Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 10 5365 729955 440085 2026-10-07T01:52:57Z Rafka Aditia 29183 729955 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Lang|{{{fn|lang}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> jpkw5eer5mrxguiajlxre1zti4q3zzv 0 28473 729952 728306 2026-10-06T21:54:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261006)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 729952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Anjing doméstik | fossil_range = [[Pléistosin]] Ahir – Kiwari | status = DOM | image = Coat types 3.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Carnivora]] | familia = [[Canidae]] | genus = ''[[Canis]]'' | species = ''[[Gray Wolf|C. lupus]]'' | subspecies = '''''C. l. familiaris''''' | trinomial = ''Canis lupus familiaris'' | trinomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) }} '''Anjing''' (''Canis lupus familiaris'') nyaéta [[subspésiés]] [[doméstik]]asi [[ajag]]/srigala hawuk (''grey wolf''), [[mamalia]] ti kulawarga [[Canidae]] ordo [[Carnivora]].<ref name=”Rig”>{{Cite book | title = A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| last = Jonathan| first =Rigg | publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen | location =Universitas Harvard | year =1862 }}</ref> Istilah ieu nujul boh ka nu liar atawa nu [[ingon-ingon|diingu]] sarta kadang dipaké pikeun [[anjing liar]] ti [[subspésiés]] atawa [[spésiés]] séjén. Anjing doméstik dalit jeung manusa, boh keur diala gawéna atawa pikeun kalangenan, jeung—pikeun sababaraha masarakat—pikeun didahar.<ref name=”Rig”/> Di sakuliah jagat, kira-kira aya 400 juta anjing<ref name="DOGS">{{cite book | author= Coppinger, Ray | title=Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution | url= https://archive.org/details/dogsstartlingnew00raym | year=2001 | pages= p352 | id=0684855305 }}</ref>. Kiwari, anjing geus mekar jadi ratusan [[ternak anjing|turunan]]. Jangkungna (diukur nepi ka tonggong) aya nu ukur sababaraha [[inci]] ([[anjing Chihuahua]]), tapi aya ogé anu nepi ka sababaraha kaki (''[[Irish Wolfhound]]''); [[warna|kelirna]] aya nu [[bodas]], aya ogé nu [[hideung|hideung lestreng]]; sedengkeun buluna ti nu pondok pisan nepi ka sababaraha sénti, ti nu lempeng nepi ka nu galing<ref>''The Complete dog book : the photograph, history, and official standard of every breed admitted to AKC registration, and the selection, training, breeding, care, and feeding of pure-bred dogs.'' New York: Howell Book House, 1992. ISBN 0876054645</ref>. == Taksonomi == Anjing mimitina diasupkeun kana ''Canis familiaris'' jeung "[[Canis familiarus domesticus]]" ku Linnaeus taun 1758<ref>[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=727488 ITIS Standard Report Page: Canis familiarus domesticus]</ref>. Taun 1993, anjing ''diklasifikasi'' ulang jadi subspésiés srigala hawuk, ''Canis lupus'', ku [[Smithsonian Institution]] jeung [[American Society of Mammalogists]]. == Asal-usul == Dumasar kana bukti [[DNA]], karuhun anjing misah ti srigala lianna kira 100.000 taun ka tukang<ref>{{cite journal | last = Vila | first = Carles | coauthors = Carles Vila, Peter Savolainen, Jesus E. Maldonado, Isabel R. Amorim, John E. Rice, Rodney L. Honeycutt, Keith A. Crandall, Joakim Lundeberg, Wayne, Robert F. | date = [[1997-01-30]]; accepted [[1997-04-14]] | title = Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog | journal = Science | volume = 276 | pages = 1687–1689 | url = http://www.mnh.si.edu/GeneticsLab/StaffPage/MaldonadoJ/PublicationsCV/Science_Dog_Paper.pdf | format = pdf | accessdate = 2006-12-09 | doi = 10.1126/science.276.5319.1687 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120126231726/http://www.mnh.si.edu/GeneticsLab/StaffPage/MaldonadoJ/PublicationsCV/Science_Dog_Paper.pdf | archive-date = 2012-01-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Kerstin | first = Lindblad-Toh | coauthors = Claire M Wade, Tarjei S. Mikkelsen, Elinor K. Karlsson, David B. Jaffe, Michael Kamal, Michele Clamp, Jean L. Chang, Edward J. Kulbokas III, Michael C. Zody, Evan Mauceli, Xiaohui Xie, Matthew Breen, Robert K. Wayne, Elaine A. Ostrander, Chris P. Ponting, Francis Galibert, Douglas R. Smith, Pieter J. deJong, Ewen Kirkness, Pablo Alvarez, Tara Biagi, William Brockman, Jonathan Butler, Chee-Wye Chin, April Cook, James Cuff, Mark J. Daly, David DeCaprio, Sante Gnerre, Manfred Grabherr, Manolis Kellis, Michael Kleber, Carolyne Bardeleben, Leo Goodstadt, Andreas Heger, Christophe Hitte, Lisa Kim, Klaus-Peter Koepfli, Heidi G. Parker, John P. Pollinger, Stephen M. J. Searle, Nathan B. Sutter, Rachael Thomas, Caleb Webber | date = [[2005-12-08]] | title = Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog | journal = Nature | volume = 438 | pages = 803–819 | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7069/abs/nature04338.html | doi = 10.1038/nature04338 }}</ref>, sarta mimiti diingu tina srigala hawuk kira 15.000 taun ka tukang<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2498669.stm | title = Origin of dogs traced | accessdate = 2006-11-29 | last = McGourty | first = Christine | date = [[2002-11-22]] | publisher = BBC News }}</ref>. Ku kituna, anjing téh jadi spésiés munggaran anu didoméstikasi ku [[manusa]]. Bukti nu aya nunjukkeun yén anjing téh munggaran didoméstikasi di Asia Wétan, sigana di [[Cina]] <ref name=Savolainen_et_al_2002>{{cite journal | first = Peter | last = Savolainen | coauthors = Ya-ping Zhang, Jing Luo, Joakim Lundeberg, and Thomas Leitner | date = [[2002-11-22]] | title = Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs | journal = Science | volume = 298 | issue = 5598 | pages = 1610–1613 | doi = 10.1126/science.1073906 | url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...298.1610S }}</ref>, sedengkeun nu aya di Amérika Kalér mah istuning bawaan ti Asia<ref name=Savolainen_et_al_2002/>. Nuturkeun ngumbarana manusa ka sakuliah dunya, anjing lahir jadi rupa-rupa. [[Révolusi Néolitik|Révolusi tatanén]] jeung masarakatna lajeng ngadorong tumuwuhna populasi anjing sarta lahirna kabutuh kana anjing anu boga kabisa husus. Kaayaan ieu ngadorong ayana kawin seléktif ngarah ngahasilkeun anjing anu boga kabisa. ===Katurunan jeung sajarah doméstikasi=== {{main|Origin of the domestic dog}} [[Image:DogMosaic wb.jpg|thumb|right|Ieu mozaik kuna, kawasna Romawi, nempokeun hiji anjing gedé make panyangcang diba beuheung keur moro jeung hiji singa.]] <!-- [[Molecular systematics]] indicate that the domestic dog (''Canis lupus familiaris'') descends from one or more populations of wild wolves (''Canis lupus''). As reflected in the [[Binomial nomenclature|nomenclature]], dogs are descended from the wolf and are able to interbreed with wolves. The relationship between human and canine has deep roots. Converging archaeological and genetic evidence indicate a time of [[domestication]] in the late [[Upper Paleolithic]] close to the [[Pleistocene]]/[[Holocene]] boundary, between 17,000 and 14,000 years ago. [[Fossil]] bone morphologies and genetic analysis of current and ancient dog and wolf populations have not yet been able to conclusively determine whether all dogs descend from a single domestication event, or whether dogs were domesticated independently in more than one location. Domesticated dogs may have interbred with local populations of wild wolves on several occasions (a process known in [[genetics]] as [[introgression]]). The earliest dog fossils, two [[skull|crania]] from [[Russia]] and a [[mandible]] from [[Germany]], date from 13,000 to 17,000 years ago. Their likely ancestor is the large northern [[Holarctic]] wolf, ''Canis lupus lupus''. Remains of smaller dogs from [[Mesolithic]] ([[Natufian]]) cave deposits in the [[Middle East]], dated to around 12,000 years ago, have been interpreted as descendants of a lighter Southwest Asian wolf, ''Canis lupus Arabs''. [[Rock art]] and skeletal remains indicate that by 14,000 years ago, dogs were present from [[North Africa]] across [[Eurasia]] to [[North America]]. Dog burials at the [[Mesolithic]] cemetery of Svaerdborg in Denmark suggest that in ancient Europe dogs were valued companions. Genetic analyses have so far yielded divergent results. Vilà, Savolainen, and colleagues (1997) concluded that the ancestors of dogs split off from other wolves between 75,000 and 135,000 years ago, while a subsequent analysis by Savolainen et al. (2002) indicated a "common origin from a single gene pool for all dog populations" between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago in [[East Asia]]. Verginelli et al. (2005), however, suggest both sets of dates must be reevaluated in light of recent findings showing that poorly calibrated molecular clocks have systematically overestimated the age of geologically recent events. On balance, and in agreement with the archaeological evidence, 15,000 years ago is the most likely time for the wolf-dog divergence.<ref>''The natural history of the dog,'' Richard and Alice Fiennes. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968. ISBN 0297764551</ref> The Soviets have attempted to domesticate the fox, mentioned in the article [[Tame Silver Fox]], and were able to do so in just nine generations, or less than a human lifetime. This also resulted in other changes, including color, which became black, white, or black and white. They also developed year-round breeding ability, curled-up tails, and droopy ears. The rapidity of this change has suggested to researchers a scenario of the [[origin of the domestic dog]]. Primitive people lived on the edge of survival which involved occasional food shortages, and would not have taken wolf pups and made pets of them. However, wolves would raid garbage dumps near human habitations. Wolves have a flight distance which they keep between themselves and a threatening creature. When a dump was approached by humans, some wolves would run a greater distance from the dump than others. Those that ran the shortest distance would return first, and obtain the greatest amount of food. This set up a selective breeding situation that resulted in a strain of wolves having shorter and shorter flight distances, until they were eventually comfortable near humans, having domesticated themselves, so to speak. At that point, they were tolerated by humans, so long as they were also useful, in such ways as catching rats or driving away other predators. In time, other uses, such as hunting, were found for them. [http://www.floridalupine.org/publications/PDF/trut-fox-study.pdf The Farm Fox Experiment] [http://science.howstuffworks.com/dog2.htm Evolution of Dogs] ===Development of dog breeds=== {{main|Dog breeds}} [[Image:Cavalier King Charles Spaniel trio.jpg|thumb|right|Dogs have been bred into a variety of shapes, colors and sizes. Variation can be wide even within a breed, as with these [[Cavalier King Charles Spaniel]]s.]] There are numerous [[dog breed]]s, with [[List of dog breeds|over 800]] being recognized by various [[kennel club]]s worldwide. Many dogs, especially outside the United States of America and Western Europe, belong to no recognized breed. A few basic [[:Category:Dog types|breed types]] have evolved gradually during the domesticated dog's relationship with humans over the last 10,000 or more years, but all modern breeds are of relatively recent derivation. Many of these are the product of a deliberate process of [[artificial selection]]. Because of this, some breeds are highly specialized, and there is extraordinary morphological diversity across different breeds. Despite these differences, dogs are able to distinguish dogs from other kinds of animal. The definition of a dog breed is a matter of some controversy. Depending on the size of the original founding population, closed gene pool breeds can have problems with inbreeding, specifically due to the [[founder effect]]. Dog breeders are increasingly aware of the importance of population genetics and of maintaining diverse gene pools. Health testing and new DNA tests can help avoid problems, by providing a replacement for natural selection. Without selection, inbreeding and closed gene pools can increase the risk of severe health or behavioral problems. Some organizations define a breed more loosely, such that an individual may be considered of one breed as long as 75% of its parentage is of that breed. These considerations affect both pets and the show dogs entered in [[conformation show|dog shows]]. Even prize-winning [[purebred]] dogs sometimes possess crippling [[Genetic disorder|genetic defects]] due to founder effect or [[inbreeding]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Shook | first = Larry | title = The Puppy Report: How to Select a Healthy, Happy Dog | url = https://archive.org/details/puppyreport0000larr | publisher = Ballantine |date=1995 | location = New York | pages = [https://archive.org/details/puppyreport0000larr/page/57 57]–72 | id = ISBN 0-345-38439-3 }}</ref> These problems are not limited to [[purebred]] dogs and can affect cross-breed populations.<ref>{{cite book | last = Shook | first = Larry | title = The Puppy Report: How to Select a Healthy, Happy Dog | url = https://archive.org/details/puppyreport0000larr | publisher = Ballantine |date=1995 | location = New York | pages = [https://archive.org/details/puppyreport0000larr/page/13 13]–34 | id = ISBN 0-345-38439-3 }}</ref> The behavior and appearance of a dog of a particular breed can be predicted to a degree, while mixed-breed dogs show a broader range of innovative appearance and behavior. [[Image:Young mixed-breed dog (aka).jpg|thumb|250px|left|This puppy is a [[Mixed-breed dog|mix of many breeds]].]] [[Mixed-breed dog]]s or [[Mongrel]]s (also called "mutts") are dogs that do not belong to specific breeds, being mixtures more than two in variant percentages. Mixed breed dogs and purebred dogs are both suitable as companions, [[pet]]s, [[working dog]]s, or competitors in [[dog sports]]. Sometimes different breed dogs are deliberately bred, to create cross-breeds such as the Cockapoo, a mixture of Cocker Spaniel and Miniature [[Poodle]]. Such deliberate crosses may display some degree of [[hybrid vigor]] and other desirable traits, but may or may not inherit any of the desired traits of their parents, such as temperament or a particular color or coat. Without genetic testing of the parents, the crosses can end up inheriting genetic defects that occur in both parental breeds. A breed is a group of animals that possesses a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes it from other animals within the same species. Deliberately crossing two or more breeds is also a manner of establishing new breeds, but it is only a breed when offspring will reliably demonstrate that particular set of characteristics and qualities. [[Image:Buldog angielski 000pl.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The [[Bulldog]] is well known for its short muzzle and saggy skin on its face]] ====Breed popularity==== Breed popularity varies widely over time<Ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.slate.com/id/2122298/ | title = Why Americans Love Labrador retrievers | accessdate = 2006-11-30 | last = Koerner | first = Brendan I. | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = [[2005-01-08]] | publisher = Slate Magazine Online }}</Ref> and in different parts of the world and different segments of the population. Counting by [[American Kennel Club]] (AKC) registration (not by [[dog licence|licensing registration]] or by [[United Kennel Club]] (UKC) registration, which could present different statistics), the [[Labrador Retriever]] has been the United States's most commonly registered breed of dog since 1991.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.akc.org/news/index.cfm?article_id=2389 | title = Labrador Retriever Tops According to AKC's 2004 Registration Statistics | accessdate = 2006-11-30 | date = [[2005-01-12]] | publisher = American Kennel Club }}</Ref> However, even within parts of the United States, popularity varies; for example, in 2005 the most-registered breed in New York City was the [[Poodle]] while the [[Yorkshire Terrier]] was the second-most-registered breed in [[Houston]].<Ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.akc.org/reg/topdogsbycity.cfm | title = Top Breeds By City | accessdate = 2006-11-30 | publisher = American Kennel Club }}</Ref> However, animal shelters in many parts of the United States report that the most-commonly available dog for adoption is the [[American Pit Bull Terrier]] or pit bull-type mixes, making up as much as 20% of dogs available for adoption, none of which would be registered with the AKC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aspca.org/site/PageServer?pagename=cruelty_pitbull |title=Pit Bull Cruelty |publisher=American Society for the Prevention of cruelty to Animals |accessdate = 2007-05-11}}</ref> Two decades ago, in 1983, the AKC's top two registered breeds were the [[American Cocker Spaniel]] and the [[Poodle]].<ref>{{cite book|title=World Almanac and Book of Facts|year=1985|publisher=Newspaper Enterprise Association (Doubleday)}}</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]], [[The Kennel Club]] reports that the most-registered breed from at least 1999 to 2005 was the Labrador Retriever. It rounds out the top three for 1999 to 2005 with the [[German Shepherd Dog]], also popular in the US, and the [[English Cocker Spaniel]]<Ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.the-kennel-club.org.uk/pressoffice/press_top20.html | title = The Kennel Club's top twenty of registered breeds | accessdate = 2006-11-30 | publisher = The Kennel Club }}</Ref> , which is no longer in the top ten in the US. In the UK, a national dog adoption and rescue service indicates that the most common breed appearing in shelters is the Greyhound followed by the Staffordshire Bull Terrier. <Ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.dogsblog.com | title = UK dog adoption and rescue service | accessdate = 2007-05-05 | publisher = Dogs Blog }}</Ref> ==Physical characteristics== {{main|Dog anatomy}}{{see also|Dog health}} [[Image:DogWolf.jpg|200px|thumb|Comparative drawing of dog and wolf anatomy by [[Ernest Thompson Seton]]. Note the proportionately smaller head of the dog]] Modern [[dog breed]]s show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Within the range of extremes, dogs generally share attributes with their wild ancestors, the [[Gray Wolf|wolves]]. Dogs are [[predator]]s and [[scavenger]]s, possessing sharp teeth and strong jaws for attacking, holding, and tearing their food. Although selective breeding has changed the appearance of many breeds, all dogs retain basic traits from their distant ancestors. Like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wristbones, a [[cardiovascular]] system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing. Unlike humans which are [[plantigrade]], dogs are [[digitigrade]]. ===Differences from other canids=== Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 10% smaller brains, as well as proportionately smaller teeth than other canid species.<ref name="DOGS">{{cite book | author= Coppinger, Ray | title=Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution | url= https://archive.org/details/dogsstartlingnew00raym | year=2001 | pages= p352 | id=0684855305 }}</ref> Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. Their diet of human refuse in antiquity made the large brains and jaw muscles needed for hunting unnecessary. It is thought by certain experts that the dog's limp ears are a result of [[atrophy]] of the jaw muscles.<ref name="DOGS">{{cite book | author= Coppinger, Ray | title=Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution | url= https://archive.org/details/dogsstartlingnew00raym | year=2001 | pages= p352 | id=0684855305 }}</ref> The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some [[Inuit]] tribes favouring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather.<ref name="DOGS">{{cite book | author= Coppinger, Ray | title=Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution | url= https://archive.org/details/dogsstartlingnew00raym | year=2001 | pages= p352 | id=0684855305 }}</ref> Unlike wolves, but like coyotes, domestic dogs have sweat glands on their paw pads.<ref name="DOGS">{{cite book | author= Coppinger, Ray | title=Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution | url= https://archive.org/details/dogsstartlingnew00raym | year=2001 | pages= p352 | id=0684855305 }}</ref> The paws of a dog are half the size of those of a wolf, and their tails tend to curl upwards, another trait not found in wolves.<ref name="Lopez">{{cite book | author = Lopez, Barry | title = Of wolves and men | url = https://archive.org/details/ofwolvesmen0000lope | year = 1978 | pages = pp.320 | id = ISBN 0743249364}}</ref> ===Sight=== [[Image:Greyhound portrait.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Greyhound]], one of many breeds of [[sighthound]]]] Like most mammals, dogs are [[dichromat]]s and have color vision equivalent to red-green [[color blindness]] in humans.<ref name="note1">A&E Television Networks (1998). ''Big Dogs, Little Dogs: The companion volume to the A&E special presentation'', A Lookout Book, GT Publishing. ISBN 1-57719-353-9 (hardcover).</ref><ref name="note2">Alderton, David (1984). ''The Dog'', Chartwell Books. ISBN 0-89009-786-0.</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = Jennifer Davis | title = Dr. P's Dog Training: Vision in Dogs & People | work = | publisher = | date = [[1998]] | url = http://www.uwsp.edu/psych/dog/LA/davis2.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-06-06 }}</ref> Different breeds of dogs have different eye shapes and dimensions, and they also have different [[retina]] configurations.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = Jonica Newby, Caroline Penry-Davey | title = Catalyst: Dogs' Eyes | work = | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = [[2003-09-25]] | url = http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s953902.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2006-11-26 }}</ref> Dogs with long noses have a "''visual streak''" which runs across the width of the retina and gives them a very wide field of excellent vision, while those with short noses have an "''area centralis''" — a central patch with up to three times the density of nerve endings as the ''visual streak'' — giving them detailed sight much more like a human's. Some breeds, particularly the [[sighthound]]s, have a field of vision up to 270° (compared to 180° for humans), although broad-headed breeds with short noses have a much narrower field of vision, as low as 180°.<ref name="note1" /><ref name="note2" /> ===Hearing=== Dogs detect sounds as low as the 16 to 20 [[Hertz|Hz]] frequency range (compared to 20 to 70 Hz for humans) and above 45 kHz<ref>[http://www.lsu.edu/deafness/HearingRange.html How well do dogs and other animals hear]</ref> (compared to 13 to 20 kHz for humans),<ref name="note2" /> and in addition have a degree of ear mobility that helps them to rapidly pinpoint the exact location of a sound. Eighteen or more muscles can tilt, rotate and raise or lower a dog's ear. Additionally, a dog can identify a sound's location much faster than a human can, as well as hear sounds up to four times the distance that humans are able to. Those with more natural ear shapes, like those of wild canids like the fox, generally hear better than those with the floppier ears of many domesticated species. ===Smell=== [[Image:Bloodhund r54.jpg|thumb|Scent hounds, especially the [[Bloodhound]], are iconic for their keen sense of smell.]] Dogs have nearly 220 million smell-sensitive cells over an area about the size of a pocket [[handkerchief]] (compared to 5 million over an area the size of a [[postage stamp]] for humans). Some breeds have been selectively bred for excellence in detecting scents, even compared to their canine brethren. What information a dog actually detects when he is scenting is not perfectly understood; although once a matter of debate, it now seems to be well established that dogs can distinguish two different types of scents: an air scent from some person or thing that has recently passed by, and a ground scent that remains detectable for a much longer period. The characteristics and behavior of these two types of scent trail would seem, after some thought, to be quite different, the air scent being intermittent but perhaps less obscured by competing scents, whereas the ground scent would be relatively permanent with respect to careful and repetitive search by the dog, but would seem to be much more contaminated with other scents. In any event, it is established by those who train tracking dogs that it is impossible to teach the dog how to track any better than it does naturally; the object instead is to motivate it properly, and teach it to maintain focus on a single track and ignore any others that might otherwise seem of greater interest to an untrained dog. An intensive search for a scent, for instance searching a ship for contraband, can actually be very fatiguing for a dog, and the dog must be motivated to continue this hard work for a long period of time. ===Coat color=== Domestic dogs often display the remnants of counter-shading, a common natural camouflage pattern. The general theory of countershading is that an animal that is lit from above will appear lighter on its upper half and darker on its lower half where it will usually be in its own shade. This is a pattern that predators can learn to watch for. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below. This reduces the general visibility of the animal. One reminder of this pattern is that many breeds will have the occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or undersides. ===Tail=== There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, cork-screw. In some breeds, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries (especially for hunting dogs). It can happen that some puppies are born with a short tail or no tail in some breeds.<ref>[ http://www.braquedubourbonnais.info/en/tail-genetics.htm Bourbonnais pointer or ‘short tail pointer’]</ref> ===Sprint metabolism=== Dogs can generate large amounts of energy for a short period of time. A dog's heart and lungs are oversized relative to its body and its normal everyday needs. A dog also has relatively more red blood cells than a human. Most of the time the dog will keep the extra red blood cells stored in its spleen. When the animal enters into a situation where its full metabolism is required, such as play, catching game, or fighting other dogs, the extra cells are released into the bloodstream. The "oversized" heart and lungs will now be running at full capacity, and the animal will have an enhanced ability to engage in aerobic activity. This activity will produce internal heating. Dogs, being covered in fur, are limited in their ability to cool down. After a short time the animal must either cease its athletic activity or risk harming itself from overheating. One can easily observe this pattern of intense activity followed by rest periods in puppies. During the rest phase the spleen collects red blood cells and the animal may pant to cool down. ==Behavior and intelligence== {{see|:Category:Dog training and behavior}} [[Image:American water spaniel 01.jpg|thumb|right|Many dogs, such as this [[American Water Spaniel]], have had their natural hunting instincts suppressed or altered to suit human needs.]] [[Image:Golden Retriever agility teeter.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Many dogs can be trained to skillfully perform tasks not natural to canines, such as in this [[dog agility]] competition.]] Dogs are very social animals, but their personality and behavior vary with breed as well as how they are treated by their owners and others who come in contact with them. It is not uncommon for dogs to [[dog attack|attack]] humans and other animals; however, this is usually because of lack of care or improper upbringing by its owner. ===Differences from other canids=== Dogs tend to be poorer than wolves and [[coyote]]s at [[observational learning]], being more responsive to [[instrumental conditioning]].<ref name="DOGS">{{cite book | author= Coppinger, Ray | title=Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution | url= https://archive.org/details/dogsstartlingnew00raym | year=2001 | pages= p352 | id=0684855305 }}</ref> Feral dogs show little of the complex social structure or dominance hierarchy present in wolf packs. For dogs, other members of their kind are of no help in locating food items, and are more like competitors.<ref name="DOGS">{{cite book | author= Coppinger, Ray | title=Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution | url= https://archive.org/details/dogsstartlingnew00raym | year=2001 | pages= p352 | id=0684855305 }}</ref> Feral dogs are primarily scavengers, with studies showing that unlike their wild cousins, they are poor [[ungulate]] hunters, having little impact on wildlife populations where they are [[sympatric]]. Free ranging pet dogs however are more prone to predatory behaviour toward wild animals. Feral dogs have been reported to be effective hunters of reptiles in the [[Galapagos islands]].<ref name="Evolution">{{cite book | author= Serpell, James| title=The Domestic Dog; its evolution, behaviour and interactions with people | url= https://archive.org/details/domesticdogitsev00serp| year=1995 | pages= p267 | id=0-521-42537-9 }}</ref> ===Intelligence=== {{main|Dog intelligence}} Dogs are valued for their intelligence. This intelligence is expressed differently with different breeds and individuals, however. For example, [[Border Collie]]s are noted for their ability to learn commands, while other breeds may not be so motivated towards obedience, but instead show their cleverness in devising ways to steal food or escape from a yard. Being highly adaptable animals themselves, dogs have learned to do many jobs as required by humans over the generations. Dogs are employed in various roles across the globe, proving invaluable assets in areas such as search-and-rescue; law enforcement (including attack dogs, sniffer dogs and tracking dogs); guards for livestock, people or property; herding; Arctic exploration sled-pullers; guiding the blind and acting as a pair of ears for the deaf; assisting with hunting, and a great many other roles which they may be trained to assume. Most dogs rarely have to deal with complex tasks and are unlikely to learn relatively complicated activities (such as opening doors) unaided. Some dogs (such as [[guide dog]]s for the visually impaired) are specially trained to recognize and avoid dangerous situations. ====Evaluation of a dog's intelligence==== The meaning of "intelligence" in general, not only in reference to dogs, is hard to define. Some tests measure problem-solving abilities and others test the ability to learn in comparison to others of the same age. Defining it for dogs is just as difficult. It is likely that dogs do not have the ability to premeditate an action to solve a problem. [[Image:NICO looks at himself.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A [[mirror test]] is one possible measure of self-awareness.]] For example, the ability to learn quickly could be a sign of [[intelligence (trait)|intelligence]]. Conversely it could be interpreted as a sign of a desire to please. In contrast, some dogs who do not learn very quickly may have other talents. An example is breeds that are not particularly interested in pleasing their owners, such as [[Siberian Husky|Siberian Huskies]]. Huskies are often fascinated with the myriad of possibilities for escaping from yards, catching small animals, and often figuring out on their own numerous inventive ways of doing both. [[Assistance dog]]s are also required to be obedient at all times. This means they must learn a tremendous number of commands, understand how to act in a large variety of situations, and recognize threats to their human companion, some of which they might never before have encountered. Many owners of [[livestock guardian dog|livestock guardian]] breeds believe that breeds like the [[Great Pyrenees]] or the [[Kuvasz]] are not easily trained because their stubborn nature prevents them from seeing the point of such commands as “sit” or “down”. [[Hounds]] may also suffer from this type of ranking. These dogs are bred to have more of a "pack" mentality with other dogs and less reliance on a master's direct commands. While they may not have the same kind of intelligence as a Border Collie, they were not bred to learn and obey commands quickly, but to think for themselves while trailing game. ===Human relationships=== [[Image:Iraq dog.jpg|right|thumb|A [[U.S. Army]] Staff Sgt. and his military working dog wait at a safe house before conducting an assault against insurgents in [[Buhriz]], [[Iraq]] on [[April 10]] [[2007]].]] Dogs are highly [[social animal]]s. This can account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations. These attributes have earned dogs a unique position in the realm of interspecies relationships despite being one of the most effective, voracious, and potentially dangerous predators. Dogs and humans at times co-operate in some of the most effective [[hunting]] in the animal world; in that context, dogs are [[superpredator]]s. The loyalty and devotion that dogs demonstrate as part of their natural instincts as pack animals closely mimics the human idea of love and friendship, leading many dog owners to view their pets as full-fledged family members. Conversely, dogs seem to view their human companions as members of their pack, and make few, if any, distinctions between their owners and fellow dogs. Dogs fill a variety of roles in [[human society]] and are often trained as [[working dog]]s. For dogs that do not have traditional jobs, a wide range of [[dog sports]] provide the opportunity to exhibit their natural skills. In many countries, the most common and perhaps most important role of dogs is as [[companion dog|companions]]. Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that their loyalty has earned them the unique [[sobriquet]] "man's best friend".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.almostheaven-golden-retriever-rescue.org/old-drum.html | title = The Story of Old Drum | accessdate = 2006-11-29 | publisher = Cedarcroft Farm Bed & Breakfast - Warrensburg, MO }}</ref> However, some cultures consider dogs to be [[unclean animals|unclean]]. In some parts of the world, dogs are raised as [[livestock]] to produce [[dog meat]] for human consumption. In many places, consumption of dog meat is discouraged by social convention or [[Taboo food and drink|cultural taboo]]. ===Dog communication=== {{main|Dog communication}} ==Reproduction== [[Image:Licking the staffy pup.JPG|thumb|Dogs develop their own [[Dog society|societies]]. Puppies participate with their littermates in learning to relate to other dogs. Dogs learn to successfully relate to other dogs by keeping the peace, rather than by constantly fighting to reestablish this hierarchy.]] ===Differences from other canids=== Unlike most other canids, dogs are not [[monogamous]], and breeding in feral packs is not restricted to a dominant alpha pair (despite common belief, such things also occur in wolf packs<ref>Günther Bloch: Die Pizza-Hunde. ISBN 9783440109861</ref>). Male dogs are unusual among canids by the fact that they mostly play no role in raising their puppies, and do not kill the young of other females to increase their own reproductive success.<ref name="Evolution">{{cite book | author= Serpell, James| title=The Domestic Dog; its evolution, behaviour and interactions with people | url= https://archive.org/details/domesticdogitsev00serp| year=1995 | pages= p267 | id=0-521-42537-9 }}</ref> Dogs differ from wolves and most other large canid species by the fact that they do not regurgitate food for their young, nor the young of other dogs in the same territory.<ref name="DOGS">{{cite book | author= Coppinger, Ray | title=Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution | url= https://archive.org/details/dogsstartlingnew00raym | year=2001 | pages= p352 | id=0684855305 }}</ref> However, this difference was not observed in all domestic dogs. Regurgitating of food for the young as well as care for the young by the males has been observed in domestic dogs, dingos as well as in other feral or semi-feral dogs. Regurgitating of food by the females and direct choosing of only one mate has been observed even in those semi-feral dogs of direct domestic dog ancestry. So it is sometimes suggested, that the absence of this behavior was unknowingly caused by artificial selection by humans.<ref>Günther Bloch: Die Pizza-Hunde. ISBN 9783440109861</ref> <ref>Eberhard Trumler, Mit dem Hund auf du; Zum Verständnis seines Wesens und Verhaltens; 4. Auflage Januar 1996; R. Piper GmbH & Co. KG, München</ref> ===Life cycle=== {{main|Canine reproduction}} In domestic dogs, sexual maturity ([[puberty]]) begins to happen around age 6 to 12 months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. [[Adolescence]] for most domestic dogs is around 12 to 15 months, beyond which they are for the most part more adult than puppy. As with other domesticated species, [[domestication]] has selectively bred for higher [[libido]] and earlier and more frequent breeding cycles in dogs, than in their wild ancestors. Dogs remain reproductively active until old age. [[Image:Australian Shepherd puppy red merle.jpg|thumb|right|An Australian Shepherd Puppy Red Merle]] Most female dogs have their first [[estrous cycle]] between 6 and 12 months, although some larger breeds delay until as late as 2 years. Females experience estrous cycles biannually, during which her body prepares for [[pregnancy]], and at the peak she will come into [[estrus]], during which time she will be mentally and physically receptive to [[copulation]]. Dogs bear their litters roughly 56 to 72 days after [[fertilization]], although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six [[puppy|puppies]], though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. [[Toy dog]]s generally produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as 12 pups in each litter. ===Spaying and neutering=== {{Main|Spaying and neutering}} Neutering (spaying females and castrating males) refers to the [[Sterilization (surgical procedure)|sterilization]] of animals, usually by removal of the male's [[testicle]]s or the female's [[ovary|ovaries]] and [[uterus]], in order to eliminate the ability to procreate, and reduce sex drive. Neutering has also been known to reduce aggression in male dogs, but has been shown to occasionally increase aggression in female dogs.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Heidenberger E, Unshelm J |title=[Changes in the behavior of dogs after castration] |language=German |journal=Tierärztliche Praxis |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=69–75 |year=1990 |pmid=2326799 |doi=}}</ref> [[Image:CatahoulaLitter wb.jpg|left|thumb|A [[Catahoula Leopard Dog|Catahoula Leopard]] mother nursing her litter of puppies.]] Animal control agencies in the United States and the [[ASPCA]] advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered so that they do not have undesired puppies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aspca.org/site/PageServer?pagename=adopt_spayneuter |title=Top 10 reasons to spay/neuter your pet |publisher=American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals |accessdate = 2007-05-16}}</ref> Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, puppies born to strays or as the result of accidental breedings often end up being killed in animal shelters. Neutering can also decrease or eliminate the risk of hormone-driven diseases such as mammary cancer, as well as undesired hormone-driven behaviors. However, certain medical problems are more likely after neutering, such as [[urinary incontinence]] in females<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arnold S |title=[Urinary incontinence in castrated bitches. Part 1: Significance, clinical aspects and etiopathogenesis] |language=German |journal=Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. |volume=139 |issue=6 |pages=271–6 |year=1997 |pmid=9411733 |doi=}}</ref> and [[prostate cancer]] in males.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Johnston SD, Kamolpatana K, Root-Kustritz MV, Johnston GR |title=Prostatic disorders in the dog |journal=Anim. Reprod. Sci. |volume=60-61 |issue= |pages=405–15 |year=2000 |pmid=10844211 |doi=}}</ref> The hormonal changes involved with sterilization are likely to somewhat change the animal's personality, however, and some object to neutering as the sterilization could be carried out without the excision of organs. It is not essential for a female dog to either experience a heat cycle or have puppies before spaying, and likewise, a male dog does not need the experience of mating before castration. Female cats and dogs are seven times more likely to develop [[mammary tumor]]s if they are not spayed before their first [[estrus cycle|heat cycle]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Morrison, Wallace B.|title=Cancer in Dogs and Cats (1st ed.)|publisher=Williams and Wilkins|year=1998|id=ISBN 0-683-06105-4}}</ref> Dog food containing [[soybean]]s or soybean fractions have been found to contain [[phytoestrogens]] in levels that could have biological effects when ingested longterm.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cerundolo R, Court MH, Hao Q, Michel KE |title=Identification and concentration of soy phytoestrogens in commercial dog foods |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-veterinary-research_2004-05_65_5/page/592 |journal=Am. J. Vet. Res. |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=592–6 |year=2004 |pmid=15141878 |doi=}}</ref> Gender-preservative surgeries such as vasectomy and tubal ligation are possible, but do not appear to be popular due to the continuation of gender-specific behaviors and disease risks. ===Overpopulation=== ====United States==== According to the Humane Society of the United States, 3–4 million dogs and cats are [[euthanasia|put down]] each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down.<Ref> {{cite journal | quotes = Although the cause of pet overpopulation is multifaceted, failure of owners to spay and castrate their animals is a major contributing factor. | last = Mahlow | first = Jane C. | year = 1999 | title = Estimation of the proportions of dogs and cats that are surgically sterilized | journal = Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (excerpt quoted by spayusa.org) | volume = 215 | pages = 640–643 | url = http://www.spayusa.org/main_directory/02-facts_and_education/stats_surveys/javma_articles/02dogs-cats-sterilized.asp | accessdate = 2006-11-30 }}</Ref> Local humane societies, SPCAs and other animal protection organizations urge people to neuter their pets and to adopt animals from shelters instead of purchasing them. Several notable public figures have spoken out against animal over population, including [[Bob Barker#Animal rights|Bob Barker]]. On his [[game show]], ''[[The Price Is Right (U.S. game show)|The Price Is Right]]'', Barker stressed the problem at the end of every episode, saying: "Help control the pet population. Have your pets spayed or neutered." The current host, [[Drew Carey]], makes a similar plea at the conclusion of each episode. [[Image:July 2008 Colombia ;- 387.jpg|thumb|bottom|280px|none|Homeless dog in streets of Bogota Colombia]] ==Working, utility and assistance dogs== {{main|Working dog}} There are several types of working dogs: [[Image:Working dog edit.jpg|thumb|right|Working dogs most commonly are purebreds that had been bred for certain traits, however working [[mixed-breed dog]]s are not uncommon.]] * [[Assistance dog]]s which help the seeing and hearing-impaired. Others are trained to help those with epilepsy and psychiatric disorders, by detecting the onset of the condition so they can seek help. The typical assistance dog is a sociable breed such as a [[Labrador Retriever]]. * The [[detection dog]], which is a dog trained to and works at using its senses (almost always the sense of smell) to detect substances such as explosives or [[illegal drugs]]. * [[Guard dog]]s are trained for personal protection, or to protect property. These are commonly [[Doberman pinscher|Doberman Pinschers]], [[German shepherd|German Shepherds]] and [[Rottweiler]]s as well as dogs of other breeds that have protection instinct. * [[Herding dogs]] can be trained to help the herder to move the herded animals, such as [[sheep]]. [[Australian Cattle Dog]], [[Border Collie]], and [[German Shepherd]] are common herding breeds. * [[Hunting dog]]s can be trained to assist the hunter. [[Terrier]]s and [[retriever]]s are hunting breeds. * [[Police dogs]], typically German Shepherds, are trained to assist law enforcement officers. * [[Search and rescue dog|Search and Rescue dogs]] also known as SAR dogs, are specially trained to search for missing humans. The archetypal breed is the [[St. Bernard (dog)|St. Bernard]]. Nowadays, many dogs of other breeds, such as [[German Shepherd]] and [[Doberman Pinscher]] are trained to perform this task. * [[search and rescue dog|Rescue at sea dogs]] - [[Newfoundland (dog)|Newfoundland]] * [[Therapy dog]]s, with friendly and gentle temperaments, trained to provide comfort and affection to hospitalized and institutionalized patients. * The [[war dog]], used by the military to detect mines and enemy soldiers. * [[Livestock guardian dogs|Livestock Guardian dog]], are used to protect livestock in the range against predators and theft. [[Maremma Sheepdog]] and [[Anatolian Shepherd Dog]] are typical livestock guardians. ==Show and sport (competition) dogs== [[Image:German Shepherds WKC dogshow.jpg|thumb|[[German Shepherd Dog]]s at the [[Westminster Kennel Club]] dog show]] {{main|Dog sports}} Owners of dogs often enter them in competitions, whether show (breed conformation shows) or sports, including dog racing & dog sledding. The winners garner much prestige and prize money. These dogs are often bred specifically for competition, which may not be entirely beneficial for the breeds due to the magnification of hereditary defects. *[[Dog agility]] is a sport in which dogs complete a timed obstacle course. *[[Dogsled racing]] is a winter sport where a team of dogs, usually high performance mixed breed dogs called [[alaskan husky|Alaskan Huskies]] or [[Eurohound]]s, pull a sled and driver (called a [[mushing|musher]]). The [[Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race]] is perhaps the most famous of these races. [[Dog sled]]ding is an ancient form of transportation and still a very effective way of moving freight across this type of terrain. *[[Dog racing]], almost always [[Greyhounds]], involves dogs racing at betting tracks in a sport not unlike [[horseracing]], reaching speeds of 40 miles per hour. Elsewhere, [[Dachshunds]] are often raced, as a humorous sidelight in charity events. *[[Dog fighting]] and [[Bait (dogs)|dog baiting]] are [[blood sports]] involving dogs. They are illegal in most jurisdictions, but are still performed underground. In some areas, the illegal practice is thriving.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12104472 |title=Illegal Dogfighting Rings Thrive in U.S. Cities |author=Brian Mann |date=[[July 20]], [[2007]] |publisher=National Public Radio |accessdate = 2007-10-07}}</ref> *[[Conformation show]]ing is a sport in which purebred dogs are shown and evaluated for how closely they match the ideal characteristics of the breed. The [[Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show]] is one of the most famous of this type of competition. ==Dog health== {{main|Dog health}} {{further|[[:Category:Dog health]]}} ===Morbidity (illness)=== Dogs are susceptible to various diseases, ailments, and poisons, some of which affect humans in the same way, others of which are unique to dogs. Dogs, like all mammals, are also susceptible to heat exhaustion when dealing with high levels of humidity and/or extreme temperatures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.dasnr.okstate.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=257&Itemid=103 |title=Summer heat can be tough on pets |accessdate = 2006-08-21 | first = Trisha | last = Gedon | date = [[2006-05-25]] | work = Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources | publisher = Oklahoma State University }}</ref> ====Diseases==== Infectious diseases commonly associated with dogs include [[rabies]] (hydrophobia), [[canine parvovirus]], and [[canine distemper]]. Inherited diseases of dogs can include a wide range from elbow or [[hip dysplasia]] and [[luxating patella|medial patellar luxation]] to [[Epilepsy in animals|epilepsy]] and [[pulmonic stenosis]]. Canines can get just about anything a human can get (excluding many infections which are species specific) like hypothyroidism, cancer, dental disease, heart disease, etc. Two serious medical conditions affecting dogs are [[pyometra]], affecting [[spay and neuter|unspayed]] females of all types and ages, and [[bloat]], which affects the larger breeds or deep chested dogs. Both of these are [[Acute (medical)|acute]] conditions, and can kill rapidly; owners of dogs which may be at risk should learn about such conditions as part of good animal care. {{see also|Vaccination of dogs}} [[Image:Terrier mixed-breed dog.jpg|thumb|[[Mixed-breed dog|First generation hybrids]] (such as this terrier mix) often are healthier than either parent due to the genetic phenomenon of [[heterosis]] or "hybrid vigor".]] ====Parasites==== Common external parasites are various species of [[flea]]s, [[tick]]s, and [[mites]]. Internal parasites include [[hookworm]]s, [[tapeworm]]s, [[roundworm]]s, and [[heartworms]]. See also [[CVBD]] (Canine Vector-Borne Diseases). ====Common physical disorders==== Some breeds of dogs are also prone to certain genetic ailments, such as [[hip dysplasia]], [[luxating patella]]s, [[cleft palate]], [[blindness]], or [[hearing impairment|deafness]]. Dogs are also susceptible to the same ailments that humans are, including [[Diabetes in cats and dogs|diabetes]], [[epilepsy]], [[cancer]], and [[arthritis]]. [[Gastric torsion]] and [[bloat]] is a dangerous problem in some large-chested breeds. ===Mortality (lifespan and causes of death)=== {{Main|Aging in dogs}} The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds. Based on questionnaire surveys of owners in the UK, Denmark, USA, and Canada, the median longevity of most dog breeds is between 10 and 13 years.<ref name="KC Survey">[http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/570 Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee]. 2004. Purebred Dog Health Survey. Retrieved [[July 5]] [[2007]] </ref><ref name="Denmark Survey">Proschowsky, H. F., H. Rugbjerg, and A. K. Ersbell. 2003. Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in Denmark. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 58:63-74. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=12628771&query_hl=5&itool=pubmed_docsum Online abstract].</ref><ref name="British Owners">Michell, A. R., 1999. Longevity of British breeds of dog and its relationships with sex, size, cardiovascular variables and disease. Veterinary Record 145:625-629. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=10619607&query_hl=3&itool=pubmed_docsum Online abstract].</ref><ref name="Cassidy Data">[http://users.pullman.com/lostriver/breeddata.htm Dog Longevity Web Site], Breed Data page. Compiled by K. M. Cassidy. Retrieved [[July 8]] [[2007]]</ref> The breed with the dubious distinction of the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terrier, Bulldog, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever, Bloodhound, Irish Wolfhound, Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, Great Dane, and Mastiff, are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities between 6 and 7 years.<ref name="Cassidy Data"/> On the other end of the spectrum, the longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodle, Border Terrier, Miniature Dachshund, Miniature Poodle, and Tibetan Spaniel, have median longevities between 14 and 15 years.<ref name="Cassidy Data"/> The median longevity of mixed breed dogs (average of all sizes) is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs (all breeds averaged).<ref name="British Owners"/><ref name="Denmark Survey"/><ref name="Cassidy Data"/><ref name="Vet School Data"> Patronek, G. J., D. J. Waters, and L. T. Glickman, 1997. Comparative longevity of pet dogs and humans: Implications for gerontology research. The Journals of Gerontology, 1997, 52A, 3: Health Module p. B171-B178. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=9158552&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum Online abstract].</ref> As a rule of thumb, small breeds are longer-lived than large breeds, but some of the longest lived large breeds have median longevities nearly as long as those of the shortest lived small breeds, and some of the breeds with the shortest longevities are medium-sized.<ref name="Cassidy Weight">{{cite web |url=http://users.pullman.com/lostriver/weight_and_lifespan.htm |title=Dog Longevity |author=Dr. Kelly M. Cassidy |year=2007 |accessdate = 2007-10-04}}</ref> "Median longevity" refers to the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive. Individual dogs, even in breeds with low median longevities, may live well beyond the median. The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived on record is "[[Bluey (Australian cattle dog)|Bluey]]," purportedly born in 1910 in Australia. He died in 1939 at the age of 29.5 years. Bluey is usually identified as an [[Australian Cattle Dog]], but the first Australian Cattle Dog breed standard was written in 1902,<ref name="ACD Online">[http://www.australiancattledog.com/ Australian Cattle Dogs Online]- Retrieved [[July 17]] [[2007]]</ref> only eight years before Bluey's birth. It is unclear how closely Bluey was related to the breed as it exists today. The Bluey record is anecdotal and unverified.<ref name="AnAge">[http://genomics.senescence.info/species/entry.php?species=Canis_familiaris AnAge entry for Canis familiaris AnAge Database]. Human Aging Genomic Resources. Retrieved [[July 17]] [[2007]]</ref> The longest verified records are of dogs living to 24 years.<ref name="AnAge"/> ====Predation==== In some areas where dogs and wolves are sympatric, dogs can be a major food source for wolves. Reports from [[Croatia]] indicate that dogs are killed more frequently than sheep. Wolves in Russia apparently limit feral dog populations. In [[Wisconsin]], more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock.<ref name="WOLVES">{{cite book | author= L. David Mech & Luigi Boitani | url = http://www.amazon.com/Wolves-Behavior-Conservation-David-Mech/dp/0226516962 | title=Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation | year=2001 | pages= p 448 | id= ISBN 0226516962 }}</ref> Some wolf pairs have been reported to predate on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush.<ref name="Graves">{{cite book | author = Graves, Will |url = http://www.wolvesinrussia.com/ | title = Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages | year = 2007 | pages = pp.222 | id = ISBN 1550593323}}</ref> In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to an extent where they have to be beaten off or killed.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/145big.shtml |title=Wolf at my door |accessdate = 2007-07-20 |publisher = BBC | accessdate = 2007-08-11}}</ref> Coyotes have also been known to attack dogs. Approximately 3 to 5 pets attacked by coyotes, mostly dogs, are brought into the Animal Urgent Care hospital of South Orange County each week.<ref name="AOP">{{cite web | title = For coyotes, pets are prey | work = Greg Hardesty | publisher = Orange County Register | url = http://www.ocregister.com/ocr/sections/news/focus_in_depth/article_508026.php | accessdate = 2007-08-19}}</ref> [[Big cats]] have been recorded to kill dogs. [[Leopard]]s in particular are known to have a prediliction for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity.<ref name="Leopard">{{cite book | author = Jonathan & Angela Scott | title = Big Cat Diary: Leopard | year = 2006 | pages = pp.108 | id = ISBN 0007211813}}</ref> Unlike sympatric leopards, [[tiger]]s in India seldom prey on dogs, though in [[Manchuria]], [[Indochina]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]], tigers are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigour as leopards.<ref name="Perry">{{cite book | author = Perry, Richard | title = The World of the Tiger | year = 1965 | pages = pp.260 | id = ASIN: B0007DU2IU}}</ref> [[Striped hyena]]s are major predators of village dogs in [[Turkmenistan]], India and the [[Caucasus]].<ref name="Striped">{{cite web | url = http://www.hyaena.ge/striped.htm | title = Striped Hyaena ''Hyaena (Hyaena) hyaena'' (Linnaeus, 1758) | publisher = IUCN Species Survival Commission Hyaenidae Specialist Group | accessdate = 2008-05-21 | month = May | year = }}</ref> ===Diet=== ====Nutrition==== [[Image:Dog treats.jpg|thumb|right|200px|There are a great quantity of commercial foods and treats marketed for dogs, and not all are recommended as part of a balanced, healthy diet.]] There is some debate as to whether domestic dogs should be classified as [[omnivores]] or [[carnivores]], by diet. The classification in the Order [[Carnivora]] does not necessarily mean that a dog's diet must be restricted to [[meat]]; unlike an obligate carnivore, such as the [[cat]] family with its shorter [[small intestine]], a dog is neither dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill its basic dietary requirements. Dogs are able to healthily digest a variety of foods including [[vegetable]]s and [[cereal|grains]], and in fact dogs can consume a large proportion of these in their diet. Wild canines not only eat available plants to obtain [[essential amino acid]]s, but also obtain nutrients from vegetable matter from the stomach and intestinal contents of their [[herbivorous]] prey, which they usually consume. Domestic dogs can survive healthily on a reasonable and carefully designed [[vegetarian]] diet, particularly if [[egg (food)|eggs]] and [[milk]] products are included. Some sources suggest that a dog fed on a [[strict vegetarian]] diet without [[L-carnitine]] may develop [[dilated cardiomyopathy]],<ref>''Small animal internal medicine'', RW Nelson, Couto page 107</ref> however, L-carnitine is found in many [[nut (fruit)|nuts]], [[seed]]s, [[bean]]s, [[vegetable]]s, [[fruit]]s and [[whole grain]]s. In the wild, dogs can survive on a vegetarian diet when animal prey is not available. Observation of extremely stressful conditions such as the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, and scientific studies of similar conditions has shown that high-protein (approximately 40%) diets including meat help prevent damage to [[muscle]] tissue in dogs and some other mammals. This level of protein corresponds to the percentage of protein found in the wild dog's diet when prey is abundant; higher levels of protein seem to confer no added benefit. Dogs frequently eat [[grass]], which is a harmless activity. Explanations abound, but rationales such as that it neutralizes [[acid]], or that dogs eat grass to induce [[vomiting]] to remove unwanted substances from their [[stomach]]s,<ref name="wonderquest">[http://www.wonderquest.com/DogsGrass.htm Why dogs eat grass.]</ref> are at best educated guesses. Dogs do vomit more readily than humans, as part of their typical feeding behavior of gulping down food then regurgitating indigestible material such as bones and fur. This behavior is typical of pack feeding in the wild, where the most important thing is to get as much of the kill as possible before others consume it all. Individual domestic dogs, however, may be very "picky" eaters, in the absence of this social pressure. Dogs may also appear to eat grass when they are just running the blades through their mouth to gather information. Their sense of smell and taste may act together to detect if other animals have walked through their area or urinated on the grass.<ref name="wonderquest" /> ====Dangerous substances==== *Human food. Some foods commonly enjoyed by humans are dangerous to dogs, including [[chocolate]] ([[Theobromine poisoning]]), [[onion]]s, [[grape]]s and [[raisin]]s,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.aspca.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=16645 | title = ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Issues Nationwide Update: Raisins and Grapes Can Be Toxic To Dogs | accessmonthday = [[September 2]] | accessyear = [[2006]] | date = [[2004-07-06]] | work = ASPCA Press Releases | publisher = American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals }}</ref> some types of [[chewing gum|gum]], certain sweeteners<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wkyc.com/news/news_fullstory.asp?id=38879|title=Artificial sweetener poses deadly risk to dogs|publisher=WKYC-TV}}</ref> and [[Macadamia nut]]s. The only known dangerous substance in chocolate is [[cocoa]], so the danger of [[white chocolate]] is uncertain. The [[Grape and raisin toxicity in dogs|acute danger]] from grapes and raisins was discovered around 2000, and has slowly been publicized since then. The cause is not known. Small quantities will induce acute [[renal failure]]. [[Sultana (grape)|Sultanas]] and [[currants]] may also be dangerous. [[Alcoholic beverage]]s pose comparable hazards to dogs as they do to humans, but due to low body weight and lack of [[alcohol tolerance]] they are toxic in much smaller portions. *Plants. Plants such as [[caladium]], [[dieffenbachia]] and [[philodendron]] will cause [[throat]] irritations that will burn the throat going down as well as coming up. [[Hops]] are particularly dangerous and even small quantities can lead to [[malignant hyperthermia]].<ref>{{cite journal | first = K. L.| last = Duncan | coauthors = W. R. Hare and W. B. Buck | date = [[1997-01-01]] | title = Malignant hyperthermia-like reaction secondary to ingestion of hops in five dogs | journal = Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | volume = 210 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–4 | pmid = 8977648}}</ref> [[Amaryllis]], [[daffodil]], [[english ivy]], [[Iris (plant)|iris]], and [[tulip]] (especially the bulbs) cause [[gastric]] irritation and sometimes [[central nervous system]] excitement followed by [[coma]], and, in severe cases, even death. Ingesting [[foxglove]], [[lily of the valley]], [[Ranunculaceae|larkspur]] and [[oleander]] can be life threatening because the [[cardiovascular]] system is affected. [[Yew]] is very dangerous because it affects the [[nervous system]]. Immediate veterinary treatment is required for dogs that ingest these. *Household poisons. Many household cleaners such as [[ammonia]], [[bleach]], [[disinfectants]], [[drain cleaner]], [[soap]]s, [[detergent]]s, and other cleaners, [[mothball]]s and [[matches]] are dangerous to dogs, as are cosmetics such as [[deodorant]]s, [[hair coloring]], [[nail polish]] and remover, [[permanent wave|home permanent]] lotion, and [[suntan lotion]]. Dogs find some poisons attractive, such as [[antifreeze]] (automotive coolant), [[snail bait|slug and snail bait]], [[insect]] bait, and [[rodent]] poisons. [[Antifreeze]] is insidious to dogs, either puddled or even partly cleaned residue, because of its sweet taste. A dog may pick up antifreeze on its fur and then lick it off. *Animal feces. Dogs occasionally eat their own feces, or the feces of other dogs and other species if available, such as cats, deer, cows, or horses. This is known as [[coprophagia]]. Some dogs develop preferences for one type over another. There is no definitive reason known, although boredom, hunger, and nutritional needs have been suggested. Eating cat feces is common, possibly because of the high protein content of cat food. Dogs eating cat feces from a litter box may lead to [[Toxoplasmosis]]. Dogs seem to have different preferences in relation to eating feces. Some are attracted to the stools of deer, cows, or horses.<ref> [http://www.petlibrary.co.uk/dog-care/why-do-dogs-eact-poop.html Why do dogs eat poop.]</ref> *Other risks. Human medications may be [[toxic]] to dogs, for example [[paracetamol]]/acetaminophen (Tylenol). [[Zinc]] toxicity, mostly in the form of the ingestion of [[Cent (United States coin)|US cents]] minted after 1982, is commonly fatal in dogs where it causes a severe [[hemolytic anemia]].<ref>Stowe CM, Nelson R, Werdin R, et al: Zinc phosphide poisoning in dogs. JAVMA 173:270, 1978</ref> Some wet dog and cat food was recalled by [[Menu Foods]] in 2007 because it contained a dangerous substance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.menufoods.com/recall/index.html |title=Recall Information |accessdate = 2008-03-08 |format=HTML |publisher=Menu Foods Income Fund }}</ref> ===Dog abuse=== {{main|Cruelty to animals}} Cruelty to dogs refers to treatment that causes unacceptable suffering or [[harm]]. What qualifies as unacceptable suffering varies among countries and cultures. Cruelty can be passive, typified by simple neglect, or active, with malicious intent.<Ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.pet-abuse.com/pages/animal_cruelty.php | title = Animal Cruelty | accessdate = 2006-11-30 | publisher = pet-abuse.com }}</Ref> Malicious treatment of a dog can lead to [[dog attack]]s upon not only the abuser but also innocent people. ==Dog meat for human consumption== {{Main article|Dog meat}} In some countries, certain dog breeds, apart from being kept as pets, are raised on farms and slaughtered for consumption. In countries where dogs are popular as household pets, consumption of dog meat is generally considered abhorrent. There are exceptions, such as [[Korea]], [[Switzerland]], and [[Vietnam]], where dogs are popular as both pets and meat.<ref>{{cite web | last = Arthurs | first = Clare | title = Vietnam's dog meat tradition | publisher = BBC | date = [[2001-12-31]] | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1735647.stm | accessdate = 2006-10-10 }}</ref><ref name="SKBBC2">[[Stefan Gates]], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/cooking_in_the_danger_zone/6551385.stm "Stefan's diary: South Korea"], ''[[Cooking in the Danger Zone]]'', [[BBC Two]], [[1 May]] [[2007]].</ref><ref name=swissdogmeat>[http://www.rjkoehler.com/?p=460 "And you thought they just ate fondue"]</ref> Dog meat has been a source of food in China from at least the time of [[Confucius]], and possibly even before. Ancient writings from the [[Zhou Dynasty]] referred to the 'three beasts' (which were bred for food), including pig, goat, and dog. [[Mencius]], the philosopher, recommended dog as the tastiest of all meats. Dog meat is also consumed for allegedly salubrious effects: the [[Swiss]] rural cantons of [[Appenzell]] and [[St. Gallen]] are known to have had a tradition of eating dogs, curing dog meat into jerky and sausages, as well as using the lard for medicinal purposes.<ref name=swissdogmeat /> ==Dogs in religion== {{main|Dogs in religion}} Dogs have played a role in many religious traditions, including [[ancient Egyptian religion]], [[Chinese religion]], [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]. ==See also== {{portal|Dogs|Aussie-blacktri.jpg}} {{portal|Mammals|Okapi2.jpg}} * [[Bark (dog)]] * [[Dog king]] – Scandinavian tradition * [[Dog licence]] * [[Dog odor]] * [[Dog paddle]] – basic swimming stroke * [[Dog park]] * [[Fear of dogs]] * [[List of dog breeds]] * [[List of dogs]] * [[List of fictional dogs]] * [[List of most popular dog breeds]] * [[Subspecies of Canis lupus|Subspecies of ''Canis lupus'']] * [[Wolf-dog hybrid]] --> == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Dog|Dog]]''. Wikipédia basa Inggris. Disalin 13 Agustus 2008. {{reflist|2}} * Abrantes, Roger (1999). ''Dogs Home Alone''. Wakan Tanka, 46 pages. ISBN 0-9660484-2-3 (paperback). * A&E Television Networks (1998). ''Big Dogs, Little Dogs: The companion volume to the A&E special presentation'', A Lookout Book, GT Publishing. ISBN 1-57719-353-9 (hardcover). * Alderton, David (1984). ''The Dog'', Chartwell Books. ISBN 0-89009-786-0. * Bloch, Günther. ''Die Pizza-Hunde'' (in German), 2007, Franckh-Kosmos-Verlags GmbH & Co. KG, Stuttgart,ISBN 9783440109861 * Brewer, Douglas J. (2002) ''Dogs in Antiquity: Anubis to Cerberus: The Origins of the Domestic Dog'', Aris & Phillips ISBN 0-85668-704-9 * Coppinger, Raymond and Lorna Coppinger (2002). ''Dogs: A New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution'', University of Chicago Press ISBN 0-226-11563-1 * Cunliffe, Juliette (2004). ''The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds''. Parragon Publishing. ISBN 0-7525-8276-3. * Derr, Mark (2004). ''Dog's Best Friend: Annals of the Dog-Human Relationship''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14280-9 * Donaldson, Jéan (1997). ''The Culture Clash''. James & Kenneth Publishers. ISBN 1-888047-05-4 (paperback). * Fogle, Bruce, DVM (2000). ''The New Encyclopedia of the Dog''. Doring Kindersley (DK). ISBN 0-7894-6130-7. * Grenier, Roger (2000). ''The Difficulty of Being a Dog''. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30828-6 * Milani, Myrna M. (1986). ''The Body Language and Emotion of Dogs: A practical guide to the Physical and Behavioral Displays Owners and Dogs Exchange and How to Use Them to Create a Lasting Bond'', William Morrow, 283 pages. ISBN 0-688-12841-6 (trade paperback). * Pfaffenberger, Clare (1971). ''New Knowledge of Dog Behavior''. Wiley, ISBN 0-87605-704-0 (hardcover); Dogwise Publications, 2001, 208 pages, ISBN 1-929242-04-2 (paperback). * Savolainen, P. et al. (2002). Genetic Evidence for an éast Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs. ''Science'' '''298'''. 5598: 1610–1613. * Shook, Larry (1995). "Breeders Can Hazardous to Health", ''The Puppy Report: How to Select a Healthy, Happy Dog'', Chapter Two, pp.&nbsp;13–34. Ballantine, 130 pages, ISBN 0-345-38439-3 (mass market paperback); Globe Pequot, 1992, ISBN 1-55821-140-3 (hardcover; this is much chéaper should you buy). * Shook, Larry (1995). ''The Puppy Report: How to Select a Healthy, Happy Dog'', Chapter Four, "Hereditary Problems in Purebred Dogs", pp.&nbsp;57–72. Ballantine, 130 pages, ISBN 0-345-38439-3 (mass market paperback); Globe Pequot, 1992, ISBN 1-55821-140-3 (hardcover; this is much chéaper should you buy). * Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall (1993). ''The Hidden Life of Dogs'' (hardcover), A Peter Davison Book, Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-66958-8. * Verginelli, F. et al. (2005). Mitochondrial DNA from Prehistoric Canids Highlights Relationships Between Dogs and South-éast Européan Wolves. ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' '''22''': 2541–2551. * Trumler, Eberhard. ''Mit dem Hund auf du; Zum Verständnis seines Wesens und Verhaltens'' (in German); 4. Auflage Januar 1996; R. Piper GmbH & Co. KG, München * ''Small animal internal medicine'', RW Nelson, Couto page 107 == Tumbu kaluar == {{sisterlinks}} {{Wikispecies}} * [http://www.akc.org/ American Kennel Club] * [http://www.ankc.aust.com/breed_list.html Australian National Kennel Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116235432/http://www.ankc.aust.com/breed_list.html |date=2006-11-16 }} * [http://www.ckc.ca/ Canadian Kennel Club] * [http://www.fci.be/home.asp?lang=en Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) - World Canine Organisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061218004220/http://www.fci.be/home.asp?lang=en |date=2006-12-18 }} * [http://www.nzkc.org.nz/dogselect.html New Zealand Kennel Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105182612/http://www.nzkc.org.nz/dogselect.html |date=2009-11-05 }} * [http://www.the-kennel-club.org.uk/ The Kennel Club (UK)] {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Anjing]] [[Kategori:Canis]] [[Kategori:Sato nyusuan]] bt074l82isde6ma4iayqp2ujj59ehg9 0 34206 729950 653122 2026-10-06T21:21:33Z Juan Emilio Prades Bel 32726 729950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Boléd | image = Ipomoea batatasL ja01.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Umbi yang siap diolah | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Solanales]] | familia = [[Convolvulaceae]] | genus = ''[[Ipomoea]]'' | species = '''''I. batatas''''' | binomial = ''Ipomoea batatas'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} [[Gambar:Boniato rojo, tubérculo (Ipomoea batatas).jpg|jmpl|Boléd]] '''Hui''' atawa sok disebut ogé boléd nyaéta beu[[beuti]]an nu ngandung [[karbohidrat]] anu luhung tur bisa dimangpaatkeun pikeun sumber kadaharan gaganti [[béas]] atawa [[jagong]].<ref name="sumber ka hiji">[http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pertanian/ubi_jalar.pdf Ubi Jalar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904110625/http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pertanian/ubi_jalar.pdf |date=2011-09-04 }} {{id}} (Diakses ping 20 Oktober 2011)</ref> Para ahli [[botani]] jeung [[tatanén]] naksir wewengkon asal hui téh nyaéta di [[Selandia Baru]], [[Polinesia]], sarta [[Amérika]] Tengah.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> ''Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov'', ahli botani ti [[Sovyét]], mastikeun wewengkon séntrum primér asal hui nyaéta [[Amérika]] Tengah.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Hui mimiti sumebar ka sakuliah dunya, utamana nagara-nagara tropis dina abad [[ka-16]].<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Urang [[Spanyol]] nyebarkeun hui ka wewengkon [[Asia]], utamana [[Filipina]], [[Jepang]], jeung [[Indonésia]].<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Di sawatara wewengkon, hui mangrupa salah sahiji komoditi bahan kadaharan poko.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Hui téh salah sahiji komoditi kadaharan penting di [[Indonésia]] sarta dibudidayakeun ku masarakat ti wewengkon dataran handap nepi ka dataran luhur.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Ieu tutuwuhan bisa [[adaptasi]] di wewengkon anu kurang subur tur garing.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Ku kituna hui bisa ditarékahan sangkan bisa tumuwuh saban taun.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> Hui bisa dikokolakeun jadi rupa-rupa produk olahan.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> [[Daun]]na bisa dijadikeun [[lalab]] atawa [[parab]] ingon-ingon.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> [[Watang]]na bisa dijadikeun bahan pelakeun atawa parab ingon-ingon.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> [[Kulit]]na bisa dijadikeun parab ingon-ingon.<ref name="sumber ka hiji"/> [[Beuti]]na dijadikeun bahan kadaharan ku cara dijieun [[kolek]], [[kelepon]], [[keremes]], [[kiripik]], [[bolu]], [[selé]], [[manisan]], jeung réa-réa deui.<ref name="Kanisius">Dede Juanda, Bambang Cahyono. 2000. Ubi Jalar. Yogyakarta:Kanisius Hal. 13</ref> '''Boléd''' “[[Ipomoea batatas]]” nyaéta tutuwuhan ngaramat anu beutian. Boléd disangka asalna ti [[Benua Amérika]].<ref name="Boled">{{id}}[http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pertanian/ubi_jalar.pdf Boléd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904110625/http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pertanian/ubi_jalar.pdf |date=2011-09-04 }} (diaksés tanggal 28 Oktober 2011)</ref> Para ahli botani sarta [[tatanén]] nyebutkeun yén wewengkon asal pepelakan boléd nyaéta [[Selandia Anyar]], [[Polinesia]], sarta [[Amérika tengah]].<ref name="Boled"/> [[Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov]], saurang ahli botani [[Sovyét]], mastikeun wewengkon sentrum primer asal pepelakan boléd nyaéta Amérika Tengah.<ref name="Boled"/> ==Sajarah Singget== Boléd mimitina nyebar ka sakumna dunya, utamana nagara-nagara beriklim tropika dina abad ke-16.<ref name="Boled"/> Jalma-jalma [[Spanyol]] nyebarkeun boléd ka wewengkon [[Asia]], utamana [[Filipina]], [[Jepang]], sarta [[Indonésia]].<ref name="Boled"/> ==Jenis Tutuwuhan== [[Plasma nutfah]] (asal génétik) pepelakan boléd anu tumuwuh di dunya kira-kira jumlahna leuwih ti 1000 jenis, tapi anyar 142 jenis anu diidentifikasi ku para peneliti.<ref name="Boled"/> Lembaga panalungtikan anu nungkulan boléd, antara séjén: [[International Potato centre]] (IPC) sarta [[Centro International de La Papa]] (CIP).<ref name="Boled"/> Di Indonésia, panalungtikan sarta pengembangan boléd ditungkulan ku [[Puseur Peneliltian]] sarta [[Pengembangan Pepelakan Pangan]] atawa [[Balé Panalungtikan Kacang-kacangan sarta Umbi-umbian (Balitkabi), Departemen Tatanén]].<ref name="Boled"/> ==Mangpaat Boléd== Di sawatara wewengkon nu tangtu, boléd mangrupa salah sahiji komoditi bahan kadaharan poko.<ref name="Boled"/> Boléd mangrupa komoditi pangan penting di Indonésia sarta ditarékahan nu nyicingan mimitian ti wewengkon dataran pendék nepi ka dataran luhur.<ref name="Boled"/> Pepelakan ieu sanggup beradaptasi di wewengkon anu kurang subur sarta garing.<ref name="Boled"/> Ku kituna pepelakan ieu bisa ditarékahan jelema sapanjang taun.<ref name="Boled"/> Boléd bisa dikokolakeun jadi sagala rupa wangun atawa macem produk olahan.<ref name="Boled"/> Sawatara kasempetan penganeka-ragaman jenis pamakéan boléd bisa ditempo di handap ieu: #[[Daun]]: [[sayuran]], pakan ingon-ingon #[[Batang]]: bahan pelak,pakan ingon-ingon #[[Kulit]] ubi: pakan ingon-ingon #Ubi seger: bahan kadaharan #[[Tipung]]: kadaharan #[[Pati]]: [[fermentasi]], pakan ingon-ingon, [[asam sitrat]] ==Khasiat== Kandungan kimia dina boléd nyaéta [[protein]], [[lemak]], [[karbohidrat]], [[kalori]], [[serat]], [[lebu]], [[kalsium]], [[fosfor]], [[zat beusi]], [[karoten]], [[vitamin]] B1, B2, C, sarta [[asam nikotinat]].<ref name="Boled2">{{id}}[http://masenchipz.com/khasiat-ubi-jalar Khasiat Boléd] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007194227/http://masenchipz.com/khasiat-ubi-jalar |date=2011-10-07 }} (diaksés tanggal 28 Oktober 2011)</ref> Nurutkeun pakar pepelakan ubar [[Prof Hembing Wijayakusuma]], boléd mibanda sipat kimia amis, [[tiis]], [[astringen]].<ref name="Boled2"/> Éfék farmakologisna berkhasiat minangka [[tonik]], ngeureunkeun pendarahan.<ref name="Boled2"/> Bagian anu bisa dimangpaatkeun nyaéta ubi sarta daun.<ref name="Boled2"/> Boléd bisa dipaké pikeun nungkulan [[diabétés]] (diabetes mellitus), carana cokot 100 gram boléd, 15 gram kulit [[labu bligo]] (Benincasa hispida), sarta 50 gram siki [[alpukat]] dikulub kalayan 1.000 cc cai nepi ka cangkaruk 500 cc.<ref name="Boled2"/> Tuluy disaring sarta diinum caina, sedengkeun ubina didahar.<ref name="Boled2"/> == Referensi == {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Beubeutian]] [[Kategori:Convolvulaceae]] 8tndxko3z1lhr8egzelcjh6c6k7ozg0 0 37738 729946 712282 2026-10-06T17:25:43Z CommonsDelinker 211 Gambar Safavid_Flag.svg dipiceun kusabab di hapus ti Commons ku Jameslwoodward 729946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = سلسلهٔ صفويان |conventional_long_name = Dinasti Safawiyah Iran<ref>{{Cite document | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516019/Safavid-dynasty | publisher = Britannica | title = Safavid dynasty}}</ref><ref name = "gBooks">{{Cite document | title = Safavid Persia | publisher = Google | series = Books | url = http://books.google.com/books?q=%22Safavid+Persia%22}}</ref> |common_name = Dinasti Safawiyah | |continent = Asia |region = Wétan Tengah |country = Persia (modern Iran)<ref name = "gBooks" /> |era = <!--- Use: "Napoleonic Wars", "Cold War", etc. ---> |status = Kakaisaran<!--- Listed as Empire in List of largest empires ---> |status_text = <!--- A free text to describe status the top of the infobox. Use sparingly. ---> |empire = <!--- The empire or country to which the entity was in a state of dependency ---> |government_type = Monarki | |<!--- Rise and fall, events, years and dates ---> |<!-- only fill in the start/end event entry if a specific article exists. Don't just say "abolition" or "declaration"--> | |year_start = 1501 |year_end = 1736 | |year_exile_start = <!--- (If dealing with exiled government - status="Exile") ---> |year_exile_end = <!--- Year of end of exile (leave blank if still in exile) ---> | |event_start = <!--- Default: "Established" ---> |date_start = <!--- Optional: Date of establishment, enter dates in this format 1 January 1801---> |event_end = <!--- Default: "Disestablished" ---> |date_end = <!--- Optional: Date of disestablishment ---> | |event1 = Invasi [[Dinasti Hotaki|Hotaki]] |date_event1 = 1722 |event2 = Ditarajang dina [[Nader Shah|Nader Afshar]] |date_event2 = 1726&ndash;29 |event3 = |date_event3 = |event4 = |date_event4 = | |event_pre = Ngadegna [[Safawiyya]] ku [[Safi-ad-din Ardabili]] |date_pre = 1301 |event_post = [[Nader Shah]] mangku tahta |date_post = 1 Oktober 1736 | |<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 ---> |p1 = Dinasti Timurid |flag_p1 = Timurid.svg |image_p1 = |p2 = Ak Koyunlu |flag_p2 = |s3 = Eyalet Mosul |flag_s3 = Ottoman_flag.svg |s4 = Eyalet Baghdad |flag_s4 = Ottoman_flag.svg |s5 = Eyalet Basra |flag_s5 = Ottoman_flag.svg |s1 = Dinasti Hotaki |flag_s1 = |image_s1 = |s2 = Dinasti Afsharid |flag_s2 = | | |image_flag = |flag = <!--- Link target under flag image. Default: Flag of {{{common name}}} ---> |flag_type = Bandéra Safawiyah saprak abad ka-17.<ref>''...the Order of the Lion and the Sun, a device which, since the 17 century at least, appeared on the national flag of the Safavids the lion representing 'Ali and the sun the glory of the Shi'i faith'', Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovskiĭ, J. M. Rogers, Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House, Courtauld Institute of Art, ''Heaven on earth: Art from Islamic Lands : Works from the State Hermitage Museum and the Khalili Collection'', Prestel, 2004, p. 178.</ref> | |image_coat = Lion and Sun Emblem of Persia.svg |symbol = <!--- Link target under symbol image. Default: Coat of arms of {{{common name}}} ---> |symbol_type = Salasahiji lambang nagara saprak jaman awal Safawiyah.<ref name="Flaskerud2010">{{cite book|author=Ingvild Flaskerud|title=Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fH1pvM0AdNIC&pg=PA182|accessdate=24 July 2011|date=26 November 2010|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4411-4907-7|pages=182–183}}</ref> | |image_map = Safavid Empire 1501 1722 AD-pt.svg|300px|thumb |image_map_caption = Safawiyah-Imperii | |image_map2 = <!-- If second map is needed - does not appear by default --> |image_map2_caption = | |Official_Names_of_country = Iran<ref name="AlirezaShahbazi"/> <ref name="IIMP"/> | |capital = *[[Tabriz]] (1501–55) *[[Qazvin]] (1555–98) *[[Esfahan]] (1598–1722) |capital_exile = <!-- If status="Exile" --> |latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= | |national_motto = |national_anthem = |common_languages = *[[Basa Pérsia]] (resmi,<ref>Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". ''The Cambridge History of Iran'', Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–350. ISBN 0-521-20094-6, p. 331: "Depressing though the condition in the country may have been at the time of the fall of Safavids, they cannot be allowed to overshadow the achievements of the dynasty, which was in many respects to prove essential factors in the development of Persia in modern times. These include the maintenance of Persian as the official language and of the present-day boundaries of the country, adherence to the Twelever Shi'i, the monarchical system, the planning and architectural features of the urban centers, the centralised administration of the state, the alliance of the Shi'i Ulama with the merchant bazaars, and the symbiosis of the Persian-speaking population with important non-Persian, especially Turkish speaking minorities".</ref> uang,<ref name="MatheeIranica">Rudi Matthee, "[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids Safavids]" in ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', accessed on April 4, 2010. "The Persian focus is also reflected in the fact that theological works also began to be composed in the Persian language and in that Persian verses replaced Arabic on the coins." "The political system that emerged under them had overlapping political and religious boundaries and a core language, Persian, which served as the literary tongue, and even began to replace Arabic as the vehicle for theological discourse".</ref><ref>Ronald W Ferrier, ''The Arts of Persia''. Yale University Press. 1989, p. 9.</ref> administrasi sipil,<ref name = "Perry">John R Perry, "Turkic-Iranian contacts", ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', January 24, 2006: "...written Persian, the language of high literature and civil administration, remained virtually unaffected in status and content"</ref> pangadilan (saprak Isfahan jadi ibu kota),<ref name = "Cyril Glassé 2003, pg 392">Cyril Glassé (ed.), ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, revised ed., 2003, ISBN 0-7591-0190-6, p. 392: "Shah Abbas moved his capital from [[Qazvin]] to [[Isfahan]]. His reigned marked the peak of Safavid dynasty's achievement in art, diplomacy, and commerce. It was probably around this time that the court, which originally spoke a Turkic language, began to use Persian"</ref> babaca luhur,<ref name="Perry"/> kasusastraan,<ref name="MatheeIranica" /><ref>Arnold J. Toynbee, ''A Study of History'', V, pp. 514-15. excerpt: "in the heyday of the Mughal, Safawi, and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of ''literae humaniores'' by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm, while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two-thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal frontiers"</ref> ceramah kaagamaan,<ref name="MatheeIranica"/> pawakilan diplomatik, karya sastra (adab), historiografi,<ref name="mazzaoui">{{Cite book | last = Mazzaoui | first = Michel B | authorlink = | coauthors = Canfield, Robert | year = 2002 | title = Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective | publisher = Cambridge University Press | chapter = Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period | isbn = 0-521-52291-9, ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qwwoozMU0LMC&pg=PA86#PPA87,M1 | pages = 86–7 | quote = Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh).}}</ref> <!-- court-based religious posts<ref>Ruda Jurdi Abisaab. "Iran and Pre-Independence Lebanon" in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi, ''Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years'', IB Tauris 2006, p. 76: "Although the Arabic language was still the medium for religious scholastic expression, it was precisely under the Safavids that hadith complications and doctrinal works of all sorts were being translated to Persian. The 'Amili (Lebanese scholars of Shi'i faith) operating through the Court-based religious posts, were forced to master the Persian language; their students translated their instructions into Persian. Persianization went hand in hand with the popularization of 'mainstream' Shi'i belief."</ref> -->jsb.) *[[Basa Azerbaijan]] (pangadilan, kagiatan kaagamaan, militér)<ref name="mazzaoui" /><ref name="savory07">{{Cite book | last = Savory | first = Roger | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2007 | title = Iran Under the Safavids | publisher= Cambridge University Press | isbn = 0-521-04251-8, ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=v4Yr4foWFFgC&pg=PA213 | page = 213 | quote = ''qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times'' }}</ref><ref name="cambridgesafa">Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", ''The Cambridge History of Iran'', vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."</ref><ref name="price">{{Cite book | last = Price | first = Massoume | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2005 | title = Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook | publisher= ABC-CLIO | isbn = 1-57607-993-7, ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=gzpdq679oJwC&pg=PA66 | page = 66 | quote = ''The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language.''}}</ref> |religion = [[Islam Syiah]] Dua Welas (agama nagara)<ref>''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', Ed. Cyril Glassé, (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008), 449.</ref> |currency = Tuman, Abbasi, Shahi.<ref>Ferrier, RW, ''A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire'', p. ix.</ref> *1 Tuman = 50 Abbasi. *1 Tuman = 50 French Livre. *1 Tuman = £3 6s 8d. | |<!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies ---> |leader1 = Ismail I |leader2 = Tahmasp I |leader3 = [[Abbas I ti Pérsia|Abbas I]] |leader4 = Sultan Husayn |leader5 = Tahmasp II |leader6 = Abbas III |year_leader1 = 1501&ndash;24 |year_leader2 = 1524&ndash;76 |year_leader3 = 1587&ndash;1629 |year_leader4 = 1694&ndash;1722 |year_leader5 = 1729&ndash;32 |year_leader6 = 1732&ndash;36 |title_leader = Shah |representative1 = |representative2 = |representative3 = |representative4 = [[Nader Shah|Nader Afshar]] |year_representative1 = |year_representative2 = |year_representative3 = |year_representative4 = 1732&ndash;36 |title_representative = <!--- Default: "Governor"---> |deputy1 = <!--- Name of prime minister ---> |deputy2 = |deputy3 = |deputy4 = |year_deputy1 = <!--- Years served ---> |year_deputy2 = |year_deputy3 = |year_deputy4 = |title_deputy = <!--- Default: "Prime minister" ---> | |<!--- Legislature ---> |legislature = <!--- Name of legislature ---> |house1 = <!--- Name of first chamber ---> |type_house1 = <!--- Default: "Upper house"---> |house2 = <!--- Name of second chamber ---> |type_house2 = <!--- Default: "Lower house"---> | |<!--- Area and population of a given year ---> |stat_year1 = <!--- year of the statistic, specify either area, population or both ---> |stat_area1 = 2850000 |stat_pop1 = <!--- population (w/o commas or spaces), population density is calculated if area is also given ---> |stat_year2 = |stat_area2 = |stat_pop2 = |stat_year3 = |stat_area3 = |stat_pop3 = |stat_year4 = |stat_area4 = |stat_pop4 = |stat_year5 = |stat_area5 = |stat_pop5 = |footnotes = <!--- Accepts wikilinks ---> |today = *{{flag|Apganistan}} *{{flag|Arménia}} *{{flag|Azerbaijan}} *{{flag|Géorgia}} *{{flag|Iran}} *{{flag|Irak}} *{{flag|Kuwait}} *{{flag|Pakistan}} *{{flag|Rusia}} *{{flag|Suriah}} *{{flag|Turki}} *{{flag|Turkménistan}} }} <!-- {{History of Azerbaijan}} {{History of Greater Iran}} --> '''Dinasti Safawiyah''' ({{lang-fa|سلسلهٔ صفويان}}; {{lang-az|صفویلر}}) nyaéta salah sahiji dinasti [[Iran]]. Dinasti ieu mangrupa salah sahiji kakaisaran Pérsia nu ageung saprak [[Panarajangan Muslim kana Pérsia]]<ref>Helen Chapin Metz. ''Iran, a Country study''. 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.</ref><ref>Emory C. Bogle. ''Islam: Origin and Belief''. University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.</ref><ref>Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.</ref><ref>Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: ''Rebirth of a Persian Empire'', IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).</ref> sarta ngadegkeun ajaran [[Imamah (doktrin Syiah Dua Welas)|Islam Syiah]] [[Dua Welas (ajaran)|Dua Welas]]<ref name="savoryeiref">RM Savory, ''Safavids'', ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'', 2nd ed.</ref> salaku [[agama]] resmi kakaisaran. Safawiyah miboga kawasana ti taun [[1501]] nepi ka [[1722]] (ngalaman réstorasi sakeudeung ti [[1729]] nepi ka [[1736]]). Nalika mangsa kajayaanna, dinasti ieu ngawasaan sadaya wewengkon ti [[Iran]], [[Azerbaijan]], jeung [[Arménia]] modérn, sarta raloba bagian ti [[Irak]], [[Géorgia]], [[Apganistan]], jeung [[Kaukasus]], ogé sabagian [[Pakistan]], [[Turkménistan]], jeung [[Turki]]. Iran Safawiyah mangrupa salah sahiji "[[Kakaisaran Mesiu|kakaisaran mesiu]]" Islam, bareng jeung tatanggina, Kakaisran [[Kakaisaran Ottoman|Ottoman]] jeung [[Kakaisaran Mughal|Mughal]]. ==Shah Safawiyah Iran== [[File:Safavid dynasty timeline-en.svg|thumb|upright|Gurat wanci Dinasti Safawiyah]] *[[Ismail I]] [[1501]]&ndash;1524 *[[Tahmasp I]] [[1524]]&ndash;1576 *[[Ismail II]] [[1576]]&ndash;1578 *[[Mohammed Khodabanda]] [[1578]]&ndash;1587 *[[Abbas I (Shah Pérsia)|Abbas I]] [[1587]]&ndash;1629 *[[Safi ti Pérsia|Safi]] [[1629]]&ndash;1642 *[[Abbas II ti Pérsia|Abbas II]] [[1642]]&ndash;1666 *[[Suleiman I ti Pérsia|Suleiman I]] [[1666]]&ndash;1694 *[[Husayn (Safawiyah)|Sultan Hoseyn I]] [[1694]]&ndash;1722 *[[Tahmasp II]] [[1722]]&ndash;1732 *[[Abbas III]] [[1732]]&ndash;1736 ==Tingali ogé== *[[Daptar dinasti Muslim Syiah]] ==Rujukan jeung catetan== {{Reflist|2}} ==Pustaka== * M.I. Marcinkowski (tr.),''Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey'', M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7. * M.I. Marcinkowski (tr., ed.),''Mirza Rafi‘a's Dastur al-Muluk: A Manual of Later Safavid Administration. Annotated English Translation, Comments on the Offices and Services, and Facsimile of the Unique Persian Manuscript'', M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Kuala Lumpur, ISTAC, 2002, ISBN 983-9379-26-7. * M.I. Marcinkowski,''From Isfahan to Ayutthaya: Contacts between Iran and Siam in the 17th Century'', M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Singapore, Pustaka Nasional, 2005, ISBN 9971-77-491-7. * [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]], "Safavi Ahad Main Ilm Tashreeh Ka Mutala (a book in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] on Studies of [[History of anatomy]] during Safavid dynasty), Tibbi Academy, Aligarh, India, 1983, 96 pp. * [http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/olearius/travels.html "The Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors"], Adam Oléarius, translated by John Davies (1662), ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons category|Safavid Empire}} *[http://www.iranchamber.com/history/safavids/safavids.php Sajarah Sfawiyah dina Iran Chamber] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222041115/http://www.iranchamber.com/history/safavids/safavids.php |date=2020-12-22 }} *[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids "Safavid dynasty"], ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' ku Rudi Matthee * The History Files: [http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/EasternPersia.htm Pangawasa Persia] *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/safavidempire_1.shtml BBC History of Religion] *[http://www.art-arena.com/safavidart.htm Sajarah kasenian Safawiyah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927093252/http://www.art-arena.com/safavidart.htm |date=2014-09-27 }} *[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-ix23-shiism-in-iran-since-the-safavids "IRAN ix. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiʿism in Iran Since the Safavids: Safavid Period"], ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' ku Hamid Algar {{Empires}} {{Azerbaijan topics}} {{Iran topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Safawiyah}} [[Kategori:Dinasti Safawiyah| ]] [[Kategori:Dinasti Aliyah]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Iran]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Islam]] [[Kategori:Dinasti Muslim]] [[Kategori:Dinasti Muslim Syiah]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu ngadeg taun 1501]] [[Kategori:Nu bubar taun 1736]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Azerbaijan]] {{nagara-sajarah-stub|Iran}} {{nagara-sajarah-stub|Azerbaijan}} t11vpjzb30uwb47dvtuj5qysamys23a 0 50648 729954 729267 2026-10-06T22:10:23Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261006)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 729954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses}} [[Gambar:Reagan and Gorbachev hold discussions.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Presiden Amérika Sarikat|Presiden AS]] [[Ronald Reagan]] (kiri) jeung [[Sekretaris Jenderal Partei Komunis Uni Soviét|Sekretaris Jenderal Soviét]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], papanggih di [[Jenewa]] dina taun 1985.]] '''Perang Tiis''' ({{lang-en|Cold War}}, {{lang-ru|холо́дная война́, kholodnaya voyna}}, 1947–1991) nyaéta sesebutan kana ayana kategangan [[politik]] jeung [[militer]] antara [[Dunya Kulon]], nu dipingpin ku [[Amérika Sarikat]] jeung sekutu [[NATO]], ngalawan [[Dunya Kadua|Dunya Komunis]], nu dipingpin ku [[Uni Soviét]] jeung sakutu nagara-[[nagara satelit]]na. Kajadian ieu dimimitian ku kajayaan [[Sakutu Perang Dunya II|Sakutu]] dina ngéléhkeun [[Jerman Nazi]] dina [[Perang Dunya II]], nu nyésakeun [[Amérika Sarikat]] jeung [[Uni Soviét]] nu jadi dua [[nagara adidaya]] di dunya ku bédana idéologi, ékonomi, jeung militer nu gedé. Uni Soviét, babarengan jeung nagara-nagara di [[Éropa Wétan]] nu dijajahna, [[Blok Wétan]]. Prosés pamulihan saanggeusna perang di [[Éropa Kulon]] difasilitasan ku program [[Rancana Marshall]] [[Amérika Sarikat]], jeung pikeun nandingana, [[Uni Soviét]] ogé nyieun [[Comecon|COMECON]] babarengan jeung sekutu Wétanna. Amérika Sarikat nyieun aliansi militer [[NATO]] dina taun 1949, sadengkeun Uni Soviét ogé nyieun [[Pakta Warsawa]] dina taun 1955. Sababarah nagara milihan pikeun milu kana salah sahiji ti dua nagara adidaya ieu,sadengkeun nu lianna milih pikeun tetep nétral ku dijieunna [[Gerakan Non-Blok]] Kajadian ieu dingaranan Perang Tiis ku sabab dua pihak can kungsu miluan dina aksi militer sacara nyaan, ngan masing-masing pihak mibanda [[sanjata nuklir]] nu bisa ngakibatkeun kahancuran nu gedé. Perang Tiis ogé ngalantarankeun kategangan nu kacida nu dina ahirna ngalantarankeun ayana konflik militer régional saperti [[Blokade Berlin]] (1948–1949), [[Perang Koréa]] (1950–1953), [[Krisis Suéz]] (1956), [[Krisis Berlin 1961]], [[Krisis Rudal Kuba]] (1962), [[Perang Viétnam]] (1959–1975), [[Perang Yom Kippur]] (1973), [[Perang Afganistan]] (1979–1989), jeung panembakan ''[[Korean Air Penerbangan 007]]'' ku Soviét (1983). Alih-alih miluan dina konflik ku cara nyata, kadua pihak lolombaan ngaliwatan koalisi militer, payebaran idéologi jeung pangaruh, méré bantuan ka [[nagara klien]], [[spionaseuu|spionaseu]], kampanyeu propaganda sacara gedé-gedéan, [[perlombaan senjata|perlombaan nuklir]], ngélég nagara-nagara netral, saingan di perlombaan olahraga internasional, jeung kompetisi téhnologi seperti [[Perlombaan Angkasa]]. AS jeung Uni Soviét ogé saingan dina rupa-rupa [[perang proksi]]; di [[Amérika Latin]] jeung [[Asia Tenggara]], Uni Soviét ngabantuan [[révolusi komunis]] nu ditentang ku sababaraha nagara-nagara Kulon, Amérika Sarikat mikir pikeun supaya kumaha teu kajadian ngeunaan éta ku cara pangiriman tantara jeung peperangan. Dina rangka ngaleutikan résiko [[perang nuklir]], kadua pihak paheut nyieun panglanyah ''[[détente]]'' dina taun 1970-an pikeun ngurangan kaharénghéngan politik. [[Perang Tiis (1979–1985)|Dina taun 1980-an]], Amérika Sarikat ningkatkeun deui [[Doktrin Reagan|tekanan diplomatik, militer, jeung ékonomi]] ka Uni Soviét dina waktuna nagara komunis éta keur aya dina kamiskinan [[Era Stagnasi|stagnasi perékonomian]]. Dina pertengahan 1980-an, présidén Soviét nu anyar , [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], méré nyaho ngeunaan kabijakan réformasi liberalisasi ''[[perestroika]]'' ("rékonstruksi, réorganisasi", 1987) jeung ''[[glasnost]]'' ("keterbukaan", [[ca.]] 1985). Kabijakan ieu ngabalukarkeun Soviét jeung nagara-nagara satelitna dilanda ku [[Révolusi 1989|gelombang Révolusi]] damai nu diengpikeun ku [[Bubaran Uni Soviét|runtuhna Uni Soviét]] dina taun 1991, jeung dina ahirna nyésakeun Amérika Sarikat nu jadi hiji-hijina kakuatan militer nu pantohagana di dunya. Perang Tiis jeung rupa-rupa kajadian nu séjénna ngabalukarkeun akibat nu gedé ka dunya jeung sok disebutkeun dina budaya populér, khususna dina média nu némbongkeun téma [[spionaseuu|spionaseu]] jeung ancaman perang [[nuklir]]. == Asal istilah == Dina ahir [[Perang Dunya II]], panulis jeung jurnalis Inggris [[George Orwell]] maké istilah ''perang Tiis'' nu jadi istilah umum dina éséyna nu judulna "''[[You and the Atomic Bomb]]''" (Anjeun jeung Bom Atom), nu diterbitkan ku surat kabar Inggris, ''[[Tribune (majalah)|Tribune]]'', dina tanggal 19 Oktober 1945. Ésai éta ngagambarkeun Dunya nu hirup disingsieunan ku [[perang nuklir]]. Orwell nulis: :"Salila opat puluh atawa lima puluh taun ayeuna, Mr. [[H. G. Wells]] jeung nu lianna ngingetan urang yén manusa bakal aya dina bahaya, ngancurkeun sorangan ku senjatana sorangan, nyésakeun sireum atawa sababaraha kelompok spésiés lianna pikeun nyokot alih. Saha baé nu geus mempo kaancuran di dayeuh-dayeuh di [[Jerman]] bakal mikir yén gagasan ieu sahenteuna asup kana akal. Namung, lamun nempo Dunya sacara kabéh, kajadian sababaraha dekade ieu teu asup ka arah anarki, namun ka arah diayakeuna deui perbudakan. Urang sigana teu ka arah ngaruksak umum, tapi ka jaman perbudakan kuno nu sieun. Téori [[James Burnham]] geus loba dibahas, namun saeutik ti jalma teu acan nanggepan nu jadi implikasi idéologi. Jenis pandangan ka Dunya, jenis kayakinan, jeung struktur sosial mungkin bakal nguasaan nagara nu teu kaéléhkeun jeung ngaluruskeun dina "perang Tiis" permanén jeungbtatanggana."<ref>Orwell, "[http://tmh.floonet.net/articles/abombs.html You and the Atomic Bomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206214319/http://tmh.floonet.net/articles/abombs.html |date=2008-02-06 }}", ''Tribune'' October 19, 1945</ref> Dina ''The Observer'' édisi 10 Maret 1946, Orwell nulis yén "saenggeus konferensi Moskow Désémber kamari, Rusia majukeun 'perang Tiis' ka [[Britania]] jeung [[Imperium Britania]]."<ref>Orwell, George, ''The Observer'', March 10, 1946</ref> Istilah nu dipaké pikeun ngagambarkeun kategangan [[géopulitik]] antara [[Uni Soviét]] jeung [[nagara satelit]]na jeung Amérika Sarikat jeung sekutu Éropa Kulon-na saenggeus [[Perang Dunya II]] dimimitian ku [[Bernard Baruch]], saurang ahli piduiteun Amérika jeung panaaséhat présidén.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=54}}</ref> Dina salah sahiji pidato di [[South Carolina]] dina tanggal 16 April 1947,<ref>{{cite news|first=William|last=Safire|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/01/news/edsafire.php|title=Islamofascism Anyone?|work=The New York Times|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|date=October 1, 2006|accessdate=December 25, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022172712/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/01/news/edsafire.php|archivedate=October 22, 2006}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022172712/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/01/news/edsafire.php |date=October 22, 2006 }}</ref> Ceuk Baruch : "Urang ulah katipu: poé ieu urang aya di tengah-tengah perang Tiis."<ref>'[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bernard-baruch-coins-the-term-cold-war Bernard Baruch coins the term "Cold War"]', history.com, April 16, 1947. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.</ref> Salah sahiji réporter jeung kolumnis surat kabar nu arana [[Walter Lippmann]] ngajabarkeun penjelasan nu sakitu panjang lebarna ngeunaan Perang Tiis dina bukuna nu judulna ''The Cold War'', waktu ditanya dina taun 1947 ngeunaan sumber istilah "perang Tiis", manéhna nyebutkeun istilah éta ngarujuk dina istilah Perancis ti taun 1930-an, ''la guerre froide''.<ref>[[Strobe Talbott]]: ''The Great Experiment: The Story of Ancient Empires, Modern States, and the Quest for a Global Nation'' (2009) p.441 n.3; Lippmann's own book is {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Ydc3AAAAIAAJ&q=walter+lippmann+cold+war&dq=walter+lippmann+cold+war|author=Lippmann, Walter|title=The Cold War|accessdate=Séptémber 2, 2008|publisher=Harper|year=1947}}</ref> ==Sabab kajadian == {{main|Mimiti Perang Tiis}} {{see|Kasieunan Beureum|Permainan Besar}} [[Gambar:American troops in Vladivostok 1918 HD-SN-99-02013.JPEG|thumb|right|Pasukan Amérika di [[Vladivostok]], Agustus 1918, salila [[Intervensi Sekutu dina Perang Saudara Rusia|intervensi Sekutu]] dina [[Perang Saudara Rusia]].]] Aya perdebatan dina golongan para [[sejarawan]] ngeunaan titik awal ti Perang Tiis. Loba ti golongan sejarawan mibanda pendapat yén Perang Tiis dikeureuyeh saenggeus Perang Dunya II engpikeun, nu lainna ogé mibanda pendapat yén Perang Tiis dipaju dina ahir [[Perang Dunya I]], sanajan kategangan antara [[Kekaisaran Rusia]], nagara-nagara Éropa lainna, jeung Amérika Sarikat geus aya dina pertengahan abad ka-19.<ref name="Gaddis"/> [[Révolusi Oktober|Révolusi Bolshevik]] di [[Rusia]] dina taun 1917 (diiluan ku panarikan mundur pasukana ti Perang Dunya I), mengakibatkan Soviét Rusia terisolasi ti diplomasi internasional.<ref name="lee">{{Harvnb|Lee|1999|p=57}}</ref> Pamingpin [[Vladimir Lenin]] ngomong yén Uni Soviét "dikepung ku para kapitalis nu mumusuhan", jeung mandang diplomasi sebagai senjata pikeun ngajauhkeun Soviét ti musuh, dimimitian ku [[Komintern]] Soviét, nu ngagoakkeun pergolakan Révolusioner di luar Soviét.<ref name="Palmieri34">{{Harvnb|Palmieri|1989|p=62}}</ref> Pamingpin Soviét [[Joseph Stalin]], nu nganggep [[Uni Soviét]] sebagai salah sahiji "kapuloan sosialis", nyatakeun yén Uni Soviét kudu mandang "dominasi kapitalis ayeuna kudu digantikan ku dominasi sosialis."<ref name="tucker46">{{Harvnb|Tucker|1992|p=46}}</ref> Dina awal 1925, [[Stalin]] nyieun pernyataan yén manéhna mandang pulitik internasional sebagai salah sahiji dunya bipolar di mana Uni Soviét bakal narik nagara-nagara liana ke arah sosialisme jeung nagara-nagara kapitalis ogé bakal narik nagara-nagara lian ka arah [[kapitalismeuu]], sadengkeun dunya keur aya dina périodeu "stabilisasi sementara kapitalismeu" saméméh rubuhna.<ref name="tucker47">{{Harvnb|Tucker|1992|pp=47–8}}</ref> Rupa-rupa kajadian saméméh Perang Dunya Kadua némbongkeun ayana silih teu percaya jeung curiga dina kakuatan Kulon jeung Uni Soviét, teu leupas ti filosofi umum partéy [[Bolshevik]] nu dijieun pikeun ngalawan kapitalismeu.<ref name = "Halliday">{{Harvnb|Halliday|2001|p=2e}}</ref> Ada dukungan ti Kulon ka [[gerakan Bodas]] anti-Bolshevik dina [[Perang Saudara Rusia]],<ref name = "Gaddis">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|1990|p=57}}</ref> pemberian dana ku Uni Soviét ka pekerja pemberontak Britania dina taun 1926 ngabalukarkeun [[Britania Raya]] memutuskan hubungan dengan Uni Soviét,<ref name="tucker74">{{Harvnb|Tucker|1992|p=74}}</ref> deklarasi Stalin taun 1927 pikeun hirup berdampingan sacara damai dengan nagara-nagara kapitalis diurungkan,<ref name="tucker75">{{Harvnb|Tucker|1992|p=75}}</ref> tuduhan ayana konspirasi dina [[Peradilan Shakhty]] taun 1928 nu direncanakeun ku Britania jeung Perancis ngabalukarkeun kudéta,<ref name="tucker98">{{Harvnb|Tucker|1992|p=98}}</ref> penolakan Amérika pikeun mengakui Uni Soviét hingga taun 1933,<ref name = "LaFeber 1991">{{Harvnb|LaFeber|1991|pp=194–197}}</ref> jeung [[Stalieusme]] [[Peradilan Moskow]] pikeun kasus [[Pembersihan Gedé-Gedéan]], sarta tuduhan atas ayana spionaseu ti Britania, Perancis, jeung [[Jerman Nazi]] mangrupa kajadian-kajadian nu nukangan Perang Tiis.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tim Tzouliadis|title=The Forsaken|year=2008|url=https://archive.org/details/forsakenamerican0000tzou|publisher=The Penguin Press|isbn=978-1-59420-168-4}}</ref> Keur waktuna Tentara Jerman [[Operasi Barbarossa|menginvasi Uni Soviét]] dina bulan Juni 1941, Sekutu nyokot kauntungan ti front anyar ieu jeung milih pikeun ngabantuan Uni Soviét. Britania nandatanganan persekutuan formal jeung Amérika Sarikat nyieun kasepakatan informal jeung Soviét. Dina waktuna perang, Amérika Sarikat méré fasilitaa Britania jeung Soviét liwat program [[Lend-Lease]] na.<ref>George C. Herring Jr., ''Aid to Russia, 1941–1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War'' (Columbia University Press, 1973).</ref> Kumaha waé ogé, Stalin tetep neundeun rasa curiga kana kadua nagara éta jeung percaya yén Britania jeung Amérika Sarikat kong-kalingkong pikeun muguhkeunna yén Soviét bakal nanggung beban panggedéna dina perang ngalawan Jerman Nazi. Ceuk pandangana ieu, Sekutu Kulon ngahaja ngundur waktu pikeun muka front anti-Jerman kadua nu tujuanna pikeun beraksi di waktu-waktu ahir jeung diteruskeun nyieun panganggeusan damai. Jadi, persepsi Soviét ka dunya Kulon ngabalukarkeun ayana arus kategangan jeung permusuhan jeung pihak [[Sekutu Perang Dunya I|Sekutu]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|1990|pp=151–153}}</ref> == Ahir Perang Dunya II (1945–1947) == === Konferensi pasca-perang di Éropa === [[Gambar:Yalta summit 1945 with Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin.jpg|thumb|right| "[[Sekutu Perang Dunya II|Tiga Besar]]" di Konferensi Yalta: [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] jeung [[Joseph Stalin]], 1945.]] {{see|Konferensi Teheran|Konferensi Yalta}} Saenggeus perang, Sekutu manggih mupakat ngeunaan pembagéan jeung pangukuhan tapel wates di Éropa.<ref name="Gaddis13-23">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=13–23}}</ref> Masing-masing pihak mibanda ide-ide nu berbéda ngeunaan pembentukan jeung pemeliharaan kaamanan dunya pasca-perang.<ref name="Gaddis13-23" /> Sekutu Kulon hayang sistem kaamanan ku cara nyieun salega-legana Pamaréntahan démokrasi, nu ngamungkinkeun nagara-nagara pikeun ngaréngsékeun konflik sacara damai melalui [[organisasi internasional]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|1990|p=156}}</ref> Ngemutan sejarah invasi nu sok dikeureuyeuh ka Rusia,<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=7}}</ref> jeung deui gedénya [[Korban Perang Dunya II di Uni Soviét|jumlah korban nu maot]] (dikira kira 27 juta) jeung kaancuran Uni Soviét nu ngeureuyeuh waé saréngséna Perang Dunya II,<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4530565.stm Leaders mourn Soviét wartime dead]", BBC News, May 9, 2005. Retrieved on July 2, 2008.</ref> Uni Soviét nyieun rupa-rupa usaha pikeun ningkatkeun kaamanan ku cara ngadominasi urusan dina negeri nagara-nagara nu babatesan jeung manéhna.<ref name="Gaddis13-23" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|1990|p=176}}</ref> Sekutu Kulon ogé mibanda pendapat sorangan ngeunaan visi maranéhna kana kaayaan Dunya saréngséna perang. Tujuan Roosevelt - kajayaan militer di Éropa jeung Asia, pencapéian supreémasi ékonomi global Amérika nu ngéléhkeun [[Imperium Britania]], jeung menciptakan salah sahiji organisasi perdamaian dunya - leuwih bersifat global dibandingkan dengan Churcill, nu visinya berfokus pikeun mengamankan kontrol atas [[Laut Tengah]], memastikan keberlangsungan Imperium Britania, jeung memerdekakan nagara-nagara [[Éropa Wétan]] pikeun jadikana sebagai [[Nagara pennuga|pennuga]] antara Soviét jeung Britania Raya.<ref Name=Plokhy>{{Harvnb|Plokhy|2010|p=}}</ref> Dina pandangan Amérika, Stalin dianggep sebagai salah sahiji sekutu potensial pikeun mencapai tujuan maranéhna, sadengkeun dina pandangan Britania, Stalin dianggep ancaman panggedéna dina pencapéian agénda maranéhna. Ku diicingana lolobana ti nagara-nagara Éropa Wétan ku Soviét, Stalin aya dina pihak nu untung jeung kadua pamingpin Kulon silih sasaingan pikeun memperku dukungana. Perbédaan visi antara Roosevelt jeung Churchill ngabalukarkeun kadua pihak ngalakukeun negosiasi sacara terpisah dengan Stalin. Dina bulan Oktober 1944, Churcill ngalakukeun perjalanan ke [[Moskow]] jeung paheut pikeun ngabagi [[Balkan]] berdasarkan pangaruh masing-masing, jeung teu lila kemudian, di [[Yalta]], Roosevelt ogé nandatanganan kamupakatan terpisah dengan Stalin ngeunaan masalah Asia jeung nolak pikeun ngadukung Churcill dina isu jeung Reparasi [[Polandia]].<ref Name=Plokhy/> [[Gambar:Map-Germany-1945.svg|thumb|[[Zona Jajahan Sekutu di Jerman]] pasca-perang.]] Negosiasi leuwih lanjut antara Soviét jeung Sekutu sahubungan jeung kasaimbangan dunya saenggeus perang dina [[Konferensi Yalta]] dina bulan Februari 1945, sanajan konferensi ieu ogé gagal nepi ka konsesus ngeunaan kerangka kerja saenggeusperang di Éropa.<ref name="Gaddis21">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=21}}</ref> Dina bulan April 1945, Churcill jeung présidén Amérika Sarikat nu anyar , [[Harry S. Truman]], paheut pikeun ngalawan kaputusan Soviét nu méré bantuan ka Pamaréntahan Lublin, saingan [[Pamaréntahan Polandia di pengasingan]] nu dikontrol ku Soviét.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zubok|1996|p=94}}</ref> Saenggeus [[Ahir Perang Dunya II|kemenangan Sekutu]] dina bulan Mei 1945, Soviét sacara épéktip maju ngadumukan Éropa Wétan,<ref name="Gaddis21" /> sadengkeun pasukan Amérika Sarikat jeung Sekutu Kulon kukuh di [[Éropa Kulon]]. Di wilayah Jerman nu diicingan Sekutu, Uni Soviét, Amérika Sarikat, Britania Raya jeung [[Perancis]] nyieun [[Jajahan Sekutu di Jerman|zona Jajahan]] jeung nyieun kerangka kerja pikeun ngabagi wilayah-wilayah éta jadi opat zona Jajahan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=22}}</ref> [[Konferensi PBB ngeunaan Organisasi Internasional|Konferensi Sekutu dina taun 1945]] di [[San Francisco]] ngahasilkeun kaputusan ngeunaan pendirian organisasi PBB multi-nasional pikeun memelihara perdamaian dunya, namun kapasitas panegakanna ku [[Déwan Kaamanan PBB|Dewan Kaamanan]] sacara épéktip dilumpuhkeun ku kabisa anggotana pikeun maké [[hak veto]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Bourantonis|1996|p=130}}</ref> Ku sebab itu, PBB dina dasarnya diubah jadi salah sahiji forum aktif pikeun tukeur retorika polemik, jeung Soviét dianggep sacara eksklusif sebagai tribun [[propaganda]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Garthoff|1994|p=401}}</ref> === Konferensi Potsdam jeung kaéléhan Jepang === [[Gambar:L to R, British Prime Mieuster Winston Churchill, President Harry S. Truman, and Soviét leader Josef Stalin in the... - NARA - 198958.jpg|thumb|[[Winston Churchill]], [[Harry S. Truman]] jeung [[Joseph Stalin]] di [[Konferensi Potsdam]], 1945.|pra=Special:FilePath/L_to_R,_British_Prime_Mieuster_Winston_Churchill,_President_Harry_S._Truman,_and_Soviét_leader_Josef_Stalin_in_the..._-_NARA_-_198958.jpg]] {{see|Konferensi Potsdam|Menyerahnya Jepang}} Dina [[Konferensi Potsdam]], nu dikeureuyeuh dina ahir Juli saenggeus ngarasa éléhna Jerman, perbédaan serius terkait dengan perkembangan masa depan Jerman jeung Éropa Wétan.<ref name = "Byrd">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Byrd, Peter|editor=McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair|encyclopedia=The concise Oxford dictionary of politics|title=Cold War (entire chapter)|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xLbEHQAACAAJ|accessdate=June 16, 2008|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-280276-3|ref=harv}}</ref> Selain itu, jumlah partisipan perang jeung perbédaan kebiasaan dijadikeun alasan ku satu sama lianna pikeun mengkonfirmasi kecurigaan maranéhna ngeunaan niat bermusuhan jeung mempertahankan kubu maranéhna masing-masing.<ref>Alan Wood, p. 62</ref> Dina konferensi ieu, Truman mérétahu Stalin yén Amérika Sarikat mibanda senjata anyar nu kuat.<ref name="Gaddis25" /> Stalin nyangka Amérika Sarikat keur ngembangkeun [[bom atum]], jeung ngingetan sasaran Amérika Sarikat kamungkinan saingan Soviét, nyaéta [[Jepang]], Stalin nanggepan hal éta ku sikep tenang. Stalin ngomong mun manéhna ngarasa bagja ku warta éta jeung nyatakeun kahayangna yén senjata éta bakal dipaké pikeun ngalawan Jepang.<ref name="Gaddis25">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=25–26}}</ref> Satu minggu saenggeus berahirnya Konferensi Potsdam, Amérika Sarikat [[Serangan bom atom di Hiroshima jeung Nagasaki|membom Hiroshima jeung Nagasaki]]. Teu lila saenggeus serangan, Stalin protés ka para petinggi Amérika Sarikat ku sabab leutikna bagéan [[Padumukan Sekutu atas Jepang|Jepang nu diicingan Sekutu]] nu ditawarkeun ku présidén Truman ka Soviét.<ref>{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=28}}</ref> === Awal Blok Wétan === {{See|Blok Wétan}} [[Gambar:EasternBloc BorderChange38-48.svg|right|thumb|Perubahan wilayah pasca-perang di [[Éropa Wétan]] jeung pembentukan [[Blok Wétan]], nu dijuluki "Tirai Beusi".]] Dina awal Perang Dunya II, Uni Soviét meletakkan dasar bagi terbentuknya [[Blok Wétan]] ku cara nyaplok langsung sababaraha nagara saperti [[Republik Sosialis Soviét]], nu awalna dibérékeun ka Soviét ku [[Jerman Nazi]] dina [[Pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop]]. Wilayah ieu kaasup Polandia bagéan Wétan (terus dipisahkeun jadi [[Wilayah Polandia nu dicaplok ku Uni Soviét|dua nagara Soviét nu béda]]),<ref name="wettig20">{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=21}}</ref><ref name="senn">Senn, Alfred Erich, ''Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above'', Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007 ISBN 978-90-420-2225-6</ref> [[Estonia]] (nu kemudian jadi [[Republik Sosialis Soviét Estonia|RSS Estonia]]),<ref name="stalinswars43">{{Harvnb|Roberts|2006|p=43}}</ref> [[Latvia]] (jadi [[Republik Sosialis Soviét Latvia|RSS Latvia]]),<ref name="wettig20"/><ref name="senn"/> [[Lithuania]] (jadi [[Republik Sosialis Soviét Lituania|RSS Lithuania]]),<ref name="wettig20"/><ref name="senn"/> bagéan Wétan [[Finlandia]] (jadi [[Republik Sosialis Soviét Karelo-Finlandia|RSS Karelo-Finlandia]]), jeung [[Rumania]] Wétan (nu jadi [[Republik Sosialis Soviét Moldavia|RSS Moldavia]]).<ref name="stalinswars55">{{Harvnb|Roberts|2006|p=55}}</ref><ref name="shirer794">{{Harvnb|Shirer|1990|p=794}}</ref> Wilayah Éropa Wétan nu dibébaskeun ti Nazi jeung diicingan ku pasukan Soviét salajengna ogé ditambahkeun ka Blok Wétan ku cara ngarobahna jadi [[nagara satelit]],<ref name = "Schmitz" /> nagara-nagara ieu di antarana [[Jerman Wétan]],<ref name="wettig96">{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|pp=96–100}}</ref> [[Republik Rakyat Polandia]], [[Republik Rakyat Bulgaria]], [[Republik Rakyat Hongaria]],<ref name="dijk">van Dijk, Ruud, ''Encyclopedia of the Cold War, Volume 1'', p. 200. Taylor & Francis, 2008. ISBN 0-415-97515-8</ref> [[Republik Sosialis Cekoslowakia]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Grenville|2005|pp=370–71}}</ref> [[Republik Rakyat Romania]], jeung [[Republik Rakyat Albania]].<ref name="cook17">{{Harvnb|Cook|2001|p=17}}</ref> Rézim Soviét nu bijil di nagara-nagara Blok Wétan ngadopsi sistem [[ékonomi komando]] Soviét wungkul, manéhna ogé ngadopsimétodeubrutal nu dipaké ku [[Joseph Stalin]] jeung polisi rusiah Soviét pikeun neken oposisi nu nyata jeung poténsial.<ref name="roht83">{{Harvnb|Roht-Arriaza|1995|p=83}}</ref> Di Asia, [[Tentara Beureum]] geus ngabanjiran [[Manchuria]] dina bulan-bulan ahir perang, jeung ngeureuyeuh pikeun nyicingan bagéan besar wilayah [[Korea]] bagéan Kalér.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=40}}</ref> Sebagai bagéan ti konsolidasi kontrol Stalin atas Blok Wétan, [[NKVD]], nu dipimpin ku [[Lavrentiy Beria]], ngawasan dijieunna sistem polisi rusiah nu bergaya Soviét di Blok Wétan pikeun ngabasmi perlawanan anti-komunis.<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 34"/> Lamun aya saeutik waé sumanget kemerdekaan di nagara-nagara Blok Wétan, maranéhna nu miluan bakal disingkirkeun ti kakuasaan, diadilan, dipenjarakeun, jeung dina sababaraha kasus, diéksékusi.<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 100">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=100}}</ref> [[Perdana Menteri Britania Raya]] [[Winston Churchill]] khawatir yén jumlah besar pasukan Soviét nu di Éropa dina ahir perang, jeung persepsi yén pamingpin Soviét Joseph Stalin teu bisa diandelkeun, bakal ngabalukarkeun anceman ka [[Éropa Kulon]].<ref name="Telegraph">Fenton, Ben. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080528222149/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1998%2F10%2F01%2Fnwar101.html The secret strategy to launch attack on Red Army]", telegraph.co.uk, October 1, 1998. Retrieved July 23, 2008.</ref> Dina bulan April-Mei 1945, [[Kementerian Perang Churcill|Kabinét Perang Britania Raya]] mengembangkan salah sahiji rencana operasi pikeun "memaksakan kehendak Amérika Sarikat jeung Imperium Britania ka Rusia".<ref>{{cite web | last = British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 | date = August 11, 1945 | url = http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ | title = Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization' | format = online photocopy | publisher = Department of History, Northeastern University | accessdate = June 28, 2008 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080706093010/http://www.history.neu.edu/PRO2/ | archivedate = July 6, 2008}}</ref> Namung rencana ieu ditolak ku [[Pupuhu Staf Komiteu]] sabab teu layakna sumber daya militer.<ref name="Telegraph" /> === Persiapan pikeun "perang anyar " === {{See|Artikel X|Tirai Beusi}} Dina bulan Februari 1946, laporan "[[Artikel X|Telegram Panjang]]" [[George F. Kennan]] ti Moskow ngabantuan pikeun ngartikulasikeun kawijakan Pamaréntah AS nu teterusan inténsif dina ngalawan Soviét, nu jadi dasar keur strategi Amérika Sarikat ks Uni Soviét salila Perang Tiis.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schecter|2003|pp=152–154}}</ref> Dina bulan Séptémber, pihak Soviét nyieun telegram [[Nikolai Vasilevich Novikov|Novikov]], nu dikirim ku duta besar Soviét ka Amérika Sarikat, namun pangiriman telegram ieu ditugaskeun jeung ogé ditulis ku [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], telegram ieu ngajelaskeun yén AS "ayana dina cengkeraman monopoli kapitalis nu ngembangkeun kamampuan militer dina rangka nyiapkeun kondisi pikeun meunangkeun supremasi dunya dina salah sahiji perang anyar ".<ref>{{Harvnb|Kydd|2005|p=107}}</ref> Dina tanggal 6 Séptémber 1946, [[James F. Byrnes]] menyampaikan pidato di Jerman nu mennukal [[Rencana Morgenthau]] (salah sahiji proposal pikeun misahkeun jeung de-industrialisasi di Jerman pasca-perang). Byrnes ogé ngingetan Soviét yén AS niat pikeun nahan kaayaan militerna teu dibatesan di Éropa.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=30}}</ref> Sabulan saterusna, Byrnes ngaku yén pernyataana ieu mangrupa "intisari ti program kami pikeun meunangkeun haté warga Jerman&nbsp;[...] éta nyaéta pertempuran pikiran antara kami jeung Rusia&nbsp;[...]"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daz.org/enJamesFByrnes.html|title=Southern Partnership: James F. Byrnes, Lucius D. Clay and Germany, 1945–1947|first=Curtis F|last=Morgan|accessdate=June 9, 2008|publisher=James F. Byrnes Institute}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705193541/http://www.daz.org/enJamesFByrnes.html |date=July 5, 2008 }}</ref> Babaraha minggu saenggeus dirilisna "Telegram Panjang", mantan Perdana Menteri Britania Winston Churchill nyampaikeun istilah terkenalna, "[[Tirai Beusi]]", dina salah sahiji pidato di [[Fulton, Missouri]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=94}}</ref> Dina pidato éta, Churcill nyerukeun supaya Inggris-Amérika bersekutu pikeun ngalawan Soviét, nu dituduhna geus ngabentangkan "tirai Beusi" ti "[[Szczecin|Stettin]] di [[Laut Baltik|Baltik]] nepi ka [[Trieste]] di [[Laut Adriatik|Adriatik]]".<ref name = "Schmitz">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Schmitz, David F.|editor=Whiteclay Chambers, John|encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to American Military History|title=Cold War (1945–91): Causes [entire chapter]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xtMKHgAACAAJ&dq=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History|accessdate=June 16, 2008|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-507198-0|ref=harv}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=711|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015163941/http://winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=711|archivedate=October 15, 2007|title=Churchill and...Politics: The True Meaning of the Iron Curtain Speech|author=Harriman, Pamela C.|accessdate=June 22, 2008|publisher=Winston Churchill Centre|date=Winter 1987–1988}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015163941/http://winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=711 |date=October 15, 2007 }}</ref> Dina taun 1952, Stalin [[Nota Stalin|berulang kali mengajukan rencana pikeun menyatukan Jerman Wétan jeung Jerman Kulon]] di handap hiji Pamaréntahan tunggal nu dipilih dina pamilihan umum nu diawasan ku [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] mun Jerman nu anyar ieu leupas ti aliansi militer Kulon, namun usulan ieu ditolak ku kakuatan Kulon. Babaraha sumber nyengkétakeun kasungguhan usulan ieu.<ref>Van Dijk, Rudd. [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACFB54.pdf The 1952 Stalin Note Debate: Myth or Missed Opportunity for German Reunification?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502194421/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACFB54.pdf |date=2019-05-02 }} Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Cold War International History Project, Working Paper 14, May 1996.</ref> == Permulaan Perang Tiis (1947–1953) == {{Main|Perang Tiis (1947–1953)}} === Kominform jeung perpecahan Tito–Stalin === {{See|Kominform|Perpecahan Tito–Stalin}} Dina bulan Séptémber 1947, Soviét nyieun [[Kominform]], nu tujuana nyaéta pikeun menegakkan ortodoksi dina gerakan komunis internasional jeung ngetatkeun kontrol pulitik ka nagara-nagara satelit Soviét melalui koordinasi ti pihak komunis di [[Blok Wétan]].<ref name="Gaddis32" /> Kominform ngalaman kamunduran dina bulan Juni ka dituna saenggeus [[perpecahan Tito–Stalin]], nu ngabalukarkeun Soviét ngagoréngkeun [[Yugoslavia]]. Yugoslavia tetep jadi nagara komunis, namun maju ngadopsi posisi [[Gerakan Non-Blok|Non-Blok]]. === Kontainmen jeung Doktrin Truman === {{Main|Kontainmen|Doktrin Truman}} [[Gambar:Cold war europe military alliances map en.png|thumb|Aliansi militer Éropa.]] Dina taun 1947, panaséhat présidén AS [[Harry S. Truman]] maksa Truman pikeun nyokot langkah-langkah téréh dina ngalawan pangaruh Uni Soviét, Ngemutan upaya Stalin (ditengah kabingungan jeung karubuhanana saenggeus perang) pikeun ngalemahkeun Amérika Sarikat ku jalan sasaingan nu bisa ngadorong kalangan kapitalis supaya ngabalukareun perang nu lian.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=27}}</ref> Bulan Februari 1947, Pamaréntah Britania mengumumkan yén maranéhna teu sanggup deui ngabiayaan rezim militer monarki [[Yunani]] dina [[Perang Saudara Yunani]] pikeun ngalawan pemberontak komunis. Tanggepan Pamaréntah Amérika ka pengumuman Britania ieu nyaéta yén maranéhna bakal ngadopsi kawijakan [[kontainmen]],<ref name="Gaddis28">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=28–29}}</ref> nyaéta kawijakan nu tujuanna pikeun ngeureunkeun panyebaran [[komunisme]]. Truman nyampaikeum pidato nu eusina maksa alokasi dana $ 400 pikeun masilitasan miluna Amérika Sarikat dina perang Yunani jeung ngaluncurkeun [[Doktrin Truman]], nu nyatakeun yén konflik éta mangrupa kontes antara masyarakat bébas jeung rezim totaliter.<ref name="Gaddis28" /> Sanajan dina kanyataana para pemberontak komunis meunang bantuan ti pamingpin Yogoslavia [[Josip Broz Tito]],<ref name="LaFeber 1991" /> AS nuduh yén Uni Soviét sekongkolan jeung komunis Yunani pikeun ngalawan royalis dina upayana pikeun ngalegaan pangaruh Soviét.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=38}}</ref> Doktrin Truman nandaan awak ti kawijakan pertahanan bipartisan AS jeung konsesus kbijakan aluar negeri antara [[Partei Republik (Amérika Sarikat)|Partei Republik]] jeung [[Partei Demokrat (Amérika Sarikat)|Demokrat]] nu bener-bener pokus dina kontainmen (panahanan) jeung nyegat panyebaran komunisme salila jeung saenggeus [[Perang Vietnam]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hahn|1993|p=6}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Higgs|2006|p=137}}</ref> partéy moderat jeung konservatif lianna di Éropa, sarta demokratik sosial, maju méré dukungan taya syarat ka Sekutu Kulon,<ref>{{Harvnb|Moschonas|Elliott|2002|p=21}}</ref> sadengkeun Komunis Amérika jeung Éropa, dibiayaan ku [[KGB]], pipilueun dina operasi intelijen,<ref>{{cite book|last=Andrew|first =Christopher|coauthors=Mitrokhin, Vasili|title= The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB|url=https://archive.org/details/swordshieldmitro0000andr_q5i4|publisher= Basic Books|year =2000|page =[https://archive.org/details/swordshieldmitro0000andr_q5i4/page/276 276]}}</ref> operasi ieu tetep sesuai jeung aturan Moskow, sanajan perbédaan pendapat di kalangan komunis ieu karak aya saenggeus taun 1956. Kritik lain ngeunaan Doktrin Truman ieu asalba ti [[Penentang Perang Vietnam|aktivis anti-Perang Vietnam]], [[CND]] jeung gerakan [[pembekuan nuklir]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Crocker|Hampson|Aall|2007|p=55}}</ref> === Rencana Marshall jeung kudéta Cekoslowakia === [[Gambar:Marshall Plan.png|right|thumb|Peta éra Perang Tiis di Éropa jeung Wétan Dekat, nunjukkeun nagara-nagara nu menerima bantuan [[Rencana Marshall]]. Kolum Beureum nunjukkeun jumlah relatif bantuan nu diterima per nagara.]] [[Gambar:Cold war europe economic alliances map en.png|thumb|Aliansi perékonomian Éropa.]] {{Main|Rencana Marshall|Kudéta Cekoslowakia 1948}} Dina awal 1947, Britania, Perancis, jeung Amérika Sarikat teu ngahasil nepi kéasepakatan jeung Uni Soviét ngeunaan rencana dijieuna deui perékonomian Jerman, kaasup jumlah rinci ngeunaan pamelakan modal industri, barang, jeung infrastruktur nu geus ancur ku Sekutu salila perang.<ref name="miller16">{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=16}}</ref> Bulan Juni 1947, sarua jeung Doktrin Truman, Amérika Sarikat ngesahkeun program [[Rencana Marshall]], nyaéta salah sahiji program bantuan ékonomi ka sakabéh nagara Éropa nu daék pikeun miluan, kaasup Uni Soviét.<ref name="miller16"/> Tujuan ti rencana ieu pikeun ngawangun deui sistem [[démokrasi]] jeung perékonomian Éropa jeung pikeun ngabatesan pangaruh komunis di Éropa.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|1990|p=186}}</ref> Rencana ieu ogé nyatakeun yén kamakmuran Éropa kagantung dina pamulihan ékonomi Jerman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,887417,00.html|title=Pas de Pagaille!|work=[[Time (majalah)|Time]]|date=July 28, 1947|accessdate=May 28, 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828025646/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,887417,00.html |date=August 28, 2013 }}</ref> Sabulan kemudian, Truman mengesahkan [[Undang-Undang Kaamanan Nasional 1947]], nyieun [[Departemen Pertahanan Amérika Sarikat|Departemen Pertahanan]] terpadu, [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], jeung [[Badan Kaamanan Nasional]] (NSC). Hal ieu selanjutnyabakal jadi birokrasi utama kawijakan AS dina Perang Tiis.<ref name="Karabell" >{{Harvnb|Karabell|1999|p=916}}</ref> Stalin percaya yén integrasi ékonomi jeung [[Dunya Kulon|Kulon]]bakal ngamungkinkeun nagara-nagara Blok Wétan pikeun misahkeun diri ti kontrol Soviét, Stalin ogé percaya yén AS usaha pikeun “meuli” Éropa supaya mihak ka AS.<ref name="Gaddis32">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=32}}</ref> Ku sebab kitu, Stalin ngalarang nagara-nagara [[Blok Wétan]] nampanan bantuan Marshall.<ref name="Gaddis32" /> Alternatif Uni Soviét dina nandingan Rencana Marshall, nu ngabéakkeun subsidi Soviét jeung perdagangana jeung Éropa Wétan, nyaéta ku cara nyieun [[Rencana Molotov]] (terus dilembagakeun dina bulan Januari 1949 nu diaranan [[Comecon]]).<ref name = "LaFeber 1991" /> Stalin ogé ngahariwangkeun upaya AS pikeun ngarékonstitusi Jerman; visi pasca-perangna ka Jerman teu kaasup hal ieu, sabab Soviét teu hayang méré senjata deui Jerman atawa ku lian kata, sieun yén hal éta bakal ngabalukarkeun anceman deui ka Uni Soviét.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=105–106}}</ref> Dina awal 1948, nyusul laporan nu nguatan "elemen reaksioner" di [[Cekoslowakia]], Soviét [[Kudéta Cekoslowakia 1948|ngalaksanakeun kudéta di Cekoslowakia]], nu mangrupa hiji-satunya nagara Blok Wétan nu diijinkan Soviét pikeun mempertahankan struktur démokrasinya.<ref name="wettig86">{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=86}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Patterson|1997|p=132}}</ref> Kebrutalan publik dina kudéta ieu mengejutkan nagara-nagara Kulon, perdebatan muncul di Kongres Amérika Sarikat, nu sieuneun yén perangbakal terjadi kembali dina upaya Soviét pikeun menyapu habis sakabéh pendukung Rencana Marshall.<ref name="miller19">{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=19}}</ref> Kawijakan kembar Doktrin Truman jeung Rencana Marshall ngabalukarkeuin miliaran bantuan ékonomi jeung militer mengalir pikeun [[Éropa Kulon]], [[Yunani]], jeung [[Turki]]. Dengan bantuan AS, militer Yunani berhasil meunangkeun perang saudara.