ku dirina sarta nu lianna ti sababaraha taun méméh kajadianna.&lt;ref&gt;Schreiner, Bruce; Galofaro, Claire (7 Juni 2016). [http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/will-smith-lennox-lewis-among-pallbearers-for-muhammad-ali-who-scripted-his-funeral-in-his-final-days &quot;Will Smith, Lennox Lewis ''among pallbearers for'' Muhammad Ali, ''who scripted his own funeral in final days''&quot;] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''nationalpost.com''. Diaksés 31 Juli 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Pamulasaraan dimimitian di Lousiville dina tanggal 9 Juni 2016 ku solat janazah di ''Freedom Hall'' di ruang handap Puseur Pameran Kentucky. Dina tanggal 10 Juni 2016, prosési pamakamanna ku jalan jalan-jalan di Louisville semet ka réngsé di Pamakaman Cave Hill di mana janazahna direureuhkeun heula nalika upacara pribadi. Tetenggerna dicirian ku pananda granit nu basajan nu ngan maké tulisan ngaranna wungkul. Hiji acara pangéling-ngéling umum dilumangsungkeun di Gedong KFC Yum! Louisville dina wanci pasosoré tanggal 10 Juni.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wfpl.org/muhammad-ali-buried-louisville-friday/ &quot;Muhammad Ali ''To Be Buried In Louisville Frida''y&quot;]. WFPL. 4 Juni 2016. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''Muhammad Ali's funeral to be watched worldwide by billions''&quot;. India.com. 5 Juni 2016. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160609165705/http://www.whas11.com/news/local/muhammad-ali-islamic-funeral-prayer-service-jenazah-scheduled-at-freedom-hall/234230429 &quot;Muhammad Ali ''Islamic Funeral Prayer Service'' Jenazah ''scheduled at Freedom Hall''&quot;]. WHAS-TV. 6 Juni 2016. Diarsipkeun ti [http://www.whas11.com/news/local/muhammad-ali-islamic-funeral-prayer-service-jenazah-scheduled-at-freedom-hall/234230429/ nu asli] tanggal 9 Juni 2016. Diaksés 9 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Nu ngangkat petina kaasup [[Will Smith]], [[Lennox Lewis]] jeung [[Mike Tyson]], sarta pangangkat kahormatan di antarana [[George Chuvalo]], [[Larry Holmes]] jeung [[George Foreman]]&lt;ref&gt;Litman, Laken (10 Juni 2016). [http://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/06/will-smith-mike-tyson-pallbearers-muhammad-ali-funeral &quot;Will Smith, Mike Tyson ''among those serving as pallbearers at Muhammad Ali's funeral | For The Win''&quot;]. ''ftw.usatoday.com''. Diaksés 31 Juli 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;.Upacara pangéling-ngéling Ali ditongton ku kira-kira samilyar pamiarsa di sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;alicenter&quot;/&gt;

== Paninggalan ==
[[Gambar:Muhammad_Ali_and_President_Bush.jpg|ka|jmpl|Bari disérangkeun ku Nyonya  Lonnie Ali, Présidén [[George W. Bush]] ngarangkul Muhammad Ali sabada ngaleler dirina ku Madali Kabébasan Présidénsial dinat tanggal 9 Nopémber 2005, dina acara upacara di Gedong Putih.]]
Muhammad Ali geus ngéléhkeun sakabéh jago kelas beurat dina mangsana, nu disebut-sebut minangka mangsa kaemasan di dunia tinju kelas beurat. Ali dileler ku sebutan “Patarung Taun Ieu” ku majalah ''[[The Ring]]'' leuwih mineung batan patarung séjénna sarta leuwih loba kabaud dina “Patarungan Taun Ieu” ''Ring'' batan nu séjénna. Ali kaasupkeun dina [[Balé Kahormatan Tinju Internasional]] sarta ogé dina tujuh Balé Kahormatan lianna. Ali minangka salah sahiji tina ngan tilu-tiluna tukang tinju nu katelah ku “[[Olahragawan Taun Ieu]]” ku ''Sports Illustrated''.

Taun 1978, tilu taun méméh reureuhna, Anggota Déwan Lousiville di kota asalna, Louisville, Kentucky, milih 6-5 pikeun ngaganti ngaran Jalan Walnut ku Muhammad Ali Boulevard. Hal ieu, harita dianggap kontrovérsial, dina jero 12 minggu tujuh tanda ngaran jalan leungit ku nu maok. Awal taun éta, hiji komite di Sakola Umum Wilayah Jefferson (Kentucky), nimbang-nimbang pikeun ngaganti ngaran almamater Ali, Sakola Luhur Séntral, dina raraga ngahargaan Ali, tapi wacana ieu gagal jadi kanyataan. Ku majuna waktu, Muhammad Ali Boulevard – sarta Ali sorangan – antukna ditarima kalayan hadé di kota tempat asalna.&lt;ref&gt;Hill, Bob (19 Nopémber 2005). &quot;Ali ''stirs conflicting emotions in hometown''&quot;. ''The Courier-Journal''. k.&amp;nbsp;K5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina taun 1993, the ''Associated Press'' ngalaporkeun yén Ali ipis pisan posisina jeung [[Babe Ruth]] minangka atlét pangkawentarna, tina leuwih ti 800 atlét nu hirup kénéh atawa nu geus maot di Amérika. Panalitian manggihan yén 97% urang Amérika nu umurna leuwih ti 12 taun arapaleun boh ka Ali boh ka Ruth.&lt;ref&gt;Wilstein, Steve, Associated Press, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1957&amp;dat=19930517&amp;id=XZYxAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=RuEFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1249,4781703 &quot;''Retton, Hammill most popular American athletes in United States: poll''&quot;]; ''The Daily Gazette'', 17 Méi 1993.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali téh panampa [[Pangajén Sumanget Arthur Ashe]] taun 1997.

Di taun 1999, majalah Time ngasupkeun Ali kana 100 Jalma Paling Penting di Abad 20.&lt;ref&gt;Quittner, Joshua (14 Juni 1999). [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,26473,00.html &quot;Ali—''Time 100 People of the Century''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308133259/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,26473,00.html |date=2013-03-08 }}. ''Time''.&lt;/ref&gt; Dileler ku [[Olahragawan Abad Ieu]] ku ''Sports Illustrated''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/cover/news/1999/12/02/awards &quot;''Sports Illustrated honors world's greatest athletes''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819000437/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/cover/news/1999/12/02/awards/ |date=2011-08-19 }}. CNN. 3 Désémber 1999.&lt;/ref&gt; Meunangkeun gelar Pribadi Olahraga Abad Ieu dina poll BBC, manéhna meunang sora leuwih réa dibanding sora pasaing-pasaingna lamun dihijiekun (kaasup [[Pele]], [[Jesse Owens]] jeung [[Jack Nicklaus]]).&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/561352.stm &quot;''Ali crowned Sportsman of Century''&quot;]. ''BBC Sport''. 13 Désémber 1999. Diaksés 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina tanggal 13 Séptémber 1999, Ali meunang gelar &quot;Atlét Kentucky Abad Ieu&quot; ti Balé Kahormatan Atlétik Kentcuky dina hiji upacara di Gedong Galt Wétan.&lt;ref&gt;Spears, Marc J. (14 Séptémber 1999). [http://courier-journal.newspapers.com/image/110892451/?terms=Show%2Bstops%2Bwhen%2Bthe%2Bchamp%2Barrives%2Bfor%2Bawards%2Bdinner &quot;Ali: ''The Greatest of 20th century; Show stops when the champ arrives for awards dinner''&quot;]. ''The Courier-Journal''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 8 Januari 2001, Muhammad Ali dileler ku Madali Warga Nagara Présidénsial ku Présidén [[Bill Clinton]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120801215612/http://clinton5.nara.gov/WH/new/html/Mon_Jan_8_141714_2001.html &quot;''President Clinton Awards the Presidential Citizens Medals''&quot;]. ''Today at The White House''. Arsip jeung Catatan Administrasi Nasional. 8 Januari 2001. Diarsipkeun ti [http://clinton5.nara.gov/WH/new/html/Mon_Jan_8_141714_2001.html nu asli] tanggal 1 Agustus 2012. Diaksés tanggal 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Bulan Nopémber 2005, Ali nampa [[Madali Kabébasan Présidénsial]] ti Présidén [[George W. Bush]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080306114811/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/11/20051103-5.html &quot;''Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients''&quot;]. White House Press Secretary. 3 Nopémber 2005. Diarsipkeun ti [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/11/20051103-5.html nu asli] tanggal 6 Maret 2008. Diaksés 20 Méi 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=2219166 &quot;B''ush presents Ali with Presidential Medal of Freedom''&quot;]. ESPN. 14 Nopémber 2005. Diaksés 16 Pébruari 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; dituturkeun ku [[Madali Perdaméyan Otto Hahn]] dina wangun Emas ti Asosiasi PBB Jérman (DGVN) di Bérlin pikeun usahana baréng jeung pagerakan hak-hak sipil sarta jeung PBB nu ditampa ku dirina dina 17 Désémber 2005.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.seattletimes.com/sports/briefs-ali-to-receive-otto-hahn-medal-today-in-berlin/ &quot;''Briefs: Ali to receive Otto Hahn Medal today in Berlin''&quot;]. ''The Seattle Times''. 17 Désémber 2005. Diaksés 5 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:AliCenter.jpg|jmpl|Puseur Muhammad Ali di sisi jalan nagara bagian 64 di Louisville, Kentucky béh sisi leuwi.]]
Tanggal 19 Nopémber 2005 (poé tepung taun rarabina Ali ka-19), Gedong non-profit Séntral Muhammad Ali saharga $60 juta dibuka di tengah kota Louisville. Dina raraga pikeun midangkeun pangéngéling tinjuna, séntra éta ngan suhud dina téma-téma inti perdaméyan, tanggung jawab sosial, kahormatan jeung pamekaran pribadi. Tanggal 5 Juni 2007, Ali nampa gelar doktor honoris pikeun kamanusaan dina upacara wisuda ka-260 di Universitas Princeton.&lt;ref&gt;Ryan, Joe (5 Juni 2007). [http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2007/06/boxing_legend_ali_gets_princet_1.html &quot;''Boxing legend Ali gets Princeton degree''&quot;]. ''The Star-Ledger''. Diaksés 5 Juni 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mol Ali, nu pernahna di Séntra Araneta, Kota [[Quezon]], Philipina, dingaranan maké ngaran dirina. Pangwangunan mol éta, nu munggaran dina jinisna, dimimitian teu lila sabada Ali meunangkeun tanding ngalawan Joe Frazier di taun 1975 di Koloseum Araneta nu teu pati jauh ti dinya. Mol éta dibuka di taun 1976 sarta Ali ngaluuhan dina acara pangbukaanna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160902164449/http://www.aranetacenter.net/2008/archiveAlimallComeback.php &quot;''Ali Mall: First Ever Shopping Mall Makes A Comeback''&quot;]. Séntra Araneta. Diarsipkeun ti [http://www.aranetacenter.net/2008/archiveAlimallComeback.php nu asli] tanggal 2 Séptémber 2016. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Laga Muhammad Ali vs [[Antonio Inoki]] taun 1976 maénkeun hiji peran penting dina sajarah [[seni beladiri campuran]].&lt;ref&gt;Gross, Josh (2016). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GPCGDAAAQBAJ Ali vs. Inoki: The Forgotten Fight That Inspired Mixed Martial Arts and Launched Sports Entertainment]''. BenBella Books. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;9781942952190&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Di Jepang, tanding éta ngailhaman murid Inoki, Masakatsu Funaki jeung Minoru Suzuki pikeun ngadegkeun [[Yayasan Pancrase|Yayasan ''Pancrase'']] di taun 1993, nu kaituna ngailhaman diadegkeunna [[Kajuaraan Patarungan Pride|Kajuaraan Patarungan ''Pride'']] di taun 1997. Pride dibeuli ku pasaingna, ''[[Ultimate Fighting Championships]]'' di taun 2007.&lt;ref&gt;[http://mmajunkie.com/2016/06/what-role-did-boxer-muhammad-ali-play-in-early-mma-let-ali-vs-inoki-author-josh-gross-explain &quot;''What role did boxer Muhammad Ali play in early MMA? Let 'Ali vs. Inoki' author Josh Gross explain''&quot;]. ''MMAjunkie''. 13 Juni 2016. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Grant, T. P. (2 Méi 2013). [http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2013/5/2/4220042/ufc-mma-history-origins-pride-fc-rickson-gracie-Nobuhiko-Takada &quot;''MMA Origins: Fighting For Pride''&quot;]. ''BloodyElbow''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Akte Réformasi Tinju Muhammad Ali]] dikenalkeun di taun 1999 sarta dikaluarkeun di taun 2000 pikeun nangtayungan hak-hak jeung kasajahtraan para patinju di Amérika Sarikat. Dina bulan Méi 2016, hiji piagem dikenalkeun ka Kongrés AS ku Markwayne Mullin, saurang pulitisi manten patarung [[MMA]] pikeun manjangkeun Akta Ali kana seni beladiri campuran.&lt;ref&gt;Raimondi, Marc (12 Juni 2016). [http://www.mmafighting.com/2016/6/12/11911444/click-debate-whats-all-this-talk-about-the-ali-act-coming-to-mma &quot;''Click Debate: What's all this talk about the Ali Act coming to MMA?''&quot;]. ''MMAjunkie''. Diakseés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Juni 2016, sénator AS Rand Paul ngusulkeun hiji amandemén pikeun undang-undang wajib militer AS  sangkan maké ngaran Ali, hiji usulan pikeun ngahapus Sistém Pangabdian Selektif.&lt;ref&gt;Klimas, Jacqueline (7 Juni 2016). [http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/rand-pauls-amendment-to-knock-out-the-draft-named-after-muhammad-ali/article/2593175 &quot;''Rand Paul's amendment to knock out the draft named after Muhammad Ali''&quot;]. ''Washington Examiner''. Diaksés 4 Séptémber 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2015, ''Sports Illustrated'' ngaganti ngaran Pangajén Warisan Olahragawan jadi Pangajén Warisan Muhammad Ali ''Sports Illustrated''. Pangajén taunan éta asalna dijieun di taun 2008 sarta méré ajén ka manten “tokoh olahraga nu midangkeun kaolahragaan, kapamingpinan jeung kadermawanan nu idéal minangka tunggangan pikeun ngarobah dunya.” Ali munggaran némbongan dina sampul majalah éta di taun 1963 sarta sababaraha kali dipidangkeun deui minangka sampulna dina wanci karirna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.si.com/sports-illustrated-sportsman-year-legacy-award-renamed-for-muhammad-ali SI Wire] &quot;''SI dedicates Sportsman of the Year Legacy Award to'' Muhammad Ali&quot;, ''Sports Illustrated'', 25 Séptémber 2015. Diaksés 13 Séptémber 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 13 Januari 2017, tujuh bulan sabada maotna, sarta opat poé méméh tepung taunna nu ka 75, Akte Koin Panginget-nginget Muhammad Ali diusulkeun kana Kongrés ka-115 (2017-2019), minangka H.R. 579 (''House of Representatives'') jeung minangka S. 166 (''Senate''). Sanajan kitu, duanana &quot;digugurkeun&quot; dina jero waktu 10 poé.&lt;ref&gt;Walker, Hubert (23 Januari 2017). [https://coinweek.com/modern-coins/boxing-legend-muhammad-ali-commemorative-coin-bill-introduced/ &quot;''Boxing Legend Muhammad Ali Commemorative Coin Bill Introduced''&quot;]. ''CoinWeek''. Diaksés 2 Pébruari 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dina média jeung budaya populér ===
Minangka juara dunia tinju, aktipis sosial jeung ikon budaya pop, Ali jadi subjék tina sababaraha gawé kréatif, kaasup buku, pilem, musik, vidio gim, acara TV jlld. Muhammad Ali remen dilandi minangka “jalma pangkasohorna” di média.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/56024982/ &quot;''The Daily Oklahoman''&quot;]. 29 Juni 1979.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/111037876/ &quot;''The Courier-Journal''&quot;]. 26 Apriil 1986.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://blogs.voanews.com/us-opinion/2016/06/06/the-most-famous-person-ever/ &quot;''The Most Famous Person Ever''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320160714/https://blogs.voanews.com/us-opinion/2016/06/06/the-most-famous-person-ever/ |date=2023-03-20 }}. ''Voice of America''. 6 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Sababaraha patarunganna ditongton ku kira-kira 1-2 milyar panongton antara taun 1974 nepi ka 1980, sarta panyeungeutan oborna dina [[Olimpiade Atlanta 1996]] ditongton ku kira-kira 3,5 milyar panongton.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hajeski&quot;/&gt;
[[Gambar:StangoAli.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Lukisan Muhammad Ali seni pop ku John Stango]]
Ali nembongan dina sampul ''Sports Illustrated'' dina 38 kali kajadian nu baréda,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.si.com/vault/search/covers?q=muhammad%20ali &quot;''Muhammad Ali Covers''&quot;]. ''Sports Illustrated Vault''. Sports Illustrated. Diaksés 22 Désémber 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; nempatan posisi kadua ngan sahandapeun [[Michael Jordan]] wungkul.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.si.com/vault/search/covers?q=michael%20jordan &quot;''Michael Jordan Covers''&quot;]. ''Sports Illustrated Vault''. Sports Illustrated. Diaksés 22 Désémber 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali ogé minton dina sampul Majalah ''[[Time]]'' lima kali,&lt;ref&gt;[https://time.com/4357508/muhammad-ali-time-cover-philippe-halsman/ &quot;''Behind TIME's New Muhammad Ali Cover''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213084701/https://time.com/4357508/muhammad-ali-time-cover-philippe-halsman/ |date=2023-12-13 }}. ''Time''. Dina artikelna dikutip opat kali, tambah sampul dina artikel harita jadi lima. 2016. Diaksés 20 Nopémber 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; panglobana dibanding atlét mana ogé. Taun 2015, Harris Poll nyimpulkeun yén Ali téh minangka hiji tina tilu atlét pangkakoncarana di Amérika Sarikat, bareng jeung Michael Jordan sarta [[Babe Ruth]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/14470482/michael-jordan-jordan-stays-atop-harris-poll-ahead-babe-ruth-muhamad-ali &quot;''Jordan stays atop Harris Poll ahead of Ruth, Ali''&quot;]. ''ESPN''. 31 Désémber 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina pangjieunan ''Freedom Road'', Ali patepung jeung panyanyi-pangarang lagu Michel (ogé nelah ku Robert Williams, saurang nu ngilu ngadegkeun ''The Kindness Offensive'',&lt;ref&gt;Smith, Amy (9 Juni  2016). [https://www.timeout.com/london/music/meet-the-busker-who-worked-as-muhammad-alis-personal-musician &quot;''Meet the London busker who worked as Muhammad Ali's personal musician''&quot;]. ''Time Out''. Diaksés 12 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta tuluy ngabantuan nyieun album Michel nu dijudulan ku ''The First Flight'' ''of the Gizzelda Dragon'' sarta siaran husus tivi nu mintonkeun maranéhna duaan.&lt;ref&gt;Michel (4 Januari 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/jan/04/experience-muhammad-ali-mentor &quot;''Experience: Muhammad Ali was my mentor''&quot;.] ''The Guardian''. Diaksés 11 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali jadi jejer dina program télévisi Inggris ''This Is Your Life'' di taun 1978 di mana manéhna dihelokkeun ku Earnonn Andrews.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bigredbook.info/muhammad_ali.html &quot;''Muhammad Ali's appearance on This Is Your Life''&quot;]. ''Big Red Book – Celebrating television's This Is Your Life''. Diaksés 11 Januari 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ali dipintonkeun dina ''Superman vs Muhammad Ali'', buku komik DC taun 1978 nu ngadukeun si juara ngalawan si superhero. Taun 1979, Ali jadi béntang tamu merankeun dirina dina hiji épisode komédi situasi NBC, ''Diff’rent Strokes''. Acara éta sorangan kailhaman ku kutipan “''Different strokes for different folks''” nu dipopulérkeun ku Ali di taun 1966 nu ogé ngailhaman judul lagu Syl Johnson di taun 1967 “''Different Strokes''”. salah sahiji lagu nu pangmindengna ditarurutan dina sajarah musik.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.metv.com/lists/10-things-you-never-knew-about-diffrent-strokes &quot;''10 things you never knew about 'Diff'rent Strokes''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303175922/https://www.metv.com/lists/10-things-you-never-knew-about-diffrent-strokes |date=2020-03-03 }}. MeTV. 6 Pébruari 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali ogé nulis sababaraha buku payu ngeunaan karirna, kaasup ''The Greatest: My Own Story'' jeung ''The Soul of a Butterfly''. Épek Muhammad Ali, dingaranan maké ngaran Ali, mangrupa hiji istilah nu digunakeun dina psikologi di taun 1980-an, nalika Ali nyarita dina ''The Greatest: My Own Story'': “Kuring ngan ngomong kuring téh pangpunjulna, lain pangpinterna.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Numutkeun épék ieu, nalika jalma ditanya pikeun ngukur kapinteranna jeung perilaku moralna dibandingkeun jeung nu lian, jalma-jalma bakal ngukur dirina minangka leuwih ngabogaan moral ti batan leuwih pinter banding nu lian.&lt;ref&gt;Allison, Scott T.; Messick, David M.; Goethals, George R. (1989). &quot;''On Being Better but not Smarter than Others: The Muhammad Ali Effect''&quot;. ''Social Cognition''. '''7''' (3): 275–295. doi:10.1521/soco.1989.7.3.275.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Van Lange, P. A. M. (1 Désémber 1991). &quot;''Being Better but Not Smarter than Others: The Muhammad Ali Effect at Work in Interpersonal Situations''&quot;. ''Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin''. '''17''' (6): 689–693. doi:10.1177/0146167291176012.&lt;/ref&gt;

''When We Were Kings'', hiji pilem dokuménter ngeunaan ''Palagan di Leuweung'', meunangkeun Pangajén Academy pikeun Pintonan Dokuménter Panpunjulna,&lt;ref&gt;''[[imdbtitle:0118147|When We Were Kings (1996)]]'' dina IMDb&lt;/ref&gt; sarta pilem biographi taun 2001, Ali, ngahasilkeun nominasi pikeun [[Will Smith]] dina kategori Aktor Pangpunjulna dina peranna minangka Ali.&lt;ref&gt;''[[imdbtitle:0248667|Ali (2001)]]'' dina IMDb.&lt;/ref&gt; Pilem nu disebut ti tukang disutradaraan ku Michael Mann jeung dijieun tina campuran kajian, sarta réa kritikus pilem muji ka Smith dina merankeun Ali. Saméméh pangjieunan pilem éta, Smith nolak peranna nepi ka Ali sorangan ménta sangkan dirina daék narima. Smith nyaritakeun, hal kahiji nu ku Ali diomongkeun ka dirina nyaéta: “''Man'', anjeun ampir nepi kasépna pikeun merankeun kuring.”&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1719162.stm &quot;''FILM,'' ''Will Smith peaks as Ali''&quot;]. ''BBC News''. 25 Désémber 2001. Diaksés 5 Désémber 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2002, Ali dileler ku hiji béntang dina Jalan Kamashuran Hollywood pikeun sumbanganna ka industri hiburan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100701010558/http://hwof.com/star/live-theatre/muhammad-ali/2435 &quot;''Hollywood Walk of Fame database''&quot;]. HWOF.com. Diarsipkeun ti [http://hwof.com/star/live-theatre/muhammad-ali/2435 nu asli] tanggal 1 Juli 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Béntangna téh mangrupa hiji-hijina nu dipasangkeun dina wangun vertikal, béda jeung nu lianna ku paméntana sabab ngaran Muhammad – hiji ngaran nu sarua jeung nabi Islam – teu meunang ditincekan.&lt;ref&gt;Christian, Margena A. (16 April 2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BjsDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA29#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &quot;''How Do You Really Get A Star On The Hollywood Walk Of Fame?''&quot;]. ''Jet''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;111 no.&amp;nbsp;15. kk.&amp;nbsp;25, 29. Diaksés 12 Oktober 2010 &amp;#x2013; via Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=2LQDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA52#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false &quot;''A Star for the Greatest''&quot;]. ''Jet''. Vol.&amp;nbsp;101 no.&amp;nbsp;6. 28 Januari 2002. k.&amp;nbsp;52. Diaksés 22 Séptémber 2010 &amp;#x2013; via Google Books.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Pangadilan Muhammad Ali'', hiji pilem dokuménter nu disutradaraan ku Bill Siegel nu fokus kana panolakan Ali kana wajib militer nalika Perang Viétnam, dibuka di Manhattan tanggal 23 Agustus 2013.&lt;ref&gt;Rapold, Nicolas (22 Agustus 2013). [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/23/movies/trials-of-muhammad-ali-traces-alis-battle-over-vietnam.html &quot;''One of His Biggest Fights Was Outside of the Ring''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 29 Agustus 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''The Trials of Muhammad Ali''&quot;. Kartemquin Educational Films. Diaksés 26 Agustus 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Hiji deui dijieun pikeun pilem TV dijudulan ku ''Muhammad Ali’s Greatest Fight'', ogé di taun 2013, ngadramatisir aspék nu sarua tina kahirupan Ali.

Pilem dokuménter ''What's My Name: Muhammad Ali'' dipedalkeun di taun 2019.

== Diskographi ==

* ''I Am the Greatest'' (1963)
* ''The Adventures of Ali and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooth Decay'' (1976)

== Tempo ogé ==


Dina en.wikipedia

* [[:en:List_of_world_heavyweight_boxing_champions|Daptar juara dunia tinju kelas beurat]] 
* [[:en:List_of_WBA_world_champions|Daptar juara dunia WBA]]
* [[:en:List_of_WBC_world_champions|Daptar juara dunia WBC]]
* [[:en:List_of_The_Ring_world_champions|Daptar juara dunia ''The Ring'']]
* [[:en:List_of_undisputed_boxing_champions|Daptar juara tinju sajati]]
* [[:en:Converts_to_Islam|Asup Islam]]
* [[:en:Notable_boxing_families|Kulawarga tinju nu kaceluk]]
* [[:en:List_of_people_from_the_Louisville_metropolitan_area|Daptar jalma ti aréa métropolitan Louisville]]
* [[:en:List_of_North_American_Muslims|Daptar Muslim Amérika Kalér]]
* [[:en:African-American_Muslims|Muslim Amérika-Afrika]]
* [[:en:Wells_Fargo#1981_MAPS_Wells_Fargo_embezzlement_scandal|Skandal Panilepan MAPS Wells Fargo 1981]]

== Réferénsi ==

[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1942]]
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| legal_UK = CD (Benz) POM
| legal_US = Schedule IV
| dependency_liability = Low to moderate&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Legal and Ethical Issues for Health Professions E-Book |date=2018 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9780323550338 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=TO5qDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA90 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| routes_of_administration = Ngaliwatan baham, intramuskuler, intravena, di handapeun létah, jeung transdermal

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;
| bioavailability = 85% wanci diinum ngaliwatan baham
| metabolism = [[Liver]] [[glucuronidation]]
| elimination_half-life = 10{{ndash}}20 jam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Franke K, Maclaughlin DS, Harmatz JS, Allen MD, Werner A, Woo E | title = Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of intravenous, intramuscular, and oral lorazepam in humans | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | year = 1991 | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–63 | pmid = 31453 | doi = 10.1002/jps.2600680119 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Ehrenberg BL, Harmatz JS, Corbett KE, Wallace DW, Shader RI | title = Kinetics and dynamics of lorazepam during and after continuous intravenous infusion | journal = Critical Care Medicine | volume = 28 | issue = 8 | pages = 2750–2757 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10966246 | doi = 10.1097/00003246-200008000-00011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kineticracemization&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Papini O, da Cunha SP, da Silva Mathes Ado C, Bertucci C, Moisés EC, de Barros Duarte L, de Carvalho Cavalli R, Lanchote VL | title = Kinetic disposition of lorazepam with a focus on the glucuronidation capacity, transplacental transfer in parturients and racemization in biological samples | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis | year = 2006 | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 397–403 | pmid = 16143486 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.07.021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| excretion = [[Ginjal]]
| onset       = 1{{ndash}}5 min (IV), 15{{ndash}}30 min (IM)&lt;ref name=AHSP2016/&gt;
| duration_of_action=12{{ndash}}24 jam&lt;ref name=AHSP2016/&gt;

&lt;!-- Identifiers--&gt;
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 846-49-1
| ATC_prefix = N05
| ATC_suffix = BA06
| PubChem = 3958
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|changed|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00186
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 3821
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = O26FZP769L
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00365
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 580

&lt;!-- Chemical data--&gt;
| C=15 | H=10 | Cl=2 | N=2 | O=2
| molecular_weight = 321.2 g/mol
| smiles = ClC1=CC=CC=C1C2=NC(C(NC3=C2C=C(C=C3)Cl)=O)O
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C15H10Cl2N2O2/c16-8-5-6-12-10(7-8)13(19-15(21)14(20)18-12)9-3-1-2-4-11(9)17/h1-7,15,21H,(H,18,20)
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = DIWRORZWFLOCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| synonyms = O-Chloroxazepam, L-Lorazepam Acetate
}}

'''Lorazepam''' nu miboga ngaran dagang Ativan nyaéta obat nu miboga fungsi keur ngubaran gangguan kecemasan. Obat ieu kaasup kana kelas nu dipiwanoh salaku ''benzodiazepine'', gawé dina otak jeung saraf pikeun ngahasilkeun éfék nu nenangkeun. Obat ieu gawé kucara ningkatkeun éfék tina zat kimia alami (nu tangtu) dina jero awak (GABA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8892-5244/lorazepam-oral/lorazepam-oral/details|title=Drugs &amp; Medications|website=www.webmd.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326015|title=Ativan: Side effects, dosage, uses, and more|website=www.medicalnewstoday.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salian ti ativan, lorazepam miboga ngaran dagang kayaning Almazine, Anxiedin, Anxira, Anzepam, Aplacasse, Aplacassee, Apo-Lorazepam, Aripax, Azurogen, Lorazepam Lannacher.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/m.drugportal/name/lorazepam|title=Drug Information Portal - Mobile - U.S. National Library of Medicine - Drug Search Results|website=druginfo.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2020-04-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120201856/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/ja22/ja22_pubchem.html |date=2025-01-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Lorazepam dipaké pikeun ngungkulan gejala kecemasan, insomnia (hésé saré) sarta status ''epilepticus'' (sajinis kejang nu parna), lorazepam ogé bisa dipaké pikeun nyarékeun pasén nu rék dioperasi. Bentukna aya dua jinis, nu mangrupa tablet jeung Ativan pikeun diinjéksi (disuntikeun) intravena (IV), mun dipaké kucara diinjéksi atawa disuntikeun ka véna, éfékna bakal karasa diantara samenit nepi ka tilu puluh menit sanggeus disuntik. Éfék ieu bakal karasa nepi ka sapoé jeput.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  Lorazepam sadia dina tablet, Oral: 0,5 mg, 1 mg, jeung 2 mg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/obatan-suplemen/obat/lorazepam/|title=Lorazepam : Fungsi, Dosis, Efek Samping, Cara Pakai|website=Hello Sehat|language=id-ID|accessdate=2020-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salian ti éta lorazepam ogé biasa dipake pikeun obat sanggeus kemoterapi, pikeun ngurangan éfék lieur sarta supaya teu ngaluga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Sok sanajan miboga mangpaat nu loba, obat ieu sakapeung mah bisa nyababkeun kacanduan. Résiko ieu bakal leuwih gedé mun anjeun miboga gangguan pamakéan narkoba (kacanduan obat-obatan atawa alcohol). Ku kituna, anjeun kudu nginum ieu obat saluyu jeung paréntah dokter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ngaran dagang ==
ieu di handap sababaraha ngaran dagang lorezepam:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/lorazepam|title=Lorazepam|website=Alodokter|accessdate=2020-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ativan, 
* Lorazepam, 
* Loxipaz, 
* Merlopam, 
* Renaquil

== Aturan jeung cara nyimpen lorazepam ==

=== Aturan maké ===
Obat ieu bisa nyababkeun réaksi mun ngadadak eureun dipaké, utamana mun geus dipaké sacara rutin pikeun waktu nu geus lila atawa dina dosis nu luhur (leuwih ti 1-4 minggu) atawa mun anjeun miboga riwayat kacanduan alkohol, panyalahgunaan obat, atawa gangguan kapribadian. Gejala sakau kayaning kejang, hésé saré, parobahan mental/suasana hate, ngaluga, diaré, leungit kahayang pikeun dahar, nyeri beuteung, halusinasi, teu bias ngarasakeun nanaon/singsireumeun ti leungeun jeung suku, nyeri otot, ratug jantung, poho ingetan jangka waktu nu pondok, panas awak, sarta ningkatna réaksi kana sora, jeung cahaya bisa kaalaman mun anjeun eureun ngadadak make ieu obat, salian ti éta eureun ngadadak ogé bias nyababkeun kondisi urang leuwih parna tibatan saacaanna, ku kituna saacan ngeureunan ieu obat, leuwih hadé dikonsultasikeun heula ka dokter. Pikeun nyingkahan éta, dokter bisa ngurangan dosis sacara saeutik-saeutik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

Sok sanajan miboga manfaat nu loba, obat ieu gé bias nyababkeun kacanduan, sanajan jarang. Résiko ieu bisa ningkat mun urang  nginum alkohol atawa obat-obatan saacanna. Inum obat ieu saluyu jeung dosis nu geus ditangtukeun ku dokter pikeun ngurangan résiko kacanduan.Mun ieu obat dipaké pikeun waktu nu lila, aya kamungkinan ieu obat teu bisa maksimal deui gawéna. Larapkeun aturan nu geus ditangtukeun ku dokter atawa apotéker saacan ngonsumsi ieu obat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mun kapohoan teu nginum alprazolam, buru-buru inum mun jarak jeung jadwal satuluyna jauh, mun geus samporét, ulah diinum komo nepi ka diinum dua kali dosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Cara nyimpen ===
Obat ieu panghadéna disimpen disuhu ruangan, jauhkeun ti panonpoé langsung sarta ti tempat nu sakirana lembab. Ulah disimpen dicai, sarta ulah dibekukeun. Merk lian tina obat ieu bisa jadi miboga aturan nu béda deui. Perhatikeun intruksi nu aya dina bungkus obat atawa tanyakeun langsung ka apotéker. Ulah miceun obat-obatan ieu ka liang wc atawa kasaluran pamiceunan, kecuali mun diinstruksikeun. Piceun mun obat ieu geus beak masa berlakuna atawa mun geus teu dibutuhkeun deui.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Éfék samping ==
Ciri-ciri éfék samping atawa alérgi nu karasa kayaning sebel, ngaluga, késangan, rataeul, hésé rénghap, bareuh di bagéan beungeut, biwiwir sarta létah atwa tikoro. Eureunkeun ngonsumsi lorazepam mun anjeun ngarasakeun salah sahiji éfék parna ieu di handap, gera ka dokter pikeun konsultasi:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

* Ngarasa linlung, déprési, pikiran hayang bunuh diri atawa nganyenyeri diri sorangan,
* Hiperaktif, agitasi
* Halusinasi; atawa
*  Ngarasa lieur, sarta pingsan

Éfék samping nu teu pati serius kaasup:

* Tunduh, lieur, carapé,
* Titinggalian burem
* Hésé saré (insomnia),
* Kalemahan otot, kurangna kaseimbangan atawa koordinasi;
* Amnesia atawa poho, hésé konséntrasi
* Sebel, ngaluga, mules
* Parobahan napsu keur dahar atawa
* Ruam kulit

Teu sakabéh jalma ngalaman éfék samping ieu. Aya sababaraha jalma nu bisa jadi ngalaman éfék samping liana nu teu disebutkeun di luhur.

== Interaksi sarta perhatian saacan ngonsumsi lorazepam ==

=== Interaksi Obat Lorazepam ===
Interaksi obat bisa ngarobah kinérja obat atawa ningkatkeun résiko éfék samping nu serius. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

* Barbiturat kayaning amobarbital (Amytal), butabarbital (Butisol), mephobarbital (Mebaral), secobarbital (Seconal), atawa fenobarbital (Luminal, Solfoton);
* Inhibitor MAO kayaning isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam), atawa tranylcypromine (Parnate);
* Obat pikeun ngubaran gangguan kajiwaan kayaning klorpromazin (Thorazine), haloperidol (Haldol), mesoridazine (Serentil), pimozide (Orap), atawa thioridazine (Mellaril);
*  Obat narkotika kayaning butorfanol (Stadol), kodein, hydrocodone (Lortab, Vicodin), antalgin (Levo-Dromoran), meperidine (Demerol), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), morfin (Kadian, MS Contin, Oramorph), nalokson ( Narcan), oxycodone (OxyContin), propoxyphene (Darvon, Darvocet); atawa
* Antidéprésan kayaning amitriptyline (Elavil, Etrafon), amoxapine (Asendin), citalopram (Celexa), clomipramine (Anafranil), desipramine (Norpramin), doxepin (Sinequan), escitalopram (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem), fluvoxamine ( Luvox), imipramine (Janimine, Tofranil), nortriptyline (Pamelor), paroxetine (Paxil), protriptyline (Vivactil), sertraline (Zoloft), atawa trimipramine (Surmontil)

=== Interaksi lorazepam jeung alkohol ===
Obat-obatan nu tantu teu meunang dikonsumsi mun urang keur dahar kadaharan nu tangtu kusabab bisa ngaronjatkeun résiko nu aya. Ngonsumsi alkohol atawa tembakau jeung obat-obatan nu tangtu bisa nyababkeun ayana interaksi. Bisa nyababkeun hésé rénghap, gagal napas, masalah ingetan, tunduh atawa bisa nepi ka koma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

=== Kondisi kasehatan nu interaksi jeung lorazepam ===
Ayana masalah kasehatan lain dina awak anjeun bisa mangaruhan pamakéan obat ieiu. Konsultasikeun ka dokter mun anjeun miboba masalah kaséhatan lianna utamana:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

* Glaukoma, sudut sempit akut atawa
* Penyakit paru-paru, parna atawa
* Gangguan saré (eureun rénghap wanci saré), obat ieu teu meunang dipaké keur pasén nu miboga kondisi ieu,
* Panyakit ginjal kudu maké sing ati-ati kusabab éfék sampingna bisa leuwih luhur lantaran panghapusan obat nu leuwih lambat tina awak, 
* Panyakit paru-paru, ringan nepi ka sedeng, kudu maké sing ati-ati kusabab bisa nyababkeun leuwih parna.

=== Kondisi nu kudu diperhatikeun ===
Saacan make lorazepam:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

* Jelaskeun ka dokter sarta apotéker muun anjeun aya alérgi ka Lorazepam, alprazolam (Xanax), chlordiazepoxide (Librium, Librax), clonazepam (Klonopin), clorazepate (Tranxene), diazepam (Valium), estazolam (ProSom), flurazepam (Dalmane), oxazepam (Serax), prazepam (Centrax), temazepam (Restoril), triazolam (Halcion), obat lain, atawa salah sahiji bahan dina tablét Lorazepam. Tanyakeun ka dokter atawa apotéker pikeun daftar bahan panyusunna,
* Jelaskeun ka dokter sarta apotéker ngeunaan obat resép jeung obat lain resép, vitamin, suplemen gizi, jeung produk hérbal nu ku anjeun dipaké atawa rék dipaké. Pastikeun pikeun nyebutkeun hal ieu: antihistamin; digoxin (Lanoxin); levodopa (Larodopa, Sinemet); obat pikeun déprési, kejang, nyeri, panyakit Parkinson, asma, pilek, atawa alérgi; relaksan otot; kontrasépsi oral; probenesid (Benemid); rifampin (Rifadin); obat panenang; obat saré; teofilin (Theo-Dur); panenang; jeung asam valproik dokter (Depakene),

* Jelaskeun ka dokter mun anjeun ngabogaan atawa pernah katarajang panyakit glaukoma; kejang; atawa paru-paru, jantung, atawa panyakit haté.
* Jelaskeun ka dokter sarta apotéker mun anjeun keur hamil, aya rencana rék hamil atawa keur nyusuan.
* Konsultasikeun ka dokter ngeunaan résiko jeung mangpaat obat ieu mun anjeun geus leuwih ti 65 taun, ilaharna nu geus kolot kudu nyokot dosis nu leuwih saeutik pikeun nyingkahan résiko.
* Mun anjeun geus operasi, kaasup operasi huntu, jelaskeun ka dokter atawa ka dokter gigi ngeunaan pamakéan Lorazepam.
*  Anjeun kudu nyaho yén obat ieu bisa nyababkeun tunduh, ulah mawa kandaraan atawa ngoprasikeun mesin mun geus ngonsumsi obat ieu nepi ka anjeun appal sajauh naon éfék tunduh ti obat ieu.
* Diskusikeun jeung dokter ngeunaan pamakéan alkohol nu aman salila ngonsumsi lorazepam, kusabab alcohol miboga pangaruh éfék samping nu leuwih parna.

&lt;br /&gt;
== Rujukan ==

[[Kategori:Ubar]]
[[Kategori:Benzodiazepine]]</text>
      <sha1>44io039u2k5el40u9y1qix6djo4c162</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>The Little Mermaid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100041</id>
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      <text bytes="2424" sha1="iept0e9fx5zv16lofd80jaa4mlsinsg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name                  = The Little Mermaid
| image                 = &lt;!-- The Little Mermaid (Official 1989 Film Poster).png --&gt;
| alt                   = &lt;!-- See WP:ALT --&gt;
| caption               = &lt;!-- Original theatrical release poster by [[John Alvin]] --&gt;
| director              = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ron Clements]]
* [[John Musker]]
}}
| producer              = {{Plainlist|
* John Musker
* [[Howard Ashman]]
}}
| writer                = {{Plainlist|
* Ron Clements
* John Musker
}}
| based on              = {{Based on|''[[The Little Mermaid]]''|[[Hans Christian Andersen]]}}
| starring              = {{Plainlist|
* [[René Auberjonois]]
* [[Christopher Daniel Barnes]]
* [[Jodi Benson]]
* [[Pat Carroll]]
* [[Paddi Edwards]]
* [[Buddy Hackett]]
* Jason Marin
* [[Kenneth Mars]]
* [[Edie McClurg]]
* [[Will Ryan]]
* [[Ben Wright (English actor)|Ben Wright]]
* [[Samuel E. Wright]]
}}
| music                 = [[Alan Menken]]
| editing               = Mark Hester
| production_companies  = {{Plainlist|
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]]
* [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]]
* [[Silver Screen Partners|Silver Screen Partners IV]]
}}
| distributor           = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures]]
| released              = {{Film date|1989|11|17}}
| runtime               = 83 menit&lt;!--Theatrical runtime: 82:32--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/little-mermaid-film|title=''THE LITTLE MERMAID'' (U)|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=December 28, 1989|access-date=April 2, 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416033626/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/little-mermaid-film |date=April 16, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country               = [[Amérika Sarikat]]
| language              = [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]
| budget                = $40 juta&lt;ref name=disneywar&gt;Stewart, James B. (2005). ''[[DisneyWar]]'', p. 104. {{ISBN|0-684-80993-1}}. [[Simon &amp; Schuster]]. Retrieved June 4, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross                 = {{US$|233 juta|long=no}}
}}
'''''The Little Mermaid''''' nyaéta salah sahiji [[pilem]] [[animasi]] anu diproduksi ku [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]] jeung didistribusikeun ka [[bioskop]] ku [[Walt Disney Pictures]] pada tanggal [[17 Nopémber]] [[1989]] di [[Amérika Sarikat]].

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

{{stub}}

[[Kategori:Animasi]]
[[Kategori:Pilem]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Liam Payne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100129</id>
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      <text bytes="3733" sha1="my64huf9l2ujwtywudpxcrbujqtxwil" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist |
|Name                = Liam Payne
|Img                 = Liam Payne in October 2018.jpg
|Img_capt            = Payne ti Glasgow
|Img_size            = 200px
|Landscape           = 
|color               = 
|Background          = 
|Birth_name          = Liam James Payne
|Alias               = 
|birth_date          = {{Birth date |1993|8|29}}
|death_date          = {{Death date and age |2024|10|16|1993|8|29}}
|Origin              = {{ENG}} [[Wolverhampton]], [[West Midlands]], [[Inggris]]
|death_place         = {{ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]]
|Instrument          = Vokal
|Genre               = [[Musik pop|Pop]] {{br}} [[R&amp;B kontemporer|R&amp;B]] {{br}} [[Musik elektronika|elektronik]]
|Occupation          = Penyanyi, panulis lagu
|Years_active        = 2010-ayeuna
|Label               = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Capitol Records|Capitol]], [[Republic Records|Republic]]
|Associated_acts     = [[One Direction]]
|URL                 = {{URL|liampayneofficial.com}}
|Current_members     = 
|Past_members        = 
|Notable_instruments = 
}}
'''Liam James Payne'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?gl=ROOT_CATEGORY&amp;rank=1&amp;new=1&amp;so=3&amp;MSAV=0&amp;msT=1&amp;gss=ms_r_f-2_s&amp;gsfn=Liam+James&amp;gsln=Payne&amp;mswpn__ftp=Wolverhampton%2C+Staffordshire%2C+England&amp;mswpn=87362&amp;mswpn_PInfo=8-%7C0%7C0%7C3257%7C3251%7C0%7C0%7C0%7C5284%7C87362%7C0%7C&amp;msbdy=1994&amp;msmng0=Karen&amp;msfng0=Geoff&amp;msfns0=Payne&amp;sbo=0&amp;uidh=000&amp;msbng0=Nicola&amp;msbns0=Payne&amp;msbng1=Ruth&amp;msbns1=Payne |title=Liam James Payne – Ancestry.co.uk |publisher=Search.ancestry.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{lahirmati||29|8|1993||16|10|2024}}) nyaéta [[penyanyi|panyanyi]] sareng [[nulis|panulis lagu]] asal [[Inggris]]. Payne ngadamel debutna nalika janten penyanyi nalika paméran séri televisi Inggris ''[[The X Factor]]'' taun 2008. Saatos ngaleungitkeun janten pamilon solo, anjeunna audisi deui taun 2010 sareng nempatkeun kana grup sareng opat kontestan. lain pikeun ngabentuk ''One Direction''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Oliver|first1=Sarah|title=Zayn Malik and Liam Payne – The Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/zaynmalikbiograp0000oliv|date=2014|publisher=John Blake Publishing|location=New York|isbn=1782199497}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Nash|first1=Victoria|title=Liam Payne now sprinting to X Factor success|url=https://www.expressandstar.com/entertainment/2010/09/11/liam-payne-now-sprinting-to-x-factor-success/|website=Express and Star|accessdate=17 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/one-direction/news/listen-to-1ds-liam-payno-payne-remix-of-cheryls-i-dont-care | title=Listen to 1D's Liam Payne's Remix of Cheryl's new single 'I Don't Care'. | work=MTV UK | date=14 October 2014 | accessdate=10 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;republic&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kaufman |first1=Gil |title=Liam Payne Joins Ariana Grande &amp; the Weeknd on Republic Records Roster |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7542073/liam-payne-signs-to-republic-records-joins-ariana-grande-the-weeknd- |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=16 August 2018 |date=17 October 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017233642/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7542073/liam-payne-signs-to-republic-records-joins-ariana-grande-the-weeknd- |date=17 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Commons category|One Direction}}
* {{Official website|http://www.onedirectionmusic.com/}}
* {{allmusic|class=artist|id=one-direction-mn0002766592}}
* {{Facebook|onedirectionmusic}}
* {{IMDb name|4108424}}
* {{guardiantopic|music/one-direction}}
* {{Twitter|onedirection}}
{{Biografi-pondok}}

[[Kategori:Panyanyi Inggris]]</text>
      <sha1>my64huf9l2ujwtywudpxcrbujqtxwil</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sam Taylor-Johnson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100188</id>
    <revision>
      <id>713004</id>
      <parentid>664234</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T18:36:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="2370" sha1="s7pw1gc7mn9aus6rm0ohhsi82k8nnyj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name         = Sam Taylor-Johnson
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
| image        = Sam Taylor-Wood &amp; Aaron Johnson (cropped).jpg
| caption      = Taylor-Johnson, 2010
| birth_name   = Samantha Louise Taylor-Wood
| birth_date   = {{Birth date and age|1967|3|4|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Croydon]], [[London]], Inggris
| alma_mater   = [[Beacon Community College]]&lt;br&gt;[[Universitas London]]
| occupation   = Aktris, sutradara
| years_active = 1993–ayeuna
| spouse       = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Jay Jopling]]|1997|2008|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Aaron Taylor-Johnson|Aaron Johnson]]|2012}}}}
| children     = 4
}}
'''Samantha Louise Taylor-Johnson''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Dahvi Shira |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20606489,00.html |title=Aaron Johnson Marries Sam Taylor-Wood |work=People |accessdate=22 June 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923221051/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20606489,00.html |date=23 September 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (née '''Taylor-Wood''', {{lahirmati||4|3|1967|}}) mangrupa juru film sareng fotografer Inggris. Debut pilem fitur primitipna sumping dina taun 2009 kalayan ''[[Nowhere Boy]]'', hiji pilem dumasar kana pangalaman budak leutik tina [[The Beatles]] panulis lagu sareng penyanyi [[John Lennon]]. Anjeunna mangrupikeun salah sahiji grup seniman anu katelahna [[Young British Artists]].

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Biografi-pondok}}
{{Commonscat}}
* {{IMDb name|0853374}}
* [http://whitecube.com/artists/sam_taylor-johnson/ White Cube biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026072013/http://whitecube.com/artists/sam_taylor-johnson/ |date=2020-10-26 }}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A12013219 BBC Collective] Sam Taylor-Wood video interview about her show Still Lives at Baltic, plus a gallery of images
* [http://www.artnet.com/artists/sam-taylor-wood/ Sam Taylor-Wood] on [[artnet]]
* [http://www.artinliverpool.com/?p=2112 David Video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134234/http://www.artinliverpool.com/?p=2112 |date=2015-04-02 }} David Beckham Sleeping Video at Liverpool Walker Gallery
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor-Johnson, Sam}}
[[Kategori:Sutradara Amérika Sarikat]] 
[[Kategori:Aktris Amérika Sarikat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Theory of Everything (pilem 2014)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-23T20:46:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="5139" sha1="bkdbh0jwzl7f342ruz44n5bh25rre4r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name              = The Theory of Everything 
| image             = 
| image_size        = 
| caption           =
| director          = [[James Marsh (sutradara)|James Marsh]]
| producer          = [[Tim Bevan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Eric Fellner]]&lt;br&gt;[[Lisa Bruce]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anthony McCarten]]
| screenplay        = Anthony McCarten
| based on          = {{based on|''Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen''|[[Jane Wilde Hawking]]}}
| starring          = [[Eddie Redmayne]]&lt;br&gt;[[Felicity Jones]]&lt;br&gt;[[Charlie Cox]]&lt;br&gt;[[David Thewlis]]&lt;br&gt;[[Emily Watson]]&lt;br&gt;[[Simon McBurney]]
| music             = [[Jóhann Jóhannsson]]
| cinematography    = Benoît Delhomme
| editing           = Jinx Godfrey
| studio            = Working Title Films
| distributor       = [[Focus Features]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Amerika Serikat)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Universal Studios|Universal Pictures]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(internasional)&lt;/small&gt;
| released          = {{Film date|df=y|2014|9|7|Festival Film Internasional Toronto|2014|11|7|terbatas di Amerika Serikat|2014|11|26|secara luas di Amerika Serikat|2015|1|1|Britania Raya}}
| runtime           = 123 minit&lt;!--Theatrical runtime: 123:24--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/theory-everything-film | title=''THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING'' (12A) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=12 November 2014 | accessdate=12 November 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112213726/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/theory-everything-film |date=12 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Theory of Everything|url=http://media.tiff.net/festivals/thefestival/programmes/specialpresentations/theory-of-everything|accessdate=6 August 2014|newspaper=[[Toronto International Film Festival]]|date=6 August 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140812024252/http://media.tiff.net/festivals/thefestival/programmes/specialpresentations/theory-of-everything |date=12 August 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country           = Britania Raya
| language          = Basa Inggris
| budget            = $15 juta&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot; /&gt;
| gross             = $123.726.688&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&amp;id=theoryofeverything.htm |title=The Theory of Everything (2014) |website=Box Office Mojo |accessdate=November 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| border            = no
}}

'''''The Theory of Everything''''' mangrupa pilem biografi drama Inggris 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Bullock |first=Dan |title=Stephen Hawking Biopic ‘Theory of Everything’ Set for Nov. 7 Launch |url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/stephen-hawking-biopic-theory-of-everything-set-for-nov-7-launch-1201155537/ |accessdate=November 17, 2017 |newspaper=[[Variety (majalah)|Variety]] |date=April 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; diarahkeun ku [[James Marsh|James Marsh]] sareng dikaluarkeun ku [[Tim Bevan]], [[Eric Fellner]], [[Lisa Bruce]] sareng [[Anthony McCarten]]. Skrip pilem ieu ditulis ku Anthony McCarten dumasar kana buku éta ''Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen'' ku [[Jane Wilde Hawking]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='The Theory Of Everything' Trailer Is A Heartbreaking Inspiration |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/06/the-theory-of-everything-trailer_n_5654904.html |accessdate=November 17, 2017 |newspaper=[[Huffington Post]] |date=August 6, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pilem ieu dimaénkeun ku [[Eddie Redmayne]], [[Felicity Jones]], [[Charlie Cox]], [[David Thewlis]], [[Emily Watson]] dan [[Simon McBurney]].

Pilem &quot;Theory of Everything&quot; dimimitian di ''Pestipal Pilem International Toronto'' dina 7 Séptémber 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last= |first= |title=Toronto film festival 2014: full lineup |url=https://www.TheGuardian.com/film/2014/jul/22/toronto-film-festival-2014-full-line-up |date=29 July 2014 |website=TheGuardian.com |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=29 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; sareng dileupaskeun di Amérika Serikat dina 7 Nopémber 2014 sacara terbatas sareng 26 Nopémber 2014 lega.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=McNary|first=Dave|title=Stephen Hawking biopic 'Theory of Everything' set for Nov. 7 launch|url=http://Variety.com/2014/film/news/stephen-hawking-biopic-theory-of-everything-set-for-nov-7-launch-1201155537/|date=10 April 2014|website=Variety.com|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=11 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pilem ieu dirilis di Britania Raya dina tanggal 1 Januari 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Child|first=Ben|title=Stephen Hawking biopic The Theory of Everything trailer released, movie stars Eddie Redmayne|url=http://uk.eonline.com/news/566822/stephen-hawking-biopic-the-theory-of-everything-trailer-released-movie-stars-eddie-redmayne-watch|date=6 August 2014|website=uk.eonline.com|publisher=[[E! Online]]|accessdate=6 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pilem ieu nampi ulasan positif ti kritikus.

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
* {{IMDb title|2980516|The Theory of Everything}}
* {{mojo title|theoryofeverything|The Theory of Everything}}
* {{metacritic film|the-theory-of-everything|The Theory of Everything}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|the_theory_of_everything_2014|The Theory of Everything}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Theory Of Everything, The}}
[[Kategori:Pilem Inggris taun 2014]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Imitation Game</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100256</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-23T20:46:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="4720" sha1="ppsob6v0g7c1q24qwbkh3q7l6az0m30" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name               = The Imitation Game
| image              =
| image_size         = 
| caption            = 
| director           = [[Morten Tyldum]]
| producer           = [[Nora Grossman]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ido Ostrowsky]]&lt;br&gt;[[Teddy Schwarzman]]
| screenplay         = Graham Moore
| based on           = {{based on|''Alan Turing: The Enigma''|Andrew Hodges}}
| starring           = [[Benedict Cumberbatch]]&lt;br&gt;[[Keira Knightley]]&lt;br&gt;[[Matthew Goode]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mark Strong]]&lt;br&gt;[[Charles Dance]]&lt;br&gt;[[Allen Leech]]&lt;br&gt;Matthew Beard&lt;br&gt;[[Rory Kinnear]]
| music              = [[Alexandre Desplat]]&lt;ref name=&quot;filmmusicreporter&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://filmmusicreporter.com/2014/06/17/alexandre-desplat-takes-over-scoring-duties-on-the-imitation-game/ |title=Alexandre Desplat Takes Over Scoring Duties on ‘The Imitation Game’ |work=Film Music Reporter |date=June 17, 2014 |accessdate=September 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| cinematography     = Óscar Faura
| editing            = [[William Goldenberg]]
| studio             = Black Bear Pictures&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/benedict-cumberbatch-alan-turing-imitation-game-first-look-photo|title=Benedict Cumberbatch as Alan Turing in First Look at 'The Imitation Game' (Photo)|first=Jeff|last=Sneider|work=TheWrap|date=December 26, 2013|accessdate=September 10, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195722/http://www.thewrap.com/benedict-cumberbatch-alan-turing-imitation-game-first-look-photo/ |date=September 10, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;Bristol Automotive
| distributor        = [[The Weinstein Company]]
| released           = {{film date|2014|8|29|[[Festival Film Telluride]]|2014|11|14|Britania Raya|2014|11|28|terbatas di Amerika Serikat|2014|12|25|secara luas di Amerika Serikat}}
| runtime            = 114 minit&lt;!--Theatrical runtime: 114:27--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/imitation-game-film|title=''THE IMITATION GAME'' (12A)|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=September 15, 2014|accessdate=November 6, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107073935/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/imitation-game-film |date=November 7, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country            = Amerika Serikat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/5435b816e53e9|title=The Imitation Game (2014)|work=BFI}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124426/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/5435b816e53e9 |date=2015-04-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&amp;Movie=70215|title=Detail view of Movies Page|work=afi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| language           = Basa Inggris
| budget             = $14 juta&lt;ref name=&quot;hollywoodreportercom&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Weinstein Co. Special: How They Turned 'Imitation Game' Director Into an Oscar Contender |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/weinstein-special-how-they-turned-749575?source=gravity |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=January 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross              = $233.555.708&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Imitation Game (2014)|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=imitationgame.htm |website=Box Office Mojo |accessdate=November 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| border             = no
}}

'''''The Imitation Game''''' nyaéta pilem biografi drama sajarah 2014 anu diarahkeun ku [[Morten Tyldum]] sareng dikaluarkeun ku [[Nora Grossman]], [[Ido Ostrowsky]] sareng [[Teddy Schwarzman]]. Skrin layar ieu ditulis ku Graham Moore dumasar kana buku ''Alan Turing: The Enigma'' ku Andrew Hodges. Pilem ieu dimaénkeun ku [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], [[Keira Knightley]], [[Matthew Goode]], [[Mark Strong]], [[Charles Dance]], [[Allen Leech]], Matthew Beard jeung [[Rory Kinnear]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tiff.net/festivals/thefestival/programmes/specialpresentations/the-imitation-game|title=The Imitation Game|first=Cameron|last=Bailey|work=TIFF.net|year=2014|accessdate=10 September 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918192723/http://www.tiff.net/festivals/thefestival/programmes/specialpresentations/the-imitation-game |date=18 September 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/imitation-game-tim-burtons-big-700821 |title='Imitation Game,' Tim Burton's 'Big Eyes' Get Release Dates |first=Rebecca |last=Ford |work=''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' |date=May 2, 2014 |accessdate=November 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
* {{IMDb title|2084970|The Imitation Game}}
* {{Mojo title|imitationgame|The Imitation Game}}
* {{Metacritic film|the-imitation-game|The Imitation Game}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|the_imitation_game|The Imitation Game}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imitation Game, The}}
[[Kategori:Pilem Amérika taun 2014]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Matthew Goode</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-23T13:19:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25926</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="1313" sha1="pry1jlqzdwdohvz1a7141w6eqz602bx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| image         = Matthew Goode 2014.jpg
| name          = Matthew Goode
| caption       = Goode, 2014
| birth_name    = Matthew William Goode
| birth_date    = {{birth date and age|1978|4|3|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Matthew Goode|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/matthew-goode/165343/|website=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=6 March 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118074153/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/matthew-goode/165343/ |date=18 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_place   = [[Exeter]], [[Devon]], Inggris&lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;/&gt;
| education     = [[Exeter School]]
| alma_mater    = [[Universitas Birmingham]]
| occupation    = Aktor
| yearsactive   = 2002–ayeuna
| othername     =
| website       =
| spouse        = {{marriage|Sophie Dymoke|2014}}
| children      = 3
| relatives     = [[Sally Meen]] (saudari seibu)
}}
'''Matthew William Goode''' ({{lahirmati|[[Exeter]], [[Devon]], Inggris&lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;/&gt;|3|4|1978}}) adalah seorang pemeran asal Inggris. Ia membuat debut layar lebarnya pada 2002 dalam film fitur TV [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] ''Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister''.

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Biografi-pondok}}
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|0328828}}

[[Kategori:Aktor Amérika Sarikat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rory Kinnear</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-23T18:04:13Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="6160" sha1="29gn4n2qtxvmsyfsoozn1t6t6k9g0xq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name = Rory Kinnear
|image = Rory Kinnear 2012 (cropped).jpg
|imagesize = 
|caption = Kinnear, 2012
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|2|17|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[London]], England
|death_date = 
|occupation = [[Aktor]]
|website = 
|alma_mater = [[St Paul's School, London]]&lt;br&gt;[[Balliol College, Oxford]]
|yearsactive = 2000–ayeuna
|parents     = [[Roy Kinnear]] (1934–1988) &lt;br/&gt;[[Carmel Cryan]] (gumelar 1949)
|partner     = Pandora Colin 
|spouse     = 
|children= 2
}}

'''Rory Kinnear''' ({{lahirmati|[[London]], [[Inggris]]|17|2|1978}}) nyaéta [[aktor]] kabarganegaraan [[Inggris]] anu parantos damel di [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] sareng [[Royal National Theater]]. Ngaranna mimiti ti mimiti dikenal saprak maénkeun peran [[Bill Tanner]] dina [[sekuel]] [[pilem]] [[James Bond]], ''[[Quantum of Solace]]'', ''[[Skyfall]]'', jeung ''[[Spectre (pilem 2015)|Spectre]]''. Salaku tambahan anjeunna ogé kalibet dina sababaraha proyék James Bond dina kaulinan vidéo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/arts/theatre/rory-kinnear-good-show-sweet-prince-6541358.html |title=Rory Kinnear: Good show, sweet prince |date=November 29, 2010 |publisher=[[London Evening Standard]] }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619232248/https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/rory-kinnear-good-show-sweet-prince-6541358.html |date=June 19, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1215978/BAZ-BAMIGBOYE-Gemma-Arterton-takes-bow.html|location=London|work=Daily Mail|first=Baz|last=Bamigboye|title=Gemma Arterton takes her bow in West End debut|date=26 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/133098-National_Theatre_s_2010%2010_Season_to_Feature_Grandage_Debut_and_Kinnear_s_Hamlet |title=National Theatre's 2010 Ł10 Season to Feature Grandage Debut and Kinnear's Hamlet |publisher=Playbill.com |date=2009-09-22 |accessdate=2012-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kinnear and Carroll land top theatre awards|last=Brown|first=Mark|date=29 November 2010|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/69914/productions/the-last-of-the-haussmans.html |title=The Last of the Haussmans |publisher=National Theatre |date=2012-10-11 |accessdate=2012-10-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605043848/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/69914/productions/the-last-of-the-haussmans.html |date=2012-06-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Maev|title=Othello and Iago share best actor prize in London Evening Standard awards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/nov/17/othello-iago-best-actor-evening-standard-awards-adrian-lester-rory-kinnear|accessdate=18 November 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=17 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Billington|first1=Michael|title=The Herd|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2013/sep/19/the-herd-review|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.bushtheatre.co.uk&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Steppenwolf Theatre|url=http://www.steppenwolf.org/Plays-Events/productions/index.aspx?id=625&amp;gclid=CKabne_GxsQCFdgQgQodYFIArw&amp;gclsrc=aw.ds|accessdate=26 March 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144005/http://www.steppenwolf.org/Plays-Events/productions/index.aspx?id=625&amp;gclid=CKabne_GxsQCFdgQgQodYFIArw&amp;gclsrc=aw.ds |date=2 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/whats-on/2011/august-12/43 |title=Proms - Proms 2011 |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2012-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/dec/01/charlie-brooker-dark-side-gadget-addiction-black-mirror |title=Charlie Brooker: the dark side of our gadget addiction |date=2011-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.atvtoday.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1237;bbc-two-to-air-shakespeare-works-richard-ii-henry-iv-parts-i-and-ii-and-henry-v|title=BBC Two to air Shakespeare works Richard II, Henry IV Parts I and II and Henry V|author=Mike Watkins|publisher=''ATV Guide''|date=May 2011|accessdate=20 June 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904163008/http://www.atvtoday.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1237%3Bbbc-two-to-air-shakespeare-works-richard-ii-henry-iv-parts-i-and-ii-and-henry-v |date=4 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2014/01/penny-dreadful-nurse-jackie-and-californication-get-premiere-dates.html|title='Penny Dreadful,' 'Nurse Jackie' and 'Californication' get premiere dates|work=Zap2It|last=Reiher|first=Andrea|date=January 16, 2014|accessdate=May 16, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117224450/http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2014/01/penny-dreadful-nurse-jackie-and-californication-get-premiere-dates.html |date=January 17, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Rory Kinnear: why he made the headlines in 2010|url=http://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2010/dec/19/faces-2010-rory-kinnear|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Rory Kinnear on writing his first play|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/rory-kinnear-on-writing-his-first-play-8797289.html|website=London Evening Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Olivier Awards 2014: Rory Kinnear beats Jude Law and Tom Hiddleston to Best Actor for Othello|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/olivier-awards-2014-rory-kinnear-crowned-best-actor-for-othello-9257677.html|website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Biografi-pondok}}
{{Commons category|Rory Kinnear}}
* {{IMDb name|1239499}}
* [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/focus/story/0,,2010497,00.html Interview with ''The Observer''] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150817192337/http://www.bbc.co.uk/filmnetwork/films/p00bjp8d Wish 143 - short film starring Rory Kinnear]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00vfgcw The First Men in the Moon]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kinnear, Rory}}
[[Kategori:Aktor Inggris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zac Efron</title>
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      <text bytes="2801" sha1="cek5rhlnw0dy4w7hw85i1xmg8oaqrd6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name         = Zac Efron
|image        = Zac Efron at the Baywatch Red Carpet Premiere Sydney Australia.jpg
|image_size   = 
|caption      = Efron, 2017
|birth_name   = Zachary David Alexander Efron
|birth_date   = {{Birth date and age|1987|10|18|mf=yes}}
|birth_place  = San Luis Obispo, California, Amerika Serikat
| residence    = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], Amerika Serikat&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2014/05/01/inside-zac-efron-sober-life-neighbors/8561209/ |title=Inside Zac Efron's new, sober life |date=May 1, 2014 |work=USA TODAY |accessdate=September 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|occupation   = [[Aktor]], [[penyanyi]]
|years_active = 2002-ayeuna
}}
'''Zachary David Alexander Efron''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|f|r|ɒ|n}} {{lahirmati||18|10|1987}})&lt;ref name=&quot;tvg&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/zac-efron/bio/192497 |title=Zac Efron Biography |work=[[TV Guide|TVGuide.com]] |accessdate=October 16, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107234415/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/zac-efron/bio/192497/ |date=January 7, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; mangrupikeun [[aktor]] sareng [[penyanyi]] ti [[Amérika Serikat]] anu kasohor dina partisipasi dina film [[High School Musical]], séri tipi ''Summerland'', sareng film musik Broadway ''[[Hairspray (pilen 2007)|Hairspray]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ouzounian&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://et.tv.yahoo.com/newslink/15071|title=Zac Efron Joins 
Cast of Hairspray|publisher=CBS Studios|date=June 26, 2006|accessdate=August 15, 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820102125/http://et.tv.yahoo.com/newslink/15071/ |date=August 20, 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna ngalahir sareng digedékeun di Kota San Luis Obispo, [[California|California]], [[Amérika Serikat]]. Zac Efron parantos dibéntang dina sababaraha film sapertos ''[[17 Again (pilem)|17 Again]]'', ''[[Charlie St. Cloud (pilem)|Charlie St. Cloud]]'', ''[[New Year's Eve (pilem)|New Year's Eve]]'', ''[[The Lucky One (pilem)|The Lucky One]]'', ''[[The Lorax (pilem)|The Lorax]]'', ''[[The Paperboy]]'', ''[[Neighbors (pilem 2014)|Neighbors]]'', ''[[Dirty Grandpa]]'', ''[[Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising]]'', ''[[Baywatch (pilem)|Baywatch]]'', ''[[The Greatest Showman]]'' jeung ''[[Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile]]''.

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Biografi-pondok}}
{{Commonscat|Zac Efron}}
* {{iMDb name|1374980}}
* {{Amg name|470408}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210107190100/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/zac-efron/news/192497 Zac Efron] di [[TV Guide]]
* [http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/hollywood/z/zac_efron/ Profil] di [[KapanLagi.com]]

&lt;!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --&gt;
[[Kategori:Aktor Amérika Sarikat]]
[[Kategori:Panyanyi Amérika Sarikat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mia Farrow</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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| image = Mia Farrow 2012 Shankbone.JPG
| caption = Farrow, 2012
| birth_name = María de Lourdes Villiers Farrow
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|02|09|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], Amerika Serikat
| occupation = Aktris, aktivis, model
| years_active = 1959–ayeuna
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Frank Sinatra]]|19 Juli 1966|1968|reason=cerai}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|[[André Previn]]|1970|1979|reason=cerai}}
| partner = [[Woody Allen]] (1979–92)
| children = 14 (10 adopsi)
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* [[John Farrow]]
* [[Maureen O'Sullivan]]
}}
| relatives = {{Plainlist|
* [[Patrick Villiers Farrow]] &lt;small&gt;(sodara)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prudence Farrow]] &lt;small&gt;(sodara)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tisa Farrow]] &lt;small&gt;(sodara)&lt;/small&gt;}}
}}
'''María de Lourdes''' &quot;'''Mia'''&quot; '''Villiers Farrow''' ({{lahirmati||9|2|1945}})&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/mia-farrow-9292027|title=Mia Farrow Biography|publisher=The Biography Channel|accessdate=January 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/04bac187-160c-4b72-9ba1-cd6fd07ca6be|title=Music – Mia Farrow|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=March 3, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726140417/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/04bac187-160c-4b72-9ba1-cd6fd07ca6be |date=July 26, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; mangrupikeun aktris Amérika, aktivis sareng modél baheula. Anjeunna mimiti masihan perhatian berkat peranna salaku [[Allison MacKenzie]] dina sinétron televisi sareng nampi pangakuan salajengna pikeun pernikahan pondok na salajengna. [[Frank Sinatra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=[[Paul Rusesabagina|Rusesabagina, Paul]]|title=Heroes &amp; Pioneers: Mia Farrow|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733756_1735264,00.html|accessdate=October 6, 2014|work=Time|date=May 12, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Biografi-pondok}}
{{sisterlinks|d=no|b=no|wikt=no|s=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=y|q=Mia Farrow}}
* {{Official website|http://www.miafarrow.org}}
* {{IMDb name|0001201|Mia Farrow}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Farrow, Mia}}
[[Kategori:Aktris Amérika Sarikat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Now You See Me (pilem)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="2978" sha1="dbbgmi718kix9l1spwgqju4f78vt05i" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
|name           = Now You See Me
|image          = 
|border         = yes
|alt            = 
|caption        = 
|director       = [[Louis Leterrier]]
|producer       = [[Bobby Cohen]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Alex Kurtzman]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Roberto Orci]]
|screenplay     = [[Ed Solomon]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Boaz Yakin]]&lt;br /&gt;Edward Ricourt
|story          = Boaz Yakin&lt;br /&gt;Edward Ricourt
|starring       = [[Jesse Eisenberg]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mark Ruffalo]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Woody Harrelson]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mélanie Laurent]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Isla Fisher]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dave Franco]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Common (rapper)|Common]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Michael Caine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Morgan Freeman]]&lt;br&gt;[[Michael Kelly]]
|music          = [[Brian Tyler (composer)|Brian Tyler]]
|cinematography = Mitchell Amundsen&lt;br /&gt;[[Larry Fong]]
|editing        = [[Robert Leighton (film editor)|Robert Leighton]]&lt;br /&gt;Vincent Tabaillon
|studio         = [[K/O Paper Products]]
|distributor    = [[Summit Entertainment]]&lt;br&gt;[[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]
|released       = {{Film date|2013|05|31|Amerika Serikat|2013|07|31|Prancis}}
|runtime        = 115 Menit&lt;!--Theatrical runtime: 115:12--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbfc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=''NOW YOU SEE ME'' (12A)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/now-you-see-me-2013-1|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=2013-05-28|accessdate=2013-05-28}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109024731/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/now-you-see-me-2013-1 |date=2014-11-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;125 minutes {{small|(Extended cut)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hometheaterforum.com/topic/325049-lionsgate-press-release-now-you-see-me-blu-ray/ |title=Lionsgate Press Release: Now You See Me (Blu-ray) - Blu-ray |publisher=Home Theater Forum |date=2013-08-27 |accessdate=2013-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|country        = Amerika Serikat&lt;br /&gt;Prancis
|language       = Inggris
|budget         = $75 Juta&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Kaufman |first=Amy |url= http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-box-office-after-earth-fast-furious-20130530,0,0946475.story |title='Fast &amp; Furious 6' to speed past 'After Earth' at the box office |work=Los Angeles Times |quote = &quot;Now You See Me&quot; cost roughly $75 million |accessdate=2013-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|gross          = $351,723,989
}}
'''''Now You See Me''''' mangrupa [[pilem]] [[Amérika Serikat]] dileupaskeun dina [[2013]] Pilem, diarahkeun ku [[Louis Leterrier]], dikintunkeun antara anu sanés ku [[Jesse Eisenberg]], [[Mark Ruffalo]] , [[Woody Harrelson]], [[Isla Fisher]], [[Dave Franco]], sareng seueur deui. Tanggal sékrési dina [[31 Mei]] [[2013]].

==Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Tumbu luar ==
* {{En}} {{Official website|http://www.nowyouseememovie.com}}
* {{IMDb title|1670345|Now You See Me}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|now_you_see_me|Now You See Me}}
* {{Metacritic film|now-you-see-me|Now You See Me}}
* {{Mojo title|nowyouseeme|Now You See Me}}
* {{Id}} [http://review-filmku.blogspot.com/2013/06/now-you-see-me.html Alur cerita film Now You See Mee]

[[Kategori:Pilem Amérika taun 2013]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nyamplung</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>100680</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="7638" sha1="9ffvtbr89dvnt8lldnq3p973tnwawdd" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
|status = LR/lc
|image = Starr_010309-0546_Calophyllum_inophyllum.jpg
|status_system = IUCN2.3
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudikotil]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosidae]]
|ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
|familia = [[Calophyllaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Calophyllum]]''
|species = '''''C. inophyllum'''''
|binomial = ''Calophyllum inophyllum''
|binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]&lt;ref name=grin&gt;&amp;nbsp;''Calophyllum inophyllum'' was first described and published in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' 1:513. 1753. {{ cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?8631 |title=''Calophyllum inophyllum'' information from NPGS/GRIN |author=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network|GRIN]] |quote=--- |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, [[Beltsville, Maryland]] |date=March 8, 2012 |accessdate=April 26, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''Nyamplung'''; ''Calophyllum inophyllum'' nyaéta tutuwuhan anu asalna ti kulawarga  ''calophyllaceae''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Mabberley, D.J.|year=1997|title=The plant book: A portable dictionary of the vascular plants|url=https://archive.org/details/plantbookportabl00mabb|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mikaresep hirup dina taneuh anu loba [[keusik]], saperti basisir [[laut]] anu loba  keusik jeung batu karangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;blusttrusell&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Blust |first1=Robert |last2=Trussel |first2=Stephen |title=The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |date=2013 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=493–523 |doi=10.1353/ol.2013.0016 |s2cid=146739541 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265931196}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nyamplung di [[Sulawesi]] disebutna ''dingkaran'', sedengkeun di [[Sumatra]] disebutna ''punaga/penago''.&lt;ref name=“Lim2 ”&gt;{{Cite book | title =Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 1, Fruits| first =T.K| last =Lim| publisher =Springer Science &amp; Business Media,| location =London| year =2012| pages =8|ISBN=9789048186617|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Edible_Medicinal_And_Non_Medicinal_Plant/4MDEqFGeKVoC?hl=id&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=elateriospermum+tapos&amp;pg=PA&amp;printsec=frontcover|accessdate=(disungsi) 26 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
==Kagunaan==
Ditempo tina guna jeung mangpaatna, tangkal nyamplung hirup nyebar di sakuliah nagara urang sarta henteu kudu hésé miara. Nyamplunh buahan sapanjang taun henteu usum-usuman, tempona ngarekahkeun ogé henteu hésé, hartina nyamplung mibanda sipat &quot;survival&quot; anu alus kana lingkungan.&lt;ref name=&quot;OrwaCalophyllum&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=C.|last1=Orwa |first2=A.|last2=Mutua|first3=R.|last3=Kindt|first4=S.|last4=Anthony|title = Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0|chapter =''Calophyllum inophyllum''|publisher =World Agroforestry|year =2009|url =http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Calophyllum_inophyllum.PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Méh sakabéh bagéan tina [[tangkal]] nyamplung bisa dimangpaatkeun kalayan mibanda niléy [[ékonomi]] anu henteu saeutik, tangkal nyamplung bisa dimangpaatekun pikeun ngahalangan/ngurangan ngagelebugna [[angin]]  (''wind breaker'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Damon2016&quot;/&gt; Sipatna anu gancang hirup sarta henteu ogoan tangkal nyamplung sok ngahaja dipelak dimangpaatkeun pikeun ''[[konservasi]]'' [[basisir]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Damon2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Frederick H. |last1=Damon|title =Trees, Knots, and Outriggers: Environmental Knowledge in the Northeast Kula Ring|chapter =A Story of ''Calophyllum'': From Ecological to Social Facts|publisher =Berghahn Books|year =2016|pages=180–246|isbn =9781785332333|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=AObACwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA180}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Kulit]] tangkalna bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun [[ubar]], [[Kai|kaina]] anu teuas ogé dimangpaatkeun pikeun nyieun [[parahu]] katut tihang-tihang di [[kapal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KBBID nyamplung&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/{{urlencode: nyamplung|WIKI}}|title=Arti kata  nyamplung|website=KBBI Daring|department=Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kemendikbud|access-date=4 Agustus 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317122340/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/nyamplung |date=2022-03-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Tangkal nyamplung ngahasilkeun [[buah]] anu bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun nyieun  [[biofuel]] ogé [[Siki|sikina]] mibanda rendemen 74% jadi henteu pati loba kapiceun, kitu deui dina prak a dimangpaatkeun siki nyamplung henteu ieuh ngaganggu kana kabutuhan pangan sapopoé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dweck2002&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dweck |first1=A.C. |last2=Meadows |first2=T. |title=Tamanu (''Calophyllum inophyllum'') – the African, Asian, Polynesian and Pacific Panacea |journal=International Journal of Cosmetic Science |date=2002 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=341–348 |doi=10.1046/j.1467-2494.2002.00160.x |pmid=18494888 |s2cid=21847865 |url=https://pinkhorizons.com/content/Tamanu.2.pdf |access-date=2019-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174227/https://pinkhorizons.com/content/Tamanu.2.pdf |archive-date=2019-01-19 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174227/https://pinkhorizons.com/content/Tamanu.2.pdf |date=2019-01-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Tempat hirup ==
Nyamplung bisa dipelak sajinis dina satempat  (''monokultur'') atawa dipelak bareng jeung pepelakan séjén (''mixed-forest''), nyamplung baris hirup subur di daérah anu iklimna garing. 
Tangkal nyamplung salahsahiji tina marga [[Calophyllum]] kalayan hirup  sumebar di loba tempat, saperti:  [[Madagaskar]], [[Afrika Wétan ]], [[Asia Kidul ]] jeung  [[Asia tenggara|Tenggara]], [[Kepuloan Pasifik]], [[Hindia Kulon ]], sarta  [[Amerika kidul]]. Di [[Indonésia]], tangkal nyamplung kapanggih hirup di  [[Sumatra Kulon ]], [[Riau]], [[Jambi]], [[Sumatra Kidul]], [[Lampung]], [[Jawa]], [[Kalimantan Kulon ]], [[Kalimantan Tengah]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Maluku]], nepika  [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] katut  [[Papua]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Halpern2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Georges M. |last1=Halpern|first2=Peter|last2=Weverka|title =The Healing Trail: Essential Oils of Madagascar|publisher =Basic Health Publications, Inc.|year =2002|pages=43–50|isbn =9781591200161|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=595byAiZLygC&amp;pg=PA43}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Ékonomi==
Dimangpaatkeunana buah nyamplung pikeun  ''biofuel'' dina waktu lila bisa nurunkeun karuksakan [[leuweung]] jeung lingkungan, tangtuna siki nyamplung leuwih gedé niléy mangpaat tibatan kaina anu dijieun [[suluh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Halpern2002&quot;/&gt; 
Beubeunangan tina buah nyamplung leuwih onjoy batan nu séjén, tangkal jarak : 5 ton/ha, [[kalapa sawit]] 6 ton/ha,  sedengkeun nyamplung 20 ton/ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Halpern2002&quot;/&gt;

Dina prakna ngolah siki nyamplung, sarua baé jeung ngolah  [[minyak]] [[sawit]], [[kelapa]], ogé [[jarak]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Halpern2002&quot;/&gt;Pédah ari siki  nyamplung mibanda hiji [[zat ekstraktif]] kawilang loba, ngabalukarkeun waktu anu dibutuhkeun dina nyeupan lebih lila kitu deui mangsa misahkeun [[leugeut]]/[[geutah]] (''degumming'') lumangsung leuwih lila.&lt;ref name=&quot;Halpern2002&quot;/&gt;

==Dicutat tina==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tempo ogé ==
* Biodiesel Nyamplung, Di antara Jenuhnya Jarak Pagar dan Tuntutan Kebutuhan Bioenergi, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100725015338/http://imatetani.webs.com/traksi.htm Majalah Online Traksi], [http://imatetani.webs.com Ikatan Mahasiswa Teknik Pertanian]

[[Kategori:Calophyllaceae]]
[[Kategori:Tutuwuhan industri]]
[[Kategori:tutuwuhan]]

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  <page>
    <title>Lorong Waktu</title>
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      <text bytes="1868" sha1="be100zo8xufksqx0r1koqtgzodfic09" xml:space="preserve">'''Lorong Waktu''' mangrupikeun séri tipi fiksi ilmiah agama Islam anu dihasilkeun ku [[Demi Gisela Citra Sinema]] sareng ditayangkeun ku [[SCTV]] unggal bulan Ramadhan dina 6 musim ti taun 1999 dugi ka 2006.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fimela.com/news-entertainment/read/2973324/film-90-an-lorong-waktu-sinetron-religi-bernuasa-futuristis Film 90-an, Lorong Waktu Sinetron Religi Bernuasa Futuristis]. Fimela. Retrieved 10 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Séri ieu didamel ku [[Deddy Mizwar]] anu ogé salah saurang tokoh utama sareng diréktur / produser di séri.&lt;ref&gt;[https://kumparan.com/@kumparanhits/apa-kabar-para-pemain-sinetron-lorong-waktu Apa Kabar, Para Pemain Sinetron 'Lorong Waktu'?]. Kumparan. Retrieved 10 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Judulna didasarkeun kana [[Al-Asr]], salah sahiji surah dina [[Al-Quran]].

Carita séri ieu ngeunaan papanggihan mesin waktos ku Ustād Addin. Addin nyalira mangrupikeun murid sareng putra angkat ti Haji Husin. Salain ti Ustad Addin, Haji Husin gaduh murid ngora anu namina Zidan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.idntimes.com/hype/entertainment/siska-arifa/ingat-zidan-di-lorong-waktu-lama-vakum-ini-kabarnya-sekarang-c1c2-1 Ingat Zidan di Lorong Waktu? Lama Vakum, Ini Kabarnya Sekarang]. IDN Times. Retrieved 10 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Numutkeun ka ''[[Vice Media|Vice]]'', séri ieu mangrupikeun séri tipi ramé anu pangsaéna di Indonésia di akhir taun 1990an dugi ka awal 2000an.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vice.com/id_id/article/9k5py7/lorong-waktu-adalah-sinetron-ramadan-terbaik-di-indonesia Lorong Waktu Adalah Sinetron Ramadan Terbaik di Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408022426/https://www.vice.com/id/article/9k5py7/lorong-waktu-adalah-sinetron-ramadan-terbaik-di-indonesia |date=2021-04-08 }}. VICE. Retrieved 10 February 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Referensi==
{{reflist}}
[[Kategori:Sinetron SCTV]]
[[Kategori:Demi Gisela Citra Sinema]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lancah maung</title>
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      <text bytes="14682" sha1="1etuixyjkda4ysk86hso5oab1ppuxi9" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Lancah maung
| image = Brachypelma smithi 2009 G03.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Mexican redknee tarantula]] (salah sahiji jinis Lancah maung)
| regnum = [[Sato|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Artropoda]]
| classis = [[Arachnida]]
| ordo = [[Araneae]]
| superfamilia = [[Theraphosoidea]]
| familia = '''Theraphosidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Tamerlan Thorell|Thorell]], 1870
| diversity_link = Daptar spésiés Theraphosidae
| diversity = 123 marga, 931 spésiés
| range_map = Distribution.theraphosidae.1.png
| range_map_width = 250px
| subdivision_ranks = Sub-famili
| subdivision = &lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left; font-size: 90%;&quot;&gt;
'''[Témbongkeun daptar]'''
&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;
[[Acanthopelminae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Aviculariinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Eumenophorinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Harpactirinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ischnocolinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Ornithoctoninae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Poecilotheriinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Selenocosmiinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Selenogyrinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Spelopelminae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stromatopelminae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Theraphosinae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Thrigmopoeinae]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
}}

[[File :Picture sybille merian 1705.jpg|ka|275px|jmpl|Gambar tarantula ku Sybille Merian dina taun 1705 keur ngahakan manuk]]

'''Lancah maung'''; ''Tarantula''. ; ''Theraphosidae''  nyaéta lancah anu asalna tina kulawarga ''theraphosidae''.&lt;ref name=&quot;lancah&quot;/&gt; Kalolobaan lancah maung ukuranna kawilang badag tur buluan saawak-awak.&lt;ref name=&quot;lancah&quot;&gt;{{Cite  book|title =Mahér basa Sunda: pangdeudeul pangajaran basa Sunda| last= Sumarsono| first=  Tatang| coauthors =-| year= 1995|page=667|location=Bandung| publisher=Geger Sunten|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=YI9kAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=lancah&amp;dq=lancah&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjkmJ3gg7fvAhV2IbcAHVrsAic4FBDoATAAegQIBhAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EL&quot;&gt;{{en}} [http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/arachnids/spider/Tarantulaprintout.shtml Enchantedlearning.com: Tarantula]&lt;small&gt; diakses 14 April 2013&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NG&quot;&gt;{{en}} [http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/tarantula/ National Geographic: Tarantula]&lt;small&gt; diakses 14 April 2013&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
Sahenteuna aya kana kurang leuwih  800 spésiés anu geus dipikanyaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;pet&quot;&gt;{{en}} [http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/tarantulas/a/tarantulasaspet.htm About.com: Tarantula as a pet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413185718/http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/tarantulas/a/tarantulasaspet.htm |date=2013-04-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lancah maung sok ngégél, sabab lancah maung mibanda sihung sarua jeung lancah dina kalolobaanana.&lt;ref name=&quot;texas&quot;&gt;{{en}} [https://insects.tamu.edu/fieldguide/cimg366.html Texas A&amp;M Agrilife Extension] &lt;small&gt; diakses 14 April 2013&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sarta geus pada mikanyaho nyerina tur nyanysutan digégél lancah maung leuwih nyeri tibatan diseureud [[nyiruan]], sok sanajan peurahna henteu matih kawas  nyiruan.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{en}} [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Tarantula BBC.com: Tarantula] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414111110/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Tarantula |date=2013-04-14 }}&lt;small&gt; diakses 14 April 2013&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;/&gt;

Lancah maung dina [[basa Inggris]] disebut ''tarantula'', asalna tina basa [[Itali]] nujul kana hiji kota anu aya di éta [[nagara]]  tayalian  [[Taranto]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;/&gt; Lancah maung loba kapanggih hirup di [[gurun]], [[leuweung]], ogé leuweung hujan.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;/&gt; Kahakananna kayaning:  [[gegeremet]], [[lancah]]  deui, [[beurit]] , [[bangkong]] , [[oray]] , [[kadal]] leutik, manuk, jeung sajabana.

==Sabangsaning lancah==
Aya leuwih ti 35,000 jinis [[lancah]] ,  lancah mah lain [[gegeremet]].  Lancah téh ''arachnids'', sadayana ''arachnids'' ngagaduhan dalapan suku.  [[Kalajengking]] sareng keletik ogé ''arachnids''.
Rupi-rupi ''arachnids'' tingawitan panjangna kirang ti satengah inci (1,3&amp;nbsp;cm),  baturna panjangna langkung ti dalapan inci (20,3&amp;nbsp;cm).&lt;ref name=&quot;Spi&quot;/&gt;

==Musuh alamina==
Di alam liar lancah maung mibanda musuh alamna anu bisa ngamangsa kayaning: [[Bueuk]], [[Heulang]], [[manuk]], [[oray]] ageung, [[kadal]], [[nyiruan]], jeung [[manusa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tar2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=LbCWAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA34&amp;dq=tarantula&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwirw_qvt7fvAhWSf30KHeO_BU84ChDoATACegQICBAD#v=onepage&amp;q=tarantula&amp;f=false| title =Tarantula
Great Predators| last = Strother| first =Ruth| publisher =ABDO| location = California | year =2014|ISBN=9781617839528|pages =35-44}} Disungsi17 Maret 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Umur hirupna : anu jalu 5-7 taun;  bikangna: dugi ka 30 taun .&lt;ref name=&quot;Tar&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=wD67DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA31&amp;dq=tarantula&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiAwaecmbfvAhV2H7cAHWH1DZEQ6AEwAHoECAMQAw#v=onepage&amp;q=tarantula&amp;f=false| title =Tarantulas| last =Jaclyn| first =Jaclyn| publisher =Capstone| location =Jakarta | year =2020|ISBN=9781977121356|pages =31}} Disungsi13 Maret 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciri mandiri ==
Ilaharna sakujur awak lancah maung buluan malah nepika dampal sukuna ogé buluan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NG&quot;/&gt;
Ngalumpuhkeun mangsana kujalan digégél bari ngaluarkeun peurahna, anu ngabalukarkeun mangsana lumpuh teu bisa walakaya.  Dina kaayaan kitu lancah maung tuluy nancebkeun sihungna  ngaluarkeun ''cairan'' kana awak mangsana pikeun ngancurkeun daging mangsana, di mana daging mangsana anu geus ajurjadi ''cairan'' tina ieu awak mangsana kakara disedot ku manéhna.&lt;ref name=&quot;The&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=eRyUcfjCGCgC&amp;q=tarantula&amp;dq=tarantula&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiAwaecmbfvAhV2H7cAHWH1DZEQ6AEwAnoECAUQAw| title =The Tarantulas| last = Miller| first =Heather| publisher =Kidhaven Press| location = California | year =2004|ISBN=9780737717754|pages =28}} Disungsi13 Maret 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukuran rata-rata: Tina antara dua sukuna  aya genep inchi (5–15&amp;nbsp;cm); beurat rata-rata: Hiji dugi ka tilu ons (28-100 g). Kelirna : remen coklat atanapi hideung, tapi tiasa bénten-bénten gumantung spésiésna ;  sababaraha anu warnaana rata-rata; Umur rata-rata: Jalu biasana hirup kirang ti tujuh taun, gumantung kana spésiésna;  bikang hirup dugi ka 30 taun, gumantung kana spésiés 
Mangsa/kahakanan: gegeremet, lancah sanésna, oray alit sareng kadal, beurit leutik, sareng manuk alit.&lt;ref name=&quot;The2&quot;/&gt;

Tarantulas ngali liang ku sihungna taring sareng parasaan anu kuat.  Aranjeunna ngajajar lebet liangna nganggo [[sutra]] .  Éta malahan tiasa nutupan panto lebetna ku sutra.&lt;ref name=&quot;The2&quot;/&gt;  Sababaraha tarantula leuweung hujan ngajadikeun bumi na di tangkal.  Liang dana handapeun  taneuh tiasa banjir, janten lancah maung ieu ieun sayang anu kandel tur aya panglumpatan kaluar. Bulu husus dina suku na ngajantenkeun Lancah maung gampil nérékél kaluhur.&lt;ref name=&quot;The2&quot;/&gt;
Sanajan lancah maung katingali buluan, nalika usum salju.  Maranéhna  cicing dina liang anu tetep haneut, bari nungguan usum salju béak.&lt;ref name=&quot;The2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=415PwGimat8C&amp;pg=PT11&amp;dq=tarantula&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjd9bqNvLfvAhXjILcAHQR3Cic4ChDrATAFegQIAhAF#v=onepage&amp;q=tarantula&amp;f=false| title =The Tarantula
Content-Area Literacy Collections
The Tony Stead Nonfiction Independent Reading Collection Series| last =B. McGinty| first =Alice | publisher =The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc| location = California | year =2005|ISBN=9781404255678|pages =35-44}} Disungsi17 Maret 2021&lt;/ref&gt;
Lancah maung cicing di unggal buana kajaba Antartika, panglobana hirup sapanjang garis katulistiwa.  Daérah ieu kaasup sagala rupa ti daérah tropis dugi ka daérah garing, lancah maung aya dina sababaraha jinis habitat. Lancah maung pirang ti Méksiko hirup di gurun garing di [[Amérika Serikat]] sareng [[Mexico]] .  Spésiés sanésna, sapertos lancah babon [[Afrika Wétan]] tanduk, cicing di leuweung hujan [[Afrika]] .

==Dikukut/diingu==
Umumna spésiés lancah henteu ngabahayakeun ka manusa, malahan sababaraha spésiés janten kasohor kusabab ngahaja didagangkeun pikeun diingu '' hewan peliharaaan eksotik'' .&lt;ref name=&quot;NG&quot;/&gt; 
Lanca maung sok ngahaja diingu ku anu raresep mah, sanajan kitu tetep kudu waspada lantaran lancah maung téh sato anu hirupna di habitat liar. Bisa ngabalukarkeun cilaka diseureud, lancah ieu bisa luncat jauhna sababaraha kaku panjang awakna. Mun pareng leupas, luncat kana leungeun atawa suku tuluy ngarayap gancang ka jero awak bisa barabé alatan diseureud atawa digégél.&lt;ref name=&quot;The1&quot;/&gt;

== Habitat ==
Lancah maung hidup di daérah -daérah haneut di sakuliah dunya, lancah maung nyayang dina sela-sela batu, ngaliang dina [[taneuh]] anu nyingkur atawa dina [[gawir]], dina liang anu aya dina tatangkalan.&lt;ref name=&quot;The1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=v7kHJt13pMkC&amp;q=tarantula&amp;dq=tarantula&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwisnOiHnbfvAhWLeX0KHR2HBlQQ6AEwBXoECAUQAw| title =The guide to owning tarantula| last =Walls| first =Jerry G.| publisher =TFH Publications, Incorporated| location = California | year =2002|ISBN=9780793803835|pages =30-63}} Disungsi13 Maret 2021&lt;/ref&gt;
Kapanggih ogé di leuweung hujan, [[tegalan]] jeung [[gurun]], sarta habitat séjénna.&lt;ref name=&quot;EL&quot;/&gt; 
Sababaraha wewengkon anu jadi habitat lancah maung :  [[Amérika Kidul]],  [[Amérika Kalér]] palebah kidulna, [[Éropa kidul]], [[Afrika]],  [[Asia]] palebah kal, dan [[Australia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EL&quot;/&gt;

==Anatomi==
Lancah maung disebut carapace, dalapan panon tarantula aya dina carapace.  Sanaos gaduh dalapan panon, lancah maung henteu tiasa ningali.  Panenjona langkung parna tibatan kaseueuran lancah,  lancah maung teu tiasa ningali wujudna kalawan béngras.  Manéhna ngagunakeun panon pikeun ngadetéksi cahaya sareng poék wungkul.  
Buuk dina awak lancah maung karasa keuna jeung geter.  Geter dina taneuh sareng dina hawa gabejaan ieu lancah nalika mahluk sanés nyampurnakeu.  Sapertos sadaya lancah dina kulawarga ''Hairy Mygalomorph'', lancah maung ngagaduhan opat bayah/paru-paru. Jinis lancah anu sanés gaduh dua bayah.  Hawa asup kana bayah tarantula ngaliwatan lolongkrang leutik dina beuteung na.&lt;ref name=&quot;The2&quot;/&gt;

Ukuran rata-rata: panjang antara tungtung suku kurang leuwih dua dugi ka genep inci (5–15&amp;nbsp;cm); Beurat Rata-rata: Hiji dugi ka tilu ons (28-100 g); Kelir: Ilaharna coklat atanapi hideung, tapi tiasa bénten-bénten gumantung spésiésna sababaraha anu warnana sami rata-rata; Umur Rata-rata: Jalu biasana hirup kirang ti tujuh taun, gumantung kana spésiésna;  bikang hirup dugi ka 30 taun, gumantung kana spésiés Mangsa/kadaharan: [[gegeremet]] , [[lancah]] sanésna, [[oray]] alit sareng [[kadal]], [[beurit]] leutik, sareng [[manuk]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The2&quot;/&gt;

==Ngalawan musuh==
Lancah maung nalika nyingareupan musuh atawa pibahayaeun, sok nyumput asup kana liang pikeun nyingkahan pibahayaeun.
Tapi sababaraha lancah maung boga cara sorangan pikeun nyingareupan tur ngusir musuhna, malikan nyerang tur ngégél musuh anu ngaganggu.&lt;ref name=&quot;The2&quot;/&gt; Aya ogé lancah maung anu ngajurungkunung ngajangkungkeun awakna, jadi katempo ku musuhna leuwih gedé tur pibahayaeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;The2&quot;/&gt;

Remenna mah lancah maung bakal ngabulen musuh atawa mangsana ku bulu husus, ieu bulu sok disebut  buuk ''urticating''.  Buukna nyeureud sareng peurih nerap kana kulit atanapi panon musuhna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tar&quot;/&gt;  Dimana buuk ieu napel kana awak musuhna hésé dicabut,  buuk ''urticating'' mangrupikeun épéksi anu saé.  Sababaraha spésiés lancah maung malahan ninun kana sayang endogna sareng tempat sakurilingeunna kanggo panyalindungan tambahan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spi&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tar&quot;/&gt;

==Kelir jeung pangawakan ==
Lancah maung mibanda kelir anu bénten-bénten kitu deuih sareng ukuranna béda-béda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spi&quot;/&gt;  Seueur lancah maung di [[Amérika Kalér]] dua dugi ka opat inci (5 dugi 10&amp;nbsp;cm) langkung.  Lancah maung di [[Thailand]] aya anu langkung ti genep inci (15&amp;nbsp;cm).  ''Goliath'' ieu lancah maung  tiasa langkungti sapuluh inci (25&amp;nbsp;cm).&lt;ref name=&quot;Spi&quot;&gt;{{Cite book| url =https://books.google.co.id/books?id=edChDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=tarantula&amp;hl=id&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjd9bqNvLfvAhXjILcAHQR3Cic4ChDrATAJegQIAxAF#v=onepage&amp;q=tarantula&amp;f=false| title =Spiders Tarantula
Animal Kingdom| last = Murray| first =Julie | publisher =ABDO| location = California | year =2019|ISBN=9781532158025|pages =44505}} Disungsi17 Maret 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

==Jadi kadaharan==
Di sababaraha nagara lancah maung téh dijadikeun tukangeun, di [[Kamboja]] mimiti tuang lancah maung dina jumlah anu seueur dina taun 1970an.  Salami waktos éta aya kakurangan pangan anu nyababkeun jalma-jalma moro lancah salaku sumber kadaharan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tar&quot;/&gt;  Lancahmaung ieu digoréng sareng bawang bodas tambih [[uyah]] malahan sering dijual di sisi jalan.  Di [[Vénézuéla]], lancah maung dibungkus ku daun, disamaraan, sareng dipanggang dina seuneu.  Atuh sihung a sok  dijantenkeun salaku panyeuhil.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tar&quot;/&gt;

==Kudu dijaga habitatna==
Penting urang kedah ngajaga habitat kahirupan lancah maung, éta mangrupikeun prédator anu ngabantosan ngandalikeun populasi [[gegeremet]].  Élmuwan ogé mendakan panggunaan ubar tina lancah maung.  Salaku conto, bahan kimia dina lancah maung tiasa ngabantosan ngubaran kabotakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tar&quot;/&gt;

== Dicutat tina ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Tutumbu ka luar==
{{wikispecies|Theraphosidae}}
{{Commons category|Theraphosidae}}
* [http://www.tarantulaforum.com/ TarantulaForum.com]
* {{dmoz|Recreation/Pets/Exotic/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Tarantulas|Tarantulas}}
* [http://www.tarantulasus.com/ Tarantulas US Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228110156/http://www.tarantulasus.com/ |date=2014-02-28 }}
* [http://podictionary.com/?p=2011 Word of the Day: Tarantula and Tarantella] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028030418/http://podictionary.com/?p=2011 |date=2013-10-28 }}, etymology and folklore
* [http://www.eightlegs.org/species.html Overview of Species Information for All Named Theraphosidae Divided by Subfamily] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823041830/http://eightlegs.org/species.html |date=2014-08-23 }}
* [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/THERAPHOSIDAE.html Listing of all currently named Theraphosidae]
* [http://www.atshq.org/ American Tarantula Society Headquarters]
* [http://www.amazingtarantulas.com/ Amazing Tarantulas]
* {{cite web| url= http://aces.nmsu.edu/academics/spiders/| title=The Spiders of the Arid Southwest| author=NMSU Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed Science| accessdate=2013-07-15}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/family/Tarantula Watch Tarantula (Theraphosidae) video clips from the BBC archive on Wildlife Finder]

[[Kategori:Araneae]]
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  <page>
    <title>Ramadan</title>
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      <text bytes="57548" sha1="0j73cui57vbb4aabqdghv3pye6i2izm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Holiday|holiday_name={{lang|ar|رمضان}} &lt;br /&gt;Ramadan|type=|longtype=[[Islam|Keagamaan]]|image=Welcome Ramadhan.jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Sahiji bulan sabit anu katingali di luhureun tangkal korma nalika surupna panon poe di [[Manama]], anu jadi ciri yen datangna bulan Ramadan di [[Bahrain]].|official_name=|observedby=Umat [[Muslim]]|begins=1 Ramadan|ends=29 atanapi 30 Ramadan|date=Beragam (mengikuti [[kalender Islam|kalender bulan Islam]])&lt;ref name=&quot;ummalqura&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm|title=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia|access-date=7 Maret 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611040922/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm|archive-date=11 Juni 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621105742/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm |date=2020-06-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|celebrations=Komunitas [[sahur]], komunitas [[iftar]], dan komunitas [[salat]]|observances=* [[saum]] (puasa)
* [[zakat]] dan [[sedekah]]
* salat [[Tarawih]] 
* tadarus [[Alquran]]
* [[tausiah]]
* ngajauhan paripolah anu kurang merenah
* ngadékor imah
* masang lentera 
* [[ngabuburit]]|relatedto=[[Idulfitri]], [[Nuzulul Quran]], [[Lailatul Qadar]]|frequency=unggal 12 bulan (kalender bulan)}}
[[Gambar:هلال_رمضان.jpg|jmpl|Bulan sabit dihias ku mangpirang pirang warna anu éndah cahayana dina bulan Ramadhan.]]
'''Ramadhan''' atawa '''Romadon''' ( {{IPAc-en|ˌ|r|æ|m|ə|ˈ|d|ɑː|n}}; {{Lang-ar|رمضان}}   {{IPA-ar|ramaˈdˤaːn|IPA}}; &lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Dalam pengucapan Arab, kata ini dapat diucapkan menjadi {{IPA|[rɑmɑˈdˤɑːn, ramadˤɑːn, ræmæˈdˤɑːn]}}, tergantung wilayah.&lt;/ref&gt; ogé di[[romanisasi]]keun ku '''Ramazan''', '''Ramadhan''', atawa '''Ramathan''' ) mangrupa bulan kasalapan dina [[kalénder Islam]],&lt;ref&gt;[[BBC]] – [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/ramadan_1.shtml ''Religions''] Retrieved 25 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt; anu dirayakeun ku umat Islam di sakuliah dunya ku [[puasa]] (''[[saum]]'') jeung miélingkeun wahyu anu munggaran anu nepi ka Nabi [[Muhammad]]. nurutkeun kayakinan umat muslim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/722486.shtml|title=Muslims worldwide start to observe Ramadan|year=2012|website=The Global Times Online|accessdate=28 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://newsfeedresearcher.com/data/articles_w30_3/ramadan-muslims-fasting.html|title=The Muslim World Observes Ramadan|year=2012|website=Power Text Solutions|accessdate=28 July 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211042928/http://newsfeedresearcher.com/data/articles_w30_3/ramadan-muslims-fasting.html |date=11 February 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Milangkala taunan ieu kacatur ku salah sahiji rukun Islam .&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/islam/ramadan.shtml|title=''Schools – Religions''|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bulan Ramadhan bakal lumangsung salila 29-30 poé dumasar kana paniténan bulan anyar (hilal), nurutkeun sababaraha aturan anu ditulis dina [[Hadis|hadits]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;Bukhari&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2466-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-124.html|title=Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124.|last=Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail|first=AbdAllah-Muhammad|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Muslim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10970-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2378.html|title=Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2378.|last=Muslim-Ibn-Habaj|first=Abul-Hussain|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kecap Ramadan asalna tina kecap akar basa Arab ''ramiḍa'' atawa ''ar-ramaḍ,'' anu hartina panas atawa kagaringan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10952-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2391.html|title=Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2391.|last=Muslim-Ibn-Habaj|first=Abul-Hussain|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Puasa Ramadhan hukumna nyaéta ''[[fardhu]]'' (wajib) pikeun muslim nu geus baleg, kajaba ngalaman halangan pikeun migawéna saperti gering, iinditan, geus kolot, nyandung, nyusu, [[Diabétes mélitus|diabét]] atawa [[Kareseban|haid]].&lt;ref&gt;Fasting (Al Siyam) – {{Lang|ar|الصيام}} – Page 18, el Bahay el Kholi, 1998&lt;/ref&gt; Kawajiban pikeun puasa nalika bulan Ramadhan turun di bulan [[Sya'ban]] taun kadua sanggeus hijrah umat Islam ti [[Mekah]] ka [[Madinah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201201/ramadan.in.the.farthest.north.htm|title=Saudi Aramco World: Ramadan in the Farthest North|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204183609/https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201201/ramadan.in.the.farthest.north.htm|archivedate=2015-02-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bulan Ramadhan dimimitian ku ditangtukeunna bulan sabit salaku tanda ayana bulan anyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://islamqa.info/en/5842|title=How to pray and fast in countries where the day or night is continuous|publisher=|accessdate=5 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika puasa ti isuk nepi ka burit, umat Islam dicaram dahar, nginum cairan naon waé, ngaroko, jeung ngawati. Kajaba ti eta, aranjeunna diparéntahkeun pikeun nyingkirkeun pagawéan dosa dina raraga nyampurnakeun pahala puasa, saperti ngomongkeun perkara anu goréng (kayaning ngahina, fitnah, moyok, ngawadul) jeung gelut.&lt;ref&gt;IslamQA, &quot;It is not permissible for one who is fasting to insult anyone&quot;, URL: http://islamqa.info/en/37658&lt;/ref&gt; Dahareun jeung inumeun bisa disadiakeun unggal poé, ti saacan meleték panonpoé (Fajr) nepi ka surup (Maghrib).&lt;ref&gt;Islam, Andrew Egan – 2002 – page 24&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dubai – Page 189, Andrea Schulte-Peevers – 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Pendekatan spiritual (''tobat'') nalika bulan Ramadhan sibuk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html|title=Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125.|last=Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail|first=AbdAllah-Muhammad|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170845/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html |date=15 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Puasa pikeun umat Islam salami Ramadhan biasana direuah-reuah ku ngalobakeun [[solat]] sareng maca [[Qur'an|Alquran]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/006-sat.php|title=Sunan Abu-Dawud – (The Book of Prayer) – Detailed Injunctions about Ramadan, Hadith 1370|last=[[Abu Dawud]]-Ibn-Ash'ath-AsSijisstani|first=Sulayman|website=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement of The University of Southern California|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2391-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-199.html|title=Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 199.|last=Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail|first=AbdAllah-Muhammad|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170800/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2391-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-199.html |date=15 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kakhususan bulan Ramadhan pikeun umat Islam kagambar dina Al-Quran [[Al Baqoroh|surat Al-Baqarah]] ayat 183 anu hartosna:
&quot;''Hei eling-eling jalma anu iman, wajib pikeun anjeun puasa sakumaha diwajibkeun ka jalma-jalma samemeh araranjeun sangkan anjeun jadi jalma anu taqwa.&quot;''
- (Al-Baqoroh 2: 183)

== Patokan ceuk Étimologi ==
''Ramadhan'' (     &lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/Muharam|title=KBBI Daring|last=[[Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa]]|year=2016|website=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id|location=Jakarta|accessdate=2018-06-30|ref=harv|edition=5}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924151735/https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/muharam |date=2022-09-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; asalna tina akar kecap &lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;ر م ﺿ&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;, anu hartosna [[Panas|panas ereng-erengan]] . Urang Babilon, anu budaya na kantos ngadominasi pisan di kalér [[Semenanjung Arab|Jazirah Arob,]] nganggo kalénder ''luni-surya'' (ngitung taun dumasar kana bulan sareng panonpoé). [[Kalénder Islam|Bulan kasalapan]] sok ragrag nalika usum panas anu panas pisan. Ti enjing dugi ka sonten, batu gunung sareng pasir gurun dibeuleum ku panonpoé dina usum panas, anu siang na langkung lami tibatan wengi. Peutingna panas dina batu sareng pasir ngaleutikan sakedik, tapi acan ge tiis pisan, kabujeng enjing deui. Ieu kajantenan teras-terasan, sahingga saatos sababaraha minggu aya akumulasi panas anu kacida bangetna. Poéan ieu disebat bulan Ramadhan, bulan anu kacida panasna.

Saatos masarakat [[Islam]] ngembangkeun kalénder dumasar bulan, anu rata-rata 11 dinten langkung pondok tibatan kalénder panonpoé, Ramadhan henteu teras-terasan kabeneran sareng usum panas. ''Masarakat langkung paham kana métaforis'' 'panas' Ramadhan (kiasan). Kusabab dina dinten Ramadhan jalma anu saum, tikoro na panas ku haus. Atanapi, dipiharep ayana ieu Ibadah dina Ramadhan, janten wasilah kana dihapusna pirang pirang dosa nu tiheula atawa nu bakal aya jaga.

Tina kecap dasar ieu, kecap Ramadhan dipaké pikeun nunjukkeun sensasi panas nalika aya anu hanaang. Sasauran anu sanés nyebatkeun yén kecap Ramadhan dianggo kusabab dina bulan éta dosa diduruk ku amal hadé nalika [[Panonpoé|panonpoe]] ngabakar taneuh. Nanging, kecap Ramadan henteu tiasa dibingungkeun sareng Ramadhan. Ramadan (make dal) dina basa Arab hartosna jalma anu panonna nyeri bakal lolong. Salajengna éta panginten dina momen Ramadhan dimangpaatkeun ku pengikut Islam serius pikeun ngalembereh, nyusun sareng ngabarukeun kakuatan fisik, spiritual sareng tingkah laku, sakumaha panas ngagambarkeun hal anu tiasa ngalebur [[Matéri|maté]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ri .&lt;ref name=&quot;EoR&quot;&gt;[http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_40.html#HEADING54 Essentials of Ramadan, The Fasting Month] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909145216/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/pillars/fasting/tajuddin/fast_40.html#HEADING54 |date=2006-09-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Surat 2, Ayat 185, Quran nyebatkeun:&lt;blockquote&gt;Bulan Ramadhan mangrupikeun turunna Al-Qur'an, pitunjuk pikeun umat manusa, sareng buktos ayana Nabi sareng Rosul, salaku pituduh hirup, sareng patokan (leres sareng salah).

 Sadayana umat Islam wajib puasa dina bulan éta, sareng saha waé anu gering atanapi iinditan, moal puasa sareng wajib ngarobih dina dinten anu sanés. Allah masihan anjeun rukhsoh sareng henteu hoyong kasusah pikeun anjeun.

 Pikeun awéwé kudu ngarengsekeun haid, saatos éta wajib ngagentosan saatos Ramadhan réngsé sareng anjeun kedah ngagungkeun Alloh anu masihan pituduh ka anjeun, sareng anjeun ogé kedah syukuran. [Quran Al-Baqarah: 185 ]&lt;/blockquote&gt;Dipercanten yén [[Qur'an|Al]] -Qur'an mimiti diturunkeun ka [[Muhammad]] salami bulan Ramadhan anu parantos disebat &quot;waktos anu saé&quot;. Wahyu munggaran ieu lungsur dina peuting [[Laélatulqodar|Lailatul Qadar]] (peuting kakuatan) nu salah sahiji tina lima peuting dina poé sapuluh panungtungan Ramadan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Magnificence of Quran|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AKmmBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT29&amp;dq=ramadan+quran+revealed&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=ramadan%2520quran%2520revealed&amp;f=false|publisher=Darussalam Publishers|date=2006|first=Mahmood Bin Ahmad Bin Saaleh|last=Ad-Dausaree}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun kana hadits, sadaya buku suci diturunkeun salami bulan Ramadhan. Shuhuf Ibrahim, Tauret, Jabur, Injil sareng [[Qur'an|Alquran]] diturunkeun dina tanggal 1, 6, 12, 13 &lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;The hadith of Jabir ibn Abdullah mentions that the Gospel was sent down on the 18th of Ramadan. &lt;sup&gt;{{Cite book|title=Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=t6CvZJJt1PIC&amp;q=fasting#v=snippet|publisher=Trafford Publishing|date=June 2013|isbn=9781490705217|first=Rafig Y.|last=Aliyev}}&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; sareng 24 Ramadhan masing-masing.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rafig&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=t6CvZJJt1PIC|publisher=Trafford Publishing|date=June 2013|isbn=9781490705217|first=Rafig Y.|last=Aliyev|page=129}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina Al Qur'an, puasa ogé fardhu keur agama sateuacan Islam, tur éta cara pikeun ngéngingkeun ''taqwa'', sieun ku ayana Gusti .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Explanation of the Three Fundamental Principles of Islam (Salafi): Sharh Usool ath-Thalatha of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahaab|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EbamAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT63#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|publisher=Salafi Books|first=Shaikh Saalih|last=al-Uthaymeen}}&lt;/ref&gt; [Quran Al-Baqarah: 183 ] Allah SWT ngadawuh ka Nabi Muhammad yén puasa pikeun Anjeunna sanés inovasi anyar. Dina tauhid, éta mangrupikeun kawajiban anu dilaksanakeun ku jalma-jalma anu leres-leres ngaladén kana katauhidan gusti Allah.&lt;ref&gt;Quran Chapter 2, Revelation 183&lt;/ref&gt; Jelma kapir [[Mekah]] ogé saum, tapi ngan dina dinten kasapuluh Muharram pikeun ngahapus dosa sareng ngajauhkeun halodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=t6CvZJJt1PIC|publisher=Trafford Publishing|date=February 2013|isbn=9781490705217|first=Rafig Y.|last=Aliyev|page=128}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katangtosan pikeun puasa salami bulan Ramadhan lungsur  18 bulan saatos Hijrah, nyaéta bulan Sya'ban dina taun kadua Hijrah taun 624 Masehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rafig&quot;/&gt;

Abu Zanad, panulis Arab ti Irak anu hirup saatos ngadegna agama Islam, kira-kira taun 747 Masehi, nyerat yén sahenteuna hiji komunitas Muslim anu cicing di al-Jazira (Irak kalér modéren) niténan Ramadan sateuacan ngalih kana Islam.&lt;ref&gt;See Ibn Qutaybah,op.cit.page 204; Cited by Sinasi Gunduz, The Knowledge of Life, Oxford University, 1994, p. 25, note 403: &quot;Abu al-Fida, op-cit., p.148; Bar Habraeus, op.cit. p.266, Ibn Hazm claims that this fast is the fast of Ramadan (of the Muslims), but this is completely wrong.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Numutkeun ka Philip Jenkins, Ramadhan sumping &quot;tina disiplin ketat ti garéja Suriah&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Jenkins, Philip (31 July 2006). The New Faces of Christianity: Believing the Bible in the Global South (p. 182). Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, saran ieu dumasarkeun kana ideu orientalis yén Alquran nyalira ngagaduhan asal Siria, anu ditolak ku sarjana Muslim sapertos M. Al-Azami.&lt;ref&gt;Muhammad Mustafa al-Azami, &quot;The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments&quot;, 2nd Edition (2008), Azami Publishing House&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mangsa penting ==

=== Mimiti ===
[[Gambar:Ramadan100years1938-2037.png|jmpl|Tabél mimiti Ramadhan pikeun taun Gregorian antara 1938 sareng 2038.]]
[[Kalénder Islam|Kalénder Hijriyah]] dumasar kana révolusi [[Bulan (satelit)|bulan]] anu ngurilingan [[Marcapada|jagat marcapada]] sareng awal unggal bulan ditangtukeun nalika hilal (sabit leutik) lumangsung. Cara nangtukeun momen hilal anu dianggo ayeuna nyaéta metode ningali ku panon taranjang (katelah rukyah) sareng ngagunakeun [[Astronomi|metode ngétang astronomi]] (katelah hisab). Persatuan Islam (persis) sareng Majelis Ulama Indonésia (MUI) nganggo kombinasi hisab sareng rukyah pikeun nangtoskeun hilal. Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) sareng Kamenterian Agama Républik Indonésia salaku Pamaréntah Indonésia nganggo metode rukyatul hilal; sedengkeun [[Muhammadiyah]] ngagunakeun '''''hisab hakiki wal wujudul hilal''''' salaku dasar pikeun nangtukeun hilal.&lt;ref&gt;T Djamaluddin, Fatwa MUI Membuka Jalan: Penyatuan Hari Raya Segera Terwujud&lt;/ref&gt; Bédana metodeu ieu nyababkeun kamungkinan béda-béda dina hasil nangtoskeun iraha ngamimitian sareng nungtungan Ramadhan, sapertos kajantenan taun [[1998]] Maséhi (1418 H).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hilalsighting.org/papers/salman.pdf Hilal Sighting &amp; Islamic Dates: Issues and Solution Insha'Allaah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206015307/http://www.hilalsighting.org/papers/salman.pdf |date=2009-02-06 }}. Hilal Sighting Committee of North America ([http://www.hilalsighting.org/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831043652/http://www.hilalsighting.org/ |date=2009-08-31 }}). Retrieved 19 August 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2466-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-124.html|title=Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124|last=Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail|first=AbdAllah-Muhammad|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wengi kamulyaan ===
''Lailatul Qadar'' (wengi katangtosan), mangrupikeun wengi istimewa anu lumangsung dina bulan Ramadhan. Wengi ayeuna dicarioskeun dina [[Qur'an|Al Qur'an]] dina [[Al Qodar|Surah Al-Qadr]], éta langkung saé tibatan sarébu bulan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Neal|title=Islam: A Concise Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/islam00neal|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=1999|location=Washington|doi=|id=|isbn=0-87840-224-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html|title=Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125|last=Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari|first=AbdAllah-Muhammad|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=28 July 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170845/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html |date=15 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waktos anu tepat wengi ieu kajantenan henteu dipikaterang tapi numutkeun sababaraha [[Hadis|cariosan]], wengi ieu tumiba dina 10 wengi terakhir Ramadhan, tepatna dina salah sahiji wengi ganjil, nyaéta wengi ka 21, 23, 25, 27 atanapi 29.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/65-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2032.%20Praying%20at%20Night%20In%20Ramadan%20(Taraweeh)/2479-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-032-hadith-number-238.html|title=Sahih Bukhari – Book 032 (Praying at Night during Ramadan), Hadith 238|last=Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari|first=AbdAllah-Muhammad|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=28 July 2012}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10668-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2632.html|title=Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2632|last=Muslim-Ibn-Habaj|first=Abul-Hussain|website=hadithcollection.com|accessdate=28 July 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170848/http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10668-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2632.html |date=15 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sababaraha umat Islam biasana nyobian ngareuah-reuah wengi ieu ku nyaring dina wengi-wengi tungtung bulan Ramadhan bari sholat sapeupeuting.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hidayatullah.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=107&amp;Itemid=60 Hidayatullah: Cara jitu memburu Lailatul Qadar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211123623/http://www.hidayatullah.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=107&amp;Itemid=60 |date=2012-02-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tungtung ===
Akhir bulan Ramadhan direuah-reuah kalayan gumbira ku sadaya muslim di marcapada. Sore (wengi 1 [[Syawal|Shawwal]] ), anu biasana disebat wengi kameunangan, aranjeunna bakal nyarios takbir sasarengan. Di Indonésia, ritual ieu janten hal anu narik kusabab biasana penduduk Islam nyebatkeun takbir bari parade ngurilingan landeuh sareng desa, kadang-kadang ditambahan ku cara neunggeul drum sareng lampu kembang api atanapi ngahurungkeun lantera.

Dinten énjingna dina kaping 1 Shawwal, anu dirayakeun salaku [[Idul Fitri]], duanana lalaki sareng awéwé muslim bakal ngariung di [[Masigit|masjid]] sareng alun-alun tempat shalat Idul Fitri bakal dilaksanakeun. [[Solat]] dilakukeun ku dua rakaat teras dipungkas ku dua khutbah dina lebaran. Milangkala éta teras dilanjengkeun ku acara silih hampura (''mushofahah'') di papada umat Islam, sareng dina waktos anu sasarengan ngeureunkeun séri kagiatan agama khusus anu aya dina Ramadhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;EsinIslam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.esinislam.com/Articles201009/WritersArticles_AdilSalahi_0911.htm|title=Ruling on Voluntary Fasting After The Month Of Ramadan: Eid Day(s) And Ash-Shawaal|website=EsinIslam, Arab News &amp; Information – By Adil Salahi|accessdate=23 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kegiatan kaagamaan ==
[[Gambar:Fasting.JPG|kiri|jmpl|250x250px| Kaayaan nalika buka [[puasa]] ( ''iftar'' ) babarengan di mesjid.]]
Kegiatan utama dina bulan Ramadhan nyaéta tangtos, puasa, sahur, buka puasa, solat peuting, ngalobakeun maca [[Qur'an|Al-Quran]], ngarayakeun dinten wahyu Al-Qur'an, sareng amal hadé anu sanés.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/features/weekend/169233-muslims-observe-ramadan-clerics-explain-significance|title=Muslims observe Ramadan, clerics explain significance|website=Guardian News, Nigeria|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140718041849/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/features/weekend/169233-muslims-observe-ramadan-clerics-explain-significance|archivedate=2014-07-18|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hadithcollection.com/.../10999-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number%20-2361.html|title=Sahih Muslim Book 006, Hadith Number 2361.|website=Hadith Collection|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604202311/http://www.hadithcollection.com/.../10999-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number%20-2361.html|archivedate=2015-06-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 June 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604202311/http://www.hadithcollection.com/.../10999-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number%20-2361.html |date=2015-06-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sunnah.com/bukhari/30/|title=Book of Fasting – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|publisher=|accessdate=16 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Saum sasih siam ===
Saum/ Puasa pikeun urang Islam ( [[Basa Arab|Arab]] : &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;صوم,&lt;/font&gt; transliterasi: ''Shuwam)'' nyaéta nyengker tina tuangeun sareng inuman sareng sadaya padamelan anu tiasa ngabatalkeun kana puasa, ti subuh dugi ka surup [[panonpoé]], dina kaayaan anu tangtu, pikeun ningkatkeun kataqwaan jalma muslim. Puasa (saum) mangrupikeun salah sahiji tina lima rukun Islam. Saum ceuk lugot hartosna nyengker atanapi nyegah.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/08/29/ramadhan_2008_feature.shtml Why Ramadan brings us together]; ''[[BBC]]'', 1 September 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP&quot;&gt;[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/27/AR2008092702592_2.html?nav=rss_world Help for the Heavy at Ramadan], ''[[Washington Post]]'', 27 September 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dieticiannour&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/072709p56.shtml|title=Understanding Muslim Fasting Practices|last=El-Zibdeh|first=Dr. Nour|website=todaysdietitian.com|accessdate=25 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Sahur ====
Sahur mangrupikeun istilah [[Islam]] anu ngarujuk kana kagiatan tuangna jalma [[Islam]] anu dilaksanakeun dina janari &lt;ref&gt;[http://deskripsi.com/s/sahur Deskripsi - Sahur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312045610/http://www.deskripsi.com/s/sahur |date=2017-03-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; pikeun anu ngalaksanakeun [[Saum|puasa]] salami Ramadhan. Sahur salaku sarapan cocog sareng Iftar salaku tuang, salami Ramadhan, ngagentos tilu tuangeun sadinten ( [[Mumuluk|sasarap]], tuang siang sareng tuangeun ),&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=BBC - Schools - Religion - Islam|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/islam/ramadan.shtml|access-date=11 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; sanaos di sababaraha tempat tuang tuang ogé dikonsumsi saatos Iftar pas magrib.

==== Iftar ====
Iftar ngarujuk kana ngaliwet anu waktosna nalika buka puasa salami bulan Ramadhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.interfaithdialog.org/dinners/dinner-of-abrahamic-traditions-2-2.html|title=Dinner of Abrahamic Traditions|website=interfaithdialog.org|language=Bahasa Inggris|accessdate=22 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310075955/http://www.interfaithdialog.org/dinners/dinner-of-abrahamic-traditions-2-2.html |date=10 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iftar mangrupikeun hiji ibadah nalika bulan Ramadhan sareng sering dilakukeun ku hiji komunitas, sareng jalma-jalma kumpul pikeun buka [[Saum|puasa]] babarengan. Iftar dilakukeun pas saatos waktos Maghrib. Sacara tradisional, kurma mangrupikeun hal anu mimiti didahar nalika buka puasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://imeu.net/news/article0014277.shtml|title=Ramadan in Palestine at the Institute for Middle East Understanding|website=imeu.net|language=Bahasa Inggris|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206013516/http://imeu.net/news/article0014277.shtml|archivedate=2008-12-06|dead-url=yes|accessdate=22 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206013516/http://imeu.net/news/article0014277.shtml |date=2008-12-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seueur umat Islam yakin yén masihan Iftar ka batur salaku bentuk amal pisan manpaatna sareng dilakukeun ku Nabi Muhammad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.haqislam.org/ramadan/virtues-of-iftari.htm|title=Virtues of iftar|website=haqislam.org|language=Bahasa Inggris|accessdate=22 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726114037/http://www.haqislam.org/ramadan/virtues-of-iftari.htm |date=26 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Solat Peuting ===
Nalika peuting, saberes sholat [[isya]], umat Islam teras-terasan ngalaksanakeun ibadah [[Tarawéh|tarawih]] . Doa khusus anu ngan ukur dilaksanakeun salami bulan Ramadhan. Solat tarawih, sanaos tiasa dilakukeun kalawan papisah, umumna dilakukeun berjamaah di [[Masigit|masjid]] . Kadang-kadang sateuacan dilaksanakeunnana sholat tarawih di tempat-tempat tertentu, diayakeun ceramah pondok pikeun ngalengkepan jamaah dina ngalaksanakeun ibadahna dina bulan éta. Saatos ngalaksanakeun solat tarawih, biasana langsung teraskeun sareng solat witir 3 siklus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.islamhelpline.com/qa/tarawih-prayer-nafl-or-sunnah|title=Tarawih Prayer a Nafl or Sunnah|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118190826/http://www.islamhelpline.com/qa/tarawih-prayer-nafl-or-sunnah|archivedate=2015-11-18|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 June 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118190826/http://www.islamhelpline.com/qa/tarawih-prayer-nafl-or-sunnah |date=2015-11-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngaos Al-Qur'an ===
Salaku tambahan kana amalan [[puasa]], kaseueuran umat Islam nyéépkeun waktos sateuacan buka puasa ku maos [[Qur'an|Alquran]] hiji [[juz]] unggal dinten. Biasana dibaca khusus dina kelompok atanapi sacara sewang-sewangan, tapi aya ogé anu mungkaskeun 30 Juz ku wasilah maos surat dina [[Tarawéh|solat Taraweh]] .{{Fact}}

=== Lungsurna Al-qur'an ===
Pirang-pirang nonoman jeung ulama ngagaduhan sasauran anu bénten ngeunaan kaping anu tangtos iraha lungsurna wahyu Al-Qur'an &lt;ref name=&quot;nzqsofwah&quot;&gt;[http://www.alsofwah.or.id/?pilih=rdnlihat&amp;id=9 Nuzulul Quran Sebagai Peringatan atau Pelajaran]&lt;/ref&gt; (''[[Nuzulul Quran]]'')''.'' Dina kasempetan ieu, [[Al 'Alaq|Surah Al-'Alaq]] ayat 1 dugi ka 5 diturunkeun nalika Nabi [[Muhammad]] aya di [[Gua Hira]] . Milangkala acara ieu biasana dilaksanakeun ku pangaosan di [[Masigit|masjid]] . Tapi peringatan ieu dianggap [[bid'ah]], sabab teu aya ti nabina. Mimiti ditangtoskeunna milangkala ''[[Nuzulul Quran]]'' di Indonesia nyaéta nalika Presiden Soekarno dipasihan saran ti Buya Hamka pikeun ngareuah-reuah wengian ''Nuzulul Quran,'' lantaran ngepas jeung poéan merdékana Indonesia.

=== Umroh ===
Upami Umroh dilakukeun dina bulan ieu, éta langkung seueur pahalana tibatan bulan-bulan anu sanés. Dina [[Hadis|Hadits]] disaurkeun &quot;Umrah dina bulan Ramadhan sami sareng haji atanapi haji sareng kaula.&quot; (Diriwayatkeun ku: Bukhari sareng Muslim).&lt;ref name=&quot;Umrah&quot;&gt;[http://www.mediamuslim.info/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=306&amp;Itemid=37 media muslim, umrah pada bulan ramadan]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zakat fitrah ===
Zakat fitrah mangrupikeun [[Zakat|zakat anu]] dikaluarkeun khusus dina bulan Ramadhan atanapi paling akhir sateuacan réngsé shalat Idul Fitri. Unggal jalma muslim anu mampu wajib mayar zakat fitrah.&lt;ref&gt;Yasin, Ahmad Hadi. &quot;[http://banten.dompetdhuafa.org/uploads/media/PANDUAN-ZAKAT-1433-web.pdf Panduan Zakat Praktis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506033725/http://banten.dompetdhuafa.org/uploads/media/PANDUAN-ZAKAT-1433-web.pdf |date=2019-05-06 }}.&quot; ''Jakarta: Dompet Dhuafa Republika'' (2011).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://baznas.go.id/panduanzakat|title=BAZNAS - BADAN AMIL ZAKAT NASIONAL|last=root|website=baznas.go.id|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121185703/https://baznas.go.id/panduanzakat |date=2021-01-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jumlah zakat fitrah anu kedah dibayar sewang sewangan nyaéta hiji sha' tergantung kadaharan pokok di daérah anu bersangkutan.&lt;ref&gt;Mubarok, A., &amp; Fanani, B. (2014). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdulloh_Mubarok/publication/320322246_PENGHIMPUNAN_DANA_ZAKAT_NASIONAL/links/59dd9ae6a6fdcc276fa39750/PENGHIMPUNAN-DANA-ZAKAT-NASIONAL.pdf PENGHIMPUNAN DANA ZAKAT NASIONAL (Potensi, Realisasi dan Peran Penting Organisasi Pengelola Zakat)]. ''Permana'', ''5''(2).&lt;/ref&gt; Jumlah ieu, nalika dirobah, sami sareng 2,5 kilogram atanapi 3,5 liter béas. Anu nampi Zakat umumna didefinisikeun dina 8 kelompok (fakir, miskin, amil, [[mualaf]], budak, gharimin, fisabilillah, ibnu sabil) tapi numutkeun sababaraha ulama khusus, zakat fitrah kedah ngutamakeun dua kelompok anu mimiti, nyaéta anu fakir sareng anu miskin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wordpress-268576-833073.cloudwaysapps.com/apa-itu-zakat/|title=Apa Itu Zakat? Penjelasan tentang Zakat dalam Islam|website=Lembaga Amil Zakat Dompet Dhuafa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506033729/https://wordpress-268576-833073.cloudwaysapps.com/apa-itu-zakat/ |date=2019-05-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sasauran ieu dumasar kana alesan yén jumlah zakat leutik pisan sedengkeun salah sahiji tujuan tina ngaluarkeun zakat fitrah nyaéta supaya jalma-jalma anu miskin sareng anu miskin tiasa ilubiung dina ngarayakeun idul fitri.

== Prakték budaya ==
[[Gambar:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Oproep_tot_het_gebed_op_vrijdag_via_de_trom_bij_de_moskee_Tulehu_TMnr_20018271.jpg|kiri|jmpl|300x300px| Neunggeul [[bedug]] di Indonésia]]
[[Gambar:Lanterns_from_below.JPG|jmpl| Hiasan lantera ramé di [[Kairo]], [[Mesir]]]]
[[Gambar:Ramadan_jerusalem_kmhad.jpg|jmpl| Ramadhan di Kota Lama&amp;nbsp;[[Yerusalem]]]]
Di sababaraha [[Dunya muslim|nagara Muslim]] ayeuna, lampu digantungkeun di alun-alun, sareng di jalan-jalan landeuh, pikeun ngareuah reuah ieu bulan. [[Lantera|Lentera]] mangrupikeun hiasan simbolis pikeun bulan Ramadhan. Di nagara-nagara berkembang, aranjeunna digantungkeun di jalan-jalan kota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/slideshow/muslims-begin-fasting-start-ramadan-holy-month-16822614|title=Muslims begin fasting for Ramadan|website=ABC News|accessdate=6 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/the-spirit-of-ramadan-is-here-butbulanis-it-still-so-dark|title=The spirit of Ramadan is here, but why is it still so dark?|last=Taryam Al Subaihi|website=The National|accessdate=30 July 2012}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://shine.yahoo.com/decorate-ramadan-175400368.html|title=How to decorate for Ramadan|last=Cochran|first=Sylvia|website=Yahoo-Shine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115184556/http://shine.yahoo.com/decorate-ramadan-175400368.html|archivedate=2013-01-15|dead-url=yes|accessdate=6 August 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115184556/http://shine.yahoo.com/decorate-ramadan-175400368.html |date=2013-01-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lenter tradisi salaku hiasan anu pakait sareng Ramadhan dipercaya asalna ti jaman Khalifah [[Fatimiid|Fatimiyyah]] anu pusatna di [[Mesir]], di mana Khalifah [[Al-Mu'izz]] li-Dinillah disambut ku jalma-jalma anu nyekel lantera pikeun ngagungkeun kaputusanana. Ti saprak éta, lantera parantos dianggo pikeun ngahirupkeun masjid sareng imah di ibukota [[Kairo]] . Mal balanja, bisnis, sareng bumi jalma tiasa katingali ku béntang sareng gunung sabulan sareng rupa-rupa pangaruh cahaya ogé.

Salaku nagara anu jumlah pendudukna muslim pangageungna di marcapada, [[Indonésia|Indonesia]] ngagaduhan macem-macem tradisi ramadan. Di [[Pulo Jawa]], seueur urang [[Urang Jawa|Jawa]] mandi di cinyusu suci nyiapkeun puasa, ritual anu katelah Padusa. [[Kota Semarang]] nandaan mimiti Ramadhan ku [[karnaval Dugderan]], anu ngalibatkeun pengendog Warak, [[Kuda|mahluk hibrid kuda]] - naga panginten diideuan ku [[Buraq]] . Di ibukota Cina anu dipangaruhan ku [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Cina]], kurupuk seuneu biasana dipaké pikeun ngahudangkeun jalma pikeun sholat subuh dugi ka abad ka-19. Dina panungtungan bulan Ramadhan, kaseueuran pagawé nampi bonus sasasih anu katelah Tunjangan Hari Raya (THR). Sababaraha jinis tuangeun anu kawéntar pisan salami Ramadhan, sapertos sapi di [[Acéh]], sareng [[Kéong|tutut]] di [[Jawa Tengah]] . Hidangan Iftar diumumkeun unggal wengi ku neunggeul [[bedug]] di mesjid.

== Kaséhatan ==
Puasa Ramadhan aman pikeun jalma anu séhat, tapi anu ngagaduhan kaayaan médis kedah milari naséhat médis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2010|title=Islamic fasting and health|url=|journal=Ann. Nutr. Metab.|volume=56|issue=4|pages=273–82|doi=10.1159/000295848|pmid=20424438}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mangsa puasa biasana dikaitkeun sareng leungitna beurat anu sedeng, tapi beurat condong datang deui saatosna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2014|title=Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis|url=|journal=Public Health Nutr|volume=17|issue=2|pages=396–406|doi=10.1017/S1368980012005046|pmid=23182306}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Panyawat ginjal ===
Tinjauan literatur ku kelompok Iran nunjukkeun yén puasa salami Ramadhan tiasa nyababkeun [[Ginjal|tatu ginjal]] di pasién anu panyakit sedeng (GFR &lt;60 ml / mnt) atanapi panyakit ginjal anu langkung parah, tapi henteu ngarugikeun pasién cangkok ginjal anu ngagaduhan fungsi anu saé atanapi paling ngawangun batu.&lt;ref name=&quot;renal diseases mini review&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=August 2013|title=Ramadan fasting and patients with renal diseases: A mini review of the literature|journal=J Res Med Sci.|publisher=Official Journal of [[Isfahan University of Medical Sciences]]|volume=18|issue=8|pages=711–716|issn=1735-1995|pmc=3872613|pmid=24379850}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Denda pikeun palanggaran ==
Di sababaraha nagara Muslim, gagal atanapi gancang ngalawan ngalawan kabiasaan sapertos kitu salami bulan Ramadhan dianggap kajahatan sareng dituntut sapertos kitu. Salaku conto, di [[Aljazair]], dina Oktober 2008 [[Biskra|pengadilan Biskra]] ngahukum genep jalma opat taun panjara sareng denda anu beurat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/10/07/57856.html|title=Algerians jailed for breaking Ramadan fast|website=Al Arabiya News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di [[Kuwait]], numutkeun undang-undang nomer 44 taun 1968, hukumanana nyaéta denda henteu langkung ti 100 dinar Kuwait, atanapi panjara henteu langkung ti sabulan, atanapi duanana hukuman, kusabab ditingali tuang, nginum atanapi ngaroko nalika siang siang salami Ramadhan .&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.moi.gov.kw/portal/vEnglish/pressrel.asp?objectid={220CBBC3-8EA9-4835-A491-C368B0689E55}&amp;catid={506BD210-2218-41DE-9648-30A1C3AAD0F6}&amp;year=&amp;relid={57BF4B27-AAFB-4F61-9065-B013FA96A464} Press release by Kuwait Ministry Of Interior]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=KD 100 fine, one month prison for public eating, drinking|newspaper=Friday Times|location=|language=&lt;!-- English --&gt;|publisher=Kuwait Times Newspaper|date=21 August 2009|url=http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTE3NDM5MzY5NA|access-date=17 November 2009|archive-date=2020-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107124956/http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTE3NDM5MzY5NA|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di sababaraha daérah [[Uni Émirat Arab|Émirat Arab Bersatu]], tuang atanapi nginum di tempat umum salami Ramadhan dianggap mangrupikeun palanggaran ringan sareng dihukum dugi ka 150 jam jasa masarakat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Salama|first=Samir|title=New penalty for minor offences in UAE|newspaper=Gulf News|location=Dubai, UAE|pages=|language=|publisher=Al Nisr Publishing LLC|date=16 July 2009|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/new-penalty-for-minor-offences-in-uae-1.492892|access-date=17 November 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301171003/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/new-penalty-for-minor-offences-in-uae-1.492892 |date=1 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Di [[Saudi Arabia|Arab Saudi anu caket]], anu ''dijelaskeun ku The Economist'' nganggap Ramadhan &quot;langkung serius tibatan tempat sanés&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ramadan in Saudi Arabia: Taking it to heart|url=http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21700396-kingdom-treats-holy-month-more-seriously-anywhere-else-taking-it|access-date=11 June 2016|work=[[The Economist]]|date=11 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; aya hukuman anu langkung parah, padahal di Malaysia, henteu aya hukuman sapertos kitu.

Di [[Mesir]], penjualan [[alkohol]] dilarang salami Ramadhan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/48444/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-tourism-minister-confirms-alcohol-prohibiti.aspx Egypt's tourism minister 'confirms' alcohol prohibition on Islamic holidays beyond Ramadan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811064259/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/48444/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-tourism-minister-confirms-alcohol-prohibiti.aspx |date=2013-08-11 }},&quot; ''[[Al-Ahram]], 22 July 2012.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina 2014 di Kermanshah, [[Iran]], hiji non-Muslim dihukum pikeun ngaduruk roko sareng lima urang Muslim dikeruk kalayan 70 belang pikeun tuang salami Ramadhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2702774/Christian-sentenced-Iranian-judge-lips-burnt-cigarette-eating-Ramadan.html|title=Christian sentenced by Iranian judge to have his lips burnt with a cigarette for eating during Ramadan|website=Mail Online|accessdate=24 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masalah hukum anu sanés ===
Sababaraha nagara gaduh hukum anu ngarobah jadwal damel salami Ramadhan. [[Uni Émirat Arab|Dina Undang-Undang Buruh Uni Émirat Arab]], jam kerja maksimum nyaéta 6 jam per dinten sareng 36 jam per minggu. [[Qatar]], [[Oman]], [[Bahrain]] sareng [[Kuwait]] ngagaduhan hukum anu sami.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dlapiper.com/files/Publication/2cde821c-0999-49a7-a472-7b198caeb169/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/588752a7-2159-4538-8938-7da1610c0faa/DLA_Piper_Middle_East_Be_Alert_Ramadan.pdf Employment Issues During Ramadan – The Gulf Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404152029/http://www.dlapiper.com/files/Publication/2cde821c-0999-49a7-a472-7b198caeb169/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/588752a7-2159-4538-8938-7da1610c0faa/DLA_Piper_Middle_East_Be_Alert_Ramadan.pdf |date=2020-04-04 }}, DLA Piper Middle East.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aspék ékonomi ==
[[Gambar:Iftar_in_Istanbul_Turkey.jpg|jmpl|333x333px| Iftar di [[Masjid Sultan Ahmed]] di [[Istanbul]], Turki]]
Bulan Ramadhan di [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Organisasi Sabilulungan Islam|nagara-nagara anu mayoritas pendudukna Muslim]] sacara umum tiasa dikaitkeun sareng kakuatan kakuatan sareng paripolah konsumtif masarakat pikeun barang sareng jasa. Di Indonésia, ieu aya hubunganana pisan sareng kabiasaan [[pamaréntah]] sareng perusahaan swasta pikeun nyayogikeun tunjangan liburan (THR) ka para karyawanna. Kanaékan ieu kajantenan ampir di sadaya séktor ti transportasi, tuangeun, inuman dugi ka kabutuhan rumah tangga. Janten henteu umum pikeun tingkat inflasi ngahontal titik na anu pangluhurna salami bulan ieu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.republika.co.id/koran_detail.asp?id=55914&amp;kat_id=15&amp;kat_id1=&amp;kat_id2= Republika: Ekonomi Ramadan, Muhammad Syafi'i Antonio]&lt;/ref&gt; Fénoména ieu tiasa ditingali sacara jelas ku répormasi para padagang musiman anu ngajual rupa-rupa komoditi mimitian ti tuangeun dugi ka pakean di tempat umum, khususna di sisi jalan. Salian ti ngayakeun nyebar bazaar anu disponsoran ku pamaréntah, swasta, organisasi tertentu sareng organisasi non-pamaréntah.

== Tingkat Dursila ==
Korelasi Ramadhan sareng tingkat kajahatan dicampur: sababaraha statistik nunjukkeun yén tingkat kajahatan turun salami Ramadhan, sedengkeun anu sanés nunjukkeun yén aranjeunna ningkat. Pangurangan tingkat kajahatan parantos dilaporkeun ku pulisi di sababaraha kota di [[Turki]] ( Istanbul &lt;ref name=&quot;zaman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_crime-rate-falls-in-ramadan_254431.html|title=Crime rate falls during Ramadan|website=Today's Zaman|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028204709/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_crime-rate-falls-in-ramadan_254431.html|archivedate=2014-10-28|dead-url=yes|accessdate=15 July 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028204709/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_crime-rate-falls-in-ramadan_254431.html |date=2014-10-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sareng Konya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&amp;n=crime-rate-drops-over-ramadan-2002-11-16|title=Crime rate drops over Ramadan|date=16 November 2002|access-date=24 June 2015|publisher=Turkish Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) sareng Propinsi Wétan [[Saudi Arabia|Arab Saudi]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;arabnews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/459414|title=Eastern Province crime falls 40% during Ramadan|accessdate=16 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panilitian taun 2012 nunjukkeun yén tingkat kajahatan turunna salami Iranduring Ramadhan, sareng panurunanna sacara statistik signifikan.&lt;ref name=&quot;irjabs&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Tavakoli|first=Nasrin|title=Effect of spirituality on decreasing crimes and social damages: A case study on Ramadan|journal=International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences|pages=518–524|year=2012|url=http://www.irjabs.com/files_site/paperlist/r_325_121110001354.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319094157/https://irjabs.com/files_site/paperlist/r_325_121110001354.pdf |date=2021-03-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Panilitian taun 2005 mendakan yén aya panurunan serangan, perampokan sareng kajahatan anu aya hubunganana sareng alkohol salami Ramadhan di Saudi Arabia, tapi ngan ukur panurunan anu signifikan sacara statistik dina kajahatan anu aya hubunganana sareng alkohol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nauss.edu.sa/En/DigitalLibrary/ScientificTheses/Documents/Master_1425-1426_PS_ps26en.pdf|title=The effect of Ramadan on crime rates in Saudi Arabia, Hattab Ben Thawab Al-Sobaye|website=Naif Arab University for Social Sciences, Thesis publication|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809193119/http://www.nauss.edu.sa/En/DigitalLibrary/ScientificTheses/Documents/Master_1425-1426_PS_ps26en.pdf|archivedate=2014-08-09|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2017-04-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809193119/http://www.nauss.edu.sa/En/DigitalLibrary/ScientificTheses/Documents/Master_1425-1426_PS_ps26en.pdf |date=2014-08-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanaékan tingkat kajahatan salami Ramadhan parantos dilaporkeun di [[Turki]],&lt;ref name=&quot;tdn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/129-women-killed-in-six-months-in-turkey-lawmaker-says.aspx?pageID=238&amp;nID=69005&amp;NewsCatID=509|title=129 women killed in six months in Turkey, lawmaker says|website=Hurriyet Daily News|accessdate=12 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jakarta]],&lt;ref name=&quot;jpost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/08/19/crime-rates-increase-during-ramadhan.html|title=Crime rates increase during Ramadan|website=Jakarta Post|accessdate=15 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;globe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/archive/4-gold-shop-robbers-killed-2-caught-during-police-raids-across-the-city/326794/|title=4 Gold Shop Robbers Killed, 2 Caught During Police Raids Across the City|website=Jakarta Post|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://thejakartaglobe.com/home/4-gold-shop-robbers-killed-2-caught-during-police-raids-across-the-city/326794&amp;date=2011-07-12|archivedate=2011-07-12|dead-url=no|accessdate=16 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jakartacity&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/eng/news/2014/06/anticipating-crime-7500-policemen-put-on-standby-along-ramadan|title=Anticipating Crime, 7,500 Policemen Put on Standby Along Ramadan|website=Department of Communication, Informatics and Public Relations of Jakarta Capital City|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6R7ZlfPNC?url=http://www.jakarta.go.id/eng/news/2014/06/anticipating-crime-7500-policemen-put-on-standby-along-ramadan|archivedate=2014-07-16|dead-url=yes|accessdate=16 July 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724125947/http://www.jakarta.go.id/eng/news/2014/06/anticipating-crime-7500-policemen-put-on-standby-along-ramadan |date=2014-07-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; bagéan [[Aljazair|Algeria]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elwatan.com/archives/article.php?id_sans_version=87359|title=Comment le Ramadan bouleverse la vie des Algériens|website=El Watan, French|accessdate=16 July 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118042113/http://www.elwatan.com/archives/article.php?id_sans_version=87359 |date=18 November 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yaman]] &lt;ref name=&quot;yemen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1287&amp;p=local&amp;a=1|title=Yemen child trafficking to increase during Ramadan|website=Yemen Times|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yementimes.com%2FDefaultDET.aspx%3Fi%3D1287%26p%3Dlocal%26a%3D1&amp;date=2011-04-04|archivedate=2011-04-04|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2017-04-21}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20110404051838/http://www.yementimes.com/DefaultDET.aspx?i=1287&amp;p=local&amp;a=1 |date=2011-04-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sareng [[Mesir]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;Egypt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3746|title=Ramadan saw rise in violent domestic crimes|website=Daily News, Egypt|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3746&amp;date=2011-07-12|archivedate=2011-07-12|dead-url=no|accessdate=2017-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rupa-rupa mékanisme parantos diusulkeun pikeun pangaruh Ramadhan kana kajahatan:

* Hiji sarjana Iran nyatakeun yén puasa salami bulan Ramadhan ngajantenkeun jalma gampang ngalakukeun kajahatan kusabab alesan spiritual.&lt;ref name=&quot;aytolh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.yjc.ir/en/news/1619/ramadan-and-lower-crime-rates|title=''Ramadan and lower crime rates: The Ayatollah says that during Ramadan the number of criminal cases in the Judiciary diminish by a great degree''.|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6R7YSzyKn?url=http://www.yjc.ir/en/news/1619/ramadan-and-lower-crime-rates|archivedate=2014-07-16|dead-url=no|accessdate=16 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gamal al-Banna nyatakeun yén puasa tiasa setrés jalma, anu tiasa ngajantenkeun aranjeunna langkung seueur ngalakukeun kajahatan. Anjeunna ngritik umat Islam anu ngalakukeun kajahatan nalika puasa salami Ramadhan salaku &quot;palsu sareng deet&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Egypt&quot;/&gt;
* Pulisi di Saudi Arabia nunjukkeun pangirangan tingkat kajahatan kana &quot;suasana spiritual anu aya di nagara ieu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;arabnews&quot;/&gt;
* Di [[Jakarta]], [[Indonésia|Indonesia]], pulisi nyarios yén lalu lintas sepi sabab 7 juta jalma ninggalkeun kota pikeun ngarayakeun [[Idul Fitri]] hasilna ningkatna kajahatan jalanan. Hasilna, pulisi nyebarkeun tambahan 7.500 tanaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;jakartacity&quot;/&gt;
* Dina bulan Ramadhan, jutaan jamaah asup ka [[Saudi Arabia|Arab Saudi]] pikeun nganjang ka [[Mekah]] . Numutkeun ka ''Yaman Times'', jamaah haji sapertos kitu biasana amal zakat, sareng akibatna penyelundup ngusir budak-budak ti Yaman kanggo nyungkeun jalan di Arab Saudi.&lt;ref name=&quot;yemen&quot;/&gt;

== Ramadhan di daérah arktik ==
Panjang subuh dugi ka surupna beda-beda di sababaraha penjuru dunya numutkeun usum panas atanapi usum salju solstis. Kaseueuran umat Islam puasa 11-16 jam salami bulan Ramadhan. Nanging, di daérah arktik, waktos antara subuh sareng surup di Mekah langkung ti 22 jam dina usum panas. Salaku conto, dina 2014, umat Islam di Reykjavik, [[Islandia]], sareng Trondheim, Norwégia, puasa ampir 22 jam, sedengkeun umat Islam di [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], puasa ngan ukur sakitar 11 jam. Umat ​​Islam di daérah anu wengi atanapi siang teras-terasan ditingali salami bulan Ramadhan nuturkeun jam puasa di kota-kota caket dieu di mana puasa ditingali nalika subuh sareng surup. Minangka alternatipna, umat Islam tiasa nuturkeun jaman Mekah.&lt;ref&gt;See article &quot;How Long Muslims Fast For Ramadan Around The World&quot; -Huffingtonpost.co /31 July 2014 and article &quot;Fasting Hours of Ramadan 2014&quot; -Onislam.net / 29 June 2014 and article &quot;The true spirit of Ramadan&quot; -Gulfnews.com /31 July 2014&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See article by Imam Mohamad Jebara &quot;The fasting of Ramadan is not meant to punish&quot; http://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/jebara-the-fasting-of-ramadan-is-not-meant-to-punish&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/03/ramadan-canada-arctic-fasting-hours-sunlight|title=Arctic Ramadan: fasting in land of midnight sun comes with a challenge|last=Kassam|first=Ashifa|website=|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2016-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gawe di bulan Ramadhan ==
Umat Islam bakal tetep damel salami bulan Ramadhan. Nabi Muhammad nyarios yén penting pikeun ngajaga kasaimbangan antara ibadah sareng padamelan. Di sababaraha nagara Islam, sapertos Oman, jam damel disingkat salami bulan Ramadhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://timesofoman.com/article/36340/Oman/-Ramadan-working-hours-announced-in-Oman|title=Ramadan working hours announced in Oman|website=Times of Oman|accessdate=17 June 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624185407/http://timesofoman.com/article/36340/Oman/-Ramadan-working-hours-announced-in-Oman |date=24 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://timesofoman.com/article/53294/Ramadan/Ramadan-working-hours-for-muslims-working-during-the-Holy-Month-announced-for-public-and-private-sec|title=Ramadan working hours announced for public and private sectors|website=Times of Oman|accessdate=17 June 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624222635/http://timesofoman.com/article/53294/Ramadan/Ramadan-working-hours-for-muslims-working-during-the-Holy-Month-announced-for-public-and-private-sec |date=24 June 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sering disarankeun supaya muslim anu damel ngabéjaan ka dununganana upami aranjeunna puasa, dipasihan kamungkinan patuh pikeun mangaruhan kinerja tempat damel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.workingmuslim.com/RamadanEmployeeGuide.pdf|title=The Working Muslim in Ramadan|year=2011|publisher=Working Muslim|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007181131/http://www.workingmuslim.com/RamadanEmployeeGuide.pdf|archivedate=2016-10-07|dead-url=yes|accessdate=2016-06-30}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007181131/http://www.workingmuslim.com/RamadanEmployeeGuide.pdf |date=2016-10-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tingkat di mana anu lalajo Ramadhon dijagaan ku akomodasi agama beda-beda ti unggal nagara. Kawijakan anu nempatkeun aranjeunna dina kerugian dibandingkeun padamel anu sanésna parantos patepung sareng klaim diskriminasi di [[Inggris]] sareng [[Amérika Sarikat|Amérika Serikat]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lewissilkinemployment.com/en-gb/insights-knowledge/insights-knowledge/a/knowledge/ramadan-employment-issues/|title=Lewis Silkin – Ramadan – employment issues|last=Lewis Silkin|website=lewissilkinemployment.com|accessdate=1 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.findlaw.com/free_enterprise/2014/06/reasonable-accommodations-for-ramadan-lessons-from-2-eeoc-cases.html|title=Reasonable Accommodations for Ramadan? Lessons From 2 EEOC Cases|website=Free Enterprise|accessdate=21 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/8-6-10a.cfm|title=EEOC And Electrolux Reach Settlement In Religious Accommodation Charge Brought By Muslim Employees|website=eeoc.gov|accessdate=21 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lilana waktu puasa ==
Waktos puasa ditangtoskeun ku waktos ti naék dugi ka surup, janten posisi [[Panonpoé|matahari]] di bumi mangaruhan panjang waktos jalma puasa. Kusabab nagara anu ngagaduhan [[Tropis|iklim tropis]] di daérah [[Hatulistiwa|katulistiwa]] ngagaduhan durasi saimbang (sakitar 12 jam siang sareng sakitar 12 wengi), durasi puasa cenderung stabil ti taun ka taun. Hal anu béda dialaman ku nagara-nagara di beulahan bumi kalér sareng beulahan bumi beulah kidul anu ngalaman &quot;robih ekstrim&quot;, nyaéta nalika usum puasa usum janten pondok (kirang ti 12 jam) sedengkeun usum panas bakal ningkat (langkung ti 12 jam).