<ref name = "Karabell" /> partéy [[Démokrasi Kristen (Italia)|Démokrasi Kristen]] [[Italia]] ogé sukses ngéléhkeun aliansi [[Partei Komunis Italia|Komunis]]-[[Partei Sosialis Italia|Sosialis]] dina pemilihan umum taun 1948.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=162}}</ref> Dina saat nu bersamaan, terjadi paningkatan aktivitas intelijen jeung [[spionaseu]], [[Pembelotan jeung emigrasi Blok Wétan|pembelotan Blok Wétan]], jeung pengusiran diplomatik.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cowley|1996|p=157}}</ref> === Blokade Berlin === [[Gambar:C-47s at Tempelhof Airport Berlin 1948.jpg|thumb|C-47s ngalakukeun pembongkaran di [[Bandar Udara Internasional Tempelhof|Bandar Udara Tempelhof]] di Berlin salila berlangsungnya Blokade Berlin.]] {{Main|Blokade Berlin}} Amérika Sarikat jeung Britania ngahijikeun zona Jajahan maranéhna di Jerman jadi “[[Bizone|Bizonia]]” (1 Januari 1947, terus jadi “Trizonia” saenggeus zona Jajahan Perancis ogé digabungkeun dina bulan April 1949).<ref name="miller13">{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=13}}</ref> Bagéan ti upaya dibangunna deui perékonomian Jerman, dina awal 1948 perwakilan ti sababaraha nagara Éropa Kulon jeung Amérika Sarikat ngumumkeun kamupakatan pikeun ngahijikeun wilayah Jajahan Jerman Kulon jadi salah sahiji Pamaréntahan federal.<ref name="miller18">{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=18}}</ref> Selain itu, sesuai dengan Rencana Marshall, maranéhna nyieun deui industrialisasi jeung ngatur deui perékonomian Jerman bareng-bareng, kaasup dibéwarakeunna mata uang anyar [[Deutsche Mark]] pikeun ngagantikeun mata uang [[Reichsmark]] lila nu nilaina anjlok Soviét.<ref name="miller31">{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=31}}</ref> Teu lila sanggeusna, Stalin ngalembagakeun [[Blokade Berlin]] (24 Juni 1948 - 12 Mei 1949), salah sahiji krisis gedé kahiji nu kajadian salila Perang Tiis, nu tujuanna pikeun megatkeun akses jeung nyegat kadaharan, bahan, jeung kalengkepan lianna asup ka [[Berlin Kulon]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=33}}</ref> Amérika Sarikat, Britania, Perancis, [[Kanada]], [[Selandia Baru]], [[Australia]], jeung Babaraha nagara lianna majukeun “bantuan udara” gedé-gedéan pikeun méré ka Berlin Kulon ku kadaharan jeung kalengkepan lianna.<ref>{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|pp=65–70}}</ref> Soviét ngalcarkeun kampanyeu hubungan publik kana parobahan kawijakan di Jerman Kulon. Para Komunis di Berlin Wétan ngupayakeun pikeun ngaganggu acara pemilihan umum munisipal di Berlin (saperti nu maranéhna lakukan dina pemilu 1946),<ref name="miller13"/> nu diayakeun dina tanggal 5 Désémber 1948 jeung ngahasilkeun 86,3% pemilih sakalian kajayaan nu gedé keur partéy non-Komunis.<ref>Turner, Henry Ashby, ''The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West'', Yale University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-300-03865-8, page 29</ref> Hasil ieu sacara épéktip ngabagi Berlin jadi dua bagéan, nyaéta Berlin Wétan jeung Berlin Kulon. 300.000 warga Berlin démo jeung maksa supaya bantuan udara internasional pikeun Berlin tetep dilanjutkeun,<ref>Fritsch-Bournazel, Renata, ''Confronting the German Question: Germans on the East-West Divide'', Berg Publishers, 1990, ISBN 0-85496-684-6, page 143</ref> jeung pilot US Air Force [[Gail Halvorsen]] terus nanggepanna ku cara nyieun “[[Blokade Berlin|Operasi Permen]]” pikeun méré permen ka budak-budaj Jerman.<ref name="miller26">{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=26}}</ref> Dina bulan Mei 1949, Stalin mundur jeung nyabut blokadeu ka Berlin.<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 34">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=34}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|pp=180–81}}</ref> === Awal NATO jeung Radio Free Europe === {{Main|NATO|Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Penyebaran informasi Blok Wétan}} [[Gambar:Truman signing National Security Act Amendment of 1949.jpg|right|thumb| Presiden Truman nandatanganan [[Undang-Undang Kaamanan Nasional 1947|Amendemen Undang-Undang Kaamanan Nasional 1949]] dengan para tamu di [[Oval Office]].]] Britania, Perancis, Amérika Sarikat, Kanada jeung dalapan nagara-nagara Éropa Kulon nandatanganan [[Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Kalér]] dina bulan April 1949 pikeun nyieun [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO).<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 34"/> Dina bulan Agustus, perangkat atom Soviét kahiji dibitukeun di [[Semipalatinsk]], [[Republik Sosialis Soviét Kazakhstan|RSS Kazakhtan]].<ref name = "LaFeber 1991" /> Saenggeus Soviét nolak pikeun miluan dina upaya dibanguna deui Jerman nu geus ditetapkeun ku nagara-nagara Éropa Kulon dina taun 1948,<ref name="miller18"/><ref name="turner23">{{Harvnb|Turner|1987|p=23}}</ref> AS, Britania, jeung Perancis meloporan dijieuna [[Jerman Kulon]] di tilu zona Jajahan maranéhna nu digabungkeun dina bulan April 1949.<ref name = "Byrd" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Trizonia|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2011|accessdate=May 7, 2011|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/606151/Trizonia}}</ref> Soviét teus nyikepanna ku dibéwarakeuna dijieuna [[Jerman Wétan|Republik Demokratik Jerman]] di zona Jajahana di Jerman Wétan dina bulan Oktober.<ref name = "Byrd" /> Média massa di [[Blok Wétan]] mangrupa [[Panyebaran informasi Blok Wétan|organ nagara]], operasionalna bener-bener kagantung jeung tunduk dina peraturan partéy komunis, media televisi jeung radio ditetapkeun sebagai Badan usaha milik nagara, sadengkeun [[media cetak]] biasana dibogaan ku organisasi pulitik, bagéan gedéna dibogaan ku partéy komunis lokal.<ref name="oneil15">{{cite book|last=O'Neil|first=Patrick|title=Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|isbn=0-7146-4765-9|pages=15–25}}</ref> [[Propaganda]] Soviét maké filosofi Marxis pikeun nyerang kapitalismeu, mengklaim éksploitasi tenaga kerja, jeung perang ka imperialisme.<ref>James Wood, p. 111</ref> Ku waktu dilegaana siaran [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]] jeung [[Voice of America]] ka Éropa Wétan,<ref>{{Harvnb|Puddington|2003|p=131}}</ref> upaya propaganda gedé-gedéan dipaju dina taun 1949 ku dijieuna [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], nu didedikasikeum pikeun ngawartakeun ngeunaan éra kakacauan ti sistem komunisme di Blok Wétan.<ref name="Puddington9" /> Radio Free Europe ngaupayakeun pikeun nepi ka tujuana ku cara ngalayanan pamiarsa sebagai stasiun radio gaganti, jeung jadi alternatif keur media dina negeri nu dikontrol jeung didominasi ku partéy.<ref name="Puddington9">{{Harvnb|Puddington|2003|p=9}}</ref> Radio Free Europe Éropa nyaéta produk ti sababaraha arsitek nu pang nonjolna ti strategi Perang Tiis awal Amérika, utamana maranéhna nu percaya yén Perang Tiis dina ahirna bakal diperjuangkeun liwat jalur pulitik daripada militer, siga Géorge F. Kennan.<ref name="Puddington7">{{Harvnb|Puddington|2003|p=7}}</ref> Nu nyieun kawijakan Amérika, kaasup Kennan jeung [[John Foster Dulles]], ngaku yén Perang Tiis dina kanyataana mangrupa salah sahiji perang gagasan.<ref name=Puddington7 /> Amérika Sarikat, dibantuan ku [[CIA]], ngabiayaan daptar panjang proyék-proyék pikeun ngalawan daya tarik komunis keur kalangan intelektual Éropa jeung nagara-nagara berkembang, atawa ku kata lian, nyegat upaya Soviét pikeun nyebarkeun pangaruh komunisna.<ref>{{Harvnb|Puddington|2003|p=10}}</ref> CIA icing-icing ogé nyeponsoran kampanyeu propaganda dina negeri nu disebut [[Pembasmian pikeun Kebébasan]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Cummings|first=Richard H.|title=Radio free Europe's "Crusade for freedom" : rallying Americans behind Cold War broadcasting, 1950-1960|year=2010|publisher=McFarland & Co|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=9780786444106|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BO78hXsRebkC}}</ref> Dina awal 1950-an, AS ngupayakeun méré senjata deui Jerman Kulon. Dina taun 1955, AS ngajamin kaanggotaan pinuh Jerman Kulon di NATO.<ref name = "Byrd" /> Saméméhnya, bulan Mei 1953, Soviét gagal nyegat upaya dihijikeuna Jerman Kulon ka NATO.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=105}}</ref> === Perang Saudara Cina jeung SEATO === {{See|Perang Saudara Cina| Pakta Pertahanan Asia Tenggara}} [[Gambar:Mao, Bulganin, Stalin, Ulbricht Tsedenbal.jpeg|thumb|[[Mao Zedong]] jeung [[Joseph Stalin]] di Moskow, Désémber 1949 ]] Dina taun 1949, Tentara Pembébasan Rahayat [[Mao Zedong]] ngahasil ngagulingkeun Pamaréntahan Nasionalis [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) [[Chiang Kai-shek]] nu didukung ku Amérika Sarikat di [[Tiongkok]], jeung Uni Soviét tuluy ngajalin aliansi jeung [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]] nu anyar kabentuk.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=39}}</ref> Chiang jeung Pamaréntahan KMT na mundur ka kapuloan [[Taiwan]]. Sabab dihadapkeun dina [[Révolusi Cina (1949)|Révolusi komunis di Tiongkok]] jeung [[Proyék bom atom Soviét|ahir ti monopoli atom]] Amérika Sarikat dina taun 1949, Pamaréntahan Truman langsung ngalegaan jeung ningkatkeun kawijakan [[kontainmen]] maranéhna di Tiongkok.<ref name = "LaFeber 1991" /> Dina [[NSC-68]], salah sahiji dokumen rusiah dina taun 1950,<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 164">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=164}}</ref> disebutkeun yén Dewan Kaamanan Nasional ngusulkeun pikeun nguatan sistem aliansi pro-Kulon jeung ngagedéan pangeluaran pertahanan.<ref name = "LaFeber 1991" /> Amérika Sarikat salajengna ogé maju ngalegaan kawijakan kontainmen maranéhna ke Asia, Afrika, jeung [[Amérika Latin]] pikeun ngalawan gerakan nasionalis Révolusioner, lolobana dipimpin ku partéy-partéy komunis nu dibiayaan ku Soviét jeung berjuang dina ngalawan dominasi kolonial Éropa di [[Asia Tenggara]] jeung wilayah lianna.<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 212">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p= 212}}</ref> Dina awal 1950-an (périodeu ieu kadang dikenal ku “[[Pactomania]]”), AS nyieun rangkéan aliansi jeung Jepang, Australia, Selandia Anyar , Thailand, jeung [[Filipina]] (utamana [[ANZUS]] dina taun 1951 jeung [[Pakta Pertahanan Asia Tenggara|SEATO]] dina taun 1954). Aliansi ieu nyieun AS mibanda sababaraha pangkalan militer jangka panjang di nagara-nagara éta.<ref name = "Byrd" /> === Perang Korea === {{Main|Perang Korea}} [[Gambar:IncheonLandingMcArthur.jpg|thumb|left|Jenderal [[Douglas MacArthur]], komandan CiC PBB (diuk), nempokeun panembakan laut [[Incheon]] ti [[USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7)|USS ''Mt. McKinley'']], 15 Séptémber 1950.]] Salah sahiji dampak nu signifikan ti kawijakan kontainmen Amérika Sarikat nyaéta peupeusna [[Perang Korea]]. Dina bulan Juni 1950, [[Tentara Rakyat Korea|Tentara Rakyat Korea Kalér]] di handap arahan ti [[Kim Il-Sung]] nginvasi [[Korea Kidul]].<ref name="Stokesbury1990">{{cite book|title= A Short History of the Korean War|url= https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofko00unse|last=Stokesbury|first= James L|year= 1990|publisher=Harper Perennial|location= New York|isbn= 0-688-09513-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofko00unse/page/14 14]}}</ref> Joseph Stalin “ngarencanakeun, nyiapkeun, jeung majukeun” invasi éta,<ref>David Dallin, ''Soviét Foreign Policy After Stalin'' (J. B. Lippincott, 1961), p60.</ref> nyusun “rencana [perang] nu parélé” nu terus dikirimkeun ka Koréa Kalér.<ref>Douglas J. Macdonald, “Communist Bloc Expansion in the Early Cold War,” International Security, Winter 1995-6, p180.</ref><ref>John Lewis Gaddis, ''We Know Now: Rethinking Cold War History'' (Oxford University Press, 1997), p71.</ref><ref>Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis and Xue Litai, ''Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War'' (Stanford University Press, 1993), p213</ref><ref>William Stueck, ''The Korean War: An International History'' (Princeton University Press, 1995), p69.</ref> Pikeun ngareuwaskeun Stalin,<ref name = "LaFeber 1991" /> [[Dewan Kaamanan PBB]] ngadukung jeung masilitasan pertahanan di Koréa Kidul, sanajan Soviét terus memboikot sidang sebagei protés sabab [[Republik Tiongkok|Taiwan]] nu dibéréan korsi tetep di dewan, bukana [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|Komunis Cina]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Malkasian|2001|p=16}}</ref> Personel militer gabungan PBB nu ngahiji ti Koréa Kidul, AS, Britania Raya, Turki, Kanada, Australia, Perancis, Afrika Kidul, Filipina, Belanda, Belgia, Selandia Baru, jeung nagara-nagara lianna ngahiji pikeun ngeureunkeun invasi ieu.<ref>Fehrenbach, T. R., ''This Kind of War: The Classic Korean War History'', Brasseys, 2001, ISBN 1-57488-334-8, page 305</ref> Épék laina ti Perang Koréa nyaéta ngadorong [[NATO]] pikeun ngembangkeun struktur militer.<ref>{{Harvnb|Isby|Kamps|1985|pp=13–14}}</ref> Opini publik di nagara-nagara nu miluan, seperti Britania, lolobana ngalawan perang ieu. Loba nu sieuneun yén perang ieu bakal ningkat jadi perang gedé ku Komunis Cina, atawa jadi [[perang nuklir]]. Pandangan nu béda ngeunaan perang ieu sok ngayakeun kategangan dina [[Hubungan Amérika Sarikat–Britania Raya|hubungan Britania–Amérika]]. Sabab alesan ieu, Britania nyokot langkah téréh pikeun ngeureunkeun konflik ku cara ngayakeun ide ngeunaan ngahijikeun Koréa di handap naungan PBB jeung panarikan sakabéh pasukan asing.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Cotton |first = James |title = The Korean war in history |publisher = Manchester University Press ND |year = 1989 |page = [https://archive.org/details/koreanwarinhisto0000unse/page/100 100] |url =https://archive.org/details/koreanwarinhisto0000unse |id = |isbn = 0-7190-2984-8}}</ref> Sanajan Cina jeung Koréa Kalér geus capé ku perang nu ngeureuyeuh terus jeung siap pikeun ngeureunana dina taun 1952, Stalin kukuh yén maranéhna kudu terus berjuang, jeung [[gencatan senjata]] anyar disetujuan dina taun 1953 saenggeus pupusna Stalin.<ref name = "Byrd" /> Pamingpin Koréa Kalér Kim Il Sung terus ngayakeun kediktatoran nu terpusat pidan jeung brutal di Koréa Kalér, méréna kakuasaan teu kabatas jeung ngahasilkeun salah sahiji kultus kapribadian nu teu katembus berdekade-dekade lilana.<ref>Oberdorfer, Don, ''The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History'', Basic Books, 2001, ISBN 0-465-05162-6, page 10-11</ref><ref>No, Kum-Sok and J. Roger Osterholm, ''A MiG-15 to Freedom: Memoir of the Wartime North Korean Defector who First Delivered the Secret Fighter Jet to the Americans in 1953'', McFarland, 1996, ISBN 0-7864-0210-5</ref> Di Koréa Kidul, pamingpin [[Korupsi|korup]] [[Syngman Rhee]] nu meunang dukungan ti AS nerapkeun sistem Pamaréntahan [[Totalitarianisme|totaliter]].<ref>{{Cite book|last = Hastings|first = Max|title = The Korean War|publisher = Simon & Schuster|year = 1988|location = New York|pages = 89–90|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=wvOMegzEi3AC|id =|isbn = 0-671-66834-X}}</ref> Saenggeus Rhee digulingkan dina taun 1960, Koréa Kidul ragrag di handap masa Pamaréntahan militer nu lumangsung nepi ka dijieuna deui sistem multi-partéy dina taun 1987. == Krisis jeung paningkatan (1953-1962) == {{Main|Perang Tiis (1953–1962)}} [[Gambar:1959 NATO and WP troop strengths in Europe.svg|thumb|Kakuatan tentara NATO jeung [[Pakta Warsawa]] di Éropa dina taun 1959.]] === Khrushchev, Eisenhower jeung de-Stalieusasi === Dina taun 1953, perobahan dina kepamingpinan pulitik di kadua pihak turut menggeser dinamika Perang Tiis.<ref name=autogenerated1>Karabell, p. 916</ref> [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] dilantik sebagai présidén AS nu anyar dina bulan Januari. Salila 18 bulan terahir Pamaréntahan Truman, anggaran pertahanan Amérika Sarikat telah meningkat opat kali lipat, jeung Eisenhower bertekad pikeun ngurangan sepertiga ti pengeluaran militer sambil terus berjuang dina Perang Tiis sacara épéktip.<ref name = "LaFeber 1991" /> Saenggeus kematian [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] jadi pamingpin Soviét saenggeus deposisi jeung pengeksekusian [[Lavrentiy Beria]] jeung ogé menyingkirkan saingana seperti [[Georgy Malenkov]] jeung [[Vyacheslav Molotov]]. Dina tanggal 25 Februari 1956, Khrushchev mengejutkan delegasi dina Kongres ke-20 [[Partei Komunis Uni Soviét|Partei Komunis Soviét]] dengan mencela kejahatan Stalin.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=107}}</ref> Sebagai bagéan ti kampanye [[de-Stalieusasi]], manéhna nyatakeun yén hiji-hijina cara pikeun méré formasi jeung menjauh ti kawijakan Stalin nyaéta dengan mengakui kesalahan nu dilakukana dina masa lalu.<ref name = "Karabell" /> Dina tanggal 18 November 1956, saat berpidato ka duta besar Kulon dina salah sahiji resepsi di kedutaan Polandia di Moskow, Khrushchev mengungkapkan kalimat terkenalnya: "Entah kalian suka atawa henteu, sejarah aya di pihak kami. Kamibakal mengubur kalian", pernyataana ieu mengejutkan sakabéh tamu nu hadir.<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,867329,00.html We Will Bury You!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824033318/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,867329,00.html |date=2013-08-24 }}", ''[[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]]'', November 26, 1956. Retrieved June 26, 2008.</ref> Khrushchev kemudian mengklaim yén manéhna teu membicarakan ngeunaan perang nuklir, melainkan ngeunaan kemenangan komunisme atas kapitalismeu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=84}}</ref> Taun 1961, Khrushchev nyatakeun: "bahkan jika Uni Soviét aya di belakang Kulon, dina satu dekade kekurangan perumahanbakal lenyap, barang-barang konsumsibakal melimpah, jeung dina dua dekade, pembangunan masyarakat komunis di Uni Soviétbakal selesai".<ref>{{Harvnb|Tompson|1997|pp=237–239}}</ref> Sekretaris nagara Eisenhower, John Foster Dulles, ngamimitian kawijakan "[[New Look]]" nu jadi strategi kontainmen (penahanan) anyar, nu nyerukeun supaya AS leuwih ngandelkeun senjata nuklir pikeun ngalawan musuh-musuhna keur waktuna perang.<ref name = "Karabell" /> Dulles ogé nyerukeun doktrin "pembalasan besar-besaran" jeung nitah ka AS pikeun teu nanggepan unggal agresi Soviét. Sebagai contoh, karena Soviét mibanda kaunggulan nuklir, Eisenhower, di handap ancaman ti Khrushchev, nolak pikeun campur tangan dina [[Krisis Suez]] di [[Wétan Tengah]] dina taun 1956.<ref name = "LaFeber 1991" /> === Pakta Warsawa jeung Révolusi Hungaria === {{Main|Pakta Warsawa| Révolusi Hongaria}} [[Gambar:Location Warsaw Pakt.svg|thumb|right|300px|Peta nagara-nagara [[Pakta Warsawa]].]] Saenggeus kematian Stalin dina taun 1953, kategangan berlangsung dengan sedikit leuwih santai, meskipun situasi di Éropa tetep belum kondusif.<ref name = "Palmowski">{{Harvnb|Palmowski|year=2004}}</ref> Soviét, nu sudah nyieun jaringan perjanjian bantuan timbal balik dina [[Blok Wétan]] dina taun 1949,<ref>Feldbrugge, p. 818</ref> ogé nyieun suatu aliansi formal pikeun ngalengkepana, nyaéta [[Pakta Warsawa]] dina taun 1955.<ref name = "Byrd" /> [[Révolusi Hongaria]] 1956 terjadi teu lila saenggeus Khrushchev menghapuskan kakuasaan pamingpin Stalieus Hongaria [[Mátyás Rákosi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/4/newsid_2739000/2739039.stm|title=Soviét troops overrun Hungary|publisher=BBC News|date=November 4, 1956|accessdate=June 11, 2008}}</ref> Sebagai tanggepan ka pemberontakan,<ref>Video: [http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html Revolt in Hungary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117094223/http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html |date=2007-11-17 }} Narrator: [[Walter Cronkite]], producer: CBS (1956) – Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306-0-1:40</ref> rezim anyar ieu sacara resmi dibubarkan ku [[ÁVH|polisi rusiah]], nyatakeun niatnya pikeun menarik diri ti [[Pakta Warsawa]] jeung jangji pikeun ngayakeun pemilihan umum nu. Tentara Soviét mulai menyerbu.<ref name=troops>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{PDF|[http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf Chapter IV. E (Logistical deployment of new Soviét troops), para 181 (p. 56)]|1.47&nbsp;MB}}</ref> Rébuan warga Hongaria ditangkap, dipenjarakan, dideportasi ke Uni Soviét,<ref>{{cite web | title = Report by Soviét Deputy Interior Mieuster M. N. Holodkov to Interior Mieuster N. P. Dudorov (15 November 1956) | work = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = November 4, 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc8.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate =Séptémber 2, 2006}}</ref> jeung leuwih ti 200.000 warga melarikan diri keluar Hongaria.<ref name="Cseresneyes">{{cite journal| last = Cseresnyés| first = Ferenc| title = The '56 Exodus to Austria| journal = The Hungarian Quarterly| volume = XL| issue = 154| pages = 86–101| publisher = Society of the Hungarian Quarterly| url = http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no154/086.html| date = Summer 1999| accessdate = October 9, 2006| ref = harv| postscript = .}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127172402/http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no154/086.html |date=November 27, 2004 }}</ref> Pamingpin Hongaria [[Imre Nagy]] jeung nu lianna dieksekusi saenggeus diprosés dina salah sahiji persidangan rusiah.<ref name="BBCJune16">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/ "On This Day June 16, 1989: Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425235008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/ |date=April 25, 2009 }} British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors. Retrieved October 13, 2006.</ref> Ti 1957 sampai 1961, Khrushchev sacara terbuka jeung teterusan ngancem Kulon ku pamusnahan nuklir. Manéhna mengklaim yén kamampuan rudal Soviét jauh leuwih unggul ti Amérika Sarikat, jeung mampu mupuskeun dayeuh-dayeuh di Amérika atawa Éropa. Namun, Khrushchev nolak keyakinan Stalin dina keniscayaan perang jeung nyatakeun yén tujuan barunya nyaéta pikeun "hirup berdampingan sacara damai".<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=70}}</ref> Kawijakan ieu berbéda dengan Soviét dina éra Stalin, di mana [[perjuangan kelas]] internasional hartina yén kadua kubu nu berlawanan aya dina konflik tak terelakkan dengan komunisme nu bakal menang melalui [[Perang Dunya|perang global]]. Ayeuna, perdamaianbakal ngamungkinkeun kapitalismeu pikeun menghadapi keruntuhana sendiri,<ref>{{Harvnb|Perlmutter|1997|p=145}}</ref> jeung ogé méré waktu bagi Soviét pikeun ningkatkeun kamampuan militer maranéhna,<ref>{{Harvnb|Njolstad|2004|p=136}}</ref> nu bakal tetep bertahan puluhan taun sampai munculnya éra "pemikiran baru" Gorbachev.<ref>Breslauer, p. 72</ref> Paristiwa di [[Hongaria]] melumpuhkan idéologi partéy-partéy Komunis dunya, terutama di [[Éropa Kulon]], jeung terjadi penurunan nu besar dina jumlah kéanggotaan partéy. Nagara-nagara Kulon jeung komunis merasa kecewa dengan respon brutal Soviét.<ref name=Lendvai196>{{Cite book |last = Lendvai |first = Paul |title = One day that shook the Communist world: the 1956 Hungarian uprising and its legacy |publisher = Princeton University Press |year = 2008 |page = [https://archive.org/details/onedaythatshookc0000lend/page/196 196] |url =https://archive.org/details/onedaythatshookc0000lend |id = |isbn = 0-691-13282-8}}</ref> partéy komunis di Kulon can pernah pulih ti pangaruh Révolusi Hongaria dina hal kéanggotaan partéy, fakta nu segera diakui ku Babaraha pihak, seperti politisi [[Yugoslavia]] [[Milovan Djilas]], nu nyatakeun yén: "luka nu ditorehkan ku Révolusi Hongaria ka komunisme can pernah bener-bener sembuh".<ref name=Lendvai196/> === Ultimatum Berlin jeung integrasi Éropa === [[Gambar:Soviét empire 1960.png|thumb|Wilayah-wilayah di dunya nu aya di handap pangaruh Soviét saenggeus [[Révolusi Kuba]] taun 1959 jeung saméméh [[perpecahan Sino-Soviét]] taun 1961.|pra=Special:FilePath/Soviét_empire_1960.png]] Salila bulan November 1958, Khrushchev gagal pikeun ngarobah sakabéh [[Berlin]] jadi "dayeuh nu independen, terdemiliterisasi jeung bébas", hal ieu membuat Amérika Sarikat, Britania, jeung Perancis diberi ultimatum enam bulan pikeun menarik pasukan maranéhna ti sektor nu masih diicingan di Berlin Kulon, atawa Khrushchevbakal mengalihkan kendali hak akses Kulon ke [[Jerman Wétan]]. Khrushchev saméméhnya menjelaskan ka [[Mao Zedong]] yén "Berlin nyaéta testikelnya Kulon. Unggal kali saya hayang membuat Kulon menjerit, maka sayabakal meremas Berlin."<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=71}}</ref> [[NATO]] sacara resmi nolak ultimatum ieu dina pertengahan Désémber jeung Khrushchev menarik kembali ultimatumnya dina konferensi Jenewa.<ref>Glees, pp. 126–27</ref> Leuwih luas deui, salah sahiji ciri ti taun 1950-an nyaéta awal ti [[integrasi-Éropa]], nu mangrupa produk ti Perang Tiis nu memperomosikan pulitik, ékonomi, jeung militer Truman jeung Eisenhower, namun kemudian hal ieu dipandang sebagai kawijakan nu ambigu, takut yén Éropa nu independen bakal ngalakukeun ''[[détente]]'' misah ti Uni Soviét, nu bisa dipaké pikeun ngagogoréng perpecahan Kulon.<ref>Cameron‏, p. 156</ref> === Sasaingan di Dunya Katilu === {{Main|Kudéta Iran 1953|Kudéta Guatemala 1954|Krisis Kongo|Dekolonisasi|Gerakan Non-Blok}} [[Gambar:1961 CPA 2566.jpg|thumb|170px|right|Perangko Soviét taun 1961 nu nungtut kebébasan bagi nagara-nagara Afrika.]] [[Gambar:The Soviet Union 1961 CPA 2576 stamp (The Struggle for the Liberation of Africa. Lumumba ( 1925-1961 ), premier of Congo).jpg|thumb|upright|Perangko Soviét taun 1961 intuk memperingati [[Patrice Lumumba]], perdana menteri [[Republik Kongo]].]] Gerakan nasionalis di sabaraha nagara saperti [[Guatemala]], [[Indonésia]] jeung [[Indocina]] sok bersekutu jeung kelompok komunis, atawa nu dianggep ku Kulon dibantuan ku komunis.<ref name = "Karabell" /> Dina konteks ieu, Amérika Sarikat jeung Uni Soviét terus ningkatkeun sasaingan maranéhna pikeun nyebarkeun pangaruh dengan cara néangan proksi di [[Dunya Katilu]], jeung ieu bertepatan dengan momentum [[dekolonisasi]] dina taun 1950-an jeung awal 1960-an.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=121–124}}</ref> Selain itu, Soviét terus dirugikan ku kakuatan-kakuatan imperialis.<ref>Edelheit, p. 382</ref> Kadua pihak mulai ngalakukeun pengiriman jeung penjualan senjata ka nagara-nagara Dunya Katilu pikeun meunang pangaruh.<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Towle|first1 = Philip|title = The Oxford History of Modern War|url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofm00town|chapter = Cold War|editors = Charles Townshend|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 2000|location = New York, USA|page = [https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofm00town/page/160 160]|accessdate =August 12, 2011|isbn = 0-19-285373-2}}</ref> Amérika Sarikat memanfaatkan [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) pikeun menyusup ke dina pergolakan pulitik di Dunya Katilu jeung ogé pikeun ngadukung sekutu maranéhna.<ref name = "Karabell" /> Dina taun 1953, CIA melaksanakan [[Operasi Ajax]], salah sahiji operasi rusiah nu bertujuan pikeun ngagulingkeun perdana menteri [[Iran]], [[Mohammed Mossadegh]]. Mosadegh nu menganut prinsip [[Gerakan Non-Blok|Non-Blok]] telah jadi nemesis [[Wétan Tengah]] bagi Britania sejak manéhna menasionalisasi perusahaan minyak [[Anglo-Iranian Oil Company]] milik Britania dina taun 1951. [[Winston Churchill]] mengatakan ka AS yén Mossadegh "beuki beralih ke komunisme".<ref>Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne ''Mohammad Mosaddegh and the 1953 Coup in Iran'', Syracuse University Press, May 2004. ISBN 0-8156-3018-2, p. 125.</ref><ref>{{Cite document |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB126/iran521120.pdf |format=PDF |title=United States policy regarding the current situation in Iran |publisher=George Washington University |date=November 20, 1952 |author=James S. Lay, Jr. |accessdate=November 7, 2007 |ref=harv}} Statement of policy proposed by the National Security Council</ref><ref>{{Cite document |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB126/iran530320.pdf |format=PDF |title=First Progress Report on Paragraph 5-1 of NSC 136/1, "U.S. Policy Regarding the Current Situation in Iran" |publisher=George Washington University |author=Walter B. Smith, Undersecretary |date=March 20, 1953 |accessdate=November 7, 2007 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite document |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB126/iran530300.pdf |publisher=George Washington University |title=Measures which the United States Government Might Take in Support of a Successor Government to Mosaddegh |month=March |year=1953 |format=PDF |accessdate=November 7, 2007 |ref=harv}}</ref> [[Shah]] nu pro-Kulon, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], kemudian naik jabatan sebagai monarki [[otokratik]].<ref>{{Cite book|last = Watson|first = Cynthia A.|title = U.S. National Security: A Reference Handbook|publisher = ABL-CLIO|year = 2002|location = Santa Barbara, California|page = 118|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Nj2monE0y4cC|id =|isbn = 978-1-57607-598-2}}</ref> Kawijakan Shah nu anyar ieu di antarana ngalarang aktivitas partéy komunis [[Partei Tudeh|Tudeh]] jeung penekanan perbédaan pendapat pulitik ku [[SAVAK]], Badan kaamanan jeung intelijen dina negeri Shah. Di [[Guatemala]], salah sahiji [[Kudéta Guatemala 1954|kudéta militer nu didukung CIA]] berhasil ngagulingkeun présidén sayap kiri [[Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán]] dina taun 1954.<ref>Stone, ''The Atlantic and Its Enemies'' (2010) pp 199, 256</ref> Pamaréntah pasca-Arbenz nu dipimpin ku [[Carlos Castillo Armas]] mengembalikan sakabéh properti milik AS nu dinasionalisasi, nyieun [[Komite Nasional Pertahanan Ngalawan Komunisme]], jeung mendekritkan Hukum Pidana Pencegahan Ka Komunisme atas permintaan Amérika Sarikat.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Bulmer-Thomas|first = V.|title = The Political Economy of Central America since 1920|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1987|location = Cambridge|page = 142|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=zHE5AAAAIAAJ|isbn = 978-0-521-34284-1}}</ref> présidén Indonésia, [[Soekarno]], nu ngagem prinsip-prinsip Non-Blok, dihadapkan dina ancaman besar dina awal taun 1956, ketika Babaraha komanjeung daerah mulai nungtut otonomi ti [[Jakarta]]. Saenggeus prosés mediasi gagal, Soekarno mengambil tindakan tegas pikeun menyingkirkan maranéhna nu membangkang. Dina bulan Februari 1958, komanjeung militer di [[Sumatera Tengah]] (Kolonel [[Ahmad Husein]]) jeung Sulawesi Kalér (Kolonel [[Ventje Sumual]]) mendeklarasikan pembentukan [[Pamaréntah Révolusioner Republik Indonésia]]-[[Permesta]], nu bertujuan pikeun ngagulingkeun rezim Soekarno. Maranéhna bergabung dengan politisi sipil lianna ti partéy [[Masyumi]] seperti [[Sjafruddin Prawiranagara]], nu ngalawan pertumbuhan pangaruh ti [[Partei Komunis Indonésia]]. Karena retorika anti-komunis maranéhna, pemberontakan maranéhna mendapat bantuan senjata, dana, jeung bantuan lianna ti CIA. Hal ieu terbukti saat pesawat Amérika nu dipiloti ku [[Allen Lawrence Pope]] tertembak jatuh di [[Ambon]] dina bulan April 1958. Pamaréntah pusat nanggepannya dengan meluncurkan invasi militer lewat laut jeung udara melalui [[Dinang]] jeung [[Manado]]. Dina ahir 1958, para pemberontak berhasil dikalahkan, jeung pemberontak nu tersisa menyerahkan diri dina bulan Agustus 1961.<ref>{{cite book |last = Roadnight |first = Andrew |title = United States Policy towards Indonesia in the Truman and Eisenhower Years |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan |year = 2002 |location = New York |pages = |url = |isbn = 0-333-79315-3}}</ref> Di [[Irak]], [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]] [[Révolusi 14 Juli|ngagulingkeun]] monarki [[Hashemite]] dina taun 1958 jeung ngawangun aliansi dengan [[Partei Komunis Irak]] jeung Uni Soviét.<ref>{{cite book|author = [[Con Coughlin|Coughlin, Con]]| pages = [https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/27 25]–26|title = Saddam: His Rise and Fall|url = https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc|location =|publisher = [[Harper Perennial]]|year = 2005|isbn = 0-06-050543-5}}</ref> Meskipun [[Partei Ba'ath Sosialis Arab – Wilayah Irak|Partei Ba'ath]] nu anti-komunis nyaéta faksi dominan dina kabinét Qasim,<ref>{{cite book|author = [[Con Coughlin|Coughlin, Con]]| pages = [https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/26 24]–25|title = Saddam: His Rise and Fall|url = https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc|location =|publisher = [[Harper Perennial]]|year = 2005|isbn = 0-06-050543-5}}</ref> AS mulai khawatir yén pemberontakan mungkinbakal menginspirasi "reaksi berantai" di sakabéh Wétan Tengah.<ref>Lesch, David W. ''The Middle East and the United States Third Edition: A Historical and Political Reassessment''. Boulder: Westview Press, 2003. page 173.</ref> Mesir jeung Suriah ogé berusaha pikeun membunuh Qasim pikeun alasan maranéhna sendiri,<ref>{{cite book|author = [[Con Coughlin|Coughlin, Con]]| page = [https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/29 27]|title = Saddam: His Rise and Fall|url = https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc|location =|publisher = [[Harper Perennial]]|year = 2005|isbn = 0-06-050543-5}}</ref> CIA ogé dianggep berperan dina ngirimkan saputangan beracun ka Qasim (meskipun masih diperdebatkan).<ref name=Church181>{{Cite book |chapter = C. Institutionalizing Assassination: the "Executive Action" capability |title = Alleged Assassination Plots involving Foreign Leaders |author = Senate Select Committee on Intelligence |date = 20 November 1975 |url = http://history-matters.com/archive/church/reports/ir/contents.htm |page = 181 |ref = harv }}</ref> Saenggeus serangkaian kudéta, Ba'athist berhasil méré but kakuasaan dina taun 1968, kemungkinan dengan dukungan ti KGB,<ref>Mauro, Ryan, [http://globalpolitician.com/21610-iraq-syria-wmd "Interview with Ali Ibrahim al-Tikriti,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016163428/http://www.globalpolitician.com/21610-iraq-syria-wmd |date=2012-10-16 }} ''Global Politician'', 14 February 2006. The former Ba'athist general claims: "The Soviét Union openly supported and backed the [[17 July Revolution|Ba'athist revolution in Iraq]] at the time and I am sure you can find news articles about it in European press agencies and others at the time. I was there helping with the revolution and worked on two occasions with Soviét KGB officials to help train us, much like the United States did with the Taliban during the Soviét campaign in Afghanistan."</ref> meskipun militer Irak ogé ngalakukeun kudéta.<ref>{{cite book|author = [[Con Coughlin|Coughlin, Con]]| page = [https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc/page/56 52]|title = Saddam: His Rise and Fall|url = https://archive.org/details/saddam00conc|location =|publisher = [[Harper Perennial]]|year = 2005|isbn = 0-06-050543-5}}</ref> Di Républik Kongo, nu anyar merdeka ti [[Belgia]] dina bulan Juni 1960, CIA menghasut présidén [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]] pikeun memecat Perdana Menteri kapilih [[Patrice Lumumba]] jeung membubarkan kabinét Lumumba dina bulan Séptémber.<ref name = "Schraeder 1994, 57">{{Cite book|last = Schraeder|first = Peter J.|title = United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa: Incrementalism, Crisis, and Change|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1994|location = Cambridge|page = 57|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=goKxyUia-7UC|id = |isbn = 978-0-521-46677-6}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dina [[Krisis Kongo]] nu terjadi saenggeusnya, CIA ngadukung Kolonel [[Mobutu]] dengan cara memobilisasi pasukana pikeun méré but kakuasaan melalui kudéta militer.<ref name = "Schraeder 1994, 57"/> Di [[Guiana Britania]], kandidat [[Partei Progresif Rakyat]] (PPP) nu berhaluan kiri, [[Cheddi Jagan]], meunangkeun posisi ketua menteri dina pemilihan umum kolonial nu diselenggarakan dina taun 1953, namun sacara cepat dipaksa pikeun mengundurkan diri ti jabatana saenggeus ayana suspensi ti Britania Raya nu masih mibanda kewenangan ka konstitusi nagara éta.<ref name = "Rose 2002, 167">{{Cite book|last = Rose|first = Euclid A.|title = Dependency and Socialism in the Modern Caribbean: Superpower Intervention in Guyana, Jamaica, and Grenada, 1970–1985|publisher = Lexington Books|year = 2002|location = Lanham|page = 57|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=KkPb3-krfQgC|id =|isbn = 978-0-7391-0448-4}}</ref> Dipermalukan ku kemenangan telak Jagan nu diduga Marxis, Britania memenjarakan ketua PPP dina taun 1955 jeung maranéhnayasa perpecahan antara Jagan dengan rekan PPP nya.<ref name="Mars & Young 2004, xviii">Mars, Perry & Alma H. Young (2004). [http://books.google.com/books?id=F4lJBFU-k1wC ''Caribbean Labor and Politics: Legacies of Cheddi Jagan and Michael Manley'']. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. xviii. ISBN 978-0-8143-3211-5.</ref> Jagan deudeuieun meunangkeun pemilu kolonial dina taun 1957 jeung 1961. Amérika Sarikat menekan Britania pikeun menunda méré kemerdekaan ka Guiana sampai haluan pulitik Jagan telah teridentifikasi.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Palmer|first = Colin A.|title = Cheddi Jagan and the Politics of Power: British Guiana's Struggle for Independence|publisher = University of North Carolina Press|year = 2010|location = Chapel Hill|pages = 247–248|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=NHd1sxVg4XwC|id =|isbn = 978-0-8078-3416-9}}</ref> Karena dilelahkan ku [[Perang Indochina Kahiji|perang gerilya komunis nu nungtut kemerdekaan Vietnam]], Perancis setuju pikeun ngalakukeun negosiasi dengan komunis Vietnam. Dina [[Konferensi Jenewa (1954)|Konferensi Jenewa]], perjanjian damai ditandatangani, jeung Vietnam dibagi jadi [[Vietnam Kalér]] nu pro-Soviét jeung [[Vietnam Kidul]] nu pro-Kulon. Antara taun 1954 jeung 1961, Amérika Sarikat ngirimkan bantuan ékonomi jeung penasihat militer pikeun memperkuat rezim pro-Kulon Vietnam Kidul dina menghalangi upaya komunis nu berniat pikeun mengacaukana.<ref name = "LaFeber 1991"/> Loba nagara-nagara berkembang di Asia, Afrika, jeung Amérika Latin nu nolak tekanan pikeun memihak salah sahiji blok. Dina taun 1955, dina [[Konferensi Asia-Afrika|Konferensi Bandung]] di Indonésia, puluhan nagara Dunya Katilu memutuskan pikeun keluar ti Perang Tiis.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=126}}</ref> [[Dasasila Bandung|Konsesus nu ditetepkan di Bandung]] mencapai puncaknya dengan didirikana [[Gerakan Non-Blok]] nu bermarkas di [[Belgrade]] dina taun 1961.<ref name = "Karabell" /> Sementara itu, Khrushchev memperluas kawijakan Moskow dengan menjalin hubungan dengan [[India]] jeung nagara-nagara netral lianna. Gerakan kemerdekaan di Dunya Katilu ngarobah tatanan dunya pasca-perang jadi leuwih pluralistik dengan diterapkana [[dekolonisasi]] bagi nagara-nagara Afrika jeung Wétan Tengah jeung semangat nasionalisme ogé meningkat di Asia jeung Amérika Latin.<ref name = "LaFeber 1991" /> === Perpecahan Sino-Soviét jeung Perlombaan Angkasa === {{Main|Perpecahan Sino-Soviét|Perlombaan Angkasa}} [[Gambar:Space Race 1957-1975 black text.png|thumb|right|Diagram perkembangan [[Perlombaan Angkasa]] dina taun 1957–1975.]] périodeu saenggeus 1956 ditandai dengan kemunduran serius bagi Uni Soviét, terutama pecahnya aliansi Cina-Soviét, nu dimulai dengan [[perpecahan Sino-Soviét]]. Mao membela Stalin ketika Khrushchev mengkritiknya saenggeus kematiana dina taun 1956, jeung menganggep pamingpin Soviét nu anyar sebagai "pemula nu dangkal", Mao ogé menuduhnya telah keleungitan sisi Révolusioner.<ref name="Gaddis142" /> Sementara itu, Khrushchev, nu merasa terganggu atas sikap Mao nu anti-perang nuklir, menyebut pamingpin Cina sebagai "orang nu gila takhta".<ref>{{cite book|last=Kempe|first=Frederick|title=Berlin 1961|url=https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Group (USA)|isbn=0-399-15729-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/berlin1961kenned0000kemp/page/42 42]}}</ref> Saenggeus hal itu terjadi, Khrushchev ngalakukeun rupa-rupa upaya pikeun ngawangun kembali aliansi dengan Cina, namun Mao nolak unggal usulana.<ref name="Gaddis142">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=142}}</ref> Permusuhan Cina-Soviét ieu ahirnya tumpah dina perang propaganda intra-komunis.<ref>Lüthi, pp. 273–276</ref> Selanjutnya, Soviét mulai berfokus dina sasaingan sengit dengan Cina pikeun memperebutkan posisi sebagai pamingpin gerakan komunis dunya.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=140–142}}</ref> Dilatardepani ku [[senjata nuklir]], Amérika Sarikat jeung Uni Soviét mulai bersaing pikeun ngawangun persenjataan nuklir jeung mengembangkan senjata jangka-panjang nu bisa maranéhna pergunakan pikeun menyerang satu sama lain.<ref name = "Byrd" /> Bulan Agustus 1957, Soviét berhasil meluncurkan [[peluru kendali balistik antar benua]] pertama (ICBM),<ref>Lackey, p. 49</ref> jeung dina bulan Oktobernya, Soviét meluncurkan satelit Bumi pertama, [[Program Sputnik|Sputnik]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/4/newsid_2685000/2685115.stm|title=Sputnik satellite blasts into space|publisher=BBC News|date=October 4, 1957|accessdate=June 11, 2008}}</ref> Peluncuran Sputnik ieu menandai dimulainya [[Perlombaan Angkasa]] antara Soviét jeung Amérika Sarikat. Sasaingan ieu memuncak dengan [[Program Apollo|pendaratan Apollo di Bulan]], nu dideskripsikan ku astronot [[Frank Borman]] sebagai "pertempuran dina Perang Tiis".<ref>{{cite web| title = To Boldly Go|author=Klesius, Michael|work=Air & Space| url = http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/To-Boldly-Go.html|accessdate=January 7, 2009|date=December 19, 2008}}</ref> === Révolusi Kuba jeung Invasi Teluk Babi === {{Main|Révolusi Kuba| Invasi Teluk Babi}} [[Gambar:CheyFidel.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[Fidel Castro]] (kanan) jeung [[Che Guevara]], 1961.]] Di [[Kuba]], [[Gerakan 26 Juli]] berhasil méré but kakuasaan dina bulan Januari 1959, menjatuhkan présidén [[Fulgencio Batista]], nu rezimnya teu populer jeung teu direstui ku Pamaréntahan Eisenhower.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Blumberg|first = Arnold|title = Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers Who Made History|publisher = Greenwood Press|year = 1995|location = Westport, Connecticut|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nofUu5tvJ18C|id =|isbn = 978-0-313-28751-0|pages = 23–24}}</ref> Hubungan diplomatik antara Kuba jeung Amérika Sarikat terus berlanjut salila Babaraha waktu saenggeus kejatuhan Batista, namun présidén Eisenhower sengaja meninggalkan ibu kota pikeun menghinti pertemuan dengan pamingpin pemuda Révolusioner Kuba [[Fidel Castro]] dina bulan April, jeung memerintahkan Wakil présidén [[Richard Nixon]] pikeun mengadakan pertemuan dengan Castro di kediamana.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Lechuga Hevia|first = Carlos|title = Cuba and the Missile Crisis|publisher = Ocean Press|year = 2001|location = Melbourne, Australia|page = 142|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aKLrYxcDg2wC|id =|isbn = 978-1-876175-34-4}}</ref> Eisenhower teu yakin, apakah Castro séorang komunis atawa bukan. Eisenhower ogé ngalawan upaya Kuba pikeun ngurangan ketergantungan ékonomi maranéhna dina Amérika Sarikat.<ref name = "Smith 1998, 95">{{Cite book|last = Smith|first = Joseph|title = The Cold War 1945–1991|publisher = Blackwell|year = 1998|location = Oxford|page = 95|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=FnnF9NKMJdkC|id =|isbn = 978-0-631-19138-4}}</ref> Kuba mulai ngalakukeun negosiasi pembelian senjata dengan Éropa Wétan dina bulan Maret 1960.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dominguez|1989|p=22}}</ref> Bulan Januari 1961, sesaat saméméh turun ti jabatana, Eisenhower sacara resmi memutuskan hubungan dengan Pamaréntah Kuba. Dina bulan April 1961, présidén Amérika nu anyar kapilih, [[John F. Kennedy]], dengan bantuan ti [[wCIA]], gagal [[Invasi Teluk Babi|menginvasi pulau-pulau]] di Playa Girón jeung Playa Larga di [[Provinsi Las Villas]]{{mdash}}kegagalan nu ngéra-ngérakeun Amérika Sarikat di mata dunya.<ref name = "Smith 1998, 95"/> Castro nanggepannya dengan mengadopsi paham [[Marxisme-Lenieusme]], jeung Soviét jangji pikeun méré dukungan leuwih lanjut ka Kuba.<ref name = "Smith 1998, 95"/> === Krisis Berlin 1961 === {{Main|Krisis Berlin 1961|Tembok Berlin|Pembelotan jeung emigrasi Blok Wétan}} [[Gambar:Checkpoint Charlie 1961-10-27.jpg|thumb|Tank Soviét berhadapan dengan tank Amérika Sarikat di [[Checkpoint Charlie]], 27 Oktober, salila berlangsungnya Krisis Berlin 1961]] [[Krisis Berlin 1961]] nyaéta insiden besar terahir nu terjadi dina masa Perang Tiis terkait dengan status [[Berlin]] jeung kondisi Jerman pasca-Perang Dunya II. Dina awal 1950-an, [[Pembelotan jeung emigrasi Blok Wétan|pendekatan Soviét ngeunaan kawijakan pembatasan emigrasi]] ditiru ku sebagéan besar nagara [[Blok Wétan]] lianna.<ref name="dowty114">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1989|p=114}}</ref> Namun, ratusan ribu warga [[Jerman Wétan]] bérémigrasi ke [[Jerman Kulon]] unggal tauna melalui "celah" nu terdapat dina sistem antara Berlin Wétan jeung Berlin Kulon jeung dengan bantuan ti pasukan Sekutu di Jerman Kulon.<ref name="harrison99">{{Harvnb|Harrison|2003|p=99}}</ref> Emigrasi ngabalukarkeun berpindahnya sumber daya manusia nu berpotensi seperti kalangan profesional terdidik ti Jerman Wétan ke Jerman Kulon, hampir 20% penduduk Jerman Wétan telah bermigrasi ke Jerman Kulon dina taun 1961.<ref name="dowty122">{{Harvnb|Dowty|1989|p=122}}</ref> Dina bulan Juni, Uni Soviét mengeluarkan ultimatum anyar nu nungtut panarikan pasukan [[Sekutu]] ti Berlin Kulon.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=114}}</ref> Permintaan éta ditolak, jeung dina tanggal 13 Agustus, Jerman Wétan ngawangun hahalang kawat cucukan nu diteruskeun konstruksina dilegaan nepi ka engké nyieun [[Tembok Berlin]], nu sacara épéktip nutupan "celah" antara kadua wilayah éta.<ref name="pearson75">{{Harvnb|Pearson|1998|p=75}}</ref> === Krisis Rudal Kuba jeung penggulingan Khrushchev === {{Main|Proyék Kuba|Krisis Rudal Kuba}} [[Gambar:P-2H Neptune over Soviét ship Oct 1962.jpg|thumb|Kapal [[P-2 Neptune|P-2]] milik [[Angkatan Laut Amérika Sarikat]] terbang di atas salah sahiji kapal barang Soviét salila Krisis Rudal Kuba.|pra=Special:FilePath/P-2H_Neptune_over_Soviét_ship_Oct_1962.jpg]] Saenggeus [[Invasi Teluk Babi]], Kennedy terus néangan cara pikeun ngagulingkeun [[Fidel Castro|Castro]], Kennedy jeung Pamaréntahana béréksperimen sacara diam-diam dengan memfasilitasi penggulingan Pamaréntahan [[Kuba]]. Harapan nu signifikan disematkan dina salah sahiji program rusiah bernama [[Proyék Kuba]], nu dirancang di handap Pamaréntahan Kennedy dina taun 1961. Dina bulan Februari 1962, Khrushchev mengetahui rencana Amérika ka Kuba: "proyék Kuba"{{mdash}}disetujui ku CIA jeung menetapkan penggulingan Pamaréntah Kuba dina bulan Oktober, kemungkinan melibatkan militer Amérika{{mdash}}jeung Kennedy mungkin memerintahkan operasi pembunuhan ka Castro.<ref name="Zubok 1994, 158-159">Zubok, Vladislav M. (1994). "Unwrapping the Enigma: What Was Behind the Soviét Challenge in the 1960s?". In Diane B. Kunz (Ed.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SiVTA31wrzEC The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s]''. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 158-159. ISBN 978-0-231-08177-1.</ref> Sebagai respon, Soviét mempersiapkan pemasangan rudal nuklirnya di Kuba.<ref name = "Zubok 1994, 158-159"/> Khawatir, Kennedy mutuskeun rupa-rupa réaksi pikeun nanggepannya, jeung ahirnya nanggepan instalasi rudal nuklir Soviét di Kuba dengan ngalakukeun blokade laut jeung méré ultimatum ka Soviét. Khrushchev mundur ti konfrontasi, jeung Uni Soviét membongkar rudalnya dengan imbalan janji Amérika agar teu deui menyerang Kuba.<ref>{{Cite book|last = Jones|first = Howard|title = Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations from 1945|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield|year = 2009|location = Lanham|page = 122|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=WwEu5Yv9KiUC|id =|isbn = 978-0-7425-6454-1}}</ref> [[Krisis Rudal Kuba]] (Oktober-November 1962) membawa dunya leuwih dekat ke arah [[perang nuklir]] tidina saméméhnya.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=82}}</ref> Leuwih lanjut, kajadian éta ogé nunjukkeun konsép silih yakinkeun bakal bahaya kaancuran, yén [[nagara adidaya]] teu siap pikeun menggunakan senjata nuklir maranéhna, takutbakal ayana kaancuran global total karena silih balas dendam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=80}}</ref> Dampak ti krisis ieu ngabalukarkeun dilakukana upaya pertama dina membatasi [[perlombaan senjata nuklir]] dengan pelucutan senjata jeung perbaikan hubungan,<ref name = "Palmowski" /> meskipun upaya-upaya pikeun mencegah meletusnya perang nuklir telah ditetepkan sejak taun 1961 melalui [[Sistem Traktat Antarktika|Perjanjian Antartika]].<ref>National Research Council Committee on Antarctic Policy and Science, p. 33</ref> Taun 1964, rekan [[Kremlin]] Khrushchev berhasil [[Nikita Khrushchev#Penggulingan|ngagulingkeuna]], namun tetep mengizinkana pikeun pensiun dengan damai.<ref name="Gaddis119">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=119–120}}</ref> Khrushchev dituduh memerintah dengan kasar jeung inkompetensi, dia ogé dianggep telah menghancurkan sektor pertanian Soviét jeung membawa dunya ke ambang perang nuklir.<ref name="Gaddis119" /> Khrushchev ogé disebutkeun telah ngéra-ngérakeun dunya komunis ketika manéhna méré smikan pemwangunan Tembok Berlin, nu dianggep sebagai salah sahiji penghinaan publik pikeun Marxisme-Lenieusme.<ref name="Gaddis119" /> Posisi jabatan Nikita Khrushchev digantikan ku Léonid Brezhnev sebagai pamingpin partéy Komunis jeung sementara Alexei Kosygin menduduki kursi Perdana Menteri. == Konfrontasi melalui détente (1962–1979) == {{Main|Perang Tiis (1962–1979)}} [[Gambar:1973 NATO and WP troop strengths in Europe.svg|thumb|Kakuatan pasukan NATO jeung Pakta Warsawa di Éropa taun 1973.]] [[Gambar:Buzz salutes the U.S. Flag.jpg|right|thumb|Amérika Sarikat [[Apollo 11|mendarat pikeun pertama kalinya di bulan]] dina taun 1969—puncak ti [[perlombaan angkasa]].]] [[Gambar:F-4B VF-151 CV-41 TU-95.jpg|right|thumb| [[F-4 Phantom II]] milik US Navy menyadap pesawat [[Tupolev Tu-95]] D Soviét dina awal 1970-an.]] Dina périodeu 1960-an jeung 1970-an, peserta Perang Tiis berjuang pikeun menyesuaikan diri dengan pola anyar [[hubungan internasional]] nu leuwih rumit, dunya teu deui dibagi jadi dua blok besar nu bertentangan.<ref name = "Karabell" /> Ti awal périodeu pasca-perang, Éropa Kulon jeung [[Jepang]] dengan cepat pulih ti kaancuran Perang Dunya II jeung mulai mengalami pertumbuhan ékonomi nu kuat sepanjang taun 1950-an jeung 1960-an, dengan PDB per kapita nu hampir mendekati Amérika Sarikat, sadengkeun [[perékonomian Blok Wétan]] mengalami stagnasi.<ref name="Karabell" /><ref name="hardt16">{{Harvnb|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=16}}</ref> Sebagai akibat ti [[krisis minyak 1973]], dikombinasikan dengan beuki kuatnya pangaruh [[Dunya Katilu]] dengan ngawangun organisasi-organisasi seperti [[OPEC|Organisasi Nagara-Nagara Pengekspor Minyak]] (OPEC) jeung [[Gerakan Non-Blok]], nagara-nagara Dunya Katilu mibanda leuwih loba ruang pikeun memproklamirkan kemerdekaan maranéhna jeung beuki nunjukkeun yén maranéhna tahan banting ka tekanan ti nagara adidaya.<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 212"/> Sementara itu, [[Uni Soviét|Soviét]] dipaksa pikeun mengalihkan perhatiana dina isu-isu internal seperti permasalahan ékonomi di dina negeri.<ref name="Karabell" /> Salila périodeu ieu, pamingpin Soviét seperti [[Leonid Brezhnev]] jeung [[Alexei Kosygin]] mulai menerapkan pamarekan[[détente]].<ref name = "Karabell" /> === Pengunduran diri Perancis ti NATO === {{Main|NATO#Pengunduran diri Perancis ti NATO}} Keberlangsungan [[NATO]] sudah menghadapi tantangan dina awal sejarahnya, krisis terjadi salila kepamingpinan [[Charles de Gaulle]] ti [[Perancis]] dina taun 1958 jeung seterusnya. De Gaulle protes ngeunaan kuatnya peran Amérika Sarikat dina organisasi jeung cemburu atas "[[hubungan istimewa]]" antara Amérika Sarikat jeung Britania Raya. Dina salah sahiji memo nu dikirimkan dina présidén [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] jeung Perdana Menteri [[Harold Macmillan]] dina tanggal 17 Séptémber 1958, manéhna berpendapat pikeun nyieun tiga serangkai direktorat nu bakal memposisikan Perancis dina kedudukan nu sama dengan Amérika Sarikat jeung Britania Raya, jeung ogé perluasan cakupan NATO ke wilayah géografis nu mibanda kapentingan dengan Perancis, seperti [[Aljazair Perancis]], nu pemberontakana di dukung ku Perancis.<ref name=deGuaulle>{{Cite book |last = Menon‏ |first = Anand |title = France, NATO, and the limits of independence, 1981–97: the politics of ambivalence |publisher = Palgrave Macmillan |year = 2000 |page = [https://archive.org/details/francenatolimits0000amen/page/11 11] |url =https://archive.org/details/francenatolimits0000amen |id = |isbn = 0-312-22931-3}}</ref> Karena respon nu diberikan teu memuaskan, de Gaulle mulai mengembangkan [[penangkal nuklir]] Perancis sacara independen jeung dina taun 1966, Perancis mengundurkan diri ti NATO, diikuti dengan pengusiran sakabéh pasukan NATO ti daratan Perancis.<ref>Crawley p.431</ref> === Invasi Cekoslowakia === {{Main|Musim Semi Praha|Invasi Pakta Warsawa ke Cekoslowakia}} Dina taun 1968, périodeu liberalisasi pulitik di [[Cekoslowakia]], nu dijuluki dengan [[Musim Semi Praha]], berlangsung dengan rupa-rupa aksi, di antaranya "[[Program Aksi (1968)|Program Aksi]]" liberalisasi, nu nungtut perluasan kebébasan pers, kebébasan berbicara jeung kebébasan bergerak, ogé penekanan ékonomi dina barang-barang konsumsi, kemungkinan sistem multi partéy, membatasi kakuasaan polisi rusiah,<ref>Ello (ed.), Paul (April 1968). Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, "Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Prague, April 1968)" in ''Dubcek’s Blueprint for Freedom: His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia.'' William Kimber & Co. 1968, pp 32, 54</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Von Geldern| first = James| last2 = Siegelbaum| first2 = Lewis| publisher = Soviéthistory.org| title = The Soviét-led Intervention in Czechoslovakia| url = http://Soviéthistory.org/index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1968czechoslovakia&Year=1968| accessdate = March 7, 2008}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> jeung kemungkinan Cekoslowakia pikeun menarik diri ti [[Pakta Warsawa]].<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 150">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=150}}</ref> Sebagai jawaban atas aksi Musim Semi Praha, tentara Soviét bersama dengan sebagéan besar sekutu Pakta Warsawa maranéhna, [[Invasi Pakta Warsawa ke Cekoslowakia|menyerbu Cekoslowakia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/21/newsid_2781000/2781867.stm|title=Russia brings winter to Prague Spring|publisher=BBC News|date=August 21, 1968|accessdate=June 10, 2008}}</ref> Invasi ieu diikuti ku gelombang emigrasi, sekitar 70.000 warga Ceko jeung Slowakia melarikan diri, jeung total ahirnya mencapai 300.000 jiwa.<ref>{{cite web | last = Čulík| first = Jan| title = Den, kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara| url = http://www.britskelisty.cz/9808/19980821h.html| publisher = Britské Listy| accessdate =January 23, 2008 }}</ref> Invasi ieu memicu protes keras ti Yugoslavia, Rumania, Cina, jeung ogé ti partéy-partéy komunis di Éropa Kulon.<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 154">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=154}}</ref> === Doktrin Brezhnev === {{Main|Doktrin Brezhnev}} [[Gambar:Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon talks in 1973.png|left|thumb|[[Leonid Brezhnev]] jeung [[Richard Nixon]] salila kunjungan Brezhnev ke [[Washington]] dina Juni 1973; kunjungan ieu nyaéta permulaan ''détente'' antara Amérika Sarikat jeung Soviét.]] Dina bulan Séptémber 1968, dina pidatonya di Kongres Kelima [[Partei Persatuan Pekerja Polandia]], sebulan saenggeus [[Invasi Pakta Warsawa ke Cekoslowakia|menginvasi Cekoslowakia]], Brezhnev menyampaikan [[Doktrin Brezhnev]]; nu mengklaim yén "hak kami pikeun melanggar kedaulatan nagara manapun jika ada nu berupaya pikeun menggantikan Marxisme-Lenieusme dengan kapitalismeu". Dina pidatonya, Brezhnev nyatakeun:<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 150"/> {{cquote|Ketika kakuatan nu memusuhi sosialisme mencoba pikeun ngarobah haluan Babaraha nagara sosialis menuju kapitalismeu, itu bukan hanya jadi masalah bagi nagara nu bersangkutan, namun masalah umum jeung kepedulian ti sakabéh nagara-nagara sosialis.}} Doktrin éta dilatarbelakangi ku kegagalan Marxisme-Lenieusme dina ningkatkeun kesejahteraan di nagara-nagara seperti Polandia, [[Hongaria]] jeung Jerman Wétan, nu mengalami penurunan standar hirup nu kontras dengan kemakmuran Jerman Kulon jeung nagara Éropa Kulon lianna.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=153}}</ref> === Krisis di Dunya Katilu === {{See also|Operasi Power Pack|Pembantaian di Indonesia 1965–1966|Perang Vietnam|Kudéta Chili 1973|Operasi Burung Kondor|Perang Enam Hari|Perang Atrisi|Perang Yom Kippur|Perang Ogaden|Perang Saudara Angola|Invasi Indonésia ke Timor Wétan}} [[Gambar:Glassboro-meeting1967.jpg|thumb|right|[[Alexei Kosygin]] (kiri) di samping Presiden AS [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] (kanan) dina [[Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Glassboro]].]] [[Gambar:Corpse of Ngô Đình Diệm in the 1963 coup.jpg|thumb|right|Mayat Presiden Vietnam Kidul [[Ngo Dinh Diem]].]] Dina ahir April 1965, présidén [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] mendaratkan 22.000 tentaranya di [[Republik Domieuka]] jeung kemudian mendudukinya salila satu taun melalui invasi nu diberi kode [[Operasi Power Pack]]. Operasi ieu dilakukan pikeun membendung ancaman menyebarnya Révolusi bergaya Kuba di Amérika Latin.<ref name = "LaFeber 1991" /> Pemilihan présidén diselenggarakan dina taun 1966, nu ngahasilkeun kemenangan bagi konservatif [[Joaquín Balaguer]]. Meskipun Balaguer mendapat dukungan ti sektor-sektor elit jeung kelompok petani, lawan pulitiknya ti partéy PRD, mantan présidén [[Juan Bosch]], teu aktif berkampanye.<ref name = "Itzigsohn 2000, 41-42">{{Cite book|last = Itzigsohn|first = José|title = Developing Poverty: The State, Labor Market Deregulation, and the Informal Economy in Costa Rica and the Domieucan Republic|publisher = Penn State University Press|year = 2000|location = University Park, Pennsylvania|pages = 41–42|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=b7Jo9GtxMEcC|id =|isbn = 978-0-271-02028-0}}</ref> Aktivis PRD dilumpuhkan dengan kekerasan ku polisi Domieuka jeung angkatan bersenjata.<ref name = "Itzigsohn 2000, 41-42"/> <!-- Sebagai bagéan ti minoritas Katolik Vietnam, usaha Diệm pikeun mengembangkan kawijakan pro-Katolik membangkitkan amarah orang-orang Buddhis Vietnam. Polisi nagara seringkali dituduh menyerang orang-orang Buddhis (agama mayoritas nagara itu). Para aktivis Buddhis ngalakukeun protes-protes massal jeung bahkan penyiksaan diri nu berpuncak dina Babaraha upaya kudéta, jeung nu terahir mengakibatkan kematian Diệm sendiri. Ketika rezim ieu membangkitkan salah sahiji protes nu dilakukan ku para biarawan Buddhis dina Mei 1963, AS menghentikan bantuana. Sejumlah biarawan sacara terbuka membakar diri maranéhna sebagai protes, jeung AS semakin merasa terganggu ku citra publik Diệm nu teu populer. Diệm jeung Madame Nhu mengklaim yén pihak Komunis telah menyusup ke dina kelompok-kelompok Buddhis. Tindakan maranéhna pikeun menghancurkan protes-protes ieu sesuai dengan kawijakan anti-komunis nu telah disetujui saméméhnya. Madame Nhu konon merujuk kejadian ieu sebagai "barbecue" ("memanggang daging"). Berdasarkan paréntah ti Presiden A.S. John F. Kennedy, Henry Cabot Lodge, duta besar Amérika pikeun Vietnam Kidul, nolak pikeun papanggih dengan Diệm. Saenggeus ngadéngé yén Angkatan Darat Republik Vietnam keur ngarancang kudéta nu dipimpin ku Jenderal Dương Văn Minh, AS méré jaminan-jaminan rusiah ka para jenderal itu yén AS moal bakal pipilueun. Dương Văn Minh jeung komplotana ngagulingkeun Pamaréntahan jeung menghukum mati Presiden Diệm jeung adiknya, Ngô Đình Nhu, dina 2 November 1963. Amérika Sarikat sacara terbuka mengungkapkan rasa terkejut jeung kekecewaana yén Diệm telah dibunuh. Kaberan, Presiden John F. Kennedy ogé dibunuh hanya 20 hari kemudian. Babaraha orang Vietnam percaya yén hantu Diemlah nu ngalakukeun pembalasan karena Presiden Kennedy menyetujui kudéta itu. Ketika Madame Nhu, mengunjungi Amérika Sarikat dina waktu itu, saenggeus mengetahui tentang kudéta éta, manéhna segera menyebut Amérika Sarikat sebagai pelakunya. manéhna belakangan mengatakan, "Barangsiapa jadi sekutu Amérika teu ngabutuhkeun musuh." Madame Nhu lalu meramalkan masa depan nu gelap pikeun Vietnam jeung yén, karena kemiluanana dina kudéta itu, masalah-masalah AS di Vietnam kakara dimulai. Saenggeus dibunuhnya Ngô Đình Diệm, AS dapat tetep mangaruhan Pamaréntahan Vietnam Kidul, ngabantuan pemilihan para pejabat nu ngadukung kawijakan-kawijakan AS. Di antara loba orang nu tahu tentang situasi pulitik di sekitar kematiana (1963), pembunuhan Ngô Đình Diệm dianggep sebagai momen pulitik nu nangtukeun nu, ceuk sebagéan orang, pelan-pelan ngabalukarkeun kekalahan Perang Vietnam 12 taun kemudian (1975), namun, ceuk nu lianna deui, mencegah Vietnam Kidul direbut pihak komunis 10 taun leuwih awal karena Diệm telah memutuskan pikeun menyerah ka ambisi-ambisi invasi Ho Chi Minh. Akibat ti kuatnya kehadiran Amérika saenggeus pembunuhan Diệm, terjadilah pergolakan intern di antara para pamingpin Vietnam Kidul, sementara tentara manggih diri maranéhna dipaksa pikeun memilih antara kapentingan-kapentingan komunis jeung kapentingan-kapentingan Amérika. Pembunuhan ieu ogé memperkuat upaya-upaya Vietnam Kalér pikeun melukiskan Vietnam Kidul sebagai pendukung kolonisasi. Dina tanggal 30 Séptémber - 1 Oktober 1965, di 2 Dayeuh di Indonésia, PKI (Partei Komunis Indonésia) berusaha membunuh 7 Jenderal Angkatan Darat di Jakarta jeung 2 Jenderal di Yogyakarta dengan alasan Kudéta. PKI mendakwa yén Jenderal-Jenderal Angkatan Darat nu pro-CIA berusaha ngagulingkeun Presiden Soekarno. --> Di Indonésia, anti-komunis garis keras [[Soeharto|Jenderal Soeharto]] meraih kendali Pamaréntahan ti pendahulunya, [[Soekarno]], jeung kemudian mulai ngawangun "[[Orde Baru]]". Ti taun 1965 sampai 1966, militer Indonésia [[Pembantaian di Indonésia 1965–1966|ngalakukeun pembunuhan massal]] ka sekitar setengah juta anggota jeung simpatisan [[Partei Komunis Indonésia]] sarta organisasi-organisasi sayap kiri lianna.<ref name="Farid 2007">Farid, Hilmar (2007). "Mass Killings and Capitalist Expansion, 1965–1966". In Kuan-Hsing Chen & Chua Beng Huat (Ed.), ''[The Inter-Asia Cultural Studies Reader]''. London: Routledge. pp. 207–222. ISBN 0-415-43134-4.</ref> Ningkatna konflik nu keur berlangsung antara pamingpin [[Vietnam Kidul]] [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] dengan komunis [[Viet Cong|Front Nasional pikeun Pembébasan Vietnam Kidul]] (NLF) membuat Johnson ngirimkan 575.000 tentara Amérika ke Asia Tenggara pikeun melumpuhkan NLF jeung sekutu Vietnam Kalér maranéhna dina [[Perang Vietnam]], namun kawijakan ieu ngakan loba biaya jeung ngalemahkeun perékonomian AS, jeung dina taun 1975, krisis ieu memuncak dengan kegagalan Amérika Sarikat. Dunya mandang kajadian ieu sebagai kekalahan bagi salah sahiji nagara adidaya nu paling kuat di tangan salah sahiji nagara termiskin dunya.<ref name = "LaFeber 1991" /> Vietnam Kalér menerima persetujuan Soviét pikeun memulai perang dina taun 1959. Uni Soviét ngirimkan 15.000 penasihat militer jeung bantuan dana sebesar $ 450 juta ka Vietnam Kalér salila perang, sadengkeun Cina ngirimkan 320.000 tentara jeung bantuan dana senilai $180 juta.<ref>Qiang Zhai, ''China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2000), p135; Gen. Oleg Sarin and Col. Lev Dvoretsky, ''Alien Wars: The Soviét Union’s Aggressions Against the World, 1919 to 1989'' (Presidio Press, 1996), pp93-4.</ref> Di [[Chili]], kandidat [[Partei Sosialis Chili|Partei Sosialis]] [[Salvador Allende]] meunangkeun pemilihan présidén taun 1970, jadi [[Marxis]] kapilih demokratis pertama nu jadi présidén di nagara-nagara Amérika.<ref name="BBC Allende Profile 2003">{{cite news|title = Profile of Salvador Allende|date = Séptémber 8, 2003|publisher=BBC|agency = [[BBC]]|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3089846.stm|accessdate =January 25, 2011 }}</ref> Jenderal [[Augusto Pinochet]] ngalakukeun [[Kudéta Chili 1973|kudéta ka Pamaréntahan]] dina tanggal 11 Séptémber 1973 jeung dengan cepat mengambilalih sakabéh kakuasaan pulitik jadi kediktatoran militer, tindakana ieu direstui ku AS. Reformasi Allende ékonomi diurungkan jeung lawan sayap kiri tewas atawa ditahan di kamp-kamp interniran di handap arahan ti [[Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional]] (DINA). [[Gambar:Henry Kissinger.png|thumb|left|[[Henry Kissinger]], [[Penasihat Kaamanan Nasional (Amérika Sarikat)|Penasihat Kaamanan Nasional]] jeung [[Sekretaris Nagara Amérika Sarikat]] dina masa Pamaréntahan Presiden Nixon jeung Ford, mangrupa salah sahiji tokoh kunci dina Perang Tiis (1969-1977).]] Sementara itu, [[Operasi Burung Kondor]] di Amérika Kidul{{mdash}}nu dipaké ku para diktator di [[Argentina]], [[Brasil]], [[Bolivia]], Chili, [[Uruguay]], jeung [[Paraguay]] pikeun menekan perbédaan pendapat dengan sayap kiri{{mdash}}ogé mendapat dukungan ti Amérika Sarikat, jeung (kadang-kadang akurat) diperkirakan ogé terdapat Kuba atawa Soviét di belakang gerakan oposisi éta.<ref>McSherry, p. /ref> Sebagai respon, Soviét mempersiapkan pemasangan rudal nuklirnya di Kuba.13</ref> Amérika Sarikat ogé teu senang saat [[Jamaika]] mulai menjalin hubungan nu leuwih érat dengan Pamaréntah Kuba saenggeus pemilihan [[Michael Manley]] dina taun 1972.<ref name="Mars & Young 2004, xvi">Mars, Perry & Alma H. Young (2004). [http://books.google.com/books?id=F4lJBFU-k1wC ''Caribbean Labor and Politics: Legacies of Cheddi Jagan and Michael Manley'']. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. xvi. ISBN 978-0-8143-3211-5.</ref> Amérika Sarikat méré spona dengan mendanai lawan-lawan pulitik Manley, mendorong pemberontakan dina tubuh [[tentara Jamaika]], jeung menyewa tentara bayaran pikeun ngalawan Pamaréntahan Manley.<ref name="Mars & Young 2004, xviii"/> Kekerasan pun terjadi. Situasi di [[Wétan Tengah]] terus jadi sumber persengketaan. [[Mesir]], nu menerima loba bantuan senjata jeung bantuan ékonomi ti Uni Soviét, nyaéta klien Soviét nu méré potkan. Dengan terpaksa, Uni Soviét berkewajiban pikeun ngabantuan Mesir dina [[Perang Enam Hari]] (dengan ngirimkan penasihat militer jeung teknisi) jeung [[Perang Atrisi]] (dengan ngirimkan pilot jeung pesawat) pikeun ngalawan [[Israel]] nu pro-Kulon.<ref>Stone, p. 230</ref> Di samping pembelotan Mesir, ti nu saméméhnya pro-Soviét jadi pro-Amérika dina taun 1972 (di handap kepamingpinan [[Anwar El Sadat]]),<ref name="Grenville & Wasserstein 1987, 701">Grenville, J.A.S. & Bernard Wasserstein (1987). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=RYyyAAAAIAAJ Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts]'', Volume 2. London and New York: Methuen. ISBN 978-0-416-38080-4.</ref> rumor ngeunaan intervensi Soviét dina [[Perang Yom Kippur]] dina taun 1973 ngabalukarkeun terjadinya pengiriman tentara Amérika besar-besaran jeung mengancambakal menghancurkan ''détente''.<ref>Kumaraswamy, p. 127</ref> Meskipun dina éra pra-Sadat Mesir mangrupa penerima bantuan terbesar Soviét di Wétan Tengah, Soviét ogé sukses menjalin hubungan érat dengan komunis di [[Yaman Kidul]], sarta Pamaréntahan nasionalis [[Aljazair]] jeung [[Irak]].<ref name = "Grenville & Wasserstein 1987, 701"/> Soviét sacara langsung memihak jeung ngabantuan [[Palestina]] dina menghadapi [[Konflik Israel-Palestina|konflik dengan Israel]], kaasup dukungan pikeun [[Yasser Arafat]] jeung [[Organisasi Pembébasan Palestina]].<ref>Friedman, p. 330</ref> Ti taun 1973-1975, CIA berkolusi dengan Pamaréntah [[Iran]] pikeun membiayai jeung mempersenjatai pemberontak [[Kurdi]] dina [[Perang Irak–Kurdi Kadua]] dengan tujuan pikeun melumpuhkan pamingpin Irak [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]]. Saat Iran jeung Irak nandatanganan [[Perjanjian Aljazair (1975)|Perjanjian Aljazair]] dina taun 1975, dukungan pikeun Iran pun ogé turut berhenti.<ref name="The Ugly Truth About Gerald Ford">Hitchens, Christopher, [http://www.slate.com/id/2156400 "The Ugly Truth About Gerald Ford"], ''Slate,'' December 29, 2006.</ref> [[Gambar:Marine da nang.jpg|thumbnail|170px|Seorang tentara Amérika dina [[Perang Vietnam]], 3 Agustus 1965.]] Di Afrika, militer [[Somalia]] nu dipimpin ku [[Mohamed Siad Barre]] ngalakukeun kudéta tak berdarah dina taun 1969 jeung ngawangun [[Republik Demokratik Somalia]] nu berpaham sosialis. Uni Soviét jangji pikeun ngadukung Somalia. Opat taun kemudian, Kaisar Ethiopia [[Haile Selassie]] nu pro-Amérika digulingkan dina kudéta taun 1974 ku kelompok [[Derg]], salah sahiji kelompok militer radikal pro-Soviét nu dipimpin ku [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]]. Mariem menjalin hubungan dengan Kuba jeung Soviét.<ref name = "Erlich 2008, 84-86">{{Cite book|last = Erlich|first = Reese|title = Dateline Havana: The Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Future of Cuba|publisher = PoliPoint Press|year = 2008|location = Sausalito, California|pages = 84–86|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=7q3ibcq_vxQC|id =|isbn = 978-0-9815769-7-8}}</ref> Saat [[Perang Ogaden|peperangan antara Somalia jeung Ethiopia pecah dina taun 1977-1978]], Barre keleungitan dukungan Soviét jeung kemudian bersekutu dengan Amérika Sarikat. Tentara Kuba ogé berperan dina perang ieu dengan memihak Ethiopia.<ref name = "Erlich 2008, 84-86"/> [[Révolusi Anyelir]] di [[Portugis]] dina taun 1974 nu ngalawan kéotoriteran ''[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]'' membuat Portugis kembali ke sistem multi-partéy jeung sekaligus memfasilitasi kemerdekaan koloni Portugis di [[Angola]] jeung [[Timor Wétan]]. Di Afrika, pemberontak Angola mengobarkan [[Perang Kemerdekaan Angola|perang kemerdekaan multi-faksi ngalawan kakuasaan Portugis]] sejak taun 1961, saenggeus perang ieu usai, [[Perang Saudara Angola|perang dua dasawarsa]] menggantikan perang anti-kolonial, nu ditandai dengan peperangan antara komunis [[Gerakan Rakyat Pembébasan Angola]] (MPLA), nu didukung ku Kuba jeung Soviét, dengan [[Front Pembébasan Nasional Angola]] (FNLA), nu didukung ku Amérika Sarikat, Républik Rakyat Tiongkok, jeung Pamaréntahan Mobutu di [[Zaire]]. AS, [[Apartheid di Afrika Kidul|Pamaréntahan apartheid Afrika Kidul]], jeung Babaraha nagara Afrika lianna ogé ngadukung faksi Katilu, [[Uni Nasional pikeun Kemerdekaan Penuh Angola]] (UNITA). Tanpa berkonsultasi dengan Soviét, Kuba ngirimkan tentaranya pikeun berjuang bersama MPLA.<ref name = "Erlich 2008, 84-86"/> Pamaréntah apartheid Afrika Kidul ogé ngirimkan tentara pikeun ngabantuan UNITA, namun MPLA aya di atas tangan karena didukung ku Kuba jeung Soviét.<ref name = "Erlich 2008, 84-86"/> Di Asia Tenggara, koloni [[Timor Wétan]] sacara sepihak memproklilasikan kemerdekaana ti Portugis di handap sayap kiri [[Fretilin]] dina bulan November 1975. Dengan dukungan ti Australia jeung Amérika Sarikat, [[Soeharto]] [[Invasi Indonésia ke Timor Wétan|menginvasi Timor Wétan]] dina bulan Désémber{{mdash}}nu memulai [[Jajahan Indonésia di Timor Wétan|Jajahan Indonésia di Timor Wétan salila sepÉropat abad]].<ref>{{Cite book|last = Doyle|first = Randall Jordan|title = America and China: Asia-Pacific Rim Hegemony in the Twenty-First Century|publisher = Lexington Books|year = 2007|location = Lanham|page = 119|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Z_W7u44IjK8C|id =|isbn = 978-0-7391-1702-6}}</ref> Salila [[Perang Vietnam]], Vietnam Kalér menginvasi jeung menduduki sebagéan Kamboja pikeun dipaké sebagai pangkalan militer, nu ogé berperan dina memicu pecahnya [[Perang Saudara Kamboja]] antara Pamaréntah pro-Amérika [[Lon Nol]] jeung pemberontak [[Maoist]] [[Khmer Beureum]]. Dokumen nu ditemukan ti arsip Soviét mengungkapkan yén invasi Vietnam Kalér ke Kamboja dina taun 1970 dilaksanakan atas permintaan ti Khmer Beureum saenggeus bernegosiasi dengan [[Nuon Chea]].<ref>Dmitry Mosyakov, "The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviét Archives," in Susan E. Cook, ed., ''Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda'' (Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1, 2004), p54ff. Can be accessed at: www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc "In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: “Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days.”"</ref> AS jeung Vietnam Kidul nanggepannya dengan melancarkan [[Operasi Menu|kampanye pengeboman]] jeung [[Kampanye Kamboja|serangan darat]], efek ti operasi ieu masih diperdebatkan ku para sejarawan.<ref>Chandler, David 2000, ''Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot'', Revised Edition, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 96-7.</ref> Di handap kepamingpinan [[Pol Pot]], Khmer Beureum membantai 1-3 juta, ti 8,4 juta total penduduk Kamboja, di [[ladang pembantaian]].<ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia." In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Heuveline suggests that a range of 1.17-3.42 million people were killed.</ref><ref name="Marek Sliwinski 1995">Marek Sliwinski, Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique (L'Harmattan, 1995).</ref><ref name="Banister, Judith 1993">Banister, Judith, and Paige Johnson (1993). "After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia." In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community, ed. Ben Kiernan. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.</ref> Sosiolog [[Martin Shaw (sosiolog)|Martin Shaw]] ngagambarkeun kekejaman ieu sebagai "[[genosida]] paling murni ti éra Perang Tiis".<ref>''Theory of the Global State: Globality as Unfieushed Revolution'' by [[Martin Shaw (sosiolog)|Martin Shaw]], [[Cambridge University Press]], 2000, pp 141, ISBN 978-0-521-59730-2</ref> Vietnam ngagulingkeun Pol Pot dina taun 1979 jeung nyieun Pamaréntah boneka di handap pimpinan [[Heng Samrin]]. === Perbaikan hubungan Cina-Amérika === {{Main|Kunjungan Nixon ke Tiongkok taun 1972}} Sebagai akibat ti [[perpecahan Sino-Soviét]], kategangan nu berlangsung di sepanjang tapel wates Cina-Soviét [[Konflik perbatasan Sino–Soviét|mencapai puncaknya]] dina taun 1969, jeung présidén Amérika Sarikat [[Richard Nixon]] memutuskan pikeun memanfaatkan konflik éta sebagai alat pikeun menggeser keseimbangan kakuasaan ke arah Kulon dina Perang Tiis.<ref>Dallek, Robert (2007), p. 144.</ref> Cina ogé berusaha ningkatkeun hubungan dengan Amérika Sarikat dina upayanya pikeun mengambil keuntungan ti Soviét. Dina bulan Februari 1972, Nixon mengumumkan pemulihan hubungan dengan Cina.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=149–152}}</ref> manéhna ngalakukeun kunjungan ke [[Beijing]] jeung papanggih dengan [[Mao Zedong]] jeung [[Zhou Enlai]]. Dina saat itu, sumber daya nuklir Uni Soviét telah setara dengan Amérika Sarikat, [[Perang Vietnam]] ogé telah ngalemahkeun pangaruh Amérika di [[Dunya Katilu]] jeung menTiiskan hubungana dengan Éropa Kulon.<ref>Buchanan, pp. 168–169</ref> Meskipun konflik tak langsung antara dua adidaya dina Perang Tiis terus berlanjut sampai ahir 1960-an jeung awal 1970-an, kategangan perlahan-lahan mulai méré da.<ref name = "Palmowski" /> === Nixon, Brezhnev, détente, jeung Panembakan Pesawat Korean Air Lines Penerbangan 902 === {{Main|Perundingan Pembatasan Senjata Strategis|Perjanjian Helsinki|Organisasi pikeun Kaamanan jeung Kerjasama di Éropa}} [[Gambar:Carter Brezhnev sign SALT II.jpg|thumb|right|[[Leonid Brezhnev]] jeung [[Jimmy Carter]] nandatanganan traktat SALT II, 18 Juni 1979 di [[Wina]]]] Saenggeus kunjungana ke Tiongkok, Nixon papanggih dengan para pamingpin Soviét, kaasup Brezhnev di Moskow.<ref name="bbc-nb">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/22/newsid_4373000/4373149.stm|title=President Nixon arrives in Moscow|publisher=BBC News|date=May 22, 1972|accessdate=June 10, 2008}}</ref> [[Perundingan Pembatasan Senjata Strategis]] (SALT) antara kadua pihak ngahasilkeun dua kamupakatan ngeunaan pengawasan penggunaan senjata, nyaéta [[SALT I]], pakta pembatasan senjata komprehensif pertama nu ditandatangani ku kadua nagara adidaya,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thepresident/index.php|title=The President|accessdate=March 27, 2009|publisher=Richard Nixon Presidential Library}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012100741/https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thepresident/index.php |date=October 12, 2017 }}</ref> jeung [[Traktat Peluru Kendali Anti-Balistik]], nu mengatur ngeunaan pembatasan sistem peluru kendali anti-balistik nu dipaké pikeun mempertahankan wilayah ka senjata nuklir nu dibawa misil. Ieu bertujuan pikeun membatasi pengembangan peluru kendali anti-balistik jeung rudal nuklir berbiaya mahal.<ref name = "Karabell" /> Nixon jeung Brezhnev mengumumkan éra anyar "hirup berdampingan sacara damai" jeung ngawangun pamarekanhubungan anyar nu disebut ''[[détente]]'' (peredaan kategangan) antara dua nagara adidaya. Sementara itu, Brezhnev berusaha pikeun memperbaiki kembali perékonomian Soviét nu mengalami penurunan akibat besarnya pengeluaran militer.<ref name = "LaFeber 1991" /> Antara taun 1972 jeung 1974, kadua pihak ogé paheut pikeun memperkuat hubungan ékonomi maranéhna,<ref name = "LaFeber 1991" /> di antaranya dengan ngalakukeun perjanjian dina rangka paningkatan aktivitas perdagangan. Sebagai hasil ti perundingan maranéhna, ''détente'' menggantikan éra permusuhan ti Perang Tiis jeung kadua nagara bisa hirup sacara berdampingan.<ref name="bbc-nb"/> Sementara itu, perkembangan hubungan AS jeung Soviét ogé bertepatan dengan "[[Ostpulitik]]" Kanselir Jerman Kulon [[Willy Brandt]].<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 154"/> Perjanjian lianna nu disahkan pikeun menstabilkan situasi di Éropa nyaéta [[Perjanjian Helsinki]], nu ditandatangani dina [[Organisasi pikeun Kaamanan jeung Kerjasama di Éropa|Konferensi Kaamanan jeung Kerjasama di Éropa]] dina taun 1975.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=188}}</ref> <!-- '''[[Korean Air Lines Penerbangan 902]]''' mangrupa [[pesawat]] [[Boeing 707]] nu menerbangi jalur [[Paris]]-[[Anchorage]]-[[Seoul]]. Dina [[20 April]] [[1978]], Namun tragisnya, Radar [[Uni Soviét]] pun mengira yén [[Pesawat]] [[Korean Air Lines Penerbangan 902]] nyaéta [[Pesawat]] Mata-Mata [[Amérika Sarikat]]. Kemudian [[Uni Soviét]] ngirim [[Pesawat Tempur]] [[Sukhoi Su-15]] pikeun menembakin jeung nyegat [[Pesawat]] éta. Saenggeus [[Pesawat]] [[Korean Air Lines Penerbangan 902]] ditembak ku Sukhoi Su-15 nu Uni Soviét, Kecelakaan ieu mupuskeun 2 urang panumpang jeung 107 panumpang salamet di talaga beku.--> === Memburuknya hubungan dina ahir 1970-an === Dina taun 1970-an, KGB, nu dikepalai ku [[Yuri Andropov]], terus menekan kritikus-kritikus terkenal nu mengkritik kepamingpinan Soviét seperti [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] jeung [[Andrei Sakharov]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=186}}</ref> Salila périodeu ''détente'' ieu, konflik tak langsung antara kadua nagara adidaya masih terus terjadi di Dunya Katilu, khususnya dina krisis pulitik di Wétan Tengah, Chili, Ethiopia, jeung Angola.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=178}}</ref> présidén [[Jimmy Carter]] berusaha pikeun menetapkan pembatasan perlombaan persenjataan leuwih lanjut dengan mengesahkan [[Perundingan Pembatasan Senjata Strategis|SALT II]] dina taun 1979,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/18/newsid_4508000/4508409.stm|title=Leaders agree arms reduction treaty|publisher=BBC News|date=June 18, 2008|accessdate=June 10, 2008}}</ref> namun upayanya ieu dirusak ku kajadian lianna dina taun itu, nyaéta [[Révolusi Iran]] nu didukung ku [[KGB]],<ref>Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''The KGB and the World: The Mitrokhin Archive II'' (Penguin, 2006), pp41, 120-1.</ref> [[Révolusi Nikaragua]] pikeun ngagulingkeun rezim pro-AS, jeung nu paling membuat AS berang; intervensi Soviét dina [[Perang Afganistan]] dina bulan Désémber.<ref name = "LaFeber 1991" /> == "Perang Tiis Kadua" (1979-1985) == {{Main| Perang Tiis (1979–1985)}} Istilah "Perang Tiis Kadua" merujuk dina périodeu paningkatan kembali kategangan Perang Tiis jeung konflik antara kadua pihak dina ahir 1970-an jeung awal 1980-an. Kategangan sangat meningkat antara Amérika Sarikat jeung Uni Soviét jeung masing-masingnya jadi leuwih ter-militeristik.<ref name = "Halliday" /> Diggins mengungkapkan: "Reagan mengerahkan segalanya pikeun berjuang dina 'Perang Tiis Kadua' dengan ngadukung kontra-pemberontakan di Dunya Katilu."<ref>{{cite book|author=John P. Diggins|title=Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, And the Making of History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=N-bQtjYcy0AC&pg=PA267|year=2007|publisher=W. W. Norton|page=267}}</ref> Sementara Cox nyatakeun: "Intensitas 'Perang Tiis Kadua' sehebat durasinya nu singkat."<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Cox|title=Beyond the Cold War: Superpowers at the Crossroads|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cUsOYWpQZbAC&pg=PR18|year=1990|publisher=University Press of America|page=18}}</ref> === Perang Soviét-Afganistan === {{Main|Perang Saudara Afganistan|Perang Soviét-Afganistan}} [[Gambar:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb|Presiden Reagan nunjukkeun dukungana dina pertemuan dengan para pamingpin [[Mujahidin|Mujahidin Afganistan]] di [[Gedung Bodas]], 1983.]] [[Gambar:Evstafiev-spetsnaz-prepare-for-mission.jpg|thumb|left|Tentara Soviét di [[Afganistan]].]] Dina bulan April 1978, [[Partei Démokrasi Rakyat Afganistan]] (PDPA) nu berhaluan komunis méré but kakuasaan atas [[Afganistan]] melalui [[Révolusi Saur]]. Dina hitungan bulan, penentang Pamaréntahan komunis melancarkan pemberontakan di Afganistan Wétan, nu dengan cepat berkembang jadi [[Perang Saudara Afganistan|perang saudara]] antara gerilyawan [[mujahidin]] ngalawan tentara Pamaréntah. Pamaréntah [[Pakistan]] memfasilitasi para pemberontak dengan pusat-pusat pelatihan rusiah, sadengkeun Uni Soviét ngirim rébuan penasihat militer pikeun ngadukung Pamaréntahan PDPA.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hussain|2005|pp=108-109}}</ref> Sementara itu, ningkatna gesekan antara faksi-faksi nu bersaing di PDPA{{ndash}}faksi [[Khalq]] nu dominan jeung [[Parcham]] nu leuwih moderat {{ndash}} ngabalukarkeun pemberhentian anggota kabinét jeung penangkapan perwira militer Parchami dengan dalih kudéta ka Parchami. Dina pertengahan 1979, Amérika Sarikat memulai salah sahiji program rusiah pikeun ngabantuan mujahidin.<ref>{{Harvnb|Meher|2004|pp=68-69, 94}}</ref> Bulan Séptémber 1979, présidén Khalqist [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]] dibunuh dina salah sahiji kudéta PDPA nu diatur ku rekana sesama anggota Khalq bernama [[Hafizullah Amin]], nu kemudian jadi présidén. Amin dibunuh ku pasukan khusus Soviét dina bulan Désémber 1979. Saenggeus kematiana, salah sahiji Pamaréntahan nu diorganisir ku Soviét, di handap pimpinan [[Babrak Karmal]], mengisi kekosongan kakuasaan. Pasukan Soviét dikerahkan pikeun menstabilkan Afganistan di handap Pamaréntahan Karmal, nu telah jadi boneka Soviét. Akibatnya, Soviét miluan langsung dina apa nu kemudian jadi perang domestik di Afganistan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kalinovsky|2011|pp=25-28}}</ref> Carter nanggepan intervensi Soviét di Afganistan dengan cara menarik kembali perjanjian SALT II ti [[Senat Amérika Sarikat|Senat]], ngalakukeun embargo dina pengiriman gandum jeung barang-barang téhnologi dina Uni Soviét, sarta ningkatkeun pengeluaran militer. Amérika Sarikat ogé ngalakukeun pemboikotan ka [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980|Olimpiade Moskow 1980]]. Carter nyatakeun yén tindakan Soviét mangrupa "ancaman nu paling serius ka perdamaian salila Perang Tiis Kadua".<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=211}}</ref> === Reagan jeung Thatcher === {{Main| Doktrin Reagan}} [[Gambar:Reagan-Thatcher cabinet talks.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Thatcher nyaéta satu-satunya wanita di ruangan ieu, jeung selusin pria dina setelan duduk di sekitar méja oval. Regan jeung Thatcher duduk berlawanan satu sama lain di tengah-tengah meja panjang. Ruangan ieu dihiasi dengan cat warna Bodas, dengan tirai, salah sahiji lampu emas jeung potret Lincoln.|Kabinét [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] papanggih dengan Kabinét [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] di Gedung Bodas, 1981.]] Dina bulan Januari 1977, opat taun saméméh jadi présidén, [[Ronald Reagan]] mengungkapkan dina percakapana dengan [[Richard V. Allen]], ngeunaan harapan dasarnya terkait dengan Perang Tiis: "Ide saya ngeunaan kawijakan Amérika ka Uni Soviét sederhana, jeung Babaraha orangbakal menyebutnya sangat sederhana, nyaéta: Kita menang jeung maranéhna kalah. Bagaimana ceuk Anda?".<ref>{{cite web |last=Allen |first=Richard V. |url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/7398 |title=The Man Who Won the Cold War |publisher=Hoover.org |accessdate=November 3, 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501052925/http://www.hoover.org/publications/hoover-digest/article/7398 |date=May 1, 2011 }}</ref> Taun 1980, Ronald réagan ngéléhkeun [[Jimmy Carter]] dina [[Pemilihan umum Presiden Amérika Sarikat 1980|pemilu presiden 1980]]. Saenggeus kemenangana, manéhna bersumpahbakal ningkatkeun anggaran militer jeung menghadapi Soviét di manapun.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=189}}</ref> Baik réagan maupun [[Perdana Menteri Britania Raya]] nu baru, [[Margaret Thatcher]], sama-sama mengecam Uni Soviét jeung idéologinya. réagan menyebut Uni Soviét sebagai salah sahiji "kekaisaran jahat" jeung meramalkan yén [[komunisme]]bakal hancur jadi "tumpukan abu sejarah".<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 197">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=197}}</ref> Meskipun sentimen anti-Amérika di Iran saenggeus [[Révolusi Iran]] meningkat, Pamaréntahan réagan tetap mengulurkan tangan ka Pamaréntah anti-komunis [[Ayatollah Khomeieu]] dina upayanya pikeun méré krut téokrasi bagi Amérika dina taun 1980-an. Direktur CIA [[William J. Casey|William Casey]] ngagambarkeun Pamaréntahan Khomeieu sebagai Pamaréntahan nu "goyah jeung [mungkin] dina pergerakan ke arah kebeneran... AS hampir teu ngabogaan kartu pikeun dimainkan; sementara Uni Soviét ngabogaan loba kartu."<ref name="Fawaz 1999, 72">Gerges, Fawaz A. (1999). [http://books.google.com/books?id=w-l6M4pOnUkC America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests?]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-521-63957-6.''</ref> Salah sahijimétodeunu dilakukan Amérika pikeun ngadukung Iran nyaéta dengan penjualan senjata sacara rusiah. Dina taun 1983, CIA merilis daftar panjang komunis Iran jeung aktivis sayap kiri lianna nu dicurigai bekerja dina Pamaréntahan Khomeieu.<ref name="Beieun & Stork 1997, 11-12">Beieun, Joel & Joe Stork (1997). "On the Modernity, Historical Specificity, and International Context of Political Islam". In Joel Beieun & Joe Stork (Eds.), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6H7tYLVwVFkC Political Islam: Essays from the Middle East Report]''. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-520-20448-5.</ref> Salah sahiji komisi khusus kemudian melaporkan yén daftar itu disusun pikeun mengambil "langkah-langkah, kaasup eksekusi massal, pikeun mengeliminasi sakabéh infrastruktur pro-Soviét di Iran."<ref name = "Beieun & Stork 1997, 11-12"/> Dina awal 1985, prinsip anti-komunis réagan telah berkembang jadi sikap nu dikenal sebagai [[Doktrin Reagan]]{{mdash}}nu mana, selain penahanan, ogé dirumuskan hak tambahan pikeun menumbangkan Pamaréntahan komunis nu ada.<ref name="Graebner, Burns & Siracusa 2008, 76">Graebner Norman A., Richard Dean Burns & Joseph M. Siracusa (2008). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=r71u_AgE7iYC Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War].'' Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-313-35241-6.</ref> Selain melanjutkan kawijakan Carter nu ngadukung penentang Islam dina ngalawan Soviét jeung PDPA di Afganistan, CIA ogé berusaha ngalemahkeun Uni Soviét dengan cara mempromosikan [[pulitik Islam]] di mayoritas Islam [[Asia Tengah Soviét|Soviét Asia Tengah]].<ref name="Singh 1995, 130">Singh, Bilveer (1995). "Jemaah Islamiyah". In Wilson John & Swati Parashar (Eds.) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cAE-bxSXayMC Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Implications for South Asia]''. Singapore and Delhi: ORF-Pearson-Longman. p. 130. ISBN 978-81-297-0998-1.</ref> Di samping itu, CIA mendorong anti-komunis ISI di Pakistan agar bersedia melatih Muslim ti sakabéh dunya pikeun berpartisipasi dina [[jihad]] ngalawan Uni Soviét.<ref name = "Singh 1995, 130"/> A === Gerakan solititas jeung darurat militer di Polandia === {{main|Solidarność|Darurat militer di Polandia}} Kunjungan [[Paus Yohanes Paulus II]] ke nagara kelahirana, [[Polandia]], dina taun 1979 telah mendorong kebangkitan spiritual jeung nasionalis nu memicu lahirnya [[Solidarność|gerakan solititas jeung semangat anti-komunisme]]. Hal ieu diperkirakan mangrupa penyebab dilakukana [[Percobaan pembunuhan ka Paus Yohanes Paulus II|upaya pembunuhan]] ka Paus Yohanes Paulus II dua taun kemudian.<ref>Henze‏, p. 171</ref> Dina bulan Désémber 1981, [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] beréaksi ka krisis di Polandia dengan memberlakukan masa [[darurat militer]]. Pikeun nanggepannya, réagan memberlakukan sanksi ékonomi ka Polandia.<ref name="Gaddis219" /> [[Mikhail Suslov]], idéolog top di Kremlin, menyarankan agar pamingpin Soviét teu campur tangan jika Polandia jatuh di handap kendali gerakan Solititas, karena takut hal itubakal menimbulkan sanksi ékonomi nu leuwih berat deui, nu hartinabakal jadi malapetaka bagi perékonomian Soviét.<ref name="Gaddis219">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=219–222}}</ref> === Isu ékonomi jeung militer Soviét jeung AS === {{See|Era stagnasi|Strategi Ieusiatif Pertahanan|RSD-10 Pioneer|MGM-31 Pershing|Kematian Leonid Brezhnev|Yuri Andropov|Konstantin Chernenko}} [[Gambar:US and USSR nuclear stockpiles.svg|thumb|right|Perbandingan stok senjata nuklir AS jeung Soviét/Rusia, 1945–2006]] [[Gambar:SDIO Delta Star.jpg|thumb|upright|Delta 183 diluncurkan, membawa sensor eksperimen [[Strategi Ieusiatif Pertahanan]] "Delta Star".]] Moskow telah ngawangun sumber daya militer nu menghabiskan 25 persen ti produk nasional bruto Uni Soviét, dengan mengorbankan barang-barang konsumsi jeung investasi di sektor sipil.<ref name="LaFeber 2002, p. 332">{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=332}}</ref> Pengeluaran Soviét pikeun [[perlombaan senjata]] jeung kompétisi Perang Tiis lianna beuki diperparah ku masalah struktural dina sistem perékonomian Soviét,<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Towle|first1 = Philip|title = The Oxford History of Modern War|page = 159}}</ref> nu mengalami [[Era Stagnasi|stagnasi ékonomi salila satu dekade]] dina taun-taun terahir Pamaréntahan Brezhnev. [[Gambar:Olympic boycotts 1976 1980 1984.PNG|thumb|left|300px|Pemboikotan [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1980|Olimpiade Moskow 1980]] (biru) jeung [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1984|Olimpiade Los Angeles 1984]] (Beureum).]] Investasi Soviét dina sektor pertahanan teu didorong ku kapentingan militer, namun sebagéan besar pikeun ngadukung kapentingan partéy-partéy besar jeung birokrasi nagara, nu bergantung dina sektor militer pikeun ngadukung kakuasaan jeung hak istimewa maranéhna.<ref>{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=335}}</ref> [[Militer Uni Soviét]] mangrupa militer terbesar di dunya dina hal jumlah jeung jenis senjata, jumlah tentara, jeung jumlah pangkalan militer nu maranéhna miliki.<ref name = "Odom">{{Harvnb|Odom|2000|p=1}}</ref> Namun, keuntungan kuantitatif nu dipegang ku militer Soviét seringkali dirusiahkan kéayaana, sehingga Blok Wétan sacara dramatis tertinggal ku Kulon.<ref>{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=340}}</ref> [[Gambar:USSR stamp S.Smith 1985 5k.jpg|thumb|upright|Saenggeus seorang anak Amérika berusia sepuluh taun bernama [[Samantha Smith]] ngirimkan surat ka [[Yuri Andropov]], nu mengungkapkan kasieunana atas perang nuklir, Andropov mengundang Smith ke Uni Soviét.]] Dina awal 1980-an, Uni Soviét telah ngawangun persenjataan jeung pasukan militer nu meleuwihi Amérika Sarikat. Segera saenggeus Soviét menginvasi Afganistan, présidén Carter memulai pemwangunan besar-besaran militer Amérika Sarikat. Upaya ieu beuki diintensifkan ku Pamaréntahan réagan, nu ningkatkeun pengeluaran [[militer]] ti 5,3 persen/total GNP dina taun 1981 jadi 6,5 persen dina taun 1986,<ref>{{Cite book |last = Carliner‏ |first = Geoffrey |coauthors = Alberto Alesina‏ |title = Politics and economics in the eighties: edited by Alberto Alesina and Geoffrey Carliner |publisher = University of Chicago Press |year = 1991 |page = [https://archive.org/details/politicseconomic0000unse_i4h7/page/6 6] |url =https://archive.org/details/politicseconomic0000unse_i4h7 |id = |isbn = 0-226-01281-6}}</ref> jumlah anggaran militer terbesar sepanjang sejarah Amérika Sarikat.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Boston Globe|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=June 21, 2008|date=March 29, 2006|title=Caspar W. Weinberger, 88; Architect of Massive Pentagon Buildup|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-7946374.html|author=Feeney, Mark}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817163633/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-7946374.html |date=August 17, 2009 }}</ref> Kategangan terus meningkat dina awal 1980-an ketika réagan mengaktifkan kembali program [[B-1 Lancer]] nu saméméhnya dibatalkan ku Pamaréntahan Carter, memproduksi [[LGM-118 Peacekeeper]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/icbm/lgm-118.htm|title=LGM-118A Peacekeeper|accessdate=April 10, 2007|date=August 15, 2000|publisher=Federation of American Scientists}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516205937/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/icbm/lgm-118.htm |date=May 16, 2020 }}</ref> menginstal rudal jelajah AS di Éropa, jeung mengumumkan program eksperimental [[Strategi Ieusiatif Pertahanan]], nu dijuluki "Star Wars" ku media, nyaéta program pertahanan pikeun menembak jatuh rudal musuh di tengah-tengah penerbangana.<ref name="ShieldSpace?">Lakoff, p. 263</ref> Dilatarbelakangi ku ningkatna kategangan antara Soviét jeung Amérika Sarikat, sarta dipasangnya [[rudal balistik]] [[RSD-10 Pioneer]] milik Soviét nu mengarah ke [[Éropa Kulon]], NATO memutuskan{{ndash}}di handap dorongan ti présidén Carter{{ndash}}pikeun menginstal rudal jelajah jeung [[MGM-31 Pershing]] milik Amérika Sarikat di Éropa, terutama di [[Jerman Kulon]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=202}}</ref> Rudal-rudal ieu ditopatkan dengan jarak mencolok, hanya berjarak 10 menit ti [[Moskow]].<ref>Garthoff, p. 88</ref> Saenggeus pemwangunan militer réagan selesai, Soviét teu nanggepannya dengan mengembangkan sumber daya militernya leuwih besar deui karena pengeluaran militer Soviét sudah sangat besar.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.theatlantic.com/past/politics/foreign/reagrus.htm|title=Reagan and the Russians|date=February 1994|work=The Atlantic|author=Lebow, Richard Ned and Janice Gross Stein|accessdate=May 28, 2010}}</ref> Besarnya anggaran militer Soviét mengakibatkan teu efisiena pemwangunan dina sektor [[manufaktur]] jeung pertanian, nu ahirnya jadi beban berat bagi [[Perékonomian Uni Soviét|perékonomian Soviét]].<ref name="Gaidar, Yegor"/> Di saat nu bersamaan, produksi minyak di [[Arab Saudi]] meningkat,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iet.ru/files/persona/gaidar/un_en.htm|title=Public Expectations and Trust towards the Government: Post-Revolution Stabilization and its Discontents|accessdate=March 15, 2008|author=Gaidar, Yegor|publisher=The Institute for the Economy in Transition}}</ref> bahkan produksi minyak di nagara-nagara non-[[OPEC]] ogé meningkat dina périodeu éta, kaasup Soviét.<ref name="EIA">"[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/contents.html Official Energy Statistics of the US Government]", EIA&nbsp;— International Energy Data and Analysis. Retrieved on July 4, 2008.</ref> Perkembangan ieu méré kontribusi ka fénoména[[banjir minyak 1980-an]] nu mempangaruhi Uni Soviét. Minyak mulai jadi sumber utama pendapatan ekspor Soviét.<ref name="LaFeber 2002, p. 332"/><ref name="Gaidar, Yegor"/> Namun, permasalahan [[perékonomian komando]],<ref name="hardt1">{{Harvnb|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=1}}</ref> turuna harga minyak, jeung pengeluaran militer nu tetap besar sacara bertahap membawa perékonomian Soviét menuju stagnasi.<ref name="Gaidar, Yegor">Gaidar 2007 pp. 190–205</ref> Dina tanggal 1 Séptémber 1983, Uni Soviét menembak jatuh [[Korean Air Penerbangan 007]], pesawat [[Boeing 747]] nu mengangkut 269 penumpang, kaasup anggota Kongres [[Larry McDonald]]. Pesawat itu ditembak karena melanggar wilayah udara Soviét dengan melewati pantai Kulon [[Sakhalin|pulo Sakhalin]], di dekat [[Kepulauan Moneron]]&nbsp;—tindakan nu ku réagan dianggep sebagai "pembantaian". Tindakan Soviét ieu beuki ningkatkeun dukungan bagi AS supaya segera menerjukan militernya.<ref name="DoernerFive">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926169-5,00.html|title=Atrocity in the skies|work=Time|date=Séptémber 12, 1983|accessdate=June 8, 2008|first1=Strobe|last1=Talbott|first2=Jerry|last2=Hannifin|first3=Ed|last3=Magnuson|first4=William R.|last4=Doerner|first5=Joseph J.|last5=Kane}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521063516/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926169-5,00.html |date=May 21, 2013 }}</ref> NATO mengadakan latihan militer [[Able Archer 83]] dina bulan November 1983, nu mangrupa simulasi peluncuran nuklir sacara nyata. Paristiwa ieu disebut-sebut sebagai saat nu paling berbahaya bagi dunya sejak [[Krisis Rudal Kuba]] dina taun 1962. Saenggeus pamingpin Soviét memahami maksud ti latihan militer éta, maka diputuskan yén perang nuklir beuki dekat.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=228}}</ref> Kehenteusetujuan publik AS ngeunaan campur tangan AS dina konflik nagara lain sudah berlangsung sejak ahir [[Perang Vietnam]].<ref name="LaFeber323">{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=323}}</ref> Pamaréntahan réagan menekankan taktik [[kontra-pemberontakan]] jeung penyelesaian cepat dina mencampuri konflik asing.<ref name="LaFeber323" /> Dina taun 1983, Pamaréntahan réagan pipilueun tangan dina [[Perang Saudara Lebanon]], menginvasi [[Grenada]], membom [[Libya]], jeung ngadukung gerakan [[Contras]] di Amérika Tengah{{ndash}}paramiliter anti-komunis nu berusaha ngagulingkeun Pamaréntahan pro-Soviét [[Sandieusta]] di [[Nikaragua]].<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 212"/> Intervensi réagan ka Grenada jeung Libya mendapat dukungan ti publik AS, namun dukungana dina Contra [[Skandal Iran Contra|mengundang kontroversi]].<ref name = "Reagan">{{cite book|author=Reagan, Ronald|editor=Foner, Eric; Garraty, John Arthur|title=The Reader's companion to American history|url=http://books.google.com/?id=KrWDw-_devcC|accessdate=June 16, 2008|year=1991|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Books|isbn=0-395-51372-3}}</ref> Sementara itu, Soviét sendiri mengeluarkan biaya tinggi dina memfasilitasi intervensi maranéhna ka asing. Meskipun Brezhnev meyakieu dina taun 1979 yén [[Perang Soviét-Afganistan]]bakal berlangsung singkat, gerilyawan [[Muslim]], nu dibantu ku AS jeung nagara-nagara lianna, mengobarkan perlawanan sengit ka invasi éta.<ref name="LaFeber314">{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=314}}</ref> Kremlin ngirimkan hampir 100.000 tentara pikeun ngadukung rezim boneka di Afganistan, nu dijuluki ku para pengamat luar dengan "perang 'Vietnam'-nya Soviét".<ref name="LaFeber314" /> Namun, dampak perang Afganistan ieu jauh leuwih parah bagi Soviét ketimbang dampak Perang Vietnam bagi Amérika Sarikat, karena konflik ieu ogé bertepatan dengan périodeu kekacauan jeung krisis internal dina birokrasi jeung perékonomian Soviét.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=292}}</ref> Séorang pejabat senior di [[Departemen Luar Negeri Amérika Sarikat|Departemen Luar Negeri AS]] memprediksikan dina awal 1980-an, manéhna nyatakeun yén "invasi nu mengakibatkan krisis dina negeri bagi Soviét... mungkin itu nyaéta hukum termodinamika [[entropi]]... nu terjebak dengan sistem Soviét, nu ayeuna tampaknya leuwih loba mengeluarkan energi pikeun menjaga keseimbangana ketimbang pikeun memperbaikinya. Kita bisa menempo periode kebangkitan asing dina saat mengalami keruntuhan internal".<ref name=" Dobrynin">{{Harvnb|Dobrynin|2001|pp=438–439}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Maynes|1980|pp=1–2}}</ref> == Taun-taun terahir (1985–1991) == {{Main|Perang Tiis (1985–1991)}} [[Gambar:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mikhail Gorbachev]] jeung Ronald Reagan nandatanganan [[Traktat INF]] di Gedung Bodas, 1987]] === Reformasi Gorbachev === {{See|Mikhail Gorbachev|perestroika|glasnost}} Saenggeus tanggal 11 Maret 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev jadi Sekretaris Jenderal partéy Komunis Uni Soviét nu kelima pikeun menggantikan Konstantin Chernenko nu sudah wafat. Dina saat [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], nu relatif masih muda, jadi [[Sekretaris Jenderal Partei Komunis Uni Soviét|Sekretaris Jenderal]] dina taun 1985,<ref name="Gaddis 2005, p. 197" /> perékonomian Soviét keur stagnan jeung mengalami penurunan tajam dina penerimaan mata uang asing akibat turuna harga minyak dunya dina taun 1980-an.<ref name="LaFeber331" /> Masalah ieu memaksa Gorbachev pikeun mengambil langkah-langkah guna membangkitkan kembali keterpurukan Soviét.<ref name="LaFeber331">{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|pp=331–333}}</ref> Gorbachev nyatakeun yén pikeun membangkitkan kembali Soviét, diperlukan perobahan nu mendina dina struktural Soviét. Dina bulan Juni 1987, Gorbachev mengumumkan agenda reformasinya nu disebut ''[[perestroika]]'' atawa restrukturisasi.<ref name="Gaddis231">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=231–233}}</ref> Perestroika ngamungkinkeun leuwih épéktipnya sistem [[kuota produksi]], kepemilikan swasta atas bisnis jeung ogé membuka jalan bagi [[investor]] asing. Langkah ieu dimaksudkan pikeun mengarahkan sumber daya nagara ti pembiayaan militer nu mahal pikeun menunjang Perang Tiis ke pengembangan sektor sipil nu leuwih produktif.<ref name="Gaddis231" /> Meskipun muncul skeptisisme ti nagara-nagara Kulon, pamingpin Soviét nu anyar ieu terbukti berkomitmen pikeun memperbaiki kondisi perékonomian Soviét nu buruk, bukana melanjutkan perlombaan senjata dengan Kulon.<ref name="Palmowski" /><ref name="LaFeber2002">{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|pp=300–340}}</ref> Pikeun ngalawan penentang reformasinya nu berasal ti internal partéy, Gorbachev sacara bersamaan memperkenalkan ''[[glasnost]]'', atawa keterbukaan. Kawijakan ieu ngamungkinkeun ningkatna kebébasan [[pers]] jeung transparansi lembaga-lembaga nagara.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gibbs|1999|p=7}}</ref> ''Glasnost'' dimaksudkan pikeun ngurangan [[korupsi]] dina tubuh [[Partei Komunis Uni Soviét|Partei Komunis]] jeung memoderasi penyalahgunaan kakuasaan di [[Komite Sentral]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Gibbs|1999|p=33}}</ref> ''Glasnost'' ogé ngamungkinkeun ningkatna kontak antara warga Soviét jeung [[Dunya Kulon]], khususnya dengan Amérika Sarikat, nu méré kontribusi bagi paningkatan ''[[détente]]'' antara kadua nagara.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gibbs|1999|p=61}}</ref> === Perbaikan hubungan === {{See|Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Reykjavík|Traktat INF|START I}} Nanggepan [[Konsesi (pulitik)|konsesi pulitik]] jeung militer [[Kremlin]] nu baru, réagan setuju pikeun mengadakan kembali perundingan dengan Soviét terkait dengan isu-isu ékonomi jeung perlombaan senjata.<ref name="Gaddis229">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=229–230}}</ref> Perundingan pertama diadakan dina bulan November 1985 di [[Jenewa|Jenewa, Swiss]].<ref name="Gaddis229" /> Dina perundingan éta, kadua pamingpin nagara, disertai ku séorang penerjemah, paheut pikeun ngurangans persenjataan nuklir di masing-masing nagara sebesar 50 persen.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/21/newsid_2549000/2549897.stm 1985: "Superpowers aim for 'safer world'"], BBC News, November 21, 1985. Retrieved on July 4, 2008.</ref> Perundingan kadua, [[Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Reykjavík]], diselenggarakan di [[Islandia]]. Perundingan éta berjalan lancar hingga pembicaraan bergeser ke arah Strategi Ieusiatif Pertahanan réagan nu hayang dieliminasi ku Gorbachev, namun réagan nolak.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0DA1F3BF93AA15756C0A96E948260|title=Toward the Summit; Previous Reagan-Gorbachev Summits|work=The New York Times|accessdate=June 21, 2008|date=May 29, 1988}}</ref> Negosiasi ahirnya gagal, namun dina perundingan Katilu dina taun 1987, kadua pihak berhasil ngahasilkeun terobosan dengan ditandatanganinya [[Traktat Angkatan Nuklir Jangka Menengah]] (INF). Traktat ieu menghapuskan kéayaan sakabéh senjata nuklir, rudal balistik, jeung rudal jelajah di kadua pihak dengan jarak antara 500 jeung 5.500 kilométer beserta infrastrukturnya.<ref name="fas">{{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/inf/index.html|title=Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces|accessdate=June 21, 2008|publisher=Federation of American Scientists}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724134840/http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/inf/index.html |date=July 24, 2008 }}</ref> Kategangan antara Wétan dengan Kulon méré da dengan cepat dina pertengahan 1980-an. Taun 1989, bertopat di Moskow, Gorbachev jeung gagantina réagan, [[George H. W. Bush]], nandatanganan perjanjian [[START I]], nu mengahiri perlombaan senjata antar kadua nagara.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=255}}</ref> Salila taun-taun saterusna, Soviét dihadapkan dina keruntuhan perékonomian nu dibalukarkeun ku turuna harga minyak dunya jeung besarnya pembiayaan militer.<ref name="Shearman76"/> Selain itu, penopatan militer di nagara sekutunya diakui teu relevan deui bagi Soviét, jeung dina taun 1987, Soviét [[Doktrin Sinatra|sacara resmi mengumumkan]] kalau manéhna moal bakal pipilueun deui dina urusan dina negeri nagara-nagara sekutunya di [[Éropa Wétan]].<ref name="Gaddis248">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=248}}</ref> Taun 1989, pasukan Soviét mundur ti Afganistan,<ref name="Gaddis 2005, pp. 235–236">{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=235–236}}</ref> jeung setaun kemudian Gorbachev menyetujui [[reunifikasi Jerman]],<ref name="Shearman76">{{Harvnb|Shearman|1995|p=76}}</ref> satu-satunya alternatif pikeun nanggepan [[Protes Tiananmen Square 1989|skenario Tianmen]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Shearman|1995|p=74}}</ref> Ketika [[Tembok Berlin]] runtuh, konsép "[[Common European Home]]" nu dicetuskan ku Gorbachev mulai terbentuk.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ena.lu/?doc=11160| title=Address given by Mikhail Gorbachev to the Council of Europe| publisher=[[European NAvigator|Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe]]| date=July 6, 1989| accessdate=February 11, 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220033/http://www.ena.lu/?doc=11160 |date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref> Dina tanggal 3 Désémber 1989, dina [[Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Malta]], Gorbachev jeung [[George H. W. Bush]] sacara resmi nyatakeun yén Perang Tiis sudah berahir.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_4119000/4119950.stm Malta summit ends Cold War], BBC News, December 3, 1989. Retrieved June 11, 2008.</ref> Setaun kemudian, dua nagara éta bermitra dina [[Perang Teluk]] ngalawan Irak.<ref>Goodby, p. 26</ref> === Goyahna sistem Soviét === {{see|Perékonomian Uni Soviét}} [[Gambar:West and East Germans at the Brandenburg Gate in 1989.jpg|thumb|right|Runtuhnya [[Tembok Berlin]] dina taun 1989.]] Dina taun 1989, sistem aliansi Soviét aya di ambang keruntuhan. Akibat leungitnya dukungan militer ti Soviét, satu-persatu para pamingpin nagara-nagara komunis [[Pakta Warsawa]] ogé keleungitan kakuasaan.<ref name="Gaddis 2005, pp. 235–236"/> Di Uni Soviét sendiri, kawijakan ''glasnost'' ngalemahkeun ikatan nu salila ieu menyatukan Soviét.<ref name="Gaddis248" /> Bulan Februari 1990, dengan beuki memuncaknya isu [[pembubaran Uni Soviét]], para pamingpin [[Partei Komunis Uni Soviét|Partei Komunis]] terpaksa menyerahkan tampuk kakuasaana nu telah bertahan salila 73 taun.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sakwa|1999|p=460}}</ref> Dina saat nu sama, isu kemerdekaan nu dipicu ku ''glasnost'' beuki mendorong nagara-nagara Soviét pikeun misahkeun diri ti Moskow. [[Nagara-nagara Baltik]] mulai menarik diri ti Soviét sepenuhnya.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=253}}</ref> [[Révolusi 1989|Gelombang Révolusi damai 1989]] nu melanda [[Éropa Tengah]] jeung Éropa Wétan meruntuhkan kedigjayaan komunisme Soviét di nagara-nagara seperti Polandia, Hongaria, Cekoslowakia jeung Bulgaria.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lefeber|Fitzmaurice|Vierdag|1991|p=221}}</ref> Rumania jadi satu-satunya nagara Blok Wétan nu ngagulingkeun kakuasaan komunis sacara keras dengan mengeksekusi kepala nagaranya.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=247}}</ref> === Pembubaran Uni Soviét === {{See|January 1991 events in Latvia|Upaya kudéta di Soviét 1991|Sejarah Uni Soviét (1982–1991)|Pembubaran Uni Soviét}} [[Gambar:CIS-Map 2.png|right|thumb|[[Persemakmuran Nagara-Nagara Merdeka]], ahir resmi ti [[Uni Soviét]]]] Sikap permisif Gorbachev ka Éropa Wétan awalna teu meluas ke wilayah Soviét, bahkan Bush, nu berjuang pikeun mempertahankan hubungan persahabatan dengan Soviét, mengutuk pembunuhan dina bulan Januari 1991 di [[Paristiwa Januari 1991 di Latvia|Latvia]] jeung [[Paristiwa Januari|Lituania]]. Bush memperingatkan yén hubungan ékonomibakal dibekukan jika kekerasan terus terjadi.<ref>Goldgeier, p. 27</ref> Uni Soviét sacara fatal dilemahkeun ku [[Upaya kudéta di Soviét 1991|kudéta nu gagal]] dina taun 1991 jeung ningkatna jumlah [[Republik Uni Soviét|republikan Soviét]], hususna di [[Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviét Rusia|Rusia]], nu mengancambakal misahkeun diri ti Uni Soviét. [[Persemakmuran Nagara-Nagara Merdeka]], nu didirikan dina tanggal 21 Désémber 1991, dipandang sebagai entitas penerus Uni Soviét, namun, ceuk para pamingpin Rusia, tujuana nyaéta pikeun "ngamungkinkeun perpisahan sacara ayab" antara republik-republik Soviét jeung ogé sebanding dengan kelonggaran konfederasi.<ref>[http://rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/12/14b6b499-9eb2-4dee-b96c-784ec918969a.html Soviét Leaders Recall ‘Inevitable’ Breakup Of Soviét Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615120212/http://rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/12/14b6b499-9eb2-4dee-b96c-784ec918969a.html |date=2008-06-15 }}, [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], December 8, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2008.</ref> Uni Soviét sacara resmi [[Pembubaran Uni Soviét|dibubarkan]] dina tanggal 25 Désémber 1991.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|pp=256–257}}</ref> == Dampak == {{Main|Dampak Perang Tiis}} [[Gambar:Nato-csto.svg|thumb|right|600px|[[NATO]]/[[CSTO]]]] [[Gambar:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|right|[[NATO]] telah [[Perluasan NATO|memperluas cakupana]] ke nagara-nagara bekas [[Pakta Warsawa]] jeung bekas Uni Soviét sejak berahirnya Perang Tiis.]] Saenggeus Perang Tiis, [[Rusia]] sebagai ahli waris utama Uni Soviét memotong pengeluaran militer sacara drastis. Restrukturisasi ékonomi ngabalukarkeun jutaan warga di sakabéh Uni Soviét menganggur.<ref name = "Aslund">Åslund, p. 49</ref> Sadengkeun reformasi kapitalis mengakibatkan terjadinya resesi parah, leuwih parah tidina nu dialami ku AS jeung Jerman salila [[Depresi Besar]].<ref name = "Nolan">Nolan, pp. 17–18</ref> Saenggeus berahir, Perang Tiis masih terus mempangaruhi dunya.<ref name = "Halliday" /> Saenggeus pembubaran [[Uni Soviét]], dunya pasca-Perang Tiis sacara luas dianggep sebagai dunya nu [[Unipolaritas|unipolar]], nyésakeun [[Amérika Sarikat]] sebagai satu-satunya [[nagara adidaya]] di dunya.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm Country profile: United States of America]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved March 11, 2007</ref><ref>Nye, p. 157</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Blum|2006|p=87}}</ref> Perang Tiis ogé ngabantuan mendefenisikan peran pulitik Amérika Sarikat di dunya pasca-[[Perang Dunya II]]: dina taun 1989 AS menjalin kerjasama militer dengan 50 nagara jeung mibanda 526.000<ref name=Frontline>{{cite web | title = U.S. Military Deployment 1969 to the present | publisher = http://www.pbs.org | date = October 26, 2004 | url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pentagon/maps/5.html | accessdate =November 30, 2010 }}</ref> tentara di luar negeri nu tersebar di puluhan nagara, dengan 326.000 terdapat di Éropa (dua pertiganya di Jerman Kulon),<ref>{{Cite book |last = Duke |first = Simón |title = United States military forces and installations in Europe |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 1989 |page = [https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmili0000duke/page/175 175] |url =https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmili0000duke |id = |isbn = 0-19-829132-9}}</ref> jeung sekitar 130.000 terdapat di Asia (terutama di Jepang jeung Koréa Kidul).<ref name=Frontline/> Perang Tiis ogé menandai puncak pengembangan industri-militer, terutama di Amérika Sarikat, jeung pendanaan militer sacara besar-besaran.<ref name = "Calhoun">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Calhoun, Craig|encyclopedia=Dictionary of the Social Sciences|title=Cold War (entire chapter)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SvSZHgAACAAJ&dq=Dictionary+of+the+Social+Sciences|accessdate=June 16, 2008|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-512371-9|ref=harv}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pengembangan industri militer ieu mibanda dampak besar ka nagara nu bersangkutan; ngabantuan nyieun kehirupan kemasyarakatan, kawijakan, jeung hubungan luar negeri nagara éta.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Pavelec |first = Sterling Michael |title = The Military-Industrial Complex and American Society |publisher = ABC-CLIO |year = 2009 |pages = xv–xvi |url =https://archive.org/details/militaryindustri0000unse_q9m4 |id = |isbn = 1-59884-187-4}}</ref> Pengeluaran militer Amérika Sarikat salila berlangsungnya Perang Tiis diperkirakan sekitar $ 8 triliun, sadengkeun hampir 100.000 orang Amérika keleungitan nyawa maranéhna dina [[Perang Korea]] jeung [[Perang Vietnam]].<ref>{{Harvnb|LaFeber|2002|p=1}}</ref> Sulit pikeun memperkirakan jumlah korban jeung kerugian ti pihak Soviét, namun jika dinempo ti komparasi produk nasional bruto maranéhna, maka biaya keuangan nu dikeluarkan ku Soviét salila Perang Tiis jauh leuwih besar tidina nu dikeluarkan ku Amérika Sarikat.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=213}}</ref> Selain leungitnya nyawa warga sipil ku para tentara tak berseragam, jutaan jiwa ogé tewas dina [[perang proksi]] antar kadua nagara adidaya di rupa-rupa belahan dunya, terutama di Asia Tenggara.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=266}}</ref> Sebagéan besar perang proksi jeung bantuan pikeun konflik-konflik lokal turut berahir seiring dengan usainya Perang Tiis. Perang antar-nagara, perang etnis, perang Révolusi, sarta jumlah pengungsi menurun tajam dina taun-taun pasca-Perang Tiis.<ref name = "Marshall">[http://www.systemicpeace.org/PC2005.pdf Monty G. Marshall and Ted Gurr, ''Peace and Conflict 2005''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624210152/http://www.systemicpeace.org/PC2005.pdf |date=2008-06-24 }} (PDF), Center for Systemic Peace (2006). Retrieved June 14, 2008.</ref> Di sisi lain, konflik-konflik antar-nagara di [[Dunya Katilu]] teu sepenuhnya terhapus pasca-Perang Tiis. Kategangan ékonomi jeung sosial nu dulu dimanfaatkan sebagai "bahan bakar" Perang Tiis terus berlangsung di [[Dunya Katilu]].<ref name="Halliday" /> Kegagalan kontrol nagara di sejumlah wilayah nu dulunya dikuasai ku Pamaréntah komunis telah ngahasilkeun konflik sipil jeung etnis baru, terutama di nagara-nagara bekas [[Yugoslavia]].<ref name = "Halliday" /> Berahirnya Perang Tiis telah menghantarkan Éropa Wétan dina éra pertumbuhan ékonomi jeung paningkatan jumlah nagara [[démokrasi liberal]], sadengkeun di bagéan lain dunya, seperti di Afganistan, kemerdekaan diikuti dengan [[nagara gagal|kegagalan nagara]].<ref name = "Halliday" /> == Historiografi == {{Main| Historiografi Perang Tiis}} Saenggeus istilah "Perang Tiis" dipopulerkan pikeun merujuk dina kategangan antara AS-Soviét pasca-Perang Dunya II, penafsiran ka asal usul konflik telah jadi sumber perdebatan di kalangan [[sejarawan]], ilmuwan pulitik, jeung jurnalis.<ref name = "Nashel">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nashel, Jonathan|editor=Whiteclay Chambers, John|encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to American Military History|title=Cold War (1945–91): Changing Interpretations (entire chapter)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xtMKHgAACAAJ&dq=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History|accessdate=June 16, 2008|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-507198-0|ref=harv}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sacara khusus, sejarawan teu paheut ngeunaan saha nu bertanggung jawab atas kerusakan hubungan Soviét-AS saenggeus Perang Dunya II, jeung apakah konflik antara dua adidaya éta tak terelakkan atawa bisa dihinti.<ref name="Brinkley">Brinkley, pp. 798–799</ref> Para sejarawan ogé teu paheut ngeunaan apa defenisi persisnya Perang Tiis itu, apa-apa saja nu jadi sumber-sumber konfliknya, jeung bagaimana pikeun menguraikan pola aksi jeung réaksi antara kadua pihak.<ref name = "Halliday" /> Meskipun penjelasan tentang asal usul ti konflik Perang Tiis dina diskusi akademik berlangsung dengan kompleks jeung beragam, Babaraha sekolah umum menetapkan pemikiran dina subjek nu dapat diidentifikasi. Sejarawan umumnya berpendapat yén terdapat tiga pamarekannu berbéda pikeun mempelajari Perang Tiis, nyaéta: pamarekan"ortodoks", "revisionisme", jeung "pasca-revisionisme".<ref name = "Calhoun" /> pamarekan"ortodoks" nyatakeun yén Uni Soviét jeung ekspansinya ke Éropa Wétan lah nu memicu berkobarnya Perang Tiis.<ref name = "Calhoun" /> Kalangan "revisionis" menganggep yén Amérika Sarikat bertanggung jawab atas kerusakan perdamaian pasca-Perang Dunya II karena berupaya pikeun mengkonfrontasi jeung mengisolasi Uni Soviét saméméh ahir Perang Dunya II.<ref name = "Calhoun" /> Sadengkeun "pasca-revisionis" mandang Perang Tiis sebagai kajadian nu leuwih bernuansa, jeung berusaha pikeun leuwih menyeimbangkan ngeunaan saha pihak nu bertanggung jawab dina Perang Tiis.<ref name = "Calhoun" /> Kelobaan [[historiografi]] ngeunaan Perang Tiis menggunakan dua atawa kesakabéhan pamarekanieu.<ref name = "Byrd" /> == Nempo ogé == {{div col|colwidth=25em}} * [[Permainan Besar]] * [[Imperialisme Amérika Sarikat]] * [[Kanada dina Perang Tiis]] * [[Perang Tiis (istilah umum)]] * [[Perang Tiis (serial TV)|''Perang Tiis'' (serial TV)]] * [[Kebudayaan salila Perang Tiis]] * [[Konferensi Danube River 1948]] * [[Daftar konferensi Uni Soviét-Amérika Sarikat]] * [[McCarthyisme]] * [[Intervensi luar negeri Amérika Sarikat]] * [[Ekspansi ékonomi pasca-Perang Dunya II]] * [[Kekaisaran Soviét]] * [[Garis waktu kejadian dina Perang Tiis]] * [[Eksperimen manusia nu teu etis di Amérika Sarikat]] * [[Perang Dunya III]] * [[:Kategori:Perang Tiis]] {{div col end}} == Catatan kaki == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Referensi jeung bacaan lanjutan == {{Main|Daftar sumber primer jeung sekunder Perang Tiis}} {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book|last=Applebaum|first = Anne|title=Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944-1956|url=https://archive.org/details/ironcurtaincrush00appl_0|publisher= Doubleday|year=2012|isbn= 0-385-51569-3}} * Davis, Simon, and Joseph Smith. ''The A to Z of the Cold War'' (Scarecrow, 2005), encyclopedia focused on military aspects * {{cite book|last=Dominguez|first = Jorge I.|title= To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy|url=https://archive.org/details/tomakeworldsafef0000domi|publisher= Harvard University Press|year=1989|isbn=0-674-89325-0}} * {{cite book|last=Friedman|first = Norman|title= The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearwarconf0000frie|publisher= Naval Institute Press|year=2007|isbn=1-59114-287-3}} * {{Cite book|title=Russia, the Soviét Union and the United States. An Interpretative History|url=https://archive.org/details/russiasovietunio00gadd|last=Gaddis|first=John Lewis|year=1990|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0-07-557258-3|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|title=We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History|url=https://archive.org/details/wenowknowrethink0000gadd_v0a2|author=[[John Lewis Gaddis|Gaddis, John Lewis]]|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-878070-2}} * {{Cite book|title=The Cold War: A New History|url=https://archive.org/details/coldwarnewhistor00gadd|last=Gaddis|first=John Lewis|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Press|isbn=1-59420-062-9|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * {{Cite book|last=Garthoff|first=Raymond|title=Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviét Relations from Nixon to Reagan|url=https://archive.org/details/detenteconfronta0000gart|year=1994|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-3041-1|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * Haslam, Jonathan. ''Russia's Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall'' (Yale University Press; 2011) 512 pages * Hoffman, David E. ''The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy'' (2010) * {{cite book|last=Hussain|first =Rizwan|title= Pakistan And The Emergence Of Islamic Militancy In Afghanistan|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanemergenc0000huss|publisher= Ashgate Publishing|year=2005|isbn=0-7546-4434-0}} * Judge, Edward H. ''The Cold War: A Global History With Documents'' (2012) * {{cite book|last=Kalinovsky|first =Artemy M.|title= A Long Goodbye: The Soviét Withdrawal from Afghanistan|url=https://archive.org/details/longgoodbyesovie0000kali|publisher= Harvard University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-674-05866-8}} * {{cite book|last=LaFeber|first=Walter|title= America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–2002|url=https://archive.org/details/americarussiacol0000lafe_v6a4|publisher= McGraw-Hill|year=2002|isbn=0-07-284903-7|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * {{Cite book|last=Leffler|first = Melvyn|title= A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Admieustration, and the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/preponderanceofp0000leff|publisher= Stanford University Press|year=1992|isbn=0-8047-2218-8|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * Leffler, Melvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad, eds. ''The Cambridge History of the Cold War'' (3 vol, 2010) 2000pp; new essays by léading scholars * {{Cite book|last=Lewkowicz|first = Nicolas|title= The German Question and the International Order, 1943–48|url=https://archive.org/details/germanquestionin0000lewk|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|isbn=978-0-230-24812-0|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|author=[[Geir Lundestad|Lundestad, Geir]]|title=East, West, North, South: Major Developments in International Politics since 1945|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=1-4129-0748-9}} * {{cite book|last=Lüthi|first =Lorenz M|title= The Sino-Soviét split: Cold War in the communist world|publisher= Princeton University Press|year=2008|isbn=0-691-13590-8}} * {{cite book|last=McMahon|first=Robert|title=The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-280178-3|year=2003}} * {{cite book|last=Meher|first =Jagmohan|title= America's Afghanistan War: The Success that Failed|publisher= Gyan Books|year=2004|isbn=81-7835-262-1}} * {{cite book|last=Lüthi|first =Lorenz M|title= The Sino-Soviét split: Cold War in the communist world|publisher= Princeton University Press|year=2008|isbn=0-691-13590-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Malkasian|first=Carter|title= The Korean War: Essential Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/koreanwar0000malk|publisher= Osprey Publishing|year=2001|isbn=1-84176-282-2|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * Mastny, Vojtech. ''The Cold War and Soviét insecurity: the Stalin years'' (1996) [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb00281.0001.001 online edition] * {{Cite book|title=Russian Image on the Western Screen: Trends, Stereotypes, Myths, Illusions|last=Fedorov|first=Alexander|year=2011|publisher=Lambert Academic Publishing,|isbn=978-3-8433-9330-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Roger Gene|title=To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949|url=https://archive.org/details/tosavecityberlin0000mill_b0n4|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-89096-967-1|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * {{Cite book|last=Njolstad|first=Olav|title= The Last Decade of the Cold War|publisher= Routledge|year=2004|isbn=0-7146-8371-X|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|last=Nolan|first=Peter|title=China's Rise, Russia's Fall|url=https://archive.org/details/chinasriserussia0000nola|year=1995|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=0-312-12714-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Pearson|first=Raymond|title=The Rise and Fall of the Soviét Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofsoviet0000pear|publisher=Macmillan|year=1998|isbn=0-312-17407-1|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|last=Porter|first = Bruce|coauthors=Karsh, Efraim|title= The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviét Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars|url=https://archive.org/details/ussrinthirdworld0000port_d7u1|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year=1984|isbn=0-521-31064-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Puddington|first=Arch|title= Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty|publisher= University Press of Kentucky|year= 2003|isbn=0-8131-9045-2|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * {{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Geoffrey|title=Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2006|isbn=0-300-11204-1|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|last=Stone|first=Norman|title= The Atlantic and Its Enemies: A History of the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/atlanticitsenemi0000ston_z5m0|publisher= Basic Books Press|year=2010|isbn=0-465-02043-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Taubman|first=William|title=Khrushchev: The Man and His éra|year=2004|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-32484-2|ref=harv|postscript=.}}; Pulitzer Prize * Tucker, Spencer, ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Cold War: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (5 vol. 2008), world coverage * Walker, Martin. ''The Cold War: A History'' (1995), British perspective * {{Cite book|last=Wettig|first=Gerhard|title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2008|isbn=0-7425-5542-9|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * {{Cite book|last=Zubok|first = Vladislav|coauthors=Pleshakov, Constantine|title= Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev|url=https://archive.org/details/insidekremlinsco00zubo|publisher= Harvard University Press|year=1996|isbn=0-674-45531-2|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * Zubok, Vladislav M. ''A Failed Empire: The Soviét Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev'' (2008) === Historiografi jeung memori === * Hopkins, Michael F. "Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History," ''Historical Journal,'' Dec 2007, Vol. 50 Issue 4, pp 913–934, * Isaac, Joel, and Duncan Bell, eds. ''Uncertain Empire: American History and the Idea of the Cold War'' (2012) [http://www.amazon.com/Uncertain-Empire-American-History-Idea/dp/0199826145/ excerpt and text search] * Johnston, Gordon. "Revisiting the cultural Cold War," ''Social History,'' Aug 2010, Vol. 35 Issue 3, pp 290–307 * Nuti, Léopoldo, et al., eds. ''Europe and the End of the Cold War: A Reappraisal'' (2012) [http://www.amazon.com/Europe-End-Cold-War-ebook/dp/B008VSEJBO/ excerpt and text search] * Wiener, Jon. ''How We Forgot the Cold War: A Historical Journey across America'' (2012) [http://www.amazon.com/How-Forgot-Cold-War-Historical/dp/0520271416/ excerpt and text search] === Sumber primer === * {{cite book|author=[[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Andrew, Christopher]]|coauthors=[[Vasili Mitrokhin|Mitrokhin, Vasili]]|title= The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB|url=https://archive.org/details/swordshieldmitro0000andr_q5i4|publisher= Basic Books|year=2000|isbn=0-585-41828-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Dobrynin|first=Anatoly|title=In Confidence: Moscow's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents|url=https://archive.org/details/inconfidencemosc0000dobr_d2k5|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2001|isbn=0-295-98081-8|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * Hanhimaki, Jussi and Odd Arne Westad, eds. ''The Cold War: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts'' (Oxford University Press, 2003). ISBN 0-19-927280-8. * {{cite book|author=Sakwa, Richard|title= The rise and fall of the Soviét Union, 1917–1991|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofsoviet0000sakw|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=0-415-12290-2|ref=harv|postscript=.}} * {{cite book|author=Cardona, Luis|title= Cold War KFA|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|ref=harv|postscript=.