Ieu mangrupikeun conto data ngeunaan lilana waktu puasa nalika beulahan bumi kalér ngalaman usum panas.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;40%&quot;
!Nagara
! Panjangna gancang (jam)
|-
|{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}
| 15 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sumut.pojoksatu.id/2016/06/05/inilah-7-negara-dengan-durasi-puasa-tercepat-di-dunia/|title=Inilah 7 Negara dengan Durasi Puasa Tercepat di Dunia|website=sumut.pojoksatu.id|language=Bahasa Indonesia|accessdate=21 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422032849/http://sumut.pojoksatu.id/2016/06/05/inilah-7-negara-dengan-durasi-puasa-tercepat-di-dunia/ |date=22 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Antartika}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Antartika}}
| 8 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://segiempat.com/kps/anéh-unik-kps/tahukah-anda/negara-durasi-puasa-terpendek/|title=Negara dengan Durasi Berpuasa Terpendek di Dunia|website=segiempat.com|language=Bahasa Indonesia|accessdate=21 April 2017}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Argentina}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Argentina}}
| 9{{Fact}}
|-
|{{Flag|Arab Saudi}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Arab Saudi}}
| 14{{Fact}}
|-
|Arktik
| 22 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.anakregular.com/2015/06/waktu-puasa-terpanjang-dan-terpendek-di.html|title=Waktu Puasa Terpanjang dan Terpendek di Dunia|website=anakregular.com|language=Bahasa Indonesia|accessdate=21 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421195613/http://www.anakregular.com/2015/06/waktu-puasa-terpanjang-dan-terpendek-di.html |date=21 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Australia}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Australia}}
| 9 (beulah kidul){{Fact}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;11 (beulah kalér){{Fact}}
|-
|{{Flag|Brasil}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Brasil}}
| 12{{Fact}}
|-
|{{Flag|Britania Raya}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Britania Raya}}
| 18{{Fact}}
|-
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Indonesia}}
| 13 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2014/06/durasi-puasa-di-indonesia-tahun-ini|title=Durasi Puasa di Indonesia Tahun Ini|website=nationalgeographic.co.id|language=Bahasa Indonesia|accessdate=21 April 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421194925/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2014/06/durasi-puasa-di-indonesia-tahun-ini |date=21 April 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{Flag|Finlandia}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Finlandia}}
| 20{{Fact}}
|-
|{{Flag|Islandia}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Islandia}}
| 21{{Fact}}
|-
|{{Flag|Jepang}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Jepang}}
| 15{{Fact}}
|-
|{{Flag|Jerman}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Jerman}}
| 17{{Fact}}
|-
|{{Flag|Norwegia}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Norwegia}}
| 20{{Fact}}
|-
|{{Flag|Rusia}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Rusia}}
| 20{{Fact}}
|-
|{{Flag|Selandia Baru}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Selandia Baru}}
| 9{{Fact}}
|-
|{{Flag|Swedia}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Swedia}}
| 20{{Fact}}
|-
|{{Flag|Tiongkok}}&lt;/img&gt;{{Flag|Tiongkok}}
| 15{{Fact}}
|}

== Tingali ogé ==

* [[Rukun Islam]]
* [[Saur|Sahur]]
* [[Iftar]]
* [[Puasa]]

== Catetan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Tautan Éksternal ==

* {{Id}} [http://www.dakwatuna.com/sajian-khusus-ramadan/ Kajian-kajian Khusus Seputar Ramadan]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{En icon}} [http://fairy.mahdzan.com/story/204.asp Fairy Mahdzan, the Spirit of Ramadan at the Pasar Malam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906012113/http://fairy.mahdzan.com/story/204.asp |date=2006-09-06 }}
* {{Id}} [http://ahlussunnah.web.id/audio/index.php?cat=Haji-Puasa-Zakat AUDIO ISLAM ONLINE, Kajian &amp; Tanya-Jawab seputar Bulan Ramadan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012005242/http://ahlussunnah.web.id/audio/index.php?cat=Haji-Puasa-Zakat |date=2007-10-12 }}</text>
      <sha1>0j73cui57vbb4aabqdghv3pye6i2izm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Peppa Babi</title>
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      <text bytes="27949" sha1="cbs4a95d0wv0ag1eihsjvxvj0qp3whb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television|name=Peppa Pig|num_episodes=&lt;onlyinclude&gt;321&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;|related=''[[Ben &amp; Holly's Little Kingdom]]''|last_aired={{End date|present}}|first_aired={{Start date|2004|5|31|df=y}}|audio_format=|picture_format=[[HDTV]]|network={{Plainlist|
* [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]]
* [[Nick Jr. (UK and Ireland)|Nick Jr.]]
}}&lt;!-- Per Template:Infobox television, Channel parameter is for the original broadcast channel, not international rebroadcast --&gt;|distributor={{Plainlist|
* Contender Entertainment Group &lt;small&gt;(2004–09)&lt;/small&gt;
* Entertainment One &lt;small&gt;(2009–)&lt;/small&gt;
}}|company={{Plainlist|
* [[Astley Baker Davies|Astley Baker Davies Ltd]]
* Contender Entertainment Group {{small|(series 1)}}
* Rubber Duck Entertainment {{small|(series 2)}}
* E1 Kids/[[Entertainment One Family]] {{small|(series 3-4)}}
* [[Entertainment One]] {{small|(series 5–present)}}
* The Elf Factory Limited {{small|(series 5)}}
* Gaston's Cave Ltd {{small|(series 6-present)}}
}}|runtime=about 5 minutes|cinematography=|producer=Phil Davies|executive_producer=|list_episodes=List of Peppa Pig episodes|num_series=7|image=Peppa Pig.png|language=English|country=United Kingdom|composer=Julian Nott|theme_music_composer=[[Julian Nott]]|narrated=[[John Sparkes]]|starring={{Plainlist|
* Lily Snowden-Fine &lt;small&gt;(2004)&lt;/small&gt;
* Cecily Bloom &lt;small&gt;(2006–07)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Harley Bird]] &lt;small&gt;(2007–20)&lt;/small&gt;
* Amelie Bea Smith &lt;small&gt;(2020–)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[John Sparkes]]
* [[Morwenna Banks]]
* [[Richard Ridings]]
* Oliver May
* Alice May
}}|director={{Plainlist|
* Neville Astley
* [[Mark Baker (animator)|Mark Baker]]
* Phillip Hall {{small|(2011)}}
* Joris van Hulzen {{small|(2011)}}
}}|writer={{Plainlist|
* Neville Astley
* [[Mark Baker (animator)|Mark Baker]]
* Phillip Hall
}}|creator={{Plainlist|
* Neville Astley
* [[Mark Baker (animator)|Mark Baker]]
}}|genre={{Plainlist|
* Preschool
}}|alt_name=|caption=|image_alt=|website=http://www.peppapig.com/}}
'''''Peppa Babi''''' mangrupikeun séri televisi [[animasi]] prasekolah Inggris anu diarahkeun sareng diproduksi ku Astley Baker Davies. Acara ieu ngurilingan Peppa, babi bikang antropomorfik, sareng kulawargana sareng rakana. Acara na mimitina ditayangkeun dina 31 Méi 2004. Aya tujuh musim dugi ka 2021. Usum katujuh mimiti ditayangkan dina 5 Maret 2021. ''Peppa Babi'' parantos disiar di langkung ti 180 nagara. Peppa babi populér di Jepang, Belanda, Spanyol, Spanyol, Vietnam, Singapura, Perancis, dubs Jerman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/8645658.stm|work=BBC News|title=Peppa Pig moved from Labour event|date=27 April 2010|access-date=10 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina 31 Désémber 2019, Hasbro kéngingkeun Hiburan One, kalebet '''franchise Peppa Babi''', ku artos $ 3,8 milyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/2019/12/31/hasbro-closes-deal-takeover-studio-peppa-pig/|title=Hasbro Closes Deal of Takeover of Studio Behind Peppa Pig|website=TV Shows|language=en|accessdate=2020-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina 31 Januari 2020, Harley Bird ngumumkeun yén anjeunna bakal turun tina peran Peppa Babi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/jan/31/peppa-pig-voice-actor-harley-bird-quits-after-13-years|title=Peppa Pig voice actor Harley Bird quits after 13 years|last=Davies|first=Hannah J.|date=2020-01-31|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-31|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggal 16 Maret 2021, diumumkeun yén séri éta diperpanjang dugi ka 2027. Nanging, panyipta sareng studio aslina (Astley Baker Davies) badé ninggali produksi, sareng bakal digentos ku Karrot Entertainment (dikenal ngahasilkeun ''Sarah &amp;amp;amp; Duck'' ).&lt;ref&gt;https://deadline.com/2021/03/peppa-pig-creators-step-back-eone-2027-1234715448/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Latar ==
''Peppa Babi'' mangrupikeun program siaran barudak di Channel 5 sareng Nick Jr di Inggris, [[Nickelodeon]] / Nick Jr di Amérika Serikat, ABC 4 Kids di Australia sareng Discovery Kids di Amérika Latin, kalebet Brazil. Tiap episode panjangna sakitar lima menit. Acara ieu ngurilingan Peppa, babi antropomorfik, sareng kulawarga sareng babaturanana. Unggal babaturanana mangrupikeun [[spésiés]] sato anu béda. Babaturan Peppa nyaéta umur na, sareng lanceukna Peppa lanceukna George nyaéta umur na. Episod condong nampilkeun kagiatan sadidinten sapertos ngahadiran playgroup, badé ngojay, nganjang ka nini -nini, dulur misanna, angkat ka tempat kaulinan atanapi [[Sapédah|nganggo sapédah na]] . Peppa Babi ngagaduhan sato énggal, disebat Hammy Hamster, Anyar Kanggo Usum 7.

Karakterna nganggo baju, cicing di imah, sareng nyetir mobil, tapi tetep ningalikeun sababaraha ciri sato di mana aranjeunna dumasar. Peppa sareng kulawargana ngorondang sapertos babi nalika ngobrol dina basa aranjeunna nyarios basa Inggris, sareng sato-sato sanésna ngadangukeun masing-masing nalika aranjeunna nyarios, kalayan sababaraha ciri anu sanés, sapertos sora kelenci kulawarga Kelinci sareng kanikmatan wortel. Kulawarga Kelenci sareng Mole ogé mangrupa hiji-hijina pengecualian pikeun aturan tempat hirup sapertos manusa, sabab cicing di liang di bukit, sanaos aya jandéla na dipasihan kalayan cara anu sami sareng imah-imah anu sanés. Karakterna ogé reureuh nalika éra sareng sungutna nganyatakeun émosi anu sanés sapertos kasedih, kabagjaan, iritasi, kaganggu sareng lieur. Sanaos palaku utama-kalobaannana mamalia — mangrupikeun antropomorfik, karakter sato sanésna henteu, sapertos Tiddles kuya, Polly Parrot, sareng bebek. Narator séri, John Sparkes, nguatkeun tindakan sareng humor, nyarios sapertos &quot;Oh, dear&quot; nalika aya kajadian anu teu dihaja (sapertos George mimiti nangis) atanapi &quot;Tingali!&quot; nalika tokoh ngalakukeun hal anu henteu aman (sapertos Peppa naék sapédah na tanpa ningali ka mana waé).

== Produksi sareng airing ==
Serial anu mimiti 52 épisode lima menit dimimitian dina Channel 5 dina 31 Méi 2004, sareng ngagaduhan perdana Amérika na salaku bagian tina blok program tivi prasekolah Cartoon Network 's Tickle-U dina 22 Agustus 2005, dibarengan ku palaku Amérika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/news/cartoon-network-launches-tickle-u-humor-preschoolers|title=Cartoon Network Launches Tickle U To Humor Preschoolers|publisher=Animation World Network|accessdate=23 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dub Inggris asli mimiti ditingali di Amérika Serikat dina saluran Noggin ti 2007 dugi ka 2009, sareng ayeuna ditayangkeun dina saluran Nick Jr (saatos éta ngagentos saluran Noggin), ogé blok Nick Jr anu misah dina [[Nickelodeon]] . Éta ogé tiasa ditingali dina Nick Jr di Inggris, Portugal, Italia, Benelux, Skandinavia sareng Australia. Di [[Républik Tiongkok|Taiwan]], acara na disiarkeun dina Playhouse Disney. Serial kadua 52 épisode dimimitian dina Channel 5 tanggal 4 Séptémber 2006, kalayan Cecily Bloom ngagentos Lily Snowden-Fine salaku Peppa, diantara parobihan anu sanés. Seri katilu mimiti nyiarkeun dina Channel 5 murangkalih blok ''Milkshake!'' dina 4 Méi 2009 kalayan Harley Bird ngagentos Cecily Bloom sareng Lily Snowden-Fine salaku Peppa.

Di Amérika Serikat, siaran deui ogé disiarkeun dina blok Nick Jr di Nick dugi ka 15 Nopémber 2013.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/peppa-pig/listings/&lt;/ref&gt;

Peppa Babi animasi nganggo CelAction .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.astleybakerdavies.com/links.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502184511/https://www.astleybakerdavies.com/links.html |date=2021-05-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aksara ==

== Episode sareng Kaluaran DVD ==
Peppa Babi gaduh Kaluaran DVD Non-Inggris, 1. Jilid 1: Puddles Muddy

Dileupaskeun di Perancis salaku &quot;Cache-Cache&quot; (&quot;Hide And Seek&quot;), dina format 14: 9 kalayan soundtrack Perancis-Language, sareng pilihan pikeun nonton dina basa Inggris nganggo terjemahan Perancis.

Dileupaskeun di Walanda salaku &quot;Modderpoelen en Andere Verhaaltjes&quot; (&quot;Muddy Puddles and Other Stories&quot;), dina format 4: 3 kalayan soundtrack berbahasa Belanda.

Dileupaskeun di Jérman salaku &quot;Matschepampe und Weitere Wutzige Geschichten&quot; (&quot;Muddy Puddles sareng Carita Piggy anu sanés&quot;), dina format 4: 3 kalayan soundtrack berbahasa Jerman, tanpa épisode &quot;Kémping&quot; (1.08), &quot;Sapédah&quot; (1.10), &quot;Mobil Anyar&quot; (1.11) sareng &quot;Salju&quot; (1.12), tapi ku &quot;Piknik&quot; (2.05) sareng &quot;Piggy di Tengah&quot; (4.01) kusabab alesan anu teu dikenal.

Dileupaskeun di Perancis salaku &quot;La cabane dans l'arbre (The Tree House)&quot;, kalayan épisode na

Grenouilles, vers et papillons (Bangkong, Cacing sareng Kukupu)

La cabane dans l'arbre (The Tree House)

Monsieur l'épouvantail (Mister Scarecrow)

La mare aux petits bateaux (Pondok Parahu)

Jour de brume (Poé Foggy)

Les petites bêtes (mahluk leutik)

Une promenade à vélo (The Cycle Ride)

Le pique nique (Piknik)

Les bulles (Gelembung)

Vive le kémping (Camp Sakola)

::
{{: List of Peppa Pig episodes}}

== Buku ==
Aya sababaraha buku ''dumasarkeun kana Peppa Babi'', salah sahiji, ''Peppa Meets the Queen'', dituliskeun sapisan sareng Jubli Intan Ratu.

== Pilem sareng &quot;pangalaman bioskop&quot; ==
Pilem 15 menit anu disebat ''Peppa Babi: The Golden Boots'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/peppa-pig-golden-boots-2015|title=PEPPA PIG: THE GOLDEN BOOTS|publisher=British Board of Film Classification|accessdate=18 December 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105306/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/peppa-pig-golden-boots-2015 |date=22 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; dirilis dina 14 Pébruari 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/tv-cartoon-peppa-pig--now-worth-1bn-a-year--is-making-the-leap-to-the-big-screen-10042742.html|title=TV cartoon Peppa Pig – now worth $1bn a year – is making the leap to the big screen|last=Simmy Richman|date=13 February 2015|work=The Independent|access-date=18 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; barengan sababaraha édisi serial TV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/peppa-pig/34130/peppa-pig-the-golden-boots-review|title=Peppa Pig: The Golden Boots review|website=Den of Geek|accessdate=18 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ti Désémber 2015, éta parantos ngasilkeun 2,326,328.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&amp;id=peppapig.htm|title=Peppa Pig: The Golden Boots - International Box Office Results|publisher=Box Office Mojo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222141300/https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&amp;id=peppapig.htm|archivedate=February 22, 2015|accessdate=18 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pilem anu kadua, mérek &quot;pangalaman bioskop&quot; dirilis dina 16 Maret 2017, sareng dipidangkeun di bioskop dina 7 April 2017. Éta nampilkeun salapan épisode anyar anu éksklusif, opat diantarana ngabagi téma anu sami, liburan Peppa di [[Australia]] . Antara épisode mangrupikeun bagéan kalayan host langsung-aksi anu namina Daisy (diperankeun ku Emma Grace Arends) sareng Peppa sareng George salaku boneka buatan tangan, dumasar kana acara panggung ''Peppa Pig Live.''

== Dunya Peppa Babi ==
[[Gambar:PeppaPigAldridge2009.jpg|ka|jmpl| Peppa Babi dina penampilan pribadi di Inggris]]
Peppa Babi World, daérah anu bertema dumasar kana séri dibuka tanggal 9 April 2011 di Paultons Park, New Forest, Hampshire, UK &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://paultonspark.co.uk/|title=Paultons Family Theme Park - Home of Peppa Pig World - New Forest|accessdate=18 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; diwangun ku tempat-tempat wisata sapertos tujuh tunggang gunung, zona buruan jero rohangan, taman percikan cai puddles bécék, murangkalih -Ukuran tempat ukuran sareng gedong bertema.

== Barang dagangan ==
Peppa Pig, mérek Hiburan One (eOne), ngasilkeun langkung £ 200 juta dina penjualan barang dagangan Inggris di 2010, jauh ngaleuwihan angka 2009 anu 100 juta. Salaku tambahan, pikeun anu munggaran dina sajarah mérek, angka NPD pikeun sataun ngungkabkeun yén Peppa Babi mangrupikeun nomer hiji harta pra-sakola dina total pasar kaulinan pikeun 2010&amp;nbsp;- pindah nepi ka opat tempat tina jabatanna di 2009. Ayeuna dina taun katujuhna, anu ngagaduhan lisénsi anyar ngiringan ngiringan program lisénsi Peppa Babi, anu ayeuna ngagaduhan 63 anu ngagaduhan lisénsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ltwmag.com/news/recordbreaking_year_for_peppa_pig.aspx|title=Record-breaking year for Peppa Pig|website=LTW Magazine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617070740/http://www.ltwmag.com/news/recordbreaking_year_for_peppa_pig.aspx|archivedate=17 June 2011|accessdate=26 September 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617070740/http://www.ltwmag.com/news/recordbreaking_year_for_peppa_pig.aspx |date=17 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Salian ti édisi DVD, rupa-rupa produk Peppa Babi anu dilisensikeun sayogi, maén kalebet pidéo sareng cocooan sanés sapertos playét, kartu maén, kendaraan, sareng cocooan boneka. Barang dagangan ogé parantos dilegaan kanggo ngalebetkeun barang-barang rumah tangga sapertos produk kamar mandi, alat tulis,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.penwizard.com/uk/personalised-stationery/peppa-pig-stationery.htm|title=Personalised Childrens Books|website=Penwizard|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026025214/https://www.penwizard.com/uk/personalised-stationery/peppa-pig-stationery.htm|archivedate=October 26, 2015|accessdate=18 December 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026025214/https://www.penwizard.com/uk/personalised-stationery/peppa-pig-stationery.htm |date=26 October 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sprei, tuangeun, inuman, pakean, sareng perhiasan. Anu ngagaduhan lisénsi kalebet Holland Publishing di Inggris. Albeum musik judulna ''My First Album'' dirilis dina bulan Juli 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/piggy-azalea-peppa-and-iggy-s-album-feud-plays-out-on-twitter-1.4511819|title=Piggy-Azalea: Peppa and Iggy's album feud plays out on Twitter|website=[[CTV News]]|accessdate=19 July 2019}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826115709/https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/piggy-azalea-peppa-and-iggy-s-album-feud-plays-out-on-twitter-1.4511819 |date=26 August 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kritik, kontropérsi, masalah sareng pangaruh ==
[[File:Peppa_Bicycles.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Babandingan pigura idéntik dina versi aslina (luhur) sareng éditan ulang tina édisi séri 1 &quot; ''Sapédah'' &quot;, kalayan hélik siklus ditambihan.]]
Peppa sareng kulawargana henteu nganggo sabuk pengaman dina dua séri munggaran. Saatos nampi sababaraha keluhan, Astley Baker Davies ngumumkeun yén sadaya animasi pika hareupeun bakal kalebet karakter anu ngagem sabuk korsi, sareng adegan anu aya hubunganana dina dua séri munggaran bakal dihirupkeun deui pikeun ngiringan aranjeunna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8460753.stm|title=Peppa Pig in seatbelt safety row|publisher=BBC|date=15 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parobihan anu sami ogé dilakukeun kana épisode awal anu nganggo karakter numpak sapédah pikeun nambihan helm siklus, anu henteu kalebetkeun kana versi aslina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.licensing.biz/news/6467/ABD-adds-seatbelts-to-Peppa-Pig-episodes|title=ABD adds seatbelts to Peppa Pig episodes &amp;#124; Latest news from the licensing industry|last=Loveday|first=Samantha|publisher=Licensing.biz|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930075250/http://www.licensing.biz/news/6467/ABD-adds-seatbelts-to-Peppa-Pig-episodes|archivedate=30 September 2012|accessdate=26 September 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930075250/http://www.licensing.biz/news/6467/ABD-adds-seatbelts-to-Peppa-Pig-episodes |date=30 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina April 2010, nalika kampanye Pemilihan Umum UK, E1 Entertainment negeskeun Peppa moal ngiringan peluncuran manifestasi kulawarga Partéy Buruh Inggris &quot;pikeun kapentingan ngahindarkeun kontropérsi atanapi salah paham&quot;. Peppa saacanna parantos dianggo pikeun ngamajukeun program pamaréntah Pasti Pasti .&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/8645658.stm|work=BBC News|title=Peppa Pig moved from Labour event|date=27 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina 2012, Australian Broadcasting Corporation nampi keluhan yén épisode &quot;Mister Skinnylegs&quot; henteu pantes pikeun pemirsa Australia, kusabab éta ngadorong sosobatan lancah. Dibikeun karacunan sababaraha lancah umum Australia, keluhan dikuatkeun sareng épisode ieu diwatesan tina disiarkeun dina jaringan televisi ABC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://about.abc.net.au/complaints/peppa-pig-received/|title=About the ABC: Peppa Pig, (received), 6th August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina akhir Mei 2014, Australia Broadcasting Corporation 's Mark Scott nyatakeun kasieunan ngeunaan masa depan Peppa dina tipi Australia, ku lantaran potongan anggaran féderal Australia pikeun dana ABC anu cenah mangaruhan kamampuanna pikeun mayar, sareng nyiarkeun, produk média luar negeri sapertos sakumaha ''Peppa Babi'' . Média Australia nyatet banding karakterna pikeun balita Australia sareng kamandang anu ngaguar ngeunaan masa depan hak distribusi Australia na. Menteri Tatanén Federal Australia, Barnaby Joyce nyatakeun tokohna salaku barang ménu di réstoran Thailand, sedengkeun kolumnis konservatif Piers Akerman ngira yén Peppa &quot;ngadorong [[Féminisme|garis féminis anu]] anéh&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/peppa-pig-held-aloft-as-sacrifice-to-god-of-prosperity-20140528-394ml.html|title=Peppa Pig held aloft as sacrifice to god of prosperity|last=Maley|first=Jacqueline|date=28 May 2014|work=[[The Age]]|access-date=29 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina 28 Méi 2014, harita- Menteri Komunikasi Malcolm Turnbull ngaleungitkeun kasieunan ngeunaan masa depan ''Peppa Babi'' dina TV Australia, ku nyabit-nyabit yén: &quot;Sabalikna tina rumor média, Peppa mangrupikeun moncong anu urang bagja dina palung ABC&quot;. 

Dina 2015, tilas menteri kaséhatan Inggris Norman Lamb nyarios yén program sapertos ''Peppa Babi'' kedah kalebet karakter homo, kusabab ngagaduhan wates anu sawenang-wenang ngeunaan hubungan naon anu tiasa ditampi dina tivi barudak &quot;henteu adil&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Give Peppa Pig gay friends to diversify children's TV, says Lib-Dem hopeful|last=Murphy|first=Joe|date=1 July 2015|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''British Medical Journal'' nyandak tulisan anu enteng haté dina édisi Natal 2017 na, anu nunjukkeun yén sanaos program éta ngalebetkeun &quot;seratan kaséhatan masarakat anu positip, ngadorong dahar anu séhat, olahraga, sareng kaamanan jalan&quot;, éta ngagaduhan résiko &quot;nyumbang kana teu réalistis. ekspektasi perawatan primér &quot;ku ngagambarkeun praktisi umum Dokter Brown Bear nalika ngalaksanakeun kunjungan luar imah jam-jam pas ngahubungi ngeunaan panyakit anu sigana sepele, sareng nyebarkeun pangobatan rada bébas teuing.&lt;ref name=&quot;bmj1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bell|first=Catherine|year=2017|title=Does Peppa Pig encourage inappropriate use of primary care resources?|journal=[[British Medical Journal]]|volume=359|issue=Christmas 2017|pages=j5397|doi=10.1136/bmj.j5397|pmid=29229662}}&lt;/ref&gt; Perusahaan média anu tanggung jawab Peppa Babi henteu masihan koméntar nalika dihubungi ngeunaan tulisan ku BBC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-42322216|title=Peppa Pig's GP visits copied by fans, says doctor|last=Westbrook|first=Ian|date=12 December 2017|access-date=14 December 2017|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Peppa di Cina ==
Peppa Babi populér di Cina mainstream, sareng parantos dipidangkeun ku média berita resmi sapertos ''People's Daily'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/PeoplesDaily/posts/1903902779661530|title=Qing-style porcelain cup painted with English cartoon figure Peppa Pig goes viral in China}}&lt;/ref&gt; malah disahkeun ku People's Liberation Army &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2184880/plaudits-plas-hong-kong-garrison-march-peppa-pig-lunar-new|title=Plaudits for PLA's Hong Kong garrison on the march with Peppa Pig in Lunar New Year video that ends with a giggle|agency=South China Morning Post|date=3 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; sareng pabrikan senjata Cina Norinco .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2185004/lunar-new-year-puts-seal-peppa-pigs-chinese-comeback|title=Lunar New Year puts seal on Peppa Pig|date=4 February 2019|agency=South China Morning Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, tulisan média sosial anu nampilkeun kolot anu prihatin ngawadul ngalawan Peppa Babi ogé parantos janten viral.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2017/1115/c90000-9292952.html|title=Peppa Pig is a bad influence, vents parent in viral social media post|agency=People.cn|date=15 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina Méi 2018, eusi anu dimanipulasi sacara digital anu nampilkeun eusi sawawa ku Peppa Babi diblokir dina aplikasi vidéo TikTok, ogé katelah Douyin di Cina, kusabab prihatin ngeunaan paparan eusi déwasa ka barudak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|title=China bans Peppa Pig because she 'promotes gangster attitudes'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/peppa-pig-ban-china-childrens-tv-cartoon-gangster-douyin-a8332846.html|date=2 May 2018|access-date=23 May 2018|publisher=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numutkeun kana sababaraha perkiraan média, sakitar 30.000 klip anu dirujuk dina &quot;#PeppaPig&quot; dipiceun ku situs éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/1/17306500/peppa-pig-china-blocked-ban-video-app-douyin|title=Peppa Pig blocked on popular Chinese video app for association with counterculture|last=Ong|first=Thuy|date=1 May 2018|access-date=23 May 2018|publisher=The Verge}}&lt;/ref&gt; Larangan éta mangrupikeun kasebaran tina eusi déwasa anu nampilkeun Peppa Babi anu didamel ku '''''shehuiren''''' ( simplified Chinese      ; sacara harfiah &quot;masarakat jalma&quot;) subkultur, anu ngagunakeun Peppa Pig salaku ikon &quot;mobster&quot; kriminal, kalayan anggota subkultur nyiptakeun meme sareng tato anu dihina déwasa nganggo citra tina kartun. Kartun Asli Peppa Babi tetep tiasa diaksés dina sadaya platform online, kalebet TikTok (Douyin). 

Sanaos kontroversi di luhur, séri sareng karakter na tetep populer dina budaya Cina mainstream, sabab dua taman téma Peppa Babi badé dibuka di [[Béijing|Beijing]] sareng [[Shanghai]] dina 2019. [ peryogi diénggalan ] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/01/peppa-pig-banned-from-chinese-video-site|title=Peppa Pig, subversive symbol of the counterculture, in China video site ban|last=Haas|first=Benjamin|date=1 May 2018|access-date=23 May 2018|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina awal taun 2019, pikeun ngarayakeun Taun Babi, pilem animasi / aksi langsung 81-menit ''Peppa Pig Ngarayakeun Taun Anyar Cina'' dirilis di Cina.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR Peppa Pig&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/02/05/691501906/why-its-the-year-of-peppa-pig-in-china|title=See The Heartfelt 'Peppa Pig' Video That Got A Billion Views In China|agency=NPR|date=5 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britinfo.net/cinema/film-1010370.htm|title=Peppa Pig Celebrates Chinese New Year (xiao zhu pei qi guo da nian)-film 1010370}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sateuacan rilis pilem ieu, lima menit cuplikan promosi langsung-aksi janten viral dina média sosial di Cina, nampi samilyar pandangan sareng dipasang deui ku sababaraha média média nagara.  Pilem ieu dibuka tanggal 6 Pébruari 2019, sareng ngahasilkeun US $ 14 juta dina tilu dinten munggaran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2019/02/08/box-office-the-wandering-earth-is-chinas-first-big-budget-sci-fi-blockbuster/|title=Box Office: 'The Wandering Earth' Is China's First Big-Budget Sci-Fi Blockbuster|last=Mendelson|first=Scott|website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pangajén sareng nominasi ==

* Panghargaan Barudak Akademi Inggris
** 2012, Jawara pikeun Animasi Pra-Sakola Pangsaéna &lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA 2012 Pre-School Animation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2012/childrens/pre-school-animation|title=2012 Children's Pre-School Animation &amp;#124; BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]]|accessdate=5 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 2011, Jawara pikeun Animasi Pra-Sakola Pangsaéna &lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA 2011 Pre-School Animation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2011/childrens/pre-school-animation|title=2011 Children's Pre-School Animation &amp;#124; BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]]|accessdate=5 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 2011, Jawara pikeun Pelaku Terbaik (Harley Bird)
** 2005, Jawara pikeun séri Animasi Pra-Sakola Pangsaéna
* Festival Film Animasi Internasional Annecy 2005, Juara Hadiah Utama, The Crystal pikeun Produksi TV Pangalusna &lt;ref name=&quot;AIAFF 2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.annecy.org/about/archives/2005/award-winners/film-index:f20050874|title=2005 - The Cristal for a TV production|publisher=[[Annecy International Animated Film Festival|AIAFF]]|accessdate=5 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Festival Film Animasi Bradford 2005, Juara Seri Animasi Barudak Pangalusna
* Cartoon on the Bay Festival 2005, Juara Pélinella Award pikeun Program Éropa Pangalusna dina sataun
* Kartun dina Bay Festival 2005, Juara Pélinella Award pikeun Seri Pra-Sakola Pangsaéna
* Kartun dina Bay Festival 2005, penghargaan pamirsa Barudak kanggo séri Pra-Sakola Pangsaéna

'''Nominasi'''

* Panghargaan Barudak Akademi Inggris
** 2013, Nominasi Animasi Pra-Sakola Pangsaéna &lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA 2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2013/childrens|title=Children's in 2013 &amp;#124; BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]]|accessdate=6 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 2013, Nominasi pikeun Tulisan Pangsaéna 
** 2013, Nominasi Multiplatform Pangsaéna (buruan Liburan Peppa Babi) 
** 2010, Nominasi pikeun Animasi Pra-Sakola Pangsaéna
** 2010, Nominasi pikeun Tulisan Pangsaéna
** 2009, Nominasi Animasi Pra-Sakola Pangsaéna
** 2009, Nominasi pikeun Tulisan Pangsaéna
** 2008, Nominasi pikeun Animasi Pra-Sakola Pangsaéna
** 2007, Nominasi pikeun Animasi Pra-Sakola Pangsaéna
** 2004, Nominasi pikeun Animasi Pra-Sakola Pangsaéna

=== ''Peppa Babi: Kaulinan'' ===
''Peppa Babi: Kaulinan'' dikembangkeun ku Ubisoft sareng diterbitkeun ku Pinnacle Inc. Dileupaskeun tanggal 27 Nopémber 2009 pikeun konsol Nintendo Wii sareng sistem permainan anu dicekel ku Nintendo DS. Mangrupikeun kaulinan vidéo barudak pikeun diajar sareng maénkeun, sareng ngandung 11 kaulinan sareng kagiatan.

=== ''Peppa Babi: Senang sareng Kaulinan'' ===
''Peppa Pig: Fun and Games'' dikembangkeun ku Ubisoft sareng diterbitkeun ku Pinnacle Inc. Dileupaskeun tanggal 22 Oktober 2010 pikeun konsol Nintendo Wii sareng sistem permainan anu dicekel ku Nintendo DS.

== Discography ==

=== Albeum studio ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainhowders&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Judul
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Detil albeum
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Posisi bagan puncak
|-
! Inggris &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56022/peppa-pig/|title=PEPPA PIG {{!}} full Chart History {{!}} Official Charts Company|website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! SCO
! IRL
|-
| ''Album Kahiji Kuring''
|
* Dileupaskeun: 19 Juli 2019
* Labél: eOne
* Format: Unduhan digital, streaming
| 79
| 26
| 91
|}

=== Jomblo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainhowders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:20em;&quot; |Judul
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:17em;&quot; | Albeum
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:17em;&quot; | Dileupaskeun
|-
| &quot;Téma Musik Ti Peppa Babi&quot;
| Téma Musik EP
| 1 April 2016
|-
| &quot;Kebon Binatang Bing Bong&quot;
| ''Album Kahiji Kuring''
| 14 Juni 2019
|-
| &quot;Bing Bong Natal&quot;| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
| 25 Oktober 2019
|}

=== Muter diperpanjang ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainhowders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:17em;&quot; |Judul
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:17em;&quot; | Detil EP
|-
| ''Téma Musik EP''
|
* Dileupaskeun: 1 April 2016
* Ketik: 2-lagu EP
|}

== Rujukan ==
 

== Tautan Éksternal ==

* {{Official|http://www.peppapig.com/}}
* {{Imdb title|0426769}}</text>
      <sha1>cbs4a95d0wv0ag1eihsjvxvj0qp3whb</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Métionin</title>
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      <text bytes="7783" sha1="i4y40fulgxrci43che7z2j7yewbe6y1" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Asam amino anu ngandung walirang}}
{{chembox
| Name = Métionin
| ImageFile = Methionin - Methionine.svg
| ImageName = Wangun kimia métionin
| ImageCaption = [[Rumus rangka]] bentuk kanonik métionin
| ImageFileL2 = Methionine-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png
| ImageSizeL2 = 120px
| ImageCaptionL2 = [[Modél bal-jeung-tongkat]]
| ImageFileR2 = L-methionine-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-sf.png
| ImageSizeR2 = 120px
| ImageCaptionR2 = [[modél ngeusi-rohang]]
| IUPACName = Métionin
| OtherNames = Asam 2-amino-4-(métiltio)butanoat
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| index1_label = D/L
| index2_label = D
| index_label = L &lt;!-- needs to be L (natural isomer) so drugbank etc. take correct index_label --&gt;
| Abbreviations = Met, M
| UNII1_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII1 = 73JWT2K6T3
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = AE28F7PNPL
| UNII2_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII2 = 868496F25R
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 42336
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = C00073
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C5H11NO2S/c1-9-3-2-4(6)5(7)8/h4H,2-3,6H2,1H3,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N
| InChIKey1 = FFEARJCKVFRZRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| InChIKey2 = FFEARJCKVFRZRR-SCSAIBSYSA-N
| CASNo1 = 59-51-8
| CASNo1_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 63-68-3
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo2 = 348-67-4
| CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| EC_number = 200-432-1
| ChemSpiderID1_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID1 = 853
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 5907
| ChemSpiderID2_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID2 =76512
| PubChem = 6137
| PubChem1 = 876
| PubChem2 = 84815
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 16643
| ChEBI1_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI1 = 16811
| ChEBI2_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI2 = 16867
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00134
| SMILES = CSCC[C@H](N)C(=O)O
| SMILES3 = CSCC[C@H]([NH3+])C(=O)[O-]
| SMILES3_Comment = L [[Zwitterion]]
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Properties_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{RubberBible62nd|page=C-374}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| C=5 | H=11 | N=1 | O=2 | S=1
| Appearance = White crystalline powder
| Density = 1.340 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
| MeltingPtC = 281
| MeltingPt_notes = decomposes
| Solubility = Soluble
| pKa =2.28 (carboxyl), 9.21 (amino)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=Rex M. C. |title=Data for Biochemical Research |last2=Elliott |first2=Daphne C. |last3=Elliott |first3=William H. |last4=Jones |first4=K. M. |date=1959 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  }}
|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology
| ATCCode_prefix = V03
| ATCCode_suffix = AB26
| ATC_Supplemental = {{ATCvet|A05|BA90}}, {{ATCvet|G04|BA90}}
}}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| FlashPt = 
 }}
}}
'''Métionin''' (lambangna '''Met''' atawa '''M''')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html |title=Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides |year=1983 |publisher=IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009023202/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html |archive-date=9 October 2008 |access-date=5 March 2018 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009023202/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/AA1n2.html |date=9 October 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{IPAc-en|m|ɪ|ˈ|θ|aɪ|ə|n|iː|n}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/methionine |title=Methionine |publisher=Oxford University Press }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083819/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/methionine |date=2018-01-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta [[asam amino ésénsial]] pikeun manusa. Salaku prékursor asam amino [[sistéin]] jeung [[taurin]], sanyawa multiguna sarupaning [[SAM-e]], jeung antioksidan penting [[glutation]], métionin mancén peran penting dina métabolisme jeung kaséhatan rupa-rupa spésiés.

Métionin ogé penting dina [[angiogenesis]], tumuwuhna pembuluh getih. Supleméntasi métionin bisa natambaan anu karacunan tambaga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-42-methionine.aspx?activeingredientid=42&amp; |title=Methionine |website=WebMD}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabalikna, asupan métionin anu kaleuleuwihi, donor [[gugus métil]] dina [[métilasi DNA]], tumali jeung tumuwuhna [[kangker]] dina sababaraha panalungtikan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cavuoto_2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cavuoto P, Fenech MF |year=2012 |title=A review of methionine dependency and the role of methionine restriction in cancer growth control and life-span extension |journal=Cancer Treatment Reviews |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=726–36 |doi=10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.01.004 |pmid=22342103}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarier_2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cellarier E, Durando X, Vasson MP, Farges MC, Demiden A, Maurizis JC, Madelmont JC, Chollet P |year=2003 |title=Methionine dependency and cancer treatment |journal=Cancer Treatment Reviews |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=489–99 |doi=10.1016/S0305-7372(03)00118-X |pmid=14585259}}&lt;/ref&gt; Métionin munggaran diisolasi taun 1921 ku [[John Howard Mueller]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/mueller-john.pdf |title=A Biographical Memoir of John Howard Mueller |date=1987 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |location=Washington D.C. |vauthors=Pappenheimer AM}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013043032/http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/mueller-john.pdf |date=2021-10-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Watek biokimia==
Métionin (lambangna '''Met''' atawa '''M'''; dikode ku kodon AUG) téh asam α-amino anu dipaké dina [[biosintésis]] [[protéin]]. Ieu ngandung [[gugus karboksil]] (dina wangun kurang proton −COO&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; dina kaayaan [[pH]] biologis), [[gugus amino]] (dina wangun leuwih proton −NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; dina kaayaan pH biologis) dina α-posisi ti gugus karboksil, sarta ranté gigir S-métil [[tioéter]], kagolongkeun kana asam amino [[polaritas kimia|nonpolar]] [[Sanyawa alipatik|alipatik]].

Dina [[gén]] inti [[eukariot]] jeung [[Archaea]], métionin nyandi pikeun [[kodon mitembeyan]], hartina nandaan ngamimitian [[daérah koding]] jeung asam amino munggaran anu diproduksi dina [[Péptida|polipéptida]] nalika [[Translasi (biologi)|translasi]] [[mRNA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guedes RL, Prosdocimi F, Fernandes GR, Moura LK, Ribeiro HA, Ortega JM |date=December 2011 |title=Amino acids biosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation pathways: a great genomic deletion during eukaryotes evolution |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=12 Suppl 4 |pages=S2 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-12-S4-S2 |pmc=3287585 |pmid=22369087}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Baca ogé ==
* [[Allantoin]]
* [[Formilmétionin]]
* [[Oksidasi métionin]]
* [[Karacunan parasétamol#Natambaan|Karacunan parasétamol]] 
* [[S-Métilsistéin]]

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist|32em}}

== Tutumbu kaluar ==
* {{Cite journal | title = Methionine Content of Cereals and Legumes | first1 = M. N. | last1 = Rudra | first2 = L. M. | last2 = Chowdhury | name-list-style = vanc | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 166 | date = 30 September 1950 | doi = 10.1038/166568a0 | pmid = 14780151 | issue = 568 | pages = 568 |bibcode = 1950Natur.166..568R | s2cid = 3026278 | doi-access = free }}

{{Asam amino protéinogenik}}
{{Antidot}}
{{Intermédiat métabolisme asam amino}}

[[Category:Asam amino protéinogenik]]
[[Category:Asam amino glukogenik]]
[[Category:Asam amino sulpur]]
[[Category:Tioéter]]
[[Category:Asam amino ésénsial]]</text>
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    <title>Serena (Pokémon)</title>
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      <text bytes="10718" sha1="3egzvgnad6oydw2nno3ddghk4zb38b7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Serena from Pokemon XY.jpg|thumb|Saurang awewe anu nganggo pakean cosplay ala Serena.]]
{{nihongo|'''Serena'''|[[:ja:セレナ (アニメポケットモンスター)|セレナ]]|}}  nyaéta ngaran pikeun karakter fiksi tina waralaba média [[Pokémon]] anu diciptakeun ku [[Satoshi Tajiri]] sareng [[Ken Sugimori]]. Anjeunna mimiti muncul dina video kaulinan ''[[Pokémon X jeung Y]]'', salaku salah sahiji dua protagonis anu pamaen bisa milih salian Calem. Anjeunna ogé parantos muncul dina sababaraha publikasi Pokémon anu sanés, utamina dina séri anime salaku pendamping perjalanan [[Ash Ketchum]] di daérah Kalos. Dina séri manga, anu karakter sareng jalan caritana béda ti vidéo sareng versi anime, anjeunna katelah Yvonne Gabena.

==Konsepsi jeung kreasi==
Karakter Serena dirancang ku Ken Sugimori jeung [[Atsuko Nishida]] pikeun vérsi vidéo kaulinan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sugimori&quot;&gt;{{cite web|first=Luke|last=Plunkett|work=Kotaku|publisher=Gawker Media|date=24 Mei 2011|access-date=30 Januari 2016|title=The Man Who Creates Pokémon For a Living|url=http://kotaku.com/5804919/the-man-who-creates-pokemon-for-a-living/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025005356/http://kotaku.com/5804919/the-man-who-creates-pokemon-for-a-living/|archive-date=25 Oktober 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025005356/http://kotaku.com/5804919/the-man-who-creates-pokemon-for-a-living/ |date=2015-10-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sedengkeun pikeun vérsi séri anime dirancang ku Toshihito Hirooka,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://anilist.co/anime/21356/Pocket-Monsters-XYZ |title=Pocket Monsters XY&amp;Z |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= |website=anilist.co |publisher= |access-date=31 Agustus 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung pikeun vérsi manga ku Satoshi Yamamoto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.animenachrichten.de/news/188481/pokemon-x-und-y-panini-veroeffentlicht-die-reihe-im-schuber |title=Pokémon X und Y: Panini veröffentlicht die Reihe im Schuber |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=25 April 2022 |website=animenachrichten.de |publisher= |access-date=31 Agustus 2022 |lang=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngaran Serena asalna tina kecap [[Basa Perancis|Perancis]] ''serein'' nu hartina &quot;tenang&quot; atawa &quot;damai&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/french-english/serein |title=Serein |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= |website= |publisher=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=31 Agustus 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mayuki Makiguchi nyoarakeun anime dina [[basa Jepang]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=15491 |title=Pokémon XY (TV)  |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= |website= |publisher=animenewsnetwork.com |access-date=31 Agustus 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haven Paschall dina [[basa Inggris]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pokémon Star Haven Paschall Discusses Serena's Departure and the Kiss Scene|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HA3LxekTbQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/8HA3LxekTbQ| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|website=YouTube|access-date=19 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung Clara Dewanti dina [[basa Indonésia]].

==Penampilan==
===Video kaulinan===
Dina vidéo kaulinan ''[[Pokémon X sareng Y]]'', Serena muncul salaku karakter anu tiasa dipilih salian ti pasangan lalakina, Calem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://thegamehaus.com/pokemon/pokemon-game-timeline-breakdown/2022/08/29/ |title=Pokemon Game Timeline Breakdown |author=Aureli Diaz, Franco |date=29 Agustus 2022 |website=thegamehaus.com |publisher=The Game Haus |access-date=12 September 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina kaulinan vidéo online ''[[Pokémon Masters EX]]'', Serena muncul salaku Pelatih Pokémon anu ngabentuk pasangan singkronisasi sareng [[Fennekin]] sareng évolusina [[Braixen]] sareng [[Delphox]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://thedigitalcrowns.com/Pokemon-masters-is-it-worth-rolling-for-serena-fennekin/ |title=Pokémon Masters: Is it Worth Rolling for Serena &amp; Fennekin? |last=Kwok |first=Derik |date=30 Juni 2020 |website=thedigitalcrowns.com |publisher=The Digital Crowns |access-date=31 Agustus 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina séri kaulinan vidéo ''[[Super Smash Bros.]]'', Serena muncul dina bentuk Piala Pelatih Pokémon sareng pasangan lalakina, Calem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.tuttotek.it/videogiochi/guide-videogiochi/super-smash-bros-ultimate-guida-arene-scenari-9 |title=Super Smash Bros Ultimate: guida ad arene e scenari (parte 9) |last=Bozzi |first=Alex |date=30 Agustus 2022 |website= |publisher=tuttoteK |access-date=31 Agustus 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Anime===
Serena mimiti muncul dina séri anime ''Pokémon XY'' anu judulna &quot;Kalos, Dimana Impian sareng Petualangan Dimimitian!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeJkcF6gYjA |title=Kalos, Where Dreams and Adventures Begin  |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=8 Mei 2021 |website=youtube.com |publisher=[[The Pokémon Company]] |access-date=10 September 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapanggih yén anjeunna terang Ash Ketchum nalika aranjeunna duaan ngahadiran Profesor Oak's Summer Camp di Kota Pallet. Bari ngahadiran acara ieu, Serena leungit di leuweung lajeng slipped sarta murag, hurting tuur nya. Teu lila ti harita, Ash manggihan manéhna tuluy nutupan tatu Serena ku saputangan. Ti dieu Serena teras mimiti resep kana sosok Ash. Saatos diajar yén Ash parantos sumping ka wilayah Kalos, Serena mutuskeun pikeun nuturkeun anjeunna kalayan niat asli pikeun ngabalikeun saputangan Ash. Saatos ningali sareng ngalaman acara sapertos ngadatangan Sycamore Summer Camp, Serena diajar ngeunaan Pokémon Show ti Shauna sareng mutuskeun pikeun janten Pelaku Pokémon. Saatos ngadamel debutna kalayan karugian dina acara Showcase Pokémon inaugural na, anjeunna mutuskeun pikeun motong rambut sareng mimitian nganggo baju anyar. Saatos meunang tilu Princess Keys, Serena teras asup kana kompetisi Demonstrasi Kelas Master di Gloire City, anu ngadu anjeunna ngalawan Aria salaku juara Kalos. Dina pertandingan final, anjeunna eleh Aria. Saatos ngabantosan ngarengsekeun masalah anu lumangsung dina Liga Kalos kalebet masalah anu asalna ti sindikat kriminal Tim Flare, Serena mikirkeun rencana masa depan na. Kalayan motivasi anu dipasihkeun ku Ash, Serena teras mutuskeun yén anjeunna bakal ngiringan kompetisi Pokémon anu lumangsung di Hoenn. Sateuacan parting, Serena masihan Ash ciuman ogé ngungkapkeun parasaan nya nu geus disimpen nepi salila ieu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sky.com/watch/title/series/2a6b89d7-d4e8-412d-8efe-6a3ce5a9a54c/pokemon-diamond-and-pearl/episodes/season-19/episode-47 |title=Till We Compete Again! |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= |website=sky.com |publisher=[[The Pokémon Company]] |access-date=10 September 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Serena balik deui dina episode ka-105 séri anime ''Pokémon Ultimate Journeys''. Dina épisode ieu anjeunna ngamotivasi Chloe pikeun muncul dina Kontes Pokémon anu diayakeun di Kota Lilycove kalayan kecap anu sami sareng Ash Ketchum nyarios ka Serena nalika aranjeunna ngurilingan Kalos.&lt;ref name=&quot;1streuniting&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2230560/full/ |title=アニメ『ポケモン』ルチア登場! コハル&amp;イーブイがコンテスト参加へ 【第105話場面カット公開】 |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=7 April 2022 |website=oricon.co.jp |publisher=[[Oricon|Oricon News]] |access-date=10 September 2022 |lang=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt; Disebutkeun ogé yén Braixen na parantos mekar janten Delphox. Serena teras pendak sareng Ash deui sateuacan Ash, Chloe sareng Goh angkat ka Vermillion City. Dua sobatna tuluy papisah deui kalayan jangji baris silih dukung jeung usaha pikeun ngahontal impian masing-masing.&lt;ref name=&quot;SerenaAshReunite&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/pokemon-anime-serena-update-biggest-dream-contest/ |title=Pokemon Shares Major Update on Serena's Life After Traveling With Ash |author=Valdez, Nick |date=12 April 2022 |website=comicbook.com |publisher=Comic Book Resources |access-date=10 September 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina séri anime online ''[[Pokémon Evolutions]]'', Serena muncul dina épisode anu judulna &quot;The Visionary&quot; salaku pesaing Calem. Anjeunna jeung Shauna gabung Calem sanggeus ngéléhkeun Lysandre di Markas Rusiah milik sindikat kriminal Tim Flare. Nalika Lysandre mimiti nembak senjata pamungkasna, tilu Pelatih Pokémon ngora ieu tiasa kabur ti pangkalan sareng nyaksian karusakan dasar sareng senjatana tilelep kana taneuh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://comicbook.com/anime/news/pokemon-evolutions-episode-7-watch/ |title=Pokemon Evolutions Moves Forward with Episode 7: Watch |author=Valentine, Evan |date=17 Desember 2021 |website=comicbook.com |publisher=Comic Book Resources (CBS Interactive) |access-date=10 September 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Manga===
Y atawa Yvonne Gabena némbongan dina ''Pokémon Adventures'' bab X &amp; Y salaku tokoh utama dumasar kana Serena anu muncul dina séri vidéo jeung anime. Y nyaéta palatih ngora anu nuju latihan Sky Trainer. Anjeunna milih latihan ieu saatos nampik nuturkeun jejak indungna salaku joki pikeun balapan [[Rhyhorn]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Yvonne&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bestreamer.com/pokemon/serena-pokemon-anime/ |title=Serena Pokémon (Anime) |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=23 June 2022 |website=bestreamer.com |publisher=Elite CafeMedia Tech |access-date=10 September 2022 |quote= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708214550/https://bestreamer.com/pokemon/serena-pokemon-anime/ |date=8 July 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Serena némbongan salaku tokoh utama dina manga ''Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction'' sarta ''Hoopa and the Clash of Ages'' nu mangrupa adaptasi tina pilem tina nami nu sami.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/01/27/pokmon-the-movie-diancie-and-the-cocoon-of-destruction-manga-and-dvd-arrive-in-february |title=&quot;Pokémon The Movie: Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction&quot; Manga and DVD Arrive in February |author=Luster, Joseph |date=27 January 2015 |website=crunchyroll.com |publisher=[[Crunchyroll]] |access-date=10 September 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://hardcoregamer.com/news/hoopa-and-the-clash-of-ages-coming-to-dvd-receiving-manga-adaptation/195263/ |title=Hoopa and the Clash of Ages Coming to DVD, Receiving Manga Adaptation |author=Whritenour, Jacob |date=27 February 2016 |website= |publisher=Hardcore Gamer |access-date=10 September 2022 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{reflist|2}}

==Tumbu kaluar==
{{commonscat|Serena (Pokémon)}}
* [http://www.pokemon.com Situs resmi Pokémon]
* [http://pokemon.wikia.com/wiki/Serena_(anime) Serena dalam Wikia Pokémon]
* [https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Serena Serena dalam Bulbapedia]
[[Kategori:Fiksi]]
[[Kategori:Pokemon]]</text>
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    <title>Winona Ryder</title>
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{{Kotak info Jalma|name=Winona Ryder|image=Winona Ryder 2010 TIFF.jpg|caption=Ryder at the [[2010 Toronto International Film Festival]]|birth_name=Winona Laura Horowitz|birth_date={{birth date and age |1971|10|29}}|birth_place=[[Winona, Minnesota]], U.S.|education=[[American Conservatory Theater]]|occupation=Actress|partner=[[Johnny Depp]]&lt;br&gt;(1989–1993) &lt;br/&gt; Scott Mackinlay Hahn&lt;br&gt;(2011–present)}}'''Winona Laura Horowitz''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;(weton 20 Oktober1971),&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; leuwih katelah ku ngaran '''Winona Ryder''', nyaéta saurang béntang pilem Amérika. Manéhna kungsi narima sawatara panghargaan, di antarana Panghargaan ''Golden Globe'' sarta dua kali dinominasikeun pikeun meunangkeun Panghargaan Akademi.


Taun 2002, Ryder minton dina pilem ''box office'' ''Mr. Deeds'', tuluy karirna nyirorot sarta kebat reureuh heula tina pilem. Taun 2009, manéhna maén deui dina pilem kakoncara, ''Star Trek''. Taun 2010 manéhna meunang dua nominasi pikeun ''[[Screen Actors Guild Award]]'' ku pilem ''When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story'' jeung ''Black Swan''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/17th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards &quot;The 17th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards&quot;]. [[:en:Screen_Actors_Guild|Screen Actors Guild]]. Diaksés 9 April 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2016 manéhna ngabéntangan pilem sérial horor fiksi ilmiah [[Netflix]], ''Stranger Things'', nu mana manéhna dinominasikeun pikeun ''Golden Globe'' jeung ''Screen Actor Guild''. Taun 2020 manéhna maén dina drama miniséri [[HBO]], ''The Plot Against America''. 

== Kahirupan awal ==
Winona Laura Horowitz lahir di [[Winona]], [[Minnesota]], tanggal 29 Oktober 1971,&lt;ref&gt;Dockterman, Eliana (27 Juni 2016). [http://time.com/4380330/winona-ryder-comeback-stranger-things-netflix/ &quot;90s Icon Winona Ryder Is Making Her Comeback&quot;]. ''Time''. Diarsipkeun tinu [https://web.archive.org/web/20160627172649/http://time.com/4380330/winona-ryder-comeback-stranger-things-netflix/?xid=homepage orisinil] tanggal 27 Juni 2016. Diaksés tanggal 27 Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; indungna Cynthia Palmer sarta bapana Michael D. Horowitz.&lt;ref&gt;Bess, Gabby (5 Agustus 2015). [https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/winona-ryders-mom-explains-the-history-of-women-drugs-and-literature-255 &quot;Winona Ryder's Mom Explains the History of Women, Drugs, and Literature&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806071408/https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/winona-ryders-mom-explains-the-history-of-women-drugs-and-literature-255 |date=2015-08-06 }}. ''Broadly''. Diaksés 6 Agustus 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bess, Gabby (5 Agustus 2015). &quot;[https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/winona-ryders-mom-explains-the-history-of-women-drugs-and-literature-255 Winona Ryder's Mom Explains the History of Women, Drugs, and Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806071408/https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/winona-ryders-mom-explains-the-history-of-women-drugs-and-literature-255 |date=2015-08-06 }}&quot;. ''Broadly''. Diaksés 6 Agustus 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Indungna saurang pangarang, éditor jeung produser vidéo. Bapana ogé saurang pangarang, éditor, pamedal tur tukang ngajualan buku antik.&lt;ref&gt;Goodall, Nigel (Désémber 1998). ''Winona Ryder: The Biography''. London: Blake Pub. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;1-85782-214-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Bapa Ryder saurang [[Yahudi]] (kulawargana migrasi ti Rusia jeung Rumania), Ryder gé ngaku yén dirina téh saurang Yahudi. Loba kulawargana ti garis bapa nu maraot wanci kajadian ''Holocaust''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/8208174/Winona-Ryder-claims-Mel-Gibson-called-her-an-oven-dodger.html &quot;Winona Ryder claims Mel Gibson called her an 'oven-dodger'&quot;]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. London, Inggris: Telegraph Media Group. 17 Désémber 2010. Diaksés 24 April 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Winona dingaranan maké ngaran dayeuhna harita, dibéré ngaran tengah Laura, alatan kolotna babaturan jeung Laura Huxley, pamajikanna pangarang Aldous Huxley.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ngaran panggungna, Ryder, asalna tina ngaran Mitch Ryder, saurang tukang ngawih ''soul'' jeung ''rock''&lt;ref&gt;Mottram, James (26 Méi 2013). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/fallen-angel-winona-ryder-on-bouncing-back-from-her-decade-in-the-wilderness-8627582.html &quot;Fallen angel: Winona Ryder on bouncing back from her decade in the wilderness&quot;]. ''The Independent''. UK.&lt;/ref&gt; karesep bapana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20041123172426/http://www.fortunecity.com/roswell/angelic/164/articles/magazine/18.html Artikel Winona Ryder], Wawancara: Artikel ti Réporter Hollywood jeung Majalah Queen, Maret 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; Ryder boga saurang adi lalaki, ngaranna Urie, sarta boga dua dulur saindung ti hasil rarabi indungna baheula, Jubal Palmer jeung Sunyata Palmer. Wanci umur tujuh taun, taun 1978, Ryder jeung kulawargana parindah ka Rainbow, hiji padumukan komunitas di Elk, Wilayah Mendocino, [[California]].&lt;ref&gt;Goodall, Nigel (Désémber 1998). ''Winona Ryder: The Biography''. London: Blake Pub. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;1-85782-214-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wills, Dominic (2006), &quot;Winona Ryder biography&quot; [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012053004/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/winona_ryder_biog.html Diarsipkeun] 12 Oktober 2007, dina  ''the Wayback Machine'', ''Tiscali.com'', kaca 4. Diaksés 6 Désémber 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;


Umur 10 taun, Ryder jeung kulawargana parindah ka [[Petaluma]], [[California]]. Minggu kahiji sakola di Sakola Manengah Kenilworth, manéhna pada ngélég alatan disarangka ku babaturan budak banci.&lt;ref&gt;Goodall, Nigel (Désémber 1998). ''Winona Ryder: The Biography''. London: Blake Pub. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;1-85782-214-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Pangalaman pada ngélég tuluy lumangsung nepi ka sakola luhur nalika manéhna sukses dina pilem ''Beetlejuice''. Ceuk Ryder, &quot;Kuring inget kénéh mikir, 'Ooh, ''Beetlejuice'', pilem kawas pilem nomer hiji. Bakal pihadéeun yeuh di sakola. Tapi kanyataanna malah leuwih goréng, kuring pada ngalandi tukang sihir'.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lang, Cady (7 Oktober 2017). [http://time.com/4972225/winona-ryder-bullied-after-beetlejuice/ &quot;Winona Ryder Shares How She Was Bullied in School After 'Beetlejuice'&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Time Magazine''. Kota New York: Meredith Corporation. Diaksés 13 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika Ryder umur 12 taun, manéhna ilibiung dina Téater Konsérvatori Amérika di deukeut San Fransisco, di mana di dinya manéhna mimiti diajar akting. Dina taun éta kénéh Ryder nandangan kacilakaan tilelep dina cai nu ngaalatankeun manéhna nandangan ''aquaphobia'' (sieun ku cai). Jagana jadi masalah nalika keur syuting adegan di jero cai dina pilem ''Alien Resurrection'' (1997), adeganna kudu diulang mangkali-kali.&lt;ref&gt;Goodall, Nigel (Désémber 1998). ''Winona Ryder: The Biography''. London: Blake Pub. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;1-85782-214-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Di taun 1989, Ryder lulus ti Sakola Luhur Petaluma, IPK-na 4,0.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20151225081013/http://www.lifetimetv.co.uk/biography/biography-winona-ryder &quot;Winona Ryder&quot;]. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://www.lifetimetv.co.uk/biography/biography-winona-ryder asli] tanggal 25 Désémber 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Karir ==

=== 1985–1990 ===
 
Taun 1985, Ryder ngirimkeun rékaman vidio audisina, manéhna maénkeun monolog tina novel ''Franny jeung Zooey'' beunang J.D. Salinger, ngarah peran dina pilem ''Desert Bloom''. Sanajan peranna beunang ku [[Annabeth Gish]],&lt;ref&gt;Goodall, Nigel (Désémber 1998). ''Winona Ryder: The Biography''. London: Blake Pub. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;1-85782-214-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.biography.com/actor/winona-ryder Winona Ryder Biography (1971–)]&quot;. [[:en:Biography.com|Biography.com]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200504025105/https://www.biography.com/actor/winona-ryder Diarsipkeun] tinu asli tanggal 4 Méi 2020. Diaksés 23 Juni 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; sutradara [[David Seltzer]] nempo bakatna sarta maénkeun Ryder dina pilemna ''Lucas'' (1986) nu nyaritakeun kahirupan Lucas ([[Corey Haim]]), saurang budak sakola luhur. Syutingna taun 1985, dibéntangan ogé ku [[Charlie Sheen]] jeung [[Kerri Green]], Ryder meunangkeun peran minangka Rina, salah saurang babaturan Lucas di sakola. Nalika ditanya hayang kumaha ngaran tukangna nu bakal dipintonkeun dina krédit pilem, Ryder ngusulkeun ”Ryder” alatan harita albeum Mitch Ryder nu bapana keur disetel di satukangeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Pilem Ryder nu satuluyna nyaéta ''Square Dance'' (1987). Ryder meunangkeun pamuji pikeun peranna sarta majalah ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' nyebutkeun minangka “hiji debut istiméwa”.&lt;ref&gt;Winona Ryder dina [http://www.bookrags.com/Winona_Ryder Book Rags.com]. Diaksés 7 Désémber 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Najan kitu, kadua pilem tadi sacara komérsil teu pati nyugemakeun. Diréktur Tim Burton mutuskeun pikeun maénkeun Ryder dina pilemna, ''Beetlejuice'' (1988) sabada kataji ku pidanganna dina pilem ''Lucas''.&lt;ref&gt;Salisbury, Mark (2000). ''Burton on Burton: Édisi Révisi''. [[:en:Faber_and_Faber|Faber and Faber]]. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;0-571-20507-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Pilem éta suksés dina ''box office'', pidangan Ryder turta sacara kasaluruhan pilemna menangkeun kritik nu positip.&lt;ref&gt;''Beetlejuice'' at [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/beetlejuice/ Rotten Tomatoes.com]; Diaksés 5 Méi 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Actress_Winona_Ryder_at_a_press_conference_for_Frankenweenie_2012_(cropped).jpg|kiri|jmpl|214x214px| Ryder di taun 2012]]
Ryder maénkeun peran minangka Veronica Sawyer dina pilem bébas ''Heathers'' (1988). Hiji pilem satir ngeunaan kahirupan budak ngora. Batur maénna nyaéta [[Christian Slater]]. ''The Washington Post'' ngedalkeun yén Ryder téh nyaéta “Pamaén Hollywood pangsabréhna...Ryder...ngajadikeun urang mikaresep mojang ngora tukang nelasan, mojang nu caang tur lucu sarta katitisan saeutik [[Bonnie Parker]] sajeroeunna. Manéhna pangpantesna disebut rumaja protagonis ti saprak ''the sexual innocent of Gregory’s Girl''.”&lt;ref&gt;Kempley, Rita (April 14, 1989). &quot;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/heathersrkempley_a09fb6.htm Heathers]&quot;. ''The Washington Post''.&lt;/ref&gt; Pilemna meunangkeun ''box office'', najan ogé meunangkeun sebutan pilem nu munjulkeun sesembahan.&lt;ref&gt;Shary, Timothy (2005). ''Teen Movies: American Youth on the Screen''. Walflower Press. h.&amp;nbsp;78. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;1-904764-49-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Masih di taun éta kénéh Ryder ngabéntangan pilem ''Great Balls of Fire!'', merankeun pangantén umur 13 taun (sarta dulur sabrayna) ti [[Jerry Lee Lewis]]. Pilem teu jadi ''box office''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/great_balls_of_fire/ &quot;Great Balls of Fire Movie Reviews, Pictures&quot;]. ''[[:en:Rotten_Tomatoes|Rotten Tomatoes]]''. Diaksés 7 Maret 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Ogé di taun 1988 Ryder minton dina pilem ''1969'', di mana manéhna merankeun Beth, kabogohna [[Kiefer Sutherland]] sarta dulur ti [[Robert Downey, Jr.]]– tokoh protagonis, nu protés kana Perang Viétnam.

Bulan April taun 1989, Ryder maénkeun peran leutik dina vidéo musik nu [[Mojo Nixon]], &quot;''Debbie Gibson Is Pregnant with My Two-Headed Love Child.''&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hart, Mary (Pamawa Acara) (1989). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150517191946/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sgo2fmefEfA Entertainment Tonight]'' (produksi télévisi). CBS Paramount. Diarsipkeun ti nu [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sgo2fmefEfA asli] tanggal 17 Méi 2015. Diaksés 3 Séptémber 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1990, Ryder kapilih maén dina opat pilem. Manéhna maénkeun peran utama awéwé dina pilem fantasi ''[[Edward Scissorhands]]'', bareng jeung pibakaleun kabogohna, [[Johnny Depp]]. Pilem ieu malikan deui gawé barengna jeung Tim Burton nu kungsi babarengan dina pilem ''Beetlejuice'' di taun 1988. Pilem ''Edward Scissorhands'' payu pisan kalawan meunang pamuji, ngahasilkeun sacara kotor $86 juta AS.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=edwardscissorhands.htm &quot;Edward Scissorhands (1990)&quot;]. ''[[:en:Box_Office_Mojo|Box Office Mojo]]''. Diaksés 12 Juni 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Edward Scissorhands'' dina [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/edward_scissorhands/ Rotten Tomatoes]; panungtungan diaksés tanggal 5 Méi 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Masih di taun éta, Ryder mundur tina peranna minangka Mary Corleone dina pilem ''The Godfather III'' nu [[Francis Ford Coppola]] (sabada miang ka Roma pikeun pamileman) alatan kacapéan. Peran kasalapan Ryder nyaéta dina pilem drama komédi kulawarga, ''Mermaids'' (1990), nu dibéntangan ogé ku [[Cher]], [[Bob Hoskins]] jeung [[Christina Ricci]]. ''Mermaids'' lumayan suksés sacara ''box office'', pidangan Ryder loba nu muji.&lt;ref&gt;Ebert, Roger (14 Désémber 1990). [https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mermaids-1990 &quot;''Mermaids'' Review&quot;]. ''Chicago Sun-Times''. Diaksés 1 Januari 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Ryder meunangkeun nominasi [[Panghargaan Golden Globe|Panghargaan ''Golden Globe'']] pikeun Artis Pinunjul dina Peran Pangrojong&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219125149/http://www1.goldenglobes.org/browse/member/30453 &quot;Golden Globe Award Database: Winona Ryder&quot;]. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Diarsipkeun ti nu asli tanggal 19 Fébruari 2008. Diaksés 9 Januari 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta [[Anghargaan National Board Review|Panghargaan ''National Board Review'']] dina peran nu sarua.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ryder tuluy midang bareng jeung Cher sarta Christina Ricci dina vidéo musik “The Shoop Shoop Song”, téma lagu pilem ''Mermaids''.&lt;ref&gt;Siegel, Scott; Siegel, Barbara (1997). ''The Winona Ryder Scrapbook''. Carol Pub Group. k.&amp;nbsp;xvii.&lt;/ref&gt; Sabada ''Mermaids'', manéhna meunangkeun peran utama dina pilem nu Roxy Carmichael, ''Welcome Home''. Hiji pilem ngeunaan budak adopsi. Ryder merankeun Dinky Bossetti. Pilem éta dibéntangan ogé ku [[Jeff Daniels]] sarta dianggap gagal alatan teu pati payu mungguh ''box office''. Satuluyna, masih di taun nu sarua, Ryder meunangkeun panghargaan ‘Béntang Wanita Mangsa Hareup ‘ShoWest’s’ ti Asosiasi Nasional Pamilik Téater.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== 1991–1995 ===
Taun 1991, Ryder maén minangka saurang supir taksi ngora dina pilem Jim Jarmuch, ''Night on Earth''. Tuluy manéhna maénkeun dua peran minangka Mina Murray, réinkarnasi cinta ''Count'' [[Drakula]], sarta Putri Elisabeta, kabogoh heubeul Drakula, dina pilem ''Dracula'' (1992) [[Bram Stoker]]. Peranna dina pilem éta matak narik ati pikeun [[Francis Ford Coppola]].&lt;ref&gt;Goodall, Nigel (Désémber 1998). ''Winona Ryder: The Biography''. London: Blake Pub. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;1-85782-214-5&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 1993, Ryder ngabéntangan mélodrama ''The House of the Spirits'', nu dumasar kana novél Isabel Allende. Pilem éta teu pati payu sacara ''box office''.&lt;ref&gt;Fox, David J. (4 April 1994). [http://articles.latimes.com/1994-04-04/entertainment/ca-42164_1_miramax-films &quot;'House of Spirits' Fails to Levitate : Movies: The star-studded film does poorly in its U.S. opening, despite heavy publicity and strong European sales&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times''. Diaksés 23 Agustus 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ryder maén dina ''The Age of Innoncence'' babarengan jeung [[Michelle Pfeiffer]] sarta [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], hiji pilem nu dumasar kana novél meunang Edith Wharton sarta diaping ku Sutradara [[Martin Scorsese]], nu ceuk Ryder mah minangka “sutradara pangpunjulna sadunya”.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/1710604.stm Winona Ryder's Eclectic Career]&quot;. BBC News.6 Nopémber 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Ku peranna dina pilem ieu, Ryder meunangkeun pangleler minangka Artis Pangrojong Pangpunjulna Panghargaan ''Golden Globe''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219125149/http://www1.goldenglobes.org/browse/member/30453 Golden Globe Award Database: Winona Ryder]&quot;. ''Hollywood Foreign Press Association''. Diarsipkeun ti nu asli tanggal 19 Pébruari 2008. Diaksés 9 Januari 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta meunangkeun nominasi Panghargaan ''Academy'' pikeun peran nu sarua.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''[https://archive.is/20130113073029/http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/BasicSearch?action=searchLink&amp;displayType=6&amp;BSNomineeID=66569 Academy Award Database: Winona Ryder]''&quot;. ''Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences''. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/BasicSearch?action=searchLink&amp;displayType=6&amp;BSNomineeID=66569 asli] tanggal 13 Januari 2013. Diaksés tanggal 9 Januari 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Ogé ku peran éta kénéh Ryder meunangkeun nominasi pikeun Akademi Pilem Inggris sarta ''Television Arts''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/film-and-television-biographies/winona-ryder Winona Ryder | Encyclopedia.com]&quot;. ''www.encyclopedia.com''. Diaksés 27 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Najan teu suksés sacara komérsil, pilem ieu meunang pamuji. Ryder tuluy siap-siap ngabéntangan pilem ''Broken Dreams'' bareng jeung River Phoenix, tapi harita teu kebat alatan maotna Phoenix di taun 1993.&lt;ref&gt;Levitt, Shelley (15 Nopémber 1993). [http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20106732,00.html ''River's End''.] People.com. Diaksés 7 Juli 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Peran Ryder nu satuluyna nyaéta dina pilem drama Generation X, ''Reality Bites'' (1994), nu disutradaraan ku [[Ben Stiller]]. Pidangan Ryder meunang pamuji sarta studio produksina miharep meunangkeun hasil nu mucekil, hanyakal teu sapagodos jeung kanyataan.&lt;ref&gt;Rickey, Carrie (3 April 1994). &quot;''Generation X Turns Its Back''&quot;. ''The Philadelphia Inquirer''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina bulan April taun 1994, Ryder kaasupkeun kana daptar “50 Jalma Panggeulisna di Dunya’, nu dipedalkeun ku majalah ''People''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/04/29/Most-Beautiful-People/2859767592000/ Most Beautiful People]'&quot;. ''UPI''. Diaksés 28 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Di taun éta kénéh manéhna maénkeun peran utama minangka Josephine March dina pilem ''Little Woman'', hiji pilem adaptasi tina novél Mary Alcott. Pilem ieu meunang pamuji ti balaréa; kritikus Janet Maslin nyebutkeun pilem ieu minangka pilem adaptasi novél pangalusna sarta muji pidangan Ryder.&lt;ref&gt;Maslin, Janet (21 Désémber 1994). &quot;[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/21/movies/film-review-the-gold-standard-for-girlhood-across-america.html Little Women]&quot;. ''The New York Times''. Diaksés 1 Januari 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ryder midangkeun pidangan tamu dina ''The Simpson'', épisode “Lisa’s Rival” minangka Allison Taylor nu kepinteran jeung kapribadiaanna punjul nu matak jadi tandingan pikeun Lisa. Tuluy Ryder maén dina pilem ''How to Make an American Quilt'' (1995), hiji pilem adaptasi tina novél nu judulna sarua meunang Whitney Otto. Maraén ogé dina pilem éta Anne Bancroft, Maya Angelou katut Ellen Bursty. Pilem ieu ngahasilkeun kauntungan kotor opat tikel tina waragad pangjieunanna sarta meunangkeun peunteun nu meujeuh nepi ka peunteun positip ti para pakar.&lt;ref&gt;''How to Make an American Quilt'' dina Rotten Tomatoes. Diaksés tanggal 10 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1996–2000 ===
[[Gambar:Winona_Ryder_Walk_of_Fame.jpg|pra=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Winona_Ryder_Walk_of_Fame.jpg/220px-Winona_Ryder_Walk_of_Fame.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Ryder menangkeun béntang dina Hollywood Walk of Fame dina 6 Oktober 2000.]]
Taun 1996, Ryder midang dina sababaraha pilem, nu kahiji nyaéta ''Boys''. Pilem ieu teu payu jeung menangkeun kritikan nu negatif. Roger Ebert ti ''Chicago Sun-Times'' nyebutkeun yén pilem ieu ngamomonyah bakat jeung intelejénsi Ryder.&lt;ref&gt;''How to Make an American Quilt'' at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]. Diaksés 10 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Tuluy manéhna maén dina pilem méta-dokumenter [[Al Pacino]], ''Looking for Richard''. Pilem ieu gé ngan ngahasilkeun kauntungan kotor sajuta dolar AS, tapi meunang pamuji nu leuheung.&lt;ref&gt;''Looking for Richard'' at Rotten Tomatoes [https://web.archive.org/web/20080127110835/http://au.rottentomatoes.com/m/looking_for_richard/ Diarsipkeun] 27 Januari 2008, dina ''[[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]''. Diaksés 10 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Tuluy Ryder ngabéntangan pilem ''The Crucible'' bareng jeung [[Daniel Day-Lewis]] katut [[Joan Allen]]. Pilem ieu nu diharepkeun pipayueun, nilik kana waragadna, tapi sarua teu payu.&lt;ref&gt;''The Crucible'' dina ''[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=crucible.htm Box Office Mojo]''. Diaksés Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan kitu, pidangan Ryder meunangkeun pamuji ti Peter Travers ti [[Rolling Stone|''Rolling Stone'']].&lt;ref&gt;Travers, Peter (12 Désémber 1996). &quot;''[https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/the-crucible-19961127 Reviews: The Crucible]''&quot;. ''[[:en:Rolling_Stone|Rolling Stone]]''. Diaksés 10 Méi 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Kadieunakeun Ryder ngaku yén maénkeun Abigail Williams téh mangrupakeun panghésé-héséna peran dina karirna.&lt;ref&gt;Weintraub, Steve (3 Méi 2013). &quot;''[https://collider.com/winona-ryder-the-iceman-the-wire-interview/ Winona Ryder Talks THE ICEMAN, Her Obsession with THE WIRE and THE BIG LEBOWSKI, More]''&quot;. ''Collider''. Diaksés 18 Nopémber 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di bulan Désémber 1996, Ryder maén minangka saurang/hiji android dina pilem ''Alien Resurrection'' (1997) babarengan jeung [[Sigourney Weaver]] nu ngabéntangan dina kabéh trilogi ''Allien''. Dulur Ryder, Uri, mikaresep pisan kana séri pilem Allien, ku kituna, nalika ditawaran peran éta Ryder langsung nyatujuan. Pilem ieu jadi pang teu suksékna mun dibandingkeun pilem-pilem Allien lianna, tapi masih dianggap suksés alatan ngahasilkeun $161 juta dolar AS ti sakuliah dunya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/alienresurrection?q=Alien Overview of ''Alien: Resurrection'' reviews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807170419/http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/alienresurrection?q=Alien |date=2009-08-07 }}&quot;. ''Metacritic''. Diaksés 4 Pébruari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Pidangan Ryder jeung Weaver meunangkeun kritik positif, sarta Ryder meunangkeun Pangleler ''Blockbuster Entertainment'' pikeun Artis Pangpunjulna.&lt;ref&gt;Ebert, Roger. &quot;''[https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/alien-resurrection-1997 Alien Resurrection movie review (1997]) | Roger Ebert''&quot;. ''www.rogerebert.com''. Diaksés 21 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina kagiatan ''ShoWes''t taun 1997, Ryder meunang pangleler  ‘Bentang Awéwé Taun Ieu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/film-and-television-biographies/winona-ryder Winona Ryder | Encyclopedia.com]&quot;. ''www.encyclopedia.com''. Diaksés 28 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun1998, Ryder midang ngabéntangan pilem [[Woody Allen]], ''Celebrity'' (1998). Tuluy maén dina vidéo musik ''Talk About the Blues'' nu ''Jon Spencer.''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''[http://www.mtv.com/news/1430682/winona-ryder-takes-over-reigns-of-blues-explosion-for-new-video/ Winona Ryder Takes Over Reigns Of Blues Explosion For New Video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223222822/http://www.mtv.com/news/1430682/winona-ryder-takes-over-reigns-of-blues-explosion-for-new-video/ |date=2016-02-23 }}''&quot;. MTV.Com. 12 Oktober 1998. Diaksés 8 Oktober 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1999 Ryder maén sarta jadi produser éksékutif dina pilem ''Girl, Interupted'', nu dumasar kana mémoir taun 1993 nu judulna sarua meunang Susanna Keysen. Taun éta kénéh Ryder ngamimitian pausahaan musikna nu sorangan, Roustabout Studios di taun 1999.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/film-and-television-biographies/winona-ryder Winona Ryder | Encyclopedia.com]&quot;. ''www.encyclopedia.com''. Diaksés 27 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun hareupna, Ryder maén dina melodrama ''Autumn in New York'', babarengan jeung [[Richard Gere]]. Pilem ieu narima sababaraha kritikan, tapi suksés sacara komérsil, ngahasilkeun $90 juta sacara kotor di sakuliah dunia.&lt;ref&gt;''Autumn in New York'' at [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/autumn_in_new_york/ Rotten Tomatoes]. Diaksés 10 Januari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=autumninnewyork.htm ''Autumn in New York'' (2000)]&quot;. ''Box Office Mojo''. Diaksés 12 Juni 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Tuluy Ryder merankeun saurang biarawati dina pilem ''Lost Souls'' (2000), pilem ieu teu pati payu.&lt;ref&gt;Vincent, Mal (13 Oktober 2000). [https://buffalonews.com/news/bible-belter-winona-ryder-scares-the-devil-out-of-herself/article_bcd8478c-e79e-5da1-ae7a-9e15d11e5020.html &quot;''Bible Belter Winona Ryder Scares the Devil Out of Herself''&quot;]. ''The Buffalo News''. Diaksés 18 Nopémber 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dina tanggal 27 April 2000, wanci Féstival Pilem San Fransisco, Ryder dileler ku Panghargaan Peter J. Owens nu disérénkeun ka juru peran “nu méré tuladan dina kapunjulan, kabébasan jeung integritas”&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Ryder-to-Get-Big-Tribute-at-Film-Festival-2768972.php Ryder to Get Big Tribute at Film Festiva]l&quot;. ''SFGATE''. 14 Maret 2000. Diaksés 26 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;. Masih di taun 2000, Ryder minton dina kaméo leutik dina pilem ''Zoolander'' (dipedalkeun taun 2001). Dina bulan Oktober manéhna meunangkeun béntangna sorangan dina ''Hollywood Walk of Fame'', ditempatkeun persis hareupeun adegan Johnny Grant sagigireun Hotél Roosevelt Hollywood Boulevard.&lt;ref&gt;Staff, Hollywood com (19 Maret 2001). &quot;[http://www.hollywood.com/general/winona-ryder-gets-her-own-star-57164613/ Winona Ryder Gets Her Own Star]&quot;. ''Hollywood.com''. Diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika kagiatan ieu Ryder meunangkeun ogé pangleler minangka ‘Panghadéna Papakéan Minggu Ieu’ ti ''Entertainment Weekly''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.movieactors.com/actors/winonaryder.htm Winona Ryder – MovieActors.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702074808/http://www.movieactors.com/actors/winonaryder.htm |date=2022-07-02 }}&quot;. ''www.movieactors.com''. Diaksés 1 Nopémber 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna panampa panghargaan éta nu ka-2.165.&lt;ref&gt;Kim, Ellen A. (6 Oktober 2000). &quot;[http://www.hollywood.com/news/Winona_Ryder_Gets_Her_Own_Star/313097 Winona Ryder Gets Her Own Star]&quot;. ''Hollywood.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2001-2005 ===
Tanggal 26 April 2001, Ryder minton minangka bintang tamu dina komédi situasi ''Friends''. Manéhna merankeun Melissa Wharburton, batur duduluran Rachel nalika di kampus.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.friends-tv.org/zz720.html &quot;Friends Episode 7.20&quot;]. ''www.friends-tv.org''. diaksés 4 Nopémber, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ryder reureuh heula dina dunia akting alatan kajadian manéhna maling di hiji toko di taun 2001 (tempo di handap). 