|unused_data=Barcelona, Spain}} * [http://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/Forums.aspx?f=2009 "Presidency in the Nuclear Age"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618021017/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/Forums.aspx?f=2009 |date=2013-06-18 }}, conference and forum at the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|JFK Library]], Boston, October 12, 2009. Four panels: "The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It", "Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty", "The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race", and "Nuclear Weapons, Terrorism, and the Presidency". ( [http://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/~/media/assets/Education%20and%20Public%20Programs/Forum%20Transcripts/Cold%20War%20and%20Nuclear%20Arms%20Race.pdf transcript of "The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117035929/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/~/media/assets/Education%20and%20Public%20Programs/Forum%20Transcripts/Cold%20War%20and%20Nuclear%20Arms%20Race.pdf |date=2013-01-17 }}) {{refend}} == Pranala luar == {{Sister project links|Perang Tiis}} ;Arsip * [http://www.osaarchivum.org/guide/ Open Society Archives, Budapest (Hungary), one of the biggest history of communism and cold war archives in the world] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511130424/http://www.osaarchivum.org/guide/ |date=2011-05-11 }} * [http://www.cybertrn.demon.co.uk/ An archive of UK civil defence material] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222065026/http://www.cybertrn.demon.co.uk/ |date=2008-12-22 }} * [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552679 Post-Cold War World Economy] from the [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] * [http://www.conelrad.com/ CONELRAD Cold War Pop Culture Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729202943/http://www.conelrad.com/ |date=2020-07-29 }} * [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/cold-war/cold-war-culture-the-nuclear-fear-of-the-1950s-and-1960s/topic---cold-war-culture-the-nuclear-fear-of-the-1950s-and-1960s.html CBC Digital Archives{{spaced ndash}}Cold War Culture: The Nuclear Fear of the 1950s and 1960s] * [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/cold-war-international-history-project The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP)] * [http://coldwarfiles.org/ The Cold War Files] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918203432/http://coldwarfiles.org/ |date=2008-09-18 }} * [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/ CNN Cold War Knowledge Bank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217154418/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/ |date=2008-12-17 }} comparison of articles on Cold War topics in the Western and the Soviét press between 1945 and 1991 * [http://community.theblackvault.com/articles/entry/The-CAESAR-POLO-and-ESAU-Papers- The CAESAR, POLO, and ESAU Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710182023/http://community.theblackvault.com/articles/entry/The-CAESAR-POLO-and-ESAU-Papers- |date=2009-07-10 }}–This collection of declassified analytic monographs and reference aids, designated within the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Directorate of Intelligence (DI) as the CAESAR, ESAU, and POLO series, highlights the CIA's efforts from the 1950s through the mid-1970s to pursue in-depth reséarch on Soviét and Chinese internal politics and Sino-Soviét relations. The documents reflect the views of séasoned analysts who had followed closely their special aréas of reséarch and whose views were shaped in often héated debate. * [http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/aerial_intelligence.html Documents available online regarding aerial intelligence during the Cold War, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library] ;Bibliografi * [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=issues/Arms+Race Annotated bibliography for the arms race from the Alsos Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203121815/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=issues%2FArms+Race |date=2006-02-03 }} ;Berita * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/themes/world_politics/cold_war/default.stm Video and audio news reports from during the cold war] ;Sumber edukasional * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080503183113/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/128mimi/ ''Minuteman Missile National Historic Site: Protecting a Legacy of the Cold War'', a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan] {{Perang Tiis}} {{Tokoh Perang Tiis}} {{Topik Amérika Sarikat}} {{Uni Soviét handap}} {{komunisme handap}} {{Artikel Geulis}} [[Kategori:Perang Tiis| ]] [[Kategori:Konflik global]] [[Kategori:Masa bersejarah]] [[Kategori:Perang melibatkan Amérika Sarikat]] [[Kategori:Perang melibatkan Uni Soviét]] [[Kategori:Abad ke-20]] [[Kategori:Hubungan internasional]] r1gkmom4m2sar3npqvxvz0xzngq9xrp 828 88230 729956 666734 2026-10-07T02:05:54Z Rafka Aditia 29183 729956 Scribunto text/plain --[=[ Lua support for the {{lang}}, {{langx}}, {{lang-??}}, and {{transliteration}} templates and replacement of various supporting templates. ]=] require('strict'); local getArgs = require ('Modul:Arguments').getArgs; local unicode = require ("Modul:Unicode data"); -- for is_Latin() and is_rtl() local yesno = require ('Modul:Yesno'); local sandbox = (mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle():match ('/sandbox') or ''); -- when called from a sandbox template or module load sandbox data and sandbox configuration local lang_data = mw.loadData ('Modul:Lang/data' .. sandbox); -- language name override and transliteration tool-tip tables local lang_name_table = lang_data.lang_name_table; -- language codes, names, regions, scripts, suppressed scripts local lang_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.lang; local lang_dep_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.lang_dep; local script_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.script; local region_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.region; local variant_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.variant; local suppressed_table = lang_data.lang_name_table.suppressed; local override_table = lang_data.override; local synonym_table = mw.loadData ('Modul:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms'); -- ISO 639-2/639-2T code translation to 639-1 code local cfg = mw.loadData ('Modul:Lang/configuration' .. sandbox); -- for internationalization local is_latn_data = mw.loadData ('Modul:Lang/data/is latn data'); local sizeof_ranges_t = is_latn_data.sizeof_ranges_t; local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; -- used for categorization local content_lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); local this_wiki_lang_tag = content_lang.code; -- get this wiki's language tag local this_wiki_lang_dir = content_lang:getDir(); -- get this wiki's language direction local initial_style_state; -- set by lang_xx_normal() and lang_xx_italic() local maint_cats = {}; -- maintenance categories go here local maint_msgs = {}; -- and their messages go here --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ E R R O R _ S P A N >-------------------------------------------------- ]] local function make_error_span (template, msg) return table.concat ({'<span style="color:var(--color-error,#d33)">', cfg.misc_text_t.error, ': ', template, msg, '</span>'}) end --[[--------------------------< S U B S T I T U T E >---------------------------------------------------------- Substitutes $1, $2, etc in <message> with data from <data_t>. Returns plain-text substituted string when <data_t> not nil; returns <message> else. ]] local function substitute (message, data_t) return data_t and mw.message.newRawMessage (message, data_t):plain() or message; end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ E R R O R _ M S G >-------------------------------------------------- Assembles an error message from template name, message text, help link, and error category. ]] local function make_error_msg (msg, args_t, template) local category; local text; -- handle the oddity that is {{langx}} if cfg.templates_t.langxx == template then text = args_t.text or args_t[1]; -- for {{lang-xx}} else text = args_t.text or args_t[2]; -- for {{lang}}, {{langx}}, and {{transliteration}} end if cfg.templates_t.transliteration == template then category = cfg.make_error_msg_t.xlit_err_cat; else category = cfg.make_error_msg_t.lang_err_cat; end local category_link = ((0 == namespace or 10 == namespace) and not args_t.nocat) and substitute ('[[Kategori:$1]]', {category}) or ''; return substitute ('[$1] <span style="color:var(--color-error,#d33)">$2: &#x7B;{$3}}: $4 ([[:Kategori:$5|$6]])</span>$7', -- &#x7B; prevents template name from being treated as a template call in certain situations { text or cfg.make_error_msg_t.undefined, cfg.misc_text_t.error, template, msg, category, cfg.misc_text_t.help, category_link }) end --[[--------------------------< P A R A M E T E R _ V A L I D A T E >------------------------------------------ ]] local function parameter_validate (args_t, template) local err_msg = cfg.parameter_validate_t.invalid_param; if cfg.templates_t.lang == template then -- for {{lang}} for param, _ in pairs (args_t) do if not cfg.known_params_t.params_lang_t[param] and -- unique {{lang}} parameters not cfg.known_params_t.common_params_all_t[param] then -- common to all return substitute (err_msg, {param}); -- <param> not found so abandon end end elseif cfg.templates_t.langx == template then -- for {{langx}} for param, _ in pairs (args_t) do if not cfg.known_params_t.params_langx_t[param] and -- unique {{langx}} parameters not cfg.known_params_t.params_x_t[param] and -- common to {{langx}} and {{lang-xx}} not cfg.known_params_t.common_params_all_t[param] then -- common to all return substitute (err_msg, {param}); -- <param> not found so abandon end end elseif cfg.templates_t.langxx == template then -- for {{lang-xx}} for param, _ in pairs (args_t) do if not cfg.known_params_t.params_lang_xx_t[param] and -- unique {{lang-xx}} parameters not cfg.known_params_t.params_x_t[param] and -- common to {{langx}} and {{lang-xx}} not cfg.known_params_t.common_params_all_t[param] then -- common to all return substitute (err_msg, {param}); -- <param> not found so abandon end end end end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------------ Returns true if argument is set; false otherwise. Argument is 'set' when it exists (not nil) or when it is not an empty string. ]] local function is_set (var) return not (var == nil or var == ''); end --[[--------------------------< I N V E R T _ I T A L I C S >------------------------------------------------- This function attempts to invert the italic markup a args.text by adding/removing leading/trailing italic markup in args.text. Like |italic=unset, |italic=invert disables automatic italic markup. Individual leading/trailing apostrophes are converted to their HTML numeric entity equivalent so that the new italic markup doesn't become bold markup inadvertently. Leading and trailing wiki markup is extracted from args.text into separate table elements. Addition, removal, replacement of wiki markup is handled by a string.gsub() replacement table operating only on these separate elements. In the string.gsub() matching pattern, '.*' matches empty string as well as the three expected wiki markup patterns. This function expects that markup in args.text is complete and correct; if it is not, oddness may result. ]] local function invert_italics (source) local invert_pattern_table = { -- leading/trailing markup add/remove/replace patterns [""]="\'\'", -- empty string becomes italic markup ["\'\'"]="", -- italic markup becomes empty string ["\'\'\'"]="\'\'\'\'\'", -- bold becomes bold italic ["\'\'\'\'\'"]="\'\'\'", -- bold italic become bold }; local seg = {}; source = source:gsub ("%f[\']\'%f[^\']", '&#39;'); -- protect single quote marks from being interpreted as bold markup seg[1] = source:match ('^(\'\'+%f[^\']).+') or ''; -- get leading markup, if any; ignore single quote seg[3] = source:match ('.+(%f[\']\'\'+)$') or ''; -- get trailing markup, if any; ignore single quote if '' ~= seg[1] and '' ~= seg[3] then -- extract the 'text' seg[2] = source:match ('^\'\'+%f[^\'](.+)%f[\']\'\'+$') -- from between leading and trailing markup elseif '' ~= seg[1] then seg[2] = source:match ('^\'\'+%f[^\'](.+)') -- following leading markup elseif '' ~= seg[3] then seg[2] = source:match ('(.+)%f[\']\'\'+$') -- preceding trailing markup else seg[2] = source -- when there is no markup end seg[1] = invert_pattern_table[seg[1]] or seg[1]; -- replace leading markup according to pattern table seg[3] = invert_pattern_table[seg[3]] or seg[3]; -- replace leading markup according to pattern table return table.concat (seg); -- put it all back together and done end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ I T A L I C >------------------------------------------------ Validates |italic= or |italics= assigned values. When |italic= is set and has an acceptable assigned value, return the matching CSS font-style property value or, for the special case 'default', return nil. When |italic= is not set, or has an unacceptable assigned value, return nil and a nil error message. When both |italic= and |italics= are set, returns nil and a 'conflicting' error message. The return value nil causes the calling lang, lang_xx, or xlit function to set args.italic according to the template's defined default ('inherit' for {{lang}}, 'inherit' or 'italic' for {{lang-??}} depending on the individual template's requirements, 'italic' for {{transliteration}}) or to the value appropriate to |script=, if set ({{lang}} and {{lang-??}} only). Accepted values and the values that this function returns are are: nil - when |italic= absent or not set; returns nil default - for completeness, should rarely if ever be used; returns nil yes - force args.text to be rendered in italic font; returns 'italic' no - force args.text to be rendered in normal font; returns 'normal' unset - disables font control so that font-style applied to text is dictated by markup inside or outside the template; returns 'inherit' invert - disables font control so that font-style applied to text is dictated by markup outside or inverted inside the template; returns 'invert' ]] local function validate_italic (args) local properties = {[cfg.keywords_t.affirmative] = 'italic', [cfg.keywords_t.negative] = 'normal', [cfg.keywords_t.unset] = 'inherit', [cfg.keywords_t.invert] = 'invert', [cfg.keywords_t.default] = nil}; local italic, count = nil, 0 for _, param in pairs {'italic', 'italics', 'i'} do local arg = args[param] if nil ~= arg then if nil == italic then italic = arg end count = count + 1 end end if count > 1 then -- return an error message if more than one is set return cfg.validate_italic_t.multi_italic; end args.style = properties[italic] -- set args.style to an appropriate value args.italic = italic; -- use args.italic as the canonical parameter return nil; -- return a nil error message end --[=[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ C A T _ A R G S >---------------------------------------------------------- Default behavior of the {{lang}} and {{lang-??}} templates is to add categorization when the templates are used in main space. This default functionality may be suppressed by setting |nocat=yes or |cat=no. This function selects one of these two parameters to control categorization. Because having two parameters with 'opposite' names and 'opposite' values is confusing, this function accepts only affirmative values for |nocat= and only negative values for |cat=; in both cases the 'other' sense (and non-sense) is not accepted and the parameter is treated as if it were not set in the template. Sets args.nocat to true if categorization is to be turned off; to nil if the default behavior should apply. Accepted values for |nocat= are the text strings: 'yes', 'y', 'true', 't', on, '1' -- [[Modul:Yesno]] returns logical true for all of these; false or nil else for |cat= 'no', 'n', 'false', 'f', 'off', '0' -- [[Modul:Yesno]] returns logical false for all of these; true or nil else ]=] local function validate_cat_args (args) if not (args.nocat or args.cat) then -- both are nil, so categorize return; end if false == yesno (args.cat) or true == yesno (args.nocat) then args.nocat = true; -- set to true when args.nocat is affirmative; nil else (as if the parameter were not set in the template) else -- args.nocat is the parameter actually used. args.nocat = nil; end end --[[--------------------------< I N _ A R R A Y >-------------------------------------------------------------- Whether needle is in haystack. ]] local function in_array (needle, haystack) if needle == nil then return false; end for n,v in ipairs (haystack) do if v == needle then return n; end end return false; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ I E T F _ T A G >------------------------------------------------ Prettify IETF tags to use recommended subtag formats: code: lower case script: sentence case region: upper case variant: lower case private: lower case prefixed with -x- ]] local function format_ietf_tag (code, script, region, variant, private) local out = {}; if is_set (private) then return table.concat ({code:lower(), 'x', private:lower()}, '-'); -- if private, all other tags ignored end table.insert (out, code:lower()); if is_set (script) then script = script:lower():gsub ('^%a', string.upper); table.insert (out, script); end if is_set (region) then table.insert (out, region:upper()); end if is_set (variant) then table.insert (out, variant:lower()); end return table.concat (out, '-'); end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ I E T F _ P A R T S >-------------------------------------------------- Extracts and returns IETF language tag parts: primary language subtag (required) - 2 or 3 character IANA language code script subtag - four character IANA script code region subtag - two-letter or three digit IANA region code variant subtag - four digit or 5-8 alnum variant code; only one variant subtag supported private subtag - x- followed by 1-8 alnum private code; only supported with the primary language tag in any one of these forms lang lang-variant lang-script lang-script-variant lang-region lang-region-variant lang-script-region lang-script-region-variant lang-x-private each of lang, script, region, variant, and private, when used, must be valid. Languages with both two- and three-character code synonyms are promoted to the two-character synonym because the IANA registry file omits the synonymous three-character code; we cannot depend on browsers understanding the synonymous three-character codes in the lang= attribute. For {{lang-??}} templates, the parameters |script=, |region=, and |variant= are supported (not supported in {{lang}} because those parameters are superfluous to the IETF subtags in |code=). Returns six values; all lower case. Valid parts are returned as themselves; omitted parts are returned as empty strings, invalid parts are returned as nil; the sixth returned item is an error message (if an error detected) or nil. See http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt section 2.1. ]] local function get_ietf_parts (source, args_script, args_region, args_variant) local code, script, region, variant, private; -- IETF tag parts if not is_set (source) then return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.missing_lang_tag; end local pattern = { -- table of tables holding acceptable IETF tag patterns and short names of the IETF part captured by the pattern {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%a%a)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 's', 'r', 'v'}, -- 1 - ll-Ssss-RR-variant (where variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 's', 'r', 'v'}, -- 2 - ll-Ssss-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%a%a)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 's', 'r', 'v'}, -- 3 - ll-Ssss-RR-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 's', 'r', 'v'}, -- 4 - ll-Ssss-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 's', 'v'}, -- 5 - ll-Ssss-variant (where variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 's', 'v'}, -- 6 - ll-Ssss-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 'r', 'v'}, -- 7 - ll-RR-variant (where variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 'r', 'v'}, -- 8 - ll-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 'r', 'v'}, -- 9 - ll-RR-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 'r', 'v'}, -- 10 - ll-DDD-variant (where region is 3 digits; variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d%d)$', 'v'}, -- 11 - ll-variant (where variant is 4 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%w%w%w%w%w%w?%w?%w?)$', 'v'}, -- 12 - ll-variant (where variant is 5-8 alnum characters) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%a%a)$', 's', 'r'}, -- 13 - ll-Ssss-RR {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)%-(%d%d%d)$', 's', 'r'}, -- 14 - ll-Ssss-DDD (region is 3 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a%a%a)$', 's'}, -- 15 - ll-Ssss {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%a%a)$', 'r'}, -- 16 - ll-RR {'^(%a%a%a?)%-(%d%d%d)$', 'r'}, -- 17 - ll-DDD (region is 3 digits) {'^(%a%a%a?)$'}, -- 18 - ll {'^(%a%a%a?)%-x%-(%w%w?%w?%w?%w?%w?%w?%w?)$', 'p'}, -- 19 - ll-x-pppppppp (private is 1-8 alnum characters) } local t = {}; -- table of captures; serves as a translator between captured IETF tag parts and named variables for i, v in ipairs (pattern) do -- spin through the pattern table looking for a match local c1, c2, c3, c4; -- captures in the 'pattern' from the pattern table go here c1, c2, c3, c4 = source:match (pattern[i][1]); -- one or more captures set if source matches pattern[i]) if c1 then -- c1 always set on match code = c1; -- first capture is always code t = { [pattern[i][2] or 'x'] = c2, -- fill the table of captures with the rest of the captures [pattern[i][3] or 'x'] = c3, -- take index names from pattern table and assign sequential captures [pattern[i][4] or 'x'] = c4, -- index name may be nil in pattern[i] table so "or 'x'" spoofs a name for this index in this table }; script = t.s or ''; -- translate table contents to named variables; region = t.r or ''; -- absent table entries are nil so set named IETF parts to empty string for concatenation variant= t.v or ''; private = t.p or ''; break; -- and done end end if not code then return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_tag, {source}); -- don't know what we got but it is malformed end code = code:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not (override_table[code] or lang_table[code] or synonym_table[code] or lang_dep_table[code]) then return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_code, {code}); -- invalid language code, don't know about the others (don't care?) end if synonym_table[code] then -- if 639-2/639-2T code has a 639-1 synonym table.insert (maint_cats, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.maint_promo_cat, {code})); table.insert (maint_msgs, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.maint_promo_msg, {code, synonym_table[code]})); code = synonym_table[code]; -- use the synonym end if is_set (script) then if is_set (args_script) then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.redundant_scr; -- both code with script and |script= not allowed end else script = args_script or ''; -- use args.script if provided end if is_set (script) then script = script:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not script_table[script] then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_scr_code, {script, code}); -- language code OK, invalid script, don't know about the others (don't care?) end end if suppressed_table[script] then -- ensure that code-script does not use a suppressed script if in_array (code, suppressed_table[script]) then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.script_code, {script, code}); -- language code OK, script is suppressed for this code end end if is_set (region) then if is_set (args_region) then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.redundant_reg; -- both code with region and |region= not allowed end else region = args_region or ''; -- use args.region if provided end if is_set (region) then region = region:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not region_table[region] then return code, script, nil, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_reg_code, {region, code}); end end if is_set (variant) then if is_set (args_variant) then return code, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.redundant_var; -- both code with variant and |variant= not allowed end else variant = args_variant or ''; -- use args.variant if provided end if is_set (variant) then variant = variant:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not variant_table[variant] then -- make sure variant is valid return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var, {variant}); end -- does this duplicate/replace tests in lang() and lang_xx()? if is_set (script) then -- if script set it must be part of the 'prefix' if not in_array (table.concat ({code, '-', script}), variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var_code_scr, {variant, code, script}); end elseif is_set (region) then -- if region set, there are some prefixes that require lang code and region (en-CA-newfound) if not in_array (code, variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then -- first see if lang code is all that's required (en-oxendict though en-GB-oxendict is preferred) if not in_array (table.concat ({code, '-', region}), variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then -- now try for lang code and region (en-CA-newfound) return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var_code_reg, {variant, code, region}); end end else -- cheap way to determine if there are prefixes; fonipa and others don't have prefixes; # operator always returns 0 if variant_table[variant]['prefixes'][1] and not in_array (code, variant_table[variant]['prefixes']) then return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_var_code, {variant, code}); end end end if is_set (private) then private = private:lower(); -- ensure that we use and return lower case version of this if not override_table[table.concat ({code, '-x-', private})] then -- make sure private tag is valid; note that index return code, script, region, nil, nil, substitute (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.unrecog_pri, {private}); end end return code, script, region, variant, private, nil; -- return the good bits; make sure that msg is nil end --[=[-------------------------< M A K E _ W I K I L I N K >---------------------------------------------------- Makes a wikilink; when both link and display text is provided, returns a wikilink in the form [[L|D]]; if only link is provided, returns a wikilink in the form [[L]]; if neither are provided or link is omitted, returns an empty string. ]=] local function make_wikilink (link, display) if is_set (link) then if is_set (display) then return table.concat ({'[[', link, '|', display, ']]'}); else return table.concat ({'[[', link, ']]'}); end else return ''; end end --[[--------------------------< D I V _ M A R K U P _ A D D >-------------------------------------------------- Adds <i> and </i> tags to list-item text or to implied <p>..</p> text. Mixed not supported. ]] local function div_markup_add (text, style) if text:find ('^\n[%*:;#]') then -- look for list markup; list markup must begin at start of text if 'italic' == style then return text:gsub ('(\n[%*:;#]+)([^\n]+)', '%1<i>%2</i>'); -- insert italic markup at each list item else return text; end end if text:find ('\n+') then -- look for any number of \n characters in text text = text:gsub ('([^\n])\n([^\n])', '%1 %2'); -- replace single newline characters with a space character which mimics MediaWiki if 'italic' == style then text = text:gsub('[^\n]+', '<p><i>%1</i></p>'); -- insert p and italic markup tags at each implied p (two or more consecutive '\n\n' sequences) else text = text:gsub ('[^\n]+', '<p>%1</p>'); -- insert p markup at each implied p text = text:gsub ('\n', ''); -- strip newline characters end end return text; end --[[--------------------------< T I T L E _ W R A P P E R _ M A K E >------------------------------------------ Makes a <span title="<title text>"><content_text></span> or <div title="<title text>"><content_text></div> where <title text> is in the tool-tip in the wiki's local language and <content_text> is non-local-language text in HTML markup. This because the lang= attribute applies to the content of its enclosing tag. <tag> holds a string 'div' or 'span' used to choose the correct wrapping tag. ]] local function title_wrapper_make (title_text, content_text, tag) local wrapper_t = {}; table.insert (wrapper_t, table.concat ({'<', tag})); -- open opening wrapper tag table.insert (wrapper_t, ' title=\"'); -- begin title attribute table.insert (wrapper_t, title_text); -- add <title_text> table.insert (wrapper_t, '\">'); -- end title attribute and close opening wrapper tag table.insert (wrapper_t, content_text); -- add <content_text> table.insert (wrapper_t, table.concat ({'</', tag, '>'})); -- add closing wrapper tag return table.concat (wrapper_t); -- make a big string and done end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ T E X T _ H T M L >-------------------------------------------------- Add the HTML markup to text according to the type of content that it is: <span> or <i> tags for inline content or <div> tags for block content The lang= attribute also applies to the content of the tag where it is placed so this is wrong because 'Spanish language text' is English: <i lang="es" title="Spanish language text">casa</i> should be: <span title="Spanish language text"><i lang="es">casa</i></span> or for <div>...</div>: <div title="Spanish language text"><div lang="es"><spanish-language-text></div></div> ]] local function make_text_html (code, text, tag, rtl, style, size, language) local html_t = {}; local style_added = ''; local wrapper_tag = tag; -- <tag> gets modified so save a copy for use when/if we create a wrapper span or div if text:match ('^%*') then table.insert (html_t, '&#42;'); -- move proto language text prefix outside of italic markup if any; use numeric entity because plain splat confuses MediaWiki text = text:gsub ('^%*', ''); -- remove the splat from the text end if 'span' == tag then -- default HTML tag for inline content if 'italic' == style then -- but if italic tag = 'i'; -- change to <i> tags end else -- must be div so go text = div_markup_add (text, style); -- handle implied <p>, implied <p> with <i>, and list markup (*;:#) with <i> end table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({'<', tag})); -- open the <i>, <span>, or <div> HTML tag code = code:gsub ('%-x%-.*', ''); -- strip private use subtag from code tag because meaningless outside of Wikipedia table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({' lang="', code, '\"'})); -- add language attribute if (rtl or unicode.is_rtl(text)) and ('ltr' == this_wiki_lang_dir) then -- text is right-to-left on a left-to-right wiki table.insert (html_t, ' dir="rtl"'); -- add direction attribute for right-to-left languages elseif not (rtl or unicode.is_rtl(text)) and ('rtl' == this_wiki_lang_dir) then -- text is left-to-right on a right-to-left wiki table.insert (html_t, ' dir="ltr"'); -- add direction attribute for left-to-right languages end if 'normal' == style then -- when |italic=no table.insert (html_t, ' style=\"font-style: normal;'); -- override external markup, if any style_added = '\"'; -- remember that style attribute added and is not yet closed end if is_set (size) then -- when |size=<something> if is_set (style_added) then table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({' font-size: ', size, ';'})); -- add when style attribute already inserted else table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({' style=\"font-size: ', size, ';'})); -- create style attribute style_added = '\"'; -- remember that style attribute added and is not yet closed end end table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({style_added, '>'})); -- close the opening HTML tag table.insert (html_t, text); -- insert the text table.insert (html_t, table.concat ({'</', tag, '>'})); -- close the 'text' <i>, <span>, or <div> HTML tag if is_set (language) then -- create a <title_text> string for the title= attribute in a wrapper span or div local title_text; if 'zxx' == code then -- special case for this tag 'no linguistic content' title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', {language, cfg.make_text_html_t.zxx}); -- not a language so don't use 'language' in title text elseif mw.ustring.find (language, 'languages', 1, true) then title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', {language, cfg.make_text_html_t.collective}); -- for collective languages else title_text = substitute ('$1-$2', {language, cfg.make_text_html_t.individual}); -- for individual languages end return title_wrapper_make (title_text, table.concat (html_t), wrapper_tag); else return table.concat (html_t); end end --[=[-------------------------< M A K E _ C A T E G O R Y >---------------------------------------------------- For individual language, <language>, returns: [[Kategori:Artikel nu ngandung téks basa <language>]] For English: [[Kategori:Artikel nu ngandung téks basa Inggris nu dikutip sacara éksplisit]] For ISO 639-2 collective languages (and for 639-1 bh): [[Kategori:Artikel kalawan téks dina basa <language>]] ]=] local function make_category (code, language_name, nocat, name_get) if ((0 ~= namespace) or nocat) and not name_get then -- only categorize in article space return ''; -- return empty string for concatenation end if mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then return substitute ('[[$1 $2]]', {cfg.make_category_t.collective_cat, language_name}); end if this_wiki_lang_tag == code then return substitute ('[[$1 $2 $3-$4]]', { -- unique category name for the local language cfg.make_category_t.cat_prefix, cfg.make_category_t.explicit_cat, language_name, cfg.make_category_t.cat_postfix, }); else return substitute ('[[$1 $2-$3]]', { -- category for individual languages cfg.make_category_t.cat_prefix, language_name, cfg.make_category_t.cat_postfix, }); end end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ T R A N S L I T >---------------------------------------------------- Return translit <i lang=xx-Latn>...</i> where xx is the language code; else return empty string. The value |script= is not used in {{transliteration}} for this purpose; instead it uses |code. Because language scripts are listed in the {{transliteration}} switches they are included in the data tables. The script parameter is introduced at {{Language with name and transliteration}}. If |script= is set, this function uses it in preference to code. To avoid confusion, in this module and the templates that use it, the transliteration script parameter is renamed to be |translit-script= (in this function, tscript). This function is used by both lang_xx() and xlit() lang_xx() always provides code, language_name, and translit; may provide tscript; never provides style xlit() always provides language_name, translit, and one of code or tscript, never both; always provides style For {{transliteration}}, style only applies when a language code is provided. ]] local function make_translit (code, language_name, translit, std, tscript, style, engvar) local title_t = lang_data.translit_title_table; -- table of transliteration standards and the language codes and scripts that apply to those standards local title_text = ''; -- tool tip text for title= attribute std = std and std:lower(); -- lower case for table indexing if not is_set (std) and not is_set (tscript) then -- when neither standard nor script specified title_text = language_name; -- write a generic tool tip if not mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then -- collective language names (plural 'languages' is part of the name) title_text = substitute ('$1-$2', {title_text, cfg.misc_text_t.language}); -- skip this text (individual and macro languages only) end title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', {title_text, mw.ustring.lower (cfg.engvar_t[engvar]['romanisz_lc'])}); -- finish the tool tip; use romanization when neither script nor standard supplied elseif is_set (std) and is_set (tscript) then -- when both are specified if title_t[std] then -- and if standard is legitimate if title_t[std][tscript] then -- and if script for that standard is legitimate if script_table[tscript] then title_text = substitute ('$1$2 ($3 $4) $5', { -- add the appropriate text to the tool tip title_text, title_t[std][tscript:lower()], script_table[tscript], cfg.make_translit_t.script, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); else title_text = title_text .. title_t[std]['default']; -- use the default if script not in std table; TODO: maint cat? error message because script not found for this standard? end else title_text = title_text .. title_t[std]['default']; -- use the default if script not in std table; TODO: maint cat? error message because script not found for this standard? end else return ''; -- invalid standard, setup for error message end elseif is_set (std) then -- translit-script not set, use language code if not title_t[std] then return ''; end -- invalid standard, setup for error message if title_t[std][code] then -- if language code is in the table (xlit may not provide a language code) local fmt_str = '$1$2 ($3 $4) $5'; -- generic format string for tool tip if language_name:match ('languages') then fmt_str = '$1$2 ($3) $5'; -- format string for collective languages tool tip end title_text = substitute (fmt_str, { -- add the appropriate text to the tool tip title_text, title_t[std][code:lower()], language_name, cfg.misc_text_t.language, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); else -- code doesn't match title_text = title_text .. title_t[std]['default']; -- so use the standard's default end else -- here if translit-script set but translit-std not set if title_t['no_std'][tscript] then title_text = title_text .. title_t['no_std'][tscript]; -- use translit-script if set elseif title_t['no_std'][code] then title_text = title_text .. title_t['no_std'][code]; -- use language code else if is_set (tscript) then title_text = substitute ('$1$2-$3 $4', { -- write a script tool tip title_text, language_name, cfg.make_translit_t.script, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); elseif is_set (code) then if not mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then -- collective language names (plural 'languages' is part of the name) title_text = substitute ('$1-$2', { -- skip this text (individual and macro languages only) title_text, cfg.misc_text_t.language, }); end title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', { -- finish the tool tip title_text, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); else title_text = substitute ('$1 $2', { -- generic tool tip (can we ever get here?) title_text, cfg.make_translit_t.transliteration, }); end end end local tag if is_set (code) then -- when a language code is provided (always with {{lang-??}} templates, not always with {{transliteration}}) code = code:match ('^(%a%a%a?)'); -- strip all subtags leaving only the language subtag if not style then -- nil for the default italic style tag = '<i lang="%s-Latn">%s</i>' else tag = '<span style="font-style: %s" lang="%s-Latn">%s</span>' -- non-standard style, construct a span tag for it tag = string.format(tag, style, "%s", "%s") end tag = string.format(tag, code, "%s") else tag = '<span>%s</span>' -- when no language code: no lang= attribute, not italic ({{transliteration}} only) end tag = string.format(tag, translit) -- add the translit text if '' == title_text then -- when there is no need for a tool-tip return tag; -- done else title_text = cfg.engvar_sel_t.gb == engvar and title_text:gsub ('([Rr]omani)z', '%1s') or title_text; -- gb eng when engvar specifies gb eng; us eng else return title_wrapper_make (title_text, tag, 'span'); -- wrap with a tool-tip span and done end end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ T E X T >---------------------------------------------------- This function checks the content of args.text and returns empty string if nothing is amiss else it returns an error message. The tests are for empty or missing text and for improper or disallowed use of apostrophe markup. Italic rendering is controlled by the |italic= template parameter so italic markup should never appear in args.text either as ''itself'' or as '''''bold italic''''' unless |italic=unset or |italic=invert. ]] local function validate_text (template, args) if not is_set (args.text) then return make_error_msg (cfg.validate_text_t.no_text, args, template); end if args.text:find ("%f[\']\'\'\'\'%f[^\']") or args.text:find ("\'\'\'\'\'[\']+") then -- because we're looking, look for 4 appostrophes or 6+ appostrophes return make_error_msg (cfg.validate_text_t.malformed_markup, args, template); end local italic = args.italic; if (cfg.keywords_t.unset ~= italic) and (cfg.keywords_t.invert ~= italic) then if args.text:find ("%f[\']\'\'%f[^\']") or args.text:find ("%f[\']\'\'\'\'\'%f[^\']") then -- italic but not bold, or bold italic return make_error_msg (cfg.validate_text_t.italic_markup, args, template); end end end --[[--------------------------< R E N D E R _ M A I N T >------------------------------------------------------ Render mainenance messages and categories. ]] local function render_maint (nocat) local maint = {}; if 0 < #maint_msgs then -- when there are maintenance messages table.insert (maint, table.concat ({'<span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">'})); -- opening <span> tag for _, msg in ipairs (maint_msgs) do table.insert (maint, table.concat ({msg, ' '})); -- add message strings end table.insert (maint, '</span>'); -- close the span end if (0 < #maint_cats) and (0 == namespace) and not nocat then -- when there are maintenance categories; article namespace only for _, cat in ipairs (maint_cats) do table.insert (maint, table.concat ({'[[Kategori:', cat, ']]'})); -- format and add the categories end end return table.concat (maint); end --[[--------------------------< P R O T O _ P R E F I X >------------------------------------------------------ For proto languages, text is prefixed with a splat. We do that here as a flag for make_text_html() so that a splat will be rendered outside of italic markup (if used). If the first character in text here is already a splat, we do nothing. proto_param is boolean or nil; true adds splat prefix regardless of language name; false removes and inhibits regardless of language name; nil does nothing; presumes that the value in text is correct but removes extra splac. ]] local function proto_prefix (text, language_name, proto_param) if false == proto_param then -- when forced by |proto=no return text:gsub ('^%**', ''); -- return text without splat prefix regardless of language name or existing splat prefix in text elseif (language_name:find ('^Proto%-') or (true == proto_param)) then -- language is a proto or forced by |proto=yes return text:gsub ('^%**', '*'); -- prefix proto-language text with a splat; also removes duplicate prefixing splats end return text:gsub ('^%*+', '*'); -- return text unmolested except multiple splats reduced to one splat end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ P O E M _ T A G >------------------------------------------------------ Looks for a poem strip marker in text; returns true when found; false else. Auto-italic detection disabled when text has poem stripmarker because it is not possible for this code to know the content that will replace the stripmarker. ]] local function has_poem_tag (text) return text:find ('\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-poem%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127') and true or false; end --[[--------------------------< H T M L _ T A G _ S E L E C T >------------------------------------------------ Inspects content of and selectively trims text. Returns text and the name of an appropriate HTML tag for text. If text contains: \n\n text has implied <p>..</p> tags - trim leading and trailing whitespace and return If text begins with list markup: \n* unordered \n; definition \n: definition \n# ordered trim all leading whitespace except \n and trim all trailing whitespace If text contains <poem>...</poem> stripmarker, return text unmodified and choose <div>..</div> tags because the stripmarker is replaced with text wrapped in <div>..</div> tags. If the text contains any actual <div>...</div> tags, then it's again returned unmodified and <div>...</div> tags are used to wrap it, to prevent div/span inversion. ]] local function html_tag_select (text) local tag; if has_poem_tag (text) then -- contains poem stripmarker (we can't know the content of that) tag = 'div'; -- poem replacement is in div tags so lang must use div tags elseif text:find ('<div') then -- reductive; if the text contains a div tag, we must use div tags tag = 'div'; elseif mw.text.trim (text):find ('\n\n+') then -- contains implied p tags text = mw.text.trim (text); -- trim leading and trailing whitespace characters tag = 'div'; -- must be div because span may not contain p tags (added later by MediaWiki); poem replacement is in div tags elseif text:find ('\n[%*:;%#]') then -- if text has list markup text = text:gsub ('^[\t\r\f ]*', ''):gsub ('%s*$', ''); -- trim all whitespace except leading newline character '\n' tag = 'div'; -- must be div because span may not contain ul, dd, dl, ol tags (added later by MediaWiki) else text = mw.text.trim (text); -- plain text tag = 'span'; -- so span is fine end return text, tag; end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ P R O T O >-------------------------------------------------- Validates value assigned to |proto=; permitted values are yes and no; yes returns as true, no returns as false, empty string (or parameter omitted) returns as nil; any other value returns nil with <proto_param> as second return value for use in error message. ]] local function validate_proto (proto_param) if cfg.keywords_t.affirmative == proto_param then return true; elseif cfg.keywords_t.negative == proto_param then return false; elseif is_set (proto_param) then return nil, proto_param; -- |proto= something other than 'yes' or 'no' else return nil; -- missing or empty end end --[[--------------------------< L A N G U A G E _ N A M E _ G E T >-------------------------------------------- Common function to return language name from the data set according to IETF tag. Returns language name if found in data tables; nil else. ]] local function language_name_get (ietf, code, cat) ietf = ietf:lower(); -- ietf:lower() because format_ietf_tag() returns mixed case local name; -- remains nil if not found if override_table[ietf] then -- look for whole IETF tag in override table name = override_table[ietf]; elseif override_table[code] then -- not there so try basic language tag name = override_table[code]; elseif lang_table[code] then -- shift to IANA active tag/name table name = lang_table[code]; elseif lang_dep_table[code] then -- try the IANA deprecated tag/name table name = lang_dep_table[code]; end if lang_dep_table[code] and cat then -- because deprecated code may have been overridden to en.wiki preferred name table.insert (maint_cats, substitute (cfg.language_name_get_t.deprecated_cat, {code})); table.insert (maint_msgs, substitute (cfg.language_name_get_t.deprecated_msg, {code})); end return name; -- name from data tables or nil end --[[--------------------------< T E X T _ S C R I P T _ M A T C H _ T E S T >---------------------------------- IETF script subtag should match the script of the <text>. This module does not attempt to know all scripts and what they look like. It does know what Latn script looks like so when <text> is written using other than the Latn script, the IETF script subtag, if present, should not be Latn. Conversely, when <text> is written using the Latn script, the IETF script subtag, if present, should be Latn. For the purposes of this test, Latf (Fraktur) and Latg (Gaelic) are considered to be equivalent to Latn because unicode treats these two scripts as font-specific variants of Latn. Returns an error message when mismatch detected; nil else. ]] local function text_script_match_test (script, is_latn_text, pos, char) local scripts_t = {['latf'] = true, ['latg'] = true, ['latn'] = true}; -- unicode 'latn' scripts; 'latf' and 'latg' are font variants so there are no Fraktur or Gaelic codepoints if is_set (script) then -- don't bother with the rest of this if <script> is nil or empty string script = script:lower(); -- lower case to index into <scripts_t> if is_latn_text then -- when text is wholly Latn script if not scripts_t[script] then -- but a non-Latn script is specified return cfg.text_script_match_test_t.latn_txt_mismatch; -- emit an error message end else -- when text is not wholly Latn script if scripts_t[script] then -- but a Latn script is specified return substitute (cfg.text_script_match_test_t.latn_scr_mismatch, {pos, char}); -- emit an error message with position of first offending character end end end end --[[--------------------------< B I N A R Y _ S E A R C H >--------------------------------------------------- conducts a binary search of <ranges_t> for a sub-range that holds <target>. returns boolean true if a sub-range holding <target> is found; boolean false else. ]] local function binary_search (target, ranges_t) local idx_bot = 1; -- initialize to index of first key local idx_top = sizeof_ranges_t; -- initialize to index of last key (number of keys) if (target < ranges_t[idx_bot][1]) or (target > ranges_t[idx_top][2]) then -- invalid; target out of range return; -- abandon end local idx_mid; -- calculated index of range midway between top index and bottom index local flag = false; -- flag to tell us when we've evaluated last (highest) range in <ranges_t> while 1 do idx_mid = math.ceil ((idx_bot + idx_top) / 2); -- get the mid-point in the <ranges_t> sequence if (target >= ranges_t[idx_mid][1]) and (target <= ranges_t[idx_mid][2]) then -- indexed range low value <= target <= indexed range high value return true; -- we found the range that holds the <target> character; return true elseif (target > ranges_t[idx_mid][2]) then -- is <target> > indexed range high value? idx_bot = idx_mid; -- adjust <idx_bot> up else -- here when <target> less than indexed range low value idx_top = idx_mid - 1; -- adjust <idx_top> down end if flag then break; -- here when we just evaluated the last range and <target> not found end if not flag and (idx_bot == idx_top) then -- set true just before we evaluate the last (highest) range in <ranges_t> flag = true; end end end --[[--------------------------< I S _ L A T I N >-------------------------------------------------------------- compare <text> as codepoints to lists of known codepoints accepted as Latn script returns boolean true and modified <text> when <text> is wrapped in accept-as-written markup returns boolean true and <text> when codepoint is known returns boolean false, <text>, non-Latn codepoint position in <text> (left to right), and the codepoint character when codepoint is not known TODO: when text has accept-as-written markup, return a non-boolean value to indicate that <text> is not wholly latn script? Use that return value to create non-Latn HTML lang= attribute because <text> isn't really latn so lang=und (undetermined)? or instead, omit the -Latn subtag? (without -Latn need to force |italic=yes) ]] local function is_latin (text, tag) local count; text, count = text:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1'); -- remove accept-as-written markup if present if 0 ~= count then return true, text; -- markup present so assume that <text> is Latn-script end local pos = 0; -- position counter for error messaging for codepoint in mw.ustring.gcodepoint (text) do -- fetch each code point pos = pos + 1; -- bump the position counter if not is_latn_data.singles_t[codepoint] and -- codepoint not found in the singles list? not binary_search (codepoint, is_latn_data.ranges_t) and -- codepoint not a member of a listed range? not (tag and is_latn_data.specials_t[codepoint] and is_latn_data.specials_t[codepoint][tag]) then -- not a language-specific codepoint? return false, text, pos, mw.ustring.char (codepoint); -- codepoint not known; return false with codepoint position and character representation end end return true, text; -- is known; return <text> end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Entry point for {{lang}}. There should be no reason to set parameters in the {{lang}} {{#invoke:}} <includeonly>{{#invoke:lang|lang}}</includeonly> Parameters are received from the template's frame (parent frame). ]] local function _lang (args) local out = {}; local language_name; -- used to make category names local category_name; -- same as language_name except that it retains any parenthetical disambiguators (if any) from the data set local subtags = {}; -- IETF subtags script, region, variant, and private local code; -- the language code local msg; -- for error messages local tag = 'span'; -- initial value for make_text_html() local template = args.template or cfg.templates_t.lang; maint_cats = {}; -- initialize because when this module required into another module, these only declared once so only initialzed once maint_msgs = {}; validate_cat_args (args); -- determine if categorization should be suppressed if args[1] and args.code then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {'1', cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.code}), args, template); else args.code = args[1] or args.code; -- prefer args.code end if args[2] and args.text then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {'2', cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.text}), args, template); else args.text = args[2] or args.text; -- prefer args.text end msg = validate_italic (args); if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end msg = validate_text (template, args); -- ensure that |text= is set if is_set (msg) then -- msg is an already-formatted error message return msg; end args.text, tag = html_tag_select (args.text); -- inspects text; returns appropriate HTML tag with text trimmed accordingly args.rtl = args.rtl == cfg.keywords_t.affirmative; -- convert to boolean: 'yes' -> true, other values -> false args.proto, msg = validate_proto (args.proto); -- return boolean, or nil, or nil and error message flag if msg then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.invalid_proto, {msg}), args, template); end code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (args.code); -- |script=, |region=, |variant= not supported because they should be part of args.code ({{{1}}} in {{lang}}) if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end local is_latn_text, pos, char; is_latn_text, args.text, pos, char= is_latin (args.text, code); -- make a boolean msg = text_script_match_test (subtags.script, is_latn_text, pos, char) if msg then -- if an error detected then there is an error message return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end if nil == args.style then -- nil when |italic= absent or not set or |italic=default; args.style controls if ('latn' == subtags.script) or -- script is latn (this_wiki_lang_tag ~= code and not is_set (subtags.script) and not has_poem_tag (args.text) and is_latn_text) then -- text not this wiki's language, no script specified and not in poem markup but is wholly latn script (auto-italics) args.style = 'italic'; -- DEFAULT for {{lang}} templates is upright; but if latn script set for font-style:italic else args.style = 'inherit'; -- italic not set; script not latn; inherit current style end end if is_set (subtags.script) then -- if script set, override rtl setting if in_array (subtags.script, lang_data.rtl_scripts) then args.rtl = true; -- script is an rtl script else args.rtl = false; -- script is not an rtl script end end args.code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private); -- format to recommended subtag styles language_name = language_name_get (args.code, code, true); -- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant if cfg.keywords_t.invert == args.style and 'span' == tag then -- invert only supported for in-line content args.text = invert_italics (args.text) end args.text = proto_prefix (args.text, language_name, args.proto); -- prefix proto-language text with a splat table.insert (out, make_text_html (args.code, args.text, tag, args.rtl, args.style, args.size, language_name)); table.insert (out, make_category (code, language_name, args.nocat)); table.insert (out, render_maint (args.nocat)); -- maintenance messages and categories return table.concat (out); -- put it all together and done end --[[--------------------------< L A N G >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Entry point for {{lang}}. There should be no reason to set parameters in the {{lang}} {{#invoke:}} <includeonly>{{#invoke:lang|lang}}</includeonly> Parameters are received from the template's frame (parent frame). ]] local function lang (frame) local args_t = getArgs (frame, { -- this code so that we can detect and handle wiki list markup in text valueFunc = function (key, value) if 2 == key or 'text' == key then -- the 'text' parameter; do not trim wite space return value; -- return untrimmed 'text' elseif value then -- all other values: if the value is not nil value = mw.text.trim (value); -- trim whitespace if '' ~= value then -- empty string when value was only whitespace return value; end end return nil; -- value was empty or contained only whitespace end -- end of valueFunc }); args_t.fn = nil; -- unset because not supported but this function might have been called by {{lang|fn=lang|...}} local msg = parameter_validate (args_t, cfg.templates_t.lang); -- verify that all supplied parameters are supported by {{lang-??}} if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args_t, cfg.templates_t.lang); -- when template has unsupported params, abandon with error message end return _lang (args_t); end --[[--------------------------< T R A N S L A T I O N _ M A K E >---------------------------------------------- Stand-alone function to create literal translation of main text. Also used by {{lang-x2}}. ]] local function translation_make (args_t) local translation_t = {', '}; -- initialize output if 'none' ~= args_t.label then -- if we want a label table.insert (translation_t, '<small>'); -- open the <small> HTML tag if cfg.keywords_t.negative == args_t.link then table.insert (translation_t, substitute ('<abbr title="$1">$2</abbr>', {cfg.translation_make_t.lit_xlation, cfg.translation_make_t.lit_abbr})); -- unlinked form else table.insert (translation_t, make_wikilink (cfg.translation_make_t.lit_xlation, cfg.translation_make_t.lit_abbr)); -- linked form end table.insert (translation_t, "&thinsp;</small>"); -- close the <small> HTML tag end table.insert (translation_t, table.concat ({ -- user styling spans match spand from {{gloss}} '<span class="gloss-quot">\'</span>', -- user styling span for quote marks; use HTML entities to avoid wiki markup confusion '<span class="gloss-text">', -- open user styling span for the translation args_t.translation, -- the translation '</span>', -- close user styling span for the translation '<span class="gloss-quot">\'</span>' -- user styling span for quote marks })); return table.concat (translation_t); -- make a big string and done end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G _ X X >-------------------------------------------------------------- For the {{lang-??}} templates, the only parameter required to be set in the template is the language code. All other parameters can, usually should, be written in the template call. For {{lang-??}} templates for languages that can have multiple writing systems, it may be appropriate to set |script= as well. For each {{lang-??}} template choose the appropriate entry-point function so that this function knows the default styling that should be applied to text. For normal, upright style: <includeonly>{{#invoke:lang|lang_xx_inherit|code=xx}}</includeonly> For italic style: <includeonly>{{#invoke:lang|lang_xx_italic|code=xx}}</includeonly> All other parameters should be received from the template's frame (parent frame) Supported parameters are: |code = (required) the IANA language code |script = IANA script code; especially for use with languages that use multiple writing systems |region = IANA region code |variant = IANA variant code |text = (required) the displayed text in language specified by code |link = boolean false ('no') does not link code-spcified language name to associated language article |rtl = boolean true ('yes') identifies the language specified by code as a right-to-left language |nocat = boolean true ('yes') inhibits normal categorization; error categories are not affected |cat = boolian false ('no') opposite form of |nocat= |italic = boolean true ('yes') renders displayed text in italic font; boolean false ('no') renders displayed text in normal font; not set renders according to initial_style_state |lit = text that is a literal translation of text |label = 'none' to suppress all labeling (language name, 'translit.', 'lit.') any other text replaces language-name label - automatic wikilinking disabled for those {{lang-??}} templates that support transliteration (those templates where |text= is not entirely latn script): |translit = text that is a transliteration of text |translit-std = the standard that applies to the transliteration |translit-script = ISO 15924 script name; falls back to code For {{lang-??}}, the positional parameters are: {{{1}}} text {{{2}}} transliterated text {{{3}}} literal translation text no other positional parameters are allowed ]] local function _lang_xx (args, base_template) -- base_template will be either of 'langx' or 'lang-xx' local out = {}; local language_name; -- used to make display text, article links local category_name; -- same as language_name except that it retains any parenthetical disambiguators (if any) from the data set local subtags = {}; -- IETF subtags script, region, and variant local code; -- the language code local translit_script_name; -- name associated with IANA (ISO 15924) script code local translit; local msg; -- for error messages local tag = 'span'; -- initial value for make_text_html() local template = args.template or base_template; maint_cats = {}; -- initialize because when this module required into another module, these only declared once so only initialzed once maint_msgs = {}; local text_idx = (cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 2 or 1; -- for {{langx}} 'text' positional parameter is '2' local translit_idx = (cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 3 or 2; local xlate_idx = (cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 4 or 3; if args[text_idx] and args.text then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {text_idx, cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.text}), args, template); else args.text = args[text_idx] or args.text; -- prefer positional 'text' parameter end msg = validate_italic (args); if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end msg = validate_text (template, args); -- ensure that |text= is set, does not contain italic markup and is protected from improper bolding if is_set (msg) then return msg; end args.text, tag = html_tag_select (args.text); -- inspects text; returns appropriate HTML tag with text trimmed accordingly if args[translit_idx] and args.translit then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param, {translit_idx, cfg.lang_t.conflict_n_param_types.translit}), args, template); else args.translit = args[translit_idx] or args.translit -- prefer positional 'translit' parameter end args.engvar = cfg.engvar_sel_t[args.engvar] or cfg.default_engvar; -- |engvar= when valid; cfg.default_engvar else if args[xlate_idx] and (args.translation or args.lit) then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_xx_t.conflict_n_lit, {xlate_idx}), args, template); elseif args.translation and args.lit then return make_error_msg (cfg.lang_xx_t.conflict_lit, args, template); else args.translation = args[xlate_idx] or args.translation or args.lit; -- prefer positional 'translation' parameter end if args.links and args.link then return make_error_msg (cfg.lang_xx_t.conflict_link, args, template); else args.link = args.link or args.links; -- prefer args.link end validate_cat_args (args); -- determine if categorization should be suppressed args.rtl = args.rtl == cfg.keywords_t.affirmative; -- convert to boolean: 'yes' -> true, other values -> false code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (args.code, args.script, args.region, args.variant); -- private omitted because private if msg then -- if an error detected then there is an error message return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end if args.translit then local latn, pos, char; latn, args.translit, pos, char = is_latin (args.translit, (('' ~= subtags.private) and (code .. '-x-' .. subtags.private)) or code); if not latn then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_xx_t.translit_nonlatn, {pos, char}), args, template); end end local is_latn_text, text, pos, char = is_latin (args.text, code); -- make a boolean args.text = text; -- may have been modified (accept-as-written markup removed) msg = text_script_match_test (subtags.script, is_latn_text, pos, char) if msg then -- if an error detected then there is an error message return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end if cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template then -- auto-italics for {{langx}} templates; adapted from {{lang}} (no support for poem tag) if nil == args.style then -- nil when |italic= absent or not set or |italic=default; args.style controls if ('latn' == subtags.script) or -- script is latn (this_wiki_lang_tag ~= code and not is_set (subtags.script) and is_latn_text) then -- text is not this wiki's language, no script specified and is wholly latn script (auto-italics) args.style = 'italic'; -- set font-style:italic else args.style = 'inherit'; -- italic not set; script not latn; inherit current style end end else -- {{lang-xx}} does not do auto italics; retained for those wikis that don't support {{langx}} if nil == args.style then -- args.style controls if is_set (subtags.script) then if 'latn' == subtags.script then args.style = 'italic'; -- |script=Latn; set for font-style:italic else args.style = initial_style_state; -- italic not set; script is not latn; set for font-style:<initial_style_state> end else args.style = initial_style_state; -- here when |italic= and |script= not set; set for font-style:<initial_style_state> end end end if is_set (subtags.script) then -- if script set override rtl setting if in_array (subtags.script, lang_data.rtl_scripts) then args.rtl = true; -- script is an rtl script else args.rtl = false; -- script is not an rtl script end end args.proto, msg = validate_proto (args.proto); -- return boolean, or nil, or nil and error message flag if msg then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_t.invalid_proto, {args.proto}), args, template); end args.code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private); -- format to recommended subtag styles language_name = language_name_get (args.code, code, true); -- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant category_name = language_name; -- category names retain IANA parenthetical diambiguators (if any) language_name = language_name:gsub ('%s+%b()', ''); -- remove IANA parenthetical disambiguators or qualifiers from names that have them if args.label then if 'none' ~= args.label then table.insert (out, table.concat ({args.label, ': '})); -- custom label end else if cfg.keywords_t.negative == args.link then table.insert (out, language_name); -- language name without wikilink else if mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then table.insert (out, make_wikilink (language_name)); -- collective language name uses simple wikilink elseif lang_data.article_name[args.code:lower()] then -- is IETF tag in article name over ride? table.insert (out, make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[args.code:lower()], language_name)); -- language name with wikilink from override data elseif lang_data.article_name[code] then -- is language tag in article override table.insert (out, make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[code], language_name)); -- language name with wikilink from override data else table.insert (out, make_wikilink (substitute ('$1 $2', {language_name, cfg.misc_text_t.language}), language_name)); -- language name with wikilink end end table.insert (out, ': '); -- separator end if cfg.keywords_t.invert == args.italic then args.text = invert_italics (args.text) end args.text = proto_prefix (args.text, language_name, args.proto); -- prefix proto-language text with a splat table.insert (out, make_text_html (args.code, args.text, tag, args.rtl, args.style, args.size, ('none' == args.label) and language_name or nil)) if is_set (args.translit) and not is_latn_text then -- transliteration; not supported when args.text is wholly latn text (this is an imperfect test) table.insert (out, ', '); -- comma to separate text from translit if 'none' ~= args.label then table.insert (out, '<small>'); if script_table[args['translit-script']] then -- when |translit-script= is set, try to use the script's name translit_script_name = script_table[args['translit-script']]; else translit_script_name = language_name; -- fall back on language name end local translit_title_obj = mw.title.makeTitle (0, substitute ('$1 $2',{cfg.lang_xx_t.romanization, translit_script_name})); -- make a title object; no engvar, article titles use US spelling if translit_title_obj.exists and (cfg.keywords_t.negative ~= args.link) then table.insert (out, make_wikilink (substitute ('$1 $2', {cfg.lang_xx_t.romanization, translit_script_name or language_name}), substitute ('$1', {cfg.engvar_t[args.engvar]['romanisz_pt']})) .. ':'); -- make a wikilink if there is an article to link to; engvar the display text else table.insert (out, substitute ('$1:', {cfg.engvar_t[args.engvar]['romanisz_pt']})); -- else plain text per engvar end table.insert (out, '&nbsp;</small>'); -- close the small tag end translit = make_translit (args.code, language_name, args.translit, args['translit-std'], args['translit-script'], nil, args.engvar) if is_set (translit) then table.insert (out, translit); else return make_error_msg (substitute ('$1: $2', {cfg.lang_xx_t.invalid_xlit_std, args['translit-std'] or '[missing]'}), args, template); end elseif is_set (args.translit) and is_latn_text then -- when creating a transliteration of Latn script <text> return make_error_msg (cfg.lang_xx_t.xlit_of_latn, args, template); -- emit error message and abandon end if is_set (args.translation) then -- translation (not supported in {{lang}}) table.insert (out, translation_make (args)); end table.insert (out, make_category (code, category_name, args.nocat)); table.insert (out, render_maint(args.nocat)); -- maintenance messages and categories return table.concat (out); -- put it all together and done end --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ X X _ A R G S _ G E T >---------------------------------------------- Common function to get args table from {{lang-??}} templates. Returns table of args. Text positional parameters are not trimmed here but are selectively trimmed at html_tag_select(). ]] local function lang_xx_args_get (frame, base_template) local args_t = getArgs(frame, { parentFirst= true, -- parameters in the template override parameters set in the {{#invoke:}} valueFunc = function (key, value) if ((cfg.templates_t.langx == base_template) and 2 or 1) == key then -- the 'text' positional parameter; 1 for {{lang-??}}, 2 for {{langx}}; do not trim wite space return value; -- return untrimmed 'text' positional parameter elseif value then -- all other values: if the value is not nil value = mw.text.trim (value); -- trim whitespace if '' ~= value then -- empty string when value was only whitespace return value; end end return nil; -- value was empty or contained only whitespace end -- end of valueFunc }); return args_t; end --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ X X _ I T A L I C >-------------------------------------------------- Entry point for those {{lang-??}} templates that call lang_xx_italic(). Sets the initial style state to italic. ]] local function lang_xx_italic (frame) local args = lang_xx_args_get (frame, cfg.templates_t.langxx); args.fn = nil; -- unset because not supported but this function might have been called by {{lang|fn=lang_xx_italic|...}} local msg = parameter_validate (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); -- verify that all supplied parameters are supported by {{lang-??}} if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); -- when template has unsupported params, abandon with error message end initial_style_state = 'italic'; return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx) .. '[[Kategori:Kaca nu maké citakan Lang-xx]]'; -- temporary category end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G _ X X _ I T A L I C >------------------------------------------------ Entry point from another module. Sets the initial style state to italic. ]] local function _lang_xx_italic (args) initial_style_state = 'italic'; return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); end --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ X X _ I N H E R I T >------------------------------------------------ Entry point for those {{lang-??}} templates that call lang_xx_inherit(). Sets the initial style state to inherit. ]] local function lang_xx_inherit (frame) local args = lang_xx_args_get (frame, cfg.templates_t.langxx); args.fn = nil; -- unset because not supported but this function might have been called by {{lang|fn=lang_xx_inherit|...}} local msg = parameter_validate (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); -- verify that all supplied parameters are supported by {{lang-??}} if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); -- when template has unsupported params, abandon with error message end initial_style_state = 'inherit'; return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx) .. '[[Kategori:Kaca nu maké citakan Lang-xx]]'; -- temporary category end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G _ X X _ I N H E R I T >---------------------------------------------- Entry point from another module. Sets the initial style state to inherit. ]] local function _lang_xx_inherit (args) initial_style_state = 'inherit'; return _lang_xx (args, cfg.templates_t.langxx); end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G X >------------------------------------------------------------------ Entry point from another module. ]] local function _langx (args_t) local langx_data = mw.loadData ('Modul:Lang/langx'); -- get necessary data local rtl_t = langx_data.rtl_t; -- get list of language tags for languages that are rendered right-to-left local link_t = langx_data.link_t; -- get list of language tags for {{lang-??}} templates that set |link=<something> local size_t = langx_data.size_t; -- get list of language tags for {{lang-??}} templates that set |size=<something> local msg = parameter_validate (args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx); if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx); end args_t.code = args_t[1] or args_t.code; -- get the language tag; must be {{{1}}} or |code= if not args_t.code then return make_error_msg (cfg.get_ietf_parts_t.missing_lang_tag, args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx); end args_t.rtl = args_t.rtl or (rtl_t[args_t.code] and cfg.keywords_t.affirmative); -- prefer |rtl= in template call, use rtl_t else args_t.link = args_t.link or link_t[args_t.code]; -- prefer |link= in template call, use link_t felse args_t.size = args_t.size or size_t[args_t.code]; -- prefer |size= in template call, use size_t else args_t[1] = nil; -- unset to mimic {{lang-??}} templates which set |code=xx local lang_subtag = args_t.code; -- use only the base language subtag for unsupported tag test; some args_t.code are modified by |script= etc return _lang_xx (args_t, cfg.templates_t.langx); end --[[--------------------------< L A N G X >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Entry point for {{langx}}. this function calls _lang_xx() to render non-English text. The {{lang-??}} templates have three positional paramters but {{langx}} has four: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 {{lang-xx |<text> |<xlit> |<xlat> }} {{langx |<tag> |<text> |<xlit> |<xlat> }} The calls to lang_xx_args_get() and _lang_xx() use 'langx' as a flag for those functions to select the proper positional parameters. {{lang-??}} depends on the calling template to select 'inherit' or 'italic' to establish the default rendering. {{langx}} can't do that. The initial version of {{langx}} relied on a list of language tags (inherit_t in ~/langx) scraped from those {{lang-??}} templates that call lang_xx_inherit() to render text in upright font. langx() now uses auto-italics code adapted from {{lang}} (doesn't support poem tags). ]] local function langx (frame) local args_t = lang_xx_args_get (frame, cfg.templates_t.langx); -- get the arguments; 'langx' is the <base_template> used to decide which positional param is 'text', 'translit', 'lit' return _langx (args_t); end --[[--------------------------< _ I S _ I E T F _ T A G >------------------------------------------------------ Returns true when a language name associated with IETF language tag exists; nil else. IETF language tag must be valid. All code combinations supported by {{lang}} and the {{lang-??}} templates are supported by this function. Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _is_ietf_tag (tag) -- entry point when this module is require()d into another local c, s, r, v, p, err; -- code, script, region, variant, private, error message c, s, r, v, p, err = get_ietf_parts (tag); -- disassemble tag into constituent part and validate return ((c and not err) and true) or nil; -- return true when code portion has a value without error message; nil else end --[[--------------------------< I S _ I E T F _ T A G >-------------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function is_ietf_tag (frame) return _is_ietf_tag (getArgs (frame)[1]); -- args[1] is the IETF language tag to be tested; also get parent frame end --[[--------------------------< I S _ I E T F _ T A G _ F R A M E >-------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}; same as is_ietf_tag() except does not get parameters from the parent (template) frame. This function not useful when called by {{lang|fn=is_ietf_tag_frame|<tag>}} because <tag> is in the parent frame. ]] local function is_ietf_tag_frame (frame) return _is_ietf_tag (getArgs (frame, {frameOnly = true,})[1]); -- args[1] is the IETF language tag to be tested; do not get parent frame end --[[--------------------------< _ N A M E _ F R O M _ T A G >-------------------------------------------------- Returns language name associated with IETF language tag if valid; error message else. All code combinations supported by {{lang}} and the {{lang-??}} templates are supported by this function. Set invoke's |link= parameter to yes to get wikilinked version of the language name. Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _name_from_tag (args) local subtags = {}; -- IETF subtags script, region, variant, and private local raw_code = args[1]; -- save a copy of the input IETF subtag local link = cfg.keywords_t.affirmative == args['link']; -- make a boolean local label = args.label; local code; -- the language code local msg; -- gets an error message if IETF language tag is malformed or invalid local language_name = ''; code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (raw_code); if msg then local template = (args['template'] and table.concat ({'{{', args['template'], '}}: '})) or ''; -- make template name (if provided by the template) return make_error_span (template, msg); end raw_code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private); -- format to recommended subtag styles; private omitted because private language_name = language_name_get (raw_code, code); -- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant if 'yes' ~= args.raw then language_name = language_name:gsub ('%s+%b()', ''); -- remove IANA parenthetical disambiguators or qualifiers from names that have them end if link then -- when |link=yes, wikilink the language name if mw.ustring.find (language_name, 'languages', 1, true) then language_name = make_wikilink (language_name, label); -- collective language name uses simple wikilink elseif lang_data.article_name[raw_code:lower()] then -- is IETF tag in article name override? language_name = make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[raw_code:lower()], label or language_name); -- language name with wikilink from override data elseif lang_data.article_name[code] then -- is language tag in article name override? language_name = make_wikilink (lang_data.article_name[code], label or language_name); -- language name with wikilink from override data else language_name = make_wikilink (substitute ('$1 $2', {language_name, cfg.misc_text_t.language}), label or language_name); -- language name with wikilink end end return language_name; end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ F R O M _ T A G >---------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function name_from_tag (frame) -- entry point from an {{#invoke:lang|name_from_tag|<IETF tag>|link=<yes>|template=<template name>}} return _name_from_tag (getArgs(frame)) -- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame end --[[--------------------------< _ T A G _ F R O M _ N A M E >-------------------------------------------------- Returns the IETF language tag associated with the language name. Spelling of language name must be correct according to the spelling in the source tables. When a standard language name has a parenthetical disambiguator, that disambiguator must be omitted (they are not present in the data name-to-tag tables). Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _tag_from_name (args) -- entry point from another module local msg; if args[1] and '' ~= args[1] then local data = mw.loadData ('Modul:Lang/tag from name'); -- get the reversed data tables TODO: change when going live local lang = args[1]:lower(); -- allow any-case for the language name (speeling must till be correct) local tag = data.rev_override_table[lang] or data.rev_lang_table[lang] or data.rev_lang_dep_table[lang]; -- get the code; look first in the override then in the standard if tag then return tag, true; -- language name found so return tag and done; second return used by is_lang_name() else msg = substitute (cfg.tag_from_name_t.lang_not_found, {args[1]}); -- language name not found, error message end else msg = cfg.tag_from_name_t.missing_lang_name; -- language name not found, error message end local template = ''; if args.template and '' ~= args.template then template = table.concat ({'{{', args['template'], '}}: '}); -- make template name (if provided by the template) end return make_error_span (template, msg); end --[[--------------------------< T A G _ F R O M _ N A M E >---------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function tag_from_name (frame) -- entry point from an {{#invoke:lang|tag_from_name|<language name>|link=<yes>|template=<template name>}} local result, _ = _tag_from_name (getArgs(frame)) -- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame; supress second return used by is_lang_name() return result; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ L A N G _ N A M E >------------------------------------------------------ Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function is_lang_name (frame) local _, result = _tag_from_name (getArgs(frame)) -- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame; supress second return used by tag_from_name() return result and true or nil; end --[[--------------------------< _ X L I T >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _xlit (args) local title_table = lang_data.translit_title_table; -- table of transliteration standards and the language codes and scripts that apply to those standards local language_name; -- language name that matches language code; used for tool tip local translit; -- transliterated text to display local script; -- IANA script local msg; -- for when called functions return an error message local template = args.template or cfg.templates_t.transliteration; maint_cats = {}; -- initialize because when this module required into another module, these only declared once so only initialzed once maint_msgs = {}; if is_set (args[3]) then -- [3] set when {{transliteration|code|standard|text}} args.text = args[3]; -- get the transliterated text args.translit_std = args[2] and args[2]:lower(); -- get the standard; lower case for table indexing if not title_table[args.translit_std] then return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.transl_t.unrecog_xlit_std, {args.translit_std}), args, template); end else if is_set (args[2]) then -- [2] set when {{transliteration|code|text}} args.text = args[2]; -- get the transliterated text else if args[1] and (args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%a?$') or -- args[2] missing; is args[1] a language or script tag or is it the transliterated text? args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%-x%-')) then -- or is args[1] a private-use tag return make_error_msg (cfg.transl_t.no_text, args, template); -- args[1] is a code so we're missing text else args.text = args[1]; -- args[1] is not a code so we're missing that; assign args.text for error message return make_error_msg (cfg.transl_t.missing_lang_scr, args, template); end end end if is_set (args[1]) then -- IANA language code used for HTML lang= attribute; or ISO 15924 script code if args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%a?$') or args[1]:match ('^%a%a%a?%-x%-') then -- args[1] has correct form? args.code = args[1]:lower(); -- use the language/script code; only (2, 3, or 4 alpha characters) or private-use; lower case because table indexes are lower case else return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.transl_t.unrecog_lang_scr, {args[1]}), args, template); -- invalid language / script code end else return make_error_msg (cfg.transl_t.missing_lang_scr, args, template); -- missing language / script code so quit end local is_latn_text, pos, char; is_latn_text, args.text, pos, char= is_latin (args.text, args.code); -- is latn text? strip accept-as-written markup if not is_latn_text then -- when text is not latn return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.lang_xx_t.translit_nonlatn, {pos, char}), args, template); -- abandon with error message end msg = validate_italic (args); if msg then return make_error_msg (msg, args, template); end if 'italic' == args.style then -- 'italic' when |italic=yes; because that is same as absent or not set and |italic=default args.style = nil; -- set to nil; end args.engvar = cfg.engvar_sel_t[args.engvar] or cfg.default_engvar; -- |engvar= when valid; cfg.default_engvar else if override_table[args.code] then -- is code a language code defined in the override table? language_name = override_table[args.code]; args.code = args.code:match ('^%a%a%a?'); -- if private use, strip all but language subtag elseif lang_table[args.code] then -- is code a language code defined in the standard language code tables? language_name = lang_table[args.code]; elseif lang_dep_table[args.code] then -- is code a language code defined in the deprecated language code tables? language_name = lang_dep_table[args.code]; elseif script_table[args.code] then -- if here, code is not a language code; is it a script code? language_name = script_table[args.code]; script = args.code; -- code was an ISO 15924 script so use that instead args.code = ''; -- unset because not a language code else return make_error_msg (substitute (cfg.transl_t.unrecog_lang_scr, {args.code}), args, template); -- invalid language / script code end -- here only when all parameters passed to make_translit() are valid return make_translit (args.code, language_name, args.text, args.translit_std, script, args.style, args.engvar); end --[[--------------------------< X L I T >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function xlit (frame) return _xlit (getArgs(frame)); end --[[--------------------------< C A T E G O R Y _ F R O M _ T A G >-------------------------------------------- Returns category name associated with IETF language tag if valid; error message else. All code combinations supported by {{lang}} and the {{lang-??}} templates are supported by this function. Module entry point from another module. ]] local function _category_from_tag (args_t) local subtags = {}; -- IETF subtags script, region, variant, and private local raw_code = args_t[1]; -- save a copy of the input IETF subtag local link = cfg.keywords_t.affirmative == args_t.link; -- make a boolean local label = args_t.label; local code; -- the language code local msg; -- gets an error message if IETF language tag is malformed or invalid local category_name = ''; code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private, msg = get_ietf_parts (raw_code); if msg then local template = (args_t.template and table.concat ({'{{', args_t.template, '}}: '})) or ''; -- make template name (if provided by the template) return make_error_span (template, msg); end raw_code = format_ietf_tag (code, subtags.script, subtags.region, subtags.variant, subtags.private); -- format to recommended subtag styles; private omitted because private category_name = language_name_get (raw_code, code); -- get language name; try IETF tag first, then code w/o variant then code w/ variant category_name = make_category (code, category_name, nil, true):gsub ('[%[%]]', ''); if link then return table.concat ({'[[:', category_name, ']]'}); else return category_name; end end --[[--------------------------< C A T E G O R Y _ F R O M _ T A G >-------------------------------------------- Module entry point from an {{#invoke:}}. ]] local function category_from_tag (frame) -- entry point from an {{#invoke:lang|category_from_tag|<IETF tag>|template=<template name>}} return _category_from_tag (getArgs (frame)); -- pass-on the args table, nothing else; getArgs() so we also get parent frame end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { category_from_tag = category_from_tag, -- frame entry points when this module is #invoke:ed into templates/wikitext lang = lang, -- entry point for {{lang}} langx = langx, -- entry point for {{langx}} lang_xx_inherit = lang_xx_inherit, -- entry points for {{lang-??}} lang_xx_italic = lang_xx_italic, is_ietf_tag = is_ietf_tag, is_ietf_tag_frame = is_ietf_tag_frame, is_lang_name = is_lang_name, tag_from_name = tag_from_name, -- returns IETF tag associated with language name name_from_tag = name_from_tag, -- used for template documentation; possible use in ISO 639 name from code templates xlit = xlit, -- entry point for {{transliteration}} _category_from_tag = _category_from_tag, -- API entry points when this module is require()d into other modules _lang = _lang, _langx = _langx, _lang_xx_inherit = _lang_xx_inherit, _lang_xx_italic = _lang_xx_italic, _is_ietf_tag = _is_ietf_tag, get_ietf_parts = get_ietf_parts, _tag_from_name = _tag_from_name, _name_from_tag = _name_from_tag, _xlit = _xlit, _translation_make = translation_make, }; a2cfwkhmwftlz0dec7rxgo77tqq36hm 828 91033 729962 674558 2026-10-07T04:38:48Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Modul:Language/data/iana languages]] ka [[Modul:Lang/data/iana languages]] 674558 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2019-04-30 return { ["aa"] = {"Afar"}, ["ab"] = {"Abkhazian"}, ["ae"] = {"Avestan"}, ["af"] = {"Afrikaans"}, ["ak"] = {"Akan"}, ["am"] = {"Amharic"}, ["an"] = {"Aragonese"}, ["ar"] = {"Arabic"}, ["as"] = {"Assamese"}, ["av"] = {"Avaric"}, ["ay"] = {"Aymara"}, ["az"] = {"Azerbaijani"}, ["ba"] = {"Bashkir"}, ["be"] = {"Belarusian"}, ["bg"] = {"Bulgarian"}, ["bh"] = {"Bihari languages"}, ["bi"] = {"Bislama"}, ["bm"] = {"Bambara"}, ["bn"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["bo"] = {"Tibetan"}, ["br"] = {"Breton"}, ["bs"] = {"Bosnian"}, ["ca"] = {"Catalan", "Valencian"}, ["ce"] = {"Chechen"}, ["ch"] = {"Chamorro"}, ["co"] = {"Corsican"}, ["cr"] = {"Cree"}, ["cs"] = {"Czech"}, ["cu"] = {"Church Slavic", "Church Slavonic", "Old Bulgarian", "Old Church Slavonic", "Old Slavonic"}, ["cv"] = {"Chuvash"}, ["cy"] = {"Welsh"}, ["da"] = {"Danish"}, ["de"] = {"German"}, ["dv"] = {"Dhivehi", "Divehi", "Maldivian"}, ["dz"] = {"Dzongkha"}, ["ee"] = {"Ewe"}, ["el"] = {"Modern Greek (1453-)"}, ["en"] = {"English"}, ["eo"] = {"Esperanto"}, ["es"] = {"Spanish", "Castilian"}, ["et"] = {"Estonian"}, ["eu"] = {"Basque"}, ["fa"] = {"Persian"}, ["ff"] = {"Fulah"}, ["fi"] = {"Finnish"}, ["fj"] = {"Fijian"}, ["fo"] = {"Faroese"}, ["fr"] = {"French"}, ["fy"] = {"Western Frisian"}, ["ga"] = {"Irish"}, ["gd"] = {"Scottish Gaelic", "Gaelic"}, ["gl"] = {"Galician"}, ["gn"] = {"Guarani"}, ["gu"] = {"Gujarati"}, ["gv"] = {"Manx"}, ["ha"] = {"Hausa"}, ["he"] = {"Hebrew"}, ["hi"] = {"Hindi"}, ["ho"] = {"Hiri Motu"}, ["hr"] = {"Croatian"}, ["ht"] = {"Haitian", "Haitian Creole"}, ["hu"] = {"Hungarian"}, ["hy"] = {"Armenian"}, ["hz"] = {"Herero"}, ["ia"] = {"Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)"}, ["id"] = {"Indonesian"}, ["ie"] = {"Interlingue", "Occidental"}, ["ig"] = {"Igbo"}, ["ii"] = {"Sichuan Yi", "Nuosu"}, ["ik"] = {"Inupiaq"}, ["io"] = {"Ido"}, ["is"] = {"Icelandic"}, ["it"] = {"Italian"}, ["iu"] = {"Inuktitut"}, ["ja"] = {"Japanese"}, ["jv"] = {"Javanese"}, ["ka"] = {"Georgian"}, ["kg"] = {"Kongo"}, ["ki"] = {"Kikuyu", "Gikuyu"}, ["kj"] = {"Kuanyama", "Kwanyama"}, ["kk"] = {"Kazakh"}, ["kl"] = {"Kalaallisut", "Greenlandic"}, ["km"] = {"Khmer", "Central Khmer"}, ["kn"] = {"Kannada"}, ["ko"] = {"Korean"}, ["kr"] = {"Kanuri"}, ["ks"] = {"Kashmiri"}, ["ku"] = {"Kurdish"}, ["kv"] = {"Komi"}, ["kw"] = {"Cornish"}, ["ky"] = {"Kirghiz", "Kyrgyz"}, ["la"] = {"Latin"}, ["lb"] = {"Luxembourgish", "Letzeburgesch"}, ["lg"] = {"Ganda", "Luganda"}, ["li"] = {"Limburgan", "Limburger", "Limburgish"}, ["ln"] = {"Lingala"}, ["lo"] = {"Lao"}, ["lt"] = {"Lithuanian"}, ["lu"] = {"Luba-Katanga"}, ["lv"] = {"Latvian"}, ["mg"] = {"Malagasy"}, ["mh"] = {"Marshallese"}, ["mi"] = {"Maori"}, ["mk"] = {"Macedonian"}, ["ml"] = {"Malayalam"}, ["mn"] = {"Mongolian"}, ["mr"] = {"Marathi"}, ["ms"] = {"Malay (macrolanguage)"}, ["mt"] = {"Maltese"}, ["my"] = {"Burmese"}, ["na"] = {"Nauru"}, ["nb"] = {"Norwegian Bokmål"}, ["nd"] = {"North Ndebele"}, ["ne"] = {"Nepali (macrolanguage)"}, ["ng"] = {"Ndonga"}, ["nl"] = {"Dutch", "Flemish"}, ["nn"] = {"Norwegian Nynorsk"}, ["no"] = {"Norwegian"}, ["nr"] = {"South Ndebele"}, ["nv"] = {"Navajo", "Navaho"}, ["ny"] = {"Nyanja", "Chewa", "Chichewa"}, ["oc"] = {"Occitan (post 1500)"}, ["oj"] = {"Ojibwa"}, ["om"] = {"Oromo"}, ["or"] = {"Oriya (macrolanguage)", "Odia (macrolanguage)"}, ["os"] = {"Ossetian", "Ossetic"}, ["pa"] = {"Panjabi", "Punjabi"}, ["pi"] = {"Pali"}, ["pl"] = {"Polish"}, ["ps"] = {"Pushto", "Pashto"}, ["pt"] = {"Portuguese"}, ["qu"] = {"Quechua"}, ["rm"] = {"Romansh"}, ["rn"] = {"Rundi"}, ["ro"] = {"Romanian", "Moldavian", "Moldovan"}, ["ru"] = {"Russian"}, ["rw"] = {"Kinyarwanda"}, ["sa"] = {"Sanskrit"}, ["sc"] = {"Sardinian"}, ["sd"] = {"Sindhi"}, ["se"] = {"Northern Sami"}, ["sg"] = {"Sango"}, ["sh"] = {"Serbo-Croatian"}, ["si"] = {"Sinhala", "Sinhalese"}, ["sk"] = {"Slovak"}, ["sl"] = {"Slovenian"}, ["sm"] = {"Samoan"}, ["sn"] = {"Shona"}, ["so"] = {"Somali"}, ["sq"] = {"Albanian"}, ["sr"] = {"Serbian"}, ["ss"] = {"Swati"}, ["st"] = {"Southern Sotho"}, ["su"] = {"Sundanese"}, ["sv"] = {"Swedish"}, ["sw"] = {"Swahili (macrolanguage)"}, ["ta"] = {"Tamil"}, ["te"] = {"Telugu"}, ["tg"] = {"Tajik"}, ["th"] = {"Thai"}, ["ti"] = {"Tigrinya"}, ["tk"] = {"Turkmen"}, ["tl"] = {"Tagalog"}, ["tn"] = {"Tswana"}, ["to"] = {"Tonga (Tonga Islands)"}, ["tr"] = {"Turkish"}, ["ts"] = {"Tsonga"}, ["tt"] = {"Tatar"}, ["tw"] = {"Twi"}, ["ty"] = {"Tahitian"}, ["ug"] = {"Uighur", "Uyghur"}, ["uk"] = {"Ukrainian"}, ["ur"] = {"Urdu"}, ["uz"] = {"Uzbek"}, ["ve"] = {"Venda"}, ["vi"] = {"Vietnamese"}, ["vo"] = {"Volapük"}, ["wa"] = {"Walloon"}, ["wo"] = {"Wolof"}, ["xh"] = {"Xhosa"}, ["yi"] = {"Yiddish"}, ["yo"] = {"Yoruba"}, ["za"] = {"Zhuang", "Chuang"}, ["zh"] = {"Chinese"}, ["zu"] = {"Zulu"}, ["aaa"] = {"Ghotuo"}, ["aab"] = {"Alumu-Tesu"}, ["aac"] = {"Ari"}, ["aad"] = {"Amal"}, ["aae"] = {"Arbëreshë Albanian"}, ["aaf"] = {"Aranadan"}, ["aag"] = {"Ambrak"}, ["aah"] = {"Abu' Arapesh"}, ["aai"] = {"Arifama-Miniafia"}, ["aak"] = {"Ankave"}, ["aal"] = {"Afade"}, ["aan"] = {"Anambé"}, ["aao"] = {"Algerian Saharan Arabic"}, ["aap"] = {"Pará Arára"}, ["aaq"] = {"Eastern Abnaki"}, ["aas"] = {"Aasáx"}, ["aat"] = {"Arvanitika Albanian"}, ["aau"] = {"Abau"}, ["aav"] = {"Austro-Asiatic languages"}, ["aaw"] = {"Solong"}, ["aax"] = {"Mandobo Atas"}, ["aaz"] = {"Amarasi"}, ["aba"] = {"Abé"}, ["abb"] = {"Bankon"}, ["abc"] = {"Ambala Ayta"}, ["abd"] = {"Manide"}, ["abe"] = {"Western Abnaki"}, ["abf"] = {"Abai Sungai"}, ["abg"] = {"Abaga"}, ["abh"] = {"Tajiki Arabic"}, ["abi"] = {"Abidji"}, ["abj"] = {"Aka-Bea"}, ["abl"] = {"Lampung Nyo"}, ["abm"] = {"Abanyom"}, ["abn"] = {"Abua"}, ["abo"] = {"Abon"}, ["abp"] = {"Abellen Ayta"}, ["abq"] = {"Abaza"}, ["abr"] = {"Abron"}, ["abs"] = {"Ambonese Malay"}, ["abt"] = {"Ambulas"}, ["abu"] = {"Abure"}, ["abv"] = {"Baharna Arabic"}, ["abw"] = {"Pal"}, ["abx"] = {"Inabaknon"}, ["aby"] = {"Aneme Wake"}, ["abz"] = {"Abui"}, ["aca"] = {"Achagua"}, ["acb"] = {"Áncá"}, ["acd"] = {"Gikyode"}, ["ace"] = {"Achinese"}, ["acf"] = {"Saint Lucian Creole French"}, ["ach"] = {"Acoli"}, ["aci"] = {"Aka-Cari"}, ["ack"] = {"Aka-Kora"}, ["acl"] = {"Akar-Bale"}, ["acm"] = {"Mesopotamian Arabic"}, ["acn"] = {"Achang"}, ["acp"] = {"Eastern Acipa"}, ["acq"] = {"Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic"}, ["acr"] = {"Achi"}, ["acs"] = {"Acroá"}, ["act"] = {"Achterhoeks"}, ["acu"] = {"Achuar-Shiwiar"}, ["acv"] = {"Achumawi"}, ["acw"] = {"Hijazi Arabic"}, ["acx"] = {"Omani Arabic"}, ["acy"] = {"Cypriot Arabic"}, ["acz"] = {"Acheron"}, ["ada"] = {"Adangme"}, ["adb"] = {"Adabe"}, ["add"] = {"Lidzonka", "Dzodinka"}, ["ade"] = {"Adele"}, ["adf"] = {"Dhofari Arabic"}, ["adg"] = {"Andegerebinha"}, ["adh"] = {"Adhola"}, ["adi"] = {"Adi"}, ["adj"] = {"Adioukrou"}, ["adl"] = {"Galo"}, ["adn"] = {"Adang"}, ["ado"] = {"Abu"}, ["adq"] = {"Adangbe"}, ["adr"] = {"Adonara"}, ["ads"] = {"Adamorobe Sign Language"}, ["adt"] = {"Adnyamathanha"}, ["adu"] = {"Aduge"}, ["adw"] = {"Amundava"}, ["adx"] = {"Amdo Tibetan"}, ["ady"] = {"Adyghe", "Adygei"}, ["adz"] = {"Adzera"}, ["aea"] = {"Areba"}, ["aeb"] = {"Tunisian Arabic"}, ["aec"] = {"Saidi Arabic"}, ["aed"] = {"Argentine Sign Language"}, ["aee"] = {"Northeast Pashai", "Northeast Pashayi"}, ["aek"] = {"Haeke"}, ["ael"] = {"Ambele"}, ["aem"] = {"Arem"}, ["aen"] = {"Armenian Sign Language"}, ["aeq"] = {"Aer"}, ["aer"] = {"Eastern Arrernte"}, ["aes"] = {"Alsea"}, ["aeu"] = {"Akeu"}, ["aew"] = {"Ambakich"}, ["aey"] = {"Amele"}, ["aez"] = {"Aeka"}, ["afa"] = {"Afro-Asiatic languages"}, ["afb"] = {"Gulf Arabic"}, ["afd"] = {"Andai"}, ["afe"] = {"Putukwam"}, ["afg"] = {"Afghan Sign Language"}, ["afh"] = {"Afrihili"}, ["afi"] = {"Akrukay", "Chini"}, ["afk"] = {"Nanubae"}, ["afn"] = {"Defaka"}, ["afo"] = {"Eloyi"}, ["afp"] = {"Tapei"}, ["afs"] = {"Afro-Seminole Creole"}, ["aft"] = {"Afitti"}, ["afu"] = {"Awutu"}, ["afz"] = {"Obokuitai"}, ["aga"] = {"Aguano"}, ["agb"] = {"Legbo"}, ["agc"] = {"Agatu"}, ["agd"] = {"Agarabi"}, ["age"] = {"Angal"}, ["agf"] = {"Arguni"}, ["agg"] = {"Angor"}, ["agh"] = {"Ngelima"}, ["agi"] = {"Agariya"}, ["agj"] = {"Argobba"}, ["agk"] = {"Isarog Agta"}, ["agl"] = {"Fembe"}, ["agm"] = {"Angaataha"}, ["agn"] = {"Agutaynen"}, ["ago"] = {"Tainae"}, ["agq"] = {"Aghem"}, ["agr"] = {"Aguaruna"}, ["ags"] = {"Esimbi"}, ["agt"] = {"Central Cagayan Agta"}, ["agu"] = {"Aguacateco"}, ["agv"] = {"Remontado Dumagat"}, ["agw"] = {"Kahua"}, ["agx"] = {"Aghul"}, ["agy"] = {"Southern Alta"}, ["agz"] = {"Mt. Iriga Agta"}, ["aha"] = {"Ahanta"}, ["ahb"] = {"Axamb"}, ["ahg"] = {"Qimant"}, ["ahh"] = {"Aghu"}, ["ahi"] = {"Tiagbamrin Aizi"}, ["ahk"] = {"Akha"}, ["ahl"] = {"Igo"}, ["ahm"] = {"Mobumrin Aizi"}, ["ahn"] = {"Àhàn"}, ["aho"] = {"Ahom"}, ["ahp"] = {"Aproumu Aizi"}, ["ahr"] = {"Ahirani"}, ["ahs"] = {"Ashe"}, ["aht"] = {"Ahtena"}, ["aia"] = {"Arosi"}, ["aib"] = {"Ainu (China)"}, ["aic"] = {"Ainbai"}, ["aid"] = {"Alngith"}, ["aie"] = {"Amara"}, ["aif"] = {"Agi"}, ["aig"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda Creole English"}, ["aih"] = {"Ai-Cham"}, ["aii"] = {"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic"}, ["aij"] = {"Lishanid Noshan"}, ["aik"] = {"Ake"}, ["ail"] = {"Aimele"}, ["aim"] = {"Aimol"}, ["ain"] = {"Ainu (Japan)"}, ["aio"] = {"Aiton"}, ["aip"] = {"Burumakok"}, ["aiq"] = {"Aimaq"}, ["air"] = {"Airoran"}, ["ait"] = {"Arikem"}, ["aiw"] = {"Aari"}, ["aix"] = {"Aighon"}, ["aiy"] = {"Ali"}, ["aja"] = {"Aja (South Sudan)"}, ["ajg"] = {"Aja (Benin)"}, ["aji"] = {"Ajië"}, ["ajn"] = {"Andajin"}, ["ajp"] = {"South Levantine Arabic"}, ["ajt"] = {"Judeo-Tunisian Arabic"}, ["aju"] = {"Judeo-Moroccan Arabic"}, ["ajw"] = {"Ajawa"}, ["ajz"] = {"Amri Karbi"}, ["akb"] = {"Batak Angkola"}, ["akc"] = {"Mpur"}, ["akd"] = {"Ukpet-Ehom"}, ["ake"] = {"Akawaio"}, ["akf"] = {"Akpa"}, ["akg"] = {"Anakalangu"}, ["akh"] = {"Angal Heneng"}, ["aki"] = {"Aiome"}, ["akj"] = {"Aka-Jeru"}, ["akk"] = {"Akkadian"}, ["akl"] = {"Aklanon"}, ["akm"] = {"Aka-Bo"}, ["ako"] = {"Akurio"}, ["akp"] = {"Siwu"}, ["akq"] = {"Ak"}, ["akr"] = {"Araki"}, ["aks"] = {"Akaselem"}, ["akt"] = {"Akolet"}, ["aku"] = {"Akum"}, ["akv"] = {"Akhvakh"}, ["akw"] = {"Akwa"}, ["akx"] = {"Aka-Kede"}, ["aky"] = {"Aka-Kol"}, ["akz"] = {"Alabama"}, ["ala"] = {"Alago"}, ["alc"] = {"Qawasqar"}, ["ald"] = {"Alladian"}, ["ale"] = {"Aleut"}, ["alf"] = {"Alege"}, ["alg"] = {"Algonquian languages"}, ["alh"] = {"Alawa"}, ["ali"] = {"Amaimon"}, ["alj"] = {"Alangan"}, ["alk"] = {"Alak"}, ["all"] = {"Allar"}, ["alm"] = {"Amblong"}, ["aln"] = {"Gheg Albanian"}, ["alo"] = {"Larike-Wakasihu"}, ["alp"] = {"Alune"}, ["alq"] = {"Algonquin"}, ["alr"] = {"Alutor"}, ["als"] = {"Tosk Albanian"}, ["alt"] = {"Southern Altai"}, ["alu"] = {"'Are'are"}, ["alv"] = {"Atlantic-Congo languages"}, ["alw"] = {"Alaba-K’abeena", "Wanbasana"}, ["alx"] = {"Amol"}, ["aly"] = {"Alyawarr"}, ["alz"] = {"Alur"}, ["ama"] = {"Amanayé"}, ["amb"] = {"Ambo"}, ["amc"] = {"Amahuaca"}, ["ame"] = {"Yanesha'"}, ["amf"] = {"Hamer-Banna"}, ["amg"] = {"Amurdak"}, ["ami"] = {"Amis"}, ["amj"] = {"Amdang"}, ["amk"] = {"Ambai"}, ["aml"] = {"War-Jaintia"}, ["amm"] = {"Ama (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["amn"] = {"Amanab"}, ["amo"] = {"Amo"}, ["amp"] = {"Alamblak"}, ["amq"] = {"Amahai"}, ["amr"] = {"Amarakaeri"}, ["ams"] = {"Southern Amami-Oshima"}, ["amt"] = {"Amto"}, ["amu"] = {"Guerrero Amuzgo"}, ["amv"] = {"Ambelau"}, ["amw"] = {"Western Neo-Aramaic"}, ["amx"] = {"Anmatyerre"}, ["amy"] = {"Ami"}, ["amz"] = {"Atampaya"}, ["ana"] = {"Andaqui"}, ["anb"] = {"Andoa"}, ["anc"] = {"Ngas"}, ["and"] = {"Ansus"}, ["ane"] = {"Xârâcùù"}, ["anf"] = {"Animere"}, ["ang"] = {"Old English (ca. 450-1100)"}, ["anh"] = {"Nend"}, ["ani"] = {"Andi"}, ["anj"] = {"Anor"}, ["ank"] = {"Goemai"}, ["anl"] = {"Anu-Hkongso Chin"}, ["anm"] = {"Anal"}, ["ann"] = {"Obolo"}, ["ano"] = {"Andoque"}, ["anp"] = {"Angika"}, ["anq"] = {"Jarawa (India)"}, ["anr"] = {"Andh"}, ["ans"] = {"Anserma"}, ["ant"] = {"Antakarinya", "Antikarinya"}, ["anu"] = {"Anuak"}, ["anv"] = {"Denya"}, ["anw"] = {"Anaang"}, ["anx"] = {"Andra-Hus"}, ["any"] = {"Anyin"}, ["anz"] = {"Anem"}, ["aoa"] = {"Angolar"}, ["aob"] = {"Abom"}, ["aoc"] = {"Pemon"}, ["aod"] = {"Andarum"}, ["aoe"] = {"Angal Enen"}, ["aof"] = {"Bragat"}, ["aog"] = {"Angoram"}, ["aoh"] = {"Arma"}, ["aoi"] = {"Anindilyakwa"}, ["aoj"] = {"Mufian"}, ["aok"] = {"Arhö"}, ["aol"] = {"Alor"}, ["aom"] = {"Ömie"}, ["aon"] = {"Bumbita Arapesh"}, ["aor"] = {"Aore"}, ["aos"] = {"Taikat"}, ["aot"] = {"Atong (India)", "A'tong"}, ["aou"] = {"A'ou"}, ["aox"] = {"Atorada"}, ["aoz"] = {"Uab Meto"}, ["apa"] = {"Apache languages"}, ["apb"] = {"Sa'a"}, ["apc"] = {"North Levantine Arabic"}, ["apd"] = {"Sudanese Arabic"}, ["ape"] = {"Bukiyip"}, ["apf"] = {"Pahanan Agta"}, ["apg"] = {"Ampanang"}, ["aph"] = {"Athpariya"}, ["api"] = {"Apiaká"}, ["apj"] = {"Jicarilla Apache"}, ["apk"] = {"Kiowa Apache"}, ["apl"] = {"Lipan Apache"}, ["apm"] = {"Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache"}, ["apn"] = {"Apinayé"}, ["apo"] = {"Ambul"}, ["app"] = {"Apma"}, ["apq"] = {"A-Pucikwar"}, ["apr"] = {"Arop-Lokep"}, ["aps"] = {"Arop-Sissano"}, ["apt"] = {"Apatani"}, ["apu"] = {"Apurinã"}, ["apv"] = {"Alapmunte"}, ["apw"] = {"Western Apache"}, ["apx"] = {"Aputai"}, ["apy"] = {"Apalaí"}, ["apz"] = {"Safeyoka"}, ["aqa"] = {"Alacalufan languages"}, ["aqc"] = {"Archi"}, ["aqd"] = {"Ampari Dogon"}, ["aqg"] = {"Arigidi"}, ["aql"] = {"Algic languages"}, ["aqm"] = {"Atohwaim"}, ["aqn"] = {"Northern Alta"}, ["aqp"] = {"Atakapa"}, ["aqr"] = {"Arhâ"}, ["aqt"] = {"Angaité"}, ["aqz"] = {"Akuntsu"}, ["arb"] = {"Standard Arabic"}, ["arc"] = {"Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)"}, ["ard"] = {"Arabana"}, ["are"] = {"Western Arrarnta"}, ["arh"] = {"Arhuaco"}, ["ari"] = {"Arikara"}, ["arj"] = {"Arapaso"}, ["ark"] = {"Arikapú"}, ["arl"] = {"Arabela"}, ["arn"] = {"Mapudungun", "Mapuche"}, ["aro"] = {"Araona"}, ["arp"] = {"Arapaho"}, ["arq"] = {"Algerian Arabic"}, ["arr"] = {"Karo (Brazil)"}, ["ars"] = {"Najdi Arabic"}, ["art"] = {"Artificial languages"}, ["aru"] = {"Aruá (Amazonas State)", "Arawá"}, ["arv"] = {"Arbore"}, ["arw"] = {"Arawak"}, ["arx"] = {"Aruá (Rodonia State)"}, ["ary"] = {"Moroccan Arabic"}, ["arz"] = {"Egyptian Arabic"}, ["asa"] = {"Asu (Tanzania)"}, ["asb"] = {"Assiniboine"}, ["asc"] = {"Casuarina Coast Asmat"}, ["ase"] = {"American Sign Language"}, ["asf"] = {"Auslan", "Australian Sign Language"}, ["asg"] = {"Cishingini"}, ["ash"] = {"Abishira"}, ["asi"] = {"Buruwai"}, ["asj"] = {"Sari"}, ["ask"] = {"Ashkun"}, ["asl"] = {"Asilulu"}, ["asn"] = {"Xingú Asuriní"}, ["aso"] = {"Dano"}, ["asp"] = {"Algerian Sign Language"}, ["asq"] = {"Austrian Sign Language"}, ["asr"] = {"Asuri"}, ["ass"] = {"Ipulo"}, ["ast"] = {"Asturian", "Asturleonese", "Bable", "Leonese"}, ["asu"] = {"Tocantins Asurini"}, ["asv"] = {"Asoa"}, ["asw"] = {"Australian Aborigines Sign Language"}, ["asx"] = {"Muratayak"}, ["asy"] = {"Yaosakor Asmat"}, ["asz"] = {"As"}, ["ata"] = {"Pele-Ata"}, ["atb"] = {"Zaiwa"}, ["atc"] = {"Atsahuaca"}, ["atd"] = {"Ata Manobo"}, ["ate"] = {"Atemble"}, ["atg"] = {"Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe"}, ["ath"] = {"Athapascan languages"}, ["ati"] = {"Attié"}, ["atj"] = {"Atikamekw"}, ["atk"] = {"Ati"}, ["atl"] = {"Mt. Iraya Agta"}, ["atm"] = {"Ata"}, ["atn"] = {"Ashtiani"}, ["ato"] = {"Atong (Cameroon)"}, ["atp"] = {"Pudtol Atta"}, ["atq"] = {"Aralle-Tabulahan"}, ["atr"] = {"Waimiri-Atroari"}, ["ats"] = {"Gros Ventre"}, ["att"] = {"Pamplona Atta"}, ["atu"] = {"Reel"}, ["atv"] = {"Northern Altai"}, ["atw"] = {"Atsugewi"}, ["atx"] = {"Arutani"}, ["aty"] = {"Aneityum"}, ["atz"] = {"Arta"}, ["aua"] = {"Asumboa"}, ["aub"] = {"Alugu"}, ["auc"] = {"Waorani"}, ["aud"] = {"Anuta"}, ["auf"] = {"Arauan languages"}, ["aug"] = {"Aguna"}, ["auh"] = {"Aushi"}, ["aui"] = {"Anuki"}, ["auj"] = {"Awjilah"}, ["auk"] = {"Heyo"}, ["aul"] = {"Aulua"}, ["aum"] = {"Asu (Nigeria)"}, ["aun"] = {"Molmo One"}, ["auo"] = {"Auyokawa"}, ["aup"] = {"Makayam"}, ["auq"] = {"Anus", "Korur"}, ["aur"] = {"Aruek"}, ["aus"] = {"Australian languages"}, ["aut"] = {"Austral"}, ["auu"] = {"Auye"}, ["auw"] = {"Awyi"}, ["aux"] = {"Aurá"}, ["auy"] = {"Awiyaana"}, ["auz"] = {"Uzbeki Arabic"}, ["avb"] = {"Avau"}, ["avd"] = {"Alviri-Vidari"}, ["avi"] = {"Avikam"}, ["avk"] = {"Kotava"}, ["avl"] = {"Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic"}, ["avm"] = {"Angkamuthi"}, ["avn"] = {"Avatime"}, ["avo"] = {"Agavotaguerra"}, ["avs"] = {"Aushiri"}, ["avt"] = {"Au"}, ["avu"] = {"Avokaya"}, ["avv"] = {"Avá-Canoeiro"}, ["awa"] = {"Awadhi"}, ["awb"] = {"Awa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["awc"] = {"Cicipu"}, ["awd"] = {"Arawakan languages"}, ["awe"] = {"Awetí"}, ["awg"] = {"Anguthimri"}, ["awh"] = {"Awbono"}, ["awi"] = {"Aekyom"}, ["awk"] = {"Awabakal"}, ["awm"] = {"Arawum"}, ["awn"] = {"Awngi"}, ["awo"] = {"Awak"}, ["awr"] = {"Awera"}, ["aws"] = {"South Awyu"}, ["awt"] = {"Araweté"}, ["awu"] = {"Central Awyu"}, ["awv"] = {"Jair Awyu"}, ["aww"] = {"Awun"}, ["awx"] = {"Awara"}, ["awy"] = {"Edera Awyu"}, ["axb"] = {"Abipon"}, ["axe"] = {"Ayerrerenge"}, ["axg"] = {"Mato Grosso Arára"}, ["axk"] = {"Yaka (Central African Republic)"}, ["axl"] = {"Lower Southern Aranda"}, ["axm"] = {"Middle Armenian"}, ["axx"] = {"Xârâgurè"}, ["aya"] = {"Awar"}, ["ayb"] = {"Ayizo Gbe"}, ["ayc"] = {"Southern Aymara"}, ["ayd"] = {"Ayabadhu"}, ["aye"] = {"Ayere"}, ["ayg"] = {"Ginyanga"}, ["ayh"] = {"Hadrami Arabic"}, ["ayi"] = {"Leyigha"}, ["ayk"] = {"Akuku"}, ["ayl"] = {"Libyan Arabic"}, ["ayn"] = {"Sanaani Arabic"}, ["ayo"] = {"Ayoreo"}, ["ayp"] = {"North Mesopotamian Arabic"}, ["ayq"] = {"Ayi (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["ayr"] = {"Central Aymara"}, ["ays"] = {"Sorsogon Ayta"}, ["ayt"] = {"Magbukun Ayta"}, ["ayu"] = {"Ayu"}, ["ayy"] = {"Tayabas Ayta"}, ["ayz"] = {"Mai Brat"}, ["aza"] = {"Azha"}, ["azb"] = {"South Azerbaijani"}, ["azc"] = {"Uto-Aztecan languages"}, ["azd"] = {"Eastern Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azg"] = {"San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo"}, ["azj"] = {"North Azerbaijani"}, ["azm"] = {"Ipalapa Amuzgo"}, ["azn"] = {"Western Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azo"] = {"Awing"}, ["azt"] = {"Faire Atta"}, ["azz"] = {"Highland Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["baa"] = {"Babatana"}, ["bab"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyuño"}, ["bac"] = {"Badui"}, ["bad"] = {"Banda languages"}, ["bae"] = {"Baré"}, ["baf"] = {"Nubaca"}, ["bag"] = {"Tuki"}, ["bah"] = {"Bahamas Creole English"}, ["bai"] = {"Bamileke languages"}, ["baj"] = {"Barakai"}, ["bal"] = {"Baluchi"}, ["ban"] = {"Balinese"}, ["bao"] = {"Waimaha"}, ["bap"] = {"Bantawa"}, ["bar"] = {"Bavarian"}, ["bas"] = {"Basa (Cameroon)"}, ["bat"] = {"Baltic languages"}, ["bau"] = {"Bada (Nigeria)"}, ["bav"] = {"Vengo"}, ["baw"] = {"Bambili-Bambui"}, ["bax"] = {"Bamun"}, ["bay"] = {"Batuley"}, ["bba"] = {"Baatonum"}, ["bbb"] = {"Barai"}, ["bbc"] = {"Batak Toba"}, ["bbd"] = {"Bau"}, ["bbe"] = {"Bangba"}, ["bbf"] = {"Baibai"}, ["bbg"] = {"Barama"}, ["bbh"] = {"Bugan"}, ["bbi"] = {"Barombi"}, ["bbj"] = {"Ghomálá'"}, ["bbk"] = {"Babanki"}, ["bbl"] = {"Bats"}, ["bbm"] = {"Babango"}, ["bbn"] = {"Uneapa"}, ["bbo"] = {"Northern Bobo Madaré", "Konabéré"}, ["bbp"] = {"West Central Banda"}, ["bbq"] = {"Bamali"}, ["bbr"] = {"Girawa"}, ["bbs"] = {"Bakpinka"}, ["bbt"] = {"Mburku"}, ["bbu"] = {"Kulung (Nigeria)"}, ["bbv"] = {"Karnai"}, ["bbw"] = {"Baba"}, ["bbx"] = {"Bubia"}, ["bby"] = {"Befang"}, ["bbz"] = {"Babalia Creole Arabic"}, ["bca"] = {"Central Bai"}, ["bcb"] = {"Bainouk-Samik"}, ["bcc"] = {"Southern Balochi"}, ["bcd"] = {"North Babar"}, ["bce"] = {"Bamenyam"}, ["bcf"] = {"Bamu"}, ["bcg"] = {"Baga Pokur"}, ["bch"] = {"Bariai"}, ["bci"] = {"Baoulé"}, ["bcj"] = {"Bardi"}, ["bck"] = {"Bunuba"}, ["bcl"] = {"Central Bikol"}, ["bcm"] = {"Bannoni"}, ["bcn"] = {"Bali (Nigeria)"}, ["bco"] = {"Kaluli"}, ["bcp"] = {"Bali (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bcq"] = {"Bench"}, ["bcr"] = {"Babine"}, ["bcs"] = {"Kohumono"}, ["bct"] = {"Bendi"}, ["bcu"] = {"Awad Bing"}, ["bcv"] = {"Shoo-Minda-Nye"}, ["bcw"] = {"Bana"}, ["bcy"] = {"Bacama"}, ["bcz"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyaamolo"}, ["bda"] = {"Bayot"}, ["bdb"] = {"Basap"}, ["bdc"] = {"Emberá-Baudó"}, ["bdd"] = {"Bunama"}, ["bde"] = {"Bade"}, ["bdf"] = {"Biage"}, ["bdg"] = {"Bonggi"}, ["bdh"] = {"Baka (South Sudan)"}, ["bdi"] = {"Burun"}, ["bdj"] = {"Bai (South Sudan)", "Bai"}, ["bdk"] = {"Budukh"}, ["bdl"] = {"Indonesian Bajau"}, ["bdm"] = {"Buduma"}, ["bdn"] = {"Baldemu"}, ["bdo"] = {"Morom"}, ["bdp"] = {"Bende"}, ["bdq"] = {"Bahnar"}, ["bdr"] = {"West Coast Bajau"}, ["bds"] = {"Burunge"}, ["bdt"] = {"Bokoto"}, ["bdu"] = {"Oroko"}, ["bdv"] = {"Bodo Parja"}, ["bdw"] = {"Baham"}, ["bdx"] = {"Budong-Budong"}, ["bdy"] = {"Bandjalang"}, ["bdz"] = {"Badeshi"}, ["bea"] = {"Beaver"}, ["beb"] = {"Bebele"}, ["bec"] = {"Iceve-Maci"}, ["bed"] = {"Bedoanas"}, ["bee"] = {"Byangsi"}, ["bef"] = {"Benabena"}, ["beg"] = {"Belait"}, ["beh"] = {"Biali"}, ["bei"] = {"Bekati'"}, ["bej"] = {"Beja", "Bedawiyet"}, ["bek"] = {"Bebeli"}, ["bem"] = {"Bemba (Zambia)"}, ["beo"] = {"Beami"}, ["bep"] = {"Besoa"}, ["beq"] = {"Beembe"}, ["ber"] = {"Berber languages"}, ["bes"] = {"Besme"}, ["bet"] = {"Guiberoua Béte"}, ["beu"] = {"Blagar"}, ["bev"] = {"Daloa Bé Bai", "Northern Bai"}, ["bfd"] = {"Bafut"}, ["bfe"] = {"Betaf", "Tena"}, ["bff"] = {"Bofi"}, ["bfg"] = {"Busang Kayan"}, ["bfh"] = {"Blafe"}, ["bfi"] = {"British Sign Language"}, ["bfj"] = {"Bafanji"}, ["bfk"] = {"Ban Khor Sign Language"}, ["bfl"] = {"Banda-Ndélé"}, ["bfm"] = {"Mmen"}, ["bfn"] = {"Bunak"}, ["bfo"] = {"Malba Birifor"}, ["bfp"] = {"Beba"}, ["bfq"] = {"Badaga"}, ["bfr"] = {"Bazigar"}, ["bfs"] = {"Southern Bai"}, ["bft"] = {"Balti"}, ["bfu"] = {"Gahri"}, ["bfw"] = {"Bondo"}, ["bfx"] = {"Bantayanon"}, ["bfy"] = {"Bagheli"}, ["bfz"] = {"Mahasu Pahari"}, ["bga"] = {"Gwamhi-Wuri"}, ["bgb"] = {"Bobongko"}, ["bgc"] = {"Haryanvi"}, ["bgd"] = {"Rathwi Bareli"}, ["bge"] = {"Bauria"}, ["bgf"] = {"Bangandu"}, ["bgg"] = {"Bugun"}, ["bgi"] = {"Giangan"}, ["bgj"] = {"The"}, ["bgk"] = {"Bit", "Buxinhua"}, ["bgl"] = {"Bo (Laos)"}, ["bgn"] = {"Western Balochi"}, ["bgo"] = {"Baga Koga"}, ["bgp"] = {"Eastern Balochi"}, ["bgq"] = {"Bagri"}, ["bgr"] = {"Bawm Chin"}, ["bgs"] = {"Tagabawa"}, ["bgt"] = {"Bughotu"}, ["bgu"] = {"Mbongno"}, ["bgv"] = {"Warkay-Bipim"}, ["bgw"] = {"Bhatri"}, ["bgx"] = {"Balkan Gagauz Turkish"}, ["bgy"] = {"Benggoi"}, ["bgz"] = {"Banggai"}, ["bha"] = {"Bharia"}, ["bhb"] = {"Bhili"}, ["bhc"] = {"Biga"}, ["bhd"] = {"Bhadrawahi"}, ["bhe"] = {"Bhaya"}, ["bhf"] = {"Odiai"}, ["bhg"] = {"Binandere"}, ["bhh"] = {"Bukharic"}, ["bhi"] = {"Bhilali"}, ["bhj"] = {"Bahing"}, ["bhl"] = {"Bimin"}, ["bhm"] = {"Bathari"}, ["bhn"] = {"Bohtan Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bho"] = {"Bhojpuri"}, ["bhp"] = {"Bima"}, ["bhq"] = {"Tukang Besi South"}, ["bhr"] = {"Bara Malagasy"}, ["bhs"] = {"Buwal"}, ["bht"] = {"Bhattiyali"}, ["bhu"] = {"Bhunjia"}, ["bhv"] = {"Bahau"}, ["bhw"] = {"Biak"}, ["bhx"] = {"Bhalay"}, ["bhy"] = {"Bhele"}, ["bhz"] = {"Bada (Indonesia)"}, ["bia"] = {"Badimaya"}, ["bib"] = {"Bissa", "Bisa"}, ["bic"] = {"Bikaru"}, ["bid"] = {"Bidiyo"}, ["bie"] = {"Bepour"}, ["bif"] = {"Biafada"}, ["big"] = {"Biangai"}, ["bij"] = {"Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri"}, ["bik"] = {"Bikol"}, ["bil"] = {"Bile"}, ["bim"] = {"Bimoba"}, ["bin"] = {"Bini", "Edo"}, ["bio"] = {"Nai"}, ["bip"] = {"Bila"}, ["biq"] = {"Bipi"}, ["bir"] = {"Bisorio"}, ["bit"] = {"Berinomo"}, ["biu"] = {"Biete"}, ["biv"] = {"Southern Birifor"}, ["biw"] = {"Kol (Cameroon)"}, ["bix"] = {"Bijori"}, ["biy"] = {"Birhor"}, ["biz"] = {"Baloi"}, ["bja"] = {"Budza"}, ["bjb"] = {"Banggarla"}, ["bjc"] = {"Bariji"}, ["bje"] = {"Biao-Jiao Mien"}, ["bjf"] = {"Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bjg"] = {"Bidyogo"}, ["bjh"] = {"Bahinemo"}, ["bji"] = {"Burji"}, ["bjj"] = {"Kanauji"}, ["bjk"] = {"Barok"}, ["bjl"] = {"Bulu (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bjm"] = {"Bajelani"}, ["bjn"] = {"Banjar"}, ["bjo"] = {"Mid-Southern Banda"}, ["bjp"] = {"Purpose"}, ["bjr"] = {"Binumarien"}, ["bjs"] = {"Bajan"}, ["bjt"] = {"Balanta-Ganja"}, ["bju"] = {"Busuu"}, ["bjv"] = {"Bedjond"}, ["bjw"] = {"Bakwé"}, ["bjx"] = {"Banao Itneg"}, ["bjy"] = {"Bayali"}, ["bjz"] = {"Baruga"}, ["bka"] = {"Kyak"}, ["bkc"] = {"Baka (Cameroon)"}, ["bkd"] = {"Binukid", "Talaandig"}, ["bkf"] = {"Beeke"}, ["bkg"] = {"Buraka"}, ["bkh"] = {"Bakoko"}, ["bki"] = {"Baki"}, ["bkj"] = {"Pande"}, ["bkk"] = {"Brokskat"}, ["bkl"] = {"Berik"}, ["bkm"] = {"Kom (Cameroon)"}, ["bkn"] = {"Bukitan"}, ["bko"] = {"Kwa'"}, ["bkp"] = {"Boko (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bkq"] = {"Bakairí"}, ["bkr"] = {"Bakumpai"}, ["bks"] = {"Northern Sorsoganon"}, ["bkt"] = {"Boloki"}, ["bku"] = {"Buhid"}, ["bkv"] = {"Bekwarra"}, ["bkw"] = {"Bekwel"}, ["bkx"] = {"Baikeno"}, ["bky"] = {"Bokyi"}, ["bkz"] = {"Bungku"}, ["bla"] = {"Siksika"}, ["blb"] = {"Bilua"}, ["blc"] = {"Bella Coola"}, ["bld"] = {"Bolango"}, ["ble"] = {"Balanta-Kentohe"}, ["blf"] = {"Buol"}, ["blg"] = {"Balau"}, ["blh"] = {"Kuwaa"}, ["bli"] = {"Bolia"}, ["blj"] = {"Bolongan"}, ["blk"] = {"Pa'o Karen", "Pa'O"}, ["bll"] = {"Biloxi"}, ["blm"] = {"Beli (South Sudan)"}, ["bln"] = {"Southern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["blo"] = {"Anii"}, ["blp"] = {"Blablanga"}, ["blq"] = {"Baluan-Pam"}, ["blr"] = {"Blang"}, ["bls"] = {"Balaesang"}, ["blt"] = {"Tai Dam"}, ["blv"] = {"Kibala", "Bolo"}, ["blw"] = {"Balangao"}, ["blx"] = {"Mag-Indi Ayta"}, ["bly"] = {"Notre"}, ["blz"] = {"Balantak"}, ["bma"] = {"Lame"}, ["bmb"] = {"Life"}, ["bmc"] = {"Biem"}, ["bmd"] = {"Baga Manduri"}, ["bme"] = {"Limassa"}, ["bmf"] = {"Bom-Kim"}, ["bmg"] = {"Bamwe"}, ["bmh"] = {"Kein"}, ["bmi"] = {"Bagirmi"}, ["bmj"] = {"Life"}, ["bmk"] = {"Ghayavi"}, ["bml"] = {"Bomboli"}, ["bmm"] = {"Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bmn"] = {"Bina (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bmo"] = {"Bambalang"}, ["bmp"] = {"Bulgebi"}, ["bmq"] = {"Bomu"}, ["bmr"] = {"Muinane"}, ["bms"] = {"Bilma Kanuri"}, ["bmt"] = {"Biao Mon"}, ["bmu"] = {"Somba-Siawari"}, ["bmv"] = {"Bum"}, ["bmw"] = {"Bomwali"}, ["bmx"] = {"Baimak"}, ["bmz"] = {"Baramu"}, ["bna"] = {"Bonerate"}, ["bnb"] = {"Bookan"}, ["bnc"] = {"Bontok"}, ["bnd"] = {"Banda (Indonesia)"}, ["bne"] = {"Bintauna"}, ["bnf"] = {"Masiwang"}, ["bng"] = {"Benga"}, ["bni"] = {"Bangi"}, ["bnj"] = {"Eastern Tawbuid"}, ["bnk"] = {"Bierebo"}, ["bnl"] = {"Boon"}, ["bnm"] = {"Batanga"}, ["bnn"] = {"Bunun"}, ["bno"] = {"Bantoanon"}, ["bnp"] = {"Bola"}, ["bnq"] = {"Bantik"}, ["bnr"] = {"Butmas-Tur"}, ["bns"] = {"Bundeli"}, ["bnt"] = {"Bantu languages"}, ["bnu"] = {"Bentong"}, ["bnv"] = {"Bonerif", "Beneraf", "Edwas"}, ["bnw"] = {"Bisis"}, ["bnx"] = {"Bangubangu"}, ["bny"] = {"Bintulu"}, ["bnz"] = {"Beezen"}, ["boa"] = {"Bora"}, ["bob"] = {"Aweer"}, ["boe"] = {"Mundabli"}, ["bof"] = {"Bolon"}, ["bog"] = {"Bamako Sign Language"}, ["boh"] = {"Boma"}, ["boi"] = {"Barbareño"}, ["boj"] = {"Anjam"}, ["bok"] = {"Bonjo"}, ["bol"] = {"Bole"}, ["bom"] = {"Berom"}, ["bon"] = {"Bine"}, ["boo"] = {"Tiemacèwè Bozo"}, ["bop"] = {"Bonkiman"}, ["boq"] = {"Bogaya"}, ["bor"] = {"Borôro"}, ["bot"] = {"Bongo"}, ["bou"] = {"Bondei"}, ["bov"] = {"Tuwuli"}, ["bow"] = {"Rema"}, ["box"] = {"Buamu"}, ["boy"] = {"Bodo (Central African Republic)"}, ["boz"] = {"Tiéyaxo Bozo"}, ["bpa"] = {"Daakaka"}, ["bpb"] = {"Barbacoas"}, ["bpd"] = {"Banda-Banda"}, ["bpg"] = {"Bonggo"}, ["bph"] = {"Botlikh"}, ["bpi"] = {"Bagupi"}, ["bpj"] = {"Binji"}, ["bpk"] = {"Orowe", "'Ôrôê"}, ["bpl"] = {"Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin"}, ["bpm"] = {"Biyom"}, ["bpn"] = {"Dzao Min"}, ["bpo"] = {"Anasi"}, ["bpp"] = {"Kaure"}, ["bpq"] = {"Banda Malay"}, ["bpr"] = {"Koronadal Blaan"}, ["bps"] = {"Sarangani Blaan"}, ["bpt"] = {"Barrow Point"}, ["bpu"] = {"Bongu"}, ["bpv"] = {"Bian Marind"}, ["bpw"] = {"Bo (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bpx"] = {"Palya Bareli"}, ["bpy"] = {"Bishnupriya"}, ["bpz"] = {"Bilba"}, ["bqa"] = {"Tchumbuli"}, ["bqb"] = {"Bagusa"}, ["bqc"] = {"Boko (Benin)", "Boo"}, ["bqd"] = {"Bung"}, ["bqf"] = {"Baga Kaloum"}, ["bqg"] = {"Bago-Kusuntu"}, ["bqh"] = {"Baima"}, ["bqi"] = {"Bakhtiari"}, ["bqj"] = {"Bandial"}, ["bqk"] = {"Banda-Mbrès"}, ["bql"] = {"Bilakura"}, ["bqm"] = {"Wumboko"}, ["bqn"] = {"Bulgarian Sign Language"}, ["bqo"] = {"Balo"}, ["bqp"] = {"Busa"}, ["bqq"] = {"Biritai"}, ["bqr"] = {"Burusu"}, ["bqs"] = {"Bosngun"}, ["bqt"] = {"Bamukumbit"}, ["bqu"] = {"Boguru"}, ["bqv"] = {"Koro Wachi", "Begbere-Ejar"}, ["bqw"] = {"Buru (Nigeria)"}, ["bqx"] = {"Baangi"}, ["bqy"] = {"Bengkala Sign Language"}, ["bqz"] = {"Bakaka"}, ["bra"] = {"Braj"}, ["brb"] = {"Lave"}, ["brc"] = {"Berbice Creole Dutch"}, ["brd"] = {"Baraamu"}, ["brf"] = {"Bera"}, ["brg"] = {"Baure"}, ["brh"] = {"Brahui"}, ["bri"] = {"Mokpwe"}, ["brj"] = {"Bieria"}, ["brk"] = {"Birked"}, ["brl"] = {"Birwa"}, ["brm"] = {"Barambu"}, ["brn"] = {"Boruca"}, ["bro"] = {"Brokkat"}, ["brp"] = {"Barapasi"}, ["brq"] = {"Breri"}, ["brr"] = {"Birao"}, ["brs"] = {"Baras"}, ["brt"] = {"Bitare"}, ["bru"] = {"Eastern Bru"}, ["brv"] = {"Western Bru"}, ["brw"] = {"Bellari"}, ["brx"] = {"Bodo (India)"}, ["bry"] = {"Burui"}, ["brz"] = {"Bilbil"}, ["bsa"] = {"Abinomn"}, ["bsb"] = {"Brunei Bisaya"}, ["bsc"] = {"Bassari", "Oniyan"}, ["bse"] = {"Wushi"}, ["bsf"] = {"Bauchi"}, ["bsg"] = {"Bashkardi"}, ["bsh"] = {"Kati"}, ["bsi"] = {"Bassossi"}, ["bsj"] = {"Bangwinji"}, ["bsk"] = {"Burushaski"}, ["bsl"] = {"Basa-Gumna"}, ["bsm"] = {"Busami"}, ["bsn"] = {"Barasana-Eduria"}, ["bso"] = {"Buso"}, ["bsp"] = {"Baga Sitemu"}, ["bsq"] = {"Bassa"}, ["bsr"] = {"Bassa-Kontagora"}, ["bss"] = {"Akoose"}, ["bst"] = {"Basketo"}, ["bsu"] = {"Bahonsuai"}, ["bsv"] = {"Baga Sobané"}, ["bsw"] = {"Baiso"}, ["bsx"] = {"Yangkam"}, ["bsy"] = {"Sabah Bisaya"}, ["bta"] = {"Bata"}, ["btc"] = {"Bati (Cameroon)"}, ["btd"] = {"Batak Dairi"}, ["bte"] = {"Gamo-Ningi"}, ["btf"] = {"Birgit"}, ["btg"] = {"Gagnoa Bété"}, ["bth"] = {"Biatah Bidayuh"}, ["bti"] = {"Burate"}, ["btj"] = {"Bacanese Malay"}, ["btk"] = {"Batak languages"}, ["btm"] = {"Batak Mandailing"}, ["btn"] = {"Ratagnon"}, ["bto"] = {"Rinconada Bikol"}, ["btp"] = {"Budibud"}, ["btq"] = {"Batek"}, ["btr"] = {"Baetora"}, ["bts"] = {"Batak Simalungun"}, ["btt"] = {"Bete-Bendi"}, ["btu"] = {"Batu"}, ["btv"] = {"Bateri"}, ["btw"] = {"Butuanon"}, ["btx"] = {"Batak Karo"}, ["bty"] = {"Bobot"}, ["btz"] = {"Batak Alas-Kluet"}, ["bua"] = {"Buriat"}, ["bub"] = {"Bua"}, ["buc"] = {"Bushi"}, ["bud"] = {"Ntcham"}, ["bue"] = {"Beothuk"}, ["buf"] = {"Bushoong"}, ["bug"] = {"Buginese"}, ["buh"] = {"Younuo Bunu"}, ["bui"] = {"Bongili"}, ["buj"] = {"Basa-Gurmana"}, ["buk"] = {"Bugawac"}, ["bum"] = {"Bulu (Cameroon)"}, ["bun"] = {"Sherbro"}, ["buo"] = {"Terei"}, ["bup"] = {"Busoa"}, ["buq"] = {"Brem"}, ["bus"] = {"Bokobaru"}, ["but"] = {"Bungain"}, ["buu"] = {"Budu"}, ["buv"] = {"Bun"}, ["buw"] = {"Bubi"}, ["bux"] = {"Boghom"}, ["buy"] = {"Bullom So"}, ["buz"] = {"Bukwen"}, ["bva"] = {"Barein"}, ["bvb"] = {"Bube"}, ["bvc"] = {"Baelelea"}, ["bvd"] = {"Baeggu"}, ["bve"] = {"Berau Malay"}, ["bvf"] = {"Boor"}, ["bvg"] = {"Bonkeng"}, ["bvh"] = {"Bure"}, ["bvi"] = {"Belanda Viri"}, ["bvj"] = {"Baan"}, ["bvk"] = {"Bukat"}, ["bvl"] = {"Bolivian Sign Language"}, ["bvm"] = {"Bamunka"}, ["bvn"] = {"Buna"}, ["bvo"] = {"Bolgo"}, ["bvp"] = {"Bumang"}, ["bvq"] = {"Birri"}, ["bvr"] = {"Burarra"}, ["bvt"] = {"Bati (Indonesia)"}, ["bvu"] = {"Bukit Malay"}, ["bvv"] = {"Baniva"}, ["bvw"] = {"Boga"}, ["bvx"] = {"Dibole"}, ["bvy"] = {"Baybayanon"}, ["bvz"] = {"Bauzi"}, ["bwa"] = {"Bwatoo"}, ["bwb"] = {"Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua"}, ["bwc"] = {"Bwile"}, ["bwd"] = {"Bwaidoka"}, ["bwe"] = {"Bwe Karen"}, ["bwf"] = {"Boselewa"}, ["bwg"] = {"Barwe"}, ["bwh"] = {"Bishuo"}, ["bwi"] = {"Baniwa"}, ["bwj"] = {"Láá Láá Bwamu"}, ["bwk"] = {"Bauwaki"}, ["bwl"] = {"Bwela"}, ["bwm"] = {"Biwat"}, ["bwn"] = {"Wunai Bunu"}, ["bwo"] = {"Boro (Ethiopia)", "Borna (Ethiopia)"}, ["bwp"] = {"Mandobo Bawah"}, ["bwq"] = {"Southern Bobo Madaré"}, ["bwr"] = {"Bura-Pabir"}, ["bws"] = {"Bomboma"}, ["bwt"] = {"Bafaw-Balong"}, ["bwu"] = {"Buli (Ghana)"}, ["bww"] = {"Bwa"}, ["bwx"] = {"Bu-Nao Bunu"}, ["bwy"] = {"Cwi Bwamu"}, ["bwz"] = {"Bwisi"}, ["bxa"] = {"Tairaha"}, ["bxb"] = {"Belanda Bor"}, ["bxc"] = {"Molengue"}, ["bxd"] = {"Pela"}, ["bxe"] = {"Birale"}, ["bxf"] = {"Bilur", "Minigir"}, ["bxg"] = {"Bangala"}, ["bxh"] = {"Buhutu"}, ["bxi"] = {"Pirlatapa"}, ["bxj"] = {"Bayungu"}, ["bxk"] = {"Bukusu", "Lubukusu"}, ["bxl"] = {"Jalkunan"}, ["bxm"] = {"Mongolia Buriat"}, ["bxn"] = {"Burduna"}, ["bxo"] = {"Barikanchi"}, ["bxp"] = {"Bebil"}, ["bxq"] = {"Beele"}, ["bxr"] = {"Russia Buriat"}, ["bxs"] = {"Busam"}, ["bxu"] = {"China Buriat"}, ["bxv"] = {"Berakou"}, ["bxw"] = {"Bankagooma"}, ["bxz"] = {"Binahari"}, ["bya"] = {"Batak"}, ["byb"] = {"Bikya"}, ["byc"] = {"Ubaghara"}, ["byd"] = {"Benyadu'"}, ["bye"] = {"Pouye"}, ["byf"] = {"Bete"}, ["byg"] = {"Baygo"}, ["byh"] = {"Bhujel"}, ["byi"] = {"Buyu"}, ["byj"] = {"Bina (Nigeria)"}, ["byk"] = {"Biao"}, ["byl"] = {"Bayono"}, ["bym"] = {"Bidjara"}, ["byn"] = {"Bilin", "Blin"}, ["byo"] = {"Biyo"}, ["byp"] = {"Bumaji"}, ["byq"] = {"Basay"}, ["byr"] = {"Baruya", "Yipma"}, ["bys"] = {"Burak"}, ["byt"] = {"Berti"}, ["byv"] = {"Medumba"}, ["byw"] = {"Belhariya"}, ["byx"] = {"Qaqet"}, ["byz"] = {"Banaro"}, ["bza"] = {"Bandi"}, ["bzb"] = {"Andio"}, ["bzc"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bzd"] = {"Bribri"}, ["bze"] = {"Jenaama Bozo"}, ["bzf"] = {"Boikin"}, ["bzg"] = {"Babuza"}, ["bzh"] = {"Mapos Buang"}, ["bzi"] = {"Bisu"}, ["bzj"] = {"Belize Kriol English"}, ["bzk"] = {"Nicaragua Creole English"}, ["bzl"] = {"Boano (Sulawesi)"}, ["bzm"] = {"Bolondo"}, ["bzn"] = {"Boano (Maluku)"}, ["bzo"] = {"Bozaba"}, ["bzp"] = {"Kemberano"}, ["bzq"] = {"Buli (Indonesia)"}, ["bzr"] = {"Biri"}, ["bzs"] = {"Brazilian Sign Language"}, ["bzt"] = {"Brithenig"}, ["bzu"] = {"Burmeso"}, ["bzv"] = {"Naami"}, ["bzw"] = {"Basa (Nigeria)"}, ["bzx"] = {"Kɛlɛngaxo Bozo"}, ["bzy"] = {"Obanliku"}, ["bzz"] = {"Evant"}, ["caa"] = {"Chortí"}, ["cab"] = {"Garifuna"}, ["cac"] = {"Chuj"}, ["cad"] = {"Caddo"}, ["cae"] = {"Lehar", "Laalaa"}, ["caf"] = {"Southern Carrier"}, ["cag"] = {"Nivaclé"}, ["cah"] = {"Cahuarano"}, ["cai"] = {"Central American Indian languages"}, ["caj"] = {"Chané"}, ["cak"] = {"Kaqchikel", "Cakchiquel"}, ["cal"] = {"Carolinian"}, ["cam"] = {"Cemuhî"}, ["can"] = {"Chambri"}, ["cao"] = {"Chácobo"}, ["cap"] = {"Chipaya"}, ["caq"] = {"Car Nicobarese"}, ["car"] = {"Galibi Carib"}, ["cas"] = {"Tsimané"}, ["cau"] = {"Caucasian languages"}, ["cav"] = {"Cavineña"}, ["caw"] = {"Callawalla"}, ["cax"] = {"Chiquitano"}, ["cay"] = {"Cayuga"}, ["caz"] = {"Canichana"}, ["cba"] = {"Chibchan languages"}, ["cbb"] = {"Cabiyarí"}, ["cbc"] = {"Carapana"}, ["cbd"] = {"Carijona"}, ["cbg"] = {"Chimila"}, ["cbi"] = {"Chachi"}, ["cbj"] = {"Ede Cabe"}, ["cbk"] = {"Chavacano"}, ["cbl"] = {"Bualkhaw Chin"}, ["cbn"] = {"Nyahkur"}, ["cbo"] = {"Izora"}, ["cbq"] = {"Tsucuba", "Cuba"}, ["cbr"] = {"Cashibo-Cacataibo"}, ["cbs"] = {"Cashinahua"}, ["cbt"] = {"Chayahuita"}, ["cbu"] = {"Candoshi-Shapra"}, ["cbv"] = {"Cacua"}, ["cbw"] = {"Kinabalian"}, ["cby"] = {"Carabayo"}, ["cca"] = {"Cauca"}, ["ccc"] = {"Chamicuro"}, ["ccd"] = {"Cafundo Creole"}, ["cce"] = {"Chopi"}, ["ccg"] = {"Samba Daka"}, ["cch"] = {"Atsam"}, ["ccj"] = {"Kasanga"}, ["ccl"] = {"Cutchi-Swahili"}, ["ccm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Malay"}, ["ccn"] = {"North Caucasian languages"}, ["cco"] = {"Comaltepec Chinantec"}, ["ccp"] = {"Chakma"}, ["ccr"] = {"Cacaopera"}, ["ccs"] = {"South Caucasian languages"}, ["cda"] = {"Choni"}, ["cdc"] = {"Chadic languages"}, ["cdd"] = {"Caddoan languages"}, ["cde"] = {"Chenchu"}, ["cdf"] = {"Chiru"}, ["cdg"] = {"Chamari"}, ["cdh"] = {"Chambeali"}, ["cdi"] = {"Chodri"}, ["cdj"] = {"Churahi"}, ["cdm"] = {"Chepang"}, ["cdn"] = {"Chaudangsi"}, ["cdo"] = {"Min Dong Chinese"}, ["cdr"] = {"Cinda-Regi-Tiyal"}, ["cds"] = {"Chadian Sign Language"}, ["cdy"] = {"Chadong"}, ["cdz"] = {"Koda"}, ["cea"] = {"Lower Chehalis"}, ["ceb"] = {"Cebuano"}, ["ceg"] = {"Chamacoco"}, ["cek"] = {"Eastern Khumi Chin"}, ["cel"] = {"Celtic languages"}, ["cen"] = {"Cen"}, ["cet"] = {"Centúúm"}, ["cey"] = {"Ekai Chin"}, ["cfa"] = {"Dijim-Bwilim"}, ["cfd"] = {"Cara"}, ["cfg"] = {"Como Karim"}, ["cfm"] = {"Falam Chin"}, ["cga"] = {"Changriwa"}, ["cgc"] = {"Kagayanen"}, ["cgg"] = {"Chiga"}, ["cgk"] = {"Chocangacakha"}, ["chb"] = {"Chibcha"}, ["chc"] = {"Catawba"}, ["chd"] = {"Highland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["chf"] = {"Tabasco Chontal"}, ["chg"] = {"Chagatai"}, ["chh"] = {"Chinook"}, ["chj"] = {"Ojitlán Chinantec"}, ["chk"] = {"Chuukese"}, ["chl"] = {"Cahuilla"}, ["chm"] = {"Mari (Russia)"}, ["chn"] = {"Chinook jargon"}, ["cho"] = {"Choctaw"}, ["chp"] = {"Chipewyan", "Dene Suline"}, ["chq"] = {"Quiotepec Chinantec"}, ["chr"] = {"Cherokee"}, ["cht"] = {"Cholón"}, ["chw"] = {"Chuwabu"}, ["chx"] = {"Chantyal"}, ["chy"] = {"Cheyenne"}, ["chz"] = {"Ozumacín Chinantec"}, ["cia"] = {"Cia-Cia"}, ["cib"] = {"Ci Gbe"}, ["cic"] = {"Chickasaw"}, ["cid"] = {"Chimariko"}, ["cie"] = {"Cineni"}, ["cih"] = {"Chinali"}, ["cik"] = {"Chitkuli Kinnauri"}, ["cim"] = {"Cimbrian"}, ["cin"] = {"Cinta Larga"}, ["cip"] = {"Chiapanec"}, ["cir"] = {"Tiri", "Haméa", "Méa"}, ["ciw"] = {"Chippewa"}, ["ciy"] = {"Chaima"}, ["cja"] = {"Western Cham"}, ["cje"] = {"Chru"}, ["cjh"] = {"Upper Chehalis"}, ["cji"] = {"Chamalal"}, ["cjk"] = {"Chokwe"}, ["cjm"] = {"Eastern Cham"}, ["cjn"] = {"Chenapian"}, ["cjo"] = {"Ashéninka Pajonal"}, ["cjp"] = {"Cabécar"}, ["cjs"] = {"Shor"}, ["cjv"] = {"Chuave"}, ["cjy"] = {"Jinyu Chinese"}, ["ckb"] = {"Central Kurdish"}, ["ckh"] = {"Chak"}, ["ckl"] = {"Cibak"}, ["ckn"] = {"Kaang Chin"}, ["cko"] = {"Anufo"}, ["ckq"] = {"Kajakse"}, ["ckr"] = {"Kairak"}, ["cks"] = {"Tayo"}, ["ckt"] = {"Chukot"}, ["cku"] = {"Koasati"}, ["ckv"] = {"Kavalan"}, ["ckx"] = {"Caka"}, ["cky"] = {"Cakfem-Mushere"}, ["ckz"] = {"Cakchiquel-Quiché Mixed Language"}, ["cla"] = {"Ron"}, ["clc"] = {"Chilcotin"}, ["cld"] = {"Chaldean Neo-Aramaic"}, ["cle"] = {"Lealao Chinantec"}, ["clh"] = {"Chilisso"}, ["cli"] = {"Chakali"}, ["clj"] = {"Laitu Chin"}, ["clk"] = {"Idu-Mishmi"}, ["cll"] = {"Chala"}, ["clm"] = {"Clallam"}, ["clo"] = {"Lowland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["clt"] = {"Lautu Chin"}, ["clu"] = {"Caluyanun"}, ["clw"] = {"Chulym"}, ["cly"] = {"Eastern Highland Chatino"}, ["cma"] = {"Maa"}, ["cmc"] = {"Chamic languages"}, ["cme"] = {"Cerma"}, ["cmg"] = {"Classical Mongolian"}, ["cmi"] = {"Emberá-Chamí"}, ["cml"] = {"Campalagian"}, ["cmm"] = {"Michigamea"}, ["cmn"] = {"Mandarin Chinese"}, ["cmo"] = {"Central Mnong"}, ["cmr"] = {"Mro-Khimi Chin"}, ["cms"] = {"Messapic"}, ["cmt"] = {"Camtho"}, ["cna"] = {"Changthang"}, ["cnb"] = {"Chinbon Chin"}, ["cnc"] = {"Côông"}, ["cng"] = {"Northern Qiang"}, ["cnh"] = {"Hakha Chin", "Haka Chin"}, ["cni"] = {"Asháninka"}, ["cnk"] = {"Khumi Chin"}, ["cnl"] = {"Lalana Chinantec"}, ["cno"] = {"Con"}, ["cnr"] = {"Montenegrin"}, ["cns"] = {"Central Asmat"}, ["cnt"] = {"Tepetotutla Chinantec"}, ["cnu"] = {"Chenoua"}, ["cnw"] = {"Ngawn Chin"}, ["cnx"] = {"Middle Cornish"}, ["coa"] = {"Cocos Islands Malay"}, ["cob"] = {"Chicomuceltec"}, ["coc"] = {"Cocopa"}, ["cod"] = {"Cocama-Cocamilla"}, ["coe"] = {"Koreguaje"}, ["cof"] = {"Colorado"}, ["cog"] = {"Chong"}, ["coh"] = {"Chonyi-Dzihana-Kauma", "Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma"}, ["coj"] = {"Cochimi"}, ["cok"] = {"Santa Teresa Cora"}, ["col"] = {"Columbia-Wenatchi"}, ["com"] = {"Comanche"}, ["con"] = {"Cofán"}, ["coo"] = {"Comox"}, ["cop"] = {"Coptic"}, ["coq"] = {"Coquille"}, ["cot"] = {"Caquinte"}, ["cou"] = {"Wamey"}, ["cov"] = {"Cao Miao"}, ["cow"] = {"Cowlitz"}, ["cox"] = {"Nanti"}, ["coz"] = {"Chochotec"}, ["cpa"] = {"Palantla Chinantec"}, ["cpb"] = {"Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka"}, ["cpc"] = {"Ajyíninka Apurucayali"}, ["cpe"] = {"English-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpf"] = {"French-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpg"] = {"Cappadocian Greek"}, ["cpi"] = {"Chinese Pidgin English"}, ["cpn"] = {"Cherepon"}, ["cpo"] = {"Kpeego"}, ["cpp"] = {"Portuguese-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cps"] = {"Capiznon"}, ["cpu"] = {"Pichis Ashéninka"}, ["cpx"] = {"Pu-Xian Chinese"}, ["cpy"] = {"South Ucayali Ashéninka"}, ["cqd"] = {"Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao"}, ["cra"] = {"Chara"}, ["crb"] = {"Island Carib"}, ["crc"] = {"Lonwolwol"}, ["crd"] = {"Coeur d'Alene"}, ["crf"] = {"Caramanta"}, ["crg"] = {"Michif"}, ["crh"] = {"Crimean Tatar", "Crimean Turkish"}, ["cri"] = {"Sãotomense"}, ["crj"] = {"Southern East Cree"}, ["crk"] = {"Plains Cree"}, ["crl"] = {"Northern East Cree"}, ["crm"] = {"Moose Cree"}, ["crn"] = {"El Nayar Cora"}, ["cro"] = {"Crow"}, ["crp"] = {"Creoles and pidgins"}, ["crq"] = {"Iyo'wujwa Chorote"}, ["crr"] = {"Carolina Algonquian"}, ["crs"] = {"Seselwa Creole French"}, ["crt"] = {"Iyojwa'ja Chorote"}, ["crv"] = {"Chaura"}, ["crw"] = {"Chrau"}, ["crx"] = {"Carrier"}, ["cry"] = {"Cori"}, ["crz"] = {"Cruzeño"}, ["csa"] = {"Chiltepec Chinantec"}, ["csb"] = {"Kashubian"}, ["csc"] = {"Catalan Sign Language", "Lengua de señas catalana", "Llengua de Signes Catalana"}, ["csd"] = {"Chiangmai Sign Language"}, ["cse"] = {"Czech Sign Language"}, ["csf"] = {"Cuba Sign Language"}, ["csg"] = {"Chilean Sign Language"}, ["csh"] = {"Asho Chin"}, ["csi"] = {"Coast Miwok"}, ["csj"] = {"Songlai Chin"}, ["csk"] = {"Jola-Kasa"}, ["csl"] = {"Chinese Sign Language"}, ["csm"] = {"Central Sierra Miwok"}, ["csn"] = {"Colombian Sign Language"}, ["cso"] = {"Sochiapam Chinantec", "Sochiapan Chinantec"}, ["csq"] = {"Croatia Sign Language"}, ["csr"] = {"Costa Rican Sign Language"}, ["css"] = {"Southern Ohlone"}, ["cst"] = {"Northern Ohlone"}, ["csu"] = {"Central Sudanic languages"}, ["csv"] = {"Sumtu Chin"}, ["csw"] = {"Swampy Cree"}, ["csy"] = {"Siyin Chin"}, ["csz"] = {"Coos"}, ["cta"] = {"Tataltepec Chatino"}, ["ctc"] = {"Chetco"}, ["ctd"] = {"Tedim Chin"}, ["cte"] = {"Tepinapa Chinantec"}, ["ctg"] = {"Chittagonian"}, ["cth"] = {"Thaiphum Chin"}, ["ctl"] = {"Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec"}, ["ctm"] = {"Chitimacha"}, ["ctn"] = {"Chhintange"}, ["cto"] = {"Emberá-Catío"}, ["ctp"] = {"Western Highland Chatino"}, ["cts"] = {"Northern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["ctt"] = {"Wayanad Chetti"}, ["ctu"] = {"Chol"}, ["ctz"] = {"Zacatepec Chatino"}, ["cua"] = {"Cua"}, ["cub"] = {"Cubeo"}, ["cuc"] = {"Usila Chinantec"}, ["cug"] = {"Chungmboko", "Cung"}, ["cuh"] = {"Chuka", "Gichuka"}, ["cui"] = {"Cuiba"}, ["cuj"] = {"Mashco Piro"}, ["cuk"] = {"San Blas Kuna"}, ["cul"] = {"Culina", "Kulina"}, ["cuo"] = {"Cumanagoto"}, ["cup"] = {"Cupeño"}, ["cuq"] = {"Cun"}, ["cur"] = {"Chhulung"}, ["cus"] = {"Cushitic languages"}, ["cut"] = {"Teutila Cuicatec"}, ["cuu"] = {"Tai Ya"}, ["cuv"] = {"Cuvok"}, ["cuw"] = {"Chukwa"}, ["cux"] = {"Tepeuxila Cuicatec"}, ["cuy"] = {"Cuitlatec"}, ["cvg"] = {"Chug"}, ["cvn"] = {"Valle Nacional Chinantec"}, ["cwa"] = {"Kabwa"}, ["cwb"] = {"Maindo"}, ["cwd"] = {"Woods Cree"}, ["cwe"] = {"Kwere"}, ["cwg"] = {"Chewong", "Cheq Wong"}, ["cwt"] = {"Kuwaataay"}, ["cya"] = {"Nopala Chatino"}, ["cyb"] = {"Cayubaba"}, ["cyo"] = {"Cuyonon"}, ["czh"] = {"Huizhou Chinese"}, ["czk"] = {"Knaanic"}, ["czn"] = {"Zenzontepec Chatino"}, ["czo"] = {"Min Zhong Chinese"}, ["czt"] = {"Zotung Chin"}, ["daa"] = {"Dangaléat"}, ["dac"] = {"Dambi"}, ["dad"] = {"Marik"}, ["dae"] = {"Duupa"}, ["dag"] = {"Dagbani"}, ["dah"] = {"Gwahatike"}, ["dai"] = {"Day"}, ["daj"] = {"Dar Fur Daju"}, ["dak"] = {"Dakota"}, ["dal"] = {"Dahalo"}, ["dam"] = {"Damakawa"}, ["dao"] = {"Daai Chin"}, ["daq"] = {"Dandami Maria"}, ["dar"] = {"Dargwa"}, ["das"] = {"Daho-Doo"}, ["dau"] = {"Dar Sila Daju"}, ["dav"] = {"Taita", "Dawida"}, ["daw"] = {"Davawenyo"}, ["dax"] = {"Dayi"}, ["day"] = {"Land Dayak languages"}, ["daz"] = {"Dao"}, ["dba"] = {"Bangime"}, ["dbb"] = {"Deno"}, ["dbd"] = {"Dadiya"}, ["dbe"] = {"Dabe"}, ["dbf"] = {"Edopi"}, ["dbg"] = {"Dogul Dom Dogon"}, ["dbi"] = {"Doka"}, ["dbj"] = {"Ida'an"}, ["dbl"] = {"Dyirbal"}, ["dbm"] = {"Duguri"}, ["dbn"] = {"Duriankere"}, ["dbo"] = {"Dulbu"}, ["dbp"] = {"Duwai"}, ["dbq"] = {"Daba"}, ["dbr"] = {"Dabarre"}, ["dbt"] = {"Ben Tey Dogon"}, ["dbu"] = {"Bondum Dom Dogon"}, ["dbv"] = {"Dungu"}, ["dbw"] = {"Bankan Tey Dogon"}, ["dby"] = {"Dibiyaso"}, ["dcc"] = {"Deccan"}, ["dcr"] = {"Negerhollands"}, ["dda"] = {"Dadi Dadi"}, ["ddd"] = {"Dongotono"}, ["dde"] = {"Doondo"}, ["ddg"] = {"Fataluku"}, ["ddi"] = {"West Goodenough"}, ["ddj"] = {"Jaru"}, ["ddn"] = {"Dendi (Benin)"}, ["ddo"] = {"Dido"}, ["ddr"] = {"Dhudhuroa"}, ["dds"] = {"Donno So Dogon"}, ["ddw"] = {"Dawera-Daweloor"}, ["dec"] = {"Dagik"}, ["ded"] = {"Dedua"}, ["dee"] = {"Dewoin"}, ["def"] = {"Dezfuli"}, ["deg"] = {"Degema"}, ["deh"] = {"Dehwari"}, ["dei"] = {"Demisa"}, ["dek"] = {"Dek"}, ["del"] = {"Delaware"}, ["dem"] = {"Dem"}, ["den"] = {"Slave (Athapascan)"}, ["dep"] = {"Pidgin Delaware"}, ["deq"] = {"Dendi (Central African Republic)"}, ["der"] = {"Deori"}, ["des"] = {"Desano"}, ["dev"] = {"Domung"}, ["dez"] = {"Dengese"}, ["dga"] = {"Southern Dagaare"}, ["dgb"] = {"Bunoge Dogon"}, ["dgc"] = {"Casiguran Dumagat Agta"}, ["dgd"] = {"Dagaari Dioula"}, ["dge"] = {"Degenan"}, ["dgg"] = {"Doga"}, ["dgh"] = {"Dghwede"}, ["dgi"] = {"Northern Dagara"}, ["dgk"] = {"Dagba"}, ["dgl"] = {"Andaandi", "Dongolawi"}, ["dgn"] = {"Dagoman"}, ["dgo"] = {"Dogri (individual language)"}, ["dgr"] = {"Dogrib"}, ["dgs"] = {"Dogoso"}, ["dgt"] = {"Ndra'ngith"}, ["dgu"] = {"Degaru"}, ["dgw"] = {"Daungwurrung"}, ["dgx"] = {"Doghoro"}, ["dgz"] = {"Daga"}, ["dhd"] = {"Dhundari"}, ["dhg"] = {"Dhangu-Djangu", "Dhangu", "Djangu"}, ["dhi"] = {"Dhimal"}, ["dhl"] = {"Dhalandji"}, ["dhm"] = {"Zemba"}, ["dhn"] = {"Dhanki"}, ["dho"] = {"Dhodia"}, ["dhr"] = {"Dhargari"}, ["dhs"] = {"The key is at "}, ["dhu"] = {"Dhurga"}, ["dhv"] = {"Dehu", "Drehu"}, ["dhw"] = {"Dhanwar (Nepal)"}, ["dhx"] = {"Dhungaloo"}, ["dia"] = {"Dia"}, ["dib"] = {"South Central Dinka"}, ["dic"] = {"Lakota Dida"}, ["did"] = {"Didinga"}, ["dif"] = {"Dieri", "Diyari"}, ["dig"] = {"Digo", "Chidigo"}, ["dih"] = {"Kumiai"}, ["dii"] = {"Dimbong"}, ["dij"] = {"Dai"}, ["dik"] = {"Southwestern Dinka"}, ["dil"] = {"Dilling"}, ["dim"] = {"Dime"}, ["din"] = {"Dinka"}, ["dio"] = {"Dibo"}, ["dip"] = {"Northeastern Dinka"}, ["diq"] = {"Dimli (individual language)"}, ["dir"] = {"Dirim"}, ["dis"] = {"Dimasa"}, ["diu"] = {"Diriku"}, ["diw"] = {"Northwestern Dinka"}, ["dix"] = {"Dixon Reef"}, ["diy"] = {"Diuwe"}, ["diz"] = {"Ding"}, ["dja"] = {"Djadjawurrung"}, ["djb"] = {"Djinba"}, ["djc"] = {"Dar Daju Daju"}, ["djd"] = {"Djamindjung", "Ngaliwurru"}, ["dje"] = {"Zarma"}, ["djf"] = {"Djangun"}, ["dji"] = {"Djinang"}, ["djj"] = {"Djeebbana"}, ["djk"] = {"Eastern Maroon Creole", "Businenge Tongo", "Nenge"}, ["djm"] = {"Jamsay Dogon"}, ["djn"] = {"Jawoyn", "Djauan"}, ["djo"] = {"Jangkang"}, ["djr"] = {"Djambarrpuyngu"}, ["dju"] = {"Kapriman"}, ["djw"] = {"Djawi"}, ["dka"] = {"Dakpakha"}, ["dkk"] = {"Dakka"}, ["dkr"] = {"Kuijau"}, ["dks"] = {"Southeastern Dinka"}, ["dkx"] = {"Mazagway"}, ["dlg"] = {"Dolgan"}, ["dlk"] = {"2589"}, ["dlm"] = {"Dalmatian"}, ["dln"] = {"Darlong"}, ["dma"] = {"Duma"}, ["dmb"] = {"Mombo Dogon"}, ["dmc"] = {"Gavak"}, ["dmd"] = {"Madhi Madhi"}, ["dme"] = {"Dugwor"}, ["dmg"] = {"Upper Kinabatangan"}, ["dmk"] = {"Domaaki"}, ["dml"] = {"Dameli"}, ["dmm"] = {"Dama"}, ["dmn"] = {"Mande languages"}, ["dmo"] = {"Kemedzung"}, ["dmr"] = {"East Damar"}, ["dms"] = {"Dampelas"}, ["dmu"] = {"Dubu", "Tebi"}, ["dmv"] = {"Dumpas"}, ["dmw"] = {"Mudburra"}, ["dmx"] = {"Dema"}, ["dmy"] = {"Demta", "Sowari"}, ["dna"] = {"Upper Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnd"] = {"Daonda"}, ["dne"] = {"Ndendeule"}, ["dng"] = {"Dungan"}, ["dni"] = {"Lower Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnj"] = {"Dan"}, ["dnk"] = {"Dengka"}, ["dnn"] = {"Dzùùngoo"}, ["dno"] = {"Ndrulo", "Northern Lendu"}, ["dnr"] = {"Danaru"}, ["dnt"] = {"Mid Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnu"] = {"Danau"}, ["dnv"] = {"Danu"}, ["dnw"] = {"Western Dani"}, ["dny"] = {"Dení"}, ["doa"] = {"Dom"}, ["dob"] = {"Dobu"}, ["doc"] = {"Northern Dong"}, ["doe"] = {"Doe"}, ["dof"] = {"Domu"}, ["doh"] = {"Dong"}, ["doi"] = {"Dogri (macrolanguage)"}, ["dok"] = {"Dondo"}, ["dol"] = {"Doso"}, ["don"] = {"Toura (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["doo"] = {"Dongo"}, ["dop"] = {"Lukpa"}, ["doq"] = {"Dominican Sign Language"}, ["dor"] = {"Dori'o"}, ["dos"] = {"Dogosé"}, ["dot"] = {"Dass"}, ["dov"] = {"Dombe"}, ["dow"] = {"Doyayo"}, ["dox"] = {"Bussa"}, ["doy"] = {"Dompo"}, ["doz"] = {"Dorze"}, ["dpp"] = {"Papar"}, ["dra"] = {"Dravidian languages"}, ["drb"] = {"Dair"}, ["drc"] = {"Minderico"}, ["drd"] = {"Darmiya"}, ["dre"] = {"Dolpo"}, ["drg"] = {"Rungus"}, ["dri"] = {"C'Lela"}, ["drl"] = {"Paakantyi"}, ["drn"] = {"West Damar"}, ["dro"] = {"Daro-Matu Melanau"}, ["drq"] = {"Dura"}, ["drr"] = {"Dororo"}, ["drs"] = {"Gedeo"}, ["drt"] = {"Drents"}, ["dru"] = {"Rukai"}, ["dry"] = {"Darai"}, ["dsb"] = {"Lower Sorbian"}, ["dse"] = {"Dutch Sign Language"}, ["dsh"] = {"Daasanach"}, ["dsi"] = {"Disa"}, ["dsl"] = {"Danish Sign Language"}, ["dsn"] = {"Dusner"}, ["dso"] = {"Desiya"}, ["dsq"] = {"Tadaksahak"}, ["dta"] = {"Daur"}, ["dtb"] = {"Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan"}, ["dtd"] = {"Ditidaht"}, ["dth"] = {"Adithinngithigh"}, ["dti"] = {"Ana Tinga Dogon"}, ["dtk"] = {"Tene Kan Dogon"}, ["dtm"] = {"Tomo Kan Dogon"}, ["dtn"] = {"Daatsʼíin"}, ["dto"] = {"Tommo So Dogon"}, ["dtp"] = {"Kadazan Dusun", "Central Dusun"}, ["dtr"] = {"Lotud"}, ["dts"] = {"Toro So Dogon"}, ["dtt"] = {"Toro Tegu Dogon"}, ["dtu"] = {"Tebul Ure Dogon"}, ["dty"] = {"Dotyali"}, ["dua"] = {"Duala"}, ["dub"] = {"Dubli"}, ["duc"] = {"Duna"}, ["due"] = {"Umiray Dumaget Agta"}, ["duf"] = {"Dumbea", "Drubea"}, ["dug"] = {"Duruma", "Chiduruma"}, ["duh"] = {"Dungra Bhil"}, ["dui"] = {"Dumun"}, ["duk"] = {"Uyajitaya"}, ["dul"] = {"Alabat Island Agta"}, ["dum"] = {"Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)"}, ["dun"] = {"Dusun Deyah"}, ["duo"] = {"Dupaninan Agta"}, ["dup"] = {"Duano"}, ["duq"] = {"Dusun Malang"}, ["dur"] = {"Dii"}, ["dus"] = {"Dumi"}, ["duu"] = {"Drung"}, ["duv"] = {"Duvle"}, ["duw"] = {"Dusun Witu"}, ["dux"] = {"Duungooma"}, ["duy"] = {"Dicamay Agta"}, ["duz"] = {"Duli-Gey"}, ["dva"] = {"Duau"}, ["dwa"] = {"Diri"}, ["dwr"] = {"Dawro"}, ["dws"] = {"Dutton World Speedwords"}, ["dwu"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dww"] = {"Dawawa"}, ["dwy"] = {"Dhuwaya"}, ["dwz"] = {"Dewas Rai"}, ["dya"] = {"Dyan"}, ["dyb"] = {"Dyaberdyaber"}, ["dyd"] = {"Dyugun"}, ["dyg"] = {"Villa Viciosa Agta"}, ["dyi"] = {"Djimini Senoufo"}, ["dym"] = {"Yanda Dom Dogon"}, ["dyn"] = {"Dyangadi", "Dhanggatti"}, ["dyo"] = {"Jola-Fonyi"}, ["dyu"] = {"Dyula"}, ["dyy"] = {"Djabugay", "Dyaabugay"}, ["dza"] = {"Tunzu"}, ["dze"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dzg"] = {"Dazaga"}, ["dzl"] = {"Dzalakha"}, ["dzn"] = {"Dzando"}, ["eaa"] = {"Karenggapa"}, ["ebg"] = {"Ebughu"}, ["ebk"] = {"Eastern Bontok"}, ["ebo"] = {"Teke-Ebo"}, ["ebr"] = {"Ebrié"}, ["ebu"] = {"Embu", "Kiembu"}, ["ecr"] = {"Eteocretan"}, ["ecs"] = {"Ecuadorian Sign Language"}, ["ecy"] = {"Eteocypriot"}, ["eee"] = {"E"}, ["efa"] = {"Efai"}, ["efe"] = {"Efe"}, ["efi"] = {"Efik"}, ["ega"] = {"Ega"}, ["egl"] = {"Emilian"}, ["ego"] = {"Eggon"}, ["egx"] = {"Egyptian languages"}, ["egy"] = {"Egyptian (Ancient)"}, ["ehu"] = {"Ehueun"}, ["eip"] = {"Eipomek"}, ["eit"] = {"Eitiep"}, ["eiv"] = {"Askopan"}, ["eja"] = {"Ejamat"}, ["eka"] = {"Ekajuk"}, ["ekc"] = {"Eastern Karnic"}, ["eke"] = {"Ekit"}, ["ekg"] = {"Ekari"}, ["eki"] = {"Eki"}, ["ekk"] = {"Standard Estonian"}, ["ekl"] = {"Kol (Bangladesh)", "Kol"}, ["ekm"] = {"Elip"}, ["eko"] = {"Koti"}, ["ekp"] = {"Ekpeye"}, ["ekr"] = {"Yace"}, ["eky"] = {"Eastern Kayah"}, ["ele"] = {"Elepi"}, ["elh"] = {"El Hugeirat"}, ["eli"] = {"Nding"}, ["elk"] = {"Elkei"}, ["elm"] = {"Eleme"}, ["elo"] = {"El Molo"}, ["elu"] = {"Elu"}, ["elx"] = {"Elamite"}, ["ema"] = {"Emai-Iuleha-Ora"}, ["emb"] = {"Embaloh"}, ["eme"] = {"Emerillon"}, ["emg"] = {"Eastern Meohang"}, ["emi"] = {"Mussau-Emira"}, ["emk"] = {"Eastern Maninkakan"}, ["emm"] = {"Mamulique"}, ["emn"] = {"Eman"}, ["emp"] = {"Northern Emberá"}, ["ems"] = {"Pacific Gulf Yupik"}, ["emu"] = {"Eastern Muria"}, ["emw"] = {"Emplawas"}, ["emx"] = {"Erromintxela"}, ["emy"] = {"Epigraphic Mayan"}, ["ena"] = {"Apali"}, ["enb"] = {"Markweeta"}, ["enc"] = {"En"}, ["end"] = {"Ende"}, ["enf"] = {"Forest Enets"}, ["enh"] = {"Tundra Enets"}, ["enl"] = {"Enlhet"}, ["enm"] = {"Middle English (1100-1500)"}, ["enn"] = {"Engenni"}, ["eno"] = {"Enggano"}, ["enq"] = {"Enga"}, ["enr"] = {"Emumu", "Emem"}, ["enu"] = {"Enu"}, ["env"] = {"Enwan (Edu State)"}, ["enw"] = {"Enwan (Akwa Ibom State)"}, ["enx"] = {"Enxet"}, ["eot"] = {"Beti (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["epi"] = {"Epie"}, ["era"] = {"Eravallan"}, ["erg"] = {"Sie"}, ["erh"] = {"Eruwa"}, ["eri"] = {"Ogea"}, ["erk"] = {"South Efate"}, ["ero"] = {"Horpa"}, ["err"] = {"Erre"}, ["ers"] = {"Ersu"}, ["ert"] = {"Eritai"}, ["erw"] = {"Erokwanas"}, ["ese"] = {"Ese Ejja"}, ["esg"] = {"Aheri Gondi"}, ["esh"] = {"Eshtehardi"}, ["esi"] = {"North Alaskan Inupiatun"}, ["esk"] = {"Northwest Alaska Inupiatun"}, ["esl"] = {"Egypt Sign Language"}, ["esm"] = {"Esuma"}, ["esn"] = {"Salvadoran Sign Language"}, ["eso"] = {"Estonian Sign Language"}, ["esq"] = {"Esselen"}, ["ess"] = {"Central Siberian Yupik"}, ["esu"] = {"Central Yupik"}, ["esx"] = {"Eskimo-Aleut languages"}, ["esy"] = {"Eskayan"}, ["etb"] = {"Etebi"}, ["etc"] = {"Etchemin"}, ["eth"] = {"Ethiopian Sign Language"}, ["etn"] = {"Eton (Vanuatu)"}, ["eto"] = {"Eton (Cameroon)"}, ["etr"] = {"Edolo"}, ["ets"] = {"Yekhee"}, ["ett"] = {"Etruscan"}, ["etu"] = {"Ejagham"}, ["etx"] = {"Eten"}, ["etz"] = {"Semimi"}, ["euq"] = {"Basque (family)"}, ["eve"] = {"Even"}, ["evh"] = {"Uvbie"}, ["evn"] = {"Evenki"}, ["ewo"] = {"Ewondo"}, ["ext"] = {"Extremaduran"}, ["eya"] = {"Eyak"}, ["eyo"] = {"Keiyo"}, ["eza"] = {"Ezaa"}, ["eze"] = {"Uzekwe"}, ["faa"] = {"Fasu"}, ["fab"] = {"Fa d'Ambu"}, ["fad"] = {"Wagi"}, ["faf"] = {"Fagani"}, ["fag"] = {"Finongan"}, ["fah"] = {"Baissa Fali"}, ["fai"] = {"Faiwol"}, ["faj"] = {"Faita"}, ["fak"] = {"Fang (Cameroon)"}, ["fal"] = {"South Fali"}, ["fam"] = {"Fam"}, ["fan"] = {"Fang (Equatorial Guinea)"}, ["fap"] = {"Paloor"}, ["far"] = {"Fataleka"}, ["fat"] = {"Fanti"}, ["fau"] = {"Fayu"}, ["fax"] = {"Fala"}, ["fay"] = {"Southwestern Fars"}, ["faz"] = {"Northwestern Fars"}, ["fbl"] = {"West Albay Bikol"}, ["fcs"] = {"Quebec Sign Language"}, ["fer"] = {"Feroge"}, ["ffi"] = {"Foia Foia"}, ["ffm"] = {"Maasina Fulfulde"}, ["fgr"] = {"Fongoro"}, ["fia"] = {"Nobiin"}, ["fie"] = {"Fyer"}, ["fil"] = {"Filipino", "Pilipino"}, ["fip"] = {"Fipa"}, ["fir"] = {"Firan"}, ["fit"] = {"Tornedalen Finnish"}, ["fiu"] = {"Finno-Ugrian languages"}, ["fiw"] = {"Fiwaga"}, ["fkk"] = {"Kirya-Konzəl"}, ["fkv"] = {"Kven Finnish"}, ["fla"] = {"Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille"}, ["flh"] = {"Foau"}, ["fli"] = {"Fali"}, ["fll"] = {"North Fali"}, ["fln"] = {"Flinders Island"}, ["flr"] = {"Fuliiru"}, ["fly"] = {"Flaaitaal", "Tsotsitaal"}, ["fmp"] = {"Fe'fe'"}, ["fmu"] = {"Far Western Muria"}, ["fnb"] = {"Fanbak"}, ["fng"] = {"Fanagalo"}, ["fni"] = {"Fania"}, ["fod"] = {"Foodo"}, ["foi"] = {"Foi"}, ["fom"] = {"Foma"}, ["fon"] = {"Fon"}, ["for"] = {"Fore"}, ["fos"] = {"Siraya"}, ["fox"] = {"Formosan languages"}, ["fpe"] = {"Fernando Po Creole English"}, ["fqs"] = {"Fas"}, ["frc"] = {"Cajun French"}, ["frd"] = {"Fordata"}, ["frk"] = {"Frankish"}, ["frm"] = {"Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)"}, ["fro"] = {"Old French (842-ca. 1400)"}, ["frp"] = {"Arpitan", "Francoprovençal"}, ["frq"] = {"Forak"}, ["frr"] = {"Northern Frisian"}, ["frs"] = {"Eastern Frisian"}, ["frt"] = {"Fortsenal"}, ["fse"] = {"Finnish Sign Language"}, ["fsl"] = {"French Sign Language"}, ["fss"] = {"Finland-Swedish Sign Language", "finlandssvenskt teckenspråk", "suomenruotsalainen viittomakieli"}, ["fub"] = {"Adamawa Fulfulde"}, ["fuc"] = {"Pulaar"}, ["fud"] = {"East Futuna"}, ["fue"] = {"Borgu Fulfulde"}, ["fuf"] = {"Pular"}, ["fuh"] = {"Western Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fui"] = {"Bagirmi Fulfulde"}, ["fuj"] = {"Ko"}, ["fum"] = {"Fum"}, ["fun"] = {"Fulniô"}, ["fuq"] = {"Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fur"] = {"Friulian"}, ["fut"] = {"Futuna-Aniwa"}, ["fuu"] = {"Furu"}, ["fuv"] = {"Nigerian Fulfulde"}, ["fuy"] = {"Fuyug"}, ["fvr"] = {"Fur"}, ["fwa"] = {"Fwâi"}, ["fwe"] = {"Fwe"}, ["gaa"] = {"Ga"}, ["gab"] = {"Gabri"}, ["gac"] = {"Mixed Great Andamanese"}, ["gad"] = {"Gaddang"}, ["gae"] = {"Guarequena"}, ["gaf"] = {"Gende"}, ["gag"] = {"Gagauz"}, ["gah"] = {"Alekano"}, ["gai"] = {"Borei"}, ["gaj"] = {"Gadsup"}, ["gak"] = {"Gamkonora"}, ["gal"] = {"Galolen"}, ["gam"] = {"Kandawo"}, ["gan"] = {"Gan Chinese"}, ["gao"] = {"Gants"}, ["gap"] = {"Gal"}, ["gaq"] = {"Gata'"}, ["gar"] = {"Galeya"}, ["gas"] = {"Adiwasi Garasia"}, ["gat"] = {"Kenati"}, ["gau"] = {"Mudhili Gadaba"}, ["gaw"] = {"Nobonob"}, ["gax"] = {"Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo"}, ["gay"] = {"Gayo"}, ["gaz"] = {"West Central Oromo"}, ["gba"] = {"Gbaya (Central African Republic)"}, ["gbb"] = {"Kaytetye"}, ["gbd"] = {"Karajarri"}, ["gbe"] = {"Niksek"}, ["gbf"] = {"Gaikundi"}, ["gbg"] = {"Gbanziri"}, ["gbh"] = {"Defi Gbe"}, ["gbi"] = {"Galela"}, ["gbj"] = {"Bodo Gadaba"}, ["gbk"] = {"Gaddi"}, ["gbl"] = {"Gamit"}, ["gbm"] = {"Garhwali"}, ["gbn"] = {"Mo'da"}, ["gbo"] = {"Northern Grebo"}, ["gbp"] = {"Gbaya-Bossangoa"}, ["gbq"] = {"Gbaya-Bozoum"}, ["gbr"] = {"Gbagyi"}, ["gbs"] = {"Gbesi Gbe"}, ["gbu"] = {"Gagadu"}, ["gbv"] = {"Gbanu"}, ["gbw"] = {"Gabi-Gabi"}, ["gbx"] = {"Eastern Xwla Gbe"}, ["gby"] = {"Gbari"}, ["gbz"] = {"Zoroastrian Dari"}, ["gcc"] = {"Mali"}, ["gcd"] = {"Ganggalida"}, ["gce"] = {"Galice"}, ["gcf"] = {"Guadeloupean Creole French"}, ["gcl"] = {"Grenadian Creole English"}, ["gcn"] = {"Gaina"}, ["gcr"] = {"Guianese Creole French"}, ["gct"] = {"Colonia Tovar German"}, ["gda"] = {"Gade Lohar"}, ["gdb"] = {"Pottangi Ollar Gadaba"}, ["gdc"] = {"Gugu Badhun"}, ["gdd"] = {"Gedaged"}, ["gde"] = {"Gude"}, ["gdf"] = {"Guduf-Gava"}, ["gdg"] = {"Ga'dang"}, ["gdh"] = {"Gadjerawang"}, ["gdi"] = {"Gundi"}, ["gdj"] = {"Gurdjar"}, ["gdk"] = {"Gadang"}, ["gdl"] = {"Dirasha"}, ["gdm"] = {"Laal"}, ["gdn"] = {"Umanakaina"}, ["gdo"] = {"Ghodoberi"}, ["gdq"] = {"Mehri"}, ["gdr"] = {"Wipi"}, ["gds"] = {"Ghandruk Sign Language"}, ["gdt"] = {"Kungardutyi"}, ["gdu"] = {"Gudu"}, ["gdx"] = {"Godwari"}, ["gea"] = {"Geruma"}, ["geb"] = {"Kire"}, ["gec"] = {"Gboloo Grebo"}, ["ged"] = {"Gade"}, ["geg"] = {"Gengle"}, ["geh"] = {"Hutterite German", "Hutterisch"}, ["gei"] = {"Gebe"}, ["gej"] = {"Gen"}, ["gek"] = {"Ywom"}, ["gel"] = {"ut-Ma'in"}, ["gem"] = {"Germanic languages"}, ["geq"] = {"Geme"}, ["ges"] = {"Geser-Gorom"}, ["gev"] = {"Eviya"}, ["gew"] = {"Gera"}, ["gex"] = {"Garre"}, ["gey"] = {"Enya"}, ["gez"] = {"Geez"}, ["gfk"] = {"Patpatar"}, ["gft"] = {"Gafat"}, ["gga"] = {"Gao"}, ["ggb"] = {"Gbii"}, ["ggd"] = {"Gugadj"}, ["gge"] = {"Gurr-goni"}, ["ggg"] = {"Gurgula"}, ["ggk"] = {"Kungarakany"}, ["ggl"] = {"Ganglau"}, ["ggt"] = {"Gitua"}, ["ggu"] = {"Gagu", "Gban"}, ["ggw"] = {"Gogodala"}, ["gha"] = {"Ghadamès"}, ["ghc"] = {"Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic"}, ["ghe"] = {"Southern Ghale"}, ["ghh"] = {"Northern Ghale"}, ["ghk"] = {"Geko Karen"}, ["ghl"] = {"Ghulfan"}, ["ghn"] = {"Ghanongga"}, ["gho"] = {"Ghomara"}, ["ghr"] = {"Ghera"}, ["ghs"] = {"Guhu-Samane"}, ["ght"] = {"Kuke", "Kutang Ghale"}, ["gia"] = {"Kija"}, ["gib"] = {"Gibanawa"}, ["gic"] = {"Gail"}, ["gid"] = {"Gidar"}, ["gie"] = {"Gaɓogbo", "Guébie"}, ["gig"] = {"Goaria"}, ["gih"] = {"Githabul"}, ["gil"] = {"Gilbertese"}, ["gim"] = {"Gimi (Eastern Highlands)"}, ["gin"] = {"Hinukh"}, ["gip"] = {"Gimi (West New Britain)"}, ["giq"] = {"Green Gelao"}, ["gir"] = {"Red Gelao"}, ["gis"] = {"North Giziga"}, ["git"] = {"Gitxsan"}, ["giu"] = {"Mulao"}, ["giw"] = {"White Gelao"}, ["gix"] = {"Gilima"}, ["giy"] = {"Giyug"}, ["giz"] = {"South Giziga"}, ["gji"] = {"Geji"}, ["gjk"] = {"Kachi Koli"}, ["gjm"] = {"Gunditjmara"}, ["gjn"] = {"Gonja"}, ["gjr"] = {"Gurindji Kriol"}, ["gju"] = {"Gujari"}, ["gka"] = {"Guya"}, ["gkd"] = {"Magɨ (Madang Province)"}, ["gke"] = {"Ndai"}, ["gkn"] = {"Gokana"}, ["gko"] = {"Kok-Nar"}, ["gkp"] = {"Guinea Kpelle"}, ["gku"] = {"ǂUngkue"}, ["glc"] = {"Bon Gula"}, ["gld"] = {"Nanai"}, ["glh"] = {"Northwest Pashai", "Northwest Pashayi"}, ["gli"] = {"Guliguli"}, ["glj"] = {"Gula Iro"}, ["glk"] = {"Gilaki"}, ["gll"] = {"Garlali"}, ["glo"] = {"Galambu"}, ["glr"] = {"Glaro-Twabo"}, ["glu"] = {"Gula (Chad)"}, ["glw"] = {"Glavda"}, ["gly"] = {"Gule"}, ["gma"] = {"Gambera"}, ["gmb"] = {"Gula'alaa"}, ["gmd"] = {"Mághdì"}, ["gme"] = {"East Germanic languages"}, ["gmg"] = {"Magɨyi"}, ["gmh"] = {"Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)"}, ["gml"] = {"Middle Low German"}, ["gmm"] = {"Gbaya-Mbodomo"}, ["gmn"] = {"Gimnime"}, ["gmq"] = {"North Germanic languages"}, ["gmu"] = {"Gumalu"}, ["gmv"] = {"Gamo"}, ["gmw"] = {"West Germanic languages"}, ["gmx"] = {"Magoma"}, ["gmy"] = {"Mycenaean Greek"}, ["gmz"] = {"Mgbolizhia"}, ["gna"] = {"Kaansa"}, ["gnb"] = {"Gangte"}, ["gnc"] = {"Guanche"}, ["gnd"] = {"Zulgo-Gemzek"}, ["gne"] = {"Ganang"}, ["gng"] = {"Ngangam"}, ["gnh"] = {"Lere"}, ["gni"] = {"Gooniyandi"}, ["gnj"] = {"Ngen"}, ["gnk"] = {"ǁGana"}, ["gnl"] = {"Gangulu"}, ["gnm"] = {"Ginuman"}, ["gnn"] = {"Gumatj"}, ["gno"] = {"Northern Gondi"}, ["gnq"] = {"Gana"}, ["gnr"] = {"Gureng Gureng"}, ["gnt"] = {"Guntai"}, ["gnu"] = {"Gnau"}, ["gnw"] = {"Western Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["gnz"] = {"Ganzi"}, ["goa"] = {"Guro"}, ["gob"] = {"Playero"}, ["goc"] = {"Gorakor"}, ["god"] = {"Godié"}, ["goe"] = {"Gongduk"}, ["gof"] = {"Gofa"}, ["gog"] = {"Gogo"}, ["goh"] = {"Old High German (ca. 750-1050)"}, ["goi"] = {"Gobasi"}, ["goj"] = {"Gowlan"}, ["gok"] = {"Gowli"}, ["gol"] = {"Gola"}, ["gom"] = {"Goan Konkani"}, ["gon"] = {"Gondi"}, ["goo"] = {"Gone Dau"}, ["gop"] = {"Yeretuar"}, ["goq"] = {"Gorap"}, ["gor"] = {"Gorontalo"}, ["gos"] = {"Gronings"}, ["got"] = {"Gothic"}, ["gou"] = {"Gavar"}, ["gow"] = {"Gorowa"}, ["gox"] = {"Gobu"}, ["goy"] = {"Goundo"}, ["goz"] = {"Gozarkhani"}, ["gpa"] = {"Gupa-Abawa"}, ["gpe"] = {"Ghanaian Pidgin English"}, ["gpn"] = {"Taiap"}, ["gqa"] = {"Ga'anda"}, ["gqi"] = {"Guiqiong"}, ["gqn"] = {"Guana (Brazil)"}, ["gqr"] = {"Gor"}, ["gqu"] = {"Qau"}, ["gra"] = {"Rajput Garasia"}, ["grb"] = {"Grebo"}, ["grc"] = {"Ancient Greek (to 1453)"}, ["grd"] = {"Guruntum-Mbaaru"}, ["grg"] = {"Madi"}, ["grh"] = {"Gbiri-Niragu"}, ["gri"] = {"Ghari"}, ["grj"] = {"Southern Grebo"}, ["grk"] = {"Greek languages"}, ["grm"] = {"Kota Marudu Talantang"}, ["gro"] = {"Groma"}, ["grq"] = {"Gorovu"}, ["grr"] = {"Taznatit"}, ["grs"] = {"Gresi"}, ["grt"] = {"Garo"}, ["gru"] = {"Kistane"}, ["grv"] = {"Central Grebo"}, ["grw"] = {"Gweda"}, ["grx"] = {"Guriaso"}, ["gry"] = {"Barclayville Grebo"}, ["grz"] = {"Guramalum"}, ["gse"] = {"Ghanaian Sign Language"}, ["gsg"] = {"German Sign Language"}, ["gsl"] = {"Gusilay"}, ["gsm"] = {"Guatemalan Sign Language"}, ["gsn"] = {"Nema", "Gusan"}, ["gso"] = {"Southwest Gbaya"}, ["gsp"] = {"Wasembo"}, ["gss"] = {"Greek Sign Language"}, ["gsw"] = {"Swiss German", "Alemannic", "Alsatian"}, ["gta"] = {"Guató"}, ["gtu"] = {"Aghu-Tharnggala"}, ["gua"] = {"Shiki"}, ["gub"] = {"Guajajára"}, ["guc"] = {"Wayuu"}, ["gud"] = {"Yocoboué Dida"}, ["gue"] = {"Gurindji"}, ["guf"] = {"Gupapuyngu"}, ["gug"] = {"Paraguayan Guaraní"}, ["guh"] = {"Guahibo"}, ["gui"] = {"Eastern Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["guk"] = {"Gumuz"}, ["gul"] = {"Sea Island Creole English"}, ["gum"] = {"Guambiano"}, ["gun"] = {"Mbyá Guaraní"}, ["guo"] = {"Guayabero"}, ["gup"] = {"Gunwinggu"}, ["guq"] = {"Aché"}, ["gur"] = {"Farefare"}, ["gus"] = {"Guinean Sign Language"}, ["gut"] = {"Maléku Jaíka"}, ["guu"] = {"Yanomamö"}, ["guw"] = {"Gun"}, ["gux"] = {"Gourmanchéma"}, ["guz"] = {"Gusii", "Ekegusii"}, ["gva"] = {"Guana (Paraguay)"}, ["gvc"] = {"Guanano"}, ["gve"] = {"Duwet"}, ["gvf"] = {"Golin"}, ["gvj"] = {"Guajá"}, ["gvl"] = {"Gulay"}, ["gvm"] = {"Gurmana"}, ["gvn"] = {"Kuku-Yalanji"}, ["gvo"] = {"Gavião Do Jiparaná"}, ["gvp"] = {"Pará Gavião"}, ["gvr"] = {"Gurung"}, ["gvs"] = {"Gumawana"}, ["gvy"] = {"Guyani"}, ["gwa"] = {"Mbato"}, ["gwb"] = {"Gwa"}, ["gwc"] = {"Kalami"}, ["gwd"] = {"Gawwada"}, ["gwe"] = {"Gweno"}, ["gwf"] = {"Gowro"}, ["gwg"] = {"Moo"}, ["gwi"] = {"Gwichʼin"}, ["gwj"] = {"ǀGwi"}, ["gwm"] = {"Awngthim"}, ["gwn"] = {"Gwandara"}, ["gwr"] = {"Gwere"}, ["gwt"] = {"Gawar-Bati"}, ["gwu"] = {"Guwamu"}, ["gww"] = {"Kwini"}, ["gwx"] = {"Gua"}, ["gxx"] = {"Wè Southern"}, ["gya"] = {"Northwest Gbaya"}, ["gyb"] = {"Garus"}, ["gyd"] = {"Kayardild"}, ["gye"] = {"Gyem"}, ["gyf"] = {"Gungabula"}, ["gyg"] = {"Gbayi"}, ["gyi"] = {"Gyele"}, ["gyl"] = {"Gayil"}, ["gym"] = {"Ngäbere"}, ["gyn"] = {"Guyanese Creole English"}, ["gyo"] = {"Gyalsumdo"}, ["gyr"] = {"Guarayu"}, ["gyy"] = {"Gunya"}, ["gza"] = {"Ganza"}, ["gzi"] = {"Gazi"}, ["gzn"] = {"Gane"}, ["haa"] = {"Han"}, ["hab"] = {"Hanoi Sign Language"}, ["hac"] = {"Gurani"}, ["had"] = {"Hatam"}, ["hae"] = {"Eastern Oromo"}, ["haf"] = {"Haiphong Sign Language"}, ["hag"] = {"Hanga"}, ["hah"] = {"Hahon"}, ["hai"] = {"Haida"}, ["haj"] = {"Hajong"}, ["hak"] = {"Hakka Chinese"}, ["hal"] = {"Halang"}, ["ham"] = {"Hewa"}, ["han"] = {"Hangaza"}, ["hao"] = {"Hakö"}, ["hap"] = {"Hupla"}, ["haq"] = {"Ha"}, ["har"] = {"Harari"}, ["has"] = {"Haisla"}, ["hav"] = {"Havu"}, ["haw"] = {"Hawaiian"}, ["hax"] = {"Southern Haida"}, ["hay"] = {"Haya"}, ["haz"] = {"Hazaragi"}, ["hba"] = {"Hamba"}, ["hbb"] = {"Huba"}, ["hbn"] = {"Heiban"}, ["hbo"] = {"Ancient Hebrew"}, ["hbu"] = {"Habu"}, ["hca"] = {"Andaman Creole Hindi"}, ["hch"] = {"Huichol"}, ["hdn"] = {"Northern Haida"}, ["hds"] = {"Honduras Sign Language"}, ["hdy"] = {"Hadiyya"}, ["hea"] = {"Northern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hed"] = {"Herdé"}, ["heg"] = {"Helong"}, ["heh"] = {"Hehe"}, ["hei"] = {"Heiltsuk"}, ["hem"] = {"Hemba"}, ["hgm"] = {"Haiǁom"}, ["hgw"] = {"Haigwai"}, ["hhi"] = {"Hoia Hoia"}, ["hhr"] = {"Kerak"}, ["hhy"] = {"Hoyahoya"}, ["hia"] = {"Lamang"}, ["hib"] = {"Hibito"}, ["hid"] = {"Hidatsa"}, ["hif"] = {"Fiji Hindi"}, ["hig"] = {"Kamwe"}, ["hih"] = {"Pamosu"}, ["hii"] = {"Hinduri"}, ["hij"] = {"Hijuk"}, ["hik"] = {"Seit-Kaitetu"}, ["hil"] = {"Hiligaynon"}, ["him"] = {"Himachali languages", "Western Pahari languages"}, ["hio"] = {"Tsoa"}, ["hir"] = {"Himarimã"}, ["hit"] = {"Hittite"}, ["hiw"] = {"Hiw"}, ["hix"] = {"Hixkaryána"}, ["hji"] = {"Haji"}, ["hka"] = {"Kahe"}, ["hke"] = {"Hunde"}, ["hkk"] = {"Hunjara-Kaina Ke"}, ["hkn"] = {"Mel-Khaonh"}, ["hks"] = {"Hong Kong Sign Language", "Heung Kong Sau Yue"}, ["hla"] = {"Halia"}, ["hlb"] = {"Halbi"}, ["hld"] = {"Halang Doan"}, ["hle"] = {"Hlersu"}, ["hlt"] = {"Matu Chin"}, ["hlu"] = {"Hieroglyphic Luwian"}, ["hma"] = {"Southern Mashan Hmong", "Southern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmb"] = {"Humburi Senni Songhay"}, ["hmc"] = {"Central Huishui Hmong", "Central Huishui Miao"}, ["hmd"] = {"Large Flowery Miao", "A-hmaos", "Da-Hua Miao"}, ["hme"] = {"Eastern Huishui Hmong", "Eastern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmf"] = {"Hmong Don"}, ["hmg"] = {"Southwestern Guiyang Hmong"}, ["hmh"] = {"Southwestern Huishui Hmong", "Southwestern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmi"] = {"Northern Huishui Hmong", "Northern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmj"] = {"Ge", "Gejia"}, ["hmk"] = {"Maek"}, ["hml"] = {"Luopohe Hmong", "Luopohe Miao"}, ["hmm"] = {"Central Mashan Hmong", "Central Mashan Miao"}, ["hmn"] = {"Hmong", "Mong"}, ["hmp"] = {"Northern Mashan Hmong", "Northern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmq"] = {"Eastern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmr"] = {"Hmar"}, ["hms"] = {"Southern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmt"] = {"Hamtai"}, ["hmu"] = {"Hamap"}, ["hmv"] = {"Hmong Dô"}, ["hmw"] = {"Western Mashan Hmong", "Western Mashan Miao"}, ["hmx"] = {"Hmong-Mien languages"}, ["hmy"] = {"Southern Guiyang Hmong", "Southern Guiyang Miao"}, ["hmz"] = {"Hmong Shua", "Sinicized Miao"}, ["hna"] = {"Mina (Cameroon)"}, ["hnd"] = {"Southern Hindko"}, ["hne"] = {"Chhattisgarhi"}, ["hnh"] = {"ǁAni"}, ["hni"] = {"Hani"}, ["hnj"] = {"Dhaiso Dahalik Hmong Njua", "Mong Leng", "Mong Njua "}, ["hnn"] = {"Hanunoo"}, ["hno"] = {"Northern Hindko"}, ["hns"] = {"Caribbean Hindustani"}, ["hnu"] = {"Hung"}, ["hoa"] = {"Hoava"}, ["hob"] = {"Mari (Madang Province)"}, ["hoc"] = {"Ho"}, ["hod"] = {"Holma"}, ["hoe"] = {"Horom"}, ["hoh"] = {"Hobyót"}, ["hoi"] = {"Holikachuk"}, ["hoj"] = {"Hadothi", "Haroti"}, ["hok"] = {"Hokan languages"}, ["hol"] = {"Holu"}, ["hom"] = {"Homa"}, ["hoo"] = {"Holoholo"}, ["hop"] = {"Hopi"}, ["hor"] = {"Horo"}, ["hos"] = {"Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language"}, ["hot"] = {"Hote", "Malê"}, ["hov"] = {"Hovongan"}, ["how"] = {"Honi"}, ["hoy"] = {"Holiya"}, ["hoz"] = {"Hozo"}, ["hpo"] = {"Hpon"}, ["hps"] = {"Hawai'i Sign Language (HSL)", "Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language"}, ["hra"] = {"Hrangkhol"}, ["hrc"] = {"Niwer Mil"}, ["hre"] = {"Hre"}, ["hrk"] = {"Haruku"}, ["hrm"] = {"Horned Miao"}, ["hro"] = {"Haroi"}, ["hrp"] = {"Nhirrpi"}, ["hrt"] = {"Hértevin"}, ["hru"] = {"Hruso"}, ["hrw"] = {"Warwar Feni"}, ["hrx"] = {"Hunsrik"}, ["hrz"] = {"Harzani"}, ["hsb"] = {"Upper Sorbian"}, ["hsh"] = {"Hungarian Sign Language"}, ["hsl"] = {"Hausa Sign Language"}, ["hsn"] = {"Xiang Chinese"}, ["hss"] = {"Harsusi"}, ["hti"] = {"Hoti"}, ["hto"] = {"Minica Huitoto"}, ["hts"] = {"Hadza"}, ["htu"] = {"Hitu"}, ["htx"] = {"Middle Hittite"}, ["hub"] = {"Huambisa"}, ["huc"] = {"ǂHua"}, ["hud"] = {"Huaulu"}, ["hue"] = {"San Francisco Del Mar Huave"}, ["huf"] = {"Humene"}, ["hug"] = {"Huachipaeri"}, ["huh"] = {"Huilliche"}, ["hui"] = {"Huli"}, ["huj"] = {"Northern Guiyang Hmong", "Northern Guiyang Miao"}, ["huk"] = {"Hulung"}, ["hul"] = {"Hula"}, ["hum"] = {"Hungana"}, ["huo"] = {"Hu"}, ["hup"] = {"Hupa"}, ["huq"] = {"Tsat"}, ["hur"] = {"Halkomelem"}, ["hus"] = {"Huastec"}, ["hut"] = {"Humla"}, ["huu"] = {"Murui Huitoto"}, ["huv"] = {"San Mateo Del Mar Huave"}, ["huw"] = {"Hukumina"}, ["hux"] = {"Nüpode Huitoto"}, ["huy"] = {"Hulaulá"}, ["huz"] = {"Hunzib"}, ["hvc"] = {"Haitian Vodoun Culture Language"}, ["hve"] = {"San Dionisio Del Mar Huave"}, ["hvk"] = {"Haveke"}, ["hvn"] = {"Sabu"}, ["hvv"] = {"Santa María Del Mar Huave"}, ["hwa"] = {"Wané"}, ["hwc"] = {"Hawai'i Creole English", "Hawai'i Pidgin"}, ["hwo"] = {"Hwana"}, ["hya"] = {"Hya"}, ["hyw"] = {"Western Armenian"}, ["hyx"] = {"Armenian (family)"}, ["iai"] = {"Iaai"}, ["ian"] = {"Iatmul"}, ["iar"] = {"Purari"}, ["iba"] = {"Iban"}, ["ibb"] = {"Ibibio"}, ["ibd"] = {"Iwaidja"}, ["ibe"] = {"Akpes"}, ["ibg"] = {"Ibanag"}, ["ibh"] = {"Bih"}, ["ibl"] = {"Ibaloi"}, ["ibm"] = {"Agoi"}, ["ibn"] = {"Ibino"}, ["ibr"] = {"Ibuoro"}, ["ibu"] = {"Ibu"}, ["iby"] = {"Ibani"}, ["ica"] = {"Ede Ica"}, ["ich"] = {"Etkywan"}, ["icl"] = {"Icelandic Sign Language"}, ["icr"] = {"Islander Creole English"}, ["ida"] = {"Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki", "Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi"}, ["idb"] = {"Indo-Portuguese"}, ["idc"] = {"Idon", "Ajiya"}, ["idd"] = {"Ede Idaca"}, ["ide"] = {"Idere"}, ["idi"] = {"Idi"}, ["idr"] = {"Indri"}, ["ids"] = {"Idesa"}, ["idt"] = {"Idaté"}, ["idu"] = {"Idoma"}, ["ifa"] = {"Amganad Ifugao"}, ["ifb"] = {"Batad Ifugao", "Ayangan Ifugao"}, ["ife"] = {"Ifè"}, ["iff"] = {"Ifo"}, ["ifk"] = {"Tuwali Ifugao"}, ["ifm"] = {"Teke-Fuumu"}, ["ifu"] = {"Mayoyao Ifugao"}, ["ify"] = {"Keley-I Kallahan"}, ["igb"] = {"Ebira"}, ["ige"] = {"Igede"}, ["igg"] = {"Igana"}, ["igl"] = {"Igala"}, ["igm"] = {"Kanggape"}, ["ign"] = {"Ignaciano"}, ["igo"] = {"Isebe"}, ["igs"] = {"Interglossa"}, ["igw"] = {"Igwe"}, ["ihb"] = {"Iha Based Pidgin"}, ["ihi"] = {"Ihievbe"}, ["ihp"] = {"Iha"}, ["ihw"] = {"Bidhawal"}, ["iin"] = {"Thiin"}, ["iir"] = {"Indo-Iranian languages"}, ["ijc"] = {"Izon"}, ["ije"] = {"Biseni"}, ["ijj"] = {"Ede Ije"}, ["ijn"] = {"Kalabari"}, ["ijo"] = {"Ijo languages"}, ["ijs"] = {"Southeast Ijo"}, ["ike"] = {"Eastern Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["iki"] = {"Iko"}, ["ikk"] = {"Ika"}, ["ikl"] = {"Ikulu"}, ["iko"] = {"Olulumo-Ikom"}, ["ikp"] = {"Ikpeshi"}, ["ikr"] = {"Ikaranggal"}, ["iks"] = {"Inuit Sign Language"}, ["ikt"] = {"Inuinnaqtun", "Western Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikv"] = {"Iku-Gora-Ankwa"}, ["ikw"] = {"Ikwere"}, ["ikx"] = {"Ik"}, ["ikz"] = {"Ikizu"}, ["ila"] = {"Ile Ape"}, ["ilb"] = {"Ila"}, ["ilg"] = {"Garig-Ilgar"}, ["ili"] = {"Ili Turki"}, ["ilk"] = {"Ilongot"}, ["ilm"] = {"Iranun (Malaysia)"}, ["ilo"] = {"Iloko"}, ["ilp"] = {"Iranun (Philippines)"}, ["ils"] = {"International Sign"}, ["ilu"] = {"Ili'uun"}, ["ilv"] = {"Ilue"}, ["ima"] = {"Mala Malasar"}, ["imi"] = {"Anamgura"}, ["iml"] = {"Miluk"}, ["imn"] = {"Imonda"}, ["imo"] = {"Imbongu"}, ["imr"] = {"Imroing"}, ["ims"] = {"Marsian"}, ["imy"] = {"Milyan"}, ["inb"] = {"Inga"}, ["inc"] = {"Indic languages"}, ["ine"] = {"Indo-European languages"}, ["ing"] = {"Degexit'an"}, ["inh"] = {"Ingush"}, ["inj"] = {"Jungle Inga"}, ["inl"] = {"Indonesian Sign Language"}, ["inm"] = {"Minaean"}, ["inn"] = {"Isinai"}, ["ino"] = {"Inoke-Yate"}, ["inp"] = {"Iñapari"}, ["ins"] = {"Indian Sign Language"}, ["int"] = {"Intha"}, ["inz"] = {"Ineseño"}, ["ior"] = {"Inor"}, ["iou"] = {"Tuma-Irumu"}, ["iow"] = {"Iowa-Oto"}, ["ipi"] = {"Ipili"}, ["ipo"] = {"Ipiko"}, ["iqu"] = {"Iquito"}, ["iqw"] = {"Ikwo"}, ["ira"] = {"Iranian languages"}, ["ire"] = {"Iresim"}, ["irh"] = {"Irarutu"}, ["iri"] = {"Rigwe", "Irigwe"}, ["irk"] = {"Iraqw"}, ["irn"] = {"Irántxe"}, ["iro"] = {"Iroquoian languages"}, ["irr"] = {"Ir"}, ["iru"] = {"Irula"}, ["irx"] = {"Kamberau"}, ["iry"] = {"Iraya"}, ["isa"] = {"Isabi"}, ["isc"] = {"Isconahua"}, ["isd"] = {"Isnag"}, ["ise"] = {"Italian Sign Language"}, ["isg"] = {"Irish Sign Language"}, ["ish"] = {"Esan"}, ["isi"] = {"Nkem-Nkum"}, ["isk"] = {"Ishkashimi"}, ["ism"] = {"Masimasi"}, ["isn"] = {"Isanzu"}, ["iso"] = {"Isoko"}, ["isr"] = {"Israeli Sign Language"}, ["ist"] = {"Istriot"}, ["isu"] = {"Isu (Menchum Division)"}, ["itb"] = {"Binongan Itneg"}, ["itc"] = {"Italic languages"}, ["itd"] = {"Southern Tidung"}, ["ite"] = {"Itene"}, ["iti"] = {"Inlaod Itneg"}, ["itk"] = {"Judeo-Italian"}, ["itl"] = {"Itelmen"}, ["itm"] = {"Itu Mbon Uzo"}, ["ito"] = {"Itonama"}, ["itr"] = {"Iteri"}, ["its"] = {"Isekiri"}, ["itt"] = {"Maeng Itneg"}, ["itv"] = {"Itawit"}, ["itw"] = {"Ito"}, ["itx"] = {"Itik"}, ["ity"] = {"Moyadan Itneg"}, ["itz"] = {"Itzá"}, ["ium"] = {"Iu Mien"}, ["ivb"] = {"Ibatan"}, ["ivv"] = {"Ivatan"}, ["iwk"] = {"I-Wak"}, ["iwm"] = {"Iwam"}, ["iwo"] = {"Iwur"}, ["iws"] = {"Sepik Iwam"}, ["ixc"] = {"Ixcatec"}, ["ixl"] = {"Ixil"}, ["iya"] = {"Iyayu"}, ["iyo"] = {"Mesaka"}, ["iyx"] = {"Yaka (Congo)"}, ["izh"] = {"Ingrian"}, ["izr"] = {"Izere"}, ["izz"] = {"Izii"}, ["jaa"] = {"Jamamadí"}, ["jab"] = {"Hyam"}, ["jac"] = {"Popti'", "Jakalteko"}, ["jad"] = {"Jahanka"}, ["jae"] = {"Yabem"}, ["jaf"] = {"Jara"}, ["jah"] = {"Jah Hut"}, ["jaj"] = {"Zazao"}, ["jak"] = {"Jakun"}, ["jal"] = {"Yalahatan"}, ["jam"] = {"Jamaican Creole English"}, ["jan"] = {"Jandai"}, ["jao"] = {"Yanyuwa"}, ["jaq"] = {"Yaqay"}, ["jas"] = {"New Caledonian Javanese"}, ["jat"] = {"Jakati"}, ["jau"] = {"Yaur"}, ["jax"] = {"Jambi Malay"}, ["jay"] = {"Yan-nhangu", "Nhangu"}, ["jaz"] = {"Jawe"}, ["jbe"] = {"Judeo-Berber"}, ["jbi"] = {"Badjiri"}, ["jbj"] = {"Arandai"}, ["jbk"] = {"Barikewa"}, ["jbn"] = {"Nafusi"}, ["jbo"] = {"Lojban"}, ["jbr"] = {"Jofotek-Bromnya"}, ["jbt"] = {"Jabutí"}, ["jbu"] = {"Jukun Takum"}, ["jbw"] = {"Yawijibaya"}, ["jcs"] = {"Jamaican Country Sign Language"}, ["jct"] = {"Krymchak"}, ["jda"] = {"Jad"}, ["jdg"] = {"Jadgali"}, ["jdt"] = {"Judeo-Tat"}, ["jeb"] = {"Jebero"}, ["jee"] = {"Jerung"}, ["jeh"] = {"Jeh"}, ["jei"] = {"Yei"}, ["jek"] = {"Jeri Kuo"}, ["jel"] = {"Yelmek"}, ["jen"] = {"Dza"}, ["jer"] = {"Jere"}, ["jet"] = {"Manem"}, ["jeu"] = {"Jonkor Bourmataguil"}, ["jgb"] = {"Ngbee"}, ["jge"] = {"Judeo-Georgian"}, ["jgk"] = {"Gwak"}, ["jgo"] = {"Ngomba"}, ["jhi"] = {"Jehai"}, ["jhs"] = {"Jhankot Sign Language"}, ["jia"] = {"Jina"}, ["jib"] = {"Jibu"}, ["jic"] = {"Tol"}, ["jid"] = {"Bu"}, ["jie"] = {"Jilbe"}, ["jig"] = {"Jingulu", "Djingili"}, ["jih"] = {"sTodsde", "Shangzhai"}, ["jii"] = {"Jiiddu"}, ["jil"] = {"Jilim"}, ["jim"] = {"Jimi (Cameroon)"}, ["jio"] = {"Jiamao"}, ["jiq"] = {"Guanyinqiao", "Lavrung"}, ["jit"] = {"Jita"}, ["jiu"] = {"Youle Jinuo"}, ["jiv"] = {"Shuar"}, ["jiy"] = {"Buyuan Jinuo"}, ["jje"] = {"Jejueo"}, ["jjr"] = {"Bankal"}, ["jka"] = {"Kaera"}, ["jkm"] = {"Mobwa Karen"}, ["jko"] = {"Kubo"}, ["jkp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["jkr"] = {"Koro (India)"}, ["jku"] = {"Labir"}, ["jle"] = {"Ngile"}, ["jls"] = {"Jamaican Sign Language"}, ["jma"] = {"Dima"}, ["jmb"] = {"Zumbun"}, ["jmc"] = {"Machame"}, ["jmd"] = {"Yamdena"}, ["jmi"] = {"Jimi (Nigeria)"}, ["jml"] = {"Jumli"}, ["jmn"] = {"Makuri Naga"}, ["jmr"] = {"Kamara"}, ["jms"] = {"Mashi (Nigeria)"}, ["jmw"] = {"Mouwase"}, ["jmx"] = {"Western Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["jna"] = {"Jangshung"}, ["jnd"] = {"Jandavra"}, ["jng"] = {"Yangman"}, ["jni"] = {"Janji"}, ["jnj"] = {"Yemsa"}, ["jnl"] = {"Rawat"}, ["jns"] = {"Jaunsari"}, ["job"] = {"Joba"}, ["jod"] = {"Wojenaka"}, ["jog"] = {"Jogi"}, ["jor"] = {"Jorá"}, ["jos"] = {"Jordanian Sign Language"}, ["jow"] = {"Jowulu"}, ["jpa"] = {"Jewish Palestinian Aramaic"}, ["jpr"] = {"Judeo-Persian"}, ["jpx"] = {"Japanese (family)"}, ["jqr"] = {"Jaqaru"}, ["jra"] = {"Jarai"}, ["jrb"] = {"Judeo-Arabic"}, ["jrr"] = {"Jiru"}, ["jrt"] = {"Jorto"}, ["jru"] = {"Japrería"}, ["jsl"] = {"Japanese Sign Language"}, ["jua"] = {"Júma"}, ["jub"] = {"Wannu"}, ["juc"] = {"Jurchen"}, ["jud"] = {"Worodougou"}, ["juh"] = {"Hõne"}, ["jui"] = {"Ngadjuri"}, ["juk"] = {"Wapan"}, ["jul"] = {"Jirel"}, ["jum"] = {"Jumjum"}, ["jun"] = {"Juang"}, ["juo"] = {"Jiba"}, ["jup"] = {"Hupdë"}, ["jur"] = {"Jurúna"}, ["jus"] = {"Jumla Sign Language"}, ["jut"] = {"Jutish"}, ["juu"] = {"Ju"}, ["juw"] = {"Wãpha"}, ["juy"] = {"Juray"}, ["jvd"] = {"Javindo"}, ["jvn"] = {"Caribbean Javanese"}, ["jwi"] = {"Jwira-Pepesa"}, ["jya"] = {"Jiarong"}, ["jye"] = {"Judeo-Yemeni Arabic"}, ["jyy"] = {"Jaya"}, ["kaa"] = {"Kara-Kalpak"}, ["kab"] = {"Kabyle"}, ["kac"] = {"Kachin", "Jingpho"}, ["kad"] = {"Adara"}, ["kae"] = {"Ketangalan"}, ["kaf"] = {"Katso"}, ["kag"] = {"Kajaman"}, ["kah"] = {"Kara (Central African Republic)"}, ["kai"] = {"Karekare"}, ["kaj"] = {"Jju"}, ["kak"] = {"Kalanguya", "Kayapa Kallahan"}, ["kam"] = {"Kamba (Kenya)"}, ["kao"] = {"Xaasongaxango"}, ["kap"] = {"Bezhta"}, ["kaq"] = {"Capanahua"}, ["kar"] = {"Karen languages"}, ["kav"] = {"Katukína"}, ["kaw"] = {"Kawi"}, ["kax"] = {"Kao"}, ["kay"] = {"Kamayurá"}, ["kba"] = {"Kalarko"}, ["kbb"] = {"Kaxuiâna"}, ["kbc"] = {"Kadiwéu"}, ["kbd"] = {"Kabardian"}, ["kbe"] = {"Kanju"}, ["kbg"] = {"Khamba"}, ["kbh"] = {"Camsá"}, ["kbi"] = {"Kaptiau"}, ["kbj"] = {"Kari"}, ["kbk"] = {"Grass Koiari"}, ["kbl"] = {"Kanembu"}, ["kbm"] = {"Iwal"}, ["kbn"] = {"Kare (Central African Republic)"}, ["kbo"] = {"Keliko"}, ["kbp"] = {"Kabiyè"}, ["kbq"] = {"Kamano"}, ["kbr"] = {"Kafa"}, ["kbs"] = {"Kande"}, ["kbt"] = {"Abadi"}, ["kbu"] = {"Kabutra"}, ["kbv"] = {"Dera (Indonesia)"}, ["kbw"] = {"Kaiep"}, ["kbx"] = {"Ap Ma"}, ["kby"] = {"Manga Kanuri"}, ["kbz"] = {"Duhwa"}, ["kca"] = {"Khanty"}, ["kcb"] = {"Kawacha"}, ["kcc"] = {"Lubila"}, ["kcd"] = {"Ngkâlmpw Kanum"}, ["kce"] = {"Kaivi"}, ["kcf"] = {"Ukaan"}, ["kcg"] = {"Tyap"}, ["kch"] = {"Vono"}, ["kci"] = {"Kamantan"}, ["kcj"] = {"Kobiana"}, ["kck"] = {"Kalanga"}, ["kcl"] = {"Kela (Papua New Guinea)", "Kala"}, ["kcm"] = {"Gula (Central African Republic)"}, ["kcn"] = {"Nubi"}, ["kco"] = {"Kinalakna"}, ["kcp"] = {"Kanga"}, ["kcq"] = {"Kamo"}, ["kcr"] = {"Katla"}, ["kcs"] = {"Koenoem"}, ["kct"] = {"Kaian"}, ["kcu"] = {"Kami (Tanzania)"}, ["kcv"] = {"Kete"}, ["kcw"] = {"Kabwari"}, ["kcx"] = {"Kachama-Ganjule"}, ["kcy"] = {"Korandje"}, ["kcz"] = {"Konongo"}, ["kda"] = {"Worimi"}, ["kdc"] = {"Kutu"}, ["kdd"] = {"Yankunytjatjara"}, ["kde"] = {"Makonde"}, ["kdf"] = {"Mamusi"}, ["kdg"] = {"Seba"}, ["kdh"] = {"Tem"}, ["kdi"] = {"Kumam"}, ["kdj"] = {"Karamojong"}, ["kdk"] = {"Numèè", "Kwényi"}, ["kdl"] = {"Tsikimba"}, ["kdm"] = {"Kagoma"}, ["kdn"] = {"Kunda"}, ["kdo"] = {"Kordofanian languages"}, ["kdp"] = {"Kaningdon-Nindem"}, ["kdq"] = {"Koch"}, ["kdr"] = {"Karaim"}, ["kdt"] = {"Kuy"}, ["kdu"] = {"Kadaru"}, ["kdw"] = {"Koneraw"}, ["kdx"] = {"Kam"}, ["kdy"] = {"Keder", "Keijar"}, ["kdz"] = {"Kwaja"}, ["kea"] = {"Kabuverdianu"}, ["keb"] = {"Kélé"}, ["kec"] = {"Keiga"}, ["ked"] = {"Kerewe"}, ["kee"] = {"Eastern Keres"}, ["kef"] = {"Kpessi"}, ["keg"] = {"Tese"}, ["keh"] = {"Keak"}, ["kei"] = {"Kei"}, ["kej"] = {"Kadar"}, ["kek"] = {"Kekchí"}, ["kel"] = {"Kela (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["kem"] = {"Kemak"}, ["ken"] = {"Kenyang"}, ["keo"] = {"Kakwa"}, ["kep"] = {"Kaikadi"}, ["keq"] = {"Kamar"}, ["ker"] = {"Kera"}, ["kes"] = {"Kugbo"}, ["ket"] = {"Ket"}, ["keu"] = {"Akebu"}, ["kev"] = {"Kanikkaran"}, ["kew"] = {"West Kewa"}, ["kex"] = {"Kukna"}, ["key"] = {"Kupia"}, ["kez"] = {"Kukele"}, ["kfa"] = {"Kodava"}, ["kfb"] = {"Northwestern Kolami"}, ["kfc"] = {"Konda-Dora"}, ["kfd"] = {"Korra Koraga"}, ["kfe"] = {"Kota (India)"}, ["kff"] = {"Koya"}, ["kfg"] = {"Kudiya"}, ["kfh"] = {"Kurichiya"}, ["kfi"] = {"Kannada Kurumba"}, ["kfj"] = {"Kemiehua"}, ["kfk"] = {"Kinnauri"}, ["kfl"] = {"Kung"}, ["kfm"] = {"Khunsari"}, ["kfn"] = {"Kuk"}, ["kfo"] = {"Koro (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["kfp"] = {"Korwa"}, ["kfq"] = {"Korku"}, ["kfr"] = {"Kachhi", "Kutchi"}, ["kfs"] = {"Bilaspuri"}, ["kft"] = {"Kanjari"}, ["kfu"] = {"Katkari"}, ["kfv"] = {"Kurmukar"}, ["kfw"] = {"Kharam Naga"}, ["kfx"] = {"Kullu Pahari"}, ["kfy"] = {"Kumaoni"}, ["kfz"] = {"Koromfé"}, ["kga"] = {"Koyaga"}, ["kgb"] = {"Kawe"}, ["kge"] = {"Komering"}, ["kgf"] = {"Kube"}, ["kgg"] = {"Kusunda"}, ["kgi"] = {"Selangor Sign Language"}, ["kgj"] = {"Gamale Kham"}, ["kgk"] = {"Kaiwá"}, ["kgl"] = {"Kunggari"}, ["kgm"] = {"Karipúna"}, ["kgn"] = {"Karingani"}, ["kgo"] = {"Krongo"}, ["kgp"] = {"Kaingang"}, ["kgq"] = {"Kamoro"}, ["kgr"] = {"Abun"}, ["kgs"] = {"Kumbainggar"}, ["kgt"] = {"Somyev"}, ["kgu"] = {"Kobol"}, ["kgv"] = {"Karas"}, ["kgw"] = {"Karon Dori"}, ["kgx"] = {"Kamaru"}, ["kgy"] = {"Kyerung"}, ["kha"] = {"Khasi"}, ["khb"] = {"Lü"}, ["khc"] = {"Tukang Besi North"}, ["khd"] = {"Bädi Kanum"}, ["khe"] = {"Korowai"}, ["khf"] = {"Khuen"}, ["khg"] = {"Khams Tibetan"}, ["khh"] = {"Kehu"}, ["khi"] = {"Khoisan languages"}, ["khj"] = {"Kuturmi"}, ["khk"] = {"Halh Mongolian"}, ["khl"] = {"Lusi"}, ["khn"] = {"Khandesi"}, ["kho"] = {"Khotanese", "Sakan"}, ["khp"] = {"Kapori", "Kapauri"}, ["khq"] = {"Koyra Chiini Songhay"}, ["khr"] = {"Kharia"}, ["khs"] = {"Kasua"}, ["kht"] = {"Khamti"}, ["khu"] = {"Nkhumbi"}, ["khv"] = {"Khvarshi"}, ["khw"] = {"Khowar"}, ["khx"] = {"Kanu"}, ["khy"] = {"Kele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["khz"] = {"Keapara"}, ["kia"] = {"Kim"}, ["kib"] = {"Koalib"}, ["kic"] = {"Kickapoo"}, ["kid"] = {"Koshin"}, ["kie"] = {"Kibet"}, ["kif"] = {"Eastern Parbate Kham"}, ["kig"] = {"Kimaama", "Kimaghima"}, ["kih"] = {"Kilmeri"}, ["kii"] = {"Kitsai"}, ["kij"] = {"Kilivila"}, ["kil"] = {"Kariya"}, ["kim"] = {"Karagas"}, ["kio"] = {"Kiowa"}, ["kip"] = {"Sheshi Kham"}, ["kiq"] = {"Kosadle", "Kosare"}, ["kis"] = {"Kis"}, ["kit"] = {"Agob"}, ["kiu"] = {"Kirmanjki (individual language)"}, ["kiv"] = {"Kimbu"}, ["kiw"] = {"Northeast Kiwai"}, ["kix"] = {"Khiamniungan Naga"}, ["kiy"] = {"Kirikiri"}, ["kiz"] = {"Kisi"}, ["kja"] = {"Mlap"}, ["kjb"] = {"Q'anjob'al", "Kanjobal"}, ["kjc"] = {"Coastal Konjo"}, ["kjd"] = {"Southern Kiwai"}, ["kje"] = {"Kisar"}, ["kjf"] = {"Khalaj"}, ["kjg"] = {"Khmu"}, ["kjh"] = {"Khakas"}, ["kji"] = {"Zabana"}, ["kjj"] = {"Khinalugh"}, ["kjk"] = {"Highland Konjo"}, ["kjl"] = {"Western Parbate Kham"}, ["kjm"] = {"Kháng"}, ["kjn"] = {"Kunjen"}, ["kjo"] = {"Harijan Kinnauri"}, ["kjp"] = {"Pwo Eastern Karen"}, ["kjq"] = {"Western Keres"}, ["kjr"] = {"Kurudu"}, ["kjs"] = {"East Kewa"}, ["kjt"] = {"Phrae Pwo Karen"}, ["kju"] = {"Kashaya"}, ["kjv"] = {"Kaikavian Literary Language"}, ["kjx"] = {"Ramopa"}, ["kjy"] = {"Erave"}, ["kjz"] = {"Bumthangkha"}, ["kka"] = {"Kakanda"}, ["kkb"] = {"Kwerisa"}, ["kkc"] = {"Odoodee"}, ["kkd"] = {"Kinuku"}, ["kke"] = {"Kakabe"}, ["kkf"] = {"Kalaktang Monpa"}, ["kkg"] = {"Mabaka Valley Kalinga"}, ["kkh"] = {"Khün"}, ["kki"] = {"Kagulu"}, ["kkj"] = {"Kako"}, ["kkk"] = {"Kokota"}, ["kkl"] = {"Kosarek Yale"}, ["kkm"] = {"Kiong"}, ["kkn"] = {"Kon Keu"}, ["kko"] = {"Karko"}, ["kkp"] = {"Gugubera", "Koko-Bera"}, ["kkq"] = {"Kaiku"}, ["kkr"] = {"Kir-Balar"}, ["kks"] = {"Giiwo"}, ["kkt"] = {"Koi"}, ["kku"] = {"Tumi"}, ["kkv"] = {"Kangean"}, ["kkw"] = {"Teke-Kukuya"}, ["kkx"] = {"Kohin"}, ["kky"] = {"Guugu Yimidhirr", "Guguyimidjir"}, ["kkz"] = {"Kaska"}, ["kla"] = {"Klamath-Modoc"}, ["klb"] = {"Kiliwa"}, ["klc"] = {"Kolbila"}, ["kld"] = {"Gamilaraay"}, ["kle"] = {"Kulung (Nepal)"}, ["klf"] = {"Kendeje"}, ["klg"] = {"Tagakaulo"}, ["klh"] = {"Weliki"}, ["kli"] = {"Kalumpang"}, ["klj"] = {"Turkic Khalaj"}, ["klk"] = {"Kono (Nigeria)"}, ["kll"] = {"Kagan Kalagan"}, ["klm"] = {"Migum"}, ["kln"] = {"Kalenjin"}, ["klo"] = {"Kapya"}, ["klp"] = {"Kamasa"}, ["klq"] = {"Rumu"}, ["klr"] = {"Khaling"}, ["kls"] = {"Kalasha"}, ["klt"] = {"Nukna"}, ["klu"] = {"Klao"}, ["klv"] = {"Maskelynes"}, ["klw"] = {"Tado", "Lindu"}, ["klx"] = {"Koluwawa"}, ["kly"] = {"Kalao"}, ["klz"] = {"Kabola"}, ["kma"] = {"Konni"}, ["kmb"] = {"Kimbundu"}, ["kmc"] = {"Southern Dong"}, ["kmd"] = {"Majukayang Kalinga"}, ["kme"] = {"Bakole"}, ["kmf"] = {"Kare (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kmg"] = {"Kâte"}, ["kmh"] = {"Kalam"}, ["kmi"] = {"Kami (Nigeria)"}, ["kmj"] = {"Kumarbhag Paharia"}, ["kmk"] = {"Limos Kalinga"}, ["kml"] = {"Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kmm"] = {"Kom (India)"}, ["kmn"] = {"Awtuw"}, ["kmo"] = {"Kwoma"}, ["kmp"] = {"Gimme"}, ["kmq"] = {"Kwama"}, ["kmr"] = {"Northern Kurdish"}, ["kms"] = {"Kamasau"}, ["kmt"] = {"Kemtuik"}, ["kmu"] = {"Kanite"}, ["kmv"] = {"Karipúna Creole French"}, ["kmw"] = {"Komo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["kmx"] = {"Waboda"}, ["kmy"] = {"Koma"}, ["kmz"] = {"Khorasani Turkish"}, ["kna"] = {"Dera (Nigeria)"}, ["knb"] = {"Lubuagan Kalinga"}, ["knc"] = {"Central Kanuri"}, ["knd"] = {"Konda"}, ["kne"] = {"Kankanaey"}, ["knf"] = {"Mankanya"}, ["kng"] = {"Koongo"}, ["kni"] = {"Kanufi"}, ["knj"] = {"Western Kanjobal"}, ["knk"] = {"Kuranko"}, ["knl"] = {"Keninjal"}, ["knm"] = {"Kanamarí"}, ["knn"] = {"Konkani (individual language)"}, ["kno"] = {"Kono (Sierra Leone)"}, ["knp"] = {"Kwanja"}, ["knq"] = {"Kintaq"}, ["knr"] = {"Kaningra"}, ["kns"] = {"Kensiu"}, ["knt"] = {"Panoan Katukína"}, ["knu"] = {"Kono (Guinea)"}, ["knv"] = {"Tabo"}, ["knw"] = {"Kung-Ekoka"}, ["knx"] = {"Kendayan", "Salako"}, ["kny"] = {"Kanyok"}, ["knz"] = {"Kalamsé"}, ["koa"] = {"Konomala"}, ["koc"] = {"Kpati"}, ["kod"] = {"Kodi"}, ["koe"] = {"Kacipo-Balesi"}, ["kof"] = {"Kubi"}, ["kog"] = {"Cogui", "Kogi"}, ["koh"] = {"Koyo"}, ["koi"] = {"Komi-Permyak"}, ["kok"] = {"Konkani (macrolanguage)"}, ["kol"] = {"Kol (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["koo"] = {"Konzo"}, ["kop"] = {"Waube"}, ["koq"] = {"Kota (Gabon)"}, ["kos"] = {"Kosraean"}, ["kot"] = {"Lagwan"}, ["kou"] = {"Koke"}, ["kov"] = {"Kudu-Camo"}, ["kow"] = {"Kugama"}, ["koy"] = {"Koyukon"}, ["koz"] = {"Korak"}, ["kpa"] = {"Kutto"}, ["kpb"] = {"Mullu Kurumba"}, ["kpc"] = {"Curripaco"}, ["kpd"] = {"Koba"}, ["kpe"] = {"Kpelle"}, ["kpf"] = {"Komba"}, ["kpg"] = {"Kapingamarangi"}, ["kph"] = {"Kplang"}, ["kpi"] = {"Kofei"}, ["kpj"] = {"Karajá"}, ["kpk"] = {"Kpan"}, ["kpl"] = {"Kpala"}, ["kpm"] = {"Koho"}, ["kpn"] = {"Kepkiriwát"}, ["kpo"] = {"Ikposo"}, ["kpq"] = {"Korupun-Sela"}, ["kpr"] = {"Korafe-Yegha"}, ["kps"] = {"Tehit"}, ["kpt"] = {"Karata"}, ["kpu"] = {"Kafoa"}, ["kpv"] = {"Komi-Zyrian"}, ["kpw"] = {"Kobon"}, ["kpx"] = {"Mountain Koiali"}, ["kpy"] = {"Koryak"}, ["kpz"] = {"Kupsabiny"}, ["kqa"] = {"Mum"}, ["kqb"] = {"Kovai"}, ["kqc"] = {"Doromu-Koki"}, ["kqd"] = {"Koy Sanjaq Surat"}, ["kqe"] = {"Kalagan"}, ["kqf"] = {"Kakabai"}, ["kqg"] = {"Khe"}, ["kqh"] = {"Kisankasa"}, ["kqi"] = {"Koitabu"}, ["kqj"] = {"Koromira"}, ["kqk"] = {"Kotafon Gbe"}, ["kql"] = {"Kyenele"}, ["kqm"] = {"Khisa"}, ["kqn"] = {"Kaonde"}, ["kqo"] = {"Eastern Krahn"}, ["kqp"] = {"Kimré"}, ["kqq"] = {"Krenak"}, ["kqr"] = {"Kimaragang"}, ["kqs"] = {"Northern Kissi"}, ["kqt"] = {"Klias River Kadazan"}, ["kqu"] = {"Seroa"}, ["kqv"] = {"Okolod"}, ["kqw"] = {"Kandas"}, ["kqx"] = {"Mser"}, ["kqy"] = {"Koorete"}, ["kqz"] = {"Korana"}, ["kra"] = {"Kumhali"}, ["krb"] = {"Karkin"}, ["krc"] = {"Karachay-Balkar"}, ["krd"] = {"Kairui-Midiki"}, ["kre"] = {"Panará"}, ["krf"] = {"Koro (Vanuatu)"}, ["krh"] = {"Kurama"}, ["kri"] = {"Krio"}, ["krj"] = {"Kinaray-A"}, ["krk"] = {"Kerek"}, ["krl"] = {"Karelian"}, ["krn"] = {"Sapo"}, ["kro"] = {"Kru languages"}, ["krp"] = {"Korop"}, ["krr"] = {"Krung"}, ["krs"] = {"Gbaya (Sudan)"}, ["krt"] = {"Tumari Kanuri"}, ["kru"] = {"Kurukh"}, ["krv"] = {"Kavet"}, ["krw"] = {"Western Krahn"}, ["krx"] = {"Karon"}, ["kry"] = {"Kryts"}, ["krz"] = {"Sota Kanum"}, ["ksa"] = {"Shuwa-Zamani"}, ["ksb"] = {"Shambala"}, ["ksc"] = {"Southern Kalinga"}, ["ksd"] = {"Kuanua"}, ["kse"] = {"Kuni"}, ["ksf"] = {"Bafia"}, ["ksg"] = {"Kusaghe"}, ["ksh"] = {"Kölsch"}, ["ksi"] = {"Krisa", "I'saka"}, ["ksj"] = {"Uare"}, ["ksk"] = {"Kansa"}, ["ksl"] = {"Kumalu"}, ["ksm"] = {"Kumba"}, ["ksn"] = {"Kasiguranin"}, ["kso"] = {"Kofa"}, ["ksp"] = {"Kaba"}, ["ksq"] = {"Kwaami"}, ["ksr"] = {"Borong"}, ["kss"] = {"Southern Kisi"}, ["kst"] = {"Winyé"}, ["ksu"] = {"Khamyang"}, ["ksv"] = {"Kusu"}, ["ksw"] = {"S'gaw Karen"}, ["ksx"] = {"Kedang"}, ["ksy"] = {"Kharia Thar"}, ["ksz"] = {"Kodaku"}, ["kta"] = {"Katua"}, ["ktb"] = {"Kambaata"}, ["ktc"] = {"Kholok"}, ["ktd"] = {"Kokata", "Kukatha"}, ["kte"] = {"Nubri"}, ["ktf"] = {"Kwami"}, ["ktg"] = {"Kalkutung"}, ["kth"] = {"Karanga"}, ["kti"] = {"North Muyu"}, ["ktj"] = {"Plapo Krumen"}, ["ktk"] = {"Kaniet"}, ["ktl"] = {"Koroshi"}, ["ktm"] = {"Kurti"}, ["ktn"] = {"Karitiâna"}, ["kto"] = {"Kuot"}, ["ktp"] = {"Kaduo"}, ["ktq"] = {"Katabaga"}, ["kts"] = {"South Muyu"}, ["ktt"] = {"Ketum"}, ["ktu"] = {"Kituba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["ktv"] = {"Eastern Katu"}, ["ktw"] = {"Kato"}, ["ktx"] = {"Kaxararí"}, ["kty"] = {"Kango (Bas-Uélé District)"}, ["ktz"] = {"Juǀʼhoan", "Juǀʼhoansi"}, ["kub"] = {"Kutep"}, ["kuc"] = {"Kwinsu"}, ["kud"] = {"'Auhelawa"}, ["kue"] = {"Kuman (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kuf"] = {"Western Katu"}, ["kug"] = {"Kupa"}, ["kuh"] = {"Kushi"}, ["kui"] = {"Kuikúro-Kalapálo"}, ["kuj"] = {"Kuria"}, ["kuk"] = {"Kepo'"}, ["kul"] = {"Kulere"}, ["kum"] = {"Kumyk"}, ["kun"] = {"Kunama"}, ["kuo"] = {"Kumukio"}, ["kup"] = {"Kunimaipa"}, ["kuq"] = {"Karipuna"}, ["kus"] = {"Kusaal"}, ["kut"] = {"Kutenai"}, ["kuu"] = {"Upper Kuskokwim"}, ["kuv"] = {"Kur"}, ["kuw"] = {"Kpagua"}, ["kux"] = {"Kukatja"}, ["kuy"] = {"Kuuku-Ya'u"}, ["kuz"] = {"Kunza"}, ["kva"] = {"Bagvalal"}, ["kvb"] = {"Kubu"}, ["kvc"] = {"Kove"}, ["kvd"] = {"Kui (Indonesia)"}, ["kve"] = {"Kalabakan"}, ["kvf"] = {"Kabalai"}, ["kvg"] = {"Kuni-Boazi"}, ["kvh"] = {"Komodo"}, ["kvi"] = {"Kwang"}, ["kvj"] = {"Psikye"}, ["kvk"] = {"Korean Sign Language"}, ["kvl"] = {"Kayaw"}, ["kvm"] = {"Kendem"}, ["kvn"] = {"Border Kuna"}, ["kvo"] = {"Dobel"}, ["kvp"] = {"Kompane"}, ["kvq"] = {"Geba Karen"}, ["kvr"] = {"Kerinci"}, ["kvt"] = {"Lahta Karen", "Lahta"}, ["kvu"] = {"Yinbaw Karen"}, ["kvv"] = {"Kola"}, ["kvw"] = {"Wersing"}, ["kvx"] = {"Parkari Koli"}, ["kvy"] = {"Yintale Karen", "Yintale"}, ["kvz"] = {"Tsakwambo", "Tsaukambo"}, ["kwa"] = {"Dâw"}, ["kwb"] = {"Kwa"}, ["kwc"] = {"Likwala"}, ["kwd"] = {"Kwaio"}, ["kwe"] = {"Kwerba"}, ["kwf"] = {"Kwara'ae"}, ["kwg"] = {"Sara Kaba Deme"}, ["kwh"] = {"Kowiai"}, ["kwi"] = {"Awa-Cuaiquer"}, ["kwj"] = {"Kwanga"}, ["kwk"] = {"Kwakiutl"}, ["kwl"] = {"Kofyar"}, ["kwm"] = {"Kwambi"}, ["kwn"] = {"Kwangali"}, ["kwo"] = {"Kwomtari"}, ["kwp"] = {"Kodia"}, ["kwr"] = {"Kwer"}, ["kws"] = {"Kwese"}, ["kwt"] = {"Kwesten"}, ["kwu"] = {"Kwakum"}, ["kwv"] = {"Sara Kaba Náà"}, ["kww"] = {"Kwinti"}, ["kwx"] = {"Khirwar"}, ["kwy"] = {"San Salvador Kongo"}, ["kwz"] = {"Kwadi"}, ["kxa"] = {"Kairiru"}, ["kxb"] = {"Krobu"}, ["kxc"] = {"Konso", "Khonso"}, ["kxd"] = {"Brunei"}, ["kxf"] = {"Manumanaw Karen", "Manumanaw"}, ["kxh"] = {"Karo (Ethiopia)"}, ["kxi"] = {"Keningau Murut"}, ["kxj"] = {"Kulfa"}, ["kxk"] = {"Zayein Karen"}, ["kxl"] = {"Nepali Kurux"}, ["kxm"] = {"Northern Khmer"}, ["kxn"] = {"Kanowit-Tanjong Melanau"}, ["kxo"] = {"Kanoé"}, ["kxp"] = {"Wadiyara Koli"}, ["kxq"] = {"Smärky Kanum"}, ["kxr"] = {"Koro (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kxs"] = {"Kangjia"}, ["kxt"] = {"Koiwat"}, ["kxu"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["kxv"] = {"Kuvi"}, ["kxw"] = {"Konai"}, ["kxx"] = {"Likuba"}, ["kxy"] = {"Kayong"}, ["kxz"] = {"Kerewo"}, ["kya"] = {"Kwaya"}, ["kyb"] = {"Butbut Kalinga"}, ["kyc"] = {"Kyaka"}, ["kyd"] = {"Karey"}, ["kye"] = {"Krache"}, ["kyf"] = {"Kouya"}, ["kyg"] = {"Keyagana"}, ["kyh"] = {"Karok"}, ["kyi"] = {"Kiput"}, ["kyj"] = {"Karao"}, ["kyk"] = {"Kamayo"}, ["kyl"] = {"Kalapuya"}, ["kym"] = {"Kpatili"}, ["kyn"] = {"Northern Binukidnon"}, ["kyo"] = {"Kelon"}, ["kyp"] = {"Kang"}, ["kyq"] = {"Kenga"}, ["kyr"] = {"Kuruáya"}, ["kys"] = {"Baram Kayan"}, ["kyt"] = {"Kayagar"}, ["kyu"] = {"Western Kayah"}, ["kyv"] = {"Kayort"}, ["kyw"] = {"Kudmali"}, ["kyx"] = {"Rapoisi"}, ["kyy"] = {"Kambaira"}, ["kyz"] = {"Kayabí"}, ["kza"] = {"Western Karaboro"}, ["kzb"] = {"Kaibobo"}, ["kzc"] = {"Bondoukou Kulango"}, ["kzd"] = {"Kadai"}, ["kze"] = {"Kosena"}, ["kzf"] = {"Da'a Kaili"}, ["kzg"] = {"Kikai"}, ["kzi"] = {"Kelabit"}, ["kzk"] = {"Kazukuru"}, ["kzl"] = {"Kayeli"}, ["kzm"] = {"Kais"}, ["kzn"] = {"Kokola"}, ["kzo"] = {"Kaningi"}, ["kzp"] = {"Kaidipang"}, ["kzq"] = {"Kaike"}, ["kzr"] = {"Karang"}, ["kzs"] = {"Sugut Dusun"}, ["kzu"] = {"Kayupulau"}, ["kzv"] = {"Komyandaret"}, ["kzw"] = {"Karirí-Xocó"}, ["kzx"] = {"Kamarian"}, ["kzy"] = {"Kango (Tshopo District)"}, ["kzz"] = {"Kalabra"}, ["laa"] = {"Southern Subanen"}, ["lab"] = {"Linear A"}, ["lac"] = {"Lacandon"}, ["lad"] = {"Ladino"}, ["lae"] = {"Pattani"}, ["laf"] = {"Lafofa"}, ["lag"] = {"Langi"}, ["lah"] = {"Lahnda"}, ["lai"] = {"Lambya"}, ["laj"] = {"Lango (Uganda)"}, ["lak"] = {"Laka (Nigeria)"}, ["lal"] = {"Lalia"}, ["lam"] = {"Lamba"}, ["lan"] = {"Laru"}, ["lap"] = {"Laka (Chad)"}, ["laq"] = {"Qabiao"}, ["lar"] = {"Larteh"}, ["las"] = {"Lama (Togo)"}, ["lau"] = {"Laba"}, ["law"] = {"Lauje"}, ["lax"] = {"Tiwa"}, ["lay"] = {"Lama Bai"}, ["laz"] = {"Aribwatsa"}, ["lbb"] = {"Label"}, ["lbc"] = {"Lakkia"}, ["lbe"] = {"Lak"}, ["lbf"] = {"Tinani"}, ["lbg"] = {"Laopang"}, ["lbi"] = {"La'bi"}, ["lbj"] = {"Ladakhi"}, ["lbk"] = {"Central Bontok"}, ["lbl"] = {"Libon Bikol"}, ["lbm"] = {"Lodhi"}, ["lbn"] = {"Rmeet"}, ["lbo"] = {"Laven"}, ["lbq"] = {"Wampar"}, ["lbr"] = {"Lohorung"}, ["lbs"] = {"Libyan Sign Language"}, ["lbt"] = {"Lachi"}, ["lbu"] = {"Labu"}, ["lbv"] = {"Lavatbura-Lamusong"}, ["lbw"] = {"Tolaki"}, ["lbx"] = {"Lawangan"}, ["lby"] = {"Lamalama", "Lamu-Lamu"}, ["lbz"] = {"Lardil"}, ["lcc"] = {"Legenyem"}, ["lcd"] = {"Lola"}, ["lce"] = {"Loncong", "Sekak"}, ["lcf"] = {"Lubu"}, ["lch"] = {"Luchazi"}, ["lcl"] = {"Lisela"}, ["lcm"] = {"Tungag"}, ["lcp"] = {"Western Lawa"}, ["lcq"] = {"Luhu"}, ["lcs"] = {"Lisabata-Nuniali"}, ["lda"] = {"Kla-Dan"}, ["ldb"] = {"Dũya"}, ["ldd"] = {"Luri"}, ["ldg"] = {"Lenyima"}, ["ldh"] = {"Lamja-Dengsa-Tola"}, ["ldi"] = {"Laari"}, ["ldj"] = {"Lemoro"}, ["ldk"] = {"Leelau"}, ["ldl"] = {"Kaan"}, ["ldm"] = {"Landoma"}, ["ldn"] = {"Láadan"}, ["ldo"] = {"Loo"}, ["ldp"] = {"Tso"}, ["ldq"] = {"Lufu"}, ["lea"] = {"Lega-Shabunda"}, ["leb"] = {"Lala-Bisa"}, ["lec"] = {"Leco"}, ["led"] = {"Lendu"}, ["lee"] = {"Lyélé"}, ["lef"] = {"Lelemi"}, ["leh"] = {"Lenje"}, ["lei"] = {"Lemio"}, ["lej"] = {"Lengola"}, ["lek"] = {"Leipon"}, ["lel"] = {"Lele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["lem"] = {"Nomaande"}, ["len"] = {"Lenca"}, ["leo"] = {"Leti (Cameroon)"}, ["lep"] = {"Lepcha"}, ["leq"] = {"Lembena"}, ["ler"] = {"Lenkau"}, ["les"] = {"Lese"}, ["let"] = {"Lesing-Gelimi", "Amio-Gelimi"}, ["leu"] = {"Kara (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["lev"] = {"Lamma"}, ["lew"] = {"Ledo Kaili"}, ["lex"] = {"Luang"}, ["ley"] = {"Lemolang"}, ["lez"] = {"Lezghian"}, ["lfa"] = {"Lefa"}, ["lfn"] = {"Lingua Franca Nova"}, ["lga"] = {"Lungga"}, ["lgb"] = {"Laghu"}, ["lgg"] = {"Lugbara"}, ["lgh"] = {"Laghuu"}, ["lgi"] = {"Lengilu"}, ["lgk"] = {"Lingarak", "Neverver"}, ["lgl"] = {"Wala"}, ["lgm"] = {"Lega-Mwenga"}, ["lgn"] = {"T'apo", "Opuuo"}, ["lgq"] = {"Logba"}, ["lgr"] = {"Lengo"}, ["lgt"] = {"Pahi"}, ["lgu"] = {"Longgu"}, ["lgz"] = {"Ligenza"}, ["lha"] = {"Laha (Viet Nam)"}, ["lhh"] = {"Laha (Indonesia)"}, ["lhi"] = {"Lahu Shi"}, ["lhl"] = {"Lahul Lohar"}, ["lhm"] = {"Lhomi"}, ["lhn"] = {"Lahanan"}, ["lhp"] = {"Lhokpu"}, ["lhs"] = {"Mlahsö"}, ["lht"] = {"Lo-Toga"}, ["lhu"] = {"Lahu"}, ["lia"] = {"West-Central Limba"}, ["lib"] = {"Likum"}, ["lic"] = {"Hlai"}, ["lid"] = {"Nyindrou"}, ["lie"] = {"Likila"}, ["lif"] = {"Limbu"}, ["lig"] = {"Ligbi"}, ["lih"] = {"Lihir"}, ["lij"] = {"Ligurian"}, ["lik"] = {"Lika"}, ["lil"] = {"Lillooet"}, ["lio"] = {"Liki"}, ["lip"] = {"Sekpele"}, ["liq"] = {"Libido"}, ["lir"] = {"Liberian English"}, ["lis"] = {"Lisu"}, ["liu"] = {"Logorik"}, ["liv"] = {"Liv"}, ["liw"] = {"Col"}, ["lix"] = {"Liabuku"}, ["liy"] = {"Banda-Bambari"}, ["liz"] = {"Libinza"}, ["lja"] = {"Golpa"}, ["lje"] = {"Rampi"}, ["lji"] = {"Laiyolo"}, ["ljl"] = {"Li'o"}, ["ljp"] = {"Lampung Api"}, ["ljw"] = {"Yirandali"}, ["ljx"] = {"Yuru"}, ["lka"] = {"Lakalei"}, ["lkb"] = {"Kabras", "Lukabaras"}, ["lkc"] = {"Kucong"}, ["lkd"] = {"Lakondê"}, ["lke"] = {"Kenyi"}, ["lkh"] = {"Lakha"}, ["lki"] = {"Laki"}, ["lkj"] = {"Remun"}, ["lkl"] = {"Laeko-Libuat"}, ["lkm"] = {"Kalaamaya"}, ["lkn"] = {"Lakon", "Vure"}, ["lko"] = {"Khayo", "Olukhayo"}, ["lkr"] = {"Päri"}, ["lks"] = {"Kisa", "Olushisa"}, ["lkt"] = {"Lakota"}, ["lku"] = {"Kungkari"}, ["lky"] = {"Lokoya"}, ["lla"] = {"Lala-Roba"}, ["llb"] = {"Lolo"}, ["llc"] = {"Lele (Guinea)"}, ["lld"] = {"Ladin"}, ["lle"] = {"Lele (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["llf"] = {"Hermit"}, ["llg"] = {"Lole"}, ["llh"] = {"Lamu"}, ["lli"] = {"Teke-Laali"}, ["llj"] = {"Ladji Ladji"}, ["llk"] = {"Lelak"}, ["lll"] = {"Lilau"}, ["llm"] = {"Lasalimu"}, ["lln"] = {"Lele (Chad)"}, ["llp"] = {"North Efate"}, ["llq"] = {"Lolak"}, ["lls"] = {"Lithuanian Sign Language"}, ["llu"] = {"Lau"}, ["llx"] = {"Lauan"}, ["lma"] = {"East Limba"}, ["lmb"] = {"Merei"}, ["lmc"] = {"Limilngan"}, ["lmd"] = {"Lumun"}, ["lme"] = {"Pévé"}, ["lmf"] = {"South Lembata"}, ["lmg"] = {"Lamogai"}, ["lmh"] = {"Lambichhong"}, ["lmi"] = {"Lombi"}, ["lmj"] = {"West Lembata"}, ["lmk"] = {"Lamkang"}, ["lml"] = {"Hano"}, ["lmn"] = {"Lambadi"}, ["lmo"] = {"Lombard"}, ["lmp"] = {"Limbum"}, ["lmq"] = {"Lamatuka"}, ["lmr"] = {"Lamalera"}, ["lmu"] = {"Lamenu"}, ["lmv"] = {"Lomaiviti"}, ["lmw"] = {"Lake Miwok"}, ["lmx"] = {"Laimbue"}, ["lmy"] = {"Lamboya"}, ["lmz"] = {"Lumbee"}, ["lna"] = {"Langbashe"}, ["lnb"] = {"Mbalanhu"}, ["lnd"] = {"Lundayeh", "Lun Bawang"}, ["lng"] = {"Langobardic"}, ["lnh"] = {"Lanoh"}, ["lni"] = {"Daantanai'"}, ["lnj"] = {"Leningitij"}, ["lnl"] = {"South Central Banda"}, ["lnm"] = {"Langam"}, ["lnn"] = {"Lorediakarkar"}, ["lno"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"}, ["lns"] = {"Lamnso'"}, ["lnu"] = {"Longuda"}, ["lnw"] = {"Lanima"}, ["lnz"] = {"Lonzo"}, ["loa"] = {"Loloda"}, ["lob"] = {"Lobi"}, ["loc"] = {"Inonhan"}, ["loe"] = {"Saluan"}, ["lof"] = {"Logol"}, ["log"] = {"Logo"}, ["loh"] = {"Narim"}, ["loi"] = {"Loma (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["loj"] = {"Lou"}, ["lok"] = {"Loko"}, ["lol"] = {"Mongo"}, ["lom"] = {"Loma (Liberia)"}, ["lon"] = {"Malawi Lomwe"}, ["loo"] = {"Lombo"}, ["lop"] = {"Lopa"}, ["loq"] = {"Lobala"}, ["lor"] = {"Téén"}, ["los"] = {"Loniu"}, ["lot"] = {"Otuho"}, ["lou"] = {"Louisiana Creole"}, ["lov"] = {"Lopi"}, ["low"] = {"Tampias Lobu"}, ["lox"] = {"Loun"}, ["loy"] = {"Loke"}, ["loz"] = {"Lozi"}, ["lpa"] = {"Lelepa"}, ["lpe"] = {"Lepki"}, ["lpn"] = {"Long Phuri Naga"}, ["lpo"] = {"Lipo"}, ["lpx"] = {"Lopit"}, ["lra"] = {"Rara Bakati'"}, ["lrc"] = {"Northern Luri"}, ["lre"] = {"Laurentian"}, ["lrg"] = {"Laragia"}, ["lri"] = {"Marachi", "Olumarachi"}, ["lrk"] = {"Loarki"}, ["lrl"] = {"Lari"}, ["lrm"] = {"Marama", "Olumarama"}, ["lrn"] = {"Lorang"}, ["lro"] = {"Laro"}, ["lrr"] = {"Southern Yamphu"}, ["lrt"] = {"Larantuka Malay"}, ["lrv"] = {"Larevat"}, ["lrz"] = {"Lemerig"}, ["lsa"] = {"Lasgerdi"}, ["lsd"] = {"Lishana Deni"}, ["lse"] = {"Lusengo"}, ["lsh"] = {"Lish"}, ["lsi"] = {"Lashi"}, ["lsl"] = {"Latvian Sign Language"}, ["lsm"] = {"Saamia", "Olusamia"}, ["lsn"] = {"Tibetan Sign Language"}, ["lso"] = {"Laos Sign Language"}, ["lsp"] = {"Panamanian Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas Panameñas"}, ["lsr"] = {"Aruop"}, ["lss"] = {"Lasi"}, ["lst"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language"}, ["lsv"] = {"Sivia Sign Language"}, ["lsy"] = {"Mauritian Sign Language"}, ["ltc"] = {"Late Middle Chinese"}, ["ltg"] = {"Latgalian"}, ["lth"] = {"Thur"}, ["lti"] = {"Leti (Indonesia)"}, ["ltn"] = {"Latundê"}, ["lto"] = {"Tsotso", "Olutsotso"}, ["lts"] = {"Tachoni", "Lutachoni"}, ["ltu"] = {"Latu"}, ["lua"] = {"Luba-Lulua"}, ["luc"] = {"Aringa"}, ["lud"] = {"Ludian"}, ["lue"] = {"Luvale"}, ["luf"] = {"Laua"}, ["lui"] = {"Luiseno"}, ["luj"] = {"Luna"}, ["luk"] = {"Lunanakha"}, ["lul"] = {"Olu'bo"}, ["lum"] = {"Luimbi"}, ["lun"] = {"Lunda"}, ["luo"] = {"Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)", "Dholuo"}, ["lup"] = {"Lumbu"}, ["luq"] = {"Lucumi"}, ["lur"] = {"Laura"}, ["lus"] = {"Lushai"}, ["lut"] = {"Lushootseed"}, ["luu"] = {"Lumba-Yakkha"}, ["luv"] = {"Luwati"}, ["luw"] = {"Luo (Cameroon)"}, ["luy"] = {"Luyia", "Oluluyia"}, ["luz"] = {"Southern Luri"}, ["lva"] = {"Maku'a"}, ["lvi"] = {"Lavi"}, ["lvk"] = {"Lavukaleve"}, ["lvs"] = {"Standard Latvian"}, ["lvu"] = {"Levuka"}, ["lwa"] = {"Lwalu"}, ["lwe"] = {"Lewo Eleng"}, ["lwg"] = {"Wanga", "Oluwanga"}, ["lwh"] = {"White Lachi"}, ["lwl"] = {"Eastern Lawa"}, ["lwm"] = {"Laomian"}, ["lwo"] = {"Luwo"}, ["lws"] = {"Malawian Sign Language"}, ["lwt"] = {"Lewotobi"}, ["lwu"] = {"Lawu"}, ["lww"] = {"Lewo"}, ["lya"] = {"Layakha"}, ["lyg"] = {"Lyngngam"}, ["lyn"] = {"Luyana"}, ["lzh"] = {"Literary Chinese"}, ["lzl"] = {"Litzlitz"}, ["lzn"] = {"Leinong Naga"}, ["lzz"] = {"Laz"}, ["maa"] = {"San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec"}, ["mab"] = {"Yutanduchi Mixtec"}, ["mad"] = {"Madurese"}, ["mae"] = {"Bo-Rukul"}, ["maf"] = {"Mafa"}, ["mag"] = {"Magahi"}, ["mai"] = {"Maithili"}, ["maj"] = {"Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec"}, ["mak"] = {"Makasar"}, ["mam"] = {"Mam"}, ["man"] = {"Mandingo", "Manding"}, ["map"] = {"Austronesian languages"}, ["maq"] = {"Chiquihuitlán Mazatec"}, ["mas"] = {"Masai"}, ["mat"] = {"San Francisco Matlatzinca"}, ["mau"] = {"Huautla Mazatec"}, ["mav"] = {"Sateré-Mawé"}, ["maw"] = {"Mampruli"}, ["max"] = {"North Moluccan Malay"}, ["maz"] = {"Central Mazahua"}, ["mba"] = {"Higaonon"}, ["mbb"] = {"Western Bukidnon Manobo"}, ["mbc"] = {"Macushi"}, ["mbd"] = {"Dibabawon Manobo"}, ["mbe"] = {"Molale"}, ["mbf"] = {"Baba Malay"}, ["mbh"] = {"Mangseng"}, ["mbi"] = {"Ilianen Manobo"}, ["mbj"] = {"Nadëb"}, ["mbk"] = {"Malol"}, ["mbl"] = {"Maxakalí"}, ["mbm"] = {"Ombamba"}, ["mbn"] = {"Macaguán"}, ["mbo"] = {"Mbo (Cameroon)"}, ["mbp"] = {"Malayo"}, ["mbq"] = {"Maisin"}, ["mbr"] = {"Nukak Makú"}, ["mbs"] = {"Sarangani Manobo"}, ["mbt"] = {"Matigsalug Manobo"}, ["mbu"] = {"Mbula-Bwazza"}, ["mbv"] = {"Mbulungish"}, ["mbw"] = {"Maring"}, ["mbx"] = {"Mari (East Sepik Province)"}, ["mby"] = {"Memoni"}, ["mbz"] = {"Amoltepec Mixtec"}, ["mca"] = {"Maca"}, ["mcb"] = {"Machiguenga"}, ["mcc"] = {"Bitur"}, ["mcd"] = {"Sharanahua"}, ["mce"] = {"Itundujia Mixtec"}, ["mcf"] = {"Matsés"}, ["mcg"] = {"Mapoyo"}, ["mch"] = {"Maquiritari"}, ["mci"] = {"Mese"}, ["mcj"] = {"Mvanip"}, ["mck"] = {"Mbunda"}, ["mcl"] = {"Macaguaje"}, ["mcm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Portuguese"}, ["mcn"] = {"Masana"}, ["mco"] = {"Coatlán Mixe"}, ["mcp"] = {"Makaa"}, ["mcq"] = {"Ese"}, ["mcr"] = {"Menya"}, ["mcs"] = {"Mambai"}, ["mct"] = {"Mengisa"}, ["mcu"] = {"Cameroon Mambila"}, ["mcv"] = {"Minanibai"}, ["mcw"] = {"Mawa (Chad)"}, ["mcx"] = {"Mpiemo"}, ["mcy"] = {"South Watut"}, ["mcz"] = {"Mawan"}, ["mda"] = {"Mada (Nigeria)"}, ["mdb"] = {"Morigi"}, ["mdc"] = {"Male (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mdd"] = {"Mbum"}, ["mde"] = {"Maba (Chad)"}, ["mdf"] = {"Moksha"}, ["mdg"] = {"Massalat"}, ["mdh"] = {"Maguindanaon"}, ["mdi"] = {"Mamvu"}, ["mdj"] = {"Mangbetu"}, ["mdk"] = {"Mangbutu"}, ["mdl"] = {"Maltese Sign Language"}, ["mdm"] = {"Mayogo"}, ["mdn"] = {"Mbati"}, ["mdp"] = {"Mbala"}, ["mdq"] = {"Mbole"}, ["mdr"] = {"Mandar"}, ["mds"] = {"Maria (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mdt"] = {"Mbere"}, ["mdu"] = {"Mboko"}, ["mdv"] = {"Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec"}, ["mdw"] = {"Mbosi"}, ["mdx"] = {"Dizin"}, ["mdy"] = {"Male (Ethiopia)"}, ["mdz"] = {"Suruí Do Pará"}, ["mea"] = {"Menka"}, ["meb"] = {"Ikobi"}, ["mec"] = {"Marra"}, ["med"] = {"Melpa"}, ["mee"] = {"Mengen"}, ["mef"] = {"Megam"}, ["meh"] = {"Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["mei"] = {"Midob"}, ["mej"] = {"Meyah"}, ["mek"] = {"Mekeo"}, ["mel"] = {"Central Melanau"}, ["mem"] = {"Mangala"}, ["men"] = {"Mende (Sierra Leone)"}, ["meo"] = {"Kedah Malay"}, ["mep"] = {"Miriwoong"}, ["meq"] = {"Merey"}, ["mer"] = {"Meru"}, ["mes"] = {"Masmaje"}, ["met"] = {"Mato"}, ["meu"] = {"Motu"}, ["mev"] = {"Mano"}, ["mew"] = {"Maaka"}, ["mey"] = {"Hassaniyya"}, ["mez"] = {"Menominee"}, ["mfa"] = {"Pattani Malay"}, ["mfb"] = {"Bangka"}, ["mfc"] = {"Mba"}, ["mfd"] = {"Mendankwe-Nkwen"}, ["mfe"] = {"Morisyen"}, ["mff"] = {"Naki"}, ["mfg"] = {"Mogofin"}, ["mfh"] = {"Matal"}, ["mfi"] = {"Wandala"}, ["mfj"] = {"Mefele"}, ["mfk"] = {"North Mofu"}, ["mfl"] = {"Putai"}, ["mfm"] = {"Marghi South"}, ["mfn"] = {"Cross River Mbembe"}, ["mfo"] = {"Mbe"}, ["mfp"] = {"Makassar Malay"}, ["mfq"] = {"Moba"}, ["mfr"] = {"Marrithiyel"}, ["mfs"] = {"Mexican Sign Language"}, ["mft"] = {"Mokerang"}, ["mfu"] = {"Mbwela"}, ["mfv"] = {"Mandjak"}, ["mfw"] = {"Mulaha"}, ["mfx"] = {"Melo"}, ["mfy"] = {"Mayo"}, ["mfz"] = {"Mabaan"}, ["mga"] = {"Middle Irish (900-1200)"}, ["mgb"] = {"Mararit"}, ["mgc"] = {"Morokodo"}, ["mgd"] = {"Moru"}, ["mge"] = {"Mango"}, ["mgf"] = {"Maklew"}, ["mgg"] = {"Mpumpong"}, ["mgh"] = {"Makhuwa-Meetto"}, ["mgi"] = {"Lijili"}, ["mgj"] = {"Abureni"}, ["mgk"] = {"Mawes"}, ["mgl"] = {"Maleu-Kilenge"}, ["mgm"] = {"Mambae"}, ["mgn"] = {"Mbangi"}, ["mgo"] = {"Meta'"}, ["mgp"] = {"Eastern Magar"}, ["mgq"] = {"Malila"}, ["mgr"] = {"Mambwe-Lungu"}, ["mgs"] = {"Manda (Tanzania)"}, ["mgt"] = {"Mongol"}, ["mgu"] = {"Mailu"}, ["mgv"] = {"Matengo"}, ["mgw"] = {"Matumbi"}, ["mgy"] = {"Mbunga"}, ["mgz"] = {"Mbugwe"}, ["mha"] = {"Manda (India)"}, ["mhb"] = {"Mahongwe"}, ["mhc"] = {"Mocho"}, ["mhd"] = {"Mbugu"}, ["mhe"] = {"Besisi", "Mah Meri"}, ["mhf"] = {"Mamaa"}, ["mhg"] = {"Margu"}, ["mhi"] = {"Ma'di"}, ["mhj"] = {"Mogholi"}, ["mhk"] = {"Mungaka"}, ["mhl"] = {"Mauwake"}, ["mhm"] = {"Makhuwa-Moniga"}, ["mhn"] = {"Mócheno"}, ["mho"] = {"Mashi (Zambia)"}, ["mhp"] = {"Balinese Malay"}, ["mhq"] = {"Mandan"}, ["mhr"] = {"Eastern Mari"}, ["mhs"] = {"Buru (Indonesia)"}, ["mht"] = {"Mandahuaca"}, ["mhu"] = {"Digaro-Mishmi", "Darang Deng"}, ["mhw"] = {"Mbukushu"}, ["mhx"] = {"Maru", "Lhaovo"}, ["mhy"] = {"Ma'anyan"}, ["mhz"] = {"Mor (Mor Islands)"}, ["mia"] = {"Miami"}, ["mib"] = {"Atatláhuca Mixtec"}, ["mic"] = {"Mi'kmaq", "Micmac"}, ["mid"] = {"Mandaic"}, ["mie"] = {"Ocotepec Mixtec"}, ["mif"] = {"Mofu-Gudur"}, ["mig"] = {"San Miguel El Grande Mixtec"}, ["mih"] = {"Chayuco Mixtec"}, ["mii"] = {"Chigmecatitlán Mixtec"}, ["mij"] = {"Abar", "Mungbam"}, ["mik"] = {"Mikasuki"}, ["mil"] = {"Peñoles Mixtec"}, ["mim"] = {"Alacatlatzala Mixtec"}, ["min"] = {"Minangkabau"}, ["mio"] = {"Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec"}, ["mip"] = {"Apasco-Apoala Mixtec"}, ["miq"] = {"Mískito"}, ["mir"] = {"Isthmus Mixe"}, ["mis"] = {"Uncoded languages"}, ["mit"] = {"Southern Puebla Mixtec"}, ["miu"] = {"Cacaloxtepec Mixtec"}, ["miw"] = {"Akoye"}, ["mix"] = {"Mixtepec Mixtec"}, ["miy"] = {"Ayutla Mixtec"}, ["miz"] = {"Coatzospan Mixtec"}, ["mjb"] = {"Makalero"}, ["mjc"] = {"San Juan Colorado Mixtec"}, ["mjd"] = {"Northwest Maidu"}, ["mje"] = {"Muskum"}, ["mjg"] = {"Tu"}, ["mjh"] = {"Mwera (Nyasa)"}, ["mji"] = {"Kim Mun"}, ["mjj"] = {"Mawak"}, ["mjk"] = {"Matukar"}, ["mjl"] = {"Mandeali"}, ["mjm"] = {"Medebur"}, ["mjn"] = {"Ma (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mjo"] = {"Malankuravan"}, ["mjp"] = {"Malapandaram"}, ["mjq"] = {"Malaryan"}, ["mjr"] = {"Malavedan"}, ["mjs"] = {"Miship"}, ["mjt"] = {"Sauria Paharia"}, ["mju"] = {"Manna-Dora"}, ["mjv"] = {"Mannan"}, ["mjw"] = {"Karbi"}, ["mjx"] = {"Mahali"}, ["mjy"] = {"Mahican"}, ["mjz"] = {"Majhi"}, ["mka"] = {"Mbre"}, ["mkb"] = {"Mal Paharia"}, ["mkc"] = {"Siliput"}, ["mke"] = {"Mawchi"}, ["mkf"] = {"Miya"}, ["mkg"] = {"Mak (China)"}, ["mkh"] = {"Mon-Khmer languages"}, ["mki"] = {"Dhatki"}, ["mkj"] = {"Mokilese"}, ["mkk"] = {"Byep"}, ["mkl"] = {"Mokole"}, ["mkm"] = {"Moklen"}, ["mkn"] = {"Kupang Malay"}, ["mko"] = {"Mingang Doso"}, ["mkp"] = {"Moikodi"}, ["mkq"] = {"Bay Miwok"}, ["mkr"] = {"Malas"}, ["mks"] = {"Silacayoapan Mixtec"}, ["mkt"] = {"Vamale"}, ["mku"] = {"Konyanka Maninka"}, ["mkv"] = {"Mafea"}, ["mkw"] = {"Kituba (Congo)"}, ["mkx"] = {"Kinamiging Manobo"}, ["mky"] = {"East Makian"}, ["mkz"] = {"Makasae"}, ["mla"] = {"Malo"}, ["mlb"] = {"Mbule"}, ["mlc"] = {"Cao Lan"}, ["mle"] = {"Manambu"}, ["mlf"] = {"Mal"}, ["mlh"] = {"Mape"}, ["mli"] = {"Malimpung"}, ["mlj"] = {"Miltu"}, ["mlk"] = {"Ilwana", "Kiwilwana"}, ["mll"] = {"Malua Bay"}, ["mlm"] = {"Mulam"}, ["mln"] = {"Malango"}, ["mlo"] = {"Mlomp"}, ["mlp"] = {"Bargam"}, ["mlq"] = {"Western Maninkakan"}, ["mlr"] = {"Vame"}, ["mls"] = {"Masalit"}, ["mlu"] = {"To'abaita"}, ["mlv"] = {"Motlav", "Mwotlap"}, ["mlw"] = {"Moloko"}, ["mlx"] = {"Malfaxal", "Naha'ai"}, ["mlz"] = {"Malaynon"}, ["mma"] = {"Mama"}, ["mmb"] = {"Momina"}, ["mmc"] = {"Michoacán Mazahua"}, ["mmd"] = {"Maonan"}, ["mme"] = {"Mae"}, ["mmf"] = {"Mundat"}, ["mmg"] = {"North Ambrym"}, ["mmh"] = {"Mehináku"}, ["mmi"] = {"Musar"}, ["mmj"] = {"Majhwar"}, ["mmk"] = {"Mukha-Dora"}, ["mml"] = {"Man Met"}, ["mmm"] = {"Maii"}, ["mmn"] = {"Mamanwa"}, ["mmo"] = {"Mangga Buang"}, ["mmp"] = {"Siawi"}, ["mmq"] = {"Musak"}, ["mmr"] = {"Western Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mmt"] = {"Malalamai"}, ["mmu"] = {"Mmaala"}, ["mmv"] = {"Miriti"}, ["mmw"] = {"Emae"}, ["mmx"] = {"Madak"}, ["mmy"] = {"Migaama"}, ["mmz"] = {"Mabaale"}, ["mna"] = {"Mbula"}, ["mnb"] = {"Muna"}, ["mnc"] = {"Manchu"}, ["mnd"] = {"Mondé"}, ["mne"] = {"Naba"}, ["mnf"] = {"Mundani"}, ["mng"] = {"Eastern Mnong"}, ["mnh"] = {"Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["mni"] = {"Manipuri"}, ["mnj"] = {"Munji"}, ["mnk"] = {"Mandinka"}, ["mnl"] = {"Tiale"}, ["mnm"] = {"Mapena"}, ["mnn"] = {"Southern Mnong"}, ["mno"] = {"Manobo languages"}, ["mnp"] = {"Min Bei Chinese"}, ["mnq"] = {"Minriq"}, ["mnr"] = {"Mono (USA)"}, ["mns"] = {"Mansi"}, ["mnu"] = {"Mer"}, ["mnv"] = {"Rennell-Bellona"}, ["mnw"] = {"Mon"}, ["mnx"] = {"Manikion"}, ["mny"] = {"Manyawa"}, ["mnz"] = {"Moni"}, ["moa"] = {"Mwan"}, ["moc"] = {"Mocoví"}, ["mod"] = {"Mobilian"}, ["moe"] = {"Montagnais"}, ["mog"] = {"Mongondow"}, ["moh"] = {"Mohawk"}, ["moi"] = {"Mboi"}, ["moj"] = {"Monzombo"}, ["mok"] = {"Morori"}, ["mom"] = {"Mangue"}, ["moo"] = {"Monom"}, ["mop"] = {"Mopán Maya"}, ["moq"] = {"Mor (Bomberai Peninsula)"}, ["mor"] = {"Moro"}, ["mos"] = {"Mossi"}, ["mot"] = {"Barí"}, ["mou"] = {"Mogum"}, ["mov"] = {"Mohave"}, ["mow"] = {"Moi (Congo)"}, ["mox"] = {"Molima"}, ["moy"] = {"Shekkacho"}, ["moz"] = {"Mukulu", "Gergiko"}, ["mpa"] = {"Mpoto"}, ["mpb"] = {"Malak Malak", "Mullukmulluk"}, ["mpc"] = {"Mangarrayi"}, ["mpd"] = {"Machinere"}, ["mpe"] = {"Majang"}, ["mpg"] = {"Marba"}, ["mph"] = {"Maung"}, ["mpi"] = {"Mpade"}, ["mpj"] = {"Martu Wangka", "Wangkajunga"}, ["mpk"] = {"Mbara (Chad)"}, ["mpl"] = {"Middle Watut"}, ["mpm"] = {"Yosondúa Mixtec"}, ["mpn"] = {"Mindiri"}, ["mpo"] = {"Miu"}, ["mpp"] = {"Migabac"}, ["mpq"] = {"Matís"}, ["mpr"] = {"Vangunu"}, ["mps"] = {"Dadibi"}, ["mpt"] = {"Mian"}, ["mpu"] = {"Makuráp"}, ["mpv"] = {"Mungkip"}, ["mpw"] = {"Mapidian"}, ["mpx"] = {"Misima-Panaeati"}, ["mpy"] = {"Mapia"}, ["mpz"] = {"Mpi"}, ["mqa"] = {"Maba (Indonesia)"}, ["mqb"] = {"Mbuko"}, ["mqc"] = {"Mangole"}, ["mqe"] = {"Matepi"}, ["mqf"] = {"Momuna"}, ["mqg"] = {"Kota Bangun Kutai Malay"}, ["mqh"] = {"Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["mqi"] = {"Mariri"}, ["mqj"] = {"Mamasa"}, ["mqk"] = {"Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo"}, ["mql"] = {"Mbelime"}, ["mqm"] = {"South Marquesan"}, ["mqn"] = {"Moronene"}, ["mqo"] = {"Modole"}, ["mqp"] = {"Manipa"}, ["mqq"] = {"Minokok"}, ["mqr"] = {"Mander"}, ["mqs"] = {"West Makian"}, ["mqt"] = {"Mok"}, ["mqu"] = {"Mandari"}, ["mqv"] = {"Mosimo"}, ["mqw"] = {"Murupi"}, ["mqx"] = {"Mamuju"}, ["mqy"] = {"Manggarai"}, ["mqz"] = {"Pano"}, ["mra"] = {"Mlabri"}, ["mrb"] = {"Marino"}, ["mrc"] = {"Maricopa"}, ["mrd"] = {"Western Magar"}, ["mre"] = {"Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"}, ["mrf"] = {"Elseng"}, ["mrg"] = {"Mising"}, ["mrh"] = {"Mara Chin"}, ["mrj"] = {"Western Mari"}, ["mrk"] = {"Hmwaveke"}, ["mrl"] = {"Mortlockese"}, ["mrm"] = {"Merlav", "Mwerlap"}, ["mrn"] = {"Cheke Holo"}, ["mro"] = {"Mru"}, ["mrp"] = {"Morouas"}, ["mrq"] = {"North Marquesan"}, ["mrr"] = {"Maria (India)"}, ["mrs"] = {"Maragus"}, ["mrt"] = {"Marghi Central"}, ["mru"] = {"Mono (Cameroon)"}, ["mrv"] = {"Mangareva"}, ["mrw"] = {"Maranao"}, ["mrx"] = {"Maremgi", "Dineor"}, ["mry"] = {"Mandaya"}, ["mrz"] = {"Marind"}, ["msb"] = {"Masbatenyo"}, ["msc"] = {"Sankaran Maninka"}, ["msd"] = {"Yucatec Maya Sign Language"}, ["mse"] = {"Musey"}, ["msf"] = {"Mekwei"}, ["msg"] = {"Moraid"}, ["msh"] = {"Masikoro Malagasy"}, ["msi"] = {"Sabah Malay"}, ["msj"] = {"Ma (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["msk"] = {"Mansaka"}, ["msl"] = {"Molof", "Poule"}, ["msm"] = {"Agusan Manobo"}, ["msn"] = {"Vurës"}, ["mso"] = {"Mombum"}, ["msp"] = {"Maritsauá"}, ["msq"] = {"Caac"}, ["msr"] = {"Mongolian Sign Language"}, ["mss"] = {"West Masela"}, ["msu"] = {"Musom"}, ["msv"] = {"Maslam"}, ["msw"] = {"Mansoanka"}, ["msx"] = {"Moresada"}, ["msy"] = {"Aruamu"}, ["msz"] = {"Momare"}, ["mta"] = {"Cotabato Manobo"}, ["mtb"] = {"Anyin Morofo"}, ["mtc"] = {"Munit"}, ["mtd"] = {"Mualang"}, ["mte"] = {"Mono (Solomon Islands)"}, ["mtf"] = {"Murik (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mtg"] = {"Una"}, ["mth"] = {"Munggui"}, ["mti"] = {"Maiwa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mtj"] = {"Moskona"}, ["mtk"] = {"Mbe'"}, ["mtl"] = {"Montol"}, ["mtm"] = {"Mator"}, ["mtn"] = {"Matagalpa"}, ["mto"] = {"Totontepec Mixe"}, ["mtp"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Nocten"}, ["mtq"] = {"Muong"}, ["mtr"] = {"Mewari"}, ["mts"] = {"Yora"}, ["mtt"] = {"Mota"}, ["mtu"] = {"Tututepec Mixtec"}, ["mtv"] = {"Asaro'o"}, ["mtw"] = {"Southern Binukidnon"}, ["mtx"] = {"Tidaá Mixtec"}, ["mty"] = {"Nabi"}, ["mua"] = {"Mundang"}, ["mub"] = {"Mubi"}, ["muc"] = {"Ajumbu"}, ["mud"] = {"Mednyj Aleut"}, ["mue"] = {"Media Lengua"}, ["mug"] = {"Musgu"}, ["muh"] = {"Mündü"}, ["mui"] = {"Musi"}, ["muj"] = {"Mabire"}, ["muk"] = {"Mugom"}, ["mul"] = {"Multiple languages"}, ["mum"] = {"Maiwala"}, ["mun"] = {"Munda languages"}, ["muo"] = {"Nyong"}, ["mup"] = {"Malvi"}, ["muq"] = {"Eastern Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mur"] = {"Murle"}, ["mus"] = {"Creek"}, ["mut"] = {"Western Muria"}, ["muu"] = {"Yaaku"}, ["muv"] = {"Muthuvan"}, ["mux"] = {"Bo-Ung"}, ["muy"] = {"Muyang"}, ["muz"] = {"Mursi"}, ["mva"] = {"Manam"}, ["mvb"] = {"Mattole"}, ["mvd"] = {"Mamboru"}, ["mve"] = {"Marwari (Pakistan)"}, ["mvf"] = {"Peripheral Mongolian"}, ["mvg"] = {"Yucuañe Mixtec"}, ["mvh"] = {"Mulgi"}, ["mvi"] = {"Miyako"}, ["mvk"] = {"Mekmek"}, ["mvl"] = {"Mbara (Australia)"}, ["mvm"] = {"Muya"}, ["mvn"] = {"Minaveha"}, ["mvo"] = {"Marovo"}, ["mvp"] = {"Duri"}, ["mvq"] = {"Moere"}, ["mvr"] = {"Marau"}, ["mvs"] = {"Massep"}, ["mvt"] = {"Mpotovoro"}, ["mvu"] = {"Marfa"}, ["mvv"] = {"Tagal Murut"}, ["mvw"] = {"Machinga"}, ["mvx"] = {"Meoswar"}, ["mvy"] = {"Indus Kohistani"}, ["mvz"] = {"Mesqan"}, ["mwa"] = {"Mwatebu"}, ["mwb"] = {"Juwal"}, ["mwc"] = {"Are"}, ["mwe"] = {"Mwera (Chimwera)"}, ["mwf"] = {"Murrinh-Patha"}, ["mwg"] = {"Aiklep"}, ["mwh"] = {"Mouk-Aria"}, ["mwi"] = {"Labo", "Ninde"}, ["mwk"] = {"Kita Maninkakan"}, ["mwl"] = {"Mirandese"}, ["mwm"] = {"Sar"}, ["mwn"] = {"Nyamwanga"}, ["mwo"] = {"Central Maewo"}, ["mwp"] = {"Kala Lagaw Ya"}, ["mwq"] = {"Mün Chin"}, ["mwr"] = {"Marwari"}, ["mws"] = {"Mwimbi-Muthambi"}, ["mwt"] = {"Moken"}, ["mwu"] = {"Mittu"}, ["mwv"] = {"Mentawai"}, ["mww"] = {"Hmong Daw"}, ["mwz"] = {"Moingi"}, ["mxa"] = {"Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec"}, ["mxb"] = {"Tezoatlán Mixtec"}, ["mxc"] = {"Manyika"}, ["mxd"] = {"Modang"}, ["mxe"] = {"Mele-Fila"}, ["mxf"] = {"Malgbe"}, ["mxg"] = {"Mbangala"}, ["mxh"] = {"Mvuba"}, ["mxi"] = {"Mozarabic"}, ["mxj"] = {"Miju-Mishmi", "Geman Deng"}, ["mxk"] = {"Monumbo"}, ["mxl"] = {"Maxi Gbe"}, ["mxm"] = {"Meramera"}, ["mxn"] = {"Moi (Indonesia)"}, ["mxo"] = {"Mbowe"}, ["mxp"] = {"Tlahuitoltepec Mixe"}, ["mxq"] = {"Juquila Mixe"}, ["mxr"] = {"Murik (Malaysia)"}, ["mxs"] = {"Huitepec Mixtec"}, ["mxt"] = {"Jamiltepec Mixtec"}, ["mxu"] = {"Mada (Cameroon)"}, ["mxv"] = {"Metlatónoc Mixtec"}, ["mxw"] = {"Namo"}, ["mxx"] = {"Mahou", "Mawukakan"}, ["mxy"] = {"Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec"}, ["mxz"] = {"Central Masela"}, ["myb"] = {"Mbay"}, ["myc"] = {"Mayeka"}, ["mye"] = {"Myene"}, ["myf"] = {"Bambassi"}, ["myg"] = {"Manta"}, ["myh"] = {"Makah"}, ["myj"] = {"Mangayat"}, ["myk"] = {"Mamara Senoufo"}, ["myl"] = {"Moma"}, ["mym"] = {"Me'en"}, ["myn"] = {"Mayan languages"}, ["myo"] = {"Anfillo"}, ["myp"] = {"Pirahã"}, ["myr"] = {"Muniche"}, ["mys"] = {"Mesmes"}, ["myu"] = {"Mundurukú"}, ["myv"] = {"Erzya"}, ["myw"] = {"Muyuw"}, ["myx"] = {"Masaaba"}, ["myy"] = {"Macuna"}, ["myz"] = {"Classical Mandaic"}, ["mza"] = {"Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec"}, ["mzb"] = {"Tumzabt"}, ["mzc"] = {"Madagascar Sign Language"}, ["mzd"] = {"Malimba"}, ["mze"] = {"Morawa"}, ["mzg"] = {"Monastic Sign Language"}, ["mzh"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay"}, ["mzi"] = {"Ixcatlán Mazatec"}, ["mzj"] = {"Manya"}, ["mzk"] = {"Nigeria Mambila"}, ["mzl"] = {"Mazatlán Mixe"}, ["mzm"] = {"Mumuye"}, ["mzn"] = {"Mazanderani"}, ["mzo"] = {"Matipuhy"}, ["mzp"] = {"Movima"}, ["mzq"] = {"Mori Atas"}, ["mzr"] = {"Marúbo"}, ["mzs"] = {"Macanese"}, ["mzt"] = {"Mintil"}, ["mzu"] = {"Inapang"}, ["mzv"] = {"Manza"}, ["mzw"] = {"Deg"}, ["mzx"] = {"Mawayana"}, ["mzy"] = {"Mozambican Sign Language"}, ["mzz"] = {"Maiadomu"}, ["naa"] = {"Namla"}, ["nab"] = {"Southern Nambikuára"}, ["nac"] = {"Narak"}, ["nae"] = {"Naka'ela"}, ["naf"] = {"Nabak"}, ["nag"] = {"Naga Pidgin"}, ["nah"] = {"Nahuatl languages"}, ["nai"] = {"North American Indian languages"}, ["naj"] = {"Nalu"}, ["nak"] = {"Nakanai"}, ["nal"] = {"Nalik"}, ["nam"] = {"Ngan'gityemerri"}, ["nan"] = {"Min Nan Chinese"}, ["nao"] = {"Naaba"}, ["nap"] = {"Neapolitan"}, ["naq"] = {"Khoekhoe", "Nama (Namibia)"}, ["nar"] = {"Iguta"}, ["nas"] = {"Naasioi"}, ["nat"] = {"Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱", "Hungworo"}, ["naw"] = {"Nawuri"}, ["nax"] = {"Nakwi"}, ["nay"] = {"Ngarrindjeri"}, ["naz"] = {"Coatepec Nahuatl"}, ["nba"] = {"Nyemba"}, ["nbb"] = {"Ndoe"}, ["nbc"] = {"Chang Naga"}, ["nbd"] = {"Ngbinda"}, ["nbe"] = {"Konyak Naga"}, ["nbg"] = {"Nagarchal"}, ["nbh"] = {"Ngamo"}, ["nbi"] = {"Mao Naga"}, ["nbj"] = {"Ngarinyman"}, ["nbk"] = {"Nake"}, ["nbm"] = {"Ngbaka Ma'bo"}, ["nbn"] = {"Kuri"}, ["nbo"] = {"Nkukoli"}, ["nbp"] = {"Nnam"}, ["nbq"] = {"Nggem"}, ["nbr"] = {"Numana"}, ["nbs"] = {"Namibian Sign Language"}, ["nbt"] = {"Na"}, ["nbu"] = {"Rongmei Naga"}, ["nbv"] = {"Ngamambo"}, ["nbw"] = {"Southern Ngbandi"}, ["nby"] = {"Ningera"}, ["nca"] = {"Iyo"}, ["ncb"] = {"Central Nicobarese"}, ["ncc"] = {"Ponam"}, ["ncd"] = {"Nachering"}, ["nce"] = {"Yale"}, ["ncf"] = {"Notsi"}, ["ncg"] = {"Nisga'a"}, ["nch"] = {"Central Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nci"] = {"Classical Nahuatl"}, ["ncj"] = {"Northern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["nck"] = {"Na-kara"}, ["ncl"] = {"Michoacán Nahuatl"}, ["ncm"] = {"Nambo"}, ["ncn"] = {"Nauna"}, ["nco"] = {"Sibe"}, ["ncq"] = {"Northern Katang"}, ["ncr"] = {"Ncane"}, ["ncs"] = {"Nicaraguan Sign Language"}, ["nct"] = {"Chothe Naga"}, ["ncu"] = {"Chumburung"}, ["ncx"] = {"Central Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["ncz"] = {"Natchez"}, ["nda"] = {"Ndasa"}, ["ndb"] = {"Kenswei Nsei"}, ["ndc"] = {"Ndau"}, ["ndd"] = {"Nde-Nsele-Nta"}, ["ndf"] = {"Nadruvian"}, ["ndg"] = {"Ndengereko"}, ["ndh"] = {"Ndali"}, ["ndi"] = {"Samba Leko"}, ["ndj"] = {"Ndamba"}, ["ndk"] = {"Ndaka"}, ["ndl"] = {"Ndolo"}, ["ndm"] = {"Ndam"}, ["ndn"] = {"Ngundi"}, ["ndp"] = {"Ndo"}, ["ndq"] = {"Ndombe"}, ["ndr"] = {"Ndoola"}, ["nds"] = {"Low German", "Low Saxon"}, ["ndt"] = {"Ndunga"}, ["ndu"] = {"Dugun"}, ["ndv"] = {"Ndut"}, ["ndw"] = {"Ndobo"}, ["ndx"] = {"Nduga"}, ["ndy"] = {"Lutos"}, ["ndz"] = {"Ndogo"}, ["nea"] = {"Eastern Ngad'a"}, ["neb"] = {"Toura (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["nec"] = {"Nedebang"}, ["ned"] = {"Nde-Gbite"}, ["nee"] = {"Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak"}, ["nef"] = {"Nefamese"}, ["neg"] = {"Negidal"}, ["neh"] = {"Nyenkha"}, ["nei"] = {"Neo-Hittite"}, ["nej"] = {"Neko"}, ["nek"] = {"Neku"}, ["nem"] = {"Nemi"}, ["nen"] = {"Nengone"}, ["neo"] = {"Ná-Meo"}, ["neq"] = {"North Central Mixe"}, ["ner"] = {"Yahadian"}, ["nes"] = {"Bhoti Kinnauri"}, ["net"] = {"Nete"}, ["neu"] = {"Neo"}, ["nev"] = {"Nyaheun"}, ["new"] = {"Newari", "Nepal Bhasa"}, ["nex"] = {"Neme"}, ["ney"] = {"Neyo"}, ["nez"] = {"Nez Perce"}, ["nfa"] = {"Dhao"}, ["nfd"] = {"Ahwai"}, ["nfl"] = {"Ayiwo", "Äiwoo"}, ["nfr"] = {"Nafaanra"}, ["nfu"] = {"Mfumte"}, ["nga"] = {"Ngbaka"}, ["ngb"] = {"Northern Ngbandi"}, ["ngc"] = {"Ngombe (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["ngd"] = {"Ngando (Central African Republic)"}, ["nge"] = {"Ngemba"}, ["ngf"] = {"Trans-New Guinea languages"}, ["ngg"] = {"Ngbaka Manza"}, ["ngh"] = {"Nǁng"}, ["ngi"] = {"Ngizim"}, ["ngj"] = {"Ngie"}, ["ngk"] = {"Dalabon"}, ["ngl"] = {"Lomwe"}, ["ngm"] = {"Ngatik Men's Creole"}, ["ngn"] = {"Ngwo"}, ["ngo"] = {"Ngoni"}, ["ngp"] = {"Ngulu"}, ["ngq"] = {"Ngurimi", "Ngoreme"}, ["ngr"] = {"Engdewu"}, ["ngs"] = {"Gvoko"}, ["ngt"] = {"Kriang", "Ngeq"}, ["ngu"] = {"Guerrero Nahuatl"}, ["ngv"] = {"Nagumi"}, ["ngw"] = {"Ngwaba"}, ["ngx"] = {"Nggwahyi"}, ["ngy"] = {"Tibea"}, ["ngz"] = {"Ngungwel"}, ["nha"] = {"Nhanda"}, ["nhb"] = {"Beng"}, ["nhc"] = {"Tabasco Nahuatl"}, ["nhd"] = {"Chiripá", "Ava Guaraní"}, ["nhe"] = {"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhf"] = {"Nhuwala"}, ["nhg"] = {"Tetelcingo Nahuatl"}, ["nhh"] = {"Nahari"}, ["nhi"] = {"Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl"}, ["nhk"] = {"Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl"}, ["nhm"] = {"Morelos Nahuatl"}, ["nhn"] = {"Central Nahuatl"}, ["nho"] = {"Takuu"}, ["nhp"] = {"Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhq"] = {"Huaxcaleca Nahuatl"}, ["nhr"] = {"Naro"}, ["nht"] = {"Ometepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhu"] = {"Noone"}, ["nhv"] = {"Temascaltepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhw"] = {"Western Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhx"] = {"Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhy"] = {"Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl"}, ["nhz"] = {"Santa María La Alta Nahuatl"}, ["nia"] = {"Nias"}, ["nib"] = {"Nakame"}, ["nic"] = {"Niger-Kordofanian languages"}, ["nid"] = {"Ngandi"}, ["nie"] = {"Niellim"}, ["nif"] = {"Nek"}, ["nig"] = {"Ngalakgan"}, ["nih"] = {"Nyiha (Tanzania)"}, ["nii"] = {"Nii"}, ["nij"] = {"Ngaju"}, ["nik"] = {"Southern Nicobarese"}, ["nil"] = {"Nila"}, ["nim"] = {"Nilamba"}, ["nin"] = {"Ninzo"}, ["nio"] = {"Nganasan"}, ["niq"] = {"Nandi"}, ["nir"] = {"Nimboran"}, ["nis"] = {"Nimi"}, ["nit"] = {"Southeastern Kolami"}, ["niu"] = {"Niuean"}, ["niv"] = {"Gilyak"}, ["niw"] = {"Nimo"}, ["nix"] = {"Hema"}, ["niy"] = {"Ngiti"}, ["niz"] = {"Ningil"}, ["nja"] = {"Nzanyi"}, ["njb"] = {"Nocte Naga"}, ["njd"] = {"Ndonde Hamba"}, ["njh"] = {"Lotha Naga"}, ["nji"] = {"Gudanji"}, ["njj"] = {"Njen"}, ["njl"] = {"Njalgulgule"}, ["njm"] = {"Angami Naga"}, ["njn"] = {"Liangmai Naga"}, ["njo"] = {"Ao Naga"}, ["njr"] = {"Njerep"}, ["njs"] = {"Nisa"}, ["njt"] = {"Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin"}, ["nju"] = {"Ngadjunmaya"}, ["njx"] = {"Kunyi"}, ["njy"] = {"Njyem"}, ["njz"] = {"Nyishi"}, ["nka"] = {"Nkoya"}, ["nkb"] = {"Khoibu Naga"}, ["nkc"] = {"Nkongho"}, ["nkd"] = {"Koireng"}, ["nke"] = {"Duke"}, ["nkf"] = {"Inpui Naga"}, ["nkg"] = {"Nekgini"}, ["nkh"] = {"Khezha Naga"}, ["nki"] = {"Thangal Naga"}, ["nkj"] = {"Nakai"}, ["nkk"] = {"Nokuku"}, ["nkm"] = {"Namat"}, ["nkn"] = {"Nkangala"}, ["nko"] = {"Nkonya"}, ["nkp"] = {"Niuatoputapu"}, ["nkq"] = {"Nkami"}, ["nkr"] = {"Nukuoro"}, ["nks"] = {"North Asmat"}, ["nkt"] = {"Nyika (Tanzania)"}, ["nku"] = {"Bouna Kulango"}, ["nkv"] = {"Nyika (Malawi and Zambia)"}, ["nkw"] = {"Nkutu"}, ["nkx"] = {"Nkoroo"}, ["nkz"] = {"Nkari"}, ["nla"] = {"Ngombale"}, ["nlc"] = {"Nalca"}, ["nle"] = {"East Nyala"}, ["nlg"] = {"Gela"}, ["nli"] = {"Grangali"}, ["nlj"] = {"Nyali"}, ["nlk"] = {"Ninia Yali"}, ["nll"] = {"Nihali"}, ["nlm"] = {"Mankiyali"}, ["nlo"] = {"Ngul"}, ["nlq"] = {"Lao Naga"}, ["nlu"] = {"Nchumbulu"}, ["nlv"] = {"Orizaba Nahuatl"}, ["nlw"] = {"Walangama"}, ["nlx"] = {"Nahali"}, ["nly"] = {"Nyamal"}, ["nlz"] = {"Nalögo"}, ["nma"] = {"Maram Naga"}, ["nmb"] = {"Big Nambas", "V'ënen Taut"}, ["nmc"] = {"Ngam"}, ["nmd"] = {"Ndumu"}, ["nme"] = {"Mzieme Naga"}, ["nmf"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (India)"}, ["nmg"] = {"Kwasio"}, ["nmh"] = {"Monsang Naga"}, ["nmi"] = {"Nyam"}, ["nmj"] = {"Ngombe (Central African Republic)"}, ["nmk"] = {"Namakura"}, ["nml"] = {"Ndemli"}, ["nmm"] = {"Manangba"}, ["nmn"] = {"ǃXóõ"}, ["nmo"] = {"Moyon Naga"}, ["nmp"] = {"Nimanbur"}, ["nmq"] = {"Nambya"}, ["nmr"] = {"Nimbari"}, ["nms"] = {"Letemboi"}, ["nmt"] = {"Namonuito"}, ["nmu"] = {"Northeast Maidu"}, ["nmv"] = {"Ngamini"}, ["nmw"] = {"Nimoa", "Rifao"}, ["nmx"] = {"Nama (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["nmy"] = {"Namuyi"}, ["nmz"] = {"Nawdm"}, ["nna"] = {"Nyangumarta"}, ["nnb"] = {"Nande"}, ["nnc"] = {"Nancere"}, ["nnd"] = {"West Ambae"}, ["nne"] = {"Ngandyera"}, ["nnf"] = {"Ngaing"}, ["nng"] = {"Maring Naga"}, ["nnh"] = {"Ngiemboon"}, ["nni"] = {"North Nuaulu"}, ["nnj"] = {"Nyangatom"}, ["nnk"] = {"Nankina"}, ["nnl"] = {"Northern Rengma Naga"}, ["nnm"] = {"Namia"}, ["nnn"] = {"Ngete"}, ["nnp"] = {"Wancho Naga"}, ["nnq"] = {"Ngindo"}, ["nnr"] = {"Narungga"}, ["nnt"] = {"Nanticoke"}, ["nnu"] = {"Dwang"}, ["nnv"] = {"Nugunu (Australia)"}, ["nnw"] = {"Southern Nuni"}, ["nny"] = {"Nyangga"}, ["nnz"] = {"Nda'nda'"}, ["noa"] = {"Woun Meu"}, ["noc"] = {"Nuk"}, ["nod"] = {"Northern Thai"}, ["noe"] = {"Nimadi"}, ["nof"] = {"Nomane"}, ["nog"] = {"Nogai"}, ["noh"] = {"Nomu"}, ["noi"] = {"Noiri"}, ["noj"] = {"Nonuya"}, ["nok"] = {"Nooksack"}, ["nol"] = {"Nomlaki"}, ["nom"] = {"Nocamán"}, ["non"] = {"Old Norse"}, ["nop"] = {"Numanggang"}, ["noq"] = {"Ngongo"}, ["nos"] = {"Eastern Nisu"}, ["not"] = {"Nomatsiguenga"}, ["nou"] = {"Ewage-Notu"}, ["nov"] = {"Novial"}, ["now"] = {"Nyambo"}, ["noy"] = {"Noy"}, ["noz"] = {"Nayi"}, ["npa"] = {"Nar Phu"}, ["npb"] = {"Nupbikha"}, ["npg"] = {"Ponyo-Gongwang Naga"}, ["nph"] = {"Phom Naga"}, ["npi"] = {"Nepali (individual language)"}, ["npl"] = {"Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["npn"] = {"Mondropolon"}, ["npo"] = {"Pochuri Naga"}, ["nps"] = {"Nipsan"}, ["npu"] = {"Puimei Naga"}, ["npx"] = {"Noipx"}, ["npy"] = {"Napu"}, ["nqg"] = {"Southern Nago"}, ["nqk"] = {"Kura Ede Nago"}, ["nql"] = {"Ngendelengo"}, ["nqm"] = {"Ndom"}, ["nqn"] = {"Nen"}, ["nqo"] = {"N'Ko", "N’Ko"}, ["nqq"] = {"Kyan-Karyaw Naga"}, ["nqy"] = {"Akyaung Ari Naga"}, ["nra"] = {"Ngom"}, ["nrb"] = {"Nara"}, ["nrc"] = {"Noric"}, ["nre"] = {"Southern Rengma Naga"}, ["nrf"] = {"Jèrriais", "Guernésiais"}, ["nrg"] = {"Narango"}, ["nri"] = {"Chokri Naga"}, ["nrk"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nrl"] = {"Ngarluma"}, ["nrm"] = {"Narom"}, ["nrn"] = {"Norn"}, ["nrp"] = {"North Picene"}, ["nrr"] = {"Norra", "Nora"}, ["nrt"] = {"Northern Kalapuya"}, ["nru"] = {"Narua"}, ["nrx"] = {"Ngurmbur"}, ["nrz"] = {"Lala"}, ["nsa"] = {"Sangtam Naga"}, ["nsc"] = {"Nshi"}, ["nsd"] = {"Southern Nisu"}, ["nse"] = {"Nsenga"}, ["nsf"] = {"Northwestern Nisu"}, ["nsg"] = {"Ngasa"}, ["nsh"] = {"Ngoshie"}, ["nsi"] = {"Nigerian Sign Language"}, ["nsk"] = {"Naskapi"}, ["nsl"] = {"Norwegian Sign Language"}, ["nsm"] = {"Sumi Naga"}, ["nsn"] = {"Nehan"}, ["nso"] = {"Pedi", "Northern Sotho", "Sepedi"}, ["nsp"] = {"Nepalese Sign Language"}, ["nsq"] = {"Northern Sierra Miwok"}, ["nsr"] = {"Maritime Sign Language"}, ["nss"] = {"Nali"}, ["nst"] = {"Tase Naga"}, ["nsu"] = {"Sierra Negra Nahuatl"}, ["nsv"] = {"Southwestern Nisu"}, ["nsw"] = {"Navut"}, ["nsx"] = {"Nsongo"}, ["nsy"] = {"Nasal"}, ["nsz"] = {"Nisenan"}, ["ntd"] = {"Northern Tidung"}, ["nte"] = {"Nathembo"}, ["ntg"] = {"Ngantangarra"}, ["nti"] = {"Natioro"}, ["ntj"] = {"Ngaanyatjarra"}, ["ntk"] = {"Ikoma-Nata-Isenye"}, ["ntm"] = {"Nateni"}, ["nto"] = {"Ntomba"}, ["ntp"] = {"Northern Tepehuan"}, ["ntr"] = {"Delo"}, ["ntu"] = {"Natügu"}, ["ntw"] = {"Nottoway"}, ["ntx"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (Myanmar)"}, ["nty"] = {"Mantsi"}, ["ntz"] = {"Natanzi"}, ["nua"] = {"Yuanga"}, ["nub"] = {"Nubian languages"}, ["nuc"] = {"Nukuini"}, ["nud"] = {"Ngala"}, ["nue"] = {"Ngundu"}, ["nuf"] = {"Nusu"}, ["nug"] = {"Nungali"}, ["nuh"] = {"Ndunda"}, ["nui"] = {"Ngumbi"}, ["nuj"] = {"Nyole"}, ["nuk"] = {"Nuu-chah-nulth", "Nuuchahnulth"}, ["nul"] = {"Nusa Laut"}, ["num"] = {"Niuafo'ou"}, ["nun"] = {"Anong"}, ["nuo"] = {"Nguôn"}, ["nup"] = {"Nupe-Nupe-Tako"}, ["nuq"] = {"Nukumanu"}, ["nur"] = {"Nukuria"}, ["nus"] = {"Nuer"}, ["nut"] = {"Nung (Viet Nam)"}, ["nuu"] = {"Ngbundu"}, ["nuv"] = {"Northern Nuni"}, ["nuw"] = {"Nguluwan"}, ["nux"] = {"Mehek"}, ["nuy"] = {"Nunggubuyu"}, ["nuz"] = {"Tlamacazapa Nahuatl"}, ["nvh"] = {"Nasarian"}, ["nvm"] = {"Namiae"}, ["nvo"] = {"Nyokon"}, ["nwa"] = {"Nawathinehena"}, ["nwb"] = {"Nyabwa"}, ["nwc"] = {"Classical Newari", "Classical Nepal Bhasa", "Old Newari"}, ["nwe"] = {"Ngwe"}, ["nwg"] = {"Ngayawung"}, ["nwi"] = {"Southwest Tanna"}, ["nwm"] = {"Nyamusa-Molo"}, ["nwo"] = {"Nauo"}, ["nwr"] = {"Nawaru"}, ["nwx"] = {"Middle Newar"}, ["nwy"] = {"Nottoway-Meherrin"}, ["nxa"] = {"Nauete"}, ["nxd"] = {"Ngando (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["nxe"] = {"Nage"}, ["nxg"] = {"Ngad'a"}, ["nxi"] = {"Nindi"}, ["nxk"] = {"Koki Naga"}, ["nxl"] = {"South Nuaulu"}, ["nxm"] = {"Numidian"}, ["nxn"] = {"Ngawun"}, ["nxo"] = {"Ndambomo"}, ["nxq"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nxr"] = {"Ninggerum"}, ["nxu"] = {"Narau"}, ["nxx"] = {"Nafri"}, ["nyb"] = {"Nyangbo"}, ["nyc"] = {"Nyanga-li"}, ["nyd"] = {"Nyore", "Olunyole"}, ["nye"] = {"Nyengo"}, ["nyf"] = {"Giryama", "Kigiryama"}, ["nyg"] = {"Nyindu"}, ["nyh"] = {"Nyikina"}, ["nyi"] = {"Ama (Sudan)"}, ["nyj"] = {"Nyanga"}, ["nyk"] = {"Nyaneka"}, ["nyl"] = {"Nyeu"}, ["nym"] = {"Nyamwezi"}, ["nyn"] = {"Nyankole"}, ["nyo"] = {"Nyoro"}, ["nyp"] = {"Nyang'i"}, ["nyq"] = {"Nayini"}, ["nyr"] = {"Nyiha (Malawi)"}, ["nys"] = {"Nyungar"}, ["nyt"] = {"Nyawaygi"}, ["nyu"] = {"Nyungwe"}, ["nyv"] = {"Nyulnyul"}, ["nyw"] = {"Nyaw"}, ["nyx"] = {"Nganyaywana"}, ["nyy"] = {"Nyakyusa-Ngonde"}, ["nza"] = {"Tigon Mbembe"}, ["nzb"] = {"Njebi"}, ["nzd"] = {"Nzadi"}, ["nzi"] = {"Nzima"}, ["nzk"] = {"Nzakara"}, ["nzm"] = {"Zeme Naga"}, ["nzs"] = {"New Zealand Sign Language"}, ["nzu"] = {"Teke-Nzikou"}, ["nzy"] = {"Nzakambay"}, ["nzz"] = {"Nanga Dama Dogon"}, ["oaa"] = {"Orok"}, ["oac"] = {"Oroch"}, ["oar"] = {"Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)", "Ancient Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)"}, ["oav"] = {"Old Avar"}, ["obi"] = {"Obispeño"}, ["obk"] = {"Southern Bontok"}, ["obl"] = {"Oblo"}, ["obm"] = {"Moabite"}, ["obo"] = {"Obo Manobo"}, ["obr"] = {"Old Burmese"}, ["obt"] = {"Old Breton"}, ["obu"] = {"Obulom"}, ["oca"] = {"Ocaina"}, ["och"] = {"Old Chinese"}, ["oco"] = {"Old Cornish"}, ["ocu"] = {"Atzingo Matlatzinca"}, ["oda"] = {"Odut"}, ["odk"] = {"Od"}, ["odt"] = {"Old Dutch"}, ["odu"] = {"Odual"}, ["ofo"] = {"Ofo"}, ["ofs"] = {"Old Frisian"}, ["ofu"] = {"Efutop"}, ["ogb"] = {"Ogbia"}, ["ogc"] = {"Ogbah"}, ["oge"] = {"Old Georgian"}, ["ogg"] = {"Ogbogolo"}, ["ogo"] = {"Khana"}, ["ogu"] = {"Ogbronuagum"}, ["oht"] = {"Old Hittite"}, ["ohu"] = {"Old Hungarian"}, ["oia"] = {"Oirata"}, ["oin"] = {"Inebu One"}, ["ojb"] = {"Northwestern Ojibwa"}, ["ojc"] = {"Central Ojibwa"}, ["ojg"] = {"Eastern Ojibwa"}, ["ojp"] = {"Old Japanese"}, ["ojs"] = {"Severn Ojibwa"}, ["ojv"] = {"Ontong Java"}, ["ojw"] = {"Western Ojibwa"}, ["oka"] = {"Okanagan"}, ["okb"] = {"Okobo"}, ["okd"] = {"Okodia"}, ["oke"] = {"Okpe (Southwestern Edo)"}, ["okg"] = {"Koko Babangk"}, ["okh"] = {"Koresh-e Rostam"}, ["oki"] = {"Okiek"}, ["okj"] = {"Oko-Juwoi"}, ["okk"] = {"Kwamtim One"}, ["okl"] = {"Old Kentish Sign Language"}, ["okm"] = {"Middle Korean (10th-16th cent.)"}, ["okn"] = {"Oki-No-Erabu"}, ["oko"] = {"Old Korean (3rd-9th cent.)"}, ["okr"] = {"Kirike"}, ["oks"] = {"Oko-Eni-Osayen"}, ["oku"] = {"Oku"}, ["okv"] = {"Orokaiva"}, ["okx"] = {"Okpe (Northwestern Edo)"}, ["ola"] = {"Walungge"}, ["old"] = {"Mochi"}, ["ole"] = {"Olekha"}, ["olk"] = {"Olkol"}, ["olm"] = {"Oloma"}, ["olo"] = {"Livvi"}, ["olr"] = {"Olrat"}, ["olt"] = {"Old Lithuanian"}, ["olu"] = {"Kuvale"}, ["oma"] = {"Omaha-Ponca"}, ["omb"] = {"East Ambae"}, ["omc"] = {"Mochica"}, ["omg"] = {"Omagua"}, ["omi"] = {"Omi"}, ["omk"] = {"Omok"}, ["oml"] = {"Ombo"}, ["omn"] = {"Minoan"}, ["omo"] = {"Utarmbung"}, ["omp"] = {"Old Manipuri"}, ["omq"] = {"Oto-Manguean languages"}, ["omr"] = {"Old Marathi"}, ["omt"] = {"Omotik"}, ["omu"] = {"Omurano"}, ["omv"] = {"Omotic languages"}, ["omw"] = {"South Tairora"}, ["omx"] = {"Old Mon"}, ["ona"] = {"Ona"}, ["onb"] = {"Lingao"}, ["one"] = {"Oneida"}, ["ong"] = {"Olo"}, ["oni"] = {"Onin"}, ["onj"] = {"Onjob"}, ["onk"] = {"Kabore One"}, ["onn"] = {"Onobasulu"}, ["ono"] = {"Onondaga"}, ["onp"] = {"Sartang"}, ["onr"] = {"Northern One"}, ["ons"] = {"Ono"}, ["ont"] = {"Ontenu"}, ["onu"] = {"Unua"}, ["onw"] = {"Old Nubian"}, ["onx"] = {"Onin Based Pidgin"}, ["ood"] = {"Tohono O'odham"}, ["oog"] = {"Ong"}, ["oon"] = {"Önge"}, ["oor"] = {"Oorlams"}, ["oos"] = {"Old Ossetic"}, ["opa"] = {"Okpamheri"}, ["opk"] = {"Kopkaka"}, ["opm"] = {"Oksapmin"}, ["opo"] = {"Opao"}, ["opt"] = {"Opata"}, ["opy"] = {"Ofayé"}, ["ora"] = {"Oroha"}, ["orc"] = {"Orma"}, ["ore"] = {"Orejón"}, ["org"] = {"Oring"}, ["orh"] = {"Oroqen"}, ["orn"] = {"Orang Kanaq"}, ["oro"] = {"Orokolo"}, ["orr"] = {"Oruma"}, ["ors"] = {"Orang Seletar"}, ["ort"] = {"Adivasi Oriya"}, ["oru"] = {"Ormuri"}, ["orv"] = {"Old Russian"}, ["orw"] = {"Oro Win"}, ["orx"] = {"Oro"}, ["ory"] = {"Odia (individual language)", "Oriya (individual language)"}, ["orz"] = {"Ormu"}, ["osa"] = {"Osage"}, ["osc"] = {"Oscan"}, ["osi"] = {"Osing"}, ["oso"] = {"Ososo"}, ["osp"] = {"Old Spanish"}, ["ost"] = {"Osatu"}, ["osu"] = {"Southern One"}, ["osx"] = {"Old Saxon"}, ["ota"] = {"Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)"}, ["otb"] = {"Old Tibetan"}, ["otd"] = {"Ot Danum"}, ["ote"] = {"Mezquital Otomi"}, ["oti"] = {"Oti"}, ["otk"] = {"Old Turkish"}, ["otl"] = {"Tilapa Otomi"}, ["otm"] = {"Eastern Highland Otomi"}, ["otn"] = {"Tenango Otomi"}, ["oto"] = {"Otomian languages"}, ["otq"] = {"Querétaro Otomi"}, ["otr"] = {"Otoro"}, ["ots"] = {"Estado de México Otomi"}, ["ott"] = {"Temoaya Otomi"}, ["otu"] = {"Otuke"}, ["otw"] = {"Ottawa"}, ["otx"] = {"Texcatepec Otomi"}, ["oty"] = {"Old Tamil"}, ["otz"] = {"Ixtenco Otomi"}, ["oua"] = {"Tagargrent"}, ["oub"] = {"Glio-Oubi"}, ["oue"] = {"Oune"}, ["oui"] = {"Old Uighur"}, ["oum"] = {"Ouma"}, ["ovd"] = {"Elfdalian", "Övdalian"}, ["owi"] = {"Owiniga"}, ["owl"] = {"Old Welsh"}, ["oyb"] = {"Oy"}, ["oyd"] = {"Oyda"}, ["oym"] = {"Wayampi"}, ["oyy"] = {"Oya'oya"}, ["ozm"] = {"Koonzime"}, ["paa"] = {"Papuan languages"}, ["pab"] = {"Parecís"}, ["pac"] = {"Pacoh"}, ["pad"] = {"Paumarí"}, ["pae"] = {"Pagibete"}, ["paf"] = {"Paranawát"}, ["pag"] = {"Pangasinan"}, ["pah"] = {"Tenharim"}, ["pai"] = {"Pe"}, ["pak"] = {"Parakanã"}, ["pal"] = {"Pahlavi"}, ["pam"] = {"Pampanga", "Kapampangan"}, ["pao"] = {"Northern Paiute"}, ["pap"] = {"Papiamento"}, ["paq"] = {"Parya"}, ["par"] = {"Panamint", "Timbisha"}, ["pas"] = {"Papasena"}, ["pat"] = {"Papitalai"}, ["pau"] = {"Palauan"}, ["pav"] = {"Pakaásnovos"}, ["paw"] = {"Pawnee"}, ["pax"] = {"Pankararé"}, ["pay"] = {"Pech"}, ["paz"] = {"Pankararú"}, ["pbb"] = {"Páez"}, ["pbc"] = {"Patamona"}, ["pbe"] = {"Mezontla Popoloca"}, ["pbf"] = {"Coyotepec Popoloca"}, ["pbg"] = {"Paraujano"}, ["pbh"] = {"E'ñapa Woromaipu"}, ["pbi"] = {"Parkwa"}, ["pbl"] = {"Mak (Nigeria)"}, ["pbm"] = {"Puebla Mazatec"}, ["pbn"] = {"Kpasam"}, ["pbo"] = {"Papel"}, ["pbp"] = {"Badyara"}, ["pbr"] = {"Pangwa"}, ["pbs"] = {"Central Pame"}, ["pbt"] = {"Southern Pashto"}, ["pbu"] = {"Northern Pashto"}, ["pbv"] = {"Pnar"}, ["pby"] = {"Pyu (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["pca"] = {"Santa Inés Ahuatempan Popoloca"}, ["pcb"] = {"Pear"}, ["pcc"] = {"Bouyei"}, ["pcd"] = {"Picard"}, ["pce"] = {"Ruching Palaung"}, ["pcf"] = {"Paliyan"}, ["pcg"] = {"Paniya"}, ["pch"] = {"Pardhan"}, ["pci"] = {"Duruwa"}, ["pcj"] = {"Parenga"}, ["pck"] = {"Paite Chin"}, ["pcl"] = {"Pardhi"}, ["pcm"] = {"Nigerian Pidgin"}, ["pcn"] = {"Piti"}, ["pcp"] = {"Pacahuara"}, ["pcw"] = {"Pyapun"}, ["pda"] = {"Anam"}, ["pdc"] = {"Pennsylvania German"}, ["pdi"] = {"Pa Di"}, ["pdn"] = {"Podena", "Fedan"}, ["pdo"] = {"Padoe"}, ["pdt"] = {"Plautdietsch"}, ["pdu"] = {"Kayan"}, ["pea"] = {"Peranakan Indonesian"}, ["peb"] = {"Eastern Pomo"}, ["ped"] = {"Mala (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["pee"] = {"Taje"}, ["pef"] = {"Northeastern Pomo"}, ["peg"] = {"Pengo"}, ["peh"] = {"Bonan"}, ["pei"] = {"Chichimeca-Jonaz"}, ["pej"] = {"Northern Pomo"}, ["pek"] = {"Penchal"}, ["pel"] = {"Pekal"}, ["pem"] = {"Phende"}, ["peo"] = {"Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)"}, ["pep"] = {"Kunja"}, ["peq"] = {"Southern Pomo"}, ["pes"] = {"Iranian Persian"}, ["pev"] = {"Pémono"}, ["pex"] = {"Petats"}, ["pey"] = {"Petjo"}, ["pez"] = {"Eastern Penan"}, ["pfa"] = {"Pááfang"}, ["pfe"] = {"Peere"}, ["pfl"] = {"Pfaelzisch"}, ["pga"] = {"Sudanese Creole Arabic"}, ["pgd"] = {"Gāndhārī"}, ["pgg"] = {"Pangwali"}, ["pgi"] = {"Pagi"}, ["pgk"] = {"Rerep"}, ["pgl"] = {"Primitive Irish"}, ["pgn"] = {"Paelignian"}, ["pgs"] = {"Pangseng"}, ["pgu"] = {"Pagu"}, ["pgz"] = {"Papua New Guinean Sign Language"}, ["pha"] = {"Pa-Hng"}, ["phd"] = {"Phudagi"}, ["phg"] = {"Phuong"}, ["phh"] = {"Phukha"}, ["phi"] = {"Philippine languages"}, ["phk"] = {"Phake"}, ["phl"] = {"Phalura", "Palula"}, ["phm"] = {"Phimbi"}, ["phn"] = {"Phoenician"}, ["pho"] = {"Phunoi"}, ["phq"] = {"Phana'"}, ["phr"] = {"Pahari-Potwari"}, ["pht"] = {"Phu Thai"}, ["phu"] = {"Phuan"}, ["phv"] = {"Pahlavani"}, ["phw"] = {"Phangduwali"}, ["pia"] = {"Pima Bajo"}, ["pib"] = {"Yine"}, ["pic"] = {"Pinji"}, ["pid"] = {"Piaroa"}, ["pie"] = {"Piro"}, ["pif"] = {"Pingelapese"}, ["pig"] = {"Pisabo"}, ["pih"] = {"Pitcairn-Norfolk"}, ["pii"] = {"Pini"}, ["pij"] = {"Pijao"}, ["pil"] = {"Yom"}, ["pim"] = {"Powhatan"}, ["pin"] = {"Piame"}, ["pio"] = {"Piapoco"}, ["pip"] = {"Pero"}, ["pir"] = {"Piratapuyo"}, ["pis"] = {"Pijin"}, ["pit"] = {"Pitta Pitta"}, ["piu"] = {"Pintupi-Luritja"}, ["piv"] = {"Pileni", "Vaeakau-Taumako"}, ["piw"] = {"Pimbwe"}, ["pix"] = {"Piu"}, ["piy"] = {"Piya-Kwonci"}, ["piz"] = {"Pije"}, ["pjt"] = {"Pitjantjatjara"}, ["pka"] = {"Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit"}, ["pkb"] = {"Pokomo", "Kipfokomo"}, ["pkc"] = {"Paekche"}, ["pkg"] = {"Pak-Tong"}, ["pkh"] = {"Pankhu"}, ["pkn"] = {"Pakanha"}, ["pko"] = {"Pökoot"}, ["pkp"] = {"Pukapuka"}, ["pkr"] = {"Attapady Kurumba"}, ["pks"] = {"Pakistan Sign Language"}, ["pkt"] = {"Maleng"}, ["pku"] = {"Paku"}, ["pla"] = {"Miani"}, ["plb"] = {"Polonombauk"}, ["plc"] = {"Central Palawano"}, ["pld"] = {"Polari"}, ["ple"] = {"Palu'e"}, ["plf"] = {"Central Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["plg"] = {"Pilagá"}, ["plh"] = {"Paulohi"}, ["plj"] = {"Polci"}, ["plk"] = {"Kohistani Shina"}, ["pll"] = {"Shwe Palaung"}, ["pln"] = {"Palenquero"}, ["plo"] = {"Oluta Popoluca"}, ["plp"] = {"Palpa"}, ["plq"] = {"Palaic"}, ["plr"] = {"Palaka Senoufo"}, ["pls"] = {"San Marcos Tlacoyalco Popoloca", "San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca"}, ["plt"] = {"Plateau Malagasy"}, ["plu"] = {"Palikúr"}, ["plv"] = {"Southwest Palawano"}, ["plw"] = {"Brooke's Point Palawano"}, ["ply"] = {"Bolyu"}, ["plz"] = {"Paluan"}, ["pma"] = {"Paama"}, ["pmb"] = {"Pambia"}, ["pmd"] = {"Pallanganmiddang"}, ["pme"] = {"Pwaamei"}, ["pmf"] = {"Pamona"}, ["pmh"] = {"Māhārāṣṭri Prākrit"}, ["pmi"] = {"Northern Pumi"}, ["pmj"] = {"Southern Pumi"}, ["pmk"] = {"Pamlico"}, ["pml"] = {"Lingua Franca"}, ["pmm"] = {"Pomo"}, ["pmn"] = {"Pam"}, ["pmo"] = {"Pom"}, ["pmq"] = {"Northern Pame"}, ["pmr"] = {"Paynamar"}, ["pms"] = {"Piemontese"}, ["pmt"] = {"Tuamotuan"}, ["pmw"] = {"Plains Miwok"}, ["pmx"] = {"Poumei Naga"}, ["pmy"] = {"Papuan Malay"}, ["pmz"] = {"Southern Pame"}, ["pna"] = {"Punan Bah-Biau"}, ["pnb"] = {"Western Panjabi"}, ["pnc"] = {"Pannei"}, ["pnd"] = {"Mpinda"}, ["pne"] = {"Western Penan"}, ["png"] = {"Pongu"}, ["pnh"] = {"Penrhyn"}, ["pni"] = {"Aoheng"}, ["pnj"] = {"Pinjarup"}, ["pnk"] = {"Paunaka"}, ["pnl"] = {"Paleni"}, ["pnm"] = {"Punan Batu 1"}, ["pnn"] = {"Pinai-Hagahai"}, ["pno"] = {"Panobo"}, ["pnp"] = {"Pancana"}, ["pnq"] = {"Pana (Burkina Faso)"}, ["pnr"] = {"Panim"}, ["pns"] = {"Ponosakan"}, ["pnt"] = {"Pontic"}, ["pnu"] = {"Jiongnai Bunu"}, ["pnv"] = {"Pinigura"}, ["pnw"] = {"Banyjima", "Panytyima"}, ["pnx"] = {"Phong-Kniang"}, ["pny"] = {"Pinyin"}, ["pnz"] = {"Pana (Central African Republic)"}, ["poc"] = {"Poqomam"}, ["poe"] = {"San Juan Atzingo Popoloca"}, ["pof"] = {"Poke"}, ["pog"] = {"Potiguára"}, ["poh"] = {"Poqomchi'"}, ["poi"] = {"Highland Popoluca"}, ["pok"] = {"Pokangá"}, ["pom"] = {"Southeastern Pomo"}, ["pon"] = {"Pohnpeian"}, ["poo"] = {"Central Pomo"}, ["pop"] = {"Pwapwâ"}, ["poq"] = {"Texistepec Popoluca"}, ["pos"] = {"Sayula Popoluca"}, ["pot"] = {"Potawatomi"}, ["pov"] = {"Upper Guinea Crioulo"}, ["pow"] = {"San Felipe Otlaltepec Popoloca"}, ["pox"] = {"Polabian"}, ["poy"] = {"Pogolo"}, ["poz"] = {"Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["ppe"] = {"Papi"}, ["ppi"] = {"Paipai"}, ["ppk"] = {"Uma"}, ["ppl"] = {"Pipil", "Nicarao"}, ["ppm"] = {"Papuma"}, ["ppn"] = {"Papapana"}, ["ppo"] = {"Folopa"}, ["ppp"] = {"Pelende"}, ["ppq"] = {"Pei"}, ["pps"] = {"San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca"}, ["ppt"] = {"Pare"}, ["ppu"] = {"Papora"}, ["pqa"] = {"Pa'a"}, ["pqe"] = {"Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["pqm"] = {"Malecite-Passamaquoddy"}, ["pqw"] = {"Western Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["pra"] = {"Prakrit languages"}, ["prc"] = {"Parachi"}, ["prd"] = {"Parsi-Dari"}, ["pre"] = {"Principense"}, ["prf"] = {"Paranan"}, ["prg"] = {"Prussian"}, ["prh"] = {"Porohanon"}, ["pri"] = {"Paicî"}, ["prk"] = {"Parauk"}, ["prl"] = {"Peruvian Sign Language"}, ["prm"] = {"Kibiri"}, ["prn"] = {"Prasuni"}, ["pro"] = {"Old Provençal (to 1500)", "Old Occitan (to 1500)"}, ["prp"] = {"Parsi"}, ["prq"] = {"Ashéninka Perené"}, ["prr"] = {"Puri"}, ["prs"] = {"Dari", "Afghan Persian"}, ["prt"] = {"Phai"}, ["pru"] = {"Puragi"}, ["prw"] = {"Parawen"}, ["prx"] = {"Purik"}, ["prz"] = {"Providencia Sign Language"}, ["psa"] = {"Asue Awyu"}, ["psc"] = {"Persian Sign Language"}, ["psd"] = {"Plains Indian Sign Language"}, ["pse"] = {"Central Malay"}, ["psg"] = {"Penang Sign Language"}, ["psh"] = {"Southwest Pashai", "Southwest Pashayi"}, ["psi"] = {"Southeast Pashai", "Southeast Pashayi"}, ["psl"] = {"Puerto Rican Sign Language"}, ["psm"] = {"Pauserna"}, ["psn"] = {"Panasuan"}, ["pso"] = {"Polish Sign Language"}, ["psp"] = {"Philippine Sign Language"}, ["psq"] = {"Pasi"}, ["psr"] = {"Portuguese Sign Language"}, ["pss"] = {"Kaulong"}, ["pst"] = {"Central Pashto"}, ["psu"] = {"Sauraseni Prākrit"}, ["psw"] = {"Port Sandwich"}, ["psy"] = {"Piscataway"}, ["pta"] = {"Pai Tavytera"}, ["pth"] = {"Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe"}, ["pti"] = {"Pindiini", "Wangkatha"}, ["ptn"] = {"Patani"}, ["pto"] = {"Zo'é"}, ["ptp"] = {"Patep"}, ["ptq"] = {"Pattapu"}, ["ptr"] = {"Piamatsina"}, ["ptt"] = {"Enrekang"}, ["ptu"] = {"Bambam"}, ["ptv"] = {"Port Vato"}, ["ptw"] = {"Pentlatch"}, ["pty"] = {"Pathiya"}, ["pua"] = {"Western Highland Purepecha"}, ["pub"] = {"Purum"}, ["puc"] = {"Punan Merap"}, ["pud"] = {"Punan Aput"}, ["pue"] = {"Puelche"}, ["puf"] = {"Punan Merah"}, ["pug"] = {"Phuie"}, ["pui"] = {"Puinave"}, ["puj"] = {"Punan Tubu"}, ["pum"] = {"Puma"}, ["puo"] = {"Puoc"}, ["pup"] = {"Pulabu"}, ["puq"] = {"Puquina"}, ["pur"] = {"Puruborá"}, ["put"] = {"Putoh"}, ["puu"] = {"Punu"}, ["puw"] = {"Puluwatese"}, ["pux"] = {"Puare"}, ["puy"] = {"Purisimeño"}, ["pwa"] = {"Pawaia"}, ["pwb"] = {"Panawa"}, ["pwg"] = {"Gapapaiwa"}, ["pwi"] = {"Patwin"}, ["pwm"] = {"Molbog"}, ["pwn"] = {"Paiwan"}, ["pwo"] = {"Pwo Western Karen"}, ["pwr"] = {"Powari"}, ["pww"] = {"Pwo Northern Karen"}, ["pxm"] = {"Quetzaltepec Mixe"}, ["pye"] = {"Pye Krumen"}, ["pym"] = {"Fyam"}, ["pyn"] = {"Poyanáwa"}, ["pys"] = {"Paraguayan Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas del Paraguay"}, ["pyu"] = {"Puyuma"}, ["pyx"] = {"Pyu (Myanmar)"}, ["pyy"] = {"Pyen"}, ["pzn"] = {"Para Naga"}, ["qua"] = {"Quapaw"}, ["qub"] = {"Huallaga Huánuco Quechua"}, ["quc"] = {"K'iche'", "Quiché"}, ["qud"] = {"Calderón Highland Quichua"}, ["quf"] = {"Lambayeque Quechua"}, ["qug"] = {"Chimborazo Highland Quichua"}, ["quh"] = {"South Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qui"] = {"Quileute"}, ["quk"] = {"Chachapoyas Quechua"}, ["qul"] = {"North Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qum"] = {"Sipacapense"}, ["qun"] = {"Quinault"}, ["qup"] = {"Southern Pastaza Quechua"}, ["quq"] = {"Quinqui"}, ["qur"] = {"Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua"}, ["qus"] = {"Santiago del Estero Quichua"}, ["quv"] = {"Sacapulteco"}, ["quw"] = {"Tena Lowland Quichua"}, ["qux"] = {"Yauyos Quechua"}, ["quy"] = {"Ayacucho Quechua"}, ["quz"] = {"Cusco Quechua"}, ["qva"] = {"Ambo-Pasco Quechua"}, ["qvc"] = {"Cajamarca Quechua"}, ["qve"] = {"Eastern Apurímac Quechua"}, ["qvh"] = {"Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qvi"] = {"Imbabura Highland Quichua"}, ["qvj"] = {"Loja Highland Quichua"}, ["qvl"] = {"Cajatambo North Lima Quechua"}, ["qvm"] = {"Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua"}, ["qvn"] = {"North Junín Quechua"}, ["qvo"] = {"Napo Lowland Quechua"}, ["qvp"] = {"Pacaraos Quechua"}, ["qvs"] = {"San Martín Quechua"}, ["qvw"] = {"Huaylla Wanca Quechua"}, ["qvy"] = {"Queyu"}, ["qvz"] = {"Northern Pastaza Quichua"}, ["qwa"] = {"Corongo Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwc"] = {"Classical Quechua"}, ["qwe"] = {"Quechuan (family)"}, ["qwh"] = {"Huaylas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwm"] = {"Kuman (Russia)"}, ["qws"] = {"Sihuas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwt"] = {"Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai"}, ["qxa"] = {"Chiquián Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxc"] = {"Chincha Quechua"}, ["qxh"] = {"Panao Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qxl"] = {"Salasaca Highland Quichua"}, ["qxn"] = {"Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxo"] = {"Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxp"] = {"Puno Quechua"}, ["qxq"] = {"Qashqa'i"}, ["qxr"] = {"Cañar Highland Quichua"}, ["qxs"] = {"Southern Qiang"}, ["qxt"] = {"Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua"}, ["qxu"] = {"Arequipa-La Unión Quechua"}, ["qxw"] = {"Jauja Wanca Quechua"}, ["qya"] = {"Quenya"}, ["qyp"] = {"Quiripi"}, ["raa"] = {"Dungmali"}, ["rab"] = {"Camling"}, ["rac"] = {"Rasawa"}, ["rad"] = {"Rade"}, ["raf"] = {"Western Meohang"}, ["rag"] = {"Logooli", "Lulogooli"}, ["rah"] = {"Rabha"}, ["rai"] = {"Ramoaaina"}, ["raj"] = {"Rajasthani"}, ["rak"] = {"Tulu-Bohuai"}, ["ral"] = {"Ralte"}, ["ram"] = {"Canela"}, ["ran"] = {"Riantana"}, ["rao"] = {"Rao"}, ["rap"] = {"Rapanui"}, ["raq"] = {"Saam"}, ["rar"] = {"Rarotongan", "Cook Islands Maori"}, ["ras"] = {"Tegali"}, ["rat"] = {"Razajerdi"}, ["rau"] = {"Raute"}, ["rav"] = {"Sampang"}, ["raw"] = {"Rawang"}, ["rax"] = {"Rang"}, ["ray"] = {"Rapa"}, ["raz"] = {"Rahambuu"}, ["rbb"] = {"Rumai Palaung"}, ["rbk"] = {"Northern Bontok"}, ["rbl"] = {"Miraya Bikol"}, ["rbp"] = {"Barababaraba"}, ["rcf"] = {"Réunion Creole French"}, ["rdb"] = {"Rudbari"}, ["rea"] = {"Rerau"}, ["reb"] = {"Rembong"}, ["ree"] = {"Rejang Kayan"}, ["reg"] = {"Kara (Tanzania)"}, ["rei"] = {"Reli"}, ["rej"] = {"Rejang"}, ["rel"] = {"Rendille"}, ["rem"] = {"Remo"}, ["ren"] = {"Rengao"}, ["rer"] = {"Rer Bare"}, ["res"] = {"Reshe"}, ["ret"] = {"Retta"}, ["rey"] = {"Reyesano"}, ["rga"] = {"Roria"}, ["rge"] = {"Romano-Greek"}, ["rgk"] = {"Rangkas"}, ["rgn"] = {"Romagnol"}, ["rgr"] = {"Resígaro"}, ["rgs"] = {"Southern Roglai"}, ["rgu"] = {"Ringgou"}, ["rhg"] = {"Rohingya"}, ["rhp"] = {"Yahang"}, ["ria"] = {"Riang (India)"}, ["rif"] = {"Tarifit"}, ["ril"] = {"Riang Lang", "Riang (Myanmar)"}, ["rim"] = {"Nyaturu"}, ["rin"] = {"Nungu"}, ["rir"] = {"Ribun"}, ["rit"] = {"Ritharrngu"}, ["riu"] = {"Riung"}, ["rjg"] = {"Rajong"}, ["rji"] = {"Raji"}, ["rjs"] = {"Rajbanshi"}, ["rka"] = {"Kraol"}, ["rkb"] = {"Rikbaktsa"}, ["rkh"] = {"Rakahanga-Manihiki"}, ["rki"] = {"Rakhine"}, ["rkm"] = {"Marka"}, ["rkt"] = {"Rangpuri", "Kamta"}, ["rkw"] = {"Arakwal"}, ["rma"] = {"Rama"}, ["rmb"] = {"Rembarrnga"}, ["rmc"] = {"Carpathian Romani"}, ["rmd"] = {"Traveller Danish"}, ["rme"] = {"Angloromani"}, ["rmf"] = {"Kalo Finnish Romani"}, ["rmg"] = {"Traveller Norwegian"}, ["rmh"] = {"Murkim"}, ["rmi"] = {"Lomavren"}, ["rmk"] = {"Romkun"}, ["rml"] = {"Baltic Romani"}, ["rmm"] = {"Roma"}, ["rmn"] = {"Balkan Romani"}, ["rmo"] = {"Sinte Romani"}, ["rmp"] = {"Rempi"}, ["rmq"] = {"Caló"}, ["rms"] = {"Romanian Sign Language"}, ["rmt"] = {"Domari"}, ["rmu"] = {"Tavringer Romani"}, ["rmv"] = {"Romanova"}, ["rmw"] = {"Welsh Romani"}, ["rmx"] = {"Romam"}, ["rmy"] = {"Vlax Romani"}, ["rmz"] = {"Marma"}, ["rnd"] = {"Ruund"}, ["rng"] = {"Ronga"}, ["rnl"] = {"Ranglong"}, ["rnn"] = {"Roon"}, ["rnp"] = {"Rongpo"}, ["rnr"] = {"Nari Nari"}, ["rnw"] = {"Rungwa"}, ["roa"] = {"Romance languages"}, ["rob"] = {"Tae'"}, ["roc"] = {"Cacgia Roglai"}, ["rod"] = {"Rogo"}, ["roe"] = {"Ronji"}, ["rof"] = {"Rombo"}, ["rog"] = {"Northern Roglai"}, ["rol"] = {"Romblomanon"}, ["rom"] = {"Romany"}, ["roo"] = {"Rotokas"}, ["rop"] = {"Kriol"}, ["ror"] = {"Rongga"}, ["rou"] = {"Runga"}, ["row"] = {"Dela-Oenale"}, ["rpn"] = {"Repanbitip"}, ["rpt"] = {"Rapting"}, ["rri"] = {"Ririo"}, ["rro"] = {"Waima"}, ["rrt"] = {"Arritinngithigh"}, ["rsb"] = {"Romano-Serbian"}, ["rsl"] = {"Russian Sign Language"}, ["rsm"] = {"Miriwoong Sign Language"}, ["rtc"] = {"Rungtu Chin"}, ["rth"] = {"Ratahan"}, ["rtm"] = {"Rotuman"}, ["rts"] = {"Yurats"}, ["rtw"] = {"Rathawi"}, ["rub"] = {"Gungu"}, ["ruc"] = {"Ruuli"}, ["rue"] = {"Rusyn"}, ["ruf"] = {"Luguru"}, ["rug"] = {"Roviana"}, ["ruh"] = {"Ruga"}, ["rui"] = {"Rufiji"}, ["ruk"] = {"Che"}, ["ruo"] = {"Istro Romanian"}, ["rup"] = {"Macedo-Romanian", "Aromanian", "Arumanian"}, ["ruq"] = {"Megleno Romanian"}, ["rut"] = {"Rutul"}, ["ruu"] = {"Lanas Lobu"}, ["ruy"] = {"Mala (Nigeria)"}, ["ruz"] = {"Ruma"}, ["rwa"] = {"Rawo"}, ["rwk"] = {"Rwa"}, ["rwm"] = {"Amba (Uganda)"}, ["rwo"] = {"Rawa"}, ["rwr"] = {"Marwari (India)"}, ["rxd"] = {"Ngardi"}, ["rxw"] = {"Karuwali", "Garuwali"}, ["ryn"] = {"Northern Amami-Oshima"}, ["rys"] = {"Yaeyama"}, ["ryu"] = {"Central Okinawan"}, ["rzh"] = {"Rāziḥī"}, ["saa"] = {"Saba"}, ["sab"] = {"Buglere"}, ["sac"] = {"Meskwaki"}, ["sad"] = {"Sandawe"}, ["sae"] = {"Sabanê"}, ["saf"] = {"Safaliba"}, ["sah"] = {"Yakut"}, ["sai"] = {"South American Indian languages"}, ["saj"] = {"Sahu"}, ["sak"] = {"Sake"}, ["sal"] = {"Salishan languages"}, ["sam"] = {"Samaritan Aramaic"}, ["sao"] = {"Sause"}, ["saq"] = {"Samburu"}, ["sar"] = {"Saraveca"}, ["sas"] = {"Sasak"}, ["sat"] = {"Santali"}, ["sau"] = {"Saleman"}, ["sav"] = {"Saafi-Saafi"}, ["saw"] = {"Sawi"}, ["sax"] = {"Sa"}, ["say"] = {"Saya"}, ["saz"] = {"Saurashtra"}, ["sba"] = {"Ngambay"}, ["sbb"] = {"Simbo"}, ["sbc"] = {"Kele (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["sbd"] = {"Southern Samo"}, ["sbe"] = {"Saliba"}, ["sbf"] = {"Chabu", "Shabo"}, ["sbg"] = {"Seget"}, ["sbh"] = {"Sori-Harengan"}, ["sbi"] = {"Seti"}, ["sbj"] = {"Surbakhal"}, ["sbk"] = {"Safwa"}, ["sbl"] = {"Botolan Sambal"}, ["sbm"] = {"Sagala"}, ["sbn"] = {"Sindhi Bhil"}, ["sbo"] = {"Sabüm"}, ["sbp"] = {"Sangu (Tanzania)"}, ["sbq"] = {"Sileibi"}, ["sbr"] = {"Sembakung Murut"}, ["sbs"] = {"Subiya"}, ["sbt"] = {"Kimki"}, ["sbu"] = {"Stod Bhoti"}, ["sbv"] = {"Sabine"}, ["sbw"] = {"Simba"}, ["sbx"] = {"Seberuang"}, ["sby"] = {"Soli"}, ["sbz"] = {"Sara Kaba"}, ["scb"] = {"Chut"}, ["sce"] = {"Dongxiang"}, ["scf"] = {"San Miguel Creole French"}, ["scg"] = {"Sanggau"}, ["sch"] = {"Sakachep"}, ["sci"] = {"Sri Lankan Creole Malay"}, ["sck"] = {"Sadri"}, ["scl"] = {"Shina"}, ["scn"] = {"Sicilian"}, ["sco"] = {"Scots"}, ["scp"] = {"Hyolmo", "Helambu Sherpa"}, ["scq"] = {"Sa'och"}, ["scs"] = {"North Slavey"}, ["sct"] = {"Southern Katang"}, ["scu"] = {"Shumcho"}, ["scv"] = {"Sheni"}, ["scw"] = {"Sha"}, ["scx"] = {"Sicel"}, ["sda"] = {"Toraja-Sa'dan"}, ["sdb"] = {"Shabak"}, ["sdc"] = {"Sassarese Sardinian"}, ["sde"] = {"Surubu"}, ["sdf"] = {"Sarli"}, ["sdg"] = {"Savi"}, ["sdh"] = {"Southern Kurdish"}, ["sdj"] = {"Suundi"}, ["sdk"] = {"Sos Kundi"}, ["sdl"] = {"Saudi Arabian Sign Language"}, ["sdm"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sdn"] = {"Gallurese Sardinian"}, ["sdo"] = {"Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh"}, ["sdp"] = {"Sherdukpen"}, ["sdr"] = {"Oraon Sadri"}, ["sds"] = {"Sened"}, ["sdt"] = {"Shuadit"}, ["sdu"] = {"Sarudu"}, ["sdv"] = {"Eastern Sudanic languages"}, ["sdx"] = {"Sibu Melanau"}, ["sdz"] = {"Sallands"}, ["sea"] = {"Semai"}, ["seb"] = {"Shempire Senoufo"}, ["sec"] = {"Sechelt"}, ["sed"] = {"Sedang"}, ["see"] = {"Seneca"}, ["sef"] = {"Cebaara Senoufo"}, ["seg"] = {"Segeju"}, ["seh"] = {"Sena"}, ["sei"] = {"Seri"}, ["sej"] = {"Sene"}, ["sek"] = {"Sekani"}, ["sel"] = {"Selkup"}, ["sem"] = {"Semitic languages"}, ["sen"] = {"Nanerigé Sénoufo"}, ["seo"] = {"Suarmin"}, ["sep"] = {"Sìcìté Sénoufo"}, ["seq"] = {"Senara Sénoufo"}, ["ser"] = {"Serrano"}, ["ses"] = {"Koyraboro Senni Songhai"}, ["set"] = {"Sentani"}, ["seu"] = {"Serui-Laut"}, ["sev"] = {"Nyarafolo Senoufo"}, ["sew"] = {"Sewa Bay"}, ["sey"] = {"Secoya"}, ["sez"] = {"Senthang Chin"}, ["sfb"] = {"Langue des signes de Belgique Francophone", "French Belgian Sign Language"}, ["sfe"] = {"Eastern Subanen"}, ["sfm"] = {"Small Flowery Miao"}, ["sfs"] = {"South African Sign Language"}, ["sfw"] = {"Sehwi"}, ["sga"] = {"Old Irish (to 900)"}, ["sgb"] = {"Mag-antsi Ayta"}, ["sgc"] = {"Kipsigis"}, ["sgd"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sge"] = {"Segai"}, ["sgg"] = {"Swiss-German Sign Language"}, ["sgh"] = {"Shughni"}, ["sgi"] = {"Suga"}, ["sgj"] = {"Surgujia"}, ["sgk"] = {"Sangkong"}, ["sgm"] = {"Singa"}, ["sgn"] = {"Sign languages"}, ["sgp"] = {"Singpho"}, ["sgr"] = {"Sangisari"}, ["sgs"] = {"Samogitian"}, ["sgt"] = {"Brokpake"}, ["sgu"] = {"Salas"}, ["sgw"] = {"Sebat Bet Gurage"}, ["sgx"] = {"Sierra Leone Sign Language"}, ["sgy"] = {"Sanglechi"}, ["sgz"] = {"Sursurunga"}, ["sha"] = {"Shall-Zwall"}, ["shb"] = {"Ninam"}, ["shc"] = {"Sonde"}, ["shd"] = {"Kundal Shahi"}, ["she"] = {"Sheko"}, ["shg"] = {"Shua"}, ["shh"] = {"Shoshoni"}, ["shi"] = {"Tachelhit"}, ["shj"] = {"Shatt"}, ["shk"] = {"Shilluk"}, ["shl"] = {"Shendu"}, ["shm"] = {"Shahrudi"}, ["shn"] = {"Shan"}, ["sho"] = {"Shanga"}, ["shp"] = {"Shipibo-Conibo"}, ["shq"] = {"Sala"}, ["shr"] = {"Shi"}, ["shs"] = {"Shuswap"}, ["sht"] = {"Shasta"}, ["shu"] = {"Chadian Arabic"}, ["shv"] = {"Shehri"}, ["shw"] = {"Shwai"}, ["shx"] = {"She"}, ["shy"] = {"Tachawit"}, ["shz"] = {"Syenara Senoufo"}, ["sia"] = {"Akkala Sami"}, ["sib"] = {"Sebop"}, ["sid"] = {"Sidamo"}, ["sie"] = {"Simaa"}, ["sif"] = {"Siamou"}, ["sig"] = {"Paasaal"}, ["sih"] = {"Zire", "Sîshëë"}, ["sii"] = {"Shom Peng"}, ["sij"] = {"Numbami"}, ["sik"] = {"Sikiana"}, ["sil"] = {"Tumulung Sisaala"}, ["sim"] = {"Mende (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["sio"] = {"Siouan languages"}, ["sip"] = {"Sikkimese"}, ["siq"] = {"Sonia"}, ["sir"] = {"Siri"}, ["sis"] = {"Siuslaw"}, ["sit"] = {"Sino-Tibetan languages"}, ["siu"] = {"Sinagen"}, ["siv"] = {"Sumariup"}, ["siw"] = {"Siwai"}, ["six"] = {"Sumau"}, ["siy"] = {"Sivandi"}, ["siz"] = {"Siwi"}, ["sja"] = {"Epena"}, ["sjb"] = {"Sajau Basap"}, ["sjd"] = {"Kildin Sami"}, ["sje"] = {"Pite Sami"}, ["sjg"] = {"Assangori"}, ["sjk"] = {"Kemi Sami"}, ["sjl"] = {"Sajalong", "Miji"}, ["sjm"] = {"Mapun"}, ["sjn"] = {"Sindarin"}, ["sjo"] = {"Xibe"}, ["sjp"] = {"Surjapuri"}, ["sjr"] = {"Siar-Lak"}, ["sjs"] = {"Senhaja De Srair"}, ["sjt"] = {"Ter Sami"}, ["sju"] = {"Ume Sami"}, ["sjw"] = {"Shawnee"}, ["ska"] = {"Skagit"}, ["skb"] = {"Saek"}, ["skc"] = {"Ma Manda"}, ["skd"] = {"Southern Sierra Miwok"}, ["ske"] = {"Seke (Vanuatu)"}, ["skf"] = {"Sakirabiá"}, ["skg"] = {"Sakalava Malagasy"}, ["skh"] = {"Sikule"}, ["ski"] = {"Sika"}, ["skj"] = {"Seke (Nepal)"}, ["skm"] = {"Kutong"}, ["skn"] = {"Kolibugan Subanon"}, ["sko"] = {"Seko Tengah"}, ["skp"] = {"Sekapan"}, ["skq"] = {"Sininkere"}, ["skr"] = {"Saraiki", "Seraiki"}, ["sks"] = {"Maia"}, ["skt"] = {"Sakata"}, ["sku"] = {"Sakao"}, ["skv"] = {"Skou"}, ["skw"] = {"Skepi Creole Dutch"}, ["skx"] = {"Seko Padang"}, ["sky"] = {"Sikaiana"}, ["skz"] = {"Sekar"}, ["sla"] = {"Slavic languages"}, ["slc"] = {"Sáliba"}, ["sld"] = {"Sissala"}, ["sle"] = {"Sholaga"}, ["slf"] = {"Swiss-Italian Sign Language"}, ["slg"] = {"Selungai Murut"}, ["slh"] = {"Southern Puget Sound Salish"}, ["sli"] = {"Lower Silesian"}, ["slj"] = {"Salumá"}, ["sll"] = {"Salt-Yui"}, ["slm"] = {"Pangutaran Sama"}, ["sln"] = {"Salinan"}, ["slp"] = {"Lamaholot"}, ["slq"] = {"Salchuq"}, ["slr"] = {"Salar"}, ["sls"] = {"Singapore Sign Language"}, ["slt"] = {"Sila"}, ["slu"] = {"Selaru"}, ["slw"] = {"Sialum"}, ["slx"] = {"Salampasu"}, ["sly"] = {"Selayar"}, ["slz"] = {"Ma'ya"}, ["sma"] = {"Southern Sami"}, ["smb"] = {"Simbari"}, ["smc"] = {"Som"}, ["smd"] = {"Sama"}, ["smf"] = {"Auwe"}, ["smg"] = {"Simbali"}, ["smh"] = {"Samei"}, ["smi"] = {"Sami languages"}, ["smj"] = {"Lule Sami"}, ["smk"] = {"Bolinao"}, ["sml"] = {"Central Sama"}, ["smm"] = {"Musasa"}, ["smn"] = {"Inari Sami"}, ["smp"] = {"Samaritan"}, ["smq"] = {"Samo"}, ["smr"] = {"Simeulue"}, ["sms"] = {"Skolt Sami"}, ["smt"] = {"Simte"}, ["smu"] = {"Somray"}, ["smv"] = {"Samvedi"}, ["smw"] = {"Sumbawa"}, ["smx"] = {"Samba"}, ["smy"] = {"Semnani"}, ["smz"] = {"Simeku"}, ["snb"] = {"Sebuyau"}, ["snc"] = {"Sinaugoro"}, ["sne"] = {"Bau Bidayuh"}, ["snf"] = {"Noon"}, ["sng"] = {"Sanga (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["sni"] = {"Sensi"}, ["snj"] = {"Riverain Sango"}, ["snk"] = {"Soninke"}, ["snl"] = {"Sangil"}, ["snm"] = {"Southern Ma'di"}, ["snn"] = {"Siona"}, ["sno"] = {"Snohomish"}, ["snp"] = {"Siane"}, ["snq"] = {"Sangu (Gabon)"}, ["snr"] = {"Sihan"}, ["sns"] = {"South West Bay", "Nahavaq"}, ["snu"] = {"Senggi", "Viid"}, ["snv"] = {"Sa'ban"}, ["snw"] = {"Selee"}, ["snx"] = {"Sam"}, ["sny"] = {"Saniyo-Hiyewe"}, ["snz"] = {"Kou"}, ["soa"] = {"Thai Song"}, ["sob"] = {"Sobei"}, ["soc"] = {"So (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["sod"] = {"Songoora"}, ["soe"] = {"Songomeno"}, ["sog"] = {"Sogdian"}, ["soh"] = {"Aka"}, ["soi"] = {"Sonha"}, ["soj"] = {"Soi"}, ["sok"] = {"Sokoro"}, ["sol"] = {"Solos"}, ["son"] = {"Songhai languages"}, ["soo"] = {"Songo"}, ["sop"] = {"Songe"}, ["soq"] = {"Kanasi"}, ["sor"] = {"Somrai"}, ["sos"] = {"Seeku"}, ["sou"] = {"Southern Thai"}, ["sov"] = {"Sonsorol"}, ["sow"] = {"Sowanda"}, ["sox"] = {"Swo"}, ["soy"] = {"Miyobe"}, ["soz"] = {"Temi"}, ["spb"] = {"Sepa (Indonesia)"}, ["spc"] = {"Sapé"}, ["spd"] = {"Saep"}, ["spe"] = {"Sepa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["spg"] = {"Sian"}, ["spi"] = {"Saponi"}, ["spk"] = {"Sengo"}, ["spl"] = {"Selepet"}, ["spm"] = {"Akukem"}, ["spn"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["spo"] = {"Spokane"}, ["spp"] = {"Supyire Senoufo"}, ["spq"] = {"Loreto-Ucayali Spanish"}, ["spr"] = {"Saparua"}, ["sps"] = {"Saposa"}, ["spt"] = {"Spiti Bhoti"}, ["spu"] = {"Sapuan"}, ["spv"] = {"Sambalpuri", "Kosli"}, ["spx"] = {"South Picene"}, ["spy"] = {"Sabaot"}, ["sqa"] = {"Shama-Sambuga"}, ["sqh"] = {"Shau"}, ["sqj"] = {"Albanian languages"}, ["sqk"] = {"Albanian Sign Language"}, ["sqm"] = {"Suma"}, ["sqn"] = {"Susquehannock"}, ["sqo"] = {"Sorkhei"}, ["sqq"] = {"Sou"}, ["sqr"] = {"Siculo Arabic"}, ["sqs"] = {"Sri Lankan Sign Language"}, ["sqt"] = {"Soqotri"}, ["squ"] = {"Squamish"}, ["sra"] = {"Saruga"}, ["srb"] = {"Sora"}, ["src"] = {"Logudorese Sardinian"}, ["sre"] = {"Sara"}, ["srf"] = {"Nafi"}, ["srg"] = {"Sulod"}, ["srh"] = {"Sarikoli"}, ["sri"] = {"Siriano"}, ["srk"] = {"Serudung Murut"}, ["srl"] = {"Isirawa"}, ["srm"] = {"Saramaccan"}, ["srn"] = {"Sranan Tongo"}, ["sro"] = {"Campidanese Sardinian"}, ["srq"] = {"Sirionó"}, ["srr"] = {"Serer"}, ["srs"] = {"Sarsi"}, ["srt"] = {"Sauri"}, ["sru"] = {"Suruí"}, ["srv"] = {"Southern Sorsoganon"}, ["srw"] = {"Serua"}, ["srx"] = {"Sirmauri"}, ["sry"] = {"Sera"}, ["srz"] = {"Shahmirzadi"}, ["ssa"] = {"Nilo-Saharan languages"}, ["ssb"] = {"Southern Sama"}, ["ssc"] = {"Suba-Simbiti"}, ["ssd"] = {"Siroi"}, ["sse"] = {"Balangingi", "Bangingih Sama"}, ["ssf"] = {"Thao"}, ["ssg"] = {"Seimat"}, ["ssh"] = {"Shihhi Arabic"}, ["ssi"] = {"Sansi"}, ["ssj"] = {"Sausi"}, ["ssk"] = {"Sunam"}, ["ssl"] = {"Western Sisaala"}, ["ssm"] = {"Semnam"}, ["ssn"] = {"Waata"}, ["sso"] = {"Sissano"}, ["ssp"] = {"Spanish Sign Language"}, ["ssq"] = {"So'a"}, ["ssr"] = {"Swiss-French Sign Language"}, ["sss"] = {"Sô"}, ["sst"] = {"Sinasina"}, ["ssu"] = {"Susuami"}, ["ssv"] = {"Shark Bay"}, ["ssx"] = {"Samberigi"}, ["ssy"] = {"Saho"}, ["ssz"] = {"Sengseng"}, ["sta"] = {"Settla"}, ["stb"] = {"Northern Subanen"}, ["std"] = {"Sentinel"}, ["ste"] = {"Liana-Seti"}, ["stf"] = {"Seta"}, ["stg"] = {"Trieng"}, ["sth"] = {"Shelta"}, ["sti"] = {"Bulo Stieng"}, ["stj"] = {"Matya Samo"}, ["stk"] = {"Arammba"}, ["stl"] = {"Stellingwerfs"}, ["stm"] = {"Setaman"}, ["stn"] = {"Owa"}, ["sto"] = {"Stoney"}, ["stp"] = {"Southeastern Tepehuan"}, ["stq"] = {"Saterfriesisch"}, ["str"] = {"Straits Salish"}, ["sts"] = {"Shumashti"}, ["stt"] = {"Budeh Stieng"}, ["stu"] = {"Samtao"}, ["stv"] = {"Silt'e"}, ["stw"] = {"Satawalese"}, ["sty"] = {"Siberian Tatar"}, ["sua"] = {"Sulka"}, ["sub"] = {"Suku"}, ["suc"] = {"Western Subanon"}, ["sue"] = {"Suena"}, ["sug"] = {"Suganga"}, ["sui"] = {"Suki"}, ["suj"] = {"Shubi"}, ["suk"] = {"Sukuma"}, ["suq"] = {"Suri"}, ["sur"] = {"Mwaghavul"}, ["sus"] = {"Susu"}, ["sut"] = {"Subtiaba"}, ["suv"] = {"Puroik"}, ["suw"] = {"Sumbwa"}, ["sux"] = {"Sumerian"}, ["suy"] = {"Suyá"}, ["suz"] = {"Sunwar"}, ["sva"] = {"Svan"}, ["svb"] = {"Ulau-Suain"}, ["svc"] = {"Vincentian Creole English"}, ["sve"] = {"Serili"}, ["svk"] = {"Slovakian Sign Language"}, ["svm"] = {"Slavomolisano"}, ["svs"] = {"Savosavo"}, ["svx"] = {"Skalvian"}, ["swb"] = {"Maore Comorian"}, ["swc"] = {"Congo Swahili"}, ["swf"] = {"Sere"}, ["swg"] = {"Swabian"}, ["swh"] = {"Swahili (individual language)", "Kiswahili"}, ["swi"] = {"Sui"}, ["swj"] = {"Sira"}, ["swk"] = {"Malawi Sena"}, ["swl"] = {"Swedish Sign Language"}, ["swm"] = {"Samosa"}, ["swn"] = {"Sawknah"}, ["swo"] = {"Shanenawa"}, ["swp"] = {"Suau"}, ["swq"] = {"Sharwa"}, ["swr"] = {"Saweru"}, ["sws"] = {"Seluwasan"}, ["swt"] = {"Sawila"}, ["swu"] = {"Suwawa"}, ["swv"] = {"Shekhawati"}, ["sww"] = {"Sowa"}, ["swx"] = {"Suruahá"}, ["swy"] = {"Sarua"}, ["sxb"] = {"Suba"}, ["sxc"] = {"Sicanian"}, ["sxe"] = {"Sighu"}, ["sxg"] = {"Shuhi", "Shixing"}, ["sxk"] = {"Southern Kalapuya"}, ["sxl"] = {"Selian"}, ["sxm"] = {"Samre"}, ["sxn"] = {"Sangir"}, ["sxo"] = {"Sorothaptic"}, ["sxr"] = {"Saaroa"}, ["sxs"] = {"Sasaru"}, ["sxu"] = {"Upper Saxon"}, ["sxw"] = {"Saxwe Gbe"}, ["sya"] = {"Siang"}, ["syb"] = {"Central Subanen"}, ["syc"] = {"Classical Syriac"}, ["syd"] = {"Samoyedic languages"}, ["syi"] = {"Seki"}, ["syk"] = {"Sukur"}, ["syl"] = {"Sylheti"}, ["sym"] = {"Maya Samo"}, ["syn"] = {"Senaya"}, ["syo"] = {"Suoy"}, ["syr"] = {"Syriac"}, ["sys"] = {"Sinyar"}, ["syw"] = {"Kagate"}, ["syx"] = {"Samay"}, ["syy"] = {"Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language"}, ["sza"] = {"Semelai"}, ["szb"] = {"Ngalum"}, ["szc"] = {"Semaq Beri"}, ["szd"] = {"Seru"}, ["sze"] = {"Seze"}, ["szg"] = {"Sengele"}, ["szl"] = {"Silesian"}, ["szn"] = {"Sula"}, ["szp"] = {"Suabo"}, ["szs"] = {"Solomon Islands Sign Language"}, ["szv"] = {"Isu (Fako Division)"}, ["szw"] = {"Sawai"}, ["szy"] = {"Sakizaya"}, ["taa"] = {"Lower Tanana"}, ["tab"] = {"Tabassaran"}, ["tac"] = {"Lowland Tarahumara"}, ["tad"] = {"Tause"}, ["tae"] = {"Tariana"}, ["taf"] = {"Tapirapé"}, ["tag"] = {"Tagoi"}, ["tai"] = {"Tai languages"}, ["taj"] = {"Eastern Tamang"}, ["tak"] = {"Tala"}, ["tal"] = {"Tal"}, ["tan"] = {"Tangale"}, ["tao"] = {"Yami"}, ["tap"] = {"Taabwa"}, ["taq"] = {"Tamasheq"}, ["tar"] = {"Central Tarahumara"}, ["tas"] = {"Tay Boi"}, ["tau"] = {"Upper Tanana"}, ["tav"] = {"Tatuyo"}, ["taw"] = {"Tai"}, ["tax"] = {"Tamki"}, ["tay"] = {"Atayal"}, ["taz"] = {"Tocho"}, ["tba"] = {"Aikanã"}, ["tbb"] = {"Tapeba"}, ["tbc"] = {"Takia"}, ["tbd"] = {"Kaki Ae"}, ["tbe"] = {"Tanimbili"}, ["tbf"] = {"Mandara"}, ["tbg"] = {"North Tairora"}, ["tbh"] = {"Dharawal", "Thurawal"}, ["tbi"] = {"Gaam"}, ["tbj"] = {"Tiang"}, ["tbk"] = {"Calamian Tagbanwa"}, ["tbl"] = {"Tboli"}, ["tbm"] = {"Tagbu"}, ["tbn"] = {"Barro Negro Tunebo"}, ["tbo"] = {"Tawala"}, ["tbp"] = {"Taworta", "Diebroud"}, ["tbq"] = {"Tibeto-Burman languages"}, ["tbr"] = {"Tumtum"}, ["tbs"] = {"Tanguat"}, ["tbt"] = {"Tembo (Kitembo)"}, ["tbu"] = {"Tubar"}, ["tbv"] = {"Tobo"}, ["tbw"] = {"Tagbanwa"}, ["tbx"] = {"Kapin"}, ["tby"] = {"Tabaru"}, ["tbz"] = {"Ditammari"}, ["tca"] = {"Ticuna"}, ["tcb"] = {"Tanacross"}, ["tcc"] = {"Datooga"}, ["tcd"] = {"Tafi"}, ["tce"] = {"Southern Tutchone"}, ["tcf"] = {"Malinaltepec Me'phaa", "Malinaltepec Tlapanec"}, ["tcg"] = {"Tamagario"}, ["tch"] = {"Turks And Caicos Creole English"}, ["tci"] = {"Wára"}, ["tck"] = {"Tchitchege"}, ["tcl"] = {"Taman (Myanmar)"}, ["tcm"] = {"Tanahmerah"}, ["tcn"] = {"Tichurong"}, ["tco"] = {"Taungyo"}, ["tcp"] = {"Tawr Chin"}, ["tcq"] = {"Kaiy"}, ["tcs"] = {"Torres Strait Creole", "Yumplatok"}, ["tct"] = {"T'en"}, ["tcu"] = {"Southeastern Tarahumara"}, ["tcw"] = {"Tecpatlán Totonac"}, ["tcx"] = {"Toda"}, ["tcy"] = {"Tulu"}, ["tcz"] = {"Thado Chin"}, ["tda"] = {"Tagdal"}, ["tdb"] = {"Panchpargania"}, ["tdc"] = {"Emberá-Tadó"}, ["tdd"] = {"Tai Nüa"}, ["tde"] = {"Tiranige Diga Dogon"}, ["tdf"] = {"Talieng"}, ["tdg"] = {"Western Tamang"}, ["tdh"] = {"Thulung"}, ["tdi"] = {"Tomadino"}, ["tdj"] = {"Tajio"}, ["tdk"] = {"Tambas"}, ["tdl"] = {"Sur"}, ["tdm"] = {"Taruma"}, ["tdn"] = {"Tondano"}, ["tdo"] = {"Teme"}, ["tdq"] = {"Tita"}, ["tdr"] = {"Todrah"}, ["tds"] = {"Doutai"}, ["tdt"] = {"Tetun Dili"}, ["tdv"] = {"Toro"}, ["tdx"] = {"Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy"}, ["tdy"] = {"Tadyawan"}, ["tea"] = {"Temiar"}, ["teb"] = {"Tetete"}, ["tec"] = {"Terik"}, ["ted"] = {"Tepo Krumen"}, ["tee"] = {"Huehuetla Tepehua"}, ["tef"] = {"Teressa"}, ["teg"] = {"Teke-Tege"}, ["teh"] = {"Tehuelche"}, ["tei"] = {"Torricelli"}, ["tek"] = {"Ibali Teke"}, ["tem"] = {"Timne"}, ["ten"] = {"Tama (Colombia)"}, ["teo"] = {"Teso"}, ["tep"] = {"Tepecano"}, ["teq"] = {"Temein"}, ["ter"] = {"Tereno"}, ["tes"] = {"Tengger"}, ["tet"] = {"Tetum"}, ["teu"] = {"Soo"}, ["tev"] = {"Teor"}, ["tew"] = {"Tewa (USA)"}, ["tex"] = {"Tennet"}, ["tey"] = {"Tulishi"}, ["tez"] = {"Tetserret"}, ["tfi"] = {"Tofin Gbe"}, ["tfn"] = {"Tanaina"}, ["tfo"] = {"Tefaro"}, ["tfr"] = {"Teribe"}, ["tft"] = {"Ternate"}, ["tga"] = {"Sagalla"}, ["tgb"] = {"Tobilung"}, ["tgc"] = {"Tigak"}, ["tgd"] = {"Ciwogai"}, ["tge"] = {"Eastern Gorkha Tamang"}, ["tgf"] = {"Chalikha"}, ["tgh"] = {"Tobagonian Creole English"}, ["tgi"] = {"Lawunuia"}, ["tgj"] = {"Tagin"}, ["tgn"] = {"Tandaganon"}, ["tgo"] = {"Sudest"}, ["tgp"] = {"Tangoa"}, ["tgq"] = {"Tring"}, ["tgr"] = {"Tareng"}, ["tgs"] = {"Nume"}, ["tgt"] = {"Central Tagbanwa"}, ["tgu"] = {"Tanggu"}, ["tgv"] = {"Tingui-Boto"}, ["tgw"] = {"Tagwana Senoufo"}, ["tgx"] = {"Tagish"}, ["tgy"] = {"Togoyo"}, ["tgz"] = {"Tagalaka"}, ["thd"] = {"Kuuk Thaayorre", "Thayore"}, ["the"] = {"Chitwania Tharu"}, ["thf"] = {"Thangmi"}, ["thh"] = {"Northern Tarahumara"}, ["thi"] = {"Tai Long"}, ["thk"] = {"Tharaka", "Kitharaka"}, ["thl"] = {"Dangaura Tharu"}, ["thm"] = {"Aheu"}, ["thn"] = {"Thachanadan"}, ["thp"] = {"Thompson"}, ["thq"] = {"Kochila Tharu"}, ["thr"] = {"Rana Tharu"}, ["ths"] = {"Thakali"}, ["tht"] = {"Tahltan"}, ["thu"] = {"Thuri"}, ["thv"] = {"Tahaggart Tamahaq"}, ["thw"] = {"Thudam"}, ["thy"] = {"Tha"}, ["thz"] = {"Tayart Tamajeq"}, ["tia"] = {"Tidikelt Tamazight"}, ["tic"] = {"Tira"}, ["tif"] = {"Tifal"}, ["tig"] = {"Tigre"}, ["tih"] = {"Timugon Murut"}, ["tii"] = {"Tiene"}, ["tij"] = {"Tilung"}, ["tik"] = {"Tikar"}, ["til"] = {"Tillamook"}, ["tim"] = {"Timbe"}, ["tin"] = {"Tindi"}, ["tio"] = {"Teop"}, ["tip"] = {"Trimuris"}, ["tiq"] = {"Tiéfo"}, ["tis"] = {"Masadiit Itneg"}, ["tit"] = {"Tinigua"}, ["tiu"] = {"Adasen"}, ["tiv"] = {"Tiv"}, ["tiw"] = {"Tiwi"}, ["tix"] = {"Southern Tiwa"}, ["tiy"] = {"Tiruray"}, ["tiz"] = {"Tai Hongjin"}, ["tja"] = {"Tajuasohn"}, ["tjg"] = {"Tunjung"}, ["tji"] = {"Northern Tujia"}, ["tjj"] = {"Tjungundji"}, ["tjl"] = {"Tai Laing"}, ["tjm"] = {"Timucua"}, ["tjn"] = {"Tonjon"}, ["tjo"] = {"Temacine Tamazight"}, ["tjp"] = {"Tjupany"}, ["tjs"] = {"Southern Tujia"}, ["tju"] = {"Tjurruru"}, ["tjw"] = {"Djabwurrung"}, ["tka"] = {"Truká"}, ["tkb"] = {"Buksa"}, ["tkd"] = {"Tukudede"}, ["tke"] = {"Takwane"}, ["tkf"] = {"Tukumanféd"}, ["tkg"] = {"Tesaka Malagasy"}, ["tkl"] = {"Tokelau"}, ["tkm"] = {"Takelma"}, ["tkn"] = {"Toku-No-Shima"}, ["tkp"] = {"Tikopia"}, ["tkq"] = {"Tee"}, ["tkr"] = {"Tsakhur"}, ["tks"] = {"Takestani"}, ["tkt"] = {"Kathoriya Tharu"}, ["tku"] = {"Upper Necaxa Totonac"}, ["tkv"] = {"Mur Pano"}, ["tkw"] = {"Teanu"}, ["tkx"] = {"Tangko"}, ["tkz"] = {"Takua"}, ["tla"] = {"Southwestern Tepehuan"}, ["tlb"] = {"Tobelo"}, ["tlc"] = {"Yecuatla Totonac"}, ["tld"] = {"Talaud"}, ["tlf"] = {"Telefol"}, ["tlg"] = {"Tofanma"}, ["tlh"] = {"Klingon", "tlhIngan Hol"}, ["tli"] = {"Tlingit"}, ["tlj"] = {"Talinga-Bwisi"}, ["tlk"] = {"Taloki"}, ["tll"] = {"Tetela"}, ["tlm"] = {"Tolomako"}, ["tln"] = {"Talondo'"}, ["tlo"] = {"Talodi"}, ["tlp"] = {"Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán Totonac"}, ["tlq"] = {"Tai Loi"}, ["tlr"] = {"Talise"}, ["tls"] = {"Tambotalo"}, ["tlt"] = {"Sou Nama", "Teluti"}, ["tlu"] = {"Tulehu"}, ["tlv"] = {"Taliabu"}, ["tlx"] = {"Khehek"}, ["tly"] = {"Talysh"}, ["tma"] = {"Tama (Chad)"}, ["tmb"] = {"Katbol", "Avava"}, ["tmc"] = {"Tumak"}, ["tmd"] = {"Haruai"}, ["tme"] = {"Tremembé"}, ["tmf"] = {"Toba-Maskoy"}, ["tmg"] = {"Ternateño"}, ["tmh"] = {"Tamashek"}, ["tmi"] = {"Tutuba"}, ["tmj"] = {"Samarokena"}, ["tmk"] = {"Northwestern Tamang"}, ["tml"] = {"Tamnim Citak"}, ["tmm"] = {"Tai Thanh"}, ["tmn"] = {"Taman (Indonesia)"}, ["tmo"] = {"Temoq"}, ["tmq"] = {"Tumleo"}, ["tmr"] = {"Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)"}, ["tms"] = {"Tima"}, ["tmt"] = {"Tasmate"}, ["tmu"] = {"Iau"}, ["tmv"] = {"Tembo (Motembo)"}, ["tmw"] = {"Temuan"}, ["tmy"] = {"Tami"}, ["tmz"] = {"Tamanaku"}, ["tna"] = {"Tacana"}, ["tnb"] = {"Western Tunebo"}, ["tnc"] = {"Tanimuca-Retuarã"}, ["tnd"] = {"Angosturas Tunebo"}, ["tng"] = {"Tobanga"}, ["tnh"] = {"Maiani"}, ["tni"] = {"Tandia"}, ["tnk"] = {"Kwamera"}, ["tnl"] = {"Lenakel"}, ["tnm"] = {"Tabla"}, ["tnn"] = {"North Tanna"}, ["tno"] = {"Toromono"}, ["tnp"] = {"Whitesands"}, ["tnq"] = {"Taino"}, ["tnr"] = {"Ménik"}, ["tns"] = {"Tenis"}, ["tnt"] = {"Tontemboan"}, ["tnu"] = {"Tay Khang"}, ["tnv"] = {"Tangchangya"}, ["tnw"] = {"Tonsawang"}, ["tnx"] = {"Tanema"}, ["tny"] = {"Tongwe"}, ["tnz"] = {"Ten'edn"}, ["tob"] = {"Toba"}, ["toc"] = {"Coyutla Totonac"}, ["tod"] = {"Toma"}, ["tof"] = {"Gizrra"}, ["tog"] = {"Tonga (Nyasa)"}, ["toh"] = {"Gitonga"}, ["toi"] = {"Tonga (Zambia)"}, ["toj"] = {"Tojolabal"}, ["tol"] = {"Tolowa"}, ["tom"] = {"Tombulu"}, ["too"] = {"Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac"}, ["top"] = {"Papantla Totonac"}, ["toq"] = {"Toposa"}, ["tor"] = {"Togbo-Vara Banda"}, ["tos"] = {"Highland Totonac"}, ["tou"] = {"Tho"}, ["tov"] = {"Upper Taromi"}, ["tow"] = {"Jemez"}, ["tox"] = {"Tobian"}, ["toy"] = {"Topoiyo"}, ["toz"] = {"To"}, ["tpa"] = {"Taupota"}, ["tpc"] = {"Azoyú Me'phaa", "Azoyú Tlapanec"}, ["tpe"] = {"Tippera"}, ["tpf"] = {"Tarpia"}, ["tpg"] = {"Kula"}, ["tpi"] = {"Tok Pisin"}, ["tpj"] = {"Tapieté"}, ["tpk"] = {"Tupinikin"}, ["tpl"] = {"Tlacoapa Me'phaa", "Tlacoapa Tlapanec"}, ["tpm"] = {"Tampulma"}, ["tpn"] = {"Tupinambá"}, ["tpo"] = {"Tai Pao"}, ["tpp"] = {"Pisaflores Tepehua"}, ["tpq"] = {"Tukpa"}, ["tpr"] = {"Tuparí"}, ["tpt"] = {"Tlachichilco Tepehua"}, ["tpu"] = {"Tampuan"}, ["tpv"] = {"Tanapag"}, ["tpw"] = {"Tupí"}, ["tpx"] = {"Acatepec Me'phaa", "Acatepec Tlapanec"}, ["tpy"] = {"Trumai"}, ["tpz"] = {"Tinputz"}, ["tqb"] = {"Tembé"}, ["tql"] = {"Lehali"}, ["tqm"] = {"Turumsa"}, ["tqn"] = {"Tenino"}, ["tqo"] = {"Toaripi"}, ["tqp"] = {"Tomoip"}, ["tqq"] = {"Tunni"}, ["tqr"] = {"Torona"}, ["tqt"] = {"Western Totonac"}, ["tqu"] = {"Touo"}, ["tqw"] = {"Tonkawa"}, ["tra"] = {"Tirahi"}, ["trb"] = {"Terebu"}, ["trc"] = {"Copala Triqui"}, ["trd"] = {"Turi"}, ["tre"] = {"East Tarangan"}, ["trf"] = {"Trinidadian Creole English"}, ["trg"] = {"Lishán Didán"}, ["trh"] = {"Turaka"}, ["tri"] = {"Trió"}, ["trj"] = {"Toram"}, ["trk"] = {"Turkic