Taun 2002, Ryder minton dina dua pilem, Nu kahiji nyaéta pilem komedi romantis ''Mr. Deeds'', bareng jeung [[Adam Sandler]]. Pilem ieu mangrupaken pilem manéhna nu nepi ka kiwari paling suksés sacara komérsil, ngahasilkeun leuwih ti AS$126 juta di Amérika wungkul.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/may/03/winona-ryder-film-comebacks The resurrection of Winona Ryder: how Hollywood's lost girl came back]''. ''The Guardian''. 3 Méi 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Pilem kaduana nyaéta ''Simone'', di mana Ryder maén jeung [[Al Pacino]]. Tanggal 18 Méi 2002 Ryder jadi ''host'' dina acara ''Saturday’s Night Live'', Usum ka-27 (episode 20). Ryder ogé mucunghul dina kaper Majalah ''W'' édisi Juni, mamaké kaos ‘''Free-Winona’'' nu tuluyna jadi sénsasi di antara bobotohna dina internét.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wmagazine.com/gallery/winona-ryder-ss/ &quot;Winona Ryder&quot;]. ''W Magazine | Women's Fashion &amp; Celebrity News''. Diaksés 1 Nopémber 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/ryder-on-the-storm &quot;''RYDER ON THE STORM''&quot;]. ''British Vogue''. Diaksés 1 Nopémber 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Juli 2003, manéhna kapéto ranking 183 dina ''VH1’s'' jeung kaasup kana “200 Ikon Budaya Pop Pangpunjulna” majalah ''People''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailycelebrations.com/icons3.htm &quot;''VH1'' ''Greatest Pop Culture Icons''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213151008/http://dailycelebrations.com/icons3.htm |date=2010-12-13 }}. DailyCelebrations.com. Juli 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== 2006-2008 ===
[[Gambar:WinonaRyderSept08.jpg|jmpl| Ryder dina acara Marc Jacobs di 2008]]
Taun 2006, sabada ngareureuhan heula, Ryder minton dina pilem Richard Linklater, ''A Scanner Darkly'', hiji pilem adaptasi tina novel Philip K. Dick nu judulna sarua. Ryder maén bareng jeung [[Keanu Reeves]], [[Robert Downey Jr.]] jeung [[Woody Harrelson]].&lt;ref&gt;Chocano, Carina (7 Juli 2006). [http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-et-scannerdarkly7jul07,0,5662926.story &quot;''Movie Review: A Scanner Darkly''&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; Ryder ogé minton dina komédi ''The Darwin Awards'' bareng jeung Joseph Fiennes. Pilem ieu muggaran medal dina Féstival Pilem Sundance tanggal 25 Januari 2006.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216033344/http://festival.sundance.org/2006/pdfs/REVISED12205RELEASEPremiereAnnct.pdf &quot;''2006 Sundance Film Festival announces films in premieres section''&quot;] (PDF) (pedalan Pers). Sundance Film Festival.1 Désémber 2005. Diarsipkeun tinu [http://festival.sundance.org/2006/pdfs/REVISED12205RELEASEPremiereAnnct.pdf asli] (PDF) tanggal16 Pébruari 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2007 Ryder gabung deui jeung juru tulis Heathers, Daniel Waters, dina komédi hideung ''Sex and Death 101'' (2007).&lt;ref&gt;Tucker, Hannah (7 Juli 2006). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1210926,00.html &quot;''The Deal Report''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218125428/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1210926,00.html |date=2014-12-18 }}. ''Entertainment Weekly''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tuluy Ryder minton dina komédi David Wain, ''The Ten''. Pilem ieu museur kana sapuluh carita, nu tiap caritana kailhaman ku Sapuluh Paréntah. Munggaran medal dina Festival Pilem Sundance 2007.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216033345/http://festival.sundance.org/2007/pdfs/07_SFF_PROGRAMANNOUNCEMENT120106.pdf &quot;''2007 Sundance Film Festival announces films in the Premieres, Spectrum, New Frontier, Park City at midnight and from the Sundance collection sections''&quot;] (PDF) (pedalan Pers).Féstival Sundance. 30 Nopémber 2006. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://festival.sundance.org/2007/pdfs/07_SFF_PROGRAMANNOUNCEMENT120106.pdf asli] (PDF) tanggal 16 Pébruari 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Satuluyna Ryder maén dina pilem drama romantis Geoffrey Haley, ''The Last World'' (2008).&lt;ref&gt;[http://winona-ryder-news-channel.org/ Arsip warta Winona Ryder]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060503234407/http://winona-ryder-news-channel.org/ Diarsipkeun] 3 Méi 2006, tina [[:en:Wayback_Machine|the Wayback Machine]]; panungtungan diaksés 5 Méi 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Dina tanggal 20 Nopémber 2008 Ryder meunang pangleler fésyen Marie Claire dina ''Marie Claire Prix De La Mode'' di Madrid, Spanyol.&lt;ref&gt;[https://es.ambafrance.org/Prix-Marie-Claire-de-la-Mode-2008 &quot;''Prix Marie-Claire de la Mode 2008''&quot;]. ''Ambassade de France en Espagne / Embajada de Francia en España'' (dina bahasa Perancis). Diaksés 23 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2009 – kiwari ===
Taun 2009, Ryder katémbong dina Féstival Pilem Giffoni di Salerno, Italia, nu mana manéhna dileler ku hiji panghargaan husus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://m.zimbio.com/photos/Winona+Ryder/2009+Giffoni+Film+Festival+Day+14/p57VTc7FIa9 &quot;Winona Ryder Photos Photos: 2009 Giffoni Film Festival - Poé 14&quot;]. ''Zimbio''. Diaksés 23 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Tuluy di taun éta kénéh Ryder maén minangka saurang juru baca warta dina ''The Informers'' vérsi pilem.&lt;ref&gt;Mayberry, Carly (21 Séptémber 2007). [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i5bf6a751bdf67ff5effd46883d459945 &quot;''Ryder, Rourke turn 'Informers'''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718104948/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i5bf6a751bdf67ff5effd46883d459945 |date=2008-07-18 }}. ''The Hollywood Reporter''.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna ogé maén dina pilem Star Terk J.J. Abram minangka indung jalmana Spock, Amanda Grayson. Sawatara média nyatet pangbalikanna deui dirina kana ''box office''.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/may/03/winona-ryder-film-comebacks The resurrection of Winona Ryder: how Hollywood's lost girl came back]''. ''The Guardian''. 3 Méi 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Winona is the queen of the comeback kids'' ''Irish Independent''. 16 Méi 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna ogé maén bareng jeung [[Robin Wright]] sarta [[Julianne Moore]] dina pilem Rebecca Miller, ''The Private Lives of Pippa Lee'', nu medal tanggal 9 Pébruari 2009 dina Féstival Pilem Internasional Bérlin. Tanggal 9 Juni 2009, ''Entertaintment Weekly'' ngawartakeun dina wawancara Ryder jeung majalah ''Empire'', manéhna jeung [[Christian Slater]] bakal ngulang deui peranna dina sékuél ''Heathers''.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://popwatch.ew.com/popwatch/2009/06/heathers-sequel-winona-confirmed.html Winona Ryder confirms 'Heathers' sequel. God, Veronica, drool much?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605150921/http://popwatch.ew.com/popwatch/2009/06/heathers-sequel-winona-confirmed.html |date=2009-06-05 }}'', ''Entertainment Weekly''. 2 Juni 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gambar:Winona_Ryder_(cropped).jpg|kiri|jmpl| Ryder dina Féstival Film Giffoni 2009]]
Taun 2010, Ryder meranken Beth McIntyre, saurang béntang balét nu keur ngolotan, dina pilemna Darren Aronofsky, ''Black Swan''.&lt;ref&gt;Zeitchik, Steven (9 Nopémber 2009). [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3ia4b706c7ade5c201871180fc77fd9002?_r=true&amp;anonymousId=5481747053475350124 &quot;''Winona Ryder joins cast of Darren Aronofsky thriller''&quot;] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''The Hollywood Reporter''.&lt;/ref&gt; Ryder ogé ngabéntangan dina hiji pilem indepénden, ''Stay Cool'', bareng jeung [[Hilary Duff]], [[Mark Polish]] jeung [[Chevy Chase]]. Taun éta kénéh manéhna ogé maén minangka Lois Wilson dina pilem télévisi, ''When Love Is Not Enough: The Lois Wilson Story''. Pikeun pidanganna, Ryder dinominasikeun kana SAG ''Award'' pikeun Artis Pinunjul dina kategori Miniséri Tivi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indielondon.co.uk/Film-Review/black-swan-natalie-portman-interview &quot;IndieLondon: Black Swan - Wawancara Natalie Portman - Your London Reviews&quot;]. ''www.indielondon.co.uk''. Diaksés 23 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ryder ogé maén dina pilem bébas, ''Stay Cool'', bareng jeung [[Hilary Duff]], ''Mark Polish'' jeung ''Chevy Chase''. Taun éta kénéh manéhna meranken Lois Wilson di pilem tivi, ''When Love Is Not Enough, The Lois Wilson Story''. Pikeun pintonanna Ryder dinominasikeun minangka artis awéwé pilem tivi pangpunjulna dina ''SAG Awards''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/17th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards &quot;''The 17th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards | Screen Actors Guild Awards''&quot;]. ''www.sagawards.org''. Diaksés 13 Nopémber 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ryder minton minangka pameran utama dina pilem ''The Dilemma'' nu disutradaraan ku [[Ron Howard]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://theplaylist.net/winona-ryder-joins-ron-howards-cheaters-20100406/ &quot;''Winona Ryder Joins Ron Howard's 'Cheaters' aka 'Your Cheating Heart'''&quot;]. ''theplaylist.net''. Diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Pilem ieu oge dibéntangan ku [[VInce Vaugh]] jeung [[Kevin James]]. Dijieun di [[Chicago]] di bulan Méi 2010 sarta dipedalkeun dina bulan Januari 2011.&lt;ref&gt;Sperling, Nicole. [http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/04/06/winona-ryder-cheaters/ &quot;''Career rebound for Winona?''&quot;] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100409095627/http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/04/06/winona-ryder-cheaters/ Diarsipkeun] 9 April 2010 dina the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. ''[[:en:Entertainment_Weekly|Entertainment Weekly]]''. 6 April 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2011, manéhna maénkeun peran Deborah Kuklinski, bojona juru paténi Richard Kuklinski, dina pilem ''The Iceman''.&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Winona-Ryder-Joins-Cast-Iceman-28323.html Winona Ryder Joins The Cast Of The Iceman]'', Cinema Blend, 21 Désémber 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tahun 2012 [[Tim Burton]] maénkeun manéhna dina vidio musik singel ''The Killers'', &quot;''Here with Me''&quot;. Ryder ogé maén dina ''The Letter'', bareng jeung James Franco. Manéhna ogé réuni deui jeung Tim Burton dina peran pilem animasi 3D ''Frankenweenie'', nu medal dina bulan Oktober 2012 sarta minton bareng jeung James Franco dina pilem éksén harénghéng ''Homefront'' (2013).
[[Gambar:Frankenweenie_premiere_at_the_Fantastic_Fest,_Tim_Burton,_Winona_Ryder,_Martin_Landau,_Charlie_Tahan_2.jpg|jmpl|220x220px|Ryder bareng jeung para pamaén ''Frankenweenie'' dina Féstival Fantastis taun 2012.]]


Taun 2013 jeung 2014 Ryder midang dina séri télévisi Séntral Komédi ''Drunk History''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mandatory.com/culture/1053596-the-story-of-benedict-arnold-an-exclusive-clip-of-next-weeks &quot;''The Story of Benedict Arnold: An Exclusive Clip of Next Week's'' 'Drunk History'&quot;]. ''Mandatory''. 13 Agustus 2014. Diaksés 23 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna ogé midang dina miniséri Amérika ''Show Me a Hero''. Taun 2015, manéhna midang bareng jeung Peter Sarsgaard dina pilem drama biographis ''Experimenter''. Pilem ieu meunangkeun guaran nu positif.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150906134211/http://www.magpictures.com/profile.aspx?id=a882cde5-0302-4c49-924c-1e2073419d13 &quot;''Magnolia Pictures: Experimenter''&quot;]. Magpictures.com. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://www.magpictures.com/profile.aspx?id=a882cde5-0302-4c49-924c-1e2073419d13 aslina] 6 Séptémber 2015. Diaksés 24 Juli 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.metacritic.com/movie/experimenter &quot;Experimenter&quot;]. ''Metacritic''. Diaksés 12 Oktober 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Ti taun 2016, Ryder midang dina séri horor fiksi ilmiah [[Netflix]], ''[[Stranger Things]]'', beunang The Duffer Brothers sarta medal sacara ''stream online'' dina 15 Juli 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Ausiello, Michael (15 Juni 2015). [http://tvline.com/2015/06/15/winona-ryder-montauk-cast-netflix-series/ &quot;''Scoop: Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816073504/http://tvline.com/2015/06/15/winona-ryder-montauk-cast-netflix-series/ |date=2015-08-16 }}. ''[[:en:TVLine|TVLine]]''. Diaksés 24 Agustus 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Pidangan manéhna, ogé acarana meunangkeun kritik nu lolobana muji kana latar pilem di taun 1980-an. Pilem séri ieu meunangkeun panghargaan SAG minangka rangkéan drama séri pangpunjulna di taun 2017. Ryder tuluy ngabéntangan séri ieu dina usum kaduana nu medal tanggal 27 Okober 2017 sarta usum katilu nu medal dina tanggal 4 Juli 2019. Dina usum katilu manéhna kabéjakeun dibayar AS$ 350.000,- per épisodena.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/stranger-things-stars-score-massive-pay-raises-season-3-1094952#:~:text=Winona%20Ryder%20(Joyce)%20and%20David,each%20collecting%20$250,000%20per%20episode. &quot;'''Stranger Things' Stars Score Massive Pay Raises for Season 3'' | Hollywood Reporter&quot;]. ''www.hollywoodreporter.com''. Diaksés 7 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 2018, manéhna maén bareng jeung [[Keanu Reeves]] dina pilem ''Destinaton Wedding''. Saméméhna, maranéhna kungsi tilu kali maén bareng dina tilu pilem lianna (''Bram Stoker's Dracula'', ''A Scanner Darkly'' jeung ''The Private Lives of Pippa Lee'').

Taun 2020, Ryder maén dina pilem ''The Plot Against America'', hiji pilem séri kawates HBO nu dumasar kana novél taun 2004 nu judulna sarua.&lt;ref&gt;Petski, Denise (10 April 2019). [https://deadline.com/2019/04/the-plot-against-america-winona-ryder-zoe-kazan-morgan-spector-john-turturro-hbo-miniseries-1202592810/ &quot;'''The Plot Against America': Winona Ryder, Zoe Kazan, Morgan Spector Among 7 Cast In HBO Miniseries''&quot;]. ''Deadline Hollywood''. Diaksés 8 Januari 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; David Simon, nu nyieun séri ieu ngoméntaran, &quot;Winona salawasna mintonkeun kapunjulan béntang Amérika asli. Kiwari urang geus siap pikeun aksi kaduana, lantaran manéhna éstu pamean nu pinunjul - kerep tunyu tanya ngeunaan peranna, milampah panalungtikan sarta maén hareupeun kaméra sacara naruliah nalika ngamimitian pancénna.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Press, Joy (10 Maret 2020). [https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2020/03/plot-against-america-winona-ryder-david-simon-hbo &quot;''HBO's Plot Against America Paints an All-Too-Plausible Alternate History''&quot;]. ''Vanity Fair''. Diaksés 13 Nopémber 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Séri ieu minangka mindoan gawé bareng Ryder jeung Simon. 

=== Gawé lianna ===
[[Gambar:Lance_Acord,_Sarah_Flack,_and_Winona_Ryder_at_Sundance_2015_Awards.jpg|jmpl|Ryder dina Pasanggiri Pilem Sundance taun 2015]]
Taun 1995, Ryder ngeusi sora sarta narasi ''Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' sarta dinominasikeun pikeun panghargaan Grammy 1995.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/1671/the-diary-of-a-young-girl-by-anne-frank-read-by-winona-ryder/ &quot;T''HE DIARY OF A YOUNG GIRL by Anne Frank Read by Winona Ryder'' ''| Audiobook Review''&quot;]. ''AudioFile Magazine''. Diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1990, Ryder nyieun kaméo dina vidio musik Roy Orbison, &quot;''A Love So Beatiful''&quot; babarengan jeung [[Matthew Modine]].&lt;ref&gt;''[https://genius.com/Roy-orbison-a-love-so-beautiful-lyrics Roy Orbison – A Love So Beautiful]'', diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun éta kéneh Ryder jeung batur maénna dina ''Mermaids'', [[Cher]], minton bareng dina vidio musik &quot;''The Shoop Shoop Song''&quot;. Dina taun 1993, manéhna mancén bareng jeung pibakaleun kabogohna, Dave Primer ti [[Soul Asylum]], dina vidio musikna &quot;''Without a Trace''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://enterthesoulasylum.com/discography/songs/without_a_trace/ &quot;''Without A Trace'' | EnterTheSoulAsylum.com&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514225803/https://enterthesoulasylum.com/discography/songs/without_a_trace/ |date=2021-05-14 }}. ''enterthesoulasylum.com''. Diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Ryder ogé ngabéntangan vidio musik The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, &quot;''Talk about the Blues''&quot; di taun 1998. Taun 2007, manéhna minton sacara singket minangka saurang réporter dina vidio musk &quot;''We're All Stuck Out in The Desert''&quot; meunang Jonathan Rice.

Ryder jadi salah saurang pangrojong pikeun Leonard Peltier, nu didakwa nelasan dua urang agén féderal, nalika Leonard ménta pangampura Présiden Clinton.&lt;ref&gt;News, A. B. C. [https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=94691&amp;page=1 ''&quot;FBI Agents Stage Protest March&quot;''.] ''ABC News''. Diaksés 16 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Taun 1998, Ryder jeung [[Leonardo Dicaprio]] ngabantu nganarasian CD-ROM wedalan Yayasan Sajarah Visual Shoah nu [[Steven Spielberg]], '''Survivors: Testimonies of the Holocaust''.'.&lt;ref&gt;''[https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/12/circuits/articles/31libe-surv.html &quot;A Nightmare Told in Words and Pictures&quot;]''. ''archive.nytimes.com''. Diaksés 7 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Manéhna oge kapéto jadi juri dina Pasanggiri Pilem Cannes taun 1998 nu diluluuhan ku Martin Scorsese.&lt;ref&gt;Maslin, Janet (25 Méi 1998). [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/25/movies/greek-director-wins-top-prize-at-cannes-festival.html &quot;''Greek Director Wins Top Prize at Cannes Festival'' (Medal 1998)&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. ISSN&amp;nbsp;[[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]. Diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2015, manéhna oge jadi juri dina Pasanggiri Pilem Sundance di tahun 2015.&lt;ref&gt;Gupta, Shipra Harbola; Gupta, Shipra Harbola (18 Désémber 2014). [https://www.indiewire.com/2014/12/sundance-announces-2015-jurors-cary-fukunaga-winona-ryder-edgar-wright-and-more-66847/ &quot;''Sundance Announces 2015 Jurors: Cary Fukunaga, Winona Ryder, Edgar Wright and More''&quot;.] ''IndieWire''. Diaksés 25 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ryder milu ngaproduseran tur nganarasian pilem dokuménter ''The Day My God Died'' (2004) reujeung jeung Tim Robbins. Pilem éta ngaguar carita jual beuli séks budak internasional.&lt;ref&gt;Dazed (15 Agustus 2016). [https://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/32452/1/your-guide-to-winona-ryder-one-of-the-coolest-people-ever &quot;''Your guide to Winona Ryder, one of the coolest people ever''&quot;]. ''Dazed''. Diaksés 14 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di bulan Agustus Ryder midang dina kampanye usum gugur ''Rag and Bone''. Numutkeun Marcus Wainwright, ''brand'' manajerna, manéhna téh kapilih ku alatan &quot;kageulisan jeung kapunjulanna nu teu kawengku ku waktu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Holmes, Sally (13 Agustus 2014). [https://www.elle.com/news/fashion-style/winona-ryder-rag-and-bone &quot;''Winona Ryder Is Stunning in the New Rag &amp;#x26; Bone Campaign''&quot;]. ''ELLE''. Diaksés 5 Nopémber 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Sabada ti harita Ryder jadi béntang iklan piken Marc Jacobs Beauty di taun 2016,&lt;ref&gt;Panych, Sophia. [https://www.allure.com/story/winona-ryder-marc-jacobs-beauty &quot;''Allure Exclusive: Winona Ryder Is the New Face of Marc Jacobs Beauty''&quot;]. ''Allure''. Diaksés 6 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; iklan sampo [[Loreal]]&lt;ref&gt;Sy, Wendy. [https://www.allure.com/story/winona-ryder-loreal-commercial &quot;''L'Oreal Commercial Compares Winona Ryder's Career to Damaged Hair''&quot;]. ''Allure''. Diaksés 6 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; jeung kampanye koléksi usum mekar H&amp;M reujeung [[Elizabeth Olsen]] di taun 2018&lt;ref&gt;[https://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Winona-ryder-and-elizabeth-olsen-star-in-new-h-m-campaign,959729.html &quot;''Winona Ryder and Elizabeth Olsen star in new H&amp;M campaign''&quot;]. ''UK.FashionNetwork.com''. 19 Maret 2018. Diaksés 6 Nopémber 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta di awal taun 2020 jadi béntang iklan ''Squarespace superbowl''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/01/29/watch-winona-stars-in-winona-ryders-super-bowl-ad &quot;''Watch: Winona stars in Winona Ryder's Super Bowl ad''&quot;]. ''MPR News''. Diaksés 6 Oktober 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kahirupan pribadi ==
Ryder mibanda imah-imah di [[San Fransisco]], Los Angeles jeung Williamsburg di [[Kota New York|New York]].&lt;ref&gt;Mooallem, Stephen (23 April 2013). [https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/winona-ryder-1 &quot;Winona Ryder&quot;]. ''Interview''. Diaksés 16 Nopémber 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Ryder kungsi ngaku pernah jadi korban anti semit di mangsa katukang sanajan manéhna teu pati kagambarkeun minangka urang Yahudi.&lt;ref&gt;Press, Joy (10 Maret 2020). [https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2020/03/plot-against-america-winona-ryder-david-simon-hbo &quot;''HBO's Plot Against America Paints an All-Too-Plausible Alternate History''&quot;]. ''Vanity Fair''. Diaksés 13 Nopémber 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hubungan ===
[[Gambar:Ray_Liotta,_Winona_Ryder,_Michael_Shannon_TIFF_2012.jpg|jmpl| Ryder jeung Ray Liotta sartaMichael Shannon dina Pasanggiri Pilem Internasional Toronto 2012]]
Ryder tunangan jeung aktor [[Johnny Depp]] salila tilu taun ti mimiti bulan Juli 1990. Manéhna panggih dina acara tayang munggaran pilem ''Great Balls of Fire!'' tur mimiti bobogohan dua bulan ti harita. Harita manéhna umur 17 taun sarta Johnny Depp umur 26.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080103000450/http://www.celebritywonder.com/html/johnnydepp.html &quot;''Johnny Depp Picture, Profile, Gossip, and News''&quot;]. ''celebritywonder.com''. Diarsipkeun ti nu [http://www.celebritywonder.com/html/johnnydepp.html asli] tanggal 3 Januari 2008. Diaksés 31 Désémber 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, Isobel (13 Juli 2020). [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/winona-ryder-johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial-libel-london-violent-a9615551.html &quot;''Winona Ryder to testify that Johnny Depp was 'never violent' to her during libel trial''&quot;]. ''The Independent''. Diaksés 1 Séptémber 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Sabada putus ti Johnny Depp, Ryder hubungan jeung anggota band [[Soul Asylum]], [[Dave Pirner]], sarta anggeur deuheus sanajan geus putus ogé.&lt;ref&gt;Ginsberg, Merle (1 Juni 2002). [https://www.wmagazine.com/story/winona-ryder &quot;''Winona Ryder: Ryder on the Storm''&quot;]. [[:en:W_(magazine)|''W''.]] Diaksés 11 Agustus 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Tuluy manéhna bobogohan jeung [[Matt Damon]] ti taun 1998 nepi ka 2000. Ti taun 2011 Ryder bobogohan jeung Scott Mackinlay Hahn.&lt;ref&gt;Bueno, Antoinette (14 Juli 2016). [http://www.etonline.com/news/193224_winona_ryder_explains_why_she_never_been_married &quot;''Winona Ryder explains why she's never been married''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313153654/http://www.etonline.com/news/193224_winona_ryder_explains_why_she_never_been_married |date=2018-03-13 }}. ''Entertainment Tonight''. Diaksés 11 Agustus 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Polly Klaas ===
Taun 1993, Ryder nawarkeun hadiah ka sing saha nu bisa mulangkeun budak leutik nu diculik, Polly Klaas.&lt;ref&gt;[https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800010920/bio &quot;Winona Ryder ''Biograph''y&quot;]. Yahoo! Movies. Diaksés 31 Désémber 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Klaas cicing di [[Petaluma]], kota di mana Ryder gedé. Ryder nawarkeun $200.000 ka nu bisa mulangkeun budak umur 12 taun nu diculik éta kalayan salamet.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/15/us/kidnapping-summons-city-to-action.html &quot;''Kidnapping Summons City to Action''&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. 15 Oktober 1993.&lt;/ref&gt; Sabada budak éta maot, Ryder merankeun Jo dina pilem taun 1994 nu mangrupakeun adaptasi tina novél ''Little Women'' beunang Louisa May Alcott sarta ngadédikasikeun pintonanna minangka pangéling-ngéling pikeun Klass, lantaran novél ''Little Women'' téh karesepna Klass baheula.&lt;ref&gt;Thompson, Anne (11 Maret 1994). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,301373,00.html &quot;''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Women' on the verge''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620013001/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,301373,00.html |date=2013-06-20 }}. ''Entertainment Weekly''. New York City: Meredith Corporation.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amal ===
Ryder ulubiung dina gawé amal pikeun Pangwaragadan Kuliah Indian Amérika ti umur 20-an, hiji yayasan nu nyakolakeun urang Indian ka univérsitas.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Ryder-In-the-Storm-Winona-plays-mental-patient-2811014.php &quot;''Ryder In the Storm''&quot;]. ''San Francisco Gate''. 16 Januari 2000. Diaksés 7 Juni 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/dec/07/usa.filmnews &quot;''Winona Ryder escapes jail for theft''&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. 7 Désémber 2002. Diaksés 7 Juni 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dicerek taun 2001 ===
Tanggal 12 Désémber 2001, Ryder ditéwak ku dakwaan maling di [[Berverly Hills]], California, dituduh maling pakéan  jeung asésoris disain saharga $5.500 di hiji ''department store'' di Saks Fifth Avenue.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/showbiz/1710311.stm &quot;''Actress Winona Ryder arrested''&quot;]. BBC News. 14 Désémber 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011193351/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/News/12/13/ryder.arrest/ &quot;''Lawyer: Ryder's arrest a 'misunderstanding'''&quot;]. CNN. 13 Désémber 2001. Diarsipkeun ti [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/News/12/13/ryder.arrest/ nu asli] tanggal 11 Oktober 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/11/07/1036308408379.html &quot;''Winona convicted of stealing clothes''&quot;]. ''Age''. Melbourne. 7 Nopémber 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Usahana nyéwa pangacara mashur Mark Geragos sangkan bisa naék banding teu ngahasilkeun.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.abc.net.au/arts/news/artsnews_680355.htm &quot;''Winona Ryder to face court after talks break down''&quot;]. ABC News. 19 Séptémber 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Manéhna dituduh geus maké obat-obatan kaasup [[oxycocone]], [[diazepam]] jeung [[Vicodin]] kalawan teu maké resép dokter. Manéhna didakwa maok,&lt;ref&gt;[http://law.onecle.com/california/penal/487.html &quot;''California Penal Code Section 487 – California Attorney Resources – California Laws''&quot;.] Diaksés 9 April 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; nyopet jeung vandalisme najan kitu lolos tina dakwaan ngarampog.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071211035959/http://www.courttv.com/trials/ryder/index.html &quot;''Winona Ryder Shoplifting Trial''&quot;]. Court TV. Diarsipkeun ti [http://www.courttv.com/trials/ryder/index.html nu asli] 11 Désémber 2007. Diaksés 31 Désémber 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Di bulan Désémber 2002, manéhna ditibanan tilu taun hukuman percobaan, 480 jam layanan sosial, $3.700 denda sarta mayar $6.355 réstitusi ka Toko Saks Fifth Avenue. Manéhna ogé kudu ngilu konsultasi obat jeung psikologi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210906/http://mesh.medill.northwestern.edu/mnschicago/archives/2002/12/with_winona_ryd.html &quot;''With Winona Ryder in the spotlight, Chicago area shop keepers fear increased shoplifting this holiday season''&quot;]. Chicago: Medill News Service.10Désémber 2002. Diarsipkeun ti [http://mesh.medill.northwestern.edu/mnschicago/archives/2002/12/with_winona_ryd.html nu asli] 11 Oktober 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Hakim Tinggi Elden Fox nu nalaah laporan 480 jam layanan sosial manéhna ngurangan hukuman kajahatanna jadi tuduhan kalakuan bangor dina tanggal 18 Juni 2004, Ryder nganggeuskeun mangsa percobaanna nepi ka bulan Désémber 2005.&lt;ref&gt;Watercutter, Angela (18 Juni 2004). [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/06/18/entertainment/main624887.shtml &quot;''Reduced Charges For Winona Ryder''&quot;]. CBS News.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ryder ngajéntrékeun ka Majalah Interview yén kajadian éta téh lumangsung dina mangsa manéhna keur sacara klinis kateken. Ceuk manéhna kénéh ubar panahan nyeri ti tukang terapi alternatifna geus ngaburkeun panalarna. Dokter nu medalkeun resepna geus dicabut ijinna ku Déwan Médis California ku alesan sacara teu étis geus nedunan &quot;kahayang pacandu nu beunghar jeung/atawa sohor pikeun resép narkotik nu saenyana mah dijual di pasar gelap&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.foxnews.com/story/2002/12/10/report-doctor-catered-to-drug-demands-celebs-including-winona-ryder.html &quot;''Report: Doctor Catered to Drug Demands of Celebs, Including Winona Ryder''&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819145300/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2002/12/10/report-doctor-catered-to-drug-demands-celebs-including-winona-ryder.html |date=2017-08-19 }}. Foxnews.com. Associated Press. 10 Désémber 2002. Diaksés 19 Agustus 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmografi ==

=== Pilem ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Taun
!Judul
!Peran
!Sutradara
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Catetan
|-
|1986
|''Lucas''
|Rina
|David Seltzer
|
|-
|1987
|''Square Dance''
|Gemma Dillard
|Daniel Petrie
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1988
|''Beetlejuice''
|Lydia Deetz
|Tim Burton
|
|-
|''1969''
|Beth Karr
|Ernest Thompson
|
|-
|''Heathers''
|Veronica Sawyer
|Michael Lehmann
|
|-
|1989
|''Great Balls of Fire!''
|Myra Gale Lewis
|Jim McBride
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1990
|''Welcome Home, Roxy Carmichael''
|Dinky Bossetti
|Jim Abrahams
|
|-
|''Edward Scissorhands''
|Kim Boggs
|Tim Burton
|
|-
|''Mermaids''
|Charlotte Flax
|Richard Benjamin
|
|-
|1991
|''Night on Earth''
|Corky
|Jim Jarmusch
|Segment: &quot;Los Angeles&quot;
|-
|1992
|''Bram Stoker's Dracula''
|Wilhelmina &quot;Mina&quot; Murray
|Francis Ford Coppola
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1993
|''The Age of Innocence''
|May Welland
|Martin Scorsese
|
|-
|''The House of the Spirits''
|Blanca Trueba
|Bille August
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1994
|''Reality Bites''
|Lelaina Pierce
|Ben Stiller
|
|-
|''Little Women''
|Josephine &quot;Jo&quot; March
|Gillian Armstrong
|
|-
|1995
|''How to Make an American Quilt''
|Finn Dodd
|Jocelyn Moorhouse
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1996
|''Boys''
|Patty Vare
|Stacy Cochran
|
|-
|''Looking for Richard''
|Lady Anne
|Al Pacino
|Documentary
|-
|''The Crucible''
|Abigail Williams
|Nicholas Hytner
|
|-
|1997
|''Alien Resurrection''
|Annalee Call
|Jean-Pierre Jeunet
|
|-
|1998
|''Celebrity''
|Nola
|Woody Allen
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1999
|''Girl, Interrupted''
|Susanna Kaysen
|James Mangold
|Also executive producer
|-
|''Being John Malkovich''
|Herself
|Spike Jonze
|Archive footage
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2000
|''Autumn in New York''
|Charlotte Fielding
|Joan Chen
|
|-
|''Lost Souls''
|Maya Larkin
|Janusz Kamiński
|
|-
|2001
|''Zoolander''
|Herself
|Ben Stiller
|Uncredited cameo
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2002
|''Mr. Deeds''
|Babe Bennett / Pam Dawson
|Steven Brill
|
|-
|''Simone''
|Nicola Anders
|Andrew Niccol
|
|-
|2003
|''The Day My God Died''
|Naratur (sora)
|Andrew Levine
|Voice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Documentary; also producer
|-
|2004
|''The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things''
|Psikolog
|Asia Argento
|Uncredited
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2006
|''The Darwin Awards''
|Siri Taylor
|Finn Taylor
|
|-
|''A Scanner Darkly''
|Donna Hawthorne
|Richard Linklater
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2007
|''The Ten''
|Kelly LaFonda
|David Wain
|
|-
|''Sex and Death 101''
|Gillian De Raisx / Death Nell
|Daniel Waters
|
|-
|''Welcome''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.psfilmfest.org/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=20134&amp;FID=37|title=''Welcome''|publisher=Palm Springs International Film Festival –Shortfest|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191653/http://www.psfilmfest.org/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=20134&amp;FID=37|archivedate=July 27, 2011|accessdate=March 30, 2009|date=August 23, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191653/http://www.psfilmfest.org/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=20134&amp;FID=37 |date=July 27, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Cynthia
|Kirsten Dunst
|Short film
|-
|2008
|''The Last Word''
|Charlotte Morris
|Geoffrey Haley
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2009
|''Water Pills''
|Carrie
|Blake Soper
|Short film
|-
|''The Informers''
|Cheryl Laine
|Gregor Jordan
|
|-
|''The Private Lives of Pippa Lee''
|Sandra Dulles
|Rebecca Miller
|
|-
|''Stay Cool''
|Scarlet Smith
|Michael Polish
|
|-
|''Star Trek''
|Amanda Grayson
|J. J. Abrams
|
|-
|2010
|''Black Swan''
|Beth MacIntyre / The Dying Swan
|Darren Aronofsky
|
|-
|2011
|''The Dilemma''
|Geneva Backman
|Ron Howard
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2012
|''Frankenweenie''
|Elsa Van Helsing
|Tim Burton
|
|-
|''The Letter''
|Martine
|Jay Anania
|
|-
|''The Iceman''
|Deborah Kuklinski
|Ariel Vromen
|
|-
|2013
|''Homefront''
|Sheryl Mott
|Gary Fleder
|
|-
|2015
|''Experimenter''
|Sasha Menkin Milgram
|Michael Almereyda
|
|-
|2018
|''Destination Wedding''
|Lindsay
|Victor Levin
|
|-
|}

=== Télévisi ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Taun
!Judul
!Peran
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Catetan
|-
|1994
|''[[The Simpsons]]''
|Allison Taylor (sora)
|Épisode: &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;Lisa's Rival&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;
|-
|1996
|''Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist''
|Winona (sora)
|Épisode: &quot;Monte Carlo&quot;
|-
|1998
|''The Larry Sanders Show''
|dirina
|Épisode: &quot;''Another List''&quot;
|-
|2000
|''Strangers with Candy''
|Fran
|Épisode: &quot;''The Last Temptation of Blank''&quot;
|-
|2001
|''Friends''
|Melissa Warburton
|Épisode: &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;The One with Rachel's Big Kiss&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;
|-
|2002
|''Saturday Night Live''
|Dirina/ ''Host''
|Épisode: &quot;Winona Ryder/Moby&quot;
|-
|2010
|''When Love Is Not Enough''
|Lois Wilson
|Pilem télévisi
|-
|2013–2014
|''Drunk History''
|Mary Dyer / Peggy Shippen
|2 épisodes
|-
|2014
|''Turks &amp;amp;amp; Caicos''
|Melanie Fall
|Pilem télévisi
|-
|2015
|''Show Me a Hero''
|Vinni Restiano
|4 épisodes
|-
|2016–2025
|''Stranger Things''
|Joyce Byers
|Peran utama
|-
|2020
|''The Plot Against America''
|Evelyn Finkel
|Peran utama
|}

=== video musik ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Taun
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Judul
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Artis
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Peran
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1989
|&quot;Debbie Gibson Is Pregnant with My Two-Headed Love Child&quot;
|Mojo Nixon &amp; Skid Roper
|Debbie Gibson Pangantén Kakandungan
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1990
|&quot;The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)&quot;
|Cher
|Dirina / Charlotte Flax
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1992
|&quot;Love Song for a Vampire&quot;
|Annie Lennox
|Wilhelmina &quot;Mina&quot; Murray
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1993
|&quot;Locked Out&quot;
|Crowded House
|Dirina
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1998
|&quot;Talk About the Blues&quot;
|Jon Spencer Blues Explosion&lt;ref name=&quot;ACME&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1430682/winona-ryder-takes-over-reigns-of-blues-explosion-for-new-video/|title=Winona Ryder Takes Over Reigns Of Blues Explosion For New Video|publisher=MTV.Com|accessdate=October 8, 2015|date=October 12, 1998}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223222822/http://www.mtv.com/news/1430682/winona-ryder-takes-over-reigns-of-blues-explosion-for-new-video/ |date=February 23, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;XTRACME&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/jon-spencer-blues-explosion-my-life-in-10-songs-20150323/the-jon-spencer-blues-explosion-talk-about-the-blues-1998-20150319|title=Jon Spencer of the Blues Explosion: My Life in 10 Songs|publisher=RollingStone.Com|accessdate=October 8, 2015|date=March 23, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Jon Spencer
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2012
|&quot;Here with Me&quot;
|[[The Killers]]
|Mojang lilin
|}

== Panghargaan jeung nominasi ==

=== Academy Awards ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Taun
!Katégori
!Nominasi dina
!Hasil
!Ref.
|-
|1993
|Artis Pangrojong Pangpunjulna
|''The Age of Innocence''
|Nominasi
|-
|1994
|Artis Pangpunjulna
|''Little Women''
|Nominasi
|}

=== Panghargaan BAFTA ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Taun
!Katégori
!Nominasi dina
!Hasil
!Ref.
|-
|1993
|Artis Pangrojong Pangpunjulna
|''The Age of Innocence''
|Nominasi
|-
|}

=== Golden Globe Awards ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Taun
!Katégori
!Nominasi dina
!Hasil
!Ref.
|-
|1991
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Artis Pangrojong Pangpunjulna
|''Mermaids''
|Nominasi
|
|-
|1993
|''The Age of Innocence''
|Meunang
|
|-
|2016
|Artis Drama Pangpunjulna
|''Stranger Things''
|Nominasi
|
|-
|}

=== Panghargaan Grammy ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Taun
!Katégori
!Nominasi dina
!Hasil
!Ref.
|-
|1996
|Album Guneman pikeun Barudak Pangpunjulna
|''The Diary of a Young Girl''
|
|}

=== Panghargaan Screen Actors Guild ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Taun
!Katégori
!Nominasi dina
!Hasil
!Ref.
|-
|1995
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Pidangan Pangpunljulna Numutkeun Hiji Adegan
|''How to Make an American Quilt''
|Nominasi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|''Black Swan''
|Nominasi
|-
|Artis Pangpunjulna dina Mini Seri atawa Pilem
|''When Love Is Not Enough''
|Nominasi
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|Artis Drama Pangpunjulna
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Stranger Things''
|Meunang
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Rangkéan Drama Pangpunjulna
|Nominasi
|-
|2017
|
|-
|}

== Tumbu éksternal ==

* [https://www.imdb.com/find/?q=winona%20ryder&amp;ref_=nv_sr_sm Winona Ryder] dina IMDb
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/winona_ryder Winona Ryder] dina Rotten Tomatoes
{{Navboxes|title=[[List of awards and nominations received by Winona Ryder|Awards for Winona Ryder]]|list={{GoldenGlobeBestSuppActressMotionPicture 1981–2000}}
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress}}
{{ScreenActorsGuildAwards EnsembleTVDrama 2010–2019}}}}
[[Kategori:Jalma hirup]]
[[Kategori:Nu babar taun 1971]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Kategori:Artis Amerika Serikat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Owler</title>
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      <text bytes="1287" sha1="ju9g15l9taoyxoyorlrmuuwgs1o30n5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name          = Owler, Inc.
| former_name   = InfoArmy, Inc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=134231696|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118170510/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=134231696|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 18, 2015|title=Owler, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek|work=Businessweek.com}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| logo         = [[File:Owler logo mark.jpg]] 
| caption       =
| image_size    =
| type          = [[Anak pausahaan]]
| parent        = [[Meltwater (perusahaan)|Meltwater]]
| founded       = {{Start date and age|2011}}
| founder       = {{ubl|Jim Fowler| Rajan Madhavan| Tim Harsch}}
| key_people    = {{ubl|class=nowrap|Tim Harsch (CEO)| Jim Fowler (Chairman)}}
| industry      = [[Jasa internét]]
| revenue       = [[US$]]3,3 juta
| num_employees = 88
| ramatlkoa       = {{URL|owler.com}}
}}
'''Owler''' mangrupikeun perusahaan internét Amérika dumasar di [[San Mateo, California]]. Pausahaan ieu diadegkeun dina 2011 sarta ngabogaan leuwih ti 3,5 juta pamaké aktip.

Dina Juni 2021, Owler sapuk pikeun diakuisisi ku [[Meltwater]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Super Mario</title>
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      <text bytes="44967" sha1="kq8o4e9nnj6ebe0bd4nyp03y6lf8d1j" xml:space="preserve">'''Super Mario''' (ogé katelah Super Mario Bros and Mario) nyaéta séri kaulinan platform anu diciptakeun ku Nintendo dibintanginya maskot maranéhna, Mario. Éta séri sentral tina waralaba Mario anu langkung ageung. Sahenteuna hiji kaulinan Super Mario geus dileupaskeun pikeun tiap konsol video game Nintendo utama. Nanging, aya ogé sababaraha kaulinan pidéo Super Mario dileupaskeun dina platform kaulinan non-Nintendo. Aya leuwih ti 20 kaulinan dina séri.

Kaulinan ''Super Mario'' disetél utamina dina Karajaan Supa fiksi, biasana sareng Mario salaku karakter pamuter. Anjeunna biasana diiluan ku lanceukna, Luigi, sarta mindeng ku anggota séjén tina matak ''Mario'' . Salaku kaulinan platform, aranjeunna ngalibetkeun karakter pamuter ngajalankeun sareng ngaluncat meuntas platform sareng di luhur musuh dina tingkatan téma. Kaulinan boga plot basajan, ilaharna jeung Mario jeung Luigi rescuing nu diculik Putri Peach ti [[antagonis]] primér, Bowser. Kaulinan munggaran dina séri, ''Super Mario Bros.'', dirilis pikeun Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) dina 1985, ngadegkeun konsép midangkeun inti séri sarta elemen. Ieu kalebet seueur kakuatan-up sareng barang-barang anu masihan karakter kakuatan khusus sapertos ngalungkeun bola seuneu sareng ngarobih ukuran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/5710212/nintendos-revised-history-of-super-mario-bros|title=Nintendo's Revised History Of Super Mario Bros.|last=McWhertor|first=Michael|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052542/https://kotaku.com/5710212/nintendos-revised-history-of-super-mario-bros|archivedate=June 18, 2018|accessdate=June 18, 2018|date=December 10, 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618052542/https://kotaku.com/5710212/nintendos-revised-history-of-super-mario-bros |date=June 18, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seri ''Super Mario'' mangrupikeun bagian tina waralaba ''Mario'' anu langkung ageung, anu kalebet genre kaulinan vidéo sareng média sapertos pilem, televisi, média cetak, sareng barang dagangan. Langkung ti 380&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar kaulinan ''Super Mario'' geus dijual di sakuliah dunya, ngajadikeun eta runtuyan video kaulinan laris kalima, balik franchise ''Mario'' nu leuwih gede, runtuyan teka ''Tetris'', nu ''Pokémon'' video kaulinan, jeung kahiji-jalma jujur runtuyan ''Call of Kawajiban'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/vy8mvC_LJPHnlpBFTR5w-BYV1FP_m7hN|title=Super Mario Maker has sold 1 Million units around the world!|publisher=Nintendo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002142005/https://www.nintendo.com/whatsnew/detail/vy8mvC_LJPHnlpBFTR5w-BYV1FP_m7hN|archivedate=October 2, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Midangkeun ==
Tujuan tina kaulinan nyaéta pikeun maju ngaliwatan tingkat ku ngéléhkeun musuh, ngumpulkeun barang sareng ngarengsekeun teka-teki tanpa maot. Pamakéan kakuatan-up téh integral kana séri. Séri ieu gaduh installments nampilkeun duanana midangkeun dua jeung tilu diménsi. Dina kaulinan 2D, karakter pamuter (biasana Mario) jumps on platform jeung musuh bari Ngahindarkeun serangan maranéhanana sarta pindah ka katuhu layar ngagulung. Tingkat kaulinan 2D ''Super Mario'' gaduh tujuan kaluar tunggal, anu kedah dihontal dina wates waktos sareng nuju ka tingkat sekuensial salajengna. ''[[Super Mario Bros. 3|Super Mario Bros 3]]'' ngawanohkeun overworld, peta tingkat nonlinier nu cabang nurutkeun pilihan pamuter urang. ''[[Super Mario Dunya|Super Mario World]]'' ngenalkeun tingkat kalayan sababaraha jalan kaluar.

Angsuran 3D dina séri éta ngagaduhan dua subgénré: kaulinan dumasar eksplorasi dunya terbuka sareng kaulinan 3D langkung linier kalayan jalur anu tos ditangtukeun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Osborn|first=Alex|date=January 13, 2017|title=Miyamoto Offers a Few New Super Mario Odyssey Details|work=IGN|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/01/13/miyamoto-offers-a-few-new-super-mario-odyssey-details|access-date=January 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114215727/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/01/13/miyamoto-offers-a-few-new-super-mario-odyssey-details|archive-date=January 14, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tingkat dina kaulinan dunya kabuka, ''64'', ''Sunshine'' jeung ''Odyssey'', ngidinan pamaén kalawan bébas ngajajah sababaraha lingkungan enclosed dina gerakan 360-gelar. Salaku kaulinan progresses, leuwih lingkungan jadi diaksés.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://smgalaxy.com/view_level.php?id=10|title=GLZ34|publisher=Super Mario Galaxy Central|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313130758/http://smgalaxy.com/view_level.php?id=10|archivedate=March 13, 2008|accessdate=November 29, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313130758/http://smgalaxy.com/view_level.php?id=10 |date=March 13, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaulinan 3D linier, ''Galaxy'', ''Galaxy 2'', ''3D Land'' sareng ''3D World'', gaduh sudut kaméra anu langkung tetep sareng jalur anu tos ditangtukeun pikeun tujuan tunggal.

== Karakter diputer ==
Séri ieu sering gaduh pilihan pikeun maén salaku karakter sanés Mario, biasana Luigi. Kaulinan saméméhna geus nawarkeun hiji mode multiplayer alik nu pamuter kadua ngadalikeun Luigi on turn maranéhna. Luigi sering ngan tiasa dicoo ku pamaén sadetik, iterasi anu langkung nangtang tina kaulinan dasar, sapertos dina ''The Lost Levels'', ''Galaxy 2'', ''New Super Luigi U'' sareng dunya khusus di ''3D Land'' ; fitur ieu gravitasi handap sarta ngurangan gesekan pikeun Luigi. Engké kaulinan ngamungkinkeun opat pamaén muter simultaneous. Karakter anu tiasa dicoo lian ti Mario sareng Luigi parantos kalebet Toads, Peach, Yoshi, Wario, Rosalina, [[Mii]]s, Toadette, Nabbit, Daisy, sareng Bowser Jr. Karakter kadang dibédakeun ku kamampuan khusus. ''Super Mario Maker'' kalebet kostum anu ngagambarkeun langkung seueur karakter ( ''Super Mario Maker 2'' ngan kalebet kostum [[Link (Zelda)|Link]] ).

=== Power-up jeung transformasi ===
[[File:Supermushroom.png|kiri|jmpl|Super Mushroom, sakumaha digambarkeun dina ''[[Anyar Super Mario Bros. U|New Super Mario Bros. U]]'' - [[Jaringan UGO|UGO]] digambarkeun salaku &quot;kakuatan-up [[wiktionary:quintessential|quintessential]] &quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;SuperMushroom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugo.com/a/top11-videogame-powerups/?cur=supermushroom|title=The Top 11 Video Game Powerups|publisher=[[UGO Networks]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028230817/http://www.ugo.com/a/top11-videogame-powerups/?cur=supermushroom|archivedate=October 28, 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028230817/http://www.ugo.com/a/top11-videogame-powerups/?cur=supermushroom |date=October 28, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Daya-up jamur muncul dina ampir unggal buruan ''Super Mario'' . Anu paling ikonik nyaéta Super [[Fungi|Mushroom]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;SuperMushroom2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugo.com/a/top11-videogame-powerups/?cur=supermushroom|title=OP32|publisher=[[UGO Networks]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028230817/http://www.ugo.com/a/top11-videogame-powerups/?cur=supermushroom|archivedate=October 28, 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028230817/http://www.ugo.com/a/top11-videogame-powerups/?cur=supermushroom |date=October 28, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amanita&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Li, C.|last2=Oberlies, N. H.|date=December 2005|title=The most widely recognized mushroom: chemistry of the genus ''Amanita''|url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/N_Oberlies_Most_2005.pdf|journal=Life Sciences|volume=78|issue=5|pages=532–38|doi=10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.003|pmid=16203016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806123833/http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/N_Oberlies_Most_2005.pdf|archive-date=August 6, 2020|access-date=July 5, 2019|quote=Idealized representations of this species permeate popular culture. A. muscaria can be found as a major obstacle in video games (e.g., the Smurfs and Super Mario Bros., respectively)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Supa Super'' ningkatkeun ukuran karakter, ngarobahna kana varian &quot;Super&quot;, sareng ngamungkinkeun aranjeunna ngarobih blok anu tangtu. Nalika ditarajang ku musuh, karakterna balik deui ka ukuranana anu langkung alit tibatan kaleungitan nyawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;SuperMushroom2&quot; /&gt; Nalika karakterna aya dina bentuk &quot;Super&quot;, kalolobaan blok anu ngandung Super Mushroom gantina nawiskeun kakuatan anu langkung kuat sapertos Kembang Seuneu. Supa Super mirip dina penampilan ''Amanita muscaria'', kalayan gagang gading di handapeun topi anu paling sering beureum sareng bodas (asalna beureum sareng oranyeu). Dijieun ku kasempetan, Shigeru Miyamoto nyatakeun dina wawancara yén tés béta tina ''Super Mario Bros.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;worldrecord&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_45/b3958127.htm|title=Meet Mario's Papa|last=O'Connell, Patricia|publisher=BusinessWeek online|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102024711/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_45/b3958127.htm|archivedate=November 2, 2005|accessdate=November 26, 2005|date=November 7, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Varian béda tina supa power-up muncul dina séri. Contona, ''Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels'' ngawanohkeun ''Poison Mushroom'', nu ngabalukarkeun karuksakan nalika dikumpulkeun; jeung ''New Super Mario Bros.'' jeung Suung Mega, tumuwuh karakter kana towering, buta invulnerable anu ngancurkeun musuh jeung lingkungan ku ngajalankeun ngaliwatan aranjeunna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/5942967/its-impossible-to-hate-the-new-new-super-mario-bros-u|title=Bov43|website=Kotaku|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119041527/http://kotaku.com/5942967/its-impossible-to-hate-the-new-new-super-mario-bros-u|archivedate=November 19, 2012|accessdate=October 13, 2014|date=September 13, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119041527/http://kotaku.com/5942967/its-impossible-to-hate-the-new-new-super-mario-bros-u |date=November 19, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Super Mario Bros 3'' ngenalkeun jas kana séri ''Super Mario'', seueur anu dumasar kana sato atanapi musuh Mario. Raccoon Suit (disadiakeun ku Super Leaf) sareng Tanooki Suit masing-masing nyayogikeun karakter sareng buntut anu ngamungkinkeun penerbangan. Salaku tambahan, Tanooki Suit ngamungkinkeun karakter sacara spontan robih janten patung anu teu tiasa dielehkeun salami lima detik. ''Super Mario Bros 3'' kalebet jas Hammer Bros, anu ngamungkinkeun Mario sareng Luigi ngalungkeun palu salaku projectiles pikeun ngelehkeun musuh di kajauhan. Cocog séjén dina kaulinan engké dina séri ieu kalebet Frog Suit, Penguin Suit, Cat Suit, Boomerang Suit, sareng Bee Suit.

== Musik ==
Seueur musik asli sareng épék sora ''Super Mario Bros'' parantos janten ikon pikeun séri sareng dilebetkeun kana kaulinan modéren. Téma asli ''Super Mario Bros'', dikarang ku Koji Kondo, parantos janten salah sahiji tema kaulinan vidéo anu paling terkenal di sakumna dunya.&lt;ref name=&quot;1up&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/news/gdc-2007-mario-maestro-shares|title=GDC 2007: Mario Maestro Shares His Secrets|publisher=[[1UP.com]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710232628/http://www.1up.com/news/gdc-2007-mario-maestro-shares|archivedate=July 10, 2012|accessdate=February 16, 2009|date=March 7, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710232628/http://www.1up.com/news/gdc-2007-mario-maestro-shares |date=July 10, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Super Mario Galaxy'', dirilis dina 2007, jadi kaulinan munggaran dina séri ''Super Mario'' nampilkeun musik orchestrated,&lt;ref name=&quot;Music 4 Games&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.music4games.net/Features_Display.aspx?id=186|title=Mer32|publisher=Music 4 Games|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113135703/http://www.music4games.net/Features_Display.aspx?id=186|archivedate=November 13, 2007|accessdate=July 12, 2020|date=November 13, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113135703/http://www.music4games.net/Features_Display.aspx?id=186 |date=November 13, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nu bakal balik dina sequel sarta kaulinan salajengna lianna kayaning ''Super Mario 3D Dunya'' .&lt;ref name=&quot;Nintendo Life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/wiiu/super_mario_3d_world|title=law32|publisher=Nintendo Life|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714112854/https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/wiiu/super_mario_3d_world|archivedate=July 14, 2020|accessdate=July 12, 2020|date=November 19, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pangwangunan ==

=== 1985–1995: 2D asalna ===
[[File:NES_Super_Mario_Bros.png|kiri|jmpl|''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'', dirilis dina 1985 pikeun [[System Hiburan Nintendo|Nintendo Entertainment System]], éta kaulinan munggaran dina séri jeung [[Sisi-ngagulung video kaulinan|2D sisi-ngagulung platform kaulinan]] munggaran pikeun fitur [[Mario (watak)|Mario]] .]]
''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'', kaulinan platform 2D sisi-ngagulung munggaran pikeun fitur Mario, dirilis pikeun [[System Hiburan Nintendo|Nintendo Entertainment System]] (NES) dina 1985. Ieu diturunkeun ngaliwatan kolaborasi ku [[Nintendo]] 's Shigeru Miyamoto jeung Takashi Tezuka salaku panerusna 1983 arcade game ''[[Mario Bros.|Mario Bros]]'', nu dibéntangan dua karakter: Mario, karakter titular nu mimiti muncul dina ''[[Donkey Kong (kaulinan arcade)|Donkey Kong]]'' salaku karakter pamuter aslina tur sequel na. dimana anjeunna boss final, sarta Luigi, anu mimiti muncul dina ''Mario Bros.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;iwataasks25_1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://us.wii.com/iwata_asks/mario25th/vol5_page1.jsp|title=Using the D-pad to Jump|website=Iwata Asks: Super Mario Bros. 25th Anniversary Vol. 5: Original Super Mario Developers|publisher=[[Nintendo of America]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203071512/http://us.wii.com/iwata_asks/mario25th/vol5_page1.jsp|archivedate=February 3, 2011|accessdate=February 1, 2011|date=February 1, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Super Mario Bros'' ngadegkeun seueur elemen ''[[Mario (waralaba)|Mario]]'' inti, sapertos Goombas, Koopa Troopas, Bowser, Peach, sareng tilu kakuatan-up na: Super Mushroom, ningkatkeun ukuran karakter sareng nyayogikeun titik hit tambahan, Kembang Api, ngamungkinkeun karakter ngalungkeun fireballs salaku pakarang, jeung Super Star, granting invincibility samentara. &quot;Super&quot; dina judulna asalna tina integrasi Super Supa kana kaulinan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NES Classic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.com/nes-classic/super-mario-bros-and-super-mario-bros-3-developer-interview|title=Super Mario Bros. and Super Mario Bros. 3 developer interviews- NES Classic Edition|website=Nintendo.com|publisher=[[Nintendo of America]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032653/https://www.nintendo.com/nes-classic/super-mario-bros-and-super-mario-bros-3-developer-interview|archivedate=December 1, 2017|accessdate=November 18, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duduluran Mario sareng Luigi kedah nyalametkeun Putri Toadstool / Peach ti Bowser / King Koopa di Karajaan Supa. Kaulinan diwangun ku dalapan dunya tina opat tingkat masing-masing, jumlahna aya 32 tingkat sadayana. Sanaos dunya béda dina téma, tingkat kaopat mangrupikeun bénténg atanapi kastil anu ditungtungan ku gelut ngalawan Bowser (atanapi salah sahiji antekna nyamar salaku anjeunna).&lt;ref name=&quot;TMKTheBad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://themushroomkingdom.net/smb_breakdown.shtml#bad|title=The Bad|website=TMK Super Mario Bros. Complete Guide|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725024015/http://themushroomkingdom.net/smb_breakdown.shtml#bad|archivedate=July 25, 2008|accessdate=August 27, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Super Mario Bros'' mangrupikeun salah sahiji kaulinan vidéo anu paling laris sepanjang waktos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/chartspot-june-2004/1100-6103856/|title=Cha04|last=Thorsen|first=Tor|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107013936/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/chartspot-june-2004/1100-6103856/|archivedate=November 7, 2018|accessdate=January 15, 2019|date=August 2, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Super Mario Bros: Tingkat Leungit|Super Mario Bros: The Lost Levels]]'' (katelah ''Super Mario Bros. 2'' di Jepang) nyaéta sekuel munggaran pikeun ''Super Mario Bros'' asli. Ieu ngagunakeun mesin ''Super Mario Bros'', kalayan tambahan sapertos cuaca, gerakan karakter, sareng anu langkung kompleks. tingkat, sakabehna ngahasilkeun kasusah leuwih luhur. Kaulinan nuturkeun gaya anu sarua tina progression tingkat salaku ''Super Mario Bros.'', kalawan dalapan dunya awal opat tingkat unggal. Dina waktos éta, sekuel ieu henteu dileupaskeun di luar Jepang sabab Nintendo Amérika henteu hoyong séri ''Super Mario'' dikenal ku pamaén di luar Jepang kusabab kasusah anu ngaganggu. Eta tetep inaccessible ka pasar steadily broadening pamaén video game Amérika, jadi stylistically luntur ku waktu Jepang ''Super Mario Bros.. 2'' bisa ahirna dikirimkeun ka Amérika.&lt;ref name=&quot;History of SMB at IGN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/09/14/ign-presents-the-history-of-super-mario-bros|title=IGN Presents The History of Super Mario Bros.|last=McLaughlin|first=Rus|publisher=IGN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109000531/https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/09/14/ign-presents-the-history-of-super-mario-bros|archivedate=November 9, 2019|accessdate=April 9, 2014|date=September 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaulinan ieu engké debut di luar Jepang dina 1993 salaku ''Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels'' dina kaulinan kompilasi ''[[Super Juhari Sadaya-Béntang|Super Mario All-Stars]]'' pikeun [[System Hiburan Super Nintendo|Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] (SNES).

=== 1996–2005: Perkenalan 3D sareng éksplorasi kabuka ===
[[Gambar:Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg|jmpl|''Super Mario 64'' pikeun Nintendo 64 (gambar) nyaéta 3D munggaran sareng éntri dunya kabuka.]]
Dina awal taun 1990-an, sutradara sareng produser [[Shigeru Miyamoto]] parantos nyusun desain 3D ''Mario'' nalika ngembangkeun [[System Hiburan Super Nintendo|Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] (SNES) game ''[[Star Fox (1993 kaulinan vidéo)|Star Fox]]'' (1993). Anjeunna dianggap ngagunakeun chip [[Super FX]] pikeun ngembangkeun kaulinan SNES, ''Super Mario FX'', kalayan midangkeun dumasar kana &quot;sakabeh dunya dina miniatur, kawas karéta miniatur&quot;. Anjeunna ahirna reformulated gagasan pikeun Nintendo 64, teu keur kakuatan substansi gede na, tapi kusabab controller na boga leuwih tombol pikeun midangkeun.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGN100-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://top100.ign.com/2007/ign_top_game_5.html|title=IGN64|website=IGN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216163241/http://top100.ign.com/2007/ign_top_game_5.html|archivedate=February 16, 2012|accessdate=February 13, 2018|date=2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216163241/http://top100.ign.com/2007/ign_top_game_5.html |date=February 16, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.n-sider.com/contentview.php?contentid=223|title=Profile: Shigeru Miyamoto – Chronicles of a Visionary|last=Grajqevci|first=Jeton|website=N-Sider|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224020722/http://www.n-sider.com/contentview.php?contentid=223|archivedate=February 24, 2011|accessdate=February 14, 2018|date=October 9, 2000}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232650/http://www.n-sider.com/contentview.php?contentid=223 |date=May 14, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' dikembangkeun salila kira tilu taun, kalayan sataun spent dina konsép desain jeung kira dua taun dina produksi.&lt;ref name=&quot;NP 80&quot;&gt;{{cite interview|date=January 1996|title=The Game Guys – (Shoshinkai 1995)|first1=Shigeru|last1=Miyamoto|first2=Takashi|last2=Tezuka|magazine=[[Nintendo Power]]|publisher=[[Nintendo]]|issue=80|url=http://www.zeldalegends.net/index.php?n=interviews&amp;id=1996-01-np080-miya-tezu&amp;m=html|access-date=May 25, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110224115317/http://www.zeldalegends.net/index.php?n=interviews&amp;id=1996-01-np080-miya-tezu&amp;m=html|archive-date=February 24, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Produksi dimimitian dina 7 Séptémber 1994, sarta réngsé dina 20 Méi 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/super-mario-64-took-622-days-to-develop-suggests-gigal-1844599172|title=Super Mario 64 Took 622 Days To Develop, Suggests 'Gigaleak' Document|last=Walker|first=Ian|website=[[Kotaku]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115041135/https://kotaku.com/super-mario-64-took-622-days-to-develop-suggests-gigal-1844599172|archivedate=November 15, 2020|accessdate=August 5, 2020|date=August 3, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Super Mario 64'' mangrupikeun kaulinan dunya [[grafik komputer 3D|3D]] sareng kabuka munggaran dina séri éta, sareng kaulinan peluncuran pikeun konsol bumi [[Nintendo 64]] . Tiap tingkat mangrupa lingkungan enclosed dimana pamaén bébas ngajajah sagala arah tanpa wates waktu. Pamuter ngumpulkeun Power Stars tina lukisan di kastil Peach pikeun muka konci kursus sareng daérah engké. Stick analog Nintendo 64 ngajadikeun répertoar éksténsif ngeunaan gerakan anu tepat dina sagala arah anu mungkin. Kaulinan ngenalkeun gerakan sapertos punching, luncat triple, sareng nganggo Wing Cap pikeun ngapung. Ieu mangrupikeun kaulinan séri ''Super Mario'' munggaran anu nampilkeun lakonan sora Charles Martinet pikeun Mario. Mario kedah sakali deui nyalametkeun Putri Peach ti Bowser. Power-up kaulinan béda ti kaulinan saméméhna, ayeuna jadi tilu topi béda jeung kakuatan samentara: Wing Cap, sahingga Mario ngapung; Metal Cap, ngarobahna kana logam; sarta Cap ngaleungit, sahingga anjeunna leumpang ngaliwatan halangan. ''Super Mario 64'' dianggap mani mun video kaulinan 3D.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|date=November 1997|title=100 Best Games of All Time|magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis, LLC]]|issue=100|pages=155–6}} Note: Contrary to the title, the intro to the article (on page 100) explicitly states that the list covers console video games only, meaning PC games and arcade games were not eligible.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3135350|title=The Essential 50 Part 36: Super Mario 64|website=1UP.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328140117/http://www.1up.com/features/essential-50-mario-64|archivedate=March 28, 2016|accessdate=February 13, 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200532/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3135350 |date=September 27, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/galleries/most-influential-video-games/168/?page=12|title=Most Influential Video Games|website=[[GameDaily]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618001625/http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/galleries/most-influential-video-games/168/?page=12|archivedate=June 18, 2009|accessdate=January 23, 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618001625/http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/galleries/most-influential-video-games/168/?page=12 |date=June 18, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Remake tina kaulinan anu disebut ''[[Super Mario 64 DS]]'' dirilis pikeun Nintendo DS di 2004 sareng 2005, nambihan Yoshi, Luigi, sareng Wario salaku karakter anu tiasa dicoo, kamampuan anyar, tujuan anyar, multipemain, sareng minigames.

=== 2006–2016: revival 2D jeung kaulinan 3D jalur-fokus ===
[[Gambar:New_Super_Mario_Bros._logo.png|jmpl|Logo runtuyan ''Super Mario Bros anyar'']]
Saatos teu aya rilis game 2D asli dina séri éta saprak 1995, ''[[Anyar Super Mario Bros.|New Super Mario Bros]]'' dirilis dina [[Nintendo DS]] di 2006. Di jerona, Mario sareng Luigi angkat pikeun nyalametkeun Putri Peach ti Bowser Jr. Midangkeun 2D, tapi seueur karakter sareng objék 3D dina latar dua diménsi, hasilna pangaruh 2.5D. Kaulinan ngagunakeun peta overworld nu sarupa jeung ''Super Mario Bros DELUXE'' . Sababaraha tingkat ngagaduhan sababaraha jalan kaluar. Power-up klasik (Super Mushroom, Fire Flower and Super Star) balik deui sareng Mega Mushroom, Blue Shell, sareng Mini Mushroom.

Miyamoto ngécéskeun yén nalika anjeunna ngembangkeun ''Super Mario 64'' kalawan Yoshiaki Koizumi, maranéhna sadar yén judul bakal leuwih diarahkeun ka &quot;core gamer&quot;, tinimbang kasual, &quot;pick-up-and-go&quot; gamer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Treehouse Live January&quot;&gt;NinEverything. (January 13, 2017). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmV1JY4Tl9o Miyamoto on Super Mario Odyssey – Nintendo Treehouse Live with Nintendo Switch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907065915/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmV1JY4Tl9o|date=September 7, 2021}}. ''YouTube''. Retrieved January 15, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Saatos ''Sunshine'', fokus maranéhanana pindah ka leuwih diaksés, kaulinan kasual, ngarah aranjeunna ngamekarkeun ''[[Super Mario Galaxy]]'' kalayan jalur leuwih progression-berorientasi. ''Galaxy'' diluncurkeun dina 2007 pikeun Wii. Disetél di luar angkasa, dimana Mario atanapi Luigi ngarambat antara &quot; [[galaksi]] &quot; pikeun ngumpulkeun Power Stars, dimeunangkeun ku ngalengkepan quests atanapi ngéléhkeun musuh. Ieu ngenalkeun kadali gerak kana séri. Unggal galaksi ngandung sajumlah [[Bintang|planét]] sarta objék spasi séjén pikeun pamaén ngajajah. Sistem fisika kaulinan méré unggal obyék celestial gaya [[gravitasi]] sorangan, nu ngidinan karakter circumnavigated rounded atawa planetoid henteu teratur ku leumpang ka gigir atawa tibalik ka handap. Karakter biasana bisa luncat tina hiji objek bebas sarta ragrag ka arah objék deukeut séjén. Sanaos midangkeun sareng fisika utama aya dina 3D, aya sababaraha titik dina kaulinan dimana gerakan karakter diwatesan kana sumbu 2D. Sababaraha kakuatan-up anyar muncul nuturkeun mékanika kaulinan anyar.