languages"}, ["trl"] = {"Traveller Scottish"}, ["trm"] = {"Tregami"}, ["trn"] = {"Trinitario"}, ["tro"] = {"Tarao Naga"}, ["trp"] = {"Kok Borok"}, ["trq"] = {"San Martín Itunyoso Triqui"}, ["trr"] = {"Taushiro"}, ["trs"] = {"Chicahuaxtla Triqui"}, ["trt"] = {"Tunggare"}, ["tru"] = {"Turoyo", "Surayt"}, ["trv"] = {"Taroko"}, ["trw"] = {"Torwali"}, ["trx"] = {"Tringgus-Sembaan Bidayuh"}, ["try"] = {"Turung"}, ["trz"] = {"Torá"}, ["tsa"] = {"Tsaangi"}, ["tsb"] = {"Tsamai"}, ["tsc"] = {"Tswa"}, ["tsd"] = {"Tsakonian"}, ["tse"] = {"Tunisian Sign Language"}, ["tsg"] = {"Tausug"}, ["tsh"] = {"Tsuvan"}, ["tsi"] = {"Tsimshian"}, ["tsj"] = {"Tshangla"}, ["tsk"] = {"Tseku"}, ["tsl"] = {"Ts'ün-Lao"}, ["tsm"] = {"Turkish Sign Language", "Türk İşaret Dili"}, ["tsp"] = {"Northern Toussian"}, ["tsq"] = {"Thai Sign Language"}, ["tsr"] = {"Akei"}, ["tss"] = {"Taiwan Sign Language"}, ["tst"] = {"Tondi Songway Kiini"}, ["tsu"] = {"Tsou"}, ["tsv"] = {"Tsogo"}, ["tsw"] = {"Tsishingini"}, ["tsx"] = {"Mubami"}, ["tsy"] = {"Tebul Sign Language"}, ["tsz"] = {"Purepecha"}, ["tta"] = {"Tutelo"}, ["ttb"] = {"Gaa"}, ["ttc"] = {"Tektiteko"}, ["ttd"] = {"Tauade"}, ["tte"] = {"Bwanabwana"}, ["ttf"] = {"Tuotomb"}, ["ttg"] = {"Tutong"}, ["tth"] = {"Upper Ta'oih"}, ["tti"] = {"Tobati"}, ["ttj"] = {"Tooro"}, ["ttk"] = {"Totoro"}, ["ttl"] = {"Totela"}, ["ttm"] = {"Northern Tutchone"}, ["ttn"] = {"Towei"}, ["tto"] = {"Lower Ta'oih"}, ["ttp"] = {"Tombelala"}, ["ttq"] = {"Tawallammat Tamajaq"}, ["ttr"] = {"Tera"}, ["tts"] = {"Northeastern Thai"}, ["ttt"] = {"Muslim Tat"}, ["ttu"] = {"Torau"}, ["ttv"] = {"Titan"}, ["ttw"] = {"Long Wat"}, ["tty"] = {"Sikaritai"}, ["ttz"] = {"Tsum"}, ["tua"] = {"Wiarumus"}, ["tub"] = {"Tübatulabal"}, ["tuc"] = {"Mutu"}, ["tud"] = {"Tuxá"}, ["tue"] = {"Tuyuca"}, ["tuf"] = {"Central Tunebo"}, ["tug"] = {"Tunia"}, ["tuh"] = {"Taulil"}, ["tui"] = {"Tupuri"}, ["tuj"] = {"Tugutil"}, ["tul"] = {"Tula"}, ["tum"] = {"Tumbuka"}, ["tun"] = {"Tunica"}, ["tuo"] = {"Tucano"}, ["tup"] = {"Tupi languages"}, ["tuq"] = {"Tedaga"}, ["tus"] = {"Tuscarora"}, ["tut"] = {"Altaic languages"}, ["tuu"] = {"Tututni"}, ["tuv"] = {"Turkana"}, ["tuw"] = {"Tungus languages"}, ["tux"] = {"Tuxináwa"}, ["tuy"] = {"Tugen"}, ["tuz"] = {"Turka"}, ["tva"] = {"Vaghua"}, ["tvd"] = {"Tsuvadi"}, ["tve"] = {"Te'un"}, ["tvk"] = {"Southeast Ambrym"}, ["tvl"] = {"Tuvalu"}, ["tvm"] = {"Tela-Masbuar"}, ["tvn"] = {"Tavoyan"}, ["tvo"] = {"Tidore"}, ["tvs"] = {"Taveta"}, ["tvt"] = {"Tutsa Naga"}, ["tvu"] = {"Tunen"}, ["tvw"] = {"Sedoa"}, ["tvx"] = {"Taivoan"}, ["tvy"] = {"Timor Pidgin"}, ["twa"] = {"Twana"}, ["twb"] = {"Western Tawbuid"}, ["twc"] = {"Teshenawa"}, ["twd"] = {"Twents"}, ["twe"] = {"Tewa (Indonesia)"}, ["twf"] = {"Northern Tiwa"}, ["twg"] = {"Tereweng"}, ["twh"] = {"Tai Dón"}, ["twl"] = {"Tawara"}, ["twm"] = {"Tawang Monpa"}, ["twn"] = {"Twendi"}, ["two"] = {"Tswapong"}, ["twp"] = {"Ere"}, ["twq"] = {"Tasawaq"}, ["twr"] = {"Southwestern Tarahumara"}, ["twt"] = {"Turiwára"}, ["twu"] = {"Termanu"}, ["tww"] = {"Tuwari"}, ["twx"] = {"Tewe"}, ["twy"] = {"Tawoyan"}, ["txa"] = {"Tombonuo"}, ["txb"] = {"Tokharian B"}, ["txc"] = {"Tsetsaut"}, ["txe"] = {"Totoli"}, ["txg"] = {"Tangut"}, ["txh"] = {"Thracian"}, ["txi"] = {"Ikpeng"}, ["txj"] = {"Tarjumo"}, ["txm"] = {"Tomini"}, ["txn"] = {"West Tarangan"}, ["txo"] = {"Toto"}, ["txq"] = {"Tii"}, ["txr"] = {"Tartessian"}, ["txs"] = {"Tonsea"}, ["txt"] = {"Citak"}, ["txu"] = {"Kayapó"}, ["txx"] = {"Tatana"}, ["txy"] = {"Tanosy Malagasy"}, ["tya"] = {"Tauya"}, ["tye"] = {"Kyanga"}, ["tyh"] = {"O'du"}, ["tyi"] = {"Teke-Tsaayi"}, ["tyj"] = {"Tai Do", "Tai Yo"}, ["tyl"] = {"Thu Lao"}, ["tyn"] = {"Kombai"}, ["typ"] = {"Thaypan"}, ["tyr"] = {"Tai Daeng"}, ["tys"] = {"Tày Sa Pa"}, ["tyt"] = {"Tày Tac"}, ["tyu"] = {"Kua"}, ["tyv"] = {"Tuvinian"}, ["tyx"] = {"Teke-Tyee"}, ["tyz"] = {"Tày"}, ["tza"] = {"Tanzanian Sign Language"}, ["tzh"] = {"Tzeltal"}, ["tzj"] = {"Tz'utujil"}, ["tzl"] = {"Talossan"}, ["tzm"] = {"Central Atlas Tamazight"}, ["tzn"] = {"Tugun"}, ["tzo"] = {"Tzotzil"}, ["tzx"] = {"Tabriak"}, ["uam"] = {"Uamué"}, ["uan"] = {"Kuan"}, ["uar"] = {"Tairuma"}, ["uba"] = {"Ubang"}, ["ubi"] = {"Ubi"}, ["ubl"] = {"Buhi'non Bikol"}, ["ubr"] = {"Ubir"}, ["ubu"] = {"Umbu-Ungu"}, ["uby"] = {"Ubykh"}, ["uda"] = {"Uda"}, ["ude"] = {"Udihe"}, ["udg"] = {"Muduga"}, ["udi"] = {"Udi"}, ["udj"] = {"Ujir"}, ["udl"] = {"Wuzlam"}, ["udm"] = {"Udmurt"}, ["udu"] = {"Uduk"}, ["ues"] = {"Kioko"}, ["ufi"] = {"Ufim"}, ["uga"] = {"Ugaritic"}, ["ugb"] = {"Kuku-Ugbanh"}, ["uge"] = {"Ughele"}, ["ugn"] = {"Ugandan Sign Language"}, ["ugo"] = {"Ugong"}, ["ugy"] = {"Uruguayan Sign Language"}, ["uha"] = {"Uhami"}, ["uhn"] = {"Damal"}, ["uis"] = {"Uisai"}, ["uiv"] = {"Iyive"}, ["uji"] = {"Tanjijili"}, ["uka"] = {"Kaburi"}, ["ukg"] = {"Ukuriguma"}, ["ukh"] = {"Ukhwejo"}, ["ukk"] = {"Muak Sa-aak"}, ["ukl"] = {"Ukrainian Sign Language"}, ["ukp"] = {"Ukpe-Bayobiri"}, ["ukq"] = {"Ukwa"}, ["uks"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language", "Kaapor Sign Language"}, ["uku"] = {"Ukue"}, ["ukw"] = {"Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni"}, ["uky"] = {"Kuuk-Yak"}, ["ula"] = {"Fungwa"}, ["ulb"] = {"Ulukwumi"}, ["ulc"] = {"Ulch"}, ["ule"] = {"Lule"}, ["ulf"] = {"Usku", "Afra"}, ["uli"] = {"Ulithian"}, ["ulk"] = {"Meriam Mir"}, ["ull"] = {"Ullatan"}, ["ulm"] = {"Ulumanda'"}, ["uln"] = {"Unserdeutsch"}, ["ulu"] = {"Uma' Lung"}, ["ulw"] = {"Ulwa"}, ["uma"] = {"Umatilla"}, ["umb"] = {"Umbundu"}, ["umc"] = {"Marrucinian"}, ["umd"] = {"Umbindhamu"}, ["umg"] = {"Morrobalama", "Umbuygamu"}, ["umi"] = {"Ukit"}, ["umm"] = {"Umon"}, ["umn"] = {"Makyan Naga"}, ["umo"] = {"Umotína"}, ["ump"] = {"Umpila"}, ["umr"] = {"Umbugarla"}, ["ums"] = {"Pendau"}, ["umu"] = {"Munsee"}, ["una"] = {"North Watut"}, ["und"] = {"Undetermined"}, ["une"] = {"Uneme"}, ["ung"] = {"Ngarinyin"}, ["unk"] = {"Enawené-Nawé"}, ["unm"] = {"Unami"}, ["unn"] = {"Kurnai"}, ["unr"] = {"Mundari"}, ["unu"] = {"Unubahe"}, ["unx"] = {"Munda"}, ["unz"] = {"Unde Kaili"}, ["upi"] = {"Umeda"}, ["upv"] = {"Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin"}, ["ura"] = {"Urarina"}, ["urb"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor", "Kaapor"}, ["urc"] = {"Urningangg"}, ["ure"] = {"Uru"}, ["urf"] = {"Uradhi"}, ["urg"] = {"Urigina"}, ["urh"] = {"Urhobo"}, ["uri"] = {"Urim"}, ["urj"] = {"Uralic languages"}, ["urk"] = {"Urak Lawoi'"}, ["url"] = {"Urali"}, ["urm"] = {"Urapmin"}, ["urn"] = {"Uruangnirin"}, ["uro"] = {"Ura (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["urp"] = {"Uru-Pa-In"}, ["urr"] = {"Lehalurup", "Löyöp"}, ["urt"] = {"Urat"}, ["uru"] = {"Urumi"}, ["urv"] = {"Uruava"}, ["urw"] = {"Sop"}, ["urx"] = {"Urimo"}, ["ury"] = {"Orya"}, ["urz"] = {"Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau"}, ["usa"] = {"Usarufa"}, ["ush"] = {"Ushojo"}, ["usi"] = {"Usui"}, ["usk"] = {"Usaghade"}, ["usp"] = {"Uspanteco"}, ["uss"] = {"us-Saare"}, ["usu"] = {"Uya"}, ["uta"] = {"Otank"}, ["ute"] = {"Ute-Southern Paiute"}, ["uth"] = {"ut-Hun"}, ["utp"] = {"Amba (Solomon Islands)"}, ["utr"] = {"Etulo"}, ["utu"] = {"Utu"}, ["uum"] = {"Urum"}, ["uun"] = {"Kulon-Pazeh"}, ["uur"] = {"Ura (Vanuatu)"}, ["uuu"] = {"U"}, ["uve"] = {"West Uvean", "Fagauvea"}, ["uvh"] = {"Uri"}, ["uvl"] = {"Lote"}, ["uwa"] = {"Kuku-Uwanh"}, ["uya"] = {"Doko-Uyanga"}, ["uzn"] = {"Northern Uzbek"}, ["uzs"] = {"Southern Uzbek"}, ["vaa"] = {"Vaagri Booli"}, ["vae"] = {"Vale"}, ["vaf"] = {"Vafsi"}, ["vag"] = {"Vagla"}, ["vah"] = {"Varhadi-Nagpuri"}, ["vai"] = {"Vai"}, ["vaj"] = {"Sekele", "Northwestern ǃKung", "Vasekele"}, ["val"] = {"Vehes"}, ["vam"] = {"Vanimo"}, ["van"] = {"Valman"}, ["vao"] = {"Vao"}, ["vap"] = {"Vaiphei"}, ["var"] = {"Huarijio"}, ["vas"] = {"Vasavi"}, ["vau"] = {"Vanuma"}, ["vav"] = {"Varli"}, ["vay"] = {"Wayu"}, ["vbb"] = {"Southeast Babar"}, ["vbk"] = {"Southwestern Bontok"}, ["vec"] = {"Venetian"}, ["ved"] = {"Veddah"}, ["vel"] = {"Veluws"}, ["vem"] = {"Vemgo-Mabas"}, ["veo"] = {"Ventureño"}, ["vep"] = {"Veps"}, ["ver"] = {"Mom Jango"}, ["vgr"] = {"Vaghri"}, ["vgt"] = {"Vlaamse Gebarentaal", "Flemish Sign Language"}, ["vic"] = {"Virgin Islands Creole English"}, ["vid"] = {"Vidunda"}, ["vif"] = {"Vili"}, ["vig"] = {"Viemo"}, ["vil"] = {"Vilela"}, ["vin"] = {"Vinza"}, ["vis"] = {"Vishavan"}, ["vit"] = {"Viti"}, ["viv"] = {"Iduna"}, ["vka"] = {"Kariyarra"}, ["vki"] = {"Ija-Zuba"}, ["vkj"] = {"Kujarge"}, ["vkk"] = {"Kaur"}, ["vkl"] = {"Kulisusu"}, ["vkm"] = {"Kamakan"}, ["vko"] = {"Kodeoha"}, ["vkp"] = {"Korlai Creole Portuguese"}, ["vkt"] = {"Tenggarong Kutai Malay"}, ["vku"] = {"Kurrama"}, ["vlp"] = {"Valpei"}, ["vls"] = {"Vlaams"}, ["vma"] = {"Martuyhunira"}, ["vmb"] = {"Barbaram"}, ["vmc"] = {"Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["vmd"] = {"Mudu Koraga"}, ["vme"] = {"East Masela"}, ["vmf"] = {"Mainfränkisch"}, ["vmg"] = {"Lungalunga"}, ["vmh"] = {"Maraghei"}, ["vmi"] = {"Miwa"}, ["vmj"] = {"Ixtayutla Mixtec"}, ["vmk"] = {"Makhuwa-Shirima"}, ["vml"] = {"Malgana"}, ["vmm"] = {"Mitlatongo Mixtec"}, ["vmp"] = {"Soyaltepec Mazatec"}, ["vmq"] = {"Soyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["vmr"] = {"Marenje"}, ["vms"] = {"Moksela"}, ["vmu"] = {"Muluridyi"}, ["vmv"] = {"Valley Maidu"}, ["vmw"] = {"Makhuwa"}, ["vmx"] = {"Tamazola Mixtec"}, ["vmy"] = {"Ayautla Mazatec"}, ["vmz"] = {"Mazatlán Mazatec"}, ["vnk"] = {"Vano", "Lovono"}, ["vnm"] = {"Vinmavis", "Neve'ei"}, ["vnp"] = {"Vunapu"}, ["vor"] = {"Voro"}, ["vot"] = {"Votic"}, ["vra"] = {"Vera'a"}, ["vro"] = {"Võro"}, ["vrs"] = {"Varisi"}, ["vrt"] = {"Burmbar", "Banam Bay"}, ["vsi"] = {"Moldova Sign Language"}, ["vsl"] = {"Venezuelan Sign Language"}, ["vsv"] = {"Valencian Sign Language", "Llengua de signes valenciana"}, ["vto"] = {"Vitou"}, ["vum"] = {"Vumbu"}, ["vun"] = {"Vunjo"}, ["vut"] = {"Vute"}, ["vwa"] = {"Awa (China)"}, ["waa"] = {"Walla Walla"}, ["wab"] = {"Wab"}, ["wac"] = {"Wasco-Wishram"}, ["wad"] = {"Wandamen"}, ["wae"] = {"Walser"}, ["waf"] = {"Wakoná"}, ["wag"] = {"Wa'ema"}, ["wah"] = {"Watubela"}, ["wai"] = {"Wares"}, ["waj"] = {"Waffa"}, ["wak"] = {"Wakashan languages"}, ["wal"] = {"Wolaytta", "Wolaitta"}, ["wam"] = {"Wampanoag"}, ["wan"] = {"Wan"}, ["wao"] = {"Wappo"}, ["wap"] = {"Wapishana"}, ["waq"] = {"Wagiman"}, ["war"] = {"Waray (Philippines)"}, ["was"] = {"Washo"}, ["wat"] = {"Kaninuwa"}, ["wau"] = {"Waurá"}, ["wav"] = {"Waka"}, ["waw"] = {"Waiwai"}, ["wax"] = {"Watam", "Marangis"}, ["way"] = {"Wayana"}, ["waz"] = {"Wampur"}, ["wba"] = {"Warao"}, ["wbb"] = {"Wabo"}, ["wbe"] = {"Waritai"}, ["wbf"] = {"Wara"}, ["wbh"] = {"Wanda"}, ["wbi"] = {"Vwanji"}, ["wbj"] = {"Alagwa"}, ["wbk"] = {"Waigali"}, ["wbl"] = {"Wakhi"}, ["wbm"] = {"Wa"}, ["wbp"] = {"Warlpiri"}, ["wbq"] = {"Waddar"}, ["wbr"] = {"Wagdi"}, ["wbs"] = {"West Bengal Sign Language"}, ["wbt"] = {"Warnman"}, ["wbv"] = {"Wajarri"}, ["wbw"] = {"Woi"}, ["wca"] = {"Yanomámi"}, ["wci"] = {"Waci Gbe"}, ["wdd"] = {"Wandji"}, ["wdg"] = {"Wadaginam"}, ["wdj"] = {"Wadjiginy"}, ["wdk"] = {"Wadikali"}, ["wdu"] = {"Wadjigu"}, ["wdy"] = {"Wadjabangayi"}, ["wea"] = {"Wewaw"}, ["wec"] = {"Wè Western"}, ["wed"] = {"Wedau"}, ["weg"] = {"Wergaia"}, ["weh"] = {"Weh"}, ["wei"] = {"Kiunum"}, ["wem"] = {"Weme Gbe"}, ["wen"] = {"Sorbian languages"}, ["weo"] = {"Wemale"}, ["wep"] = {"Westphalien"}, ["wer"] = {"Weri"}, ["wes"] = {"Cameroon Pidgin"}, ["wet"] = {"Perai"}, ["weu"] = {"Rawngtu Chin"}, ["wew"] = {"Wejewa"}, ["wfg"] = {"Yafi", "Zorop"}, ["wga"] = {"Wagaya"}, ["wgb"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wgg"] = {"Wangkangurru", "Wangganguru"}, ["wgi"] = {"Wahgi"}, ["wgo"] = {"Waigeo"}, ["wgu"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wgy"] = {"Warrgamay"}, ["wha"] = {"Sou Upaa", "Manusela"}, ["whg"] = {"North Wahgi"}, ["whk"] = {"Wahau Kenyah"}, ["whu"] = {"Wahau Kayan"}, ["wib"] = {"Southern Toussian"}, ["wic"] = {"Wichita"}, ["wie"] = {"Wik-Epa"}, ["wif"] = {"Wik-Keyangan"}, ["wig"] = {"Wik Ngathan"}, ["wih"] = {"Wik-Me'anha"}, ["wii"] = {"Minidien"}, ["wij"] = {"Wik-Iiyanh"}, ["wik"] = {"Wikalkan"}, ["wil"] = {"Wilawila"}, ["wim"] = {"Wik-Mungkan"}, ["win"] = {"Ho-Chunk"}, ["wir"] = {"Wiraféd"}, ["wiu"] = {"Wiru"}, ["wiv"] = {"Vitu"}, ["wiy"] = {"Wiyot"}, ["wja"] = {"Waja"}, ["wji"] = {"Warji"}, ["wka"] = {"Kw'adza"}, ["wkb"] = {"Kumbaran"}, ["wkd"] = {"Wakde", "Mo"}, ["wkl"] = {"Kalanadi"}, ["wkr"] = {"Keerray-Woorroong"}, ["wku"] = {"Kunduvadi"}, ["wkw"] = {"Wakawaka"}, ["wky"] = {"Wangkayutyuru"}, ["wla"] = {"Walio"}, ["wlc"] = {"Mwali Comorian"}, ["wle"] = {"Wolane"}, ["wlg"] = {"Kunbarlang"}, ["wli"] = {"Waioli"}, ["wlk"] = {"Wailaki"}, ["wll"] = {"Wali (Sudan)"}, ["wlm"] = {"Middle Welsh"}, ["wlo"] = {"Wolio"}, ["wlr"] = {"Wailapa"}, ["wls"] = {"Wallisian"}, ["wlu"] = {"Wuliwuli"}, ["wlv"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz"}, ["wlw"] = {"Walak"}, ["wlx"] = {"Wali (Ghana)"}, ["wly"] = {"Waling"}, ["wma"] = {"Mawa (Nigeria)"}, ["wmb"] = {"Wambaya"}, ["wmc"] = {"Wamas"}, ["wmd"] = {"Mamaindé"}, ["wme"] = {"Wambule"}, ["wmh"] = {"Waima'a"}, ["wmi"] = {"Wamin"}, ["wmm"] = {"Maiwa (Indonesia)"}, ["wmn"] = {"Waamwang"}, ["wmo"] = {"Wom (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["wms"] = {"Wambon"}, ["wmt"] = {"Walmajarri"}, ["wmw"] = {"Mwani"}, ["wmx"] = {"Womo"}, ["wnb"] = {"Wanambre"}, ["wnc"] = {"Wantoat"}, ["wnd"] = {"Wandarang"}, ["wne"] = {"Waneci"}, ["wng"] = {"Wanggom"}, ["wni"] = {"Ndzwani Comorian"}, ["wnk"] = {"Wanukaka"}, ["wnm"] = {"Wanggamala"}, ["wnn"] = {"Wunumara"}, ["wno"] = {"Wano"}, ["wnp"] = {"Wanap"}, ["wnu"] = {"Usan"}, ["wnw"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wny"] = {"Wanyi", "Waanyi"}, ["woa"] = {"Kuwema", "Tyaraity"}, ["wob"] = {"Wè Northern"}, ["woc"] = {"Wogeo"}, ["wod"] = {"Wolani"}, ["woe"] = {"Woleaian"}, ["wof"] = {"Gambian Wolof"}, ["wog"] = {"Wogamusin"}, ["woi"] = {"Kamang"}, ["wok"] = {"Longto"}, ["wom"] = {"Wom (Nigeria)"}, ["won"] = {"Wongo"}, ["woo"] = {"Manombai"}, ["wor"] = {"Woria"}, ["wos"] = {"Hanga Hundi"}, ["wow"] = {"Wawonii"}, ["woy"] = {"Weyto"}, ["wpc"] = {"Maco"}, ["wra"] = {"Warapu"}, ["wrb"] = {"Waluwarra", "Warluwara"}, ["wrd"] = {"Warduji"}, ["wrg"] = {"Warungu", "Gudjal"}, ["wrh"] = {"Wiradjuri"}, ["wri"] = {"Wariyangga"}, ["wrk"] = {"Garrwa"}, ["wrl"] = {"Warlmanpa"}, ["wrm"] = {"Warumungu"}, ["wrn"] = {"Warnang"}, ["wro"] = {"Worrorra"}, ["wrp"] = {"Waropen"}, ["wrr"] = {"Wardaman"}, ["wrs"] = {"Waris"}, ["wru"] = {"Waru"}, ["wrv"] = {"Waruna"}, ["wrw"] = {"Gugu Warra"}, ["wrx"] = {"Wae Rana"}, ["wry"] = {"Merwari"}, ["wrz"] = {"Waray (Australia)"}, ["wsa"] = {"Warembori"}, ["wsg"] = {"Adilabad Gondi"}, ["wsi"] = {"Wusi"}, ["wsk"] = {"Waskia"}, ["wsr"] = {"Owenia"}, ["wss"] = {"Wasa"}, ["wsu"] = {"Wasu"}, ["wsv"] = {"Wotapuri-Katarqalai"}, ["wtf"] = {"Watiwa"}, ["wth"] = {"Wathawurrung"}, ["wti"] = {"Berta"}, ["wtk"] = {"Watakataui"}, ["wtm"] = {"Mewati"}, ["wtw"] = {"Wotu"}, ["wua"] = {"Wikngenchera"}, ["wub"] = {"Wunambal"}, ["wud"] = {"Wudu"}, ["wuh"] = {"Wutunhua"}, ["wul"] = {"Silimo"}, ["wum"] = {"Wumbvu"}, ["wun"] = {"Bungu"}, ["wur"] = {"Wurrugu"}, ["wut"] = {"Wutung"}, ["wuu"] = {"Wu Chinese"}, ["wuv"] = {"Wuvulu-Aua"}, ["wux"] = {"Wulna"}, ["wuy"] = {"Wauyai"}, ["wwa"] = {"Waama"}, ["wwb"] = {"Wakabunga"}, ["wwo"] = {"Wetamut", "Dorig"}, ["wwr"] = {"Warrwa"}, ["www"] = {"Wawa"}, ["wxa"] = {"Waxianghua"}, ["wxw"] = {"Wardandi"}, ["wya"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["wyb"] = {"Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa"}, ["wyi"] = {"Woiwurrung"}, ["wym"] = {"Wymysorys"}, ["wyr"] = {"Wayoró"}, ["wyy"] = {"Western Fijian"}, ["xaa"] = {"Andalusian Arabic"}, ["xab"] = {"Sambe"}, ["xac"] = {"Kachari"}, ["xad"] = {"Adai"}, ["xae"] = {"Aequian"}, ["xag"] = {"Aghwan"}, ["xai"] = {"Kaimbé"}, ["xaj"] = {"Ararandewára"}, ["xak"] = {"Máku"}, ["xal"] = {"Kalmyk", "Oirat"}, ["xam"] = {"ǀXam"}, ["xan"] = {"Xamtanga"}, ["xao"] = {"Khao"}, ["xap"] = {"Apalachee"}, ["xaq"] = {"Aquitanian"}, ["xar"] = {"Karami"}, ["xas"] = {"Kamas"}, ["xat"] = {"Katawixi"}, ["xau"] = {"Kauwera"}, ["xav"] = {"Xavánte"}, ["xaw"] = {"Kawaiisu"}, ["xay"] = {"Kayan Mahakam"}, ["xbb"] = {"Lower Burdekin"}, ["xbc"] = {"Bactrian"}, ["xbd"] = {"Bindal"}, ["xbe"] = {"Bigambal"}, ["xbg"] = {"Bunganditj"}, ["xbi"] = {"Kombio"}, ["xbj"] = {"Birrpayi"}, ["xbm"] = {"Middle Breton"}, ["xbn"] = {"Kenaboi"}, ["xbo"] = {"Bolgarian"}, ["xbp"] = {"Bibbulman"}, ["xbr"] = {"Kambera"}, ["xbw"] = {"Kambiwá"}, ["xby"] = {"Batjala", "Batyala"}, ["xcb"] = {"Cumbric"}, ["xcc"] = {"Camunic"}, ["xce"] = {"Celtiberian"}, ["xcg"] = {"Cisalpine Gaulish"}, ["xch"] = {"Chemakum", "Chimakum"}, ["xcl"] = {"Classical Armenian"}, ["xcm"] = {"Comecrudo"}, ["xcn"] = {"Cotoname"}, ["xco"] = {"Chorasmian"}, ["xcr"] = {"Carian"}, ["xct"] = {"Classical Tibetan"}, ["xcu"] = {"Curonian"}, ["xcv"] = {"Chuvantsy"}, ["xcw"] = {"Coahuilteco"}, ["xcy"] = {"Cayuse"}, ["xda"] = {"Darkinyung"}, ["xdc"] = {"Dacian"}, ["xdk"] = {"Dharuk"}, ["xdm"] = {"Edomite"}, ["xdo"] = {"Kwandu"}, ["xdy"] = {"Malayic Dayak"}, ["xeb"] = {"Eblan"}, ["xed"] = {"Hdi"}, ["xeg"] = {"ǁXegwi"}, ["xel"] = {"Kelo"}, ["xem"] = {"Kembayan"}, ["xep"] = {"Epi-Olmec"}, ["xer"] = {"Xerénte"}, ["xes"] = {"Kesawai"}, ["xet"] = {"Xetá"}, ["xeu"] = {"Keoru-Ahia"}, ["xfa"] = {"Faliscan"}, ["xga"] = {"Galatian"}, ["xgb"] = {"Gbin"}, ["xgd"] = {"Gudang"}, ["xgf"] = {"Gabrielino-Fernandeño"}, ["xgg"] = {"Goreng"}, ["xgi"] = {"Garingbal"}, ["xgl"] = {"Galindan"}, ["xgm"] = {"Dharumbal", "Guwinmal"}, ["xgn"] = {"Mongolian languages"}, ["xgr"] = {"Garza"}, ["xgu"] = {"Unggumi"}, ["xgw"] = {"Guwa"}, ["xha"] = {"Harami"}, ["xhc"] = {"Hunnic"}, ["xhd"] = {"Hadrami"}, ["xhe"] = {"Khetrani"}, ["xhr"] = {"Hernican"}, ["xht"] = {"Hattic"}, ["xhu"] = {"Hurrian"}, ["xhv"] = {"Khua"}, ["xib"] = {"Iberian"}, ["xii"] = {"Xiri"}, ["xil"] = {"Illyrian"}, ["xin"] = {"Xinca"}, ["xir"] = {"Xiriâna"}, ["xis"] = {"Kisan"}, ["xiv"] = {"Indus Valley Language"}, ["xiy"] = {"Xipaya"}, ["xjb"] = {"Minjungbal"}, ["xjt"] = {"Jaitmatang"}, ["xka"] = {"Kalkoti"}, ["xkb"] = {"Northern Nago"}, ["xkc"] = {"Kho'ini"}, ["xkd"] = {"Mendalam Kayan"}, ["xke"] = {"Kereho"}, ["xkf"] = {"Khengkha"}, ["xkg"] = {"Kagoro"}, ["xki"] = {"Kenyan Sign Language"}, ["xkj"] = {"Kajali"}, ["xkk"] = {"Kaco'"}, ["xkl"] = {"Mainstream Kenyah"}, ["xkn"] = {"Kayan River Kayan"}, ["xko"] = {"Kiorr"}, ["xkp"] = {"Kabatei"}, ["xkq"] = {"Koroni"}, ["xkr"] = {"Xakriabá"}, ["xks"] = {"Kumbewaha"}, ["xkt"] = {"Kantosi"}, ["xku"] = {"Kaamba"}, ["xkv"] = {"Kgalagadi"}, ["xkw"] = {"Kembra"}, ["xkx"] = {"Karore"}, ["xky"] = {"Uma' Lasan"}, ["xkz"] = {"Kurtokha"}, ["xla"] = {"Kamula"}, ["xlb"] = {"Loup B"}, ["xlc"] = {"Lycian"}, ["xld"] = {"Lydian"}, ["xle"] = {"Lemnian"}, ["xlg"] = {"Ligurian (Ancient)"}, ["xli"] = {"Liburnian"}, ["xln"] = {"Alanic"}, ["xlo"] = {"Loup A"}, ["xlp"] = {"Lepontic"}, ["xls"] = {"Lusitanian"}, ["xlu"] = {"Cuneiform Luwian"}, ["xly"] = {"Elymian"}, ["xma"] = {"Mushungulu"}, ["xmb"] = {"Mbonga"}, ["xmc"] = {"Makhuwa-Marrevone"}, ["xmd"] = {"Mbudum"}, ["xme"] = {"Median"}, ["xmf"] = {"Mingrelian"}, ["xmg"] = {"Mengaka"}, ["xmh"] = {"Kugu-Muminh"}, ["xmj"] = {"Majera"}, ["xmk"] = {"Ancient Macedonian"}, ["xml"] = {"Malaysian Sign Language"}, ["xmm"] = {"Manado Malay"}, ["xmn"] = {"Manichaean Middle Persian"}, ["xmo"] = {"Morerebi"}, ["xmp"] = {"Kuku-Mu'inh"}, ["xmq"] = {"Kuku-Mangk"}, ["xmr"] = {"Meroitic"}, ["xms"] = {"Moroccan Sign Language"}, ["xmt"] = {"Matbat"}, ["xmu"] = {"Kamu"}, ["xmv"] = {"Antankarana Malagasy", "Tankarana Malagasy"}, ["xmw"] = {"Tsimihety Malagasy"}, ["xmx"] = {"Maden"}, ["xmy"] = {"Mayaguduna"}, ["xmz"] = {"Mori Bawah"}, ["xna"] = {"Ancient North Arabian"}, ["xnb"] = {"Kanakanabu"}, ["xnd"] = {"Na-Dene languages"}, ["xng"] = {"Middle Mongolian"}, ["xnh"] = {"Kuanhua"}, ["xni"] = {"Ngarigu"}, ["xnk"] = {"Nganakarti"}, ["xnn"] = {"Northern Kankanay"}, ["xno"] = {"Anglo-Norman"}, ["xnr"] = {"Kangri"}, ["xns"] = {"Kanashi"}, ["xnt"] = {"Narragansett"}, ["xnu"] = {"Nukunul"}, ["xny"] = {"Nyiyaparli"}, ["xnz"] = {"Kenzi", "Mattoki"}, ["xoc"] = {"O'chi'chi'"}, ["xod"] = {"Kokoda"}, ["xog"] = {"Soga"}, ["xoi"] = {"Kominimung"}, ["xok"] = {"Xokleng"}, ["xom"] = {"Komo (Sudan)"}, ["xon"] = {"Konkomba"}, ["xoo"] = {"Xukurú"}, ["xop"] = {"Kopar"}, ["xor"] = {"Korubo"}, ["xow"] = {"Kowaki"}, ["xpa"] = {"Pirriya"}, ["xpc"] = {"Pecheneg"}, ["xpe"] = {"Liberia Kpelle"}, ["xpg"] = {"Phrygian"}, ["xpi"] = {"Pictish"}, ["xpj"] = {"Mpalitjanh"}, ["xpk"] = {"Kulina Pano"}, ["xpm"] = {"Pumpokol"}, ["xpn"] = {"Kapinawá"}, ["xpo"] = {"Pochutec"}, ["xpp"] = {"Puyo-Paekche"}, ["xpq"] = {"Mohegan-Pequot"}, ["xpr"] = {"Parthian"}, ["xps"] = {"Pisidian"}, ["xpt"] = {"Punthamara"}, ["xpu"] = {"Punic"}, ["xpy"] = {"Puyo"}, ["xqa"] = {"Karakhanid"}, ["xqt"] = {"Qatabanian"}, ["xra"] = {"Krahô"}, ["xrb"] = {"Eastern Karaboro"}, ["xrd"] = {"Gundungurra"}, ["xre"] = {"Kreye"}, ["xrg"] = {"Minang"}, ["xri"] = {"Krikati-Timbira"}, ["xrm"] = {"Armazic"}, ["xrn"] = {"Arin"}, ["xrq"] = {"Karranga"}, ["xrr"] = {"Raetic"}, ["xrt"] = {"Aranama-Tamique"}, ["xru"] = {"Marriammu"}, ["xrw"] = {"Karawa"}, ["xsa"] = {"Sabaean"}, ["xsb"] = {"Sambal"}, ["xsc"] = {"Scythian"}, ["xsd"] = {"Sidetic"}, ["xse"] = {"Sempan"}, ["xsh"] = {"Shamang"}, ["xsi"] = {"Sio"}, ["xsj"] = {"Subi"}, ["xsl"] = {"South Slavey"}, ["xsm"] = {"Kasem"}, ["xsn"] = {"Sanga (Nigeria)"}, ["xso"] = {"Solano"}, ["xsp"] = {"Silopi"}, ["xsq"] = {"Makhuwa-Saka"}, ["xsr"] = {"Sherpa"}, ["xss"] = {"Assan"}, ["xsu"] = {"Sanumá"}, ["xsv"] = {"Sudovian"}, ["xsy"] = {"Saisiyat"}, ["xta"] = {"Alcozauca Mixtec"}, ["xtb"] = {"Chazumba Mixtec"}, ["xtc"] = {"Katcha-Kadugli-Miri"}, ["xtd"] = {"Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec"}, ["xte"] = {"Ketengban"}, ["xtg"] = {"Transalpine Gaulish"}, ["xth"] = {"Yitha Yitha"}, ["xti"] = {"Sinicahua Mixtec"}, ["xtj"] = {"San Juan Teita Mixtec"}, ["xtl"] = {"Tijaltepec Mixtec"}, ["xtm"] = {"Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec"}, ["xtn"] = {"Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["xto"] = {"Tokharian A"}, ["xtp"] = {"San Miguel Piedras Mixtec"}, ["xtq"] = {"Tumshuqese"}, ["xtr"] = {"Early Tripuri"}, ["xts"] = {"Sindihui Mixtec"}, ["xtt"] = {"Tacahua Mixtec"}, ["xtu"] = {"Cuyamecalco Mixtec"}, ["xtv"] = {"Thawa"}, ["xtw"] = {"Tawandê"}, ["xty"] = {"Yoloxochitl Mixtec"}, ["xtz"] = {"Tasmanian"}, ["xua"] = {"Alu Kurumba"}, ["xub"] = {"Betta Kurumba"}, ["xud"] = {"Umiida"}, ["xug"] = {"Kunigami"}, ["xuj"] = {"Jennu Kurumba"}, ["xul"] = {"Ngunawal"}, ["xum"] = {"Umbrian"}, ["xun"] = {"Unggaranggu"}, ["xuo"] = {"Kuo"}, ["xup"] = {"Upper Umpqua"}, ["xur"] = {"Urartian"}, ["xut"] = {"Kuthant"}, ["xuu"] = {"Kxoe", "Khwedam"}, ["xve"] = {"Venetic"}, ["xvi"] = {"Kamviri"}, ["xvn"] = {"Vandalic"}, ["xvo"] = {"Volscian"}, ["xvs"] = {"Vestinian"}, ["xwa"] = {"Kwaza"}, ["xwc"] = {"Woccon"}, ["xwd"] = {"Wadi Wadi"}, ["xwe"] = {"Xwela Gbe"}, ["xwg"] = {"Kwegu"}, ["xwj"] = {"Wajuk"}, ["xwk"] = {"Wangkumara"}, ["xwl"] = {"Western Xwla Gbe"}, ["xwo"] = {"Written Oirat"}, ["xwr"] = {"Kwerba Mamberamo"}, ["xwt"] = {"Wotjobaluk"}, ["xww"] = {"Wemba Wemba"}, ["xxb"] = {"Boro (Ghana)"}, ["xxk"] = {"Ke'o"}, ["xxm"] = {"Minkin"}, ["xxr"] = {"Koropó"}, ["xxt"] = {"Tambora"}, ["xya"] = {"Yaygir"}, ["xyb"] = {"Yandjibara"}, ["xyj"] = {"Mayi-Yapi"}, ["xyk"] = {"Mayi-Kulan"}, ["xyl"] = {"Yalakalore"}, ["xyt"] = {"Mayi-Thakurti"}, ["xyy"] = {"Yorta Yorta"}, ["xzh"] = {"Zhang-Zhung"}, ["xzm"] = {"Zemgalian"}, ["xzp"] = {"Ancient Zapotec"}, ["yaa"] = {"Yaminahua"}, ["yab"] = {"Yuhup"}, ["yac"] = {"Pass Valley Yali"}, ["yad"] = {"Yagua"}, ["yae"] = {"Pumé"}, ["yaf"] = {"Yaka (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["yag"] = {"Yámana"}, ["yah"] = {"Yazgulyam"}, ["yai"] = {"Yagnobi"}, ["yaj"] = {"Banda-Yangere"}, ["yak"] = {"Yakama"}, ["yal"] = {"Yalunka"}, ["yam"] = {"Yamba"}, ["yan"] = {"Mayangna"}, ["yao"] = {"Yao"}, ["yap"] = {"Yapese"}, ["yaq"] = {"Yaqui"}, ["yar"] = {"Yabarana"}, ["yas"] = {"Nugunu (Cameroon)"}, ["yat"] = {"Yambeta"}, ["yau"] = {"Yuwana"}, ["yav"] = {"Yangben"}, ["yaw"] = {"Yawalapití"}, ["yax"] = {"Yauma"}, ["yay"] = {"Agwagwune"}, ["yaz"] = {"Lokaa"}, ["yba"] = {"Yala"}, ["ybb"] = {"Yemba"}, ["ybe"] = {"West Yugur"}, ["ybh"] = {"Yakha"}, ["ybi"] = {"Yamphu"}, ["ybj"] = {"Hasha"}, ["ybk"] = {"Bokha"}, ["ybl"] = {"Yukuben"}, ["ybm"] = {"Yaben"}, ["ybn"] = {"Yabaâna"}, ["ybo"] = {"Yabong"}, ["ybx"] = {"Yawiyo"}, ["yby"] = {"Yaweyuha"}, ["ych"] = {"Chesu"}, ["ycl"] = {"Lolopo"}, ["ycn"] = {"Yucuna"}, ["ycp"] = {"Chepya"}, ["yda"] = {"Yanda"}, ["ydd"] = {"Eastern Yiddish"}, ["yde"] = {"Yangum Dey"}, ["ydg"] = {"Yidgha"}, ["ydk"] = {"Yoidik"}, ["yea"] = {"Ravula"}, ["yec"] = {"Yeniche"}, ["yee"] = {"Yimas"}, ["yei"] = {"Yeni"}, ["yej"] = {"Yevanic"}, ["yel"] = {"Yela"}, ["yer"] = {"Tarok"}, ["yes"] = {"Nyankpa"}, ["yet"] = {"Yetfa"}, ["yeu"] = {"Yerukula"}, ["yev"] = {"Yapunda"}, ["yey"] = {"Yeyi"}, ["yga"] = {"Malyangapa"}, ["ygi"] = {"Yiningayi"}, ["ygl"] = {"Yangum Gel"}, ["ygm"] = {"Yagomi"}, ["ygp"] = {"Gepo"}, ["ygr"] = {"Yagaria"}, ["ygs"] = {"Yolŋu Sign Language"}, ["ygu"] = {"Yugul"}, ["ygw"] = {"Yagwoia"}, ["yha"] = {"Baha Buyang"}, ["yhd"] = {"Judeo-Iraqi Arabic"}, ["yhl"] = {"Hlepho Phowa"}, ["yhs"] = {"Yan-nhaŋu Sign Language"}, ["yia"] = {"Yinggarda"}, ["yif"] = {"Ache"}, ["yig"] = {"Wusa Nasu"}, ["yih"] = {"Western Yiddish"}, ["yii"] = {"Yidiny"}, ["yij"] = {"Yindjibarndi"}, ["yik"] = {"Dongshanba Lalo"}, ["yil"] = {"Yindjilandji"}, ["yim"] = {"Yimchungru Naga"}, ["yin"] = {"Riang Lai", "Yinchia"}, ["yip"] = {"Pholo"}, ["yiq"] = {"Miqie"}, ["yir"] = {"North Awyu"}, ["yis"] = {"Yis"}, ["yit"] = {"Eastern Lalu"}, ["yiu"] = {"Awu"}, ["yiv"] = {"Northern Nisu"}, ["yix"] = {"Axi Yi"}, ["yiz"] = {"Azhe"}, ["yka"] = {"Yakan"}, ["ykg"] = {"Northern Yukaghir"}, ["yki"] = {"Yoke"}, ["ykk"] = {"Yakaikeke"}, ["ykl"] = {"Khlula"}, ["ykm"] = {"Kap"}, ["ykn"] = {"Kua-nsi"}, ["yko"] = {"Yasa"}, ["ykr"] = {"Yekora"}, ["ykt"] = {"Kathu"}, ["yku"] = {"Kuamasi"}, ["yky"] = {"Yakoma"}, ["yla"] = {"Yaul"}, ["ylb"] = {"Yaleba"}, ["yle"] = {"Yele"}, ["ylg"] = {"Yelogu"}, ["yli"] = {"Angguruk Yali"}, ["yll"] = {"Yil"}, ["ylm"] = {"Limi"}, ["yln"] = {"Langnian Buyang"}, ["ylo"] = {"Naluo Yi"}, ["ylr"] = {"Yalarnnga"}, ["ylu"] = {"Aribwaung"}, ["yly"] = {"Nyâlayu", "Nyelâyu"}, ["ymb"] = {"Yambes"}, ["ymc"] = {"Southern Muji"}, ["ymd"] = {"Muda"}, ["yme"] = {"Yameo"}, ["ymg"] = {"Yamongeri"}, ["ymh"] = {"Mili"}, ["ymi"] = {"Moji"}, ["ymk"] = {"Makwe"}, ["yml"] = {"Iamalele"}, ["ymm"] = {"Maay"}, ["ymn"] = {"Yamna", "Sunum"}, ["ymo"] = {"Yangum Mon"}, ["ymp"] = {"Yamap"}, ["ymq"] = {"Qila Muji"}, ["ymr"] = {"Malasar"}, ["yms"] = {"Mysian"}, ["ymx"] = {"Northern Muji"}, ["ymz"] = {"Muzi"}, ["yna"] = {"Aluo"}, ["ynd"] = {"Yandruwandha"}, ["yne"] = {"Lang'e"}, ["yng"] = {"Yango"}, ["ynk"] = {"Naukan Yupik"}, ["ynl"] = {"Yangulam"}, ["ynn"] = {"Yana"}, ["yno"] = {"Yong"}, ["ynq"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yns"] = {"Yansi"}, ["ynu"] = {"Yahuna"}, ["yob"] = {"Yoba"}, ["yog"] = {"Yogad"}, ["yoi"] = {"Yonaguni"}, ["yok"] = {"Yokuts"}, ["yol"] = {"Yola"}, ["yom"] = {"Yombe"}, ["yon"] = {"Yongkom"}, ["yot"] = {"Yotti"}, ["yox"] = {"Yoron"}, ["yoy"] = {"Yoy"}, ["ypa"] = {"Phala"}, ["ypb"] = {"Labo Phowa"}, ["ypg"] = {"Phola"}, ["yph"] = {"Phupha"}, ["ypk"] = {"Yupik languages"}, ["ypm"] = {"Phuma"}, ["ypn"] = {"Ani Phowa"}, ["ypo"] = {"Alo Phola"}, ["ypp"] = {"Phupa"}, ["ypz"] = {"Phuza"}, ["yra"] = {"Yerakai"}, ["yrb"] = {"Yareba"}, ["yre"] = {"Yaouré"}, ["yrk"] = {"Nenets"}, ["yrl"] = {"Nhengatu"}, ["yrm"] = {"Yirrk-Mel"}, ["yrn"] = {"Yerong"}, ["yro"] = {"Yaroamë"}, ["yrs"] = {"Yarsun"}, ["yrw"] = {"Yarawata"}, ["yry"] = {"Yarluyandi"}, ["ysc"] = {"Yassic"}, ["ysd"] = {"Samatao"}, ["ysg"] = {"Sonaga"}, ["ysl"] = {"Yugoslavian Sign Language"}, ["ysn"] = {"Sani"}, ["yso"] = {"Nisi (China)"}, ["ysp"] = {"Southern Lolopo"}, ["ysr"] = {"Sirenik Yupik"}, ["yss"] = {"Yessan-Mayo"}, ["ysy"] = {"Sanie"}, ["yta"] = {"Talu"}, ["ytl"] = {"Tanglang"}, ["ytp"] = {"Thopho"}, ["ytw"] = {"Yout Wam"}, ["yty"] = {"Yatay"}, ["yua"] = {"Yucateco", "Yucatec Maya"}, ["yub"] = {"Yugambal"}, ["yuc"] = {"Yuchi"}, ["yud"] = {"Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic"}, ["yue"] = {"Yue Chinese", "Cantonese"}, ["yuf"] = {"Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai"}, ["yug"] = {"Yug"}, ["yui"] = {"Yurutí"}, ["yuj"] = {"Karkar-Yuri"}, ["yuk"] = {"Yuki"}, ["yul"] = {"Yulu"}, ["yum"] = {"Quechan"}, ["yun"] = {"Bena (Nigeria)"}, ["yup"] = {"Yukpa"}, ["yuq"] = {"Yuqui"}, ["yur"] = {"Yurok"}, ["yut"] = {"Yopno"}, ["yuw"] = {"Yau (Morobe Province)"}, ["yux"] = {"Southern Yukaghir"}, ["yuy"] = {"East Yugur"}, ["yuz"] = {"Yuracare"}, ["yva"] = {"Yawa"}, ["yvt"] = {"Yavitero"}, ["ywa"] = {"Kalou"}, ["ywg"] = {"Yinhawangka"}, ["ywl"] = {"Western Lalu"}, ["ywn"] = {"Yawanawa"}, ["ywq"] = {"Wuding-Luquan Yi"}, ["ywr"] = {"Yawuru"}, ["ywt"] = {"Xishanba Lalo", "Central Lalo"}, ["ywu"] = {"Wumeng Nasu"}, ["yww"] = {"Yawarawarga"}, ["yxa"] = {"Mayawali"}, ["yxg"] = {"Yagara"}, ["yxl"] = {"Yardliyawarra"}, ["yxm"] = {"Yinwum"}, ["yxu"] = {"Yuyu"}, ["yxy"] = {"Yabula Yabula"}, ["yyr"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yyu"] = {"Yau (Sandaun Province)"}, ["yyz"] = {"Ayizi"}, ["yzg"] = {"E'ma Buyang"}, ["yzk"] = {"Zokhuo"}, ["zaa"] = {"Sierra de Juárez Zapotec"}, ["zab"] = {"Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec", "San Juan Guelavía Zapotec"}, ["zac"] = {"Ocotlán Zapotec"}, ["zad"] = {"Cajonos Zapotec"}, ["zae"] = {"Yareni Zapotec"}, ["zaf"] = {"Ayoquesco Zapotec"}, ["zag"] = {"Zaghawa"}, ["zah"] = {"Zangwal"}, ["zai"] = {"Isthmus Zapotec"}, ["zaj"] = {"Zaramo"}, ["zak"] = {"Zanaki"}, ["zal"] = {"Zauzou"}, ["zam"] = {"Miahuatlán Zapotec"}, ["zao"] = {"Ozolotepec Zapotec"}, ["zap"] = {"Zapotec"}, ["zaq"] = {"Aloápam Zapotec"}, ["zar"] = {"Rincón Zapotec"}, ["zas"] = {"Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["zat"] = {"Tabaa Zapotec"}, ["zau"] = {"Zangskari"}, ["zav"] = {"Yatzachi Zapotec"}, ["zaw"] = {"Mitla Zapotec"}, ["zax"] = {"Xadani Zapotec"}, ["zay"] = {"Zayse-Zergulla", "Zaysete"}, ["zaz"] = {"Zari"}, ["zbc"] = {"Central Berawan"}, ["zbe"] = {"East Berawan"}, ["zbl"] = {"Blissymbols", "Bliss", "Blissymbolics"}, ["zbt"] = {"Batui"}, ["zbw"] = {"West Berawan"}, ["zca"] = {"Coatecas Altas Zapotec"}, ["zch"] = {"Central Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zdj"] = {"Ngazidja Comorian"}, ["zea"] = {"Zeeuws"}, ["zeg"] = {"Zenag"}, ["zeh"] = {"Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zen"] = {"Zenaga"}, ["zga"] = {"Kinga"}, ["zgb"] = {"Guibei Zhuang"}, ["zgh"] = {"Standard Moroccan Tamazight"}, ["zgm"] = {"Minz Zhuang"}, ["zgn"] = {"Guibian Zhuang"}, ["zgr"] = {"Magori"}, ["zhb"] = {"Zhaba"}, ["zhd"] = {"Dai Zhuang"}, ["zhi"] = {"Zhire"}, ["zhn"] = {"Nong Zhuang"}, ["zhw"] = {"Zhoa"}, ["zhx"] = {"Chinese (family)"}, ["zia"] = {"Zia"}, ["zib"] = {"Zimbabwe Sign Language"}, ["zik"] = {"Zimakani"}, ["zil"] = {"Zialo"}, ["zim"] = {"Mesme"}, ["zin"] = {"Zinza"}, ["zir"] = {"Ziriya"}, ["ziw"] = {"Zigula"}, ["ziz"] = {"Zizilivakan"}, ["zka"] = {"Kaimbulawa"}, ["zkb"] = {"Koibal"}, ["zkd"] = {"Kadu"}, ["zkg"] = {"Koguryo"}, ["zkh"] = {"Khorezmian"}, ["zkk"] = {"Karankawa"}, ["zkn"] = {"Kanan"}, ["zko"] = {"Kott"}, ["zkp"] = {"São Paulo Kaingáng"}, ["zkr"] = {"Zakhring"}, ["zkt"] = {"Kitan"}, ["zku"] = {"Kaurna"}, ["zkv"] = {"Krevinian"}, ["zkz"] = {"Khazar"}, ["zle"] = {"East Slavic languages"}, ["zlj"] = {"Liujiang Zhuang"}, ["zlm"] = {"Malay (individual language)"}, ["zln"] = {"Lianshan Zhuang"}, ["zlq"] = {"Liuqian Zhuang"}, ["zls"] = {"South Slavic languages"}, ["zlw"] = {"West Slavic languages"}, ["zma"] = {"Manda (Australia)"}, ["zmb"] = {"Zimba"}, ["zmc"] = {"Margany"}, ["zmd"] = {"Maridan"}, ["zme"] = {"Mangerr"}, ["zmf"] = {"Mfinu"}, ["zmg"] = {"Marti Ke"}, ["zmh"] = {"Makolkol"}, ["zmi"] = {"Negeri Sembilan Malay"}, ["zmj"] = {"Maridjabin"}, ["zmk"] = {"Mandandanyi"}, ["zml"] = {"Matngala"}, ["zmm"] = {"Marimanindji", "Marramaninyshi"}, ["zmn"] = {"Mbangwe"}, ["zmo"] = {"Molo"}, ["zmp"] = {"Mpuono"}, ["zmq"] = {"Mituku"}, ["zmr"] = {"Maranunggu"}, ["zms"] = {"Mbesa"}, ["zmt"] = {"Maringarr"}, ["zmu"] = {"Muruwari"}, ["zmv"] = {"Mbariman-Gudhinma"}, ["zmw"] = {"Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["zmx"] = {"Bomitaba"}, ["zmy"] = {"Mariyedi"}, ["zmz"] = {"Mbandja"}, ["zna"] = {"Zan Gula"}, ["znd"] = {"Zande languages"}, ["zne"] = {"Zande (individual language)"}, ["zng"] = {"Mang"}, ["znk"] = {"Manangkari"}, ["zns"] = {"Mangas"}, ["zoc"] = {"Copainalá Zoque"}, ["zoh"] = {"Chimalapa Zoque"}, ["zom"] = {"Zou"}, ["zoo"] = {"Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zoq"] = {"Tabasco Zoque"}, ["zor"] = {"Rayón Zoque"}, ["zos"] = {"Francisco León Zoque"}, ["zpa"] = {"Lachiguiri Zapotec"}, ["zpb"] = {"Yautepec Zapotec"}, ["zpc"] = {"Choapan Zapotec"}, ["zpd"] = {"Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec"}, ["zpe"] = {"Petapa Zapotec"}, ["zpf"] = {"San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec"}, ["zpg"] = {"Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec"}, ["zph"] = {"Totomachapan Zapotec"}, ["zpi"] = {"Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec"}, ["zpj"] = {"Quiavicuzas Zapotec"}, ["zpk"] = {"Tlacolulita Zapotec"}, ["zpl"] = {"Lachixío Zapotec"}, ["zpm"] = {"Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zpn"] = {"Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec"}, ["zpo"] = {"Amatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpp"] = {"El Alto Zapotec"}, ["zpq"] = {"Zoogocho Zapotec"}, ["zpr"] = {"Santiago Xanica Zapotec"}, ["zps"] = {"Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpt"] = {"San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpu"] = {"Yalálag Zapotec"}, ["zpv"] = {"Chichicapan Zapotec"}, ["zpw"] = {"Zaniza Zapotec"}, ["zpx"] = {"San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["zpy"] = {"Mazaltepec Zapotec"}, ["zpz"] = {"Texmelucan Zapotec"}, ["zqe"] = {"Qiubei Zhuang"}, ["zra"] = {"Kara (Korea)"}, ["zrg"] = {"Mirgan"}, ["zrn"] = {"Zerenkel"}, ["zro"] = {"Záparo"}, ["zrp"] = {"Zarphatic"}, ["zrs"] = {"Mairasi"}, ["zsa"] = {"Sarasira"}, ["zsk"] = {"Kaskean"}, ["zsl"] = {"Zambian Sign Language"}, ["zsm"] = {"Standard Malay"}, ["zsr"] = {"Southern Rincon Zapotec"}, ["zsu"] = {"Sukurum"}, ["zte"] = {"Elotepec Zapotec"}, ["ztg"] = {"Xanaguía Zapotec"}, ["ztl"] = {"Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec"}, ["ztm"] = {"San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["ztn"] = {"Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["ztp"] = {"Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["ztq"] = {"Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec"}, ["zts"] = {"Tilquiapan Zapotec"}, ["ztt"] = {"Tejalapan Zapotec"}, ["ztu"] = {"Güilá Zapotec"}, ["ztx"] = {"Zaachila Zapotec"}, ["zty"] = {"Yatee Zapotec"}, ["zua"] = {"Zeem"}, ["zuh"] = {"Tokano"}, ["zum"] = {"Kumzari"}, ["zun"] = {"Zuni"}, ["zuy"] = {"Zumaya"}, ["zwa"] = {"Zay"}, ["zxx"] = {"No linguistic content", "Not applicable"}, ["zyb"] = {"Yongbei Zhuang"}, ["zyg"] = {"Yang Zhuang"}, ["zyj"] = {"Youjiang Zhuang"}, ["zyn"] = {"Yongnan Zhuang"}, ["zyp"] = {"Zyphe Chin"}, ["zza"] = {"Zaza", "Dimili", "Dimli (macrolanguage)", "Kirdki", "Kirmanjki (macrolanguage)", "Zazaki"}, ["zzj"] = {"Zuojiang Zhuang"} } 7ps1ps3fosxceqklp606ai2gof76qus 729968 729962 2026-10-07T05:27:22Z Rafka Aditia 29183 729968 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-06-14 local active = { ["aa"] = {"Afar"}, ["ab"] = {"Abkhazian"}, ["ae"] = {"Avestan"}, ["af"] = {"Afrikaans"}, ["ak"] = {"Akan"}, ["am"] = {"Amharic"}, ["an"] = {"Aragonese"}, ["ar"] = {"Arabic"}, ["as"] = {"Assamese"}, ["av"] = {"Avaric"}, ["ay"] = {"Aymara"}, ["az"] = {"Azerbaijani"}, ["ba"] = {"Bashkir"}, ["be"] = {"Belarusian"}, ["bg"] = {"Bulgarian"}, ["bi"] = {"Bislama"}, ["bm"] = {"Bambara"}, ["bn"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["bo"] = {"Tibetan"}, ["br"] = {"Breton"}, ["bs"] = {"Bosnian"}, ["ca"] = {"Catalan", "Valencian"}, ["ce"] = {"Chechen"}, ["ch"] = {"Chamorro"}, ["co"] = {"Corsican"}, ["cr"] = {"Cree"}, ["cs"] = {"Czech"}, ["cu"] = {"Church Slavic", "Church Slavonic", "Old Bulgarian", "Old Church Slavonic", "Old Slavonic"}, ["cv"] = {"Chuvash"}, ["cy"] = {"Welsh"}, ["da"] = {"Danish"}, ["de"] = {"German"}, ["dv"] = {"Dhivehi", "Divehi", "Maldivian"}, ["dz"] = {"Dzongkha"}, ["ee"] = {"Ewe"}, ["el"] = {"Modern Greek (1453-)"}, ["en"] = {"English"}, ["eo"] = {"Esperanto"}, ["es"] = {"Spanish", "Castilian"}, ["et"] = {"Estonian"}, ["eu"] = {"Basque"}, ["fa"] = {"Persian"}, ["ff"] = {"Fulah"}, ["fi"] = {"Finnish"}, ["fj"] = {"Fijian"}, ["fo"] = {"Faroese"}, ["fr"] = {"French"}, ["fy"] = {"Western Frisian"}, ["ga"] = {"Irish"}, ["gd"] = {"Scottish Gaelic", "Gaelic"}, ["gl"] = {"Galician"}, ["gn"] = {"Guarani"}, ["gu"] = {"Gujarati"}, ["gv"] = {"Manx"}, ["ha"] = {"Hausa"}, ["he"] = {"Hebrew"}, ["hi"] = {"Hindi"}, ["ho"] = {"Hiri Motu"}, ["hr"] = {"Croatian"}, ["ht"] = {"Haitian", "Haitian Creole"}, ["hu"] = {"Hungarian"}, ["hy"] = {"Armenian"}, ["hz"] = {"Herero"}, ["ia"] = {"Interlingua (IALA)", "Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)"}, ["id"] = {"Indonesian"}, ["ie"] = {"Interlingue", "Occidental"}, ["ig"] = {"Igbo"}, ["ii"] = {"Sichuan Yi", "Nuosu"}, ["ik"] = {"Inupiaq"}, ["io"] = {"Ido"}, ["is"] = {"Icelandic"}, ["it"] = {"Italian"}, ["iu"] = {"Inuktitut"}, ["ja"] = {"Japanese"}, ["jv"] = {"Javanese"}, ["ka"] = {"Georgian"}, ["kg"] = {"Kongo"}, ["ki"] = {"Kikuyu", "Gikuyu"}, ["kj"] = {"Kuanyama", "Kwanyama"}, ["kk"] = {"Kazakh"}, ["kl"] = {"Kalaallisut", "Greenlandic"}, ["km"] = {"Khmer", "Central Khmer"}, ["kn"] = {"Kannada"}, ["ko"] = {"Korean"}, ["kr"] = {"Kanuri"}, ["ks"] = {"Kashmiri"}, ["ku"] = {"Kurdish"}, ["kv"] = {"Komi"}, ["kw"] = {"Cornish"}, ["ky"] = {"Kirghiz", "Kyrgyz"}, ["la"] = {"Latin"}, ["lb"] = {"Luxembourgish", "Letzeburgesch"}, ["lg"] = {"Ganda", "Luganda"}, ["li"] = {"Limburgan", "Limburger", "Limburgish"}, ["ln"] = {"Lingala"}, ["lo"] = {"Lao"}, ["lt"] = {"Lithuanian"}, ["lu"] = {"Luba-Katanga"}, ["lv"] = {"Latvian"}, ["mg"] = {"Malagasy"}, ["mh"] = {"Marshallese"}, ["mi"] = {"Maori"}, ["mk"] = {"Macedonian"}, ["ml"] = {"Malayalam"}, ["mn"] = {"Mongolian"}, ["mr"] = {"Marathi"}, ["ms"] = {"Malay (macrolanguage)"}, ["mt"] = {"Maltese"}, ["my"] = {"Burmese"}, ["na"] = {"Nauru"}, ["nb"] = {"Norwegian Bokmål"}, ["nd"] = {"North Ndebele"}, ["ne"] = {"Nepali (macrolanguage)"}, ["ng"] = {"Ndonga"}, ["nl"] = {"Dutch", "Flemish"}, ["nn"] = {"Norwegian Nynorsk"}, ["no"] = {"Norwegian"}, ["nr"] = {"South Ndebele"}, ["nv"] = {"Navajo", "Navaho"}, ["ny"] = {"Chichewa", "Chewa", "Nyanja"}, ["oc"] = {"Occitan (post 1500)"}, ["oj"] = {"Ojibwa"}, ["om"] = {"Oromo"}, ["or"] = {"Oriya (macrolanguage)", "Odia (macrolanguage)"}, ["os"] = {"Iron Ossetic", "Iron", "Iron Ossetian", "Ossetian", "Ossetic"}, ["pa"] = {"Panjabi", "Punjabi"}, ["pi"] = {"Pali"}, ["pl"] = {"Polish"}, ["ps"] = {"Pushto", "Pashto"}, ["pt"] = {"Portuguese"}, ["qu"] = {"Quechua"}, ["rm"] = {"Romansh"}, ["rn"] = {"Rundi"}, ["ro"] = {"Romanian", "Moldavian", "Moldovan"}, ["ru"] = {"Russian"}, ["rw"] = {"Kinyarwanda"}, ["sa"] = {"Sanskrit"}, ["sc"] = {"Sardinian"}, ["sd"] = {"Sindhi"}, ["se"] = {"Northern Sami"}, ["sg"] = {"Sango"}, ["sh"] = {"Serbo-Croatian"}, ["si"] = {"Sinhala", "Sinhalese"}, ["sk"] = {"Slovak"}, ["sl"] = {"Slovenian"}, ["sm"] = {"Samoan"}, ["sn"] = {"Shona"}, ["so"] = {"Somali"}, ["sq"] = {"Albanian"}, ["sr"] = {"Serbian"}, ["ss"] = {"Swati"}, ["st"] = {"Southern Sotho"}, ["su"] = {"Sundanese"}, ["sv"] = {"Swedish"}, ["sw"] = {"Swahili (macrolanguage)"}, ["ta"] = {"Tamil"}, ["te"] = {"Telugu"}, ["tg"] = {"Tajik"}, ["th"] = {"Thai"}, ["ti"] = {"Tigrinya"}, ["tk"] = {"Turkmen"}, ["tl"] = {"Tagalog"}, ["tn"] = {"Tswana"}, ["to"] = {"Tonga (Tonga Islands)"}, ["tr"] = {"Turkish"}, ["ts"] = {"Tsonga"}, ["tt"] = {"Tatar"}, ["tw"] = {"Twi"}, ["ty"] = {"Tahitian"}, ["ug"] = {"Uighur", "Uyghur"}, ["uk"] = {"Ukrainian"}, ["ur"] = {"Urdu"}, ["uz"] = {"Uzbek"}, ["ve"] = {"Venda"}, ["vi"] = {"Vietnamese"}, ["vo"] = {"Volapük"}, ["wa"] = {"Walloon"}, ["wo"] = {"Wolof"}, ["xh"] = {"Xhosa"}, ["yi"] = {"Yiddish"}, ["yo"] = {"Yoruba"}, ["za"] = {"Zhuang", "Chuang"}, ["zh"] = {"Chinese"}, ["zu"] = {"Zulu"}, ["aaa"] = {"Ghotuo"}, ["aab"] = {"Alumu-Tesu"}, ["aac"] = {"Ari"}, ["aad"] = {"Amal"}, ["aae"] = {"Arbëreshë Albanian"}, ["aaf"] = {"Aranadan"}, ["aag"] = {"Ambrak"}, ["aah"] = {"Abu' Arapesh"}, ["aai"] = {"Arifama-Miniafia"}, ["aak"] = {"Ankave"}, ["aal"] = {"Afade"}, ["aan"] = {"Anambé"}, ["aao"] = {"Algerian Saharan Arabic"}, ["aap"] = {"Pará Arára"}, ["aaq"] = {"Eastern Abnaki"}, ["aas"] = {"Aasáx"}, ["aat"] = {"Arvanitika Albanian"}, ["aau"] = {"Abau"}, ["aav"] = {"Austro-Asiatic languages"}, ["aaw"] = {"Solong"}, ["aax"] = {"Mandobo Atas"}, ["aaz"] = {"Amarasi"}, ["aba"] = {"Abé"}, ["abb"] = {"Bankon"}, ["abc"] = {"Ambala Ayta"}, ["abd"] = {"Manide"}, ["abe"] = {"Western Abnaki"}, ["abf"] = {"Abai Sungai"}, ["abg"] = {"Abaga"}, ["abh"] = {"Tajiki Arabic"}, ["abi"] = {"Abidji"}, ["abj"] = {"Aka-Bea"}, ["abl"] = {"Lampung Nyo"}, ["abm"] = {"Abanyom"}, ["abn"] = {"Abua"}, ["abo"] = {"Abon"}, ["abp"] = {"Abellen Ayta"}, ["abq"] = {"Abaza"}, ["abr"] = {"Abron"}, ["abs"] = {"Ambonese Malay"}, ["abt"] = {"Ambulas"}, ["abu"] = {"Abure"}, ["abv"] = {"Baharna Arabic"}, ["abw"] = {"Pal"}, ["abx"] = {"Inabaknon"}, ["aby"] = {"Aneme Wake"}, ["abz"] = {"Abui"}, ["aca"] = {"Achagua"}, ["acb"] = {"Áncá"}, ["acd"] = {"Gikyode"}, ["ace"] = {"Achinese"}, ["acf"] = {"Saint Lucian Creole French"}, ["ach"] = {"Acoli"}, ["aci"] = {"Aka-Cari"}, ["ack"] = {"Aka-Kora"}, ["acl"] = {"Akar-Bale"}, ["acm"] = {"Mesopotamian Arabic"}, ["acn"] = {"Achang"}, ["acp"] = {"Eastern Acipa"}, ["acq"] = {"Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic"}, ["acr"] = {"Achi"}, ["acs"] = {"Acroá"}, ["act"] = {"Achterhoeks"}, ["acu"] = {"Achuar-Shiwiar"}, ["acv"] = {"Achumawi"}, ["acw"] = {"Hijazi Arabic"}, ["acx"] = {"Omani Arabic"}, ["acy"] = {"Cypriot Arabic"}, ["acz"] = {"Acheron"}, ["ada"] = {"Adangme"}, ["adb"] = {"Atauran"}, ["add"] = {"Lidzonka", "Dzodinka"}, ["ade"] = {"Adele"}, ["adf"] = {"Dhofari Arabic"}, ["adg"] = {"Andegerebinha"}, ["adh"] = {"Adhola"}, ["adi"] = {"Adi"}, ["adj"] = {"Adioukrou"}, ["adl"] = {"Galo"}, ["adn"] = {"Adang"}, ["ado"] = {"Abu"}, ["adq"] = {"Adangbe"}, ["adr"] = {"Adonara"}, ["ads"] = {"Adamorobe Sign Language"}, ["adt"] = {"Adnyamathanha"}, ["adu"] = {"Aduge"}, ["adw"] = {"Amundava"}, ["adx"] = {"Amdo Tibetan"}, ["ady"] = {"Adyghe", "Adygei"}, ["adz"] = {"Adzera"}, ["aea"] = {"Areba"}, ["aeb"] = {"Tunisian Arabic"}, ["aec"] = {"Saidi Arabic"}, ["aed"] = {"Argentine Sign Language"}, ["aee"] = {"Northeast Pashai", "Northeast Pashayi"}, ["aek"] = {"Haeke"}, ["ael"] = {"Ambele"}, ["aem"] = {"Arem"}, ["aen"] = {"Armenian Sign Language"}, ["aeq"] = {"Aer"}, ["aer"] = {"Eastern Arrernte"}, ["aes"] = {"Alsea"}, ["aeu"] = {"Akeu"}, ["aew"] = {"Ambakich"}, ["aey"] = {"Amele"}, ["aez"] = {"Aeka"}, ["afa"] = {"Afro-Asiatic languages"}, ["afb"] = {"Gulf Arabic"}, ["afd"] = {"Andai"}, ["afe"] = {"Putukwam"}, ["afg"] = {"Afghan Sign Language"}, ["afh"] = {"Afrihili"}, ["afi"] = {"Akrukay", "Chini"}, ["afk"] = {"Nanubae"}, ["afn"] = {"Defaka"}, ["afo"] = {"Eloyi"}, ["afp"] = {"Tapei"}, ["afs"] = {"Afro-Seminole Creole"}, ["aft"] = {"Afitti"}, ["afu"] = {"Awutu"}, ["afz"] = {"Obokuitai"}, ["aga"] = {"Aguano"}, ["agb"] = {"Legbo"}, ["agc"] = {"Agatu"}, ["agd"] = {"Agarabi"}, ["age"] = {"Angal"}, ["agf"] = {"Arguni"}, ["agg"] = {"Angor"}, ["agh"] = {"Ngelima"}, ["agi"] = {"Agariya"}, ["agj"] = {"Argobba"}, ["agk"] = {"Isarog Agta"}, ["agl"] = {"Fembe"}, ["agm"] = {"Angaataha"}, ["agn"] = {"Agutaynen"}, ["ago"] = {"Tainae"}, ["agq"] = {"Aghem"}, ["agr"] = {"Aguaruna"}, ["ags"] = {"Esimbi"}, ["agt"] = {"Central Cagayan Agta"}, ["agu"] = {"Aguacateco"}, ["agv"] = {"Remontado Dumagat"}, ["agw"] = {"Kahua"}, ["agx"] = {"Aghul"}, ["agy"] = {"Southern Alta"}, ["agz"] = {"Mt. Iriga Agta"}, ["aha"] = {"Ahanta"}, ["ahb"] = {"Axamb"}, ["ahg"] = {"Qimant"}, ["ahh"] = {"Aghu"}, ["ahi"] = {"Tiagbamrin Aizi"}, ["ahk"] = {"Akha"}, ["ahl"] = {"Igo"}, ["ahm"] = {"Mobumrin Aizi"}, ["ahn"] = {"Àhàn"}, ["aho"] = {"Ahom"}, ["ahp"] = {"Aproumu Aizi"}, ["ahr"] = {"Ahirani"}, ["ahs"] = {"Ashe"}, ["aht"] = {"Ahtena"}, ["aia"] = {"Arosi"}, ["aib"] = {"Ainu (China)"}, ["aic"] = {"Ainbai"}, ["aid"] = {"Alngith"}, ["aie"] = {"Amara"}, ["aif"] = {"Agi"}, ["aig"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda Creole English"}, ["aih"] = {"Ai-Cham"}, ["aii"] = {"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic"}, ["aij"] = {"Lishanid Noshan"}, ["aik"] = {"Ake"}, ["ail"] = {"Aimele"}, ["aim"] = {"Aimol"}, ["ain"] = {"Ainu (Japan)"}, ["aio"] = {"Aiton"}, ["aip"] = {"Burumakok"}, ["aiq"] = {"Aimaq"}, ["air"] = {"Airoran"}, ["ait"] = {"Arikem"}, ["aiw"] = {"Aari"}, ["aix"] = {"Aighon"}, ["aiy"] = {"Ali"}, ["aja"] = {"Aja (South Sudan)"}, ["ajg"] = {"Aja (Benin)"}, ["aji"] = {"Ajië"}, ["ajn"] = {"Andajin"}, ["ajs"] = {"Algerian Jewish Sign Language"}, ["aju"] = {"Judeo-Moroccan Arabic"}, ["ajw"] = {"Ajawa"}, ["ajz"] = {"Amri Karbi"}, ["akb"] = {"Batak Angkola"}, ["akc"] = {"Mpur"}, ["akd"] = {"Ukpet-Ehom"}, ["ake"] = {"Akawaio"}, ["akf"] = {"Akpa"}, ["akg"] = {"Anakalangu"}, ["akh"] = {"Angal Heneng"}, ["aki"] = {"Aiome"}, ["akj"] = {"Aka-Jeru"}, ["akk"] = {"Akkadian"}, ["akl"] = {"Aklanon"}, ["akm"] = {"Aka-Bo"}, ["ako"] = {"Akurio"}, ["akp"] = {"Siwu"}, ["akq"] = {"Ak"}, ["akr"] = {"Araki"}, ["aks"] = {"Akaselem"}, ["akt"] = {"Akolet"}, ["aku"] = {"Akum"}, ["akv"] = {"Akhvakh"}, ["akw"] = {"Akwa"}, ["akx"] = {"Aka-Kede"}, ["aky"] = {"Aka-Kol"}, ["akz"] = {"Alabama"}, ["ala"] = {"Alago"}, ["alc"] = {"Qawasqar"}, ["ald"] = {"Alladian"}, ["ale"] = {"Aleut"}, ["alf"] = {"Alege"}, ["alg"] = {"Algonquian languages"}, ["alh"] = {"Alawa"}, ["ali"] = {"Amaimon"}, ["alj"] = {"Alangan"}, ["alk"] = {"Alak"}, ["all"] = {"Allar"}, ["alm"] = {"Amblong"}, ["aln"] = {"Gheg Albanian"}, ["alo"] = {"Larike-Wakasihu"}, ["alp"] = {"Alune"}, ["alq"] = {"Algonquin"}, ["alr"] = {"Alutor"}, ["als"] = {"Tosk Albanian"}, ["alt"] = {"Southern Altai"}, ["alu"] = {"'Are'are"}, ["alv"] = {"Atlantic-Congo languages"}, ["alw"] = {"Alaba-K’abeena", "Wanbasana"}, ["alx"] = {"Amol"}, ["aly"] = {"Alyawarr"}, ["alz"] = {"Alur"}, ["ama"] = {"Amanayé"}, ["amb"] = {"Ambo"}, ["amc"] = {"Amahuaca"}, ["ame"] = {"Yanesha'"}, ["amf"] = {"Hamer-Banna"}, ["amg"] = {"Amurdak"}, ["ami"] = {"Amis"}, ["amj"] = {"Amdang"}, ["amk"] = {"Ambai"}, ["aml"] = {"War-Jaintia"}, ["amm"] = {"Ama (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["amn"] = {"Amanab"}, ["amo"] = {"Amo"}, ["amp"] = {"Alamblak"}, ["amq"] = {"Amahai"}, ["amr"] = {"Amarakaeri"}, ["ams"] = {"Southern Amami-Oshima"}, ["amt"] = {"Amto"}, ["amu"] = {"Guerrero Amuzgo"}, ["amv"] = {"Ambelau"}, ["amw"] = {"Western Neo-Aramaic"}, ["amx"] = {"Anmatyerre"}, ["amy"] = {"Ami"}, ["amz"] = {"Atampaya"}, ["ana"] = {"Andaqui"}, ["anb"] = {"Andoa"}, ["anc"] = {"Ngas"}, ["and"] = {"Ansus"}, ["ane"] = {"Xârâcùù"}, ["anf"] = {"Animere"}, ["ang"] = {"Old English (ca. 450-1100)"}, ["anh"] = {"Nend"}, ["ani"] = {"Andi"}, ["anj"] = {"Anor"}, ["ank"] = {"Goemai"}, ["anl"] = {"Anu-Hkongso Chin"}, ["anm"] = {"Anal"}, ["ann"] = {"Obolo"}, ["ano"] = {"Andoque"}, ["anp"] = {"Angika"}, ["anq"] = {"Jarawa (India)"}, ["anr"] = {"Andh"}, ["ans"] = {"Anserma"}, ["ant"] = {"Antakarinya", "Antikarinya"}, ["anu"] = {"Anuak"}, ["anv"] = {"Denya"}, ["anw"] = {"Anaang"}, ["anx"] = {"Andra-Hus"}, ["any"] = {"Anyin"}, ["anz"] = {"Anem"}, ["aoa"] = {"Angolar"}, ["aob"] = {"Abom"}, ["aoc"] = {"Pemon"}, ["aod"] = {"Andarum"}, ["aoe"] = {"Angal Enen"}, ["aof"] = {"Bragat"}, ["aog"] = {"Angoram"}, ["aoi"] = {"Anindilyakwa"}, ["aoj"] = {"Mufian"}, ["aok"] = {"Arhö"}, ["aol"] = {"Alor"}, ["aom"] = {"Ömie"}, ["aon"] = {"Bumbita Arapesh"}, ["aor"] = {"Aore"}, ["aos"] = {"Taikat"}, ["aot"] = {"Atong (India)", "A'tong"}, ["aou"] = {"A'ou"}, ["aox"] = {"Atorada"}, ["aoz"] = {"Uab Meto"}, ["apa"] = {"Apache languages"}, ["apb"] = {"Sa'a"}, ["apc"] = {"Levantine Arabic"}, ["apd"] = {"Sudanese Arabic"}, ["ape"] = {"Bukiyip"}, ["apf"] = {"Pahanan Agta"}, ["apg"] = {"Ampanang"}, ["aph"] = {"Athpariya"}, ["api"] = {"Apiaká"}, ["apj"] = {"Jicarilla Apache"}, ["apk"] = {"Kiowa Apache"}, ["apl"] = {"Lipan Apache"}, ["apm"] = {"Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache"}, ["apn"] = {"Apinayé"}, ["apo"] = {"Ambul"}, ["app"] = {"Apma"}, ["apq"] = {"A-Pucikwar"}, ["apr"] = {"Arop-Lokep"}, ["aps"] = {"Arop-Sissano"}, ["apt"] = {"Apatani"}, ["apu"] = {"Apurinã"}, ["apv"] = {"Alapmunte"}, ["apw"] = {"Western Apache"}, ["apx"] = {"Aputai"}, ["apy"] = {"Apalaí"}, ["apz"] = {"Safeyoka"}, ["aqa"] = {"Alacalufan languages"}, ["aqc"] = {"Archi"}, ["aqd"] = {"Ampari Dogon"}, ["aqg"] = {"Arigidi"}, ["aqk"] = {"Aninka"}, ["aql"] = {"Algic languages"}, ["aqm"] = {"Atohwaim"}, ["aqn"] = {"Northern Alta"}, ["aqp"] = {"Atakapa"}, ["aqr"] = {"Arhâ"}, ["aqt"] = {"Angaité"}, ["aqz"] = {"Akuntsu"}, ["arb"] = {"Standard Arabic"}, ["arc"] = {"Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)"}, ["ard"] = {"Arabana"}, ["are"] = {"Western Arrarnta"}, ["arh"] = {"Arhuaco"}, ["ari"] = {"Arikara"}, ["arj"] = {"Arapaso"}, ["ark"] = {"Arikapú"}, ["arl"] = {"Arabela"}, ["arn"] = {"Mapudungun", "Mapuche"}, ["aro"] = {"Araona"}, ["arp"] = {"Arapaho"}, ["arq"] = {"Algerian Arabic"}, ["arr"] = {"Karo (Brazil)"}, ["ars"] = {"Najdi Arabic"}, ["art"] = {"Artificial languages"}, ["aru"] = {"Aruá (Amazonas State)", "Arawá"}, ["arv"] = {"Arbore"}, ["arw"] = {"Arawak"}, ["arx"] = {"Aruá (Rodonia State)"}, ["ary"] = {"Moroccan Arabic"}, ["arz"] = {"Egyptian Arabic"}, ["asa"] = {"Asu (Tanzania)"}, ["asb"] = {"Assiniboine", "Nakoda Assiniboine"}, ["asc"] = {"Casuarina Coast Asmat"}, ["ase"] = {"American Sign Language"}, ["asf"] = {"Auslan", "Australian Sign Language"}, ["asg"] = {"Cishingini"}, ["ash"] = {"Abishira"}, ["asi"] = {"Buruwai"}, ["asj"] = {"Sari"}, ["ask"] = {"Ashkun"}, ["asl"] = {"Asilulu"}, ["asn"] = {"Xingú Asuriní"}, ["aso"] = {"Dano"}, ["asp"] = {"Algerian Sign Language"}, ["asq"] = {"Austrian Sign Language"}, ["asr"] = {"Asuri"}, ["ass"] = {"Ipulo"}, ["ast"] = {"Asturian", "Asturleonese", "Bable", "Leonese"}, ["asu"] = {"Tocantins Asurini"}, ["asv"] = {"Asoa"}, ["asw"] = {"Australian Aborigines Sign Language"}, ["asx"] = {"Muratayak"}, ["asy"] = {"Yaosakor Asmat"}, ["asz"] = {"As"}, ["ata"] = {"Pele-Ata"}, ["atb"] = {"Zaiwa"}, ["atc"] = {"Atsahuaca"}, ["atd"] = {"Ata Manobo"}, ["ate"] = {"Atemble"}, ["atg"] = {"Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe"}, ["ath"] = {"Athapascan languages"}, ["ati"] = {"Attié"}, ["atj"] = {"Atikamekw", "Nehirowimowin"}, ["atk"] = {"Ati"}, ["atl"] = {"Mt. Iraya Agta"}, ["atm"] = {"Ata"}, ["atn"] = {"Ashtiani"}, ["ato"] = {"Atong (Cameroon)"}, ["atp"] = {"Pudtol Atta"}, ["atq"] = {"Aralle-Tabulahan"}, ["atr"] = {"Waimiri-Atroari"}, ["ats"] = {"Gros Ventre"}, ["att"] = {"Pamplona Atta"}, ["atu"] = {"Reel"}, ["atv"] = {"Northern Altai"}, ["atw"] = {"Atsugewi"}, ["atx"] = {"Arutani"}, ["aty"] = {"Aneityum"}, ["atz"] = {"Arta"}, ["aua"] = {"Asumboa"}, ["aub"] = {"Alugu"}, ["auc"] = {"Waorani"}, ["aud"] = {"Anuta"}, ["auf"] = {"Arauan languages"}, ["aug"] = {"Aguna"}, ["auh"] = {"Aushi"}, ["aui"] = {"Anuki"}, ["auj"] = {"Awjilah"}, ["auk"] = {"Heyo"}, ["aul"] = {"Aulua"}, ["aum"] = {"Asu (Nigeria)"}, ["aun"] = {"Molmo One"}, ["auo"] = {"Auyokawa"}, ["aup"] = {"Makayam"}, ["auq"] = {"Anus", "Korur"}, ["aur"] = {"Aruek"}, ["aus"] = {"Australian languages"}, ["aut"] = {"Austral"}, ["auu"] = {"Auye"}, ["auw"] = {"Awyi"}, ["aux"] = {"Aurá"}, ["auy"] = {"Awiyaana"}, ["auz"] = {"Uzbeki Arabic"}, ["avb"] = {"Avau"}, ["avd"] = {"Alviri-Vidari"}, ["avi"] = {"Avikam"}, ["avk"] = {"Kotava"}, ["avl"] = {"Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic"}, ["avm"] = {"Angkamuthi"}, ["avn"] = {"Avatime"}, ["avo"] = {"Agavotaguerra"}, ["avs"] = {"Aushiri"}, ["avt"] = {"Au"}, ["avu"] = {"Avokaya"}, ["avv"] = {"Avá-Canoeiro"}, ["awa"] = {"Awadhi"}, ["awb"] = {"Awa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["awc"] = {"Cicipu"}, ["awd"] = {"Arawakan languages"}, ["awe"] = {"Awetí"}, ["awg"] = {"Anguthimri"}, ["awh"] = {"Awbono"}, ["awi"] = {"Aekyom"}, ["awk"] = {"Awabakal"}, ["awm"] = {"Arawum"}, ["awn"] = {"Awngi"}, ["awo"] = {"Awak"}, ["awr"] = {"Awera"}, ["aws"] = {"South Awyu"}, ["awt"] = {"Araweté"}, ["awu"] = {"Central Awyu"}, ["awv"] = {"Jair Awyu"}, ["aww"] = {"Awun"}, ["awx"] = {"Awara"}, ["awy"] = {"Edera Awyu"}, ["axb"] = {"Abipon"}, ["axe"] = {"Ayerrerenge"}, ["axg"] = {"Mato Grosso Arára"}, ["axk"] = {"Yaka (Central African Republic)"}, ["axl"] = {"Lower Southern Aranda"}, ["axm"] = {"Middle Armenian"}, ["axx"] = {"Xârâgurè"}, ["aya"] = {"Awar"}, ["ayb"] = {"Ayizo Gbe"}, ["ayc"] = {"Southern Aymara"}, ["ayd"] = {"Ayabadhu"}, ["aye"] = {"Ayere"}, ["ayg"] = {"Ginyanga"}, ["ayh"] = {"Hadrami Arabic"}, ["ayi"] = {"Leyigha"}, ["ayk"] = {"Akuku"}, ["ayl"] = {"Libyan Arabic"}, ["ayn"] = {"Sanaani Arabic"}, ["ayo"] = {"Ayoreo"}, ["ayp"] = {"North Mesopotamian Arabic"}, ["ayq"] = {"Ayi (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["ayr"] = {"Central Aymara"}, ["ays"] = {"Sorsogon Ayta"}, ["ayt"] = {"Magbukun Ayta"}, ["ayu"] = {"Ayu"}, ["ayz"] = {"Mai Brat"}, ["aza"] = {"Azha"}, ["azb"] = {"South Azerbaijani"}, ["azc"] = {"Uto-Aztecan languages"}, ["azd"] = {"Eastern Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azg"] = {"San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo"}, ["azj"] = {"North Azerbaijani"}, ["azm"] = {"Ipalapa Amuzgo"}, ["azn"] = {"Western Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azo"] = {"Awing"}, ["azt"] = {"Faire Atta"}, ["azz"] = {"Highland Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["baa"] = {"Babatana"}, ["bab"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyuño"}, ["bac"] = {"Badui"}, ["bad"] = {"Banda languages"}, ["bae"] = {"Baré"}, ["baf"] = {"Nubaca"}, ["bag"] = {"Tuki"}, ["bah"] = {"Bahamas Creole English"}, ["bai"] = {"Bamileke languages"}, ["baj"] = {"Barakai"}, ["bal"] = {"Baluchi"}, ["ban"] = {"Balinese"}, ["bao"] = {"Waimaha"}, ["bap"] = {"Bantawa"}, ["bar"] = {"Bavarian"}, ["bas"] = {"Basa (Cameroon)"}, ["bat"] = {"Baltic languages"}, ["bau"] = {"Bada (Nigeria)"}, ["bav"] = {"Vengo"}, ["baw"] = {"Bambili-Bambui"}, ["bax"] = {"Bamun"}, ["bay"] = {"Batuley"}, ["bba"] = {"Baatonum"}, ["bbb"] = {"Barai"}, ["bbc"] = {"Batak Toba"}, ["bbd"] = {"Bau"}, ["bbe"] = {"Bangba"}, ["bbf"] = {"Baibai"}, ["bbg"] = {"Barama"}, ["bbh"] = {"Bugan"}, ["bbi"] = {"Barombi"}, ["bbj"] = {"Ghomálá'"}, ["bbk"] = {"Babanki"}, ["bbl"] = {"Bats"}, ["bbm"] = {"Babango"}, ["bbn"] = {"Uneapa"}, ["bbo"] = {"Northern Bobo Madaré", "Konabéré"}, ["bbp"] = {"West Central Banda"}, ["bbq"] = {"Bamali"}, ["bbr"] = {"Girawa"}, ["bbs"] = {"Bakpinka"}, ["bbt"] = {"Mburku"}, ["bbu"] = {"Kulung (Nigeria)"}, ["bbv"] = {"Karnai"}, ["bbw"] = {"Baba"}, ["bbx"] = {"Bubia"}, ["bby"] = {"Befang"}, ["bca"] = {"Central Bai"}, ["bcb"] = {"Bainouk-Samik"}, ["bcc"] = {"Southern Balochi"}, ["bcd"] = {"North Babar"}, ["bce"] = {"Bamenyam"}, ["bcf"] = {"Bamu"}, ["bcg"] = {"Baga Pokur"}, ["bch"] = {"Bariai"}, ["bci"] = {"Baoulé"}, ["bcj"] = {"Bardi"}, ["bck"] = {"Bunuba"}, ["bcl"] = {"Central Bikol"}, ["bcm"] = {"Bannoni"}, ["bcn"] = {"Bali (Nigeria)"}, ["bco"] = {"Kaluli"}, ["bcp"] = {"Bali (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bcq"] = {"Bench"}, ["bcr"] = {"Babine"}, ["bcs"] = {"Kohumono"}, ["bct"] = {"Bendi"}, ["bcu"] = {"Awad Bing"}, ["bcv"] = {"Shoo-Minda-Nye"}, ["bcw"] = {"Bana"}, ["bcy"] = {"Bacama"}, ["bcz"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyaamolo"}, ["bda"] = {"Bayot"}, ["bdb"] = {"Basap"}, ["bdc"] = {"Emberá-Baudó"}, ["bdd"] = {"Bunama"}, ["bde"] = {"Bade"}, ["bdf"] = {"Biage"}, ["bdg"] = {"Bonggi"}, ["bdh"] = {"Baka (South Sudan)"}, ["bdi"] = {"Burun"}, ["bdj"] = {"Bai (South Sudan)", "Bai"}, ["bdk"] = {"Budukh"}, ["bdl"] = {"Indonesian Bajau"}, ["bdm"] = {"Buduma"}, ["bdn"] = {"Baldemu"}, ["bdo"] = {"Morom"}, ["bdp"] = {"Bende"}, ["bdq"] = {"Bahnar"}, ["bdr"] = {"West Coast Bajau"}, ["bds"] = {"Burunge"}, ["bdt"] = {"Bokoto"}, ["bdu"] = {"Oroko"}, ["bdv"] = {"Bodo Parja"}, ["bdw"] = {"Baham"}, ["bdx"] = {"Budong-Budong"}, ["bdy"] = {"Bandjalang"}, ["bdz"] = {"Badeshi"}, ["bea"] = {"Beaver"}, ["beb"] = {"Bebele"}, ["bec"] = {"Iceve-Maci"}, ["bed"] = {"Bedoanas"}, ["bee"] = {"Byangsi"}, ["bef"] = {"Benabena"}, ["beg"] = {"Belait"}, ["beh"] = {"Biali"}, ["bei"] = {"Bekati'"}, ["bej"] = {"Beja", "Bedawiyet"}, ["bek"] = {"Bebeli"}, ["bem"] = {"Bemba (Zambia)"}, ["beo"] = {"Beami"}, ["bep"] = {"Besoa"}, ["beq"] = {"Beembe"}, ["ber"] = {"Berber languages"}, ["bes"] = {"Besme"}, ["bet"] = {"Guiberoua Béte"}, ["beu"] = {"Blagar"}, ["bev"] = {"Daloa Bété"}, ["bew"] = {"Betawi"}, ["bex"] = {"Jur Modo"}, ["bey"] = {"Beli (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bez"] = {"Bena (Tanzania)"}, ["bfa"] = {"Bari"}, ["bfb"] = {"Pauri Bareli"}, ["bfc"] = {"Panyi Bai", "Northern Bai"}, ["bfd"] = {"Bafut"}, ["bfe"] = {"Betaf", "Tena"}, ["bff"] = {"Bofi"}, ["bfg"] = {"Busang Kayan"}, ["bfh"] = {"Blafe"}, ["bfi"] = {"British Sign Language"}, ["bfj"] = {"Bafanji"}, ["bfk"] = {"Ban Khor Sign Language"}, ["bfl"] = {"Banda-Ndélé"}, ["bfm"] = {"Mmen"}, ["bfn"] = {"Bunak"}, ["bfo"] = {"Malba Birifor"}, ["bfp"] = {"Beba"}, ["bfq"] = {"Badaga"}, ["bfr"] = {"Bazigar"}, ["bfs"] = {"Southern Bai"}, ["bft"] = {"Balti"}, ["bfu"] = {"Gahri"}, ["bfw"] = {"Bondo"}, ["bfx"] = {"Bantayanon"}, ["bfy"] = {"Bagheli"}, ["bfz"] = {"Mahasu Pahari"}, ["bga"] = {"Gwamhi-Wuri"}, ["bgb"] = {"Bobongko"}, ["bgc"] = {"Haryanvi"}, ["bgd"] = {"Rathwi Bareli"}, ["bge"] = {"Bauria"}, ["bgf"] = {"Bangandu"}, ["bgg"] = {"Bugun"}, ["bgi"] = {"Giangan"}, ["bgj"] = {"Bangolan"}, ["bgk"] = {"Bit", "Buxinhua"}, ["bgl"] = {"Bo (Laos)"}, ["bgn"] = {"Western Balochi"}, ["bgo"] = {"Baga Koga"}, ["bgp"] = {"Eastern Balochi"}, ["bgq"] = {"Bagri"}, ["bgr"] = {"Bawm Chin"}, ["bgs"] = {"Tagabawa"}, ["bgt"] = {"Bughotu"}, ["bgu"] = {"Mbongno"}, ["bgv"] = {"Warkay-Bipim"}, ["bgw"] = {"Bhatri"}, ["bgx"] = {"Balkan Gagauz Turkish"}, ["bgy"] = {"Benggoi"}, ["bgz"] = {"Banggai"}, ["bha"] = {"Bharia"}, ["bhb"] = {"Bhili"}, ["bhc"] = {"Biga"}, ["bhd"] = {"Bhadrawahi"}, ["bhe"] = {"Bhaya"}, ["bhf"] = {"Odiai"}, ["bhg"] = {"Binandere"}, ["bhh"] = {"Bukharic"}, ["bhi"] = {"Bhilali"}, ["bhj"] = {"Bahing"}, ["bhl"] = {"Bimin"}, ["bhm"] = {"Bathari"}, ["bhn"] = {"Bohtan Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bho"] = {"Bhojpuri"}, ["bhp"] = {"Bima"}, ["bhq"] = {"Tukang Besi South"}, ["bhr"] = {"Bara Malagasy"}, ["bhs"] = {"Buwal"}, ["bht"] = {"Bhattiyali"}, ["bhu"] = {"Bhunjia"}, ["bhv"] = {"Bahau"}, ["bhw"] = {"Biak"}, ["bhx"] = {"Bhalay"}, ["bhy"] = {"Bhele"}, ["bhz"] = {"Bada (Indonesia)"}, ["bia"] = {"Badimaya"}, ["bib"] = {"Bissa", "Bisa"}, ["bid"] = {"Bidiyo"}, ["bie"] = {"Bepour"}, ["bif"] = {"Biafada"}, ["big"] = {"Biangai"}, ["bih"] = {"Bihari languages"}, ["bik"] = {"Bikol"}, ["bil"] = {"Bile"}, ["bim"] = {"Bimoba"}, ["bin"] = {"Bini", "Edo"}, ["bio"] = {"Nai"}, ["bip"] = {"Bila"}, ["biq"] = {"Bipi"}, ["bir"] = {"Bisorio"}, ["bit"] = {"Berinomo"}, ["biu"] = {"Biete"}, ["biv"] = {"Southern Birifor"}, ["biw"] = {"Kol (Cameroon)"}, ["bix"] = {"Bijori"}, ["biy"] = {"Birhor"}, ["biz"] = {"Baloi"}, ["bja"] = {"Budza"}, ["bjb"] = {"Banggarla"}, ["bjc"] = {"Bariji"}, ["bje"] = {"Biao-Jiao Mien"}, ["bjf"] = {"Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bjg"] = {"Bidyogo"}, ["bjh"] = {"Bahinemo"}, ["bji"] = {"Burji"}, ["bjj"] = {"Kanauji"}, ["bjk"] = {"Barok"}, ["bjl"] = {"Bulu (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bjm"] = {"Bajelani"}, ["bjn"] = {"Banjar"}, ["bjo"] = {"Mid-Southern Banda"}, ["bjp"] = {"Fanamaket"}, ["bjr"] = {"Binumarien"}, ["bjs"] = {"Bajan"}, ["bjt"] = {"Balanta-Ganja"}, ["bju"] = {"Busuu"}, ["bjv"] = {"Bedjond"}, ["bjw"] = {"Bakwé"}, ["bjx"] = {"Banao Itneg"}, ["bjy"] = {"Bayali"}, ["bjz"] = {"Baruga"}, ["bka"] = {"Kyak"}, ["bkc"] = {"Baka (Cameroon)"}, ["bkd"] = {"Binukid", "Talaandig"}, ["bkf"] = {"Beeke"}, ["bkg"] = {"Buraka"}, ["bkh"] = {"Bakoko"}, ["bki"] = {"Baki"}, ["bkj"] = {"Pande"}, ["bkk"] = {"Brokskat"}, ["bkl"] = {"Berik"}, ["bkm"] = {"Kom (Cameroon)"}, ["bkn"] = {"Bukitan"}, ["bko"] = {"Kwa'"}, ["bkp"] = {"Boko (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bkq"] = {"Bakairí"}, ["bkr"] = {"Bakumpai"}, ["bks"] = {"Northern Sorsoganon"}, ["bkt"] = {"Boloki"}, ["bku"] = {"Buhid"}, ["bkv"] = {"Bekwarra"}, ["bkw"] = {"Bekwel"}, ["bkx"] = {"Baikeno"}, ["bky"] = {"Bokyi"}, ["bkz"] = {"Bungku"}, ["bla"] = {"Siksika"}, ["blb"] = {"Bilua"}, ["blc"] = {"Bella Coola"}, ["bld"] = {"Bolango"}, ["ble"] = {"Balanta-Kentohe"}, ["blf"] = {"Buol"}, ["blh"] = {"Kuwaa"}, ["bli"] = {"Bolia"}, ["blj"] = {"Bolongan"}, ["blk"] = {"Pa'o Karen", "Pa'O"}, ["bll"] = {"Biloxi"}, ["blm"] = {"Beli (South Sudan)"}, ["bln"] = {"Southern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["blo"] = {"Anii"}, ["blp"] = {"Blablanga"}, ["blq"] = {"Baluan-Pam"}, ["blr"] = {"Blang"}, ["bls"] = {"Balaesang"}, ["blt"] = {"Tai Dam"}, ["blv"] = {"Kibala", "Bolo"}, ["blw"] = {"Balangao"}, ["blx"] = {"Mag-Indi Ayta"}, ["bly"] = {"Notre"}, ["blz"] = {"Balantak"}, ["bma"] = {"Lame"}, ["bmb"] = {"Bembe"}, ["bmc"] = {"Biem"}, ["bmd"] = {"Baga Manduri"}, ["bme"] = {"Limassa"}, ["bmf"] = {"Bom-Kim"}, ["bmg"] = {"Bamwe"}, ["bmh"] = {"Kein"}, ["bmi"] = {"Bagirmi"}, ["bmj"] = {"Bote-Majhi"}, ["bmk"] = {"Ghayavi"}, ["bml"] = {"Bomboli"}, ["bmm"] = {"Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bmn"] = {"Bina (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bmo"] = {"Bambalang"}, ["bmp"] = {"Bulgebi"}, ["bmq"] = {"Bomu"}, ["bmr"] = {"Muinane"}, ["bms"] = {"Bilma Kanuri"}, ["bmt"] = {"Biao Mon"}, ["bmu"] = {"Somba-Siawari"}, ["bmv"] = {"Bum"}, ["bmw"] = {"Bomwali"}, ["bmx"] = {"Baimak"}, ["bmz"] = {"Baramu"}, ["bna"] = {"Bonerate"}, ["bnb"] = {"Bookan"}, ["bnc"] = {"Bontok"}, ["bnd"] = {"Banda (Indonesia)"}, ["bne"] = {"Bintauna"}, ["bnf"] = {"Masiwang"}, ["bng"] = {"Benga"}, ["bni"] = {"Bangi"}, ["bnj"] = {"Eastern Tawbuid"}, ["bnk"] = {"Bierebo"}, ["bnl"] = {"Boon"}, ["bnm"] = {"Batanga"}, ["bnn"] = {"Bunun"}, ["bno"] = {"Bantoanon"}, ["bnp"] = {"Bola"}, ["bnq"] = {"Bantik"}, ["bnr"] = {"Butmas-Tur"}, ["bns"] = {"Bundeli"}, ["bnt"] = {"Bantu languages"}, ["bnu"] = {"Bentong"}, ["bnv"] = {"Bonerif", "Beneraf", "Edwas"}, ["bnw"] = {"Bisis"}, ["bnx"] = {"Bangubangu"}, ["bny"] = {"Bintulu"}, ["bnz"] = {"Beezen"}, ["boa"] = {"Bora"}, ["bob"] = {"Aweer"}, ["boe"] = {"Mundabli-Mufu"}, ["bof"] = {"Bolon"}, ["bog"] = {"Bamako Sign Language"}, ["boh"] = {"Boma"}, ["boi"] = {"Barbareño"}, ["boj"] = {"Anjam"}, ["bok"] = {"Bonjo"}, ["bol"] = {"Bole"}, ["bom"] = {"Berom"}, ["bon"] = {"Bine"}, ["boo"] = {"Tiemacèwè Bozo"}, ["bop"] = {"Bonkiman"}, ["boq"] = {"Bogaya"}, ["bor"] = {"Borôro"}, ["bot"] = {"Bongo"}, ["bou"] = {"Bondei"}, ["bov"] = {"Tuwuli"}, ["bow"] = {"Rema"}, ["box"] = {"Buamu"}, ["boy"] = {"Bodo (Central African Republic)"}, ["boz"] = {"Tiéyaxo Bozo"}, ["bpa"] = {"Daakaka"}, ["bpc"] = {"Mbuk"}, ["bpd"] = {"Banda-Banda"}, ["bpe"] = {"Bauni"}, ["bpg"] = {"Bonggo"}, ["bph"] = {"Botlikh"}, ["bpi"] = {"Bagupi"}, ["bpj"] = {"Binji"}, ["bpk"] = {"Orowe", "'Ôrôê"}, ["bpl"] = {"Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin"}, ["bpm"] = {"Biyom"}, ["bpn"] = {"Dzao Min"}, ["bpo"] = {"Anasi"}, ["bpp"] = {"Kaure"}, ["bpq"] = {"Banda Malay"}, ["bpr"] = {"Koronadal Blaan"}, ["bps"] = {"Sarangani Blaan"}, ["bpt"] = {"Barrow Point"}, ["bpu"] = {"Bongu"}, ["bpv"] = {"Bian Marind"}, ["bpw"] = {"Bo (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bpx"] = {"Palya Bareli"}, ["bpy"] = {"Bishnupriya"}, ["bpz"] = {"Bilba"}, ["bqa"] = {"Tchumbuli"}, ["bqb"] = {"Bagusa"}, ["bqc"] = {"Boko (Benin)", "Boo"}, ["bqd"] = {"Bung"}, ["bqf"] = {"Baga Kaloum"}, ["bqg"] = {"Bago-Kusuntu"}, ["bqh"] = {"Baima"}, ["bqi"] = {"Bakhtiari"}, ["bqj"] = {"Bandial"}, ["bqk"] = {"Banda-Mbrès"}, ["bql"] = {"Karian", "Bilakura"}, ["bqm"] = {"Wumboko"}, ["bqn"] = {"Bulgarian Sign Language"}, ["bqo"] = {"Balo"}, ["bqp"] = {"Busa"}, ["bqq"] = {"Biritai"}, ["bqr"] = {"Burusu"}, ["bqs"] = {"Bosngun"}, ["bqt"] = {"Bamukumbit"}, ["bqu"] = {"Boguru"}, ["bqv"] = {"Koro Wachi", "Begbere-Ejar"}, ["bqw"] = {"Buru (Nigeria)"}, ["bqx"] = {"Baangi"}, ["bqy"] = {"Bengkala Sign Language"}, ["bqz"] = {"Bakaka"}, ["bra"] = {"Braj"}, ["brb"] = {"Brao", "Lave"}, ["brc"] = {"Berbice Creole Dutch"}, ["brd"] = {"Baraamu"}, ["brf"] = {"Bira"}, ["brg"] = {"Baure"}, ["brh"] = {"Brahui"}, ["bri"] = {"Mokpwe"}, ["brj"] = {"Bieria"}, ["brk"] = {"Birked"}, ["brl"] = {"Birwa"}, ["brm"] = {"Barambu"}, ["brn"] = {"Boruca"}, ["bro"] = {"Brokkat"}, ["brp"] = {"Barapasi"}, ["brq"] = {"Breri"}, ["brr"] = {"Birao"}, ["brs"] = {"Baras"}, ["brt"] = {"Bitare"}, ["bru"] = {"Eastern Bru"}, ["brv"] = {"Western Bru"}, ["brw"] = {"Bellari"}, ["brx"] = {"Bodo (India)"}, ["bry"] = {"Burui"}, ["brz"] = {"Bilbil"}, ["bsa"] = {"Abinomn"}, ["bsb"] = {"Brunei Bisaya"}, ["bsc"] = {"Bassari", "Oniyan"}, ["bse"] = {"Wushi"}, ["bsf"] = {"Bauchi"}, ["bsg"] = {"Bashkardi"}, ["bsh"] = {"Kati"}, ["bsi"] = {"Bassossi"}, ["bsj"] = {"Bangwinji"}, ["bsk"] = {"Burushaski"}, ["bsl"] = {"Basa-Gumna"}, ["bsm"] = {"Busami"}, ["bsn"] = {"Barasana-Eduria"}, ["bso"] = {"Buso"}, ["bsp"] = {"Baga Sitemu"}, ["bsq"] = {"Bassa"}, ["bsr"] = {"Bassa-Kontagora"}, ["bss"] = {"Akoose"}, ["bst"] = {"Basketo"}, ["bsu"] = {"Bahonsuai"}, ["bsv"] = {"Baga Sobané"}, ["bsw"] = {"Baiso"}, ["bsx"] = {"Yangkam"}, ["bsy"] = {"Sabah Bisaya"}, ["bta"] = {"Bata"}, ["btc"] = {"Bati (Cameroon)"}, ["btd"] = {"Batak Dairi"}, ["bte"] = {"Gamo-Ningi"}, ["btf"] = {"Birgit"}, ["btg"] = {"Gagnoa Bété"}, ["bth"] = {"Biatah Bidayuh"}, ["bti"] = {"Burate"}, ["btj"] = {"Bacanese Malay"}, ["btk"] = {"Batak languages"}, ["btm"] = {"Batak Mandailing"}, ["btn"] = {"Ratagnon"}, ["bto"] = {"Rinconada Bikol"}, ["btp"] = {"Budibud"}, ["btq"] = {"Batek"}, ["btr"] = {"Baetora"}, ["bts"] = {"Batak Simalungun"}, ["btt"] = {"Bete-Bendi"}, ["btu"] = {"Batu"}, ["btv"] = {"Bateri"}, ["btw"] = {"Butuanon"}, ["btx"] = {"Batak Karo"}, ["bty"] = {"Bobot"}, ["btz"] = {"Batak Alas-Kluet"}, ["bua"] = {"Buriat"}, ["bub"] = {"Bua"}, ["buc"] = {"Bushi"}, ["bud"] = {"Ntcham"}, ["bue"] = {"Beothuk"}, ["buf"] = {"Bushoong"}, ["bug"] = {"Buginese"}, ["buh"] = {"Younuo Bunu"}, ["bui"] = {"Bongili"}, ["buj"] = {"Basa-Gurmana"}, ["buk"] = {"Bugawac"}, ["bum"] = {"Bulu (Cameroon)"}, ["bun"] = {"Sherbro"}, ["buo"] = {"Terei"}, ["bup"] = {"Busoa"}, ["buq"] = {"Brem"}, ["bus"] = {"Bokobaru"}, ["but"] = {"Bungain"}, ["buu"] = {"Budu"}, ["buv"] = {"Bun"}, ["buw"] = {"Bubi"}, ["bux"] = {"Boghom"}, ["buy"] = {"Bullom So"}, ["buz"] = {"Bukwen"}, ["bva"] = {"Barein"}, ["bvb"] = {"Bube"}, ["bvc"] = {"Baelelea"}, ["bvd"] = {"Baeggu"}, ["bve"] = {"Berau Malay"}, ["bvf"] = {"Boor"}, ["bvg"] = {"Bonkeng"}, ["bvh"] = {"Bure"}, ["bvi"] = {"Belanda Viri"}, ["bvj"] = {"Baan"}, ["bvk"] = {"Bukat"}, ["bvl"] = {"Bolivian Sign Language"}, ["bvm"] = {"Bamunka"}, ["bvn"] = {"Buna"}, ["bvo"] = {"Bolgo"}, ["bvp"] = {"Bumang"}, ["bvq"] = {"Birri"}, ["bvr"] = {"Burarra"}, ["bvt"] = {"Bati (Indonesia)"}, ["bvu"] = {"Bukit Malay"}, ["bvv"] = {"Baniva"}, ["bvw"] = {"Boga"}, ["bvx"] = {"Dibole"}, ["bvy"] = {"Baybayanon"}, ["bvz"] = {"Bauzi"}, ["bwa"] = {"Bwatoo"}, ["bwb"] = {"Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua"}, ["bwc"] = {"Bwile"}, ["bwd"] = {"Bwaidoka"}, ["bwe"] = {"Bwe Karen"}, ["bwf"] = {"Boselewa"}, ["bwg"] = {"Barwe"}, ["bwh"] = {"Bishuo"}, ["bwi"] = {"Baniwa"}, ["bwj"] = {"Láá Láá Bwamu"}, ["bwk"] = {"Bauwaki"}, ["bwl"] = {"Bwela"}, ["bwm"] = {"Biwat"}, ["bwn"] = {"Wunai Bunu"}, ["bwo"] = {"Boro (Ethiopia)", "Borna (Ethiopia)"}, ["bwp"] = {"Mandobo Bawah"}, ["bwq"] = {"Southern Bobo Madaré"}, ["bwr"] = {"Bura-Pabir"}, ["bws"] = {"Bomboma"}, ["bwt"] = {"Bafaw-Balong"}, ["bwu"] = {"Buli (Ghana)"}, ["bww"] = {"Bwa"}, ["bwx"] = {"Bu-Nao Bunu"}, ["bwy"] = {"Cwi Bwamu"}, ["bwz"] = {"Bwisi"}, ["bxa"] = {"Tairaha"}, ["bxb"] = {"Belanda Bor"}, ["bxc"] = {"Molengue"}, ["bxd"] = {"Pela"}, ["bxe"] = {"Birale"}, ["bxf"] = {"Bilur", "Minigir"}, ["bxg"] = {"Bangala"}, ["bxh"] = {"Buhutu"}, ["bxi"] = {"Pirlatapa"}, ["bxj"] = {"Bayungu"}, ["bxk"] = {"Bukusu", "Lubukusu"}, ["bxl"] = {"Jalkunan"}, ["bxm"] = {"Mongolia Buriat"}, ["bxn"] = {"Burduna"}, ["bxo"] = {"Barikanchi"}, ["bxp"] = {"Bebil"}, ["bxq"] = {"Beele"}, ["bxr"] = {"Russia Buriat"}, ["bxs"] = {"Busam"}, ["bxu"] = {"China Buriat"}, ["bxv"] = {"Berakou"}, ["bxw"] = {"Bankagooma"}, ["bxz"] = {"Binahari"}, ["bya"] = {"Batak"}, ["byb"] = {"Bikya"}, ["byc"] = {"Ubaghara"}, ["byd"] = {"Benyadu'"}, ["bye"] = {"Pouye"}, ["byf"] = {"Bete"}, ["byg"] = {"Baygo"}, ["byh"] = {"Bhujel"}, ["byi"] = {"Buyu"}, ["byj"] = {"Bina (Nigeria)"}, ["byk"] = {"Biao"}, ["byl"] = {"Bayono"}, ["bym"] = {"Bidjara"}, ["byn"] = {"Bilin", "Blin"}, ["byo"] = {"Biyo"}, ["byp"] = {"Bumaji"}, ["byq"] = {"Basay"}, ["byr"] = {"Baruya", "Yipma"}, ["bys"] = {"Burak"}, ["byt"] = {"Berti"}, ["byv"] = {"Medumba"}, ["byw"] = {"Belhariya"}, ["byx"] = {"Qaqet"}, ["byz"] = {"Banaro"}, ["bza"] = {"Bandi"}, ["bzb"] = {"Andio"}, ["bzc"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bzd"] = {"Bribri"}, ["bze"] = {"Jenaama Bozo"}, ["bzf"] = {"Boikin"}, ["bzg"] = {"Babuza"}, ["bzh"] = {"Mapos Buang"}, ["bzi"] = {"Bisu"}, ["bzj"] = {"Belize Kriol English"}, ["bzk"] = {"Nicaragua Creole English"}, ["bzl"] = {"Boano (Sulawesi)"}, ["bzm"] = {"Bolondo"}, ["bzn"] = {"Boano (Maluku)"}, ["bzo"] = {"Bozaba"}, ["bzp"] = {"Kemberano"}, ["bzq"] = {"Buli (Indonesia)"}, ["bzr"] = {"Biri"}, ["bzs"] = {"Brazilian Sign Language"}, ["bzt"] = {"Brithenig"}, ["bzu"] = {"Burmeso"}, ["bzv"] = {"Naami"}, ["bzw"] = {"Basa (Nigeria)"}, ["bzx"] = {"Kɛlɛngaxo Bozo"}, ["bzy"] = {"Obanliku"}, ["bzz"] = {"Evant"}, ["caa"] = {"Chortí"}, ["cab"] = {"Garifuna"}, ["cac"] = {"Chuj"}, ["cad"] = {"Caddo"}, ["cae"] = {"Lehar", "Laalaa"}, ["caf"] = {"Southern Carrier"}, ["cag"] = {"Nivaclé"}, ["cah"] = {"Cahuarano"}, ["cai"] = {"Central American Indian languages"}, ["caj"] = {"Chané"}, ["cak"] = {"Kaqchikel", "Cakchiquel"}, ["cal"] = {"Carolinian"}, ["cam"] = {"Cemuhî"}, ["can"] = {"Chambri"}, ["cao"] = {"Chácobo"}, ["cap"] = {"Chipaya"}, ["caq"] = {"Car Nicobarese"}, ["car"] = {"Galibi Carib"}, ["cas"] = {"Tsimané"}, ["cau"] = {"Caucasian languages"}, ["cav"] = {"Cavineña"}, ["caw"] = {"Callawalla"}, ["cax"] = {"Chiquitano"}, ["cay"] = {"Cayuga"}, ["caz"] = {"Canichana"}, ["cba"] = {"Chibchan languages"}, ["cbb"] = {"Cabiyarí"}, ["cbc"] = {"Carapana"}, ["cbd"] = {"Carijona"}, ["cbg"] = {"Chimila"}, ["cbi"] = {"Chachi"}, ["cbj"] = {"Ede Cabe"}, ["cbk"] = {"Chavacano"}, ["cbl"] = {"Bualkhaw Chin"}, ["cbn"] = {"Nyahkur"}, ["cbo"] = {"Izora"}, ["cbq"] = {"Tsucuba", "Cuba"}, ["cbr"] = {"Cashibo-Cacataibo"}, ["cbs"] = {"Cashinahua"}, ["cbt"] = {"Chayahuita"}, ["cbu"] = {"Candoshi-Shapra"}, ["cbv"] = {"Cacua"}, ["cbw"] = {"Kinabalian"}, ["cby"] = {"Carabayo"}, ["ccc"] = {"Chamicuro"}, ["ccd"] = {"Cafundo Creole"}, ["cce"] = {"Chopi"}, ["ccg"] = {"Samba Daka"}, ["cch"] = {"Atsam"}, ["ccj"] = {"Kasanga"}, ["ccl"] = {"Cutchi-Swahili"}, ["ccm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Malay"}, ["ccn"] = {"North Caucasian languages"}, ["cco"] = {"Comaltepec Chinantec"}, ["ccp"] = {"Chakma"}, ["ccr"] = {"Cacaopera"}, ["ccs"] = {"South Caucasian languages"}, ["cda"] = {"Choni"}, ["cdc"] = {"Chadic languages"}, ["cdd"] = {"Caddoan languages"}, ["cde"] = {"Chenchu"}, ["cdf"] = {"Chiru"}, ["cdh"] = {"Chambeali"}, ["cdi"] = {"Chodri"}, ["cdj"] = {"Churahi"}, ["cdm"] = {"Chepang"}, ["cdn"] = {"Chaudangsi"}, ["cdo"] = {"Min Dong Chinese"}, ["cdr"] = {"Cinda-Regi-Tiyal"}, ["cds"] = {"Chadian Sign Language"}, ["cdy"] = {"Chadong"}, ["cdz"] = {"Koda"}, ["cea"] = {"Lower Chehalis"}, ["ceb"] = {"Cebuano"}, ["ceg"] = {"Chamacoco"}, ["cek"] = {"Eastern Khumi Chin"}, ["cel"] = {"Celtic languages"}, ["cen"] = {"Cen"}, ["cet"] = {"Centúúm"}, ["cey"] = {"Ekai Chin"}, ["cfa"] = {"Dijim-Bwilim"}, ["cfd"] = {"Cara"}, ["cfg"] = {"Como Karim"}, ["cfm"] = {"Falam Chin"}, ["cga"] = {"Changriwa"}, ["cgc"] = {"Kagayanen"}, ["cgg"] = {"Chiga"}, ["cgk"] = {"Chocangacakha"}, ["chb"] = {"Chibcha"}, ["chc"] = {"Catawba"}, ["chd"] = {"Highland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["chf"] = {"Tabasco Chontal"}, ["chg"] = {"Chagatai"}, ["chh"] = {"Chinook"}, ["chj"] = {"Ojitlán Chinantec"}, ["chk"] = {"Chuukese"}, ["chl"] = {"Cahuilla"}, ["chm"] = {"Mari (Russia)"}, ["chn"] = {"Chinook jargon"}, ["cho"] = {"Choctaw"}, ["chp"] = {"Chipewyan", "Dene Suline"}, ["chq"] = {"Quiotepec Chinantec"}, ["chr"] = {"Cherokee"}, ["cht"] = {"Cholón"}, ["chw"] = {"Chuwabu"}, ["chx"] = {"Chantyal"}, ["chy"] = {"Cheyenne"}, ["chz"] = {"Ozumacín Chinantec"}, ["cia"] = {"Cia-Cia"}, ["cib"] = {"Ci Gbe"}, ["cic"] = {"Chickasaw"}, ["cid"] = {"Chimariko"}, ["cie"] = {"Cineni"}, ["cih"] = {"Chinali"}, ["cik"] = {"Chitkuli Kinnauri"}, ["cim"] = {"Cimbrian"}, ["cin"] = {"Cinta Larga"}, ["cip"] = {"Chiapanec"}, ["cir"] = {"Tiri", "Haméa", "Méa"}, ["ciw"] = {"Chippewa"}, ["ciy"] = {"Chaima"}, ["cja"] = {"Western Cham"}, ["cje"] = {"Chru"}, ["cjh"] = {"Upper Chehalis"}, ["cji"] = {"Chamalal"}, ["cjk"] = {"Chokwe"}, ["cjm"] = {"Eastern Cham"}, ["cjn"] = {"Chenapian"}, ["cjo"] = {"Ashéninka Pajonal"}, ["cjp"] = {"Cabécar"}, ["cjs"] = {"Shor"}, ["cjv"] = {"Chuave"}, ["cjy"] = {"Jinyu Chinese"}, ["ckb"] = {"Central Kurdish"}, ["ckh"] = {"Chak"}, ["ckl"] = {"Cibak"}, ["ckm"] = {"Chakavian"}, ["ckn"] = {"Kaang Chin"}, ["cko"] = {"Anufo"}, ["ckq"] = {"Kajakse"}, ["ckr"] = {"Kairak"}, ["cks"] = {"Tayo"}, ["ckt"] = {"Chukot"}, ["cku"] = {"Koasati"}, ["ckv"] = {"Kavalan"}, ["ckx"] = {"Caka"}, ["cky"] = {"Cakfem-Mushere"}, ["ckz"] = {"Cakchiquel-Quiché Mixed Language"}, ["cla"] = {"Ron"}, ["clc"] = {"Chilcotin", "Tsilhqot’in"}, ["cld"] = {"Chaldean Neo-Aramaic"}, ["cle"] = {"Lealao Chinantec"}, ["clh"] = {"Chilisso"}, ["cli"] = {"Chakali"}, ["clj"] = {"Laitu Chin"}, ["clk"] = {"Idu-Mishmi"}, ["cll"] = {"Chala"}, ["clm"] = {"Klallam", "Clallam"}, ["clo"] = {"Lowland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["cls"] = {"Classical Sanskrit"}, ["clt"] = {"Lautu Chin"}, ["clu"] = {"Caluyanun"}, ["clw"] = {"Chulym"}, ["cly"] = {"Eastern Highland Chatino"}, ["cma"] = {"Maa"}, ["cmc"] = {"Chamic languages"}, ["cme"] = {"Cerma"}, ["cmg"] = {"Classical Mongolian"}, ["cmi"] = {"Emberá-Chamí"}, ["cml"] = {"Campalagian"}, ["cmm"] = {"Michigamea"}, ["cmn"] = {"Mandarin Chinese"}, ["cmo"] = {"Central Mnong"}, ["cmr"] = {"Mro-Khimi Chin"}, ["cms"] = {"Messapic"}, ["cmt"] = {"Camtho"}, ["cna"] = {"Changthang"}, ["cnb"] = {"Chinbon Chin"}, ["cnc"] = {"Côông"}, ["cng"] = {"Northern Qiang"}, ["cnh"] = {"Hakha Chin", "Haka Chin"}, ["cni"] = {"Asháninka"}, ["cnk"] = {"Khumi Chin"}, ["cnl"] = {"Lalana Chinantec"}, ["cno"] = {"Con"}, ["cnp"] = {"Northern Ping Chinese", "Northern Pinghua"}, ["cnq"] = {"Chung"}, ["cnr"] = {"Montenegrin"}, ["cns"] = {"Central Asmat"}, ["cnt"] = {"Tepetotutla Chinantec"}, ["cnu"] = {"Chenoua"}, ["cnw"] = {"Ngawn Chin"}, ["cnx"] = {"Middle Cornish"}, ["coa"] = {"Cocos Islands Malay"}, ["cob"] = {"Chicomuceltec"}, ["coc"] = {"Cocopa"}, ["cod"] = {"Cocama-Cocamilla"}, ["coe"] = {"Koreguaje"}, ["cof"] = {"Colorado"}, ["cog"] = {"Chong"}, ["coh"] = {"Chonyi-Dzihana-Kauma", "Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma"}, ["coj"] = {"Cochimi"}, ["cok"] = {"Santa Teresa Cora"}, ["col"] = {"Columbia-Wenatchi"}, ["com"] = {"Comanche"}, ["con"] = {"Cofán"}, ["coo"] = {"Comox"}, ["cop"] = {"Coptic"}, ["coq"] = {"Coquille"}, ["cot"] = {"Caquinte"}, ["cou"] = {"Wamey"}, ["cov"] = {"Cao Miao"}, ["cow"] = {"Cowlitz"}, ["cox"] = {"Nanti"}, ["coz"] = {"Chochotec"}, ["cpa"] = {"Palantla Chinantec"}, ["cpb"] = {"Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka"}, ["cpc"] = {"Ajyíninka Apurucayali"}, ["cpe"] = {"English-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpf"] = {"French-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpg"] = {"Cappadocian Greek"}, ["cpi"] = {"Chinese Pidgin English"}, ["cpn"] = {"Cherepon"}, ["cpo"] = {"Kpeego"}, ["cpp"] = {"Portuguese-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cps"] = {"Capiznon"}, ["cpu"] = {"Pichis Ashéninka"}, ["cpx"] = {"Pu-Xian Chinese"}, ["cpy"] = {"South Ucayali Ashéninka"}, ["cqd"] = {"Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao"}, ["cra"] = {"Chara"}, ["crb"] = {"Island Carib"}, ["crc"] = {"Lonwolwol"}, ["crd"] = {"Coeur d'Alene"}, ["crf"] = {"Caramanta"}, ["crg"] = {"Michif"}, ["crh"] = {"Crimean Tatar", "Crimean Turkish"}, ["cri"] = {"Sãotomense"}, ["crj"] = {"Southern East Cree"}, ["crk"] = {"Plains Cree"}, ["crl"] = {"Northern East Cree"}, ["crm"] = {"Moose Cree"}, ["crn"] = {"El Nayar Cora"}, ["cro"] = {"Crow"}, ["crp"] = {"Creoles and pidgins"}, ["crq"] = {"Iyo'wujwa Chorote"}, ["crr"] = {"Carolina Algonquian"}, ["crs"] = {"Seselwa Creole French"}, ["crt"] = {"Iyojwa'ja Chorote"}, ["crv"] = {"Chaura"}, ["crw"] = {"Chrau"}, ["crx"] = {"Carrier"}, ["cry"] = {"Cori"}, ["crz"] = {"Cruzeño"}, ["csa"] = {"Chiltepec Chinantec"}, ["csb"] = {"Kashubian"}, ["csc"] = {"Catalan Sign Language", "Lengua de señas catalana", "Llengua de Signes Catalana"}, ["csd"] = {"Chiangmai Sign Language"}, ["cse"] = {"Czech Sign Language"}, ["csf"] = {"Cuba Sign Language"}, ["csg"] = {"Chilean Sign Language"}, ["csh"] = {"Asho Chin"}, ["csi"] = {"Coast Miwok"}, ["csj"] = {"Songlai Chin"}, ["csk"] = {"Jola-Kasa"}, ["csl"] = {"Chinese Sign Language"}, ["csm"] = {"Central Sierra Miwok"}, ["csn"] = {"Colombian Sign Language"}, ["cso"] = {"Sochiapam Chinantec", "Sochiapan Chinantec"}, ["csp"] = {"Southern Ping Chinese", "Southern Pinghua"}, ["csq"] = {"Croatia Sign Language"}, ["csr"] = {"Costa Rican Sign Language"}, ["css"] = {"Southern Ohlone"}, ["cst"] = {"Northern Ohlone"}, ["csu"] = {"Central Sudanic languages"}, ["csv"] = {"Sumtu Chin"}, ["csw"] = {"Swampy Cree"}, ["csx"] = {"Cambodian Sign Language"}, ["csy"] = {"Siyin Chin"}, ["csz"] = {"Coos"}, ["cta"] = {"Tataltepec Chatino"}, ["ctc"] = {"Chetco"}, ["ctd"] = {"Tedim Chin"}, ["cte"] = {"Tepinapa Chinantec"}, ["ctg"] = {"Chittagonian"}, ["cth"] = {"Thaiphum Chin"}, ["ctl"] = {"Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec"}, ["ctm"] = {"Chitimacha"}, ["ctn"] = {"Chhintange"}, ["cto"] = {"Emberá-Catío"}, ["ctp"] = {"Western Highland Chatino"}, ["cts"] = {"Northern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["ctt"] = {"Wayanad Chetti"}, ["ctu"] = {"Chol"}, ["cty"] = {"Moundadan Chetty"}, ["ctz"] = {"Zacatepec Chatino"}, ["cua"] = {"Cua"}, ["cub"] = {"Cubeo"}, ["cuc"] = {"Usila Chinantec"}, ["cuh"] = {"Chuka", "Gichuka"}, ["cui"] = {"Cuiba"}, ["cuj"] = {"Mashco Piro"}, ["cuk"] = {"San Blas Kuna"}, ["cul"] = {"Culina", "Kulina"}, ["cuo"] = {"Cumanagoto"}, ["cup"] = {"Cupeño"}, ["cuq"] = {"Cun"}, ["cur"] = {"Chhulung"}, ["cus"] = {"Cushitic languages"}, ["cut"] = {"Teutila Cuicatec"}, ["cuu"] = {"Tai Ya"}, ["cuv"] = {"Cuvok"}, ["cuw"] = {"Chukwa"}, ["cux"] = {"Tepeuxila Cuicatec"}, ["cuy"] = {"Cuitlatec"}, ["cvg"] = {"Chug"}, ["cvn"] = {"Valle Nacional Chinantec"}, ["cwa"] = {"Kabwa"}, ["cwb"] = {"Maindo"}, ["cwd"] = {"Woods Cree"}, ["cwe"] = {"Kwere"}, ["cwg"] = {"Chewong", "Cheq Wong"}, ["cwt"] = {"Kuwaataay"}, ["cxh"] = {"Cha'ari"}, ["cya"] = {"Nopala Chatino"}, ["cyb"] = {"Cayubaba"}, ["cyo"] = {"Cuyonon"}, ["czh"] = {"Huizhou Chinese"}, ["czk"] = {"Knaanic"}, ["czn"] = {"Zenzontepec Chatino"}, ["czo"] = {"Min Zhong Chinese"}, ["czt"] = {"Zotung Chin"}, ["daa"] = {"Dangaléat"}, ["dac"] = {"Dambi"}, ["dad"] = {"Marik"}, ["dae"] = {"Duupa"}, ["dag"] = {"Dagbani"}, ["dah"] = {"Gwahatike"}, ["dai"] = {"Day"}, ["daj"] = {"Dar Fur Daju"}, ["dak"] = {"Dakota"}, ["dal"] = {"Dahalo"}, ["dam"] = {"Damakawa"}, ["dao"] = {"Daai Chin"}, ["daq"] = {"Dandami Maria"}, ["dar"] = {"Dargwa"}, ["das"] = {"Daho-Doo"}, ["dau"] = {"Dar Sila Daju"}, ["dav"] = {"Taita", "Dawida"}, ["daw"] = {"Davawenyo"}, ["dax"] = {"Dayi"}, ["day"] = {"Land Dayak languages"}, ["daz"] = {"Moi-Wadea", "Dao"}, ["dba"] = {"Bangime"}, ["dbb"] = {"Deno"}, ["dbd"] = {"Dadiya"}, ["dbe"] = {"Dabe"}, ["dbf"] = {"Edopi"}, ["dbg"] = {"Dogul Dom Dogon"}, ["dbi"] = {"Doka"}, ["dbj"] = {"Ida'an"}, ["dbl"] = {"Dyirbal"}, ["dbm"] = {"Duguri"}, ["dbn"] = {"Duriankere"}, ["dbo"] = {"Dulbu"}, ["dbp"] = {"Duwai"}, ["dbq"] = {"Daba"}, ["dbr"] = {"Dabarre"}, ["dbt"] = {"Ben Tey Dogon"}, ["dbu"] = {"Bondum Dom Dogon"}, ["dbv"] = {"Dungu"}, ["dbw"] = {"Bankan Tey Dogon"}, ["dby"] = {"Dibiyaso"}, ["dcc"] = {"Deccan"}, ["dcr"] = {"Negerhollands"}, ["dda"] = {"Dadi Dadi"}, ["ddd"] = {"Dongotono"}, ["dde"] = {"Doondo"}, ["ddg"] = {"Fataluku"}, ["ddi"] = {"West Goodenough"}, ["ddj"] = {"Jaru"}, ["ddn"] = {"Dendi (Benin)"}, ["ddo"] = {"Dido"}, ["ddr"] = {"Dhudhuroa"}, ["dds"] = {"Donno So Dogon"}, ["ddw"] = {"Dawera-Daweloor"}, ["dec"] = {"Dagik"}, ["ded"] = {"Dedua"}, ["dee"] = {"Dewoin"}, ["def"] = {"Dezfuli"}, ["deg"] = {"Degema"}, ["deh"] = {"Dehwari"}, ["dei"] = {"Demisa"}, ["del"] = {"Delaware"}, ["dem"] = {"Dem"}, ["den"] = {"Slavey"}, ["dep"] = {"Pidgin Delaware"}, ["deq"] = {"Dendi (Central African Republic)"}, ["der"] = {"Deori"}, ["des"] = {"Desano"}, ["dev"] = {"Domung"}, ["dez"] = {"Dengese"}, ["dga"] = {"Southern Dagaare"}, ["dgb"] = {"Bunoge Dogon"}, ["dgc"] = {"Casiguran Dumagat Agta"}, ["dgd"] = {"Dagaari Dioula"}, ["dge"] = {"Degenan"}, ["dgg"] = {"Doga"}, ["dgh"] = {"Dghwede"}, ["dgi"] = {"Northern Dagara"}, ["dgk"] = {"Dagba"}, ["dgl"] = {"Andaandi", "Dongolawi"}, ["dgn"] = {"Dagoman"}, ["dgo"] = {"Dogri (individual language)"}, ["dgr"] = {"Tlicho", "Dogrib", "Tłı̨chǫ"}, ["dgs"] = {"Dogoso"}, ["dgt"] = {"Ndra'ngith"}, ["dgw"] = {"Daungwurrung"}, ["dgx"] = {"Doghoro"}, ["dgz"] = {"Daga"}, ["dhd"] = {"Dhundari"}, ["dhg"] = {"Dhangu-Djangu", "Dhangu", "Djangu"}, ["dhi"] = {"Dhimal"}, ["dhl"] = {"Dhalandji"}, ["dhm"] = {"Zemba"}, ["dhn"] = {"Dhanki"}, ["dho"] = {"Dhodia"}, ["dhr"] = {"Dhargari"}, ["dhs"] = {"Dhaiso"}, ["dhu"] = {"Dhurga"}, ["dhv"] = {"Dehu", "Drehu"}, ["dhw"] = {"Dhanwar (Nepal)"}, ["dhx"] = {"Dhungaloo"}, ["dia"] = {"Dia"}, ["dib"] = {"South Central Dinka"}, ["dic"] = {"Lakota Dida"}, ["did"] = {"Didinga"}, ["dif"] = {"Dieri", "Diyari"}, ["dig"] = {"Digo", "Chidigo"}, ["dih"] = {"Kumiai"}, ["dii"] = {"Dimbong"}, ["dij"] = {"Dai"}, ["dik"] = {"Southwestern Dinka"}, ["dil"] = {"Dilling"}, ["dim"] = {"Dime"}, ["din"] = {"Dinka"}, ["dio"] = {"Dibo"}, ["dip"] = {"Northeastern Dinka"}, ["diq"] = {"Dimli (individual language)"}, ["dir"] = {"Dirim"}, ["dis"] = {"Dimasa"}, ["diu"] = {"Diriku"}, ["diw"] = {"Northwestern Dinka"}, ["dix"] = {"Dixon Reef"}, ["diy"] = {"Diuwe"}, ["diz"] = {"Ding"}, ["dja"] = {"Djadjawurrung"}, ["djb"] = {"Djinba"}, ["djc"] = {"Dar Daju Daju"}, ["djd"] = {"Djamindjung", "Ngaliwurru"}, ["dje"] = {"Zarma"}, ["djf"] = {"Djangun"}, ["dji"] = {"Djinang"}, ["djj"] = {"Djeebbana"}, ["djk"] = {"Eastern Maroon Creole", "Businenge Tongo", "Nenge"}, ["djm"] = {"Jamsay Dogon"}, ["djn"] = {"Jawoyn", "Djauan"}, ["djo"] = {"Jangkang"}, ["djr"] = {"Djambarrpuyngu"}, ["dju"] = {"Kapriman"}, ["djw"] = {"Djawi"}, ["dka"] = {"Dakpakha"}, ["dkg"] = {"Kadung"}, ["dkk"] = {"Dakka"}, ["dkr"] = {"Kuijau"}, ["dks"] = {"Southeastern Dinka"}, ["dkx"] = {"Mazagway"}, ["dlg"] = {"Dolgan"}, ["dlk"] = {"Dahalik"}, ["dlm"] = {"Dalmatian"}, ["dln"] = {"Darlong"}, ["dma"] = {"Duma"}, ["dmb"] = {"Mombo Dogon"}, ["dmc"] = {"Gavak"}, ["dmd"] = {"Madhi Madhi"}, ["dme"] = {"Dugwor"}, ["dmf"] = {"Medefaidrin"}, ["dmg"] = {"Upper Kinabatangan"}, ["dmk"] = {"Domaaki"}, ["dml"] = {"Dameli"}, ["dmm"] = {"Dama"}, ["dmn"] = {"Mande languages"}, ["dmo"] = {"Kemedzung"}, ["dmr"] = {"East Damar"}, ["dms"] = {"Dampelas"}, ["dmu"] = {"Dubu", "Tebi"}, ["dmv"] = {"Dumpas"}, ["dmw"] = {"Mudburra"}, ["dmx"] = {"Dema"}, ["dmy"] = {"Demta", "Sowari"}, ["dna"] = {"Upper Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnd"] = {"Daonda"}, ["dne"] = {"Ndendeule"}, ["dng"] = {"Dungan"}, ["dni"] = {"Lower Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnj"] = {"Dan"}, ["dnk"] = {"Dengka"}, ["dnn"] = {"Dzùùngoo"}, ["dno"] = {"Ndrulo", "Northern Lendu"}, ["dnr"] = {"Danaru"}, ["dnt"] = {"Mid Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnu"] = {"Danau"}, ["dnv"] = {"Danu"}, ["dnw"] = {"Western Dani"}, ["dny"] = {"Dení"}, ["doa"] = {"Dom"}, ["dob"] = {"Dobu"}, ["doc"] = {"Northern Dong"}, ["doe"] = {"Doe"}, ["dof"] = {"Domu"}, ["doh"] = {"Dong"}, ["doi"] = {"Dogri (macrolanguage)"}, ["dok"] = {"Dondo"}, ["dol"] = {"Doso"}, ["don"] = {"Toura (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["doo"] = {"Dongo"}, ["dop"] = {"Lukpa"}, ["doq"] = {"Dominican Sign Language"}, ["dor"] = {"Dori'o"}, ["dos"] = {"Dogosé"}, ["dot"] = {"Dass"}, ["dov"] = {"Dombe"}, ["dow"] = {"Doyayo"}, ["dox"] = {"Bussa"}, ["doy"] = {"Dompo"}, ["doz"] = {"Dorze"}, ["dpp"] = {"Papar"}, ["dra"] = {"Dravidian languages"}, ["drb"] = {"Dair"}, ["drc"] = {"Minderico"}, ["drd"] = {"Darmiya"}, ["dre"] = {"Dolpo"}, ["drg"] = {"Rungus"}, ["dri"] = {"C'Lela"}, ["drl"] = {"Paakantyi"}, ["drn"] = {"West Damar"}, ["dro"] = {"Daro-Matu Melanau"}, ["drq"] = {"Dura"}, ["drs"] = {"Gedeo"}, ["drt"] = {"Drents"}, ["dru"] = {"Rukai"}, ["dry"] = {"Darai"}, ["dsb"] = {"Lower Sorbian"}, ["dse"] = {"Dutch Sign Language"}, ["dsh"] = {"Daasanach"}, ["dsi"] = {"Disa"}, ["dsk"] = {"Dokshi"}, ["dsl"] = {"Danish Sign Language"}, ["dsn"] = {"Dusner"}, ["dso"] = {"Desiya"}, ["dsq"] = {"Tadaksahak"}, ["dsz"] = {"Mardin Sign Language"}, ["dta"] = {"Daur"}, ["dtb"] = {"Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan"}, ["dtd"] = {"Ditidaht"}, ["dth"] = {"Adithinngithigh"}, ["dti"] = {"Ana Tinga Dogon"}, ["dtk"] = {"Tene Kan Dogon"}, ["dtm"] = {"Tomo Kan Dogon"}, ["dtn"] = {"Daatsʼíin"}, ["dto"] = {"Tommo So Dogon"}, ["dtp"] = {"Kadazan Dusun", "Central Dusun"}, ["dtr"] = {"Lotud"}, ["dts"] = {"Toro So Dogon"}, ["dtt"] = {"Toro Tegu Dogon"}, ["dtu"] = {"Tebul Ure Dogon"}, ["dty"] = {"Dotyali"}, ["dua"] = {"Duala"}, ["dub"] = {"Dubli"}, ["duc"] = {"Duna"}, ["due"] = {"Umiray Dumaget Agta"}, ["duf"] = {"Dumbea", "Drubea"}, ["dug"] = {"Duruma", "Chiduruma"}, ["duh"] = {"Dungra Bhil"}, ["dui"] = {"Dumun"}, ["duk"] = {"Uyajitaya"}, ["dul"] = {"Alabat Island Agta"}, ["dum"] = {"Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)"}, ["dun"] = {"Dusun Deyah"}, ["duo"] = {"Dupaninan Agta"}, ["dup"] = {"Duano"}, ["duq"] = {"Dusun Malang"}, ["dur"] = {"Dii"}, ["dus"] = {"Dumi"}, ["duu"] = {"Drung"}, ["duv"] = {"Duvle"}, ["duw"] = {"Dusun Witu"}, ["dux"] = {"Duungooma"}, ["duy"] = {"Dicamay Agta"}, ["duz"] = {"Duli-Gey"}, ["dva"] = {"Duau"}, ["dwa"] = {"Diri"}, ["dwk"] = {"Dawik Kui"}, ["dwr"] = {"Dawro"}, ["dws"] = {"Dutton World Speedwords"}, ["dwu"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dww"] = {"Dawawa"}, ["dwy"] = {"Dhuwaya"}, ["dwz"] = {"Dewas Rai"}, ["dya"] = {"Dyan"}, ["dyb"] = {"Dyaberdyaber"}, ["dyd"] = {"Dyugun"}, ["dyg"] = {"Villa Viciosa Agta"}, ["dyi"] = {"Djimini Senoufo"}, ["dyl"] = {"Bhutanese Sign Language"}, ["dym"] = {"Yanda Dom Dogon"}, ["dyn"] = {"Dyangadi", "Dhanggatti"}, ["dyo"] = {"Jola-Fonyi"}, ["dyr"] = {"Dyarim"}, ["dyu"] = {"Dyula"}, ["dyy"] = {"Djabugay", "Dyaabugay"}, ["dza"] = {"Tunzu"}, ["dzd"] = {"Daza"}, ["dze"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dzg"] = {"Dazaga"}, ["dzl"] = {"Dzalakha"}, ["dzn"] = {"Dzando"}, ["eaa"] = {"Karenggapa"}, ["ebc"] = {"Beginci"}, ["ebg"] = {"Ebughu"}, ["ebk"] = {"Eastern Bontok"}, ["ebo"] = {"Teke-Ebo"}, ["ebr"] = {"Ebrié"}, ["ebu"] = {"Embu", "Kiembu"}, ["ecr"] = {"Eteocretan"}, ["ecs"] = {"Ecuadorian Sign Language"}, ["ecy"] = {"Eteocypriot"}, ["eee"] = {"E"}, ["efa"] = {"Efai"}, ["efe"] = {"Efe"}, ["efi"] = {"Efik"}, ["ega"] = {"Ega"}, ["egl"] = {"Emilian"}, ["egm"] = {"Benamanga"}, ["ego"] = {"Eggon"}, ["egx"] = {"Egyptian languages"}, ["egy"] = {"Egyptian (Ancient)"}, ["ehs"] = {"Miyakubo Sign Language"}, ["ehu"] = {"Ehueun"}, ["eip"] = {"Eipomek"}, ["eit"] = {"Eitiep"}, ["eiv"] = {"Askopan"}, ["eja"] = {"Ejamat"}, ["eka"] = {"Ekajuk"}, ["eke"] = {"Ekit"}, ["ekg"] = {"Ekari"}, ["eki"] = {"Eki"}, ["ekk"] = {"Standard Estonian"}, ["ekl"] = {"Kol (Bangladesh)", "Kol"}, ["ekm"] = {"Elip"}, ["eko"] = {"Koti"}, ["ekp"] = {"Ekpeye"}, ["ekr"] = {"Yace"}, ["eky"] = {"Eastern Kayah"}, ["ele"] = {"Elepi"}, ["elh"] = {"El Hugeirat"}, ["eli"] = {"Nding"}, ["elk"] = {"Elkei"}, ["elm"] = {"Eleme"}, ["elo"] = {"El Molo"}, ["elu"] = {"Elu"}, ["elx"] = {"Elamite"}, ["ema"] = {"Emai-Iuleha-Ora"}, ["emb"] = {"Embaloh"}, ["eme"] = {"Emerillon"}, ["emg"] = {"Eastern Meohang"}, ["emi"] = {"Mussau-Emira"}, ["emk"] = {"Eastern Maninkakan"}, ["emm"] = {"Mamulique"}, ["emn"] = {"Eman"}, ["emp"] = {"Northern Emberá"}, ["emq"] = {"Eastern Minyag"}, ["ems"] = {"Pacific Gulf Yupik"}, ["emu"] = {"Eastern Muria"}, ["emw"] = {"Emplawas"}, ["emx"] = {"Erromintxela"}, ["emy"] = {"Epigraphic Mayan"}, ["emz"] = {"Mbessa"}, ["ena"] = {"Apali"}, ["enb"] = {"Markweeta"}, ["enc"] = {"En"}, ["end"] = {"Ende"}, ["enf"] = {"Forest Enets"}, ["enh"] = {"Tundra Enets"}, ["enl"] = {"Enlhet"}, ["enm"] = {"Middle English (1100-1500)"}, ["enn"] = {"Engenni"}, ["eno"] = {"Enggano"}, ["enq"] = {"Enga"}, ["enr"] = {"Emumu", "Emem"}, ["enu"] = {"Enu"}, ["env"] = {"Enwan (Edo State)"}, ["enw"] = {"Enwan (Akwa Ibom State)"}, ["enx"] = {"Enxet"}, ["eot"] = {"Beti (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["epi"] = {"Epie"}, ["era"] = {"Eravallan"}, ["erg"] = {"Sie"}, ["erh"] = {"Eruwa"}, ["eri"] = {"Ogea"}, ["erk"] = {"South Efate"}, ["ero"] = {"Horpa"}, ["err"] = {"Erre"}, ["ers"] = {"Ersu"}, ["ert"] = {"Eritai"}, ["erw"] = {"Erokwanas"}, ["ese"] = {"Ese Ejja"}, ["esg"] = {"Aheri Gondi"}, ["esh"] = {"Eshtehardi"}, ["esi"] = {"North Alaskan Inupiatun"}, ["esk"] = {"Northwest Alaska Inupiatun"}, ["esl"] = {"Egypt Sign Language"}, ["esm"] = {"Esuma"}, ["esn"] = {"Salvadoran Sign Language"}, ["eso"] = {"Estonian Sign Language"}, ["esq"] = {"Esselen"}, ["ess"] = {"Central Siberian Yupik"}, ["esu"] = {"Central Yupik"}, ["esx"] = {"Eskimo-Aleut languages"}, ["esy"] = {"Eskayan"}, ["etb"] = {"Etebi"}, ["etc"] = {"Etchemin"}, ["eth"] = {"Ethiopian Sign Language"}, ["etn"] = {"Eton (Vanuatu)"}, ["eto"] = {"Eton (Cameroon)"}, ["etr"] = {"Edolo"}, ["ets"] = {"Yekhee"}, ["ett"] = {"Etruscan"}, ["etu"] = {"Ejagham"}, ["etx"] = {"Eten"}, ["etz"] = {"Semimi"}, ["eud"] = {"Eudeve"}, ["euq"] = {"Basque (family)"}, ["eve"] = {"Even"}, ["evh"] = {"Uvbie"}, ["evn"] = {"Evenki"}, ["ewo"] = {"Ewondo"}, ["ext"] = {"Extremaduran"}, ["eya"] = {"Eyak"}, ["eyo"] = {"Keiyo"}, ["eza"] = {"Ezaa"}, ["eze"] = {"Uzekwe"}, ["faa"] = {"Fasu"}, ["fab"] = {"Fa d'Ambu"}, ["fad"] = {"Wagi"}, ["faf"] = {"Fagani"}, ["fag"] = {"Finongan"}, ["fah"] = {"Baissa Fali"}, ["fai"] = {"Faiwol"}, ["faj"] = {"Faita"}, ["fak"] = {"Fang (Cameroon)"}, ["fal"] = {"South Fali"}, ["fam"] = {"Fam"}, ["fan"] = {"Fang (Equatorial Guinea)"}, ["fap"] = {"Paloor"}, ["far"] = {"Fataleka"}, ["fat"] = {"Fanti"}, ["fau"] = {"Fayu"}, ["fax"] = {"Fala"}, ["fay"] = {"Southwestern Fars"}, ["faz"] = {"Northwestern Fars"}, ["fbl"] = {"West Albay Bikol"}, ["fcs"] = {"Quebec Sign Language"}, ["fer"] = {"Feroge"}, ["ffi"] = {"Foia Foia"}, ["ffm"] = {"Maasina Fulfulde"}, ["fgr"] = {"Fongoro"}, ["fia"] = {"Nobiin"}, ["fie"] = {"Fyer"}, ["fif"] = {"Faifi"}, ["fil"] = {"Filipino", "Pilipino"}, ["fip"] = {"Fipa"}, ["fir"] = {"Firan"}, ["fit"] = {"Tornedalen Finnish", "Meänkieli"}, ["fiu"] = {"Finno-Ugrian languages"}, ["fiw"] = {"Fiwaga"}, ["fkk"] = {"Kirya-Konzəl"}, ["fkv"] = {"Kven Finnish"}, ["fla"] = {"Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille"}, ["flh"] = {"Foau"}, ["fli"] = {"Fali"}, ["fll"] = {"North Fali"}, ["fln"] = {"Flinders Island"}, ["flr"] = {"Fuliiru"}, ["fly"] = {"Flaaitaal", "Tsotsitaal"}, ["fmp"] = {"Fe'fe'"}, ["fmu"] = {"Far Western Muria"}, ["fnb"] = {"Fanbak"}, ["fng"] = {"Fanagalo"}, ["fni"] = {"Fania"}, ["fod"] = {"Foodo"}, ["foi"] = {"Foi"}, ["fom"] = {"Foma"}, ["fon"] = {"Fon"}, ["for"] = {"Fore"}, ["fos"] = {"Siraya"}, ["fox"] = {"Formosan languages"}, ["fpe"] = {"Fernando Po Creole English"}, ["fqs"] = {"Fas"}, ["frc"] = {"Cajun French"}, ["frd"] = {"Fordata"}, ["frk"] = {"Frankish"}, ["frm"] = {"Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)"}, ["fro"] = {"Old French (842-ca. 1400)"}, ["frp"] = {"Arpitan", "Francoprovençal"}, ["frq"] = {"Forak"}, ["frr"] = {"Northern Frisian"}, ["frs"] = {"Eastern Frisian"}, ["frt"] = {"Fortsenal"}, ["fse"] = {"Finnish Sign Language"}, ["fsl"] = {"French Sign Language"}, ["fss"] = {"Finland-Swedish Sign Language", "finlandssvenskt teckenspråk", "suomenruotsalainen viittomakieli"}, ["fub"] = {"Adamawa Fulfulde"}, ["fuc"] = {"Pulaar"}, ["fud"] = {"East Futuna"}, ["fue"] = {"Borgu Fulfulde"}, ["fuf"] = {"Pular"}, ["fuh"] = {"Western Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fui"] = {"Bagirmi Fulfulde"}, ["fuj"] = {"Ko"}, ["fum"] = {"Fum"}, ["fun"] = {"Fulniô"}, ["fuq"] = {"Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fur"] = {"Friulian"}, ["fut"] = {"Futuna-Aniwa"}, ["fuu"] = {"Furu"}, ["fuv"] = {"Nigerian Fulfulde"}, ["fuy"] = {"Fuyug"}, ["fvr"] = {"Fur"}, ["fwa"] = {"Fwâi"}, ["fwe"] = {"Fwe"}, ["gaa"] = {"Ga"}, ["gab"] = {"Gabri"}, ["gac"] = {"Mixed Great Andamanese"}, ["gad"] = {"Gaddang"}, ["gae"] = {"Guarequena"}, ["gaf"] = {"Gende"}, ["gag"] = {"Gagauz"}, ["gah"] = {"Alekano"}, ["gai"] = {"Borei"}, ["gaj"] = {"Gadsup"}, ["gak"] = {"Gamkonora"}, ["gal"] = {"Galolen"}, ["gam"] = {"Kandawo"}, ["gan"] = {"Gan Chinese"}, ["gao"] = {"Gants"}, ["gap"] = {"Gal"}, ["gaq"] = {"Gata'"}, ["gar"] = {"Galeya"}, ["gas"] = {"Adiwasi Garasia"}, ["gat"] = {"Kenati"}, ["gau"] = {"Mudhili Gadaba"}, ["gaw"] = {"Nobonob"}, ["gax"] = {"Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo"}, ["gay"] = {"Gayo"}, ["gaz"] = {"West Central Oromo"}, ["gba"] = {"Gbaya (Central African Republic)"}, ["gbb"] = {"Kaytetye"}, ["gbd"] = {"Karajarri"}, ["gbe"] = {"Niksek"}, ["gbf"] = {"Gaikundi"}, ["gbg"] = {"Gbanziri"}, ["gbh"] = {"Defi Gbe"}, ["gbi"] = {"Galela"}, ["gbj"] = {"Bodo Gadaba"}, ["gbk"] = {"Gaddi"}, ["gbl"] = {"Gamit"}, ["gbm"] = {"Garhwali"}, ["gbn"] = {"Mo'da"}, ["gbo"] = {"Northern Grebo"}, ["gbp"] = {"Gbaya-Bossangoa"}, ["gbq"] = {"Gbaya-Bozoum"}, ["gbr"] = {"Gbagyi"}, ["gbs"] = {"Gbesi Gbe"}, ["gbu"] = {"Gagadu"}, ["gbv"] = {"Gbanu"}, ["gbw"] = {"Gabi-Gabi"}, ["gbx"] = {"Eastern Xwla Gbe"}, ["gby"] = {"Gbari"}, ["gbz"] = {"Zoroastrian Dari"}, ["gcc"] = {"Mali"}, ["gcd"] = {"Ganggalida"}, ["gce"] = {"Galice"}, ["gcf"] = {"Guadeloupean Creole French"}, ["gcl"] = {"Grenadian Creole English"}, ["gcn"] = {"Gaina"}, ["gcr"] = {"Guianese Creole French"}, ["gct"] = {"Colonia Tovar German"}, ["gda"] = {"Gade Lohar"}, ["gdb"] = {"Pottangi Ollar Gadaba"}, ["gdc"] = {"Gugu Badhun"}, ["gdd"] = {"Gedaged"}, ["gde"] = {"Gude"}, ["gdf"] = {"Guduf-Gava"}, ["gdg"] = {"Ga'dang"}, ["gdh"] = {"Gadjerawang", "Gajirrabeng"}, ["gdi"] = {"Gundi"}, ["gdj"] = {"Gurdjar"}, ["gdk"] = {"Gadang"}, ["gdl"] = {"Dirasha"}, ["gdm"] = {"Laal"}, ["gdn"] = {"Umanakaina"}, ["gdo"] = {"Ghodoberi"}, ["gdq"] = {"Mehri"}, ["gdr"] = {"Wipi"}, ["gds"] = {"Ghandruk Sign Language"}, ["gdt"] = {"Kungardutyi"}, ["gdu"] = {"Gudu"}, ["gdx"] = {"Godwari"}, ["gea"] = {"Geruma"}, ["geb"] = {"Kire"}, ["gec"] = {"Gboloo Grebo"}, ["ged"] = {"Gade"}, ["gef"] = {"Gerai"}, ["geg"] = {"Gengle"}, ["geh"] = {"Hutterite German", "Hutterisch"}, ["gei"] = {"Gebe"}, ["gej"] = {"Gen"}, ["gek"] = {"Ywom"}, ["gel"] = {"ut-Ma'in"}, ["gem"] = {"Germanic languages"}, ["geq"] = {"Geme"}, ["ges"] = {"Geser-Gorom"}, ["gev"] = {"Eviya"}, ["gew"] = {"Gera"}, ["gex"] = {"Garre"}, ["gey"] = {"Enya"}, ["gez"] = {"Geez"}, ["gfk"] = {"Patpatar"}, ["gft"] = {"Gafat"}, ["gga"] = {"Gao"}, ["ggb"] = {"Gbii"}, ["ggd"] = {"Gugadj"}, ["gge"] = {"Gurr-goni"}, ["ggg"] = {"Gurgula"}, ["ggk"] = {"Kungarakany"}, ["ggl"] = {"Ganglau"}, ["ggt"] = {"Gitua"}, ["ggu"] = {"Gagu", "Gban"}, ["ggw"] = {"Gogodala"}, ["gha"] = {"Ghadamès"}, ["ghc"] = {"Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic"}, ["ghe"] = {"Southern Ghale"}, ["ghh"] = {"Northern Ghale"}, ["ghk"] = {"Geko Karen"}, ["ghl"] = {"Ghulfan"}, ["ghn"] = {"Ghanongga"}, ["gho"] = {"Ghomara"}, ["ghr"] = {"Ghera"}, ["ghs"] = {"Guhu-Samane"}, ["ght"] = {"Kuke", "Kutang Ghale"}, ["gia"] = {"Kija"}, ["gib"] = {"Gibanawa"}, ["gic"] = {"Gail"}, ["gid"] = {"Gidar"}, ["gie"] = {"Gaɓogbo", "Guébie"}, ["gig"] = {"Goaria"}, ["gih"] = {"Githabul"}, ["gii"] = {"Girirra"}, ["gil"] = {"Gilbertese"}, ["gim"] = {"Gimi (Eastern Highlands)"}, ["gin"] = {"Hinukh"}, ["gip"] = {"Gimi (West New Britain)"}, ["giq"] = {"Green Gelao"}, ["gir"] = {"Red Gelao"}, ["gis"] = {"North Giziga"}, ["git"] = {"Gitxsan"}, ["giu"] = {"Mulao"}, ["giw"] = {"White Gelao"}, ["gix"] = {"Gilima"}, ["giy"] = {"Giyug"}, ["giz"] = {"South Giziga"}, ["gjk"] = {"Kachi Koli"}, ["gjm"] = {"Gunditjmara"}, ["gjn"] = {"Gonja"}, ["gjr"] = {"Gurindji Kriol"}, ["gju"] = {"Gujari"}, ["gka"] = {"Guya"}, ["gkd"] = {"Magɨ (Madang Province)"}, ["gke"] = {"Ndai"}, ["gkn"] = {"Gokana"}, ["gko"] = {"Kok-Nar"}, ["gkp"] = {"Guinea Kpelle"}, ["gku"] = {"ǂUngkue"}, ["glb"] = {"Belning"}, ["glc"] = {"Bon Gula"}, ["gld"] = {"Nanai"}, ["glh"] = {"Northwest Pashai", "Northwest Pashayi"}, ["glj"] = {"Gula Iro"}, ["glk"] = {"Gilaki"}, ["gll"] = {"Garlali"}, ["glo"] = {"Galambu"}, ["glr"] = {"Glaro-Twabo"}, ["glu"] = {"Gula (Chad)"}, ["glw"] = {"Glavda"}, ["gly"] = {"Gule"}, ["gma"] = {"Gambera"}, ["gmb"] = {"Gula'alaa"}, ["gmd"] = {"Mághdì"}, ["gme"] = {"East Germanic languages"}, ["gmg"] = {"Magɨyi"}, ["gmh"] = {"Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)"}, ["gml"] = {"Middle Low German"}, ["gmm"] = {"Gbaya-Mbodomo"}, ["gmn"] = {"Gimnime"}, ["gmq"] = {"North Germanic languages"}, ["gmr"] = {"Mirning", "Mirniny"}, ["gmu"] = {"Gumalu"}, ["gmv"] = {"Gamo"}, ["gmw"] = {"West Germanic languages"}, ["gmx"] = {"Magoma"}, ["gmy"] = {"Mycenaean Greek"}, ["gmz"] = {"Mgbolizhia"}, ["gna"] = {"Kaansa"}, ["gnb"] = {"Gangte"}, ["gnc"] = {"Guanche"}, ["gnd"] = {"Zulgo-Gemzek"}, ["gne"] = {"Ganang"}, ["gng"] = {"Ngangam"}, ["gnh"] = {"Lere"}, ["gni"] = {"Gooniyandi"}, ["gnj"] = {"Ngen"}, ["gnk"] = {"ǁGana"}, ["gnl"] = {"Gangulu"}, ["gnm"] = {"Ginuman"}, ["gnn"] = {"Gumatj"}, ["gno"] = {"Northern Gondi"}, ["gnq"] = {"Gana"}, ["gnr"] = {"Gureng Gureng"}, ["gnt"] = {"Guntai"}, ["gnu"] = {"Gnau"}, ["gnw"] = {"Western Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["gnz"] = {"Ganzi"}, ["goa"] = {"Guro"}, ["gob"] = {"Playero"}, ["goc"] = {"Gorakor"}, ["god"] = {"Godié"}, ["goe"] = {"Gongduk"}, ["gof"] = {"Gofa"}, ["gog"] = {"Gogo"}, ["goh"] = {"Old High German (ca. 750-1050)"}, ["goi"] = {"Gobasi"}, ["goj"] = {"Gowlan"}, ["gok"] = {"Gowli"}, ["gol"] = {"Gola"}, ["gom"] = {"Goan Konkani"}, ["gon"] = {"Gondi"}, ["goo"] = {"Gone Dau"}, ["gop"] = {"Yeretuar"}, ["goq"] = {"Gorap"}, ["gor"] = {"Gorontalo"}, ["gos"] = {"Gronings"}, ["got"] = {"Gothic"}, ["gou"] = {"Gavar"}, ["gov"] = {"Goo"}, ["gow"] = {"Gorowa"}, ["gox"] = {"Gobu"}, ["goy"] = {"Goundo"}, ["goz"] = {"Gozarkhani"}, ["gpa"] = {"Gupa-Abawa"}, ["gpe"] = {"Ghanaian Pidgin English"}, ["gpn"] = {"Taiap"}, ["gqa"] = {"Ga'anda"}, ["gqi"] = {"Guiqiong"}, ["gqn"] = {"Guana (Brazil)"}, ["gqr"] = {"Gor"}, ["gqu"] = {"Qau"}, ["gra"] = {"Rajput Garasia"}, ["grb"] = {"Grebo"}, ["grc"] = {"Ancient Greek (to 1453)"}, ["grd"] = {"Guruntum-Mbaaru"}, ["grg"] = {"Madi"}, ["grh"] = {"Gbiri-Niragu"}, ["gri"] = {"Ghari"}, ["grj"] = {"Southern Grebo"}, ["grk"] = {"Greek languages"}, ["grm"] = {"Kota Marudu Talantang"}, ["gro"] = {"Groma"}, ["grq"] = {"Gorovu"}, ["grr"] = {"Taznatit"}, ["grs"] = {"Gresi"}, ["grt"] = {"Garo"}, ["gru"] = {"Kistane"}, ["grv"] = {"Central Grebo"}, ["grw"] = {"Gweda"}, ["grx"] = {"Guriaso"}, ["gry"] = {"Barclayville Grebo"}, ["grz"] = {"Guramalum"}, ["gse"] = {"Ghanaian Sign Language"}, ["gsg"] = {"German Sign Language"}, ["gsl"] = {"Gusilay"}, ["gsm"] = {"Guatemalan Sign Language"}, ["gsn"] = {"Nema", "Gusan"}, ["gso"] = {"Southwest Gbaya"}, ["gsp"] = {"Wasembo"}, ["gss"] = {"Greek Sign Language"}, ["gsw"] = {"Swiss German", "Alemannic", "Alsatian"}, ["gta"] = {"Guató"}, ["gtu"] = {"Aghu-Tharnggala"}, ["gua"] = {"Shiki"}, ["gub"] = {"Guajajára"}, ["guc"] = {"Wayuu"}, ["gud"] = {"Yocoboué Dida"}, ["gue"] = {"Gurindji"}, ["guf"] = {"Gupapuyngu"}, ["gug"] = {"Paraguayan Guaraní"}, ["guh"] = {"Guahibo"}, ["gui"] = {"Eastern Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["guk"] = {"Gumuz"}, ["gul"] = {"Sea Island Creole English"}, ["gum"] = {"Guambiano"}, ["gun"] = {"Mbyá Guaraní"}, ["guo"] = {"Guayabero"}, ["gup"] = {"Gunwinggu"}, ["guq"] = {"Aché"}, ["gur"] = {"Farefare"}, ["gus"] = {"Guinean Sign Language"}, ["gut"] = {"Maléku Jaíka"}, ["guu"] = {"Yanomamö"}, ["guw"] = {"Gun"}, ["gux"] = {"Gourmanchéma"}, ["guz"] = {"Gusii", "Ekegusii"}, ["gva"] = {"Guana (Paraguay)"}, ["gvc"] = {"Guanano"}, ["gve"] = {"Duwet"}, ["gvf"] = {"Golin"}, ["gvj"] = {"Guajá"}, ["gvl"] = {"Gulay"}, ["gvm"] = {"Gurmana"}, ["gvn"] = {"Kuku-Yalanji"}, ["gvo"] = {"Gavião Do Jiparaná"}, ["gvp"] = {"Pará Gavião"}, ["gvr"] = {"Gurung"}, ["gvs"] = {"Gumawana"}, ["gvy"] = {"Guyani"}, ["gwa"] = {"Mbato"}, ["gwb"] = {"Gwa"}, ["gwc"] = {"Gawri", "Kalami"}, ["gwd"] = {"Gawwada"}, ["gwe"] = {"Gweno"}, ["gwf"] = {"Gowro"}, ["gwg"] = {"Moo"}, ["gwi"] = {"Gwichʼin"}, ["gwj"] = {"ǀGwi"}, ["gwm"] = {"Awngthim"}, ["gwn"] = {"Gwandara"}, ["gwr"] = {"Gwere"}, ["gwt"] = {"Gawar-Bati"}, ["gwu"] = {"Guwamu"}, ["gww"] = {"Kwini"}, ["gwx"] = {"Gua"}, ["gxx"] = {"Wè Southern"}, ["gya"] = {"Northwest Gbaya"}, ["gyb"] = {"Garus"}, ["gyd"] = {"Kayardild"}, ["gye"] = {"Gyem"}, ["gyf"] = {"Gungabula"}, ["gyg"] = {"Gbayi"}, ["gyi"] = {"Gyele"}, ["gyl"] = {"Gayil"}, ["gym"] = {"Ngäbere"}, ["gyn"] = {"Guyanese Creole English"}, ["gyo"] = {"Gyalsumdo"}, ["gyr"] = {"Guarayu"}, ["gyy"] = {"Gunya"}, ["gyz"] = {"Geji", "Gyaazi"}, ["gza"] = {"Ganza"}, ["gzi"] = {"Gazi"}, ["gzn"] = {"Gane"}, ["haa"] = {"Hän"}, ["hab"] = {"Hanoi Sign Language"}, ["hac"] = {"Gurani"}, ["had"] = {"Hatam"}, ["hae"] = {"Eastern Oromo"}, ["haf"] = {"Haiphong Sign Language"}, ["hag"] = {"Hanga"}, ["hah"] = {"Hahon"}, ["hai"] = {"Haida"}, ["haj"] = {"Hajong"}, ["hak"] = {"Hakka Chinese"}, ["hal"] = {"Halang"}, ["ham"] = {"Hewa"}, ["han"] = {"Hangaza"}, ["hao"] = {"Hakö"}, ["hap"] = {"Hupla"}, ["haq"] = {"Ha"}, ["har"] = {"Harari"}, ["has"] = {"Haisla"}, ["hav"] = {"Havu"}, ["haw"] = {"Hawaiian"}, ["hax"] = {"Southern Haida"}, ["hay"] = {"Haya"}, ["haz"] = {"Hazaragi"}, ["hba"] = {"Hamba"}, ["hbb"] = {"Huba"}, ["hbn"] = {"Heiban"}, ["hbo"] = {"Ancient Hebrew"}, ["hbu"] = {"Habu"}, ["hca"] = {"Andaman Creole Hindi"}, ["hch"] = {"Huichol"}, ["hdn"] = {"Northern Haida"}, ["hds"] = {"Honduras Sign Language"}, ["hdy"] = {"Hadiyya"}, ["hea"] = {"Northern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hed"] = {"Herdé"}, ["heg"] = {"Helong"}, ["heh"] = {"Hehe"}, ["hei"] = {"Heiltsuk"}, ["hem"] = {"Hemba"}, ["hgm"] = {"Haiǁom"}, ["hgw"] = {"Haigwai"}, ["hhi"] = {"Hoia Hoia"}, ["hhr"] = {"Kerak"}, ["hhy"] = {"Hoyahoya"}, ["hia"] = {"Lamang"}, ["hib"] = {"Hibito"}, ["hid"] = {"Hidatsa"}, ["hif"] = {"Fiji Hindi"}, ["hig"] = {"Kamwe"}, ["hih"] = {"Pamosu"}, ["hii"] = {"Hinduri"}, ["hij"] = {"Hijuk"}, ["hik"] = {"Seit-Kaitetu"}, ["hil"] = {"Hiligaynon"}, ["him"] = {"Himachali languages", "Western Pahari languages"}, ["hio"] = {"Tsoa"}, ["hir"] = {"Himarimã"}, ["hit"] = {"Hittite"}, ["hiw"] = {"Hiw"}, ["hix"] = {"Hixkaryána"}, ["hji"] = {"Haji"}, ["hka"] = {"Kahe"}, ["hke"] = {"Hunde"}, ["hkh"] = {"Khah", "Poguli"}, ["hkk"] = {"Hunjara-Kaina Ke"}, ["hkn"] = {"Mel-Khaonh"}, ["hks"] = {"Hong Kong Sign Language", "Heung Kong Sau Yue"}, ["hla"] = {"Halia"}, ["hlb"] = {"Halbi"}, ["hld"] = {"Halang Doan"}, ["hle"] = {"Hlersu"}, ["hlt"] = {"Matu Chin"}, ["hlu"] = {"Hieroglyphic Luwian"}, ["hma"] = {"Southern Mashan Hmong", "Southern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmb"] = {"Humburi Senni Songhay"}, ["hmc"] = {"Central Huishui Hmong", "Central Huishui Miao"}, ["hmd"] = {"Large Flowery Miao", "A-hmaos", "Da-Hua Miao"}, ["hme"] = {"Eastern Huishui Hmong", "Eastern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmf"] = {"Hmong Don"}, ["hmg"] = {"Southwestern Guiyang Hmong"}, ["hmh"] = {"Southwestern Huishui Hmong", "Southwestern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmi"] = {"Northern Huishui Hmong", "Northern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmj"] = {"Ge", "Gejia"}, ["hmk"] = {"Maek"}, ["hml"] = {"Luopohe Hmong", "Luopohe Miao"}, ["hmm"] = {"Central Mashan Hmong", "Central Mashan Miao"}, ["hmn"] = {"Hmong", "Mong"}, ["hmp"] = {"Northern Mashan Hmong", "Northern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmq"] = {"Eastern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmr"] = {"Hmar"}, ["hms"] = {"Southern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmt"] = {"Hamtai"}, ["hmu"] = {"Hamap"}, ["hmv"] = {"Hmong Dô"}, ["hmw"] = {"Western Mashan Hmong", "Western Mashan Miao"}, ["hmx"] = {"Hmong-Mien languages"}, ["hmy"] = {"Southern Guiyang Hmong", "Southern Guiyang Miao"}, ["hmz"] = {"Hmong Shua", "Sinicized Miao"}, ["hna"] = {"Mina (Cameroon)"}, ["hnd"] = {"Southern Hindko"}, ["hne"] = {"Chhattisgarhi"}, ["hng"] = {"Hungu"}, ["hnh"] = {"ǁAni"}, ["hni"] = {"Hani"}, ["hnj"] = {"Hmong Njua", "Mong Leng", "Mong Njua"}, ["hnm"] = {"Hainanese"}, ["hnn"] = {"Hanunoo"}, ["hno"] = {"Northern Hindko"}, ["hns"] = {"Caribbean Hindustani"}, ["hnu"] = {"Hung"}, ["hoa"] = {"Hoava"}, ["hob"] = {"Mari (Madang Province)"}, ["hoc"] = {"Ho"}, ["hod"] = {"Holma"}, ["hoe"] = {"Horom"}, ["hoh"] = {"Hobyót"}, ["hoi"] = {"Holikachuk"}, ["hoj"] = {"Hadothi", "Haroti"}, ["hok"] = {"Hokan languages"}, ["hol"] = {"Holu"}, ["hom"] = {"Homa"}, ["hoo"] = {"Holoholo"}, ["hop"] = {"Hopi"}, ["hor"] = {"Horo"}, ["hos"] = {"Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language"}, ["hot"] = {"Hote", "Malê"}, ["hov"] = {"Hovongan"}, ["how"] = {"Honi"}, ["hoy"] = {"Holiya"}, ["hoz"] = {"Hozo"}, ["hpo"] = {"Hpon"}, ["hps"] = {"Hawai'i Sign Language (HSL)", "Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language"}, ["hra"] = {"Hrangkhol"}, ["hrc"] = {"Niwer Mil"}, ["hre"] = {"Hre"}, ["hrk"] = {"Haruku"}, ["hrm"] = {"Horned Miao"}, ["hro"] = {"Haroi"}, ["hrp"] = {"Nhirrpi"}, ["hrt"] = {"Hértevin"}, ["hru"] = {"Hruso"}, ["hrw"] = {"Warwar Feni"}, ["hrx"] = {"Hunsrik"}, ["hrz"] = {"Harzani"}, ["hsb"] = {"Upper Sorbian"}, ["hsh"] = {"Hungarian Sign Language"}, ["hsl"] = {"Hausa Sign Language"}, ["hsn"] = {"Xiang Chinese"}, ["hss"] = {"Harsusi"}, ["hti"] = {"Hoti"}, ["hto"] = {"Minica Huitoto"}, ["hts"] = {"Hadza"}, ["htu"] = {"Hitu"}, ["htx"] = {"Middle Hittite"}, ["hub"] = {"Huambisa"}, ["huc"] = {"ǂHua", "ǂʼAmkhoe"}, ["hud"] = {"Huaulu"}, ["hue"] = {"San Francisco Del Mar Huave"}, ["huf"] = {"Humene"}, ["hug"] = {"Huachipaeri"}, ["huh"] = {"Huilliche"}, ["hui"] = {"Huli"}, ["huj"] = {"Northern Guiyang Hmong", "Northern Guiyang Miao"}, ["huk"] = {"Hulung"}, ["hul"] = {"Hula"}, ["hum"] = {"Hungana"}, ["huo"] = {"Hu"}, ["hup"] = {"Hupa"}, ["huq"] = {"Tsat"}, ["hur"] = {"Halkomelem"}, ["hus"] = {"Huastec"}, ["hut"] = {"Humla"}, ["huu"] = {"Murui Huitoto"}, ["huv"] = {"San Mateo Del Mar Huave"}, ["huw"] = {"Hukumina"}, ["hux"] = {"Nüpode Huitoto"}, ["huy"] = {"Hulaulá"}, ["huz"] = {"Hunzib"}, ["hvc"] = {"Haitian Vodoun Culture Language"}, ["hve"] = {"San Dionisio Del Mar Huave"}, ["hvk"] = {"Haveke"}, ["hvn"] = {"Sabu"}, ["hvv"] = {"Santa María Del Mar Huave"}, ["hwa"] = {"Wané"}, ["hwc"] = {"Hawai'i Creole English", "Hawai'i Pidgin"}, ["hwo"] = {"Hwana"}, ["hya"] = {"Hya"}, ["hyw"] = {"Western Armenian"}, ["hyx"] = {"Armenian (family)"}, ["iai"] = {"Iaai"}, ["ian"] = {"Iatmul"}, ["iar"] = {"Purari"}, ["iba"] = {"Iban"}, ["ibb"] = {"Ibibio"}, ["ibd"] = {"Iwaidja"}, ["ibe"] = {"Akpes"}, ["ibg"] = {"Ibanag"}, ["ibh"] = {"Bih"}, ["ibl"] = {"Ibaloi"}, ["ibm"] = {"Agoi"}, ["ibn"] = {"Ibino"}, ["ibr"] = {"Ibuoro"}, ["ibu"] = {"Ibu"}, ["iby"] = {"Ibani"}, ["ica"] = {"Ede Ica"}, ["ich"] = {"Etkywan"}, ["icl"] = {"Icelandic Sign Language"}, ["icr"] = {"Islander Creole English"}, ["ida"] = {"Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki", "Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi"}, ["idb"] = {"Indo-Portuguese"}, ["idc"] = {"Idon", "Ajiya"}, ["idd"] = {"Ede Idaca"}, ["ide"] = {"Idere"}, ["idi"] = {"Idi"}, ["idr"] = {"Indri"}, ["ids"] = {"Idesa"}, ["idt"] = {"Idaté"}, ["idu"] = {"Idoma"}, ["ifa"] = {"Amganad Ifugao"}, ["ifb"] = {"Batad Ifugao", "Ayangan Ifugao"}, ["ife"] = {"Ifè"}, ["iff"] = {"Ifo"}, ["ifk"] = {"Tuwali Ifugao"}, ["ifm"] = {"Teke-Fuumu"}, ["ifu"] = {"Mayoyao Ifugao"}, ["ify"] = {"Keley-I Kallahan"}, ["igb"] = {"Ebira"}, ["ige"] = {"Igede"}, ["igg"] = {"Igana"}, ["igl"] = {"Igala"}, ["igm"] = {"Kanggape"}, ["ign"] = {"Ignaciano"}, ["igo"] = {"Isebe"}, ["igs"] = {"Interglossa"}, ["igw"] = {"Igwe"}, ["ihb"] = {"Iha Based Pidgin"}, ["ihi"] = {"Ihievbe"}, ["ihp"] = {"Iha"}, ["ihw"] = {"Bidhawal"}, ["iin"] = {"Thiin"}, ["iir"] = {"Indo-Iranian languages"}, ["ijc"] = {"Izon"}, ["ije"] = {"Biseni"}, ["ijj"] = {"Ede Ije"}, ["ijn"] = {"Kalabari"}, ["ijo"] = {"Ijo languages"}, ["ijs"] = {"Southeast Ijo"}, ["ike"] = {"Eastern Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikh"] = {"Ikhin-Arokho"}, ["iki"] = {"Iko"}, ["ikk"] = {"Ika"}, ["ikl"] = {"Ikulu"}, ["iko"] = {"Olulumo-Ikom"}, ["ikp"] = {"Ikpeshi"}, ["ikr"] = {"Ikaranggal"}, ["iks"] = {"Inuit Sign Language"}, ["ikt"] = {"Inuinnaqtun", "Western Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikv"] = {"Iku-Gora-Ankwa"}, ["ikw"] = {"Ikwere"}, ["ikx"] = {"Ik"}, ["ikz"] = {"Ikizu"}, ["ila"] = {"Ile Ape"}, ["ilb"] = {"Ila"}, ["ilg"] = {"Garig-Ilgar"}, ["ili"] = {"Ili Turki"}, ["ilk"] = {"Ilongot"}, ["ilm"] = {"Iranun (Malaysia)"}, ["ilo"] = {"Iloko"}, ["ilp"] = {"Iranun (Philippines)"}, ["ils"] = {"International Sign"}, ["ilu"] = {"Ili'uun"}, ["ilv"] = {"Ilue"}, ["ima"] = {"Mala Malasar"}, ["imi"] = {"Anamgura"}, ["iml"] = {"Miluk"}, ["imn"] = {"Imonda"}, ["imo"] = {"Imbongu"}, ["imr"] = {"Imroing"}, ["ims"] = {"Marsian"}, ["imt"] = {"Imotong"}, ["imy"] = {"Milyan"}, ["inb"] = {"Inga"}, ["inc"] = {"Indic languages"}, ["ine"] = {"Indo-European languages"}, ["ing"] = {"Degexit'an"}, ["inh"] = {"Ingush"}, ["inj"] = {"Jungle Inga"}, ["inl"] = {"Indonesian Sign Language"}, ["inm"] = {"Minaean"}, ["inn"] = {"Isinai"}, ["ino"] = {"Inoke-Yate"}, ["inp"] = {"Iñapari"}, ["ins"] = {"Indian Sign Language"}, ["int"] = {"Intha"}, ["inz"] = {"Ineseño"}, ["ior"] = {"Inor"}, ["iou"] = {"Tuma-Irumu"}, ["iow"] = {"Iowa-Oto"}, ["ipi"] = {"Ipili"}, ["ipo"] = {"Ipiko"}, ["iqu"] = {"Iquito"}, ["iqw"] = {"Ikwo"}, ["ira"] = {"Iranian languages"}, ["ire"] = {"Iresim"}, ["irh"] = {"Irarutu"}, ["iri"] = {"Rigwe", "Irigwe"}, ["irk"] = {"Iraqw"}, ["irn"] = {"Irántxe"}, ["iro"] = {"Iroquoian languages"}, ["irr"] = {"Ir"}, ["iru"] = {"Irula"}, ["irx"] = {"Kamberau"}, ["iry"] = {"Iraya"}, ["isa"] = {"Isabi"}, ["isc"] = {"Isconahua"}, ["isd"] = {"Isnag"}, ["ise"] = {"Italian Sign Language"}, ["isg"] = {"Irish Sign Language"}, ["ish"] = {"Esan"}, ["isi"] = {"Nkem-Nkum"}, ["isk"] = {"Ishkashimi"}, ["ism"] = {"Masimasi"}, ["isn"] = {"Isanzu"}, ["iso"] = {"Isoko"}, ["isr"] = {"Israeli Sign Language"}, ["ist"] = {"Istriot"}, ["isu"] = {"Isu", "Isu (Menchum Division)"}, ["isv"] = {"Interslavic"}, ["itb"] = {"Binongan Itneg"}, ["itc"] = {"Italic languages"}, ["itd"] = {"Southern Tidung"}, ["ite"] = {"Itene"}, ["iti"] = {"Inlaod Itneg"}, ["itk"] = {"Judeo-Italian"}, ["itl"] = {"Itelmen"}, ["itm"] = {"Itu Mbon Uzo"}, ["ito"] = {"Itonama"}, ["itr"] = {"Iteri"}, ["its"] = {"Isekiri"}, ["itt"] = {"Maeng Itneg"}, ["itv"] = {"Itawit"}, ["itw"] = {"Ito"}, ["itx"] = {"Itik"}, ["ity"] = {"Moyadan Itneg"}, ["itz"] = {"Itzá"}, ["ium"] = {"Iu Mien"}, ["ivb"] = {"Ibatan"}, ["ivv"] = {"Ivatan"}, ["iwk"] = {"I-Wak"}, ["iwm"] = {"Iwam"}, ["iwo"] = {"Iwur"}, ["iws"] = {"Sepik Iwam"}, ["ixc"] = {"Ixcatec"}, ["ixl"] = {"Ixil"}, ["iya"] = {"Iyayu"}, ["iyo"] = {"Mesaka"}, ["iyx"] = {"Yaka (Congo)"}, ["izh"] = {"Ingrian"}, ["izm"] = {"Kizamani"}, ["izr"] = {"Izere"}, ["izz"] = {"Izii"}, ["jaa"] = {"Jamamadí"}, ["jab"] = {"Hyam"}, ["jac"] = {"Popti'", "Jakalteko"}, ["jad"] = {"Jahanka"}, ["jae"] = {"Yabem"}, ["jaf"] = {"Jara"}, ["jah"] = {"Jah Hut"}, ["jaj"] = {"Zazao"}, ["jak"] = {"Jakun"}, ["jal"] = {"Yalahatan"}, ["jam"] = {"Jamaican Creole English"}, ["jan"] = {"Jandai"}, ["jao"] = {"Yanyuwa"}, ["jaq"] = {"Yaqay"}, ["jas"] = {"New Caledonian Javanese"}, ["jat"] = {"Jakati"}, ["jau"] = {"Yaur"}, ["jax"] = {"Jambi Malay"}, ["jay"] = {"Yan-nhangu", "Nhangu"}, ["jaz"] = {"Jawe"}, ["jbe"] = {"Judeo-Berber"}, ["jbi"] = {"Badjiri"}, ["jbj"] = {"Arandai"}, ["jbk"] = {"Barikewa"}, ["jbm"] = {"Bijim"}, ["jbn"] = {"Nafusi"}, ["jbo"] = {"Lojban"}, ["jbr"] = {"Jofotek-Bromnya"}, ["jbt"] = {"Jabutí"}, ["jbu"] = {"Jukun Takum"}, ["jbw"] = {"Yawijibaya"}, ["jcs"] = {"Jamaican Country Sign Language"}, ["jct"] = {"Krymchak"}, ["jda"] = {"Jad"}, ["jdg"] = {"Jadgali"}, ["jdt"] = {"Judeo-Tat"}, ["jeb"] = {"Jebero"}, ["jee"] = {"Jerung"}, ["jeh"] = {"Jeh"}, ["jei"] = {"Yei"}, ["jek"] = {"Jeri Kuo"}, ["jel"] = {"Yelmek"}, ["jen"] = {"Dza"}, ["jer"] = {"Jere"}, ["jet"] = {"Manem"}, ["jeu"] = {"Jonkor Bourmataguil"}, ["jgb"] = {"Ngbee"}, ["jge"] = {"Judeo-Georgian"}, ["jgk"] = {"Gwak"}, ["jgo"] = {"Ngomba"}, ["jhi"] = {"Jehai"}, ["jhs"] = {"Jhankot Sign Language"}, ["jia"] = {"Jina"}, ["jib"] = {"Jibu"}, ["jic"] = {"Tol"}, ["jid"] = {"Bu (Kaduna State)"}, ["jie"] = {"Jilbe"}, ["jig"] = {"Jingulu", "Djingili"}, ["jih"] = {"sTodsde", "Shangzhai"}, ["jii"] = {"Jiiddu"}, ["jil"] = {"Jilim"}, ["jim"] = {"Jimi (Cameroon)"}, ["jio"] = {"Jiamao"}, ["jiq"] = {"Guanyinqiao", "Lavrung"}, ["jit"] = {"Jita"}, ["jiu"] = {"Youle Jinuo"}, ["jiv"] = {"Shuar"}, ["jiy"] = {"Buyuan Jinuo"}, ["jje"] = {"Jejueo"}, ["jjr"] = {"Bankal"}, ["jka"] = {"Kaera"}, ["jkm"] = {"Mobwa Karen"}, ["jko"] = {"Kubo"}, ["jkp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["jkr"] = {"Koro (India)"}, ["jks"] = {"Amami Koniya Sign Language"}, ["jku"] = {"Labir"}, ["jle"] = {"Ngile"}, ["jls"] = {"Jamaican Sign Language"}, ["jma"] = {"Dima"}, ["jmb"] = {"Zumbun"}, ["jmc"] = {"Machame"}, ["jmd"] = {"Yamdena"}, ["jmi"] = {"Jimi (Nigeria)"}, ["jml"] = {"Jumli"}, ["jmn"] = {"Makuri Naga"}, ["jmr"] = {"Kamara"}, ["jms"] = {"Mashi (Nigeria)"}, ["jmw"] = {"Mouwase"}, ["jmx"] = {"Western Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["jna"] = {"Jangshung"}, ["jnd"] = {"Jandavra"}, ["jng"] = {"Yangman"}, ["jni"] = {"Janji"}, ["jnj"] = {"Yemsa"}, ["jnl"] = {"Rawat"}, ["jns"] = {"Jaunsari"}, ["job"] = {"Joba"}, ["jod"] = {"Wojenaka"}, ["jog"] = {"Jogi"}, ["jor"] = {"Jorá"}, ["jos"] = {"Jordanian Sign Language"}, ["jow"] = {"Jowulu"}, ["jpa"] = {"Jewish Palestinian Aramaic"}, ["jpr"] = {"Judeo-Persian"}, ["jpx"] = {"Japanese (family)"}, ["jqr"] = {"Jaqaru"}, ["jra"] = {"Jarai"}, ["jrb"] = {"Judeo-Arabic"}, ["jrr"] = {"Jiru"}, ["jrt"] = {"Jakattoe"}, ["jru"] = {"Japrería"}, ["jsl"] = {"Japanese Sign Language"}, ["jua"] = {"Júma"}, ["jub"] = {"Wannu"}, ["juc"] = {"Jurchen"}, ["jud"] = {"Worodougou"}, ["juh"] = {"Hõne"}, ["jui"] = {"Ngadjuri"}, ["juk"] = {"Wapan"}, ["jul"] = {"Jirel"}, ["jum"] = {"Jumjum"}, ["jun"] = {"Juang"}, ["juo"] = {"Jiba"}, ["jup"] = {"Hupdë"}, ["jur"] = {"Jurúna"}, ["jus"] = {"Jumla Sign Language"}, ["jut"] = {"Jutish"}, ["juu"] = {"Ju"}, ["juw"] = {"Wãpha"}, ["juy"] = {"Juray"}, ["jvd"] = {"Javindo"}, ["jvn"] = {"Caribbean Javanese"}, ["jwi"] = {"Jwira-Pepesa"}, ["jya"] = {"Jiarong"}, ["jye"] = {"Judeo-Yemeni Arabic"}, ["jyy"] = {"Jaya"}, ["kaa"] = {"Kara-Kalpak", "Karakalpak"}, ["kab"] = {"Kabyle"}, ["kac"] = {"Kachin", "Jingpho"}, ["kad"] = {"Adara"}, ["kae"] = {"Ketangalan"}, ["kaf"] = {"Katso"}, ["kag"] = {"Kajaman"}, ["kah"] = {"Kara (Central African Republic)"}, ["kai"] = {"Karekare"}, ["kaj"] = {"Jju"}, ["kak"] = {"Kalanguya", "Kayapa Kallahan"}, ["kam"] = {"Kamba (Kenya)"}, ["kao"] = {"Xaasongaxango"}, ["kap"] = {"Bezhta"}, ["kaq"] = {"Capanahua"}, ["kar"] = {"Karen languages"}, ["kav"] = {"Katukína"}, ["kaw"] = {"Kawi"}, ["kax"] = {"Kao"}, ["kay"] = {"Kamayurá"}, ["kba"] = {"Kalarko"}, ["kbb"] = {"Kaxuiâna"}, ["kbc"] = {"Kadiwéu"}, ["kbd"] = {"Kabardian"}, ["kbe"] = {"Kanju"}, ["kbg"] = {"Khamba"}, ["kbh"] = {"Camsá"}, ["kbi"] = {"Kaptiau"}, ["kbj"] = {"Kari"}, ["kbk"] = {"Grass Koiari"}, ["kbl"] = {"Kanembu"}, ["kbm"] = {"Iwal"}, ["kbn"] = {"Kare (Central African Republic)"}, ["kbo"] = {"Keliko"}, ["kbp"] = {"Kabiyè"}, ["kbq"] = {"Kamano"}, ["kbr"] = {"Kafa"}, ["kbs"] = {"Kande"}, ["kbt"] = {"Abadi"}, ["kbu"] = {"Kabutra"}, ["kbv"] = {"Dera (Indonesia)"}, ["kbw"] = {"Kaiep"}, ["kbx"] = {"Ap Ma"}, ["kby"] = {"Manga Kanuri"}, ["kbz"] = {"Duhwa"}, ["kca"] = {"Khanty"}, ["kcb"] = {"Kawacha"}, ["kcc"] = {"Lubila"}, ["kcd"] = {"Ngkâlmpw Kanum"}, ["kce"] = {"Kaivi"}, ["kcf"] = {"Ukaan"}, ["kcg"] = {"Tyap"}, ["kch"] = {"Vono"}, ["kci"] = {"Ngyian", "Kamantan"}, ["kcj"] = {"Kobiana"}, ["kck"] = {"Kalanga"}, ["kcl"] = {"Kela (Papua New Guinea)", "Kala"}, ["kcm"] = {"Gula (Central African Republic)"}, ["kcn"] = {"Nubi"}, ["kco"] = {"Kinalakna"}, ["kcp"] = {"Kanga"}, ["kcq"] = {"Kamo"}, ["kcr"] = {"Katla"}, ["kcs"] = {"Koenoem"}, ["kct"] = {"Kaian"}, ["kcu"] = {"Kami (Tanzania)"}, ["kcv"] = {"Kete"}, ["kcw"] = {"Kabwari"}, ["kcx"] = {"Kachama-Ganjule"}, ["kcy"] = {"Korandje"}, ["kcz"] = {"Konongo"}, ["kda"] = {"Worimi"}, ["kdc"] = {"Kutu"}, ["kdd"] = {"Yankunytjatjara"}, ["kde"] = {"Makonde"}, ["kdf"] = {"Mamusi"}, ["kdg"] = {"Seba"}, ["kdh"] = {"Tem"}, ["kdi"] = {"Kumam"}, ["kdj"] = {"Karamojong"}, ["kdk"] = {"Numèè", "Kwényi"}, ["kdl"] = {"Tsikimba"}, ["kdm"] = {"Kagoma"}, ["kdn"] = {"Kunda"}, ["kdo"] = {"Kordofanian languages"}, ["kdp"] = {"Kaningdon-Nindem"}, ["kdq"] = {"Koch"}, ["kdr"] = {"Karaim"}, ["kdt"] = {"Kuy"}, ["kdu"] = {"Kadaru"}, ["kdw"] = {"Koneraw"}, ["kdx"] = {"Kam"}, ["kdy"] = {"Keder", "Keijar"}, ["kdz"] = {"Kwaja"}, ["kea"] = {"Kabuverdianu"}, ["keb"] = {"Kélé"}, ["kec"] = {"Keiga"}, ["ked"] = {"Kerewe"}, ["kee"] = {"Eastern Keres"}, ["kef"] = {"Kpessi"}, ["keg"] = {"Tese"}, ["keh"] = {"Keak"}, ["kei"] = {"Kei"}, ["kej"] = {"Kadar"}, ["kek"] = {"Kekchí"}, ["kel"] = {"Kela (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["kem"] = {"Kemak"}, ["ken"] = {"Kenyang"}, ["keo"] = {"Kakwa"}, ["kep"] = {"Kaikadi"}, ["keq"] = {"Kamar"}, ["ker"] = {"Kera"}, ["kes"] = {"Kugbo"}, ["ket"] = {"Ket"}, ["keu"] = {"Akebu"}, ["kev"] = {"Kanikkaran"}, ["kew"] = {"West Kewa"}, ["kex"] = {"Kukna"}, ["key"] = {"Kupia"}, ["kez"] = {"Kukele"}, ["kfa"] = {"Kodava"}, ["kfb"] = {"Northwestern Kolami"}, ["kfc"] = {"Konda-Dora"}, ["kfd"] = {"Korra Koraga"}, ["kfe"] = {"Kota (India)"}, ["kff"] = {"Koya"}, ["kfg"] = {"Kudiya"}, ["kfh"] = {"Kurichiya"}, ["kfi"] = {"Kannada Kurumba"}, ["kfj"] = {"Kemiehua"}, ["kfk"] = {"Kinnauri"}, ["kfl"] = {"Kung"}, ["kfm"] = {"Khunsari"}, ["kfn"] = {"Kuk"}, ["kfo"] = {"Koro (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["kfp"] = {"Korwa"}, ["kfq"] = {"Korku"}, ["kfr"] = {"Kachhi", "Kutchi"}, ["kfs"] = {"Bilaspuri"}, ["kft"] = {"Kanjari"}, ["kfu"] = {"Katkari"}, ["kfv"] = {"Kurmukar"}, ["kfw"] = {"Kharam Naga"}, ["kfx"] = {"Kullu Pahari"}, ["kfy"] = {"Kumaoni"}, ["kfz"] = {"Koromfé"}, ["kga"] = {"Koyaga"}, ["kgb"] = {"Kawe"}, ["kge"] = {"Komering"}, ["kgf"] = {"Kube"}, ["kgg"] = {"Kusunda"}, ["kgi"] = {"Selangor Sign Language"}, ["kgj"] = {"Gamale Kham"}, ["kgk"] = {"Kaiwá"}, ["kgl"] = {"Kunggari"}, ["kgn"] = {"Karingani"}, ["kgo"] = {"Krongo"}, ["kgp"] = {"Kaingang"}, ["kgq"] = {"Kamoro"}, ["kgr"] = {"Abun"}, ["kgs"] = {"Kumbainggar"}, ["kgt"] = {"Somyev"}, ["kgu"] = {"Kobol"}, ["kgv"] = {"Karas"}, ["kgw"] = {"Karon Dori"}, ["kgx"] = {"Kamaru"}, ["kgy"] = {"Kyerung"}, ["kha"] = {"Khasi"}, ["khb"] = {"Lü"}, ["khc"] = {"Tukang Besi North"}, ["khd"] = {"Bädi Kanum"}, ["khe"] = {"Korowai"}, ["khf"] = {"Khuen"}, ["khg"] = {"Khams Tibetan"}, ["khh"] = {"Kehu"}, ["khi"] = {"Khoisan languages"}, ["khj"] = {"Kuturmi"}, ["khk"] = {"Halh Mongolian"}, ["khl"] = {"Lusi"}, ["khn"] = {"Khandesi"}, ["kho"] = {"Khotanese", "Sakan"}, ["khp"] = {"Kapori", "Kapauri"}, ["khq"] = {"Koyra Chiini Songhay"}, ["khr"] = {"Kharia"}, ["khs"] = {"Kasua"}, ["kht"] = {"Khamti"}, ["khu"] = {"Nkhumbi"}, ["khv"] = {"Khvarshi"}, ["khw"] = {"Khowar"}, ["khx"] = {"Kanu"}, ["khy"] = {"Kele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["khz"] = {"Keapara"}, ["kia"] = {"Kim"}, ["kib"] = {"Koalib"}, ["kic"] = {"Kickapoo"}, ["kid"] = {"Koshin"}, ["kie"] = {"Kibet"}, ["kif"] = {"Eastern Parbate Kham"}, ["kig"] = {"Kimaama", "Kimaghima"}, ["kih"] = {"Kilmeri"}, ["kii"] = {"Kitsai"}, ["kij"] = {"Kilivila"}, ["kil"] = {"Kariya"}, ["kim"] = {"Karagas"}, ["kio"] = {"Kiowa"}, ["kip"] = {"Sheshi Kham"}, ["kiq"] = {"Kosadle", "Kosare"}, ["kis"] = {"Kis"}, ["kit"] = {"Agob"}, ["kiu"] = {"Kirmanjki (individual language)"}, ["kiv"] = {"Kimbu"}, ["kiw"] = {"Northeast Kiwai"}, ["kix"] = {"Khiamniungan Naga"}, ["kiy"] = {"Kirikiri"}, ["kiz"] = {"Kisi"}, ["kja"] = {"Mlap"}, ["kjb"] = {"Q'anjob'al", "Kanjobal"}, ["kjc"] = {"Coastal Konjo"}, ["kjd"] = {"Southern Kiwai"}, ["kje"] = {"Kisar"}, ["kjg"] = {"Khmu"}, ["kjh"] = {"Khakas"}, ["kji"] = {"Zabana"}, ["kjj"] = {"Khinalugh"}, ["kjk"] = {"Highland Konjo"}, ["kjl"] = {"Western Parbate Kham"}, ["kjm"] = {"Kháng"}, ["kjn"] = {"Kunjen"}, ["kjo"] = {"Kinnauri Pahari"}, ["kjp"] = {"Pwo Eastern Karen"}, ["kjq"] = {"Western Keres"}, ["kjr"] = {"Kurudu"}, ["kjs"] = {"East Kewa"}, ["kjt"] = {"Phrae Pwo Karen"}, ["kju"] = {"Kashaya"}, ["kjv"] = {"Kaikavian Literary Language"}, ["kjx"] = {"Ramopa"}, ["kjy"] = {"Erave"}, ["kjz"] = {"Bumthangkha"}, ["kka"] = {"Kakanda"}, ["kkb"] = {"Kwerisa"}, ["kkc"] = {"Odoodee"}, ["kkd"] = {"Kinuku"}, ["kke"] = {"Kakabe"}, ["kkf"] = {"Kalaktang Monpa"}, ["kkg"] = {"Mabaka Valley Kalinga"}, ["kkh"] = {"Khün"}, ["kki"] = {"Kagulu"}, ["kkj"] = {"Kako"}, ["kkk"] = {"Kokota"}, ["kkl"] = {"Kosarek Yale"}, ["kkm"] = {"Kiong"}, ["kkn"] = {"Kon Keu"}, ["kko"] = {"Karko"}, ["kkp"] = {"Gugubera", "Koko-Bera"}, ["kkq"] = {"Kaeku"}, ["kkr"] = {"Kir-Balar"}, ["kks"] = {"Giiwo"}, ["kkt"] = {"Koi"}, ["kku"] = {"Tumi"}, ["kkv"] = {"Kangean"}, ["kkw"] = {"Teke-Kukuya"}, ["kkx"] = {"Kohin"}, ["kky"] = {"Guugu Yimidhirr", "Guguyimidjir"}, ["kkz"] = {"Kaska"}, ["kla"] = {"Klamath-Modoc"}, ["klb"] = {"Kiliwa"}, ["klc"] = {"Kolbila"}, ["kld"] = {"Gamilaraay"}, ["kle"] = {"Kulung (Nepal)"}, ["klf"] = {"Kendeje"}, ["klg"] = {"Tagakaulo"}, ["klh"] = {"Weliki"}, ["kli"] = {"Kalumpang"}, ["klj"] = {"Khalaj"}, ["klk"] = {"Kono (Nigeria)"}, ["kll"] = {"Kagan Kalagan"}, ["klm"] = {"Migum"}, ["kln"] = {"Kalenjin"}, ["klo"] = {"Kapya"}, ["klp"] = {"Kamasa"}, ["klq"] = {"Rumu"}, ["klr"] = {"Khaling"}, ["kls"] = {"Kalasha"}, ["klt"] = {"Nukna"}, ["klu"] = {"Klao"}, ["klv"] = {"Maskelynes"}, ["klw"] = {"Tado", "Lindu"}, ["klx"] = {"Koluwawa"}, ["kly"] = {"Kalao"}, ["klz"] = {"Kabola"}, ["kma"] = {"Konni"}, ["kmb"] = {"Kimbundu"}, ["kmc"] = {"Southern Dong"}, ["kmd"] = {"Majukayang Kalinga"}, ["kme"] = {"Bakole"}, ["kmf"] = {"Kare (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kmg"] = {"Kâte"}, ["kmh"] = {"Kalam"}, ["kmi"] = {"Kami (Nigeria)"}, ["kmj"] = {"Kumarbhag Paharia"}, ["kmk"] = {"Limos Kalinga"}, ["kml"] = {"Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kmm"] = {"Kom (India)"}, ["kmn"] = {"Awtuw"}, ["kmo"] = {"Kwoma"}, ["kmp"] = {"Gimme"}, ["kmq"] = {"Kwama"}, ["kmr"] = {"Northern Kurdish"}, ["kms"] = {"Kamasau"}, ["kmt"] = {"Kemtuik"}, ["kmu"] = {"Kanite"}, ["kmv"] = {"Karipúna Creole French"}, ["kmw"] = {"Komo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["kmx"] = {"Waboda"}, ["kmy"] = {"Koma"}, ["kmz"] = {"Khorasani Turkish"}, ["kna"] = {"Dera (Nigeria)"}, ["knb"] = {"Lubuagan Kalinga"}, ["knc"] = {"Central Kanuri"}, ["knd"] = {"Konda"}, ["kne"] = {"Kankanaey"}, ["knf"] = {"Mankanya"}, ["kng"] = {"Koongo"}, ["kni"] = {"Kanufi"}, ["knj"] = {"Western Kanjobal"}, ["knk"] = {"Kuranko"}, ["knl"] = {"Keninjal"}, ["knm"] = {"Kanamarí"}, ["knn"] = {"Konkani (individual language)"}, ["kno"] = {"Kono (Sierra Leone)"}, ["knp"] = {"Kwanja"}, ["knq"] = {"Kintaq"}, ["knr"] = {"Kaningra"}, ["kns"] = {"Kensiu"}, ["knt"] = {"Panoan Katukína"}, ["knu"] = {"Kono (Guinea)"}, ["knv"] = {"Tabo"}, ["knw"] = {"Kung-Ekoka"}, ["knx"] = {"Kendayan", "Salako"}, ["kny"] = {"Kanyok"}, ["knz"] = {"Kalamsé"}, ["koa"] = {"Konomala"}, ["koc"] = {"Kpati"}, ["kod"] = {"Kodi"}, ["koe"] = {"Kacipo-Bale Suri"}, ["kof"] = {"Kubi"}, ["kog"] = {"Cogui", "Kogi"}, ["koh"] = {"Koyo"}, ["koi"] = {"Komi-Permyak"}, ["kok"] = {"Konkani (macrolanguage)"}, ["kol"] = {"Kol (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["koo"] = {"Konzo"}, ["kop"] = {"Waube"}, ["koq"] = {"Kota (Gabon)"}, ["kos"] = {"Kosraean"}, ["kot"] = {"Lagwan"}, ["kou"] = {"Koke"}, ["kov"] = {"Kudu-Camo"}, ["kow"] = {"Kugama"}, ["koy"] = {"Koyukon"}, ["koz"] = {"Korak"}, ["kpa"] = {"Kutto"}, ["kpb"] = {"Mullu Kurumba"}, ["kpc"] = {"Curripaco"}, ["kpd"] = {"Koba"}, ["kpe"] = {"Kpelle"}, ["kpf"] = {"Komba"}, ["kpg"] = {"Kapingamarangi"}, ["kph"] = {"Kplang"}, ["kpi"] = {"Kofei"}, ["kpj"] = {"Karajá"}, ["kpk"] = {"Kpan"}, ["kpl"] = {"Kpala"}, ["kpm"] = {"Koho"}, ["kpn"] = {"Kepkiriwát"}, ["kpo"] = {"Ikposo"}, ["kpq"] = {"Korupun-Sela"}, ["kpr"] = {"Korafe-Yegha"}, ["kps"] = {"Tehit"}, ["kpt"] = {"Karata"}, ["kpu"] = {"Kafoa"}, ["kpv"] = {"Komi-Zyrian"}, ["kpw"] = {"Kobon"}, ["kpx"] = {"Mountain Koiali"}, ["kpy"] = {"Koryak"}, ["kpz"] = {"Kupsabiny"}, ["kqa"] = {"Mum"}, ["kqb"] = {"Kovai"}, ["kqc"] = {"Doromu-Koki"}, ["kqd"] = {"Koy Sanjaq Surat"}, ["kqe"] = {"Kalagan"}, ["kqf"] = {"Kakabai"}, ["kqg"] = {"Khe"}, ["kqh"] = {"Kisankasa"}, ["kqi"] = {"Koitabu"}, ["kqj"] = {"Koromira"}, ["kqk"] = {"Kotafon Gbe"}, ["kql"] = {"Kyenele"}, ["kqm"] = {"Khisa"}, ["kqn"] = {"Kaonde"}, ["kqo"] = {"Eastern Krahn"}, ["kqp"] = {"Kimré"}, ["kqq"] = {"Krenak"}, ["kqr"] = {"Kimaragang"}, ["kqs"] = {"Northern Kissi"}, ["kqt"] = {"Klias River Kadazan"}, ["kqu"] = {"Seroa"}, ["kqv"] = {"Okolod"}, ["kqw"] = {"Kandas"}, ["kqx"] = {"Mser"}, ["kqy"] = {"Koorete"}, ["kqz"] = {"Korana"}, ["kra"] = {"Kumhali"}, ["krb"] = {"Karkin"}, ["krc"] = {"Karachay-Balkar"}, ["krd"] = {"Kairui-Midiki"}, ["kre"] = {"Panará"}, ["krf"] = {"Koro (Vanuatu)"}, ["krh"] = {"Kurama"}, ["kri"] = {"Krio"}, ["krj"] = {"Kinaray-A"}, ["krk"] = {"Kerek"}, ["krl"] = {"Karelian"}, ["krn"] = {"Sapo"}, ["kro"] = {"Kru languages"}, ["krp"] = {"Durop"}, ["krr"] = {"Krung"}, ["krs"] = {"Gbaya (Sudan)"}, ["krt"] = {"Tumari Kanuri"}, ["kru"] = {"Kurukh"}, ["krv"] = {"Kavet"}, ["krw"] = {"Western Krahn"}, ["krx"] = {"Karon"}, ["kry"] = {"Kryts"}, ["krz"] = {"Sota Kanum"}, ["ksb"] = {"Shambala"}, ["ksc"] = {"Southern Kalinga"}, ["ksd"] = {"Kuanua"}, ["kse"] = {"Kuni"}, ["ksf"] = {"Bafia"}, ["ksg"] = {"Kusaghe"}, ["ksh"] = {"Kölsch"}, ["ksi"] = {"Krisa", "I'saka"}, ["ksj"] = {"Uare"}, ["ksk"] = {"Kansa"}, ["ksl"] = {"Kumalu"}, ["ksm"] = {"Kumba"}, ["ksn"] = {"Kasiguranin"}, ["kso"] = {"Kofa"}, ["ksp"] = {"Kaba"}, ["ksq"] = {"Kwaami"}, ["ksr"] = {"Borong"}, ["kss"] = {"Southern Kisi"}, ["kst"] = {"Winyé"}, ["ksu"] = {"Khamyang"}, ["ksv"] = {"Kusu"}, ["ksw"] = {"S'gaw Karen"}, ["ksx"] = {"Kedang"}, ["ksy"] = {"Kharia Thar"}, ["ksz"] = {"Kodaku"}, ["kta"] = {"Katua"}, ["ktb"] = {"Kambaata"}, ["ktc"] = {"Kholok"}, ["ktd"] = {"Kokata", "Kukatha"}, ["kte"] = {"Nubri"}, ["ktf"] = {"Kwami"}, ["ktg"] = {"Kalkutung"}, ["kth"] = {"Karanga"}, ["kti"] = {"North Muyu"}, ["ktj"] = {"Plapo Krumen"}, ["ktk"] = {"Kaniet"}, ["ktl"] = {"Koroshi"}, ["ktm"] = {"Kurti"}, ["ktn"] = {"Karitiâna"}, ["kto"] = {"Kuot"}, ["ktp"] = {"Kaduo"}, ["ktq"] = {"Katabaga"}, ["kts"] = {"South Muyu"}, ["ktt"] = {"Ketum"}, ["ktu"] = {"Kituba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["ktv"] = {"Eastern Katu"}, ["ktw"] = {"Kato"}, ["ktx"] = {"Kaxararí"}, ["kty"] = {"Kango (Bas-Uélé District)"}, ["ktz"] = {"Juǀʼhoan", "Juǀʼhoansi"}, ["kub"] = {"Kutep"}, ["kuc"] = {"Kwinsu"}, ["kud"] = {"'Auhelawa"}, ["kue"] = {"Kuman (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kuf"] = {"Western Katu"}, ["kug"] = {"Kupa"}, ["kuh"] = {"Kushi"}, ["kui"] = {"Kuikúro-Kalapálo", "Kalapalo"}, ["kuj"] = {"Kuria"}, ["kuk"] = {"Kepo'"}, ["kul"] = {"Kulere"}, ["kum"] = {"Kumyk"}, ["kun"] = {"Kunama"}, ["kuo"] = {"Kumukio"}, ["kup"] = {"Kunimaipa"}, ["kuq"] = {"Karipuna"}, ["kus"] = {"Kusaal"}, ["kut"] = {"Ktunaxa", "Ksanka", "Kutenai"}, ["kuu"] = {"Upper Kuskokwim"}, ["kuv"] = {"Kur"}, ["kuw"] = {"Kpagua"}, ["kux"] = {"Kukatja"}, ["kuy"] = {"Kuuku-Ya'u"}, ["kuz"] = {"Kunza"}, ["kva"] = {"Bagvalal"}, ["kvb"] = {"Kubu"}, ["kvc"] = {"Kove"}, ["kvd"] = {"Kui (Indonesia)"}, ["kve"] = {"Kalabakan"}, ["kvf"] = {"Kabalai"}, ["kvg"] = {"Kuni-Boazi"}, ["kvh"] = {"Komodo"}, ["kvi"] = {"Kwang"}, ["kvj"] = {"Psikye"}, ["kvk"] = {"Korean Sign Language"}, ["kvl"] = {"Kayaw"}, ["kvm"] = {"Kendem"}, ["kvn"] = {"Border Kuna"}, ["kvo"] = {"Dobel"}, ["kvp"] = {"Kompane"}, ["kvq"] = {"Geba Karen"}, ["kvr"] = {"Kerinci"}, ["kvt"] = {"Lahta Karen", "Lahta"}, ["kvu"] = {"Yinbaw Karen"}, ["kvv"] = {"Kola"}, ["kvw"] = {"Wersing"}, ["kvx"] = {"Parkari Koli"}, ["kvy"] = {"Yintale Karen", "Yintale"}, ["kvz"] = {"Tsakwambo", "Tsaukambo"}, ["kwa"] = {"Dâw"}, ["kwb"] = {"Kwa"}, ["kwc"] = {"Likwala"}, ["kwd"] = {"Kwaio"}, ["kwe"] = {"Kwerba"}, ["kwf"] = {"Kwara'ae"}, ["kwg"] = {"Sara Kaba Deme"}, ["kwh"] = {"Kowiai"}, ["kwi"] = {"Awa-Cuaiquer"}, ["kwj"] = {"Kwanga"}, ["kwk"] = {"Kwak'wala", "Kwakiutl"}, ["kwl"] = {"Kofyar"}, ["kwm"] = {"Kwambi"}, ["kwn"] = {"Kwangali"}, ["kwo"] = {"Kwomtari"}, ["kwp"] = {"Kodia"}, ["kwr"] = {"Kwer"}, ["kws"] = {"Kwese"}, ["kwt"] = {"Kwesten"}, ["kwu"] = {"Kwakum"}, ["kwv"] = {"Sara Kaba Náà"}, ["kww"] = {"Kwinti"}, ["kwx"] = {"Khirwar"}, ["kwy"] = {"San Salvador Kongo"}, ["kwz"] = {"Kwadi"}, ["kxa"] = {"Kairiru"}, ["kxb"] = {"Krobu"}, ["kxc"] = {"Konso", "Khonso"}, ["kxd"] = {"Brunei"}, ["kxf"] = {"Manumanaw Karen", "Manumanaw"}, ["kxh"] = {"Karo (Ethiopia)"}, ["kxi"] = {"Keningau Murut"}, ["kxj"] = {"Kulfa"}, ["kxk"] = {"Zayein Karen"}, ["kxm"] = {"Northern Khmer"}, ["kxn"] = {"Kanowit-Tanjong Melanau"}, ["kxo"] = {"Kanoé"}, ["kxp"] = {"Wadiyara Koli"}, ["kxq"] = {"Smärky Kanum"}, ["kxr"] = {"Koro (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kxs"] = {"Kangjia"}, ["kxt"] = {"Koiwat"}, ["kxv"] = {"Kuvi"}, ["kxw"] = {"Konai"}, ["kxx"] = {"Likuba"}, ["kxy"] = {"Kayong"}, ["kxz"] = {"Kerewo"}, ["kya"] = {"Kwaya"}, ["kyb"] = {"Butbut Kalinga"}, ["kyc"] = {"Kyaka"}, ["kyd"] = {"Karey"}, ["kye"] = {"Krache"}, ["kyf"] = {"Kouya"}, ["kyg"] = {"Keyagana"}, ["kyh"] = {"Karok"}, ["kyi"] = {"Kiput"}, ["kyj"] = {"Karao"}, ["kyk"] = {"Kamayo"}, ["kyl"] = {"Kalapuya"}, ["kym"] = {"Kpatili"}, ["kyn"] = {"Northern Binukidnon"}, ["kyo"] = {"Kelon"}, ["kyp"] = {"Kang"}, ["kyq"] = {"Kenga"}, ["kyr"] = {"Kuruáya"}, ["kys"] = {"Baram Kayan"}, ["kyt"] = {"Kayagar"}, ["kyu"] = {"Western Kayah"}, ["kyv"] = {"Kayort"}, ["kyw"] = {"Kudmali"}, ["kyx"] = {"Rapoisi"}, ["kyy"] = {"Kambaira"}, ["kyz"] = {"Kayabí"}, ["kza"] = {"Western Karaboro"}, ["kzb"] = {"Kaibobo"}, ["kzc"] = {"Bondoukou Kulango"}, ["kzd"] = {"Kadai"}, ["kze"] = {"Kosena"}, ["kzf"] = {"Da'a Kaili"}, ["kzg"] = {"Kikai"}, ["kzi"] = {"Kelabit"}, ["kzk"] = {"Kazukuru"}, ["kzl"] = {"Kayeli"}, ["kzm"] = {"Kais"}, ["kzn"] = {"Kokola"}, ["kzo"] = {"Kaningi"}, ["kzp"] = {"Kaidipang"}, ["kzq"] = {"Kaike"}, ["kzr"] = {"Karang"}, ["kzs"] = {"Sugut Dusun"}, ["kzu"] = {"Kayupulau"}, ["kzv"] = {"Komyandaret"}, ["kzw"] = {"Karirí-Xocó"}, ["kzx"] = {"Kamarian"}, ["kzy"] = {"Kango (Tshopo District)"}, ["kzz"] = {"Kalabra"}, ["laa"] = {"Southern Subanen"}, ["lab"] = {"Linear A"}, ["lac"] = {"Lacandon"}, ["lad"] = {"Ladino"}, ["lae"] = {"Pattani"}, ["laf"] = {"Lafofa"}, ["lag"] = {"Rangi"}, ["lah"] = {"Lahnda"}, ["lai"] = {"Lambya"}, ["laj"] = {"Lango (Uganda)"}, ["lal"] = {"Lalia"}, ["lam"] = {"Lamba"}, ["lan"] = {"Laru"}, ["lap"] = {"Laka (Chad)"}, ["laq"] = {"Qabiao"}, ["lar"] = {"Larteh"}, ["las"] = {"Lama (Togo)"}, ["lau"] = {"Laba"}, ["law"] = {"Lauje"}, ["lax"] = {"Tiwa"}, ["lay"] = {"Lama Bai"}, ["laz"] = {"Aribwatsa"}, ["lbb"] = {"Label"}, ["lbc"] = {"Lakkia"}, ["lbe"] = {"Lak"}, ["lbf"] = {"Tinani"}, ["lbg"] = {"Laopang"}, ["lbi"] = {"La'bi"}, ["lbj"] = {"Ladakhi"}, ["lbk"] = {"Central Bontok"}, ["lbl"] = {"Libon Bikol"}, ["lbm"] = {"Lodhi"}, ["lbn"] = {"Rmeet"}, ["lbo"] = {"Laven"}, ["lbq"] = {"Wampar"}, ["lbr"] = {"Lohorung"}, ["lbs"] = {"Libyan Sign Language"}, ["lbt"] = {"Lachi"}, ["lbu"] = {"Labu"}, ["lbv"] = {"Lavatbura-Lamusong"}, ["lbw"] = {"Tolaki"}, ["lbx"] = {"Lawangan"}, ["lby"] = {"Lamalama", "Lamu-Lamu"}, ["lbz"] = {"Lardil"}, ["lcc"] = {"Legenyem"}, ["lcd"] = {"Lola"}, ["lce"] = {"Loncong", "Sekak"}, ["lcf"] = {"Lubu"}, ["lch"] = {"Luchazi"}, ["lcl"] = {"Lisela"}, ["lcm"] = {"Tungag"}, ["lcp"] = {"Western Lawa"}, ["lcq"] = {"Luhu"}, ["lcs"] = {"Lisabata-Nuniali"}, ["lda"] = {"Kla-Dan"}, ["ldb"] = {"Dũya"}, ["ldd"] = {"Luri"}, ["ldg"] = {"Lenyima"}, ["ldh"] = {"Lamja-Dengsa-Tola"}, ["ldi"] = {"Laari"}, ["ldj"] = {"Lemoro"}, ["ldk"] = {"Leelau"}, ["ldl"] = {"Kaan"}, ["ldm"] = {"Landoma"}, ["ldn"] = {"Láadan"}, ["ldo"] = {"Loo"}, ["ldp"] = {"Tso"}, ["ldq"] = {"Lufu"}, ["lea"] = {"Lega-Shabunda"}, ["leb"] = {"Lala-Bisa"}, ["lec"] = {"Leco"}, ["led"] = {"Lendu"}, ["lee"] = {"Lyélé"}, ["lef"] = {"Lelemi"}, ["leh"] = {"Lenje"}, ["lei"] = {"Lemio"}, ["lej"] = {"Lengola"}, ["lek"] = {"Leipon"}, ["lel"] = {"Lele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["lem"] = {"Nomaande"}, ["len"] = {"Lenca"}, ["leo"] = {"Leti (Cameroon)"}, ["lep"] = {"Lepcha"}, ["leq"] = {"Lembena"}, ["ler"] = {"Lenkau"}, ["les"] = {"Lese"}, ["let"] = {"Lesing-Gelimi", "Amio-Gelimi"}, ["leu"] = {"Kara (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["lev"] = {"Lamma"}, ["lew"] = {"Ledo Kaili"}, ["lex"] = {"Luang"}, ["ley"] = {"Lemolang"}, ["lez"] = {"Lezghian"}, ["lfa"] = {"Lefa"}, ["lfb"] = {"Buu (Cameroon)"}, ["lfn"] = {"Lingua Franca