=== 2017–2021: Balik deui ka eksplorasi buka-réngsé ===
Sanggeus sanggeus fallen kaluar tina ni'mat ku pertengahan 2000s, open-dunya &quot;collectathon&quot; platformers 3D kayaning ''Super Mario 64'', ''[[Banjo-Kazooie]]'' jeung ''[[Donkey Kong 64]]'' geus jadi kirang umum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Artifice&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Nintendo Collectathon: A Genre of the Past|url=https://the-artifice.com/nintendo-collectathon/|access-date=September 15, 2021|work=The Artifice|date=December 9, 2014|archive-date=June 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616203757/https://the-artifice.com/nintendo-collectathon/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Contona, kaulinan petualangan 3D ''Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts &amp; Bolts'' (2008) sacara eksplisit nyedek ka tedium anu ditanggap pikeun ngumpulkeun jumlah token anu ageung. Ku pertengahan 2010s, kumaha oge, platformers 3D anu dimaksudkeun pikeun ngayakeun réplikasi pangalaman sapertos, kaasup ''Yooka-Laylee'' jeung ''A Hat dina Time'' . ''[[Super Mario Odyssey]]'' mangrupakeun balik deui ka buka-dunya &quot;sandbox&quot; gaya 3D midangkeun,&lt;ref name=&quot;Business&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gilbert|first=Ben|title=Forget about that 'Super Mario' game on your iPhone — this is the new Mario game you're looking for|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/super-mario-odyssey-nintendo-switch-photos-video-2017-1/#its-used-to-great-effect-in-gameplay-in-this-instance-mario-throws-his-hat-and-it-floats-in-mid-air-thus-providing-a-platform-where-mario-can-bounce-to-more-sturdy-footing-11|access-date=January 15, 2017|work=Business Insider|date=January 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114202720/http://www.businessinsider.com/super-mario-odyssey-nintendo-switch-photos-video-2017-1/#its-used-to-great-effect-in-gameplay-in-this-instance-mario-throws-his-hat-and-it-floats-in-mid-air-thus-providing-a-platform-where-mario-can-bounce-to-more-sturdy-footing-11|archive-date=January 14, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Paste Staff|title=Super Mario Odyssey Announced for the Nintendo Switch|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/01/super-mario-odyssey-announced-for-the-nintendo-swi.html|access-date=January 15, 2017|work=Paste Magazine|date=January 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116174524/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/01/super-mario-odyssey-announced-for-the-nintendo-swi.html|archive-date=January 16, 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116174524/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/01/super-mario-odyssey-announced-for-the-nintendo-swi.html |date=January 16, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Location&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Plante|first=Chris|title=Super Mario Odyssey is an open world sandbox game for Nintendo Switch|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/12/14257408/nintendo-new-super-mario-odyssey-announced-switch|access-date=January 13, 2017|work=The Verge|date=January 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114015639/http://www.theverge.com/2017/1/12/14257408/nintendo-new-super-mario-odyssey-announced-switch|archive-date=January 14, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; kalawan &quot;Eksplorasi leuwih buka-réngsé kawas dina ''Super Mario 64'' jeung ''Super Mario Sunshine'' .&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/05/15/super-mario-odyssey-road-to-e3-2017|title=Super Mario Odyssey – Road to E3 2017|last=Pearce|first=Alanah|authorlink=Alanah Pearce|website=[[IGN]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717151626/https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/05/15/super-mario-odyssey-road-to-e3-2017|archivedate=July 17, 2020|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=May 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dileupaskeun dina Oktober 2017 pikeun [[Nintendo Pindah|Nintendo Switch]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Games/Nintendo-Switch/Super-Mario-Odyssey-1173332.html|title=Super Mario Odyssey|website=Nintendo UK|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009233756/https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Games/Nintendo-Switch/Super-Mario-Odyssey-1173332.html|archivedate=October 9, 2020|accessdate=June 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[amukan Bowser urang|Bowser's Fury]]'' mangrupikeun bagian tina sékrési ulang 2021 ''Super Mario 3D World'' dina [[Nintendo Pindah|Nintendo Switch]] . Implements 3D open-world &quot;free-roaming&quot; midangkeun dina fashion sarupa ''Odyssey'', ti mana eta ngawengku loba elemen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Skrebels&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/super-mario-3d-world-coming-to-switch-with-new-bowsers-fury-expansion|title=Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury Announced for Nintendo Switch|last=Skrebels|first=Joe|publisher=IGN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904073604/https://www.ign.com/articles/super-mario-3d-world-coming-to-switch-with-new-bowsers-fury-expansion|archivedate=September 4, 2020|accessdate=September 3, 2020|date=September 3, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/videos/super-mario-3d-world-bowsers-fury-official-trailer-2|title=Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury – Official Trailer 2 – IGN|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204063404/https://www.ign.com/videos/super-mario-3d-world-bowsers-fury-official-trailer-2|archivedate=February 4, 2021|accessdate=January 12, 2021|date=January 12, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2023: ''Super Mario Bros'' ===
''[[Super Mario Bros|Super Mario Bros. Wonder]]'' mangrupikeun kaulinan ''Super Mario'' sidescrolling 2D anu diumumkeun dina 21 Juni 2023 sareng dirilis dina 20 Oktober taun anu sami. Karakter anu tiasa dicoo kalebet Mario, Luigi, Toad, Putri Peach, Putri Daisy, Yoshi, Nabbit sareng Toadette. Anyar kakuatan-up kaasup buah nu transforms pamuter kana gajah &lt;ref name=&quot;IGN Wonder&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.com/store/products/super-mario-bros-wonder-switch/|title=Super Mario Bros.™ Wonder for Nintendo Switch|website=Nintendo Official Site|language=en-us|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230621170938/https://www.nintendo.com/store/products/super-mario-bros-wonder-switch/|archivedate=June 21, 2023|accessdate=June 21, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung kembang anu ngamungkinkeun pamuter ka nyieun gelembung nu newak musuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;IGN Wonder&quot; /&gt; Nalika ngarampa Wonder Flower, karakter pamuter ngalaman épék aneh anu ngalibatkeun karakter sareng dunya anu dirobih.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/mario-2d-side-scroller-switch-nintendo-platformer-1850557825|title=Nintendo's Next Mario Game Is Here And It's Not What You Expect|last=Gach|first=Ethan|website=[[Kotaku]]|language=en|accessdate=September 10, 2023|date=June 21, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu mangrupikeun patandingan anu munggaran anu nampilkeun Kevin Afghani salaku sora anyar Mario sareng Luigi, saatos diumumkeun yén aktor saméméhna Charles Martinet mundur tina peran dina Agustus 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/mario-new-voice-actor-nintendo-kevin-afghani-1235755568/|title=Mario's New Voice Actor Announced by Nintendo After Charles Martinet's Departure|last=Shanfield|first=Ethan|website=[[Variety (website)|Variety]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018225905/https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/mario-new-voice-actor-nintendo-kevin-afghani-1235755568/|archivedate=October 18, 2023|accessdate=October 13, 2023|date=October 13, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Resepsi ==
Seri ''Super Mario'' parantos ningali pujian kritis anu luar biasa ti kritik sareng pamirsa. Séri ieu rengking salaku franchise kaulinan pangalusna ku [[IGN]] di 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/749/749069p5.html|title=The Top 25 Videogame Franchises – PS3 Feature at IGN|website=IGN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228062503/http://ps3.ign.com/articles/749/749069p5.html|archivedate=February 28, 2008|accessdate=October 13, 2014|date=December 4, 2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228062503/http://ps3.ign.com/articles/749/749069p5.html |date=February 28, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina 1996 ''[[Generasi salajengna (majalah)|Next Generation]]'' narajang séri éta salaku nomer 5 dina &quot;100 Kaulinan Terbaik Sepanjang Waktu&quot;, ogé ngarang ''Super Mario 64'' dina nomer 1 sanaos nyatakeun aturan yén séri kaulinan diwatesan ku hiji éntri.  Dina 1999, ''[[Generasi salajengna (majalah)|Next Generation]]'' didaptarkeun runtuyan ''Mario'' salaku nomer 3 dina &quot;Top 50 Kaulinan tina Sadaya Time&quot; maranéhna, commenting yén, &quot;Jalna desain kaulinan teu pernah cocog dina 2D sarta teu acan bisa disaruakeun ku pamaen aksi 3D. Midangkeunana ngan saukur genius - Shigeru Miyamoto nyerat buku dina platformer.  ''Éléktronik Kaulinan Bulanan'' ngahubungkeun kaunggulan séri ieu kana kreativitas sareng inovasi para pamekar, nunjukkeun yén &quot; [[Sonic the Hedgehog|séri ''Sonic the Hedgehog'']] Sega parantos robih sakedik dina opat installment na dina Genesis. Seri Mario parantos robih sacara signifikan dina unggal kaulinan anyar.&quot;

Aslina ''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'' dilélér tempat pangluhurna dina ''Electronic Gaming Monthly'' ' s greatest 200 kaulinan tina daptar waktu maranéhanana  jeung luhur 100 kaulinan IGN tina daptar sadaya-waktu dua kali (dina 2005 jeung 2007).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://top100.ign.com/2005/001-010.html|title=IGN's Top 100 Games|year=2005|publisher=IGN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301132404/http://top100.ign.com/2005/001-010.html|archivedate=March 1, 2010|accessdate=August 9, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301132404/http://top100.ign.com/2005/001-010.html |date=March 1, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Super Mario Bros'' ngapopulérkeun kaulinan pidéo ngagulung sisi sareng nyayogikeun konsép dasar sareng mékanika anu tetep sapanjang séri séri. ''Super Mario Bros'' dijual 40,24&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar, ngajadikeun éta kaulinan vidéo laris dina sakabéh séri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamecubicle.com/features-mario-units_sold_sales.htm|title=N655|publisher=GameCubicle.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617100152/http://www.gamecubicle.com/features-mario-units_sold_sales.htm|archivedate=June 17, 2016|accessdate=October 10, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rupa-rupa kaulinan vidéo séri anu sanés réngking salaku anu pangsaéna dina séri éta.&lt;ref name=&quot;DFP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/2017/03/10/best-mario-games-of-all-time/98970142/|title=Here are the 10 greatest Mario video games of all time|website=Detroit Free Press|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716224755/https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/2017/03/10/best-mario-games-of-all-time/98970142/|archivedate=July 16, 2020|accessdate=July 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/best-mario-games/|title=The best Mario games, ranked from best to worst|website=www.digitaltrends.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803150134/https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/best-mario-games/|archivedate=August 3, 2020|accessdate=July 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;world&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/snes/519824-super-mario-world/index.html|title=''Super Mario World'' Reviews|publisher=[[GameRankings]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223000513/http://www.gamerankings.com/snes/519824-super-mario-world/index.html|archivedate=February 23, 2014|accessdate=April 16, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaulinan kaasup ''[[Super Mario Bros. 3|Super Mario Bros.. 3]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.esquire.com/lifestyle/g28187033/best-super-mario-video-games/|title='Super Mario Bros. 3' Is the Absolute Best Mario Game Nintendo Ever Made|last=Nero|first=Dom|last2=Sherrill|first2=Cameron|website=Esquire|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901103012/https://www.esquire.com/lifestyle/g28187033/best-super-mario-video-games/|archivedate=September 1, 2020|accessdate=July 16, 2020|date=June 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Super Mario Dunya|Super Mario World]]'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/the-definitive-super-mario-rankings-30-years-35-games/page-3|title=What's the Greatest Mario Game Ever? Find Out Where Mario Odyssey Lands in Our Updated Rankings!|last=Parish|first=Jeremy|website=USgamer|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920012744/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/the-definitive-super-mario-rankings-30-years-35-games/page-3|archivedate=September 20, 2020|accessdate=July 16, 2020|date=November 2, 2017}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910222034/http://www.usgamer.net/articles/the-definitive-super-mario-rankings-30-years-35-games/page-3 |date=September 10, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; jeung ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' pikeun sawatara ngaran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/best-super-mario-games-2017-12#1-super-mario-world-12|title=These are the 10 best Super Mario games — and there's never been a better time to play them|last=Gilbert|first=Ben|website=Business Insider|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718165019/https://www.businessinsider.com/best-super-mario-games-2017-12#1-super-mario-world-12|archivedate=July 18, 2020|accessdate=July 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sateuacan ''[[Super Mario Odyssey]]'', ''[[Super Mario Galaxy]]'' parantos 10 taun janten kaulinan anu paling rengking dina [[Kaulinan Rankings|GameRankings]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/browse.html|title=Reviews and News Articles|publisher=GameRankings|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111180344/http://www.gamerankings.com/browse.html|archivedate=January 11, 2013|accessdate=December 19, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Penjualan ===
''Super Mario'' mangrupikeun salah sahiji waralaba kaulinan vidéo anu paling laris, parantos terjual langkung ti {{Nowrap|380 million}} unit di dunya as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Byrd|first=Matthew|title=Grand Theft Auto가 베스트셀러 비디오 게임 프랜차이즈 목록에 오른 곳|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/games/grand-theft-auto-sales-figures-best-selling-video-game-franchises/|access-date=September 14, 2021|work=[[Den of Geek]]|date=August 3, 2021|archive-date=September 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914022934/https://www.denofgeek.com/games/grand-theft-auto-sales-figures-best-selling-video-game-franchises/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tujuh kaulinan ''Super Mario'' munggaran (kaasup tilu judul ''Super Mario Bros'' munggaran, dua judul ''Super Mario Land'' munggaran, jeung ''Super Mario World'' ) geus dijual {{Nowrap|100 million}} unit nepi ka Maret 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=June 2, 1993|title=닌텐도, '마리오' 게임 1억개 판매|work=[[United Press International]] (UPI)|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/02/Nintendo-sells-100-millionth-Mario-game/6185738993600/|access-date=December 18, 2021|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408012050/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/02/Nintendo-sells-100-millionth-Mario-game/6185738993600/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaulinan dina séri ''Super Mario'' parantos gaduh penjualan anu kuat, réngking diantara kaulinan vidéo anu paling laris sepanjang waktos. ''Super Mario Bros.'' dijual leuwih ti {{Nowrap|50 million}} unit di sakuliah dunya dijual dina sababaraha platform ku 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/1996/10/01/the-history-of-mario|title=마리오의 역사|website=[[IGN]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020311212658/http://ign64.ign.com/articles/060/060310p1.html|archivedate=March 11, 2002|accessdate=February 22, 2021|quote=Nintendo's first U.S. home videogame console, the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) was released in 1985 with Mario starring in Super Mario Bros. The legendary title has gone on to sell more than 50 million units worldwide.|date=September 30, 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; Versi NES aslina dijual 40.23&amp;nbsp;juta unit sareng mangrupikeun kaulinan NES anu paling laris, kalayan dua sekuelna, ''Super Mario Bros. 3'' (18).&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar) jeung ''Super Mario Bros. 2'' (10&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar), réngking di tempat kadua sareng katilu masing-masing.  ''[[Super Mario Dunya|Super Mario World]]'' mangrupikeun kaulinan anu paling laris pikeun konsol SNES, ngajual 20&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar. ''Super Mario World'' ogé mangrupikeun kaulinan laris katujuh sepanjang waktos. ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' ngajual paling seueur salinan pikeun [[Nintendo 64]] (11&amp;nbsp;juta), sedengkeun ''[[Super Mario Sunshine]]'' mangrupikeun kaulinan laris kadua (5.5&amp;nbsp;juta) dina [[GameCube]] (kadua ''[[Super Smash naros Melee|Super Smash Bros. Melee]]'' ). ''[[Super Mario Galaxy]]'' geus dijual 12,80&amp;nbsp;juta unit as of March 2020, anu mangrupikeun kaulinan 3D laris dina séri éta dugi ka 2019, sareng mangrupikeun kaulinan laris kasalapan pikeun [[Wii]] .  Sequel na ''[[Super Mario Galaxy 2]]'' boga 7.41&amp;nbsp;juta unit dijual, nempatkeun dina twelfth. ''[[Super Mario 3D Dunya|Super Mario 3D World]]'' mangrupikeun kaulinan laris kadua dina Wii U sareng sareng port Switch anu langkung populer parantos dijual langkung ti 14 juta éksemplar digabungkeun sahingga janten kaulinan 3D Mario laris ka-2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/finance/software/wiiu.html|title=IR Information : Financial Data – Top Selling Title Sales Units – Wii U Software|website=Nintendo Co., Ltd.|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031103300/https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/finance/software/wiiu.html|archivedate=October 31, 2019|accessdate=March 4, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ''[[Super Mario Odyssey]]'' gaduh 26,95&amp;nbsp;juta unit dijual dina Séptémber 2023, ngajantenkeun éta kaulinan 3D anu paling laris dina séri dugi ka ayeuna, sareng diantara kaulinan anu paling laris pikeun [[Nintendo Pindah|Nintendo Switch]] .  ''Wii Super Mario Bros anyar'' parantos dijual 30,32&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar di sakuliah dunya, kaulinan laris kaopat dina Wii, kitu ogé salah sahiji video kaulinan laris sepanjang waktos.

Séri ''Super Mario'' ogé dijual saé dina konsol genggam. ''[[Super Mario Land]]'' parantos dijual 18.14&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar, tur mangrupakeun kaulinan laris kaopat pikeun [[Budak Kaulinan|Game Boy]] . sequel na, ''[[Super Mario Land 2: 6 Emas koin]]'', dijual 11.18&amp;nbsp;juta éksemplar, nempatkeun kagenep.&lt;ref name=&quot;supermariotitles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2015/09/30-best-selling-super-mario-games-of-all-time-on-the-plumbers-30th-birthday/|title=30 Best-Selling Super Mario Games of All Time on the Plumber's 30th Birthday|last=O'Malley|first=James|website=[[Gizmodo]]|publisher=[[Univision Communications]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905121725/http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2012/12/contact-us/|archivedate=September 5, 2015|accessdate=April 25, 2017|date=September 11, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914172624/http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2015/09/30-best-selling-super-mario-games-of-all-time-on-the-plumbers-30th-birthday |date=September 14, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Anyar Super Mario Bros'' pikeun [[Nintendo DS]] dijual 30,80&amp;nbsp;juta unit, ngajadikeun eta kaulinan laris pikeun konsol, sarta laris portabel entri.

Pikeun sakabéh konsol jeung kaulinan handheld nu teu acan dibuntel jeung konsol a, ''Super Mario Bros 3'' mangrupa kaulinan laris kaopat, sedengkeun ''New Super Mario Bros'' kalima, ''Super Mario Land'' mangrupa sabelas, sarta ''Super Mario 64'' mangrupa kadalapan belas.

Di Inggris, ''Super Mario Bros.'' nyaéta merek kaulinan vidéo anu paling kasohor, diakuan ku 91% populasi sawawa Inggris as of 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/ratings/technology/fame/video-games/all|title=The Most Famous Video Games in the UK (Q3 2021)|website=[[YouGov]]|language=en-gb|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204231733/https://yougov.co.uk/ratings/technology/fame/video-games/all|archivedate=December 4, 2021|accessdate=December 4, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
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    <title>Wabah Hideung</title>
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      <text bytes="16483" sha1="6931fzel22tkll2ac7o3ulmwoadp13w" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:1346-1353 spread of the Black Death in Europe map.svg|jmpl|Peta sebaran Wabah Hideung]]
'''Wabah Hideung''' ([[basa Inggris]]: ''Black Death'') téh mangrupa panyakit [[Pandemi|pandémi]] anu nyebar parna ka [[Éropa]], [[Asia]], jeung [[Wétan Tengah]] dina pertengahan nepi ka ahir abad ka-14 (taun 1347–1351). Panyakit ieu nyababkeun [[maot masal|maot sacara masal]], diperkirakeun ngabalukarkeun maotnana sapertilu nepi ka dua pertiga warga Éropa, kalayan total korban di sakuliah dunya ngahontal sahenteuna 75 juta jalma. Panyakit anu sarua ogé disangka kungsi muncul deui di Éropa sacara berkala nepi ka abad ka-18, kalayan sababaraha wabah gedé kajadian di [[Italia]], [[London]], [[Wina]], [[Marseille]], jeung [[Moskow|Moskwa]]. Wabah ieu ahirna bisa diberantas di Éropa dina awal abad ka-19, sanajan masih kénéh terus nyebar di sababaraha daérah séjén di dunya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Mystery of Black Death’s origins solved, say researchers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/jun/15/mystery-black-death-origins-solved-plague-pandemic|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2022-06-15|access-date=2025-10-06|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Ian|last=Sample|first2=Ian Sample Science|last2=editor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wabah Hideung ogé nyababkeun parobahan gedé dina [[struktur sosial]] jeung [[démografi Éropa]]. Rasa sieun jeung kateupastian anu sumebar ngabalukarkeun panganiayaan jeung perburuan ka kelompok [[minoritas]] saperti urang [[Yahudi]], para pendatang, jalma miskin, jeung nu kaserang panyakit lepra. Kajadian ieu ogé ngadorong robahna pandangan masarakat kana kahirupan jeung pati, saperti anu digambarkeun dina karya sastra ''[[The Decameron]]'' karangan [[Giovanni Boccaccio]] taun 1353.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Mystery of Black Death’s origins solved, say researchers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/jun/15/mystery-black-death-origins-solved-plague-pandemic|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2022-06-15|access-date=2025-10-06|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Ian|last=Sample|first2=Ian Sample Science|last2=editor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngaran wabah ==
Kajadian munggaran di Éropa harita disebut minangka “Maot Gedé” (''Great Mortality'') ku para panulis jaman éta. Ngaran “Wabah Hideung” sacara umum dianggap asalna tina gejala has panyakit ieu, anu disebut ''acral necrosis'', nyaéta kaayaan nalika [[kulit]] nu katépaan robah jadi hideung lantaran aya perdarahan dina lapisan handapeun kulit. Catetan sajarah ngajadikeun kalolobaan élmuwan yakin yén Wabah Hideung téh mangrupa [[Wabah bubonik|wabah ''bubonik'']] anu disababkeun ku [[Baktéri Yersinia pestis|baktéri ''Yersinia pestis'']]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/plague|title=Plague|website=www.who.int|language=en|accessdate=2025-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta disebarkeun ku pinjal kalayan bantuan sato saperti [[beurit]] imah (''Rattus rattus''), sanajan aya ogé sababaraha golongan anu masih ngaragukeun kanyataan éta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/280254|title=Black Death, n. : Oxford English Dictionary|website=www.oed.com|language=en|accessdate=2025-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Asal-usul Wabah Hideung masih jadi bahan pasualan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/23/asia/plague-china-history-intl-hnk-scli|title=The plague in China, from ancient times to now|last=Hollingsworth|first=Julia|website=CNN|language=en|accessdate=2025-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Analisis [[Génétika|génétik]] nunjukkeun yén baktéri ''Yersinia pestis'' geus mekar kira-kira 7.000 taun ka tukang, dina awal jaman Néolitikum,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Susat|first=Julian|last2=Lübke|first2=Harald|last3=Immel|first3=Alexander|last4=Brinker|first4=Ute|last5=Macāne|first5=Aija|last6=Meadows|first6=John|last7=Steer|first7=Britta|last8=Tholey|first8=Andreas|last9=Zagorska|first9=Ilga|date=2021-06-29|title=A 5,000-year-old hunter-gatherer already plagued by Yersinia pestis|url=https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/abstract/S2211-1247(21)00645-8|journal=Cell Reports|language=English|volume=35|issue=13|doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109278|issn=2211-1247|pmid=34192537}}&lt;/ref&gt; sedengkeun galur anu bisa ditularkeun ku pinjal mimiti mucunghul kira-kira 3.800 taun ka tukang dina ahir jaman Perunggu. Asal wilayah langsung tina Wabah Hideung jeung mimiti sumebarna can écés, sanajan sababaraha bukti nunjukkeun asalna ti [[Asia Tengah]], [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]], [[Wétan Tengah]], atawa [[Éropa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Europe’s Plagues Came From China, Study Finds (Published 2010)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/health/01plague.html|date=2010-10-31|access-date=2025-10-07|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sussman|first=George|date=2011-10-01|title=Was the Black Death in India and China?|url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/lg_pubs/52|journal=Publications and Research}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pandémi ieu disebut-sebut mimiti asup ka Éropa nalika pengepungan [[palabuhan dagang Genoa]] di [[Kaffa]], [[Krimea]], ku [[tentara Golden Horde]] pamingpin Jani Beg dina taun 1347. Ti Krimea, wabah ieu kamungkinan dibawa ku pinjal anu nginum getih beurit hideung anu aya dina kapal dagang Genoa. Ti dinya, wabah sumebar ka sakuliah [[Laut Tengah]], ngahontal [[Afrika Kalér]], [[Asia Kulon]], jeung sésa Éropa ngaliwatan [[Konstantinopél]], [[Sisilia]], jeung [[Semenanjung Italia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death|title=Black Death {{!}} Plague, Death Toll, Definition, Cause, Symptoms, Effects, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|accessdate=2025-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aya bukti yén sanggeus nepi ka daratan, Wabah Hideung utamana sumebar antarjalma dina bentuk [[sampar pneumonik]], lain ngan ku pinjal beurit, sahingga ngajelaskeun kunaon panyebarana di daratan lumangsung leuwih gancang tibatan lamun ngan ku pinjal anu nyababkeun ''bubonik plague''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Everything you know about the Black Death is wrong|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/03/31/everything-you-know-about-the-black-death-is-wrong-say-the-bones/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2014-04-04|access-date=2025-10-07|issn=0190-8286|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 2022, kapanggih bukti ayana lonjakan pupus masal di daérah anu ayeuna disebut Kirgizstan dina ahir taun 1330-an. Digabungkeun jeung bukti génétik, hal ieu nuduhkeun yén panyebaran awalna bisa jadi teu aya patalina jeung ekspedisi Mongol abad ka-14 saperti anu baheula kungsi dipikiran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Mystery of Black Death’s origins solved, say researchers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/jun/15/mystery-black-death-origins-solved-plague-pandemic|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2022-06-15|access-date=2025-10-07|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Ian|last=Sample|first2=Ian Sample Science|last2=editor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Mystery of Black Death’s origins solved, say researchers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/jun/15/mystery-black-death-origins-solved-plague-pandemic|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2022-06-15|access-date=2025-10-07|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Ian|last=Sample|first2=Ian Sample Science|last2=editor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wabah Hideung mangrupa musibah alam kadua anu nyerang Éropa dina ahir jaman pertengahan (anu kahiji nyaéta Kalaparan Gedé taun 1315–1317), sarta diperkirakeun ngabalukarkeun pupusna antara 30% nepi ka 60% populasi Éropa, ogé sakitar 33% populasi Wétan Tengah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Plague was one of history’s deadliest diseases—then we found a cure|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-diseases/the-plague/|date=2020-07-06|access-date=2025-10-07|language=en}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309164327/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-diseases/the-plague/ |date=2017-03-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wabah-wabah salajengna terus muncul dina ahir jaman pertengahan, sarta ku sabab aya faktor séjén (krisis jaman pertengahan), jumlah penduduk Éropa teu bisa balik deui ka tingkat abad ka-14 nepi ka abad ka-16.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&amp;u=holl83564&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;id=GALE%7CCX3426200028&amp;asid=1759881600000~f4c0e798|title=The Late Middle Ages - Document - Gale In Context: World History|website=go.gale.com|accessdate=2025-10-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wabah sampar ogé masih kénéh mucunghul di sababaraha bagian dunya nepi ka awal abad ka-19.

== Wabah saméméhna ==
Panalungtikan taun 2017 nunjukkeun yén [[wabah sampar]] munggaran nular ka manusa di Éropa jeung Asia dina ahir [[jaman Néolitikum]] nepi ka awal [[Jaman Perunggu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Valtueña|first=Aida Andrades|last2=Mittnik|first2=Alissa|last3=Key|first3=Felix M.|last4=Haak|first4=Wolfgang|last5=Allmäe|first5=Raili|last6=Belinskij|first6=Andrej|last7=Daubaras|first7=Mantas|last8=Feldman|first8=Michal|last9=Jankauskas|first9=Rimantas|date=2017-12-04|title=The Stone Age Plague and Its Persistence in Eurasia|url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(17)31328-3|journal=Current Biology|language=English|volume=27|issue=23|pages=3683–3691.e8|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.025|issn=0960-9822|pmid=29174893}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panalungtikan taun 2018 manggihan bukti ayana ''Yersinia pestis'' dina hiji makam kuna di [[Swédia]], anu bisa jadi aya patalina jeung “turunna populasi Néolitik” kira-kira taun 3000 SM, nalika jumlah penduduk Éropa turun sacara drastis. Galur ''Y. pestis'' ieu bisa jadi béda jeung nu leuwih modéren, sabab [[Wabah bubonik|wabah ''bubonik'']] anu bisa ditularkeun ku pinjal kakara kapanggih dina sésa-sésa jaman Perunggu di deukeut Samara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Spyrou|first=Maria A.|last2=Tukhbatova|first2=Rezeda I.|last3=Wang|first3=Chuan-Chao|last4=Valtueña|first4=Aida Andrades|last5=Lankapalli|first5=Aditya K.|last6=Kondrashin|first6=Vitaly V.|last7=Tsybin|first7=Victor A.|last8=Khokhlov|first8=Aleksandr|last9=Kühnert|first9=Denise|date=2018-06-08|title=Analysis of 3800-year-old Yersinia pestis genomes suggests Bronze Age origin for bubonic plague|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5993720/|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2234|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-04550-9|issn=2041-1723|pmc=5993720|pmid=29884871}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gejala panyakit ''bubonik'' kahiji kali dicatet dina fragmén tulisan ''[[Rufus of Ephesus]]'' anu dijaga ku Oribasius; sumber médis kuna éta nunjukkeun yén sampar ''bubonik'' geus muncul di Kakaisaran Romawi saméméh mangsa pamaréntahan Trajan, genep abad saméméh panyakit éta nepi ka Pelusium dina jaman Justinianus I.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Green|first=Monica H.|date=2015|title=Taking “Pandemic” Seriously: Making the Black Death Global|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/306/article/758495|journal=The Medieval Globe|volume=1|issue=1|pages=27–61|doi=10.17302/tmg.1-1.3|issn=2377-3553}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina taun 2013, panalungtik mastikeun yén panyabab Sampar Justinianus (taun 541–549 M, kalayan wabah ulangan nepi ka 750) téh nyaéta ''Y. pestis''. Ieu katelah minangka pandémi sampar munggaran.

Dina taun 610, dokter Tionghoa Chao Yuanfang ngajelaskeun ngeunaan “bubo ganas” anu “muncul sacara dadakan kalawan panas tinggi sarta benjolan-benjolan dina handapeun kulit”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Black Death, 1346-1353: The Complete History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KjLHAOE7irsC&amp;pg=PA41|publisher=Boydell Press|date=2004|isbn=978-1-84383-214-0|language=en|first=Ole Jørgen|last=Benedictow}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokter Tionghoa séjén, Sun Simo, anu pupus taun 652, ogé nyebutkeun ngeunaan “bubo ganas” jeung wabah sampar anu biasa kajadian di daérah Lingnan (ayeuna Guangzhou). Numutkeun Ole Jørgen Benedictow, hal ieu nunjukkeun yén wabah éta téh cabang tina pandemik sampar munggaran anu sumebar ka wétan, nepi ka daérah Tiongkok kira-kira taun 600 M.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Complete History of the Black Death|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkI3EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA130|publisher=Boydell &amp; Brewer|date=2021|isbn=978-1-78327-516-8|language=en|first=Ole Jørgen|last=Benedictow}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sumber rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Tutumbu luar ==
{{commons|Category:Black Death}}

* {{id}} [http://jurnal.kesimpulan.com/2011/09/bakteri-yersinia-pestis-dibalik-tragedi.html Jurnal KeSimpulan.com - Bakteri Yersinia pestis Dibalik Tragedi Wabah Black Death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308095042/http://jurnal.kesimpulan.com/2011/09/bakteri-yersinia-pestis-dibalik-tragedi.html|date=2016-03-08}}
* {{id}} [http://jurnal.kesimpulan.com/2011/10/sekuens-genom-bakteri-yersinia-pestis.html Jurnal KeSimpulan.com - Sekuens Genom Bakteri Yersinia pestis Tragedi Black Death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020043738/http://jurnal.kesimpulan.com/2011/10/sekuens-genom-bakteri-yersinia-pestis.html|date=2011-10-20}}
* {{id}} [http://cutpen.com Sejarah Dunia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920033623/http://cutpen.com/|date=2012-09-20}}, Ulasan pendek artikel [http://cutpen.com/2012/05/black-death-wabah-penyakit.html Black Death, Wabah Penyakit Menular Di Eropa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007143807/http://cutpen.com/2012/05/black-death-wabah-penyakit.html|date=2012-10-07}}
* {{id}} [[Isains|iSains]], artikel jurnal terbuka [http://www.isains.com/2014/05/wabah-black-death-ternyata-membuat.html Wabah Black Death Ternyata Membuat Penderita Berumur Panjang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122054544/http://www.isains.com/2014/05/wabah-black-death-ternyata-membuat.html |date=2020-11-22 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.themediadrome.com/content/articles/blackdeath.htm Henry Knighton's account] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924214612/http://www.themediadrome.com/content/articles/blackdeath.htm|date=2006-09-24}}
* {{en}} [http://housatonic.net/Documents/627.htm Agnolo di Tura's account]
* {{en}} [http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/de_mussi.shtml Gabriele de' Mussi's account] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029004222/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/de_mussi.shtml|date=2006-10-29}}
* {{en}} [http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/marchionne.shtml Marchionne di Coppo di Stefano Buonaiuti's account] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203113411/http://brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/marchionne.shtml|date=2007-02-03}}
* {{en}} [http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca2.shtml A Petrarch account] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204225814/http://brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca2.shtml|date=2007-02-04}}
* {{en}} [http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca.shtml More quotes from Petrarch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204011139/http://brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca.shtml|date=2007-02-04}}
* {{en}} [http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture29b.html ''The History Guide'' &quot;Satan Triumphant: The Black Death&quot;]
* {{en}} [http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic428.htm Symptoms, causes, pictures of bubonic plague]
* {{en}} [http://www.themiddleages.net/plague.html Overview of the black death]
* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid_1925000/1925513.stm BBC news story on controversy over Black Death origins]
* {{en}} [http://www.snopes.com/language/literary/rosie.htm Examination of &quot;Ring around the Rosy&quot;'s relationship to the plague]
* {{en}} [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/welfare/black_01.shtml Black Death Overview from BBC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718164333/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/welfare/black_01.shtml|date=2006-07-18}}
* {{en}} [http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/osheim/intro.html Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe]
* {{en}} [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_plague/ Secrets of the Dead. Mystery of the Black Death, PBS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325105354/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_plague/|date=2014-03-25}}
* {{en}} [http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/pandemics.htm Pandemics in Eastern Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605143319/http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/pandemics.htm|date=2011-06-05}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>William Henry Harrison</title>
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      <text bytes="107895" sha1="hb4ci9mgo179s7vzcvs2wpqkbkil830" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = William Henry Harrison
| image               = William Henry Harrison.jpg
| caption             = Portrait, 1840
| order               = 9th
| office              = President of the United States
| vicepresident       = John Tyler
| term_start          = March 4, 1841
| term_end            = April 4, 1841
| predecessor         = [[Martin Van Buren]]
| successor           = [[John Tyler]]
| office1             = [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Colombia|United States Minister to Gran&amp;nbsp;Colombia]]
| president1          = {{ubl|[[John Quincy Adams]]|[[Andrew Jackson]]}}
| term_start1         = February 5, 1829
| term_end1           = September 26, 1829
| predecessor1        = [[Beaufort Taylor Watts]]
| successor1          = [[Thomas Patrick Moore]]
| jr/sr2              = United States Senator
| state2              = [[Ohio]]
| term_start2         = March 4, 1825
| term_end2           = May 20, 1828
| predecessor2        = [[Ethan Allen Brown]]
| successor2          = [[Jacob Burnet]]
| state_senate3       = Ohio
| district3           = [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]]
| term_start3         = December 5, 1819
| term_end3           = December 2, 1821
| predecessor3        = Ephraim Brown
| successor3          = Ephraim Brown
| state4              = Ohio
| district4           = {{ushr|OH|1|1st}}
| term_start4         = October 8, 1816
| term_end4           = March 3, 1819
| predecessor4        = [[John McLean]]
| successor4          = [[Thomas R. Ross]]
| office5             = 1st [[Governor of Indiana|Governor of the Indiana Territory]]
| appointer5          = [[John Adams]]
| term_start5         = January 10, 1801
| term_end5           = December 28, 1812
| predecessor5        = Office established
| successor5          = [[Thomas Posey]]
| office6             = {{br entries|Delegate to the|[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]|from the [[Northwest Territory]]'s|[[Northwest Territory's at-large congressional district|at-large]] district}}
| term_start6         = October 3, 1799
| term_end6           = May 14, 1800
| predecessor6        = Constituency established
| successor6          = [[William McMillan (congressman)|William McMillan]]
| office7             = 2nd Secretary of the [[Northwest Territory]]
| governor7           = [[Arthur St. Clair]]
| term_start7         = June 28, 1798
| term_end7           = October 1, 1799
| predecessor7        = [[Winthrop Sargent]]
| successor7          = [[Charles Willing Byrd]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1773|2|9}}
| birth_place         = [[Charles City County, Virginia]], British America
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1841|4|4|1773|2|9}}
| death_place         = Washington, D.C., U.S.
| death_cause         = [[Enteric fever]]
| restingplace        = [[William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial|Harrison Tomb State Memorial]]
| party               = {{ubl|[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] (before 1828)|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (from 1836)}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Anna Harrison|Anna Symmes]]|November 22, 1795}}
| children            = 10 with Anna, including [[John Scott Harrison|John]], 2 alleged with Dilsia, including [[Marie Harrison]]
| relatives           = [[Harrison family of Virginia]]
| father              = [[Benjamin Harrison V]]
| education           = {{ubl|[[Hampden–Sydney College]]|[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}
| occupation          = {{hlist|Soldier|politician}}
| awards              = {{ubl|[[Congressional Gold Medal]]|[[Thanks of Congress]]}}
| signature           = William Henry Harrison Signature-full.svg
| signature_alt       = Cursive signature in ink
| branch              = {{flatlist|*[[United States Army]]
**[[Indiana Territory]] militia}}
| serviceyears        = {{ubl|1791–1798|1811|1812–1814}}
| rank                = [[Major general (United States)|Major general]]
| unit                = [[Legion of the United States]]
| commands            = [[Army of the Northwest (United States)|Army of the Northwest]]
| battles             = {{tree list}}
*[[Northwest Indian War]]
**[[Siege of Fort Recovery]]
**[[Battle of Fallen Timbers]]
*[[Tecumseh's War]]
**[[Battle of Tippecanoe]]
*[[War of 1812]]
**[[Siege of Fort Wayne]]
**[[Battle of the Thames]]
{{Tree list/end}}
}}

'''William Henry Harrison''' (9 Pébruari 1773{{spnd}}4 April 1841) nyaéta [[présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-9, anu ngajabat ti 4 Maret dugi ka 4 April 1841, masa jabatan pangpondokna dina sajarah Amérika Sarikat. Anjeunna ogé janten présidén munggaran anu pupus nalika nuju ngajabat, anu ngabalukarkeun krisis [[konstitusi]] samentara, jalaran [[suksési présidén Amérika Sarikat|suksési présidén]] harita tacan diatur sacara jéntré dina [[Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat|Konstitusi AS]]. Harrison mangrupa présidén terakhir anu lahir salaku subjek nagara [[Inggris]] di wilayah [[Tilu Belas Koloni]]. Anjeunna mangrupa anggota ti [[kulawarga Harrison ti Virginia]] [[Benjamin Harrison V]], anu mangrupa salah saurang [[Founding Fathers Amérika Sarikat|Founding Father AS]]. Putrana sorangan, [[John Scott Harrison]], nyaéta ramana [[Benjamin Harrison]], présidén AS anu ka-23.


Harrison lahir di [[Charles City County, Virginia]]. Dina taun 1794, anjeunna milu ancrub dina [[Perang Fallen Timbers|Battle of Fallen Timbers]], hiji kameunangan militer Amérika anu mungkas [[Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér|Northwest Indian War]]. Dina taun 1811, anjeunna mingpin kakuatan militer ngalawan [[Konpédérasi Tecumseh|Tecumseh's confederacy]] dina [[Perang Tippecanoe|Battle of Tippecanoe]], anu matak anjeunna meunang julukan &quot;'''Old Tippecanoe'''&quot;. Anjeunna ditaékkeun pangkatna janten mayor jenderal dina Angkatan Darat salami [[Perang 1812|War of 1812]], sarta mingpin pasukan infanteri jeung kavaleri Amérika kana kameunangan dina [[Perang Thames|Battle of the Thames]] di [[Kanada Luhur|Upper Canada]].

Karier pulitik Harrison dimimitian dina taun 1798, kalayan pangangkatan salaku sekretaris [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]]. Dina taun 1799, anjeunna kapilih salaku delegasi non-voting wilayah éta dina [[DPR Amérika Sarikat|U.S. House of Representatives]]. Anjeunna janten gubernur [[Téritori Indiana|Indiana Territory]] anu nembé dibentuk dina taun 1801 sarta, ngaliwatan sababaraha pajangjian jeung suku-suku pribumi Amérika, anjeunna meunangkeun jutaan héktar lahan pikeun nagara. Saatos Perang 1812, anjeunna pindah ka Ohio di mana, [[Pamilihan DPR Amérika Sarikat 1816 jeung 1817 di Ohio|dina taun 1816]], anjeunna kapilih pikeun ngawakilan distrik ka-1 nagara bagian éta di DPR. [[Pamilihan Sénat Amérika Sarikat 1824–25|Dina taun 1824]], anjeunna kapilih janten anggota [[Sénat Amérika Sarikat|U.S. Senate]], sanajan mangsa jabatan Sénatna kapeugat ku pangangkatanana salaku [[mentri plenipotentiary]] ka [[Gran Colombia]] dina taun 1828.

Harrison mulang deui kana kahirupan pribadi di Ohio dugi ka anjeunna janten salah saurang tina opat calon [[Partéy Whig Amérika Sarikat|Whig Party]] dina [[Pamilihan présidén AS 1836|pamilihan présidén AS 1836]], anu harita anjeunna éléh ku urang Démokrat [[Martin Van Buren]]. Dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|pamilihan présidén 1840]], partéy nyalonkeun deui anjeunna, kalayan [[John Tyler]] salaku pasanganana, dina handapeun slogan kampanye &quot;[[Tippecanoe and Tyler Too]]&quot;, sarta Harrison hasil ngéléhkeun Van Buren. Ngan tilu minggu saatos pelantikanana, Harrison kaserang panyakit sarta pupus sababaraha dinten saatosna. Saatos réngséna kateujelasan dina konstitusi ngeunaan suksési, Tyler janten présidén. Harrison émut ku sabab pajangjian-pajangjianana sareng pribumi Amérika, sarta ogé taktik kampanye pamilihanana anu kréatif. Anjeunna sering dileungitkeun dina [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat|peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Sarikat]] alatan pondokna mangsa jabatan anjeunna.

==Masa leutik sarta atikan==
William Henry Harrison mangrupa anak katujuh sarta pangbungsuna ti [[Benjamin Harrison V]] jeung Elizabeth (Bassett) Harrison. Lahir dina 9 Pébruari 1773, di [[Berkeley Plantation]], bumi [[kulawarga Harrison ti Virginia]] di sisi [[Walungan James]] di [[Charles City County, Virginia|Charles City County]],{{sfn|Dowdey|1957|pp=291–315}} anjeunna janten [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] terakhir anu henteu lahir salaku warga nagara Amérika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://touringohio.com/profiles/harrison.html|title=William Henry Harrison|publisher=Touring Ohio, Heart of America|access-date=November 18, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kulawarga Harrison nyaéta kulawarga pulitik nonjol katurunan Inggris anu karuhunna parantos aya di [[Virginia]] saprak taun 1630-an.&lt;ref name= &quot;Smith&quot;&gt;{{cite book|editor-last1=Smith|editor-first1=Howard|editor-last2=Riley|editor-first2=Edward M.|title=Benjamin Harrison and the American Revolution|publisher=Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission|series=Virginia in the Revolution|year=1978|location=Williamsburg, VA|pages=59–65|oclc=4781472}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ramana mangrupa saurang juragan kebon &quot;planter&quot; di Virginia, anu ngabdi salaku delegasi dina [[Kongrés Kontinental]] sarta nandatanganan [[Déklarasi Kamerdikaan Amérika Sarikat|Déklarasi Kamerdikaan]].&lt;ref name= &quot;Smith&quot;/&gt; Ramana ogé ngabdi dina législatur Virginia sarta janten gubernur Virginia kalima (1781–1784) salami sarta saatos mangsa [[Perang Révolusi Amérika]].&lt;ref name= &quot;Smith&quot;/&gt; Lanceuk Harrison, [[Carter Bassett Harrison]], ngawakilan Virginia dina DPR (1793–1799).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Carter Bassett Harrison|work=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|publisher=U.S. Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000266|access-date=September 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; William Henry mindeng nyebut dirina salaku &quot;anak révolusi&quot;, jalaran anjeunna memang digedékeun di bumi anu jarakna ngan {{convert|30|mi|abbr=on}} ti tempat Washington meunangkeun perang ngalawan Inggris dina [[Perang Yorktown|Battle of Yorktown]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Life Before the Presidency| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/life-before-the-presidency| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 8, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Harrison dididik di bumi &quot;tutored&quot; dugi ka yuswa 14 taun nalika anjeunna sakola di [[Hampden–Sydney College]], hiji paguron luhur [[Présbitérianisme|Presbyterian]] di [[Hampden Sydney, Virginia]].&lt;ref name= &quot;Smith&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Perrysburg&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.historicperrysburg.org/wh-harrison|title=W. H. Harrison biography|publisher=Perrysburg, Ohio|access-date=November 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna diajar di dinya salami tilu taun, nampi atikan klasik anu ngawengku basa Latin, Yunani, Perancis, logika, sarta debat.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=18}}{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=45}} Ramana anu nganut [[Épiskopalian]] mindahkeun anjeunna ti paguron luhur éta, kamungkinan kusabab alesan kaagamaan, sarta saatos cicing samentara di hiji akademi di [[Southampton County, Virginia]], sarta sareng lanceukna [[Benjamin Harrison VI]] di [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], anjeunna angkat ka [[Philadelphia]] dina taun 1790.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=14}}


Ramana pupus dina ''musim semi'' taun 1791, sarta anjeunna diasuh ku [[Robert Morris (bankir)|Robert Morris]], saurang sobat dalit kulawargana di Philadelphia.&lt;ref name= &quot;Rabin&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2017/01/william-henry-harrison-history|title=A Penn graduate in the Oval Office|last=Rabin|first=Alex|date=January 25, 2017|work=[[The Daily Pennsylvanian]]|access-date=April 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna diajar kedokteran di [[Universitas Pennsylvania]]. Nalika di Penn, anjeunna diajar sareng [[Benjamin Rush]], salah saurang &quot;founding father&quot; Amérika Sarikat anu ogé profesor [[kimia]] sareng kedokteran di Penn, sarta [[William Shippen Sr.]]&lt;ref name= &quot;Rabin&quot;/&gt; Lanceukna William Harrison mewariskeun sadaya kabeungharan ramana, sahingga William kakirangan waragad pikeun neraskeun sakola kedokteranana, anu tétéla anjeunna ogé henteu pati mikaresep widang éta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Anjeunna kaluar ti Penn, sanajan arsip sakola nyatet anjeunna salaku &quot;alumnus non-lulusan ti kelas sakola kedokteran Penn taun 1793&quot;.&lt;ref name= &quot;Rabin&quot;/&gt; Ku ayana pangaruh ti sobat ramana, Gubernur [[Henry Lee III]], anjeunna ngamimitian karier militerna.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=16}}


===Karier militer awal===
Dina tanggal 16 Agustus 1791, dina jero waktu 24 jam saatos pendak sareng Lee, William Harrison anu yuswana 18 taun diangkat janten [[Ensign (pangkat)#Amérika Sarikat|ensign]] dina [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Sarikat]] sarta ditugaskeun ka [[Rézimén Kahiji Amérika|First American Regiment]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Anjeunna mimitina ditugaskeun di [[Bénténg Washington (Ohio)|Fort Washington]], [[Cincinnati]] di [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]] di mana angkatan darat harita nuju kalibet dina [[Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér|Northwest Indian War]] anu nuju lumangsung.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=14, 16, 22}} Penulis biografi [[William W. Freehling]] nyebutkeun yén Harrison ngora, dina tindakan militer munggaranana, ngumpulkeun sakitar dalapan puluh urang nu sok néangan hiburan sarta nu sok nyieun kaributan ti jalanan Philadelphia, ngolo maranéhna sangkan nandatanganan surat pendaptaran militer, sarta mawa maranéhna ka Fort Washington.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt;

===Karier militer awal===
Dina tanggal 16 Agustus 1791, dina jero waktu 24 jam saatos pendak sareng Lee, William Harrison anu yuswana 18 taun diangkat janten [[Ensign (pangkat)#Amérika Sarikat|ensign]] dina [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Sarikat]] sarta ditugaskeun ka [[Rézimén Kahiji Amérika|First American Regiment]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Anjeunna mimitina ditugaskeun di [[Bénténg Washington (Ohio)|Fort Washington]], [[Cincinnati]] di [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]] di mana angkatan darat harita nuju kalibet dina [[Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér|Northwest Indian War]] anu nuju lumangsung.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=14, 16, 22}} Penulis biografi [[William W. Freehling]] nyebutkeun yén Harrison ngora, dina tindakan militer munggaranana, ngumpulkeun sakitar dalapan puluh urang nu sok néangan hiburan sarta nu sok nyieun kaributan ti jalanan Philadelphia, ngolo maranéhna sangkan nandatanganan surat pendaptaran militer, sarta mawa maranéhna ka Fort Washington.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt;

Harrison ditaékkeun pangkatna janten [[Létnan hiji (Amérika Sarikat)|lieutenant]] saatos Mayor Jenderal [[Anthony Wayne|&quot;Mad Anthony&quot; Wayne]] nyepeng paréntah pasukan bagian kulon dina taun 1792, saatos kéléhan anu kacida parahna di handapeun [[Arthur St. Clair]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Dina taun 1793, anjeunna janten [[aide-de-camp]] Wayne sarta meunangkeun kaparigelan pikeun mingpin hiji pasukan di wilayah wates (&quot;frontier&quot;);&lt;ref name=Perrysburg/&gt; anjeunna milu ancrub dina kameunangan Wayne anu nangtukeun dina [[Perang Fallen Timbers|Battle of Fallen Timbers]] tanggal 20 Agustus 1794, anu mungkas Perang Indindia Kulon Kalér.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=23–26}} Anjeunna nampi pangajén kieu ti Wayne pikeun kalungguhanana dina éta perang: &quot;Kuring kudu nambahkeun ngaran Aide-de-camp kuring anu satia tur gagah... Létnan Harrison, anu... méré palayanan anu pangpentingna ku cara nepikeun paréntah kuring ka unggal madhab... sikep sarta kawani anu ngahudangkeun sumanget pasukan pikeun ngahontal kameunangan.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Harrison mangrupa salah saurang anu nandatanganan [[Pajangjian Greenville]] (1795), salaku saksi pikeun Wayne, negosiator utama pikeun AS.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Dina katangtuan éta pajangjian, koalisi urang Indindia nyerahkeun sabagian tina lahan maranéhna ka pamaréntah féderal, anu muka dua per tilu wilayah [[Ohio]] pikeun padumukan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Paul David |year=1985 |title=Anthony Wayne, Soldier of the Early Republic |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, IN |isbn=0253307511 |url=https://archive.org/details/anthonywaynesold00nels/page/282 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anthonywaynesold00nels/page/282 282] }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=21, 28–30}}

Nalika ibuna pupus dina taun 1793, Harrison mewariskeun sabagian ti harta kulawargana di Virginia, kalebet sakitar {{convert|3000|acre|km2}} lahan sarta sababaraha urang budak beulian (&quot;slaves&quot;). Anjeunna nuju ngabdi dina Angkatan Darat harita sarta ngical lahan éta ka lanceukna.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=39}} Harrison ditaékkeun pangkatna janten [[Kaptén (Amérika Sarikat O-3)|captain]] dina bulan Méi 1797 sarta ngundurkeun diri tina Angkatan Darat dina ping 1 Juni 1798.{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=67–69}}

===Pernikahan sarta kulawarga===
Harrison patepang sareng [[Anna Harrison|Anna Tuthill Symmes]] ti [[North Bend, Ohio]] dina taun 1795 nalika anjeunna yuswa 22 taun. Anna téh putri ti Anna Tuthill sareng Hakim [[John Cleves Symmes]], anu kantos ngabdi salaku kolonél dina Perang Révolusi sarta salaku wawakil dina [[Kongrés Konfédérasi]].{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=46}} Harrison nyuhunkeun idin ka hakim kanggo nikah ka Anna nanging ditolak, sahingga ieu pasangan téh ngantosan dugi ka Symmes angkat kanggé urusan bisnis. Maranéhna tuluy kawin lari sarta nikah dina ping 25 Nopémber 1795, di bumi Stephen Wood di North Bend, bendahara Téritori Kulon Kalér.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=38–39}} Maranéhna bulan madu di [[Bénténg Washington (Cincinnati, Ohio)|Fort Washington]], jalaran Harrison harita masih kénéh ngalaksanakeun tugas militer.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=40}}

Hakim Symmes nyanghareupan anjeunna dua minggu saatosna dina jamuan perpisahan kanggé Jenderal Wayne, kalayan teugeug nanyakeun kumaha anjeunna bakal nganapkahan kulawarga. Harrison ngajawab, &quot;ku pedang kuring, sarta ku leungeun katuhu kuring sorangan, Juragan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/greatpresidentia00dole |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatpresidentia00dole/page/222 222] |title=Great Presidential Wit: – I Wish I was in this Book |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7432-0392-0 |last1=Dole |first1=Bob |author-link=Bob Dole|year=2001 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu pernikahan téh méré kauntungan kanggé Harrison, sabab ahirna anjeunna bisa ngamangpaatkeun hubungan mertuana sareng para spékulan tanah, anu ngagampangkeun anjeunna kanggé kaluar tina angkatan darat. Karagu-raguan Hakim Symmes ka anjeunna tetep aya, sakumaha anu ditulis ku anjeunna ka hiji sobatna, &quot;Anjeunna teu bisa ngubaran (dokter), teu bisa méré pambélaan (pengacara), teu bisa ogé hutbah, sarta upami anjeunna bisa nguluku mah kuring bakal sugema.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Hubunganana ahirna janten saé sareng mertuana, anu saatosna ngajual lahan saluareun {{convert|160|acres|ha}} di [[North Bend, Ohio|North Bend]] ka kulawarga Harrison, anu ngamungkinkeun Harrison kanggé ngawangun bumi sarta ngamimitian tatanén.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=40}} Anna mindeng gering salami pernikahan maranéhna, utamana alatan mindengna kakandungan, nanging anjeunna hirup 23 taun langkung lami batan William, sarta pupus dina ping 25 Pébruari 1864, dina yuswa 88 taun.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=18}}{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=56}} Kulawarga Harrison gaduh sapuluh putra:

*Elizabeth Bassett (1796–1846)
*John Cleves Symmes (1798–1830), anu nikah ka hiji-hijina putri [[Zebulon Pike]] anu salamet
*Lucy Singleton (1800–1826)
*William Henry Jr. (1802–1838)
*[[John Scott Harrison|John Scott]] (1804–1878), ramana calon présidén AS [[Benjamin Harrison]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/H000272|title=John Scott Harrison|publisher=U. S. Congress|access-date=January 26, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
*Benjamin (1806–1840)
*Mary Symmes (1809–1842)
*Carter Bassett (1811–1839)
*Anna Tuthill (1813–1865)
*James Findlay (1814–1817)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=William Henry Harrison: Fast Facts| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=September 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Profesor Kenneth R. Janken, dina biografi [[Walter Francis White]], ngaku yén Harrison gaduh genep putra ti saurang awéwé Amérika-Afrika anu diperbudak kasebat [[Dilsia (budak)|Dilsia]] sarta, sateuacan nyalonkeun janten présidén, mikeun opat di antarana ka lanceukna kanggé nyingkahan skandal. Ieu pernyataan téh dumasar kana sajarah lisan kulawarga White.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Kenneth Robert|last=Janken|title=White: The Biography of Walter White: Mr. NAACP|url=https://archive.org/details/whitebiographyof00jank|location=New York|publisher=The New York Press|year=2003|page=[https://archive.org/details/whitebiographyof00jank/page/3 3]|isbn=978-1-5658-4773-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Amber |title=Warren Harding and 5 other presidents who have faced 'love child' questions |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/08/13/warren-harding-and-the-5-other-presidents-who-have-faced-love-child-questions/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=August 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina biografi Harrison taun 2012, panulis [[Gail Collins]] ngajelaskeun yén ieu téh carita anu sigana moal leres, sanajan White percaya yén éta téh bener.{{sfn|Collins|2012|p=103}}

==Karier pulitik==
Harrison ngamimitian karier pulitikna nalika anjeunna ngundurkeun diri samentara tina militer dina ping 1 Juni 1798, sarta ngayakeun kampanye di kalangan babaturan katut kulawargana pikeun meunangkeun kalungguhan dina pamaréntahan Téritori Kulon Kalér.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Sobat dalitna, [[Timothy Pickering]], harita nuju ngajabat salaku Sekretaris Nagara, sarta dibarengan ku pangaruh ti Hakim Symmes, anjeunna dirékoméndasikeun pikeun ngagentos [[Winthrop Sargent]], sekretaris téritori anu nuju lungsur jabatan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Présidén [[John Adams]] ngangkat Harrison kana éta jabatan dina bulan Juli 1798.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Pagawéan nyatet sagala kagiatan téritori téh karasana kacida ngabosankeunana, sarta teu lami anjeunna janten bosen, tuluy nyiar kasempetan pikeun nempatan posisi dina Kongrés AS.{{sfn|Greene|2007|p=44}}

===Kongrés AS===
[[File:W.H. Harrison ca. 1800.jpg|thumb|left|Hiji citakan potrét ukiran Harrison dina yuswa 27 taun, salaku anggota delegasi [[DPR Amérika Sarikat|U.S. House of Representatives]] ti [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]], ku [[Charles Balthazar Julien Févret de Saint-Mémin]], {{Circa|1800}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2007676954/|title=William Henry Harrison, 9th Pres. of United States|last=de Saint-Mémin|first= Charles Balthazar Julien Fevret|date=January 1800 |publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=August 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/bio9.htm|title=Biographical Sketch–William Henry Harrison|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=August 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Harrison gaduh seueur réngréngan sobat di kalangan aristokrat Wétan sarta gancang meunangkeun reputasi di antara maranéhna salaku pamingpin wilayah wates (&quot;frontier&quot;). Anjeunna ngajalankeun usaha tatanén sarta panyatuaan kuda anu suksés, anu matak anjeunna meunangkeun pangaku-ngaku di sakuliah [[Téritori Kulon Kalér|Northwest Territory]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=19}} Kongrés parantos netepkeun kawijakan téritori anu ngabalukarkeun luhurna harga lahan, hiji pasualan utama pikeun para padumuk di Téritori éta; Harrison janten jawara maranéhna pikeun nurunkeun éta harga. Populasi Téritori Kulon Kalér ngahontal jumlah anu cukup pikeun gaduh delegasi kongrés dina Oktober 1799, sarta Harrison maju dina pamilihan.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Anjeunna ngayakeun kampanye pikeun ngarojong migrasi salajengna ka éta téritori, anu ahirna ngabalukarkeun parobahan status janten nagara bagian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/history/files/interritory.pdf|title=Indiana Territory|publisher=The Indiana Historian|access-date=November 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Harrison ngéléhkeun Arthur St. Clair Jr. pikeun janten delegasi kongrés munggaran Téritori Kulon Kalér dina taun 1798 dina yuswa 26 taun, sarta ngabdi dina [[Kongrés ka-genep Amérika Sarikat]] ti 4 Maret 1799 dugi ka 14 Méi 1800.&lt;ref name=&quot;wh&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=William Henry Harrison Biography |work=About The White House: Presidents |publisher=The White House |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/presidents/williamhenryharrison |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122233458/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhenryharrison/ |archive-date=January 22, 2009|access-date=November 6, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=William Henry Harrison (1773–1841) Biography|publisher=United States Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=h000279|access-date=February 4, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna teu gaduh wewenang pikeun méré sora (voting) dina rancangan undang-undang, nanging diidinan pikeun ngabdi dina komite, ngajukeun panerapan, sarta aub dina debat.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=45–48}} Anjeunna janten pupuhu Komite Lahan Publik sarta ngamajukeun &quot;Land Act of 1800&quot;, anu ngagampangkeun pameseran lahan Téritori Kulon Kalér dina kapling anu langkung alit kalayan harga anu langkung mirah.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Para nu gaduh lahan diidinan meuli kapling leutik kalayan artos panjer (DP) ngan lima persén, sarta ieu janten faktor penting dina kamekaran populasi Téritori anu gancang.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=161}}

Harrison ogé boga peran penting dina ngatur babagian Téritori janten dua bagian.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Bagian wétan tetep kawanoh salaku Téritori Kulon Kalér sarta ngawengku wilayah anu ayeuna janten [[Ohio]] sareng bagian wétan [[Michigan]]; bagian kulon dingaranan [[Téritori Indiana|Indiana Territory]] sarta ngawengku wilayah anu ayeuna janten [[Indiana]], [[Illinois]], [[Wisconsin]], sabagian kulon [[Michigan]], sarta sabagian wétan [[Minnesota]]. Dua téritori anyar ieu sacara resmi diadegkeun dumasar hukum dina taun 1800.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=47–48}}

Dina ping 13 Méi 1800, Présidén [[John Adams]] ngangkat Harrison salaku gubernur Téritori Indiana, dumasar kana hubunganana sareng wilayah kulon sarta sikep pulitikna anu katingalna nétral.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=50–51}} Anjeunna ngabdi dina jabatan ieu salami dua belas taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.in.gov/history/about-indiana-history-and-trivia/governors-portraits/list-of-governors/indiana-territorial-governor-william-henry-harrison-1773-1841|title=Indiana Territorial Governor|date=December 15, 2020|publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|access-date=November 28, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jabatan gubernurna dikonfirmasi ku Sénat sarta anjeunna ngundurkeun diri ti Kongrés pikeun janten gubernur téritori Indiana munggaran dina taun 1801.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}}{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=50–53}}

===Gubernur téritori Indiana===
{{see also|Sajarah perbudakan di Indiana|Téritori Indiana}}
Harrison ngamimitian tugasna dina ping 10 Januari 1801, di [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]], puseur dayeuh Téritori Indiana.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=53}} Présidén [[Thomas Jefferson]] sareng [[James Madison]] mangrupa anggota Partéy Démokratik-Républik, sarta maranéhna ngangkat deui anjeunna janten gubernur dina taun 1803, 1806, sarta 1809.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} Dina taun 1804, Harrison ditugaskeun pikeun ngokolakeun pamaréntahan sipil di [[Distrik Louisiana]]. Anjeunna ngajalankeun urusan distrik éta salami lima minggu dugi ka Téritori Louisiana sacara resmi diadegkeun dina ping 4 Juli 1805, sarta Brigadir Jenderal [[James Wilkinson]] nyepeng tugas salaku gubernur.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=21}}

Dina taun 1805, Harrison ngawangun bumi gaya perkebunan caket Vincennes anu dingaranan [[Grouseland]], salaku panghormat kana manuk-manuk anu aya di éta lahan.{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=46}} Bumi anu gaduh 26 kamar éta mangrupa salah sahiji wangunan bata munggaran di téritori kasebat;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000018_text|title=Grouseland|publisher=National Register of Historic Places|access-date=November 13, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308020901/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000018_text |date=March 8, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; sarta janten puseur kahirupan sosial katut pulitik di téritori salami anjeunna ngajabat gubernur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://visitvincennes.org/attractions/grouseland-president-william-henry-harrison-mansion/|title=Grouseland|publisher=Historic Vincennes|access-date=November 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harrison ngadegkeun hiji universitas di Vincennes dina taun 1801, anu diresmikeun janten [[Universitas Vincennes]] dina ping 29 Nopémber 1806.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.vinu.edu/web/guest/about-us |title=History – Vincennes University |publisher=Vincennes University |access-date=November 8, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816120836/http://www.vinu.edu/web/guest/about-us |archive-date=August 16, 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816120836/http://www.vinu.edu/web/guest/about-us |date=August 16, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Puseur dayeuh téritori ahirna dipindahkeun ka [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]] dina taun 1813, sarta Harrison ngawangun bumi kadua di deukeut [[Harrison Spring|Harrison Valley]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/25b93/N/Corydon_HD_Harrison_CO_Nom.pdf|title =National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Corydon Historic District|access-date=November 30, 2021|last=Griffin|first=Frederick Porter| date=1972}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanggung jawab utama Harrison nyaéta kanggé kéngingkeun hak milik atas lahan Indindia anu bakal ngamungkinkeun padumukan di mangsa hareup sarta ningkatkeun populasi téritori, anu janten sarat kanggé janten nagara bagian. Anjeunna ogé sumanget kanggé ngalegaan téritori kusabab alesan pribadi, jalaran nasib pulitikna kabeungkeut kana robahna status [[Indiana]] janten nagara bagian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Salami anjeunna kéngingkeun kauntungan tina spékulasi tanah kanggé kapentingan pribadina, sarta miboga dua usaha panggilingan, anjeunna diaku salaku administrator anu saé, kalayan ayana perbaikan anu signifikan dina jalan sarta infrastruktur sanésna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt;

Nalika Harrison diangkat deui janten gubernur téritori Indiana dina ping 8 Pébruari 1803, anjeunna dipasihan wewenang anu langkung lega kanggé ngayakeun rundayan sarta mutuskeun pajangjian sareng urang Indindia.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=20}} [[Pajangjian St. Louis (1804)]] sareng [[Quashquame]] meryogikeun suku [[Suku Sauk|Sauk]] sareng [[Meskwaki]] kanggé nyerahkeun sabagian ageung wilayah kulon Illinois sarta sabagian [[Missouri]]. Seueur urang Sauk anu teu rido kana leungitna éta lahan, utamana pamingpin maranéhna, [[Black Hawk (pamingpin Sauk)|Black Hawk]].{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=87–89}} Harrison mikir yén [[Pajangjian Grouseland]] (1805) parantos ngademkeun sabagian urang Indindia, nanging kaayaan tetep panas di wilayah wates. [[Pajangjian Fort Wayne (1809)]] nimbulkeun katéngtréman anyar nalika Harrison mésér langkung ti {{convert|2.5|e6acre|km2|abbr=unit}} ti suku Potawatomi, Delaware, Miami, sareng Eel River. Sababaraha urang Indindia mangmang kana wewenang suku-suku anu milu dina éta pajangjian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/national-museum-american-indian/2017/09/29/treaty-fort-wayne-1809/|title=Treaty of Fort Wayne, 1809|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=November 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harrison ogé tiasa ngajalankeun rupa-rupa urusan tanpa ditaros deui ku pamaréntah, jalaran administrasi pindah tangan ti Jefferson ka Madison.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt;

Anjeunna ngalaksanakeun prosés pajangjian sacara agrésif, nawarkeun subsidi ageung ka suku-suku sarta pamingpin maranéhna, supados kéngingkeun dukungan pulitik ti Jefferson sateuacan anjeunna lungsur jabatan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/william-henry-harrison-shady-treaty-maker-and-indian-land-taker|title=William Henry Harrison: Shady Treaty Maker (quoting Owens)|publisher=Indian Country Today|last=Landry|first=Alysa|date=September 13, 2018 |access-date=November 14, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panulis biografi Freehling negeskeun yén urang Indindia nganggap kapamilikan tanah téh milik babarengan, sapertos hawa anu diseuseup. Dina taun 1805, Harrison hasil kéngingkeun dugi ka 51.000.000 héktar lahan kanggé nagara ti urang Indindia, saatos nyuguhan lima kapala sukuna ku inuman keras, kalayan harga teu langkung ti sadolar per 20.000 héktar {{USDCY|1|1805}}, anu ngawengku dua per tilu wilayah [[Illinois]] sarta sabagian ageung Wisconsin jeung Missouri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt;

Salian ti nimbulkeun katéngtréman sareng urang Indindia, sikep Harrison anu ngarojong perbudakan ngajantenkeun anjeunna teu dipikaresep ku para [[Abolisionisme di Amérika Sarikat|abolisionis]] di Téritori Indiana, jalaran anjeunna nyobian pisan ngamajukeun perbudakan di éta téritori. Dina taun 1803, anjeunna ngalobi Kongrés kanggé nunda samentara salami sapuluh taun Pasal VI tina [[Ordonansi Kulon Kalér]] anu ngalarang perbudakan di Téritori Indiana.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=68–69}} Sanajan Harrison negeskeun yén panundaan éta diperyogikeun kanggé ngadorong padumukan sarta ngajantenkeun téritori mandiri sacara ékonomi sarta siap janten nagara bagian, usul éta gagal.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=69–72}} Alatan gagalna panundaan Pasal VI, dina taun 1807 législatur téritori, kalayan dukungan Harrison, ngesahkeun undang-undang anu ngawenangkeun &quot;indentured servitude&quot; (pagawé beulian kontrak) sarta masihan wewenang ka dunungan kanggé nangtukeun lami waktos damelna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html|title=Freedom's Early Ring|publisher=Illinois Periodicals Online|access-date=December 1, 2021|archive-date=November 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108185052/https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108185052/https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/iht519802.html |date=November 8, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Présidén Jefferson, nu nulis utama Ordonansi Kulon Kalér, ngayakeun pajangjian rasiah sareng [[James Lemen]] kanggé ngéléhkeun gerakan pro-perbudakan anu dirojong ku Harrison.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peck&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Peck|first=J. M.|publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=1915|title=The Jefferson-Lemen Compact|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNASAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA32 |access-date=March 28, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna nyumbang $100 kanggé ngadorong Lemen dina gerakan abolisi sareng padamelan saé sanésna, sarta saatosna (dina taun 1808) nyumbang deui $20 {{USDCY|20|1808}} kanggé ngabantosan waragad garéja anu kawanoh salaku Bethel Baptist Church.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peck&quot;/&gt; Di [[Indiana]], diadegkeunana garéja anti-perbudakan ngadorong warga kanggé nandatanganan pétisi sarta ngayakeun gerakan pulitik kanggé ngéléhkeun usaha Harrison dina ngalégalkeun perbudakan di téritori.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peck&quot;/&gt;

[[Téritori Indiana]] ngayakeun pamilihan kanggé majelis luhur sareng handap législatur kanggé munggaranana dina taun 1809. Harrison mendakan dirina teu sapamadegan sareng législatur saatos golongan abolisionis nyepeng kakawasaan, sarta bagian wétan Téritori Indiana tumuwuh janten wilayah anu seueur populasi anti-perbudakanana.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=21}} Majelis umum Téritori ngayakeun sidang dina taun 1810, sarta faksi anti-perbudakan langsung ngabatalkeun undang-undang &quot;indentured servitude&quot; anu sateuacanana disahkeun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.capitolandwashington.com/blog/2021/02/25/a-brief-history-of-race-and-politics-in-indiana|title=A Brief History of Race and Politics in Indiana|date=February 25, 2021|publisher=Capitol &amp; Washington|access-date=December 1, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208092048/https://www.capitolandwashington.com/blog/2021/02/25/a-brief-history-of-race-and-politics-in-indiana/ |date=February 8, 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saatos taun 1809, législatur Indiana nyepeng wewenang anu langkung ageung sarta téritori éta maju nuju status nagara bagian.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Jenderal Angkatan Darat==

===Tecumseh sareng Tippecanoe===
{{main|Perang Tecumseh|Perang Tippecanoe}}
Lalawanan urang Indindia kana ékspansi Amérika ngahontal puncatna di handapeun lulugu dua sadulur suku Shawnee, [[Tecumseh]] sareng [[Tenskwatawa]] (&quot;Sang Nabi&quot;), dina konflik anu kawanoh salaku [[Perang Tecumseh]].{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=158–160}} Tenskwatawa ngayakinkeun suku-suku yén maranéhna bakal dijaga ku [[Roh Agung]] sarta moal aya bahaya anu ninggang upami maranéhna ngalawan para padumuk. Anjeunna ngadorong lalawanan ku cara nitah suku-suku sangkan mayar padagang bule ngan satengah tina hutangna sarta miceun sagala cara hirup jalma bule, kalebet pakéan, sanjata musket, sarta utamana inuman keras (whiskey).{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=158–160}} Harrison nampi béja ngeunaan ieu lalawanan ti mata-mata anu diteundeun di jero suku-suku éta, sarta ménta Madison kanggé ngawaragadan persiapan militer. Madison lila mutuskeunana, sarta Harrison nyobian ngayakeun rundayan ku cara ngintunkeun serat ka Tecumseh anu unina, &quot;Blue Coats (prajurit AD AS) kami leuwih loba ti batan nu bisa kairit ku anjeun, sarta baju moro kami (milisi sukaréla) loba lir ibarat dangdaunan di leuweung atawa keusik di sisi walungan Wabash.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Tecumseh02.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambaran [[Tecumseh]] taun 1915, anu dipercaya mangrupa turunan tina sketsa taun 1808]]

Dina Agustus 1810, Tecumseh mingpin 400 prajurit nyorang [[Walungan Wabash]] kanggé papendak sareng Harrison di Vincennes. Maranéhna dangdos make cet perang, sarta jolna anu ujug-ujug téh mimitina mah nyieun miris para prajurit di Vincennes.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=164}} Para pamingpin éta kelompok dianteur ka [[Grouseland]], tempat maranéhna panggih jeung Harrison. Tecumseh nyarékan Harrison anu dianggapna sok nganggap réntéh, sarta keukeuh yén Pajangjian Fort Wayne téh teu sah, kalayan alesan yén hiji suku teu bisa ngajual tanah tanpa aya kasatujuan ti suku-suku séjénna. Anjeunna ménta Harrison kanggé ngabatalkeunana sarta ngingetkeun yén urang Amérika ulah nyoba nempatan lahan anu dijual dina éta pajangjian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Tecumseh ogé ngabéjaan Harrison yén anjeunna parantos ngancam bakal maéhan kapala-kapala suku anu nandatanganan pajangjian upami maranéhna ngajalankeun eusina, sarta nyebutkeun yén konpédérasi sukuna nuju tumuwuh gancang.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Harrison ngajawab yén unggal suku téh nu boga lahan masing-masing sarta bébas ngajualna sakahayangna. Anjeunna nolak klaim Tecumseh yén sakabéh urang Indindia téh hiji bangsa sarta nyebutkeun yén unggal suku bisa boga hubungan misah jeung Amérika Sarikat. Harrison boga pamadegan yén lamun enya Indindia téh hiji bangsa, tangtu Roh Agung bakal nyieun sakabéh suku nyarita dina hiji basa anu sarua.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}}

Tecumseh ngaluarkeun &quot;bantahan anu kacida sumangetna&quot;, dumasar kana basa saurang sejarawan, nanging Harrison teu ngalarti kana basana.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Tecumseh tuluy ngagorowok ka Harrison sarta nyebutna tukang bohong.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Saurang urang Shawnee anu mihak ka Harrison nyiapkeun pistulna ti sisi kanggé méré tanda ka Harrison yén pidato Tecumseh bakal mawa kaributan, sarta sababaraha saksi ngalaporkeun yén Tecumseh nuju ngahudangkeun sumanget para prajuritna kanggé maéhan Harrison. Seueur di antarana mimiti ngaluarkeun sanjata, anu janten ancaman nyata kanggé Harrison sarta éta kota anu pangeusina ngan 1.000 urang. Harrison nyabut pedangna, sarta para prajurit Tecumseh mundur nalika para perwira militer ogé nyiapkeun sanjata kanggé ngabéla Harrison.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=165}} Kapala Suku [[Winamac]] anu bageur ka Harrison males argumén Tecumseh, mépéndé para prajurit sangkan baralik kalayan tengtrem sakumaha maranéhna datang kalayan tengtrem. Sateuacan angkat, Tecumseh ngabéjaan Harrison yén anjeunna bakal nyiar aliansi jeung Inggris upami Pajangjian Fort Wayne teu dibatalkeun.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=166}} Saatos éta pasamoan, Tecumseh indit nepungan loba suku di wilayah éta kalayan harepan bisa nyieun hiji [[Konpédérasi Tecumseh|konpédérasi]] kanggé merangan Amérika Sarikat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Tecumseh|title=Tecumseh|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=November 21, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227182121/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Tecumseh |date=December 27, 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;


Harrison hariwang yén peta Tecumseh bakal ngancam status nagara bagian Indiana, sarta ogé masa depan pulitikna, ku cara ngantepkeun éta wilayah janten &quot;pancicingan sababaraha urang biadab anu sangsara&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Nalika Tecumseh nuju iinditan dina taun 1811, anjeunna masrahkeun kakuatan Indindia ka Tenskwatawa. Harrison ningali ieu salaku kasempetan, sarta méré saran ka Sekretaris Perang [[William Eustis]] kanggé mintonkeun kakuatan ka konpédérasi Indindia.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=167}} Sanajan parantos 13 taun teu turun ka médan perang, Harrison hasil ngayakinkeun Madison jeung Eustis kanggé méré wewenang paréntah ka anjeunna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Anjeunna mingpin pasukan ka kalér kalayan 950 urang prajurit kanggé nyingsieunan suku Shawnee sangkan daék damai, nanging suku-suku éta kalah ngalakukeun serangan dadakan dina wanci subuh ping 7 Nopémber dina [[Perang Tippecanoe|Battle of Tippecanoe]].{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=168}} Harrison bales narajang sarta hasil ngéléhkeun kakuatan suku-suku éta di [[Prophetstown State Park|Prophetstown]] di sisi walungan Wabash jeung [[Walungan Tippecanoe]]; ieu perang janten kasohor sarta anjeunna dipuji salaku pahlawan nasional. Sanajan pasukanna kaleungitan 62 urang anu palastra sarta 126 tatu, sarta urang Shawnee ngan 150 urang anu jadi korban, nanging visi &quot;sang nabi&quot; ngeunaan panangtayungan gaib téh geus runtag. Tenskwatawa sarta pasukanna kabur ka Kanada, sarta gerakan maranéhna kanggé ngahijikeun suku-suku di wilayah éta dina nolak asimilasi téh gagal.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|p=169}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Pirtle|first=Alfred|publisher=John P. Morton &amp; Co.|year=1900|location=Louisville|title=The Battle of Tippecanoe| page=158 |isbn=978-0-7222-6509-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvA7AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Pirtle,+Alfred.+(1900).+The+Battle+of+Tippecanoe&amp;pg=PR1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika ngalaporkeun ka Sekretaris Eustis, Harrison ngabéjaan yén aya perang deukeut Walungan Tippecanoe sarta anjeunna memang parantos ngantisipasi serangan éta. Laporan munggaran tacan écés pihak mana anu meunang, sahingga sekretaris nyangka éta téh hiji kéléhan, dugi ka aya laporan susulan anu ngajéntrékeun kaayaanana.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=219–220}} Nalika taya serangan kadua, kéléhan [[Suku Shawnee|Shawnee]] téh janten beuki pasti. Eustis nanyakeun naha Harrison teu ngayakeun persiapan anu cukup kanggé ngabénténgan kémahna tina serangan awal, sarta Harrison ngajawab yén anjeunna nganggap posisi harita geus cukup kuat. Ieu pacogrégan téh janten bibit masalah antara Harrison sareng Departemén Perang anu nuluy dugi ka mangsa Perang 1812.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=A History of Indiana|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryindiana00dillgoog|last=Dillon|first=John Brown|publisher=Bingham &amp; Doughty|year=1859|isbn=978-0-253-20305-2|pages=466–471}}&lt;/ref&gt; Freehling nyebutkeun yén kaparigelan Harrison anu tos &quot;karahaan&quot; ngabalukarkeun pasukanna nyieun hawu (api unggun) dina peuting sateuacan perang, anu matak posisi maranéhna katingali ku musuh sarta ngabalukarkeun serangan dadakan katut lobana korban.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt;

Mimitina mah média massa teu pati ngaliput ieu perang, dugi ka aya hiji koran di Ohio anu salah nafsirkeun laporan munggaran Harrison anu dikira éléh.{{sfn|Owens|2007|p=220}} Nanging dina bulan Désémber, lolobana koran utama di Amérika parantos midangkeun carita ngeunaan kameunangan éta, sarta amarah publik ka urang Shawnee beuki ningkat.{{sfn|Owens|2007|pp=220–222}} Urang Amérika nyalahkeun Inggris anu dianggap ngangsonan suku-suku Indindia kanggé ngalakukeun kekerasan sarta nyadiakeun sanjata api, sarta Kongrés ngaluarkeun résolusi anu nyawad Inggris alatan pipilueun kana urusan jero nagara Amérika. Kongrés [[Déklarasi perang Amérika Sarikat ka Britania Raya|nyatakeun perang dina ping 18 Juni 1812]], sarta Harrison ninggalkeun Vincennes kanggé nyiar kalungguhan militer deui.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}}

===Perang 1812===
[[File:Rembrandt Peale - William Henry Harrison - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Ieu potrét Harrison mimitina némbongkeun anjeunna nganggo papakéan sipil salaku delegasi kongrés dina taun 1800; seragamna nembé ditambahkeun saatos anjeunna ngabdi dina Perang 1812.|329x329px]]
Pecahna perang sareng Inggris dina taun 1812 ngabalukarkeun konflik anu nuluy sareng urang Indindia di wilayah Kulon Kalér. Harrison kungsi ngabdi sakeudeung salaku mayor jenderal dina milisi [[Kentucky]] dugi ka pamaréntah ngangkat anjeunna dina ping 17 Séptémber pikeun mingpin [[Angkatan Darat Kulon Kalér (Amérika Sarikat)|Army of the Northwest]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Anjeunna nampi bayaran militer féderal pikeun jasana, sarta anjeunna ogé tetep nampi gaji gubernur téritori ti Séptémber dugi ka 28 Désémber, nalika anjeunna sacara resmi ngundurkeun diri tina jabatan gubernur sarta neraskeun pangabdian militerna. Panulis Gugin sarta St. Clair nyebutkeun yén éta pangunduran diri téh dipaksakeun ka anjeunna.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Harrison digantikeun ku John Gibson salaku palaksana tugas gubernur téritori.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}}

Urang Amérika nandang kéléhan dina [[pangepungan Detroit]]. Jenderal [[James Winchester (jenderal)|James Winchester]] nawarkeun pangkat brigadir jenderal ka Harrison, nanging Harrison hoyong nyepeng kakawasaan pinuh atas angkatan darat éta. Présidén [[James Madison]] ngalungsurkeun Winchester tina jabatanana dina bulan Séptémber, sarta Harrison janten komandan pikeun para prajurit anu nembé ditarima.{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=23}} Anjeunna nampi paréntah pikeun ngarebut deui Detroit sarta ngahudangkeun sumanget pasukan, nanging mimitina anjeunna nahan diri, jalaran teu kersa rurusuhan mawa perang ka arah kalér.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Pasukan Inggris sareng sekutu Indindiana jauh langkung seueur jumlahna dibandingkeun pasukan Harrison, sahingga Harrison ngawangun posisi pertahanan salami usum tiris di sapanjang [[Walungan Maumee]] di kalér-kulon Ohio. Anjeunna dingaranan [[Bénténg Meigs|Fort Meigs]] kanggé ngahormat gubernur Ohio [[Return J. Meigs Jr.]] Anjeunna tuluy nampi pasukan bantuan dina taun 1813, mimiti narajang, sarta mingpin angkatan darat ka kalér pikeun perang. Anjeunna kéngingkeun kameunangan di Téritori Indiana sarta Ohio, sarta hasil ngarebut deui Detroit sateuacan nyerang ka [[Kanada]] Luhur ([[Ontario]]). Pasukanna ngéléhkeun Inggris, sarta Tecumseh palastra, dina ping 5 Oktober 1813, dina [[Perang Thames|Battle of the Thames]]. Ieu dianggap salaku salah sahiji kameunangan gedé Amérika dina perang éta, kadua saatos [[Perang New Orleans|Battle of New Orleans]], sarta ngukuhkeun reputasi nasional pikeun Harrison.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=257–70}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt;

Dina taun 1814, Sekretaris Perang [[John Armstrong Jr.]] ngabagi komando angkatan darat, nempatkeun Harrison di hiji pos anu jauh sarta mikeun kadali garis hareup ka salah saurang bawahan Harrison.{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=232–244}} Armstrong sareng Harrison teu sapamadegan ngeunaan kurangna koordinasi sarta éféktivitas dina invasi ka Kanada, sahingga Harrison ngundurkeun diri tina angkatan darat dina bulan Méi.{{sfn|Langguth|2007|pp=290–291}}{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=24}} Saatos perang réngsé, Kongrés ngayakeun pamariksaan kana pangunduran diri Harrison sarta nangtukeun yén Armstrong parantos nindak sacara sawenang-wenang ka Harrison salami kampanye militerna sarta pangunduran dirina téh mémang boga alesan anu kuat. Kongrés nganugrahkeun medali emas ka Harrison pikeun jasa-jasana salami perang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Presidential Series – William H. Harrison|url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Presidential-Series/William-H-Harrison/|access-date=June 18, 2020|publisher=National Guard}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918175742/https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Presidential-Series/William-H-Harrison/ |date=September 18, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Harrison sareng Gubernur [[Téritori Michigan]] [[Lewis Cass]] tanggung jawab pikeun ngayakeun rundayan [[Pajangjian Greenville (1814)|pajangjian damai]] sareng urang Indindia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Treaty_with_the_Wyandots,_Delawares,_Shawnees,_Senecas,_and_Miamis_(1814)|title=Treaty with the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas, and Miamis (1814)|publisher=Ohio History Central|access-date=December 1, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227183649/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Treaty_with_the_Wyandots,_Delawares,_Shawnees,_Senecas,_and_Miamis_(1814) |date=December 27, 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Présidén Madison ngangkat Harrison dina bulan Juni 1815 pikeun mantuan rundayan pajangjian kadua sareng urang Indindia anu kawanoh salaku [[Pajangjian Springwells]], di mana suku-suku éta nyerahkeun lahan anu lega di wilayah kulon, nyadiakeun lahan tambahan pikeun pameseran sarta padumukan Amérika.&lt;ref name=&quot;cb&quot;/&gt;

==Kahirupan saatos perang==
===Politikus Ohio sarta diplomat===
[[File:WmHHarrison-poster.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.95|Postér anu muji kana sagala prestasi Harrison]]

Harrison ngundurkeun diri tina angkatan darat dina taun 1814, teu lami sateuacan réngséna Perang 1812, sarta mulang deui ka kulawarga katut tegalanana di [[North Bend, Ohio]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Freehling nyebatkeun yén pengeluaranana harita jauh langkung ageung batan panghasilanana sahingga anjeunna kabeulit hutang, yén Harrison langkung milih &quot;popularitas batan kawajiban&quot; ku cara milarian pujian dina pésta-pésta di New York, Washington, sarta Philadelphia, sarta janten jalma anu moro jabatan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Anjeunna kapilih dina taun 1816 pikeun ngaréngsékeun masa jabatan [[John McLean]] di DPR AS, ngawakilan [[distrik kongrés ka-1 Ohio]] dugi ka taun 1819. Anjeunna nyobian kéngingkeun jabatan Sekretaris Perang di handapeun Présidén Monroe dina taun 1817 nanging éléh ku [[John C. Calhoun]]. Anjeunna ogé teu kabagéan jabatan diplomatik ka Rusia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Anjeunna kapilih janten anggota [[Sénat Ohio]] dina taun 1819 sarta ngabdi dugi ka taun 1821, saatos éléh dina pamilihan gubernur Ohio taun 1820.&lt;ref name=&quot;cb&quot; /&gt; Anjeunna maju dina [[Pamilihan DPR Amérika Sarikat di Ohio 1822|pamilihan 1822]] pikeun DPR Amérika Sarikat, nanging éléh ku [[James W. Gazlay]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/pg15bf880 |website=Tufts Digital Collections and Archives |access-date=March 5, 2022 |date=January 11, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna kapilih janten anggota Sénat AS dina taun 1824, sarta janten pamilih présidén (elector) Ohio dina taun 1820 pikeun [[James Monroe]]{{sfn|Taylor|Taylor|1899|p=102}} sarta pikeun [[Henry Clay]] dina taun 1824.{{sfn|Taylor|Taylor|1899|p=145}}

Harrison diangkat dina taun 1828 salaku [[menteri plenipotentiary]] (utusan pinuh) ka [[Gran Kolombia]], sahingga anjeunna ngundurkeun diri ti Kongrés sarta ngabdi dina jabatan anyarna dugi ka ping 8 Maret 1829.{{sfn|Bolívar|1951|p=732}} Anjeunna dugi ka [[Bogotá]] dina ping 22 Désémber 1828, sarta mendakan kaayaan Kolombia anu matak sedih. Anjeunna ngalaporkeun ka Sekretaris Nagara yén éta nagara nuju aya dina bangbaluh anarki, sarta [[Simón Bolívar]] badé janten diktator militer.{{sfn|Bolívar|1951|p=732}} Anjeunna nyerat serat teguran anu sopan ka Bolívar, nyatakeun yén &quot;pamaréntahan anu pangkuatna nyaéta anu paling bébas&quot; sarta ngajurung Bolívar pikeun ngarojong kamekaran démokrasi. Salaku jawabanana, Bolívar nyerat yén Amérika Sarikat &quot;sigana parantos ditakdirkeun ku Gusti pikeun nyusahkeun Amérika (Latin) kalayan sagala kasangsaraan dina nami kabébasan&quot;, hiji ungkapan anu janten kacida kasohorna di Amérika Latin.{{sfn|Bolívar|1951|p=732}}

Freehling nunjukkeun yén léngkah Harrison di Kolombia téh &quot;goréng sarta mindeng salah&quot;, yén anjeunna gagal ngajaga posisi nétral dina urusan Kolombia ku cara sacara kabuka nentang Bolivar, sahingga Kolombia ménta sangkan anjeunna diganti. [[Andrew Jackson]] mimiti ngajabat dina Maret 1829, sarta narik deui Harrison supados tiasa nempatkeun jalma pilihanana sorangan dina éta jabatan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freehling&quot;/&gt; Penulis biografi James Hall ngaklaim yén Harrison mendakan ayana despotisme militer di Kolombia sarta yén &quot;pamandangan liberalna, integritas républikna anu teguh, sarta saderhanana papakéan katut paripolahna, kacida kontrasna sareng pamandangan sawenang-wenang sarta paripolah méwah para pajabat publik, sahingga moal mungkin anjeunna janten paporit pikeun maranéhna anu tos ngarebut kakawasaan éta pamaréntahan. Maranéhna sieun yén rahayat bakal ningali bédana antara patriot sajati sareng patriot anu ngan saukur pura-pura, sarta ngamimitian runtuyan intimidasi ka menteri urang, anu ngajantenkeun situasina kacida teu genahna.&quot;{{sfn|Hall|1836|p=301}} Pamadegan anu sarupa ngeunaan kaayaan ieu ogé ditepikeun ku panulis biografi Samuel Burr.