Nova"}, ["lga"] = {"Lungga"}, ["lgb"] = {"Laghu"}, ["lgg"] = {"Lugbara"}, ["lgh"] = {"Laghuu"}, ["lgi"] = {"Lengilu"}, ["lgk"] = {"Lingarak", "Neverver"}, ["lgl"] = {"Wala"}, ["lgm"] = {"Lega-Mwenga"}, ["lgn"] = {"T'apo", "Opuuo"}, ["lgo"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"}, ["lgq"] = {"Logba"}, ["lgr"] = {"Lengo"}, ["lgs"] = {"Guinea-Bissau Sign Language", "Língua Gestual Guineense"}, ["lgt"] = {"Pahi"}, ["lgu"] = {"Longgu"}, ["lgz"] = {"Ligenza"}, ["lha"] = {"Laha (Viet Nam)"}, ["lhh"] = {"Laha (Indonesia)"}, ["lhi"] = {"Lahu Shi"}, ["lhl"] = {"Lahul Lohar"}, ["lhm"] = {"Lhomi"}, ["lhn"] = {"Lahanan"}, ["lhp"] = {"Lhokpu"}, ["lhs"] = {"Mlahsö"}, ["lht"] = {"Lo-Toga"}, ["lhu"] = {"Lahu"}, ["lia"] = {"West-Central Limba"}, ["lib"] = {"Likum"}, ["lic"] = {"Hlai"}, ["lid"] = {"Nyindrou"}, ["lie"] = {"Likila"}, ["lif"] = {"Limbu"}, ["lig"] = {"Ligbi"}, ["lih"] = {"Lihir"}, ["lij"] = {"Ligurian"}, ["lik"] = {"Lika"}, ["lil"] = {"Lillooet"}, ["lio"] = {"Liki"}, ["lip"] = {"Sekpele"}, ["liq"] = {"Libido"}, ["lir"] = {"Liberian English"}, ["lis"] = {"Lisu"}, ["liu"] = {"Logorik"}, ["liv"] = {"Liv"}, ["liw"] = {"Col"}, ["lix"] = {"Liabuku"}, ["liy"] = {"Banda-Bambari"}, ["liz"] = {"Libinza"}, ["lja"] = {"Golpa"}, ["lje"] = {"Rampi"}, ["lji"] = {"Laiyolo"}, ["ljl"] = {"Li'o"}, ["ljp"] = {"Lampung Api"}, ["ljw"] = {"Yirandali"}, ["ljx"] = {"Yuru"}, ["lka"] = {"Lakalei"}, ["lkb"] = {"Kabras", "Lukabaras"}, ["lkc"] = {"Kucong"}, ["lkd"] = {"Lakondê"}, ["lke"] = {"Kenyi"}, ["lkh"] = {"Lakha"}, ["lki"] = {"Laki"}, ["lkj"] = {"Remun"}, ["lkl"] = {"Laeko-Libuat"}, ["lkm"] = {"Kalaamaya"}, ["lkn"] = {"Lakon", "Vure"}, ["lko"] = {"Khayo", "Olukhayo"}, ["lkr"] = {"Päri"}, ["lks"] = {"Kisa", "Olushisa"}, ["lkt"] = {"Lakota"}, ["lku"] = {"Kungkari"}, ["lky"] = {"Lokoya"}, ["lla"] = {"Lala-Roba"}, ["llb"] = {"Lolo"}, ["llc"] = {"Lele (Guinea)"}, ["lld"] = {"Ladin"}, ["lle"] = {"Lele (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["llf"] = {"Hermit"}, ["llg"] = {"Lole"}, ["llh"] = {"Lamu"}, ["lli"] = {"Teke-Laali"}, ["llj"] = {"Ladji Ladji"}, ["llk"] = {"Lelak"}, ["lll"] = {"Lilau"}, ["llm"] = {"Lasalimu"}, ["lln"] = {"Lele (Chad)"}, ["llp"] = {"North Efate"}, ["llq"] = {"Lolak"}, ["lls"] = {"Lithuanian Sign Language"}, ["llu"] = {"Lau"}, ["llx"] = {"Lauan"}, ["lma"] = {"East Limba"}, ["lmb"] = {"Merei"}, ["lmc"] = {"Limilngan"}, ["lmd"] = {"Lumun"}, ["lme"] = {"Pévé"}, ["lmf"] = {"South Lembata"}, ["lmg"] = {"Lamogai"}, ["lmh"] = {"Lambichhong"}, ["lmi"] = {"Lombi"}, ["lmj"] = {"West Lembata"}, ["lmk"] = {"Lamkang"}, ["lml"] = {"Hano"}, ["lmn"] = {"Lambadi"}, ["lmo"] = {"Lombard"}, ["lmp"] = {"Limbum"}, ["lmq"] = {"Lamatuka"}, ["lmr"] = {"Lamalera"}, ["lmu"] = {"Lamenu"}, ["lmv"] = {"Lomaiviti"}, ["lmw"] = {"Lake Miwok"}, ["lmx"] = {"Laimbue"}, ["lmy"] = {"Lamboya"}, ["lna"] = {"Langbashe"}, ["lnb"] = {"Mbalanhu"}, ["lnd"] = {"Lundayeh", "Lun Bawang"}, ["lng"] = {"Langobardic"}, ["lnh"] = {"Lanoh"}, ["lni"] = {"Daantanai'"}, ["lnj"] = {"Leningitij"}, ["lnl"] = {"South Central Banda"}, ["lnm"] = {"Langam"}, ["lnn"] = {"Lorediakarkar"}, ["lns"] = {"Lamnso'"}, ["lnu"] = {"Longuda"}, ["lnw"] = {"Lanima"}, ["lnz"] = {"Lonzo"}, ["loa"] = {"Loloda"}, ["lob"] = {"Lobi"}, ["loc"] = {"Inonhan"}, ["loe"] = {"Saluan"}, ["lof"] = {"Logol"}, ["log"] = {"Logo"}, ["loh"] = {"Laarim", "Narim"}, ["loi"] = {"Loma (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["loj"] = {"Lou"}, ["lok"] = {"Loko"}, ["lol"] = {"Mongo"}, ["lom"] = {"Loma (Liberia)"}, ["lon"] = {"Malawi Lomwe"}, ["loo"] = {"Lombo"}, ["lop"] = {"Lopa"}, ["loq"] = {"Lobala"}, ["lor"] = {"Téén"}, ["los"] = {"Loniu"}, ["lot"] = {"Otuho"}, ["lou"] = {"Louisiana Creole"}, ["lov"] = {"Lopi"}, ["low"] = {"Tampias Lobu"}, ["lox"] = {"Loun"}, ["loy"] = {"Loke"}, ["loz"] = {"Lozi"}, ["lpa"] = {"Lelepa"}, ["lpe"] = {"Lepki"}, ["lpn"] = {"Long Phuri Naga"}, ["lpo"] = {"Lipo"}, ["lpx"] = {"Lopit"}, ["lqr"] = {"Logir"}, ["lra"] = {"Rara Bakati'"}, ["lrc"] = {"Northern Luri"}, ["lre"] = {"Laurentian"}, ["lrg"] = {"Laragia"}, ["lri"] = {"Marachi", "Olumarachi"}, ["lrk"] = {"Loarki"}, ["lrl"] = {"Lari"}, ["lrm"] = {"Marama", "Olumarama"}, ["lrn"] = {"Lorang"}, ["lro"] = {"Laro"}, ["lrr"] = {"Southern Yamphu"}, ["lrt"] = {"Larantuka Malay"}, ["lrv"] = {"Larevat"}, ["lrz"] = {"Lemerig"}, ["lsa"] = {"Lasgerdi"}, ["lsb"] = {"Burundian Sign Language", "Langue des Signes Burundaise"}, ["lsc"] = {"Albarradas Sign Language", "Lengua de señas Albarradas"}, ["lsd"] = {"Lishana Deni"}, ["lse"] = {"Lusengo"}, ["lsh"] = {"Lish"}, ["lsi"] = {"Lashi"}, ["lsl"] = {"Latvian Sign Language"}, ["lsm"] = {"Saamia", "Olusamia"}, ["lsn"] = {"Tibetan Sign Language"}, ["lso"] = {"Laos Sign Language"}, ["lsp"] = {"Panamanian Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas Panameñas"}, ["lsr"] = {"Aruop"}, ["lss"] = {"Lasi"}, ["lst"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language"}, ["lsv"] = {"Sivia Sign Language"}, ["lsw"] = {"Seychelles Sign Language", "Lalang Siny Seselwa", "Langue des Signes Seychelloise"}, ["lsy"] = {"Mauritian Sign Language"}, ["ltc"] = {"Late Middle Chinese"}, ["ltg"] = {"Latgalian"}, ["lth"] = {"Thur"}, ["lti"] = {"Leti (Indonesia)"}, ["ltn"] = {"Latundê"}, ["lto"] = {"Tsotso", "Olutsotso"}, ["lts"] = {"Tachoni", "Lutachoni"}, ["ltu"] = {"Latu"}, ["lua"] = {"Luba-Lulua"}, ["luc"] = {"Aringa"}, ["lud"] = {"Ludian"}, ["lue"] = {"Luvale"}, ["luf"] = {"Laua"}, ["luh"] = {"Leizhou Chinese"}, ["lui"] = {"Luiseño"}, ["luj"] = {"Luna"}, ["luk"] = {"Lunanakha"}, ["lul"] = {"Olu'bo"}, ["lum"] = {"Luimbi"}, ["lun"] = {"Lunda"}, ["luo"] = {"Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)", "Dholuo"}, ["lup"] = {"Lumbu"}, ["luq"] = {"Lucumi"}, ["lur"] = {"Laura"}, ["lus"] = {"Lushai"}, ["lut"] = {"Lushootseed"}, ["luu"] = {"Lumba-Yakkha"}, ["luv"] = {"Luwati"}, ["luw"] = {"Luo (Cameroon)"}, ["luy"] = {"Luyia", "Oluluyia"}, ["luz"] = {"Southern Luri"}, ["lva"] = {"Maku'a"}, ["lvi"] = {"Lavi"}, ["lvk"] = {"Lavukaleve"}, ["lvl"] = {"Lwel"}, ["lvs"] = {"Standard Latvian"}, ["lvu"] = {"Levuka"}, ["lwa"] = {"Lwalu"}, ["lwe"] = {"Lewo Eleng"}, ["lwg"] = {"Wanga", "Oluwanga"}, ["lwh"] = {"White Lachi"}, ["lwl"] = {"Eastern Lawa"}, ["lwm"] = {"Laomian"}, ["lwo"] = {"Luwo"}, ["lws"] = {"Malawian Sign Language"}, ["lwt"] = {"Lewotobi"}, ["lwu"] = {"Lawu"}, ["lww"] = {"Lewo"}, ["lxm"] = {"Lakurumau"}, ["lya"] = {"Layakha"}, ["lyg"] = {"Lyngngam"}, ["lyn"] = {"Luyana"}, ["lzh"] = {"Literary Chinese"}, ["lzl"] = {"Litzlitz"}, ["lzn"] = {"Leinong Naga"}, ["lzz"] = {"Laz"}, ["maa"] = {"San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec"}, ["mab"] = {"Yutanduchi Mixtec"}, ["mad"] = {"Madurese"}, ["mae"] = {"Bo-Rukul"}, ["maf"] = {"Mafa"}, ["mag"] = {"Magahi"}, ["mai"] = {"Maithili"}, ["maj"] = {"Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec"}, ["mak"] = {"Makasar"}, ["mam"] = {"Mam"}, ["man"] = {"Mandingo", "Manding"}, ["map"] = {"Austronesian languages"}, ["maq"] = {"Chiquihuitlán Mazatec"}, ["mas"] = {"Masai"}, ["mat"] = {"San Francisco Matlatzinca"}, ["mau"] = {"Huautla Mazatec"}, ["mav"] = {"Sateré-Mawé"}, ["maw"] = {"Mampruli"}, ["max"] = {"North Moluccan Malay"}, ["maz"] = {"Central Mazahua"}, ["mba"] = {"Higaonon"}, ["mbb"] = {"Western Bukidnon Manobo"}, ["mbc"] = {"Macushi"}, ["mbd"] = {"Dibabawon Manobo"}, ["mbe"] = {"Molale"}, ["mbf"] = {"Baba Malay"}, ["mbh"] = {"Mangseng"}, ["mbi"] = {"Ilianen Manobo"}, ["mbj"] = {"Nadëb"}, ["mbk"] = {"Malol"}, ["mbl"] = {"Maxakalí"}, ["mbm"] = {"Ombamba"}, ["mbn"] = {"Macaguán"}, ["mbo"] = {"Mbo (Cameroon)"}, ["mbp"] = {"Malayo"}, ["mbq"] = {"Maisin"}, ["mbr"] = {"Nukak Makú"}, ["mbs"] = {"Sarangani Manobo"}, ["mbt"] = {"Matigsalug Manobo"}, ["mbu"] = {"Mbula-Bwazza"}, ["mbv"] = {"Mbulungish"}, ["mbw"] = {"Maring"}, ["mbx"] = {"Mari (East Sepik Province)"}, ["mby"] = {"Memoni"}, ["mbz"] = {"Amoltepec Mixtec"}, ["mca"] = {"Maca"}, ["mcb"] = {"Machiguenga"}, ["mcc"] = {"Bitur"}, ["mcd"] = {"Sharanahua"}, ["mce"] = {"Itundujia Mixtec"}, ["mcf"] = {"Matsés"}, ["mcg"] = {"Mapoyo"}, ["mch"] = {"Maquiritari"}, ["mci"] = {"Mese"}, ["mcj"] = {"Mvanip"}, ["mck"] = {"Mbunda"}, ["mcl"] = {"Macaguaje"}, ["mcm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Portuguese"}, ["mcn"] = {"Masana"}, ["mco"] = {"Coatlán Mixe"}, ["mcp"] = {"Makaa"}, ["mcq"] = {"Ese"}, ["mcr"] = {"Menya"}, ["mcs"] = {"Mambai"}, ["mct"] = {"Mengisa"}, ["mcu"] = {"Cameroon Mambila"}, ["mcv"] = {"Minanibai"}, ["mcw"] = {"Mawa (Chad)"}, ["mcx"] = {"Mpiemo"}, ["mcy"] = {"South Watut"}, ["mcz"] = {"Mawan"}, ["mda"] = {"Mada (Nigeria)"}, ["mdb"] = {"Morigi"}, ["mdc"] = {"Soq", "Male (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mdd"] = {"Mbum"}, ["mde"] = {"Maba (Chad)"}, ["mdf"] = {"Moksha"}, ["mdg"] = {"Massalat"}, ["mdh"] = {"Maguindanaon"}, ["mdi"] = {"Mamvu"}, ["mdj"] = {"Mangbetu"}, ["mdk"] = {"Mangbutu"}, ["mdl"] = {"Maltese Sign Language"}, ["mdm"] = {"Mayogo"}, ["mdn"] = {"Mbati"}, ["mdp"] = {"Mbala"}, ["mdq"] = {"Mbole"}, ["mdr"] = {"Mandar"}, ["mds"] = {"Maria (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mdt"] = {"Mbere"}, ["mdu"] = {"Mboko"}, ["mdv"] = {"Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec"}, ["mdw"] = {"Mbosi"}, ["mdx"] = {"Dizin"}, ["mdy"] = {"Male", "Male (Ethiopia)"}, ["mdz"] = {"Suruí Do Pará"}, ["mea"] = {"Menka"}, ["meb"] = {"Ikobi"}, ["mec"] = {"Marra"}, ["med"] = {"Melpa"}, ["mee"] = {"Mengen"}, ["mef"] = {"Megam"}, ["meh"] = {"Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["mei"] = {"Midob"}, ["mej"] = {"Meyah"}, ["mek"] = {"Mekeo"}, ["mel"] = {"Central Melanau"}, ["mem"] = {"Mangala"}, ["men"] = {"Mende (Sierra Leone)"}, ["meo"] = {"Kedah Malay"}, ["mep"] = {"Miriwoong"}, ["meq"] = {"Merey"}, ["mer"] = {"Meru"}, ["mes"] = {"Masmaje"}, ["met"] = {"Mato"}, ["meu"] = {"Motu"}, ["mev"] = {"Mano"}, ["mew"] = {"Maaka"}, ["mey"] = {"Hassaniyya"}, ["mez"] = {"Menominee"}, ["mfa"] = {"Pattani Malay"}, ["mfb"] = {"Bangka"}, ["mfc"] = {"Mba"}, ["mfd"] = {"Mendankwe-Nkwen"}, ["mfe"] = {"Morisyen"}, ["mff"] = {"Naki"}, ["mfg"] = {"Mogofin"}, ["mfh"] = {"Matal"}, ["mfi"] = {"Wandala"}, ["mfj"] = {"Mefele"}, ["mfk"] = {"North Mofu"}, ["mfl"] = {"Putai"}, ["mfm"] = {"Marghi South"}, ["mfn"] = {"Cross River Mbembe"}, ["mfo"] = {"Mbe"}, ["mfp"] = {"Makassar Malay"}, ["mfq"] = {"Moba"}, ["mfr"] = {"Marrithiyel"}, ["mfs"] = {"Mexican Sign Language"}, ["mft"] = {"Mokerang"}, ["mfu"] = {"Mbwela"}, ["mfv"] = {"Mandjak"}, ["mfw"] = {"Mulaha"}, ["mfx"] = {"Melo"}, ["mfy"] = {"Mayo"}, ["mfz"] = {"Mabaan"}, ["mga"] = {"Middle Irish (900-1200)"}, ["mgb"] = {"Mararit"}, ["mgc"] = {"Morokodo"}, ["mgd"] = {"Moru"}, ["mge"] = {"Mango"}, ["mgf"] = {"Maklew"}, ["mgg"] = {"Mpumpong"}, ["mgh"] = {"Makhuwa-Meetto"}, ["mgi"] = {"Lijili"}, ["mgj"] = {"Abureni"}, ["mgk"] = {"Mawes"}, ["mgl"] = {"Maleu-Kilenge"}, ["mgm"] = {"Mambae"}, ["mgn"] = {"Mbangi"}, ["mgo"] = {"Meta'"}, ["mgp"] = {"Eastern Magar"}, ["mgq"] = {"Malila"}, ["mgr"] = {"Mambwe-Lungu"}, ["mgs"] = {"Manda (Tanzania)"}, ["mgt"] = {"Mongol"}, ["mgu"] = {"Mailu"}, ["mgv"] = {"Matengo"}, ["mgw"] = {"Matumbi"}, ["mgy"] = {"Mbunga"}, ["mgz"] = {"Mbugwe"}, ["mha"] = {"Manda (India)"}, ["mhb"] = {"Mahongwe"}, ["mhc"] = {"Mocho"}, ["mhd"] = {"Mbugu"}, ["mhe"] = {"Besisi", "Mah Meri"}, ["mhf"] = {"Mamaa"}, ["mhg"] = {"Margu"}, ["mhi"] = {"Ma'di"}, ["mhj"] = {"Mogholi"}, ["mhk"] = {"Mungaka"}, ["mhl"] = {"Mauwake"}, ["mhm"] = {"Makhuwa-Moniga"}, ["mhn"] = {"Mòcheno"}, ["mho"] = {"Mashi (Zambia)"}, ["mhp"] = {"Balinese Malay"}, ["mhq"] = {"Mandan"}, ["mhr"] = {"Eastern Mari"}, ["mhs"] = {"Buru (Indonesia)"}, ["mht"] = {"Mandahuaca"}, ["mhu"] = {"Digaro-Mishmi", "Darang Deng"}, ["mhw"] = {"Mbukushu"}, ["mhx"] = {"Maru", "Lhaovo"}, ["mhy"] = {"Ma'anyan"}, ["mhz"] = {"Mor (Mor Islands)"}, ["mia"] = {"Miami"}, ["mib"] = {"Atatláhuca Mixtec"}, ["mic"] = {"Mi'kmaq", "Micmac"}, ["mid"] = {"Mandaic"}, ["mie"] = {"Ocotepec Mixtec"}, ["mif"] = {"Mofu-Gudur"}, ["mig"] = {"San Miguel El Grande Mixtec"}, ["mih"] = {"Chayuco Mixtec"}, ["mii"] = {"Chigmecatitlán Mixtec"}, ["mij"] = {"Abar", "Mungbam"}, ["mik"] = {"Mikasuki"}, ["mil"] = {"Peñoles Mixtec"}, ["mim"] = {"Alacatlatzala Mixtec"}, ["min"] = {"Minangkabau"}, ["mio"] = {"Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec"}, ["mip"] = {"Apasco-Apoala Mixtec"}, ["miq"] = {"Mískito"}, ["mir"] = {"Isthmus Mixe"}, ["mis"] = {"Uncoded languages"}, ["mit"] = {"Southern Puebla Mixtec"}, ["miu"] = {"Cacaloxtepec Mixtec"}, ["miw"] = {"Akoye"}, ["mix"] = {"Mixtepec Mixtec"}, ["miy"] = {"Ayutla Mixtec"}, ["miz"] = {"Coatzospan Mixtec"}, ["mjb"] = {"Makalero"}, ["mjc"] = {"San Juan Colorado Mixtec"}, ["mjd"] = {"Northwest Maidu"}, ["mje"] = {"Muskum"}, ["mjg"] = {"Tu"}, ["mjh"] = {"Mwera (Nyasa)"}, ["mji"] = {"Kim Mun"}, ["mjj"] = {"Mawak"}, ["mjk"] = {"Matukar"}, ["mjl"] = {"Mandeali"}, ["mjm"] = {"Medebur"}, ["mjn"] = {"Ma (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mjo"] = {"Malankuravan"}, ["mjp"] = {"Malapandaram"}, ["mjq"] = {"Malaryan"}, ["mjr"] = {"Malavedan"}, ["mjs"] = {"Miship"}, ["mjt"] = {"Sauria Paharia"}, ["mju"] = {"Manna-Dora"}, ["mjv"] = {"Mannan"}, ["mjw"] = {"Karbi"}, ["mjx"] = {"Mahali"}, ["mjy"] = {"Mahican"}, ["mjz"] = {"Majhi"}, ["mka"] = {"Mbre"}, ["mkb"] = {"Mal Paharia"}, ["mkc"] = {"Siliput"}, ["mke"] = {"Mawchi"}, ["mkf"] = {"Miya"}, ["mkg"] = {"Mak (China)"}, ["mkh"] = {"Mon-Khmer languages"}, ["mki"] = {"Dhatki"}, ["mkj"] = {"Mokilese"}, ["mkk"] = {"Byep"}, ["mkl"] = {"Mokole"}, ["mkm"] = {"Moklen"}, ["mkn"] = {"Kupang Malay"}, ["mko"] = {"Mingang Doso"}, ["mkp"] = {"Moikodi"}, ["mkq"] = {"Bay Miwok"}, ["mkr"] = {"Malas"}, ["mks"] = {"Silacayoapan Mixtec"}, ["mkt"] = {"Vamale"}, ["mku"] = {"Konyanka Maninka"}, ["mkv"] = {"Mafea"}, ["mkw"] = {"Kituba (Congo)"}, ["mkx"] = {"Kinamiging Manobo"}, ["mky"] = {"East Makian"}, ["mkz"] = {"Makasae"}, ["mla"] = {"Malo"}, ["mlb"] = {"Mbule"}, ["mlc"] = {"Cao Lan"}, ["mle"] = {"Manambu"}, ["mlf"] = {"Mal"}, ["mlh"] = {"Mape"}, ["mli"] = {"Malimpung"}, ["mlj"] = {"Miltu"}, ["mlk"] = {"Ilwana", "Kiwilwana"}, ["mll"] = {"Malua Bay"}, ["mlm"] = {"Mulam"}, ["mln"] = {"Malango"}, ["mlo"] = {"Mlomp"}, ["mlp"] = {"Bargam"}, ["mlq"] = {"Western Maninkakan"}, ["mlr"] = {"Vame"}, ["mls"] = {"Masalit"}, ["mlu"] = {"To'abaita"}, ["mlv"] = {"Motlav", "Mwotlap"}, ["mlw"] = {"Moloko"}, ["mlx"] = {"Malfaxal", "Naha'ai"}, ["mlz"] = {"Malaynon"}, ["mma"] = {"Mama"}, ["mmb"] = {"Momina"}, ["mmc"] = {"Michoacán Mazahua"}, ["mmd"] = {"Maonan"}, ["mme"] = {"Mae"}, ["mmf"] = {"Mundat"}, ["mmg"] = {"North Ambrym"}, ["mmh"] = {"Mehináku"}, ["mmi"] = {"Hember Avu", "Amben", "Musar"}, ["mmj"] = {"Majhwar"}, ["mmk"] = {"Mukha-Dora"}, ["mml"] = {"Man Met"}, ["mmm"] = {"Maii"}, ["mmn"] = {"Mamanwa"}, ["mmo"] = {"Mangga Buang"}, ["mmp"] = {"Siawi"}, ["mmq"] = {"Musak"}, ["mmr"] = {"Western Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mmt"] = {"Malalamai"}, ["mmu"] = {"Mmaala"}, ["mmv"] = {"Miriti"}, ["mmw"] = {"Emae"}, ["mmx"] = {"Madak"}, ["mmy"] = {"Migaama"}, ["mmz"] = {"Mabaale"}, ["mna"] = {"Mbula"}, ["mnb"] = {"Muna"}, ["mnc"] = {"Manchu"}, ["mnd"] = {"Mondé"}, ["mne"] = {"Naba"}, ["mnf"] = {"Mundani"}, ["mng"] = {"Eastern Mnong"}, ["mnh"] = {"Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["mni"] = {"Manipuri"}, ["mnj"] = {"Munji"}, ["mnk"] = {"Mandinka"}, ["mnl"] = {"Tiale"}, ["mnm"] = {"Mapena"}, ["mnn"] = {"Southern Mnong"}, ["mno"] = {"Manobo languages"}, ["mnp"] = {"Min Bei Chinese"}, ["mnq"] = {"Minriq"}, ["mnr"] = {"Mono (USA)"}, ["mns"] = {"Mansi"}, ["mnu"] = {"Mer"}, ["mnv"] = {"Rennell-Bellona"}, ["mnw"] = {"Mon"}, ["mnx"] = {"Manikion"}, ["mny"] = {"Manyawa"}, ["mnz"] = {"Moni"}, ["moa"] = {"Mwan"}, ["moc"] = {"Mocoví"}, ["mod"] = {"Mobilian"}, ["moe"] = {"Innu", "Montagnais"}, ["mog"] = {"Mongondow"}, ["moh"] = {"Mohawk", "Kanien'kéha"}, ["moi"] = {"Mboi"}, ["moj"] = {"Monzombo"}, ["mok"] = {"Morori"}, ["mom"] = {"Mangue"}, ["moo"] = {"Monom"}, ["mop"] = {"Mopán Maya"}, ["moq"] = {"Mor (Bomberai Peninsula)"}, ["mor"] = {"Moro"}, ["mos"] = {"Mossi"}, ["mot"] = {"Barí"}, ["mou"] = {"Mogum"}, ["mov"] = {"Mohave"}, ["mow"] = {"Moi (Congo)"}, ["mox"] = {"Molima"}, ["moy"] = {"Shekkacho"}, ["moz"] = {"Mukulu", "Gergiko"}, ["mpa"] = {"Mpoto"}, ["mpb"] = {"Malak Malak", "Mullukmulluk"}, ["mpc"] = {"Mangarrayi"}, ["mpd"] = {"Machinere"}, ["mpe"] = {"Majang"}, ["mpg"] = {"Marba"}, ["mph"] = {"Maung"}, ["mpi"] = {"Mpade"}, ["mpj"] = {"Martu Wangka", "Wangkajunga"}, ["mpk"] = {"Mbara (Chad)"}, ["mpl"] = {"Middle Watut"}, ["mpm"] = {"Yosondúa Mixtec"}, ["mpn"] = {"Mindiri"}, ["mpo"] = {"Miu"}, ["mpp"] = {"Migabac"}, ["mpq"] = {"Matís"}, ["mpr"] = {"Vangunu"}, ["mps"] = {"Dadibi"}, ["mpt"] = {"Mian"}, ["mpu"] = {"Makuráp"}, ["mpv"] = {"Mungkip"}, ["mpw"] = {"Mapidian"}, ["mpx"] = {"Misima-Panaeati"}, ["mpy"] = {"Mapia"}, ["mpz"] = {"Mpi"}, ["mqa"] = {"Maba (Indonesia)"}, ["mqb"] = {"Mbuko"}, ["mqc"] = {"Mangole"}, ["mqe"] = {"Matepi"}, ["mqf"] = {"Momuna"}, ["mqg"] = {"Kota Bangun Kutai Malay"}, ["mqh"] = {"Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["mqi"] = {"Mariri"}, ["mqj"] = {"Mamasa"}, ["mqk"] = {"Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo"}, ["mql"] = {"Mbelime"}, ["mqm"] = {"South Marquesan"}, ["mqn"] = {"Moronene"}, ["mqo"] = {"Modole"}, ["mqp"] = {"Manipa"}, ["mqq"] = {"Minokok"}, ["mqr"] = {"Mander"}, ["mqs"] = {"West Makian"}, ["mqt"] = {"Mok"}, ["mqu"] = {"Mandari"}, ["mqv"] = {"Mosimo"}, ["mqw"] = {"Murupi"}, ["mqx"] = {"Mamuju"}, ["mqy"] = {"Manggarai"}, ["mqz"] = {"Pano"}, ["mra"] = {"Mlabri"}, ["mrb"] = {"Marino"}, ["mrc"] = {"Maricopa"}, ["mrd"] = {"Western Magar"}, ["mre"] = {"Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"}, ["mrf"] = {"Elseng"}, ["mrg"] = {"Mising"}, ["mrh"] = {"Mara Chin"}, ["mrj"] = {"Western Mari"}, ["mrk"] = {"Hmwaveke"}, ["mrl"] = {"Mortlockese"}, ["mrm"] = {"Merlav", "Mwerlap"}, ["mrn"] = {"Cheke Holo"}, ["mro"] = {"Mru"}, ["mrp"] = {"Morouas"}, ["mrq"] = {"North Marquesan"}, ["mrr"] = {"Maria (India)"}, ["mrs"] = {"Maragus"}, ["mrt"] = {"Marghi Central"}, ["mru"] = {"Mono (Cameroon)"}, ["mrv"] = {"Mangareva"}, ["mrw"] = {"Maranao"}, ["mrx"] = {"Maremgi", "Dineor"}, ["mry"] = {"Mandaya"}, ["mrz"] = {"Marind"}, ["msb"] = {"Masbatenyo"}, ["msc"] = {"Sankaran Maninka"}, ["msd"] = {"Yucatec Maya Sign Language"}, ["mse"] = {"Musey"}, ["msf"] = {"Mekwei"}, ["msg"] = {"Moraid"}, ["msh"] = {"Masikoro Malagasy"}, ["msi"] = {"Sabah Malay"}, ["msj"] = {"Ma (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["msk"] = {"Mansaka"}, ["msl"] = {"Molof", "Poule"}, ["msm"] = {"Agusan Manobo"}, ["msn"] = {"Vurës"}, ["mso"] = {"Mombum"}, ["msp"] = {"Maritsauá"}, ["msq"] = {"Caac"}, ["msr"] = {"Mongolian Sign Language"}, ["mss"] = {"West Masela"}, ["msu"] = {"Musom"}, ["msv"] = {"Maslam"}, ["msw"] = {"Mansoanka"}, ["msx"] = {"Moresada"}, ["msy"] = {"Aruamu"}, ["msz"] = {"Momare"}, ["mta"] = {"Cotabato Manobo"}, ["mtb"] = {"Anyin Morofo"}, ["mtc"] = {"Munit"}, ["mtd"] = {"Mualang"}, ["mte"] = {"Mono (Solomon Islands)"}, ["mtf"] = {"Murik (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mtg"] = {"Una"}, ["mth"] = {"Munggui"}, ["mti"] = {"Maiwa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mtj"] = {"Moskona"}, ["mtk"] = {"Mbe'"}, ["mtl"] = {"Montol"}, ["mtm"] = {"Mator"}, ["mtn"] = {"Matagalpa"}, ["mto"] = {"Totontepec Mixe"}, ["mtp"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Nocten"}, ["mtq"] = {"Muong"}, ["mtr"] = {"Mewari"}, ["mts"] = {"Yora"}, ["mtt"] = {"Mota"}, ["mtu"] = {"Tututepec Mixtec"}, ["mtv"] = {"Asaro'o"}, ["mtw"] = {"Southern Binukidnon"}, ["mtx"] = {"Tidaá Mixtec"}, ["mty"] = {"Nabi"}, ["mua"] = {"Mundang"}, ["mub"] = {"Mubi"}, ["muc"] = {"Ajumbu"}, ["mud"] = {"Mednyj Aleut"}, ["mue"] = {"Media Lengua"}, ["mug"] = {"Musgu"}, ["muh"] = {"Mündü"}, ["mui"] = {"Musi"}, ["muj"] = {"Mabire"}, ["muk"] = {"Mugom"}, ["mul"] = {"Multiple languages"}, ["mum"] = {"Maiwala"}, ["mun"] = {"Munda languages"}, ["muo"] = {"Nyong"}, ["mup"] = {"Malvi"}, ["muq"] = {"Eastern Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mur"] = {"Murle"}, ["mus"] = {"Creek"}, ["mut"] = {"Western Muria"}, ["muu"] = {"Yaaku"}, ["muv"] = {"Muthuvan"}, ["mux"] = {"Bo-Ung"}, ["muy"] = {"Muyang"}, ["muz"] = {"Mursi"}, ["mva"] = {"Manam"}, ["mvb"] = {"Mattole"}, ["mvd"] = {"Mamboru"}, ["mve"] = {"Marwari (Pakistan)"}, ["mvf"] = {"Peripheral Mongolian"}, ["mvg"] = {"Yucuañe Mixtec"}, ["mvh"] = {"Mulgi"}, ["mvi"] = {"Miyako"}, ["mvk"] = {"Mekmek"}, ["mvl"] = {"Mbara (Australia)"}, ["mvn"] = {"Minaveha"}, ["mvo"] = {"Marovo"}, ["mvp"] = {"Duri"}, ["mvq"] = {"Moere"}, ["mvr"] = {"Marau"}, ["mvs"] = {"Massep"}, ["mvt"] = {"Mpotovoro"}, ["mvu"] = {"Marfa"}, ["mvv"] = {"Tagal Murut"}, ["mvw"] = {"Machinga"}, ["mvx"] = {"Meoswar"}, ["mvy"] = {"Indus Kohistani"}, ["mvz"] = {"Mesqan"}, ["mwa"] = {"Mwatebu"}, ["mwb"] = {"Juwal"}, ["mwc"] = {"Are"}, ["mwe"] = {"Mwera (Chimwera)"}, ["mwf"] = {"Murrinh-Patha"}, ["mwg"] = {"Aiklep"}, ["mwh"] = {"Mouk-Aria"}, ["mwi"] = {"Labo", "Ninde"}, ["mwk"] = {"Kita Maninkakan"}, ["mwl"] = {"Mirandese"}, ["mwm"] = {"Sar"}, ["mwn"] = {"Nyamwanga"}, ["mwo"] = {"Central Maewo"}, ["mwp"] = {"Kala Lagaw Ya"}, ["mwq"] = {"Mün Chin"}, ["mwr"] = {"Marwari"}, ["mws"] = {"Mwimbi-Muthambi"}, ["mwt"] = {"Moken"}, ["mwu"] = {"Mittu"}, ["mwv"] = {"Mentawai"}, ["mww"] = {"Hmong Daw"}, ["mwz"] = {"Moingi"}, ["mxa"] = {"Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec"}, ["mxb"] = {"Tezoatlán Mixtec"}, ["mxc"] = {"Manyika"}, ["mxd"] = {"Modang"}, ["mxe"] = {"Mele-Fila"}, ["mxf"] = {"Malgbe"}, ["mxg"] = {"Mbangala"}, ["mxh"] = {"Mvuba"}, ["mxi"] = {"Mozarabic"}, ["mxj"] = {"Miju-Mishmi", "Geman Deng"}, ["mxk"] = {"Monumbo"}, ["mxl"] = {"Maxi Gbe"}, ["mxm"] = {"Meramera"}, ["mxn"] = {"Moi (Indonesia)"}, ["mxo"] = {"Mbowe"}, ["mxp"] = {"Tlahuitoltepec Mixe"}, ["mxq"] = {"Juquila Mixe"}, ["mxr"] = {"Murik (Malaysia)"}, ["mxs"] = {"Huitepec Mixtec"}, ["mxt"] = {"Jamiltepec Mixtec"}, ["mxu"] = {"Mada (Cameroon)"}, ["mxv"] = {"Metlatónoc Mixtec"}, ["mxw"] = {"Namo"}, ["mxx"] = {"Mahou", "Mawukakan"}, ["mxy"] = {"Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec"}, ["mxz"] = {"Central Masela"}, ["myb"] = {"Mbay"}, ["myc"] = {"Mayeka"}, ["mye"] = {"Myene"}, ["myf"] = {"Bambassi"}, ["myg"] = {"Manta"}, ["myh"] = {"Makah"}, ["myj"] = {"Mangayat"}, ["myk"] = {"Mamara Senoufo"}, ["myl"] = {"Moma"}, ["mym"] = {"Me'en"}, ["myn"] = {"Mayan languages"}, ["myo"] = {"Anfillo"}, ["myp"] = {"Pirahã"}, ["myr"] = {"Muniche"}, ["mys"] = {"Mesmes"}, ["myu"] = {"Mundurukú"}, ["myv"] = {"Erzya"}, ["myw"] = {"Muyuw"}, ["myx"] = {"Masaaba"}, ["myy"] = {"Macuna"}, ["myz"] = {"Classical Mandaic"}, ["mza"] = {"Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec"}, ["mzb"] = {"Tumzabt"}, ["mzc"] = {"Madagascar Sign Language"}, ["mzd"] = {"Malimba"}, ["mze"] = {"Morawa"}, ["mzg"] = {"Monastic Sign Language"}, ["mzh"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay"}, ["mzi"] = {"Ixcatlán Mazatec"}, ["mzj"] = {"Manya"}, ["mzk"] = {"Nigeria Mambila"}, ["mzl"] = {"Mazatlán Mixe"}, ["mzm"] = {"Mumuye"}, ["mzn"] = {"Mazanderani"}, ["mzo"] = {"Matipuhy"}, ["mzp"] = {"Movima"}, ["mzq"] = {"Mori Atas"}, ["mzr"] = {"Marúbo"}, ["mzs"] = {"Macanese"}, ["mzt"] = {"Mintil"}, ["mzu"] = {"Inapang"}, ["mzv"] = {"Manza"}, ["mzw"] = {"Deg"}, ["mzx"] = {"Mawayana"}, ["mzy"] = {"Mozambican Sign Language"}, ["mzz"] = {"Maiadomu"}, ["naa"] = {"Namla"}, ["nab"] = {"Southern Nambikuára"}, ["nac"] = {"Narak"}, ["nae"] = {"Naka'ela"}, ["naf"] = {"Nabak"}, ["nag"] = {"Naga Pidgin"}, ["nah"] = {"Nahuatl languages"}, ["nai"] = {"North American Indian languages"}, ["naj"] = {"Nalu"}, ["nak"] = {"Nakanai"}, ["nal"] = {"Nalik"}, ["nam"] = {"Ngan'gityemerri"}, ["nan"] = {"Min Nan Chinese"}, ["nao"] = {"Naaba"}, ["nap"] = {"Neapolitan"}, ["naq"] = {"Khoekhoe", "Nama (Namibia)"}, ["nar"] = {"Iguta"}, ["nas"] = {"Naasioi"}, ["nat"] = {"Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱", "Hungworo"}, ["naw"] = {"Nawuri"}, ["nax"] = {"Nakwi"}, ["nay"] = {"Ngarrindjeri"}, ["naz"] = {"Coatepec Nahuatl"}, ["nba"] = {"Nyemba"}, ["nbb"] = {"Ndoe"}, ["nbc"] = {"Chang Naga"}, ["nbd"] = {"Ngbinda"}, ["nbe"] = {"Konyak Naga"}, ["nbg"] = {"Nagarchal"}, ["nbh"] = {"Ngamo"}, ["nbi"] = {"Mao Naga"}, ["nbj"] = {"Ngarinyman"}, ["nbk"] = {"Nake"}, ["nbm"] = {"Ngbaka Ma'bo"}, ["nbn"] = {"Kuri"}, ["nbo"] = {"Nkukoli"}, ["nbp"] = {"Nnam"}, ["nbq"] = {"Nggem"}, ["nbr"] = {"Numana"}, ["nbs"] = {"Namibian Sign Language"}, ["nbt"] = {"Na"}, ["nbu"] = {"Rongmei Naga"}, ["nbv"] = {"Ngamambo"}, ["nbw"] = {"Southern Ngbandi"}, ["nby"] = {"Ningera"}, ["nca"] = {"Iyo"}, ["ncb"] = {"Central Nicobarese"}, ["ncc"] = {"Ponam"}, ["ncd"] = {"Nachering"}, ["nce"] = {"Yale"}, ["ncf"] = {"Notsi"}, ["ncg"] = {"Nisga'a"}, ["nch"] = {"Central Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nci"] = {"Classical Nahuatl"}, ["ncj"] = {"Northern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["nck"] = {"Na-kara"}, ["ncl"] = {"Michoacán Nahuatl"}, ["ncm"] = {"Nambo"}, ["ncn"] = {"Nauna"}, ["nco"] = {"Sibe"}, ["ncq"] = {"Northern Katang"}, ["ncr"] = {"Ncane"}, ["ncs"] = {"Nicaraguan Sign Language"}, ["nct"] = {"Chothe Naga"}, ["ncu"] = {"Chumburung"}, ["ncx"] = {"Central Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["ncz"] = {"Natchez"}, ["nda"] = {"Ndasa"}, ["ndb"] = {"Kenswei Nsei"}, ["ndc"] = {"Ndau"}, ["ndd"] = {"Nde-Nsele-Nta"}, ["ndf"] = {"Nadruvian"}, ["ndg"] = {"Ndengereko"}, ["ndh"] = {"Ndali"}, ["ndi"] = {"Samba Leko"}, ["ndj"] = {"Ndamba"}, ["ndk"] = {"Ndaka"}, ["ndl"] = {"Ndolo"}, ["ndm"] = {"Ndam"}, ["ndn"] = {"Ngundi"}, ["ndp"] = {"Ndo"}, ["ndq"] = {"Ndombe"}, ["ndr"] = {"Ndoola"}, ["nds"] = {"Low German", "Low Saxon"}, ["ndt"] = {"Ndunga"}, ["ndu"] = {"Dugun"}, ["ndv"] = {"Ndut"}, ["ndw"] = {"Ndobo"}, ["ndx"] = {"Nduga"}, ["ndy"] = {"Lutos"}, ["ndz"] = {"Ndogo"}, ["nea"] = {"Eastern Ngad'a"}, ["neb"] = {"Toura (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["nec"] = {"Nedebang"}, ["ned"] = {"Nde-Gbite"}, ["nee"] = {"Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak"}, ["nef"] = {"Nefamese"}, ["neg"] = {"Negidal"}, ["neh"] = {"Nyenkha"}, ["nei"] = {"Neo-Hittite"}, ["nej"] = {"Neko"}, ["nek"] = {"Neku"}, ["nem"] = {"Nemi"}, ["nen"] = {"Nengone"}, ["neo"] = {"Ná-Meo"}, ["neq"] = {"North Central Mixe"}, ["ner"] = {"Yahadian"}, ["nes"] = {"Bhoti Kinnauri"}, ["net"] = {"Nete"}, ["neu"] = {"Neo"}, ["nev"] = {"Nyaheun"}, ["new"] = {"Nepal Bhasa", "Newar", "Newari"}, ["nex"] = {"Neme"}, ["ney"] = {"Neyo"}, ["nez"] = {"Nez Perce"}, ["nfa"] = {"Dhao"}, ["nfd"] = {"Ahwai"}, ["nfl"] = {"Ayiwo", "Äiwoo"}, ["nfr"] = {"Nafaanra"}, ["nfu"] = {"Mfumte"}, ["nga"] = {"Ngbaka"}, ["ngb"] = {"Northern Ngbandi"}, ["ngc"] = {"Ngombe (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["ngd"] = {"Ngando (Central African Republic)"}, ["nge"] = {"Ngemba"}, ["ngf"] = {"Trans-New Guinea languages"}, ["ngg"] = {"Ngbaka Manza"}, ["ngh"] = {"Nǁng"}, ["ngi"] = {"Ngizim"}, ["ngj"] = {"Ngie"}, ["ngk"] = {"Dalabon"}, ["ngl"] = {"Lomwe"}, ["ngm"] = {"Ngatik Men's Creole"}, ["ngn"] = {"Ngwo"}, ["ngp"] = {"Ngulu"}, ["ngq"] = {"Ngurimi", "Ngoreme"}, ["ngr"] = {"Engdewu"}, ["ngs"] = {"Gvoko"}, ["ngt"] = {"Kriang", "Ngeq"}, ["ngu"] = {"Guerrero Nahuatl"}, ["ngv"] = {"Nagumi"}, ["ngw"] = {"Ngwaba"}, ["ngx"] = {"Nggwahyi"}, ["ngy"] = {"Tibea"}, ["ngz"] = {"Ngungwel"}, ["nha"] = {"Nhanda"}, ["nhb"] = {"Beng"}, ["nhc"] = {"Tabasco Nahuatl"}, ["nhd"] = {"Chiripá", "Ava Guaraní"}, ["nhe"] = {"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhf"] = {"Nhuwala"}, ["nhg"] = {"Tetelcingo Nahuatl"}, ["nhh"] = {"Nahari"}, ["nhi"] = {"Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl"}, ["nhk"] = {"Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl"}, ["nhm"] = {"Morelos Nahuatl"}, ["nhn"] = {"Central Nahuatl"}, ["nho"] = {"Takuu"}, ["nhp"] = {"Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhq"] = {"Huaxcaleca Nahuatl"}, ["nhr"] = {"Naro"}, ["nht"] = {"Ometepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhu"] = {"Noone"}, ["nhv"] = {"Temascaltepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhw"] = {"Western Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhx"] = {"Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhy"] = {"Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl"}, ["nhz"] = {"Santa María La Alta Nahuatl"}, ["nia"] = {"Nias"}, ["nib"] = {"Nakame"}, ["nic"] = {"Niger-Kordofanian languages"}, ["nid"] = {"Ngandi"}, ["nie"] = {"Niellim"}, ["nif"] = {"Nek"}, ["nig"] = {"Ngalakgan"}, ["nih"] = {"Nyiha (Tanzania)"}, ["nii"] = {"Nii"}, ["nij"] = {"Ngaju"}, ["nik"] = {"Southern Nicobarese"}, ["nil"] = {"Nila"}, ["nim"] = {"Nilamba"}, ["nin"] = {"Ninzo"}, ["nio"] = {"Nganasan"}, ["niq"] = {"Nandi"}, ["nir"] = {"Nimboran"}, ["nis"] = {"Nimi"}, ["nit"] = {"Southeastern Kolami"}, ["niu"] = {"Niuean"}, ["niv"] = {"Gilyak"}, ["niw"] = {"Nimo"}, ["nix"] = {"Hema"}, ["niy"] = {"Ngiti"}, ["niz"] = {"Ningil"}, ["nja"] = {"Nzanyi"}, ["njb"] = {"Nocte Naga"}, ["njd"] = {"Ndonde Hamba"}, ["njh"] = {"Lotha Naga"}, ["nji"] = {"Gudanji"}, ["njj"] = {"Njen"}, ["njl"] = {"Njalgulgule"}, ["njm"] = {"Angami Naga"}, ["njn"] = {"Liangmai Naga"}, ["njo"] = {"Ao Naga"}, ["njr"] = {"Njerep"}, ["njs"] = {"Nisa"}, ["njt"] = {"Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin"}, ["nju"] = {"Ngadjunmaya"}, ["njx"] = {"Kunyi"}, ["njy"] = {"Njyem"}, ["njz"] = {"Nyishi"}, ["nka"] = {"Nkoya"}, ["nkb"] = {"Khoibu Naga"}, ["nkc"] = {"Nkongho"}, ["nkd"] = {"Koireng"}, ["nke"] = {"Duke"}, ["nkf"] = {"Inpui Naga"}, ["nkg"] = {"Nekgini"}, ["nkh"] = {"Khezha Naga"}, ["nki"] = {"Thangal Naga"}, ["nkj"] = {"Nakai"}, ["nkk"] = {"Nokuku"}, ["nkm"] = {"Namat"}, ["nkn"] = {"Nkangala"}, ["nko"] = {"Nkonya"}, ["nkp"] = {"Niuatoputapu"}, ["nkq"] = {"Nkami"}, ["nkr"] = {"Nukuoro"}, ["nks"] = {"North Asmat"}, ["nkt"] = {"Nyika (Tanzania)"}, ["nku"] = {"Bouna Kulango"}, ["nkv"] = {"Nyika (Malawi and Zambia)"}, ["nkw"] = {"Nkutu"}, ["nkx"] = {"Nkoroo"}, ["nkz"] = {"Nkari"}, ["nla"] = {"Ngombale"}, ["nlc"] = {"Nalca"}, ["nle"] = {"East Nyala"}, ["nlg"] = {"Gela"}, ["nli"] = {"Grangali"}, ["nlj"] = {"Nyali"}, ["nlk"] = {"Ninia Yali"}, ["nll"] = {"Nihali"}, ["nlm"] = {"Mankiyali"}, ["nlo"] = {"Ngul"}, ["nlq"] = {"Lao Naga"}, ["nlu"] = {"Nchumbulu"}, ["nlv"] = {"Orizaba Nahuatl"}, ["nlw"] = {"Walangama"}, ["nlx"] = {"Nahali"}, ["nly"] = {"Nyamal"}, ["nlz"] = {"Nalögo"}, ["nma"] = {"Maram Naga"}, ["nmb"] = {"Big Nambas", "V'ënen Taut"}, ["nmc"] = {"Ngam"}, ["nmd"] = {"Ndumu"}, ["nme"] = {"Mzieme Naga"}, ["nmf"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (India)"}, ["nmg"] = {"Kwasio"}, ["nmh"] = {"Monsang Naga"}, ["nmi"] = {"Nyam"}, ["nmj"] = {"Ngombe (Central African Republic)"}, ["nmk"] = {"Namakura"}, ["nml"] = {"Ndemli"}, ["nmm"] = {"Manangba"}, ["nmn"] = {"ǃXóõ"}, ["nmo"] = {"Moyon Naga"}, ["nmp"] = {"Nimanbur"}, ["nmq"] = {"Nambya"}, ["nmr"] = {"Nimbari"}, ["nms"] = {"Letemboi"}, ["nmt"] = {"Namonuito"}, ["nmu"] = {"Northeast Maidu"}, ["nmv"] = {"Ngamini"}, ["nmw"] = {"Nimoa", "Rifao"}, ["nmx"] = {"Nama (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["nmy"] = {"Namuyi"}, ["nmz"] = {"Nawdm"}, ["nna"] = {"Nyangumarta"}, ["nnb"] = {"Nande"}, ["nnc"] = {"Nancere"}, ["nnd"] = {"West Ambae"}, ["nne"] = {"Ngandyera"}, ["nnf"] = {"Ngaing"}, ["nng"] = {"Maring Naga"}, ["nnh"] = {"Ngiemboon"}, ["nni"] = {"North Nuaulu"}, ["nnj"] = {"Nyangatom"}, ["nnk"] = {"Nankina"}, ["nnl"] = {"Northern Rengma Naga"}, ["nnm"] = {"Namia"}, ["nnn"] = {"Ngete"}, ["nnp"] = {"Wancho Naga"}, ["nnq"] = {"Ngindo"}, ["nnr"] = {"Narungga"}, ["nnt"] = {"Nanticoke"}, ["nnu"] = {"Dwang"}, ["nnv"] = {"Nugunu (Australia)"}, ["nnw"] = {"Southern Nuni"}, ["nny"] = {"Nyangga"}, ["nnz"] = {"Nda'nda'"}, ["noa"] = {"Woun Meu"}, ["noc"] = {"Nuk"}, ["nod"] = {"Northern Thai"}, ["noe"] = {"Nimadi"}, ["nof"] = {"Nomane"}, ["nog"] = {"Nogai"}, ["noh"] = {"Nomu"}, ["noi"] = {"Noiri"}, ["noj"] = {"Nonuya"}, ["nok"] = {"Nooksack", "Lhéchelesem"}, ["nol"] = {"Nomlaki"}, ["non"] = {"Old Norse"}, ["nop"] = {"Numanggang"}, ["noq"] = {"Ngongo"}, ["nos"] = {"Eastern Nisu"}, ["not"] = {"Nomatsiguenga"}, ["nou"] = {"Ewage-Notu"}, ["nov"] = {"Novial"}, ["now"] = {"Nyambo"}, ["noy"] = {"Noy"}, ["noz"] = {"Nayi"}, ["npa"] = {"Nar Phu"}, ["npb"] = {"Nupbikha"}, ["npg"] = {"Ponyo-Gongwang Naga"}, ["nph"] = {"Phom Naga"}, ["npi"] = {"Nepali (individual language)"}, ["npl"] = {"Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["npn"] = {"Mondropolon"}, ["npo"] = {"Pochuri Naga"}, ["nps"] = {"Nipsan"}, ["npu"] = {"Puimei Naga"}, ["npx"] = {"Noipx"}, ["npy"] = {"Napu"}, ["nqg"] = {"Southern Nago"}, ["nqk"] = {"Kura Ede Nago"}, ["nql"] = {"Ngendelengo"}, ["nqm"] = {"Ndom"}, ["nqn"] = {"Nen"}, ["nqo"] = {"N'Ko", "N’Ko"}, ["nqq"] = {"Kyan-Karyaw Naga"}, ["nqt"] = {"Nteng"}, ["nqy"] = {"Akyaung Ari Naga"}, ["nra"] = {"Ngom"}, ["nrb"] = {"Nara"}, ["nrc"] = {"Noric"}, ["nre"] = {"Southern Rengma Naga"}, ["nrf"] = {"Jèrriais", "Guernésiais", "Sercquiais"}, ["nrg"] = {"Narango"}, ["nri"] = {"Chokri Naga"}, ["nrk"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nrl"] = {"Ngarluma"}, ["nrm"] = {"Narom"}, ["nrn"] = {"Norn"}, ["nrp"] = {"North Picene"}, ["nrr"] = {"Norra", "Nora"}, ["nrt"] = {"Northern Kalapuya"}, ["nru"] = {"Narua"}, ["nrx"] = {"Ngurmbur"}, ["nrz"] = {"Lala"}, ["nsa"] = {"Sangtam Naga"}, ["nsb"] = {"Lower Nossob"}, ["nsc"] = {"Nshi"}, ["nsd"] = {"Southern Nisu"}, ["nse"] = {"Nsenga"}, ["nsf"] = {"Northwestern Nisu"}, ["nsg"] = {"Ngasa"}, ["nsh"] = {"Ngoshie"}, ["nsi"] = {"Nigerian Sign Language"}, ["nsk"] = {"Naskapi"}, ["nsl"] = {"Norwegian Sign Language"}, ["nsm"] = {"Sumi Naga"}, ["nsn"] = {"Nehan"}, ["nso"] = {"Pedi", "Northern Sotho", "Sepedi"}, ["nsp"] = {"Nepalese Sign Language"}, ["nsq"] = {"Northern Sierra Miwok"}, ["nsr"] = {"Maritime Sign Language"}, ["nss"] = {"Nali"}, ["nst"] = {"Tase Naga"}, ["nsu"] = {"Sierra Negra Nahuatl"}, ["nsv"] = {"Southwestern Nisu"}, ["nsw"] = {"Navut"}, ["nsx"] = {"Nsongo"}, ["nsy"] = {"Nasal"}, ["nsz"] = {"Nisenan"}, ["ntd"] = {"Northern Tidung"}, ["ntg"] = {"Ngantangarra"}, ["nti"] = {"Natioro"}, ["ntj"] = {"Ngaanyatjarra"}, ["ntk"] = {"Ikoma-Nata-Isenye"}, ["ntm"] = {"Nateni"}, ["nto"] = {"Ntomba"}, ["ntp"] = {"Northern Tepehuan"}, ["ntr"] = {"Delo"}, ["ntu"] = {"Natügu"}, ["ntw"] = {"Nottoway"}, ["ntx"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (Myanmar)"}, ["nty"] = {"Mantsi"}, ["ntz"] = {"Natanzi"}, ["nua"] = {"Yuanga"}, ["nub"] = {"Nubian languages"}, ["nuc"] = {"Nukuini"}, ["nud"] = {"Ngala"}, ["nue"] = {"Ngundu"}, ["nuf"] = {"Nusu"}, ["nug"] = {"Nungali"}, ["nuh"] = {"Ndunda"}, ["nui"] = {"Ngumbi"}, ["nuj"] = {"Nyole"}, ["nuk"] = {"Nuu-chah-nulth", "Nuuchahnulth"}, ["nul"] = {"Nusa Laut"}, ["num"] = {"Niuafo'ou"}, ["nun"] = {"Anong"}, ["nuo"] = {"Nguôn"}, ["nup"] = {"Nupe-Nupe-Tako"}, ["nuq"] = {"Nukumanu"}, ["nur"] = {"Nukuria"}, ["nus"] = {"Nuer"}, ["nut"] = {"Nung (Viet Nam)"}, ["nuu"] = {"Ngbundu"}, ["nuv"] = {"Northern Nuni"}, ["nuw"] = {"Nguluwan"}, ["nux"] = {"Mehek"}, ["nuy"] = {"Nunggubuyu"}, ["nuz"] = {"Tlamacazapa Nahuatl"}, ["nvh"] = {"Nasarian"}, ["nvm"] = {"Namiae"}, ["nvo"] = {"Nyokon"}, ["nwa"] = {"Nawathinehena"}, ["nwb"] = {"Nyabwa"}, ["nwc"] = {"Classical Newari", "Classical Nepal Bhasa", "Old Newari"}, ["nwe"] = {"Ngwe"}, ["nwg"] = {"Ngayawung"}, ["nwi"] = {"Southwest Tanna"}, ["nwm"] = {"Nyamusa-Molo"}, ["nwo"] = {"Nauo"}, ["nwr"] = {"Nawaru"}, ["nww"] = {"Ndwewe"}, ["nwx"] = {"Middle Newar"}, ["nwy"] = {"Nottoway-Meherrin"}, ["nxa"] = {"Nauete"}, ["nxd"] = {"Ngando (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["nxe"] = {"Nage"}, ["nxg"] = {"Ngad'a"}, ["nxi"] = {"Nindi"}, ["nxk"] = {"Koki Naga"}, ["nxl"] = {"South Nuaulu"}, ["nxm"] = {"Numidian"}, ["nxn"] = {"Ngawun"}, ["nxo"] = {"Ndambomo"}, ["nxq"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nxr"] = {"Ninggerum"}, ["nxx"] = {"Nafri"}, ["nyb"] = {"Nyangbo"}, ["nyc"] = {"Nyanga-li"}, ["nyd"] = {"Nyore", "Olunyole"}, ["nye"] = {"Nyengo"}, ["nyf"] = {"Giryama", "Kigiryama"}, ["nyg"] = {"Nyindu"}, ["nyh"] = {"Nyikina"}, ["nyi"] = {"Ama (Sudan)"}, ["nyj"] = {"Nyanga"}, ["nyk"] = {"Nyaneka"}, ["nyl"] = {"Nyeu"}, ["nym"] = {"Nyamwezi"}, ["nyn"] = {"Nyankole"}, ["nyo"] = {"Nyoro"}, ["nyp"] = {"Nyang'i"}, ["nyq"] = {"Nayini"}, ["nyr"] = {"Nyiha (Malawi)"}, ["nys"] = {"Nyungar"}, ["nyt"] = {"Nyawaygi"}, ["nyu"] = {"Nyungwe"}, ["nyv"] = {"Nyulnyul"}, ["nyw"] = {"Nyaw"}, ["nyx"] = {"Nganyaywana"}, ["nyy"] = {"Nyakyusa-Ngonde"}, ["nza"] = {"Tigon Mbembe"}, ["nzb"] = {"Njebi"}, ["nzd"] = {"Nzadi"}, ["nzi"] = {"Nzima"}, ["nzk"] = {"Nzakara"}, ["nzm"] = {"Zeme Naga"}, ["nzr"] = {"Dir-Nyamzak-Mbarimi"}, ["nzs"] = {"New Zealand Sign Language"}, ["nzu"] = {"Teke-Nzikou"}, ["nzy"] = {"Nzakambay"}, ["nzz"] = {"Nanga Dama Dogon"}, ["oaa"] = {"Orok"}, ["oac"] = {"Oroch"}, ["oak"] = {"Noakhali", "Noakhailla"}, ["oar"] = {"Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)", "Ancient Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)"}, ["oav"] = {"Old Avar"}, ["obi"] = {"Obispeño"}, ["obk"] = {"Southern Bontok"}, ["obl"] = {"Oblo"}, ["obm"] = {"Moabite"}, ["obo"] = {"Obo Manobo"}, ["obr"] = {"Old Burmese"}, ["obt"] = {"Old Breton"}, ["obu"] = {"Obulom"}, ["oca"] = {"Ocaina"}, ["och"] = {"Old Chinese"}, ["ocm"] = {"Old Cham"}, ["oco"] = {"Old Cornish"}, ["ocu"] = {"Atzingo Matlatzinca"}, ["oda"] = {"Odut"}, ["odk"] = {"Od"}, ["odt"] = {"Old Dutch"}, ["odu"] = {"Odual"}, ["ofo"] = {"Ofo"}, ["ofs"] = {"Old Frisian"}, ["ofu"] = {"Efutop"}, ["ogb"] = {"Ogbia"}, ["ogc"] = {"Ogbah"}, ["oge"] = {"Old Georgian"}, ["ogg"] = {"Ogbogolo"}, ["ogo"] = {"Khana"}, ["ogu"] = {"Ogbronuagum"}, ["oht"] = {"Old Hittite"}, ["ohu"] = {"Old Hungarian"}, ["oia"] = {"Oirata"}, ["oie"] = {"Okolie"}, ["oin"] = {"Inebu One"}, ["ojb"] = {"Northwestern Ojibwa"}, ["ojc"] = {"Central Ojibwa"}, ["ojg"] = {"Eastern Ojibwa"}, ["ojp"] = {"Old Japanese"}, ["ojs"] = {"Severn Ojibwa"}, ["ojv"] = {"Ontong Java"}, ["ojw"] = {"Western Ojibwa"}, ["oka"] = {"Okanagan"}, ["okb"] = {"Okobo"}, ["okc"] = {"Kobo"}, ["okd"] = {"Okodia"}, ["oke"] = {"Okpe (Southwestern Edo)"}, ["okg"] = {"Koko Babangk"}, ["okh"] = {"Koresh-e Rostam"}, ["oki"] = {"Okiek"}, ["okj"] = {"Oko-Juwoi"}, ["okk"] = {"Kwamtim One"}, ["okl"] = {"Old Kentish Sign Language"}, ["okm"] = {"Middle Korean (10th-16th cent.)"}, ["okn"] = {"Oki-No-Erabu"}, ["oko"] = {"Old Korean (3rd-9th cent.)"}, ["okr"] = {"Kirike"}, ["oks"] = {"Oko-Eni-Osayen"}, ["oku"] = {"Oku"}, ["okv"] = {"Orokaiva"}, ["okx"] = {"Okpe (Northwestern Edo)"}, ["okz"] = {"Old Khmer"}, ["ola"] = {"Walungge"}, ["olb"] = {"Oli-Bodiman"}, ["old"] = {"Mochi"}, ["ole"] = {"Olekha"}, ["olk"] = {"Olkol"}, ["olm"] = {"Oloma"}, ["olo"] = {"Livvi"}, ["olr"] = {"Olrat"}, ["olt"] = {"Old Lithuanian"}, ["olu"] = {"Kuvale"}, ["oma"] = {"Omaha-Ponca"}, ["omb"] = {"East Ambae"}, ["omc"] = {"Mochica"}, ["omg"] = {"Omagua"}, ["omi"] = {"Omi"}, ["omk"] = {"Omok"}, ["oml"] = {"Ombo"}, ["omn"] = {"Minoan"}, ["omo"] = {"Utarmbung"}, ["omp"] = {"Old Manipuri"}, ["omq"] = {"Oto-Manguean languages"}, ["omr"] = {"Old Marathi"}, ["omt"] = {"Omotik"}, ["omu"] = {"Omurano"}, ["omv"] = {"Omotic languages"}, ["omw"] = {"South Tairora"}, ["omx"] = {"Old Mon"}, ["omy"] = {"Old Malay"}, ["ona"] = {"Ona"}, ["onb"] = {"Lingao"}, ["one"] = {"Oneida"}, ["ong"] = {"Olo"}, ["oni"] = {"Onin"}, ["onj"] = {"Onjob"}, ["onk"] = {"Kabore One"}, ["onn"] = {"Onobasulu"}, ["ono"] = {"Onondaga"}, ["onp"] = {"Sartang"}, ["onr"] = {"Northern One"}, ["ons"] = {"Ono"}, ["ont"] = {"Ontenu"}, ["onu"] = {"Unua"}, ["onw"] = {"Old Nubian"}, ["onx"] = {"Onin Based Pidgin"}, ["ood"] = {"Tohono O'odham"}, ["oog"] = {"Ong"}, ["oon"] = {"Önge"}, ["oor"] = {"Oorlams"}, ["oos"] = {"Old Ossetic"}, ["opa"] = {"Okpamheri"}, ["opk"] = {"Kopkaka"}, ["opm"] = {"Oksapmin"}, ["opo"] = {"Opao"}, ["opt"] = {"Opata"}, ["opy"] = {"Ofayé"}, ["ora"] = {"Oroha"}, ["orc"] = {"Orma"}, ["ore"] = {"Orejón"}, ["org"] = {"Oring"}, ["orh"] = {"Oroqen"}, ["orn"] = {"Orang Kanaq"}, ["oro"] = {"Orokolo"}, ["orr"] = {"Oruma"}, ["ors"] = {"Orang Seletar"}, ["ort"] = {"Adivasi Oriya"}, ["oru"] = {"Ormuri"}, ["orv"] = {"Old Russian"}, ["orw"] = {"Oro Win"}, ["orx"] = {"Oro"}, ["ory"] = {"Odia (individual language)", "Oriya (individual language)"}, ["orz"] = {"Ormu"}, ["osa"] = {"Osage"}, ["osc"] = {"Oscan"}, ["osd"] = {"Digor Ossetic", "Digor", "Digor Ossetian"}, ["osi"] = {"Osing"}, ["osn"] = {"Old Sundanese"}, ["oso"] = {"Ososo"}, ["osp"] = {"Old Spanish"}, ["ost"] = {"Osatu"}, ["osu"] = {"Southern One"}, ["osx"] = {"Old Saxon"}, ["ota"] = {"Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)"}, ["otb"] = {"Old Tibetan"}, ["otd"] = {"Ot Danum"}, ["ote"] = {"Mezquital Otomi"}, ["oti"] = {"Oti"}, ["otk"] = {"Old Turkish"}, ["otl"] = {"Tilapa Otomi"}, ["otm"] = {"Eastern Highland Otomi"}, ["otn"] = {"Tenango Otomi"}, ["oto"] = {"Otomian languages"}, ["otq"] = {"Querétaro Otomi"}, ["otr"] = {"Otoro"}, ["ots"] = {"Estado de México Otomi"}, ["ott"] = {"Temoaya Otomi"}, ["otu"] = {"Otuke"}, ["otw"] = {"Ottawa"}, ["otx"] = {"Texcatepec Otomi"}, ["oty"] = {"Old Tamil"}, ["otz"] = {"Ixtenco Otomi"}, ["oua"] = {"Tagargrent"}, ["oub"] = {"Glio-Oubi"}, ["oue"] = {"Oune"}, ["oui"] = {"Old Uighur"}, ["oum"] = {"Ouma"}, ["ovd"] = {"Elfdalian", "Övdalian"}, ["owi"] = {"Owiniga"}, ["owl"] = {"Old Welsh"}, ["oyb"] = {"Oy"}, ["oyd"] = {"Oyda"}, ["oym"] = {"Wayampi"}, ["oyy"] = {"Oya'oya"}, ["ozm"] = {"Koonzime"}, ["paa"] = {"Papuan languages"}, ["pab"] = {"Parecís"}, ["pac"] = {"Pacoh"}, ["pad"] = {"Paumarí"}, ["pae"] = {"Pagibete"}, ["paf"] = {"Paranawát"}, ["pag"] = {"Pangasinan"}, ["pah"] = {"Tenharim"}, ["pai"] = {"Pe"}, ["pak"] = {"Parakanã"}, ["pal"] = {"Pahlavi"}, ["pam"] = {"Pampanga", "Kapampangan"}, ["pao"] = {"Northern Paiute"}, ["pap"] = {"Papiamento"}, ["paq"] = {"Parya"}, ["par"] = {"Panamint", "Timbisha"}, ["pas"] = {"Papasena"}, ["pau"] = {"Palauan"}, ["pav"] = {"Pakaásnovos"}, ["paw"] = {"Pawnee"}, ["pax"] = {"Pankararé"}, ["pay"] = {"Pech"}, ["paz"] = {"Pankararú"}, ["pbb"] = {"Páez"}, ["pbc"] = {"Patamona"}, ["pbe"] = {"Mezontla Popoloca"}, ["pbf"] = {"Coyotepec Popoloca"}, ["pbg"] = {"Paraujano"}, ["pbh"] = {"E'ñapa Woromaipu"}, ["pbi"] = {"Parkwa"}, ["pbl"] = {"Mak (Nigeria)"}, ["pbm"] = {"Puebla Mazatec"}, ["pbn"] = {"Kpasam"}, ["pbo"] = {"Papel"}, ["pbp"] = {"Badyara"}, ["pbr"] = {"Pangwa"}, ["pbs"] = {"Central Pame"}, ["pbt"] = {"Southern Pashto"}, ["pbu"] = {"Northern Pashto"}, ["pbv"] = {"Pnar"}, ["pby"] = {"Pyu (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["pca"] = {"Santa Inés Ahuatempan Popoloca"}, ["pcb"] = {"Pear"}, ["pcc"] = {"Bouyei"}, ["pcd"] = {"Picard"}, ["pce"] = {"Ruching Palaung"}, ["pcf"] = {"Paliyan"}, ["pcg"] = {"Paniya"}, ["pch"] = {"Pardhan"}, ["pci"] = {"Duruwa"}, ["pcj"] = {"Parenga"}, ["pck"] = {"Paite Chin"}, ["pcl"] = {"Pardhi"}, ["pcm"] = {"Nigerian Pidgin"}, ["pcn"] = {"Piti"}, ["pcp"] = {"Pacahuara"}, ["pcw"] = {"Pyapun"}, ["pda"] = {"Anam"}, ["pdc"] = {"Pennsylvania German"}, ["pdi"] = {"Pa Di"}, ["pdn"] = {"Podena", "Fedan"}, ["pdo"] = {"Padoe"}, ["pdt"] = {"Plautdietsch"}, ["pdu"] = {"Kayan"}, ["pea"] = {"Peranakan Indonesian"}, ["peb"] = {"Eastern Pomo"}, ["ped"] = {"Mala (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["pee"] = {"Taje"}, ["pef"] = {"Northeastern Pomo"}, ["peg"] = {"Pengo"}, ["peh"] = {"Bonan"}, ["pei"] = {"Chichimeca-Jonaz"}, ["pej"] = {"Northern Pomo"}, ["pek"] = {"Penchal"}, ["pel"] = {"Pekal"}, ["pem"] = {"Phende"}, ["peo"] = {"Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)"}, ["pep"] = {"Kunja"}, ["peq"] = {"Southern Pomo"}, ["pes"] = {"Iranian Persian"}, ["pev"] = {"Pémono"}, ["pex"] = {"Petats"}, ["pey"] = {"Petjo"}, ["pez"] = {"Eastern Penan"}, ["pfa"] = {"Pááfang"}, ["pfe"] = {"Pere"}, ["pfl"] = {"Pfaelzisch"}, ["pga"] = {"Sudanese Creole Arabic"}, ["pgd"] = {"Gāndhārī"}, ["pgg"] = {"Pangwali"}, ["pgi"] = {"Pagi"}, ["pgk"] = {"Rerep"}, ["pgl"] = {"Primitive Irish"}, ["pgn"] = {"Paelignian"}, ["pgs"] = {"Pangseng"}, ["pgu"] = {"Pagu"}, ["pgz"] = {"Papua New Guinean Sign Language"}, ["pha"] = {"Pa-Hng"}, ["phd"] = {"Phudagi"}, ["phg"] = {"Phuong"}, ["phh"] = {"Phukha"}, ["phi"] = {"Philippine languages"}, ["phj"] = {"Pahari"}, ["phk"] = {"Phake"}, ["phl"] = {"Phalura", "Palula"}, ["phm"] = {"Phimbi"}, ["phn"] = {"Phoenician"}, ["pho"] = {"Phunoi"}, ["phq"] = {"Phana'"}, ["phr"] = {"Pahari-Potwari"}, ["pht"] = {"Phu Thai"}, ["phu"] = {"Phuan"}, ["phv"] = {"Pahlavani"}, ["phw"] = {"Phangduwali"}, ["pia"] = {"Pima Bajo"}, ["pib"] = {"Yine"}, ["pic"] = {"Pinji"}, ["pid"] = {"Piaroa"}, ["pie"] = {"Piro"}, ["pif"] = {"Pingelapese"}, ["pig"] = {"Pisabo"}, ["pih"] = {"Pitcairn-Norfolk"}, ["pij"] = {"Pijao"}, ["pil"] = {"Yom"}, ["pim"] = {"Powhatan"}, ["pin"] = {"Piame"}, ["pio"] = {"Piapoco"}, ["pip"] = {"Pero"}, ["pir"] = {"Piratapuyo"}, ["pis"] = {"Pijin"}, ["pit"] = {"Pitta Pitta"}, ["piu"] = {"Pintupi-Luritja"}, ["piv"] = {"Pileni", "Vaeakau-Taumako"}, ["piw"] = {"Pimbwe"}, ["pix"] = {"Piu"}, ["piy"] = {"Piya-Kwonci"}, ["piz"] = {"Pije"}, ["pjt"] = {"Pitjantjatjara"}, ["pka"] = {"Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit"}, ["pkb"] = {"Pokomo", "Kipfokomo"}, ["pkc"] = {"Paekche"}, ["pkg"] = {"Pak-Tong"}, ["pkh"] = {"Pankhu"}, ["pkn"] = {"Pakanha"}, ["pko"] = {"Pökoot"}, ["pkp"] = {"Pukapuka"}, ["pkr"] = {"Attapady Kurumba"}, ["pks"] = {"Pakistan Sign Language"}, ["pkt"] = {"Maleng"}, ["pku"] = {"Paku"}, ["pla"] = {"Miani"}, ["plb"] = {"Polonombauk"}, ["plc"] = {"Central Palawano"}, ["pld"] = {"Polari"}, ["ple"] = {"Palu'e"}, ["plf"] = {"Central Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["plg"] = {"Pilagá"}, ["plh"] = {"Paulohi"}, ["plk"] = {"Kohistani Shina"}, ["pll"] = {"Shwe Palaung"}, ["pln"] = {"Palenquero"}, ["plo"] = {"Oluta Popoluca"}, ["plq"] = {"Palaic"}, ["plr"] = {"Palaka Senoufo"}, ["pls"] = {"San Marcos Tlacoyalco Popoloca", "San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca"}, ["plt"] = {"Plateau Malagasy"}, ["plu"] = {"Palikúr"}, ["plv"] = {"Southwest Palawano"}, ["plw"] = {"Brooke's Point Palawano"}, ["ply"] = {"Bolyu"}, ["plz"] = {"Paluan"}, ["pma"] = {"Paama"}, ["pmb"] = {"Pambia"}, ["pmd"] = {"Pallanganmiddang"}, ["pme"] = {"Pwaamei"}, ["pmf"] = {"Pamona"}, ["pmh"] = {"Māhārāṣṭri Prākrit"}, ["pmi"] = {"Northern Pumi"}, ["pmj"] = {"Southern Pumi"}, ["pml"] = {"Lingua Franca"}, ["pmm"] = {"Pomo"}, ["pmn"] = {"Pam"}, ["pmo"] = {"Pom"}, ["pmq"] = {"Northern Pame"}, ["pmr"] = {"Paynamar"}, ["pms"] = {"Piemontese"}, ["pmt"] = {"Tuamotuan"}, ["pmw"] = {"Plains Miwok"}, ["pmx"] = {"Poumei Naga"}, ["pmy"] = {"Papuan Malay"}, ["pmz"] = {"Southern Pame"}, ["pna"] = {"Punan Bah-Biau"}, ["pnb"] = {"Western Panjabi"}, ["pnc"] = {"Pannei"}, ["pnd"] = {"Mpinda"}, ["pne"] = {"Western Penan"}, ["png"] = {"Pangu", "Pongu"}, ["pnh"] = {"Penrhyn"}, ["pni"] = {"Aoheng"}, ["pnj"] = {"Pinjarup"}, ["pnk"] = {"Paunaka"}, ["pnl"] = {"Paleni"}, ["pnm"] = {"Punan Batu 1"}, ["pnn"] = {"Pinai-Hagahai"}, ["pno"] = {"Panobo"}, ["pnp"] = {"Pancana"}, ["pnq"] = {"Pana (Burkina Faso)"}, ["pnr"] = {"Panim"}, ["pns"] = {"Ponosakan"}, ["pnt"] = {"Pontic"}, ["pnu"] = {"Jiongnai Bunu"}, ["pnv"] = {"Pinigura"}, ["pnw"] = {"Banyjima", "Panytyima"}, ["pnx"] = {"Phong-Kniang"}, ["pny"] = {"Pinyin"}, ["pnz"] = {"Pana (Central African Republic)"}, ["poc"] = {"Poqomam"}, ["poe"] = {"San Juan Atzingo Popoloca"}, ["pof"] = {"Poke"}, ["pog"] = {"Potiguára"}, ["poh"] = {"Poqomchi'"}, ["poi"] = {"Highland Popoluca"}, ["pok"] = {"Pokangá"}, ["pom"] = {"Southeastern Pomo"}, ["pon"] = {"Pohnpeian"}, ["poo"] = {"Central Pomo"}, ["pop"] = {"Pwapwâ"}, ["poq"] = {"Texistepec Popoluca"}, ["pos"] = {"Sayula Popoluca"}, ["pot"] = {"Potawatomi"}, ["pov"] = {"Upper Guinea Crioulo"}, ["pow"] = {"San Felipe Otlaltepec Popoloca"}, ["pox"] = {"Polabian"}, ["poy"] = {"Pogolo"}, ["poz"] = {"Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["ppe"] = {"Papi"}, ["ppi"] = {"Paipai"}, ["ppk"] = {"Uma"}, ["ppl"] = {"Pipil", "Nicarao"}, ["ppm"] = {"Papuma"}, ["ppn"] = {"Papapana"}, ["ppo"] = {"Folopa"}, ["ppp"] = {"Pelende"}, ["ppq"] = {"Pei"}, ["pps"] = {"San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca"}, ["ppt"] = {"Pare"}, ["ppu"] = {"Papora"}, ["pqa"] = {"Pa'a"}, ["pqe"] = {"Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["pqm"] = {"Malecite-Passamaquoddy"}, ["pqw"] = {"Western Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["pra"] = {"Prakrit languages"}, ["prc"] = {"Parachi"}, ["prd"] = {"Parsi-Dari"}, ["pre"] = {"Principense"}, ["prf"] = {"Paranan"}, ["prg"] = {"Prussian"}, ["prh"] = {"Porohanon"}, ["pri"] = {"Paicî"}, ["prk"] = {"Parauk"}, ["prl"] = {"Peruvian Sign Language"}, ["prm"] = {"Kibiri"}, ["prn"] = {"Prasuni"}, ["pro"] = {"Old Provençal (to 1500)", "Old Occitan (to 1500)"}, ["prq"] = {"Ashéninka Perené"}, ["prr"] = {"Puri"}, ["prs"] = {"Dari", "Afghan Persian"}, ["prt"] = {"Phai"}, ["pru"] = {"Puragi"}, ["prw"] = {"Parawen"}, ["prx"] = {"Purik"}, ["prz"] = {"Providencia Sign Language"}, ["psa"] = {"Asue Awyu"}, ["psc"] = {"Iranian Sign Language", "Persian Sign Language"}, ["psd"] = {"Plains Indian Sign Language"}, ["pse"] = {"Central Malay"}, ["psg"] = {"Penang Sign Language"}, ["psh"] = {"Southwest Pashai", "Southwest Pashayi"}, ["psi"] = {"Southeast Pashai", "Southeast Pashayi"}, ["psl"] = {"Puerto Rican Sign Language"}, ["psm"] = {"Pauserna"}, ["psn"] = {"Panasuan"}, ["pso"] = {"Polish Sign Language"}, ["psp"] = {"Philippine Sign Language"}, ["psq"] = {"Pasi"}, ["psr"] = {"Portuguese Sign Language"}, ["pss"] = {"Kaulong"}, ["pst"] = {"Central Pashto"}, ["psu"] = {"Sauraseni Prākrit"}, ["psw"] = {"Port Sandwich"}, ["psy"] = {"Piscataway"}, ["pta"] = {"Pai Tavytera"}, ["pth"] = {"Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe"}, ["pti"] = {"Pindiini", "Wangkatha"}, ["ptn"] = {"Patani"}, ["pto"] = {"Zo'é"}, ["ptp"] = {"Patep"}, ["ptq"] = {"Pattapu"}, ["ptr"] = {"Piamatsina"}, ["ptt"] = {"Enrekang"}, ["ptu"] = {"Bambam"}, ["ptv"] = {"Port Vato"}, ["ptw"] = {"Pentlatch"}, ["pty"] = {"Pathiya"}, ["pua"] = {"Western Highland Purepecha"}, ["pub"] = {"Purum"}, ["puc"] = {"Punan Merap"}, ["pud"] = {"Punan Aput"}, ["pue"] = {"Puelche"}, ["puf"] = {"Punan Merah"}, ["pug"] = {"Phuie"}, ["pui"] = {"Puinave"}, ["puj"] = {"Punan Tubu"}, ["pum"] = {"Puma"}, ["puo"] = {"Puoc"}, ["pup"] = {"Pulabu"}, ["puq"] = {"Puquina"}, ["pur"] = {"Puruborá"}, ["put"] = {"Putoh"}, ["puu"] = {"Punu"}, ["puw"] = {"Puluwatese"}, ["pux"] = {"Puare"}, ["puy"] = {"Purisimeño"}, ["pwa"] = {"Pawaia"}, ["pwb"] = {"Panawa"}, ["pwg"] = {"Gapapaiwa"}, ["pwi"] = {"Patwin"}, ["pwm"] = {"Molbog"}, ["pwn"] = {"Paiwan"}, ["pwo"] = {"Pwo Western Karen"}, ["pwr"] = {"Powari"}, ["pww"] = {"Pwo Northern Karen"}, ["pxm"] = {"Quetzaltepec Mixe"}, ["pye"] = {"Pye Krumen"}, ["pym"] = {"Fyam"}, ["pyn"] = {"Poyanáwa"}, ["pys"] = {"Paraguayan Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas del Paraguay"}, ["pyu"] = {"Puyuma"}, ["pyx"] = {"Pyu (Myanmar)"}, ["pyy"] = {"Pyen"}, ["pze"] = {"Pesse"}, ["pzh"] = {"Pazeh"}, ["pzn"] = {"Jejara Naga", "Para Naga"}, ["qua"] = {"Quapaw"}, ["qub"] = {"Huallaga Huánuco Quechua"}, ["quc"] = {"K'iche'", "Quiché"}, ["qud"] = {"Calderón Highland Quichua"}, ["quf"] = {"Lambayeque Quechua"}, ["qug"] = {"Chimborazo Highland Quichua"}, ["quh"] = {"South Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qui"] = {"Quileute"}, ["quk"] = {"Chachapoyas Quechua"}, ["qul"] = {"North Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qum"] = {"Sipacapense"}, ["qun"] = {"Quinault"}, ["qup"] = {"Southern Pastaza Quechua"}, ["quq"] = {"Quinqui"}, ["qur"] = {"Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua"}, ["qus"] = {"Santiago del Estero Quichua"}, ["quv"] = {"Sacapulteco"}, ["quw"] = {"Tena Lowland Quichua"}, ["qux"] = {"Yauyos Quechua"}, ["quy"] = {"Ayacucho Quechua"}, ["quz"] = {"Cusco Quechua"}, ["qva"] = {"Ambo-Pasco Quechua"}, ["qvc"] = {"Cajamarca Quechua"}, ["qve"] = {"Eastern Apurímac Quechua"}, ["qvh"] = {"Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qvi"] = {"Imbabura Highland Quichua"}, ["qvj"] = {"Loja Highland Quichua"}, ["qvl"] = {"Cajatambo North Lima Quechua"}, ["qvm"] = {"Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua"}, ["qvn"] = {"North Junín Quechua"}, ["qvo"] = {"Napo Lowland Quechua"}, ["qvp"] = {"Pacaraos Quechua"}, ["qvs"] = {"San Martín Quechua"}, ["qvw"] = {"Huaylla Wanca Quechua"}, ["qvy"] = {"Queyu"}, ["qvz"] = {"Northern Pastaza Quichua"}, ["qwa"] = {"Corongo Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwc"] = {"Classical Quechua"}, ["qwe"] = {"Quechuan (family)"}, ["qwh"] = {"Huaylas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwm"] = {"Kuman (Russia)"}, ["qws"] = {"Sihuas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwt"] = {"Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai"}, ["qxa"] = {"Chiquián Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxc"] = {"Chincha Quechua"}, ["qxh"] = {"Panao Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qxl"] = {"Salasaca Highland Quichua"}, ["qxn"] = {"Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxo"] = {"Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxp"] = {"Puno Quechua"}, ["qxq"] = {"Qashqa'i"}, ["qxr"] = {"Cañar Highland Quichua"}, ["qxs"] = {"Southern Qiang"}, ["qxt"] = {"Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua"}, ["qxu"] = {"Arequipa-La Unión Quechua"}, ["qxw"] = {"Jauja Wanca Quechua"}, ["qya"] = {"Quenya"}, ["qyp"] = {"Quiripi"}, ["raa"] = {"Dungmali"}, ["rab"] = {"Camling"}, ["rac"] = {"Rasawa"}, ["rad"] = {"Rade"}, ["raf"] = {"Western Meohang"}, ["rag"] = {"Logooli", "Lulogooli"}, ["rah"] = {"Rabha"}, ["rai"] = {"Ramoaaina"}, ["raj"] = {"Rajasthani"}, ["rak"] = {"Tulu-Bohuai"}, ["ral"] = {"Ralte"}, ["ram"] = {"Canela"}, ["ran"] = {"Riantana"}, ["rao"] = {"Rao"}, ["rap"] = {"Rapanui"}, ["raq"] = {"Saam"}, ["rar"] = {"Rarotongan", "Cook Islands Maori"}, ["ras"] = {"Tegali"}, ["rat"] = {"Razajerdi"}, ["rau"] = {"Raute"}, ["rav"] = {"Sampang"}, ["raw"] = {"Rawang"}, ["rax"] = {"Rang"}, ["ray"] = {"Rapa"}, ["raz"] = {"Rahambuu"}, ["rbb"] = {"Rumai Palaung"}, ["rbk"] = {"Northern Bontok"}, ["rbl"] = {"Miraya Bikol"}, ["rbp"] = {"Barababaraba"}, ["rcf"] = {"Réunion Creole French"}, ["rdb"] = {"Rudbari"}, ["rea"] = {"Rerau"}, ["reb"] = {"Rembong"}, ["ree"] = {"Rejang Kayan"}, ["reg"] = {"Kara (Tanzania)"}, ["rei"] = {"Reli"}, ["rej"] = {"Rejang"}, ["rel"] = {"Rendille"}, ["rem"] = {"Remo"}, ["ren"] = {"Rengao"}, ["rer"] = {"Rer Bare"}, ["res"] = {"Reshe"}, ["ret"] = {"Retta"}, ["rey"] = {"Reyesano"}, ["rga"] = {"Roria"}, ["rge"] = {"Romano-Greek"}, ["rgk"] = {"Rangkas"}, ["rgn"] = {"Romagnol"}, ["rgr"] = {"Resígaro"}, ["rgs"] = {"Southern Roglai"}, ["rgu"] = {"Ringgou"}, ["rhg"] = {"Rohingya"}, ["rhp"] = {"Yahang"}, ["ria"] = {"Riang (India)"}, ["rib"] = {"Bribri Sign Language"}, ["rif"] = {"Tarifit"}, ["ril"] = {"Riang Lang", "Riang (Myanmar)"}, ["rim"] = {"Nyaturu"}, ["rin"] = {"Nungu"}, ["rir"] = {"Ribun"}, ["rit"] = {"Ritharrngu"}, ["riu"] = {"Riung"}, ["rjg"] = {"Rajong"}, ["rji"] = {"Raji"}, ["rjs"] = {"Rajbanshi"}, ["rka"] = {"Kraol"}, ["rkb"] = {"Rikbaktsa"}, ["rkh"] = {"Rakahanga-Manihiki"}, ["rki"] = {"Rakhine"}, ["rkm"] = {"Marka"}, ["rkt"] = {"Rangpuri", "Kamta"}, ["rkw"] = {"Arakwal"}, ["rma"] = {"Rama"}, ["rmb"] = {"Rembarrnga"}, ["rmc"] = {"Carpathian Romani"}, ["rmd"] = {"Traveller Danish"}, ["rme"] = {"Angloromani"}, ["rmf"] = {"Kalo Finnish Romani"}, ["rmg"] = {"Traveller Norwegian"}, ["rmh"] = {"Murkim"}, ["rmi"] = {"Lomavren"}, ["rmk"] = {"Romkun"}, ["rml"] = {"Baltic Romani"}, ["rmm"] = {"Roma"}, ["rmn"] = {"Balkan Romani"}, ["rmo"] = {"Sinte Romani"}, ["rmp"] = {"Rempi"}, ["rmq"] = {"Caló"}, ["rms"] = {"Romanian Sign Language"}, ["rmt"] = {"Domari"}, ["rmu"] = {"Tavringer Romani"}, ["rmv"] = {"Romanova"}, ["rmw"] = {"Welsh Romani"}, ["rmx"] = {"Romam"}, ["rmy"] = {"Vlax Romani"}, ["rmz"] = {"Marma"}, ["rnb"] = {"Brunca Sign Language"}, ["rnd"] = {"Ruund"}, ["rng"] = {"Ronga"}, ["rnl"] = {"Ranglong"}, ["rnn"] = {"Roon"}, ["rnp"] = {"Rongpo"}, ["rnr"] = {"Nari Nari"}, ["rnw"] = {"Rungwa"}, ["roa"] = {"Romance languages"}, ["rob"] = {"Tae'"}, ["roc"] = {"Cacgia Roglai"}, ["rod"] = {"Rogo"}, ["roe"] = {"Ronji"}, ["rof"] = {"Rombo"}, ["rog"] = {"Northern Roglai"}, ["rol"] = {"Romblomanon"}, ["rom"] = {"Romany"}, ["roo"] = {"Rotokas"}, ["rop"] = {"Kriol"}, ["ror"] = {"Rongga"}, ["rou"] = {"Runga"}, ["row"] = {"Dela-Oenale"}, ["rpn"] = {"Repanbitip"}, ["rpt"] = {"Rapting"}, ["rri"] = {"Ririo"}, ["rrm"] = {"Moriori"}, ["rro"] = {"Waima"}, ["rrt"] = {"Arritinngithigh"}, ["rsb"] = {"Romano-Serbian"}, ["rsk"] = {"Ruthenian", "Rusnak"}, ["rsl"] = {"Russian Sign Language"}, ["rsm"] = {"Miriwoong Sign Language"}, ["rsn"] = {"Rwandan Sign Language"}, ["rsw"] = {"Rishiwa"}, ["rtc"] = {"Rungtu Chin"}, ["rth"] = {"Ratahan"}, ["rtm"] = {"Rotuman"}, ["rts"] = {"Yurats"}, ["rtw"] = {"Rathawi"}, ["rub"] = {"Gungu"}, ["ruc"] = {"Ruuli"}, ["rue"] = {"Rusyn"}, ["ruf"] = {"Luguru"}, ["rug"] = {"Roviana"}, ["ruh"] = {"Ruga"}, ["rui"] = {"Rufiji"}, ["ruk"] = {"Che"}, ["ruo"] = {"Istro Romanian"}, ["rup"] = {"Macedo-Romanian", "Aromanian", "Arumanian"}, ["ruq"] = {"Megleno Romanian"}, ["rut"] = {"Rutul"}, ["ruu"] = {"Lanas Lobu"}, ["ruy"] = {"Mala (Nigeria)"}, ["ruz"] = {"Ruma"}, ["rwa"] = {"Rawo"}, ["rwk"] = {"Rwa"}, ["rwl"] = {"Ruwila"}, ["rwm"] = {"Amba (Uganda)"}, ["rwo"] = {"Rawa"}, ["rwr"] = {"Marwari (India)"}, ["rxd"] = {"Ngardi"}, ["rxw"] = {"Karuwali", "Garuwali"}, ["ryn"] = {"Northern Amami-Oshima"}, ["rys"] = {"Yaeyama"}, ["ryu"] = {"Central Okinawan"}, ["rzh"] = {"Rāziḥī"}, ["saa"] = {"Saba"}, ["sab"] = {"Buglere"}, ["sac"] = {"Meskwaki"}, ["sad"] = {"Sandawe"}, ["sae"] = {"Sabanê"}, ["saf"] = {"Safaliba"}, ["sah"] = {"Yakut"}, ["sai"] = {"South American Indian languages"}, ["saj"] = {"Sahu"}, ["sak"] = {"Sake"}, ["sal"] = {"Salishan languages"}, ["sam"] = {"Samaritan Aramaic"}, ["sao"] = {"Sause"}, ["saq"] = {"Samburu"}, ["sar"] = {"Saraveca"}, ["sas"] = {"Sasak"}, ["sat"] = {"Santali"}, ["sau"] = {"Saleman"}, ["sav"] = {"Saafi-Saafi"}, ["saw"] = {"Sawi"}, ["sax"] = {"Sa"}, ["say"] = {"Saya"}, ["saz"] = {"Saurashtra"}, ["sba"] = {"Ngambay"}, ["sbb"] = {"Simbo"}, ["sbc"] = {"Kele (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["sbd"] = {"Southern Samo"}, ["sbe"] = {"Saliba"}, ["sbf"] = {"Chabu", "Shabo"}, ["sbg"] = {"Seget"}, ["sbh"] = {"Sori-Harengan"}, ["sbi"] = {"Seti"}, ["sbj"] = {"Surbakhal"}, ["sbk"] = {"Safwa"}, ["sbl"] = {"Botolan Sambal"}, ["sbm"] = {"Sagala"}, ["sbn"] = {"Sindhi Bhil"}, ["sbo"] = {"Sabüm"}, ["sbp"] = {"Sangu (Tanzania)"}, ["sbq"] = {"Sileibi"}, ["sbr"] = {"Sembakung Murut"}, ["sbs"] = {"Subiya"}, ["sbt"] = {"Kimki"}, ["sbu"] = {"Stod Bhoti"}, ["sbv"] = {"Sabine"}, ["sbw"] = {"Simba"}, ["sbx"] = {"Seberuang"}, ["sby"] = {"Soli"}, ["sbz"] = {"Sara Kaba"}, ["scb"] = {"Chut"}, ["sce"] = {"Dongxiang"}, ["scf"] = {"San Miguel Creole French"}, ["scg"] = {"Sanggau"}, ["sch"] = {"Sakachep"}, ["sci"] = {"Sri Lankan Creole Malay"}, ["sck"] = {"Sadri"}, ["scl"] = {"Shina"}, ["scn"] = {"Sicilian"}, ["sco"] = {"Scots"}, ["scp"] = {"Hyolmo", "Helambu Sherpa"}, ["scq"] = {"Sa'och"}, ["scs"] = {"North Slavey"}, ["sct"] = {"Southern Katang"}, ["scu"] = {"Shumcho"}, ["scv"] = {"Sheni"}, ["scw"] = {"Sha"}, ["scx"] = {"Sicel"}, ["scz"] = {"Shaetlan"}, ["sda"] = {"Toraja-Sa'dan"}, ["sdb"] = {"Shabak"}, ["sdc"] = {"Sassarese Sardinian"}, ["sde"] = {"Surubu"}, ["sdf"] = {"Sarli"}, ["sdg"] = {"Savi"}, ["sdh"] = {"Southern Kurdish"}, ["sdj"] = {"Suundi"}, ["sdk"] = {"Sos Kundi"}, ["sdl"] = {"Saudi Arabian Sign Language"}, ["sdn"] = {"Gallurese Sardinian"}, ["sdo"] = {"Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh"}, ["sdp"] = {"Sherdukpen"}, ["sdq"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sdr"] = {"Oraon Sadri"}, ["sds"] = {"Sened"}, ["sdt"] = {"Shuadit"}, ["sdu"] = {"Sarudu"}, ["sdv"] = {"Eastern Sudanic languages"}, ["sdx"] = {"Sibu Melanau"}, ["sdz"] = {"Sallands"}, ["sea"] = {"Semai"}, ["seb"] = {"Shempire Senoufo"}, ["sec"] = {"Sechelt", "She shashishalhem"}, ["sed"] = {"Sedang"}, ["see"] = {"Seneca"}, ["sef"] = {"Cebaara Senoufo"}, ["seg"] = {"Segeju"}, ["seh"] = {"Sena"}, ["sei"] = {"Seri"}, ["sej"] = {"Sene"}, ["sek"] = {"Sekani"}, ["sel"] = {"Selkup"}, ["sem"] = {"Semitic languages"}, ["sen"] = {"Nanerigé Sénoufo"}, ["seo"] = {"Suarmin"}, ["sep"] = {"Sìcìté Sénoufo"}, ["seq"] = {"Senara Sénoufo"}, ["ser"] = {"Serrano"}, ["ses"] = {"Koyraboro Senni Songhai"}, ["set"] = {"Sentani"}, ["seu"] = {"Serui-Laut"}, ["sev"] = {"Nyarafolo Senoufo"}, ["sew"] = {"Sewa Bay"}, ["sey"] = {"Secoya"}, ["sez"] = {"Senthang Chin"}, ["sfb"] = {"Langue des signes de Belgique Francophone", "French Belgian Sign Language"}, ["sfe"] = {"Eastern Subanen"}, ["sfm"] = {"Small Flowery Miao"}, ["sfs"] = {"South African Sign Language"}, ["sfw"] = {"Sehwi"}, ["sga"] = {"Old Irish (to 900)"}, ["sgb"] = {"Mag-antsi Ayta"}, ["sgc"] = {"Kipsigis"}, ["sgd"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sge"] = {"Segai"}, ["sgg"] = {"Swiss-German Sign Language"}, ["sgh"] = {"Shughni"}, ["sgi"] = {"Suga"}, ["sgj"] = {"Surgujia"}, ["sgk"] = {"Sangkong"}, ["sgm"] = {"Singa"}, ["sgn"] = {"Sign languages"}, ["sgp"] = {"Singpho"}, ["sgr"] = {"Sangisari"}, ["sgs"] = {"Samogitian"}, ["sgt"] = {"Brokpake"}, ["sgu"] = {"Salas"}, ["sgw"] = {"Sebat Bet Gurage"}, ["sgx"] = {"Sierra Leone Sign Language"}, ["sgy"] = {"Sanglechi"}, ["sgz"] = {"Sursurunga"}, ["sha"] = {"Shall-Zwall"}, ["shb"] = {"Ninam"}, ["shc"] = {"Sonde"}, ["shd"] = {"Kundal Shahi"}, ["she"] = {"Sheko"}, ["shg"] = {"Shua"}, ["shh"] = {"Shoshoni"}, ["shi"] = {"Tachelhit"}, ["shj"] = {"Shatt"}, ["shk"] = {"Shilluk"}, ["shl"] = {"Shendu"}, ["shm"] = {"Shahrudi"}, ["shn"] = {"Shan"}, ["sho"] = {"Shanga"}, ["shp"] = {"Shipibo-Conibo"}, ["shq"] = {"Sala"}, ["shr"] = {"Shi"}, ["shs"] = {"Shuswap", "Secwepemctsín"}, ["sht"] = {"Shasta"}, ["shu"] = {"Chadian Arabic"}, ["shv"] = {"Shehri"}, ["shw"] = {"Shwai"}, ["shx"] = {"She"}, ["shy"] = {"Tachawit"}, ["shz"] = {"Syenara Senoufo"}, ["sia"] = {"Akkala Sami"}, ["sib"] = {"Sebop"}, ["sid"] = {"Sidamo"}, ["sie"] = {"Simaa"}, ["sif"] = {"Siamou"}, ["sig"] = {"Paasaal"}, ["sih"] = {"Zire", "Sîshëë"}, ["sii"] = {"Shom Peng"}, ["sij"] = {"Numbami"}, ["sik"] = {"Sikiana"}, ["sil"] = {"Tumulung Sisaala"}, ["sim"] = {"Mende (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["sio"] = {"Siouan languages"}, ["sip"] = {"Sikkimese"}, ["siq"] = {"Sonia"}, ["sir"] = {"Siri"}, ["sis"] = {"Siuslaw"}, ["sit"] = {"Sino-Tibetan languages"}, ["siu"] = {"Sinagen"}, ["siv"] = {"Sumariup"}, ["siw"] = {"Siwai"}, ["six"] = {"Sumau"}, ["siy"] = {"Sivandi"}, ["siz"] = {"Siwi"}, ["sja"] = {"Epena"}, ["sjb"] = {"Sajau Basap"}, ["sjc"] = {"Shaojiang Chinese"}, ["sjd"] = {"Kildin Sami"}, ["sje"] = {"Pite Sami"}, ["sjg"] = {"Assangori"}, ["sjk"] = {"Kemi Sami"}, ["sjl"] = {"Sajalong", "Miji"}, ["sjm"] = {"Mapun"}, ["sjn"] = {"Sindarin"}, ["sjo"] = {"Xibe"}, ["sjp"] = {"Surjapuri"}, ["sjr"] = {"Siar-Lak"}, ["sjs"] = {"Senhaja De Srair"}, ["sjt"] = {"Ter Sami"}, ["sju"] = {"Ume Sami"}, ["sjw"] = {"Shawnee"}, ["ska"] = {"Skagit"}, ["skb"] = {"Saek"}, ["skc"] = {"Ma Manda"}, ["skd"] = {"Southern Sierra Miwok"}, ["ske"] = {"Seke (Vanuatu)"}, ["skf"] = {"Sakirabiá"}, ["skg"] = {"Sakalava Malagasy"}, ["skh"] = {"Sikule"}, ["ski"] = {"Sika"}, ["skj"] = {"Seke (Nepal)"}, ["skm"] = {"Kutong"}, ["skn"] = {"Kolibugan Subanon"}, ["sko"] = {"Seko Tengah"}, ["skp"] = {"Sekapan"}, ["skq"] = {"Sininkere"}, ["skr"] = {"Saraiki", "Seraiki"}, ["sks"] = {"Maia"}, ["skt"] = {"Sakata"}, ["sku"] = {"Sakao"}, ["skv"] = {"Skou"}, ["skw"] = {"Skepi Creole Dutch"}, ["skx"] = {"Seko Padang"}, ["sky"] = {"Sikaiana"}, ["skz"] = {"Sekar"}, ["sla"] = {"Slavic languages"}, ["slc"] = {"Sáliba"}, ["sld"] = {"Sissala"}, ["sle"] = {"Sholaga"}, ["slf"] = {"Swiss-Italian Sign Language"}, ["slg"] = {"Selungai Murut"}, ["slh"] = {"Southern Puget Sound Salish"}, ["sli"] = {"Lower Silesian"}, ["slj"] = {"Salumá"}, ["sll"] = {"Salt-Yui"}, ["slm"] = {"Pangutaran Sama"}, ["sln"] = {"Salinan"}, ["slp"] = {"Lamaholot"}, ["slr"] = {"Salar"}, ["sls"] = {"Singapore Sign Language"}, ["slt"] = {"Sila"}, ["slu"] = {"Selaru"}, ["slw"] = {"Sialum"}, ["slx"] = {"Salampasu"}, ["sly"] = {"Selayar"}, ["slz"] = {"Ma'ya"}, ["sma"] = {"Southern Sami"}, ["smb"] = {"Simbari"}, ["smc"] = {"Som"}, ["smf"] = {"Auwe"}, ["smg"] = {"Simbali"}, ["smh"] = {"Samei"}, ["smi"] = {"Sami languages"}, ["smj"] = {"Lule Sami"}, ["smk"] = {"Bolinao"}, ["sml"] = {"Central Sama"}, ["smm"] = {"Musasa"}, ["smn"] = {"Inari Sami"}, ["smp"] = {"Samaritan"}, ["smq"] = {"Samo"}, ["smr"] = {"Simeulue"}, ["sms"] = {"Skolt Sami"}, ["smt"] = {"Simte"}, ["smu"] = {"Somray"}, ["smv"] = {"Samvedi"}, ["smw"] = {"Sumbawa"}, ["smx"] = {"Samba"}, ["smy"] = {"Semnani"}, ["smz"] = {"Simeku"}, ["snc"] = {"Sinaugoro"}, ["sne"] = {"Bau Bidayuh"}, ["snf"] = {"Noon"}, ["sng"] = {"Sanga (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["sni"] = {"Sensi"}, ["snj"] = {"Riverain Sango"}, ["snk"] = {"Soninke"}, ["snl"] = {"Sangil"}, ["snm"] = {"Southern Ma'di"}, ["snn"] = {"Siona"}, ["sno"] = {"Snohomish"}, ["snp"] = {"Siane"}, ["snq"] = {"Sangu (Gabon)"}, ["snr"] = {"Sihan"}, ["sns"] = {"South West Bay", "Nahavaq"}, ["snu"] = {"Senggi", "Viid"}, ["snv"] = {"Sa'ban"}, ["snw"] = {"Selee"}, ["snx"] = {"Sam"}, ["sny"] = {"Saniyo-Hiyewe"}, ["snz"] = {"Kou"}, ["soa"] = {"Thai Song"}, ["sob"] = {"Sobei"}, ["soc"] = {"So (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["sod"] = {"Songoora"}, ["soe"] = {"Songomeno"}, ["sog"] = {"Sogdian"}, ["soh"] = {"Aka"}, ["soi"] = {"Sonha"}, ["soj"] = {"Soi"}, ["sok"] = {"Sokoro"}, ["sol"] = {"Solos"}, ["son"] = {"Songhai languages"}, ["soo"] = {"Songo"}, ["sop"] = {"Songe"}, ["soq"] = {"Kanasi"}, ["sor"] = {"Somrai"}, ["sos"] = {"Seeku"}, ["sou"] = {"Southern Thai"}, ["sov"] = {"Sonsorol"}, ["sow"] = {"Sowanda"}, ["sox"] = {"Swo"}, ["soy"] = {"Miyobe"}, ["soz"] = {"Temi"}, ["spb"] = {"Sepa (Indonesia)"}, ["spc"] = {"Sapé"}, ["spd"] = {"Saep"}, ["spe"] = {"Sepa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["spg"] = {"Sian"}, ["spi"] = {"Saponi"}, ["spk"] = {"Sengo"}, ["spl"] = {"Selepet"}, ["spm"] = {"Akukem"}, ["spn"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["spo"] = {"Spokane"}, ["spp"] = {"Supyire Senoufo"}, ["spq"] = {"Loreto-Ucayali Spanish"}, ["spr"] = {"Saparua"}, ["sps"] = {"Saposa"}, ["spt"] = {"Spiti Bhoti"}, ["spu"] = {"Sapuan"}, ["spv"] = {"Sambalpuri", "Kosli"}, ["spx"] = {"South Picene"}, ["spy"] = {"Sabaot"}, ["sqa"] = {"Shama-Sambuga"}, ["sqh"] = {"Shau"}, ["sqj"] = {"Albanian languages"}, ["sqk"] = {"Albanian Sign Language"}, ["sqm"] = {"Suma"}, ["sqn"] = {"Susquehannock"}, ["sqo"] = {"Sorkhei"}, ["sqq"] = {"Sou"}, ["sqr"] = {"Siculo Arabic"}, ["sqs"] = {"Sri Lankan Sign Language"}, ["sqt"] = {"Soqotri"}, ["squ"] = {"Squamish", "Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim"}, ["sqx"] = {"Kufr Qassem Sign Language (KQSL)"}, ["sra"] = {"Saruga"}, ["srb"] = {"Sora"}, ["src"] = {"Logudorese Sardinian"}, ["sre"] = {"Sara"}, ["srf"] = {"Nafi"}, ["srg"] = {"Sulod"}, ["srh"] = {"Sarikoli"}, ["sri"] = {"Siriano"}, ["srk"] = {"Serudung Murut"}, ["srl"] = {"Isirawa"}, ["srm"] = {"Saramaccan"}, ["srn"] = {"Sranan Tongo"}, ["sro"] = {"Campidanese Sardinian"}, ["srq"] = {"Sirionó"}, ["srr"] = {"Serer"}, ["srs"] = {"Tsuut'ina", "Sarsi"}, ["srt"] = {"Sauri"}, ["sru"] = {"Suruí"}, ["srv"] = {"Southern Sorsoganon"}, ["srw"] = {"Serua"}, ["srx"] = {"Sirmauri"}, ["sry"] = {"Sera"}, ["srz"] = {"Shahmirzadi"}, ["ssa"] = {"Nilo-Saharan languages"}, ["ssb"] = {"Southern Sama"}, ["ssc"] = {"Suba-Simbiti"}, ["ssd"] = {"Siroi"}, ["sse"] = {"Balangingi", "Bangingih Sama"}, ["ssf"] = {"Thao"}, ["ssg"] = {"Seimat"}, ["ssh"] = {"Shihhi Arabic"}, ["ssi"] = {"Sansi"}, ["ssj"] = {"Sausi"}, ["ssk"] = {"Sunam"}, ["ssl"] = {"Western Sisaala"}, ["ssm"] = {"Semnam"}, ["ssn"] = {"Waata"}, ["sso"] = {"Sissano"}, ["ssp"] = {"Spanish Sign Language"}, ["ssq"] = {"So'a"}, ["ssr"] = {"Swiss-French Sign Language"}, ["sss"] = {"Sô"}, ["sst"] = {"Sinasina"}, ["ssu"] = {"Susuami"}, ["ssv"] = {"Shark Bay"}, ["ssx"] = {"Samberigi"}, ["ssy"] = {"Saho"}, ["ssz"] = {"Sengseng"}, ["sta"] = {"Settla"}, ["stb"] = {"Northern Subanen"}, ["std"] = {"Sentinel"}, ["ste"] = {"Liana-Seti"}, ["stf"] = {"Seta"}, ["stg"] = {"Trieng"}, ["sth"] = {"Shelta"}, ["sti"] = {"Bulo Stieng"}, ["stj"] = {"Matya Samo"}, ["stk"] = {"Arammba"}, ["stl"] = {"Stellingwerfs"}, ["stm"] = {"Setaman"}, ["stn"] = {"Owa"}, ["sto"] = {"Stoney"}, ["stp"] = {"Southeastern Tepehuan"}, ["stq"] = {"Saterfriesisch"}, ["str"] = {"Straits Salish"}, ["sts"] = {"Shumashti"}, ["stt"] = {"Budeh Stieng"}, ["stu"] = {"Samtao"}, ["stv"] = {"Silt'e"}, ["stw"] = {"Satawalese"}, ["sty"] = {"Siberian Tatar"}, ["sua"] = {"Sulka"}, ["sub"] = {"Suku"}, ["suc"] = {"Western Subanon"}, ["sue"] = {"Suena"}, ["sug"] = {"Suganga"}, ["sui"] = {"Suki"}, ["suj"] = {"Shubi"}, ["suk"] = {"Sukuma"}, ["suo"] = {"Bouni"}, ["suq"] = {"Tirmaga-Chai Suri", "Suri"}, ["sur"] = {"Mwaghavul"}, ["sus"] = {"Susu"}, ["sut"] = {"Subtiaba"}, ["suv"] = {"Puroik"}, ["suw"] = {"Sumbwa"}, ["sux"] = {"Sumerian"}, ["suy"] = {"Suyá"}, ["suz"] = {"Sunwar"}, ["sva"] = {"Svan"}, ["svb"] = {"Ulau-Suain"}, ["svc"] = {"Vincentian Creole English"}, ["sve"] = {"Serili"}, ["svk"] = {"Slovakian Sign Language"}, ["svm"] = {"Slavomolisano"}, ["svs"] = {"Savosavo"}, ["svx"] = {"Skalvian"}, ["swb"] = {"Maore Comorian"}, ["swc"] = {"Congo Swahili"}, ["swf"] = {"Sere"}, ["swg"] = {"Swabian"}, ["swh"] = {"Swahili (individual language)", "Kiswahili"}, ["swi"] = {"Sui"}, ["swj"] = {"Sira"}, ["swk"] = {"Malawi Sena"}, ["swl"] = {"Swedish Sign Language"}, ["swm"] = {"Samosa"}, ["swn"] = {"Sawknah"}, ["swo"] = {"Shanenawa"}, ["swp"] = {"Suau"}, ["swq"] = {"Sharwa"}, ["swr"] = {"Saweru"}, ["sws"] = {"Seluwasan"}, ["swt"] = {"Sawila"}, ["swu"] = {"Suwawa"}, ["swv"] = {"Shekhawati"}, ["sww"] = {"Sowa"}, ["swx"] = {"Suruahá"}, ["swy"] = {"Sarua"}, ["sxb"] = {"Suba"}, ["sxc"] = {"Sicanian"}, ["sxe"] = {"Sighu"}, ["sxg"] = {"Shuhi", "Shixing"}, ["sxk"] = {"Southern Kalapuya"}, ["sxl"] = {"Selian"}, ["sxm"] = {"Samre"}, ["sxn"] = {"Sangir"}, ["sxo"] = {"Sorothaptic"}, ["sxr"] = {"Saaroa"}, ["sxs"] = {"Sasaru"}, ["sxu"] = {"Upper Saxon"}, ["sxw"] = {"Saxwe Gbe"}, ["sya"] = {"Siang"}, ["syb"] = {"Central Subanen"}, ["syc"] = {"Classical Syriac"}, ["syd"] = {"Samoyedic languages"}, ["syi"] = {"Seki"}, ["syk"] = {"Sukur"}, ["syl"] = {"Sylheti"}, ["sym"] = {"Maya Samo"}, ["syn"] = {"Senaya"}, ["syo"] = {"Suoy"}, ["syr"] = {"Syriac"}, ["sys"] = {"Sinyar"}, ["syw"] = {"Kagate"}, ["syx"] = {"Samay"}, ["syy"] = {"Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language"}, ["sza"] = {"Semelai"}, ["szb"] = {"Ngalum"}, ["szc"] = {"Semaq Beri"}, ["sze"] = {"Seze"}, ["szg"] = {"Sengele"}, ["szl"] = {"Silesian"}, ["szn"] = {"Sula"}, ["szp"] = {"Suabo"}, ["szs"] = {"Solomon Islands Sign Language"}, ["szv"] = {"Isubu", "Isu (Fako Division)"}, ["szw"] = {"Sawai"}, ["szy"] = {"Sakizaya"}, ["taa"] = {"Lower Tanana"}, ["tab"] = {"Tabassaran"}, ["tac"] = {"Lowland Tarahumara"}, ["tad"] = {"Tause"}, ["tae"] = {"Tariana"}, ["taf"] = {"Tapirapé"}, ["tag"] = {"Tagoi"}, ["tai"] = {"Tai languages"}, ["taj"] = {"Eastern Tamang"}, ["tak"] = {"Tala"}, ["tal"] = {"Tal"}, ["tan"] = {"Tangale"}, ["tao"] = {"Yami"}, ["tap"] = {"Taabwa"}, ["taq"] = {"Tamasheq"}, ["tar"] = {"Central Tarahumara"}, ["tas"] = {"Tay Boi"}, ["tau"] = {"Upper Tanana"}, ["tav"] = {"Tatuyo"}, ["taw"] = {"Tai"}, ["tax"] = {"Tamki"}, ["tay"] = {"Atayal"}, ["taz"] = {"Tocho"}, ["tba"] = {"Aikanã"}, ["tbc"] = {"Takia"}, ["tbd"] = {"Kaki Ae"}, ["tbe"] = {"Tanimbili"}, ["tbf"] = {"Mandara"}, ["tbg"] = {"North Tairora"}, ["tbh"] = {"Dharawal", "Thurawal"}, ["tbi"] = {"Gaam"}, ["tbj"] = {"Tiang"}, ["tbk"] = {"Calamian Tagbanwa"}, ["tbl"] = {"Tboli"}, ["tbm"] = {"Tagbu"}, ["tbn"] = {"Barro Negro Tunebo"}, ["tbo"] = {"Tawala"}, ["tbp"] = {"Taworta", "Diebroud"}, ["tbq"] = {"Tibeto-Burman languages"}, ["tbr"] = {"Tumtum"}, ["tbs"] = {"Tanguat"}, ["tbt"] = {"Tembo (Kitembo)"}, ["tbu"] = {"Tubar"}, ["tbv"] = {"Tobo"}, ["tbw"] = {"Tagbanwa"}, ["tbx"] = {"Kapin"}, ["tby"] = {"Tabaru"}, ["tbz"] = {"Ditammari"}, ["tca"] = {"Ticuna"}, ["tcb"] = {"Tanacross"}, ["tcc"] = {"Datooga"}, ["tcd"] = {"Tafi"}, ["tce"] = {"Southern Tutchone"}, ["tcf"] = {"Malinaltepec Me'phaa", "Malinaltepec Tlapanec"}, ["tcg"] = {"Tamagario"}, ["tch"] = {"Turks And Caicos Creole English"}, ["tci"] = {"Wára"}, ["tck"] = {"Tchitchege"}, ["tcl"] = {"Taman (Myanmar)"}, ["tcm"] = {"Tanahmerah"}, ["tcn"] = {"Tichurong"}, ["tco"] = {"Taungyo"}, ["tcp"] = {"Tawr Chin"}, ["tcq"] = {"Kaiy"}, ["tcs"] = {"Torres Strait Creole", "Yumplatok"}, ["tct"] = {"T'en"}, ["tcu"] = {"Southeastern Tarahumara"}, ["tcw"] = {"Tecpatlán Totonac"}, ["tcx"] = {"Toda"}, ["tcy"] = {"Tulu"}, ["tcz"] = {"Thado Chin"}, ["tda"] = {"Tagdal"}, ["tdb"] = {"Panchpargania"}, ["tdc"] = {"Emberá-Tadó"}, ["tdd"] = {"Tai Nüa"}, ["tde"] = {"Tiranige Diga Dogon"}, ["tdf"] = {"Talieng"}, ["tdg"] = {"Western Tamang"}, ["tdh"] = {"Thulung"}, ["tdi"] = {"Tomadino"}, ["tdj"] = {"Tajio"}, ["tdk"] = {"Tambas"}, ["tdl"] = {"Sur"}, ["tdm"] = {"Taruma"}, ["tdn"] = {"Tondano"}, ["tdo"] = {"Teme"}, ["tdq"] = {"Tita"}, ["tdr"] = {"Todrah"}, ["tds"] = {"Doutai"}, ["tdt"] = {"Tetun Dili"}, ["tdv"] = {"Toro"}, ["tdx"] = {"Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy"}, ["tdy"] = {"Tadyawan"}, ["tea"] = {"Temiar"}, ["teb"] = {"Tetete"}, ["tec"] = {"Terik"}, ["ted"] = {"Tepo Krumen"}, ["tee"] = {"Huehuetla Tepehua"}, ["tef"] = {"Teressa"}, ["teg"] = {"Teke-Tege"}, ["teh"] = {"Tehuelche"}, ["tei"] = {"Torricelli"}, ["tek"] = {"Ibali Teke"}, ["tem"] = {"Timne"}, ["ten"] = {"Tama (Colombia)"}, ["teo"] = {"Teso"}, ["tep"] = {"Tepecano"}, ["teq"] = {"Temein"}, ["ter"] = {"Tereno"}, ["tes"] = {"Tengger"}, ["tet"] = {"Tetum"}, ["teu"] = {"Soo"}, ["tev"] = {"Teor"}, ["tew"] = {"Tewa (USA)"}, ["tex"] = {"Tennet"}, ["tey"] = {"Tulishi"}, ["tez"] = {"Tetserret"}, ["tfi"] = {"Tofin Gbe"}, ["tfn"] = {"Tanaina"}, ["tfo"] = {"Tefaro"}, ["tfr"] = {"Teribe"}, ["tft"] = {"Ternate"}, ["tga"] = {"Sagalla"}, ["tgb"] = {"Tobilung"}, ["tgc"] = {"Tigak"}, ["tgd"] = {"Ciwogai"}, ["tge"] = {"Eastern Gorkha Tamang"}, ["tgf"] = {"Chalikha"}, ["tgh"] = {"Tobagonian Creole English"}, ["tgi"] = {"Lawunuia"}, ["tgj"] = {"Tagin"}, ["tgn"] = {"Tandaganon"}, ["tgo"] = {"Sudest"}, ["tgp"] = {"Tangoa"}, ["tgq"] = {"Tring"}, ["tgr"] = {"Tareng"}, ["tgs"] = {"Nume"}, ["tgt"] = {"Central Tagbanwa"}, ["tgu"] = {"Tanggu"}, ["tgv"] = {"Tingui-Boto"}, ["tgw"] = {"Tagwana Senoufo"}, ["tgx"] = {"Tagish"}, ["tgy"] = {"Togoyo"}, ["tgz"] = {"Tagalaka"}, ["thd"] = {"Kuuk Thaayorre", "Thayore"}, ["the"] = {"Chitwania Tharu"}, ["thf"] = {"Thangmi"}, ["thh"] = {"Northern Tarahumara"}, ["thi"] = {"Tai Long"}, ["thk"] = {"Tharaka", "Kitharaka"}, ["thl"] = {"Dangaura Tharu"}, ["thm"] = {"Aheu"}, ["thn"] = {"Thachanadan"}, ["thp"] = {"Thompson", "Nłeʔkepmxcín", "Thompson River Salish"}, ["thq"] = {"Kochila Tharu"}, ["thr"] = {"Rana Tharu"}, ["ths"] = {"Thakali"}, ["tht"] = {"Tahltan", "Tāłtān"}, ["thu"] = {"Thuri"}, ["thv"] = {"Tahaggart Tamahaq"}, ["thy"] = {"Tha"}, ["thz"] = {"Tayart Tamajeq"}, ["tia"] = {"Tidikelt Tamazight"}, ["tic"] = {"Tira"}, ["tif"] = {"Tifal"}, ["tig"] = {"Tigre"}, ["tih"] = {"Timugon Murut"}, ["tii"] = {"Tiene"}, ["tij"] = {"Tilung"}, ["tik"] = {"Tikar"}, ["til"] = {"Tillamook"}, ["tim"] = {"Timbe"}, ["tin"] = {"Tindi"}, ["tio"] = {"Teop"}, ["tip"] = {"Trimuris"}, ["tiq"] = {"Tiéfo"}, ["tis"] = {"Masadiit Itneg"}, ["tit"] = {"Tinigua"}, ["tiu"] = {"Adasen"}, ["tiv"] = {"Tiv"}, ["tiw"] = {"Tiwi"}, ["tix"] = {"Southern Tiwa"}, ["tiy"] = {"Tiruray"}, ["tiz"] = {"Tai Hongjin"}, ["tja"] = {"Tajuasohn"}, ["tjg"] = {"Tunjung"}, ["tji"] = {"Northern Tujia"}, ["tjj"] = {"Tjungundji"}, ["tjl"] = {"Tai Laing"}, ["tjm"] = {"Timucua"}, ["tjn"] = {"Tonjon"}, ["tjo"] = {"Temacine Tamazight"}, ["tjp"] = {"Tjupany"}, ["tjs"] = {"Southern Tujia"}, ["tju"] = {"Tjurruru"}, ["tjw"] = {"Djabwurrung"}, ["tka"] = {"Truká"}, ["tkb"] = {"Buksa"}, ["tkd"] = {"Tukudede"}, ["tke"] = {"Takwane"}, ["tkf"] = {"Tukumanféd"}, ["tkg"] = {"Tesaka Malagasy"}, ["tkl"] = {"Tokelau"}, ["tkm"] = {"Takelma"}, ["tkn"] = {"Toku-No-Shima"}, ["tkp"] = {"Tikopia"}, ["tkq"] = {"Tee"}, ["tkr"] = {"Tsakhur"}, ["tks"] = {"Takestani"}, ["tkt"] = {"Kathoriya Tharu"}, ["tku"] = {"Upper Necaxa Totonac"}, ["tkv"] = {"Mur Pano"}, ["tkw"] = {"Teanu"}, ["tkx"] = {"Tangko"}, ["tkz"] = {"Takua"}, ["tla"] = {"Southwestern Tepehuan"}, ["tlb"] = {"Tobelo"}, ["tlc"] = {"Yecuatla Totonac"}, ["tld"] = {"Talaud"}, ["tlf"] = {"Telefol"}, ["tlg"] = {"Tofanma"}, ["tlh"] = {"Klingon", "tlhIngan Hol"}, ["tli"] = {"Tlingit"}, ["tlj"] = {"Talinga-Bwisi"}, ["tlk"] = {"Taloki"}, ["tll"] = {"Tetela"}, ["tlm"] = {"Tolomako"}, ["tln"] = {"Talondo'"}, ["tlo"] = {"Talodi"}, ["tlp"] = {"Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán Totonac"}, ["tlq"] = {"Tai Loi"}, ["tlr"] = {"Talise"}, ["tls"] = {"Tambotalo"}, ["tlt"] = {"Sou Nama", "Teluti"}, ["tlu"] = {"Tulehu"}, ["tlv"] = {"Taliabu"}, ["tlx"] = {"Khehek"}, ["tly"] = {"Talysh"}, ["tma"] = {"Tama (Chad)"}, ["tmb"] = {"Katbol", "Avava"}, ["tmc"] = {"Tumak"}, ["tmd"] = {"Haruai"}, ["tme"] = {"Tremembé"}, ["tmf"] = {"Toba-Maskoy"}, ["tmg"] = {"Ternateño"}, ["tmh"] = {"Tamashek"}, ["tmi"] = {"Tutuba"}, ["tmj"] = {"Samarokena"}, ["tml"] = {"Tamnim Citak"}, ["tmm"] = {"Tai Thanh"}, ["tmn"] = {"Taman (Indonesia)"}, ["tmo"] = {"Temoq"}, ["tmq"] = {"Tumleo"}, ["tmr"] = {"Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)"}, ["tms"] = {"Tima"}, ["tmt"] = {"Tasmate"}, ["tmu"] = {"Iau"}, ["tmv"] = {"Tembo (Motembo)"}, ["tmw"] = {"Temuan"}, ["tmy"] = {"Tami"}, ["tmz"] = {"Tamanaku"}, ["tna"] = {"Tacana"}, ["tnb"] = {"Western Tunebo"}, ["tnc"] = {"Tanimuca-Retuarã"}, ["tnd"] = {"Angosturas Tunebo"}, ["tng"] = {"Tobanga"}, ["tnh"] = {"Maiani"}, ["tni"] = {"Tandia"}, ["tnk"] = {"Kwamera"}, ["tnl"] = {"Lenakel"}, ["tnm"] = {"Tabla"}, ["tnn"] = {"North Tanna"}, ["tno"] = {"Toromono"}, ["tnp"] = {"Whitesands"}, ["tnq"] = {"Taino"}, ["tnr"] = {"Ménik"}, ["tns"] = {"Tenis"}, ["tnt"] = {"Tontemboan"}, ["tnu"] = {"Tay Khang"}, ["tnv"] = {"Tangchangya"}, ["tnw"] = {"Tonsawang"}, ["tnx"] = {"Tanema"}, ["tny"] = {"Tongwe"}, ["tnz"] = {"Ten'edn"}, ["tob"] = {"Toba"}, ["toc"] = {"Coyutla Totonac"}, ["tod"] = {"Toma"}, ["tof"] = {"Gizrra"}, ["tog"] = {"Tonga (Nyasa)"}, ["toh"] = {"Gitonga"}, ["toi"] = {"Tonga (Zambia)"}, ["toj"] = {"Tojolabal"}, ["tok"] = {"Toki Pona"}, ["tol"] = {"Tolowa"}, ["tom"] = {"Tombulu"}, ["too"] = {"Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac"}, ["top"] = {"Papantla Totonac"}, ["toq"] = {"Toposa"}, ["tor"] = {"Togbo-Vara Banda"}, ["tos"] = {"Highland Totonac"}, ["tou"] = {"Tho"}, ["tov"] = {"Upper Taromi"}, ["tow"] = {"Jemez"}, ["tox"] = {"Tobian"}, ["toy"] = {"Topoiyo"}, ["toz"] = {"To"}, ["tpa"] = {"Taupota"}, ["tpc"] = {"Azoyú Me'phaa", "Azoyú Tlapanec"}, ["tpe"] = {"Tippera"}, ["tpf"] = {"Tarpia"}, ["tpg"] = {"Kula"}, ["tpi"] = {"Tok Pisin"}, ["tpj"] = {"Tapieté"}, ["tpk"] = {"Tupinikin"}, ["tpl"] = {"Tlacoapa Me'phaa", "Tlacoapa Tlapanec"}, ["tpm"] = {"Tampulma"}, ["tpn"] = {"Tupinambá"}, ["tpo"] = {"Tai Pao"}, ["tpp"] = {"Pisaflores Tepehua"}, ["tpq"] = {"Tukpa"}, ["tpr"] = {"Tuparí"}, ["tpt"] = {"Tlachichilco Tepehua"}, ["tpu"] = {"Tampuan"}, ["tpv"] = {"Tanapag"}, ["tpx"] = {"Acatepec Me'phaa", "Acatepec Tlapanec"}, ["tpy"] = {"Trumai"}, ["tpz"] = {"Tinputz"}, ["tqb"] = {"Tembé"}, ["tql"] = {"Lehali"}, ["tqm"] = {"Turumsa"}, ["tqn"] = {"Tenino"}, ["tqo"] = {"Toaripi"}, ["tqp"] = {"Tomoip"}, ["tqq"] = {"Tunni"}, ["tqr"] = {"Torona"}, ["tqt"] = {"Western Totonac"}, ["tqu"] = {"Touo"}, ["tqw"] = {"Tonkawa"}, ["tra"] = {"Tirahi"}, ["trb"] = {"Terebu"}, ["trc"] = {"Copala Triqui"}, ["trd"] = {"Turi"}, ["tre"] = {"East Tarangan"}, ["trf"] = {"Trinidadian Creole English"}, ["trg"] = {"Lishán Didán"}, ["trh"] = {"Turaka"}, ["tri"] = {"Trió"}, ["trj"] = {"Toram"}, ["trk"] = {"Turkic languages"}, ["trl"] = {"Traveller Scottish"}, ["trm"] = {"Tregami"}, ["trn"] = {"Trinitario"}, ["tro"] = {"Tarao Naga"}, ["trp"] = {"Kok Borok"}, ["trq"] = {"San Martín Itunyoso Triqui"}, ["trr"] = {"Taushiro"}, ["trs"] = {"Chicahuaxtla Triqui"}, ["trt"] = {"Tunggare"}, ["tru"] = {"Turoyo", "Surayt"}, ["trv"] = {"Sediq", "Seediq", "Taroko"}, ["trw"] = {"Torwali"}, ["trx"] = {"Tringgus-Sembaan Bidayuh"}, ["try"] = {"Turung"}, ["trz"] = {"Torá"}, ["tsa"] = {"Tsaangi"}, ["tsb"] = {"Tsamai"}, ["tsc"] = {"Tswa"}, ["tsd"] = {"Tsakonian"}, ["tse"] = {"Tunisian Sign Language"}, ["tsg"] = {"Tausug"}, ["tsh"] = {"Tsuvan"}, ["tsi"] = {"Tsimshian"}, ["tsj"] = {"Tshangla"}, ["tsk"] = {"Tseku"}, ["tsl"] = {"Ts'ün-Lao"}, ["tsm"] = {"Turkish Sign Language", "Türk İşaret Dili"}, ["tsp"] = {"Northern Toussian"}, ["tsq"] = {"Thai Sign Language"}, ["tsr"] = {"Akei"}, ["tss"] = {"Taiwan Sign Language"}, ["tst"] = {"Tondi Songway Kiini"}, ["tsu"] = {"Tsou"}, ["tsv"] = {"Tsogo"}, ["tsw"] = {"Tsishingini"}, ["tsx"] = {"Mubami"}, ["tsy"] = {"Tebul Sign Language"}, ["tsz"] = {"Purepecha"}, ["tta"] = {"Tutelo"}, ["ttb"] = {"Gaa"}, ["ttc"] = {"Tektiteko"}, ["ttd"] = {"Tauade"}, ["tte"] = {"Bwanabwana"}, ["ttf"] = {"Tuotomb"}, ["ttg"] = {"Tutong"}, ["tth"] = {"Upper Ta'oih"}, ["tti"] = {"Tobati"}, ["ttj"] = {"Tooro"}, ["ttk"] = {"Totoro"}, ["ttl"] = {"Totela"}, ["ttm"] = {"Northern Tutchone"}, ["ttn"] = {"Towei"}, ["tto"] = {"Lower Ta'oih"}, ["ttp"] = {"Tombelala"}, ["ttq"] = {"Tawallammat Tamajaq"}, ["ttr"] = {"Tera"}, ["tts"] = {"Northeastern Thai"}, ["ttt"] = {"Muslim Tat"}, ["ttu"] = {"Torau"}, ["ttv"] = {"Titan"}, ["ttw"] = {"Long Wat"}, ["tty"] = {"Sikaritai"}, ["ttz"] = {"Tsum"}, ["tua"] = {"Wiarumus"}, ["tub"] = {"Tübatulabal"}, ["tuc"] = {"Mutu"}, ["tud"] = {"Tuxá"}, ["tue"] = {"Tuyuca"}, ["tuf"] = {"Central Tunebo"}, ["tug"] = {"Tunia"}, ["tuh"] = {"Taulil"}, ["tui"] = {"Tupuri"}, ["tuj"] = {"Tugutil"}, ["tul"] = {"Tula"}, ["tum"] = {"Tumbuka"}, ["tun"] = {"Tunica"}, ["tuo"] = {"Tucano"}, ["tup"] = {"Tupi languages"}, ["tuq"] = {"Tedaga"}, ["tus"] = {"Tuscarora"}, ["tut"] = {"Altaic languages"}, ["tuu"] = {"Tututni"}, ["tuv"] = {"Turkana"}, ["tuw"] = {"Tungus languages"}, ["tux"] = {"Tuxináwa"}, ["tuy"] = {"Tugen"}, ["tuz"] = {"Turka"}, ["tva"] = {"Vaghua"}, ["tvd"] = {"Tsuvadi"}, ["tve"] = {"Te'un"}, ["tvg"] = {"Tugunese", "Batavian Portuguese Creole", "Mardijker Creole"}, ["tvi"] = {"Tulai"}, ["tvk"] = {"Southeast Ambrym"}, ["tvl"] = {"Tuvalu"}, ["tvm"] = {"Tela-Masbuar"}, ["tvn"] = {"Tavoyan"}, ["tvo"] = {"Tidore"}, ["tvs"] = {"Taveta"}, ["tvt"] = {"Tutsa Naga"}, ["tvu"] = {"Tunen"}, ["tvw"] = {"Sedoa"}, ["tvx"] = {"Taivoan"}, ["tvy"] = {"Timor Pidgin"}, ["twa"] = {"Twana"}, ["twb"] = {"Western Tawbuid"}, ["twc"] = {"Teshenawa"}, ["twd"] = {"Twents"}, ["twe"] = {"Tewa (Indonesia)"}, ["twf"] = {"Northern Tiwa"}, ["twg"] = {"Tereweng"}, ["twh"] = {"Tai Dón"}, ["twl"] = {"Tawara"}, ["twm"] = {"Tawang Monpa"}, ["twn"] = {"Twendi"}, ["two"] = {"Tswapong"}, ["twp"] = {"Ere"}, ["twq"] = {"Tasawaq"}, ["twr"] = {"Southwestern Tarahumara"}, ["twt"] = {"Turiwára"}, ["twu"] = {"Termanu"}, ["tww"] = {"Tuwari"}, ["twx"] = {"Tewe"}, ["twy"] = {"Tawoyan"}, ["txa"] = {"Tombonuo"}, ["txb"] = {"Tokharian B"}, ["txc"] = {"Tsetsaut"}, ["txe"] = {"Totoli"}, ["txg"] = {"Tangut"}, ["txh"] = {"Thracian"}, ["txi"] = {"Ikpeng"}, ["txj"] = {"Tarjumo"}, ["txm"] = {"Tomini"}, ["txn"] = {"West Tarangan"}, ["txo"] = {"Toto"}, ["txq"] = {"Tii"}, ["txr"] = {"Tartessian"}, ["txs"] = {"Tonsea"}, ["txt"] = {"Citak"}, ["txu"] = {"Kayapó"}, ["txx"] = {"Tatana"}, ["txy"] = {"Tanosy Malagasy"}, ["tya"] = {"Tauya"}, ["tye"] = {"Kyanga"}, ["tyh"] = {"O'du"}, ["tyi"] = {"Teke-Tsaayi"}, ["tyj"] = {"Tai Do", "Tai Yo"}, ["tyl"] = {"Thu Lao"}, ["tyn"] = {"Kombai"}, ["typ"] = {"Thaypan"}, ["tyr"] = {"Tai Daeng"}, ["tys"] = {"Tày Sa Pa"}, ["tyt"] = {"Tày Tac"}, ["tyu"] = {"Kua"}, ["tyv"] = {"Tuvinian"}, ["tyx"] = {"Teke-Tyee"}, ["tyy"] = {"Tiyaa"}, ["tyz"] = {"Tày"}, ["tza"] = {"Tanzanian Sign Language"}, ["tzh"] = {"Tzeltal"}, ["tzj"] = {"Tz'utujil"}, ["tzl"] = {"Talossan"}, ["tzm"] = {"Central Atlas Tamazight"}, ["tzn"] = {"Tugun"}, ["tzo"] = {"Tzotzil"}, ["tzx"] = {"Tabriak"}, ["uam"] = {"Uamué"}, ["uan"] = {"Kuan"}, ["uar"] = {"Tairuma"}, ["uba"] = {"Ubang"}, ["ubi"] = {"Ubi"}, ["ubl"] = {"Buhi'non Bikol"}, ["ubr"] = {"Ubir"}, ["ubu"] = {"Umbu-Ungu"}, ["uby"] = {"Ubykh"}, ["uda"] = {"Uda"}, ["ude"] = {"Udihe"}, ["udg"] = {"Muduga"}, ["udi"] = {"Udi"}, ["udj"] = {"Ujir"}, ["udl"] = {"Wuzlam"}, ["udm"] = {"Udmurt"}, ["udu"] = {"Uduk"}, ["ues"] = {"Kioko"}, ["ufi"] = {"Ufim"}, ["uga"] = {"Ugaritic"}, ["ugb"] = {"Kuku-Ugbanh"}, ["uge"] = {"Ughele"}, ["ugh"] = {"Kubachi"}, ["ugn"] = {"Ugandan Sign Language"}, ["ugo"] = {"Ugong"}, ["ugy"] = {"Uruguayan Sign Language"}, ["uha"] = {"Uhami"}, ["uhn"] = {"Damal"}, ["uis"] = {"Uisai"}, ["uiv"] = {"Iyive"}, ["uji"] = {"Tanjijili"}, ["uka"] = {"Kaburi"}, ["ukg"] = {"Ukuriguma"}, ["ukh"] = {"Ukhwejo"}, ["uki"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["ukk"] = {"Muak Sa-aak"}, ["ukl"] = {"Ukrainian Sign Language"}, ["ukp"] = {"Ukpe-Bayobiri"}, ["ukq"] = {"Ukwa"}, ["uks"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language", "Kaapor Sign Language"}, ["uku"] = {"Ukue"}, ["ukv"] = {"Kuku"}, ["ukw"] = {"Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni"}, ["uky"] = {"Kuuk-Yak"}, ["ula"] = {"Fungwa"}, ["ulb"] = {"Ulukwumi"}, ["ulc"] = {"Ulch"}, ["ule"] = {"Lule"}, ["ulf"] = {"Usku", "Afra"}, ["uli"] = {"Ulithian"}, ["ulk"] = {"Meriam Mir"}, ["ull"] = {"Ullatan"}, ["ulm"] = {"Ulumanda'"}, ["uln"] = {"Unserdeutsch"}, ["ulu"] = {"Uma' Lung"}, ["ulw"] = {"Ulwa"}, ["uly"] = {"Buli"}, ["uma"] = {"Umatilla"}, ["umb"] = {"Umbundu"}, ["umc"] = {"Marrucinian"}, ["umd"] = {"Umbindhamu"}, ["umg"] = {"Morrobalama", "Umbuygamu"}, ["umi"] = {"Ukit"}, ["umm"] = {"Umon"}, ["umn"] = {"Makyan Naga"}, ["umo"] = {"Umotína"}, ["ump"] = {"Umpila"}, ["umr"] = {"Umbugarla"}, ["ums"] = {"Pendau"}, ["umu"] = {"Munsee"}, ["una"] = {"North Watut"}, ["und"] = {"Undetermined"}, ["une"] = {"Uneme"}, ["ung"] = {"Ngarinyin"}, ["uni"] = {"Uni"}, ["unk"] = {"Enawené-Nawé"}, ["unm"] = {"Unami"}, ["unn"] = {"Kurnai"}, ["unr"] = {"Mundari"}, ["unu"] = {"Unubahe"}, ["unx"] = {"Munda"}, ["unz"] = {"Unde Kaili"}, ["uon"] = {"Kulon"}, ["upi"] = {"Umeda"}, ["upv"] = {"Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin"}, ["ura"] = {"Urarina"}, ["urb"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor", "Kaapor"}, ["urc"] = {"Urningangg"}, ["ure"] = {"Uru"}, ["urf"] = {"Uradhi"}, ["urg"] = {"Urigina"}, ["urh"] = {"Urhobo"}, ["uri"] = {"Urim"}, ["urj"] = {"Uralic languages"}, ["urk"] = {"Urak Lawoi'"}, ["url"] = {"Urali"}, ["urm"] = {"Urapmin"}, ["urn"] = {"Uruangnirin"}, ["uro"] = {"Ura (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["urp"] = {"Uru-Pa-In"}, ["urr"] = {"Lehalurup", "Löyöp"}, ["urt"] = {"Urat"}, ["uru"] = {"Urumi"}, ["urv"] = {"Uruava"}, ["urw"] = {"Sop"}, ["urx"] = {"Urimo"}, ["ury"] = {"Orya"}, ["urz"] = {"Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau"}, ["usa"] = {"Usarufa"}, ["ush"] = {"Ushojo"}, ["usi"] = {"Usui"}, ["usk"] = {"Usaghade"}, ["usp"] = {"Uspanteco"}, ["uss"] = {"us-Saare"}, ["usu"] = {"Uya"}, ["uta"] = {"Otank"}, ["ute"] = {"Ute-Southern Paiute"}, ["uth"] = {"ut-Hun"}, ["utp"] = {"Amba (Solomon Islands)"}, ["utr"] = {"Etulo"}, ["utu"] = {"Utu"}, ["uum"] = {"Urum"}, ["uur"] = {"Ura (Vanuatu)"}, ["uuu"] = {"U"}, ["uve"] = {"West Uvean", "Fagauvea"}, ["uvh"] = {"Uri"}, ["uvl"] = {"Lote"}, ["uwa"] = {"Kuku-Uwanh"}, ["uya"] = {"Doko-Uyanga"}, ["uzn"] = {"Northern Uzbek"}, ["uzs"] = {"Southern Uzbek"}, ["vaa"] = {"Vaagri Booli"}, ["vae"] = {"Vale"}, ["vaf"] = {"Vafsi"}, ["vag"] = {"Vagla"}, ["vah"] = {"Varhadi-Nagpuri"}, ["vai"] = {"Vai"}, ["vaj"] = {"Sekele", "Northwestern ǃKung", "Vasekele"}, ["val"] = {"Vehes"}, ["vam"] = {"Vanimo"}, ["van"] = {"Valman"}, ["vao"] = {"Vao"}, ["vap"] = {"Vaiphei"}, ["var"] = {"Huarijio"}, ["vas"] = {"Vasavi"}, ["vau"] = {"Vanuma"}, ["vav"] = {"Varli"}, ["vay"] = {"Wayu"}, ["vbb"] = {"Southeast Babar"}, ["vbk"] = {"Southwestern Bontok"}, ["vec"] = {"Venetian"}, ["ved"] = {"Veddah"}, ["vel"] = {"Veluws"}, ["vem"] = {"Vemgo-Mabas"}, ["veo"] = {"Ventureño"}, ["vep"] = {"Veps"}, ["ver"] = {"Mom Jango"}, ["vgr"] = {"Vaghri"}, ["vgt"] = {"Vlaamse Gebarentaal", "Flemish Sign Language"}, ["vic"] = {"Virgin Islands Creole English"}, ["vid"] = {"Vidunda"}, ["vif"] = {"Vili"}, ["vig"] = {"Viemo"}, ["vil"] = {"Vilela"}, ["vin"] = {"Vinza"}, ["vis"] = {"Vishavan"}, ["vit"] = {"Viti"}, ["viv"] = {"Iduna"}, ["vjk"] = {"Bajjika"}, ["vka"] = {"Kariyarra"}, ["vkj"] = {"Kujarge"}, ["vkk"] = {"Kaur"}, ["vkl"] = {"Kulisusu"}, ["vkm"] = {"Kamakan"}, ["vkn"] = {"Koro Nulu"}, ["vko"] = {"Kodeoha"}, ["vkp"] = {"Korlai Creole Portuguese"}, ["vkt"] = {"Tenggarong Kutai Malay"}, ["vku"] = {"Kurrama"}, ["vkz"] = {"Koro Zuba"}, ["vlp"] = {"Valpei"}, ["vls"] = {"Vlaams"}, ["vma"] = {"Martuyhunira"}, ["vmb"] = {"Barbaram"}, ["vmc"] = {"Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["vmd"] = {"Mudu Koraga"}, ["vme"] = {"East Masela"}, ["vmf"] = {"Mainfränkisch"}, ["vmg"] = {"Lungalunga"}, ["vmh"] = {"Maraghei"}, ["vmi"] = {"Miwa"}, ["vmj"] = {"Ixtayutla Mixtec"}, ["vmk"] = {"Makhuwa-Shirima"}, ["vml"] = {"Malgana"}, ["vmm"] = {"Mitlatongo Mixtec"}, ["vmp"] = {"Soyaltepec Mazatec"}, ["vmq"] = {"Soyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["vmr"] = {"Marenje"}, ["vms"] = {"Moksela"}, ["vmu"] = {"Muluridyi"}, ["vmv"] = {"Valley Maidu"}, ["vmw"] = {"Makhuwa"}, ["vmx"] = {"Tamazola Mixtec"}, ["vmy"] = {"Ayautla Mazatec"}, ["vmz"] = {"Mazatlán Mazatec"}, ["vnk"] = {"Vano", "Lovono"}, ["vnm"] = {"Vinmavis", "Neve'ei"}, ["vnp"] = {"Vunapu"}, ["vor"] = {"Voro"}, ["vot"] = {"Votic"}, ["vra"] = {"Vera'a"}, ["vro"] = {"Võro"}, ["vrs"] = {"Varisi"}, ["vrt"] = {"Burmbar", "Banam Bay"}, ["vsi"] = {"Moldova Sign Language"}, ["vsl"] = {"Venezuelan Sign Language"}, ["vsn"] = {"Vedic Sanskrit"}, ["vsv"] = {"Valencian Sign Language", "Llengua de signes valenciana"}, ["vto"] = {"Vitou"}, ["vum"] = {"Vumbu"}, ["vun"] = {"Vunjo"}, ["vut"] = {"Vute"}, ["vwa"] = {"Awa (China)"}, ["waa"] = {"Walla Walla"}, ["wab"] = {"Yote", "Wab"}, ["wac"] = {"Wasco-Wishram"}, ["wad"] = {"Wamesa", "Wondama"}, ["wae"] = {"Walser"}, ["waf"] = {"Wakoná"}, ["wag"] = {"Wa'ema"}, ["wah"] = {"Watubela"}, ["wai"] = {"Wares"}, ["waj"] = {"Waffa"}, ["wak"] = {"Wakashan languages"}, ["wal"] = {"Wolaytta", "Wolaitta"}, ["wam"] = {"Wampanoag"}, ["wan"] = {"Wan"}, ["wao"] = {"Wappo"}, ["wap"] = {"Wapishana"}, ["waq"] = {"Wagiman"}, ["war"] = {"Waray (Philippines)"}, ["was"] = {"Washo"}, ["wat"] = {"Kaninuwa"}, ["wau"] = {"Waurá"}, ["wav"] = {"Waka"}, ["waw"] = {"Waiwai"}, ["wax"] = {"Watam", "Marangis"}, ["way"] = {"Wayana"}, ["waz"] = {"Wampur"}, ["wba"] = {"Warao"}, ["wbb"] = {"Wabo"}, ["wbe"] = {"Waritai"}, ["wbf"] = {"Wara"}, ["wbh"] = {"Wanda"}, ["wbi"] = {"Vwanji"}, ["wbj"] = {"Alagwa"}, ["wbk"] = {"Waigali"}, ["wbl"] = {"Wakhi"}, ["wbm"] = {"Wa"}, ["wbp"] = {"Warlpiri"}, ["wbq"] = {"Waddar"}, ["wbr"] = {"Wagdi"}, ["wbs"] = {"West Bengal Sign Language"}, ["wbt"] = {"Warnman"}, ["wbv"] = {"Wajarri"}, ["wbw"] = {"Woi"}, ["wca"] = {"Yanomámi"}, ["wci"] = {"Waci Gbe"}, ["wdd"] = {"Wandji"}, ["wdg"] = {"Wadaginam"}, ["wdj"] = {"Wadjiginy"}, ["wdk"] = {"Wadikali"}, ["wdt"] = {"Wendat"}, ["wdu"] = {"Wadjigu"}, ["wdy"] = {"Wadjabangayi"}, ["wea"] = {"Wewaw"}, ["wec"] = {"Wè Western"}, ["wed"] = {"Wedau"}, ["weg"] = {"Wergaia"}, ["weh"] = {"Weh"}, ["wei"] = {"Kiunum"}, ["wem"] = {"Weme Gbe"}, ["wen"] = {"Sorbian languages"}, ["weo"] = {"Wemale"}, ["wep"] = {"Westphalien"}, ["wer"] = {"Weri"}, ["wes"] = {"Cameroon Pidgin"}, ["wet"] = {"Perai"}, ["weu"] = {"Rawngtu Chin"}, ["wew"] = {"Wejewa"}, ["wfg"] = {"Yafi", "Zorop"}, ["wga"] = {"Wagaya"}, ["wgb"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wgg"] = {"Wangkangurru", "Wangganguru"}, ["wgi"] = {"Wahgi"}, ["wgo"] = {"Waigeo"}, ["wgu"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wgy"] = {"Warrgamay"}, ["wha"] = {"Sou Upaa", "Manusela"}, ["whg"] = {"North Wahgi"}, ["whk"] = {"Wahau Kenyah"}, ["whu"] = {"Wahau Kayan"}, ["wib"] = {"Southern Toussian"}, ["wic"] = {"Wichita"}, ["wie"] = {"Wik-Epa"}, ["wif"] = {"Wik-Keyangan"}, ["wig"] = {"Wik Ngathan"}, ["wih"] = {"Wik-Me'anha"}, ["wii"] = {"Minidien"}, ["wij"] = {"Wik-Iiyanh"}, ["wik"] = {"Wikalkan"}, ["wil"] = {"Wilawila"}, ["wim"] = {"Wik-Mungkan"}, ["win"] = {"Ho-Chunk"}, ["wir"] = {"Wiraféd"}, ["wiu"] = {"Wiru"}, ["wiv"] = {"Vitu"}, ["wiy"] = {"Wiyot"}, ["wja"] = {"Waja"}, ["wji"] = {"Warji"}, ["wka"] = {"Kw'adza"}, ["wkb"] = {"Kumbaran"}, ["wkd"] = {"Wakde", "Mo"}, ["wkl"] = {"Kalanadi"}, ["wkr"] = {"Keerray-Woorroong"}, ["wku"] = {"Kunduvadi"}, ["wkw"] = {"Wakawaka"}, ["wky"] = {"Wangkayutyuru"}, ["wla"] = {"Walio"}, ["wlc"] = {"Mwali Comorian"}, ["wle"] = {"Wolane"}, ["wlg"] = {"Kunbarlang"}, ["wlh"] = {"Welaun"}, ["wli"] = {"Waioli"}, ["wlk"] = {"Wailaki"}, ["wll"] = {"Wali (Sudan)"}, ["wlm"] = {"Middle Welsh"}, ["wlo"] = {"Wolio"}, ["wlr"] = {"Wailapa"}, ["wls"] = {"Wallisian"}, ["wlu"] = {"Wuliwuli"}, ["wlv"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz"}, ["wlw"] = {"Walak"}, ["wlx"] = {"Wali (Ghana)"}, ["wly"] = {"Waling"}, ["wma"] = {"Mawa (Nigeria)"}, ["wmb"] = {"Wambaya"}, ["wmc"] = {"Wamas"}, ["wmd"] = {"Mamaindé"}, ["wme"] = {"Wambule"}, ["wmg"] = {"Western Minyag"}, ["wmh"] = {"Waima'a"}, ["wmi"] = {"Wamin"}, ["wmm"] = {"Maiwa (Indonesia)"}, ["wmn"] = {"Waamwang"}, ["wmo"] = {"Wom (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["wms"] = {"Wambon"}, ["wmt"] = {"Walmajarri"}, ["wmw"] = {"Mwani"}, ["wmx"] = {"Womo"}, ["wnb"] = {"Mokati"}, ["wnc"] = {"Wantoat"}, ["wnd"] = {"Wandarang"}, ["wne"] = {"Waneci"}, ["wng"] = {"Wanggom"}, ["wni"] = {"Ndzwani Comorian"}, ["wnk"] = {"Wanukaka"}, ["wnm"] = {"Wanggamala"}, ["wnn"] = {"Wunumara"}, ["wno"] = {"Wano"}, ["wnp"] = {"Wanap"}, ["wnu"] = {"Usan"}, ["wnw"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wny"] = {"Wanyi", "Waanyi"}, ["woa"] = {"Kuwema", "Tyaraity"}, ["wob"] = {"Wè Northern"}, ["woc"] = {"Wogeo"}, ["wod"] = {"Wolani"}, ["woe"] = {"Woleaian"}, ["wof"] = {"Gambian Wolof"}, ["wog"] = {"Wogamusin"}, ["woi"] = {"Kamang"}, ["wok"] = {"Longto"}, ["wom"] = {"Wom (Nigeria)"}, ["won"] = {"Wongo"}, ["woo"] = {"Manombai"}, ["wor"] = {"Woria"}, ["wos"] = {"Hanga Hundi"}, ["wow"] = {"Wawonii"}, ["woy"] = {"Weyto"}, ["wpc"] = {"Maco"}, ["wrb"] = {"Waluwarra", "Warluwara"}, ["wrg"] = {"Warungu", "Gudjal"}, ["wrh"] = {"Wiradjuri"}, ["wri"] = {"Wariyangga"}, ["wrk"] = {"Garrwa"}, ["wrl"] = {"Warlmanpa"}, ["wrm"] = {"Warumungu"}, ["wrn"] = {"Warnang"}, ["wro"] = {"Worrorra"}, ["wrp"] = {"Waropen"}, ["wrr"] = {"Wardaman"}, ["wrs"] = {"Waris"}, ["wru"] = {"Waru"}, ["wrv"] = {"Waruna"}, ["wrw"] = {"Gugu Warra"}, ["wrx"] = {"Wae Rana"}, ["wry"] = {"Merwari"}, ["wrz"] = {"Waray (Australia)"}, ["wsa"] = {"Warembori"}, ["wsg"] = {"Adilabad Gondi"}, ["wsi"] = {"Wusi"}, ["wsk"] = {"Waskia"}, ["wsr"] = {"Owenia"}, ["wss"] = {"Wasa"}, ["wsu"] = {"Wasu"}, ["wsv"] = {"Wotapuri-Katarqalai"}, ["wtb"] = {"Matambwe"}, ["wtf"] = {"Watiwa"}, ["wth"] = {"Wathawurrung"}, ["wti"] = {"Berta"}, ["wtk"] = {"Watakataui"}, ["wtm"] = {"Mewati"}, ["wtw"] = {"Wotu"}, ["wua"] = {"Wikngenchera"}, ["wub"] = {"Wunambal"}, ["wud"] = {"Wudu"}, ["wuh"] = {"Wutunhua"}, ["wul"] = {"Silimo"}, ["wum"] = {"Wumbvu"}, ["wun"] = {"Bungu"}, ["wur"] = {"Wurrugu"}, ["wut"] = {"Wutung"}, ["wuu"] = {"Wu Chinese"}, ["wuv"] = {"Wuvulu-Aua"}, ["wux"] = {"Wulna"}, ["wuy"] = {"Wauyai"}, ["wwa"] = {"Waama"}, ["wwb"] = {"Wakabunga"}, ["wwo"] = {"Wetamut", "Dorig"}, ["wwr"] = {"Warrwa"}, ["www"] = {"Wawa"}, ["wxa"] = {"Waxianghua"}, ["wxw"] = {"Wardandi"}, ["wyb"] = {"Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa"}, ["wyi"] = {"Woiwurrung"}, ["wym"] = {"Wymysorys"}, ["wyn"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["wyr"] = {"Wayoró"}, ["wyy"] = {"Western Fijian"}, ["xaa"] = {"Andalusian Arabic"}, ["xab"] = {"Sambe"}, ["xac"] = {"Kachari"}, ["xad"] = {"Adai"}, ["xae"] = {"Aequian"}, ["xag"] = {"Aghwan"}, ["xai"] = {"Kaimbé"}, ["xaj"] = {"Ararandewára"}, ["xak"] = {"Máku"}, ["xal"] = {"Kalmyk", "Oirat"}, ["xam"] = {"ǀXam"}, ["xan"] = {"Xamtanga"}, ["xao"] = {"Khao"}, ["xap"] = {"Apalachee"}, ["xaq"] = {"Aquitanian"}, ["xar"] = {"Karami"}, ["xas"] = {"Kamas"}, ["xat"] = {"Katawixi"}, ["xau"] = {"Kauwera"}, ["xav"] = {"Xavánte"}, ["xaw"] = {"Kawaiisu"}, ["xay"] = {"Kayan Mahakam"}, ["xbb"] = {"Lower Burdekin"}, ["xbc"] = {"Bactrian"}, ["xbd"] = {"Bindal"}, ["xbe"] = {"Bigambal"}, ["xbg"] = {"Bunganditj"}, ["xbi"] = {"Kombio"}, ["xbj"] = {"Birrpayi"}, ["xbm"] = {"Middle Breton"}, ["xbn"] = {"Kenaboi"}, ["xbo"] = {"Bolgarian"}, ["xbp"] = {"Bibbulman"}, ["xbr"] = {"Kambera"}, ["xbw"] = {"Kambiwá"}, ["xby"] = {"Batjala", "Batyala"}, ["xcb"] = {"Cumbric"}, ["xcc"] = {"Camunic"}, ["xce"] = {"Celtiberian"}, ["xcg"] = {"Cisalpine Gaulish"}, ["xch"] = {"Chemakum", "Chimakum"}, ["xcl"] = {"Classical Armenian"}, ["xcm"] = {"Comecrudo"}, ["xcn"] = {"Cotoname"}, ["xco"] = {"Chorasmian"}, ["xcr"] = {"Carian"}, ["xct"] = {"Classical Tibetan"}, ["xcu"] = {"Curonian"}, ["xcv"] = {"Chuvantsy"}, ["xcw"] = {"Coahuilteco"}, ["xcy"] = {"Cayuse"}, ["xda"] = {"Darkinyung"}, ["xdc"] = {"Dacian"}, ["xdk"] = {"Dharuk"}, ["xdm"] = {"Edomite"}, ["xdo"] = {"Kwandu"}, ["xdq"] = {"Kaitag"}, ["xdy"] = {"Malayic Dayak"}, ["xeb"] = {"Eblan"}, ["xed"] = {"Hdi"}, ["xeg"] = {"ǁXegwi"}, ["xel"] = {"Kelo"}, ["xem"] = {"Kembayan"}, ["xep"] = {"Epi-Olmec"}, ["xer"] = {"Xerénte"}, ["xes"] = {"Kesawai"}, ["xet"] = {"Xetá"}, ["xeu"] = {"Keoru-Ahia"}, ["xfa"] = {"Faliscan"}, ["xga"] = {"Galatian"}, ["xgb"] = {"Gbin"}, ["xgd"] = {"Gudang"}, ["xgf"] = {"Gabrielino-Fernandeño"}, ["xgg"] = {"Goreng"}, ["xgi"] = {"Garingbal"}, ["xgl"] = {"Galindan"}, ["xgm"] = {"Dharumbal", "Guwinmal"}, ["xgn"] = {"Mongolian languages"}, ["xgr"] = {"Garza"}, ["xgu"] = {"Unggumi"}, ["xgw"] = {"Guwa"}, ["xha"] = {"Harami"}, ["xhc"] = {"Hunnic"}, ["xhd"] = {"Hadrami"}, ["xhe"] = {"Khetrani"}, ["xhm"] = {"Middle Khmer (1400 to 1850 CE)"}, ["xhr"] = {"Hernican"}, ["xht"] = {"Hattic"}, ["xhu"] = {"Hurrian"}, ["xhv"] = {"Khua"}, ["xib"] = {"Iberian"}, ["xii"] = {"Xiri"}, ["xil"] = {"Illyrian"}, ["xin"] = {"Xinca"}, ["xir"] = {"Xiriâna"}, ["xis"] = {"Kisan"}, ["xiv"] = {"Indus Valley Language"}, ["xiy"] = {"Xipaya"}, ["xjb"] = {"Minjungbal"}, ["xjt"] = {"Jaitmatang"}, ["xka"] = {"Kalkoti"}, ["xkb"] = {"Northern Nago"}, ["xkc"] = {"Kho'ini"}, ["xkd"] = {"Mendalam Kayan"}, ["xke"] = {"Kereho"}, ["xkf"] = {"Khengkha"}, ["xkg"] = {"Kagoro"}, ["xki"] = {"Kenyan Sign Language"}, ["xkj"] = {"Kajali"}, ["xkk"] = {"Kachok", "Kaco'"}, ["xkl"] = {"Mainstream Kenyah"}, ["xkn"] = {"Kayan River Kayan"}, ["xko"] = {"Kiorr"}, ["xkp"] = {"Kabatei"}, ["xkq"] = {"Koroni"}, ["xkr"] = {"Xakriabá"}, ["xks"] = {"Kumbewaha"}, ["xkt"] = {"Kantosi"}, ["xku"] = {"Kaamba"}, ["xkv"] = {"Kgalagadi"}, ["xkw"] = {"Kembra"}, ["xkx"] = {"Karore"}, ["xky"] = {"Uma' Lasan"}, ["xkz"] = {"Kurtokha"}, ["xla"] = {"Kamula"}, ["xlb"] = {"Loup B"}, ["xlc"] = {"Lycian"}, ["xld"] = {"Lydian"}, ["xle"] = {"Lemnian"}, ["xlg"] = {"Ligurian (Ancient)"}, ["xli"] = {"Liburnian"}, ["xln"] = {"Alanic"}, ["xlo"] = {"Loup A"}, ["xlp"] = {"Lepontic"}, ["xls"] = {"Lusitanian"}, ["xlu"] = {"Cuneiform Luwian"}, ["xly"] = {"Elymian"}, ["xma"] = {"Mushungulu"}, ["xmb"] = {"Mbonga"}, ["xmc"] = {"Makhuwa-Marrevone"}, ["xmd"] = {"Mbudum"}, ["xme"] = {"Median"}, ["xmf"] = {"Mingrelian"}, ["xmg"] = {"Mengaka"}, ["xmh"] = {"Kugu-Muminh"}, ["xmj"] = {"Majera"}, ["xmk"] = {"Ancient Macedonian"}, ["xml"] = {"Malaysian Sign Language"}, ["xmm"] = {"Manado Malay"}, ["xmn"] = {"Manichaean Middle Persian"}, ["xmo"] = {"Morerebi"}, ["xmp"] = {"Kuku-Mu'inh"}, ["xmq"] = {"Kuku-Mangk"}, ["xmr"] = {"Meroitic"}, ["xms"] = {"Moroccan Sign Language"}, ["xmt"] = {"Matbat"}, ["xmu"] = {"Kamu"}, ["xmv"] = {"Antankarana Malagasy", "Tankarana Malagasy"}, ["xmw"] = {"Tsimihety Malagasy"}, ["xmx"] = {"Salawati", "Maden"}, ["xmy"] = {"Mayaguduna"}, ["xmz"] = {"Mori Bawah"}, ["xna"] = {"Ancient North Arabian"}, ["xnb"] = {"Kanakanabu"}, ["xnd"] = {"Na-Dene languages"}, ["xng"] = {"Middle Mongolian"}, ["xnh"] = {"Kuanhua"}, ["xni"] = {"Ngarigu"}, ["xnj"] = {"Ngoni (Tanzania)"}, ["xnk"] = {"Nganakarti"}, ["xnm"] = {"Ngumbarl"}, ["xnn"] = {"Northern Kankanay"}, ["xno"] = {"Anglo-Norman"}, ["xnq"] = {"Ngoni (Mozambique)"}, ["xnr"] = {"Kangri"}, ["xns"] = {"Kanashi"}, ["xnt"] = {"Narragansett"}, ["xnu"] = {"Nukunul"}, ["xny"] = {"Nyiyaparli"}, ["xnz"] = {"Kenzi", "Mattoki"}, ["xoc"] = {"O'chi'chi'"}, ["xod"] = {"Kokoda"}, ["xog"] = {"Soga"}, ["xoi"] = {"Kominimung"}, ["xok"] = {"Xokleng"}, ["xom"] = {"Komo (Sudan)"}, ["xon"] = {"Konkomba"}, ["xoo"] = {"Xukurú"}, ["xop"] = {"Kopar"}, ["xor"] = {"Korubo"}, ["xow"] = {"Kowaki"}, ["xpa"] = {"Pirriya"}, ["xpb"] = {"Northeastern Tasmanian", "Pyemmairrener"}, ["xpc"] = {"Pecheneg"}, ["xpd"] = {"Oyster Bay Tasmanian"}, ["xpe"] = {"Liberia Kpelle"}, ["xpf"] = {"Southeast Tasmanian", "Nuenonne"}, ["xpg"] = {"Phrygian"}, ["xph"] = {"North Midlands Tasmanian", "Tyerrenoterpanner"}, ["xpi"] = {"Pictish"}, ["xpj"] = {"Mpalitjanh"}, ["xpk"] = {"Kulina Pano"}, ["xpl"] = {"Port Sorell Tasmanian"}, ["xpm"] = {"Pumpokol"}, ["xpn"] = {"Kapinawá"}, ["xpo"] = {"Pochutec"}, ["xpp"] = {"Puyo-Paekche"}, ["xpq"] = {"Mohegan-Pequot"}, ["xpr"] = {"Parthian"}, ["xps"] = {"Pisidian"}, ["xpt"] = {"Punthamara"}, ["xpu"] = {"Punic"}, ["xpv"] = {"Northern Tasmanian", "Tommeginne"}, ["xpw"] = {"Northwestern Tasmanian", "Peerapper"}, ["xpx"] = {"Southwestern Tasmanian", "Toogee"}, ["xpy"] = {"Puyo"}, ["xpz"] = {"Bruny Island Tasmanian"}, ["xqa"] = {"Karakhanid"}, ["xqt"] = {"Qatabanian"}, ["xra"] = {"Krahô"}, ["xrb"] = {"Eastern Karaboro"}, ["xrd"] = {"Gundungurra"}, ["xre"] = {"Kreye"}, ["xrg"] = {"Minang"}, ["xri"] = {"Krikati-Timbira"}, ["xrm"] = {"Armazic"}, ["xrn"] = {"Arin"}, ["xrr"] = {"Raetic"}, ["xrt"] = {"Aranama-Tamique"}, ["xru"] = {"Marriammu"}, ["xrw"] = {"Karawa"}, ["xsa"] = {"Sabaean"}, ["xsb"] = {"Sambal"}, ["xsc"] = {"Scythian"}, ["xsd"] = {"Sidetic"}, ["xse"] = {"Sempan"}, ["xsh"] = {"Shamang"}, ["xsi"] = {"Sio"}, ["xsj"] = {"Subi"}, ["xsl"] = {"South Slavey"}, ["xsm"] = {"Kasem"}, ["xsn"] = {"Sanga (Nigeria)"}, ["xso"] = {"Solano"}, ["xsp"] = {"Silopi"}, ["xsq"] = {"Makhuwa-Saka"}, ["xsr"] = {"Sherpa"}, ["xsu"] = {"Sanumá"}, ["xsv"] = {"Sudovian"}, ["xsy"] = {"Saisiyat"}, ["xta"] = {"Alcozauca Mixtec"}, ["xtb"] = {"Chazumba Mixtec"}, ["xtc"] = {"Katcha-Kadugli-Miri"}, ["xtd"] = {"Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec"}, ["xte"] = {"Ketengban"}, ["xtg"] = {"Transalpine Gaulish"}, ["xth"] = {"Yitha Yitha"}, ["xti"] = {"Sinicahua Mixtec"}, ["xtj"] = {"San Juan Teita Mixtec"}, ["xtl"] = {"Tijaltepec Mixtec"}, ["xtm"] = {"Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec"}, ["xtn"] = {"Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["xto"] = {"Tokharian A"}, ["xtp"] = {"San Miguel Piedras Mixtec"}, ["xtq"] = {"Tumshuqese"}, ["xtr"] = {"Early Tripuri"}, ["xts"] = {"Sindihui Mixtec"}, ["xtt"] = {"Tacahua Mixtec"}, ["xtu"] = {"Cuyamecalco Mixtec"}, ["xtv"] = {"Thawa"}, ["xtw"] = {"Tawandê"}, ["xty"] = {"Yoloxochitl Mixtec"}, ["xua"] = {"Alu Kurumba"}, ["xub"] = {"Betta Kurumba"}, ["xud"] = {"Umiida"}, ["xug"] = {"Kunigami"}, ["xuj"] = {"Jennu Kurumba"}, ["xul"] = {"Ngunawal", "Nunukul"}, ["xum"] = {"Umbrian"}, ["xun"] = {"Unggaranggu"}, ["xuo"] = {"Kuo"}, ["xup"] = {"Upper Umpqua"}, ["xur"] = {"Urartian"}, ["xut"] = {"Kuthant"}, ["xuu"] = {"Kxoe", "Khwedam"}, ["xve"] = {"Venetic"}, ["xvi"] = {"Kamviri"}, ["xvn"] = {"Vandalic"}, ["xvo"] = {"Volscian"}, ["xvs"] = {"Vestinian"}, ["xwa"] = {"Kwaza"}, ["xwc"] = {"Woccon"}, ["xwd"] = {"Wadi Wadi"}, ["xwe"] = {"Xwela Gbe"}, ["xwg"] = {"Kwegu"}, ["xwj"] = {"Wajuk"}, ["xwk"] = {"Wangkumara"}, ["xwl"] = {"Western Xwla Gbe"}, ["xwo"] = {"Written Oirat"}, ["xwr"] = {"Kwerba Mamberamo"}, ["xwt"] = {"Wotjobaluk"}, ["xww"] = {"Wemba Wemba"}, ["xxb"] = {"Boro (Ghana)"}, ["xxk"] = {"Ke'o"}, ["xxm"] = {"Minkin"}, ["xxr"] = {"Koropó"}, ["xxt"] = {"Tambora"}, ["xya"] = {"Yaygir"}, ["xyb"] = {"Yandjibara"}, ["xyj"] = {"Mayi-Yapi"}, ["xyk"] = {"Mayi-Kulan"}, ["xyl"] = {"Yalakalore"}, ["xyt"] = {"Mayi-Thakurti"}, ["xyy"] = {"Yorta Yorta"}, ["xzh"] = {"Zhang-Zhung"}, ["xzm"] = {"Zemgalian"}, ["xzp"] = {"Ancient Zapotec"}, ["yaa"] = {"Yaminahua"}, ["yab"] = {"Yuhup"}, ["yac"] = {"Pass Valley Yali"}, ["yad"] = {"Yagua"}, ["yae"] = {"Pumé"}, ["yaf"] = {"Yaka (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["yag"] = {"Yámana"}, ["yah"] = {"Yazgulyam"}, ["yai"] = {"Yagnobi"}, ["yaj"] = {"Banda-Yangere"}, ["yak"] = {"Yakama"}, ["yal"] = {"Yalunka"}, ["yam"] = {"Yamba"}, ["yan"] = {"Mayangna"}, ["yao"] = {"Yao"}, ["yap"] = {"Yapese"}, ["yaq"] = {"Yaqui"}, ["yar"] = {"Yabarana"}, ["yas"] = {"Nugunu (Cameroon)"}, ["yat"] = {"Yambeta"}, ["yau"] = {"Yuwana"}, ["yav"] = {"Yangben"}, ["yaw"] = {"Yawalapití"}, ["yax"] = {"Yauma"}, ["yay"] = {"Agwagwune"}, ["yaz"] = {"Lokaa"}, ["yba"] = {"Yala"}, ["ybb"] = {"Yemba"}, ["ybe"] = {"West Yugur"}, ["ybh"] = {"Yakha"}, ["ybi"] = {"Yamphu"}, ["ybj"] = {"Hasha"}, ["ybk"] = {"Bokha"}, ["ybl"] = {"Yukuben"}, ["ybm"] = {"Yaben"}, ["ybn"] = {"Yabaâna"}, ["ybo"] = {"Yabong"}, ["ybx"] = {"Yawiyo"}, ["yby"] = {"Yaweyuha"}, ["ych"] = {"Chesu"}, ["ycl"] = {"Lolopo"}, ["ycn"] = {"Yucuna"}, ["ycp"] = {"Chepya"}, ["ycr"] = {"Yilan Creole"}, ["yda"] = {"Yanda"}, ["ydd"] = {"Eastern Yiddish"}, ["yde"] = {"Yangum Dey"}, ["ydg"] = {"Yidgha"}, ["ydk"] = {"Yoidik"}, ["yea"] = {"Ravula"}, ["yec"] = {"Yeniche"}, ["yee"] = {"Yimas"}, ["yei"] = {"Yeni"}, ["yej"] = {"Yevanic"}, ["yel"] = {"Yela"}, ["yer"] = {"Tarok"}, ["yes"] = {"Nyankpa"}, ["yet"] = {"Yetfa"}, ["yeu"] = {"Yerukula"}, ["yev"] = {"Yapunda"}, ["yey"] = {"Yeyi"}, ["yga"] = {"Malyangapa"}, ["ygi"] = {"Yiningayi"}, ["ygl"] = {"Yangum Gel"}, ["ygm"] = {"Yagomi"}, ["ygp"] = {"Gepo"}, ["ygr"] = {"Yagaria"}, ["ygs"] = {"Yolŋu Sign Language"}, ["ygu"] = {"Yugul"}, ["ygw"] = {"Yagwoia"}, ["yha"] = {"Baha Buyang"}, ["yhd"] = {"Judeo-Iraqi Arabic"}, ["yhl"] = {"Hlepho Phowa"}, ["yhs"] = {"Yan-nhaŋu Sign Language"}, ["yia"] = {"Yinggarda"}, ["yif"] = {"Ache"}, ["yig"] = {"Wusa Nasu"}, ["yih"] = {"Western Yiddish"}, ["yii"] = {"Yidiny"}, ["yij"] = {"Yindjibarndi"}, ["yik"] = {"Dongshanba Lalo"}, ["yil"] = {"Yindjilandji"}, ["yim"] = {"Yimchungru Naga"}, ["yin"] = {"Riang Lai", "Yinchia"}, ["yip"] = {"Pholo"}, ["yiq"] = {"Miqie"}, ["yir"] = {"North Awyu"}, ["yis"] = {"Yis"}, ["yit"] = {"Eastern Lalu"}, ["yiu"] = {"Awu"}, ["yiv"] = {"Northern Nisu"}, ["yix"] = {"Axi Yi"}, ["yiz"] = {"Azhe"}, ["yka"] = {"Yakan"}, ["ykg"] = {"Northern Yukaghir"}, ["ykh"] = {"Khamnigan Mongol"}, ["yki"] = {"Yoke"}, ["ykk"] = {"Yakaikeke"}, ["ykl"] = {"Khlula"}, ["ykm"] = {"Kap"}, ["ykn"] = {"Kua-nsi"}, ["yko"] = {"Iyasa", "Yasa"}, ["ykr"] = {"Yekora"}, ["ykt"] = {"Kathu"}, ["yku"] = {"Kuamasi"}, ["yky"] = {"Yakoma"}, ["yla"] = {"Yaul"}, ["ylb"] = {"Yaleba"}, ["yle"] = {"Yele"}, ["ylg"] = {"Yelogu"}, ["yli"] = {"Angguruk Yali"}, ["yll"] = {"Yil"}, ["ylm"] = {"Limi"}, ["yln"] = {"Langnian Buyang"}, ["ylo"] = {"Naluo Yi"}, ["ylr"] = {"Yalarnnga"}, ["ylu"] = {"Aribwaung"}, ["yly"] = {"Nyâlayu", "Nyelâyu"}, ["ymb"] = {"Yambes"}, ["ymc"] = {"Southern Muji"}, ["ymd"] = {"Muda"}, ["yme"] = {"Yameo"}, ["ymg"] = {"Yamongeri"}, ["ymh"] = {"Mili"}, ["ymi"] = {"Moji"}, ["ymk"] = {"Makwe"}, ["yml"] = {"Iamalele"}, ["ymm"] = {"Maay"}, ["ymn"] = {"Yamna", "Sunum"}, ["ymo"] = {"Yangum Mon"}, ["ymp"] = {"Yamap"}, ["ymq"] = {"Qila Muji"}, ["ymr"] = {"Malasar"}, ["yms"] = {"Mysian"}, ["ymx"] = {"Northern Muji"}, ["ymz"] = {"Muzi"}, ["yna"] = {"Aluo"}, ["ynb"] = {"Yamben"}, ["ynd"] = {"Yandruwandha"}, ["yne"] = {"Lang'e"}, ["yng"] = {"Yango"}, ["ynk"] = {"Naukan Yupik"}, ["ynl"] = {"Yangulam"}, ["ynn"] = {"Yana"}, ["yno"] = {"Yong"}, ["ynq"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yns"] = {"Yansi"}, ["ynu"] = {"Yahuna"}, ["yob"] = {"Yoba"}, ["yog"] = {"Yogad"}, ["yoi"] = {"Yonaguni"}, ["yok"] = {"Yokuts"}, ["yom"] = {"Yombe"}, ["yon"] = {"Yongkom"}, ["yot"] = {"Yotti"}, ["yox"] = {"Yoron"}, ["yoy"] = {"Yoy"}, ["ypa"] = {"Phala"}, ["ypb"] = {"Labo Phowa"}, ["ypg"] = {"Phola"}, ["yph"] = {"Phupha"}, ["ypk"] = {"Yupik languages"}, ["ypm"] = {"Phuma"}, ["ypn"] = {"Ani Phowa"}, ["ypo"] = {"Alo Phola"}, ["ypp"] = {"Phupa"}, ["ypz"] = {"Phuza"}, ["yra"] = {"Yerakai"}, ["yrb"] = {"Yareba"}, ["yre"] = {"Yaouré"}, ["yrk"] = {"Nenets"}, ["yrl"] = {"Nhengatu"}, ["yrm"] = {"Yirrk-Mel"}, ["yrn"] = {"Yerong"}, ["yro"] = {"Yaroamë"}, ["yrs"] = {"Yarsun"}, ["yrw"] = {"Yarawata"}, ["yry"] = {"Yarluyandi"}, ["ysc"] = {"Yassic"}, ["ysd"] = {"Samatao"}, ["ysg"] = {"Sonaga"}, ["ysl"] = {"Yugoslavian Sign Language"}, ["ysm"] = {"Myanmar Sign Language"}, ["ysn"] = {"Sani"}, ["yso"] = {"Nisi (China)"}, ["ysp"] = {"Southern Lolopo"}, ["ysr"] = {"Sirenik Yupik"}, ["yss"] = {"Yessan-Mayo"}, ["ysy"] = {"Sanie"}, ["yta"] = {"Talu"}, ["ytl"] = {"Tanglang"}, ["ytp"] = {"Thopho"}, ["ytw"] = {"Yout Wam"}, ["yty"] = {"Yatay"}, ["yua"] = {"Yucateco", "Yucatec Maya"}, ["yub"] = {"Yugambal"}, ["yuc"] = {"Yuchi"}, ["yud"] = {"Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic"}, ["yue"] = {"Yue Chinese", "Cantonese"}, ["yuf"] = {"Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai"}, ["yug"] = {"Yug"}, ["yui"] = {"Yurutí"}, ["yuj"] = {"Karkar-Yuri"}, ["yuk"] = {"Yuki"}, ["yul"] = {"Yulu"}, ["yum"] = {"Quechan"}, ["yun"] = {"Bena (Nigeria)"}, ["yup"] = {"Yukpa"}, ["yuq"] = {"Yuqui"}, ["yur"] = {"Yurok"}, ["yut"] = {"Yopno"}, ["yuw"] = {"Yau (Morobe Province)"}, ["yux"] = {"Southern Yukaghir"}, ["yuy"] = {"East Yugur"}, ["yuz"] = {"Yuracare"}, ["yva"] = {"Yawa"}, ["yvt"] = {"Yavitero"}, ["ywa"] = {"Kalou"}, ["ywg"] = {"Yinhawangka"}, ["ywl"] = {"Western Lalu"}, ["ywn"] = {"Yawanawa"}, ["ywq"] = {"Wuding-Luquan Yi"}, ["ywr"] = {"Yawuru"}, ["ywt"] = {"Xishanba Lalo", "Central Lalo"}, ["ywu"] = {"Wumeng Nasu"}, ["yww"] = {"Yawarawarga"}, ["yxa"] = {"Mayawali"}, ["yxg"] = {"Yagara"}, ["yxl"] = {"Yardliyawarra"}, ["yxm"] = {"Yinwum"}, ["yxu"] = {"Yuyu"}, ["yxy"] = {"Yabula Yabula"}, ["yyr"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yyu"] = {"Yau (Sandaun Province)"}, ["yyz"] = {"Ayizi"}, ["yzg"] = {"E'ma Buyang"}, ["yzk"] = {"Zokhuo"}, ["zaa"] = {"Sierra de Juárez Zapotec"}, ["zab"] = {"Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec", "San Juan Guelavía Zapotec"}, ["zac"] = {"Ocotlán Zapotec"}, ["zad"] = {"Cajonos Zapotec"}, ["zae"] = {"Yareni Zapotec"}, ["zaf"] = {"Ayoquesco Zapotec"}, ["zag"] = {"Zaghawa"}, ["zah"] = {"Zangwal"}, ["zai"] = {"Isthmus Zapotec"}, ["zaj"] = {"Zaramo"}, ["zak"] = {"Zanaki"}, ["zal"] = {"Zauzou"}, ["zam"] = {"Miahuatlán Zapotec"}, ["zao"] = {"Ozolotepec Zapotec"}, ["zap"] = {"Zapotec"}, ["zaq"] = {"Aloápam Zapotec"}, ["zar"] = {"Rincón Zapotec"}, ["zas"] = {"Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["zat"] = {"Tabaa Zapotec"}, ["zau"] = {"Zangskari"}, ["zav"] = {"Yatzachi Zapotec"}, ["zaw"] = {"Mitla Zapotec"}, ["zax"] = {"Xadani Zapotec"}, ["zay"] = {"Zayse-Zergulla", "Zaysete"}, ["zaz"] = {"Zari"}, ["zba"] = {"Balaibalan"}, ["zbc"] = {"Central Berawan"}, ["zbe"] = {"East Berawan"}, ["zbl"] = {"Blissymbols", "Bliss", "Blissymbolics"}, ["zbt"] = {"Batui"}, ["zbu"] = {"Bu (Bauchi State)"}, ["zbw"] = {"West Berawan"}, ["zca"] = {"Coatecas Altas Zapotec"}, ["zcd"] = {"Las Delicias Zapotec"}, ["zch"] = {"Central Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zdj"] = {"Ngazidja Comorian"}, ["zea"] = {"Zeeuws"}, ["zeg"] = {"Zenag"}, ["zeh"] = {"Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zem"] = {"Zeem"}, ["zen"] = {"Zenaga"}, ["zga"] = {"Kinga"}, ["zgb"] = {"Guibei Zhuang"}, ["zgh"] = {"Standard Moroccan Tamazight"}, ["zgm"] = {"Minz Zhuang"}, ["zgn"] = {"Guibian Zhuang"}, ["zgr"] = {"Magori"}, ["zhb"] = {"Zhaba"}, ["zhd"] = {"Dai Zhuang"}, ["zhi"] = {"Zhire"}, ["zhk"] = {"Kurdish Sign Language"}, ["zhn"] = {"Nong Zhuang"}, ["zhw"] = {"Zhoa"}, ["zhx"] = {"Chinese (family)"}, ["zia"] = {"Zia"}, ["zib"] = {"Zimbabwe Sign Language"}, ["zik"] = {"Zimakani"}, ["zil"] = {"Zialo"}, ["zim"] = {"Mesme"}, ["zin"] = {"Zinza"}, ["ziw"] = {"Zigula"}, ["ziz"] = {"Zizilivakan"}, ["zka"] = {"Kaimbulawa"}, ["zkd"] = {"Kadu"}, ["zkg"] = {"Koguryo"}, ["zkh"] = {"Khorezmian"}, ["zkk"] = {"Karankawa"}, ["zkn"] = {"Kanan"}, ["zko"] = {"Kott"}, ["zkp"] = {"São Paulo Kaingáng"}, ["zkr"] = {"Zakhring"}, ["zkt"] = {"Kitan"}, ["zku"] = {"Kaurna"}, ["zkv"] = {"Krevinian"}, ["zkz"] = {"Khazar"}, ["zla"] = {"Zula"}, ["zle"] = {"East Slavic languages"}, ["zlj"] = {"Liujiang Zhuang"}, ["zlm"] = {"Malay (individual language)"}, ["zln"] = {"Lianshan Zhuang"}, ["zlq"] = {"Liuqian Zhuang"}, ["zls"] = {"South Slavic languages"}, ["zlu"] = {"Zul"}, ["zlw"] = {"West Slavic languages"}, ["zma"] = {"Manda (Australia)"}, ["zmb"] = {"Zimba"}, ["zmc"] = {"Margany"}, ["zmd"] = {"Maridan"}, ["zme"] = {"Mangerr"}, ["zmf"] = {"Mfinu"}, ["zmg"] = {"Marti Ke"}, ["zmh"] = {"Makolkol"}, ["zmi"] = {"Negeri Sembilan Malay"}, ["zmj"] = {"Maridjabin"}, ["zmk"] = {"Mandandanyi"}, ["zml"] = {"Matngala"}, ["zmm"] = {"Marimanindji", "Marramaninyshi"}, ["zmn"] = {"Mbangwe"}, ["zmo"] = {"Molo"}, ["zmp"] = {"Mbuun"}, ["zmq"] = {"Mituku"}, ["zmr"] = {"Maranunggu"}, ["zms"] = {"Mbesa"}, ["zmt"] = {"Maringarr"}, ["zmu"] = {"Muruwari"}, ["zmv"] = {"Mbariman-Gudhinma"}, ["zmw"] = {"Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["zmx"] = {"Bomitaba"}, ["zmy"] = {"Mariyedi"}, ["zmz"] = {"Mbandja"}, ["zna"] = {"Zan Gula"}, ["znd"] = {"Zande languages"}, ["zne"] = {"Zande (individual language)"}, ["zng"] = {"Mang"}, ["znk"] = {"Manangkari"}, ["zns"] = {"Mangas"}, ["zoc"] = {"Copainalá Zoque"}, ["zoh"] = {"Chimalapa Zoque"}, ["zom"] = {"Zou"}, ["zoo"] = {"Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zoq"] = {"Tabasco Zoque"}, ["zor"] = {"Rayón Zoque"}, ["zos"] = {"Francisco León Zoque"}, ["zpa"] = {"Lachiguiri Zapotec"}, ["zpb"] = {"Yautepec Zapotec"}, ["zpc"] = {"Choapan Zapotec"}, ["zpd"] = {"Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec"}, ["zpe"] = {"Petapa Zapotec"}, ["zpf"] = {"San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec"}, ["zpg"] = {"Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec"}, ["zph"] = {"Totomachapan Zapotec"}, ["zpi"] = {"Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec"}, ["zpj"] = {"Quiavicuzas Zapotec"}, ["zpk"] = {"Tlacolulita Zapotec"}, ["zpl"] = {"Lachixío Zapotec"}, ["zpm"] = {"Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zpn"] = {"Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec"}, ["zpo"] = {"Amatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpp"] = {"El Alto Zapotec"}, ["zpq"] = {"Zoogocho Zapotec"}, ["zpr"] = {"Santiago Xanica Zapotec"}, ["zps"] = {"Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpt"] = {"San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpu"] = {"Yalálag Zapotec"}, ["zpv"] = {"Chichicapan Zapotec"}, ["zpw"] = {"Zaniza Zapotec"}, ["zpx"] = {"San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["zpy"] = {"Mazaltepec Zapotec"}, ["zpz"] = {"Texmelucan Zapotec"}, ["zqe"] = {"Qiubei Zhuang"}, ["zra"] = {"Kara (Korea)"}, ["zrg"] = {"Mirgan"}, ["zrn"] = {"Zerenkel"}, ["zro"] = {"Záparo"}, ["zrp"] = {"Zarphatic"}, ["zrs"] = {"Mairasi"}, ["zsa"] = {"Sarasira"}, ["zsk"] = {"Kaskean"}, ["zsl"] = {"Zambian Sign Language"}, ["zsm"] = {"Standard Malay"}, ["zsr"] = {"Southern Rincon Zapotec"}, ["zsu"] = {"Sukurum"}, ["zte"] = {"Elotepec Zapotec"}, ["ztg"] = {"Xanaguía Zapotec"}, ["ztl"] = {"Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec"}, ["ztm"] = {"San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["ztn"] = {"Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["ztp"] = {"Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["ztq"] = {"Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec"}, ["zts"] = {"Tilquiapan Zapotec"}, ["ztt"] = {"Tejalapan Zapotec"}, ["ztu"] = {"Güilá Zapotec"}, ["ztx"] = {"Zaachila Zapotec"}, ["zty"] = {"Yatee Zapotec"}, ["zuh"] = {"Tokano"}, ["zum"] = {"Kumzari"}, ["zun"] = {"Zuni"}, ["zuy"] = {"Zumaya"}, ["zwa"] = {"Zay"}, ["zxx"] = {"No linguistic content", "Not applicable"}, ["zyb"] = {"Yongbei Zhuang"}, ["zyg"] = {"Yang Zhuang"}, ["zyj"] = {"Youjiang Zhuang"}, ["zyn"] = {"Yongnan Zhuang"}, ["zyp"] = {"Zyphe Chin"}, ["zza"] = {"Zaza", "Dimili", "Dimli (macrolanguage)", "Kirdki", "Kirmanjki (macrolanguage)", "Zazaki"}, ["zzj"] = {"Zuojiang Zhuang"} } local deprecated = { ["bh"] = {"Bihari languages"}, ["in"] = {"Indonesian"}, ["iw"] = {"Hebrew"}, ["ji"] = {"Yiddish"}, ["jw"] = {"Javanese"}, ["mo"] = {"Moldavian", "Moldovan"}, ["aam"] = {"Aramanik"}, ["adp"] = {"Adap"}, ["agp"] = {"Paranan"}, ["ais"] = {"Nataoran Amis"}, ["ajp"] = {"South Levantine Arabic"}, ["ajt"] = {"Judeo-Tunisian Arabic"}, ["aoh"] = {"Arma"}, ["asd"] = {"Asas"}, ["aue"] = {"ǂKxʼauǁʼein"}, ["ayx"] = {"Ayi (China)"}, ["ayy"] = {"Tayabas Ayta"}, ["baz"] = {"Tunen"}, ["bbz"] = {"Babalia Creole Arabic"}, ["bgm"] = {"Baga Mboteni"}, ["bhk"] = {"Albay Bicolano"}, ["bic"] = {"Bikaru"}, ["bij"] = {"Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri"}, ["bjd"] = {"Bandjigali"}, ["bjq"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bkb"] = {"Finallig"}, ["blg"] = {"Balau"}, ["bmy"] = {"Bemba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bpb"] = {"Barbacoas"}, ["btb"] = {"Beti (Cameroon)"}, ["btl"] = {"Bhatola"}, ["bxx"] = {"Borna (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["byy"] = {"Buya"}, ["cbe"] = {"Chipiajes"}, ["cbh"] = {"Cagua"}, ["cca"] = {"Cauca"}, ["ccq"] = {"Chaungtha"}, ["cdg"] = {"Chamari"}, ["cjr"] = {"Chorotega"}, ["cka"] = {"Khumi Awa Chin"}, ["cmk"] = {"Chimakum"}, ["coy"] = {"Coyaima"}, ["cqu"] = {"Chilean Quechua"}, ["cug"] = {"Chungmboko", "Cung"}, ["cum"] = {"Cumeral"}, ["daf"] = {"Dan"}, ["dap"] = {"Nisi (India)"}, ["dek"] = {"Dek"}, ["dgu"] = {"Degaru"}, ["dha"] = {"Dhanwar (India)"}, ["dit"] = {"Dirari"}, ["djl"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dkl"] = {"Kolum So Dogon"}, ["drh"] = {"Darkhat"}, ["drr"] = {"Dororo"}, ["drw"] = {"Darwazi"}, ["dud"] = {"Hun-Saare"}, ["duj"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dwl"] = {"Walo Kumbe Dogon"}, ["ekc"] = {"Eastern Karnic"}, ["elp"] = {"Elpaputih"}, ["emo"] = {"Emok"}, ["gav"] = {"Gabutamon"}, ["gbc"] = {"Garawa"}, ["gfx"] = {"Mangetti Dune ǃXung"}, ["ggn"] = {"Eastern Gurung"}, ["ggo"] = {"Southern Gondi"}, ["ggr"] = {"Aghu Tharnggalu"}, ["gio"] = {"Gelao"}, ["gji"] = {"Geji"}, ["gli"] = {"Guliguli"}, ["gti"] = {"Gbati-ri"}, ["guv"] = {"Gey"}, ["hrr"] = {"Horuru"}, ["iap"] = {"Iapama"}, ["ibi"] = {"Ibilo"}, ["ill"] = {"Iranun"}, ["ilw"] = {"Talur"}, ["ime"] = {"Imeraguen"}, ["izi"] = {"Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo"}, ["jar"] = {"Jarawa (Nigeria)"}, ["jeg"] = {"Jeng"}, ["kbf"] = {"Kakauhua"}, ["kdv"] = {"Kado"}, ["kgc"] = {"Kasseng"}, ["kgd"] = {"Kataang"}, ["kgh"] = {"Upper Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kgm"] = {"Karipúna"}, ["kjf"] = {"Khalaj [Indo-Iranian]"}, ["koj"] = {"Sara Dunjo"}, ["kox"] = {"Coxima"}, ["kpp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["krm"] = {"Krim"}, ["ksa"] = {"Shuwa-Zamani"}, ["ktr"] = {"Kota Marudu Tinagas"}, ["kvs"] = {"Kunggara"}, ["kwq"] = {"Kwak"}, ["kxe"] = {"Kakihum"}, ["kxl"] = {"Nepali Kurux"}, ["kxu"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["kzh"] = {"Kenuzi-Dongola"}, ["kzj"] = {"Coastal Kadazan"}, ["kzt"] = {"Tambunan Dusun"}, ["lak"] = {"Laka (Nigeria)"}, ["lba"] = {"Lui"}, ["leg"] = {"Lengua"}, ["lii"] = {"Lingkhim"}, ["llo"] = {"Khlor"}, ["lmm"] = {"Lamam"}, ["lmz"] = {"Lumbee"}, ["lno"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"}, ["lsg"] = {"Lyons Sign Language"}, ["meg"] = {"Mea"}, ["mgx"] = {"Omati"}, ["mhh"] = {"Maskoy Pidgin"}, ["mja"] = {"Mahei"}, ["mld"] = {"Malakhel"}, ["mnt"] = {"Maykulan"}, ["mof"] = {"Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett"}, ["mst"] = {"Cataelano Mandaya"}, ["mvm"] = {"Muya"}, ["mwd"] = {"Mudbura"}, ["mwj"] = {"Maligo"}, ["mwx"] = {"Mediak"}, ["mwy"] = {"Mosiro"}, ["myd"] = {"Maramba"}, ["myi"] = {"Mina (India)"}, ["myq"] = {"Forest Maninka"}, ["myt"] = {"Sangab Mandaya"}, ["nad"] = {"Nijadali"}, ["nbf"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nbx"] = {"Ngura"}, ["ncp"] = {"Ndaktup"}, ["ngo"] = {"Ngoni"}, ["nln"] = {"Durango Nahuatl"}, ["nlr"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nns"] = {"Ningye"}, ["nnx"] = {"Ngong"}, ["nom"] = {"Nocamán"}, ["noo"] = {"Nootka"}, ["nte"] = {"Nathembo"}, ["nts"] = {"Natagaimas"}, ["nxu"] = {"Narau"}, ["ome"] = {"Omejes"}, ["oun"] = {"ǃOǃung"}, ["pat"] = {"Papitalai"}, ["pbz"] = {"Palu"}, ["pcr"] = {"Panang"}, ["pgy"] = {"Pongyong"}, ["pii"] = {"Pini"}, ["plj"] = {"Polci"}, ["plp"] = {"Palpa"}, ["pmc"] = {"Palumata"}, ["pmk"] = {"Pamlico"}, ["pmu"] = {"Mirpur Panjabi"}, ["pod"] = {"Ponares"}, ["ppa"] = {"Pao"}, ["ppr"] = {"Piru"}, ["prb"] = {"Lua'"}, ["prp"] = {"Parsi"}, ["pry"] = {"Pray 3"}, ["puk"] = {"Pu Ko"}, ["puz"] = {"Purum Naga"}, ["rie"] = {"Rien"}, ["rmr"] = {"Caló"}, ["rna"] = {"Runa"}, ["rsi"] = {"Rennellese Sign Language"}, ["sap"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["sca"] = {"Sansu"}, ["sdm"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sgl"] = {"Sanglechi-Ishkashimi"}, ["sgo"] = {"Songa"}, ["skk"] = {"Sok"}, ["slq"] = {"Salchuq"}, ["smd"] = {"Sama"}, ["snb"] = {"Sebuyau"}, ["snh"] = {"Shinabo"}, ["sul"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sum"] = {"Sumo-Mayangna"}, ["svr"] = {"Savara"}, ["szd"] = {"Seru"}, ["tbb"] = {"Tapeba"}, ["tdu"] = {"Tempasuk Dusun"}, ["tgg"] = {"Tangga"}, ["thc"] = {"Tai Hang Tong"}, ["thw"] = {"Thudam"}, ["thx"] = {"The"}, ["tid"] = {"Tidong"}, ["tie"] = {"Tingal"}, ["tkk"] = {"Takpa"}, ["tlw"] = {"South Wemale"}, ["tmk"] = {"Northwestern Tamang"}, ["tmp"] = {"Tai Mène"}, ["tne"] = {"Tinoc Kallahan"}, ["tnf"] = {"Tangshewi"}, ["toe"] = {"Tomedes"}, ["tpw"] = {"Tupí"}, ["tsf"] = {"Southwestern Tamang"}, ["unp"] = {"Worora"}, ["uok"] = {"Uokha"}, ["uun"] = {"Kulon-Pazeh"}, ["vki"] = {"Ija-Zuba"}, ["wgw"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wit"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wiw"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wra"] = {"Warapu"}, ["wrd"] = {"Warduji"}, ["wya"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["xba"] = {"Kamba (Brazil)"}, ["xbx"] = {"Kabixí"}, ["xia"] = {"Xiandao"}, ["xip"] = {"Xipináwa"}, ["xkh"] = {"Karahawyana"}, ["xrq"] = {"Karranga"}, ["xss"] = {"Assan"}, ["xtz"] = {"Tasmanian"}, ["ybd"] = {"Yangbye"}, ["yds"] = {"Yiddish Sign Language"}, ["yen"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yiy"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yma"] = {"Yamphe"}, ["ymt"] = {"Mator-Taygi-Karagas"}, ["ynh"] = {"Yangho"}, ["yol"] = {"Yola"}, ["yos"] = {"Yos"}, ["yri"] = {"Yarí"}, ["yuu"] = {"Yugh"}, ["zir"] = {"Ziriya"}, ["zkb"] = {"Koibal"}, ["zua"] = {"Zeem"} } return { active = active, deprecated = deprecated, } 7maeu8qldugwz5oxm6jkg7gdan5few7 828 91036 729964 579790 2026-10-07T05:12:07Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Modul:Language/data/iana scripts]] ka [[Modul:Lang/data/iana scripts]] 579790 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2019-04-30 return { ["Adlm"] = {"Adlam"}, ["Afak"] = {"Afaka"}, ["Aghb"] = {"Caucasian Albanian"}, ["Ahom"] = {"Ahom", "Tai Ahom"}, ["Arab"] = {"Arabic"}, ["Aran"] = {"Arabic (Nastaliq variant)"}, ["Armi"] = {"Imperial Aramaic"}, ["Armn"] = {"Armenian"}, ["Avst"] = {"Avestan"}, ["Bali"] = {"Balinese"}, ["Bamu"] = {"Bamum"}, ["Bass"] = {"Bassa Vah"}, ["Batk"] = {"Batak"}, ["Beng"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["Bhks"] = {"Bhaiksuki"}, ["Blis"] = {"Blissymbols"}, ["Bopo"] = {"Bopomofo"}, ["Brah"] = {"Brahmi"}, ["Brai"] = {"Braille"}, ["Bugi"] = {"Buginese"}, ["Buhd"] = {"Buhid"}, ["Cakm"] = {"Chakma"}, ["Cans"] = {"Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics"}, ["Cari"] = {"Carian"}, ["Cham"] = {"Cham"}, ["Cher"] = {"Cherokee"}, ["Cirt"] = {"Cirth"}, ["Copt"] = {"Coptic"}, ["Cpmn"] = {"Cypro-Minoan"}, ["Cprt"] = {"Cypriot syllabary"}, ["Cyrl"] = {"Cyrillic"}, ["Cyrs"] = {"Cyrillic (Old Church Slavonic variant)"}, ["Deva"] = {"Devanagari", "Nagari"}, ["Dogr"] = {"Dogra"}, ["Dsrt"] = {"Deseret", "Mormon"}, ["Dupl"] = {"Duployan shorthand", "Duployan stenography"}, ["Egyd"] = {"Egyptian demotic"}, ["Egyh"] = {"Egyptian hieratic"}, ["Egyp"] = {"Egyptian hieroglyphs"}, ["Elba"] = {"Elbasan"}, ["Elym"] = {"Elymaic"}, ["Ethi"] = {"Ethiopic", "Geʻez", "Ge'ez"}, ["Geok"] = {"Khutsuri (Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri)"}, ["Geor"] = {"Georgian (Mkhedruli and Mtavruli)"}, ["Glag"] = {"Glagolitic"}, ["Gong"] = {"Gunjala Gondi"}, ["Gonm"] = {"Masaram Gondi"}, ["Goth"] = {"Gothic"}, ["Gran"] = {"Grantha"}, ["Grek"] = {"Greek"}, ["Gujr"] = {"Gujarati"}, ["Guru"] = {"Gurmukhi"}, ["Hanb"] = {"Han with Bopomofo (alias for Han + Bopomofo)"}, ["Hang"] = {"Hangul", "Hangŭl", "Hangeul"}, ["Hani"] = {"Han", "Hanzi", "Kanji", "Hanja"}, ["Hano"] = {"Hanunoo", "Hanunóo"}, ["Hans"] = {"Han (Simplified variant)"}, ["Hant"] = {"Han (Traditional variant)"}, ["Hatr"] = {"Hatran"}, ["Hebr"] = {"Hebrew"}, ["Hira"] = {"Hiragana"}, ["Hluw"] = {"Anatolian Hieroglyphs", "Luwian Hieroglyphs", "Hittite Hieroglyphs"}, ["Hmng"] = {"Pahawh Hmong"}, ["Hmnp"] = {"Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong"}, ["Hrkt"] = {"Japanese syllabaries (alias for Hiragana + Katakana)"}, ["Hung"] = {"Old Hungarian", "Hungarian Runic"}, ["Inds"] = {"Indus", "Harappan"}, ["Ital"] = {"Old Italic (Etruscan, Oscan, etc.)"}, ["Jamo"] = {"Jamo (alias for Jamo subset of Hangul)"}, ["Java"] = {"Javanese"}, ["Jpan"] = {"Japanese (alias for Han + Hiragana + Katakana)"}, ["Jurc"] = {"Jurchen"}, ["Kali"] = {"Kayah Li"}, ["Kana"] = {"Katakana"}, ["Khar"] = {"Kharoshthi"}, ["Khmr"] = {"Khmer"}, ["Khoj"] = {"Khojki"}, ["Kitl"] = {"Khitan large script"}, ["Kits"] = {"Khitan small script"}, ["Knda"] = {"Kannada"}, ["Kore"] = {"Korean (alias for Hangul + Han)"}, ["Kpel"] = {"Kpelle"}, ["Kthi"] = {"Kaithi"}, ["Lana"] = {"Tai Tham", "Lanna"}, ["Laoo"] = {"Lao"}, ["Latf"] = {"Latin (Fraktur variant)"}, ["Latg"] = {"Latin (Gaelic variant)"}, ["Latn"] = {"Latin"}, ["Leke"] = {"Leke"}, ["Lepc"] = {"Lepcha", "Róng"}, ["Limb"] = {"Limbu"}, ["Lina"] = {"Linear A"}, ["Linb"] = {"Linear B"}, ["Lisu"] = {"Lisu", "Fraser"}, ["Loma"] = {"Loma"}, ["Lyci"] = {"Lycian"}, ["Lydi"] = {"Lydian"}, ["Mahj"] = {"Mahajani"}, ["Maka"] = {"Makasar"}, ["Mand"] = {"Mandaic", "Mandaean"}, ["Mani"] = {"Manichaean"}, ["Marc"] = {"Marchen"}, ["Maya"] = {"Mayan hieroglyphs"}, ["Medf"] = {"Medefaidrin", "Oberi Okaime", "Oberi Ɔkaimɛ"}, ["Mend"] = {"Mende Kikakui"}, ["Merc"] = {"Meroitic Cursive"}, ["Mero"] = {"Meroitic Hieroglyphs"}, ["Mlym"] = {"Malayalam"}, ["Modi"] = {"Modi", "Moḍī"}, ["Mong"] = {"Mongolian"}, ["Moon"] = {"Moon", "Moon code", "Moon script", "Moon type"}, ["Mroo"] = {"Mro", "Mru"}, ["Mtei"] = {"Meitei Mayek", "Meithei", "Meetei"}, ["Mult"] = {"Multani"}, ["Mymr"] = {"Myanmar", "Burmese"}, ["Nand"] = {"Nandinagari"}, ["Narb"] = {"Old North Arabian", "Ancient North Arabian"}, ["Nbat"] = {"Nabataean"}, ["Newa"] = {"Newa", "Newar", "Newari", "Nepāla lipi"}, ["Nkdb"] = {"Naxi Dongba", "na²¹ɕi³³ to³³ba²¹", "Nakhi Tomba"}, ["Nkgb"] = {"Naxi Geba", "na²¹ɕi³³ gʌ²¹ba²¹", "'Na-'Khi ²Ggŏ-¹baw", "Nakhi Geba"}, ["Nkoo"] = {"N’Ko", "N'Ko"}, ["Nshu"] = {"Nüshu"}, ["Ogam"] = {"Ogham"}, ["Olck"] = {"Ol Chiki", "Ol Cemet'", "Ol", "Santali"}, ["Orkh"] = {"Old Turkic", "Orkhon Runic"}, ["Orya"] = {"Oriya", "Odia"}, ["Osge"] = {"Osage"}, ["Osma"] = {"Osmanya"}, ["Palm"] = {"Palmyrene"}, ["Pauc"] = {"Pau Cin Hau"}, ["Perm"] = {"Old Permic"}, ["Phag"] = {"Phags-pa"}, ["Phli"] = {"Inscriptional Pahlavi"}, ["Phlp"] = {"Psalter Pahlavi"}, ["Phlv"] = {"Book Pahlavi"}, ["Phnx"] = {"Phoenician"}, ["Piqd"] = {"Klingon (KLI pIqaD)"}, ["Plrd"] = {"Miao", "Pollard"}, ["Prti"] = {"Inscriptional Parthian"}, ["Rjng"] = {"Rejang", "Redjang", "Kaganga"}, ["Rohg"] = {"Hanifi Rohingya"}, ["Roro"] = {"Rongorongo"}, ["Runr"] = {"Runic"}, ["Samr"] = {"Samaritan"}, ["Sara"] = {"Sarati"}, ["Sarb"] = {"Old South Arabian"}, ["Saur"] = {"Saurashtra"}, ["Sgnw"] = {"SignWriting"}, ["Shaw"] = {"Shavian", "Shaw"}, ["Shrd"] = {"Sharada", "Śāradā"}, ["Shui"] = {"Shuishu"}, ["Sidd"] = {"Siddham", "Siddhaṃ", "Siddhamātṛkā"}, ["Sind"] = {"Khudawadi", "Sindhi"}, ["Sinh"] = {"Sinhala"}, ["Sogd"] = {"Sogdian"}, ["Sogo"] = {"Old Sogdian"}, ["Sora"] = {"Sora Sompeng"}, ["Soyo"] = {"Soyombo"}, ["Sund"] = {"Sundanese"}, ["Sylo"] = {"Syloti Nagri"}, ["Syrc"] = {"Syriac"}, ["Syre"] = {"Syriac (Estrangelo variant)"}, ["Syrj"] = {"Syriac (Western variant)"}, ["Syrn"] = {"Syriac (Eastern variant)"}, ["Tagb"] = {"Tagbanwa"}, ["Takr"] = {"Takri", "Ṭākrī", "Ṭāṅkrī"}, ["Tale"] = {"Tai Le"}, ["Talu"] = {"New Tai Lue"}, ["Taml"] = {"Tamil"}, ["Tang"] = {"Tangut"}, ["Tavt"] = {"Tai Viet"}, ["Telu"] = {"Telugu"}, ["Teng"] = {"Tengwar"}, ["Tfng"] = {"Tifinagh", "Berber"}, ["Tglg"] = {"Tagalog", "Baybayin", "Alibata"}, ["Thaa"] = {"Thaana"}, ["Thai"] = {"Thai"}, ["Tibt"] = {"Tibetan"}, ["Tirh"] = {"Tirhuta"}, ["Ugar"] = {"Ugaritic"}, ["Vaii"] = {"Vai"}, ["Visp"] = {"Visible Speech"}, ["Wara"] = {"Warang Citi", "Varang Kshiti"}, ["Wcho"] = {"Wancho"}, ["Wole"] = {"Woleai"}, ["Xpeo"] = {"Old Persian"}, ["Xsux"] = {"Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform"}, ["Yiii"] = {"Yi"}, ["Zanb"] = {"Zanabazar Square", "Zanabazarin Dörböljin Useg", "Xewtee Dörböljin Bicig", "Horizontal Square Script"}, ["Zinh"] = {"Code for inherited script"}, ["Zmth"] = {"Mathematical notation"}, ["Zsye"] = {"Symbols (Emoji variant)"}, ["Zsym"] = {"Symbols"}, ["Zxxx"] = {"Code for unwritten documents"}, ["Zyyy"] = {"Code for undetermined script"}, ["Zzzz"] = {"Code for uncoded script"} } 3vt5w3u8vduxoiweltnej4pczyps1d6 729966 729964 2026-10-07T05:14:06Z Rafka Aditia 29183 729966 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-06-14 return { ["Adlm"] = {"Adlam"}, ["Afak"] = {"Afaka"}, ["Aghb"] = {"Caucasian Albanian"}, ["Ahom"] = {"Ahom", "Tai Ahom"}, ["Arab"] = {"Arabic"}, ["Aran"] = {"Arabic (Nastaliq variant)"}, ["Armi"] = {"Imperial Aramaic"}, ["Armn"] = {"Armenian"}, ["Avst"] = {"Avestan"}, ["Bali"] = {"Balinese"}, ["Bamu"] = {"Bamum"}, ["Bass"] = {"Bassa Vah"}, ["Batk"] = {"Batak"}, ["Beng"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["Berf"] = {"Beria Erfe"}, ["Bhks"] = {"Bhaiksuki"}, ["Blis"] = {"Blissymbols"}, ["Bopo"] = {"Bopomofo"}, ["Brah"] = {"Brahmi"}, ["Brai"] = {"Braille"}, ["Bugi"] = {"Buginese"}, ["Buhd"] = {"Buhid"}, ["Cakm"] = {"Chakma"}, ["Cans"] = {"Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics"}, ["Cari"] = {"Carian"}, ["Cham"] = {"Cham"}, ["Cher"] = {"Cherokee"}, ["Chis"] = {"Chisoi"}, ["Chrs"] = {"Chorasmian"}, ["Cirt"] = {"Cirth"}, ["Copt"] = {"Coptic"}, ["Cpmn"] = {"Cypro-Minoan"}, ["Cprt"] = {"Cypriot syllabary"}, ["Cyrl"] = {"Cyrillic"}, ["Cyrs"] = {"Cyrillic (Old Church Slavonic variant)"}, ["Deva"] = {"Devanagari", "Nagari"}, ["Diak"] = {"Dives Akuru"}, ["Dogr"] = {"Dogra"}, ["Dsrt"] = {"Deseret", "Mormon"}, ["Dupl"] = {"Duployan shorthand", "Duployan stenography"}, ["Egyd"] = {"Egyptian demotic"}, ["Egyh"] = {"Egyptian hieratic"}, ["Egyp"] = {"Egyptian hieroglyphs"}, ["Elba"] = {"Elbasan"}, ["Elym"] = {"Elymaic"}, ["Ethi"] = {"Ethiopic", "Geʻez", "Ge'ez"}, ["Gara"] = {"Garay"}, ["Geok"] = {"Khutsuri (Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri)"}, ["Geor"] = {"Georgian (Mkhedruli and Mtavruli)"}, ["Glag"] = {"Glagolitic"}, ["Gong"] = {"Gunjala Gondi"}, ["Gonm"] = {"Masaram Gondi"}, ["Goth"] = {"Gothic"}, ["Gran"] = {"Grantha"}, ["Grek"] = {"Greek"}, ["Gujr"] = {"Gujarati"}, ["Gukh"] = {"Gurung Khema"}, ["Guru"] = {"Gurmukhi"}, ["Hanb"] = {"Han with Bopomofo (alias for Han + Bopomofo)"}, ["Hang"] = {"Hangul", "Hangŭl", "Hangeul"}, ["Hani"] = {"Han", "Hanzi", "Kanji", "Hanja"}, ["Hano"] = {"Hanunoo", "Hanunóo"}, ["Hans"] = {"Han (Simplified variant)"}, ["Hant"] = {"Han (Traditional variant)"}, ["Hatr"] = {"Hatran"}, ["Hebr"] = {"Hebrew"}, ["Hira"] = {"Hiragana"}, ["Hluw"] = {"Anatolian Hieroglyphs", "Luwian Hieroglyphs", "Hittite Hieroglyphs"}, ["Hmng"] = {"Pahawh Hmong"}, ["Hmnp"] = {"Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong"}, ["Hntl"] = {"Han (Traditional variant) with Latin (alias for Hant + Latn)"}, ["Hrkt"] = {"Japanese syllabaries (alias for Hiragana + Katakana)"}, ["Hung"] = {"Old Hungarian", "Hungarian Runic"}, ["Inds"] = {"Indus", "Harappan"}, ["Ital"] = {"Old Italic (Etruscan, Oscan, etc.)"}, ["Jamo"] = {"Jamo (alias for Jamo subset of Hangul)"}, ["Java"] = {"Javanese"}, ["Jpan"] = {"Japanese (alias for Han + Hiragana + Katakana)"}, ["Jurc"] = {"Jurchen"}, ["Kali"] = {"Kayah Li"}, ["Kana"] = {"Katakana"}, ["Kawi"] = {"Kawi"}, ["Khar"] = {"Kharoshthi"}, ["Khmr"] = {"Khmer"}, ["Khoj"] = {"Khojki"}, ["Kitl"] = {"Khitan large script"}, ["Kits"] = {"Khitan small script"}, ["Knda"] = {"Kannada"}, ["Kore"] = {"Korean (alias for Hangul + Han)"}, ["Kpel"] = {"Kpelle"}, ["Krai"] = {"Kirat Rai"}, ["Kthi"] = {"Kaithi"}, ["Lana"] = {"Tai Tham", "Lanna"}, ["Laoo"] = {"Lao"}, ["Latf"] = {"Latin (Fraktur variant)"}, ["Latg"] = {"Latin (Gaelic variant)"}, ["Latn"] = {"Latin"}, ["Leke"] = {"Leke"}, ["Lepc"] = {"Lepcha", "Róng"}, ["Limb"] = {"Limbu"}, ["Lina"] = {"Linear A"}, ["Linb"] = {"Linear B"}, ["Lisu"] = {"Lisu", "Fraser"}, ["Loma"] = {"Loma"}, ["Lyci"] = {"Lycian"}, ["Lydi"] = {"Lydian"}, ["Mahj"] = {"Mahajani"}, ["Maka"] = {"Makasar"}, ["Mand"] = {"Mandaic", "Mandaean"}, ["Mani"] = {"Manichaean"}, ["Marc"] = {"Marchen"}, ["Maya"] = {"Mayan hieroglyphs"}, ["Medf"] = {"Medefaidrin", "Oberi Okaime", "Oberi Ɔkaimɛ"}, ["Mend"] = {"Mende Kikakui"}, ["Merc"] = {"Meroitic Cursive"}, ["Mero"] = {"Meroitic Hieroglyphs"}, ["Mlym"] = {"Malayalam"}, ["Modi"] = {"Modi", "Moḍī"}, ["Mong"] = {"Mongolian"}, ["Moon"] = {"Moon", "Moon code", "Moon script", "Moon type"}, ["Mroo"] = {"Mro", "Mru"}, ["Mtei"] = {"Meitei Mayek", "Meithei", "Meetei"}, ["Mult"] = {"Multani"}, ["Mymr"] = {"Myanmar", "Burmese"}, ["Nagm"] = {"Nag Mundari"}, ["Nand"] = {"Nandinagari"}, ["Narb"] = {"Old North Arabian", "Ancient North Arabian"}, ["Nbat"] = {"Nabataean"}, ["Newa"] = {"Newa", "Newar", "Newari", "Nepāla lipi"}, ["Nkdb"] = {"Naxi Dongba", "na²¹ɕi³³ to³³ba²¹", "Nakhi Tomba"}, ["Nkgb"] = {"Naxi Geba", "na²¹ɕi³³ gʌ²¹ba²¹", "'Na-'Khi ²Ggŏ-¹baw", "Nakhi Geba"}, ["Nkoo"] = {"N’Ko", "N'Ko"}, ["Nshu"] = {"Nüshu"}, ["Ogam"] = {"Ogham"}, ["Olck"] = {"Ol Chiki", "Ol Cemet'", "Ol", "Santali"}, ["Onao"] = {"Ol Onal"}, ["Orkh"] = {"Old Turkic", "Orkhon Runic"}, ["Orya"] = {"Oriya", "Odia"}, ["Osge"] = {"Osage"}, ["Osma"] = {"Osmanya"}, ["Ougr"] = {"Old Uyghur"}, ["Palm"] = {"Palmyrene"}, ["Pauc"] = {"Pau Cin Hau"}, ["Pcun"] = {"Proto-Cuneiform"}, ["Pelm"] = {"Proto-Elamite"}, ["Perm"] = {"Old Permic"}, ["Phag"] = {"Phags-pa"}, ["Phli"] = {"Inscriptional Pahlavi"}, ["Phlp"] = {"Psalter Pahlavi"}, ["Phlv"] = {"Book Pahlavi"}, ["Phnx"] = {"Phoenician"}, ["Piqd"] = {"Klingon (KLI pIqaD)"}, ["Plrd"] = {"Miao", "Pollard"}, ["Prti"] = {"Inscriptional Parthian"}, ["Psin"] = {"Proto-Sinaitic"}, ["Ranj"] = {"Ranjana"}, ["Rjng"] = {"Rejang", "Redjang", "Kaganga"}, ["Rohg"] = {"Hanifi Rohingya"}, ["Roro"] = {"Rongorongo"}, ["Runr"] = {"Runic"}, ["Samr"] = {"Samaritan"}, ["Sara"] = {"Sarati"}, ["Sarb"] = {"Old South Arabian"}, ["Saur"] = {"Saurashtra"}, ["Seal"] = {"Seal", "Small Seal"}, ["Sgnw"] = {"SignWriting"}, ["Shaw"] = {"Shavian", "Shaw"}, ["Shrd"] = {"Sharada", "Śāradā"}, ["Shui"] = {"Shuishu"}, ["Sidd"] = {"Siddham", "Siddhaṃ", "Siddhamātṛkā"}, ["Sidt"] = {"Sidetic"}, ["Sind"] = {"Khudawadi", "Sindhi"}, ["Sinh"] = {"Sinhala"}, ["Sogd"] = {"Sogdian"}, ["Sogo"] = {"Old Sogdian"}, ["Sora"] = {"Sora Sompeng"}, ["Soyo"] = {"Soyombo"}, ["Sund"] = {"Sundanese"}, ["Sunu"] = {"Sunuwar"}, ["Sylo"] = {"Syloti Nagri"}, ["Syrc"] = {"Syriac"}, ["Syre"] = {"Syriac (Estrangelo variant)"}, ["Syrj"] = {"Syriac (Western variant)"}, ["Syrn"] = {"Syriac (Eastern variant)"}, ["Tagb"] = {"Tagbanwa"}, ["Takr"] = {"Takri", "Ṭākrī", "Ṭāṅkrī"}, ["Tale"] = {"Tai Le"}, ["Talu"] = {"New Tai Lue"}, ["Taml"] = {"Tamil"}, ["Tang"] = {"Tangut"}, ["Tavt"] = {"Tai Viet"}, ["Tayo"] = {"Tai Yo"}, ["Telu"] = {"Telugu"}, ["Teng"] = {"Tengwar"}, ["Tfng"] = {"Tifinagh", "Berber"}, ["Tglg"] = {"Tagalog", "Baybayin", "Alibata"}, ["Thaa"] = {"Thaana"}, ["Thai"] = {"Thai"}, ["Tibt"] = {"Tibetan"}, ["Tirh"] = {"Tirhuta"}, ["Tnsa"] = {"Tangsa"}, ["Todr"] = {"Todhri"}, ["Tols"] = {"Tolong Siki"}, ["Toto"] = {"Toto"}, ["Tutg"] = {"Tulu-Tigalari"}, ["Ugar"] = {"Ugaritic"}, ["Vaii"] = {"Vai"}, ["Visp"] = {"Visible Speech"}, ["Vith"] = {"Vithkuqi"}, ["Wara"] = {"Warang Citi", "Varang Kshiti"}, ["Wcho"] = {"Wancho"}, ["Wole"] = {"Woleai"}, ["Xpeo"] = {"Old Persian"}, ["Xsux"] = {"Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform"}, ["Yezi"] = {"Yezidi"}, ["Yiii"] = {"Yi"}, ["Zanb"] = {"Zanabazar Square", "Zanabazarin Dörböljin Useg", "Xewtee Dörböljin Bicig", "Horizontal Square Script"}, ["Zinh"] = {"Code for inherited script"}, ["Zmth"] = {"Mathematical notation"}, ["Zsye"] = {"Symbols (Emoji variant)"}, ["Zsym"] = {"Symbols"}, ["Zxxx"] = {"Code for unwritten documents"}, ["Zyyy"] = {"Code for undetermined script"}, ["Zzzz"] = {"Code for uncoded script"} } opa2icedd77qcon6wkrhxtmgbquj2gt 828 91037 729969 579793 2026-10-07T08:00:31Z Rafka Aditia 29183 729969 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-06-14 return { ["AC"] = {"Pulo Ascension"}, ["AD"] = {"Andorra"}, ["AE"] = {"Uni Émirat Arab"}, ["AF"] = {"Afghanistan"}, ["AG"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda"}, ["AI"] = {"Anguilla"}, ["AL"] = {"Albania"}, ["AM"] = {"Arménia"}, ["AO"] = {"Angola"}, ["AQ"] = {"Antarktika"}, ["AR"] = {"Argéntina"}, ["AS"] = {"Samoa Amérika"}, ["AT"] = {"Austria"}, ["AU"] = {"Australia"}, ["AW"] = {"Aruba"}, ["AX"] = {"Kapuloan Åland"}, ["AZ"] = {"Azerbaijan"}, ["BA"] = {"Bosnia jeung Hérzégovina"}, ["BB"] = {"Barbados"}, ["BD"] = {"Bangladés"}, ["BE"] = {"Bélgia"}, ["BF"] = {"Burkina Faso"}, ["BG"] = {"Bulgaria"}, ["BH"] = {"Bahrain"}, ["BI"] = {"Burundi"}, ["BJ"] = {"Bénin"}, ["BL"] = {"Saint Barthélemy"}, ["BM"] = {"Bermuda"}, ["BN"] = {"Brunéi Darussalam"}, ["BO"] = {"Bolivia"}, ["BQ"] = {"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius jeung Saba"}, ["BR"] = {"Brasil"}, ["BS"] = {"Bahama"}, ["BT"] = {"Bhutan"}, ["BV"] = {"Pulo Bouvet"}, ["BW"] = {"Botswana"}, ["BY"] = {"Bélarus"}, ["BZ"] = {"Belize"}, ["CA"] = {"Kanada"}, ["CC"] = {"Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)"}, ["CD"] = {"Républik Démokratik Kongo"}, ["CF"] = {"Afrika Tengah"}, ["CG"] = {"Kongo"}, ["CH"] = {"Suis"}, ["CI"] = {"Côte d'Ivoire"}, ["CK"] = {"Kapuloan Cook"}, ["CL"] = {"Cilé"}, ["CM"] = {"Kamerun"}, ["CN"] = {"Tiongkok"}, ["CO"] = {"Kolombia"}, ["CP"] = {"Pulo Clipperton"}, ["CQ"] = {"Sark"}, ["CR"] = {"Kosta Rika"}, ["CU"] = {"Kuba"}, ["CV"] = {"Cabo Verde", "Tanjung Verdé"}, ["CW"] = {"Curaçao"}, ["CX"] = {"Pulo Natal"}, ["CY"] = {"Siprus"}, ["CZ"] = {"Czechia", "Républik Céko"}, ["DE"] = {"Jérman"}, ["DG"] = {"Diego Garcia"}, ["DJ"] = {"Djibouti"}, ["DK"] = {"Dénmark"}, ["DM"] = {"Dominika"}, ["DO"] = {"Républik Dominika"}, ["DZ"] = {"Aljazair"}, ["EA"] = {"Ceuta, Melilla"}, ["EC"] = {"Ekuador"}, ["EE"] = {"Estonia"}, ["EG"] = {"Mesir"}, ["EH"] = {"Sahara Kulon"}, ["ER"] = {"Éritréa"}, ["ES"] = {"Spanyol"}, ["ET"] = {"Étiopia"}, ["EU"] = {"Uni Eropa"}, ["EZ"] = {"Zona Euro"}, ["FI"] = {"Finlandia"}, ["FJ"] = {"Fiji"}, ["FK"] = {"Kapuloan Falkland (Malvinas)"}, ["FM"] = {"Féderasi Mikronésia"}, ["FO"] = {"Kapuloan Faroe"}, ["FR"] = {"Prancis"}, ["GA"] = {"Gabon"}, ["GB"] = {"Britania Raya"}, ["GD"] = {"Grénada"}, ["GE"] = {"Géorgia"}, ["GF"] = {"Guyana Prancis"}, ["GG"] = {"Guernsey"}, ["GH"] = {"Ghana"}, ["GI"] = {"Gibraltar"}, ["GL"] = {"Greenland"}, ["GM"] = {"Gambia"}, ["GN"] = {"Guinéa"}, ["GP"] = {"Guadeloupe"}, ["GQ"] = {"Guinéa Khatulistiwa"}, ["GR"] = {"Yunani"}, ["GS"] = {"Georgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul"}, ["GT"] = {"Guatémala"}, ["GU"] = {"Guam"}, ["GW"] = {"Guinéa-Bissau"}, ["GY"] = {"Guyana"}, ["HK"] = {"Hong Kong"}, ["HM"] = {"Pulo Heard Island jeung Kapuloan McDonald"}, ["HN"] = {"Honduras"}, ["HR"] = {"Kroasia"}, ["HT"] = {"Haiti"}, ["HU"] = {"Hungaria"}, ["IC"] = {"Kapuloan Kanaria"}, ["ID"] = {"Indonésia"}, ["IE"] = {"Irlandia"}, ["IL"] = {"Israél"}, ["IM"] = {"Pulo Man"}, ["IN"] = {"India"}, ["IO"] = {"Téritori Samudra Hindia Britania Raya"}, ["IQ"] = {"Irak"}, ["IR"] = {"Républik Islam Iran"}, ["IS"] = {"Islandia"}, ["IT"] = {"Italia"}, ["JE"] = {"Jersey"}, ["JM"] = {"Jamaika"}, ["JO"] = {"Yordania"}, ["JP"] = {"Jepang"}, ["KE"] = {"Kénya"}, ["KG"] = {"Kirgistan"}, ["kh"] = {"Kamboja"}, ["KI"] = {"Kiribati"}, ["KM"] = {"Komoro"}, ["KN"] = {"Saint Kitts jeung Névis"}, ["KP"] = {"Républik Rahayat Démokratik Koréa"}, ["KR"] = {"Républik Koréa"}, ["KW"] = {"Kuwait"}, ["KY"] = {"Kapuloan Kayman"}, ["KZ"] = {"Kazakstan"}, ["LA"] = {"Républik Démokratik Rahayat Laos"}, ["LB"] = {"Libanon"}, ["LC"] = {"Saint Lusia"}, ["LI"] = {"Liechtenstéin"}, ["LK"] = {"Sri Lanka"}, ["LR"] = {"Liberia"}, ["LS"] = {"Lésotho"}, ["LT"] = {"Lituania"}, ["LU"] = {"Luxembourg"}, ["LV"] = {"Latvia"}, ["LY"] = {"Libya"}, ["MA"] = {"Maroko"}, ["MC"] = {"Monako"}, ["MD"] = {"Moldova"}, ["ME"] = {"Monténégro"}, ["MF"] = {"Saint Martin (bagéan Prancis)"}, ["MG"] = {"Madagaskar"}, ["MH"] = {"Kapuloan Marshall"}, ["MK"] = {"Makédonia Kalér"}, ["ML"] = {"Mali"}, ["MM"] = {"Myanmar"}, ["MN"] = {"Mongolia"}, ["MO"] = {"Makau"}, ["MP"] = {"Kapuloan Mariana Kalér"}, ["MQ"] = {"Martinik"}, ["MR"] = {"Mauritania"}, ["MS"] = {"Montserrat"}, ["MT"] = {"Malta"}, ["MU"] = {"Mauritius"}, ["MV"] = {"Maladéwa"}, ["MW"] = {"Malawi"}, ["MX"] = {"Méksiko"}, ["MY"] = {"Malaysia"}, ["MZ"] = {"Mosambik"}, ["NA"] = {"Namibia"}, ["NC"] = {"Kalédonia Anyar"}, ["NE"] = {"Niger"}, ["NF"] = {"Pulo Norfolk"}, ["NG"] = {"Nigéria"}, ["NI"] = {"Nikaragua"}, ["NL"] = {"Walanda"}, ["NO"] = {"Norwégia"}, ["NP"] = {"Népal"}, ["NR"] = {"Nauru"}, ["NU"] = {"Niue"}, ["NZ"] = {"Selandia Anyar"}, ["OM"] = {"Oman"}, ["PA"] = {"Panama"}, ["PE"] = {"Péru"}, ["PF"] = {"Polinésia Prancis"}, ["PG"] = {"Papua Nugini"}, ["PH"] = {"Pilipina"}, ["PK"] = {"Pakistan"}, ["PL"] = {"Polandia"}, ["PM"] = {"Saint Piér jeung Mikélon"}, ["PN"] = {"Pitcairn"}, ["PR"] = {"Puérto Riko"}, ["PS"] = {"Nagara Paléstina"}, ["PT"] = {"Portugal"}, ["PW"] = {"Palau"}, ["PY"] = {"Paraguay"}, ["QA"] = {"Qatar"}, ["RE"] = {"Réunion"}, ["RO"] = {"Romania"}, ["RS"] = {"Sérbia"}, ["RU"] = {"Féderasi Rusia"}, ["RW"] = {"Rwanda"}, ["SA"] = {"Arab Saudi"}, ["SB"] = {"Kapuloan Solomon"}, ["SC"] = {"Seychéll"}, ["SD"] = {"Sudan"}, ["SE"] = {"Swédia"}, ["SG"] = {"Singapura"}, ["SH"] = {"Saint Helena, Ascension jeung Tristan da Cunha"}, ["SI"] = {"Slovénia"}, ["SJ"] = {"Svalbard jeung Jan Mayen"}, ["SK"] = {"Slovakia"}, ["SL"] = {"Sierra Leone"}, ["SM"] = {"San Marino"}, ["SN"] = {"Sénégal"}, ["SO"] = {"Somalia"}, ["SR"] = {"Suriname"}, ["SS"] = {"Sudan Kidul"}, ["ST"] = {"Sao Tome jeung Principe"}, ["SV"] = {"Él Salvador"}, ["SX"] = {"Sint Maarten"}, ["SY"] = {"Républik Arab Suriah"}, ["SZ"] = {"Éswatini", "éSwatini", "Swaziland"}, ["TA"] = {"Tristan da Cunha"}, ["TC"] = {"Turks jeung Caicos Islands"}, ["TD"] = {"Chad"}, ["TF"] = {"Wewengkon Kidul Prancis"}, ["TG"] = {"Togo"}, ["TH"] = {"Thailand"}, ["TJ"] = {"Tajikistan"}, ["TK"] = {"Tokélau"}, ["TL"] = {"Timor Lésté"}, ["TM"] = {"Turkménistan"}, ["TN"] = {"Tunisia"}, ["TO"] = {"Tonga"}, ["TR"] = {"Türkiye", "Turki"}, ["TT"] = {"Trinidad jeung Tobago"}, ["TV"] = {"Tuvalu"}, ["TW"] = {"Taiwan, Propinsi Tiongkok"}, ["TZ"] = {"Uni Républik Tanzania"}, ["UA"] = {"Ukraina"}, ["UG"] = {"Uganda"}, ["UM"] = {"Kapuloan Pangluarna Leutik Amérika Sarikat"}, ["UN"] = {"Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa"}, ["US"] = {"Amérika Sarikat"}, ["UY"] = {"Uruguay"}, ["UZ"] = {"Uzbékistan"}, ["VA"] = {"Tahta Suci (Nagara Kota Vatikan)"}, ["VC"] = {"Saint Vincent jeung Grénadin"}, ["VE"] = {"Vénézuéla"}, ["VG"] = {"Kapuloan Virgin Britania Raya"}, ["VI"] = {"Kapuloan Virgin Amérika Sarikat"}, ["VN"] = {"Viétnam"}, ["VU"] = {"Vanuatu"}, ["WF"] = {"Wallis jeung Futuna"}, ["WS"] = {"Samoa"}, ["YE"] = {"Yaman"}, ["YT"] = {"Mayotte"}, ["ZA"] = {"Afrika Kidul"}, ["ZM"] = {"Zambia"}, ["ZW"] = {"Zimbabwé"}, ["001"] = {"Dunya"}, ["002"] = {"Afrika"}, ["003"] = {"Amérika Kalér"}, ["005"] = {"Amérika Kidul"}, ["009"] = {"Oséania"}, ["011"] = {"Afrika Kulon"}, ["013"] = {"Amérika Tengah"}, ["014"] = {"Afrika Wétan"}, ["015"] = {"Afrika Kalér"}, ["017"] = {"Afrika Tengah"}, ["018"] = {"Afrika Kidul"}, ["019"] = {"Amérika"}, ["021"] = {"Amérika Kalér"}, ["029"] = {"Karibia"}, ["030"] = {"Asia Wétan"}, ["034"] = {"Asia Kidul"}, ["035"] = {"Asia Kidul Ngétan"}, ["039"] = {"Southern Éropa Kidul"}, ["053"] = {"Australia jeung Selandia Anyar"}, ["054"] = {"Mélanésia"}, ["057"] = {"Mikronésia"}, ["061"] = {"Polinésia"}, ["142"] = {"Asia"}, ["143"] = {"Asia Tengah"}, ["145"] = {"Asia Kulon"}, ["150"] = {"Éropa"}, ["151"] = {"Éropa Wétan"}, ["154"] = {"Éropa Kalér"}, ["155"] = {"Éropa Kulon"}, ["202"] = {"Afrika Sub-Sahara"}, ["419"] = {"Amérika Latin jeung Karibia"} } 2p95cz0v5ztbdb7nw5jc542ma13znym 729970 729969 2026-10-07T08:19:26Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Modul:Language/data/iana regions]] ka [[Modul:Lang/data/iana regions]] 729969 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2026-06-14 return { ["AC"] = {"Pulo Ascension"}, ["AD"] = {"Andorra"}, ["AE"] = {"Uni Émirat Arab"}, ["AF"] = {"Afghanistan"}, ["AG"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda"}, ["AI"] = {"Anguilla"}, ["AL"] = {"Albania"}, ["AM"] = {"Arménia"}, ["AO"] = {"Angola"}, ["AQ"] = {"Antarktika"}, ["AR"] = {"Argéntina"}, ["AS"] = {"Samoa Amérika"}, ["AT"] = {"Austria"}, ["AU"] = {"Australia"}, ["AW"] = {"Aruba"}, ["AX"] = {"Kapuloan Åland"}, ["AZ"] = {"Azerbaijan"}, ["BA"] = {"Bosnia jeung Hérzégovina"}, ["BB"] = {"Barbados"}, ["BD"] = {"Bangladés"}, ["BE"] = {"Bélgia"}, ["BF"] = {"Burkina Faso"}, ["BG"] = {"Bulgaria"}, ["BH"] = {"Bahrain"}, ["BI"] = {"Burundi"}, ["BJ"] = {"Bénin"}, ["BL"] = {"Saint Barthélemy"}, ["BM"] = {"Bermuda"}, ["BN"] = {"Brunéi Darussalam"}, ["BO"] = {"Bolivia"}, ["BQ"] = {"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius jeung Saba"}, ["BR"] = {"Brasil"}, ["BS"] = {"Bahama"}, ["BT"] = {"Bhutan"}, ["BV"] = {"Pulo Bouvet"}, ["BW"] = {"Botswana"}, ["BY"] = {"Bélarus"}, ["BZ"] = {"Belize"}, ["CA"] = {"Kanada"}, ["CC"] = {"Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)"}, ["CD"] = {"Républik Démokratik Kongo"}, ["CF"] = {"Afrika Tengah"}, ["CG"] = {"Kongo"}, ["CH"] = {"Suis"}, ["CI"] = {"Côte d'Ivoire"}, ["CK"] = {"Kapuloan Cook"}, ["CL"] = {"Cilé"}, ["CM"] = {"Kamerun"}, ["CN"] = {"Tiongkok"}, ["CO"] = {"Kolombia"}, ["CP"] = {"Pulo Clipperton"}, ["CQ"] = {"Sark"}, ["CR"] = {"Kosta Rika"}, ["CU"] = {"Kuba"}, ["CV"] = {"Cabo Verde", "Tanjung Verdé"}, ["CW"] = {"Curaçao"}, ["CX"] = {"Pulo Natal"}, ["CY"] = {"Siprus"}, ["CZ"] = {"Czechia", "Républik Céko"}, ["DE"] = {"Jérman"}, ["DG"] = {"Diego Garcia"}, ["DJ"] = {"Djibouti"}, ["DK"] = {"Dénmark"}, ["DM"] = {"Dominika"}, ["DO"] = {"Républik Dominika"}, ["DZ"] = {"Aljazair"}, ["EA"] = {"Ceuta, Melilla"}, ["EC"] = {"Ekuador"}, ["EE"] = {"Estonia"}, ["EG"] = {"Mesir"}, ["EH"] = {"Sahara Kulon"}, ["ER"] = {"Éritréa"}, ["ES"] = {"Spanyol"}, ["ET"] = {"Étiopia"}, ["EU"] = {"Uni Eropa"}, ["EZ"] = {"Zona Euro"}, ["FI"] = {"Finlandia"}, ["FJ"] = {"Fiji"}, ["FK"] = {"Kapuloan Falkland (Malvinas)"}, ["FM"] = {"Féderasi Mikronésia"}, ["FO"] = {"Kapuloan Faroe"}, ["FR"] = {"Prancis"}, ["GA"] = {"Gabon"}, ["GB"] = {"Britania Raya"}, ["GD"] = {"Grénada"}, ["GE"] = {"Géorgia"}, ["GF"] = {"Guyana Prancis"}, ["GG"] = {"Guernsey"}, ["GH"] = {"Ghana"}, ["GI"] = {"Gibraltar"}, ["GL"] = {"Greenland"}, ["GM"] = {"Gambia"}, ["GN"] = {"Guinéa"}, ["GP"] = {"Guadeloupe"}, ["GQ"] = {"Guinéa Khatulistiwa"}, ["GR"] = {"Yunani"}, ["GS"] = {"Georgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul"}, ["GT"] = {"Guatémala"}, ["GU"] = {"Guam"}, ["GW"] = {"Guinéa-Bissau"}, ["GY"] = {"Guyana"}, ["HK"] = {"Hong Kong"}, ["HM"] = {"Pulo Heard Island jeung Kapuloan McDonald"}, ["HN"] = {"Honduras"}, ["HR"] = {"Kroasia"}, ["HT"] = {"Haiti"}, ["HU"] = {"Hungaria"}, ["IC"] = {"Kapuloan Kanaria"}, ["ID"] = {"Indonésia"}, ["IE"] = {"Irlandia"}, ["IL"] = {"Israél"}, ["IM"] = {"Pulo Man"}, ["IN"] = {"India"}, ["IO"] = {"Téritori Samudra Hindia Britania Raya"}, ["IQ"] = {"Irak"}, ["IR"] = {"Républik Islam Iran"}, ["IS"] = {"Islandia"}, ["IT"] = {"Italia"}, ["JE"] = {"Jersey"}, ["JM"] = {"Jamaika"}, ["JO"] = {"Yordania"}, ["JP"] = {"Jepang"}, ["KE"] = {"Kénya"}, ["KG"] = {"Kirgistan"}, ["kh"] = {"Kamboja"}, ["KI"] = {"Kiribati"}, ["KM"] = {"Komoro"}, ["KN"] = {"Saint Kitts jeung Névis"}, ["KP"] = {"Républik Rahayat Démokratik Koréa"}, ["KR"] = {"Républik Koréa"}, ["KW"] = {"Kuwait"}, ["KY"] = {"Kapuloan Kayman"}, ["KZ"] = {"Kazakstan"}, ["LA"] = {"Républik Démokratik Rahayat Laos"}, ["LB"] = {"Libanon"}, ["LC"] = {"Saint Lusia"}, ["LI"] = {"Liechtenstéin"}, ["LK"] = {"Sri Lanka"}, ["LR"] = {"Liberia"}, ["LS"] = {"Lésotho"}, ["LT"] = {"Lituania"}, ["LU"] = {"Luxembourg"}, ["LV"] = {"Latvia"}, ["LY"] = {"Libya"}, ["MA"] = {"Maroko"}, ["MC"] = {"Monako"}, ["MD"] = {"Moldova"}, ["ME"] = {"Monténégro"}, ["MF"] = {"Saint Martin (bagéan Prancis)"}, ["MG"] = {"Madagaskar"}, ["MH"] = {"Kapuloan Marshall"}, ["MK"] = {"Makédonia Kalér"}, ["ML"] = {"Mali"}, ["MM"] = {"Myanmar"}, ["MN"] = {"Mongolia"}, ["MO"] = {"Makau"}, ["MP"] = {"Kapuloan Mariana Kalér"}, ["MQ"] = {"Martinik"}, ["MR"] = {"Mauritania"}, ["MS"] = {"Montserrat"}, ["MT"] = {"Malta"}, ["MU"] = {"Mauritius"}, ["MV"] = {"Maladéwa"}, ["MW"] = {"Malawi"}, ["MX"] = {"Méksiko"}, ["MY"] = {"Malaysia"}, ["MZ"] = {"Mosambik"}, ["NA"] = {"Namibia"}, ["NC"] = {"Kalédonia Anyar"}, ["NE"] = {"Niger"}, ["NF"] = {"Pulo Norfolk"}, ["NG"] = {"Nigéria"}, ["NI"] = {"Nikaragua"}, ["NL"] = {"Walanda"}, ["NO"] = {"Norwégia"}, ["NP"] = {"Népal"}, ["NR"] = {"Nauru"}, ["NU"] = {"Niue"}, ["NZ"] = {"Selandia Anyar"}, ["OM"] = {"Oman"}, ["PA"] = {"Panama"}, ["PE"] = {"Péru"}, ["PF"] = {"Polinésia Prancis"}, ["PG"] = {"Papua Nugini"}, ["PH"] = {"Pilipina"}, ["PK"] = {"Pakistan"}, ["PL"] = {"Polandia"}, ["PM"] = {"Saint Piér jeung Mikélon"}, ["PN"] = {"Pitcairn"}, ["PR"] = {"Puérto Riko"}, ["PS"] = {"Nagara Paléstina"}, ["PT"] = {"Portugal"}, ["PW"] = {"Palau"}, ["PY"] = {"Paraguay"}, ["QA"] = {"Qatar"}, ["RE"] = {"Réunion"}, ["RO"] = {"Romania"}, ["RS"] = {"Sérbia"}, ["RU"] = {"Féderasi Rusia"}, ["RW"] = {"Rwanda"}, ["SA"] = {"Arab Saudi"}, ["SB"] = {"Kapuloan Solomon"}, ["SC"] = {"Seychéll"}, ["SD"] = {"Sudan"}, ["SE"] = {"Swédia"}, ["SG"] = {"Singapura"}, ["SH"] = {"Saint Helena, Ascension jeung Tristan da Cunha"}, ["SI"] = {"Slovénia"}, ["SJ"] = {"Svalbard jeung Jan Mayen"}, ["SK"] = {"Slovakia"}, ["SL"] = {"Sierra Leone"}, ["SM"] = {"San Marino"}, ["SN"] = {"Sénégal"}, ["SO"] = {"Somalia"}, ["SR"] = {"Suriname"}, ["SS"] = {"Sudan Kidul"}, ["ST"] = {"Sao Tome jeung Principe"}, ["SV"] = {"Él Salvador"}, ["SX"] = {"Sint Maarten"}, ["SY"] = {"Républik Arab Suriah"}, ["SZ"] = {"Éswatini", "éSwatini", "Swaziland"}, ["TA"] = {"Tristan da Cunha"}, ["TC"] = {"Turks jeung Caicos Islands"}, ["TD"] = {"Chad"}, ["TF"] = {"Wewengkon Kidul Prancis"}, ["TG"] = {"Togo"}, ["TH"] = {"Thailand"}, ["TJ"] = {"Tajikistan"}, ["TK"] = {"Tokélau"}, ["TL"] = {"Timor Lésté"}, ["TM"] = {"Turkménistan"}, ["TN"] = {"Tunisia"}, ["TO"] = {"Tonga"}, ["TR"] = {"Türkiye", "Turki"}, ["TT"] = {"Trinidad jeung Tobago"}, ["TV"] = {"Tuvalu"}, ["TW"] = {"Taiwan, Propinsi Tiongkok"}, ["TZ"] = {"Uni Républik Tanzania"}, ["UA"] = {"Ukraina"}, ["UG"] = {"Uganda"}, ["UM"] = {"Kapuloan Pangluarna Leutik Amérika Sarikat"}, ["UN"] = {"Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa"}, ["US"] = {"Amérika Sarikat"}, ["UY"] = {"Uruguay"}, ["UZ"] = {"Uzbékistan"}, ["VA"] = {"Tahta Suci (Nagara Kota Vatikan)"}, ["VC"] = {"Saint Vincent jeung Grénadin"}, ["VE"] = {"Vénézuéla"}, ["VG"] = {"Kapuloan Virgin Britania Raya"}, ["VI"] = {"Kapuloan Virgin Amérika Sarikat"}, ["VN"] = {"Viétnam"}, ["VU"] = {"Vanuatu"}, ["WF"] = {"Wallis jeung Futuna"}, ["WS"] = {"Samoa"}, ["YE"] = {"Yaman"}, ["YT"] = {"Mayotte"}, ["ZA"] = {"Afrika Kidul"}, ["ZM"] = {"Zambia"}, ["ZW"] = {"Zimbabwé"}, ["001"] = {"Dunya"}, ["002"] = {"Afrika"}, ["003"] = {"Amérika Kalér"}, ["005"] = {"Amérika Kidul"}, ["009"] = {"Oséania"}, ["011"] = {"Afrika Kulon"}, ["013"] = {"Amérika Tengah"}, ["014"] = {"Afrika Wétan"}, ["015"] = {"Afrika Kalér"}, ["017"] = {"Afrika Tengah"}, ["018"] = {"Afrika Kidul"}, ["019"] = {"Amérika"}, ["021"] = {"Amérika Kalér"}, ["029"] = {"Karibia"}, ["030"] = {"Asia Wétan"}, ["034"] = {"Asia Kidul"}, ["035"] = {"Asia Kidul Ngétan"}, ["039"] = {"Southern Éropa Kidul"}, ["053"] = {"Australia jeung Selandia Anyar"}, ["054"] = {"Mélanésia"}, ["057"] = {"Mikronésia"}, ["061"] = {"Polinésia"}, ["142"] = {"Asia"}, ["143"] = {"Asia Tengah"}, ["145"] = {"Asia Kulon"}, ["150"] = {"Éropa"}, ["151"] = {"Éropa Wétan"}, ["154"] = {"Éropa Kalér"}, ["155"] = {"Éropa Kulon"}, ["202"] = {"Afrika Sub-Sahara"}, ["419"] = {"Amérika Latin jeung Karibia"} } 2p95cz0v5ztbdb7nw5jc542ma13znym 828 91038 729972 579794 2026-10-07T08:21:36Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Modul:Language/data/iana variants]] ka [[Modul:Lang/data/iana variants]] 579794 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2019-04-30 return { ["1606nict"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Late Middle French (to 1606)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"frm"}, }, ["1694acad"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Early Modern French"}, ["prefixes"] = {"fr"}, }, ["1901"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Traditional German orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"de"}, }, ["1959acad"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"\"Academic\" (\"governmental\") variant of Belarusian as codified in 1959"}, ["prefixes"] = {"be"}, }, ["1994"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standardized Resian orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj", "sl-rozaj-biske", "sl-rozaj-njiva", "sl-rozaj-osojs", "sl-rozaj-solba"}, }, ["1996"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"German orthography of 1996"}, ["prefixes"] = {"de"}, }, ["abl1943"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Orthographic formulation of 1943 - Official in Brazil (Formulário Ortográfico de 1943 - Oficial no Brasil)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pt-br"}, }, ["alalc97"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"ALA-LC Romanization, 1997 edition"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["aluku"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Aluku dialect", "Boni dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"djk"}, }, ["akuapem"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Akuapem Twi"}, ["prefixes"] = {"tw"}, }, ["ao1990"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990 (Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa de 1990)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pt", "gl"}, }, ["aranes"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Aranese"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["asante"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Asante Twi", "Ashanti Twi"}, ["prefixes"] = {"tw"}, }, ["auvern"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Auvergnat"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["baku1926"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unified Turkic Latin Alphabet (Historical)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"az", "ba", "crh", "kk", "krc", "ky", "sah", "tk", "tt", "uz"}, }, ["balanka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Balanka dialect of Anii"}, ["prefixes"] = {"blo"}, }, ["barla"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Barlavento dialect group of Kabuverdianu"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kea"}, }, ["basiceng"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Basic English"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["bauddha"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sa"}, }, ["biscayan"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Biscayan dialect of Basque"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eu"}, }, ["biske"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The San Giorgio dialect of Resian", "The Bila dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["bohoric"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Bohorič alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["boont"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Boontling"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["bornholm"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Bornholmsk"}, ["prefixes"] = {"da"}, }, ["cisaup"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Cisalpine"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["colb1945"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Portuguese-Brazilian Orthographic Convention of 1945 (Convenção Ortográfica Luso-Brasileira de 1945)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pt"}, }, ["cornu"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Cornu-English", "Cornish English", "Anglo-Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["creiss"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Occitan variants of the Croissant area"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["dajnko"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Dajnko alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["ekavsk"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Serbian with Ekavian pronunciation"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sr", "sr-latn", "sr-cyrl"}, }, ["emodeng"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Early Modern English (1500-1700)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["fonipa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"International Phonetic Alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonkirsh"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Kirshenbaum Phonetic Alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonnapa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"North American Phonetic Alphabet", "Americanist Phonetic Notation"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonupa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Uralic Phonetic Alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonxsamp"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"X-SAMPA transcription"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["gascon"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Gascon"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["grclass"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Classical Occitan orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["grital"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Italian-inspired Occitan orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["grmistr"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Mistralian or Mistralian-inspired Occitan orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["hepburn"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Hepburn romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ja-latn"}, }, ["hognorsk"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Norwegian in Høgnorsk (High Norwegian) orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"nn"}, }, ["hsistemo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standard H-system orthographic fallback for spelling Esperanto"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eo"}, }, ["ijekavsk"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Serbian with Ijekavian pronunciation"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sr", "sr-latn", "sr-cyrl"}, }, ["itihasa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Epic Sanskrit"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sa"}, }, ["ivanchov"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Bulgarian in 1899 orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"bg"}, }, ["jauer"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Jauer dialect of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["jyutping"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Jyutping Cantonese Romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"yue"}, }, ["kkcor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Common Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["kociewie"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Kociewie dialect of Polish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pl"}, }, ["kscor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standard Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish", "Kernowek Standard"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["laukika"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Classical Sanskrit"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sa"}, }, ["lemosin"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Limousin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["lengadoc"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Languedocien"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["lipaw"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Lipovaz dialect of Resian", "The Lipovec dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["luna1918"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Post-1917 Russian orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ru"}, }, ["metelko"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Metelko alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["monoton"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Monotonic Greek"}, ["prefixes"] = {"el"}, }, ["ndyuka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ndyuka dialect", "Aukan dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"djk"}, }, ["nedis"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Natisone dialect", "Nadiza dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["newfound"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Newfoundland English"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en-ca"}, }, ["nicard"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Niçard"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["njiva"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Gniva dialect of Resian", "The Njiva dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["nulik"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Volapük nulik", "Volapük perevidöl", "Volapük nulädik", "de Jong's Volapük", "New Volapük", "Revised Volapük", "Modern Volapük"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vo"}, }, ["osojs"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Oseacco dialect of Resian", "The Osojane dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["oxendict"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Oxford English Dictionary spelling"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["pahawh2"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Second Stage Reduced orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"}, }, ["pahawh3"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Third Stage Reduced orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"}, }, ["pahawh4"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Final Version orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"}, }, ["pamaka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pamaka dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"djk"}, }, ["petr1708"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Petrine orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ru"}, }, ["pinyin"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pinyin romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn", "bo-latn"}, }, ["polyton"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Polytonic Greek"}, ["prefixes"] = {"el"}, }, ["provenc"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Provençal"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["puter"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Puter idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["rigik"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Volapük rigik", "Schleyer's Volapük", "Original Volapük", "Classic Volapük"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vo"}, }, ["rozaj"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Resian", "Resianic", "Rezijan"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["rumgr"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Rumantsch Grischun"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["scotland"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Scottish Standard English"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["scouse"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Scouse"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["simple"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Simplified form"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["solba"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Stolvizza dialect of Resian", "The Solbica dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["sotav"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Sotavento dialect group of Kabuverdianu"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kea"}, }, ["spanglis"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Spanglish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en", "es"}, }, ["surmiran"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Surmiran idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["sursilv"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Sursilvan idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["sutsilv"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Sutsilvan idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["tarask"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Belarusian in Taraskievica orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"be"}, }, ["uccor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unified Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["ucrcor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unified Cornish Revised orthography of Revived Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["ulster"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ulster dialect of Scots"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sco"}, }, ["unifon"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unifon phonetic alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en", "hup", "kyh", "tol", "yur"}, }, ["vaidika"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Vedic Sanskrit"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sa"}, }, ["valencia"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Valencian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ca"}, }, ["vallader"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Vallader idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["vivaraup"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Vivaro-Alpine"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["wadegile"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Wade-Giles romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn"}, }, ["xsistemo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standard X-system orthographic fallback for spelling Esperanto"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eo"}, } } q0x6w8wl2ra2nx5pkw8veg7oax2lc48 828 91039 729974 579795 2026-10-07T08:22:21Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Modul:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts]] ka [[Modul:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts]] 579795 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2019-04-30 return { ["Arab"] = {"ar", "fa", "ps", "ur"}, ["Armn"] = {"hy"}, ["Beng"] = {"as", "bn"}, ["Blis"] = {"zbl"}, ["Cyrl"] = {"ab", "be", "bg", "kk", "mk", "ru", "uk"}, ["Deva"] = {"hi", "mr", "ne", "kok", "mai"}, ["Ethi"] = {"am", "ti"}, ["Geor"] = {"ka"}, ["Grek"] = {"el"}, ["Gujr"] = {"gu"}, ["Guru"] = {"pa"}, ["Hebr"] = {"he", "yi"}, ["Jpan"] = {"ja"}, ["Khmr"] = {"km"}, ["Knda"] = {"kn"}, ["Kore"] = {"ko"}, ["Laoo"] = {"lo"}, ["Latn"] = {"af", "ay", "bs", "ca", "ch", "cs", "cy", "da", "de", "en", "eo", "es", "et", "eu", "fi", "fj", "fo", "fr", "fy", "ga", "gl", "gn", "gv", "hr", "ht", "hu", "id", "is", "it", "kl", "la", "lb", "ln", "lt", "lv", "mg", "mh", "ms", "mt", "na", "nb", "nd", "nl", "nn", "no", "nr", "ny", "om", "pl", "pt", "qu", "rm", "rn", "ro", "rw", "sg", "sk", "sl", "sm", "so", "sq", "ss", "st", "sv", "sw", "tl", "tn", "to", "tr", "ts", "ve", "vi", "xh", "zu", "dsb", "frr", "frs", "gsw", "hsb", "men", "nds", "niu", "nso", "tem", "tkl", "tmh", "tpi", "tvl"}, ["Mlym"] = {"ml"}, ["Mymr"] = {"my"}, ["Nkoo"] = {"nqo"}, ["Orya"] = {"or"}, ["Sinh"] = {"si"}, ["Taml"] = {"ta"}, ["Telu"] = {"te"}, ["Thaa"] = {"dv"}, ["Thai"] = {"th"}, ["Tibt"] = {"dz"} } jodnwovtprx98bva263ti1wjk0nutr7 828 91041 729959 579797 2026-10-07T03:14:36Z Rafka Aditia 29183 729959 Scribunto text/plain local lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); local this_wiki_lang_tag = lang_obj.code; -- get this wiki's language tag --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ N A M E _ T A B L E >------------------------------------------------ primary table of tables that decode: lang -> language tags and names script -> ISO 15924 script tags region -> ISO 3166 region tags variant -> IANA registered variant tags suppressed -> map of scripts tags and their associated language tags all of these data come from separate modules that are derived from the IANA language-subtag-registry file key_to_lower() avoids the metatable trap and sets all keys in the subtables to lowercase. Many language codes have multiple associated names; Module:lang is only concerned with the first name so key_to_lower() only fetches the first name. ]] local function key_to_lower (module, src_type) local out = {}; local source_t = (('var_sup' == src_type) and require (module)) or mw.loadData (module); -- fetch data from this module; require() avoids metatable trap for variant data if 'var_sup' == src_type then for k, v in pairs (source_t) do out[k:lower()] = v; -- for variant and suppressed everything is needed end elseif 'lang' == src_type and source_t.active then -- for ~/iana_languages (active) for k, v in pairs (source_t.active) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end elseif 'lang_dep' == src_type and source_t.deprecated then -- for ~/iana_languages (deprecated) for k, v in pairs (source_t.deprecated) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end else -- here for all other sources for k, v in pairs (source_t) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end end return out; end local lang_name_table_t = { lang = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana languages', 'lang'), lang_dep = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana languages', 'lang_dep'), script = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana scripts'), -- script keys are capitalized; set to lower region = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana regions'), -- region keys are uppercase; set to lower variant = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana variants', 'var_sup'), suppressed = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts', 'var_sup'), -- script keys are capitalized; set to lower } --[[--------------------------< I 1 8 N M E D I A W I K I O V E R R I D E >-------------------------------- For internationalization; not used at en.wiki The language names taken from the IANA language-subtag-registry file are given in English. That may not be ideal. Translating ~8,000 language names is also not ideal. MediaWiki maintains (much) shorter lists of language names in most languages for which there is a Wikipedia edition. When desired, Module:Lang can use the MediaWiki language list for the local language. Caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be complete or may not exist at all. When incomplete, MediaWiki's list will 'fall back' to another language (typically English). When that happens add an appropriate entry to the override table below. Caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be correct. At en.wiki, the MediaWiki language names do not agree with the IANA language names for these ISO 639-1 tags. Often it is simply spelling differences: bh: IANA: Bihari languages MW: Bhojpuri – the ISO 639-3 tag for Bhojpuri is bho bn: IANA: Bengali MW: Bangla – Bengali is the exonym, Bangla is the endonym dv: IANA: Dhivehi MW: Divehi el: IANA: Modern Greek MW: Greek ht: IANA: Haitian MW: Haitian Creole ky: IANA: Kirghiz MW: Kyrgyz li: IANA: Limburgan MW: Limburgish or: IANA: Oriya MW: Odia os: IANA: Ossetian MW: Ossetic "pa: IANA: Panjabi MW: Punjabi "ps: IANA: Pushto MW: Pashto "to: IANA: Tonga MW: Tongan "ug: IANA: Uighur MW: Uyghur use the override table to override language names that are incorrect for your project To see the list of names that MediaWiki has for your language, enter this in the Debug console: =mw.dumpObject (mw.language.fetchLanguageNames ('<tag>', 'all')) (replacing <tag> with the language tag for your language) Use of the MediaWiki language names lists is enabled when media_wiki_override_enable is set to boolean true. ]] local media_wiki_override_enable = false; -- set to true to override IANA names with MediaWiki names; always false at en.wiki -- caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be complete or may not exist at all if true == media_wiki_override_enable then local mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (this_wiki_lang_tag, 'all'); -- get a table of language tag/name pairs known to MediaWiki for tag, name in pairs (mw_languages_by_tag_t) do -- loop through each tag/name pair in the MediaWiki list if lang_name_table_t.lang[tag] then -- if the tag is in the main list lang_name_table_t.lang[tag] = name; -- overwrite existing name with the name from MediaWiki end end end --[[--------------------------< O V E R R I D E >-------------------------------------------------------------- Language codes and names in this table override the BCP47 names in lang_name_table. indexes in this table shall always be lower case ]] local override = { ------------------------------< I S O _ 6 3 9 - 1 >------------------------------------------------------------ ["ab"] = "Abkhaz", -- to match en.wiki article name ["ca-valencia"] = "Valencian", ["cu"] = "Church Slavonic", -- 2nd IANA name; ["de-at"] = "Austrian German", -- these code-region and code-variant tags to match en.wiki article names ["de-ch"] = "Swiss Standard German", ["en-au"] = "Australian English", ["en-ca"] = "Canadian English", ["en-emodeng"] = "Early Modern English", ["en-gb"] = "British English", ["en-ie"] = "Irish English", ["en-in"] = "Indian English", ["en-nz"] = "New Zealand English", ["en-us"] = "American English", ["en-za"] = "South African English", ["fr-ca"] = "Canadian French", ["fr-gallo"] = "Gallo", ["fy"] = "West Frisian", -- Western Frisian ["mo"] = "Moldovan", -- Moldavian (deprecated code); to match en.wiki article title ["nl-be"] = "Flemish", -- match MediaWiki ["oc-gascon"] = "Gascon", ["oc-provenc"] = "Provençal", ["ps"] = "Pashto", -- Pushto ["pt-br"] = "Brazilian Portuguese", -- match MediaWiki ["ro-md"] = "Moldovan", -- 'not deprecated' form ["ro-cyrl-md"] = "Moldovan", -- 'not deprecated' form ["tw-asante"] = "Asante Twi", ["ug"] = "Uyghur", -- 2nd IANA name; to match en.wiki article name -- these ISO 639-1 language-name overrides imported from Module:Language/data/wp_languages (since deleted) --<begin do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ["av"] = "Avar", -- Avaric ["bo"] = "Standard Tibetan", -- Tibetan ["el"] = "Greek", -- Modern Greek -- ["en-SA"] = "South African English", -- English; no; SA is not South Africa it Saudi Arabia; ZA is South Africa ["ff"] = "Fula", -- Fulah ["ht"] = "Haitian Creole", -- Haitian ["hz"] = "Otjiherero", -- Herero ["ii"] = "Yi", -- Sichuan Yi ["ki"] = "Gikuyu", -- Kikuyu ["kl"] = "Greenlandic", -- Kalaallisut ["ky"] = "Kyrgyz", -- Kirghiz ["lg"] = "Luganda", -- Ganda ["li"] = "Limburgish", -- Limburgan ["mi"] = "Māori", -- Maori ["na"] = "Nauruan", -- Nauru ["nb"] = "Bokmål", -- Norwegian Bokmål ["nd"] = "Northern Ndebele", -- North Ndebele ["nn"] = "Nynorsk", -- Norwegian Nynorsk ["nr"] = "Southern Ndebele", -- South Ndebele ["ny"] = "Chichewa", -- Nyanja ["oj"] = "Ojibwe", -- Ojibwa ["or"] = "Odia", -- Oriya ["pa"] = "Punjabi", -- Panjabi ["rn"] = "Kirundi", -- Rundi ["sl"] = "Slovene", -- Slovenian ["ss"] = "Swazi", -- Swati ["st"] = "Sotho", -- Southern Sotho ["to"] = "Tongan", -- Tonga --<end do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ------------------------------< I S O _ 6 3 9 - 2, - 3, - 5 >---------------------------------------------- ["alv"] = "Atlantic–Congo languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["arc"] = "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", -- Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE), Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE); to match en.wiki article title uses ISO639-2 'preferred' name ["art"] = "constructed", -- to match en.wiki article; lowercase for category name ["arx"] = "Aruá (Rondonia State)", -- Aruá (Rodonia State); to match en.wiki article ["ast-es"] = "Leonese", -- ast in IANA is Asturian; Leonese is a dialect ["bea"] = "Dane-zaa", -- Beaver; to match en.wiki article title ["bha"] = "Bhariati", -- Bharia; to match en.wiki article title ["bhd"] = "Bhadarwahi", -- Bhadrawahi; to match en.wiki article title ["bla"] = "Blackfoot", -- Siksika; to match en.wiki article title ["blc"] = "Nuxalk", -- Bella Coola; to match en.wiki article title ["bua"] = "Buryat", -- Buriat; this is a macro language; these four use wp preferred transliteration; ["bxm"] = "Mongolian Buryat", -- Mongolia Buriat; these three all redirect to Buryat ["bxr"] = "Russian Buryat", -- Russia Buriat; ["bxu"] = "Chinese Buryat", -- China Buriat; ["byr"] = "Yipma", -- Baruya, Yipma ["clm"] = "Klallam", -- Clallam; to match en.wiki article title ["crb"] = "Kalinago", -- Island Carib; to match en.wiki article ["egy"] = "Ancient Egyptian", -- Egyptian (Ancient); distinguish from contemporary arz: Egyptian Arabic ["ems"] = "Alutiiq", -- Pacific Gulf Yupik; to match en.wiki article title ["esx"] = "Eskimo–Aleut languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["frr"] = "North Frisian", -- Northern Frisian ["frs"] = "East Frisian Low Saxon", -- Eastern Frisian ["gsw-fr"] = "Alsatian", -- match MediaWiki ["haa"] = "Hän", -- Han; to match en.wiki article title ["hei"] = "Heiltsuk–Oowekyala", -- Heiltsuk; to match en.wiki article title ["hmx"] = "Hmong–Mien languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["ilo"] = "Ilocano", -- Iloko; to match en.wiki article title ["jam"] = "Jamaican Patois", -- Jamaican Creole English ["lij-mc"] = "Monégasque", -- Ligurian as spoken in Monaco; this one for proper tool tip; also in <article_name> table ["luo"] = "Dholuo", -- IANA (primary) /ISO 639-3: Luo (Kenya and Tanzania); IANA (secondary): Dholuo ["mhr"] = "Meadow Mari", -- Eastern Mari ["mid"] = "Modern Mandaic", -- Mandaic ['mis'] = "uncoded", -- Uncoded languages; capitalization; special scope, not collective scope; ["mkh"] = "Mon–Khmer languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["mla"] = "Tamambo", -- Malo ['mte'] = "Mono-Alu", -- Mono (Solomon Islands) ['mul'] = "multiple", -- Multiple languages; capitalization; special scope, not collective scope; ["nan-tw"] = "Taiwanese Hokkien", -- make room for IANA / 639-3 nan Min Nan Chinese; match en.wiki article title ["new"] = "Newar", -- Newari, Nepal Bhasa; to match en,wiki article title ["ngf"] = "Trans–New Guinea languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["nic"] = "Niger–Congo languages", -- Niger-Kordofanian languages; to match en,wiki article title ["nrf"] = "Norman", -- not quite a collective - IANA name: Jèrriais + Guernésiais; categorizes to Norman-language text ["nrf-gg"] = "Guernésiais", -- match MediaWiki ["nrf-je"] = "Jèrriais", -- match MediaWiki ["nzi"] = "Nzema", -- Nzima; to match en.wiki article title ["oma"] = "Omaha–Ponca", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["orv"] = "Old East Slavic", -- Old Russian ["pfl"] = "Palatine German", -- Pfaelzisch; to match en.wiki article ["pie"] = "Piro Pueblo", -- Piro; to match en.wiki article ["pms"] = "Piedmontese", -- Piemontese; to match en.wiki article title ["pnb"] = "Punjabi (Western)", -- Western Panjabi; dab added to override import from ~/wp languages and distinguish pnb from pa in reverse look up tag_from_name() ['qwm'] = "Cuman", -- Kuman (Russia); to match en.wiki article name ["rop"] = "Australian Kriol", -- Kriol; en.wiki article is a dab; point to correct en.wiki article ["rsk"] = "Pannonian Rusyn", -- Ruthenian; en.wiki preferred name ["sco-ulster"] = "Ulster Scots", ["sdo"] = "Bukar–Sadong", -- Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh; to match en.wiki article title ["smp"] = "Samaritan Hebrew", -- to match en.wiki article title ["stq"] = "Saterland Frisian", -- Saterfriesisch ["tet"] = "Tetun", -- to match en.wiki article title ["tfn"] = "Denaʼina", -- to match en.wiki article title ["und"] = "undetermined", -- capitalization to match existing category ["wrg"] = "Warrongo", -- Warungu ["xal-ru"] = "Kalmyk", -- to match en.wiki article title ["xgf"] = "Tongva", -- ISO 639-3 is Gabrielino-Fernandeño ["yuf"] = "Havasupai–Hualapai", -- Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai; to match en.wiki article title ["zkh"] = "Khorezmian Turkic", -- Khorezmian; to match en.wiki article title, avoiding the dab ["zkt"] = "Khitan", -- Kitan; to match en.wiki article title ["zxx"] = "no linguistic content", -- capitalization -- these ISO 639-2, -3 language-name overrides imported from Module:Language/data/wp_languages (since deleted) --<begin do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ["ace"] = "Acehnese", -- Achinese ["aec"] = "Sa'idi Arabic", -- Saidi Arabic ["akl"] = "Aklan", -- Aklanon ["alt"] = "Altay", -- Southern Altai ["apm"] = "Mescalero-Chiricahua", -- Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache ["bal"] = "Balochi", -- Baluchi -- ["bcl"] = "Central Bicolano", -- Central Bikol ["bin"] = "Edo", -- Bini ["bpy"] = "Bishnupriya Manipuri", -- Bishnupriya ["chg"] = "Chagatay", -- Chagatai ["ckb"] = "Sorani Kurdish", -- Central Kurdish ["cnu"] = "Shenwa", -- Chenoua ["coc"] = "Cocopah", -- Cocopa ["diq"] = "Zazaki", -- Dimli ["fit"] = "Meänkieli", -- Tornedalen Finnish ["fkv"] = "Kven", -- Kven Finnish ["frk"] = "Old Frankish", -- Frankish ["gez"] = "Ge'ez", -- Geez ["gju"] = "Gujari", -- Gujari ["gsw"] = "Alemannic German", -- Swiss German ["gul"] = "Gullah", -- Sea Island Creole English ["hak"] = "Hakka", -- Hakka Chinese ["hbo"] = "Biblical Hebrew", -- Ancient Hebrew ["hnd"] = "Hindko", -- Southern Hindko -- ["ikt"] = "Inuvialuk", -- Inuinnaqtun ["kaa"] = "Karakalpak", -- Kara-Kalpak ["khb"] = "Tai Lü", -- Lü ["kmr"] = "Kurmanji Kurdish", -- Northern Kurdish ["kpo"] = "Kposo", -- Ikposo ["krj"] = "Kinaray-a", -- Kinaray-A -- ["ktz"] = "Juǀ'hoan", -- Juǀʼhoan ["lez"] = "Lezgian", -- Lezghian ["liv"] = "Livonian", -- Liv ["lng"] = "Lombardic", -- Langobardic ["mia"] = "Miami-Illinois", -- Miami ["miq"] = "Miskito", -- Mískito ["mix"] = "Mixtec", -- Mixtepec Mixtec ["mni"] = "Meitei", -- Manipuri ["mrj"] = "Hill Mari", -- Western Mari ["mww"] = "White Hmong", -- Hmong Daw ["nds-nl"] = "Dutch Low Saxon", -- Low German -- ["new"] = "Nepal Bhasa", -- Newari ["nso"] = "Northern Sotho", -- Pedi -- ["nwc"] = "Classical Nepal Bhasa", -- Classical Newari, Classical Nepal Bhasa, Old Newari ["ood"] = "O'odham", -- Tohono O'odham ["otk"] = "Old Turkic", -- Old Turkish ["pal"] = "Middle Persian", -- Pahlavi ["pam"] = "Kapampangan", -- Pampanga ["phr"] = "Potwari", -- Pahari-Potwari ["pka"] = "Jain Prakrit", -- Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit -- ["pnb"] = "Punjabi", -- Western Panjabi ["psu"] = "Shauraseni", -- Sauraseni Prākrit ["rap"] = "Rapa Nui", -- Rapanui ["rar"] = "Cook Islands Māori", -- Rarotongan ["rmu"] = "Scandoromani", -- Tavringer Romani ["rom"] = "Romani", -- Romany ["rup"] = "Aromanian", -- Macedo-Romanian ["ryu"] = "Okinawan", -- Central Okinawan ["sdc"] = "Sassarese", -- Sassarese Sardinian ["sdn"] = "Gallurese", -- Gallurese Sardinian ["shp"] = "Shipibo", -- Shipibo-Conibo ["src"] = "Logudorese", -- Logudorese Sardinian ["sro"] = "Campidanese", -- Campidanese Sardinian ["tkl"] = "Tokelauan", -- Tokelau ["tvl"] = "Tuvaluan", -- Tuvalu ["tyv"] = "Tuvan", -- Tuvinian ["vls"] = "West Flemish", -- Vlaams ["wep"] = "Westphalian", -- Westphalien ["xal"] = "Oirat", -- Kalmyk ["xcl"] = "Old Armenian", -- Classical Armenian ["yua"] = "Yucatec Maya", -- Yucateco --<end do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ------------------------------< P R I V A T E _ U S E _ T A G S >---------------------------------------------- ["akk-x-latbabyl"] = "Late Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-midassyr"] = "Middle Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-midbabyl"] = "Middle Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-neoassyr"] = "Neo-Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-neobabyl"] = "Neo-Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-old"] = "Old Akkadian", ["akk-x-oldassyr"] = "Old Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-oldbabyl"] = "Old Babylonian Akkadian", ["alg-x-proto"] = "Proto-Algonquian", -- alg in IANA is Algonquian languages ["ar-x-classic"] = "Classical Arabic", ["ar-x-nabat"] = "Nabataean Arabic", ["ar-x-safaitic"] = "Safaitic", ["art-x-uropi"] = "Uropi", -- art in IANA is Artificial languages ["ast-x-west"] = "Western Asturian", ["ca-x-old"] = "Old Catalan", ["cel-x-combrit"] = "Common Brittonic", -- cel in IANA is Celtic languages ["cel-x-proto"] = "Proto-Celtic", ["ccs-x-proto"] = "Proto-Kartvelian", -- ccs in IANA is Kartvelian languages ["egy-x-demotic"] = "Demotic Egyptian", ["egy-x-late"] = "Late Egyptian", ["egy-x-middle"] = "Middle Egyptian", ["egy-x-old"] = "Old Egyptian", ["et-x-seto"] = "Seto", -- to replace {{Lang-est-sea}} ["fa-x-classic"] = "Classical Persian", ["fiu-x-proto"] = "Proto-Finno-Ugric", -- fiu in IANA is Finno-Ugric languages ["fr-x-frainc"] = "Franc-Comtois", -- to replace {{Lang-fra-frc}} ["fr-x-quebec"] = "Quebec French", ["gem-x-proto"] = "Proto-Germanic", -- gem in IANA is Germanic languages ["gmq-x-proto"] = "Proto-Norse", ["gmw-x-ecg"] = "East Central German", ["gmw-x-proto"] = "Proto-West Germanic", ["grc-x-aeolic"] = "Aeolic Greek", -- these grc-x-... codes are preferred alternates to the non-standard catchall code grc-gre ["grc-x-arcadcyp"] = "Arcadocypriot Greek", ["grc-x-attic"] = "Attic Greek", ["grc-x-biblical"] = "Biblical Greek", ["grc-x-byzant"] = "Byzantine Greek", ["grc-x-classic"] = "Classical Greek", ["grc-x-doric"] = "Doric Greek", ["grc-x-hellen"] = "Hellenistic Greek", ["grc-x-ionic"] = "Ionic Greek", ["grc-x-koine"] = "Koine Greek", ["grc-x-medieval"] = "Medieval Greek", ["grc-x-pamph"] = "Pamphylian Greek", ["grc-x-patris"] = "Patristic Greek", ["grk-x-proto"] = "Proto-Greek", -- grk in IANA is Greek languages ["iir-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-Iranian", -- iir in IANA is Indo-Iranian Languages ["inc-x-mitanni"] = "Mitanni-Aryan", -- inc in IANA is Indic languages ["inc-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-Aryan", ["ine-x-anatolia"] = "Anatolian languages", ["ine-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-European", ["ira-x-proto"] = "Proto-Iranian", -- ira in IANA is Iranian languages ["itc-x-proto"] = "Proto-Italic", -- itc in IANA is Italic languages ["ksh-x-colog"] = "Colognian", -- en.wiki article is Colognian; ksh (Kölsch) redirects there ["la-x-church"] = "Ecclesiastical Latin", ["la-x-classic"] = "Classical Latin", ["la-x-late"] = "Late Latin", ["la-x-medieval"] = "Medieval Latin", ["la-x-new"] = "New Latin", ["la-x-old"] = "Old Latin", ["la-x-ren"] = "Renaissance Latin", ["la-x-vulgar"] = "Vulgar Latin", ["lmo-x-berg"] = "Bergamasque", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Bergamasque is a dialect ["lmo-x-cremish"] = "Cremish", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Cremish is a dialect ["lmo-x-milanese"] = "Milanese", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Milanese is a dialect ["mis-x-ripuar"] = "Ripuarian", -- replaces improper use of ksh in wp_languages ["prg-x-old"] = "Old Prussian", ["roa-x-proto"] = "Proto-Romance", ["sem-x-ammonite"] = "Ammonite", ["sem-x-aramaic"] = "Aramaic", ["sem-x-canaan"] = "Canaanite languages", ["sem-x-dadanit"] = "Dadanitic", ["sem-x-dumaitic"] = "Dumaitic", ["sem-x-egurage"] = "Eastern Gurage", ["sem-x-hasaitic"] = "Hasaitic", ["sem-x-hatran"] = "Hatran Aramaic", ["sem-x-hismaic"] = "Hismaic", ["sem-x-nabat"] = "Nabataean Aramaic", ["sem-x-oldsoara"] = "Old South Arabian", ["sem-x-palmyren"] = "Palmyrene Aramaic", ["sem-x-proto"] = "Proto-Semitic", ["sem-x-taymanit"] = "Taymanitic", ["smi-x-proto"] = "Proto-Samic", -- smi in IANA is Samic languages ["sla-x-proto"] = "Proto-Slavic", -- sla in IANA is Slavic languages ["sq-x-proto"] = "Proto-Albanian", ["trk-x-oldanat"] = "Old Anatolian Turkish", -- to replace {{Lang-1ca}} ["urj-x-proto"] = "Proto-Uralic", -- urj in IANA is Uralic languages ["yuf-x-hav"] = "Havasupai", -- IANA name for these three is Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai ["yuf-x-wal"] = "Walapai", ["yuf-x-yav"] = "Yavapai", ["xsa-x-himyarit"] = "Himyaritic", ["xsc-x-pontic"] = "Pontic Scythian", -- xsc in IANA is Scythian ["xsc-x-saka"] = "Saka", ["xsc-x-sarmat"] = "Sarmatian", ["zle-x-ruthenia"] = "Ruthenian", -- zle in IANA is East Slavic languages collective; moved to allow rsk for Pannonian Rusyn } --[[--------------------------< A R T I C L E _ L I N K >------------------------------------------------------ for those rare occasions when article titles don't fit with the normal '<language name> language', this table maps language code to article title. Use of this table should be avoided and the use of redirects preferred as that is the long-standing method of handling article names that don't fit with the normal pattern ]] local article_name = { ['aru'] = "Arawá language", -- Aruá (Amazonas State); to avoid Aruá dab page ['arx'] = "Aruá language (Rondônia)", -- Aruá (Rodonia State) overridden to Aruá (Rondonia State); to avoid Aruá dab page ['kue'] = "Kuman language (New Guinea)", -- Kuman (Papua New Guinea); to avoid Kuman dab page ["lij-mc"] = "Monégasque dialect", -- Ligurian as spoken in Monaco ['mbo'] = "Mbo language (Cameroon)", -- Mbo (Cameroon) ['mnh'] = "Mono language (Congo)", -- Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo); see Template_talk:Lang#Mono_languages ['mnr'] = "Mono language (California)", -- Mono (USA) ['mru'] = "Mono language (Cameroon)", -- Mono (Cameroon) ["snq"] = "Sangu language (Gabon)", -- Sangu (Gabon) ["toi"] = "Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)", -- Tonga (Zambia and Zimbabwe); to avoid Tonga language dab page ["vwa"] = "Awa language (China)", -- Awa (China); to avoid Awa dab page ["xlg"] = "Ligurian language (ancient)", -- see Template_talk:Lang#Ligurian_dab ["zmw"] = "Mbo language (Congo)", -- Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo) } --[=[-------------------------< R T L _ S C R I P T S >-------------------------------------------------------- ISO 15924 scripts that are written right-to-left. Data in this table taken from [[ISO 15924#List of codes]] last update to this list: 2017-12-24 ]=] local rtl_scripts = { 'adlm', 'arab', 'aran', 'armi', 'avst', 'cprt', 'egyd', 'egyh', 'hatr', 'hebr', 'hung', 'inds', 'khar', 'lydi', 'mand', 'mani', 'mend', 'merc', 'mero', 'narb', 'nbat', 'nkoo', 'orkh', 'palm', 'phli', 'phlp', 'phlv', 'phnx', 'prti', 'rohg', 'samr', 'sarb', 'sogd', 'sogo', 'syrc', 'syre', 'syrj', 'syrn', 'thaa', 'wole', }; --[[--------------------------< T R A N S L I T _ T I T L E S >------------------------------------------------ This is a table of tables of transliteration standards and the language codes or language scripts that apply to those standards. This table is used to create the tool-tip text associated with the transliterated text displayed by some of the {{lang-??}} templates. These tables are more-or-less copied directly from {{special|PermaLink/680078354}}. The standard 'NO_STD' is a construct to allow for the cases when no |std= parameter value is provided. ]] local translit_title_table = { ['abkai'] = { -- Manchu romanization ['default'] = 'Abkai system of romanization', }, ['ahl'] = { ['default'] = 'Academy of the Hebrew Language transliteration', }, ['ala'] = { ['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration', }, ['ala-lc'] = { ['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration', }, ['batr'] = { ['default'] = 'Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules', }, ['bgn/pcgn'] = { ['default'] = 'Board on Geographic Names / Permanent Committee on Geographical Names transliteration', }, ['din'] = { ['ar'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['fa'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ku'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ps'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['tg'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ug'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ur'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['arab'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['default'] = 'DIN transliteration', }, ['eae'] = { ['default'] = 'Encyclopaedia Aethiopica transliteration', }, ['hepburn'] = { ['default'] = 'Hepburn transliteration', }, ['hu'] = { -- Manchu romanization ['default'] = 'Hu system of romanization', }, ['hunterian'] = { ['default'] = 'Hunterian transliteration', }, ['iast'] = { ['default'] = 'International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration', }, ['iso'] = { -- when a transliteration standard is supplied ['ab'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ba'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['be'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['bg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['kk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ky'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['mn'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ru'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['tg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['uk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['bua'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['sah'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['tut'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['xal'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['cyrl'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['cyrs'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ar'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ku'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ps'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ug'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ur'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['arab'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['he'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['yi'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['hebr'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['el'] = 'ISO 843 Greek', ['grc'] = 'ISO 843 Greek', ['ja'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['hira'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['hrkt'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['jpan'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['kana'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['zh'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['chi'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['cmn'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['zho'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', -- ['han'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', -- unicode alias of Hani? doesn't belong here? should be Hani? ['hans'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['hant'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['ka'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian', ['kat'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian', ['arm'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian', ['hy'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian', ['th'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai', ['tha'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai', ['ko'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean', ['kor'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean', ['awa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bho'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bra'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['doi'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['dra'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gon'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gu'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['hi'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['hno'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['inc'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['kn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['kok'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ks'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mag'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mai'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ml'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ne'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['new'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['or'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['pa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['pnb'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['raj'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sat'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sd'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['si'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['skr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ta'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['tcy'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['te'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['beng'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['brah'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['deva'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gujr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['guru'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['knda'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mlym'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['orya'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sinh'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['taml'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['telu'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['default'] = 'ISO transliteration', }, ['jyutping'] = { ['default'] = 'Jyutping transliteration', }, ['mdorff'] = { -- Manchu romanization ['default'] = 'Möllendorff system of romanization', }, ['mlcts'] = { ['default'] = 'Myanmar Language Commission Transcription System', }, ['mr'] = { ['default'] = 'McCune–Reischauer transliteration', }, ['nihon-shiki'] = { ['default'] = 'Nihon-shiki transliteration', }, ['no_std'] = { -- when no transliteration standard is supplied ['akk'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['sem'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['phnx'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['xsux'] = 'Cuneiform transliteration', }, ['pinyin'] = { ['default'] = 'Pinyin transliteration', }, ['rr'] = { ['default'] = 'Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration', }, ['rtgs'] = { ['default'] = 'Royal Thai General System of Transcription', }, ['satts'] = { ['default'] = 'Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System transliteration', }, ['scientific'] = { ['default'] = 'scientific transliteration', }, ['thdl'] = { ['default'] = 'THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription', }, ['ukrainian'] = { ['default'] = 'Ukrainian National system of romanization', }, ['ungegn'] = { ['default'] = 'United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration', }, ['wadegile'] = { ['default'] = 'Wade–Giles transliteration', }, ['wehr'] = { ['default'] = 'Hans Wehr transliteration', }, ['wylie'] = { ['default'] = 'Wylie transliteration', }, ['yaleko'] = { ['default'] = 'Yale romanization of Korean', }, ['zwpy'] = { ['default'] = 'Tibetan pinyin' }, }; --[[--------------------------< E N G _ V A R >---------------------------------------------------------------- Used at en.wiki so that spelling of 'romanized' (US, default) can be changed to 'romanised' to match the envar specified by a {{Use xxx English}}. This is accomplished by setting |engvar=gb; can, should be omitted in articles that use American English; no need for the clutter. ]] local engvar_sel_t = { -- select either UK English or US English ['au'] = 'gb_t', -- these match IANA region codes (except in lower case) ['ca'] = 'us_t', ['gb'] = 'gb_t', ['ie'] = 'gb_t', ['in'] = 'gb_t', ['nz'] = 'gb_t', ['us'] = 'us_t', -- default engvar ['za'] = 'gb_t' }; local engvar_t = { ['gb_t'] = { ['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanisation', -- lower case ['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanisation', -- upper case ['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanised', -- past tense }, ['us_t'] = { -- default engvar ['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanization', -- lower case ['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanization', -- upper case ['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanized', -- past tense } } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >---------------------------------------------------------------- ]] return { this_wiki_lang_tag = this_wiki_lang_tag, this_wiki_lang_dir = lang_obj:getDir(), -- wiki's language direction article_name = article_name, engvar_t = engvar_t, engvar_sel_t = engvar_sel_t, lang_name_table = lang_name_table_t, override = override, rtl_scripts = rtl_scripts, special_tags_table = special_tags_table, translit_title_table = translit_title_table, }; knv71kafthtccnqs78cm6g502iqh9qu 0 104309 729951 712384 2026-10-06T21:53:33Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261006)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 729951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info konflik militér|konflik=Perang Punic munggaran|partof=[[Perang Punic]]|gambar=File: Perang Punic munggaran 264 SM v3.png|ukuran_gambar=300|caption=Wewengkon Mediterania kulon taun 264 SM. Wewengkon beureum mangrupa wewengkon daulat Roma, wewengkon wungu mangrupa wewengkon daulat Carthage, jeung wewengkon héjo mangrupa wewengkon daulat Syracuse.|titimangsa=264-241 SM ({{Umur dina taun, bulan, minggu, jeung poé|taun1=241|taun2=264}})|casus=Sengketa [[Républik Romawi|Roma]]-[[Carthage Kuno|Carthage]] ngeunaan kota [[Patempuran Messana|Messana]] dikawasa ku [[tentara Mamertini]]|tempat=[[Mediterania]], [[Sisilia]], [[Afrika Kalér]], [[Italia (Romawi)|Italia]], [[Corsica]], [[Sardinia]]|wilayah=[[Sisilia (provinsi Romawi)|Sisilia]] (iwal [[Daptar tiran Syracuse|Syracuse]]) dianéksasi ku Roma|hasilna=meunangna Romawi|combatant1=[[Républik Romawi|Roma]]|combatant2=[[Carthage Purba|Carthage]] <!--| commander1 = [[Marcus Atilius Regulus]]{{pasrah}}<br>[[Gaius Duilius]]<br>[[Publius Claudius Pulcher]]<br>[[Lucius Caecilius Metellus (konsul 251 SM)|Lucius Caecilius Metellus ]]<br>[[Lucius Postumius Megellus (konsul 262 SM)|Lucius Postumius Megellus]]<br>[[Quintus Mamilius Vitulus]]<br>[[Hiero II of Syracuse]] | commander2 = [[Hamilkar Barka]]<br>[[Hanno the great|Hano the great]]<br>[[Hasdrubal, putra Hano|Hasdrubal]]<br>[[Ksantipos of Carthage|Ksantipos]]<br >[ [Adherbal (admiral)|Adherbal]]<br>[[Hamilkar (Drepanum)|Hamilkar]]-->}} '''Perang Punik Kahiji''' (264-241 SM) nyaéta perang munggaran antara [[Républik Romawi|Roma]] jeung [[Carthage Kuno|Carthage]], dua nagara bagian nu pangkuatna di wewengkon Mediterania kulon. Salila 23 taun, dua nagara pajoang pikeun kaunggulan dina konflik kontinyu pangpanjangna jeung perang laut pangbadagna dina [[Sajarah kuna|Abad Kuna]]. Tempat anu pangseringna ningali perangna nyaéta pulo [[Sisilia]], cai di sabudeureun pulo Sisilia, jeung basisir Afrika Kalér. Saatos ngonsumsi seueur korban jiwa sareng material ti dua pihak, perang ieu dipungkas ku kameunangan bangsa Romawi. Perang Punic Kahiji dimimitian dina 264 SM, nalika tentara Républik Romawi nangkep kota [[Patempuran Messana|Messana]] (ayeuna [[Messina]]) di pulo Sisilia. Pasukan Romawi tuluy ngadesek [[Syracuse, Sisilia|Syracuse]], hiji-hijina nagara merdéka di pulo Sisilia anu patut diperhitungkeun, pikeun jadi sekutu jeung ngabantu maranéhna ngepung [[Agrigento|Akragas]], markas utama Carthaginian. pulo. Hiji tentara badag prajurit Carthaginian nyoba megatkeun pangepungan dina 262 SM, tapi éléh dina [[Patempuran Agrigentum|Patempuran Akragas]]. Républik Roma ahirna ngawangun angkatan laut sorangan pikeun ngalawan angkatan laut Carthaginian, sarta diadopsi taktik anyar nu nempo Carthaginians ngalaman sababaraha eleh. Pangkalan Carthaginian di [[Corsica]] dicandak, tapi serangan ka [[Sardinia]] rusak, sareng Carthage tiasa ngawasa deui Corsica. The victories kahontal ngaliwatan exertion angkatan laut ditanya Roma pikeun narajang Afrika Kalér. Carthage nyoba ngalawan deui, tapi ieu sakali deui dielehkeun dina [[Patempuran Cape Ecnomus]]. Dina hal jumlah prajurit aub, ieu bisa jadi [[perang laut pangbadagna dina sajarah]]. Invasi ka Afrika Kalér mimitina alus, sarta Carthage kapaksa nyieun tawaran karapihan dina 255 SM, tapi kaayaan karapihan ti Romawi teuing beurat jadi Carthaginians mutuskeun pikeun tetep tarung sarta ahirna hasil [[Patempuran Bagradas. Walungan (255 SM)|ngalahkeun penjajah]]. Républik Roma nyebarkeun armada kapal pikeun nyalametkeun sésa-sésa pasukanana di Afrika Kalér. Angkatan laut Carthaginian nyoba ngagagalkeun usaha nyalametkeun ieu dina [[Patempuran Cape Hermaeum]] di basisir Afrika Kalér, tapi dielehkeun ku armada Romawi. Tapi, armada Romawi kajebak dina badai dina perjalanan mulang, kaleungitan kalolobaan kapal sareng sakitar 100.000 urang. Perang dituluykeun, najan teu aya pihak anu bisa ngéléhkeun lawanna. Dina 255 SM, Carthage nyerang tur junun ngarebut deui kota Akragas. Henteu yakin naha aranjeunna tiasa ngabéla éta, aranjeunna ngantunkeun kota saatosna dirusak. Républik Roma gancang ngawangun deui armadana kalayan tambahan 220 kapal anyar, teras dikerahkan pikeun nyandak Panormus (ayeuna [[Palermo]]) dina 254 SM. Sataun saterusna, 150 kapal maranéhanana leungit dina badai. Carthage nyoba ngarebut deui kota Panormus dina 251 SM, tapi dielehkeun ku bangsa Romawi dina [[Patempuran Panormus|patempuran anu lumangsung di luar benteng kota]]. Bangsa Romawi laun-laun ngarebut daratan Sisilia, teras maju ngurilingan dua benteng Carthaginian anu terakhir di ujung kulon pulo taun 249 SM. Armada Romawi ogé nyobian serangan kejutan ngalawan armada Carthaginian, tapi dielehkeun dina [[Patempuran Drepana]]. The Carthaginians nuturkeun nepi kameunangan maranéhanana sarta junun ngaleungitkeun lolobana kapal perang Romawi dina [[Patempuran Phintias]]. Sanggeus stalemate sababaraha taun, Républik Romawi sakali deui ngawangun deui armada na di 243 SM, sarta [[diblokade]] garnisun Carthaginian. The Carthaginians deployed armada kapal pikeun nyalametkeun maranéhna, tapi ancur dina [[Patempuran Kapuloan Aegates]] dina 241 SM, ku kituna pasukan maranéhanana ditinggalkeun di Sisilia kapaksa neangan hungkul perdamaian. Kadua pihak tungtungna sapuk kana pajangjian perdamaian anu ngawajibkeun Carthage mayar [[reparasi]] sareng nyababkeun [[Sisilia (provinsi Romawi)|Pulo Sisilia dianéksasi]] ka [[Propinsi Romawi|koloni Romawi]]. Saprak harita, Roma geus jadi nagara nu boga kakuatan militér paling unggul di wewengkon Mediterania barat, sarta laun-laun jadi punjul di sakuliah wewengkon Tengah. Karya bangsa Romawi ngawangun 1.000 [[galleys]] salila Perang Punic Kahiji ngahasilkeun pangalaman berharga nu jadi dasar dominasi maritim 600 taun Roma. Dina ahir perang ieu, [[Perang Mercenary|pemberontakan hébat]] lumangsung di jero Kakaisaran Carthaginian, tapi éta dibasmi. Kompetisi strategis anu masih ngagantung antara Roma jeung Carthage ngabalukarkeun [[Perang Punic II]] kaluar dina 218 SM. == Sumber primér == [[Koropak:Stele des Polybios.jpg|thumb|upright=0,5|[[Polibios]], ahli sajarah Yunani Kuno]] Istilah ''Punic'' asalna tina kecap Latin ''Punicus'' (atawa ''Poenicus''), hartina "[[Sajarah Carthage|Carthage|Carthage]]", nujul kana karuhun Carthaginians, anu [[Phoenicians]] ({{lang-la|Phoenices}}; {{lang-el|Φοινίκη}}, ''Foinike'').{{sfn|Sidwell|Jones|1997|p=16}} Sumber utama pikeun ampir sakabéh aspék Perang Punic Kahiji nyaéta tulisan [[Polibios]] (''[[Circa|ca.]]''200–''ca.''118 SM), sarjana Yunani nu indit ka [[Roma]] dina taun 167 SM salaku sandera .{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=20}}{{sfn|Tipps|1985|p=432}} Kumpulan tulisanna ngawengku buku manual ngeunaan taktik militér anu geus teu aya. ,{{sfn|Shutt|1938|p=53}} tapi karya anu ngajadikeun anjeunna kasohor di jaman modern nyaéta [[Historíai (Polibios)|''Historíai'']] (''Anthony of History''), anu manéhna nulis sanggeus 146 SM, atawa c. -kira-kira abad sanggeus Perang Punic Kahiji.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=20}}{{sfn|Walbank|1990|pp=11–12}} Tulisan Polibios nyaéta lega dianggap obyektif jeung netral, sabab nyokot posisi panengah antara sudut pandang Carthaginian jeung sudut pandang Romawi.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|pp=x–xi}}{{sfn|Hau|2016|pp=23– 24}} Catetan sajarah Carthaginians [[Pengepungan Carthage (Perang Punic III)|ancur]] babarengan jeung ibukota maranéhanana, [[Carthage]], dina 146 SM, ku kituna informasi ngeunaan Perang Punic Kahiji disarikeun ku Polibios tina sababaraha sumber sastra [[Yunani]] jeung Latin nu kiwari geus punah.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=23}}<nowiki> Polibios mangrupa ahli sajarah analitik, jeung sabisa-bisa wawancara langsung jeung aktor sajarah nu kalibet dina perang.{ { sfn|Shutt|1938|p=55}}</nowiki>{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=21}} Mung jilid kahiji tina 40 jilid ''Historíai'' anu ngabahas ngeunaan Perang Punic Kahiji.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=20–21}} Katepatan akun Polyebus geus loba didebatkeun dina 150 taun ka tukang, tapi konsensus anu dihontal di jaman modéren nyaéta pikeun nyandak akun Polyebus sacara harfiah, sareng ampir sadaya detil ngeunaan First Punic. Perang dina sumber modern dumasar kana pernyataan Polibios.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|pp=x–xi, 82–84}}{{sfn|Tipps|1985|pp=432–433}} Numutkeun pangamatan sejarawan Andrew Curry, "Polibios tétéla cukup dipercaya",{{sfn|Kari|2012|p=34}} sedengkeun Dexter Hoyos ngajéntrékeun Polibios salaku "sejarawan. anu jelas-jelas terang pisan, aktip dina padamelan, sareng kuat dina panalungtikan". {{sfn|Hoyos|2015|p=102}} Aya tulisan sajarah sejenna ngeunaan Perang Punic Kahiji anu dijieun sanggeus ''Historíai'' , tapi teu lengkep atawa ngan ngandung déskripsi singget.{{sfn|Tipps|1985|p=432}}{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=22}} Sejarawan modéren umumna museurkeun kana petikan tina karya rupa-rupa analis Romawi, hususna [[Titus Livius|Livius]] (nu dumasar kana karya manéhna nulis dina akun Polibius), [[Diodoros Siculus]] (sajarawan Yunani asal Sisilia), ogé [[Appianos|<nowiki>Apianos]</nowiki>]] jeung [[Cassius Dio|Dion Kasios]] (sajarah Yunani engké). {{sfn|Mineo|2015|pp=111–127}} Ahli klasik [[Adrian Goldsworthy]]<nowiki> nunjukkeun yén "pernyataan Polibios biasana leuwih bisa dipercaya lamun kapanggih ngabantah bukti-bukti lianna nu urang boga". {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=21} }</nowiki>{{#tag:ref|Sumber daya lian ti karya Polibios dibahas ku Bernard Mineo dina ''"Principal Literary Sumber Perang Punic (salain Polybius)"''.{{sfn|Mineo|2015|pp=111– 127}}|group=description}} Sumber séjén kaasup prasasti, bukti tina penggalian arkéologis, jeung bukti émpiris ti rekonstruksi objék sajarah saperti triremis [[Olympias (triremis)|''Olympias'']] .{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=23, 98}} Kusabab 2010, arkeolog geus manggihan 19 parunggu [[rampers]] dijieun ku Romawi atawa Carthaginians di cai lepas basisir kulon Sisilia. Sapuluh helm parunggu jeung ratusan [[amphoras]] ogé geus kapanggih.{{sfn|RPM Foundation|2020}}{{sfn|Tusa|Royal|2012|p=12}}{{sfn|Pragg|2013}} {{sfn|Murray|2019|}} Sanggeus éta, rammers, tujuh helm, genep amphora anu masih gembleng, sarta jumlah badag fragmen kapanggih. {{sfn|Tusa|Royal|2012|pp=12, 26, 31–32}} Unggal rammer dipercaya geus napel dina kapal karam nalika eta tilelep ka dasar laut.{{sfn|Tusa|Royal|2012|p=39}} Nurutkeun ahli arkeologi nu kalibet, lokasi dimana artefak ieu disimpen. kapanggih ngarojong informasi ieu. Polibios ngeunaan mana [[Patempuran Kapuloan Aegates|Patempuran Aegates]].{{sfn|Tusa|Royal|2012|pp=35–36}} Dumasar kana ukuran rammers, arkeolog nalungtik aranjeunna. percaya yén éta kabéh asalna tina kapal tipe [[Trireme|triremis]], sabalikna tina pernyataan Polybius yén sakabéh kapal perang nu kalibet dina perangna téh tina tipe [[Kapal perang era Hellenistic|quinqueremis]].{{sfn|Murray|2019|}}{{sfn|Tusa|Royal|2012|pp=39–42}} Tapi, maranéhna yakin yén loba amphora anu geus diidentifikasi ngarojong katepatan aspék séjén tina akun Polybius ngeunaan perangna. "Ieu mangrupikeun catetan arkéologis sareng sajarah anu coveted [[Perang walungan|pertempuran]]," aranjeunna nyatakeun. {{sfn|Tusa|Royal|2012|pp=45–46}} == Latar == [[Gambar:Carthage_view.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Poto hawa sésa-sésa dasar laut di kota Carthage. Tilas palabuhan komérsial katingal di tengah poto, sedengkeun tilas palabuhan militér katingali di katuhu handap poto. Saméméh Perang Punic Kahiji, Carthage boga angkatan laut pangkuatna di Mediterania kulon.]] Saacanna Perang Punic Kahiji, [[Républik Romawi]] mangabad-abad [[Ekspansi Romawi di Italia|ekspansi ngaliwatan kakuatan militér]] di wewengkon kidul Semenanjung Italia.{{sfn|Miles|2011|pp=157– 158}} Roma nalukkeun Semenanjung Italia kiduleun Walungan [[Arno]] dina 272 SM, nalika kota-kota Yunani di Italia kidul ([[Magna Graecia]]) nyerah dina tungtung [[Perang Pyros]. ]].{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|pp=21–22}} Samentara éta, bangsa [[Carthage Kuno|Carthage]], pusatna di [[Tunisia]] ayeuna, geus ngawasa kidul [[Spanyol] ], lolobana basisir Afrika Kalér, [[Kapuloan Balearic]], [[Corsica]], [[Sardinia]], jeung bagian kulon Pulo [[Sisilia]]. Kalayan wewengkon daulat anu lega, Carthage jadi sajenis kakaisaran militér jeung dagang. hasilna pasti]] ngalawan Yunani [[nagara kota]]-nagara di Pulo Sisilia dina kapamimpinan [[Syracuse, Sisilia|Syracuse]].{{sfn|Miles|2011|pp=115, 132}} Carthage jeung Roma mangrupa nagara pangkuatna di wewengkon kuloneun Laut Tengah dina taun 264 SM.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=25–26}} Dua nagara éta geus ngajalin silaturahim sababaraha kali ngaliwatan [[Perjangjian antara Roma jeung Carthage.|perjangjian resmi aliansi]] anu ditandatanganan dina 509 SM, 348 SM, sareng sakitar 279 SM. Hubungan antara Roma jeung Carthage éta alus, sarta hubungan dagang antara dua nagara éta mulus. Dina mangsa Perang Pyroan (280–275 SM) ngalawan hiji raja ti [[Epirus]] anu giliran narajang Roma di Semenanjung Italia jeung Carthage di pulo Sisilia, Carthage nyadiakeun [[Materiel|panangan]] ka tentara Romawi jeung sahenteuna sakali ngirimkeun kapal angkatan lautna pikeun ngangkut pasukan Romawi.{{sfn|Miles|2011|pp=94, 160, 163, 164–165}}{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=69–70}} Dina 289 SM, [[tentara Mamertini]], pasukan [[Upahan|upah]] Italia anu diupahan ku Syracuse, nempatan kota Messana (ayeuna [[Messina, Italia|Messina]]<nowiki>) di ujung wétan. pulo Sisilia.{ {sfn|Warmington|1993|p=165}} Ditimpa tekanan ti Syracuse, tentara Mamertini menta tulung ka Roma jeung Carthage dina taun 265 SM. Carthage nindak heula ku cara ngadesek </nowiki>[[Hiero II of Syracuse|Hiero II]], Raja Syracuse, pikeun ngeureunkeun lampahna, sarta ngayakinkeun tentara Mamertini pikeun narima postingan garnisun Carthaginian di Messana.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=44}} Numutkeun Polibios, timbul perdebatan sengit di Roma ngeunaan naha bakal ngabulkeun paménta pasukan Mamertini. Kusabab Carthage geus boga garnisun di Messana, bringing di bantuan ti Roma bakal gampang provoked perang jeung Carthage. Roma henteu kantos nunjukkeun minat ka pulo Sisilia sateuacanna, sareng henteu gaduh niat ngabantosan tentara anu ngarebut kota ti anu gaduh hakna. Mangkaning, loba di antarana anu enticed ku kasempetan pikeun Fedi mangpaat moneter gaining foothold di Sisilia. Teu bisa ngahontal konsensus, [[Sénat Romawi|dewan sesepuh Romawi]] ngantepkeun kaputusan dina panangan majelis rahayat dina taun 264 SM, paling dipikaresep ku saran [[Appius Claudius Caudex]]. Caudex ngayakinkeun jalma-jalma pikeun milih pilihan pikeun ngagerakkeun bantosan ku mamingan kasempetan pikeun nampi jumlah [[jarah]] anu ageung. Majelis rahayat ahirna mutuskeun pikeun ngabulkeun paménta tentara Mamertini. } Caudex diangkat jadi komandan ekspedisi militér ditugaskeun ka Sisilia jeung nempatkeun garnisun Romawi di Messana.{{sfn|Starr|1991|p=479}}<nowiki>{ {sfn|Warmington|1993|pp=168–169}}</nowiki> Perang dimimitian nalika pasukan Romawi badarat di Sisilia dina 264 SM. Sanajan boga angkatan laut, urang Carthaginians teu bisa ngagagalkeun pasukan Romawi meuntas [[Straights of Messina]].{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|pp=48–49}} Dua legion Romawi prajurit di handapeun Caudex [[Patempuran of Messana|berbaris nuju Messana]], sedengkeun tentara Mamertini parantos ngusir garnisun Carthaginian anu dipimpin ku [[Hanno, kapala garnisun Messana|Hanno]] (teu aya hubunganana sareng [[Hanno Agung]]<nowiki> ]) sarta keur dikurilingan ku pasukan Carthaginian jeung Syracuse.{ ​​{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=52}} Ku sababaraha alesan, pasukan Syracuse tungtungna ngangkat pangepungan, dituturkeun engké ku Carthaginians. Sumber anu aya henteu ngajelaskeun naha. Bangsa Romawi pindah ka kidul jeung ngepung ka Syracuse, tapi pangepungan ieu geura-giru ditinggalkeun, boh alatan pasukan Romawi teu cukup kuat atawa alatan kurangna jalur suplai aman. </nowiki>{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|pp=52–53} } Dumasar dina pangalaman tempur salila dua abad saméméhna di Sisilia, Carthaginians ngartos yen kameunangan mutlak teu mungkin pikeun ngahontal. Usaha militer ahirna ngaleungit saatos ngalaman karugian anu ageung sareng ngabiayaan seueur artos. Panglima Carthaginian ngaharepkeun yén perang ieu bakal diteruskeun sapertos sateuacanna. Samentara éta, kapamilikan angkatan laut ngamungkinkeun aranjeunna pikeun nyegah perang sumebar ka mana-mana, malah ngamungkinkeun aranjeunna pikeun terus aktip dina nyieun kauntungan.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=179}} Ku cara ieu aranjeunna tiasa ngarekrut sareng mayar. Gajih pasukan anu dilayanan bakal dikerahkan pikeun ngalawan Romawi sacara terang-terangan, sedengkeun kota-kota anu dibenteng beurat tiasa disayogikeun ku laut sareng dianggo salaku pangkalan pertahanan sareng titik angkat pikeun serangan.{{sfn|Warmington|1993| p=171}} === Tentara === {{utama|Tentara Romawi dina période pertengahan républik|Militér Carthage}} [[Koropak:Altar Domitius Ahenobarbus Louvre n3 (dipotong).jpg|jempol|kénca|tegak=0.7|Relief dua prajurit suku Romawi abad ka-2 SM dina [[Altar Domitius Ahenobarbus]]]] Unggal warga nagara Romawi lalaki sawawa pantes jadi prajurit. Rata-rata jadi [[prajurit|prajurit suku]], sarta sakeupeul warga anu leuwih makmur jadi [[kavaleri|hussar]]. Sacara tradisional, urang Romawi biasana ngawangun dua [[légion Romawi|legiun]], masing-masing mibanda 4.200 prajurit suku{{#tag:ref|Jumlah ieu bisa ngaronjat jadi 5.000 dina kaayaan nu tangtu.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999 |p=23 }}|group=remark}} jeung 300 prajurit kuda. Sajumlah leutik prajurit suku ngajabat salaku anggota [[velites|pasukan mogok]] bersenjata [[javelins]], sarta sésana jadi anggota [[infanteri beurat|pasukan suku beurat]] dilengkepan [[armor]] , [[Scutum ( tameng)|tameng gede]], jeung [[Gladius|pedang pondok]]. Aranjeunna dibagi kana tilu tingkatan. Prajurit [[hastati|pangkat kahiji]] ogé dilengkepan ku dua lembing, sedengkeun prajurit [[principes|gelar kadua]] jeung [[triari|katilu]] dilengkepan ku [[siga (tumbak)|tumbak]]. Duanana [[manipulus|tim]] dina legion jeung [[legionnaires]] tarung dina jajaran jarang. Pasukan tempur biasana diwangun ku pasukan Romawi jeung legiun [[Socii|Sekutu Latini]] kalayan jumlah prajurit jeung pakarang anu sarua.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|pp=22–25}} Warga Carthaginian ngan ukur jadi prajurit nalika kota Carthage aya dina bahaya diserang ku musuh. Sanajan kaayaan precarious misalna, Carthage direkrut asing kana tentara na, lolobana ti Afrika Kalér. Prajurit ti Afrika Kalér dibagi jadi sababaraha jenis pasukan, nyaéta prajurit suku dina [[formasi garis padet|padet padet]] dilengkepan tameng badag, helm, pedang pondok, sarta panjang [[tumbak]]-tusuk; pasukan neunggeul suku lampu; Pasukan pembuli berkuda dina jajaran deukeut{{#tag:ref|Pasukan "bullying" nyaéta pasukan anu dilatih jeung dikerahkan pikeun ngempur musuh sagancang-gancangna, kalawan maksud pikeun ngabubarkeun barisan musuh saméméh atawa sanggeus lumangsungna pabalatak.{ {sfn|Jones|1987|p =1}}|group=remark}} (disebut oge "kavaleri beurat") bersenjata tumbak; jeung pasukan pemukul anu dipasang lampu ngalungkeun lembing ti kajauhan sarta ngahindarkeun tempur deukeut.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=32}}{{sfn|Koon|2015|p=80}} Spanyol jeung [[Gaul]] mangrupa suplai nagara pikeun prajurit suku seasoned. Pasukan ieu galak dina serangan sanajan teu boga armoured, tapi dipikawanoh pikeun bubarkeun di will lamun perangna nyered.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=32}}{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=9}} { {#tag:ref|Senjata prajurit Spanyol nyaéta tumbak lémparan beurat anu saterusna diadopsi ku bangsa Romawi sarta dibéré ngaran ''[[pilum]]''.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=32} }|grup=catetan}} Kalolobaan prajurit suku Carthaginian perang dina formasi ketat disebut ''[[phalanx]]'', biasana dina dua atawa tilu garis.{{sfn|Koon|2015|p=80}} Pasukan[[[aisan]] direkrut ti Kapuloan Balearic. {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=32}}{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=8}} Carthage ogé ngagunakeun [[gajah perang]]. Dina waktos éta, Afrika Kalér masih gaduh populasi [[gajah leuweung Afrika]]<nowiki>.{{#tag:ref|Gajah ieu umumna jangkungna 2,5 méter (8 suku) ti suku nepi ka taktak, sarta béda ti [[Gajah rungkun Afrika] ] nu ukuranana leuwih badag.</nowiki>{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=240}}<nowiki>|group=caption}}</nowiki>{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=9}}{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=27}} Tina sumber nu aya, teu bisa dipastikeun lamun ieu gajah dipaké pikeun ngangkut bénténg nu dieusi prajurit.{{sfn|Sabin|1996|p=70, n. 76}} === Angkatan Laut === [[Kapal perang Hellenistic#Quinqueremis|Quinqueremis]], hartina "lima dek dayung", {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=98}} nyaéta jenis kapal anu dipaké ku armada Romawi jeung Carthaginian dina [[Punic] Perang|perang perang Punic]].{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|pp=27–28}} Jumlahna kacida gedéna nepi ka ngadominasi adegan éta Polibios ngagunakeun istilah ''quinqueremis'' salaku istilah umum pikeun " kapal perang".{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=104}}<nowiki> Hiji quinqueremis boga awak 300 urang, nyaéta 280 dayung jeung 20 awak dek babarengan jeung perwira kapal,{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=100} } sarta dikawal ku 40 prajurit laut (biasana prajurit darat nu ditugaskeun ka kapal).</nowiki>{{sfn|Tipps|1985|p=435}}<nowiki> Lamun perang geus deukeut, jumlah prajurit laut bakal ngaronjat nepi ka maksimum 120. jalma.{{sfn|Casson|1995|p=121} }</nowiki>{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=102–103}} [[Gambar:Corvus.svg|kiri|jmpl|''[[Corvus (pakarang perang)|Corvus]]'', hiji alat anu digunakeun ku pasukan Romawi pikeun ngaluncurkeun [[serangan kapal]]]] Nyiapkeun awak dayung sangkan mahir dina dayung babarengan salaku tim terpadu, utamana pikeun mahér nanganan manuver kapal kompléks dina tempur, merlukeun loba latihan diulang.{{sfn|Casson|1995|pp=278–280}} Dina raraga Pikeun kapal bisa diatur sacara éféktif, sahenteuna satengah tina sakabéh awak dayung kudu rowers ngalaman.{{sfn|de Souza|2008|p=358}} Ieu naha angkatan laut Romawi mimiti teu cocog jeung Carthaginian ngalaman. angkatan laut. Pikeun ngungkulan kalemahan ieu, bangsa Romawi nyiptakeun ''[[Corvus (pakarang perang)|corvus]]'', sajenis sasak salega {{convert|1.2|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=off}} kalawan panjangna nepi ka {{convert|11|m|ft|abbr=off}}, dilengkepan ku pasak beusi di handapeun tungtung-tungtungna sangkan bisa nempel pageuh kana dek kapal musuh.{{sfn|Casson|1995|p=121}} Alat ieu ngamungkinkeun para legionnair Romawi anu ditugaskeun salaku prajurit laut pikeun [[Serangan kapal|nyebrang ka kapal musuh]] sarta nangkep aranjeunna, tinimbang ngadopsi [[Taktik perang angkatan laut tradisional jaman galley.|taktik]] [[nyebut kapal]] anu geus tradisional.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=178}} Kabéh kapal perang dilengkepan ku rammers, nu tilu 60-sentimeter (2&nbsp;ft) wilah parunggu rubak dirakit kana {{convert|270|kg|lb|sigfig=2}} pakarang sarta dipasang sajajar jeung freeboard dina élévasi ruku. A abad saméméh perang Punik, taktik ramming kapal beuki umum jeung taktik ramming ieu beuki ditinggalkeun. Kacenderungan ieu timbul sabab kapal-kapal anu digunakeun dina tempur dina jaman harita nyaéta [[Kapal perang jaman Hellenistic|kapal-kapal anu ukuranana jeung beuratna leuwih badag]], sahingga teu cukup gancang jeung lincah dina ngalaksanakeun manuver anu diperlukeun dina usaha ram. kapal musuh. Sajaba ti éta, konstruksi stiffer na ngurangan dampak dampak rammer urang, sanajan serangan éta hits target. "Corvus" anu diciptakeun ku bangsa Romawi mangrupikeun tuluyan tina kacenderungan ieu, sareng tiasa ngiringan kamajuanana dina widang gerak kapal. Sanajan kitu, beurat tambahan kana haluan ngurangan maneuverability sarta seaworthiness kapal, sarta "corvus" teu bisa dipaké nalika laut keur kasar.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=178}}{{sfn|Wallinga|1956|pp=77–90}}{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=100–101, 103}} == Sisilia 264-256 SM == {{Play|Patempuran Messana|Patempuran Agrigentum}} [[Koropak:Sisilia - prima guerra punica.svg|jempol|Sisilia, adegan utama Perang Punic Kahiji]] The battles tina Perang Punic Kahiji lolobana perang di pulo daratan Sisilia ogé di cai sabudeureun. Pedalaman pulo Sisilia, nu pagunungan jeung taringgul, mangrupakeun rupa bumi hésé pikeun grup badag prajurit ngaliwatan tapi cocog pikeun pertahanan ngalawan serangan musuh. Sabagéan ageung operasi militér anu dilaksanakeun di darat dugi ka operasi [[(militer) razia|razia]], [[pengepungan]], sareng [[blok]]. Salila 23 taun perang di pulo Sisilia, ngan dua perang utama lumangsung, nyaéta [[Patempuran Agrigentum|Patempuran Akragas]] dina 262 SM jeung [[Patempuran Panormus]] dina 250 SM. Garrison alert and ground [[blockade]] mangrupikeun operasi anu paling umum dilakukeun ku angkatan bersenjata ti dua sisi.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=82}} Bangsa Romawi boga kabiasaan nunjuk dua jenderal unggal taun pikeun mingpin pasukan pakarang nagara maranéhanana. Komandan taunan ieu disebut "[[Konsul Romawi|konsul]]". Dina 263 SM, dua konsul incumbent ditugaskeun ka Sisilia, nyandak tentara 40.000 urang, {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=74}} jeung deui dikepung ka Syracuse. Teu bisa ménta bantuan ti Carthage, Syracuse buru-buru neangan perdamaian jeung Romawi. Syracuse jadi sekutu Roma, mayar [[indemnitas]] 100 [[bakat]] pérak,{{#tag:ref|100 talenta pérak kira-kira sarua jeung {{convert|2.6|lt|lk=out |kg |disp=flip|abbr=off}} pérak.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=158}}|group=inpormasi}} jeung nu pangpentingna daék mantuan meuli suplai pikeun angkatan bersenjata Romawi di Sisilia.{{sfn|Erdkamp|2015|p=71}} Sanggeus Syracuse sisi Roma, sababaraha kota leutik arah Carthage ogé sided jeung Roma.{{sfn|Warmington|1993|p=171}}{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=72–73}} Akragas ({{lang-la|Agrigentum}}, ayeuna [[Agrigento]]), hiji kota palabuan di basisir kidul Sisilia, dipilih ku Carthage pikeun jadi puseur strategis maranéhanana. Tentara Romawi narajang Akragas sarta ngepung kotana dina taun 262 SM.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=179}} Sistem suplai Romawi teu cukup, boh ku sabab angkatan laut Carthaginian anu kuat ngahalangan pengiriman barang ku laut, jeung keur maranehna. teu boga pangalaman dina nyoco hiji tentara 40.000 prajurit. Dina usum panén, loba prajurit paburencay di sabudeureun pikeun panén gandum jeung ngumpulkeun susukan. Pasukan Carthaginian di handapeun komando [[Hannibal Gisco]], ujug-ujug narajang pasukan Romawi sarta nyerang kubu maranéhna. Prajurit Romawi berebut pikeun nutup barisan sarta ahirna junun ngajuru para panyerang. Pangalaman ieu dijadikeun palajaran pikeun kadua pihak pikeun ngaronjatkeun kaparigelan.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=77}} [[Gambar:Romanadvance_(dipotong).JPG|jmpl|Serangan Romawi ti 260 nepi ka 256 SM]] Samentara éta, Carthage ngangkat hiji tentara di Afrika, nu lajeng diangkut ku kapal ka Sisilia. Tentara ieu 50.000 prajurit leumpang, 6.000 kuda jeung 60 gajah perang dipingpin ku [[Hanno, putra Hannibal]]. Sababaraha prajurit nyaéta [[Ligurian]], [[Celtic]], jeung [[Ibéria]].{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=179}}{{sfn|Warmington|1993|pp=171–172}} Lima bulan sanggeus tentara Romawi ngepung ka Akragas, Hanno mingpin pasukan Carthaginian asup ka kota.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=179}} Sanggeus aya, Hanno ngan masangkeun kemah di hiji tempat jangkungna, pemicu battles pondok acak, jeung ngalatih pasukanana. Dua bulan ti harita, di cinyusu 261 SM, Hanno ngaluncurkeun serangan gedé. Dina Patempuran Akragas, Carthaginians dielehkeun sarta ngalaman karugian beurat. Pasukan Romawi di handapeun komando dua konsul, [[Lucius Postumius Megellus (konsul taun 262 SM)|Lucius Postumius Megellus]] jeung [[Quintus Mamilius Vitulus]], ngaburu pasukan Carthaginian sarta junun nangkep gajah jeung [[transportasi]]. logistik|ngangkut suplai maranéhanana. Peuting anu sami, garnisun Carthaginian ngungsi ka kota Akragas bari urang Romawi kacekel. Poé isukna, pasukan Romawi nyerbu Akragas jeung nangkep wargana; 25.000 warga kota Akragas dijual jadi budak.{{sfn|Miles|2011|pp=179–180}} Sanggeus Romawi meunang Patempuran Akragas, battles séjén lumangsung di ditu di dieu salila sababaraha taun. Kadua pihak silih ganti meunang kalawan hasil anu teu pati penting, sarta tacan manggih léngkah anu bener pikeun ngeureunkeun perang. Salah sahiji alesanana nyaéta kaputusan bangsa Romawi pikeun ngalihkeun loba sumber daya maranéhna pikeun kapentingan kampanye militer di Corsica jeung Sardinia anu ahirna teu mawa hasil nanaon, lajeng ngulang deui tindakan anu sarua pikeun kapentingan ékspédisi militér ka Afrika anu sarua. sia-sia.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=65}} Sanggeus ngarebut Akragas, pasukan Romawi maju ka kulon jeung ngepung [[Mytistraton]] salila tujuh bulan tanpa hasil.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=82}} Dina 259 SM, tentara Romawi pindah ka arah [[Termini Imerese|Thermae]] di basisir kalér Sisilia. Sanggeus altercation sengit, pasukan Romawi jeung sekutu camped misah. [[Hamilcar (Drepanum)|Hamilcar]] ngamangpaatkeun kaayaan ieu pikeun ngaluncurkeun [[serangan balik]], ku nyerbu tempat kemah salah sahiji kontingén anu kemah misah tur junun maéhan 4.000 nepi ka 6.000 prajurit. Hamilcar salajengna ngarebut kota [[Enna]] di tengah pulo,{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|pp=65–66}} jeung kota [[Kamarina, Sisilia|Camarina]] di tenggara. pulo anu cukup deukeut jeung Syracuse. Sigana mah Hamilcar ngan ukur sababaraha léngkah pikeun ngawasa sakabéh Sisilia.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|pp=75, 79}} Taun saterusna, pasukan Romawi ngarebut deui kota Enna sarta ahirna junun nalukkeun Mytistraton. Aranjeunna teras pindah ka arah Panormus (ayeuna [[Palermo]]), tapi kapaksa mundur, sanaos aranjeunna tiasa ngarebut kota [[Hippana]]. Dina 258 SM, pasukan Romawi ngarebut Camarina sanggeus lila ngepung kota.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=82–83}}{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=75}} Dina sababaraha taun ka hareup, terus aya aliran pasea, pasea sakeudeung, jeung pergeseran kasatiaan kota ti hiji sisi ka sisi séjén di Pulo Sisilia.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|pp=77–78}} == Bangsa Romawi ngawangun armada == {{Utama|Patempuran Mylae|Patempuran Sulci}}{{Tempo ogé|Angkatan Laut Romawi#Perang Punik I|l1=Angkatan Laut Romawi|Patempuran Kapuloan Lipara}} [[Gambar:Trireme_cut-fr.svg|jmpl|Yunani [[Trireme|triremis]] katerangan posisi awak dayung dina tilu tingkat dayung [[Trireme|triremis]] Perang di Sisilia geus ngahontal stalemate a, salaku Carthaginians konsentrasi dina defending kota bénténg maranéhanana. Kalolobaan kota ieu aya di basisir, ngarah bisa ngirim suplai jeung pasukan tanpa dihalangan ku pasukan Romawi unggul di darat.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|pp=64–66}}{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=97}} Fokus perang pindah ti darat ka cai, hiji widang nu urang Romawi teu acan cukup mastered. Saacanna éta, bangsa Romawi geus sababaraha kali sadar kudu boga armada sorangan. Aranjeunna biasa ngandelkeun [[Eskadron (angkatan laut)|eskadron]] leutik anu disayogikeun ku sekutu Latin atanapi Yunani.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=179}}{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=66}} {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=91–92, 97}} Dina 260 SM, bangsa Romawi mimiti nyiapkeun pikeun ngabentuk [[Angkatan Laut Romawi|armada]] sorangan, sarta ngagunakeun bangkai kapal quinqueremis Carthaginian salaku conto pikeun {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=97, 99–100}} Kusabab masih héjo dina widang [[Ngawangun kapal|pengiriman barang]], urang Romawi ngan ukur bisa ngahasilkeun réplika kapal anu leuwih beurat - kapal Carthaginian. Balukarna, kapal-kapal ngaluncur lalaunan dina cai sarta kurang lincah dina manuver.{{sfn|Murray|2011|p=69}} Républik Roma ngawangun 120 kapal perang anu satuluyna dileupaskeun ka Sisilia dina taun 260 SM sangkan awak-awakna bisa ngalaman latihan dasar. [[Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina|Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio]], salah sahiji konsul anu ngajabat taun éta, mangkat mawa 17 kapal munggaran ka [[Kapuloan Aeolian|Kapuloan Lipara]], teu jauh ti basisir kalér-wétaneun Sisilia, kalawan niat [[Patempuran Kapuloan Lipara|ngarebut]] kota [[Lipara]], kota palabuan utama di kapuloan. The laksamana commanding armada Carthaginian éta Hannibal Gisco, urut kapala garnisun Akragas. Armada Carthaginian dumasar di Panormus, kurang leuwih {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=off}} ti Lipara. Sanggeus narima béja ngeunaan panyebaran kapal-kapal Romawi ka Lipara, Hanibal ngirimkeun 20 kapal di handapeun komando [[Bodo (hipostrategos)|Boodes]] ka éta kota. Pasukan Carthaginian sumping nalika wengi sareng nyegat kapal-kapal Romawi di palabuhan. Boodes mobilized kapal-Na pikeun nyerang, bari lalaki inexperienced Scipio urang éta teu bisa nempatkeun up loba lalawanan. Sababaraha prajurit Romawi panik sarta kabur ka darat. Scipio tungtungna ditawan. Sakabéh kapal Romawi direbut, lolobana kalawan saeutik ruksakna. armada Romawi bari dina pelayaran pangintipan jeung 50 kapal Carthaginian. Anjeunna junun kabur, tapi kaleungitan seueur kapalna.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=67}} Sanggeus perang pondok ieu, urang Romawi mimiti ngalengkepan kapalna ku ''corvus''.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=68}}{{sfn|Mil|2011|p=182}} The konsul [[Gaius Duilius]], a peerage of Scipio, delegated komando unit tentara Romawi ka bawahan sarta dianggap komando armada. Manéhna langsung balayar néangan lawan. Armada Romawi papanggih jeung armada Carthaginian di basisir [[Mylae]]. Dua armada bentrok saling dina [[Patempuran Mylae]]. Hannibal maréntahkeun 130 kapal, jeung numutkeun itungan sejarawan John Lazenby, Duilius maréntahkeun jumlah kapal anu kurang leuwih sarua.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|pp=70–71}} Alatan leuwih gancang, kapal leuwih lincah maneuver, jeung diawakan ku pelaut ngalaman, urang Carthaginians yakin maranéhna bisa meunang perangna sahingga maranéhna ninggalkeun formasi perangna pikeun balayar leuwih gancang ka kapal Romawi.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=63}} 30 mimitina kapal Carthaginian ngadeukeutan langsung struck ku patok ' 'corvus'' nu nempel pageuh dina papan dek. Ngaliwatan ''corvus'', prajurit Romawi meuntas ka kapal musuh sarta direbut aranjeunna, kaasup kapal nu Hannibal keur iinditan. Laksamana junun kabur maké [[kanoe]]. Ningali sadayana ieu, sesa kapal Carthaginian sumebar, nyoba narajang armada Romawi ti dua sisi atawa pungkur. Bangsa Romawi bisa nahan lalawanan jeung nangkep 20 kapal deui.{{#tag:ref|Angka ieu dumasar kana informasi ti Polibios. Sumber-sumber kuno anu sanés masihan angka 30 atanapi 31 kapal anu direbut sareng 13 atanapi 14 tenggelam.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|pp=73–74}}|group=remarks}} Sésana kapal Carthaginian eureun narajang . Lantaran leuwih gancang batan kapal-kapal Romawi, maranéhna gampang kabur ti ngungudag kapal-kapal Romawi. Duilius teras balayar ka [[Segesta]] pikeun ngabébaskeun kota anu dikuasai Romawi tina pangepungan Carthaginian.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=63}} Dina awal 262 SM, kapal Carthaginian geus raided basisir Italia ti pangkalan maranéhanana di Sardinia jeung Corsica.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=58}}<nowiki> Sanggeus perang Mylae, dina 259 SM, konsul [[ Lucius Cornelius Scipio] (konsul 259 SM)|Lucius Cornelius Scipio]] mingpin sabagian armada Romawi ka </nowiki>[[Aléria]] di Korsika sarta ngarebutna. Anjeunna teras nyerang [[Olbia|Ulbia]] di Sardinia, tapi dielehkeun ku Carthage,{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=65}} sareng Aléria deui dikawasa ku Carthage.{{sfn|Rankov|2015|p=154}} Dina taun 258 SM, armada Romawi anu leuwih kuat ngalibatkeun armada Carthaginian leutik dina [[Patempuran Sulci]] di perairan lepas basisir [[Sulci]], kuloneun Sardinia. Armada Carthaginian ngalaman eleh ongkosna mahal pikeun aranjeunna. Hannibal Gisco, komandan Carthaginian anu ditinggalkeun lalaki sarta ngungsi ka Sulci, engké ditahan sarta disalib ku lalaki sorangan. Sanajan meunang perang, pasukan Romawi {{snd}} nu nyoba narajang duanana Sardinia jeung Sisilia dina waktu nu sarua {{snd}} gagal ngarebut kota Sulci, sarta usaha narajang Sardinia handapeun Carthage laun laun.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=65}} Dina 257 SM, armada Romawi kabeneran berlabuh di basisir [[Tindari|Tyndaris]], kalér-wétaneun Sisilia, nalika armada Carthaginian{{snd}}, teu sadar ayana armada Romawi{{snd}}. , balayar kaliwat dina formasi gaping. . Panglima Romawi, [[Gaius Atilius Regulus Serranus|Gaius Atilius Regulus]], geuwat maréntahkeun serangan, sahingga [[Patempuran Tyndaris]] pecah. Alatan awal perang ngadadak, kapal Romawi anu deployed dina ragam teratur. Armada Carthaginian langsung ngaréspon, nyerang sareng ngalelepkeun salapan tina sapuluh kapal Romawi anu unggul. Sanggeus pasukan tempur utama armada Romawi nepi ka tengah perang, dalapan kapal Carthaginian anu sunk sarta sapuluh deui direbut. Armada Carthaginian sésana mundur sarta junun kabur tanpa diudag sabab kapal na dihareupeun Romawi, sahingga nyingkahan karugian badag. '']] Pulo. {{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=78}} == Diserbu Afrika == {{play|Patempuran Cape Ecnomus|Kepungan Aspis|Patempuran Adis|Patempuran Tunis}} [[Gambar:Perang_Punic_munggaran_di_Afrika_256-255BC.svg|jmpl|1: Pasukan Romawi darat jeung ngarebut Apsis (256 SM)<br /> 2: Bangsa Romawi meunang Patempuran Adis (256 SM)<br /> 3: Pasukan Romawi ngarebut Tunis (256 SM)<br /> 4: Ksantipos pindah ti Carthage jeung tentara badag prajurit (255 SM)<br /> 5: Bangsa Romawi éléh dina Patempuran Tunis (255 SM)<br /> 6: Pasukan Romawi mundur ka Apsis sarta ninggalkeun Afrika (254 SM)]] Kameunangan di Mylae sareng Sulci ogé jenuh anu disababkeun ku jalan buntu di Sisilia nyababkeun bangsa Romawi ngadopsi strategi dumasar-laut sareng mimitian ngembangkeun rencana pikeun nyerang inti Carthaginian Afrika Kalér, ku kituna ngancam kota Carthage (deukeut ka dayeuh [[Tunis]]<nowiki>).{ {sfn|Rankov|2015|p=155}} Kadua belah pihak boga tekad pikeun jadi nagara </nowiki>[[master of the sea]], sarta bakti duit gede. jeung SDM pikeun ngajaga jeung ngagedéan kakuatan tempur angkatan laut maranéhanana.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=110}}{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=83}} Armada Romawi 330 kapal perang jeung jumlah nu teu dipikanyaho. angkutan laut séjén indit ti [[Ostia Antica|Ostia]], palabuan Roma, dina awal 256 SM, dina [[Marcus Atilius Regulus]] jeung [[Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus]], konsul anu ngajabat taun éta. {{sfn|Tipps|1985|p=434}} Kurang leuwih 26.000 legionnair ti pasukan Romawi di Sisilia diasupkeun kana kapal teu lila saméméh invasi dimimitian. Dua konsul éta rencanana rék balayar ka Afrika jeung narajang wewengkon nu kiwari disebut Tunisia.{{sfn|Tipps|1985|p=435}}{{sfn|Walbank|1959|p=10}}{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|pp=84–85}} Saatos diajar niat Roma, Carthage langsung nyebarkeun sadaya 350 kapal perangna ka cai di basisir kidul Sisilia handapeun Hanno Agung sareng Hamilcar pikeun nyegat armada Romawi. Kusabab éta ngalibatkeun 680 kapal perang anu mawa maksimal 290.000 awak sareng pasukan laut, [[Patempuran Cape Ecnomus]] sigana mangrupikeun perang laut panggedéna dina sajarah dina hal jumlah pejuang anu kalibet.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=110 –111}}{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=87}}{{sfn|Tipps|1985|p=436}} Patempuran ieu dimimitian ku serangan ku armada Carthaginian nu ngandelkeun kaunggulan maranéhanana dina pengiriman barang.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=112–113}}{{sfn|Tipps|1985|p=459}} Sanggeus sapoe tarung sambarangan, armada Carthaginian tungtungna eleh. Carthage kaleungitan 30 kapal kalelep sareng 64 kapal direbut ku pasukan Romawi, sedengkeun armada Romawi mung kaleungitan 24 kapal kalelep ku armada Carthaginian.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=69}} Sanggeus Patempuran Cape Ecnomus, tentara Romawi di handapeun Regulus darat di Afrika, teu jauh ti kota Aspis (ayeuna [[Kelibia]]) ayana di [[Cape Bon]], sarta langsung narajang désa-désa sabudeureun kota Carthage. . Sanggeus [[Pengepungan Aspis|pengepungan sakeudeung]], Aspis ahirna direbut.{{sfn|Warmington|1993|p=176}}{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=186}} Seuseueurna kapal Romawi balayar deui ka Sisilia, ninggalkeun Regulus kalawan 15.000 prajurit leumpang jeung 500 horsemen neruskeun perang di Afrika. Regulus teras ngepung kota [[Uthina|Adis]].{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=186}} Urang Carthaginians parantos ngingetkeun Hamilcar ti Sisilia kalayan 5.000 prajurit leumpang sareng 500 pasukan kuda. Hamilcar, [[Hasdrubal, putra Hanno|Hasdrubal]], jeung jenderal Carthaginian séjénna nu ngaranna Bostar ditugaskeun pikeun babarengan mingpin tentara nu loba pasukan kuda jeung gajah perang, jeung kakuatan kasarna sarua jeung tentara Romawi. Pasukan Carthaginian berkemah di hiji pasir deukeut Adis.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=85}} Pasukan Romawi pindah kaluar peuting jeung nyieun serangan ngareureuwas ka kemah Carthaginian ti dua arah nalika subuh. Sanggeus tarung ambing, prajurit Carthaginian tungtungna bubar sarta ngungsi. Teu écés sabaraha kasangsaraan maranéhna, tapi gajah perang Carthaginian jeung prajurit kuda luput sarta ngalaman sababaraha korban jiwa.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=86}} Bangsa Romawi nyusul kameunanganana sarta ngarebut kota Tunis, ngan 16&nbsp;km (10 mil) ti Carthage. Ti Tunis, pasukan Romawi nyerang jeung ngancurkeun wewengkon sabudeureun dayeuh Carthage. Putus asa, urang Carthaginians [[Ngintunkeun perdamaian|nyiptakeun perdamaian]], tapi Regulus ngabales ku ngajukeun istilah perdamaian anu beurat teuing pikeun urang Carthaginians mutuskeun pikeun neraskeun perang.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=87}} Tugas ngalatih prajurit dipasrahkeun ka [[Ksantipos of Carthage|Ksantipos]], pamingpin tentara bayaran [[Sparta]].{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=188}} Kalawan 12.000 prajurit leumpang, 4.000 prajurit kuda, jeung 100 gajah perang, Ksantipos ngéléhkeun bangsa Romawi dina [[Patempuran Walungan Bagradas (255 SM)|Patempuran Tunis]] dina 255 SM. Kira-kira 2.000 pasukan Romawi mundur ka Aspis; 500 prajurit, kaasup Regulus, ditawan ku Carthaginians; jeung sésana tiwas. Sieun yén komandan Carthaginian bakal sirik kana prestasina, Ksantipos buru-buru ngumpulkeun ganjaranna sareng uih deui ka Yunani.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=188}} Bangsa Romawi ngirimkeun armada kapal pikeun nyalametkeun prajuritna anu salamet, tapi éta kapal dicegat ku armada Carthaginian di cai off [[Cape Bon]] (kalér-wétaneun Tunisia kiwari). Dina [[Patempuran Cape Hermaeum]], armada Romawi ngéléhkeun armada Carthaginian, sarta ngarebut 114 kapal maranéhanana.{{sfn|Tipps|1985|p=438}}{{#tag:ref|Numutkeun G. K. Tipps , sigana jumlahna aya 114 kapal nu dibawa ku armada Romawi dina perjalanan mulang.{{sfn|Tipps|1985|p=438}}|group=inpormasi}} Armada Romawi kajebak dina badai dina perjalanan mulang. ka Italia, kaleungitan 384 tina 464 kapalna, sareng 100.000 prajurit dina kapalna. lolobana prajurit Latini sekutu.{{sfn|Tipps|1985|p=438}}{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=189}}{{sfn|Erdkamp|2015|p=66}} Paling dipikaresep, pamasangan alat-alat ''corvus'' ngajadikeun kapal-kapal Romawi teu pantes. Sanggeus musibah ieu, catetan Romawi teu nyebutkeun deui pamakéan ''corvus''. {{sfn|Lazenby|1996|pp=112, 117}} == Sisilia 255-248 SM == {{Utama|Patempuran Panormus|Patempuran Drepana|Patempuran Phintias|Pengepungan Lilybaeum (250–241 SM)}} [[Gambar:Attacksrenewed_(dipotong).JPG|jmpl|Serangan Romawi ti 253 nepi ka 251 SM]] Sanggeus kaleungitan kalolobaan kapalna dina badai taun 255 SM, urang Romawi gancang ngawangun deui armadana ku tambahan 220 kapal anyar.{{sfn|Miles|2011|pp=189–190}}{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=114}}<nowiki> Dina 254 SM, pasukan Carthaginian narajang sarta ngarebut Akragas, tapi, teu yakin bisa ngajaga eta, ninggalkeun kota sanggeus eta kaduruk nepi ka taneuh jeung tembok diroboh. {{sfn|Lazenby|1996|pp =114–116, 169} }</nowiki>{{sfn|Rankov|2015|p=158}} Samentara éta, pasukan Romawi nyerang Sisilia tékad pikeun ngahontal kameunangan nu tangtu. Sakabéh armada Romawi, di handapeun komando dua konsul, raided Panormus saméméhna taun éta. Kota Panormus dikepung sareng diblokade, mesin pengepungan dipasang pikeun ngalanggar témbokna. Sanggeus tembok kota Panormus dilanggar, pasukan Romawi narajang pedalaman, ngarebut pinggiran kota, sarta dibantai wargana [[tanpa ampun]]. Wewengkon puseur dayeuh buru-buru pasrah. 14.000 warga Panormus anu boga duit nebus diri, sedengkeun 13.000 padumuk sésana dijual jadi budak. Kalolobaan hinterland kulon Sisilia urang éta dina kontrol Romawi. Boh [[Ietas]], [[Solous]], Petra, atawa [[Tyndaris]] neangan [[Perdamaian|perjangjian perdamaian]] jeung Roma.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=80}} Dina 253 SM, Roma sakali deui nyetél tetempoan na on Afrika, sarta nyieun sababaraha razia di dinya. Tina 220 kapal anu aranjeunna kumpulkeun, armada Romawi kaleungitan 150 ku badai nalika mulih ti nyerang basisir Afrika Kalér wétaneun Carthage. Républik Romawi ngawangun deui armadana.{{sfn|Miles|2011|pp=189–190}} Taun saterusna, Roma malikeun perhatian ka Sisilia barat laut. Ekspedisi laut dikirim ka [[Lilybaeum]]. Dina jalan ka tujuanana, pasukan Romawi junun nangkep jeung ngaduruk Karthaginian [[Selinunte|Selinous]] jeung [[Heraclea Minoa]], tapi ahirna maranéhna gagal ngarebut Lilybaeum, udagan utama maranéhanana. Dina 252 SM pasukan Romawi nangkep Thermae jeung Lipara nu geus diisolasi saprak Panormus murag ka aranjeunna, tapi dihindari tarung dina 252 jeung 251 SM. Numutkeun Polybius, pasukan Romawi teu wani nyanghareupan gajah perang anu dibawa ku kapal Carthaginian ku kapal ka Sisilia.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=118}}<nowiki>{{sfn|Rankov|2015|p=159} } [[Koropak:C._Caecilius_Metellus_Caprarius,_denarius,_125_BC,_RRC_269-1.jpg|alt=|kénca|jempol|jejeg=|Kaluaran Denarius </nowiki>[[Gaius Caecilius Metellus Caprarius]], dicitak taun 125 SM, mintonkeun gambar na , [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus (konsul taun 251 SM)|Lucius Caecilius Metellus]], jeung gajah-gajah nu direbut dina [[Patempuran Panormus|Panormus]].{{sfn|Crawford|1974|p=292, 293}} ] ] Nepi ka ahir usum panas taun 251 SM,{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=93}} jenderal Carthaginian Hasdrubal{{snd}}anu tarung ngalawan Regulus di Afrika{{snd}}ngadangu yen salah sahiji konsul geus ninggalkeun Sisilia méakkeun usum kalawan satengah tentara-Na. Anjeunna mingpin tentara Carthaginian nuju Panormus sarta ngancurkeun désa sabudeureunana.{{sfn|Rankov|2015|p=159}}{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=169}}{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=82}} Prajurit Romawi anu ditugaskeun pikeun ngumpulkeun panén langsung ngungsi ka kota Panormus. Hasdrubal ngagerakkeun sabagéan ageung pasukanana, kalebet gajah, pikeun ngadeukeutan témbok kota Panormus. Komandan Romawi, [[Lucius Caecilius Metellus (konsul taun 251 SM)|Lucius Caecilius Metellus]], ngirimkeun pasukan pemukul pikeun ngaganggu pasukan Carthaginian. Javelin anu dianggo ku prajurit perang dicandak tina cadangan lembing anu tos lami disimpen di kota. [[Benteng|gundukan taneuh]] sabudeureun Panormus, diadegkeun nalika pasukan Romawi ngepung kota, ngajadikeun gajah perang hésé ngadeukeutan témbok kota. Disiram ku lembing tanpa bisa neunggeul deui, gajah-gajah nyemprung ngaliwatan prajurit suku Carthaginian di tukangeunana. Metellus lajeng mobilized awak badag prajurit Romawi narajang sarta paburencay flank kénca Carthaginian. Prajurit Carthaginian tungtungna bubar sareng kabur. Sanajan néwak sapuluh gajah, Metellus teu ngidinan Romawi pikeun moro prajurit musuh.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|pp=82–83}} Sumber-sumber kontemporer teu nangtukeun karugian anu ditanggung ku dua pihak, sarta sejarawan modern ngabantah akun. ti sumber saterusna yén Carthaginians kaleungitan 20.000 nepi ka 30.000 pasukan.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=93–94}} [[Gambar:Attacksrenewed2_(dipotong).JPG|jmpl|Serangan Romawi ti 250 nepi ka 249 SM]] Kameunangan di Panormus ngajurung pasukan Romawi pikeun nyerang kota Lilybaeum, pangkalan utama Carthage di pulo Sisilia. Dina 249 SM, hiji tentara badag prajurit Romawi di handapeun [[Publius Claudius Pulcher (konsul taun 249 SM)|Publius Claudius Pulcher]] jeung [[Lucius Junius Pullus (konsul taun 249 SM)|Lucius Junius Pullus]], konsul- konsul anu nyandak kantor taun éta, ieu deployed ngurilingan kota Lilybaeum. 200 kapal milik armada Romawi anyar dikerahkan pikeun ngablokir palabuhan.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=190}} Nalika blokade anyar dimimitian, 50 quinqueremis Carthaginian ditempatkeun di perairan lepas [[Kapuloan Aegates]] , {{convert|15|-|40|km|0|abbr=off}} di kuloneun Sisilia. Salaku angin barat ngangkat, kapal Carthaginian rode arah Lilybaeum unhindered ku kapal blokade Romawi, sarta unloaded jumlah badag pasukan jeung suplai. Kapal-kapal lésot kaluar ti palabuhan peuting, ngangkut pasukan kuda Carthaginian ti Sisilia.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=117}}{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=85}} Bangsa Romawi nutup jalur darat nuju Lilybaeum sareng kemah anu dikuatkeun tina gundukan bumi sareng pager kai. Maranéhna rék nutup lawang palabuan ku [[halangan]] kai, tapi arus jeung ombak ngahalangan éta. kapal, nyaéta quinqueremis- quinqueremis nu lincah jeung lincah dimanuver jeung diawaki ku [[Pilot boat|pilot]]. {{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=117–118}} Pulcher mutuskeun pikeun nyerang armada Carthaginian nu ieu anchored di Drepana (ayeuna Trapani), teu jauh ti Lilybaeum. Kapal-kapal Romawi balayar kaluar peuting dina serangan reuwas, tapi paburencay dina gelap. Laksamana [[Adherbal (admiral)|Adherbal]] junun ngalungkeun kapal Carthaginian ka laut sateuacan kajebak di palabuhan, sareng males serangan armada Romawi dina [[Patempuran Drepana]]. Saatos kadorong ka darat sareng dinten perang sengit, armada Romawi tungtungna dielehkeun ku kapal Carthaginian, anu langkung lincah dina manuver sareng diurus ku pelaut berpengalaman. Kameunangan di Drepana nyaéta nu panggedéna pikeun armada Carthaginian dina mangsa Perang Punic Kahiji.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=117–121}} Urang Carthaginians balik pikeun nyerang, sarta meunang deui kameunangan longsor ngalawan armada Romawi dina [ [Patempuran Phintias] ], tapi teu bisa miceun bangsa Romawi ti cai.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|pp=88–91}} Ngan tujuh taun ti harita Roma bisa deui ngencarkeun armada anu cukup kuat. , Samentawis di Carthage parantos ngeureunkeun panggunaan seueur kapal kapalna pikeun nyalametkeun sareng ngabebaskeun awak.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=121–122}}{{sfn|Rankov|2015|p=163}} == Tungtung == {{Utama|Kepungan Drepana|Kepungan Lilybaeum (250 SM)|Patempuran Kapuloan Aegates}} [[Koropak:CILI(2)p47fgtXXFastitriumphales.jpg|kénca|jempol|jejeg=1|Sesa-sésa [[Fasti Triumphales]], prasasti-prasasti nu ngandung ngaran sakabéh [[Pawai meunangna (Romawi Kuna)|Komandan Romawi nu meunang perang]]]]] Dina 248 SM, ngan dua kota di Sisilia anu masih dikawasa ku Carthage, nyaéta Lilybaeum jeung [[Drepana]]. Duanana ditangtayungan ku benteng-benteng anu kuat sarta ayana di basisir kulon, sangkan suplai jeung pasukan ngagantian bisa dikirim tanpa dihalang-halang ku pasukan Romawi unggul di darat.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|pp=64–66}}<nowiki>{ {sfn |Goldsworthy|2006|pp=94–95}} Nalika </nowiki>[[Hamilcar Barca]]<nowiki>{{#tag:ref|Hamilcar Barca nyaéta [[Hannibal] bapana].</nowiki>{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=165}} }|group=information}} dipercayakeun maréntahkeun tentara Carthaginian di Sisilia dina 247 SM, anjeunna dipercayakeun ngan hiji tentara leutik prajurit, sarta kapal tina armada Carthaginian ditarik hiji-hiji. Permusuhan antara tentara Romawi jeung Carthaginian diréduksi jadi operasi militér leutik di darat, luyu jeung strategi Carthaginian. Hamilcar nerapkeun taktik [[Panangan gabungan|elemen tempur ngahiji]] dina ngaluncurkeun [[strategi Fabius]] ti pangkalanna di [[Eryx (Sisilia)|Eryx]], kaléreun Drepana. Perang [[Perang gerilya|gerilya]] ieu ngajaga pasukan Romawi ka tempatna sangkan Carthage bisa ngajaga ayana diwilayahna di Sisilia.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=144}}{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|pp=92–94}}{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=95}} Sanggeus leuwih ti 20 taun perang, kamampuhan waragad duanana nagara sarta jumlah pasukan tungtungna turun.{{sfn|Bringmann|2007|p=127}} Salah sahiji bukti kasusah finansial nyanghareupan Carthage nyaéta aplikasi pikeun injeuman. tina 2.000 talenta pérak{{#tag:ref|2.000 talenta pérak kira-kira sarua {{convert|51|lt|kg|disp=flip|abbr=off}} pérak.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p =158}}|group=remarks}} maranéhna banding ka [[Karajaan Ptolemaic|Karajaan Ptolemaic Mesir]] tapi teu dikabulkeun.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=92}} Roma oge di ambang [[standar nasional|bangkrut]]. Sajaba ti éta, populasi lalaki sawawa, kontributor sumber daya manusa pikeun angkatan laut jeung pasukan Romawi, turun ku 17 persén saprak perang peupeus.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=91}} Numutkeun Adrian Goldsworthy, nu turunna jumlah SDM di Républik Indonésia Roma geus ngahontal tingkat "jero pikahariwangeun".{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=131}} Nepi ka ahir taun 243 SM, majelis sesepuh Romawi mutuskeun pikeun ngawangun armada anyar sabab sadar yén pasukan Romawi ngan ukur tiasa ngarebut Drepana sareng Lilybaeum upami blokade ogé dilaksanakeun dina cai.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=195}} Alatan kas kaayaan ieu thinning, déwan sesepuh narékahan pikeun pangadilan jalma beunghar di Roma. Unggal jalma jegud dipénta pikeun ngabiayaan pangwangunan hiji kapal. Dana aranjeunna tuang kaluar bakal reimbursed sanggeus pamaréntah narima [[parotries]] pangmayaran nu bakal kapaksa on Carthage sakali perang dimeunangkeun. Inisiatif ieu ngahasilkeun armada anyar kira-kira 200 quinqueremis anu diwangun, dilengkepan jeung diawaskeun tanpa ngaluarkeun duit nagara.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=49}} Pikeun nyieun kapal armada anyar ieu, Romawi. nuturkeun conto selop blokade kualitas alus teuing anu aranjeunna junun ngarebut ti Carthaginians.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=195}} Bangsa Romawi dina waktu éta ngalaman pangalaman ngawangun kapal, sarta ku niru kapal anu kualitasna alus. Teu diragukeun, kapal quinqueremis kualitas luhur dihasilkeun.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=124}} Kapal-kapal anyar ieu teu dilengkepan deui ku ''corvus'' sangkan leuwih gancang jeung leuwih lincah dina gerakna,{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=195}} tapi kusabab kitu taktik tempur kudu dirobah. Pikeun ngéléhkeun urang Carthaginians, maranéhna kudu jadi pelaut unggulan, tinimbang prajurit darat unggul.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=150}}<nowiki>{{sfn|Casson|1991|p=150} }</nowiki>{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=95}} The Carthaginians ngawangun anyar, armada gedé pikeun dipaké pikeun ngirim suplai ka Sisilia, sarta engké bakal imah lolobana pasukan tentara Carthaginian di Sisilia anu bakal empowered salaku seamen. Armada anyar ieu dicegat ku armada Romawi dina kapamimpinan [[Gaius Lutatius Catulus]] jeung [[Quintus Valerius Falto]]. Dina tarung sengit di perairan Kapuloan Aegates, prajurit Romawi anu dilatih leuwih alus bisa ngéléhkeun armada Carthaginian, anu kawates jeung kurang dilatih.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=196}}{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=96}} Sanggeus unggul dina perang angkatan laut ieu sacara unanimously, urang Romawi nuluykeun operasi darat di Sisilia dina usaha pikeun ngarebut Lilybaeum jeung Drepana.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=125–126}} Déwan sesepuh Carthaginian nampik ngaluarkeun sumber daya -sumber daya anu diperlukeun pikeun ngawangun sareng ngadamel armada énggal.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=97}} Aranjeunna malah maréntahkeun Hamilcar pikeun milarian rundingan damai sareng Roma. Hamilcar ngadelegasikeun ieu tugas ka bawahanna, [[Gisco (d. 239 SM)|Gisco]].{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|p=97}}{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=157}} The peace ceramah réngsé ku nandatanganan [[Perjangjian Lutatius]] nu mungkas Perang Punic Kahiji. Urang Carthaginians diwajibkeun geuwat ninggalkeun Sisilia, nyerahkeun sakabéh tawanan anu dicandak nalika perang, sareng mayar di cicilan bayaran [[indemnity]] 3.200 talents pérak{{#tag:ref|3.200 talents pérak. kira-kira sarua jeung {{#tag:ref| {{convert|81|lt|kg|disp=flip|abbr=off}} pérak.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=158}}|group=remark}} dina jero sapuluh taun.{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=196}} == Pasca Perang == [[Koropak:Perang Punic Kahiji 237 SM.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Daérah warna pink nyaéta bagian tina Carthage anu diserahkeun ka Roma dina perjangjian perdamaian]] Kusabab lumangsung 23 taun, Perang Punic Kahiji jadi perang pangpanjangna dina sajarah Romawi-Yunani, sarta perang laut pangbadagna dina sajarah Dunya Kuna.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=x}} Sanggeus perang, Carthage diusahakeun ulah mayar gajih tentara urang - prajurit asing anu geus ngagabung tarung. [[Perang Upah|Prajurit Asing ahirna barontak]], sarta loba golongan jalma nu teu sugema kana pamaréntahan ngagabung.{{sfn|Bagnall|1999|pp=112–114}}{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=133–134}}{{sfn|Hoyos|2000|p=371}} Sanggeus loba usaha, pamaréntahan Carthaginian ahirna bisa maéhan pemberontakan ieu ku cara anu cukup kejam. Dina 237 SM, Carthage siap ngajalankeun ekspedisi militér pikeun ngarebut deui pulo Sardinia, nu geus murag ka pemberontak.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=135}}{{sfn|Miles|2011|pp=209, 212 –213}} Républik Romawi sacara sinis ngumumkeun yén gerakan Carthaginian dianggap tindakan perang. Pikeun mulangkeun katengtreman, Carthage wajib nyerahkeun Sardinia jeung Korsika sarta mayar tambahan indemnity 1.200 talents pérak.{{#tag:ref|1.200 talents pérak kurang leuwih {{convert|30|lt|kg|disp= flip| abbr=off}} pérak.{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=158}}|group=remark}} Béak perang salila 30 taun, Carthage mutuskeun pikeun nurut kana tungtutan Roma tinimbang balik deui kana konflik. Pangmayaran tambahan sarta sékrési Sardinia jeung Corsica dijieun artikel anyar dina perjangjian karapihan nu disaluyuan ku dua nagara.{{sfn|Sidwell|Jones|1997|p=16}}{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=175}} Aksi- kalakuan Roma ieu nganyenyeri Carthage, tinimbang nyerah sakumaha anu dikira Roma, sareng dianggap salah sahiji faktor anu nyababkeun wabah [[Perang Punik II]].{{sfn|Lazenby|1996|p=175}} Kapamingpinan Hamilcar Barca anu pinunjul dina usaha pikeun ngancurkeun pemberontakan asing sareng kelompok pemberontak Afrika ningkatkeun darajat sareng kakawasaan kulawarga [[Kulawarga Barqa|Barca]]. Dina 237 SM, Hamilcar mingpin ékspédisi militér anu tujuanana pikeun ngalegaan kadaulatan Carthaginian di wewengkon kidul [[Iberia Carthage|Iberia]] (ayeuna [[Spanyol]]). Loba prajurit di pasukan ekspedisi militér éta urut pasukan na dina Perang Punic Kahiji. Salila 20 taun ka hareup, kiduleun Iberia jadi sajenis semi-otonom [[fief]]<nowiki> kulawarga Barça ogé supplier sabagian gedé pérak anu dikirim ka Roma minangka reparasi.{{sfn|Collins|1998 |p=13} }</nowiki>{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=152–155}} Pikeun Roma, ahir Perang Punic Kahiji ditandaan awal ékspansi na saluareun jazirah Italia. Pulo Sisilia jadi [[Sisilia (provinsi Romawi)|Provincia Sicilia]], jajahan Romawi munggaran ([[Propinsi Romawi|''provincia'']]) Roma. [[pretor]] pensiunan diangkat kapala administrasi régional. Satuluyna, Sisilia jadi wewengkon penting pikeun Roma, sabab éta [[Panyediaan gandum pikeun kota Roma|sumber suplai gandum]].{{sfn|Sidwell|Jones|1997|p=16}} [[Provincia Sardinia et Korsika|Sardinia jeung Korsika]] ngahiji jadi hiji "provincia" nu diparéntah ku pretor, sarta ogé dipaké salaku sumber suplai gandum, sanajan Roma kudu nyimpen hiji tentara badag di "provincia" salila sahenteuna tujuh taun, sabab pamaréntah kolonial kawalahan nyanghareupan pribumi anu teu diatur.{{sfn|Hoyos|2015|p=211}}{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|p=136}} [[Syracusa, Italia|Syracusa]] dilélér kamerdékaan nominal jeung sekutu saumur hirup status King Hiero II.{{sfn|Allen|Myers|1890|p=111}} Ti saprak meunangna Perang Punic Kahiji, Roma geus mecenghul minangka nagara nu boga kakuatan militér pangpunjulna di wewengkon Mediterania kulon, sarta laun-laun jadi punjul. di sakuliah wewengkon Mediterania .{{sfn|Miles|2011|p=213}}<nowiki> Bangsa Romawi ngawangun leuwih ti 1.000 galleys salila Perang Punic Kahiji. Pangalaman akumulasi dina commissioning, manning, latihan, supplying jeung ngajaga sajumlah badag kapal jadi pondasi kamulyaan maritim Roma salila 600 taun.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2006|pp=128–129, 357, 359–360} } Sanajan Perang Punic Kahiji geus réngsé, masih can écés nagara mana nu ngawasa Mediterania kulon, sarta nalika Carthage ngepung kota </nowiki>[[Saguntum]]<nowiki> nu ditangtayungan Romawi di Iberia wétan dina 218 SM, [[Perang Punic II] ] peupeus.{ {sfn|Collins|1998|p=13}}</nowiki> == Katerangan, rujukan, jeung sumber == === Katerangan === {{Review|group=caption|30em}} === Rujukan === {{reflist|20em}} === Sumber === {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=William|last2=Myers|first2=Philip Van Ness|author-link2=Philip van Ness Myers|title=Ancient History for Colleges and High Schools: Part II – A Short History of the Roman People|location=Boston|publisher=Ginn & Company|year=1890|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028286692|oclc=702198714}} * {{cite 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Wolters|location=Groningen|year=1956}} * {{cite book|last=Warmington|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Herbert Warmington|title=Carthage|url=https://archive.org/details/carthage0000warm_a5q6|publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc|year=1993|orig-year=1960|location=New York|isbn=978-1-56619-210-1}} {{refend}} === Bacaan lanjutan === * {{Cite journal|last=Biggs|first=T.