Harrison, saatos ninggalkeun jabatanana nanging masih kénéh aya di [[Gran Kolombia|nagara éta]], nyerat serat sakitar sapuluh kaca ka Bolivar, anu dimuat sacara lengkep dina biografi Hall sarta Burr. Éta serat matak ngahéman Hall alatan &quot;prinsip kabébasan anu jero&quot; ti Harrison. Burr ngajelaskeun éta serat salaku &quot;pinuh ku kawijaksanaan, kahadéan, sarta patriotisme... sarta prinsip anu pangmurnina&quot;.{{sfn|Hall|1836|p=301}}{{sfn|Burr|1840|p=256}}

===Rahayat biasa===
Harrison mulang ka Amérika Sarikat sarta ka tegalanana di North Bend, hirup dina katenangan saatos ampir opat dasawarsa ngabdi ka pamaréntah. Anjeunna henteu ngumpulkeun kabeungharan anu loba salami hirupna, sarta hirup tina tabungan, mancén anu teu sabaraha, sarta panghasilan tina tegalanana. Burr nyutat M. Chavalier, anu pendak sareng Harrison di [[Cincinnati]] harita, sarta ngagambarkeun Harrison salaku jalma anu &quot;miskin, gaduh kulawarga anu seueur jumlahna, ditingalkeun ku pamaréntah féderal, nanging jagjag kalayan pamikiran anu merdéka&quot;.{{sfn|Burr|1840|p=Appendix}}

Dina bulan Méi 1817, Harrison janten salah saurang anggota pangadeg [[vestry]] jemaah [[Garéja Épiskopal (Amérika Sarikat)|Episcopal]], [[Katedral Christ Church (Cincinnati)|Christ Church]] di puseur kota [[Cincinnati]] (ayeuna [[Katedral Christ Church (Cincinnati)|Christ Church Cathedral]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=J. W. |title=Christ Church Cincinnati, 1817–1967 |publisher=Cincinnati Lithographing Ohio Press |year=1969}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna terus ngabdi salaku anggota vestry dugi ka taun 1819, sarta deui dina taun 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Para pangrojong lokal datang mantuan Harrison ku cara ngangkat anjeunna janten [[Panitera Pangadilan]] pikeun [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]], di mana anjeunna damel ti taun 1836 dugi ka 1840.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=History of the Clerk of Courts Office|publisher=Hamilton County Clerk of Courts|url=http://www.courtclerk.org/history_clerk_of_courts.asp|access-date=December 6, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614052246/http://www.courtclerk.org/history_clerk_of_courts.asp|archive-date=June 14, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614052246/http://www.courtclerk.org/history_clerk_of_courts.asp |date=June 14, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chevalier nyarios, &quot;Rencanganana di bagian wétan nyarioskeun badé ngajantenkeun anjeunna Présidén, sedengkeun di dieu urang ngajantenkeun anjeunna panitera di pangadilan handap.&quot;{{sfn|Burr|1840|p=Appendix}} Anjeunna ogé melak jagong sarta ngadegkeun panyatuaan (distillery) pikeun ngahasilkeun wiski, nanging anjeunna nutup éta usaha saatos anjeunna ngaraos kaganggu ku pangaruh buruk alkohol ka para palangganna. Dina biantara payuneun Déwan Pertanian [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton County]] dina taun 1831, anjeunna nyebatkeun yén anjeunna parantos dosa margi ngadamel wiski sarta miharep batur tiasa diajar tina kasalahanana sarta ngeureunkeun produksi inuman keras.{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=257–258}}

Sakitar waktos ieu, anjeunna pendak sareng tokoh abolisionis sarta konduktor [[Underground Railroad]] [[George DeBaptiste]] anu linggih di deukeut [[Madison, Indiana|Madison]], sarta duanana janten sobat. Harrison nyerat harita, &quot;urang tiasa ngarep-ngarep datangna hiji poé nalika panonpoé Amérika Kalér moal ningali deui ayana budak beulian.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=A Patriot's History of the United States|first1=Larry|last1=Schweikart|first2=Michael|last2=Allen|publisher=Easton Press|location=Norwalk, Conn.|year=2004|page=233|isbn=1-59523-001-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; DeBaptiste janten palayan pribadina, sarta saatosna janten pangurus (steward) di Gedong Bodas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Tobin|first=Jacqueline L.|title=From Midnight to Dawn: The Last Tracks of the Underground Railroad|url=https://archive.org/details/frommidnighttoda0000tobi|publisher=Anchor|location=Detroit|year=2008|pages=[https://archive.org/details/frommidnighttoda0000tobi/page/200 200]–209|isbn=978-1-4001-0354-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan dibantah ku sababaraha réngréngan Harrison, Burr nutup catetanana ngeunaan Harrison ku cara ngagambarkeun hiji kajadian, nyaéta resepsi kanggé jenderal éta di Philadelphia dina taun 1836, anu nunjukkeun kumaha populérna Harrison harita. Numutkeun Burr, &quot;Rébuan jalma minuhan darmaga jalan Chesnut nalika anjeunna sumping, sarta ngabagéakeun anjeunna ku surak anu terus-terusan nalika anjeunna mendarat. Anjeunna naék kana [[barouche]] (keréta kuda) nanging jalma-jalma maresek ka hareup kalayan kacida sumangetna, sahingga kuda-kudana janten sarieuneun. Aya gerakan pikeun ngaleupaskeun tali kuda nalika Jenderal nyarios ka sababaraha urang sarta nyobian nyegahna; nanging kuda-kuda éta gancang pisan teu kaurus, sahingga kedah dileupaskeun. Aya tali anu dibawa, sarta ditalikeun kana karéta, anu tuluy ditarik ku jalma-jalma ka Marshall House. Ieu tindakan mangrupikeun cetusan spontan ti sapuluh rébu haté anu nganuhunkeun. Urang Pennsylvania kantos perang di handapeun éta pahlawan, sarta maranéhna micinta anjeunna. Urang nyarioskeun hal ieu sacara husus, margi urang janten saksi mata kana sagala anu lumangsung.&quot;{{sfn|Burr|1840|pp=264–265}}

===Kampanye présidén 1836===
{{main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1836}}

Harrison mangrupa calon présidén Whig ti bagian kulon dina taun 1836, salah sahiji ti opat calon régional partéy Whig. Calon sanésna nyaéta [[Daniel Webster]], [[Hugh Lawson White]], sareng [[Willie P. Mangum]]. Munculna leuwih ti hiji calon Whig téh mangrupikeun upaya pikeun ngéléhkeun Wakil Présidén petahana, [[Martin Van Buren]], anu mangrupa calon Démokrat populér pilihan Jackson.&lt;ref name= &quot;WHH Campaigns and Elections&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Campaigns and Elections|url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/campaigns-and-elections| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=January 20, 2022| date=October 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urang Démokrat nuduh yén ku cara majukeun sababaraha calon, Whig sabenerna hayang nyegah kameunangan Van Buren dina &quot;electoral college&quot;, sarta maksa pamilihan sangkan diputuskeun ku DPR.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1836|title=U.S. Presidential Election of 1836|publisher=Britannica|access-date=January 20, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upami enya aya rencana kitu, nanging éta rencana téh gagal. Harrison nempatan urutan kadua, sarta unggul di salapan ti dua puluh genep nagara bagian dina Uni.&lt;ref name= &quot;WHH Campaigns and Elections&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=How Close Were The Presidential Elections?|last=Shepperd|first=Michael|publisher=Michigan State University|url=https://www.msu.edu/~sheppa28/elections.html#1836|access-date=February 11, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Harrison maju di sakabéh nagara bagian non-perbudakan iwal ti Massachusetts, sarta di nagara bagian perbudakan sapertos Delaware, Maryland, sarta Kentucky. White maju di sésa nagara bagian perbudakan lianna iwal ti South Carolina. [[Daniel Webster]] maju di Massachusetts, sarta Mangum di South Carolina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ershkowitz|first=Herbert B.|title=American Presidential Campaigns and Elections|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2020|isbn=978-1-3154-9713-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Van Buren meunangkeun pamilihan kalayan 170 sora éléktoral.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;/&gt; Parobahan ngan sakitar 4.000 sora di Pennsylvania sabenerna bisa mikeun 30 sora éléktoral nagara bagian éta ka Harrison, sarta pamilihan téh bakal diputuskeun ku DPR.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=42&amp;year=1836&amp;f=0&amp;off=0&amp;elect=0 |title=USA Election Polls-Pennsylvania 1836 |publisher=Pennsylvania Election Results Home |access-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117062058/http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=42&amp;year=1836&amp;f=0&amp;off=0&amp;elect=0 |archive-date=November 17, 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shp&quot;/&gt;

===Kampanye présidén 1840===
{{main|Kampanye présidén William Henry Harrison 1840}}

[[File:ElectoralCollege1840.svg|thumb|upright=0.85|right|Peta Sora Éléktoral 1840]]
Harrison nyanghareupan petahana Van Buren salaku calon tunggal ti Whig dina pamilihan taun 1840. Partéy Whig ningali Harrison salaku urang kidul pituin sarta pahlawan perang, anu bakal kontras pisan sareng Van Buren anu katingalna angkuh, teu paduli, sarta aristokratik.&lt;ref name= &quot;WHH Campaigns and Elections&quot;/&gt; Anjeunna dipilih ngéléhkeun anggota partéy séjén anu langkung kontroversial, sapertos Clay sareng Webster; kampanyéna nonjolkeun catetan militérna sarta museur kana lemahna ékonomi AS anu diakibatkeun ku [[Panik 1837]].{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=39}}

Urang Whig nyalahkeun Van Buren atas masalah ékonomi sarta néléhkeunana &quot;Van Ruin&quot; (Van Tukang Ruksak).{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=39}} Sabalikna, urang Démokrat ngaléléwé Harrison anu tos sepuh ku sebutan &quot;Granny Harrison, the petticoat general&quot; (Nini Harrison, jenderal samping), jalaran anjeunna ngundurkeun diri tina angkatan darat sateuacan Perang 1812 réngsé. Maranéhna ogé nunjukkeun ka para pamilih yén upami nami Harrison diéjah tibalik bakal janten: &quot;No Sirrah&quot; (Moal, Dunungan). Maranéhna ngagambarkeun anjeunna salaku lalaki sepuh ti kampung anu tinggaleun jaman, anu langkung milih &quot;[[Kampanye gubug kai|calik di gubug kaina bari nginum sari apel (hard cider)]]&quot; batan ngurus pamaréntahan nagara. Ieu strategi téh kalah malik janten pakarang makan tuan nalika Harrison sareng pasanganana, [[John Tyler]], ngajantenkeun gubug kai (log cabin) sarta sari apel (hard cider) salaku simbol kampanye. Kampanyéna ngagunakeun éta simbol dina spanduk sarta postér, malah nyieun botol sari apel anu bentukna sapertos gubug kai, sadayana kanggé ngaitkeun éta calon sareng &quot;rahayat biasa&quot;.{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|pp=39–40}} Freehling nyerat yén, &quot;Hiji koran pro-Van Buren anu kuciwa nyerat saatos kéléhanana, 'Urang parantos ditalukkeun ku nyanyian, ditalukkeun ku kabohongan, sarta ditalukkeun ku inuman.' Dina hiji kalimah, ieu ngagambarkeun prosés pulitik Amérika anu anyar.&quot;&lt;ref name= &quot;WHH - American Franchise&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/the-american-franchise|first=William|last=Freehling|title=William Harrison: The American Franchise|publisher=University of Virginia Miller Center|location=Charlottesville, Virginia|date=October 4, 2016|access-date=January 22, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Harrison sabenerna asalna ti kulawarga jegud di Virginia anu miboga budak beulian, nanging kampanyéna mintonkeun anjeunna salaku urang wates leuweung anu saderhana dumasar kana gaya anu dipopulérkeun ku [[Andrew Jackson]], bari ngagambarkeun Van Buren salaku elitist jegud.{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|pp=39–40}} Conto anu paling diinget nyaéta [[Biantara Séndok Emas]] (Gold Spoon Oration) anu ditepikeun ku wawakil Whig ti Pennsylvania, [[Charles Ogle (politikus)|Charles Ogle]], di DPR, anu ngaléléwé gaya hirup méwah Van Buren di Gedong Bodas sarta pengeluaranana anu hambur.&lt;ref name=Bradley-70-71&gt;{{cite book|author=Bradley, Elizabeth L.|title=Knickerbocker: The Myth behind New York|url=https://archive.org/details/knickerbockermyt0000brad |url-access=registration|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=Rivergate|pages=[https://archive.org/details/knickerbockermyt0000brad/page/70 70]–71|isbn=978-0-8135-4516-5|year=2009|access-date=November 9, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urang Whig ogé nyiptakeun hiji yel-yel di mana jalma-jalma bakal nyiduhkeun ciduh bako bari ngagorowok &quot;wirt-wirt&quot;, sarta hal ieu ogé nunjukkeun bédana antara para calon dina mangsa pamilihan harita:&lt;ref name= &quot;WHH Campaigns and Elections&quot;/&gt;

{{poemquote|
Si Tip maké baju tinun saderhana, teu maké kaméja rumbai: wirt-wirt,
Tapi si Matt boga piring emas, manéhna mah budak leutik bau kénéh jéngkol: wirt-wirt!}}

Urang Whig ngagulkeun catetan militer Harrison sarta reputasina salaku pahlawan dina Perang Tippecanoe. Slogan kampanye &quot;[[Tippecanoe and Tyler too|Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too]]&quot; janten salah sahiji anu pangterahna dina sajarah pulitik Amérika.{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=41}} Nalika Van Buren kampanye ti jero Gedong Bodas, Harrison mah turun langsung ka lapangan, ngahibur rahayat ku cara nirukeun gorowok perang Indindia, sarta hasil ngalihkeun perhatian masarakat tina kasisitan ékonomi nagara. Dina Juni 1840, rapat akbar Harrison di lokasi urut perang Tippecanoe dihadiran ku 60.000 urang.&lt;ref name= &quot;WHH Campaigns and Elections&quot;/&gt; Désa North Bend, Ohio, sarta para alumni [[Universitas Negeri Ohio]] (OSU) ngaklaim yén landihan nagara bagian &quot;Buckeyes&quot; asalna tina pesen kampanye Harrison.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.northbendohio.org/Buckeyes.html|title=Buckeyes?|publisher=Village of North Bend}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102175457/https://www.northbendohio.org/Buckeyes.html |date=2025-11-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.osu.edu/alumni/news/ohio-state-alumni-magazine/issues/september-october-2016/tippecanoe-and-buckeyes-too|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528074916/https://www.osu.edu/alumni/news/ohio-state-alumni-magazine/issues/september-october-2016/tippecanoe-and-buckeyes-too/|archive-date=May 28, 2022|url-status=dead|title=Tippecanoe and Buckeyes Too|date=August 29, 2016|publisher=Ohio State University|access-date=January 21, 2022}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528074916/https://www.osu.edu/alumni/news/ohio-state-alumni-magazine/issues/september-october-2016/tippecanoe-and-buckeyes-too/ |date=May 28, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kampanye Harrison ogé janten korban tina naon anu disebut salaku &quot;[[Kejutan Oktober]]&quot; munggaran di éta nagara. Sababaraha poé sateuacan pamilihan, Departemén Kaadilan Van Buren nuduh yén pajabat Partéy Whig parantos ngalakukeun &quot;penipuan anu kacida gedéna sarta jahat,&quot; nyaéta ku cara mayar urang Pennsylvania sangkan indit ka New York pikeun milih calon ti Whig dua taun sateuacanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://jonathanturley.org/2024/10/07/jack-smiths-october-surprise-was-not-that-surprising-and-that-is-the-problem/#more-224035|title=Jack Smith's October Surprise|last=Turley|first=Jonathan|date=October 7, 2024|website=Res Ipsa Loquitur|publisher=Jonathan Turley|access-date=October 7, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;


[[Tingkat partisipasi pamilih]] naék drastis ka angka 80%, 20 poin langkung luhur batan pamilihan sateuacanana.&lt;ref name= &quot;WHH - American Franchise&quot;/&gt; Harrison meunang mutlak dina Electoral College, 234 sora éléktoral ngalawan 60 sora pikeun Van Buren. Selisih sora rahayat (popular vote) mah langkung heureut, nyaéta kirang ti 150.000 sora, sanajan anjeunna unggul di salapan belas ti dua puluh genep nagara bagian.{{sfn|Carnes|Mieczkowski|2001|p=41}}{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=25}}

==Jabatan Présidén (1841)==
===Pelantikan===
{{Infobox administration
| name          = Mangsa Jabatan Présidén William Henry Harrison
| term_start    = 4 Maret 1841
| term_end      = 4 April 1841
| vicepresident = [[John Tyler]]
| cabinet       = ''[[#Tekanan_patronase|Tingali daptar]]''
| party         = [[Partéy Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]]
| seat          = [[Gedong Bodas]]
| predecessor   = [[Mangsa Jabatan Présidén Martin Van Buren|Martin Van Buren]]
| successor     = [[Mangsa Jabatan Présidén John Tyler|John Tyler]]
| seal          = 1840s US presidential seal.png
| seal_caption  = Segel présidén&lt;br /&gt;(1840–1850)
}}
[[File:Harrison inauguration.jpg|thumb|Pelantikan taun 1841]]
Nalika Harrison sumping ka Washington, anjeunna hoyong némbongkeun yén anjeunna masih kénéh pahlawan Tippecanoe anu tangguh sarta mangrupa lalaki anu langkung terdidik sarta wijaksana batan karikatur urang kampung anu digambarkeun salami kampanye. Anjeunna [[Pelantikan William Henry Harrison|ngucapkeun sumpah jabatan]] dina ping 4 Maret 1841, hiji poé anu tiris sarta baseuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's Inauguration&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title= American Treasures–Harrison's Inauguration|date=August 2007|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tr22a.html#obj14|publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=September 21, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna nahan hawa tiris sarta milih kanggé henteu nganggo japo (overcoat) atanapi topi, naék kuda nuju ka upacara agung, sarta tuluy nepikeun biantara pelantikan pangpanjangna dina sajarah Amérika&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's Inauguration&quot;/&gt; kalayan jumlah 8.445 kecap. Anjeunna meryogikeun waktos ampir dua jam kanggé macakeunana, sanajan sobatna anu sasama urang Whig, [[Daniel Webster]], parantos ngédit éta téks sangkan henteu panjang teuing.&lt;ref name = iap/&gt; Freehling boga pamadegan yén biantara sapertos kieu téh sabenerna mah lumrah harita, sarta ironina téh kacida jero, margi Harrison, &quot;saurang nu saumur hirup moro jabatan, kapilih ku pulitik anu kacida partisan, nanging malah nyawad kadua prakték éta sacara pedes&quot;.&lt;ref name= &quot;WHH - Domestic Affairs&quot;/&gt;

Éta biantara pelantikan mangrupa pernyataan lengkep ngeunaan agénda Partéy [[Whig (Amérika Sarikat)|Whig]], panolakan kana kawijakan Jackson sarta Van Buren, sarta hiji-hijina artikulasi formal ti Harrison ngeunaan pendekatanna kana jabatan présidén.&lt;ref name= &quot;WHH - Domestic Affairs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/domestic-affairs|last=Freehling|first=William|title=William Harrison: Domestic Affairs|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|location=Charlottesville, Virginia|access-date=January 22, 2022|date=October 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Éta biantara dimimitian ku rasa hormat Harrison kana kapercayaan anu dipasrahkeun ka anjeunna:

{{blockquote|Sakiyeu kuatna maksad sim kuring ayeuna kanggé ngawujudkeun harepan rahayat anu luhur budina sarta pinuh kapercayaan, sim kuring terang pisan kana gogoda anu picilakaeun tina ageungna kakuasaan anu parantos dipasrahkeun ku rahayat ka panangan sim kuring... nanging sim kuring masrahkeun kapercayaan utama sim kuring kana pitulung Pangawasa Nu Maha Kawasa anu salami ieu parantos ngajaga sim kuring.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHH - Inaugural&quot;/&gt;}} Harrison jangji bakal ngadegkeun deui [[Bank Kadua Amérika Sarikat]] sarta ngalegaan kapasitas kiréditna ku cara ngaluarkeun mata uang kertas dina [[Sistem Amérika (rencana ékonomi)|Sistem Amérika]] tatanan [[Henry Clay]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's Inauguration&quot;/&gt; Anjeunna boga maksud kanggé gumantung kana tinimbangan Kongrés dina urusan législatif, sarta ngan bakal ngagunakeun hak véto upami hiji undang-undang dianggap inkonstitusional, sarta bakal ngarobah [[sistem spoils]] (pembagian jabatan) gaya Jackson.&lt;ref name= &quot;WHH - Domestic Affairs&quot;/&gt; Anjeunna jangji bakal ngagunakeun kakawasaan kanggé milih staf anu mumpuni, sanés kanggé nguatkeun posisina di pamaréntahan, sarta dina kaayaan naon waé ogé anjeunna moal maju kanggé masa jabatan kadua. Anjeunna nyawad pemborosan kauangan ti pamaréntahan sateuacanana sarta jangji moal pipilueun kana kawijakan kauangan Kongrés. Sacara umum, Harrison jangji kanggé janten présidén anu &quot;lemah&quot;, masrahkeun kaputusan ka Kongrés salaku &quot;Cabang Utama&quot;, saluyu sareng prinsip Whig.&lt;ref name= &quot;WHH - Domestic Affairs&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = iap&gt;{{cite web|title=William Henry Harrison Inaugural Address|work=Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States|publisher=Bartleby|url=http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres26.html|access-date=February 11, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anjeunna ogé nyabit ngeunaan masalah [[Perbudakan di Amérika Sarikat|perbudakan]] anu nuju panas. Salaku jalma anu miboga budak beulian, Harrison satuju yén nagara bagian gaduh hak kanggé ngatur éta urusan sorangan:
{{blockquote|Garis anu misahkeun kakawasaan warga nagara hiji nagara bagian sareng nagara bagian sanésna katingalina parantos ditarik sacara écés... Upaya warga hiji nagara bagian kanggé ngatur lembaga domestik nagara bagian sanésna ngan bakal ngakibatkeun rasa teu percaya sarta timburu, anu janten tanda bakal ayana perpecahan, kekerasan, sarta perang sadulur.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHH - Inaugural&quot;/&gt;}}

Nalika badé mungkas biantarana, anjeunna nyelapkeun kapercayaanana kana [[kabébasan beragama]] bari nyobian mintonkeun dirina salaku bagian tina aliran kaagamaan utama sanés panyimpang atanapi anggota minoritas:
{{blockquote|Sim kuring nganggap kasempetan ieu cukup penting sarta suci kanggé nganyatakeun ka sasama warga nagara ngeunaan rasa hormat anu jero kana agama Kristen sarta kapercayaan anu kuat yén moral anu saé, kabébasan beragama, sarta rasa tanggung jawab kaagamaan anu adil téh kacida raketna sareng kabagjaan anu sajati.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHH - Inaugural&quot;/&gt;}}

Biantara Harrison anu panjang éta méré gambaran anu rada samar ngeunaan naon anu bakal ditawarkeun ku pamaréntahanana ka rahayat Amérika Sarikat. Anjeunna nyatakeun ngan bakal ngajabat hiji périodeu sarta moal nyalahgunakeun hak véto. Harrison nolak nyiptakeun skéma kauangan sorangan kanggé nagara; sabalikna, anjeunna masrahkeun éta sapinuhna ka Kongrés. Anjeunna nolak ngaganggu wilayah [[Amérika Sarikat Bagian Kidul]] dina urusan perbudakan. Anjeunna henteu ngabahas ngeunaan tarif sarta distribusi. Anjeunna sakedik pisan nyabit ngeunaan bank nasional, iwal ti nyatakeun yén anjeunna kabuka kana mata uang kertas batan koin logam. Konsép Harrison ngeunaan jabatan présidén téh kacida kawatesna, saluyu sareng idéologi pulitik Whig.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=140}}

Saatos biantara, anjeunna milu dina parade pelantikan nyorang jalanan,&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's Inauguration&quot;/&gt; nangtung salami tilu jam kanggé sasalaman di Gedong Bodas, sarta ngahadiran tilu pésta dansa (ball) pelantikan dina peuting éta,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/days-event/inaugural-ball |title=Inaugural Ball |publisher=Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies |date=June 10, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225184825/http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/days-event/inaugural-ball |archive-date=February 25, 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225184825/http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/days-events/days-event/inaugural-ball |date=February 25, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kalebet pésta di [[Carusi's Saloon]] anu dingaranan pésta &quot;Tippecanoe&quot; kalayan 1.000 tamu anu mayar $10 per urang (sarua sareng $371 dina taun 2025).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Current Value of $10 from 1841 |url=https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1841?amount=10 |access-date=September 16, 2025 |publisher=CPI Inflation Calculator}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tekanan patronase===
Clay mangrupa pamingpin urang Whig sarta législator anu kawasa, ogé saurang calon présidén anu gagal, sahingga anjeunna miharep boga pangaruh anu ageung dina pamaréntahan Harrison. Anjeunna poho kana jangji partéyna sorangan kanggé ngaleungitkeun sistem &quot;spoils&quot; sarta nyobian mangaruhan tindakan Harrison sateuacan sarta salami jabatanana anu sakedap, utamana dina nyorong jalma-jalma pilihanna kanggé nempatan posisi Kabinét sarta jabatan présidén lianna. Harrison nolak éta tekanan bari nyarios, &quot;Pa Clay, anjeun poho yén ''sim kuring'' anu janten Présidén.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXFIAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=%22%20%22Mr.%20Clay,%20you%20forget%20%22|page=379|journal=Magazine of American History|volume=VIII|issue=6|date=June 1882|title=The annexation of Texas}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu pacogrégan beuki panas nalika Harrison milih [[Daniel Webster]] salaku Sekretaris Nagara, saingan utama Clay dina ngawasa Partéy Whig. Harrison ogé katingalina masihan sababaraha posisi penting ka para pangrojong Webster. Hiji-hijina konsési kanggé Clay nyaéta milih anak didiuna, [[John J. Crittenden]], kanggé posisi Jaksa Agung. Sanajan kitu, ieu guntreng téh terus nuluy dugi ka pupusna sang présidén.{{sfn|Remini|1997|pp=511–515}}

{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
| align = right
| Name = Harrison
| President = William Henry Harrison
| President date = 1841
| Vice President = [[John Tyler]]
| Vice President date = 1841
| State = [[Daniel Webster]]
| State date = 1841
| War = [[John Bell (politikus Tennessee)|John Bell]]
| War date = 1841
| Treasury = [[Thomas Ewing]]
| Treasury date = 1841
| Justice = [[John J. Crittenden]]
| Justice date = 1841
| Post = [[Francis Granger]]
| Post date = 1841
| Navy = [[George Edmund Badger]]
| Navy date = 1841
}}

Clay sanés hiji-hijina jalma anu miharep kauntungan tina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Sarikat 1840|kapilihna Harrison]]. Réwu jalma anu moro jabatan daratang ka Gedong Bodas, anu harita kabuka kanggé saha waé anu hoyong pendak sareng présidén. Sabagéan ageung padamelan Harrison salami sabulan janten présidén téh nyaéta kawajiban sosial sarta nampi tamu di Gedong Bodas. Anjeunna parantos dibilayan kanggé nyusun administrasi sateuacan pelantikan, nanging anjeunna nolak margi hoyong fokus kana acara perayaan. Hasilna, para panyiar damel ngantosan anjeunna unggal waktos sarta minuhan Gedong Eksekutif, bari teu aya prosés kanggé ngatur sarta milih maranéhna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's Inauguration&quot;/&gt;

Dina serat anu kaping 10 Maret, Harrison nyerat, &quot;Sim kuring kacida diganggu ku lobana jalma anu sumping ka sim kuring sahingga sim kuring teu tiasa masihan perhatian anu merenah kana urusan sim kuring sorangan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?175070|title=Letter from Harrison to R. Buchanan, Esq., March 10, 1841|publisher=Shapell Manuscript Foundation|access-date=November 9, 2021|archive-date=June 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618235507/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?175070|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Layanan Marshal Amérika Sarikat|Marshal AS]] pikeun [[Washington, D.C.|Distrik Columbia]], Alexander Hunter, nginget hiji kajadian nalika Harrison dikepung ku para pamuru jabatan anu ngahalangan anjeunna nuju ka rapat kabinét; nalika pamentana sangkan maranéhna méré jalan teu dipaliré, Harrison ahirna &quot;nampi petisi maranéhna, anu minuhan leungeun sarta saku bajuna&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitcomb&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Whitcomb |first=John &amp; Claire|title=Real Life at the White House: 200 Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence|publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2002|page=81|isbn=978-0-415-93951-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carita séjénna nyebutkeun yén lorong-lorong harita kacida pinuhna sahingga kanggé pindah ti hiji rohangan ka rohangan sanésna, Harrison kedah dibantuan kaluar tina jandéla, leumpang di luar gedong, tuluy diasupkeun deui tina jandéla sanésna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whitcomb&quot;/&gt;

Harrison daria pisan kana jangjina kanggé ngoméan sistem pangangkatan éksekutif, nganjang ka unggal genep departemén kabinét kanggé ningali operasina sarta ngaluarkeun paréntah ngaliwatan Webster yén [[kampanye]] ku pagawé bakal dianggap salaku alesan kanggé pamecatanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harrison's Inauguration&quot;/&gt; Anjeunna nahan tekanan ti sasama urang Whig ngeunaan patronase partisan. Sakelompok jalma sumping ka kantorna dina 16 Maret kanggé nungtut pamecatan sakabéh urang Démokrat tina jabatan anu diangkat, sarta Harrison nyatakeun, &quot;Demi Allah, sim kuring langkung milih ngundurkeun diri tina jabatan batan kedah ngalakukeun kajahatan sapertos kitu!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Woollen |first=William Wesley|title=Biographical and historical sketches of early Indiana|publisher=Ayer Publishing |year=1975|location=New York|page=51|isbn=978-0-405-06896-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kabinétna sorangan nyobian ngabolaykeun pangangkatan [[John Chambers (politikus)|John Chambers]] salaku Gubernur Téritori Iowa demi sobat Webster, [[James Wilson II (politikus New Hampshire)|James Wilson]]. Webster nyobian nahan éta kaputusan dina rapat kabinét 25 Maret, sarta Harrison ménta anjeunna macakeun tarik hiji catetan tulis leungeun anu unina saukur &quot;William Henry Harrison, Présidén Amérika Sarikat&quot;. Harrison tuluy nangtung sarta nyatakeun: &quot;William Henry Harrison, Présidén Amérika Sarikat, ngawartosan ka aranjeun, para jandral, yén demi Allah, John Chambers bakal janten gubernur Iowa!&quot;{{sfn|Remini|1997|pp=520–521}}

Hiji-hijina kaputusan resmi Harrison sanésna anu penting nyaéta naha kedah ngayakeun sidang istiméwa Kongrés. Anjeunna sareng Clay teu sapamadegan ngeunaan perluna éta sidang, sarta kabinét Harrison kabagi dua, sahingga mimitina présidén nolak éta ide. Clay neken deui dina 13 Maret, nanging Harrison nolak sarta ngawartosan anjeunna sangkan ulah nganjang ka Gedong Bodas deui, sarta kedah ngahubungi anjeunna ngan ngaliwatan tulisan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=American History Series: The Brief Presidency of William Henry Harrison|publisher=Voice of America News|url=http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/2009-01-28-voa3.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131082639/http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/2009-01-28-voa3.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 31, 2009|access-date=June 21, 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215194325/http://www.voanews.com/specialenglish/2009-01-28-voa3.cfm |date=2009-02-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, sababaraha poé saatosna, Sekretaris Perbendaharaan [[Thomas Ewing]] ngalaporkeun yén dana féderal nuju dina kaayaan sesah sahingga pamaréntah moal tiasa beroperasi dugi ka sidang rutin Kongrés dina bulan Désémber; Harrison ahirna satuju, sarta ngumumkeun sidang istiméwa dina 17 Maret. Éta sidang sabenerna dijadwalkeun dimimitian ping 31 Méi upami Harrison masih kénéh hirup.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Brinkley|first1=Alan|last2=Dyer|first2=Davis|year=2004|title=The American Presidency|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-618-38273-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3djEYV3R7oIC&amp;pg=PA120 |access-date=June 21, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-45b-convening-extra-session-the-congress|title=Pres. W.H. Harrison, Proclamation 45B–Convening an Extra Session of the Congress|publisher=American Presidency Project|access-date=November 9, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103100710/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-45b-convening-extra-session-the-congress |date=January 3, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pupusna sarta panguburan==
[[File:Death of Harrison, April 4 A.D. 1841 LCCN91794698.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ilustrasi anu ngagambarkeun pupusna Harrison, 4 April 1841]]
Harrison ngarasa lungse sacara fisik alatan lobana pamuru jabatan sarta jadwal sosial anu padet.{{sfn|McCormick|2002|p=140}} Anjeunna ogé sering teu maliré kana hawa tiris tungtung usum tiris, mindeng kaluar tanpa nganggo papakéan anu merenah. Saatos nepikeun biantara pelantikan dua jam dina hujan ping 4 Maret tanpa topi atanapi japo, Harrison terus negrakeun dirina kana hawa tiris. Tilu minggu saatosna, dina 24 Maret 1841, Harrison jalan-jalan isuk-isuk ka pasar lokal, deui-deui tanpa japo atanapi topi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=William Henry Harrison |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/william-henry-harrison#:~:text=The%20president-elect,%20however,,just%2031%20days%20in%20office. |access-date=March 8, 2025 |publisher=American Battlefield Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan katarajang hujan dadakan, anjeunna henteu ganti baju nalika mulang ka Gedong Bodas.&lt;ref name = Shafer&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/10/06/william-henry-harrison-pneumonia-death-trump-coronavirus|title=In 1841 pneumonia killed the president|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 6, 2020|access-date=December 13, 2021|last=Shafer|first=Ronald G.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina 26 Maret, Harrison mimiti gering muriang sarta manggil dokterna, Thomas Miller, sanajan anjeunna nyarios ka dokter yén anjeunna ngaraos langkung saé saatos nginum ubar kanggé &quot;kacapéan sarta kahariwang méntal&quot;.&lt;ref name = Shafer/&gt; Isukna, dinten Saptu, dokter dipanggil deui sarta mendakan Harrison di ranjang kalayan &quot;muriang parna&quot;, saatos jalan-jalan isuk-isuk deui. Miller nerapkeun [[param mustar]] kana beuteungna sarta masihan ubar [[pancahar]] hampang, sarta anjeunna ngaraos langkung saé soréna.&lt;ref name = Shafer/&gt; Jam 4:00 isuk-isuk ping 28 Maret, Harrison ngarasa nyeri parna dina lambungna sarta dokter ngalakukeun [[bekam]] (bloodletting); prosésna dieureunkeun nalika denyut nadina turun. Miller ogé nerapkeun gelas panas (cop) kana kulit présidén kanggé ningkatkeun aliran getih.&lt;ref name = Shafer/&gt; Dokter tuluy masihan [[minyak jarak]] sarta ubar kanggé utah, sarta ngadiagnosis anjeunna katarajang pneumonia dina paru-paru katuhu.&lt;ref name = Shafer/&gt; Tim dokter dipanggil dinten Senén, 29 Maret, sarta mastikeun ayana [[pneumonia]] lobus handap katuhu.&lt;ref name=WHHDOTP&gt;{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Death of the President| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/death-of-the-president| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harrison tuluy dipasihan [[laudanum]], [[opium]], sarta [[kamper]], bareng jeung anggur sarta brendi.{{sfn|Collins|2012|p=123}}

Teu aya béwara resmi ngeunaan panyakit Harrison, anu nyababkeun spekulasi masarakat. Masarakat Washington mimiti sadar nalika anjeunna henteu katingal angkat ka garéja dinten Minggu.&lt;ref name=Whitcomb /&gt; Laporan koran anu tumpang tindih dumasar kana bocoran ti jalma-jalma di Gedong Bodas.&lt;ref name = Shafer/&gt; Hiji koran Washington ngalaporkeun dina 1 April yén kaséhatan Harrison parantos saé. Padahal sabenerna, kaayaan Harrison beuki parna, sarta anggota Kabinét katut kulawarga dipanggil ka Gedong Bodas—pamajidanna, Anna, masih kénéh aya di Ohio alatan gering.&lt;ref name = Shafer/&gt; Numutkeun koran di Washington dinten Jumaah, Harrison parantos rada jagjag, sanajan laporan ti ''Baltimore Sun'' nyebutkeun kaayaanana &quot;langkung bahaya&quot;.&lt;ref name = Shafer/&gt; Saurang wartawan ''New York Commercial'' nyebutkeun yén &quot;rahayat nagara kacida sedihna sarta loba anu ceurik.&quot;&lt;ref name = Shafer/&gt;

Dina wengi 3 April, Harrison katarajang diaré parna sarta mimiti igir-igiran, sarta jam 8:30 peuting anjeunna ngucapkeun kekecapan terakhirna ka dokterna, anu dianggap ditujukeun kanggé Wakil Présidén John Tyler:&lt;ref name = Shafer/&gt; &quot;Pa, sim kuring hoyong anjeun ngartos kana prinsip sajati pamaréntahan ieu. Sim kuring hoyong éta dilaksanakeun. Sim kuring teu ménta nanaon deui.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=William Henry Harrison: Key Events| url=https://millercenter.org/president/william-harrison/key-events| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=October 7, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harrison pupus dina jam 12:30 isuk-isuk ping 4 April 1841, salapan poé saatos gering sarta pas sabulan saatos sumpah jabatan;&lt;ref name = Shafer/&gt; anjeunna janten présidén munggaran anu pupus nalika nuju ngajabat.&lt;ref name=WHHDOTP/&gt; Pamajidanna, Anna, masih di Ohio nuju mereskeun barang kanggé indit ka Washington nalika nampi béwara salakina pupus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/anna-tuthill-symmes-harrison/|title=Anna T. S. Harrison|publisher=The White House|access-date=December 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna henteu kantos pindah ka Gedong Bodas. Minantuna, Jane Irwin Harrison, janten inang (hostess) Gedong Bodas ngagentos Anna salami Harrison janten présidén.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;


Téori anu kuat harita nyaéta panyakitna disababkeun ku hawa tiris nalika pelantikan tilu minggu sateuacanana.{{sfn|Cleaves|1939|p=152}} Nanging, Jane McHugh sarta Philip A. Mackowiak ngalakukeun analisis dina ''Clinical Infectious Diseases'' (2014), marios catetan Miller anu nunjukkeun yén pasokan cai Gedong Bodas aya di hilireun pembuangan limbah umum, sarta maranéhna nyimpulkeun yén anjeunna kamungkinan ageung pupus alatan [[syok séptik]] lantaran &quot;demam enterik&quot; ([[tipus]] atanapi [[paratipus]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/01/science/what-really-killed-william-henry-harrison.html|title=What Really Killed William Henry Harrison?|newspaper=The New York Times|first1=Jane|last1=McHugh|first2=Philip A.|last2=Mackowiak|date=March 31, 2014|access-date=August 27, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Death in the White House: President William Henry Harrison's Atypical Pneumonia|first1=Jane|last1=McHugh|first2=Philip A.|last2=Mackowiak|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|pmid=24962997|date=June 23, 2014|doi=10.1093/cid/ciu470|volume=59|issue=7|pages=990–995|doi-access=free |issn=1058-4838 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mangsa sungkawa salami 30 poé dimimitian saatos pupusna présidén. Gedong Bodas ngayakeun rupa-rupa upacara publik. Upacara panguburan husus undangan ogé dilaksanakeun dina 7 April di [[East Room]] Gedong Bodas, saatosna peti Harrison dibawa ka [[Makam Kongrés]] di Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=William Henry Harrison Funeral: April 7, 1841| url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/william-henry-harrison-funeral| publisher=White House Historical Association| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=March 9, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Solomon Northup]] nyaritakeun éta prosési dina buku ''[[Twelve Years a Slave]]'':

{{blockquote|Isukna aya parade ageung di Washington. Sora mariem sarta dentang loncéng minuhan hawa, sedengkeun imah-imah ditutup ku lawon hideung, sarta jalanan hideung ku jalma-jalma. Prosési katingal lalaunan ngalangkungan jalan Avenue, karéta demi karéta, bari rébuan jalma nuturkeun ku suku—sadayana gerak dibarengan ku musik anu sedih. Maranéhna mawa jasad Harrison ka kuburan.... Sim kuring inget pisan kumaha kaca jandéla oyag sarta peupeus ka taneuh saatos unggal sora mariem anu ditémbakkeun di tempat pamakaman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/northup/northup.html|title=Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon Northup|publisher=Library, UNC-Chapel Hill|year=1997|access-date=November 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Dina bulan Juni éta, jasad Harrison dibawa ku karéta api sarta tongkang walungan ka [[North Bend, Ohio]], sarta dikurebkeun dina 7 Juli di puncak Gunung Nebo, anu ayeuna janten [[William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=William Henry Harrison Memorial| url=https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/museum-and-site-locator/william-henry-harrison-tomb| publisher= Ohio History Connection| location=Columbus Ohio| access-date=March 9, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tyler naék jabatan===
Dina ping 5 April, [[Fletcher Webster]], putra ti Sekretaris Nagara [[Daniel Webster]], méré nyaho ka Tyler yén Harrison parantos pupus nalika nuju ngajabat. Tyler nuju nganjang ka kulawargana di [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]] sarta mulang ka Washington dina isuk-isuk ping 6 April.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;[[#Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession|Hopkins, John Tyler and the Presidential Succession]]&lt;/ref&gt; Dina dinten anu sami, Tyler [[Sumpah jabatan présidén Amérika Sarikat|disumpah kanggé ngajabat]] di payuneun kabinét Harrison, anu sacara resmi ngamimitian [[Mangsa jabatan présidén John Tyler|masa jabatan présidénna]]. Dina ping 9 April, Tyler nepikeun biantara pelantikan anu singget. Dina biantara kanggé éta nagara, Tyler henteu masihan ucapan béla sungkawa sacara pribadi ka randa Harrison, Anna, atanapi ka anggota kulawargana. Tyler kalah muji Harrison ku cara nyebatkeun yén Harrison parantos kapilih kanggé &quot;tugas anu agung&quot; nyaéta meresihan pamaréntah féderal tina korupsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;John Tyler 1841&quot;&gt;[[#John Tyler (April 9, 1841) Upon Assuming the Office of President of the United States|John Tyler (April 9, 1841) Upon Assuming the Office of President of the United States]]&lt;/ref&gt; Tyler sareng kulawargana pindah ka Gedong Bodas saminggu saatos pamakaman Harrison, sateuacan mangsa sungkawa 30 poé kanggé Harrison réngsé. Rohangan utama Gedong Bodas harita masih kénéh dipinuhan ku lawon [[Crêpe (tekstil)|hideung]] tanda sungkawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|McCormick|2002|pp=141–142}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;[[#The White House, Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison|The White House, Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison]]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dampak tina pupusna Harrison===
[[File:William Henry Harrison Memorial.jpg|thumb|Monumén William Henry Harrison di [[North Bend, Ohio]]]]
Pupusna Harrison narik perhatian kana ayana kerancuan (ambiguitas) dina [[Pasal Dua Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat#Bagian 1, Ayat 6|Pasal II, Bagian 1, Ayat 6]] tina [[Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]] ngeunaan [[Garis suksési présidén Amérika Sarikat|suksési jabatan présidén]]. Konstitusi sacara spésifik nangtukeun yén wakil présidén bakal nyokot alih &quot;Wewenang sarta Tugas ti éta Jabatan&quot; upami présidén ditéwak, pupus, ngundurkeun diri, atanapi teu sanggup ngajabat, nanging henteu écés naha wakil présidén sacara resmi janten présidén Amérika Sarikat, atanapi saukur samentara ngajalankeun wewenang sarta tugas éta jabatan dina kasus suksési.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last=Feerick| first=John| title=Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession| work=The Heritage Guide to the Constitution| url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421180046/http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/83/presidential-succession| url-status=unfit| archive-date=April 21, 2012| publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]| access-date=June 12, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kabinét Harrison negeskeun yén Tyler téh &quot;Wakil Présidén anu ngalakukeun tugas salaku Présidén&quot;. Tyler tetep pengkuh dina klaimna kana gelar Présidén sarta tekadna kanggé ngagunakeun kakawasaan pinuh tina jabatan présidén.&lt;ref name=ConstitutionDailyNCC&gt;{{cite web|author=|title=A controversial President who established presidential succession|url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/john-tyler-americas-most-unusual-president|date=March 29, 2017|work=Constitution Daily|publisher=National Constitution Center|access-date=March 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kabinét ngayakeun konsultasi sareng Ketua Mahkamah Agung [[Roger Taney]] sarta mutuskeun yén, upami Tyler ngucapkeun sumpah jabatan présidén, anjeunna bakal janten présidén. Tyler nurut sarta disumpah dina ping 6 April 1841. Kongrés ngayakeun sidang, sarta dina ping 31 Méi 1841, saatos debat singget di kadua kamar (DPR sarta Sénat), ngaluarkeun résolusi gabungan anu mastikeun Tyler salaku présidén kanggé sésa masa jabatan Harrison.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Rankin |first=Robert S. |title=Presidential Succession in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-politics_1946-02_8_1/page/44 |journal=The Journal of Politics |date=Feb 1946 |volume=8 |issue=1 |jstor=2125607 |pages=44–56 |doi=10.2307/2125607|s2cid=153441210 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu suksési janten [[Preséden Tyler]], anu diturutan dina tujuh kajadian nalika présidén petahana pupus sateuacan ahirna diasupkeun kana Konstitusi dina taun 1967 ngaliwatan Bagian Hiji tina [[Amandemen ka-25 Konstitusi Amérika Sarikat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x |last=Abbott |first=Philip |title=Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_presidential-studies-quarterly_2005-12_35_4/page/627 |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |date=Dec 2005 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=627–645 |jstor=27552721}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Warisan==
===Reputasi sajarah===
[[File:Tecumseh in Lafayette IN.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Harrison (kénca) di [[Gedong Pangadilan Tippecanoe County]], Lafayette, Indiana]]
Salah sahiji warisan Harrison anu paling langgeng nyaéta rangkuyan perjangjian anu dirundingkeun sarta ditarandatangan ku anjeunna sareng para pamingpin Indindia salami janten [[Gubernur Indiana|gubernur téritorial Indiana]].{{sfn|Gugin|St. Clair|2006|p=18}} Salaku bagian tina rundingan éta, suku-suku asli masrahkeun lahan anu lega di bagian kulon anu nyadiakeun lahan tambahan kanggé dipésér sarta dicicingan ku warga nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;cb&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Madison|Sandweiss|2014|p=47}}

Dampak jangka panjang Harrison dina [[Pulitik Amérika Sarikat|pulitik Amérika]] kalebet metode kampanyéna, anu neundeun pondasi kanggé taktik kampanye présidén modéren.{{sfn|Greene|2007|p=100}} Harrison pupus dina kaayaan ampir teu boga harta, sahingga Kongrés méré sora kanggé masihan mancén randa présidén ka pamajidanna, Anna, gedéna $25.000,&lt;ref name=&quot;Damon 1974-06&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Damon |first=Allan L. |title=Presidential Expenses |journal=American Heritage |date=June 1974 |volume=25 |issue=4 |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml |access-date=February 10, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107145645/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml |archive-date=January 7, 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107145645/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml |date=January 7, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nyaéta sagedé gajih sataun Harrison (sarua sareng sakitar $936.000 dina taun 2025). Anjeunna ogé nampi hak kanggé ngintunkeun serat sacara haratis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=First Lady Biography: Anna Harrison|year=2009|publisher=National First Ladies Library|url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9|access-date=February 11, 2009|archive-date=October 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221313/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009221313/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=9 |date=October 9, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Freehling nyebut Harrison salaku &quot;tokoh anu paling dominan dina évolusi téritori Northwest janten wilayah Upper Midwest ayeuna&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Impact and Legacy| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/impact-and-legacy| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 9, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harrison, anu yuswana 68 taun nalika [[Pelantikan William Henry Harrison|dilantik]], mangrupa jalma pangsepuhna anu ngajabat présidén AS harita, hiji catetan anu dicepeng ku anjeunna dugi ka taun 1981, nalika [[Pelantikan munggaran Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan]] dilantik dina yuswa 69 taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last=Freehling| first=William| title=William Henry Harrison: Life In Brief| url=https://millercenter.org/president/harrison/life-in-brief| publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia| location=Charlottesville, Virginia| access-date=March 8, 2019| date=October 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Putra Harrison, [[John Scott Harrison]], ngawakilan Ohio di DPR AS antara taun 1853 sarta 1857.&lt;ref name=&quot;bioguide.congress&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Harrison, John Scott, (1804–1878)|dictionary=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000272|access-date=June 18, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Putu Harrison, Benjamin Harrison ti Indiana, ngajabat salaku présidén ka-23 ti taun 1889 dugi ka 1893, anu ngajantenkeun William sareng Benjamin Harrison hiji-hijina pasangan aki sareng putu anu janten présidén.{{sfn|Calhoun|2005|pp=43–49}}


===Pangajén sarta pangéling-ngéling===
{{main|Daptar pangéling-ngéling kanggé William Henry Harrison}}

Rupa-rupa monumén sarta patung pangéling-ngéling parantos diadegkeun salaku pangajén kanggé Harrison. Aya patung publik anjeunna di puseur kota [[Indianapolis]],{{sfn|Greiff|2005|pp=12, 164}} [[Taman Piatt]] di [[Cincinnati]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 1896|title=The Harrison Monument, Cincinnati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Mc7AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA422|journal=The Monumental News|volume=8|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gedong Pangadilan Tippecanoe County]],{{sfn|Greiff|2005|p=243}} [[Harrison County, Indiana]],{{sfn|Greiff|2005|p=131}} sarta [[Owen County, Indiana]].{{sfn|Greiff|2005|p=206}} Seueur ogé distrik (county) sarta kota anu nganggo namina.

Désa [[North Bend, Ohio]], masihan pangajén ka Harrison unggal taun ku ngayakeun [[parade]] kanggé ngarayakeun dinten ambal warsihna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.northbendohio.org/HarrisonBirthday08.html|title=William Henry Harrison Birthday Tribute|publisher=Village of North Bend, Ohio|access-date=November 10, 2021}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624071523/https://www.northbendohio.org/HarrisonBirthday08.html |date=June 24, 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Markas Besar Jenderal William Henry Harrison di [[Franklinton (Columbus, Ohio)|Franklinton, Ohio]], ogé diadegkeun kanggé nginget anjeunna. Éta imah téh mangrupa markas militer anjeunna ti taun 1813 dugi ka 1814.&lt;ref name=&quot;nrhpdoc&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/71988611|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form|series=File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: Ohio, 1964 – 2013|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=May 17, 2020|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030545/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/71988611|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina ping 19 Pébruari 2009, [[United States Mint]] ngaluarkeun koin kasalapan dina [[Program Koin $1 Présidén]], anu mintonkeun gambar Harrison.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=WHHarrison|title=The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program|publisher=United States Mint|access-date=July 28, 2016|archive-date=August 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050850/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=WHHarrison|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808050850/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=WHHarrison |date=August 8, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/index.cfm?action=productionFigures&amp;presYear=2009&amp;reportSelected#starthere&amp;CFID=122577291&amp;CFTOKEN=56436795|title=Circulating Coins Production Figures|publisher=U.S. Mint|access-date=July 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| style=&quot;margin:auto&quot;
| [[File:Cincinnati-harrison-statue, cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Patung kuda William Henry Harrison|Patung kuda Harrison di Cincinnati, karya [[Louis Rebisso]] ]]
| [[File:William Henry Harrison Presidential $1 Coin obverse.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Koin [[dollar présidén]] taun 2009]]
| [[File:William Henry Harrison. Indiana statehood stamp, 1950 issue.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Perangko taun 1950 kanggé pangéling-ngéling ngadegna nagara bagian Indiana]]
|}

==Tingali ogé==
* [[Supata Tippecanoe]]
* [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat]]
* [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat dumasar pangalaman sateuacanana]]
* [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat anu pupus nalika ngajabat]]
* [[Daptar présidén Amérika Sarikat anu miboga budak beulian]]

==Rujukan==
===Sitiran===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliografi===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|last=Calhoun|first=Charles William|title=Benjamin Harrison: The 23rd President 1889–1893|series=The American Presidents|volume=23|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8050-6952-5}}
*{{cite book|last1=Carnes|first1=Mark C.|last2=Mieczkowski|first2=Yanek|title=The Routledge Historical Atlas of Presidential Campaigns|url=https://archive.org/details/routledgehistori0000miec|series=Routledge Atlases of American History|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2001|isbn=978-0-415-92139-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Cleaves|first=Freeman|title=Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time|url=https://archive.org/details/oldtippecanoewil00clea|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York|year=1939|isbn= 978-0-9457-0701-1}}
*{{cite book|first=Gail|last=Collins|title=William Henry Harrison: The 9th President, 1841|url=https://archive.org/details/williamhenryharr0000coll|publisher=Henry Holt and Co.|year=2012|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8050-9118-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Greene|first=Meg|title=William H. Harrison|url=https://archive.org/details/williamhharrison0000gree|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|location=Breckenridge, CO|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8225-1511-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Greiff|first=Glory-June|title=Remembrance, Faith and Fancy: Outdoor Public Sculpture in Indiana|url=https://archive.org/details/remembrancefaith0000unse|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press|year=2005|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-87195-180-9}}
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Gugin|editor-first1=Linda C.|editor-last2=St. Clair|editor-first2=James E.|title=The Governors of Indiana|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780871951960|publisher=Indiana Historical Society Press and the Indiana Historical Bureau|year=2006|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-87195-196-0}}
*{{cite book |last=McCormick |first=Richard P. |chapter=William Henry Harrison and John Tyler |editor-last=Graff |editor-first=Henry |title=The Presidents: A Reference History |url=https://archive.org/details/presidentsrefere0000unse_d5m4 |edition=7th |year=2002 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/presidentsrefere0000unse_d5m4/page/139 139]–151 |publisher=Macmillan Library Reference USA |isbn=978-0-684-80551-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |date=1997 |title=Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time |url=https://archive.org/details/danielwebsterman00remi |publisher=W.W. Norton &amp; Company |isbn=0-393-04552-8}}
{{refend}}

[[Kategori:Présidén Amérika Sarikat|Harrison, William Henry]]
[[Kategori:Inohong dunya]]
[[Kategori:Inohong militer Amérika Sarikat]]
[[Kategori:Gubernur Indiana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Theodore Roosevelt</title>
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      <text bytes="132384" sha1="44kozxstitde7aqtziq4cyzrjwa0mu4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Theodore Roosevelt by the Pach Bros (4x5 cropped).jpg
| caption = Roosevelt dina taun 1904
| order1 = ka-26
| office1 = [[Présidén Amérika Serikat]]
| vicepresident1 = {{Plain list|
* Kosong (1901–1905){{Efn|Roosevelt téh mimitina Wakil Présidén McKinley, tuluy jadi présidén saatos McKinley ditelasan (diasesinasi) dina taun 1901. Hal ieu kajantenan sateuacan diadopsina [[Amandemén ka-25 Konstitusi Amérika Serikat]] dina taun 1967, ku kituna kakosongan korsi wakil présidén teu tiasa dieusi dugi ka pamilihan sareng pelantikan salajengna.}}
* {{longitem|[[Charles W. Fairbanks]] (1905–1909)}}
}}
| term_start1 = 14 Séptémber 1901
| term_end1 = 4 Maret 1909
| predecessor1 = [[William McKinley]]
| successor1 = [[William Howard Taft]]
| order2 = ka-25
| office2 = [[Wakil Présidén Amérika Serikat]]
| president2 = William McKinley
| term_start2 = 4 Maret 1901
| term_end2 = 14 Séptémber 1901
| predecessor2 = [[Garret Hobart]]
| successor2 = Charles W. Fairbanks
| order3 = ka-33
| office3 = [[Daptar gubernur New York|Gubernur New York]]
| lieutenant3 = [[Timothy L. Woodruff]]
| term_start3 = 1 Januari 1899
| term_end3 = 31 Désémber 1900
| predecessor3 = [[Frank S. Black]]
| successor3 = [[Benjamin Barker Odell Jr.]]
| order4 = ka-5
| office4 = Asistén Sékrétaris Angkatan Laut
| president4 = William McKinley
| term_start4 = 19 April 1897
| term_end4 = 10 Méi 1898
| predecessor4 = [[William McAdoo (New Jersey politician)|William McAdoo]]
| successor4 = [[Charles Herbert Allen]]
| office5 = [[Présidén Déwan Komisaris Polisi Kota New York]]
| appointer5 = [[William Lafayette Strong]]
| term_start5 = 6 Méi 1895
| term_end5 = 19 April 1897
| predecessor5 = James J. Martin
| successor5 = [[Frank Moss (lawyer)|Frank Moss]]
| state_assembly6 = New York
| district6 = [[Distrik Majelis Nagara Bagian New York ka-21|ka-21]]
| term_start6 = 1 Januari 1883
| term_end6 = 31 Désémber 1884
| predecessor6 = William J. Trimble
| successor6 = [[Henry A. Barnum]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1858|10|27}}
| birth_name = Theodore Roosevelt{{nbsp}}Jr.
| birth_place = Kota New York, A.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1919|1|6|1858|10|27}}
| death_place = [[Oyster Bay, New York]], A.S.
| resting_place = [[Youngs Memorial Cemetery]]
| party = [[Partéy Républik (Amérika Serikat)|Républik]] (1880–1912, 1916–1919)
| otherparty = [[Partéy Bull Moose]] (1912–1916)
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt|Alice Lee]]|27 Oktober 1880|14 Pébruari 1884|end=pupus}}|{{marriage|[[Edith Carow]]|2 Désémber 1886}}}}
| children = 6
| relatives = [[Kulawarga Roosevelt]]
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|[[Universitas Harvard]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])|[[Sakola Hukum Columbia|Universitas Columbia]]}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Panulis
* konservasionis
* pangjalajah
* sajarawan
* naturalis
* [[komisaris polisi]]
* politikus
* prajurit
}}
| signature = Theodore Roosevelt Signature-2.svg
| awards = [[Hadiah Nobél Perdamaian]] (1906)
| allegiance = Amérika Serikat
| branch = [[Angkatan Darat Amérika Serikat]]
| serviceyears = {{unbulleted list|1882–1886 (gardu)|1898}}
| rank = [[Kolonél (Amérika Serikat)|Kolonél]]
| unit = [[Garda Nasional Angkatan Darat New York]]
| mawards = [[Medal of Honor]] {{avoid wrap|([[Anugerah anumerta|anumerta]], 2001)}}
| commands = [[Kavaleri Sukarelawan ka-1 A.S.]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Perang Spanyol–Amérika]]
** [[Patempuran Las Guasimas]]
** [[Patempuran Pasir San Juan]]
{{tree list/end}}
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Right of the People.ogg|title=Sora Theodore Roosevelt|type=biantara|description=Roosevelt nuju biantara nalika [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Serikat 1912|kampanyé présidén kaduana]]&lt;br /&gt;Dirékam taun 1912}}
}}

'''Theodore Roosevelt Jr.'''{{efn|Dilafalkeun {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|oʊ|z|ə|v|ɛ|l|t}} {{respell|ROH|zə|velt}}}} (27 Oktober 1858 – 6 Januari 1919), ogé kawentar ku landihan '''Teddy''' atanapi '''T.{{nbsp}}R.''', nyaéta [[Présidén Amérika Sarikat]] ka-26, anu ngajabat ti taun 1901 dugi ka 1909. Roosevelt sateuacanna aktip dina dunya politik [[New York (state)|New York]], kalebet ngajabat janten [[Daptar gubernur New York|gubernur ka-33]] salami dua taun. Anjeunna ngajabat salaku [[Wakil Présidén Amérika Serikat]] ka-25 dina mangsa Présidén [[William McKinley]] salami genep sasih dina taun 1901, sarta naék janten présidén saatos kajantenan [[Aksidén William McKinley|McKinley ditelasan]]. Nalika janten présidén, Roosevelt mucunghul salaku pamingpin [[Sajarah Partéy Républik (Amérika Serikat)|Partéy Républik]] sarta janten kakuatan utama pikeun kawijakan [[Hukum antiamanh (antitrust) Amérika Serikat|anti-amanah]] sarta kawijakan-kawijakan [[Era Progrésif]].

Nalika budak, Roosevelt téh budak anu geringan alatan kasakit [[asma]], nanging anjeunna tiasa ngungkulan masalah kaséhatanana ku cara hirup anu tapis atanapi [[The Strenuous Life|hirup anu pinuh ku sumanget]]. Anjeunna dididik ku cara [[sakola di imah]] sarta mimiti mikaresep dunya naturalis sateuacan kuliah di [[Universitas Harvard]]. Bukuna anu judulna ''[[The Naval War of 1812]]'' ngukuhkeun reputasina salaku sajarawan sarta panulis populér. Roosevelt janten pamingpin faksi réformasi ti Partéy Républik di [[Législatur Nagara Bagian New York]]. Pamajikan kahijina, [[Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt]], sareng ibuna, [[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt]], pupus dina wengi anu sami, anu matak ngajantenkeun anjeunna kacida duka sacara psikologis. Anjeunna cageur deui saatos mésér sareng ngurus peternakan sapi di [[Dakotas]]. Roosevelt kantos ngajabat janten [[asistén sékrétaris Angkatan Laut]] dina mangsa McKinley, sarta dina taun 1898 ngabantu ngarencanakeun [[Perang Spanyol–Amérika|perang laut ngalawan Spanyol anu hasilna jaya]]. Anjeunna mundur pikeun ngabantu ngadegkeun sarta mingpin [[Rough Riders]], hiji unit anu merangan [[Tentara Spanyol]] di [[Kuba]] anu kawentar pisan. Saatos mulang salaku pahlawan perang, Roosevelt [[Pamilihan nagara bagian New York 1898|kapilih janten gubernur New York dina taun 1898]]. Alatan pamingpin partéy di New York teu resep kana agénda nagara bagianana anu ambisius, maranéhna ngayakinkeun McKinley pikeun milih Roosevelt salaku pasanganana dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Serikat 1900]]. Pasangan McKinley–Roosevelt meunang mutlak.

Roosevelt [[Pelantikan kahiji Theodore Roosevelt|ngamimitian janten présidén]] dina umur 42 taun nalika [[Aksidén William McKinley|McKinley ditelasan]]. Ku kituna, anjeunna janten (sareng tetep dugi ka ayeuna) jalmi pangora-ngorana anu nyekel jabatan éta. Salaku pamingpin [[Progrésivisme di Amérika Serikat|gerakan progrésif]], anjeunna ngusung kawijakan domestik &quot;[[Square Deal]]&quot;, anu nekenkeun kaadilan pikeun sakumna warga nagara, ngabubarkeun [[Trust (bisnis)|amanah (trust)]] anu jahat, ngatur karéta api, sarta [[Undang-undang Kadaharan sareng Ubar Murni|kadaharan sareng ubar anu murni]]. Roosevelt ngutamakeun [[Gerakan konservasi|konservasi]] sarta ngadegkeun [[Daptar taman nasional Amérika Serikat|taman nasional]], [[Daptar leuweung nasional Amérika Serikat|leuweung]], sarta [[Daptar monumén nasional Amérika Serikat|monumén]] pikeun ngajaga sumber daya alam A.S. Dina [[Kawijakan luar nagri administrasi Theodore Roosevelt|kawijakan luar nagri]], anjeunna [[Roosevelt Corollary|fokus ka Amérika Tengah]], kalayan ngamimitian pangwangunan [[Terusan Panama]]. Roosevelt ngalegaan Angkatan Laut A.S. sarta ngirimkeun [[Great White Fleet]] pikeun kuriling dunya pikeun némbongkeun kakuatan lautna. [[Perjangjian Portsmouth|Usahana anu hasil]] dina mungkasan [[Perang Rusia-Jepang]] ngajantenkeun anjeunna kenging [[Hadiah Nobél Perdamaian]] taun 1906, jalmi non-Éropa munggaran anu kenging [[Hadiah Nobél]]. Roosevelt [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Serikat 1904|kapilih deui pikeun masa jabatan pinuh dina taun 1904]] sarta ngayakinkeun [[William Howard Taft]] pikeun ngagentos anjeunna dina taun 1908.

Roosevelt lami-lami ngarasa kuciwa ku gaya konservatisme Taft, nanging gagal kéngingkeun [[Primér présidén Partéy Républik 1912|nominasi présidén ti Partéy Républik taun 1912]]. Anjeunna ngadegkeun [[Partéy Bull Moose]] sarta nyalonkeun deui dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Serikat 1912|taun 1912]]; ayana dua calon ieu nyababkeun sora partéyna pecah sahingga tokoh [[Sajarah Partéy Démokrat (Amérika Serikat)|Démokrat]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] anu meunang. Roosevelt mingpin [[Ékspédisi Ilmiah Roosevelt–Rondon ka lembah Amazon|ékspédisi opat sasih ka lembah Amazon]], di mana anjeunna ampir-ampiran pupus alatan [[panyakit tropis]]. Nalika Perang Dunya I, anjeunna ngritik Wilson anu henteu ngiringkeun A.S. kana perang; tawaranana pikeun mingpin sukarelawan ka Perancis ditolak. Kaséhatan Roosevelt beuki nyirorot sarta anjeunna pupus dina taun 1919. [[Peringkat sajarah présidén Amérika Serikat|Hasil survéi para sajarawan sareng ilmuwan politik]] nempatkeun anjeunna salaku salah sahiji présidén Amérika anu panghébatna.

==Kahirupan awal==
[[File:Theodore Roosevelt at Age 11.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.75|Roosevelt nalika umur 11 taun]]
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. dibabarkeun dina 27 Oktober 1858, di [[Tempat Babar Theodore Roosevelt|28 East 20th Street]] di [[Manhattan]].{{sfn|Morris|1979|p=3}} Kolotna nyaéta [[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt|Martha Stewart Bulloch]] sarta saurang pangusaha [[Theodore Roosevelt Sr.]] Anjeunna gaduh lanceuk awéwé jenenganana Anna (biasa digeroan [[Bamie Roosevelt|Bamie]]), adi lalaki [[Elliott Roosevelt (socialite)|Elliott]], sarta adi awéwé [[Corinne Roosevelt Robinson|Corinne]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anna Roosevelt – Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/annaroosevelt.htm|access-date=April 4, 2021|publisher=National Park Service|archive-date=May 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517084507/https://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/annaroosevelt.htm|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517084507/https://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/annaroosevelt.htm |date=May 17, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mangsa ngora Roosevelt kapangaruhan ku kaayaan kaséhatanana anu ringkih sarta serangan kasakit [[asma]] anu parah, anu matak ngahariwangkeun anjeunna jeung kolotna. Harita, para dokter teu acan mendakan ubarna.{{Sfn|McCullough|1981|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nuzmvrqPvdIC&amp;pg=PA93 93–108]}} Sanajan kitu, anjeunna téh budak anu pinuh ku tanaga sarta miboga rasa panasaran (kuriositas) anu kacida gedéna.{{Sfn|Putnam|1958|pp=23–27}} Karesepna kana widang [[zoologi]] anu lumangsung saumur hirup dimimitian nalika umur tujuh taun, nalika anjeunna ningali bangké [[Pinniped|anjing laut]] di pasar; saatos kenging sirah anjing laut éta, Roosevelt sareng dulur-dulur misanana ngadegkeun &quot;Museum Sajarah Alam Roosevelt&quot;. Saatos diajar dasar-dasar [[taksidermi]] (ngawétkeun sato), anjeunna ngeusian museum basajanna ku sato-sato anu dipaéhan atanapi ditéwak ku anjeunna sorangan. Nalika umur salapan taun, anjeunna nyatet hasil observasina dina tulisan anu judulna &quot;Sajarah Alam Serangga&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;environment&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | publisher = PBS | url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tr/envir.html | title = TR's Legacy — The Environment | access-date = March 6, 2006 | archive-date = December 24, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081224215129/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tr/envir.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224215129/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tr/envir.html |date=December 24, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lalampahan kulawarga, kalebet wisata ka Éropa dina taun 1869 sareng 1870, sarta ka [[Khedivate Mesir|Mesir]] dina taun 1872, ngawangun sawanganana anu kosmopolitan.{{Sfn|Roosevelt|1913|p=13}} Nalika nuju nanjak gunung (hiking) sareng kulawargana di pagunungan [[Alpen]] taun 1869, Roosevelt mendakan mangpaat tina kagiatan fisik pikeun ngurangan serangan asmana sarta ngagedékeun sumangetna.{{Sfn|Putnam|1958|pp=63–70}} Ti saprak éta, Roosevelt mimiti ngalakukeun latihan fisik anu beurat. Saatos dikerjakeun ku budak-budak anu langkung kolot nalika nuju angkat kémping, anjeunna milari palatih tinju pikeun ngalatih dirina sangkan tiasa béla diri.{{Sfn|Testi|1995|pp=1516–1517}}{{Sfn|Roosevelt|1913|pp=32–33}}

===Pangatikan===
Roosevelt dididik ku cara [[sakola di imah]] (''homeschooled''). Panulis biografi [[H. W. Brands]] nyerat yén, &quot;Kakurangan anu paling nyata... nyaéta hanteu rata cakupanana... dina rupa-rupa widang... pangaweruh.&quot;{{Sfn|Brands|1997|page=49}} Anjeunna jembar dina widang géografi sarta calakan dina sajarah, biologi, basa Perancis, jeung basa Jérman; nanging, anjeunna rada hésé dina matematika jeung basa-basa klasik.

Dina bulan Séptémber 1876, anjeunna asup ka [[Universitas Harvard]]. Ramana mapatahan anjeunna, &quot;jaga ahlak anjeun pangheulana, tuluy kaséhatan, sarta pamungkas nyaéta pangajaran anjeun.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Edward P.|last=Kohn|title=Heir to the Empire City: New York and the Making of Theodore Roosevelt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EcZWAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT26|year=2013|page=26|publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-06975-0|access-date=April 15, 2017|archive-date=April 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415213639/https://books.google.com/books?id=EcZWAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT26|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pupusna ramana anu ngadadak dina taun 1878 kacida matak sedihna pikeun Roosevelt.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=80–82}} Anjeunna nampi warisan sagedé US$60,000 (sarua jeung ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|60,000|1878|r=-4}}}} dina taun {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}), anu cukup pikeun anjeunna hirup senang saumur hirupna.&lt;ref name=NYT14&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2014/07/18/1878-theodore-roosevelt-inherits-a-fortune/|title=First Glimpses: 1878: Theodore Roosevelt Inherits a Fortune|date=July 18, 2014|first=Mark|last=Bulik|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222113116/https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2014/07/18/1878-theodore-roosevelt-inherits-a-fortune/|access-date=December 22, 2020|archive-date=December 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ramana, saurang panganut [[Présbitérianisme|Présbitérian]] anu taat, rutin mingpin kulawarga dina doa. Nalika di Harvard, Theodore anu tos sawawa nulad ramana ku cara ngajar sakola minggu salami langkung ti tilu taun di Épiskopal [[Christ Church (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Christ Church]] di [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. Nalika pandita di Christ Church maksa anjeunna kedah janten saurang Épiskopalian upami hoyong teras ngajar, Roosevelt nolak, sarta milih ngajar kelas misi di lingkungan miskin di Cambridge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=McCullough |first=David |author-link=David McCullough |title=[[Mornings on Horseback]]: The Story of an Extraordinary Family, a Vanished Way of Life and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt |publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-6714-4754-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Roosevelt unggul dina kursus sains, filsafat, sareng rétorika, nanging rada beurat dina basa Latin sareng Yunani. Anjeunna tos janten naturalis anu mahér sareng saurang [[Ornitologi|ornitologis]] anu karyana tos diterbitkeun, sarta neuleuman biologi kalayan daria. Anjeunna rajin maca sarta miboga daya ingetan anu ampir fotografis.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=62}} Roosevelt miluan kagiatan dayung sareng [[Klub Tinju Harvard|tinju]], sarta janten anggota masarakat sastra [[Alpha Delta Phi]], babaturan sakelas [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]], sareng [[Porcellian Club]] anu gengsi. Dina taun 1880, Roosevelt lulus [[Phi Beta Kappa]] (réngking 22 ti 177 urang) kalayan gelar [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] ''[[magna cum laude]]''. [[Henry F. Pringle]] nyerat:
{{blockquote|Roosevelt, nalika nyobian nganalisis karir kuliahna sareng nimbang mangpaat anu katarima, ngarasa yén anjeunna meunang sakedik pisan ti Harvard. Anjeunna ngarasa kuciwa ku cara pangajaran anu formalistik dina seueur subjék, ku kakakuan, sarta perhatian kana hal-hal leutik anu sabenerna penting, tapi ku hiji cara henteu kantos dikaitkeun sareng gambaran anu gembleng (utuh).{{sfn|Pringle|1931|p=27}}}}

Roosevelt ngabatalkeun rencanana pikeun neuleuman élmu alam sarta milih asup ka [[Sakola Hukum Columbia]], pindah deui ka bumi kulawargana di New York. Sanajan Roosevelt téh murid anu sanggup, anjeunna ngarasa yén hukum téh henteu rasional.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=110–112, 123–133. quote p. 126}} Kalayan tékad hoyong lebet ka dunya politik, Roosevelt mimiti ngiringan rapat-rapat di Morton Hall, markas Asosiasi Républik Distrik ka-21 New York. Sanajan ramana téh anggota nonjol di [[Sajarah Partéy Républik (Amérika Serikat)|Partéy Républik]], pilihan karir Roosevelt ieu dianggap teu ilahar pikeun jalma tina golonganna, sabab kalolobaan batur sapantanna mah nyingkahan pikeun kalibet teuing jero dina dunya politik. Roosevelt mendakan sakutu di Partéy Républik lokal sarta hasil ngéléhkeun saurang anggota majelis nagara bagian ti Républik anu aya patalina rapet sareng mesin politik Sénator [[Roscoe Conkling]]. Saatos kameunanganana dina pamilihan, Roosevelt kaluar ti sakola hukum, anu engkéna anjeunna nyarios, &quot;Kuring boga niat pikeun janten salah sahiji golongan anu maréntah.&quot;{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=110–112, 123–133. quote p. 126}}

==Karier politik awal==
===Anggota Majelis Nagara Bagian===
Dina [[Pamilihan nagara bagian New York 1881|pamilihan 1881]], Roosevelt kenging korsi di [[Majelis Nagara Bagian New York]], ngawakilan [[Distrik Majelis Nagara Bagian New York ka-21|distrik ka-21]], anu puseurna di &quot;Distrik Silk Stocking&quot; di [[Upper East Side]] County New York. Anjeunna ngajabat dina sési législatif taun [[Législatur Nagara Bagian New York ka-105|1882]], [[Législatur Nagara Bagian New York ka-106|1883]], sareng [[Législatur Nagara Bagian New York ka-107|1884]].

Roosevelt mimiti némbongkeun taringna kalayan sakaligus. Anjeunna ngahalangan usaha korup ti saurang panyepeng modal (finansiér) [[Jay Gould]] anu hoyong nurunkeun pajegna. Roosevelt ngungkab ayana kolusi antara Gould sareng Hakim [[Theodoric R. Westbrook|Theodore Westbrook]] sarta hasil ngadesek ngayakeun panalungtikan (investigasi) kalayan tujuan sangkan éta hakim di-''impeach'' (dipecat sacara hukum). Sanajan komite panalungtikan nolak pamécatan éta, Roosevelt parantos hasil ngungkab korupsi di [[Albany, New York|Albany]] sarta kenging citra anu saé tur nonjol dina rupa-rupa publikasi di New York.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=134–140}}

Usaha anti-korupsi Roosevelt ngabantu anjeunna kenging deui sora dina [[Pamilihan nagara bagian New York 1882|pamilihan 1882]] kalayan kaunggulan sora dua kali lipat langkung seueur, hiji préstasi anu dianggap luar biasa margi calon gubernur ti Partéy Démokrat, [[Grover Cleveland]], sabenerna unggul di distrik Roosevelt.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=138–139}} Nalika faksi [[Stalwart (politik)|Stalwart]] ti Partéy Républik pimpinan Sénator Conkling nuju paburancat saatos [[Assasinasi Présidén James Garfield|kajantenan ditelasanna Présidén James Garfield]], Roosevelt kapilih janten pamingpin partéy di majelis nagara bagian. Anjeunna gawé bareng sareng Gubernur Cleveland pikeun ngaluluskeun rancangan undang-undang réformasi layanan sipil.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=140–142}} Roosevelt kapilih deui sarta nyobian ngudag jabatan [[Ketua Majelis Nagara Bagian New York|Ketua Majelis]], nanging [[Titus Sheard]] anu kenging éta jabatan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=January 1, 1884 |title=Mr Sheard to be Speaker |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/01/01/106134466.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225073137/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/01/01/106134466.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=153}} Roosevelt ngajabat janten Ketua Komite Urusan Kota, di mana salami mangsa éta anjeunna nyerat langkung seueur rancangan undang-undang dibandingkeun législator sanésna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kohn |first=Edward P. |date=2009 |title='A Most Revolting State of Affairs': Theodore Roosevelt's Aldermanic Bill and the New York Assembly City Investigating Committee of 1884 |journal=American Nineteenth Century History |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=71–92|doi=10.1080/14664650802299909 |hdl=11693/48381 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Pamilihan présidén 1884===
{{See also|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Serikat 1884}}
Nalika seueur tokoh anu nyalonkeun présidén, Roosevelt ngarojong Sénator [[George F. Edmunds]] ti Vermont. Partéy Républik tingkat nagara bagian langkung milih présidén anu nuju ngajabat, [[Chester Arthur]], anu kawentar alatan ngaluarkeun [[Undang-undang Réformasi Layanan Sipil Pendleton]]. Roosevelt hasil mangaruhan delegasi Manhattan dina konvénsi nagara bagian. Anjeunna tuluy nyepeng kadali konvénsi, ngayakeun tawar-menawar sapeupeuting sarta hasil ngéléhkeun taktik para pangrojong Arthur jeung [[James G. Blaine]]; ku kituna, anjeunna kénging reputasi nasional salaku politikus konci di nagara bagianana.{{sfn|Putnam|1958|pp=413–424}}

Roosevelt ngahadiran [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1884]] di [[Chicago]], di dinya anjeunna biantara pikeun ngayakinkeun para delegasi sangkan milih tokoh Afrika-Amérika [[John R. Lynch]], saurang pangrojong Edmunds, janten ketua samentara. Roosevelt berjuang bareng jeung para réformis [[Mugwump]] ngalawan Blaine. Nanging, Blaine kenging rojongan ti delegasi Arthur jeung Edmunds, sarta hasil kenging nominasi. Dina momen krusial dina karirna anu nuju mekar, Roosevelt nolak paménta batur-baturna di Mugwump pikeun misahkeun diri ti Blaine. Anjeunna agul: &quot;Urang kenging kameunangan ku cara ngawangun kombinasi pikeun ngéléhkeun calon Blaine janten ketua samentara... ieu merlukeun... kaparigelan, kawani, jeung tanaga... sangkan rupa-rupa faksi kersa gabung... pikeun ngéléhkeun musuh babarengan.&quot;{{sfn|Brands|1997|p=171}} Anjeunna ngarasa reueus nalika diondang biantara di payuneun sapuluh rébu urang, jumlah panongton panglobana anu kantos disanghareupan ku anjeunna harita.

Saatos ngarasaan dunya politik nasional, Roosevelt ngarasa kirang gairah pikeun bajoang di tingkat nagara bagian; anjeunna milih pensiun ka &quot;Chimney Butte Ranch&quot; anyarna di sisi [[Walungan Little Missouri (North Dakota)|Walungan Little Missouri]].{{sfn|Putnam|1958|pp=445–450}} Roosevelt nolak gabung sareng Mugwump sanésna pikeun ngarojong Cleveland, calon ti [[Sajarah Partéy Démokrat Amérika Serikat|Partéy Démokrat]] dina pamilihan umum. Saatos Blaine kenging nominasi, Roosevelt sacara gagabah nyarios yén anjeunna bakal masihan &quot;rojongan sapinuh haté ka saha waé urang Démokrat anu pantes&quot;. Anjeunna tuluy ngajauhkeun diri tina jangji éta, nyebatkeun yén omonganana téh sanés &quot;kanggo dipublikasikeun&quot;.{{sfn|Pringle|1956|p=61}} Nalika saurang wartawan naros naha anjeunna bakal ngarojong Blaine, Roosevelt ngajawab, &quot;Kuring nolak ngajawab.&quot;{{sfn|Putnam|1958|p=445}} Ahirna, anjeunna sadar yén anjeunna kedah ngarojong Blaine pikeun ngajaga kalungguhanana di jero partéy, sarta anjeunna ngalakukeun éta ngaliwatan siaran pers.{{sfn|Putnam|1958|p=467}} Saatos kaleungitan rojongan ti seueur réformis, sarta masih ngarasa duka alatan pupusna pamajikan jeung ibuna, Roosevelt mutuskeun pikeun mundur tina dunya politik sarta pindah ka [[North Dakota]].{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=161}}

==Tukang ngangon sapi di Dakota==
[[File:Theodore Roosevelt with hunting suit and rifle 3a24199u original.jpg|thumb|Roosevelt salaku pamburu di [[Badlands]] dina taun 1885]]
Roosevelt munggaran nganjang ka [[Wilayah Dakota]] dina taun 1883 pikeun moro [[bison]]. Ku sabab kacida gumbirana ku [[gaya hirup urang kulon]] sarta ningali bisnis sapi anu nuju maju pisan, Roosevelt investasi $14.000 (sarua jeung ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|14,000|1883|r=-4}}}} dina taun {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) kalayan harepan janten pangusaha sapi anu makmur. Salami sababaraha taun, anjeunna bulak-balik antara bumina di New York sareng peternakanana di Dakota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Theodore Roosevelt the Rancher |url=https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902213054/https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm |archive-date=September 2, 2019 |access-date=November 27, 2019 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saatos [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Serikat 1884]], Roosevelt ngawangun [[Elkhorn Ranch]] {{cvt|35|mi|km}} kaléreun kota [[Medora, North Dakota]] anu nuju mekar. Roosevelt diajar numpak kuda gaya kulon, ngagunakeun laso, sarta moro di sisi [[Walungan Little Missouri (North Dakota)|Little Missouri]]. Saurang koboi, ceuk anjeunna, miboga &quot;saeutik sipat lembut anu dipuji ku para pseudo-filantropis; nanging anjeunna miboga sipat tegep sarta maskulin anu kacida luhurna anu peryogi pisan pikeun hiji bangsa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BY4-AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA56 |title=Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail |publisher=Century |others=Illustrated by [[Frederic Remington]] |year=1902 |location=New York |pages=55–56 |access-date=October 17, 2015 |orig-date=1888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023213/http://books.google.com/books?id=BY4-AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA56 |archive-date=April 7, 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Morrisey |first=Will |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oS2Kcqjl-VgC&amp;pg=PA41 |title=The Dilemma of Progressivism: How Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson Reshaped the American Regime of Self-Government |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7425-6618-7 |page=41 |access-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406172847/http://books.google.com/books?id=oS2Kcqjl-VgC&amp;pg=PA41 |archive-date=April 6, 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna nyerat ngeunaan kahirupan di wilayah wates (frontier) pikeun majalah nasional sarta medarkeun buku-buku: ''Hunting Trips of a Ranchman'', ''Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail'', sarta ''The Wilderness Hunter''.{{sfn|Brands|1997|p=191}}

Roosevelt hasil mingpin usaha pikeun ngatur para peternak dina nungkulan masalah ngangon anu kaleuleuwihi (overgrazing) sarta pasualan babarengan sanésna, anu ngahasilkeun diwangunna Asosiasi Peternak Little Missouri. Anjeunna ogé ngadegkeun [[Klub Boone jeung Crockett]], anu tujuan utamana nyaéta konservasi sato buruan badag sarta habitatna.{{sfn|Brands|1997|p=189}} Dina taun 1886, Roosevelt ngajabat janten [[Sheriff di Amérika Serikat|wakil sheriff]] di [[County Billings, North Dakota]]. Anjeunna sareng para pagawé peternakanana hasil ngudag sarta néwak tilu jalma anu maling parahu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Taman Nasional Theodore Roosevelt]] |title=Roosevelt Pursues the Boat Thieves |url=https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/roosevelt-pursues-boat-thieves.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kayaan [[usum tiris 1886–1887]] anu kacida parahna méakkeun sato ternakna sarta leuwih ti satengah tina investasi $80.000 (sarua jeung ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|80,000|1887|r=-4}}}} dina taun {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}).{{sfn|Morris|1979|p=376}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Theodore Roosevelt the Rancher |url=https://www.nps.gov/thro/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208112452/http://www.nps.gov/thro/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2015 |website=nps.gov |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |quote=The blow proved disastrous for Roosevelt, who lost over half of his $80,000 investment, the equivalent of approximately $1.7 million today.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna mungkasan kahirupanana salaku peternak sarta mulang ka New York, di mana anjeunna hasil leupas tina labél négatif salaku saurang inteléktual anu henteu mampuh dina dunya nyata.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=163–164}}

==Pernikahan kadua==
[[File:Smithsonian - NPG - Roosevelt - NPG 81 126.jpg|thumb|Roosevelt sareng anggota [[Kulawarga Roosevelt|kulawargana]]. Ti kenca ka katuhu: [[Ethel Roosevelt Derby|Ethel]], [[Kermit Roosevelt|Kermit]], [[Quentin Roosevelt|Quentin]], [[Edith Roosevelt|Edith]], [[Theodore Roosevelt Jr.|Theodore III (Ted)]], Theodore, [[Archibald Roosevelt|Archibald]], [[Alice Roosevelt Longworth|Alice]], sareng [[Nicholas Longworth]]]]
Dina 2 Désémber 1886, Roosevelt nikah ka réngréngan ti mangsa leutikna, [[Edith Roosevelt|Edith Kermit Carow]], di [[St George's, Hanover Square]], di [[London]], Inggris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Forslund |first=Catherine |title=2016 |pages=298–319 |chapter=Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt: The Victorian Modern First Lady}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Letters and Friendships of Sir Cecil Spring Rice |date=1929 |publisher=Constable &amp; Co |editor-last=Gwynn |editor-first=Stephen |page=121}}&lt;/ref&gt; Roosevelt ngarasa rada kaganggu ku pikiran yén pernikahan kaduana ieu lumangsung teu lami saatos pupusna pamajikan kahiji, sarta anjeunna ogé nampi tantangan ti sadérék-sadérék awéwéna.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=181–182}} Ieu pasangan dipaparin lima murangkalih: [[Theodore Roosevelt Jr.|Theodore &quot;Ted&quot; III]] dina taun 1887, [[Kermit Roosevelt|Kermit]] dina 1889, [[Ethel Roosevelt Derby|Ethel]] dina 1891, [[Archibald Roosevelt|Archibald]] dina 1894, sareng [[Quentin Roosevelt|Quentin]] dina 1897. Maranéhna ogé ngasuh putra Roosevelt ti pernikahan kahijina, [[Alice Roosevelt Longworth|Alice]], anu sering papaséaan sareng indung téréna.{{sfn|Miller|1992|pp=193–194}}

==Mulang deui ka dunya publik==
Saatos Roosevelt mulang ka New York, para pamingpin Républik ngadeukeutan anjeunna supados nyalonkeun diri janten [[Walikota Kota New York]] dina [[Pamilihan walikota Kota New York 1886|pamilihan 1886]].{{sfn|Kohn|2006}} Roosevelt nampi nominasi éta sanajan miboga harepan anu sakedik pikeun ngéléhkeun calon ti [[Partéy Buruh Serikat (Amérika Serikat, abad ka-19)|Partéy Buruh Serikat]] [[Henry George]] sareng tokoh Démokrat [[Abram Hewitt]]. Roosevelt kampanyé kalayan toh-tohan, nanging Hewitt meunang kalayan sora 41%, kenging sora ti seueur urang Républik anu sieun ku kawijakan radikal George. George kenging 31%, sarta Roosevelt aya di tempat katilu kalayan 27%.&lt;ref name=everything&gt;{{cite book|last=Sharp|first=Arthur G.|title=The Everything Theodore Roosevelt Book: The Extraordinary Life of an American Icon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSdqR6Wp31wC&amp;pg=PA78|year=2011|publisher=Adams Media|pages=78–79|isbn=978-1-4405-2729-6|access-date=October 17, 2015|archive-date=April 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023635/http://books.google.com/books?id=QSdqR6Wp31wC&amp;pg=PA78|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Miller|1992|pp=183–185}} Ku sabab sieun karir politikna moal jagjag deui, Roosevelt fokus kana nyerat buku ''The Winning of the West'', anu medar ngeunaan gerakan urang Amérika ka wilayah kulon; ieu buku suksés pisan, nampi ulasan anu saé sarta payu pisan nepi ka béak dina citakan munggaranana.{{sfn|Miller|1992|pp=197–200}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Utley |first=George B. |date=1944 |title=Theodore Roosevelt's the Winning of the West: Some Unpublished Letters |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1916697 |journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=495–506 |doi=10.2307/1916697 |issn=0161-391X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Komisi Layanan Sipil===
Saatos [[Benjamin Harrison]] sacara teu disangka-sangka ngéléhkeun Blaine dina nominasi présidén dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1888]], Roosevelt ngayakeun rupa-rupa [[Kampanyé politik|biantara kampanye]] di wilayah Midwest pikeun ngarojong Harrison.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=201}} Atas bongbolongan ti [[Henry Cabot Lodge]], Présidén Harrison ngangkat Roosevelt janten anggota [[Komisi Layanan Sipil Amérika Serikat]], di mana anjeunna ngajabat dugi ka taun 1895.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=203}} Nalika seueur nu ngajabat sateuacanna nganggap ieu posisi téh ngan saukur [[Jabatan ngeunaah|jabatan formalitas]] anu teu merlukeun gawé beurat,{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=206–207}} Roosevelt malah merangan para palaku [[Sistem spoils|sistem spoils]] sarta nungtut sangkan hukum layanan sipil ditegakkeun kalayan bener.{{Sfn|Thayer|1919|loc=ch. VI|pp=1–2}} Surat kabar ''[[The Sun (New York)|The Sun]]'' ngagambarkeun Roosevelt salaku jalma anu &quot;henteu bisa diredam, resep gelut (wani), sarta pinuh ku sumanget&quot;.{{Sfn|Bishop|2007|p=51}} Roosevelt kungsi paséaa sareng Kepala Pos Umum [[John Wanamaker]], anu sering masihan jabatan ka para pangrojong Harrison; usaha Roosevelt pikeun mecat sababaraha pagawé pos malah matak ngarugikeun Harrison sacara politik.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=216–221}} Sanajan Roosevelt ngarojong Harrison dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Serikat 1892|pamilihan 1892]], nu meunangna nyaéta Grover Cleveland, anu unikna kalah ngangkat deui Roosevelt dina jabatanana.{{Sfn|Bishop|2007|p=53}} Sahabat sarta panulis biografina, [[Joseph Bucklin Bishop]], ngagambarkeun kumaha Roosevelt narajang sistem korup éta:

{{Blockquote|Bénténg utama politik sistem spoils, bénténg anu sateuacanna teu bisa ditembus sarta geus ajeg ti saprak diwangun luhureun pondasi anu diteundeun ku [[Andrew Jackson]], mimiti doyong sarta rék rugrug alatan narajangna ieu pamuda anu kacida wanina sarta henteu bisa diredam... Kumaha waé ogé parasaan Présidén (Harrison)—sarta taya deui mamang yén anjeunna henteu nyangka nalika ngangkat Roosevelt yén anjeunna bakal jadi saenyana &quot;banténg di jero toko keramik&quot;—anjeunna nolak mecat Roosevelt sarta tetep ngarojongna dugi ka mungkasan mangsa jabatanana.{{Sfn|Bishop|2007|p=51}}}}

===Komisaris Polisi Kota New York===
Dina taun 1894, kelompok Réformis Républik ngadeukeutan Roosevelt supados nyalonkeun deui janten Walikota New York; anjeunna nolak, utamana alatan pamajikanana henteu kersa upami kedah pindah tina lingkungan sosial di Washington. Teu lami ti dinya, anjeunna sadar yén anjeunna parantos kaleungitan kasempetan pikeun ngahirupkeun deui karir politikna anu nuju tiiseun. Anjeunna milih indit ka wilayah Dakota; Edith ngarasa kaduhung ku pangaruhna dina kaputusan éta sarta jangji moal ngulang deui hal sarupa.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=265–268}}

[[William Lafayette Strong]] meunang dina pamilihan walikota taun 1884 sarta nawarkeun jabatan ka Roosevelt dina jajaran dewan [[Komisaris Polisi Kota New York]].{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=201}} Roosevelt janten présidén dewan komisaris sarta sacara radikal ngarobah kakuatan kapolisian: anjeunna ngayakeun inspeksi pakarang sarta pamariksaan fisik sacara rutin, ngangkat anggota dumasar kana kualifikasi fisik jeung méntal tinimbang patalina politik, ngadegkeun [[Medali Jasa Pinunjul]], nutup tempat panyalindungan polisi anu korup, sarta masang telepon di kantor-kantor polisi.

Dina taun 1894, Roosevelt patepang sareng [[Jacob Riis]], wartawan ''[[The Sun (New York City)|Evening Sun]]'' anu sok ngungkab kabobrokan (''muckraking''), anu nuju muka panon warga New York ngeunaan kaayaan pikasidieun para imigran ngaliwatan bukuna sapertos ''[[How the Other Half Lives]]''. Riis nyaritakeun kumaha pangaruh bukuna ka Roosevelt:

{{Blockquote|Nalika Roosevelt maca buku [kuring], anjeunna sumping... Taya jalma anu kantos ngabantu sapertos anjeunna. Salami dua taun urang parantos sapertos duduluran di [[Mulberry Street (Manhattan)|Mulberry Street]] (daérah anu pinuh ku kajahatan di New York). Nalika anjeunna angkat, kuring parantos nyaksian mangsa kaémasan éta tempat... Saeutik pisan aya katenangan di mana waé Theodore Roosevelt mingpin, sakumaha anu dirasakeun ku urang sadayana. Para palanggar hukum ogé sadar, anu tadina nyapéléké yén anjeunna bakal &quot;tunduk kana politik sakumaha anu sanés&quot;, ahirna mah janten hormat ka anjeunna, sanajan bari nyarékan, salaku hiji-hijina jalma anu langkung kuat tinimbang pangaruh &quot;nepotisme&quot; (pull)... éta pisan anu ngajantenkeun éta mangsa janten mangsa kaémasan, yén pikeun munggaranana tujuan moral sumping ka jalanan. Dina cahayana, sagalana robah janten saé.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last = Riis | first = Jacob A | title = The Making of an American | chapter = XIII | page = 3 | publisher = Bartleby}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Roosevelt miboga kabiasaan leumpang mapay [[Wewengkon patroli|wilayah patroli]] para anggota polisi dina waktu peuting sarta subuh pikeun mastikeun yén maranéhna nuju pancén.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=277}} Anjeunna ogé satekah polah negakkeun hukum panutupan poé Minggu (hukum Raines) di New York sacara tegas; dina hal ieu, anjeunna bentrok sareng [[Thomas C. Platt|Tom Platt]] sarta [[Tammany Hall]]—anjeunna dibéré nyaho yén Komisi Polisi bakal dibubarkeun sacara hukum. Tindakan tegasna nimbulkeun rupa-rupa protés. Nalika diondang ka hiji démonstrasi badag, anjeunna lain ngan saukur sumping, tapi malah ngarasa resep ku rupa-rupa hinaan sarta karikatur anu ditujukeun ka anjeunna, sahingga ahirna kenging simpati ti masarakat. Roosevelt milih pikeun ngalah tinimbang kudu pecah sareng partéyna.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=293}}

==Muncul salaku tokoh nasional==
===Asistén Sekretaris Angkatan Laut===
[[File:LC-USZC4-701 (17518506711).jpg|thumb|[[Skuadron Asiatic]] ngancurkeun armada Spanyol dina [[Patempuran Teluk Manila]] dina 1 Méi 1898]]

Dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Serikat 1896|pamilihan présidén 1896]], Roosevelt ngarojong [[Thomas Brackett Reed]] pikeun nominasi Républik, nanging [[William McKinley]] anu kenging nominasi sarta hasil ngéléhkeun [[William Jennings Bryan]] dina pamilihan umum.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=242–243}} Roosevelt kacida nolakna kana platform [[pérak bébas]] Bryan, sarta nganggap seueur pangrojong Bryan salaku fanatik anu bahaya. Anjeunna ngayakeun biantara kampanyé pikeun McKinley.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=243–246}} Atas dorongan ti Sénator Henry Cabot Lodge, Présidén McKinley ngangkat Roosevelt janten [[Asistén Sekretaris Angkatan Laut]] dina taun 1897.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |first=David |last=Lemelin |title=Theodore Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy: Preparing America for the World Stage |journal=History Matters |year=2011 |pages=13–34}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sekretaris Angkatan Laut [[John D. Long]] nuju teu damang sarta masrahkeun seueur kaputusan penting ka Roosevelt. Kapangaruhan ku [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]], Roosevelt nungtut pangwangunan kakuatan angkatan laut, utamana pangwangunan [[kapal perang]] (battleship).{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=253}} Roosevelt ogé mimiti nekenkeun sawangan kaamanan nasionalna ngeunaan Pasifik sareng Karibia ka McKinley, sarta keukeuh yén Spanyol kedah diusir ti Kuba.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=310–212}} Anjeunna ngajelaskeun prioritasna ka salah sahiji nu ngarancang rencana Angkatan Laut dina ahir taun 1897:

{{Blockquote|Kuring ningali perang sareng Spanyol tina dua sawangan: kahiji, tina dasar kamanusaan sarta kapentingan diri pikeun milu campur pikeun kapentingan urang Kuba, sarta salaku saléngkah deui pikeun ngabébaskeun Amérika sagemblengna tina kakawasaan Éropa; kadua, mangpaat pikeun rahayat urang ku cara masihan hiji hal anu dipikiran lian ti saukur kauntungan matéri, sarta utamana mangpaat pikeun kakuatan militér urang ku cara nguji Angkatan Laut jeung Angkatan Darat dina prakték nyata.{{Sfn|Roosevelt|2001|pp=157–158}}}}

Dina 15 Pébruari 1898, kapal pangawal lapis baja {{USS|Maine|ACR-1|6}} ngabeledug di palabuhan [[Havana, Kuba]], sarta nelasan ratusan awak kapal. Nalika Roosevelt sareng seueur urang Amérika sanésna nyalahkeun Spanyol, McKinley milih jalan diplomasi.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=267–268}} Tanpa idin ti Long atanapi McKinley, Roosevelt ngirimkeun paréntah ka sababaraha kapal angkatan laut pikeun nyiapkeun perang.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=267–268}}{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=325–326}} [[George Dewey]], anu parantos nampi tugas mingpin [[Skuadron Asiatic]] atas rojongan Roosevelt, engkéna nyebatkeun yén kameunanganana dina [[Patempuran Teluk Manila]] téh alatan paréntah ti Roosevelt.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=261, 268}} Saatos taya harepan deui tina jalan damai, McKinley ménta Kongrés pikeun nyatakeun perang ka Spanyol, anu jadi mimiti [[Perang Amérika–Spanyol]].{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=271–272}}

===Perang di Kuba===
{{Further|Rough Riders}}
[[File:Theodore Rooseveltnewtry.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Kolonél Roosevelt dina taun 1898]]

Nalika [[Perang Amérika–Spanyol]] dimimitian dina taun 1898, Roosevelt mundur tina jabatanana salaku Asistén Sekretaris Angkatan Laut. Bareng jeung Kolonél Angkatan Darat [[Leonard Wood]], anjeunna ngawangun [[Rough Riders|Réjimén Kavaleri Sukarelawan AS Kahiji]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LOC&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/roughriders.html | title=The World of 1989: The Spanish–American War; Rough Riders | publisher=Library of Congress | access-date=February 7, 2015 | archive-date=February 7, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207100632/http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/roughriders.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamajikanana sarta seueur rénjangna ménta sangkan Roosevelt tetep cicing di Washington, nanging Roosevelt tos tékad hayong turun langsung ka medan perang. Nalika koran-koran nyebarkeun béja ngeunaan diwangunna réjimén anyar ieu, Roosevelt sareng Wood kabanjiran ku pendaftar.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=272–274}} Disebat ku pers salaku &quot;Rough Riders&quot;, ieu téh salah sahiji tina seueur unit samentara anu aktip ngan salami perang.{{Sfn|Samuels|1997|p=148}}

Ieu réjimén dilatih salami sababaraha minggu di [[San Antonio, Texas]]; dina otobiografina, Roosevelt nyerat yén pangalamanana dina [[Garda Nasional New York]] ngabantu anjeunna pikeun langsung ngajar dasar-dasar militér.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |date=2014 |title=Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwHCAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA244 |publisher=The Floating Press |page=244 |isbn=978-1-77653-337-4 |access-date=February 9, 2015 |archive-date=November 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119023721/https://books.google.com/books?id=TwHCAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA244 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu réjimén diwangun ku rupa-rupa latar tukang, kalebet lulusan [[Ivy League]], atlét, urang wates (frontiersmen), [[Suku Asli Amérika Serikat|Suku Asli Amérika]], pamburu, panambang, tilas prajurit, padagang, sarta sheriff. Rough Riders janten bagian tina divisi kavaleri anu dipingpin ku tilas jénderal Konfédérasi [[Joseph Wheeler]]. Roosevelt sareng anak buahna badarat di [[Daiquirí]], Kuba, dina 23 Juni 1898, sarta maju ka [[Siboney, Kuba|Siboney]]. Wheeler ngirim Rough Riders dina jalan sajajar ka kalér-kulon mapay gawir luhureun basisir. Roosevelt nyepeng komando réjimén; anjeunna ngalaman patempuran munggaran nalika Rough Riders panggih jeung pasukan Spanyol dina hiji ''skirmish'' (patempuran leutik) anu katelah [[Patempuran Las Guasimas]]. Maranéhna hasil nembus pertahanan Spanyol sarta, babarengan jeung pasukan reguler, maksa pasukan Spanyol ninggalkeun posisina.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Rough Riders&quot;&gt;{{Cite book | last = Roosevelt | first = Theodore | author-link = Theodore Roosevelt | year = 1898 | chapter-url = http://www.bartleby.com/51/ | title = The Rough Riders | chapter = III | page = 2 | publisher = Bartleby | access-date = August 8, 2008 | archive-date = July 23, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080723190331/http://bartleby.com/51/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:TR San Juan Hill 1898.jpg|thumb|Kolonél Roosevelt sareng [[Rough Riders]] babarengan jeung anggota Sukarelawan ka-3 sarta [[Réjimén Kavaleri ka-10 (Amérika Serikat)|Réjimén Kavaleri ka-10]] saatos ngarebut [[Kettle Hill]] di [[Kuba]] salami [[Perang Amérika–Spanyol]] dina Juli 1898]]

Dina 1 Juli, dina hiji serangan gabungan sareng pasukan reguler, handapeun lulugu Roosevelt, Rough Riders janten kawentar alatan aksi narajang ka [[Kettle Hill]] sareng San Juan Hill. Roosevelt mangrupikeun hiji-hijina prajurit anu tumpak kuda, nalika anjeunna bulak-balik di antara parit-parit némbak di garis hareup nalika nanjak ka Kettle Hill, hiji gerakan anu didesek ku anjeunna sanajan euweuh paréntah resmi. Anjeunna kapaksa leumpang dina bagian ahir Kettle Hill sabab kudana kabeulit ku [[kawat leri]] (barbed wire). Ieu serangan engkéna katelah Patempuran San Juan Heights. Kameunangan ieu dibayar mahal ku 200 urang anu palastra sarta 1.000 urang tatu.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=356}}

Dina bulan Agustus, Roosevelt sareng perwira sanésna nungtut sangkan para prajurit dipulangkan. Roosevelt nginget mangsa di San Juan Heights salaku &quot;poé pangbadagna dina hirup kuring&quot;. Saatos mulang janten warga sipil, Roosevelt langkung resep disebut &quot;Kolonél Roosevelt&quot; atanapi &quot;Sang Kolonél&quot;; nanging landihan &quot;Teddy&quot; tetep langkung populer di masarakat, sanajan Roosevelt sacara terang-terangan teu resep kana éta landihan.&lt;ref name= HandyBook&gt;{{cite book| last= Matuz| first = Roger | title = The Handy Presidents Answer Book | url= https://archive.org/details/handypresidentsa0000matu| url-access= registration| year = 2004 | publisher=Visible Ink Press |page=474 |isbn=978-0-7808-0773-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Gubernur New York===
Teu lami saatos Roosevelt mulang, Anggota Kongrés ti Républik [[Lemuel E. Quigg]], bawahan ti bos mesin politik New York [[Thomas C. Platt]], ménta Roosevelt pikeun nyalonkeun diri dina [[Pamilihan nagara bagian New York 1898|pamilihan gubernur 1898]]. Sanajan sacara politik diuntungkeun ku &quot;mesin Platt&quot;, naékna kakawasaan Roosevelt dicirian ku kaputusan pragmatis ti Platt, anu sabenerna mah teu pati resep ka Roosevelt. Platt sieun Roosevelt bakal ngalawan kapentinganana nalika ngajabat sarta horéam pikeun nyorong Roosevelt ka tingkat politik nasional, nanging anjeunna merlukeun calon anu kuat lantaran gubernur Républik anu nuju ngajabat harita, [[Frank S. Black]], nuju teu dipikaresep ku masarakat. Roosevelt satuju janten nominé sarta nyoba pikeun henteu &quot;ngajak perang&quot; ka lingkungan mapan (establishment) Républik nalika engkéna ngajabat. Roosevelt ngéléhkeun Black dina kaukus Républik, sarta nyanghareupan tokoh Démokrat [[Augustus Van Wyck]], saurang hakim anu dipihormat, dina pamilihan umum.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=309–311, 318}} Roosevelt kampanye ngagunakeun catetan sajarah perangna, sarta meunang tipis kalayan sora ngan béda 1%.{{Sfn|Morris|1979|pp=674–687}}

Salaku gubernur, Roosevelt diajar ngeunaan pasualan ékonomi sarta téhnik politik anu engkéna kabuktian kacida berhargana nalika anjeunna janten présidén. Anjeunna neuleuman masalah-masalah kakuatan korporasi (trust), monopoli, hubungan tanaga gawé, sarta konservasi. G. Wallace Chessman nyebutkeun yén program Roosevelt &quot;dumasar kana konsép ''Square Deal'' (kasapukan anu adil) ku nagara anu nétral&quot;. Aturan pikeun ''Square Deal'' nyaéta &quot;kajujuran dina urusan publik, babagi hak sarta tanggung jawab anu adil, sarta nempatkeun kapentingan nagara bagian di luhureun kapentingan partéy jeung lokal&quot;.{{Sfn|Chessman|1965|p=6}}

Ku cara ngayakeun konferénsi pers dua kali sapoé—hiji hal anu anyar harita—Roosevelt tetep kabeungkeut sareng basis massa kelas menengahna.{{Sfn|Morris|1979|p=693}} Roosevelt hasil ngadesek lolosna rancangan undang-undang Pajeg-Franchise Ford, anu méré pajeg ka waralaba publik (public franchises) anu dibéré ku nagara bagian sarta dikontrol ku korporasi, bari nyatakeun yén &quot;hiji korporasi anu meunang kakawasaan ti Nagara, kudu mayar ka Nagara perséntase anu adil tina panghasilanana salaku balesan pikeun hak husus anu ditarimana&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | first = Theodore | last = Roosevelt | title = The Roosevelt Policy: Speeches, Letters and State Papers, Relating to Corporate Wealth and Closely Allied Topics, of Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ8-AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA2 | year = 1908 | page = 2 | access-date = October 17, 2015 | archive-date = April 6, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150406171230/http://books.google.com/books?id=bJ8-AAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA2 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna nolak kahaoat Platt yén ieu hal ampir sarua jeung Sosialisme gaya Bryan, kalayan ngajelaskeun yén tanpa aturan ieu, pamilih di New York bisa jadi ambek sarta milih kapamilikan publik pikeun jalur karéta sarta franchise séjénna.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=378–379}}

Wenang pikeun ngangkat jabatan dina posisi nangtukeun kawijakan mangrupikeun peran konci pikeun gubernur. Platt keukeuh yén anjeunna kedah ditaroskeun ngeunaan pangangkatan jabatan anu penting; Roosevelt katingalina nurut, nanging saenyana mah anjeunna nyieun kaputusan sorangan. Para sejarawan héran kumaha Roosevelt bisa ngangkat sakitu lobana jalma-jalma kelas wahid kalayan persetujuan Platt. Anjeunna malah ménta tulung ka Platt pikeun ngamankeun réformasi, sapertos dina musim semi 1899, nalika Platt neken para sénator nagara bagian pikeun milih undang-undang layanan sipil anu disebut ku sekretaris Asosiasi Réformasi Layanan Sipil salaku &quot;langkung punjul ti batan statute layanan sipil mana waé anu kantos aya di Amérika&quot;.{{Sfn|Chessman|1965|p=79}}

Chessman boga pamandangan yén salaku gubernur, Roosevelt mekarkeun prinsip-prinsip anu ngawangun mangsa présidénna, utamana ngeunaan tanggung jawab publik korporasi badag, transparansi salaku ubar munggaran pikeun monopoli, pangaturan tarif karéta api, mediasi konflik modal jeung tanaga gawé, konservasi sumber daya alam, sarta panangtayungan ka jalma miskin.{{Sfn|Chessman|1965|p=6}} Roosevelt nyoba nempatkeun dirina di tengah-tengah, ngalawan kaleuwihan ti korporasi badag sarta gerakan radikal.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=322}}

Salaku pamingpin eksekutif ti nagara bagian anu panglobana pangeusina, Roosevelt sacara lega dianggap salaku calon présidén anu poténsial, sarta para pangrojongna sapertos [[William Allen White]] nyorong anjeunna pikeun nyalonkeun diri.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=331–333}} Roosevelt teu boga minat pikeun nangtang McKinley dina nominasi taun 1900 sarta kahayangna pikeun ngajabat [[Sekretaris Perang]] ogé ditolak. Nalika mangsa jabatanana maju, Roosevelt mikirkeun pikeun nyalonkeun diri dina taun 1904, nanging masih cangcaya naha anjeunna kedah nyalonkeun deui janten gubernur dina taun 1900.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=333–334}}

===Wakil Présidén (1901)===
{{Main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Serikat 1900}}

Dina bulan Nopémber 1899, Wakil Présidén [[Garret Hobart]] pupus, sahingga aya lolongkrang keur posisi wakil dina tikét nasional Républik taun 1900. Sanajan Henry Cabot Lodge sarta nu sanésna ngadesek Roosevelt sangkan nyalonkeun diri janten wakil présidén dina taun 1900, Roosevelt ngaluarkeun pernyataan publik yén anjeunna moal nampi éta nominasi.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=333–334, 338}} Ku sabab hoyong leupas ti Roosevelt di New York, Platt tetep ngamimitian kampanye ngaliwatan surat kabar pikeun ngarojong nominasi Roosevelt.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=338}} Roosevelt ngahadiran [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1900]] salaku delegasi nagara bagian sarta ngayakeun kasapukan sareng Platt: Roosevelt bakal nampi nominasi upami konvénsi nawarkeun ka anjeunna, nanging upami henteu, anjeunna bakal neraskeun deui janten gubernur. Platt ménta bos partéy Pennsylvania [[Matthew Quay]] pikeun mingpin kampanye nominasi Roosevelt, sarta Quay hasil ngéléhkeun taktik [[Mark Hanna]] dina éta konvénsi pikeun nempatkeun Roosevelt dina tikét pencalonan.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=340–341}} Roosevelt kenging nominasi sacara mufakat (aklamasi).{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=342}}

Kampanye Roosevelt salaku wakil présidén kabuktian kacida pinuh ku tanaga, nyalip gaya kampanye &quot;barnstorming&quot; (kampanye kaliling) ti calon présidén Démokrat William Jennings Bryan. Dina kampanye kilat anu némbongkeun tanagana ka masarakat, Roosevelt ngayakeun 480 titik panyimpangan di 23 nagara bagian. Anjeunna nyempad radikalisme Bryan, sarta ngabandingkeunana sareng kapahlawanan jalma-jalma anu meunang perang ngalawan Spanyol. Bryan sabenerna ngarojong pisan kana éta perang, nanging anjeunna nyempad anéksasi [[Filipina]] salaku tindakan [[imperialisme]]. Roosevelt ngawaler yén hal anu pangsaéna nyaéta pikeun urang [[Filipina]] miboga stabilitas sarta pikeun urang Amérika miboga tempat anu dipikareueus di dunya. Para pamilih masihan McKinley kameunangan anu langkung ageung dibandingkeun taun 1896.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=388–405}}&lt;ref&gt;John M. Hilpert, ''American Cyclone: Theodore Roosevelt and His 1900 Whistle-Stop Campaign'' (U Press of Mississippi, 2015).&lt;/ref&gt;

Roosevelt mimiti ngajabat janten wakil présidén dina bulan Maret 1901. Ieu jabatan téh saenyana mah saukur &quot;jabatan ngeunaah&quot; (sinecure) anu teu miboga kakawasaan nyata, sarta henteu cocog sareng watek Roosevelt anu agresif sarta resep gawé.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | first = G Wallace | last = Chessman | title = Theodore Roosevelt's Campaign Against the Vice-Presidency | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_historian_spring-1952_14_2/page/172 | journal = Historian | year = 1952 | volume = 14 | number = 2 | pages = 173–190 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1952.tb00132.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Genep bulan Roosevelt janten wakil présidén téh tiiseun pisan sarta matak bosen pikeun saurang jalma anu resep kana aksi nyata. Anjeunna teu miboga kakawasaan; anjeunna mingpin sési Sénat ngan ukur opat dinten sateuacan sési éta lekasan (resés).{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=346}} Dina 2 Séptémber 1901, Roosevelt munggaran mublikasikeun hiji [[apoftegma]] (paribasa) anu matak reueus para pangrojongna: &quot;**[[Ideologi Big Stick|Ngomong kalayan lembut sarta bawa iteuk anu badag, sarta anjeun bakal hasil (maju jauh).]]**&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Woltman |first=Nick |date=August 31, 2015 |title=Roosevelt's 'big stick' line at State Fair stuck...later |url=https://www.twincities.com/2015/08/31/roosevelts-big-stick-line-at-state-fair-stuck-later/ |work=[[Twin Cities Pioneer Press]] |access-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610043645/https://www.twincities.com/2015/08/31/roosevelts-big-stick-line-at-state-fair-stuck-later/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Mangsa Présidén (1901–1909)==
{{Main|Mangsa Présidén Theodore Roosevelt}}

[[File:Theodore Roosevelt by John Singer Sargent, 1903.jpg|thumb|Potrét resmi [[White House|Imah Bodas]] Roosevelt karya [[John Singer Sargent]] dina taun 1903]]

Dina 6 Séptémber 1901, Présidén McKinley nuju ngahadiran [[Pan-American Exposition]] di [[Buffalo, New York]], nalika anjeunna [[Asasinasi William McKinley|ditémbak]] ku saurang anarkis [[Leon Czolgosz]]. Roosevelt, anu nuju pakansi di [[Isle La Motte, Vermont]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=74729|title=Theodore Roosevelt's Visit to Isle la Motte Historical Marker|access-date=February 22, 2022|archive-date=February 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222173837/https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=74729|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; angkat ka Buffalo pikeun ngalongok McKinley di rumah sakit. Nalika McKinley katingalina nuju sakarat (saé deui), Roosevelt neraskeun deui pakansina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.trsite.org/learn/the-day-of-the-inauguration|title=The Inauguration|access-date=February 22, 2022|archive-date=February 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222173838/https://www.trsite.org/learn/the-day-of-the-inauguration|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging nalika kaayaan McKinley beuki parah, Roosevelt rurusuhan mulang deui ka Buffalo. Anjeunna nuju di [[North Creek, New York]] nalika nampi béja ngeunaan pupusna McKinley dina 14 Séptémber. Roosevelt tuluy neraskeun lalampahan ka Buffalo sarta [[Inaugurasi munggaran Theodore Roosevelt|dilantik janten présidén ka-26]] di Ansley Wilcox House (ayeuna [[Situs Sajarah Nasional Inaugurasi Theodore Roosevelt]]).{{sfn|Miller|1992|pp=348–352}}

Para pangrojong McKinley ngarasa hariwang ka Roosevelt, utamana Sénator ti Ohio [[Mark Hanna]] anu kacida kuciwana, ngingetkeun kana perlawananana anu kuat dina mangsa konvénsi. Sanajan Roosevelt ngayakinkeun para pamingpin partéy yén anjeunna bakal neraskeun kawijakan McKinley sarta tetep ngagunakeun kabinét anu lami, anjeunna satekah polah netepkeun dirina salaku pamingpin partéy sarta nyiapkeun posisi pikeun pamilihan taun 1904.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=354–356}} Naékna Roosevelt janten présidén dipapag ku kahariwang ti kaom konservatif Républik, sakumaha anu dicatet ku sejarawan [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]]:

{{blockquote|Kaom konservatif, anu parantos ngadominasi Partéy Républik salami tilu dékade, sieun yén ieu présidén ngora anu impulsif téh bakal jadi &quot;kuda liar&quot; (bucking bronco), anu bakal ngaruksak aliansi antara dunya usaha jeung pamaréntah anu parantos méré kamakmuran anu taya tandingna dina awal abad éta. Para réformis mah sabalikna, ngaharepkeun kapamingpinan Roosevelt anu motékar bakal ngarobah Partéy Républik janten kakuatan progresif sakumaha jaman Abraham Lincoln, anu narékahan pikeun nyebarkeun kamakmuran saluareun jalma-jalma beunghar ka rahayat biasa.{{Sfn|Goodwin|2013|p=279–280}}}}

Nambahan kana hal éta, Kearns ogé nyatet yén:

{{Blockquote|Salami karirna, Roosevelt parantos berjuang pikeun ngahijikeun kasatiaan ka partéy sareng dorongan pikeun nungkulan masalah sosial, hiji tindakan saimbang (balancing act) anu janten beuki hésé nalika aspék-aspék industrialisasi anu matak hariwang beuki parah. Sanajan anjeunna nganggap dirina konservatif upami dibandingkeun sareng kaom Populis, anjeunna yakin yén partéyna nuju dicekel ku kaom réaksionér anu sakitu &quot;sieunna ku radikalisme&quot; sahingga maranéhna &quot;teu percaya kana sagala hal anu sipatna progresif.&quot; Justru jalma-jalma sapertos kitu anu ngadominasi kadua kamar di Kongrés, ceuk Roosevelt. Anjeunna bakal digawé pikeun &quot;nyorong&quot; maranéhna maju, nanging anjeunna sadar yén kamajuan anu nyata peryogi pangajak langsung ka rahayat, &quot;dunungan urang duaan.&quot; Pikeun ngahontal masarakat umum, anjeunna bakal ngagunakeun jinis wartawan indepénden anyar, anu tanpa &quot;rojongan aktip&quot; maranéhna, anjeunna engkéna ngaku yén anjeunna &quot;moal miboga kakuatan naon-naon.&quot;{{Sfn|Goodwin|2013|p=281}}}}

Teu lami saatos ngajabat, Roosevelt ngondang [[Booker T. Washington]] pikeun tuang wengi di Imah Bodas, anu nimbulkeun réaksi keras ti sakuliah wilayah Kidul anu masih keneh kandel ku segregasi ras.&lt;ref&gt;Dewey W. Grantham, &quot;Dinner at the White House: Theodore Roosevelt, Booker T. Washington, and the South.&quot; ''Tennessee Historical Quarterly'' (1958) 17.2: 112–130 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42621372 online].&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan awalna Roosevelt ngarencanakeun langkung seueur tuang wengi sareng Washington, anjeunna engkéna nyingkahan ondangan salajengna sarta langkung milih rapat-rapat bisnis demi ngajaga rojongan politik di wilayah Kidul (urang bodas).{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=422–423}}{{Sfn|Morris|2001|p=58}}

===Kawijakan domestik: The Square Deal===
{{Further|Square Deal}}

====Trust busting (merangan monopoli) sarta régulasi====
Roosevelt dipuji salaku &quot;trust-buster&quot; (pangancur monopoli) alatan tindakana anu agrésif dina ngagunakeun [[Undang-undang Antitrust Sherman]] taun 1890, upami dibandingkeun sareng para présidén sateuacanna.{{sfn|Ruddy|2016}} Anjeunna nganggap bisnis skala badag téh penting pikeun ékonomi Amérika, nanging anjeunna ngan nungtut &quot;bad trusts&quot; (monopoli jahat) anu ngawatesan perdagangan sarta nangtukeun harga anu teu adil.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=365–366}} Roosevelt ngajukeun 44 tungtutan antitrust, kaasup ngabubarkeun [[Northern Securities Company]], monopoli karéta api pangbadagna, sarta ngatur [[Standard Oil]], pausahaan minyak pangbadagna.{{sfn|Ruddy|2016}} Sabalikna, para présidén sateuacanna sapertos Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland, sarta William McKinley, upami digabungkeun ngan saukur nungtut 18 palanggaran antitrust.{{sfn|Ruddy|2016}}

Saatos kenging sora mayoritas dina [[Pamilihan Amérika Serikat 1902]], Roosevelt ngusulkeun pangbentukan [[Departemén Perdagangan sareng Tanaga Gawé Amérika Serikat]], anu di jerona kalebet [[Biro Korporasi]]. Kongrés nampi éta departemén, nanging cangcaya kana kawasa antitrust anu dipihoyong ku Roosevelt di jero éta biro. Roosevelt tuluy ménta dukungan langsung ti masarakat pikeun neken Kongrés, sahingga ahirna Kongrés ngaluluskeun éta rancangan undang-undang luyu sareng kahayang Roosevelt.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=378–381}}

Ketua Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat (House Speaker) [[Joseph Gurney Cannon]] méré koméntar kana kahayang Roosevelt pikeun ngontrol cabang éksekutif: &quot;Éta jalma di tungtung jalan ditu téh hayang sagalana, ti mimiti lahirna Kristus nepi ka maotna sétan.&quot; Panulis biografi Brands nyatet, &quot;Malah babaturanana ogé sakapeung mah héran naha aya kabiasaan atanapi prakték anu sakitu leutikna nepi ka kudu diatur, diropéa, atanapi dironjatkeun ku anjeunna.&quot;{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=552–553}} Kawani Roosevelt dina ngagunakeun kakawasaan nepi ka nyabak urusan parobahan aturan dina [[Football Amérika]], maksa diteraskeunana kelas béla diri di [[Akademi Angkatan Laut AS]], ngarobah aturan disiplin, ngarobah desain koin anu teu dipikaresep ku anjeunna, sarta maréntahkeun panyederhanaan éjahan pikeun 300 kecap, sanajan anu pamungkas mah dibatalkeun saatosna diheureuykeun ku pers sarta diprotés ku DPR.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=553–556}}

====Mogok tambang batu bara====
{{main|Mogok batu bara 1902}}

Dina bulan Méi 1902, para [[United Mine Workers|panambang batu bara antrasit]] ngayakeun aksi mogok, anu ngancam ayana kakurangan énergi nasional. Saatos ngancam para pangusaha batu bara ku pasukan féderal, Roosevelt hasil ngayakinkeun maranéhna sangkan méréskeun pasualanna ngaliwatan arbitrase ku hiji komisi, sahingga aksi mogokna eureun. Kasapukan sareng [[J. P. Morgan]] ngahasilkeun dironjatkeunana gajih panambang sarta jam gawé anu langkung saeutik, nanging serikat buruhna tetep teu diaku sacara resmi.{{Sfn|Harbaugh|1963|pp= 165–179}}{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=450–483}} Roosevelt nyarios, &quot;Tindakan kuring dina urusan tanaga gawé kudu salawasna dianggap aya patalina jeung tindakan kuring dina urusan modal, sarta duanana bisa disimpulkeun kana rumus paporit kuring—kasapukan anu adil (square deal) pikeun unggal jalma.&quot;{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=509}} Anjeunna mangrupikeun présidén munggaran anu milu méréskeun pasulayan tanaga gawé.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=376–377}}

====Nindak kalakuan teu bener====
Salami taun kadua Roosevelt ngajabat, korupsi kaungkab di [[Biro Urusan India]], [[Kantor Pertanahan Umum Amérika Serikat]], sarta [[Departemén Kantor Pos Amérika Serikat]]. Anjeunna nungtut para agén India korup anu parantos nipu [[Suku Asli Amérika]] tina lahan-lahanna. Penipuan lahan sarta spékulasi anu ngalibetkeun leuweung kai di Oregon ngabalukarkeun anjeunna sareng [[Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)|Ethan A. Hitchcock]] maksa Komisaris Kantor Pertanahan Umum [[Binger Hermann]] turun tina jabatanna dina bulan Nopémber 1902. Jaksa husus [[Francis J. Heney]] kenging 146 dakwaan dina kasus suap di Kantor Pertanahan Oregon.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=207}} Roosevelt ogé nungtut 44 pagawé pos dina kasus suap sarta penipuan.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=208}} Para sejarawan sapuk yén anjeunna parantos méré tindakan &quot;gancang sarta tegas&quot; dina nungkulan kalakuan teu bener di jero pamaréntahanana.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=209}}

====Karéta Api====
{{Main|Hepburn Act}}

Para padagang ngangluh yén sababaraha tarif karéta api luhur teuing. Dina [[Undang-undang Hepburn]] 1906, Roosevelt narékahan pikeun méré kakuatan ka [[Komisi Perdagangan Antar-Nagara Bagian]] (ICC) pikeun ngatur tarif, nanging Sénat anu dipingpin ku tokoh konservatif [[Nelson Aldrich]] ngalawan. Roosevelt gawé bareng jeung Sénator Démokrat [[Benjamin Tillman]] pikeun ngaluluskeun éta undang-undang. Maranéhna ahirna nepi ka hiji kompromi anu méré kakuatan ka ICC pikeun ngaganti tarif anu aya ku tarif maksimum anu &quot;adil-jeung-mawa-akal&quot;, bari ngidinan pausahaan karéta api pikeun ngajukeun banding ka pangadilan féderal ngeunaan naon anu disebut &quot;mawa akal&quot; (reasonable).{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=453–459}}{{sfn|Blum|1977|pp=89–117}} Undang-undang Hepburn ogé méré kakuatan régulasi ka ICC kana biaya pipa saluran, kontrak gudang, sarta aspék séjén tina operasional karéta api.{{Sfn|Morris|2001|pp=445–448}}

====Kadaharan sarta ubat-ubatan anu murni====
Roosevelt ngaréspon amarah publik ngeunaan prakték curang dina industri pangolahan kadaharan ku cara ngadesek Kongrés sangkan ngesahkeun [[Undang-undang Inspeksi Daging]] 1906 sarta [[Undang-undang Kadaharan sarta Ubat Murni]]. Kaom konservatif mimitina nolak, nanging buku ''[[The Jungle]]'' karya [[Upton Sinclair]] anu dipedarkeun taun 1906 hasil ngahudangkeun rojongan pikeun réformasi.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=459–460}} Undang-undang Inspeksi Daging ngalarang labél anu nyasabkeun sarta [[bahan pangawét]] nu miboga bahan kimia bahaya. Undang-undang Kadaharan sarta Ubat Murni ngalarang dijieun, dijual, sarta dikirimna kadaharan jeung ubat-ubatan anu teu murni atanapi anu labélna palsu. Roosevelt ogé ngajabat salaku présidén honorér [[Asosiasi Higiénis Sakola Amérika]] ti 1907 dugi ka 1908 sarta ngayakeun Konferénsi Imah Bodas munggaran ngeunaan Pangurus Budak dina taun 1909.

====Konservasi====
{{Main|Mangsa Présidén Theodore Roosevelt#Konservasi}}

[[File:President Theodore Roosevelt Driving Through the Wawona Tunnel Tree, in Yellowstone National Park (14994749857).jpg|thumb|Roosevelt nuju nyupiran ngaliwatan torowongan tangkal [[Sequoia raksasa|sequoia]]]]

Roosevelt kacida reueusna ku karyana dina ngajaga (konservasi) sumber daya alam sarta ngalegaan panangtayungan féderal pikeun lahan jeung sato liar.{{sfn|Bakari|2016}} Anjeunna gawé bareng raket jeung Sekretaris Interior [[James Rudolph Garfield]] sarta Kepala Dinas Leuweung Amérika Serikat [[Gifford Pinchot]] pikeun ngajalankeun runtuyan program konservasi anu meunang tantangan ti anggota Kongrés wilayah Kulon, sapertos [[Charles William Fulton]].{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=469–471}} Sanajan kitu, Roosevelt hasil ngadegkeun [[Dinas Leuweung Amérika Serikat]], nandatanganan pangwangunan lima [[Taman Nasional (Amérika Serikat)|Taman Nasional]], sarta nandatanganan [[Undang-undang Barang Antik]] 1906, anu dipaké ku anjeunna pikeun netepkeun 18 [[Monumén Nasional AS]] anyar. Anjeunna ogé ngadegkeun 51 [[suaka manuk]] munggaran, opat [[pangraksa sato liar]], sarta 150 [[Leuweung Nasional Amérika Serikat]]. Lega wilayah Amérika Serikat anu ditepkeun ku anjeunna dina panangtayungan publik totalna sakitar {{convert|230|e6acre|km2|sp=us|abbr=off}}.{{sfn|Brinkley|2009}}

Roosevelt loba pisan ngagunakeun [[Paréntah éksekutif (Amérika Serikat)|paréntah éksekutif]] pikeun nangtayungan leuweung sarta lahan sato liar salami mangsa présidénna. Dina ahir periode kaduana, Roosevelt parantos ngagunakeun paréntah éksekutif pikeun nyadangkeun {{convert|150|e6acre|km2|sigfig=1|abbr=off|sp=us}} lahan perhutanan. Roosevelt teu asa-asa dina ngagunakeun paréntah éksekutif pikeun nangtayungan lingkungan, sanajan Kongrés nganggap anjeunna parantos ngalunju teuing kana seueur lahan. Ahirna, Sénator [[Charles William Fulton]] nyelipkeun amandémén kana undang-undang anggaran tatanén anu ngahalangan présidén pikeun nyadangkeun lahan leuwih loba deui. Sateuacan nandatanganan éta undang-undang, Roosevelt gancang-gancang netepkeun [[leuweung tengah peuting|21 cadangan leuweung tambahan]], nungguan nepi ka detik-detik terakhir sateuacan anjeunna nandatanganan undang-undang éta janten hukum. Sacara total, Roosevelt ngaluarkeun 1.081 paréntah éksekutif, langkung seueur ti présidén mana waé sateuacanna.

====Kepanikan bisnis 1907====
{{Further|Kepanikan 1907}}
[[File:Theodore Roosevelt by Harris &amp; Ewing Studio, 1907.jpg|thumb|Potrét Roosevelt taun 1907 karya [[Harris &amp; Ewing]]]]
Dina taun 1907, Roosevelt nyanghareupan krisis ékonomi domestik pangbadagna ti saprak [[Kepanikan 1893]]. Pasar saham Wall Street anjlog dina awal 1907, sarta seueur investor anu nyalahkeun kawijakan régulasi Roosevelt salaku cukang lantaran turunna harga saham.{{Sfn|Morris|2001|pp=495–496}} Roosevelt ahirna ngabantu niiskeun krisis ku cara ngayakeun rapat jeung para pamingpin [[U.S. Steel]] dina 4 Nopémber 1907, sarta nyatujuan rencana maranéhna pikeun meuli pausahaan baja Tennessee anu ampir bangkrut—anu upami gagal bakal ngancurkeun bank badag di New York.{{sfn|Gould|2011|p=239}}

Nanging, dina bulan Agustus, Roosevelt ngamuk ka jalma-jalma nu beunghar pisan alatan kasalahan ékonomi maranéhna, bari nyebut maranéhna salaku &quot;**malefactors of great wealth**&quot; (palaku kajahatan tina kabeungharan badag) dina biantara pentingna, &quot;The Puritan Spirit and the Regulation of Corporations&quot;. Nalika nyoba mulangkeun kapercayaan, anjeunna nyalahkeun Éropa salaku sabab utama krisis, nanging saatos muji kajujuran kaom Puritan, anjeunna neraskeun:
{{Blockquote|Bisa jadi kaputusan pamaréntah... pikeun ngahukum sababaraha palaku kajahatan tina kabeungharan badag (malefactors of great wealth), mémang miboga pangaruh kana ieu kaributan; sahenteuna dina hal anu ngabalukarkeun ieu jalma-jalma ngahiji pikeun nyiptakeun tekenan finansial sabisa-bisa, sangkan bisa ngaruksak ngaran kawijakan pamaréntah sarta ahirna bisa ngabatalkeun éta kawijakan, sangkan maranéhna bisa terus ngarasakeun hasil tina kajahatanana tanpa kaganggu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |editor-first=Hermann |editor-last=Hagedorn |title=The Works of Theodore Roosevelt |volume=18 - American Problems |date=1925 |publisher=[[Scribner &amp; Sons]] |page=99}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Ngeunaan jalma anu beunghar pisan, Roosevelt sacara pribadi nyapéléké maranéhna, bari nyebut &quot;maranéhna téh kacida teu pantesna pikeun mingpin nagara, sarta ... karuksakan langgeng anu dijieun ku maranéhna ngaliwatan naon anu dianggap ku maranéhna salaku operasi bisnis badag anu sah dina mangsa ayeuna&quot;.

Lumangsung.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=215}}

Dina taun 1906, saatos lumangsungna pamilihan anu dicarékéun, aya panyimpangan (insurréksi) di Kuba; Roosevelt ngirim Taft, Sekretaris Perang harita, pikeun ngawaskeun kaayaan; Roosevelt yakin yén anjeunna miboga wewenang sacara sapihak pikeun ngidinan Taft ngirimkeun pasukan Marinir, upami diperyogikeun, tanpa kedah aya persetujuan ti Kongrés.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=570}}

Nalika mariksa karya ti sababaraha sarjana, Ricard ngalaporkeun yén:

{{Blockquote|Parobahan anu pangmédokna dina historiografi Theodore Roosevelt di abad ka-21 nyaéta pindahna sawangan tina tuduhan sawaréh salaku tokoh impérialis janten pujian anu méh mufakat salaku diplomat ulung.... [Karya-karya anyar] parantos negeskeun kalayan mernah ngeunaan kamampuh Roosevelt anu luar biasa dina ngawangun &quot;hubungan husus&quot; anu nembe mekar di awal abad ka-20. ...Reputasi présidén ka-26 salaku diplomat anu brilian sarta politikus nyata (real politician) parantos nepi ka tingkat anu anyar di abad ka-21... nanging, kawijakanana di Filipina masih kénéh nampi rupa-rupa kritik.{{sfn|Ricard|2014}}}}

Dina 6 Nopémber 1906, Roosevelt janten présidén munggaran anu angkat kaluar ti daratan utama Amérika Serikat dina hiji lalampahan diplomatik resmi. Roosevelt ngayakeun lalampahan salami 17 dinten ka Panama sarta Puérto Riko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forslund&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Forslund |first1=Catherine |title=&quot;Off for the Ditch&quot; - Theodore and Edith Roosevelt Visit Panama in 1906 |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/off-for-the-ditch |publisher=[[White House Historical Association]] |access-date=January 14, 2024 |date=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Presidential and Secretaries Travels Abroad - Theodore Roosevelt |url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/roosevelt-theodore |publisher=Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, [[United States Department of State]] |access-date=January 14, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Heather |title=Theodore Roosevelt: A President of &quot;Firsts&quot; |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2020/06/theodore-roosevelt-a-president-of-firsts/ |access-date=January 14, 2024 |date=June 4, 2020 |quote=The first president to leave the country during his time in office—On November 9, 1906, Roosevelt embarks from the Chesapeake Bay aboard the U.S.S. Louisiana to inspect the construction of the Panama Canal,}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeunna nganjang ka lokasi pangwangunan Terusan Panama sarta ngahadiran rupa-rupa resépsi diplomatik boh di Panama atanapi di Puérto Riko.&lt;ref name=&quot;Forslund&quot;/&gt;

===Média===
[[File:Go Away Little Man Charles Green Bush.jpg|thumb|Karikatur taun 1903, &quot;Go Away, Little Man, and Don't Bother Me&quot;, anu ngagambarkeun Roosevelt nuju nyingsieunan [[Kolombia]] pikeun meunangkeun [[Zona Terusan Panama]]]]

Nuluykeun cara McKinley anu éféktif dina ngagunakeun pers, Roosevelt ngajadikeun Imah Bodas (White House) salaku puseur béja unggal poé, bari nyadiakeun kasempetan wawancara sarta poto. Saatos ningali para wartawan anu kumpul di luar Imah Bodas bari kahujanan dina hiji poé, anjeunna masihan hiji rohangan husus di jero pikeun maranéhna, anu sacara éféktif jadi mimitina ayana [[Konferénsi pers|press briefing]] présidén. Pihak pers anu ngarasa nganuhunkeun alatan dibéré aksés anu luar biasa ka Imah Bodas, males ku cara méré liputan anu lega ka Roosevelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;american chronicle&quot;&gt;Robert Rouse (2006). &quot;Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference—93 years young!&quot;. American Chronicle.&lt;/ref&gt; Salian ti kasus Fitnah Roosevelt-Panama, Roosevelt biasana miboga hubungan anu raket pisan jeung pihak pers. Nalika keur teu ngajabat, anjeunna milari napakah salaku panulis sarta é ditor majalah. Anjeunna resep diskusi sareng para intelektual, sastrawan, sarta panulis. Nanging, anjeunna méré watesan anu tegas ka para wartawan anu resep ngungkit-ngungkit skandal (exposé-oriented) anu dina mangsa jabatanna nyieun oplas majalah naék drastis alatan narajang para politikus, walikota, sarta korporasi anu korup. Roosevelt nyalira biasana mah henteu janten targét, nanging hiji biantara anjeunna dina taun 1906 nyiptakeun istilah &quot;**[[muckraker]]**&quot; pikeun para wartawan anu teu boga étika sarta sok nyieun tuduhan sawenang-wenang.&lt;ref&gt;Weinberg, Arthur &amp; Weinberg, Lila Shaffer (1961). &quot;The Muckrakers&quot;. University of Illinois Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Pamilihan 1904===
{{Main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Serikat 1904}}

[[File:ElectoralCollege1904.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Hasil Electoral College dina pamilihan 1904]]

Saatos kakawasaan Thomas Platt mimiti luntur, Roosevelt ampir teu miboga lawan anu hartosna pikeun nominasi taun 1904.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=437–438}} Pikeun ngahormatan para pangrojong konservatif [[Mark Hanna]], Roosevelt mimitina nawarkeun jabatan ketua partéy ka [[Cornelius Bliss]], nanging anjeunna nolak. Roosevelt tuluy milih jalma kapercayaanana nyalira, [[George B. Cortelyou]] ti New York, Sekretaris Perdagangan sarta Tanaga Gawé anu munggaran. Pikeun nguatkeun posisina dina nominasi partéy, Roosevelt negeskeun yén saha waé anu ngalawan Cortelyou bakal dianggap ngalawan Présidén.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=501–503}} Présidén hasil ngamankeun nominasi dirina, nanging calon wakil présidén pilihanana, [[Robert R. Hitt]], henteu kapilih jadi nominé.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=504}} Sénator [[Charles W. Fairbanks|Charles Warren Fairbanks]] ti Indiana, anu jadi paporit kaom konservatif, anu tungtungna meunang nominasi éta.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=437–438}}

Nalika Roosevelt nuturkeun tradisi petahana (incumbent) anu henteu milu kampanye langsung di lapangan (on the stump), anjeunna nyoba ngontrol talatah kampanye ngaliwatan paréntah husus ka Cortelyou. Anjeunna ogé nyoba ngatur kumaha pers ngaluarkeun pernyataan Imah Bodas ku cara ngabentuk &quot;**Ananias Club**&quot;. Saha waé wartawan anu ngulang pernyataan présidén tanpa idin bakal dihukum ku cara diwatesan aksésna ka hareupna.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=507}}

Calon ti Partéy Démokrat dina taun 1904 nyaéta [[Alton B. Parker|Alton Brooks Parker]]. Surat kabar Démokrat nuding yén urang Républik nuju meres kontribusi kampanye anu badag tina korporasi-korporasi, sarta nyebut yén tanggung jawab utama aya di Roosevelt nyalira.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|pp=215–216}} Roosevelt nolak tuduhan korupsi éta, bari dina waktu anu sarua maréntahkeun Cortelyou pikeun mulangkeun duit $100.000 tina kontribusi kampanye ti [[Standard Oil]].{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=216}} Parker nyebut yén Roosevelt nampi sumbangan korporasi sangkan inpormasi anu ngarugikeun ti [[Biro Korporasi]] henteu diumumkeun ka publik.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=216}} Roosevelt sacara tegas nolak tuduhan Parker sarta ngajawab yén anjeunna bakal &quot;ngalaksanakeun jabatan Présidén tanpa kabeungkeut ku jangji, sumpah, atanapi kasapukan naon waé...&quot;.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|pp=216–217}} Nanging, tuduhan ti Parker sarta Démokrat henteu miboga pangaruh badag kana pamilihan, sabab Roosevelt jangji bakal méré unggal urang Amérika hiji &quot;**[[Square Deal|square deal]]**&quot; (kasapukan anu adil).{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|pp=216–217}} Roosevelt meunang 56% sora rahayat (popular vote) dibandingkeun Parker anu ngan 38%, sarta meunang sora [[Electoral College (Amérika Serikat)|Electoral College]] 336 lawan 140. Sateuacan [[Inaugurasi kadua Theodore Roosevelt|upacara pelantikanana]], Roosevelt nyatakeun yén anjeunna moal nyalonkeun deui dina période salajengna.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=513–514}}

===Période Kadua===
Nalika période kaduana jalan, Roosevelt mimiti pindah ka haluan kénca ti basis Partéy Républikna sarta ngusulkeun runtuyan réformasi, anu sabagéan badag gagal diluluskeun ku Kongrés. Pangaruh Roosevelt mimiti luntur nalika ngadeukeutan ahir période kaduana, ditambah ku janji anjeunna moal nyalonkeun deui, sarta konséntrasi kakawasaanana nimbulkeun réaksi keras ti seueur anggota Kongrés.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=463–464}} Anjeunna ngusahakeun undang-undang pangbadagan korporasi nasional, nungtut ayana [[Pajeg panghasilan di Amérika Serikat|pajeg panghasilan]] féderal, sarta pajeg warisan. Roosevelt ogé nungtut watesan kana pamakéan paréntah pangadilan (injunctions) ngalawan serikat buruh nalika mogok. Anjeunna hoyong aya undang-undang tanggung jawab dunungan pikeun kacilakaan industri sarta dalapan jam gawé pikeun pagawé féderal. Dina widang séjén, anjeunna ogé ngusahakeun sistem tabungan pos (pikeun méré saingan ka bank lokal), sarta ménta undang-undang réformasi kampanye.{{sfn|Ricard|2011|pp=160–166}}

Pamilihan 1904 terus janten sumber perdebatan antara Républik sareng Démokrat. Hiji panalungtikan Kongrés dina taun 1905 ngungkabkeun yén para eksekutif korporasi nyumbang puluhan rébu dolar dina taun 1904 ka Komite Nasional Républik. Dina taun 1908, sabulan sateuacan pamilihan présidén umum, Gubernur [[Charles N. Haskell]] ti Oklahoma nyebutkeun yén para sénator anu aya dina pangaruh Standard Oil neken Roosevelt, dina usum panas 1904, pikeun ngidinan nyéwakeun lahan minyak milik suku India ka anak pausahaan Standard Oil. Anjeunna nyebut Roosevelt ngabolaykeun kaputusan Sekretaris Interiorna sarta méré ijin jalur pipa ngaliwatan [[Bangsa Osage|lahan Osage]] ka Prairie Oil and Gas Company. Surat kabar New York ''Sun'' nyieun tuduhan sarupa sarta nyebut yén Standard Oil parantos nyumbang $150.000 ka urang Républik dina taun 1904 saatos ayana kaputusan Roosevelt éta. Roosevelt nyebut tuduhan Haskell salaku &quot;bohông saenyana&quot;.{{Sfn|Chambers|1974|p=219}}

====Rétorika kabeneran====
Rétorika Roosevelt dicirian ku moralisme anu kuat ngeunaan kabeneran pribadi (personal righteousness).{{Sfn|Dorsey|2003}}{{Sfn|Hawley|2008}} Nada ieu katingali tina panyempadna kana &quot;kabeungharan prédator&quot; (predatory wealth) dina talatah anu dikirimkeun ka Kongrés dina Januari 1908 pikeun ngadesek diluluskeunana undang-undang tanaga gawé anu anyar:
{{Blockquote|Kabeungharan prédator--nyaéta kabeungharan anu dikumpulkeun dina skala raksasa ngaliwatan sagala rupa bentuk kajahatan, mimitian tina nindés pagawé upahan nepi ka cara-cara anu teu adil sarta teu séhat pikeun mareuman saingan, sarta nipu publik ku cara manipulasi saham sarta sekuritas. Jalma-jalma beunghar tina jinis ieu, anu kalakuanana kudu dianggap hina ku unggal jalma anu miboga haté nurani anu bener, sarta anu geus ngalakukeun kasalahan gedé ku cara ngajar para pamuda urang yén kasuksésan bisnis anu luar biasa téh kudu dumasar kana kateujujuran, dina sababaraha bulan terakhir ieu geus némbongkeun yén maranéhna geus ngahiji pikeun ngayakeun réaksi. Usaha maranéhna nyaéta pikeun ngagubragkeun sarta ngaruksak ngaran sakabéh jalma anu ngajalankeun hukum kalayan jujur, pikeun nyegah ayana panerapan tambahan anu bakal ngahalangan maranéhna, sarta pikeun meunangkeun kabébasan tina sagala rupa watesan anu bakal ngidinan unggal palaku kajahatan anu teu miboga étika pikeun ngalakukeun naon waé anu dipihoyongna salami maranéhna miboga cukup duit.... Cara-cara anu digunakeun ku urang Standard Oil sarta maranéhna anu kalibet dina kombinasi séjénna... ngan bisa diyakinkeun ku cara ngadukung sistem moralitas anu ogé bakal ngayakinkeun sagala rupa bentuk kriminalitas ti pihak serikat buruh, sarta sagala rupa bentuk kekerasan, korupsi, sarta penipuan, mimiti tina rajapati nepi ka suap sarta kacurangan kotak suara dina politik.{{Sfn|Roosevelt|1908}}}}

===Roosevelt sarta masalah rasial===
{{Further|Tuang wengi Booker T. Washington di Imah Bodas|Kajadian Brownsville|Posisi politik Theodore Roosevelt#Hubungan ras}}
Dina taun 1890 nepi ka 1919, lumangsung panurunan anu seukeut—hiji &quot;nadir&quot; (titik panghandapna)—dina status politik sarta sosial warga Amérika katurunan Afrika boh di wilayah Kidul atanapi di Kalér. Dina sisi positipna, Roosevelt ngasupkeun prajurit kulit hideung kana unit Rough Rider-na dina taun 1898. Anjeunna ogé ngondang tokoh utama kulit hideung, [[Booker T. Washington]], pikeun tuang wengi di Imah Bodas dina Oktober 1901, sarta rutin ménta nasehat Washington ngeunaan kumaha cara ngabagi jabatan patronase ka urang Républik kulit hideung.

Nanging, beuki lila anjeunna beuki ngadukung kana tren panurunan kasebut. Salami kunjungan ka wilayah Kidul dina taun 1905, anjeunna ngélingan para pamilih katurunan Afrika sangkan nampi &quot;**supremasi kulit bodas**&quot; sarta agul ka urang bodas yén indungna téh asalna ti Georgia. Di tengah période kaduana, Présidén ngabubarkeun sakabéh batalyon prajurit kulit hideung anu dianggap sakongkol sarta nolak nurut kana paréntahna pikeun ngalaporkeun ngaran-ngaran prajurit anu narajang warga sipil kulit bodas dina [[Kajadian Brownsville|Kajadian Brownsville, Téxas]]. Dina taun 1912, nalika ngadegkeun [[Bull Moose Party|Partéy Bull Moose]], anjeunna ngan ngerahkeun urang bodas di wilayah Kidul, sedengkeun Présidén Taft ngerahkeun duanana ras di dinya.

==Pasca-kaprésidénan (1909–1919)==
===Pamilihan 1908===
{{Main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Serikat 1908}}

Roosevelt mikaresep janten présidén nanging yakin yén watesan période jabatan téh mangrupikeun pangahalang tina diktator. Anjeunna mutuskeun pikeun nuhunan jangjina dina taun 1904 pikeun henteu nyalonkeun deui dina période katilu. Sanajan anjeunna leuwih milih Sekretaris Nagara [[Elihu Root]] salaku gagantina, kaayaan kaséhatan Root anu kirang saé ngajadikeun anjeunna teu cocog. Gubernur New York [[Charles Evans Hughes]] mangrupikeun calon anu kuat sarta miboga sumanget progresivisme anu sarua jeung Roosevelt, nanging Roosevelt nganggap Hughes teuing indepénden. Anjeunna ahirna milih Sekretaris Perangna, [[William Howard Taft]], anu parantos janten réjangna saprak 1890 sarta salawasna ngadukung kawijakan Roosevelt.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=483–485}}

Roosevelt kacida hayongna nempatkeun gaganti pilihanna, sarta nyerat ka Taft: &quot;Will nu bageur: Naha anjeun hayang kuring méré tindakan ka para pajabat féderal éta? Kuring bakal mileykeun beuheung maranéhna kalayan bungah pisan upami anjeun nyarios!&quot; Sababaraha minggu saatosna, anjeunna nyebut &quot;palsu sarta jahat&quot; kana tuduhan yén anjeunna ngagunakeun jabatanna pikeun nguntungkeun Taft.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=626}} Dina konvénsi Républik 1908, seueur anu ngagorowok &quot;opat taun deui&quot; pikeun Roosevelt, nanging Taft kenging nominasi saatos Henry Cabot Lodge negeskeun yén Roosevelt mémang henteu minat.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=488–489}}

Dina pamilihan 1908, Taft kalayan gampang ngéléhkeun calon Démokrat [[William Jennings Bryan]]. Taft ngamajukeun progresivisme anu nekenkeun kana aturan hukum; anjeunna leuwih milih hakim, lain politikus, anu nyieun kaputusan ngeunaan kaadilan. Nanging, Taft kabuktian kurang parigel dina politik dibandingkeun Roosevelt, kurang miboga tanaga, karisma pribadi, sarta rojongan publik anu ngajadikeun Roosevelt sakitu kuatna. Nalika Roosevelt sadar yén nurunkeun tarif bakal nyiptakeun tegangan di jero Partéy Républik, anjeunna eureun nyarioskeun hal éta. Taft, bari teu maliré kana résiko, neken pasualan tarif kalayan wani, anu ngahasilkeun [[Tarif Payne-Aldrich]] 1909, anu ahirna ngajauhkeun para réformis ti sagala sisi. Nalika krisis nuju mekar di jero Partéy, Roosevelt nuju lalampahan ka Afrika sarta Éropa, méré lolongkrang ka Taft.

===Afrika sarta Éropa (1909–1910)===
[[File:Roosevelt safari elephant.jpg|thumb|Roosevelt keur ngadeg di gigireun gajah beunang némbakna nalika safari di [[Afrika]]]]
Dina Maret 1909, tilas présidén éta mangkat pikeun miluan [[Ékspédisi Afrika Smithsonian-Roosevelt]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Science1908&quot;&gt;&quot;President Roosevelt's African Trip&quot;. Science (1908).&lt;/ref&gt; Rombongan Roosevelt badarat di [[Mombasa]], [[Afrika Wétan Britania]], tuluy lumampah ka [[Kongo bélgia]] sateuacan nyusur Walungan Nil ka [[Khartoum]] di nagara [[Sudan]] ayeuna. Kalayan dukungan dana anu gedé ti [[Andrew Carnegie]] sarta tina hasil tulisanana sorangan, romongan Roosevelt moro rupa-rupa spésimén pikeun [[Smithsonian Institution]] sarta [[Museum sajarah Alam Amérika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SIA&quot;&gt;&quot;Roosevelt African Expedition Collects for SI&quot;. Smithsonian Institution Archives.&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu grup dipingpin ku pangalun (hunter-tracker) R.J. Cunninghame, kaasup para élmuwan ti Smithsonian, sarta dibarengan ku [[Frederick Selous]], saurang pamburu sato badag sarta penjelajah kawentar. Peserta liana nyaéta [[Kermit Roosevelt]], [[Edgar Alexander Mearns]], [[Edmund Heller]], sarta [[John Alden Loring]].

Ieu tim hasil maéhan atawa néwak 11.400 sato,&lt;ref name=&quot;SIA&quot; /&gt; ti mimiti serangga sarta beurit nepi ka kuda nil sarta gajah. Tina 1.000 sato badag, aya 512 sato pamburu (big game), kaasup genep [[Badak bodas]] anu langka. Beratna bangké sarta kulit sato anu parantos diawétkeun ku uyah dikirim ka Washington; peryogi mangtaun-taun pikeun nyusun éta kabéh. Ngeunaan jumlah sato anu kacida lobana éta, Roosevelt nyarios, &quot;Kuring ngan bisa disalahkeun upami ayana [[Muséum Nasional Sajarah Alam]], Muséum Sajarah Alam Amérika, sarta sakabéh lembaga zoologi sarupa ogé dianggap salah&quot;.{{Sfn|O'Toole|2005|p=67}} Anjeunna nyerat catetan lengkep ngeunaan ieu lalampahan dina buku ''African Game Trails''.

Saatos safari, Roosevelt lumampah ka kalér pikeun ngayakeun tur ka Éropa. Panyimpangan munggaran nyaéta di Mesir, di dinya anjeunna masihan koméntar positip ngeunaan pamaréntahan Britania, bari nyebutkeun yén Mesir tacan siap pikeun merdéka.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=505}} Anjeunna nolak pendak sareng [[Paus Pius X]] alatan ayana papaséaan ngeunaan grup [[Métodis]] anu aktif di Roma. Anjeunna ogé pendak sareng Kaisar [[Franz Joseph]] ti [[Austria-Hungaria]], Kaisar [[Wilhelm II]] ti Jérman, Raja [[George V]] ti Britania Raya, sarta pamingpin liana. Di Oslo, Roosevelt masihan biantara anu nungtut ayana watesan pakarang angkatan laut, panguatan [[Pangadilan Arbitrase Permanén]], sarta pangbentukan &quot;Liga Perdamaian&quot; di antara kakuatan dunya.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=505–509}} Anjeunna masihan Kuliah Romanes di Oxford, di dinya anjeunna nyempad jalma-jalma anu nyoba nyaruakeun évolusi sato jeung kamekaran masarakat.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=511}} Sanajan Roosevelt nyoba nyingkahan politik domestik, anjeunna sacara rerencepan pendak sareng [[Gifford Pinchot]], anu nyaritakeun kuciwana ka [[Pamaréntahan Taft]]. Roosevelt mulang ka AS dina Juni 1910. Opat bulan saatosna, Roosevelt janten présidén AS munggaran anu naék pesawat, ngalayang salami 4 menit dina pesawat rancangan [[Wright bersaudara]].

===Hubungan Husus (Great Rapprochement) sareng Britania Raya===
[[Great Rapprochement]] nyaéta titik temu tujuan diplomatik, politik, militer, sarta ékonomi antara Amérika Serikat sarta Britania Raya ti taun 1895 dugi ka 1915. Roosevelt miboga peran séntral ngaliwatan hubungan raketna sareng para intelektual sarta politikus Britania, sarta dina karya diplomatikna ngeunaan Terusan Panama. Britania ngabagéakeun Roosevelt, sakumaha katingali dina pasualan wates Alaska. Para diplomat Britania milih sahaluan sareng diplomat Roosevelt pikeun nolak klaim Kanada kana palabuhan sagara anu bakal méré aksés ka tambang emas di Yukon, Kanada. Urang Kanada ngarasa dikhianatan ku Britania anu leuwih milih ngabungahkeun Amérika Serikat.

Dina taun 1915–1917, Roosevelt janten pangrojong utama sangkan Amérika milu perang di pihak Britania Raya. Dina Oktober 1916, nalika kampanye pikeun ngéléhkeun Woodrow Wilson, Roosevelt nyempad:
{{Blockquote|Sipat Présidén Wilson anu nyingkahan tanggung jawab parantos dibungkus ku frasa anu kacida nyasabkeunana, frasa saurang pecundang, ''Anjeunna ngajaga urang tina perang.'' Padahal saenyana, perang beuki deukeut sarta beuki deukeut... jeung urang nyanghareupanana tanpa kawijakan, rencana, tujuan, atawa persiapan naon waé.{{Sfn|Morris|2010|p=469}}}}

===Sasmita (Schism) di Partéy Républik===
Roosevelt mimitina nyoba ngabentuk Taft sangkan jadi &quot;duplikat&quot; dirina, nanging anjeunna mundur nalika Taft mimiti némbongkeun jati dirina sorangan. Anjeunna ngarasa kasinggung nalika Taft nyebutkeun yén kasuksésanana téh hasil tina bantuan lanceuk kawalona, lain saukur ku Roosevelt. Roosevelt beuki ngarasa pajauh nalika Taft henteu badami sareng anjeunna ngeunaan pangangkatan kabinét.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|pp=665–666}} Roosevelt sarta kaom progresif liana ngarasa teu puas sacara idéologis kana kawijakan konservasi Taft sarta cara anjeunna nungkulan masalah tarif.

Roosevelt ngadesek kaom progresif pikeun ngontrol Partéy Républik, sarta nyingkahan sasmita (pepecahan) anu bakal nguntungkeun Démokrat dina taun 1912. Pikeun tujuan éta, Roosevelt sacara publik nyatakeun optimismeu ngeunaan Pamaréntahan Taft saatos pendak sareng présidén dina Juni 1910.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=512–513}}

==== Pacengkadan ngeunaan kakawasaan pangadilan ====
Roosevelt masihan biantara di wilayah Kulon dina ahir usum panas sarta awal usum gugur taun 1910, di dinya anjeunna nyempad pisan kana sistem peradilan nagara. Roosevelt henteu ngan saukur narajang kaputusan [[Mahkamah Agung Amérika Serikat]] taun 1905 dina kasus ''[[Lochner v. New York]]'', nanging anjeunna ogé nuding yén pangadilan féderal parantos ngaruksak démokrasi, bari nyebut para ahli hukum anu dicurigai salaku &quot;hakim-hakim anu geus jadi fosil&quot; (fossilized judges). Anjeunna ngabandingkeun kacenderungan maranéhna pikeun ngabatalkeun undang-undang réformasi progresif jeung kaputusan Hakim [[Roger B. Taney]] dina kasus ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' (1857). Pikeun mastikeun konstitusi bener-bener ngabéla kapentingan umum, Roosevelt milu jeung kaom progresif liana nungtut ayana &quot;judicial recall&quot;, anu bakal ngidinan sora mayoritas rahayat pikeun nurunkeun hakim tina jabatanna sarta ngabatalkeun kaputusan pangadilan anu teu dipikaresep ku masarakat. Ieu serangan téh matak helok keur Taft. Sanajan sacara pribadi Taft satuju yén kasus ''Lochner'' sarta kaputusan liana téh mémang kurang merenah, anjeunna tetep percaya yén otoritas pangadilan diperlukeun pikeun ngajaga pamaréntahan konstitusional. Kahariwang Taft ieu ogé dirasakeun ku anggota elit komunitas hukum liana, sarta beuki nguatkeun pamadegan Taft yén Roosevelt ulah diidinan deui janten présidén.&lt;ref&gt;Istre, Logan Stagg (2021). &quot;Bench over Ballot&quot;. The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== &quot;Nasionalisme Anyar&quot; Roosevelt ====
[[File:TR smiling in automobile.tif|thumb|Roosevelt saatosna lungsur tina jabatan dina Oktober 1910]]
[[File:Theodore Roosevelt and Archibald Hoxsey (1910).jpg|thumb|Roosevelt sarta pilot [[Archibald Hoxsey]] di [[St. Louis]], Oktober 1910]]
Dina Agustus 1910, Roosevelt beuki rongkah dina ngayakeun persaingan ngaliwatan biantarana di [[Osawatomie, Kansas]], anu dianggap biantara paling radikal salami karirna. Ieu janten tanda Roosevelt sacara resmi papisah (pepegatan) sareng Taft sarta kaom Républik konservatif. Ngaliwatan program anu disebutna &quot;**[[Nasionalisme Anyar (Theodore Roosevelt)|Nasionalisme Anyar]]**&quot;, Roosevelt nekenkeun yén kapentingan tanaga gawé kudu leuwih diutamakeun batan kapentingan modal, sarta diperlukeun kontrol kana pangbentukan sarta gabungan korporasi. Anjeunna ogé nungtut panyegahan sumbangan politik tina korporasi.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=675}} Nalika mulang ka New York, Roosevelt ngamimitian tarung pikeun ngarebut kontrol partéy Républik nagara bagian ti [[William Barnes Jr.]]. Taft mimitina jangji bakal ngadukung Roosevelt, nanging Roosevelt ngarasa dikhianatan nalika dukungan Taft henteu kabukti dina konvénsi nagara bagian 1910.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=515–516}} Roosevelt milu kampanye pikeun urang Républik dina [[Pamilihan Amérika Serikat 1910]], nanging hasilna urang Démokrat kenging kontrol DPR pikeun munggaranana saprak 1892. Salah sahiji urang Démokrat anu anyar kapilih nyaéta [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (Sénator nagara bagian New York), anu nyatakeun yén anjeunna ngawakilan kawijakan misan jauhna (Theodore) leuwih hade batan lawan Républikna.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=517}}

Para progresif Républik napsirkeun éta kaéléhan salaku alesan kuat pikeun ngayakeun reorganisasi partéy dina taun 1911.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=683}} Sénator [[Robert M. La Follette]] ngahiji sareng Pinchot sarta Gubernur California [[Hiram Johnson]] pikeun ngawangun Liga Républik Progresif Nasional; tujuanana nyaéta pikeun ngancurkeun kakuatan &quot;bosisme&quot; politik di tingkat nagara bagian sarta ngaganti Taft di tingkat nasional.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=518}} Sanajan Roosevelt rada cangcaya kana éta liga, anjeunna tetep ngadukung prinsip-prinsip progresifna. Hubungan Roosevelt jeung Taft ahirna bener-bener pegat saatos Departemén Kaadilan ngajukeun gugatan [[antitrust]] ngalawan [[US Steel]] dina Séptémber 1911; Roosevelt ngarasa dihina sabab anjeunna nyalira anu parantos nyatujuan akuisisi éta pausahaan nalika janten présidén. Nanging, Roosevelt harita tacan kersa nyalonkeun diri ngalawan Taft dina taun 1912; anjeunna leuwih milih ngantosan taun 1916.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|p=519}}

==== Papaséaan sareng Taft ngeunaan perjangjian arbitrase ====
Taft mangrupikeun pamingpin dunya dina urusan arbitrase salaku jaminan perdamaian dunya. Dina 1911, anjeunna sarta Sekretaris Nagara [[Philander C. Knox]] ngayakeun perjangjian sareng Britania sarta Perancis yén sagala pasulayan kudu méréskeun ngaliwatan arbitrase. Nanging, Roosevelt nyaleureukeun arbitrase salaku idéalisme anu konyol, sarta negeskeun yén perang téh mangrupikeun hiji-hijina jalan pikeun méréskeun pasulayan internasional anu serius. Roosevelt gawé bareng jeung sobatna, Sénator Henry Cabot Lodge, pikeun nyelipkeun amandémén anu ngagagalkeun éta perjangjian. Roosevelt sabenerna nuju nyabotaseu jangji kampanye Taft. Dina tingkat anu leuwih jero, Roosevelt yakin yén arbitrase téh solusi anu naif; anjeunna miboga kapercayaan ampir mistis yén perang téh miboga sipat anu mulya pikeun manusa. Hal ieu ngagambarkeun nasionalisme jingoistik Roosevelt anu kacida béda jeung itungan kauntungan ékonomi ti para pangusaha anu ngadukung Taft.

=== Pamilihan 1912 ===
{{Main|Pamilihan présidén Amérika Serikat 1912}}

==== Primari sarta konvénsi Républik ====
[[File:For Auld Lang Syne - Leonard Raven-Hill.jpg|thumb|Karikatur ''Punch'' dina Méi 1912, ngagambarkeun tarung campuh antara William Howard Taft sarta Roosevelt]]
Dina Nopémber 1911, sakelompok urang Républik ti Ohio ngadukung Roosevelt pikeun nominasi présidén ti éta partéy. Roosevelt sacara nyata henteu nolak éta nominasi. Teu lila saatosna, Roosevelt nyarios, &quot;Kuring sabenerna karunya ka Taft... Kuring yakin anjeunna boga niat hadé, nanging niat hadéna téh leuleus, sarta anjeunna teu nyaho carana! Anjeunna pisan teu pantes pikeun mingpin, sarta ieu téh mangsa di mana urang butuh kapamingpinan.&quot; Dina Januari 1912, Roosevelt nyatakeun &quot;upami rahayat milih kuring, kuring moal nolak pikeun ngabakti&quot;.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=698}}

Roosevelt mimiti ngabayangkeun dirina salaku juru salamet partéy tina kaéléhan dina pamilihan anu bakal datang. Dina Pébruari 1912 di [[Boston]], Roosevelt nyarios, &quot;Kuring bakal nampi nominasi présidén upami ditawarkeun ka kuring&quot;.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=705}} Elihu Root sarta Henry Cabot Lodge nyangka yén pepecahan bakal mawa kaéléhan dina pamilihan, sedengkeun Taft yakin yén anjeunna bakal éléh boh dina primari atanapi dina pamilihan umum.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=706}}

Pamilihan primari 1912 mangrupikeun pamakéan munggaran [[Primari présidén Amérika Serikat|primari présidén]] sacara lega, hasil réformasi ti gerakan progresif. [[Primari présidén Partéy Républik 1912|Primari Républik]] di wilayah Kidul dimeunangkeun ku Taft, kitu ogé New York, Indiana, Michigan, Kentucky, sarta Massachusetts. Samentara éta, Roosevelt meunang di Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, California, Maryland, Ohio, sarta Pennsylvania. Dina [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1912]] di Chicago, Taft kenging nominasi dina sora munggaran.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=524–526}}

Roosevelt yakin yén nominasi éta parantos dipaling ti dirina. Anjeunna nyarios ka para pangrojongna yén aya &quot;masalah moral anu gedé&quot; anu nuju dipertaruhkeun. Roosevelt mungkas biantarana ku nyarios: &quot;Teu sieun ku mangsa ka hareup; teu maliré kana nasib urang masing-masing; kalayan haté anu tegep sarta panon anu awas; urang nangtung di Armageddon, sarta urang tarung demi Gusti!&quot;

==== Partéy Progresif (Bull Moose) ====
{{See also|Nasionalisme Anyar (Theodore Roosevelt)|Partéy Bull Moose}}
[[File:Perkins-pinchot.JPG|thumb|Karikatur taun 1912 anu ngagambarkeun rebutan kontrol Partéy Progresif antara George Perkins (kénca) sarta Amos Pinchot]]

Nalika kaéléhanana geus katingali, Roosevelt ngumumkeun yén anjeunna bakal &quot;nampi nominasi progresif dina platform progresif sarta kuring bakal tarung nepi ka ahir, boh meunang boh éléh&quot;. Roosevelt méré ramalan, &quot;Rasaan kuring mah urang Démokrat bakal meunang upami maranéhna nyalonkeun tokoh anu progresif&quot;.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=717}} Roosevelt ahirna kaluar ti Partéy Républik sarta ngadegkeun **Partéy Progresif** (nu kawentar ku landihan Partéy **Bull Moose**).{{sfn|Miller|1992|p=526}}

Kapamingpinan partéy anyar ieu ngawengku rupa-rupa tokoh réformis. [[Jane Addams]] kampanye satékah polah pikeun ieu partéy salaku taratas réformasi sosial. [[Gifford Pinchot]] ngawakilan kaom lingkungan, sedengkeun pangusaha [[Frank Munsey]] sarta bankir Wall Street [[George Walbridge Perkins]] nyadiakeun dukungan dana.

Gubernur [[Hiram Johnson]] ngontrol partéy di California sarta diangkat janten calon wakil présidén Roosevelt. Platform Roosevelt nyuuarakeun usulan radikalna taun 1907–1908, nungtut campur tangan pamaréntah anu kuat pikeun nangtayungan rahayat tina kapentingan pribadi anu sarakah:

{{blockquote|Ngancurkeun Pamaréntahan siluman ieu, ngabubarkeun **[[wikt:unholy alliance|aliansi jahat]]** antara bisnis anu korup sarta politik anu korup, nyaéta tugas munggaran pikeun nagarawan mangsa ayeuna. Nagara ieu milik rahayat. Sumber dayana, bisnisna, hukumna, sarta lembagana kudu dimangpaatkeun, dijaga, atanapi dirobah ku cara naon waé anu panghadéna pikeun kapentingan umum.}}

Sanajan loba aktivis Partéy Progresif di Kalér anu nolak leungitna hak-hak sipil warga kulit hideung, Roosevelt ngajalankeun kampanye &quot;**lily-white**&quot; (ngan pikeun urang bodas) di wilayah Kidul. Nalika delegasi saingan antara urang bodas sarta urang hideung ti nagara bagian Kidul datang ka konvénsi, Roosevelt milih pikeun narima delegasi anu ngan urang bodas wungkul. Akibatna, anjeunna kenging sora anu sakedik pisan di luar basis tradisional Républik. Ti 1.100 county di wilayah Kidul, Roosevelt ngan meunang di sababaraha tempat sarta henteu meunang pisan di Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, atanapi South Carolina.

[[Walungan Amazon]]. Walungan Duvida sababaraha waktu saatosna dingaranan deui janten [[Walungan Roosevelt]]. Rombongan Roosevelt ngawengku putrana, [[Kermit Roosevelt]], Kolonél Rondon, ahli alam [[George Kruck Cherrie]], Léttnan Brasil João Lira, dokter tim José Antonio Cajazeira, sarta 16 tukang dayung jeung kuli angkut anu parigel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite wikisource |last=Roosevelt |first=Theodore |date=1914 |chapter=The Start |title=Through the Brazilian Wilderness}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ékspédisi awal dimimitian kalayan pinuh ku bangbaluh dina 9 Désémber 1913, di puncak usum hujan. Perjalanan nyusur Walungan Duvida dimimitian dina 27 Pébruari 1914.{{sfn|Millard|2009|pp=267–270}}

Roosevelt nampi tatu leutik dina sukuna saatos anjeunna luncat pikeun nyoba nyegah parahu sangkan teu nempuh batu. Nanging, éta tatu luar téh teu lila langsung nyababkeun anjeunna katarajang [[panyakit tropis]] anu mirip jeung [[malaria]] anu kantos katarajang ku anjeunna nalika di Kuba.&lt;ref name=&quot;oimjjac&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Marx |first=Rudolph |title=The Health of The President: Theodore Roosevelt |date=October 31, 2011 |publisher=Health guidance}}&lt;/ref&gt; Éta inféksi ngaleuleuskeun Roosevelt sakitu rongkahna dugi ka dina minggu kagenep, anjeunna kedah dirawat sacara maneuh ku dokter ékspédisi sarta Kermit. Nalika éta, anjeunna parantos teu tiasa leumpang alatan inféksi sarta tatu lami dina suku nu hiji deui akibat [[Kacilakaan Trém Pittsfield 1902|kacilakaan lalu lintas]] sapuluh taun sateuacanna. Roosevelt nandang nyeri dada sarta panas awakna naék dugi ka **39°C**, anu ngajadikeun anjeunna ngalindur (delirious). Ku margi nganggap kaayaanana janten ancaman pikeun kasalametan romongan liana, Roosevelt maksa sangkan anjeunna ditinggalkeun baé supados ékspédisi anu kirang bekel éta tiasa terus jalan, malah anjeunna parantos nyiapkeun diri pikeun maéhan manéh ku [[morfin]]. Ngan saukur panyambat ti putrana anu hasil ngayakinkeun anjeunna sangkan kersa neraskeun perjalanan.{{sfn|Millard|2009|pp=267–270}}

Sanajan kaayaan Roosevelt beuki parah sarta beurat awakna turun nepi ka **23 kg**, Rondon tetep ngalaunkeun léngkah perjalanan demi kaperluan nyieun peta, anu merlukeun eureun sacara rutin pikeun nangtukeun posisi dumasar kana panonpoé. Nalika Roosevelt mulang ka New York, babaturan sarta kulawargana kacida reuwasna ningali parobahan fisik sarta kacapéanana. Roosevelt nyerat ka sobatna, anu sigana mangrupikeun ramalan, yén éta lalampahan parantos motong umur hirupna sapuluh taun. Salami sésa hirupna anu kantun sababaraha taun deui, anjeunna sering kanceuh ku malaria sarta bareuh suku anu kacida parahna dugi ka kedah dioperasi.{{Sfn|Thayer|1919|pp=4–7}} Sateuacan Roosevelt nepi ka bumi, para kritikus parantos cangcaya kana klaimna yén anjeunna parantos ngajajah sarta nyusur walungan sapanjang **1.000 km** anu bener-bener tacan aya dina peta. Saatos jagjag deui, anjeunna masihan guaran dina hiji konvénsi anu diayakeun di Washington ku [[National Geographic Society]] sarta hasil ngabuktikeun yén klaimna téh bener.{{sfn|Millard|2009|pp=267–270}}

===Taun-taun pamungkas===
{{See also|Relawan Perang Dunya I Roosevelt}}
[[File:TheodoreRooseveltportrait.jpg|thumb|Roosevelt {{circa}} 1914–1918]]

Roosevelt mulang ka AS dina Méi 1914. Sanajan anjeunna ngarasa ambek ku ayana perjangjian pamaréntahan Wilson anu nyatakeun &quot;kaduhung anu jero&quot; (sincere regret) kana cara AS meunangkeun [[Zona Terusan Panama]], anjeunna tetep kataji ku sababaraha réformasi anu diluluskeun. Roosevelt milu kampanye pikeun Partéy Progresif, nanging [[Pamilihan Amérika Serikat 1914|pamilihan 1914]] janten musibah pikeun éta partéy katilu anu nembé ngadeg téh.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=539–540}} Roosevelt mimiti ngabayangkeun kampanye présidén deui, ayeuna mah salaku pamingpin Partéy Républik, nanging para pamingpin konservatif partéy tetep nolak anjeunna.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=548–549}} Kalayan harepan bisa ngayakeun nominasi babarengan, Partéy Progresif ngajadwalkeun konvénsina bareng jeung [[Konvénsi Nasional Républik 1916]]. Nalika Républik milih Charles Evans Hughes, Roosevelt nolak nominasi Progresif sarta ngadesek para pangrojongna sangkan ngadukung calon Républik.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=550–551}} Sanajan Roosevelt parantos lami teu resep ka Hughes, anjeunna leuwih teu resep deui ka Wilson, sarta antukna kampanye satékah polah pikeun Hughes. Nanging, Wilson kenging deui dina [[Pamilihan présidén Amérika Serikat 1916|pamilihan 1916]] ku sora anu tipis pisan.{{Sfn|Miller|1992|pp=552–553}} Partéy Progresif ahirna bubar, sarta Roosevelt bareng jeung para pangrojongna asup deui ka Partéy Républik.

====Perang Dunya I====
Nalika Perang Dunya Kahiji dimimitian dina taun 1914, Roosevelt sacara kuat ngadukung pihak [[Sekutu Perang Dunya I|Sekutu]] sarta nungtut kawijakan anu leuwih keras ka Jérman, utamana ngeunaan perang kapal selam. Roosevelt nyempad pisan kana kawijakan luar nagri Wilson, nyebutna salaku kagagalan dina nyanghareupan [[Kakejaman di bélgia|kakejaman di bélgia]] sarta palanggaran hak-hak Amérika.{{sfn|Brands|1997|pp=749–751, 806–809}} Dina taun 1916, Roosevelt terus-terusan nyempad warga Amérika katurunan Irlandia sarta Jérman anu disebutna teu patriotik; anjeunna negeskeun yén hiji jalma kudu jadi 100% urang Amérika, lain &quot;**[[hyphenated American]]**&quot; (urang Amérika nu miboga tanda sambung/dua kasatiaan). Dina Maret 1917, Kongrés masihan wewenang ka Roosevelt pikeun ngawangun maksimal opat divisi anu sarupa jeung [[Rough Riders]]. Nanging, Présidén Wilson ngumumkeun ka pers yén anjeunna moal ngirim Roosevelt sarta para relawanna ka Perancis, tapi bakal ngirim Pasukan Ekspedisi Amérika di handapeun paréntah Jenderal [[John J. Pershing]]. Roosevelt henteu kantos ngahampura Wilson pikeun hal ieu. Putra bungsu Roosevelt, [[Quentin Roosevelt]], saurang pilot di Perancis, gugur saatos pesawatna ditémbak ragrag di tukangeun garis pertahanan Jérman dina 14 Juli 1918 dina yuswa 20 taun. Roosevelt henteu kantos leres-leres jagjag deui saatos kaleungitan putrana éta.{{sfn|Dalton|2002|p=507}}

====Liga Bangsa-Bangsa====
Roosevelt mangrupikeun salah sahiji pangrojong awal tina sawangan modérn yén diperlukeun ayana tatanan dunya global. Dina biantara nampi Nobel taun 1910, anjeunna nyarios, &quot;bakal janten hiji léngkah anu hébat upami kakuatan-kakuatan dunya anu jujur hoyong daméy ngawangun hiji Liga Perdamaian, lain saukur pikeun ngajaga perdamaian di antara maranéhna, tapi ogé pikeun nyegah, ku kakuatan upami diperyogikeun, jalma lian anu nyoba ngaruksak éta perdamaian.&quot;{{Sfn|Pringle|1931|p=519}}

Nalika Perang Dunya I peupeus, Roosevelt ngusulkeun &quot;Liga Dunya pikeun Perdamaian anu Bener&quot; dina Séptémber 1914, anu bakal ngajaga kadaulatan nanging ngawatesan pakarang sarta merlukeun arbitrase. Anjeunna nambihan yén kudu aya &quot;jangji suci yén upami aya nagara anu nolak nuturkeun kaputusan pangadilan kasebut, maka nagara lianna kudu nyabut pedang (perang) demi perdamaian sarta kaadilan.&quot; Dina taun 1915, anjeunna ngajéntrékeun rencana ieu leuwih spésifik. Sanajan Roosevelt miboga kahariwang ngeunaan dampakna kana kadaulatan Amérika Serikat, anjeunna negeskeun yén liga saperti kitu ngan bakal jalan upami Amérika Serikat milu salaku salah sahiji &quot;penjamin babarengan&quot;. Dina taun 1918, Wilson ngembangkeun rencanana sorangan pikeun [[Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]] anu béda, anu ahirna jadi kanyataan dina [[Konférénsi Perdamaian Paris (1919–1920)|Konférénsi Perdamaian Paris]]. Roosevelt nyempad cara Wilson, nanging anjeunna pupus sateuacan rencana éta disatujuan di Paris.

Carita-carita éta disebut ku anjeunna salaku &quot;**yellow journalism of the woods**&quot; (jurnalisme konéng ti leuweung). Présidén nyalira anu ngapopulérkeun istilah négatif &quot;**nature faker**&quot; pikeun ngagambarkeun para panulis anu ngagambarkeun sato-sato dina caritana kalayan sipat manusa (antropomorfisme) anu kaleuleuwihi.

== Karakter sarta kapercayaan ==
[[File:SagamoreHill.JPG|thumb|[[Sagamore Hill]], bumi milik Roosevelt di [[Long Island]]]]
Sarjana Britania [[Marcus Cunliffe]] ngaévaluasi argumén liberal yén Roosevelt téh saurang oportunis, éksibisionis, sarta impérialis. Nanging, Cunliffe muji kamampuh Roosevelt anu sarwa bisa, rasa hormatna kana hukum, sarta sipat ihlasna. Anjeunna boga pamadegan yén kawijakan luar nagri Roosevelt téh leuwih hadé batan naon anu dituduhkeun ku para pangritikna. Cunliffe nyebut anjeunna &quot;jalma gedé dina sagala rupa widang&quot;.{{sfn|Cunliffe|1955}}

Roosevelt mangrupikeun saurang [[Fréémasion]] sarta anggota [[Sons of the American Revolution]] (Putra Révolusi Amérika). Anjeunna ogé anggota [[The Explorers Club]].

Roosevelt miboga minat saumur hirup pikeun ngajalankeun naon anu disebut ku anjeunna dina biantara taun 1899 salaku &quot;**[[The Strenuous Life]]**&quot; (Hirup anu Giat). Pikeun tujuan ieu, anjeunna rutin olahraga sarta miluan tinju, ténis, hiking, ngadayung, polo, sarta nunggang kuda. Nalika janten gubernur New York, anjeunna tinju sareng batur latihan sababaraha kali saminggu, hiji kabiasaan anu diteruskeun nalika janten présidén dugi ka beungeutna ditéwel sakitu tarikna nepi ka panon kencana janten lolong (fakta ieu tacan dibuka ka publik dugi ka sababaraha taun saatosna). Roosevelt ogé mimiti percaya kana mangpaat latihan **jiu-jitsu** saatos latihan sareng [[Yamashita Yoshitsugu]]. Hariwang yén AS bakal kaleungitan kakuatan militérna ku kakuatan anyar saperti Jepang, Roosevelt mimiti ngajurung latihan jiu-jitsu pikeun para prajurit Amérika. Roosevelt ogé saurang pamaén **singlestick** (tarung iteuk) anu sumanget; dumasar kana ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'', anjeunna kantos sumping ka resépsi Imah Bodas kalayan leungeun anu dibébéd saatos tarung sareng Jenderal [[Leonard Wood]] dina taun 1905.

[[File:1905 cartoon Theodore Roosevelt first and war first in peace.jpg|thumb|&quot;The Man of the Hour&quot;, ngagambarkeun Roosevelt salaku prajurit dina 1898 sarta juru daméy dina 1905, méréskeun perang antara [[Rusia]] sarta [[Jepang]]]]
Para sejarawan sering nekenkeun kana sisi Roosevelt salaku sosok prajurit (warrior persona). Richard D. White Jr nyatakeun yén &quot;sumanget prajurit Roosevelt mangaruhan sawanganana kana politik nasional sarta hubungan internasional.&quot; Anjeunna nyandak posisi agrésif ngeunaan perang sareng Spanyol dina 1898, [[Sajarah Terusan Panama|Kolombia dina 1903]], sarta utamana sareng Jérman tina taun 1915 dugi ka 1917. Salaku démonstrasi kakuatan laut Amérika, anjeunna ngirimkeun &quot;**[[Great White Fleet]]**&quot; (Armada Bodas Besar) pikeun kuriling dunya dina 1907–1909. Anjeunna agul dina otobiografina:
{{blockquote|Nalika kuring lungsur tina korsi Kaprésidénan, kuring parantos ngaréngsékeun tujuh satengah taun pamaréntahan, di mana teu aya hiji-hiji acan pélor anu ditémbakkeun ka musuh luar nagri. Urang aya dina kaayaan daméy anu mutlak... Pelayaran armada tempur sanés mangrupikeun sabab anu saeutik anu mastikeun kaayaan daméy sapertos kitu.{{sfn|Roosevelt|1913|p=602}}}}

Nanging, sejarawan [[Howard K. Beale]] boga pamadegan:
{{blockquote|Anjeunna sarta réjangna ampir milarian perang demi perang éta sorangan. Teu nyaho kana perang modérn, Roosevelt ngaromantisasi perang... Pikeun anjeunna, aya hal anu matak bosen sarta kurang jalu (effeminate) ngeunaan perdamaian... Anjeunna agul ku perang, sumanget ku sajarah militér, sarta nempatkeun kualitas tempur dina tingkat anu luhur dina ajén-inajénna.{{sfn|Beale|1956|p=48}}}}

Roosevelt sering muji paripolah moral nanging sigana tara kantos sacara kabuka nyatakeun kapercayaan spiritual pribadina. Saatos pupusna pamajikanana dina taun 1884, anjeunna ampir tara nyabit-nyabit nami Yesus boh sacara publik atanapi pribadi. Roosevelt sacara publik ngajurung jalma sangkan rajin ka garéja, sarta anjeunna nyalira mangrupikeun jamaah anu taat ti **Garéja Réformasi Walanda**. Nalika aturan jatah béngsin lumaku salami Perang Dunya Kahiji, anjeunna kersa mapay tilu mil (kira-kira 4,8 km) ti bumina ka garéja lokal sarta balik deui ka bumi, sanajan saatos ngalaman operasi anu serius. Nurutkeun Christian Reisner, &quot;Agama téh geus jadi hal anu alami keur Mr. Roosevelt kawas narik napas&quot;. Dina biantara di Long Island Bible Society dina taun 1901, Roosevelt nyatakeun yén:
{{blockquote|Ampir unggal jalma anu ngaliwatan karya hirupna parantos nambihan hasil anu dibanggakeun ku manusa, parantos dumasar kana karya hirupna sabagian ageung tina ajaran Alkitab... Di antara jalma-jalma panghébatna, jumlah anu kacida lobana nyaéta jalma anu rajin sarta diajar Alkitab sacara langsung.{{sfn|Reisner|1922|p=306}}}}

== Posisi politik ==
{{Main|Posisi politik Theodore Roosevelt}}

Nalika janten présidén, Roosevelt ngayakeun deui kapercayaan para [[Konservatisme fiskal|konservatif fiskal]] ku nyatakeun yén &quot;mékanisme bisnis modérn téh sakitu hipuna nepi ka urang kudu ati-ati pisan sangkan teu ngaganggu éta mékanisme ku sumangat kabodoan.&quot;{{Sfn|Leuchtenburg|2015|pp=30–31}} Taun saatosna, Roosevelt negeskeun kamerdékaan présidén tina kapentingan bisnis ku cara nolak ngahijina pausahaan anu ngawangun [[Northern Securities Company]]. Loba jalma anu reuwas yén aya présidén anu wani nangtang bankir kawentar [[J.P. Morgan]].{{Sfn|Leuchtenburg|2015|pp=32–33}}

Dina dua taun pamungkasna salaku présidén, Roosevelt beuki teu percaya ka &quot;**big business**&quot; (bisnis skala raksasa). Roosevelt nyoba ngaganti lingkungan ékonomi ''[[laissez-faire]]'' abad ka-19 ku modél ékonomi anyar di mana pamaréntah féderal miboga peran pangaturan anu leuwih badag. Ieu mangrupikeun inti tina idéologi politikna, nyaéta **konservatisme progresif**. Anjeunna hariwang yén upami kabeungharan henteu dibagikeun sacara adil tina kelas luhur, nagara bakal murag ka leungeun kaom radikal atanapi révolusi.{{Sfn|Morris|2001|pp=430–431}} Program domestikna, &quot;**[[Square Deal]]**&quot;, miboga tilu tujuan utama: konservasi sumber daya alam, kontrol korporasi, sarta panyalindungan konsumén.

=== Sawangan kawijakan luar nagri ===
Dina analisis [[Henry Kissinger]], Roosevelt mangrupikeun présidén munggaran anu ngamekarkeun padoman yén Amérika Serikat miboga kawajiban pikeun némbongkeun kakuatan sarta pangaruhna sacara global. Roosevelt nolak modél nagara anu ngan saukur pasif. Salaku jalma anu dididik dina widang biologi, anjeunna mangrupikeun saurang &quot;**social Darwinist**&quot; anu percaya kana konsép ''survival of the fittest'' (sing saha nu kuat, nya manéhna nu salamet).{{Sfn|Kissinger|1994|pp=38–40}}

Roosevelt mangrupikeun saurang **réalis** dina kawijakan luar nagrina. Anjeunna nyaleureukeun téma-téma idéalis liberal anu dipromosikeun ku tokoh saperti Woodrow Wilson. Kissinger nyebutkeun yén Roosevelt nolak éféktivitas hukum internasional; anjeunna boga pamadegan yén upami hiji nagara teu tiasa nangtayungan kapentinganana sorangan, komunitas internasional moal tiasa nulungan loba. Pikeun Roosevelt, perdamaian anu henteu didukung ku kakuatan téh sarua jahatna jeung kakuatan anu dipaké tanpa kabeneran.{{Sfn|Kissinger|1994|p=40}}

== Warisan ==
Para sejarawan méré kiridit ka Roosevelt pikeun parobahan sistem politik nagara ku cara nempatkeun jabatan présidén salaku puseur perhatian (&quot;[[bully pulpit]]&quot;) sarta nekenkeun kana karakter pribadi. Hasil gawéna ngawengku pangancuran monopoli (trust busting) sarta konservasi lingkungan. Anjeunna dianggap pahlawan ku kaom liberal sarta progresif alatan usulan awalna ngeunaan nagara karaharjaan (welfare state), réformasi tanaga gawé, sarta démokrasi langsung. Kaom konservatif sarta nasionalis ogé ngahormatan anjeunna alatan komitmenna kana hukum, katertiban, sarta ajén-inajén militér. Dalton nyatakeun yén ayeuna Roosevelt diaku salaku arsiték tina kaprésidénan modérn.{{Sfn|Dalton|2002|pp=4–5}}

Sajaba ti éta, Roosevelt rutin nempatan réngking lima luhur dina daptar présidén Amérika Serikat anu panghadéna nurutkeun para ahli sajarah.

=== Persona sarta maskulinitas ===
Roosevelt diinget salaku salah sahiji kapribadian anu paling narik dina sajarah Amérika. Babaturanana, sejarawan Henry Adams, nyebutkeun yén Roosevelt téh &quot;murni aksi&quot; (pure act). Dalton nekenkeun kana gaya hirupna anu giat (strenuous life), sedengkeun Brands nyebut anjeunna salaku &quot;kaom romantis terakhir&quot; anu percaya yén kawani fisik mangrupikeun kautamaan anu pangluhurna.{{Sfn|Brands|1997|p=x}}

Téma maskulinitas (sipat lalaki) Amérika ogé janten puseur tina gambaran Roosevelt. Anjeunna sering ngingetan yén lalaki ulah teuing léléda sarta kudu némbongkeun kakuatan maskulinna. Roosevelt ngamajukeun olahraga kompetitif pikeun nguatkeun fisik lalaki Amérika sarta ngadukung organisasi saperti **Boy Scouts** (Pramuka) pikeun ngawangun karakter budak lalaki Amérika sangkan jadi kuat.

[[Minor Planet Center]] dina 8 Nopémber 2019 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 118221}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;MPC-Circulars-Archive&quot;&gt;&quot;MPC/MPO/MPS Archive&quot;. Minor Planet Center.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Robert Peary]] ogé méré ngaran [[Pagunungan Roosevelt]] sarta [[Tanah Roosevelt]] dumasar kana ngaran anjeunna.&lt;ref&gt;Bart, Sheldon. &quot;Race to the Top of the World&quot;. Scribd.&lt;/ref&gt;

Roosevelt ogé parantos ditémbongkeun dina sababaraha film sarta sérial tipi saperti ''[[Brighty of the Grand Canyon]]'', ''[[The Wind and the Lion]]'', ''[[Rough Riders (film)|Rough Riders]]'', ''[[My Friend Flicka (sérial TV)|My Friend Flicka]]'',&lt;ref&gt;Classic Television Archives. &quot;My Friend Flicka&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; sarta ''[[Law of the Plainsman]]''. Aktor [[Robin Williams]] méré rupa pikeun Roosevelt dina wangun [[manekin]] lilin anu bisa hirup dina film ''[[Night at the Museum]]'' sarta sekuelna.{{sfn|Cullinane|2017}}&lt;ref&gt;Chi, Paul (2014). &quot;Ben Stiller, 'Night at the Museum' Cast Honor Robin Williams&quot;. Variety.&lt;/ref&gt; Roosevelt ogé janten pamingpin peradaban Amérika dina gim vidéo ''[[Civilization VI]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Gurwin, Gabe (2016). &quot;Teddy Roosevelt will kill you with culture in 'Civilization VI'&quot;. Digital Trends.&lt;/ref&gt; Ti mimiti taun 1965, [[Al Sheehan]] mroduksi acara musik taunan ngeunaan [[sajarah North Dakota]] anu dipidangkeun dina [[Medora Musical]], anu di jerona aya pintonan sosok Roosevelt nalika di wilayah [[Badlands]].&lt;ref&gt;Kvamme, Thomas A. (2003). &quot;Wollan is mastermind behind Medora Musical&quot;. Williston Herald.&lt;/ref&gt;

Salami 80 taun, [[Patung Theodore Roosevelt Nunggang Kuda (New York City)|hiji patung Roosevelt nunggang kuda]], anu di gigireunana aya sosok [[Indian Amérika]] sarta saurang [[Amérika Afrika]], nangtung di hareupeun [[Museum Sejarah Alam Amerika]] di New York. Dina taun 2022, saatos mangtaun-taun ayana desakan ti para aktivis, éta patung ahirna dimumut (dipiceun). Présidén muséum, [[Ellen V. Futter]], nyatakeun yén ieu kaputusan sanés mangrupikeun panghukuman ka Roosevelt sacara pribadi, nanging dumasar kana &quot;komposisi hiérarkis&quot; (undak-usuk kakuatan) anu ditémbongkeun ku éta patung.&lt;ref&gt;Sutton, Benjamin (2022). &quot;Controversial statue of Theodore Roosevelt removed&quot;. The Art Newspaper.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Média audiovisuall ===
Roosevelt mangrupikeun salah sahiji présidén munggaran anu sorana dirékam pikeun sajarah. Sababaraha rékaman biantarana masih kénéh aya dugi ka ayeuna. Hiji rékaman sora taun 1912 anu judulna ''The Right of the People to Rule'' (Hak Rahayat pikeun Maréntah), anu ngarékam sora Roosevelt kalayan jéntré pisan pikeun ukuran jaman harita, tiasa diaksés ngaliwatan perpustakaan [[Universitas Nagara Bagian Michigan]]. Klip audio kasebut ngawengku pamadeganana dina ngabéla Partéy Progresif dina taun 1912, di dinya anjeunna nyatakeun yén éta partéy téh mangrupikeun &quot;partéyna rahayat&quot; – béda pisan jeung partéy-partéy gedé lianna.

{{multiple image
| align             = center
| width             = 300
| image1            = Teddy Roosevelt, San Francisco, 1903.ogg
| caption1          = Parade pikeun barudak sakola di [[Van Ness Avenue]], [[San Francisco]]
| image2            = Teddy Roosevelt video montage.ogg
| caption2          = Koléksi klip film pondok Theodore Roosevelt
}}

== Témbongkeun ogé ==
* [[Sajarah éléktoral Theodore Roosevelt]]
* [[Daptar pemburu sato gedé anu kawentar]]
* [[Daptar présidén Amérika Serikat]]
* [[Boneka Teddy bear]] (anu dingaranan dumasar kana landihan anjeunna)
* [[Perpustakaan Digital Theodore Roosevelt]]
* {{cite web | last = Roosevelt | first = Theodore | title = Theodore Roosevelt Association Cyclopedia | orig-date = 1941| url=https://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&amp;club_id=991271&amp;module_id=339179 | date=1989| edition=Édisi ka-2 nu geus Dirévisi | editor1-last = Hart | editor2-last = Ferleger | editor1-first = Albert Bushnell | editor2-first = Herbert Ronald|ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last = Roosevelt | first = Theodore | title = The Selected Letters | year = 2001 | publisher = Cooper Square Press | isbn = 978-0-8154-1126-0| editor-last = Brands | editor-first = HW|url=https://archive.org/details/selectedletterso00roos}}
* {{cite book |last=Ruddy|first=Daniel|title=Theodore the Great: Conservative Crusader|publisher=Regnery History |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-62157-441-5}}
* {{cite book| last=Samuels| first=Peggy| year=1997| title=Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan: The Making of a President| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1v7PSGbzhDwC| publisher=Texas A&amp;M UP| isbn=978-0-89096-771-3| access-date=17 Oktober 2015}}
* {{Cite journal|first=Arnaldo |last=Testi|title=The gender of reform politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the culture of masculinity|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_1995-03_81_4/page/1509 |journal=Journal of American History|volume= 81|issue=4 |year=1995|pages=1509–1533|doi=10.2307/2081647 |jstor=2081647}}
* {{cite book| last = Thayer| first = William Roscoe| year = 1919| title = Theodore Roosevelt: an intimate biography| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.168636| publisher = Houghton Mifflin}}
* {{cite book | last = Watts | first = Sarah | year = 2003 | title = Rough Rider in the White House: Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Desire| url = https://archive.org/details/roughriderinwhit0000watt |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

== Tumbu luar ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=Roosevelt |b=no |n=no |s=Author:Theodore Roosevelt |v=no}}

=== Organisasi ===
* [http://www.boone-crockett.org Klub Boone jeung Crockett]
* [http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org Asosiasi Theodore Roosevelt]

=== Perpustakaan sarta koléksi ===
* [https://www.trlibrary.com/ Perpustakaan Présidén Theodore Roosevelt] Medora, North Dakota.
* [http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/ Puseur Theodore Roosevelt] di [[Universitas Nagara Bagian Dickinson]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180606131421/http://www.hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/collections/roosevelt.cfm Koléksi Theodore Roosevelt], di [[Perpustakaan Houghton]], Universitas Harvard
* [https://guides.loc.gov/theodore-roosevelt-hunting-library Perpustakaan Pangburuan Theodore Roosevelt] di [https://www.loc.gov Perpustakaan Kongrés], Washington, DC.
* [http://www.historicjournalism.com/theodore-roosevelt.html Jurnalisme Theodore Roosevelt di Arsip Jurnalisme Amérika]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170814084741/http://www.amnh.org/explore/science-topics/theodore-roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt di Museum Sajarah Alam Amérika]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=729}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Theodore Roosevelt}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1471}}

===Média===
* [[iarchive:theoroos1912|Theodore Roosevelt Speech Edison Recordings Campaign - 1912]], rekaman audio
* {{NYTtopic|people/r/theodore_roosevelt}}
* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?151618-1/life-portrait-theodore-roosevelt &quot;Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt&quot;], ti [[C-SPAN]] ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'', 3 Séptémber 1999
* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?165366-1/writings-theodore-roosevelt &quot;Writings of Theodore Roosevelt&quot;] ti [[C-SPAN]] ''[[American Writers: A Journey Through History]]''
* [https://theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o285073 &quot;The Abyssinian treatment administered to Standard Oil&quot;], nu mana Roosevelt kadéngé ngucapkeun ngaran tukangna

===Nu lianna===
* [http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/ Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501200726/http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/ |date=May 1, 2021 }}
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/troosevelt/index.html Theodore Roosevelt: A Resource Guide]&amp;nbsp;– [[Library of Congress]]
* {{Nobelprize}}

{{Theodore Roosevelt}}
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  <page>
    <title>Sri Rejeki Isman</title>
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      <text bytes="3749" sha1="3dcfofguktx4hehll9h0o34nipx1ml1" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Kantor pusat dan kawasan industri PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk.jpg|jmpl|Wangunan kantor Sritex]]
'''PT Sri Rejeki Isman''' atawa katelah ku ngaran '''Sritex''' mangrupakeun tilas salah sahiji pabrik tékstil pang badagna di Indonésia anu lokasi utamana aya di [[Sukoharjo]], [[Jawa Tengah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lbs.id/publication/berita/sritex-bangkrut-ini-kronologi-lengkap-kehancuran-sang-raksasa-tekstil|title=Sritex Bangkrut! Ini Kronologi Lengkap Kehancuran Sang Raksasa Tekstil {{!}} LBS Urun Dana|last=Mamduh|first=Naufal|website=www.lbs.id|accessdate=2026-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ieu pabrik ogé ngabogaan hiji cabang di Jakarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sritex.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/AR-Sritex-2020-Rv1.2.pdf|title=Laporan Tahunan 2020|publisher=PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk|language=id|access-date=4 April 2026}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117075802/https://www.sritex.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/AR-Sritex-2020-Rv1.2.pdf |date=17 November 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina awal Maret 2025, kusabab mudedes, ieu pausahaan sacara resmi ditutup, sagala perkara operasionalna geus teu aya deui.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20250228132317-92-1203507/airlangga-soal-sritex-tutup-1-maret-kami-tanya-ke-kurator|title=Airlangga soal Sritex Tutup 1 Maret: Kami Tanya ke Kurator|last=Tim Rédaksi|website=CNN Indonesia|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dampakna, panyana leuwih ti sapuluh réwu pagawéna kaleungitan padamelanana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/artikel/ketika-raksasa-tekstil-tumbang-mengurai-kejatuhan-sritex|title=Ketika Raksasa Tekstil Tumbang: Mengurai Kejatuhan Sritex|last=Tim Rédaksi|first=|editor-last=Trinogroho|editor-first=Antonius Tomy|website=Kompas.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Barang Sritex masih kénéh beroperasi adeg dina hiji lahan anu legana 79 héktar di Sukoharjo. Sajaba ti Indonésia, Sritex ogé migawékeun jalma-jalma ti luar negeri, di antarana [[Koréa Kidul]], [[Filipina]], [[India]], [[Jérman]], jeung [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok|Tiongkok]]. Kacatatkeun, mitra nu pernah kerja sama jeung Sritex nyaéta [[H&amp;M]], [[Walmart]], [[K-Mart]], jeung [[Jones Apparel]].

==Sajarah==
[[Gambar:SRIL.png|kiri|jmpl|Logo resmi Sritex]]
Sritex mimiti diwangun ku [[Lukminto]] dina taun 1966 minangka pausahaan dagang di [[Pasar Klewer]], [[Solo]], ku ngaran '''UD Sri Redjeki'''. Tidinya tuluy ngadirikeun pabrik di [[Joyosuran]], Solo dina taun 1968. Lila-lila ieu pausahaan beuki badag nepikeun ka dina taun 1992 tiasa nyadiakeun sababaraha lini produksi, nyaéta pemintalan, penenunan, garmen, jeung sajaba ti éta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Saméméh bangkrut, Sritex kawéntar ku rupa-rupa produk tékstilna, kalebetna nyaéta lawon seragam militer, pakean sasari, sarta lawon kualitas luhur pikeun rupa-rupa kabutuhan industri jeung ''fashion''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Dina 1 Maret 2025, Sritex ngabewarakeun yén ieu pabrik bangkrut. Kaputusan pailit PT Sritex asalna tina gugatan anu diajukeun ku PT Indo Bharat Rayon di Pengadilan Niaga Semarang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/research/20241028135802-128-583610/raksasa-tekstil-sritex-pailit-ini-bedanya-dengan-bangkrut|title=Raksasa Tekstil Sritex Pailit, ini Bedanya Dengan Bangkrut|last=Dwi|first=Chandra|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=2026-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dina ahir Pébruari 2025, pangadilan mutuskeun yén Sritex jeung tilu anak perusahaanana, PT Sinar Pantja Djaja, PT Bitratex Industries, sarta PT Primayudha Mandirijaya, teu tiasa deui nuluykeun operasi kulantaran hutang anu kacida leuwihna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:WikiSuarana]]
[[Kategori:Kopdar Wikipedia - WikiSuarana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ngabungbang Batulawang</title>
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      <text bytes="5275" sha1="9n8wiv13pixd22sk93gau7nzfiz5yks" xml:space="preserve">'''Ngabungbang Batulawang''' nyaéta tradisi adat Sunda anu dilaksanakeun di Désa Batulawang, Kacamatan Pataruman, Kota Banjar, Jawa Barat. Tradisi ieu tos ditetapkan salaku Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia ku Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan taun 2018 ngaliwatan SK No. 264/M/2018&lt;ref name=&quot;kemendikbud&quot;/&gt;.

== Sajarah ==
Ritual Ngabungbang di wilayah Batulawang tos aya ti taun 1915, nalika dipingpin deui ku Ki Demang Wangsayajudin saatos padam 35 taun&lt;ref name=&quot;jurnal&quot;/&gt;.
Numutkeun carita lisan, tradisi ieu dipercaya tos aya ti jaman baheula.
Taun 2004-2009, prosési Ngabungbang ngalaman parobahan, tujuanna dilegakeun jadi pikeun ngabersihan diri jeung lingkungan&lt;ref name=&quot;skripsi&quot;/&gt;.
Taun 2005, Pemerintah Kota Banjar nyatakeun Ngabungbang salaku jati diri budaya jeung pariwisata daerah&lt;ref name=&quot;pemkot&quot;/&gt;.

== Etimologi jeung Makna ==
Kecap &quot;Ngabungbang&quot; asalna tina kecap &quot;ngab&quot; jeung &quot;bungbang&quot;. &quot;Ngab&quot; hartina ngabimbing, sedengkeun &quot;bungbang&quot; hartina memberitahu&lt;ref name=&quot;pemkot&quot;/&gt;.
Numutkeun sesepuh adat, Ngabungbang hartina nyaring sapeupeuting pikeun ngabersihan diri jeung kampung tina sifat-sifat buruk&lt;ref name=&quot;jurnal&quot;/&gt;.
Tujuan utama upacara ieu nyaéta pikeun méré kasadaran, ngabenerkeun kalakuan nu teu hadé, memohon ampunan ka Allah SWT, jeung nitipkeun amanat karuhun ka generasi salajengna&lt;ref name=&quot;skripsi&quot;/&gt;.

== Prosesi Upacara ==
Upacara Ngabungbang biasana dilaksanakeun wengi tanggal 14 Maulud, sakitar jam 20.00 dugi ka 04.00 isukna&lt;ref name=&quot;skripsi&quot;/&gt;.

Runtuyan acara:
# '''Pembukaan''': Bacaan doa sareng salametan leutik dipimpin ku kokolot adat.
# '''Pagelaran Pencak Silat''': Pintonan silat tradisional ti paguron lokal.
# '''Gendang Buhun''': Tabuhan gendang kuna anu ngiringan jalanna upacara.
# '''Puncak Acara (Ronggeng Bing)''': Igelan sakral anu dilaksanakeun di tempat anu dianggap keramat&lt;ref name=&quot;pemkot&quot;/&gt;.

Numutkeun liputan Harapan Rakyat, upacara ieu mangrupa ritual kolektif anu tujuanana pikeun ngado'a babarengan demi kasalametan diri, kulawarga, jeung lingkungan&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;/&gt;.
Masarakat Batulawang percaya yén ku &quot;ngabungbang&quot; (nyaring sapeupeuting), sagala sifat buruk tur pangaruh jahat tiasa dijauhkeun. Désa Batulawang ngalaksanakeun upacara ieu sacara turun-temurun. Ritual dimimitian ku ngumpul di bumi kokolot, tuluy diiring ka tempat cai pikeun &quot;ngabungbang&quot; atawa nyaring sapeupeuting&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;/&gt;.

== Hubungan jeung Naskah Kidung Lakbok ==
Dina naskah Kidung Lakbok (1956), Batulawang disebatkeun dina Pupuh 10 jeung 24 minangka tempat &quot;ngawangwang&quot; atawa ningali ka Bandjarpatroman, nagara anu tos lebur jadi Rawa Lakbok sabab perang sadulur&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;/&gt;.

Dina Pupuh 10 (halaman 13) disebutkeun:
&quot;Teu lami Raden djol sumping... njawang bari larak-lirik...
katembong Kalapa Nunggal, ngawangwang Bandjarpatroman.&quot;

Dina Pupuh 24 (halaman 10) disebutkeun:
&quot;Paranti Gusti ningali, ngawangwang ka Batulawang.&quot;

Ieu nguatkeun yén tradisi Ngabungbang Batulawang ngagaduhan akar sajarah anu jero dina kahirupan masarakat Sunda baheula, sareng Batulawang parantos janten tempat &quot;ngawangwang&quot; atawa ningali ka kajauhan ti jaman karajaan Sunda.

== Tempo ogé ==
* [[Batulawang]]
* [[Kota Banjar]]
* [[Kebudayaan Sunda]]
* [[Kidung Lakbok]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kemendikbud&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/budayakita/wbtb/objek/AA000512 | title=Ngabungbang Batulawang | website=Budaya Kita | publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi | date=2018}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;jurnal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | title=Kebudayaan Ngabungbang dari Tahun 1915-2009 | journal=Jurnal Unigal | url=https://jurnal.unigal.ac.id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;skripsi&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis | last=Farida | first=Rizki | year=2008 | title=Upacara Ngabungbang di Desa Batulawang, Kecamatan Pataruman, Kota Banjar | university=UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta | url=https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/2286/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;pemkot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://banjarkota.go.id/berita-utama/ngabungbang-di-desa-batulawang-kota-banjar/ | title=Ngabungbang di Desa Batulawang Kota Banjar | website=banjarkota.go.id | publisher=Pemerintah Kota Banjar | date=15 September 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502082018/http://banjarkota.go.id/berita-utama/ngabungbang-di-desa-batulawang-kota-banjar/ |date=2 May 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;harapan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | last=Muhlisah | date=4 September 2014 | title=Desa Batulawang Banjar Gelar Tradisi Ngabungbang | url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2014/09/desa-batulawang-banjar-gelar-tradisi-ngabungbang/ | work=Harapan Rakyat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;{{Cite book | title=Kidung Lakbok | year=1956}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;UNY2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal 
| title=Ngabungbang Batulawang sebagai Warisan Budaya Takbenda 
| journal=Journal UNY
| year=2024
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;UGaluh2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal 
| last=Sondarika
| first=Wulan
| last2=Wijayanti
| first2=Yeni
| last3=Budiman
| first3=Agus
| title=Pewarisan Nilai Tradisi Ngabungbang dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah Lokal di Kota Banjar
| journal=Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah FKIP Universitas Galuh
| volume=13
| issue=1
| year=2017
| pages=1-18
}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Walungan Cikawung</title>
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      <text bytes="2740" sha1="99493nukp7blc0s8873hllt9kkzjvjf" xml:space="preserve">'''Walungan Cikawung''' nyaéta walungan anu ngalir di wates [[Jawa Kulon]] jeung [[Jawa Tengah]], utamana di wewengkon [[Cilacap]], [[Ciamis]], jeung [[Banyumas]]. Walungan ieu mangrupa bagian tina sistem [[Daérah Aliran Sungai]] (DAS) [[Citanduy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;jurnalsda&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Irawan | first1 = Pengki | title = Analisis Pola Distribusi Curah Hujan Lebat Dominan di Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Citanduy Hulu | journal = Jurnal Sumber Daya Air | volume = 20 | number = 2 | year = 2024 | doi = 10.32679/jsda.v20i2.894 | url = https://ejournal.brin.go.id/jsda/article/view/894 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbws&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Wewengkon Kerja BBWS Citanduy | website = BBWS Citanduy - Kementerian PUPR | url = https://citanduy.bbwsciptanjung.com/ | access-date = 29 Méi 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bendung Cikawung ==
Di walungan ieu aya [[Bendung Cikawung]] anu perenahna di Kacamatan Cipari, [[Kabupatén Cilacap]]. Bendung ieu ngawengku daérah tadah hujan (catchment area) 121,12 km² sarta ngairi leuwih ti 1.020 héktar lahan pertanian di sakurilingna.&lt;ref name=&quot;bendung&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Herdiarti | first1 = Etika | title = Perencanaan Bendung Cikawung pada Daerah Non-cekungan Air Tanah di Kabupaten Cilacap, Jawa Tengah | journal = Jurnal Karya Teknik Sipil | volume = 2 | number = 1 | pages = 43-51 | year = 2013 | url = https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jkts/article/view/4026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hidrologi ==
Dumasar data Kementerian PUPR taun 2013, Walungan Cikawung boga daérah aliran sungai (DAS) seluas 531,80 km². Volume sedimen anu dibawa ku walungan ieu kira-kira 813.440,50 m³ per taun sarta ketebalan sedimen rata-rata 1,57 mm per taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;pupr&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Pola PSDA Citanduy 2013 | website = Kementerian PUPR - Direktorat Sumber Daya Air | url = https://sda.pu.go.id/assets/uploads/files/2013_Pola%20PSDA%20Citanduy.pdf | pages = 48 | access-date = 29 Méi 2026 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260529041959/https://sda.pu.go.id/assets/uploads/files/2013_Pola%2520PSDA%2520Citanduy.pdf |date=2026-05-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tradisi Lisan ==
Dina tradisi lisan masarakat [[Lakbok]], Walungan Cikawung dipatalikeun jeung naskah [[Kidung Lakbok]], sabuah wawacan anu kacatet dina [[Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kidung&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Kidung Lakbok | website = Perpustakaan Digital Budaya Indonesia | url = https://budaya-indonesia.org/lkk-cms2013-agk16 | access-date = 29 Méi 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Walungan di Jawa Kulon]]
[[Kategori:Walungan di Jawa Tengah]]
[[Kategori:Cilacap]]
[[Kategori:Ciamis]]
[[Kategori:Banyumas]]
[[Kategori:DAS Citanduy]]</text>
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      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
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| name = {{{name|}}}
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    <title>Citakan:Country data Bengkulu</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-23T13:47:28Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
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| alias = Bengkulu
| flag alias = Flag of Bengkulu.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
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      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
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| shortname alias = Bangka Belitung
| flag alias = Flag of Bangka-Belitung.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Bangka Belitung
| redir2 = Babel
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
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    <title>Citakan:Country data Sumatra Kidul</title>
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      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
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| flag alias = Flag of South Sumatra (vectorised).svg
| flag alias-RIS = Flag of South Sumatra.svg
| var1 = RIS
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Sumsel
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| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
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&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Sumsel
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    <title>Citakan:Country data Lampung</title>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
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      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
      <origin>712970</origin>
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| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
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      <sha1>6h4kur87x1lnrstgwmxcfusdfaaytmo</sha1>
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      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
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        <id>29183</id>
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      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
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| {{{3|}}}
| {{{4|}}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

{{documentation}}
&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&gt;
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      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
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      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
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| size = {{{size|}}}
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&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Daerah Husus Ibukota Jakarta
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}}</text>
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    <title>Citakan:Country data Jawa Kulon</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-23T14:32:38Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
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      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
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| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
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&lt;noinclude&gt;
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    <title>Citakan:Country data Banten</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-23T14:34:23Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
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| size = {{{size|}}}
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      <sha1>5c8scxxrelcyiic8abu6dl01eftew02</sha1>
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    <title>Citakan:Country data Jawa Tengah</title>
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    <id>108895</id>
    <revision>
      <id>712982</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T14:35:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
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      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
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| alias = Jawa Tengah
| flag alias = Flag of Province of Central Java.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
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&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Jateng
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
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    <title>Citakan:Country data Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta</title>
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      <id>712983</id>
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        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
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      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
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| flag alias = Flag of Yogyakarta.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Yogyakarta
| redir2 = DI Yogyakarta
| redir3 = DIY
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country data Yogyakarta</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108897</id>
    <redirect title="Citakan:Country data Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta" />
    <revision>
      <id>712984</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T14:39:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Alihan anyar</comment>
      <origin>712984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72" sha1="76hlhetwb0wqmwog593d5c5igtkhr0k" xml:space="preserve">#ALIH [[Citakan:Country data Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]]{{Citakan A}}</text>
      <sha1>76hlhetwb0wqmwog593d5c5igtkhr0k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country data DI Yogyakarta</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108898</id>
    <redirect title="Citakan:Country data Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta" />
    <revision>
      <id>712985</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T14:39:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Alihan anyar</comment>
      <origin>712985</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72" sha1="76hlhetwb0wqmwog593d5c5igtkhr0k" xml:space="preserve">#ALIH [[Citakan:Country data Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]]{{Citakan A}}</text>
      <sha1>76hlhetwb0wqmwog593d5c5igtkhr0k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country data DIY</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108899</id>
    <redirect title="Citakan:Country data Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta" />
    <revision>
      <id>712986</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T14:40:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Alihan anyar</comment>
      <origin>712986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72" sha1="76hlhetwb0wqmwog593d5c5igtkhr0k" xml:space="preserve">#ALIH [[Citakan:Country data Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]]{{Citakan A}}</text>
      <sha1>76hlhetwb0wqmwog593d5c5igtkhr0k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country data Jawa Wétan</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108900</id>
    <revision>
      <id>712987</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-23T14:42:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
      <origin>712987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="220" sha1="s6iniu5fo8126vch5x3jbxj052orc2n" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = Jawa Wétan
| flag alias = Flag of East Java.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Jatim
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>s6iniu5fo8126vch5x3jbxj052orc2n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Kalimantan/Propinsi</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108901</id>
    <revision>
      <id>713045</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T11:16:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
      <origin>713045</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="504" sha1="g60sqemall6wil1ykpgw80nhnypk6hy" xml:space="preserve">[[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{cd|Kalimantan Kulon}}{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{cd|Kalimantan Kulon}}]]{{·}} [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{cd|Kalimantan Kidul}}{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{cd|Kalimantan Kidul}}]]{{·}} [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{cd|Kalimantan Tengah}}{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{cd|Kalimantan Tengah}}]]{{·}} [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{cd|Kalimantan Wétan}}{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{cd|Kalimantan Wétan}}]]{{·}} [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{cd|Kalimantan Kalér}}{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{cd|Kalimantan Kalér}}]]</text>
      <sha1>g60sqemall6wil1ykpgw80nhnypk6hy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country data Kalimantan Kulon</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108902</id>
    <revision>
      <id>713046</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T11:18:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
      <origin>713046</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="232" sha1="flexxyeauljrrlcf2vvz897vqpya1b9" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = Kalimantan Kulon
| flag alias = Flag of West Kalimantan.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Kalbar
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>flexxyeauljrrlcf2vvz897vqpya1b9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country data Kalimantan Kidul</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108903</id>
    <revision>
      <id>713047</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T11:20:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
      <origin>713047</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="232" sha1="ta67fg541b76hqfgk0r7q8t0qmvquu5" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = Kalimantan Kidul
| flag alias = Flag of East Kalimantan.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Kalsel
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>ta67fg541b76hqfgk0r7q8t0qmvquu5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country data Kalimantan Tengah</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>713048</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T11:22:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
      <origin>713048</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="237" sha1="m672da49snk26f1k6vawtmx4jnxuezu" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = Kalimantan Tengah
| flag alias = Flag of Central Kalimantan.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Kalteng
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>m672da49snk26f1k6vawtmx4jnxuezu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country data Kalimantan Wétan</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108905</id>
    <revision>
      <id>713049</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T11:24:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
      <origin>713049</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="233" sha1="npopodc76onii0k3yykk388lhnz5bhk" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = Kalimantan Wétan
| flag alias = Flag of East Kalimantan.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Kaltim
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>npopodc76onii0k3yykk388lhnz5bhk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country data Kalimantan Kalér</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108906</id>
    <revision>
      <id>713050</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T11:25:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
      <origin>713050</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="235" sha1="corz75kt68qtrqc5s4nmva11b7hhjdy" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = Kalimantan Kalér
| flag alias = Flag of North Kalimantan.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Kaltara
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>corz75kt68qtrqc5s4nmva11b7hhjdy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Sulawesi/Propinsi</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108907</id>
    <revision>
      <id>713051</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T11:33:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
      <origin>713051</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="585" sha1="32mh0oj86ntom9b5xjcw269483kfrtm" xml:space="preserve">[[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{cd|Sulawesi Kalér}}{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{cd|Sulawesi Kalér}}]]{{·}} [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{cd|Sulawesi Kulon}}{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{cd|Sulawesi Kulon}}]]{{·}} [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{cd|Sulawesi Kidul}}{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{cd|Sulawesi Kidul}}]]{{·}} [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{cd|Sulawesi Tengah}}{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{cd|Sulawesi Tengah}}]]{{·}} [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{cd|Sulawesi Kidul Ngétan}}{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{cd|Sulawesi Kidul Ngétan}}]]{{·}} [[{{{1|{{{prefix|}}}}}} {{cd|Gorontalo}}{{{2|{{{suffix|}}}}}}|{{cd|Gorontalo}}]]</text>
      <sha1>32mh0oj86ntom9b5xjcw269483kfrtm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country data Sulawesi Kalér</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>713052</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T11:34:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
      <origin>713052</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="229" sha1="2xr4sbrpgj8d04g69w9rq12mqb7cryu" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = Sulawesi Kalér
| flag alias = Flag of North Sulawesi.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Sulut
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>2xr4sbrpgj8d04g69w9rq12mqb7cryu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country data Sulawesi Kulon</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108909</id>
    <revision>
      <id>713053</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T11:36:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
      <origin>713053</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="228" sha1="mz6xo5qnutqla1klatpmdsve1oaugwr" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = Sulawesi Kulon
| flag alias = Flag of West Sulawesi.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Sulbar
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>mz6xo5qnutqla1klatpmdsve1oaugwr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country data Sulawesi Kidul</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108910</id>
    <revision>
      <id>713054</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T11:37:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
      <origin>713054</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="229" sha1="1w4nafy9fb8mr3965495n6l20xsgj6x" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = Sulawesi Kidul
| flag alias = Flag of South Sulawesi.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Sulsel
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>1w4nafy9fb8mr3965495n6l20xsgj6x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Citakan:Country data Sulawesi Tengah</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>108911</id>
    <revision>
      <id>713055</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-24T11:38:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafka Aditia</username>
        <id>29183</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Citakan anyar</comment>
      <origin>713055</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="233" sha1="fhwx0247520dulg4ic9xk38vcxlvmx5" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = Sulawesi Tengah
| flag alias = Flag of Central Sulawesi.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| kategori = Indonésia
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = Sulteng
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>fhwx0247520dulg4ic9xk38vcxlvmx5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>