|date=2017|title=Primus Romanorum: Origin Stories, Fictions of Primacy, and the First Punic War|journal=Classical Philology|volume=112|issue=3|pages=350–367|doi=10.1086/692606|issn=0009-837X|ref=none|s2cid=164526422}} * {{cite book|last=Dexter|first=Hoyos|date=1998|title=Unplanned Wars: The Origins of the First and Second Punic Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ja4fAAAAQBAJ&q=Unplanned+wars:+The+origins+of+the+First+and+Second+Punic+Wars|location=Berlin; New York|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-080835-3|ref=none}} * {{cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html|title=Historiai|last=Polibios|website=Situs Web Bill Thayer|publisher=Universitas Chicago|orig-year=''[[circa|ca.]]'' 167–118 Pramasehi|ref=none|date=2020|translator-last1=Paton|translator-first1=William Roger|translator-last2=Thayer|translator-first2=Bill|translator1-link=William Roger Paton|access-date=4 Mei 2020}} {{kotak navigasi Perang Punik}} {{Perang Romawi Kuno}} [[Katégori:264 SM]] <references group="description" /> <references group="remark" /> <references group="inpormasi" /> [[Kategori:Perang Punic I]] [[Kategori:Konflik taun 260-an SM]] [[Kategori:Konflik dina 250-an SM]] [[Kategori:Konflik taun 240-an SM]] [[Kategori:Abad ka-3 SM di Républik Romawi|Perang Punic 01]] [[Kategori:Abad ka-3 SM|Perang Punic 01]] [[Kategori:Perang Punic|.01]] [[Kategori:Perang ngalibetkeun Carthage]] [[Kategori:Perang anu ngalibatkeun Républik Romawi]] svoj6kapph2uvq3xpe8rchfxmdv8g4f 0 108803 729978 711958 2026-10-07T10:27:44Z Oceanmuse 22609 729978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Benteng Middelburg (Ambon) 04.jpg|jmpl|263x263px|Bénténg Middelburg]] '''Bénténg Middelburg''' nyaéta hiji benténg sajarah paninggalan jaman kolonial anu perenahna di [[Nagari Passo]], [[Baguala|Kacamatan Baguala]], [[Kota Ambon]], [[Maluku|Propinsi Maluku]]. Mimitina diwangun ku bangsa [[Portugal|Portugis]], ieu bénténg tuluy direbut tur dirénovasi ku pamaréntah [[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia Walanda]] (VOC) pikeun nguatkeun kadudukan militér jeung administrasi maranéhna di wewengkon Passo. Ayeuna, éta benténg boga status salaku salah sahiji cagar budaya tingkat Kota Ambon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ambon.tribunnews.com/2022/07/23/benteng-middelburg-di-negeri-passo-tak-terawat-rerumputan-tinggi-hingga-penuh-sampah|title=Benteng Middelburg di Negeri Passo Tak Terawat, Rerumputan Tinggi hingga Penuh Sampah|website=Tribunambon.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> == Sajarah == Sajarah ayana Bénténg Middelburg dimimitian dina awal abad ka-17. Ieu bénténg mimitina diadegkeun ku bangsa Portugis salaku tanda ayana sarta tarékah kontrol militér di wewengkon Passo. Kira-kira taun 1610, sairing jeung nguatna pangaruh ''Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie'' (VOC) di Maluku, ieu bénténg ragrag ka leungeun [[Walanda]] nalika maranéhna hasil asup ka Nagari Passo tur ngésér dominasi Portugis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://passo-ambon.digitaldesa.id/potensi/peninggalan-belanda-benteng-middleburg-di-negeri-passo|title=Peninggalan Belanda "Benteng Middleburg" di Negeri Passo|last=MARWA|first=RICHARDO ARNOLD|website=Website Resmi Negeri Passo|language=en|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> Dina mangsa kakawasaan Walanda, ieu bénténg ngalaman dua périodeu pangwangunan jeung rénovasi utama, yaéta:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://halong.digitaldesa.id/wisata/benteng-middelburg|title=Benteng Middelburg|last=TUPENALAY|first=STELLA G.|website=Website Resmi Negeri Halong|language=en|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> === Bénténg Passo I (''Blokhuis Middelburg'') === Pangwangunan faseu kahiji ieu lumangsung antara taun 1626 nepi ka 1674 dumasar kana paréntah Gubernur VOC di Ambon, [[Herman van Speult.]] Konstruksi awal ieu benténg ngandelkeun batu karang salaku bahan utamana. Nanging, akibat lini gedé anu narajang éta kawasan dina taun 1644 jeung 1674, struktur Bénténg Passo I ngalaman karuksakan parah. === Benténg Passo II === Salaku tindak lanjut tina éta karuksakan, Gubernur Hindia Walanda di Ambon, [[Robertus Padtbrugge]], ngainstruksikeun pangwangunan benténg anyar dina taun 1686 anu diwangun persis di luhureun tapak Bénténg Passo I. Dina fase kadua ieu, Walanda ngagunakeun batu bata salaku bahan matérial utamana sangkan struktur benténg jauh leuwih tohaga. Rénovasi jeung panguatan kadudukan ieu anggeus sapinuhna dina taun 1700. == Ditangtukeun jadi cagar budaya == == Référénsi == [[Kategori:WikiRempah]] [[Kategori:WikiRempah Bandung]] c72a7svim6j3j0m5i4cojjr8cvpyu5h 729979 729978 2026-10-07T10:28:20Z Oceanmuse 22609 729979 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Benteng Middelburg (Ambon) 04.jpg|jmpl|263x263px|Bénténg Middelburg]] '''Bénténg Middelburg''' nyaéta hiji benténg sajarah paninggalan jaman kolonial anu perenahna di [[Nagari Passo]], [[Baguala|Kacamatan Baguala]], [[Kota Ambon]], [[Maluku|Propinsi Maluku]]. Mimitina diwangun ku bangsa [[Portugal|Portugis]], ieu bénténg tuluy direbut tur dirénovasi ku pamaréntah [[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia Walanda]] (VOC) pikeun nguatkeun kadudukan militér jeung administrasi maranéhna di wewengkon Passo. Ayeuna, éta benténg boga status salaku salah sahiji cagar budaya tingkat Kota Ambon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ambon.tribunnews.com/2022/07/23/benteng-middelburg-di-negeri-passo-tak-terawat-rerumputan-tinggi-hingga-penuh-sampah|title=Benteng Middelburg di Negeri Passo Tak Terawat, Rerumputan Tinggi hingga Penuh Sampah|website=Tribunambon.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> == Sajarah == Sajarah ayana Bénténg Middelburg dimimitian dina awal abad ka-17. Ieu bénténg mimitina diadegkeun ku bangsa Portugis salaku tanda ayana sarta tarékah kontrol militér di wewengkon Passo. Kira-kira taun 1610, sairing jeung nguatna pangaruh ''Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie'' (VOC) di Maluku, ieu bénténg ragrag ka leungeun [[Walanda]] nalika maranéhna hasil asup ka Nagari Passo tur ngésér dominasi Portugis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://passo-ambon.digitaldesa.id/potensi/peninggalan-belanda-benteng-middleburg-di-negeri-passo|title=Peninggalan Belanda "Benteng Middleburg" di Negeri Passo|last=MARWA|first=RICHARDO ARNOLD|website=Website Resmi Negeri Passo|language=en|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> Dina mangsa kakawasaan Walanda, ieu bénténg ngalaman dua périodeu pangwangunan jeung rénovasi utama, yaéta:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://halong.digitaldesa.id/wisata/benteng-middelburg|title=Benteng Middelburg|last=TUPENALAY|first=STELLA G.|website=Website Resmi Negeri Halong|language=en|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> === Bénténg Passo I (''Blokhuis Middelburg'') === Pangwangunan faseu kahiji ieu lumangsung antara taun 1626 nepi ka 1674 dumasar kana paréntah Gubernur VOC di Ambon, [[Herman van Speult.]] Konstruksi awal ieu benténg ngandelkeun batu karang salaku bahan utamana. Nanging, akibat lini gedé anu narajang éta kawasan dina taun 1644 jeung 1674, struktur Bénténg Passo I ngalaman karuksakan parah. === Benténg Passo II === Salaku tindak lanjut tina éta karuksakan, Gubernur Hindia Walanda di Ambon, [[Robertus Padtbrugge]], ngainstruksikeun pangwangunan benténg anyar dina taun 1686 anu diwangun persis di luhureun tapak Bénténg Passo I. Dina fase kadua ieu, Walanda ngagunakeun batu bata salaku bahan matérial utamana sangkan struktur benténg jauh leuwih tohaga. Rénovasi jeung panguatan kadudukan ieu anggeus sapinuhna dina taun 1700. == Ditangtukeun jadi cagar budaya == Sanggeus ngaliwatan tahapan registrasi anu ngawengku pendaptaran, pangkajian, penetapan, pencatetan, jeung pamariksaan pangkat, tim ahli netepkeun 10 objék minangka cagar budaya di Kota Ambon. Penetapan éta dumasar kana Surat Kaputusan Walikota Ambon Nomor 802-811 Taun 2021 ngeunaan Benda Cagar Budaya. Penetapan éta jadi dasar pikeun Pamaréntah Kota Ambon dina ngatur cagar budaya di wewengkon Kota Ambon. Pangaturan cagar budaya ngalibetkeun pamaréntah jeung masarakat sarta bisa ngalibetkeun pihak séjén dina kagiatan pelestarian<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.tv/video/333569/yuk-intip-10-bangunan-situs-dan-benda-yang-ditetapkan-sebagai-cagar-budaya-kota-ambon|title=Yuk! Intip 10 Bangunan, Situs dan Benda yang Ditetapkan Sebagai Cagar Budaya Kota Ambon|website=Kompas.tv|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-07}}</ref> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:WikiRempah]] [[Kategori:WikiRempah Bandung]] tja27n460wzzpts43o4g450z3mt73r2 729980 729979 2026-10-07T10:30:01Z Oceanmuse 22609 729980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Benteng Middelburg (Ambon) 04.jpg|jmpl|263x263px|Bénténg Middelburg]] '''Bénténg Middelburg''' nyaéta hiji benténg sajarah paninggalan jaman kolonial anu perenahna di [[Nagari Passo]], [[Baguala|Kacamatan Baguala]], [[Kota Ambon]], [[Maluku|Propinsi Maluku]]. Mimitina diwangun ku bangsa [[Portugal|Portugis]], ieu bénténg tuluy direbut tur dirénovasi ku pamaréntah [[Hindia-Walanda|Hindia Walanda]] (VOC) pikeun nguatkeun kadudukan militér jeung administrasi maranéhna di wewengkon Passo. Ayeuna, éta benténg boga status salaku salah sahiji cagar budaya tingkat Kota Ambon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ambon.tribunnews.com/2022/07/23/benteng-middelburg-di-negeri-passo-tak-terawat-rerumputan-tinggi-hingga-penuh-sampah|title=Benteng Middelburg di Negeri Passo Tak Terawat, Rerumputan Tinggi hingga Penuh Sampah|website=Tribunambon.com|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> == Sajarah == Sajarah ayana Bénténg Middelburg dimimitian dina awal abad ka-17. Ieu bénténg mimitina diadegkeun ku bangsa Portugis salaku tanda ayana sarta tarékah kontrol militér di wewengkon Passo. Kira-kira taun 1610, sairing jeung nguatna pangaruh ''Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie'' (VOC) di Maluku, ieu bénténg ragrag ka leungeun [[Walanda]] nalika maranéhna hasil asup ka Nagari Passo tur ngésér dominasi Portugis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://passo-ambon.digitaldesa.id/potensi/peninggalan-belanda-benteng-middleburg-di-negeri-passo|title=Peninggalan Belanda "Benteng Middleburg" di Negeri Passo|last=MARWA|first=RICHARDO ARNOLD|website=Website Resmi Negeri Passo|language=en|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> Dina mangsa kakawasaan Walanda, ieu bénténg ngalaman dua périodeu pangwangunan jeung rénovasi utama, yaéta:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://halong.digitaldesa.id/wisata/benteng-middelburg|title=Benteng Middelburg|last=TUPENALAY|first=STELLA G.|website=Website Resmi Negeri Halong|language=en|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> [[Gambar:Benteng Middelburg (Ambon) 03.jpg|kiri|jmpl|300x300px|Sésa Benteng Middelburg di Negeri Passo, Baguala, Ambon, Maluku]] === Bénténg Passo I (''Blokhuis Middelburg'') === Pangwangunan faseu kahiji ieu lumangsung antara taun 1626 nepi ka 1674 dumasar kana paréntah Gubernur VOC di Ambon, [[Herman van Speult.]] Konstruksi awal ieu benténg ngandelkeun batu karang salaku bahan utamana. Nanging, akibat lini gedé anu narajang éta kawasan dina taun 1644 jeung 1674, struktur Bénténg Passo I ngalaman karuksakan parah. === Benténg Passo II === Salaku tindak lanjut tina éta karuksakan, Gubernur Hindia Walanda di Ambon, [[Robertus Padtbrugge]], ngainstruksikeun pangwangunan benténg anyar dina taun 1686 anu diwangun persis di luhureun tapak Bénténg Passo I. Dina fase kadua ieu, Walanda ngagunakeun batu bata salaku bahan matérial utamana sangkan struktur benténg jauh leuwih tohaga. Rénovasi jeung panguatan kadudukan ieu anggeus sapinuhna dina taun 1700. == Ditangtukeun jadi cagar budaya == Sanggeus ngaliwatan tahapan registrasi anu ngawengku pendaptaran, pangkajian, penetapan, pencatetan, jeung pamariksaan pangkat, tim ahli netepkeun 10 objék minangka cagar budaya di Kota Ambon. Penetapan éta dumasar kana Surat Kaputusan Walikota Ambon Nomor 802-811 Taun 2021 ngeunaan Benda Cagar Budaya. Penetapan éta jadi dasar pikeun Pamaréntah Kota Ambon dina ngatur cagar budaya di wewengkon Kota Ambon. Pangaturan cagar budaya ngalibetkeun pamaréntah jeung masarakat sarta bisa ngalibetkeun pihak séjén dina kagiatan pelestarian<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompas.tv/video/333569/yuk-intip-10-bangunan-situs-dan-benda-yang-ditetapkan-sebagai-cagar-budaya-kota-ambon|title=Yuk! Intip 10 Bangunan, Situs dan Benda yang Ditetapkan Sebagai Cagar Budaya Kota Ambon|website=Kompas.tv|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-07}}</ref> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:WikiRempah]] [[Kategori:WikiRempah Bandung]] f253xxkqjk8qbxf1wdrefouvdvssj4q 0 108809 729939 729936 2026-10-06T12:01:22Z Oceanmuse 22609 729939 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Benteng Barneveld.jpg|jmpl|Benteng Barnaveld]] '''Bénténg Barnaveld''' (ogé dipikawanoh ku ngaran lengkep ''Fort Oldebarneveld te Batjan op de Molukken'') nyaéta hiji bénténg sajarah paninggalan jaman kolonial anu perenahna di [[Pulo Bacan]], perenahna di Désa/Kalurahan [[Amasing Kota]], Kacamatan Bacan, [[Halmahera Kidul|Kabupatén Halmahera Kidul]], Propinsi Maluku Kalér.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Sejarah Benteng Barnaveld, Didirikan Portugis Lalu Direnovasi Belanda|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/10/07/170000579/sejarah-benteng-barnaveld-didirikan-portugis-lalu-direnovasi-belanda|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2023-10-07|access-date=2026-08-09|language=id|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Benteng-Barnaveld|title=Benteng Barnaveld » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktoripariwisata.id/unit/2967|title=Fort Bernaveld (Benteng Barnaveld)|website=direktoripariwisata.id|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> Lokasi situs sajarah ieu aya persis di gigireun katuhu wangunan paguron milik Yayasan Al Khairaat.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu bénténg mimitina didirikakeun ku bangsa [[Portugal|Portugis]] dina pertengahan abad ka-16, saméméh ahirna dikawasa ku Spanyol jeung dirénovasi sacara gedé-gedéan ku bangsa [[Walanda]].<ref name=":1" /> Sajarah Benteng Barneveld patali jeung paséa antara bangsa-bangsa Éropa dina perdagangan bungbu di Kapuloan Maluku. Dina taun 1558, Portugis ngawangun hiji bénténg di Labuha. Bénténg éta tuluy direbut ku Spanyol sanggeus maranéhna datang ka Bacan. Dina taun 1609, Laksamana Muda VOC Simon Hoen babarengan jeung Kasultanan Ternate ménta Spanyol pikeun nyerahkeun bénténg éta. Sanggeus aya di handapeun kakawasaan Walanda, bénténg direnovasi jeung dikuatkeun dumasar kana rarancang Simon Hoen, Louis Schot, jeung Jan Dirkjzoon. Dina tahap ieu, opat bastion diwangun sarta bénténg éta saterusna katelah Barneveld. == Référénsi == [[Kategori:WikiRempah]] [[Kategori:WikiRempah Bandung]] <references />{{Pondok}} m5sfcu1jgc5h8ipcgcv5r56m4xdc862 729940 729939 2026-10-06T12:37:47Z Oceanmuse 22609 729940 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Benteng Barneveld.jpg|jmpl|Benteng Barnaveld]] '''Bénténg Barnaveld''' (ogé dipikawanoh ku ngaran lengkep ''Fort Oldebarneveld te Batjan op de Molukken'') nyaéta hiji bénténg sajarah paninggalan jaman kolonial anu perenahna di [[Pulo Bacan]], perenahna di Désa/Kalurahan [[Amasing Kota]], Kacamatan Bacan, [[Halmahera Kidul|Kabupatén Halmahera Kidul]], Propinsi Maluku Kalér.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Sejarah Benteng Barnaveld, Didirikan Portugis Lalu Direnovasi Belanda|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/10/07/170000579/sejarah-benteng-barnaveld-didirikan-portugis-lalu-direnovasi-belanda|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2023-10-07|access-date=2026-08-09|language=id|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Benteng-Barnaveld|title=Benteng Barnaveld » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktoripariwisata.id/unit/2967|title=Fort Bernaveld (Benteng Barnaveld)|website=direktoripariwisata.id|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> Lokasi situs sajarah ieu aya persis di gigireun katuhu wangunan paguron milik Yayasan Al Khairaat.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu bénténg mimitina didirikakeun ku bangsa [[Portugal|Portugis]] dina pertengahan abad ka-16, saméméh ahirna dikawasa ku Spanyol jeung dirénovasi sacara gedé-gedéan ku bangsa [[Walanda]].<ref name=":1" /> Sajarah Benteng Barneveld patali jeung paséa antara bangsa-bangsa Éropa dina perdagangan bungbu di Kapuloan Maluku. Dina taun 1558, Portugis ngawangun hiji bénténg di Labuha. Bénténg éta tuluy direbut ku Spanyol sanggeus maranéhna datang ka Bacan. Dina taun 1609, Laksamana Muda VOC Simon Hoen babarengan jeung Kasultanan Ternate ménta Spanyol pikeun nyerahkeun bénténg éta. Sanggeus aya di handapeun kakawasaan Walanda, bénténg direnovasi jeung dikuatkeun dumasar kana rarancang Simon Hoen, Louis Schot, jeung Jan Dirkjzoon. Dina tahap ieu, opat bastion diwangun sarta bénténg éta saterusna katelah Barneveld. Dina mangsa pamaréntahan Gubernur Jéndral VOC Pieter Both, wangunan bénténg dikuatkeun deui. Tembokna dilapis ku kapur jeung batu, sedengkeun di bagian jero diwangun sababaraha rohangan pikeun ngarojong kagiatan para panghuni bénténg. Bentuk bénténg mangrupa pasagi kalayan opat bastion. Dina sababaraha bagian bastion masih aya mariem jeung lolongkrang pikeun nembak (embrasure). Tembok bénténg miboga jangkungna kira-kira opat méter jeung kandel kira-kira 60 séntiméter. == Référénsi == [[Kategori:WikiRempah]] [[Kategori:WikiRempah Bandung]] <references />{{Pondok}} dkdhwt0f0napwreixu2pfzpsmia1nt3 729941 729940 2026-10-06T12:38:04Z Oceanmuse 22609 729941 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Benteng Barneveld.jpg|jmpl|Benteng Barnaveld]] '''Bénténg Barnaveld''' (ogé dipikawanoh ku ngaran lengkep ''Fort Oldebarneveld te Batjan op de Molukken'') nyaéta hiji bénténg sajarah paninggalan jaman kolonial anu perenahna di [[Pulo Bacan]], perenahna di Désa/Kalurahan [[Amasing Kota]], Kacamatan Bacan, [[Halmahera Kidul|Kabupatén Halmahera Kidul]], Propinsi Maluku Kalér.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Sejarah Benteng Barnaveld, Didirikan Portugis Lalu Direnovasi Belanda|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/10/07/170000579/sejarah-benteng-barnaveld-didirikan-portugis-lalu-direnovasi-belanda|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2023-10-07|access-date=2026-08-09|language=id|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Benteng-Barnaveld|title=Benteng Barnaveld » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktoripariwisata.id/unit/2967|title=Fort Bernaveld (Benteng Barnaveld)|website=direktoripariwisata.id|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> Lokasi situs sajarah ieu aya persis di gigireun katuhu wangunan paguron milik Yayasan Al Khairaat.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu bénténg mimitina didirikakeun ku bangsa [[Portugal|Portugis]] dina pertengahan abad ka-16, saméméh ahirna dikawasa ku Spanyol jeung dirénovasi sacara gedé-gedéan ku bangsa [[Walanda]].<ref name=":1" /> Sajarah Benteng Barneveld patali jeung paséa antara bangsa-bangsa Éropa dina perdagangan bungbu di Kapuloan Maluku. Dina taun 1558, Portugis ngawangun hiji bénténg di Labuha. Bénténg éta tuluy direbut ku Spanyol sanggeus maranéhna datang ka Bacan. Dina taun 1609, Laksamana Muda VOC Simon Hoen babarengan jeung Kasultanan Ternate ménta Spanyol pikeun nyerahkeun bénténg éta. Sanggeus aya di handapeun kakawasaan Walanda, bénténg direnovasi jeung dikuatkeun dumasar kana rarancang Simon Hoen, Louis Schot, jeung Jan Dirkjzoon. Dina tahap ieu, opat bastion diwangun sarta bénténg éta saterusna katelah Barneveld. Dina mangsa pamaréntahan Gubernur Jéndral VOC Pieter Both, wangunan bénténg dikuatkeun deui. Tembokna dilapis ku kapur jeung batu, sedengkeun di bagian jero diwangun sababaraha rohangan pikeun ngarojong kagiatan para panghuni bénténg. Bentuk bénténg mangrupa pasagi kalayan opat bastion. Dina sababaraha bagian bastion masih aya mariem jeung lolongkrang pikeun nembak. Tembok bénténg miboga jangkungna kira-kira opat méter jeung kandel kira-kira 60 séntiméter. == Référénsi == [[Kategori:WikiRempah]] [[Kategori:WikiRempah Bandung]] <references />{{Pondok}} oprkfqcs96nk3dl1ze180t1fvs9amik 729942 729941 2026-10-06T14:03:28Z Oceanmuse 22609 729942 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Benteng Barneveld.jpg|jmpl|Benteng Barnaveld]] '''Bénténg Barnaveld''' (ogé dipikawanoh ku ngaran lengkep ''Fort Oldebarneveld te Batjan op de Molukken'') nyaéta hiji bénténg sajarah paninggalan jaman kolonial anu perenahna di [[Pulo Bacan]], perenahna di Désa/Kalurahan [[Amasing Kota]], Kacamatan Bacan, [[Halmahera Kidul|Kabupatén Halmahera Kidul]], Propinsi Maluku Kalér.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Sejarah Benteng Barnaveld, Didirikan Portugis Lalu Direnovasi Belanda|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/10/07/170000579/sejarah-benteng-barnaveld-didirikan-portugis-lalu-direnovasi-belanda|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2023-10-07|access-date=2026-08-09|language=id|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Benteng-Barnaveld|title=Benteng Barnaveld » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktoripariwisata.id/unit/2967|title=Fort Bernaveld (Benteng Barnaveld)|website=direktoripariwisata.id|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> Lokasi situs sajarah ieu aya persis di gigireun katuhu wangunan paguron milik Yayasan Al Khairaat.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu bénténg mimitina didirikakeun ku bangsa [[Portugal|Portugis]] dina pertengahan abad ka-16, saméméh ahirna dikawasa ku Spanyol jeung dirénovasi sacara gedé-gedéan ku bangsa [[Walanda]].<ref name=":1" /> Sajarah Benteng Barneveld patali jeung paséa antara bangsa-bangsa Éropa dina perdagangan bungbu di Kapuloan Maluku. Dina taun 1558, Portugis ngawangun hiji bénténg di Labuha. Bénténg éta tuluy direbut ku Spanyol sanggeus maranéhna datang ka Bacan. Dina taun 1609, Laksamana Muda VOC Simon Hoen babarengan jeung Kasultanan Ternate ménta Spanyol pikeun nyerahkeun bénténg éta. Sanggeus aya di handapeun kakawasaan Walanda, bénténg direnovasi jeung dikuatkeun dumasar kana rarancang Simon Hoen, Louis Schot, jeung Jan Dirkjzoon. Dina tahap ieu, opat bastion diwangun sarta bénténg éta saterusna katelah Barneveld.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/foto-news/d-4479927/potret-benteng-barnaveld-yang-jadi-rebutan-3-negara-eropa|title=Potret Benteng Barnaveld yang Jadi Rebutan 3 Negara Eropa|last=Pambudhy|first=Agung|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Dina mangsa pamaréntahan Gubernur Jéndral VOC Pieter Both, wangunan bénténg dikuatkeun deui. Tembokna dilapis ku kapur jeung batu, sedengkeun di bagian jero diwangun sababaraha rohangan pikeun ngarojong kagiatan para panghuni bénténg. Bentuk bénténg mangrupa pasagi kalayan opat bastion. Dina sababaraha bagian bastion masih aya mariem jeung lolongkrang pikeun nembak. Tembok bénténg miboga jangkungna kira-kira opat méter jeung kandel kira-kira 60 séntiméter.<ref name=":2" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:WikiRempah]] [[Kategori:WikiRempah Bandung]] <references />{{Pondok}} ezd231vefg4iyd81fd3yu8s4v08hd1i 729943 729942 2026-10-06T14:26:26Z Oceanmuse 22609 729943 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Benteng Barneveld.jpg|jmpl|Benteng Barnaveld]] '''Bénténg Barnaveld''' (ogé dipikawanoh ku ngaran lengkep ''Fort Oldebarneveld te Batjan op de Molukken'') nyaéta hiji bénténg sajarah paninggalan jaman kolonial anu perenahna di [[Pulo Bacan]], perenahna di Désa/Kalurahan [[Amasing Kota]], Kacamatan Bacan, [[Halmahera Kidul|Kabupatén Halmahera Kidul]], Propinsi Maluku Kalér.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Sejarah Benteng Barnaveld, Didirikan Portugis Lalu Direnovasi Belanda|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/10/07/170000579/sejarah-benteng-barnaveld-didirikan-portugis-lalu-direnovasi-belanda|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2023-10-07|access-date=2026-08-09|language=id|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Benteng-Barnaveld|title=Benteng Barnaveld » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktoripariwisata.id/unit/2967|title=Fort Bernaveld (Benteng Barnaveld)|website=direktoripariwisata.id|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> Lokasi situs sajarah ieu aya persis di gigireun katuhu wangunan paguron milik Yayasan Al Khairaat.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu bénténg mimitina didirikakeun ku bangsa [[Portugal|Portugis]] dina pertengahan abad ka-16, saméméh ahirna dikawasa ku Spanyol jeung dirénovasi sacara gedé-gedéan ku bangsa [[Walanda]].<ref name=":1" /> Sajarah Benteng Barneveld patali jeung paséa antara bangsa-bangsa [[Éropa]] dina perdagangan bungbu di Kapuloan [[Maluku]]. Dina taun 1558, Portugis ngawangun hiji bénténg di Labuha. Bénténg éta tuluy direbut ku Spanyol sanggeus maranéhna datang ka Bacan. Dina taun 1609, Laksamana Muda VOC Simon Hoen babarengan jeung Kasultanan Ternate ménta Spanyol pikeun nyerahkeun bénténg éta. Sanggeus aya di handapeun kakawasaan Walanda, bénténg direnovasi jeung dikuatkeun dumasar kana rarancang Simon Hoen, Louis Schot, jeung Jan Dirkjzoon. Dina tahap ieu, opat bastion diwangun sarta bénténg éta saterusna katelah Barneveld.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/foto-news/d-4479927/potret-benteng-barnaveld-yang-jadi-rebutan-3-negara-eropa|title=Potret Benteng Barnaveld yang Jadi Rebutan 3 Negara Eropa|last=Pambudhy|first=Agung|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Dina mangsa pamaréntahan Gubernur Jéndral VOC Pieter Both, wangunan bénténg dikuatkeun deui. Tembokna dilapis ku kapur jeung batu, sedengkeun di bagian jero diwangun sababaraha rohangan pikeun ngarojong kagiatan para panghuni bénténg. Bentuk bénténg mangrupa pasagi kalayan opat bastion. Dina sababaraha bagian bastion masih aya mariem jeung lolongkrang pikeun nembak. Tembok bénténg miboga jangkungna kira-kira opat méter jeung kandel kira-kira 60 séntiméter.<ref name=":2" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:WikiRempah]] [[Kategori:WikiRempah Bandung]] <references />{{Pondok}} nsy4sjo13sx7jl7pxhn0a414kdizn6x 729944 729943 2026-10-06T14:28:58Z Oceanmuse 22609 729944 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Benteng Barneveld.jpg|jmpl|Benteng Barnaveld]] '''Bénténg Barnaveld''' (ogé dipikawanoh ku ngaran lengkep ''Fort Oldebarneveld te Batjan op de Molukken'') nyaéta hiji bénténg sajarah paninggalan jaman kolonial anu perenahna di [[Pulo Bacan]], perenahna di Désa/Kalurahan [[Amasing Kota]], Kacamatan Bacan, [[Halmahera Kidul|Kabupatén Halmahera Kidul]], Propinsi Maluku Kalér.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Sejarah Benteng Barnaveld, Didirikan Portugis Lalu Direnovasi Belanda|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/10/07/170000579/sejarah-benteng-barnaveld-didirikan-portugis-lalu-direnovasi-belanda|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2023-10-07|access-date=2026-08-09|language=id|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Benteng-Barnaveld|title=Benteng Barnaveld » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktoripariwisata.id/unit/2967|title=Fort Bernaveld (Benteng Barnaveld)|website=direktoripariwisata.id|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> Lokasi situs sajarah ieu aya persis di gigireun katuhu wangunan paguron milik Yayasan Al Khairaat.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu bénténg mimitina didirikakeun ku bangsa [[Portugal|Portugis]] dina pertengahan abad ka-16, saméméh ahirna dikawasa ku Spanyol jeung dirénovasi sacara gedé-gedéan ku bangsa [[Walanda]].<ref name=":1" /> Sajarah Benteng Barneveld patali jeung paséa antara bangsa-bangsa [[Éropa]] dina perdagangan bungbu di Kapuloan [[Maluku]]. Dina taun 1558, Portugis ngawangun hiji bénténg di Labuha. Bénténg éta tuluy direbut ku Spanyol sanggeus maranéhna datang ka Bacan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disparbud.halmaheraselatankab.go.id/budaya/benteng-barnaveld-jejak-sejarah-kolonial-di-pulau-bacan-6a087dc3edc8b|title=Benteng Barnaveld, Jejak Sejarah Kolonial di Pulau Bacan|last=Selatan|first=Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kab Halmahera|website=Pesona Halsel - Dinas Pariwisata & Kebudayaan|language=Indonesian|accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Dina taun 1609, Laksamana Muda VOC Simon Hoen babarengan jeung Kasultanan Ternate ménta Spanyol pikeun nyerahkeun bénténg éta. Sanggeus aya di handapeun kakawasaan Walanda, bénténg direnovasi jeung dikuatkeun dumasar kana rarancang Simon Hoen, Louis Schot, jeung Jan Dirkjzoon. Dina tahap ieu, opat bastion diwangun sarta bénténg éta saterusna katelah Barneveld.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/foto-news/d-4479927/potret-benteng-barnaveld-yang-jadi-rebutan-3-negara-eropa|title=Potret Benteng Barnaveld yang Jadi Rebutan 3 Negara Eropa|last=Pambudhy|first=Agung|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Dina mangsa pamaréntahan Gubernur Jéndral VOC Pieter Both, wangunan bénténg dikuatkeun deui. Tembokna dilapis ku kapur jeung batu, sedengkeun di bagian jero diwangun sababaraha rohangan pikeun ngarojong kagiatan para panghuni bénténg. Bentuk bénténg mangrupa pasagi kalayan opat bastion. Dina sababaraha bagian bastion masih aya mariem jeung lolongkrang pikeun nembak. Tembok bénténg miboga jangkungna kira-kira opat méter jeung kandel kira-kira 60 séntiméter.<ref name=":2" /> Sabenerna mah, garan Benteng Barnaveld dicokot tina ngaran hiji kota di Walanda, nyaéta Barneveld anu aya di Propinsi Gelderland. Sanajan kitu, bénténg ieu lain diwangun ku pihak Walanda, tapi ku bangsa Portugis. <ref name=":2" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:WikiRempah]] [[Kategori:WikiRempah Bandung]] <references />{{Pondok}} 9j63lw3qfvmrajyei9hvrnfqvkofrph 729945 729944 2026-10-06T14:30:30Z Oceanmuse 22609 729945 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Benteng Barneveld.jpg|jmpl|Benteng Barnaveld]] '''Bénténg Barnaveld''' (ogé dipikawanoh ku ngaran lengkep ''Fort Oldebarneveld te Batjan op de Molukken'') nyaéta hiji bénténg sajarah paninggalan jaman kolonial anu perenahna di [[Pulo Bacan]], perenahna di Désa/Kalurahan [[Amasing Kota]], Kacamatan Bacan, [[Halmahera Kidul|Kabupatén Halmahera Kidul]], Propinsi Maluku Kalér.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Sejarah Benteng Barnaveld, Didirikan Portugis Lalu Direnovasi Belanda|url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2023/10/07/170000579/sejarah-benteng-barnaveld-didirikan-portugis-lalu-direnovasi-belanda|newspaper=KOMPAS.com|date=2023-10-07|access-date=2026-08-09|language=id|first=Kompas Cyber|last=Media}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Benteng-Barnaveld|title=Benteng Barnaveld » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direktoripariwisata.id/unit/2967|title=Fort Bernaveld (Benteng Barnaveld)|website=direktoripariwisata.id|accessdate=2026-08-09}}</ref> Lokasi situs sajarah ieu aya persis di gigireun katuhu wangunan paguron milik Yayasan Al Khairaat.<ref name=":0" /> Ieu bénténg mimitina didirikakeun ku bangsa [[Portugal|Portugis]] dina pertengahan abad ka-16, saméméh ahirna dikawasa ku Spanyol jeung dirénovasi sacara gedé-gedéan ku bangsa [[Walanda]].<ref name=":1" /> [[Gambar:Fort Oldebarneveld te Batjan, Molukken.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Lukisan nu nempokeun jaman harita di sabudureun benteng ]] Sajarah Benteng Barneveld patali jeung paséa antara bangsa-bangsa [[Éropa]] dina perdagangan bungbu di Kapuloan [[Maluku]]. Dina taun 1558, Portugis ngawangun hiji bénténg di Labuha. Bénténg éta tuluy direbut ku Spanyol sanggeus maranéhna datang ka Bacan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disparbud.halmaheraselatankab.go.id/budaya/benteng-barnaveld-jejak-sejarah-kolonial-di-pulau-bacan-6a087dc3edc8b|title=Benteng Barnaveld, Jejak Sejarah Kolonial di Pulau Bacan|last=Selatan|first=Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Kab Halmahera|website=Pesona Halsel - Dinas Pariwisata & Kebudayaan|language=Indonesian|accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Dina taun 1609, Laksamana Muda VOC Simon Hoen babarengan jeung Kasultanan Ternate ménta Spanyol pikeun nyerahkeun bénténg éta. Sanggeus aya di handapeun kakawasaan Walanda, bénténg direnovasi jeung dikuatkeun dumasar kana rarancang Simon Hoen, Louis Schot, jeung Jan Dirkjzoon. Dina tahap ieu, opat bastion diwangun sarta bénténg éta saterusna katelah Barneveld.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/foto-news/d-4479927/potret-benteng-barnaveld-yang-jadi-rebutan-3-negara-eropa|title=Potret Benteng Barnaveld yang Jadi Rebutan 3 Negara Eropa|last=Pambudhy|first=Agung|website=detiknews|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-06}}</ref> Dina mangsa pamaréntahan Gubernur Jéndral VOC Pieter Both, wangunan bénténg dikuatkeun deui. Tembokna dilapis ku kapur jeung batu, sedengkeun di bagian jero diwangun sababaraha rohangan pikeun ngarojong kagiatan para panghuni bénténg. Bentuk bénténg mangrupa pasagi kalayan opat bastion. Dina sababaraha bagian bastion masih aya mariem jeung lolongkrang pikeun nembak. Tembok bénténg miboga jangkungna kira-kira opat méter jeung kandel kira-kira 60 séntiméter.<ref name=":2" /> Sabenerna mah, garan Benteng Barnaveld dicokot tina ngaran hiji kota di Walanda, nyaéta Barneveld anu aya di Propinsi Gelderland. Sanajan kitu, bénténg ieu lain diwangun ku pihak Walanda, tapi ku bangsa Portugis. <ref name=":2" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:WikiRempah]] [[Kategori:WikiRempah Bandung]] <references />{{Pondok}} 3mwrhypyw2eanot0c8ua6pdfdaqwx90 0 108856 729953 712645 2026-10-06T22:07:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261006)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 729953 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komposer''' (atawa '''komponis''') nujul kana jalma anu nyerat notasi musik; sistem anu ngagambarkeun aura musik ngaliwatan panggunaan simbol-simbol tertentu, anu ngamungkinkeun [[musisi]] maénkeun catetan éta salaku [[musik]] anu diaransemen. Ieu anu ngabédakeun komposer sareng musisi anu improvisasi atanapi maénkeun alat musik. Istilah "komposer" atanapi "komponis" sering dianggo pikeun nujul kana musik tradisional Kulon, nyaéta [[musik klasik]]. Pikeun lagu-lagu umum sapertos musik populer, lagu rahayat sareng anu sanésna, istilah anu umum dianggo nyaéta panulis lagu sabab musik populer biasana ngabentuk hiji lagu sareng ogé kusabab skala notasi musikna anu alit, dibandingkeun sareng komposer [[musik klasik]] anu biasana dikaitkeun sareng komposisi ageung sapertos simfoni orkestra. Nanging, akhir-akhir ieu, kalolobaan ''[[panulis lagu]]'' musik anu populér disebut komposer. Tingkat bédana antara komposer sareng [[musisi]] ogé béda-béda. Bédana ieu sakapeung tiasa nyababkeun pangaruh négatif sapertos masalah [[hak cipta]] sareng kacenderungan pikeun ngahargaan interpretasi individu tina karya musik anu khusus. Contona, dina kamekaran musik klasik atawa [[opera]] di [[Éropa]], fungsi komposer mimitina mah teu dianggap penting dibandingkeun jeung fungsi pagelaran musik. == Bacaan salajengna == {{Commonscat|Composers}} * {{cite book |last1=Beckwith |first1=John |author-link1=John Beckwith (composer) |last2=Kasemets |first2=Udo |author-link2=Udo Kasemets |others=Foreword by Louis Applebaum |year=1961 |title=The Modern Composer and His World |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_Y0-ABS-856 |series=Heritage |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |jstor=10.3138/j.ctt15jjfcx }} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Blum |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Blum |year=2023 |orig-year=2001 |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |title=Composition |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06216 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000006216 }} * Borowiecki, Karol Jan; Kristensen, Martin Hørlyk; Law, Marc T. (2026). "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10887-026-09268-8 What's in a name? Dynasties, selection, and talent allocation among classical composers]". ''Journal of Economic Growth''. * {{cite journal |last=Mugmon |first=Matthew |date=November 2013 |title=Beyond the Composer-Conductor Dichotomy: Bernstein's Copland-Inspired Mahler Advocacy |journal=[[Music & Letters]] |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=606–627 |doi=10.1093/ml/gct131 |jstor=24547378 }} * {{cite journal |last=Everist |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Everist |date=2013 |title=Master and Disciple: Teaching the Composition of Polyphony in the Thirteenth Century |journal=Musica Disciplina |volume=58 |pages=51–71 |jstor=24429413 }} * {{cite book |last=Meyer |first=Leonard B. |author-link=Leonard B. Meyer |year=2010 |title=Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Patterns and Predictions in Twentieth-Century Culture |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-52144-2 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=8U2-_3iQb2wC}} }} * {{cite journal |last=Piotrowska |first=Anna G. |date=December 2007 |title=Modernist Composers and the Concept of Genius / Skladatelji Moderne i pojam genija |journal=International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=229–242 |jstor=25487527 }} * {{cite journal |last=Wegman |first=Rob C. |date=Autumn 1996 |title=From Maker to Composer: Improvisation and Musical Authorship in the Low Countries, 1450-1500 |journal=Journal of the American Musicological Society |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=409–479 |jstor=831769 |doi=10.2307/831769 }} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Williams |editor-first1=Justin A. |editor-last2=Williams |editor-first2=Katherine |year=2016 |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Singer-Songwriter |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_a6n6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-107-06364-8 }}<!--pp. 28, 294--> * {{cite book |last=Young |first=Toby |editor-last=Young |editor-first=Toby |year=2024 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Composition |chapter=Introduction |pages=1–18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-108-92373-6 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=q5oKEQAAQBAJ}} }} * {{cite book |last=Ziolkowski |first=Jan M. |author-link=Jan M. Ziolkowski |year=2018 |title=The Juggler of Notre Dame and the Medievalizing of Modernity |volume=4: Picture That: Making a Show of the Jongleur |chapter=1. The Composer |publisher=Open Book Publishers |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-01-329142-5 |jstor=j.ctv8d5t5s |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8d5t5s.4 }} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Komponis| ]] a9pvp95qdki3um06lpopnjm21pyxhyh 10 109133 729947 2026-10-06T20:32:01Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Subkaca dokuméntasi anyar 729947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subhalaman dokumentasi}} <!-- TAMBAHKAN KATEGORI DAN PRANALA ANTARBAHASA DI BAGIAN PALING BAWAH HALAMAN INI --> {{Intricate template}} Templat {{tl|Kotak info propinsi Indonésia}} merupakan templat kotak info yang didesain khusus untuk provinsi di Indonesia. Templat ini diturunkan {{tl|Infobox settlement}} dengan parameter yang di-''custom'' dengan tambahan fitur khusus seperti kode Kemendagri, dasar hukum pendirian, serta APBD dan pendapatan serta dana alokasi umum dan khusus. Juga ditambah dengan identitas daerah dan potensi adat istiadat. Selengkapnya lihat [[Wikipedia:ProyekWiki pembagian administratif Indonesia]]. Seluruh provinsi Indonesia diminta untuk menggunakan templat ini. == Penggunaan == === Sintaksis lengkap === * '''Penting''': Harap masukkan semua nilai numerik dengan cara mentah dan tidak diformat. Referensi dan {{tl|butuh rujukan}} perlu diberikan di parameter . Angka yang bukan "mentah" akan menghasilkan galat, karena akan otomatis terformat. * Kesalahan ekspresi juga dapat terjadi ketika parameter koordinat memiliki nilai, tetapi satu atau beberapa parameter koordinat kosong atau tidak valid. <syntaxhighlight lang="html" style="overflow:auto"> {{Kotak info propinsi Indonésia <!-- Nama, singkatan, serta transkripsi bahasa daerah --> |nama = |nama_asli = |nama_resmi = |bahasa_nama_asli = |alias = |settlement_type = |translit_lang1 = |translit_lang1_type = |translit_lang1_info = |translit_lang1_type1 = |translit_lang1_info1 = |translit_lang1_type2 = |translit_lang1_info2 = |translit_lang1_type3 = |translit_lang1_info3 = |translit_lang1_type4 = |translit_lang1_info4 = |translit_lang1_type5 = |translit_lang1_info5 = |translit_lang1_type6 = |translit_lang1_info6 = <!-- Foto panoramik, bendera, dan lambang --> |foto = |ukuran_foto = |alt_foto = |caption = |bendera = |lambang = |link_lambang = |logo = |link_logo = |ukuran logo = <!-- Etimologi, julukan, motto, dan himne daerah --> |etimologi = |julukan = |motto = |anthem = <!-- Peta dan koordinat --> |peta = |ukuran_peta = |alt_peta = |lintang = |bujur = <!-- Pendirian dan pembubaran --> |tanggal = |dasar_hukum = |hari_jadi = |dibubarkan = |pendiri = |dinamai_berdasarkan = <!-- Ibu kota dan satuan pemerintahan --> |ibukota = |kota_besar = |ref_jumlah_satuan_pemerintahan = |kabupaten = |kota = |kecamatan = |kelurahan = |desa = <!-- Politik dan pemerintahan --> |ref_pemerintahan = |jenis_pemerintahan = |badan_pemerintahan = |partai = |nama_wali_nanggroe = |nama_kepala_otorita = |nama_wakil_kepala_otorita= |nama_gubernur = |nama_wakil_gubernur = |nama_sekretaris_daerah = |nama_sekretaris_otorita= |nama_ketua_dprd = <!-- Luas --> |ref_luas = |luas = |luas_daratan = |luas_perairan = |persen_perairan = <!-- Ketinggian --> |ref_tinggi_maks = |tinggi_maks = |ref_tinggi_min = |tinggi_min = <!-- Penduduk dan demografi --> |ref_penduduk = |penduduk = |tahun_populasi = |peringkat_populasi = |kepadatan = |demonim = |ref_demografi = |agama = |bahasa = |ipm = <!-- Zona waktu --> |zona_waktu = |utc = <!-- Identifikasi --> |kode_pos = |kode_area = |GeoCode = |iso = |tnkb = |kode_kemendagri = |kode_bps = <!-- Keuangan daerah --> |total_apbd = |tahun_apbd = |pad = |dau = |dak = <!-- Identitas lain-lain --> |slogan = |lagu = |rumah = |senjata = |flora = |fauna = <!-- Pranala luar dan catatan kaki --> |website = |catatan_kaki = }} </syntaxhighlight> == Nama parameter dan deskripsi == {| class="wikitable" style="background: white" | colspan="3" style="background: orange; text-align: center;" | === Nama dan transkripsi === |- style="background: whitesmoke;" !Nama parameter !Penggunaan !Deskripsi |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''nama''' |optional |Nama provinsi (gunakan nama umum, tanpa awalan Provinsi). |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''nama_asli''' |optional |Nama dalam bahasa setempat. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''nama_resmi''' |optional |Nama resmi provinsi sesuai undang-undang yang menjadi dasar hukum pendirian. Jika sama dengan {{Para|nama}}, maka parameter ini ''tidak'' diisi. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''bahasa_nama_asli''' |optional |Gunakan [[List of ISO 639-1 codes|kode ISO 639-1]], contoh "su" untuk bahasa Sunda. Jika lebih dari satu nama dalam bahasa, gunakan {{tl|lang}}, alih-alih. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''nama_lain''' |optional |Nama lain atau nama sebelumnya dari daerah tersebut, misalnya Aceh dahulu bernama "Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam". |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''settlement_type''' |optional |Jenis provinsi, jika menggunakan sistem khusus. Nilai bawaan akan berbunyi "Provinsi". Diisi dengan "ibukota", "daerah istimewa", atau "otsus" |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Transliterasi bahasa daerah |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''translit_lang1''' |optional |Transkripsi bahasa yang digunakan jika hanya satu, atau dapat diisi dengan "bahasa daerah" jika lebih dari satu. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''translit_lang1_type''' '''translit_lang1_type1''' sampai '''translit_lang1_type6''' |optional |Diisi dengan jenis aksara yang digunakan untuk menulis nama provinsi tersebut. Misal "Hanacaraka" atau "aksara Bali" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''translit_lang1_info''' '''translit_lang1_info1''' sampai '''translit_lang1_info6''' |optional |Diisi dengan nilai yang bersangkutan. Misal, ꦗꦮꦠꦼꦔꦃ |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan="3" style="background: orange; text-align: center;" | === Gambar, julukan, dan motto === |- style="background: whitesmoke;" !Nama parameter !Penggunaan !Deskripsi |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Gambar panorama |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''foto''' |optional |Foto panoramik atau foto dari beberapa potensi yang dimiliki daerah. Untuk kolase gunakan {{Tl|photomontage}} atau {{Tl|multiple image}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''ukuran_foto''' |optional |Ukuran foto panoramik. Sangat membantu apabila pengguna ingin membuat kotak info yang lebih lebar; ukuran harus dalam satuan '''px''', misal 250px. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''alt_foto''' |optional |Teks alternatif untuk membantu pembaca dengan gangguan penglihatan. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''caption''' |optional |Akan menghasilkan takarir untuk foto panoramik |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Bendera dan lambang daerah |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''bendera''' |optional |Gambar bendera |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''lambang''' |optional |Gambar lambang daerah |- |'''link_lambang''' |optional |Pranala ke artikel bertopik lambang |- |'''logo''' |optional |Gambar logo daerah (untuk daerah tertentu yang tidak memakai lambang) |- |'''link_logo''' |optional |Pranala ke artikel bertopik logo |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Julukan dan motto |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''etimologi''' |optional |asal usul nama |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''julukan''' |optional |julukan |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''motto''' |optional |motto daerah |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''anthem''' |optional |judul himne daerah jika ada |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan="3" style="background: orange; text-align: center;" | === Peta dan koordinat === |- style="background: whitesmoke;" !Nama parameter !Penggunaan !Deskripsi |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Gambar peta |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''peta''' |optional |Gambar peta |- |'''ukuran_peta''' |optional |Ukuran gambar peta |- |'''alt_peta''' |optional |Teks alternatif untuk peta |- ! colspan="3" |Koordinat |- |'''lintang''' |optional |Koordinat lintang |- |'''bujur''' |optional |Koordinat bujur |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan="3" style="background: orange; text-align: center;" | === Lokasi, pendirian, ibu kota, jumlah satuan pemerintahan, pemerintah, dan pemimpinnya === |- style="background: whitesmoke;" !Nama parameter !Penggunaan !Deskripsi |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Pendirian dan pembubaran wilayah |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''tanggal''' |optional |Tanggal pembentukan provinsi |- |'''dasar_hukum''' |optional |Dasar hukum pembentukan provinsi seperti Undang-Undang atau Peraturan lain |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''hari_jadi''' |optional |Hari jadi provinsi, jika berbeda dengan tanggal pembentukannya |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''dibubarkan''' |optional |Tanggal pembubaran provinsi |- |'''pendiri''' |optional |Pendiri provinsi |- |'''dinamai_berdasarkan''' |optional |Jika nama daerah itu berasal dari nama tokoh misalnya, dapat digunakan. |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Ibu kota dan satuan pemerintahan di bawahnya |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''ibukota''' |optional |Ibu kota provinsi |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''kota_besar''' |optional |Kota besar lainnya |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''kota''' |optional |Jumlah kota |- |'''kabupaten''' |optional |Jumlah kabupaten |- |'''kecamatan''' |optional |Jumlah kecamatan atau satuan yang setara |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''desa''' |optional |Jumlah desa atau satuan yang setara |- |'''kelurahan''' |optional |Jumlah kelurahan |- |'''ref_jumlah_satuan_pemerintahan''' |optional |Referensi untuk jumlah satuan pemerintahan |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Pemerintahan |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''ref_pemerintahan''' |optional |Referensi pemerintahan, buka dan tutup dengan tag <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki>, gunakan {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''jenis_pemerintahan''' |optional |Contoh: Pemerintahan provinsi dengan otonomi khusus berlandaskan syariah ([[Aceh]]) |- |'''badan_pemerintahan''' |optional |Nomenklatur pemerintahan. Contoh: [[Pemerintah Aceh]]. |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''partai''' |optional |Partai politik gubernur atau pejabat eksekutif serupa |- |'''nama_wali_nanggroe''' |optional |Nama Wali Nanggroe (khusus Aceh) |- |'''nama_kepala_otorita''' |optional |Nama Kepala Otorita (khusus IKN) |- |'''nama_wakil_kepala_otorita''' |optional |Nama Wakil Kepala Otorita (khusus IKN) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''nama_gubernur''' |optional |Nama Gubernur |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''nama_wakil_gubernur''' |optional |Nama Wakil Gubernur |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''nama_sekretaris_daerah''' |optional |Nama Sekretaris Daerah |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''nama_ketua_dprd''' |optional |Nama Ketua DPRD |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan="3" style="background: orange; text-align: center;" | === Informasi geografis === |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan="3" |Bidang-bidang ini memiliki konversi satuan '''otomatis''' yang berarti bahwa jika nilai metrik yang dimasukkan, nilai imperial akan secara otomatis dikonversi. |- style="background: whitesmoke;" !Nama parameter !Penggunaan !Deskripsi |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Luas |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''ref_luas''' |optional |Referensi untuk luas, gunakan tag f<nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> mengapit templat referensi misalnya {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''luas''' |optional |Luas total dalam kilometer persegi—simbol: km². Harus diisi dalam '''format mentah''', tanpa koma atau tanda baca selain koma untuk memisahkan desimal. Otomatis akan menampilkan mil persegi jika area_total_sq_mi kosong |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''luas_daratan''' |optional |Luas daratan dalam kilometer persegi—simbol: km². Harus diisi dalam '''format mentah''', tanpa koma atau tanda baca selain koma untuk memisahkan desimal. Otomatis akan menampilkan mil persegi jika area_total_sq_mi kosong |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''luas_perairan''' |optional |Luas perairan dalam kilometer persegi—simbol: km². Harus diisi dalam '''format mentah''', tanpa koma atau tanda baca selain koma untuk memisahkan desimal. Otomatis akan menampilkan mil persegi jika area_total_sq_mi kosong |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''persen_perairan''' |optional |persentase perairan tanpa "%" |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Ketinggian |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''ref_tinggi_maks''' '''ref_tinggi_min''' |optional |Referensi untuk ketinggian |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''tinggi_maks''' '''tinggi_min''' |optional |Digunakan untuk menunjukkan ketinggian maksimum dan minimum tempat, alih-alih nilai tunggal. |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan="3" style="background: orange; text-align: center;" | === Populasi dan demografi === |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan="3" |Bidang ini memiliki '''konversi satuan otomatis ganda''' yang berarti bahwa jika hanya nilai metrik yang dimasukkan, nilai imperial akan secara otomatis dikonversi dan sebaliknya. Jika pengguna ingin mengabaikan konversi otomatis, misal jika sumber memberikan metrik dan imperial atau jika rentang nilai diperlukan, mereka dapat memasukkan kedua nilai di bidangnya masing-masing. Untuk menghitung kepadatan per luas total secara otomatis, dapat diabaikan. |- style="background: whitesmoke;" !Nama parameter !Penggunaan !Deskripsi |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Populasi |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''ref_penduduk''' |optional |Referensi populasi, ditempatkan dalam tag <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki> |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''penduduk''' |optional |Populasi aktual (lihat di bawah untuk perkiraan) dalam digit saja (tanpa tanda baca apapun). |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''tahun_populasi''' |optional |Tahun sensus populasi |- |'''peringkat_populasi''' |optional |Peringkat populasi terhadap nasional |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''kepadatan''' |optional |Kepadatan penduduk |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''demonim''' |optional |Demonim dari wilayah tersebut, contohnya "Liverpudlian" untuk [[Liverpool]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Demografi (bagian 1) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''ref_demografi''' |optional |Referensi pada demografi bagian 1, ditempatkan dalam <nowiki><ref> </ref></nowiki>, gunakan misalnya {{tl|Cite web}} |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''agama''' |optional |Agama yang dianut oleh masyarakat berdasarkan persentasenya |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''bahasa''' |optional |Bahasa yang dipertuturkan oleh masyarakat |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''ipm''' |optional |Indeks Pembangunan Manusia |- style="vertical-align:top;" | colspan="3" style="background: orange; text-align: center;" | === Informasi lain === |- style="background: whitesmoke;" !Nama parameter !Penggunaan !Deskripsi |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Zona waktu |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''zona_waktu''' |optional |Isi dengan WIB, WITA, atau WIT |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''utc''' |optional |Teks biasa, misalnya "+05:00" atau "-08:00". Otomatis dipranalakan, dan jangan direferensikan. |- ! colspan="3" |Identifikasi |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''kode_pos''' |optional |Kode pos |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''kode_area''' |optional |Kode telepon |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''iso''' |optional |Lihat [[ISO 3166-2:ID]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''geocode''' |optional |GeoCode |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''tnkb''' |optional |Lihat [[Tanda Nomor Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia]] |- |'''kode_kemendagri''' |optional |Kode Kemendagri, di-''generate'' otomatis dengan Wikidata |- |'''kode_bps''' |optional |Kode BPS |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Keuangan daerah |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''total_apbd''' '''tahun_apbd''' |optional |Total [[Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah|APBD]] beserta tahunnya, harap dikutip |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''pad''' |optional |Total [[Pendapatan Asli Daerah]] berdasarkan tahun, harap dikutip |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''dau''' |optional |Total [[Dana Alokasi Umum]] berdasarkan tahun, harap dikutip |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''dak''' |optional |Total [[Dana Alokasi Khusus]] berdasarkan tahun, harap dikutip |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Informasi lain |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''slogan''' |optional |Slogan pariwisata (jika ada) |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''lagu''' |optional |Judul lagu daerah (bukan lagu populer) yang berasal dari provinsi tersebut |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''rumah''' |optional |Rumah adat dari provinsi tersebut. Contoh: [[Julang Ngapak]] |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''senjata''' |optional |Nama senjata tradisional dari daerah tersebut |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''flora''' |optional |Flora resmi |- |'''fauna''' |optional |Fauna resmi |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! colspan="3" style="background: #DDDDDD;" |Situs web dan catatan kaki |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''website''' |optional |Pranala luar ke situs resmi daerah, harap gunakan {{Tl|URL}}<nowiki>, sehingga: {{URL|contoh.go.id}}</nowiki> |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''catatan_kaki''' |optional |Catatan kaki tambahan, jika ada |}<!-- End of parameter name/description table --> == Contoh penggunaan == {{Kotak info propinsi Indonésia | nama = Jawa Tengah | nama resmi = Jawa Tengah | motto = [[Bahasa Jawa|Jawa]]: ''Prasêtyå Ulah Sakti Bhakti Pråjå''<br/>꧋ꦥꦿꦱꦼꦠꦾꦲꦸꦭꦃꦱꦏ꧀ꦠꦶꦧꦏ꧀ꦠꦶꦥꦿꦗ꧉<br/>([[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]]: "Berjanji akan berusaha keras dan setia terhadap negara") | foto = {{photomontage |photo1a=Borobudur Temple.jpg |photo2a=Candi Sewu viewed from the south, 23 November 2013.jpg |photo2b=Kori Kamandungan Karaton Surakarta.jpg |photo3a=Baturraden overview from bridge, Purwokerto, 2015-03-23.jpg |photo3b=Java - Dieng Plateau - 006 (8639079016).jpg |photo4a=Lawang sewu (2013).jpg |photo4b=Slamet & Serayu, Watu Meja,.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 1 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} | caption = Dari atas searah jarum jam: [[Candi Borobudur]], [[Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat]], [[Telaga Warna (Dieng)|Telaga Warna]] di [[Dieng]], [[Sungai Serayu]], [[Lawang Sewu]], [[Lokawisata Baturraden|Baturraden]], [[Candi Sewu]]. | bendera = Flag of Central Java.svg | lambang = Coat of arms of Central Java.svg | peta = Central Java in Indonesia.svg | koordinat = 8º 30' - 5º 40' [[Lintang Selatan|LS]]{{br}}108º 30' - 111º 30' [[Bujur Timur|BT]] (termasuk [[Kepulauan Karimunjawa]]) | tanggal = [[15 Agustus]] [[1950]] | dasar hukum = UU No. 10 Tahun 1950 | ibukota = [[Berkas:Seal of the City of Semarang.svg|20px]] [[Kota Semarang]] | nama gubernur = [[Ganjar Pranowo]] | nama wakil gubernur = [[Taj Yasin Maimoen]] | nama ketua DPRD = [[Bambang Kusriyanto]] | nama sekretaris daerah = Sumarno | luas = 32800,69 | kabupaten = 29 | kota = 6 | kecamatan = 534 | kelurahan = 769 | desa = 7.809 | penduduk = 36516035 | tahun populasi = [[2020]] | populasi ref = <ref name="JATENG">{{cite document|url=https://jateng.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/c5709cd0419788a55827d58f/provinsi-jawa-tengah-dalam-angka-2021.html|title=Provinsi Jawa Tengah Dalam Angka 2021|publisher=[[Badan Pusat Statistik]] Provinsi Jawa Tengah|accessdate=17 April 2021|pages=7, 99, 336|format=pdf}}</ref> | kepadatan = 1113,00 | agama = [[Islam]] (93,89%)<br>[[Kristen]] (4,37%)<br>- [[Protestan]] (2,54%)<br>- [[Katolik]] (1,83%)<br> [[Hindu]] (0,91%)<br> [[Budha]] (0,53%) <br> Kepercayaan (0,27%)<br> [[Agama Konghucu|Konghucu]] (0,03%)<ref name="JATENG"/> | bahasa = {{collapsible list| [[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]] (resmi)<br>[[Bahasa Jawa|Jawa]] (dominan)<br>—[[Bahasa Jawa Banyumasan|Jawa Banyumasan]]<br>—[[Bahasa Jawa Mataraman|Jawa Mataraman]]<br>—[[Bahasa Jawa Semarang|Jawa Semarang]]<br>—[[Bahasa Jawa Surakarta|Jawa Surakarta]]<br>—[[Bahasa Jawa Tegal|Jawa Tegal]]<br>—[[Bahasa Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]]<br>[[Bahasa Sunda|Sunda]]<br>—[[Bahasa Sunda Brebes|Sunda Brebes]]<br>—[[Bahasa Sunda Priangan|Sunda Priangan]]<br>[[Bahasa Indonesia Peranakan|Peranakan]]<br>[[Bahasa Arab|Arab]]<br>[[Hakka (linguistik)|Hakka]]<br>[[Dialek Tiochiu|Tiochiu]]<br>[[Bahasa Tionghoa|Tionghoa]]<br>[[Bahasa Isyarat Indonesia]] }} | ISO = ID-JT | kode area = {{Collapsible list| 024 - Semarang, Ungaran, Demak (Mranggen, Sayung)| 0271 - Surakarta (Solo), Kartasura, Sukoharjo, Karanganyar, Sragen, sebagian Boyolali| 0272 - Klaten| 0273 - Wonogiri, Purwantoro, Pracimantoro| 0274 - Prambanan, Klaten (wilayah yang berbatasan dengan Yogyakarta)| 0275 - Purworejo, Kutoarjo| 0276 - Boyolali| 0280 - Majenang, Sidareja (Kabupaten Cilacap bagian barat)| 0281 - Purwokerto, Banyumas, Sumpiuh, Purbalingga| 0282 - Cilacap (bagian timur), Kebasen (wilayah yang berbatasan dengan Cilacap)| 0283 - Tegal, Slawi, Brebes (kecuali Bumiayu)| 0284 - Pemalang, Tegal (bagian timur)| 0285 - Pekalongan, Batang (bagian barat), Comal| 0286 - Banjarnegara, Wonosobo| 0287 - Kebumen, Karanganyar, Gombong, Tambak (wilayah yang berbatasan dengan Kebumen)| 0289 - Bumiayu, Tonjong, Paguyangan, Bantarkawung, Salem (Kabupaten Brebes bagian selatan)| 0291 - Demak (kecuali Mranggen, Sayung), Jepara, Kudus| 0292 - Grobogan, Purwodadi| 0293 - Magelang, Mungkid, Temanggung| 0294 - Kendal, Kaliwungu, Weleri, Batang (bagian timur)| 0295 - Pati, Rembang, Lasem| 0296 - Blora, Cepu| 0297 - Karimunjawa| 0298 - Salatiga, Ambarawa (Kabupaten Semarang bagian tengah dan selatan)| 0299 - Nusakambangan| 0356 - Rembang bagian Timur (wilayah yang berbatasan dengan Tuban)}} | kode pos = 50''xxx''-54''xxx'' dan 56''xxx''-59''xxx'' | TNKB = {{Collapsible list |G (eks-Keresidenan Pekalongan) |H (eks-Keresidenan Semarang) |K (eks-Keresidenan Pati) |R (eks-Keresidenan Banyumas) |AA (eks-Keresidenan Kedu) |AD (eks-Keresidenan Surakarta) }} | translit_lang1_type2 = Alfabet Jawa | utc = +07:00 | zona waktu = [[Waktu Indonesia Barat|WIB]] | translit_lang1_info2 = Jåwå Têngah | translit_lang1_info = {{jav|ꦗꦮ​ꦠꦼꦔꦃ}} | translit_lang1_type = [[aksara Jawa|Hanacaraka]] | translit_lang1 = bahasa Jawa | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Abjad Pegon|Pegon]] | translit_lang1_info1 = جاوا تٓڠاه | lagu = {{hlist|"Gambang Suling"|"Gundhul Pacul"|"Lir-ilir"|"Suwe Ora Jamu"|"Cublak-cublak Suweng"|"Jaranan"}} | rumah = {{hlist|[[Rumah Joglo]]|[[Madala Kaloka]]}} | senjata = {{hlist|[[Keris]]|[[Kudi]]}} | flora = [[Kantil]] | fauna = [[Kepudang kuduk-hitam]] | DAU = Rp 3.830.691.947.000,- ([[2020]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf |title=Rincian Alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum Provinsi/Kabupaten Kota Dalam APBN T.A 2020|website=www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|date=(2020)|accessdate=17 April 2021}}</ref> | IPM = {{increase}} 72,16 ([[2021]])<br>{{fontcolor|Green|Tinggi}}<ref name="IPM">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/494/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-provinsi.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Menurut Provinsi 2019-2021|publisher=[[Badan Pusat Statistik]]|accessdate=26 November 2021}}</ref> | web = {{URL|jatengprov.go.id}} | slogan = Jateng Gayeng<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2015-08-23|title=Gubernur Ganjar Pranowo Luncurkan Slogan "Jateng Gayeng" Halaman all|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/xml/2015/08/24/04291551/Gubernur.Ganjar.Pranowo.Luncurkan.Slogan.Jateng.Gayeng.|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2022-01-07}}</ref> }} <syntaxhighlight lang="xml" style="overflow:auto; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <!-- Hanya digunakan sebagai contoh. Templat aktualnya mungkin dapat berbeda. --> {{Kotak info propinsi Indonésia | nama = Jawa Tengah | singkatan = Jateng | motto = [[Bahasa Jawa|Jawa]]: ''Prasêtyå Ulah Sakti Bhakti Pråjå''<br/>꧋ꦥꦿꦱꦼꦠꦾꦲꦸꦭꦃꦱꦏ꧀ꦠꦶꦧꦏ꧀ꦠꦶꦥꦿꦗ꧉<br/>([[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]]: "Berjanji akan berusaha keras dan setia terhadap negara") | foto = {{photomontage |photo1a=Borobudur Temple.jpg |photo2a=Candi Sewu viewed from the south, 23 November 2013.jpg |photo2b=Kori Kamandungan Karaton Surakarta.jpg |photo3a=Baturraden overview from bridge, Purwokerto, 2015-03-23.jpg |photo3b=Java - Dieng Plateau - 006 (8639079016).jpg |photo4a=Lawang sewu (2013).jpg |photo4b=Slamet & Serayu, Watu Meja,.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 1 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} | caption = Dari atas searah jarum jam: [[Candi Borobudur]], [[Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat]], [[Telaga Warna (Dieng)|Telaga Warna]] di [[Dieng]], [[Sungai Serayu]], [[Lawang Sewu]], [[Lokawisata Baturraden|Baturraden]], [[Candi Sewu]]. | bendera = Flag of Central Java.svg | lambang = Coat of arms of Central Java.svg | peta = Central Java in Indonesia.svg | koordinat = 8º 30' - 5º 40' [[Lintang Selatan|LS]]{{br}}108º 30' - 111º 30' [[Bujur Timur|BT]] (termasuk [[Kepulauan Karimunjawa]]) | tanggal = [[15 Agustus]] [[1950]] | dasar hukum = UU No. 10 Tahun 1950 | ibukota = [[Berkas:Seal of the City of Semarang.svg|20px]] [[Kota Semarang]] | nama gubernur = [[Ganjar Pranowo]] | nama wakil gubernur = [[Taj Yasin Maimoen]] | nama ketua DPRD = [[Bambang Kusriyanto]] | nama sekretaris daerah = Sumarno | luas = 32800,69 | kabupaten = 29 | kota = 6 | kecamatan = 534 | kelurahan = 769 | desa = 7.809 | penduduk = 36516035 | tahun populasi = [[2020]] | populasi ref = <ref name="JATENG">{{cite document|url=https://jateng.bps.go.id/publication/2021/02/26/c5709cd0419788a55827d58f/provinsi-jawa-tengah-dalam-angka-2021.html|title=Provinsi Jawa Tengah Dalam Angka 2021|publisher=[[Badan Pusat Statistik]] Provinsi Jawa Tengah|accessdate=17 April 2021|pages=7, 99, 336|format=pdf}}</ref> | kepadatan = 1113,00 | agama = [[Islam]] (93,89%)<br>[[Kristen]] (4,37%)<br>- [[Protestan]] (2,54%)<br>- [[Katolik]] (1,83%)<br> [[Hindu]] (0,91%)<br> [[Budha]] (0,53%) <br> Kepercayaan (0,27%)<br> [[Agama Konghucu|Konghucu]] (0,03%)<ref name="JATENG"/> | bahasa = {{collapsible list| [[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]] (resmi)<br>[[Bahasa Jawa|Jawa]] (dominan)<br>—[[Bahasa Jawa Banyumasan|Jawa Banyumasan]]<br>—[[Bahasa Jawa Mataraman|Jawa Mataraman]]<br>—[[Bahasa Jawa Semarang|Jawa Semarang]]<br>—[[Bahasa Jawa Surakarta|Jawa Surakarta]]<br>—[[Bahasa Jawa Tegal|Jawa Tegal]]<br>—[[Bahasa Jawa Kuno|Jawa Kuno]]<br>[[Bahasa Sunda|Sunda]]<br>—[[Bahasa Sunda Brebes|Sunda Brebes]]<br>—[[Bahasa Sunda Priangan|Sunda Priangan]]<br>[[Bahasa Indonesia Peranakan|Peranakan]]<br>[[Bahasa Arab|Arab]]<br>[[Hakka (linguistik)|Hakka]]<br>[[Dialek Tiochiu|Tiochiu]]<br>[[Bahasa Tionghoa|Tionghoa]]<br>[[Bahasa Isyarat Indonesia]] }} | ISO = ID-JT | kode area = {{Collapsible list| 024 - Semarang, Ungaran, Demak (Mranggen, Sayung)| 0271 - Surakarta (Solo), Kartasura, Sukoharjo, Karanganyar, Sragen, sebagian Boyolali| 0272 - Klaten| 0273 - Wonogiri, Purwantoro, Pracimantoro| 0274 - Prambanan, Klaten (wilayah yang berbatasan dengan Yogyakarta)| 0275 - Purworejo, Kutoarjo| 0276 - Boyolali| 0280 - Majenang, Sidareja (Kabupaten Cilacap bagian barat)| 0281 - Purwokerto, Banyumas, Sumpiuh, Purbalingga| 0282 - Cilacap (bagian timur), Kebasen (wilayah yang berbatasan dengan Cilacap)| 0283 - Tegal, Slawi, Brebes (kecuali Bumiayu)| 0284 - Pemalang, Tegal (bagian timur)| 0285 - Pekalongan, Batang (bagian barat), Comal| 0286 - Banjarnegara, Wonosobo| 0287 - Kebumen, Karanganyar, Gombong, Tambak (wilayah yang berbatasan dengan Kebumen)| 0289 - Bumiayu, Tonjong, Paguyangan, Bantarkawung, Salem (Kabupaten Brebes bagian selatan)| 0291 - Demak (kecuali Mranggen, Sayung), Jepara, Kudus| 0292 - Grobogan, Purwodadi| 0293 - Magelang, Mungkid, Temanggung| 0294 - Kendal, Kaliwungu, Weleri, Batang (bagian timur)| 0295 - Pati, Rembang, Lasem| 0296 - Blora, Cepu| 0297 - Karimunjawa| 0298 - Salatiga, Ambarawa (Kabupaten Semarang bagian tengah dan selatan)| 0299 - Nusakambangan| 0356 - Rembang bagian Timur (wilayah yang berbatasan dengan Tuban)}} | kode pos = 50''xxx''-54''xxx'' dan 56''xxx''-59''xxx'' | TNKB = {{Collapsible list |G (eks-Keresidenan Pekalongan) |H (eks-Keresidenan Semarang) |K (eks-Keresidenan Pati) |R (eks-Keresidenan Banyumas) |AA (eks-Keresidenan Kedu) |AD (eks-Keresidenan Surakarta) }} | translit_lang1_type2 = Alfabet Jawa | utc = +07:00 | zona waktu = [[Waktu Indonesia Barat|WIB]] | translit_lang1_info2 = Jåwå Têngah | translit_lang1_info = {{jav|ꦗꦮ​ꦠꦼꦔꦃ}} | translit_lang1_type = [[aksara Jawa|Hanacaraka]] | translit_lang1 = bahasa Jawa | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Abjad Pegon|Pegon]] | translit_lang1_info1 = جاوا تٓڠاه | lagu = {{hlist|"Gambang Suling"|"Gundhul Pacul"|"Lir-ilir"|"Suwe Ora Jamu"|"Cublak-cublak Suweng"|"Jaranan"}} | rumah = {{hlist|[[Rumah Joglo]]|[[Madala Kaloka]]}} | senjata = {{hlist|[[Keris]]|[[Kudi]]}} | flora = [[Kantil]] | fauna = [[Kepudang kuduk-hitam]] | DAU = Rp 3.830.691.947.000,- ([[2020]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.-DAU.pdf |title=Rincian Alokasi Dana Alokasi Umum Provinsi/Kabupaten Kota Dalam APBN T.A 2020|website=www.djpk.kemenkeu.go.id|date=(2020)|accessdate=17 April 2021}}</ref> | IPM = {{increase}} 72,16 ([[2021]])<br>{{fontcolor|Green|Tinggi}}<ref name="IPM">{{cite web|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/494/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-provinsi.html|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Menurut Provinsi 2019-2021|publisher=[[Badan Pusat Statistik]]|accessdate=26 November 2021}}</ref> | web = {{URL|jatengprov.go.id}} | slogan = Jateng Gayeng<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2015-08-23|title=Gubernur Ganjar Pranowo Luncurkan Slogan "Jateng Gayeng" Halaman all|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/xml/2015/08/24/04291551/Gubernur.Ganjar.Pranowo.Luncurkan.Slogan.Jateng.Gayeng.|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2022-01-07}}</ref> }} </syntaxhighlight> '''Referensi''' {{reflist}} == TemplateData == {{Collapse top|title=Dokumentasi [[Wikipedia:TemplateData|TemplateData]] digunakan oleh [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] dan perkakas lain}} {{TemplateData header|noheader=1}} <templatedata> { "params": { "settlement_type": { "label": { "su": "Jinis Daérah Tingkat I", "id": "Jenis Daerah Tingkat I" }, "description": { "su": "dapat ditulis dengan \"ibukota\", \"daerah istimewa\", atau \"otsus\". Abaikan jika bukan salah satu dari 3 tersebut, akan menghasilkan kata \"Provinsi\"", "id": "dapat ditulis dengan \"ibukota\", \"daerah istimewa\", atau \"otsus\". Abaikan jika bukan salah satu dari 3 tersebut, akan menghasilkan kata \"Provinsi\"" }, "aliases": [ "settlement type" ], "suggestedvalues": [ "puseur dayeuh", "daérah istiméwa", "otsus" ], "autovalue": "Propinsi" }, "translit_lang1": { "label": { "su": "Nama bahasa transkripsi", "id": "Nama bahasa transkripsi" }, "description": { "su": "jika lebih dari satu bahasa, isi dengan \"bahasa daerah\"", "id": "jika lebih dari satu bahasa, isi dengan \"bahasa daerah\"" } }, "translit_lang1_type": { "label": "Nama bahasa/aksara 1", "description": "diisi dengan nama aksara, contoh \"aksara Jawa, aksara Sunda\"", "example": "Aksara Jawa" }, "translit_lang1_info": { "label": "Nilai bahasa/aksara 1", "description": "diisi dengan nama provinsi dalam aksara tersebut, contoh: ꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ", "example": "ꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ" }, "translit_lang1_type1": { "label": "Nama bahasa/aksara 2" }, "translit_lang1_info1": { "label": "Nilai bahasa/aksara 2" }, "translit_lang1_type2": { "label": "Nama bahasa/aksara 3" }, "translit_lang1_info2": { "label": "Nilai bahasa/aksara 3" }, "translit_lang1_type3": { "label": "Nama bahasa/aksara 4" }, "translit_lang1_info3": { "label": "Nilai bahasa/aksara 4" }, "translit_lang1_type4": { "label": "Nama bahasa/aksara 5" }, "translit_lang1_info4": { "label": "Nilai bahasa/aksara 5" }, "translit_lang1_type5": { "label": "Nama bahasa/aksara 6" }, "translit_lang1_info5": { "label": "Nilai bahasa/aksara 6" }, "translit_lang1_type6": { "label": "Nama bahasa/aksara 7" }, "translit_lang1_info6": { "label": "Nilai bahasa/aksara 7" }, "caption": { "label": "Takarir gambar" }, "bendera": { "label": "Gambar bendera", "example": "Flag of Central Java.svg" }, "lambang": { "label": "Gambar lambang daerah", "example": "Coat of arms of Central Java.svg" }, "motto": { "label": "Motto (sesanti) daerah" }, "anthem": { "label": "Himne daérah" }, "peta": { "label": "Gambar peta" }, "lintang": { "aliases": [ "latitude" ], "label": "Koordinat lintang" }, "bujur": { "aliases": [ "longitude" ], "label": "Koordinat bujur" }, "tanggal": { "label": "Tanggal berdiri", "description": "paké {{start date}}" }, "dibubarkan": { "label": "Tanggal dibubarkan", "aliases": [ "bubar" ] }, "kota": { "label": { "su": "Jumlah kota", "id": "Jumlah kota" }, "description": { "id": "diisi dengan angka-angka", "su": "dieusian ku angka-angka" }, "type": "number" }, "utc": { "label": "UTC offset", "description": "dieusian ku +07:00, +08:00, atawa +09:00", "suggestedvalues": [ "+07:00", "+08:00", "+09:00" ] }, "slogan": { "label": { "su": "Slogan/branding", "id": "Slogan/branding" }, "description": { "su": "contoh: \"+Jakarta Kota Kolaborasi\"", "id": "contoh: \"+Jakarta Kota Kolaborasi\"" } }, "lagu": { "label": { "su": "Lagu daérah", "id": "Lagu daerah" }, "description": { "su": "hanya diisi lagu daerah yang turun-temurun, jangan lagu populer dari daerah tersebut, ditulis dalam tanda petik", "id": "hanya diisi lagu daerah yang turun-temurun, jangan lagu populer dari daerah tersebut, ditulis dalam tanda petik" } }, "flora": { "label": { "su": "Flora resmi", "id": "Flora resmi" } }, "fauna": { "label": { "su": "Fauna resmi", "id": "Fauna resmi" } }, "alias": { "aliases": [ "nami lian", "ngaran lian", "nama lain" ], "label": { "su": "Nama lain", "id": "Nama lain" } }, "link_lambang": { "label": "Pranala ke artikel bertopik lambang" }, "ukuran_peta": { "aliases": [ "ukuran peta" ], "label": "Ukuran gambar peta" }, "alt_peta": { "aliases": [ "alt peta" ], "label": "Teks alternatif peta" }, "dasar_hukum": { "aliases": [ "dasar hukum" ], "label": "Dasar hukum" }, "hari_jadi": { "aliases": [ "hari jadi" ], "label": "Poé jadi propinsi", "description": "digunakan jika tanggal berdirinya tidak sama dengan hari jadinya. Gunakan {{start date}}" }, "ref_jumlah_satuan_pemerintahan": { "aliases": [ "jumlahsatuanpemerintahanref", "ref jumlah satuan pemerintahan" ], "label": "Referensi jumlah satuan pemerintahan" }, "nama_gubernur": { "aliases": [ "nama gubernur" ], "label": "Nama Gubernur" }, "nama_wali_nanggroe": { "aliases": [ "nama wali nanggroe" ], "label": "Nama Wali Nanggroe" }, "kepala_otorita": { "aliases": [ "kepala otorita" ], "label": "Kepala Otorita", "description": "Nama Kepala Otorita" }, "wakil_kepala_otorita": { "aliases": [ "wakil kepala otorita" ], "label": "Nama Wakil Kepala Otorita" }, "nama_wakil_gubernur": { "aliases": [ "nama wakil gubernur" ], "label": "Nama Wakil Gubernur" }, "nama_sekretaris_daerah": { "aliases": [ "nama sekretaris daerah" ], "label": "Nama Sekretaris Daerah" }, "nama_ketua_dprd": { "aliases": [ "nama ketua DPRD" ], "label": "Nama Ketua DPRD" }, "ref_luas": { "aliases": [ "ref luas" ], "label": "Referensi luas", "description": "diapit dengan <ref>...</ref>" }, "luas_daratan": { "aliases": [ "luasdaratan", "luas daratan" ], "label": "Luas daratan", "description": "eusian ku angka-angka tanpa tanda baca nanaon salian titik pikeun misahkeun désimal" }, "luas_perairan": { "aliases": [ "luasperairan", "luas perairan" ], "label": "Luas perairan", "description": "eusian ku angka-angka tanpa tanda baca nanaon salian titik pikeun misahkeun désimal" }, "persen_perairan": { "aliases": [ "persenperairan", "persen perairan" ], "label": "Persentase perairan", "description": "isi dengan angka-angka tanpa \"%\"" }, "ref_tinggi_maks": { "aliases": [ "tinggi maks ref", "ref tinggi maks" ], "label": "Referensi ketinggian maksimum", "description": "diapit dengan <ref>...</ref>" }, "tinggi_maks": { "aliases": [ "tinggi maks" ], "label": "Ketinggian maksimum", "description": "isi dengan angka-angka tanpa tanda baca apapun selain titik untuk memisahkan desimal" }, "ref_tinggi_min": { "aliases": [ "tinggi min ref", "ref tinggi min" ], "label": "Referensi ketinggian minimum", "description": "diapit dengan <ref>...</ref>" }, "tinggi_min": { "aliases": [ "tinggi min" ], "label": "Ketinggian minimum", "description": "isi dengan angka-angka tanpa tanda baca apapun selain titik untuk memisahkan desimal" }, "ref_penduduk": { "aliases": [ "ref populasi", "populasi ref", "ref penduduk" ], "label": "Referensi jumlah penduduk", "description": "diapit dengan <ref>...</ref>" }, "ipm": { "aliases": [ "IPM" ], "label": "Indéks Pangwangunan Manusa" }, "geocode": { "aliases": [ "GeoCode" ], "label": { "su": "GeoCode", "id": "GeoCode" } }, "iso": { "aliases": [ "ISO" ], "label": { "su": "Kode ISO 3166-2:ID", "id": "Kode ISO 3166-2:ID" } }, "tnkb": { "aliases": [ "TNKB" ], "label": { "su": "Pelat kendaraan", "id": "Pelat kendaraan" } }, "kode_kemendagri": { "aliases": [ "kodedagri" ], "label": { "su": "Kode Kemendagri", "id": "Kode Kemendagri" } }, "kode_bps": { "aliases": [ "kodebps" ], "label": { "su": "Kode BPS", "id": "Kode BPS" } }, "total_apbd": { "aliases": [ "total APBD" ], "label": { "su": "Nilai total APBD", "id": "Nilai total APBD" } }, "pad": { "aliases": [ "PAD" ], "label": { "su": "Pendapatan asli daerah", "id": "Pendapatan asli daerah" } }, "dau": { "aliases": [ "DAU" ], "label": { "su": "Dana Alokasi Umum", "id": "Dana Alokasi Umum" } }, "dak": { "aliases": [ "DAK" ], "label": { "su": "Dana Alokasi Khusus", "id": "Dana Alokasi Khusus" } }, "kode_pos": { "aliases": [ "kodepos", "kode pos" ], "label": { "su": "Kode pos", "id": "Kode pos" } }, "nami": { "aliases": [ "ngaran", "nama", "name" ], "label": { "su": "Nami propinsi", "id": "Nama provinsi" } }, "nami_asli": { "aliases": [ "nami asli", "ngaran_asli", "ngaran asli", "nama_asli", "nama asli" ], "label": { "su": "Nami dina basa daérah", "id": "Nama dalam bahasa daerah" } }, "basa_nami_asli": { "aliases": [ "basa nami asli", "basa_ngaran_asli", "basa ngaran asli", "bahasa_nama_asli", "bahasa nama asli" ], "label": { "su": "Basa nami asli", "id": "Bahasa nama asli" } }, "nami_resmi": { "aliases": [ "nami resmi", "ngaran_resmi", "ngaran resmi", "nama_resmi", "nama resmi" ], "label": { "su": "Nami resmi", "id": "Nama resmi" }, "description": { "su": "Nami resmi daérah", "id": "Nama resmi daerah" }, "example": "Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta" }, "catetan_suku": { "aliases": [ "catetansuku", "catatan_kaki", "catatankaki", "footnotes" ], "label": { "su": "Catetan suku", "id": "Catatan kaki" }, "description": { "su": "harap tempatkan {{notelist}} di sini", "id": "harap tempatkan {{notelist}} di sini" }, "autovalue": "{{notelist}}" }, "ramatloka": { "aliases": [ "loka", "website", "web" ], "label": { "su": "Ramatloka", "id": "Situs web" }, "description": { "su": "paké {{URL}}", "id": "gunakan {{URL}}" }, "example": "{{URL|jabarprov.go.id}}" }, "pakarang": { "aliases": [ "senjata" ], "label": { "su": "Pakarang tradisional", "id": "Senjata tradisional" } }, "imah": { "aliases": [ "rumah" ], "label": { "su": "Imah adat", "id": "Rumah adat" } }, "taun_apbd": { "aliases": [ "taun APBD", "tahun_apbd", "tahun APBD" ], "label": { "su": "Tahun APBD", "id": "Tahun APBD" }, "description": { "su": "tahun, kemudian beri referensi, diapit dengan <ref>...</ref>", "id": "tahun, kemudian beri referensi, diapit dengan <ref>...</ref>" } }, "kode_aréa": { "aliases": [ "kode aréa", "kode_area", "kode area" ], "label": { "su": "Kode area telepon", "id": "Kode area telepon" } }, "puseurdayeuh": { "aliases": [ "puseur dayeuh", "ibukota", "ibu kota" ], "label": { "su": "Puseur dayeuh propinsi", "id": "Ibu kota provinsi" } }, "kota_gedé": { "aliases": [ "kota gedé", "kota_besar", "kota besar" ], "label": { "su": "Daptar kota gedé lianna", "id": "Daftar kota besar lainnya" } }, "kabupatén": { "aliases": [ "kabupaten" ], "label": { "su": "Jumlah kabupatén", "id": "Jumlah kabupaten" }, "description": { "su": "dieusian ku angka-angka", "id": "diisi dengan angka-angka" }, "type": "number" }, "kacamatan": { "aliases": [ "kecamatan" ], "label": { "su": "Jumlah kacamatan", "id": "Jumlah kecamatan" }, "description": { "id": "diisi dengan angka-angka", "su": "dieusian ku angka-angka " }, "type": "number" }, "kalurahan": { "aliases": [ "kelurahan" ], "label": { "su": "Jumlah kalurahan", "id": "Jumlah kelurahan" }, "description": { "id": "diisi dengan angka-angka", "su": "dieusian ku angka-angka" }, "type": "number" }, "désa": { "aliases": [ "desa" ], "label": { "su": "Jumlah désa", "id": "Jumlah desa" }, "description": { "id": "diisi dengan angka-angka", "su": "dieusian ku angka-angka" }, "type": "number" }, "ref_pamaréntahan": { "aliases": [ "ref pamaréntahan", "ref_pemerintahan", "ref pemerintahan" ], "label": { "su": "Réferénsi pamaréntahan", "id": "Referensi pemerintahan" }, "description": { "su": "diapit dengan <ref>...</ref>", "id": "diapit dengan <ref>...</ref>" } }, "jinis_pamaréntahan": { "aliases": [ "jinis pamaréntahan", "jenis_pemerintahan", "jenis pemerintahan" ], "label": { "su": "Jinis pemerintahan", "id": "Jenis pemerintahan" }, "description": { "su": "conto: Pamaréntah Propinsi", "id": "contoh: Pemerintah Provinsi" } }, "pangadeg": { "aliases": [ "pendiri" ], "label": "Pangadeg" }, "étimologi": { "aliases": [ "etimologi", "etymology" ], "label": "Étimologi" }, "jujuluk": { "aliases": [ "julukan" ], "label": "Jujuluk" }, "dinamian_dumasar": { "aliases": [ "dingaranan_dumasar", "dinamai_berdasarkan" ], "label": "Dinamian dumasar" }, "basa": { "aliases": [ "bahasa" ], "label": "Basa", "description": "basa nu dipaké ku pangeusina" }, "poto": { "aliases": [ "foto" ], "label": "Poto panoramik", "description": "gunakan {{photomontage}} atau {{multiple image}} jika kolase digunakan" }, "ukuran_poto": { "aliases": [ "ukuran poto", "ukuran_foto", "ukuran foto" ], "label": "Ukuran poto", "description": "ukuran dina pixel", "example": "250px" }, "alt_poto": { "aliases": [ "alt poto", "alt_foto", "alt foto" ], "label": "Téks alternatif" }, "zona_wanci": { "aliases": [ "zona wanci", "zona_waktu", "zona waktu" ], "label": "Zona wanci", "description": "dieusian ku \"WIB\", \"WITA\", atawa \"WIT\"" }, "lega": { "aliases": [ "luas" ], "label": "Lega total wewengkon", "description": "eusian ku angka-angka tanpa tanda baca nanaon salian titik pikeun misahkeun désimal" }, "pangeusi": { "aliases": [ "penduduk" ], "label": "Jumlah pangeusi" }, "taun_pangeusi": { "aliases": [ "taun pangeusi", "tahun_populasi", "tahun populasi" ], "label": "Taun sénsus pangeusi" }, "réngking_pangeusi": { "aliases": [ "réngking pangeusi", "peringkat_populasi", "peringkat populasi" ], "label": "Réngking jumlah pangeusi" }, "kapadetan": { "aliases": [ "kepadatan" ], "label": "Kapadetan pangeusi" }, "démonim": { "aliases": [ "demonim" ], "label": "Démonim" }, "ref_démografi": { "aliases": [ "ref démografi", "ref_demografi", "ref demografi" ], "label": "Réferénsi démografi pangeusi", "description": "diapit dengan <ref>...</ref>" }, "ageman": { "aliases": [ "agama" ], "label": "Ageman pangeusi", "description": "diitung dina perséntase" }, "badan_pamaréntahan": { "aliases": [ "badan pamaréntahan", "badan_pemerintahan", "badan pemerintahan" ], "label": "Badan pamaréntahan" }, "partéy": { "aliases": [ "partai" ], "label": "Partéy pulitik nu boga kakawasaan di éksékutif" } }, "paramOrder": [ "nami", "nami_asli", "basa_nami_asli", "nami_resmi", "alias", "settlement_type", "translit_lang1", "translit_lang1_type", "translit_lang1_info", "translit_lang1_type1", "translit_lang1_info1", "translit_lang1_type2", "translit_lang1_info2", "translit_lang1_type3", "translit_lang1_info3", "translit_lang1_type4", "translit_lang1_info4", "translit_lang1_type5", "translit_lang1_info5", "translit_lang1_type6", "translit_lang1_info6", "poto", "ukuran_poto", "alt_poto", "caption", "bendera", "lambang", "link_lambang", "étimologi", "jujuluk", "motto", "anthem", "peta", "ukuran_peta", "alt_peta", "lintang", "bujur", "tanggal", "dasar_hukum", "hari_jadi", "dibubarkan", "pangadeg", "dinamian_dumasar", "puseurdayeuh", "kota_gedé", "ref_jumlah_satuan_pemerintahan", "kabupatén", "kota", "kacamatan", "kalurahan", "désa", "ref_pamaréntahan", "jinis_pamaréntahan", "badan_pamaréntahan", "partéy", "nama_wali_nanggroe", "kepala_otorita", "wakil_kepala_otorita", "nama_gubernur", "nama_wakil_gubernur", "nama_sekretaris_daerah", "nama_ketua_dprd", "ref_luas", "lega", "luas_daratan", "luas_perairan", "persen_perairan", "ref_tinggi_maks", "tinggi_maks", "ref_tinggi_min", "tinggi_min", "ref_penduduk", "pangeusi", "taun_pangeusi", "réngking_pangeusi", "kapadetan", "démonim", "ref_démografi", "ageman", "basa", "ipm", "zona_wanci", "utc", "kode_pos", "kode_aréa", "geocode", "iso", "tnkb", "kode_kemendagri", "kode_bps", "total_apbd", "taun_apbd", "pad", "dau", "dak", "slogan", "lagu", "imah", "pakarang", "flora", "fauna", "ramatloka", "catetan_suku" ], "format": "block", "description": { "su": "Citakan babagian administratif tingkat I (Propinsi atawa nu satara) di Indonésia.", "id": "Templat pembagian administratif tingkat I (Provinsi atau yang setara) di Indonesia." } } </templatedata> {{collapse bottom}} == Tempo ogé == * [[Wikipedia:ProyekWiki pembagian administratif Indonesia]] === Citakan kalawan paraméter umum === * {{tl|Infobox settlement}} === Citakan kalawan paraméter ''custom'' === * {{tl|Kotak info Dati II Indonesia}}, untuk kotak info [[daftar kabupaten dan kota Indonesia|kabupaten]], [[daftar kabupaten dan kota Indonesia|kota]], dan [[daftar ibu kota provinsi di Indonesia|ibu kota provinsi]] * {{tl|Kotak info kecamatan}}, untuk kotak info [[kecamatan]] * {{tl|Kotak info desa dan kelurahan}}, untuk kotak info [[desa]] * {{tl|Gampong}}, pikeun kotak info [[gampong]] * {{tl|Nagari}}, pikeun kotak info [[nagari]] * {{tl|Kampung}}, pikeun kotak info [[kampung (Papua)|kampung di Papua]]/[[kampung (Lampung)|Lampung]] * {{tl|Pekon}}, pikeun kotak info [[pekon]] * {{tl|Lembang}}, pikeun kotak info [[lembang (Toraja)|lembang]] * {{tl|Jorong}}, pikeun kotak info [[jorong]] <!-- KATEGORI DAN PRANALA ANTARBAHASA DILETAKKAN DI SINI --><includeonly> [[Kategori:Citakan kotak info wewengkon|Propinsi Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Citakan nu manggilan infobox settlement]] </includeonly> t7w8p3azwunvwvibbei7c3yzfpf7cpu 10 109134 729948 2026-10-06T20:47:36Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 729948 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="color:#10965a"><small>'''(anyar)'''</small></span><noinclude>[[Kategori:Citakan simbol]]</noinclude> o01qhbbca8qktdnndi7l6xv1dpyq4wy 10 109135 729949 2026-10-06T20:50:24Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Mindahkeun ka [[Citakan:Anyar]] 729949 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Citakan:Anyar]] 2g7u66pp28sdqzcocbu2d9n9lmgxlit 828 109136 729957 2026-10-07T02:12:27Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Modul anyar 729957 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< R T L _ T >-------------------------------------------------------------------- table of language tags that render text right-to-left Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |rtl=yes keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase. TODO: in the long run, do we need this table? Can't {{langx}} apply dir="rtl" attribute automatically? ]] local rtl_t = { ----------< I S O 6 3 9 - 1 >---------- ['ae'] = true, ['ar'] = true, ['fa'] = true, ['he'] = true, ['ku'] = true, ['ps'] = true, ['sd'] = true, ['ur'] = true, ['yi'] = true, ----------< I S O 6 3 9 - 2 , - 3 >---------- ['acm'] = true, ['aeb'] = true, ['aec'] = true, ['afb'] = true, ['aii'] = true, ['aij'] = true, ['aiq'] = true, ['ajp'] = true, ['amw'] = true, ['apc'] = true, ['arb'] = true, ['arc'] = true, ['arq'] = true, ['ary'] = true, ['arz'] = true, ['ayn'] = true, ['bal'] = true, ['bdz'] = true, ['bej'] = true, ['bgn'] = true, ['bqi'] = true, ['brh'] = true, ['bsk'] = true, ['ckb'] = true, ['cld'] = true, ['deh'] = true, ['gay'] = true, ['gbz'] = true, ['glk'] = true, ['hac'] = true, ['haz'] = true, ['hbo'] = true, ['hnd'] = true, ['hno'] = true, ['jog'] = true, ['jrb'] = true, ['jye'] = true, ['khw'] = true, ['kls'] = true, ['kvx'] = true, ['lrc'] = true, ['lss'] = true, ['luz'] = true, ['mey'] = true, ['mid'] = true, ['mki'] = true, ['mnj'] = true, ['mwr'] = true, ['myz'] = true, ['mzb'] = true, ['mzn'] = true, ['nlm'] = true, ['nqo'] = true, ['oru'] = true, ['ota'] = true, ['otk'] = true, ['pal'] = true, ['pes'] = true, ['prs'] = true, ['prx'] = true, ['rif'] = true, ['rys'] = true, ['sbn'] = true, ['scl'] = true, ['sgh'] = true, ['siz'] = true, ['skr'] = true, ['sqo'] = true, ['sqr'] = true, ['srh'] = true, ['syc'] = true, ['syr'] = true, ['tru'] = true, ['ttt'] = true, ['wbl'] = true, ['wne'] = true, ['xaa'] = true, ['xdm'] = true, ['xhe'] = true, ['xqa'] = true, ['ydg'] = true, } --[[--------------------------< S C R I P T _ T >-------------------------------------------------------------- table of language tags that use script subtags Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |script=<script tag> keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase. ]] local script_t = { ----------< I S O 6 3 9 - 1 >---------- ['ce'] = 'Cyrl', ['ff'] = 'Latn', ['sh'] = 'Latn', ----------< I S O 6 3 9 - 2 , - 3 >---------- ['bft'] = 'Aran', ['brx'] = 'Deva', ['bsk'] = 'Aran', ['chr'] = 'Cher', ['dgo'] = 'Deva', ['dng'] = 'Cyrl', ['dyu'] = 'Latn', ['ess'] = 'Latn', ['evn'] = 'Cyrl', ['sat'] = 'Olck', ['shn'] = 'Mymr', } --[[--------------------------< S I Z E _ T >------------------------------------------------------------------ table of language tags that use |size= Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |size=<size> keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase. ]] local size_t = { ['bft'] = '125%', } --[[--------------------------< L I N K _ T >------------------------------------------------------------------ table of language tags that use |link= Data in this table scraped from {{lang-xx}} templates that set |link= keys (tags) in this table must be lowercase. ]] local link_t = { ['en'] = 'no', } --[[--------------------------< U N S U P P O R T E D _ T >---------------------------------------------------- these are language tags from {{lang-??}} templates that should not be converted to {{langx}} during the transition from {{lang-??}} to {{langx|??}}. this table used to add a category when {{langx}} templates are encountered with these language tags. initial contents of this table copied from Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_September_27/lang-%3F%3F_templates#excluded_templates 2024-11-15: now that the conversion of the {{lang-??}} templates is complete, and User:Monkbot/task 20 has completed its work, and now that Module:Lang detects unsupported parameters, those valid IETF tags listed here can be stricken so that valid use of those tags with {{langx|<tag>|...}} can be allowed. ]] local unsupported_t = { ['bcs'] = true, -- bcs is IANA Kohumono language not Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian grouped under tag sh ['crh3'] = true, -- being deleted; convert to something like {{lang-sr-latn-cyrl}}? ['est-sea'] = true, -- {{Language with name}} wrapper; convert to private use tag: et-x-seto? ['fra-frc'] = true, -- {{Language with name}} wrapper; convert to private use tag: fr-x-frainc? ['grc-gre'] = true, -- currently (2024-11-15) being discussed for deletion ['my-name-mlcts'] = true, -- wrapper around {{lang-my-Mymr}} to render a {{lang-??}}-like result ['sq-definite'] = true, -- definiteness is a linguistic construct ['su-fonts'] = true, -- styling ['uniturk'] = true, -- a writing system ['1ca'] = true, -- uses {{lang}} and trk-Arab-TR; add that tag to ~/data for Old Anatolian Turkish? -- ['ast-leo'] = true, -- deleted; use ast-es -- ['lmo-cr'] = true, -- deleted; use lmo-x-cremish -- ['lmo-it'] = true, -- deleted; use lmo-x-berg -- ['pun'] = true, -- deleted; was a template dab -- ['sa2'] = true, -- deleted; use {{lang}} -- ['bcs-latn-cyrl'] = true, -- {{lang-x2}} template wrappers; these tags not valid -- ['cnr-cyrl-latn'] = true, -- ['cnr-latn-cyrl'] = true, -- ['sh-cyrl-latn'] = true, -- ['sh-latn-cyrl'] = true, -- ['sr-cyrl-latn'] = true, -- ['sr-latn-cyrl'] = true, -- ['uz-cyrl-latn'] = true, -- ['uz-latn-cyrl'] = true, -- ['cnr-cyrl'] = true, -- valid IETF tags; no reason to prevent their use with {{langx}} -- ['cnr-latn'] = true, -- ['hmd'] = true, -- ['ka'] = true, -- ['ku-arab'] = true, -- ['mnc'] = true, -- ['my-mymr'] = true, -- ['rus'] = true, -- sort of valid IETF tag; should be promoted to 'ru' -- ['sh-cyrl'] = true, -- ['sh-latn'] = true, -- ['sr'] = true, -- per Template_talk:Lang#tracking_sr_usage_with_issues; discussion died nothing being done -- ['sr-cyrl'] = true, -- ['sr-latn'] = true, -- ['uz-latn'] = true, -- ['zh'] = true, -- Moldovan Cyrillic -- now a redirect to Lang-ro-Cyrl -- ['vi-chunom'] = true, -- now a redirect to {{Chunom}} -- ['vi-hantu'] = true, -- now a redirect to {{Chuhan}} } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >---------------------------------------------------------------- ]] return { link_t = link_t, rtl_t = rtl_t, script_t = script_t, size_t = size_t, unsupported_t = unsupported_t, } p3dwl877ykkicf23dcroq6y4pn42z6e 828 109137 729958 2026-10-07T02:51:49Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Modul anyar 729958 Scribunto text/plain local lang_data = mw.loadData ('Modul:Lang/data'); -- language name override and transliteration tool-tip tables local lang_name_table = lang_data.lang_name_table; -- language codes, names, regions, scripts, suppressed scripts local lang_table = lang_name_table.lang; -- language codes, names local lang_dep_table = lang_name_table.lang_dep; -- deprecated language codes, names local override_table = lang_data.override; local rev_lang_table = {}; -- same as lang_table reversed so language name is key and language tag is value local rev_lang_dep_table = {}; -- same as lang_dep_table reversed so language name is key and language tag is value local rev_override_table = {}; -- same as override_table except reversed local dedabbed_names_list = {}; -- holds a list of dedabbed name and tags --[[--------------------------< R E V _ L I S T _ A D D >------------------------------------------------------ local function to add <name> (key) and <tag> (value) pair to <rev_list> <name>/<tag> pairs where <tag> is ISO 639-1, overwrite all other <name>/<tag> pairs. When creating overrides, take care that the <name> is properly disambiguated to avoid improper masking ]] local function rev_list_add (rev_list, name, tag) if rev_list[name] then -- if already in <rev_list> if 2 == tag:len() then -- is this is a 2-characater code? rev_list[name] = tag; -- yes, overwrite 3-characater language <name> and <tag> pair in <rev_list> end else -- here when not yet in <rev_list> rev_list[name] = tag; -- add language <name> and <tag> (value) pair to <rev_list> end end --[[--------------------------< D E D A B B E D _ N A M E S _ L I S T _ A D D >-------------------------------- adds <name>/<tag> pairs to the dedabbed_names_list when <name> not already present. When <name> is present in the list, unsets the listed <tag> to empty string; cannot have different <name>/<tag> pairs where the table key (<name>) is shared with another <name>/<tag> pair. ]] local function dedabbed_names_list_add (dab, name, tag) if 0 ~= dab then -- if dab was removed if dedabbed_names_list[name] then -- if this dedabbed name is in the table then there are more than one name with different dabs dedabbed_names_list[name] = ''; -- unset but not too unset else dedabbed_names_list[name] = tag; -- add name / tag pair in case this the only dedabbed name end end end --[[--------------------------< D E D A B B E D _ T O _ R E V _ L I S T _ A D D >------------------------------ adds <name>/<tag> pairs to specified <rev_list> when <tag> is not empty string ]] local function dedabbed_to_rev_list_add (rev_list, name, tag) for name, tag in pairs (dedabbed_names_list) do -- add dedabbed <name>/<tag> pairs to the reversed table if '' ~= tag then -- when <name>/<tag> has not been unset because of multiple dabs rev_list_add (rev_list, name, tag); -- add end end end --[[--------------------------< T A G - F R O M - N A M E D A T A >------------------------------------------ Creates tag-from-name tables from the data in Module:Lang/data so that templates can get language tags from the same names as the {{lang}} templates get from those tags. The conversion prefers ISO 639-1 codes. Data in these tables are used by tag_from_name() in Module:Lang When <name> is disambiguated, will create an additional <name> entry without the dab as long as that action won't conflict with actual undabbed names in the source. <name> without dab is always added to the list; this rule arises because of the three Marwari language code/name pairs: mwr: Marwari -– not dabbed these will not have dedabbed entries because of mwr rwr: Marwari (India) mve: Marwari (Pakistan) These all share the same base name so there will not not be an dedabbed entry: ["yaka"] = "axk", -- this would be wrong for two of these languages ["yaka (central african republic)"] = "axk", ["yaka (congo)"] = "iyx", ["yaka (democratic republic of congo)"] = "yaf", Say that we find "axk". It has a dab so we add the dabbed form to rev_lang_table{}. Then we look in dedabbed_names_list{} to see if ["yaka"] is already there. It's not, so we add this: ["yaka"] = "axk", Later we find "yaf". It has a dab so we add the dabbed form to rev_lang_table{}. Then we look in dedabbed_names_list{} to see if ["yaka"] is already there. It is, so that means that more than one language code could create an dedabbed language name key; there can be only one. Because ["yaka"] is already in the dedabbed_names_list{} table we unset the ["yaka"] entry to empty string: ["yaka"] = '', later we find "iyx" and add it to rev_lang_table{}. We look in dedabbed_names_list{} and find ["yaka"] has been unset to empty string so do nothing. When done adding names/codes to rev_lang_table{}, spin through dedabbed_names_list{} and add all non-empty-string name/code pairs to rev_lang_table{}. This does not catch things like overrides ["pa"] = "Punjabi" and ["pnb"] = "Punjabi". "pa" and "pnb" are not synonyms but because the names are the same, will be treated like synonyms ("pnb" promotes to "pa"). To avoid this, disambiguate the override: ["pnb"] = {"Punjabi"} -> ["pnb"] = {"Punjabi (Western)"} ]] for tag, name_table in pairs (lang_table) do if not override_table[tag] then -- only add names/tags from name_table when tag not present in override table local name_raw = name_table:lower(); local name, dab = name_raw:gsub ('%s+%b()', ''); -- remove parenthetical disambiguators or qualifiers from names that have them; <dab> non-zero when disambiguation removed rev_list_add (rev_lang_table, name_raw, tag); -- add no-dab-names and names-with-dab here dedabbed_names_list_add (dab, name, tag); -- add to dedabbed_names_list if dabbed end end dedabbed_to_rev_list_add (rev_lang_table, name, tag); -- add dedabbed name/tag pairs to the reversed table dedabbed_names_list = {}; -- reset list of dedabbed names for tag, name_table in pairs (lang_dep_table) do if not override_table[tag] then -- only add names/tags from name_table when tag not present in override table local name_raw = name_table:lower(); local name, dab = name_raw:gsub ('%s+%b()', ''); -- remove parenthetical disambiguators or qualifiers from names that have them; <dab> non-zero when disambiguation removed rev_list_add (rev_lang_dep_table, name_raw, tag); -- add no-dab-names and names-with-dab here dedabbed_names_list_add (dab, name, tag); -- add to dedabbed_names_list if dabbed end end dedabbed_to_rev_list_add (rev_lang_dep_table, name, tag); -- add dedabbed name/tag pairs to the reversed table dedabbed_names_list = {}; -- reset list of dedabbed names for tag, name_table in pairs (override_table) do local name_raw = name_table:lower(); local name, dab = name_raw:gsub ('%s+%b()', ''); -- remove parenthetical disambiguators or qualifiers from names that have them rev_list_add (rev_override_table, name_raw, tag); dedabbed_names_list_add (dab, name, tag); -- add to dedabbed_names_list if dabbed end dedabbed_to_rev_list_add (rev_override_table, name, tag); -- add dedabbed name/tag pairs to the reversed table dedabbed_names_list = {}; -- reset list --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D T A B L E S >------------------------------------------------ ]] return { rev_lang_table = rev_lang_table, rev_lang_dep_table = rev_lang_dep_table, rev_override_table = rev_override_table, } 6i98hblzyzksxbo2v5fnvd659999ylh 828 109138 729960 2026-10-07T03:46:23Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Modul anyar 729960 Scribunto text/plain require('strict'); local getArgs = require ('Modul:Arguments').getArgs; local unicode = require ("Modul:Unicode data"); -- for is_latin() local lang = require ('Modul:Lang'); local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; -- used for categorization local err_texts = { -- because wrapper templates have Latn/non-Latn text ordered according to the wrapper template's name ['lang-sh-cyrl-latn'] = true, -- this template has |1=cyrl script |2=latn script } --[[--------------------------< E R R O R _ M S G _ M A K E >-------------------------------------------------- assembles an error message from template name, message text, help link, and error category. <span style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">{{', template, '}}</span> ]] local function error_msg_make (msg, template, nocat) local out = {}; local category = 'Lang jeung lang-xx'; table.insert (out, table.concat ({'<span style=\"color:#d33\">Error: <span style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">{{', template, '}}</span>: '})); table.insert (out, msg); table.insert (out, table.concat ({' ([[Citakan:', template, '#Talatah kasalahan|pitulung]])'})); table.insert (out, '</span>'); if (0 == namespace or 10 == namespace) and not nocat then -- categorize in article space (and template space to take care of broken usages) table.insert (out, table.concat ({'[[Kategori:Kasalahan citakan Lang jeung lang-xx]]'})); end return table.concat (out); end --[[--------------------------< S E P A R A T O R _ G E T >---------------------------------------------------- allowed separators are comma, semicolon, virgule, or a quoted string of text ]] local function separator_get (sep_param_val) if not sep_param_val then return ', ' end; -- not specified, use default if ',' == sep_param_val then return ', ' end; if ';' == sep_param_val then return '; ' end; if '/' == sep_param_val then return '/' end; local str; if sep_param_val:match ('^%b\"\"$') then -- if quoted string and uses double quotes str = sep_param_val:match ('%b\"\"'):gsub ('^"', ''):gsub ('"$', ''); return str; -- return the contents of the quote elseif sep_param_val:match ('^%b\'\'$') then -- if quoted string and uses single quotes str = sep_param_val:match ('%b\'\''):gsub ('^\'', ''):gsub ('\'$', ''); return str; -- return the contents of the quote end return ', '; -- default in case can't extract quoted string end --[[--------------------------< P A R A M _ S E L E C T >------------------------------------------------------ Selects the appropriate enumerated parameters for <text1> or <text2> according to <swap> <args_t> - arguments table from frame <lang_args_t> - arguments table to be supplied to _lang() (whichever text renders second) <lang_xx_args_t> - arguments table to be supplied to _lang_xx_inherit() or _lang_xx_italic() (whichever text renders first) ]] local function param_select (args_t, lang_args_t, lang_xx_args_t, swap) local enum_xx = swap and '2' or '1'; local enum = swap and '1' or '2'; lang_xx_args_t.script = args_t['script' .. enum_xx]; -- these for <textn> that renders first (uses {{lang-xx}}) lang_xx_args_t.region = args_t['region' .. enum_xx]; lang_xx_args_t.variant = args_t['variant' .. enum_xx]; lang_xx_args_t.italic = args_t['italic' .. enum_xx]; lang_xx_args_t.size = args_t['size' .. enum_xx]; lang_args_t.italic = args_t['italic' .. enum]; -- these for <textn> that renders second (uses {{lang}}) lang_args_t.size = args_t['size' .. enum]; end --[[--------------------------< I E T F _ T A G _ M A K E >---------------------------------------------------- make ietf tag for _lang() (second rendered <textn>) ]] local function ietf_tag_make (args_t, tag, swap) local ietf_tag_t = {tag}; -- initialize with <tag> local enum = swap and '1' or '2'; -- when <swap> is true latin <text1> is rendered second by _lang() for _, param in ipairs ({'script'..enum, 'region'..enum, 'variant'..enum}) do if args_t[param] then table.insert (ietf_tag_t, args_t[param]) end -- build <ietf_tag> from <enum>erated subtags end return table.concat (ietf_tag_t, '-'); -- concatenate subtags with hyphen separator and done end --[[--------------------------< _ L A N G _ X 2 >-------------------------------------------------------------- mimics {{lang|<tag>|<text1>|<text2>}} except that <text2> is not a romanization of <text1> (which is always the Latin-script form). Intended for languages where two scripts are 'official' or 'native and equal in status' (sh is and sr may be a candidate for this; are there others?) {{lang_x2|<tag>|<text1>|<text2>|swap=yes|script2=<script>|separator=[,|;|/|<quoted string>]}} <tag> - (required) language tag for both of <text1> and <text2> <text1> - (required) Latin-script text (always) <text2> - (required) non-Latin-script text (always) |swap= - when set to 'yes', swaps the rendered order so that <text2> renders first followed by <text1>; default is Latin-script <text1> first |separator = when single character ,;/ uses ', ' (default), '; ', '/'; when quoted string (first and last characters must be matching single or double quotes) uses that string parameters supported by both of {{lang}} and {{lang-??}} templates are passed along: |cat= |nocat= parameters supported only by {{lang-??}} that are not enumerated: |label= |link= enumerated parameters: |script1= - ISO 15924 script tag for <text1> -- when <text1> renders first, these are passed to _lang_xx_...() individually |region1= - ISO 3166 region tag for <text1> -- when <text1> renders second, these are combined with <tag> to make an IETF tag for _lang() |variant1= - IETF tag for <text1> |script2= - ISO 15924 script tag for <text2> -- when <text2> renders first, these are passed to _lang_xx_...() individually |region2= - ISO 3166 region tag for <text2> -- when <text2> renders second, these are combined with <tag> to make an IETF tag for _lang() |variant2= - IETF tag for <text2> |italic1= |size1= |italic2= |size2= this function calls: Modul:Lang functions _lang_xx_inherit - when non-Latin <text2> renders first _lang_xx_italic - when Latin <text1> renders first _lang - to render <text2> Modul:Unicode data function: is_Latin - error checking to make sure that <text1> is Latin-script text ]] local function _lang_x2 (args_t) local tag = args_t.tag or args_t[1]; local text1 = args_t.text1 or args_t[2]; local text2 = args_t.text2 or args_t[3]; local translation = args_t.translation or args_t[4]; local template_name = args_t.template_name or 'lang-x2'; local nocat = ('yes' == args_t.nocat) or ('no' == args_t.cat); -- boolean if not (tag and text1 and text2) then return error_msg_make ('missing a required argument', template_name, nocat); end if tag:find ('-', 1, true) then return error_msg_make ('invalid language tag: <span style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">' .. tag .. '</span>; IETF format not supported', template_name, nocat); end local is_latn, pos = unicode.is_Latin (text1); if not is_latn then return error_msg_make ('<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">&lt;' .. ((err_texts[template_name:lower()] and 'text2') or 'text1') .. '></span> is not Latin script (pos ' .. pos .. ')', template_name, nocat); end is_latn, pos = unicode.is_Latin (text2); if is_latn then return error_msg_make ('<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">&lt;' .. ((err_texts[template_name:lower()] and 'text1') or 'text2') .. '></span> is Latin script (pos ' .. pos .. ')', template_name, nocat); end local swap = 'yes' == args_t.swap; -- boolean local out = {}; local ietf_tags = ietf_tag_make (args_t, tag, swap); -- for calls to {{lang}} -- create base-form arguments tables local lang_xx_args_t = {['code']=tag, ['label']=args_t.label, ['link']=args_t.link, ['cat']=args_t.cat, ['nocat']=args_t.nocat, ['cat']=args_t.cat}; -- for whichever <textn> renders first local lang_args_t = {['code']=ietf_tags, ['cat']=args_t.cat, ['nocat']=args_t.nocat, ['cat']=args_t.cat}; -- for whichever <textn> renders second param_select (args_t, lang_args_t, lang_xx_args_t, swap); -- load <lang_args_t>, <lang_xx_args_t> tables with appropriate enumerated parameters from <args_t> table according to <swap> if swap then -- non-Latin script <text2> renders first lang_xx_args_t.text = text2; lang_args_t.text = text1; table.insert (out, lang._lang_xx_inherit (lang_xx_args_t)); -- render non-Latin script <text2> upright else -- Latin script <text1> renders first lang_xx_args_t.text = text1; lang_args_t.text = text2; table.insert (out, lang._lang_xx_italic (lang_xx_args_t)); -- render Latin script <text1> in italics end table.insert (out, separator_get (args_t.separator)); -- insert the separator table.insert (out, lang._lang (lang_args_t)); -- and render the other of <text1> or <text2> if translation then -- if positional parameter 4 (translation of <text1> and <text2>) table.insert (out, lang._translation_make ({['translation'] = translation, ['label']=args_t.label, ['link']=args_t.link})); -- add translation to rendering end return table.concat (out) end --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ X 2 >---------------------------------------------------------------- implements {{lang-x2}}; template entry point ]] local function lang_x2 (frame) local args_t = getArgs (frame); return _lang_x2 (args_t); end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { lang_x2 = lang_x2, } 0afanoenxa0qfrunqlxvu29ld1clnu8 828 109139 729961 2026-10-07T04:32:10Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Modul anyar 729961 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} --[[ -------------------------< P R I V A T E _ T A G S >------------------------------------------------------ {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|private_tags}} Reads the override{} table in Modul:Lang/data and renders a wiki table of private tags and their associated languages ]] local function private_tags (frame) local override_t = mw.loadData ('Modul:Lang/data').override -- get the override table local private_t = {} for tag, lang in pairs (override_t) do if tag:find ('%-x%-') then table.insert (private_t, table.concat ({'\n|-\n|', lang, '||', tag})) end end table.sort (private_t) table.insert (private_t, 1, '{| class="wikitable sortable"') table.insert (private_t, 2, '\n|+ Supported private-use IETF language tags') table.insert (private_t, 3, '\n! Language !! Private-use tag') return table.concat (private_t) .. '\n|}' -- return '<pre>' .. table.concat (private_t) .. '\n|}' .. '</pre>' --error (mw.dumpObject (private_t)) end --[[ -------------------------< L A N G - X X _ S E T T I N G S >---------------------------------------------- {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|lang_xx_settings|template={{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} Reads the content of the template and extracts the parameters from {{#invoke:Lang|...}} for display on the template's documentation page. ]] local function lang_xx_settings(frame) local page = mw.title.makeTitle('Template', frame.args['template'] or frame.args[1]) -- get a page object for this page in 'Citakan:' namespace if not page then return '' -- TODO: error message? end local content = page:getContent() -- get unparsed content if not page then return '' -- TODO: error message? end local out = {} local params local style if content:match('{{%s*#invoke:%s*[Ll]ang%s*|[^|]+|[^}]+}}') or content:match('{{%s*#invoke:%s*[Ll]ang/kotrétan%s*|[^|]+|[^}]+}}') then -- if this template uses [[Modul:Lang]] params = content:match('{{%s*#invoke:%s*[Ll]ang%s*|[^|]+(|[^}]+)}}') or content:match('{{%s*#invoke:%s*[Ll]ang/kotrétan%s*|[^|]+(|[^}]+)}}') -- extract the #invoke:'s parameters if not params then return '' -- there should be at least one or the template/module won't work TODO: error message? end table.insert(out, '{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float: right;"\n|+settings') -- start a wikitable for k, v in params:gmatch('%s*|%s*([^%s=]+)%s*=%s*([^%s|]+)') do -- get the parameter names (k) and values (v) if 'label' == k then -- special case for labels because spaces and pipes v = params:match('label%s*=%s*(%[%[[^%]]+%]%])') or params:match('label%s*=%s*([^|\n]+)') or 'missing label' end table.insert(out, table.concat({k, '\n|', v})) -- make rudimentary wikitable entries end style = content:match('lang_xx_([^|]+)') if not style or ('italic' ~= mw.text.trim (style) and 'inherit' ~= mw.text.trim (style)) then return '<span style="color:#d33">Error: template #invoke calls unknown function</span>' end return table.concat({table.concat(out,'\n|-\n! scope="row" | '), '\n|-\n|colspan="2"|style: ', style, '\n|-\n|}'}) -- add inter-row markup and close the wikitable and done else return '' -- does not use [[Modul:Lang]] so abandon quietly end end --[[ -------------------------- < U S E S _ M O D U L E > -------------------------- {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|uses_module|template={{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} Reads the content of the template to determine if this {{lang-xx}} template uses Modul:Lang. Returns the index of the substring '{{#invoke|lang|' in the template page content if true; empty string if false. Used in template documentation {{#if:}} parser functions. ]] local function uses_module(frame) local page = mw.title.makeTitle('Template', frame.args['template'] or frame.args[1]) -- get a page object for this page in 'Citakan:' namespace if not page then return '' -- TODO: error message? end local content = page:getContent() -- get unparsed content if not page then return '' -- TODO: error message? end return content:find('{{%s*#invoke:[Ll]ang%s*|') or '' -- return index or empty string end --[[ -------------------------- < S H A R E D _ C O D E > -------------------------- - Tables: -- LANGUAGE_CATEGORIES -- error_messages -- strings - Functions: -- make_error(message, layout, parent_category, nocat) -- get_language_link(language_name, language_code) -- get_see_also_section(page_title, language_name, language_code) -- get_hidden_category_template(frame) -- get_top_section(frame) -- get_bottom_section(frame, language_name, see_also_section, parent_category) ]] local LANGUAGE_CATEGORIES = { ["LANGUAGES_SOURCES"] = "Artikel kalawan sumber basa %s (%s)", ["LANGUAGES_COLLECTIVE_SOURCES"] = "Articles with %s-collective sources (%s)", ["CS1"] = "CS1 sumber basa %s (%s)", ["CS1_SCRIPT"] = "CS1 maké aksara basa %s (%s)", ["LANGUAGE_TEXT"] = "Artikel nu ngandung téks basa %s", ["LANGUAGES_COLLECTIVE_TEXT"] = "Artikel kalawan téks dina %s", ["ENGLISH"] = "Artikel nu ngandung téks basa %s nu dikutip sacara eksplisit", ["IPA"] = "Kaca kalawan IPA %s" } local error_assistance = " Please see [[Template talk:Lang]] for assistance." local error_messages = { ["ASSISTANCE"] = "Please see [[Template talk:Lang]] for assistance.", ["INCORRECT_CATEGORY_TITLE"] = "[[:%s]] is not the category being populated by the %s template. The correct category is located at: [[:%s]].", ["NO_CATEGORY_TITLE_FOUND"] = "No language category found for '''%s.'''" .. error_assistance, ["NOT_VALID_CATEGORY_FORMAT"] = "'''%s''' is not a a valid category title." .. error_assistance, ["NOT_VALID_LANGUAGE_CODE"] = "[[%s]] is not a valid ISO 639 or IETF language name." .. error_assistance, } local strings = { ["ERROR_CATEGORY"] = "[[Kategori:Kasalahan citakan Lang jeung lang-xx]]", ["ERROR_SPAN"] = '<span style="font-size: 100%%; font-style: normal;" class="error">Error: %s </span>', ["PURGE_DIV"] = '<div style="font-size: x-small;">%s</div>', ["SEE_ALSO"] = "\n== Tempo ogé ==", ["SEE_ALSO_ITEM"] = "* [[:%s]]", } --[[ -------------------------- < M A K E _ E R R O R > -------------------------- Create an error message. Does not place page in error category if args.nocat is used. Does not categorize in parent cateogory if used in category namespace (usually for /testcases). ]] local function make_error(message, layout, parent_category, nocat) table.insert(layout, string.format(strings["ERROR_SPAN"], message)) if not nocat then table.insert(layout, strings["ERROR_CATEGORY"]) end if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText == "Kategori" then table.insert(layout, parent_category) end return table.concat(layout) end --[[ -------------------------- < G E T _ L A N G U A G E _ L I N K > -------------------------- Generates a language link for the correct style. Collective languages use the name_from_tag value, while other languages use a display name of "x-language". ]] local function get_language_link(language_name, language_code) local lang_module = require('Modul:Lang') -- Is a language collective? if language_name:find('languages') then return lang_module.name_from_tag({language_code, link = "yes"}) else return lang_module.name_from_tag({language_code, link = "yes", label = lang_module.name_from_tag({language_code}) .. "-language"}) end end --[[ -------------------------- < G E T _ P R I M A R Y _ L A N G U A G E _ C O D E > -------------------------- Returns the primary language for sub-langage variants. ]] local function get_primary_language_code(language_code) -- If no hyphen exists, return nil (for cases like "el") if not language_code:find("-") then return nil end -- Match everything before the first hyphen, but only if a hyphen exists if language_code:match("^-") then return nil -- If the code starts with a hyphen, return nil end -- Look for the first part before any hyphen local primary_code = language_code:match("^[^-]+") return primary_code end --[[ -------------------------- < G E T _ S E E _ A L S O _ S E C T I O N > -------------------------- Generates a consistent style See also section for {{Category articles containing non-English-language text}} and {{Non-English-language source category}}. If {{CS1 language sources}} is converted, it should also use it. ]] local function get_see_also_section(page_title, language_name, language_code) local see_also_section = {} for _, category_name in pairs(LANGUAGE_CATEGORIES) do local category = mw.title.new(string.format(category_name, language_name, language_code), 14) if category and page_title ~= category.text and category.exists then table.insert(see_also_section, string.format(strings["SEE_ALSO_ITEM"], category.prefixedText)) end end table.sort(see_also_section) table.insert(see_also_section, 1, strings["SEE_ALSO"]) if table.getn(see_also_section) == 1 then return "" else return table.concat(see_also_section, "\n") end end --[[ -------------------------- < G E T _ H I D D E N _ C A T E G O R Y _ T E M P L A T E > -------------------------- Generates the Citakan:Hidden category template. This function is separate from the get_top_section() function as this should be used in both error categories and valid categories. ]] local function get_hidden_category_template(frame) return frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Hidden category'} end --[[ -------------------------- < G E T _ T O P _ S E C T I O N > -------------------------- Generates a consistent top maintenance template section which consists of: -- Citakan:Possibly empty category -- Citakan:Purge ]] local function get_top_section(frame) local top_section = {} if mw.site.stats.pagesInCategory(mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text, "all") == 0 then table.insert(top_section, frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Possibly empty category'}) else table.insert(top_section, frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Possibly empty category', args = {hidden=true}}) end local purge_module = require('Modul:Purge') table.insert(top_section, string.format(strings["PURGE_DIV"], purge_module._main({"Purge page cache"}))) return table.concat(top_section, "\n\n") end --[[ -------------------------- < G E T _ B O T T O M _ S E C T I O N > -------------------------- Generates a consistent non-text section which consists of: -- Citakan:Automatic category TOC -- A see also section -- {{DEFAULTSORT}} -- Categorization in parent category ]] local function get_bottom_section(frame, language_name, see_also_section, parent_category, parent_language_category) local bottom_section = {} table.insert(bottom_section, frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Automatic category TOC'}) table.insert(bottom_section, see_also_section) if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText == "Kategori" then table.insert(bottom_section, frame:preprocess{text = "{{DEFAULTSORT:" .. language_name .. "}}"}) if parent_language_category then table.insert(bottom_section, "[[" .. parent_language_category .. "]]") end table.insert(bottom_section, parent_category) end return table.concat(bottom_section, "\n\n\n") end --[[ -------------------------- < N O N _ E N G L I S H _ L A N G U A G E _ T E X T _ C A T E G O R Y > -------------------------- {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|non_english_language_text_category}} This function implements {{Non-English-language text category}}. ]] local non_english_language_text_strings = { ["LINE1"] = "This category contains articles with %s%s text. The primary purpose of these categories is to facilitate manual or automated checking of text in other languages.", ["LINE2"] = "This category should only be added with the %s family of templates, never explicitly.", ["LINE3"] = 'For example %s, which wraps the text with %s. Also available is %s which displays as %s.', ["LINE3_SYNTAXHIGHLIGHT"] = "<span lang=\"%s\">", ["IN_SCRIPT"] = " (in %s)", ["EXAMPLE_DEFAULT_TEXT"] = "text in %s language here", ["PARENT_CATEGORY"] = "[[Kategori:Artikel nu ngandung téks salian ti basa Inggris]]", ["TEMPLATE"] = "Lang", ["TEMPLATE2"] = "Langx", } local function non_english_language_text_category(frame) local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local args = require('Modul:Arguments').getArgs(frame) -- args.test is used for /testcases if args.test then page = mw.title.new(args.test) end -- Naming style: Articles with text from the Berber languages collective local page_title_modified = page.text local split_title = "([^,]+)%%s([^,]*)" local part1 = "" local part2 = "" if page_title_modified:find('Articles with text in') then -- Naming style: Kategori:Artikel kalawan téks ti basa Afro-Asia (as currently implemented in Modul:lang) part1, part2 = LANGUAGE_CATEGORIES["LANGUAGES_COLLECTIVE_TEXT"]:match(split_title) elseif page_title_modified:find('nu dikutip sacara éksplisit') then part1, part2 = LANGUAGE_CATEGORIES["ENGLISH"]:match(split_title) else -- Naming style: Kategori:Artikel nu ngandung téks basa Prancis part1, part2 = LANGUAGE_CATEGORIES["LANGUAGE_TEXT"]:match(split_title) end page_title_modified = page_title_modified:gsub(part1, "") page_title_modified = page_title_modified:gsub(part2, "") local language_name = page_title_modified local layout = {} table.insert(layout, get_hidden_category_template(frame)) local parent_category = non_english_language_text_strings["PARENT_CATEGORY"] if language_name == page.text then -- Error: Category title format not supported. return make_error(string.format(error_messages["NOT_VALID_CATEGORY_FORMAT"], page.text), layout, parent_category, args.nocat) end local lang_module = require('Modul:Lang') local language_code = lang_module._tag_from_name({language_name}) if language_code:find('[Ee]rror') then -- Error: Language code not found in database. return make_error(string.format(error_messages["NOT_VALID_LANGUAGE_CODE"], language_name), layout, parent_category, args.nocat) end local correct_language_category_title = lang_module._category_from_tag({language_code}) if correct_language_category_title:find('[Ee]rror') then -- Error: No category title found for language code. return make_error(string.format(error_messages["NO_CATEGORY_TITLE_FOUND"], language_code), layout, parent_category, args.nocat) end local current_category_title = page.prefixedText if current_category_title ~= correct_language_category_title then -- Error: The current title used is not in the supported format. TODO: can this still be reached? return make_error( string.format(error_messages["INCORRECT_CATEGORY_TITLE"], current_category_title, frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Tlx', args = {non_english_language_text_strings["TEMPLATE"]}}, correct_language_category_title), layout, parent_category, args.nocat) end table.insert(layout, get_top_section(frame)) local script_text = "" if args.script then script_text = string.format(non_english_language_text_strings["IN_SCRIPT"], args.script) end local language_link = get_language_link(language_name, language_code) table.insert(layout, string.format(non_english_language_text_strings["LINE1"], language_link, script_text)) local lang_template = frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Tl', args = {non_english_language_text_strings["TEMPLATE"]}} table.insert(layout, string.format(non_english_language_text_strings["LINE2"], lang_template)) local language_code_link = lang_module._name_from_tag({language_code, link="yes", label=language_code}) local example_default_text = string.format(non_english_language_text_strings["EXAMPLE_DEFAULT_TEXT"], language_name) local example_text = args.example or example_default_text local lang_template_example = frame:expandTemplate{title = "Tlx", args = {non_english_language_text_strings["TEMPLATE"], language_code_link, example_text}} local langx_args = {non_english_language_text_strings["TEMPLATE2"], language_code_link, example_text} local langx_template_example = frame:expandTemplate{title = "Tlx", args = {non_english_language_text_strings["TEMPLATE2"], language_code, example_text}} local langx_template_code = frame:expandTemplate{title = non_english_language_text_strings["TEMPLATE2"], args = {language_code, example_text}} -- Strip private use subtag from code tag because this is what [[Modul:Lang]] does. local language_code_without_private_use = language_code:gsub("%-x%-.*", "") -- Wrap in syntaxhighlight. local syntaxhighlight = frame:extensionTag( "syntaxhighlight", string.format(non_english_language_text_strings["LINE3_SYNTAXHIGHLIGHT"], language_code_without_private_use), {lang = "html", inline = true} ) table.insert(layout, string.format(non_english_language_text_strings["LINE3"], lang_template_example, syntaxhighlight, langx_template_example, langx_template_code)) local see_also_section = get_see_also_section(page.text, language_name, language_code) local parent_language_code = get_primary_language_code(language_code) local parent_language_category if parent_language_code then parent_language_category = lang_module._category_from_tag({parent_language_code}) end local bottom = get_bottom_section(frame, language_name, see_also_section, non_english_language_text_strings["PARENT_CATEGORY"], parent_language_category) return table.concat(layout, "\n\n") .. bottom end --[[ -------------------------- < N O N _ E N G L I S H _ L A N G U A G E _ S O U R C E S _ C A T E G O R Y > -------------------------- {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|non_english_language_sources_category}} This function implements {{Non-English-language sources category}}. ]] local non_english_language_sources_strings = { ["LINE1"] = "This is a tracking category for articles that use %s to identify %s sources.", ["PARENT_CATEGORY"] = "[[Kategori:Artikel kalawan sumber salian ti basa Inggris]]", ["TEMPLATE"] = "In lang", } local function non_english_language_sources_category(frame) local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local args = require('Modul:Arguments').getArgs(frame) -- args.test is used for /testcases if args.test then page = mw.title.new(args.test) end local page_title = page.text local language_code = page_title:match('%(([%a%-]+)%)') local language_name = require('Modul:Lang')._name_from_tag({language_code}) local layout = {} table.insert(layout, get_hidden_category_template(frame)) local parent_category = non_english_language_sources_strings["PARENT_CATEGORY"] local in_lang_module = require('Modul:In lang') local correct_language_category_title = in_lang_module._in_lang({language_code, ["list-cats"]="yes"}) if correct_language_category_title == "" then -- Error: No category title found for language code. return make_error(string.format(error_messages["NO_CATEGORY_TITLE_FOUND"], language_code), layout, parent_category, args.nocat) end local current_category_title = page.prefixedText if correct_language_category_title ~= current_category_title then -- Error: The current title used is not in the supported format. return make_error( string.format(error_messages["INCORRECT_CATEGORY_TITLE"], current_category_title, frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Tlx', args = {non_english_language_sources_strings["TEMPLATE"]}}, correct_language_category_title), layout, parent_category, args.nocat) end local language_link = get_language_link(language_name, language_code) local text = string.format(non_english_language_sources_strings["LINE1"], frame:expandTemplate{title = 'Tlx', args = {non_english_language_sources_strings["TEMPLATE"], language_code}}, language_link) table.insert(layout, get_top_section(frame)) table.insert(layout, text) local see_also_section = get_see_also_section(page_title, language_name, language_code) local parent_language_code = get_primary_language_code(language_code) local parent_language_category if parent_language_code then parent_language_category = in_lang_module._in_lang({parent_language_code, ["list-cats"]="yes"}) end local bottom = get_bottom_section(frame, language_name, see_also_section, parent_category, parent_language_category) return table.concat(layout, "\n\n") .. bottom end --[[ -------------------------- < N O N _ E N G L I S H _ L A N G U A G E _ C S 1 _ S O U R C E S _ C A T E G O R Y > -------------------------- {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|non_english_language_cs1_sources_category}} This function implements {{Non-English-language CS1 sources category}}. ]] local non_english_language_cs1_text_strings = { ["LINE1"] = "This is a tracking category for [[WP:CS1|CS1 citations]] that use the parameter %s to identify a source in [[%s language|%s]]. Pages in this category should only be added by CS1 templates and [[Modul:Citation/CS1]].", ["PARENT_CATEGORY"] = "[[Kategori:CS1 sumber basa asing]]", -- #TODO change to "Articles with non-english CS1 language sources" or "CS1 non-English language sources" } --"This is a tracking category for [[WP:CS1|CS1 citations]] that use the parameter %s to hold a citation title that uses %s characters and contains the language prefix <code>%s:</code>. Pages in this category should only be added by CS1 templates and [[Modul:Citation/CS1]].", --"[[Kategori:CS1 maké aksara basa asing]]", -- "This is a tracking category for [[WP:CS1|CS1 citations]] that use the parameter %s. Pages in this category should only be added by CS1 templates and [[Modul:Citation/CS1]].", -- "to identify a source in [[%s language|%s]].", -- "to hold a citation title that uses %s characters and contains the language prefix <code>%s:</code>.", local function non_english_language_cs1_sources_category(frame) local page_title_object = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local page_title = page_title_object.text local language_code = page_title:match('%(([%a%-]+)%)') local language_name = require('Modul:Lang')._name_from_tag({language_code}) local layout = {} table.insert(layout, get_hidden_category_template(frame)) local see_also_section = "" local parameter_doc = frame:expandTemplate{title = 'para', args = {"language", language_code}} table.insert(layout, get_top_section(frame)) table.insert(layout, string.format(non_english_language_cs1_text_strings["LINE1"], parameter_doc, language_name, language_name)) local see_also_section = get_see_also_section(page_title, language_name, language_code) local bottom = get_bottom_section(frame, language_name, see_also_section, non_english_language_cs1_text_strings["PARENT_CATEGORY"]) return table.concat(layout, "\n\n") .. bottom end --[[ -------------------------- < T E S T _ C A S E S _ S H A R E D _ C O D E > -------------------------- ]] local function compare_by_keys2(a, b) -- local function used by table.sort() return a[2] < b[2] -- ascending sort by code end local function compare_by_keys(a, b) -- local function used by table.sort() return a[1] < b[1] -- ascending sort by code end -- Used by testcases_iso_code_to_name() local function get_language_code_table_from_code(args) local entry = {} --if args.override_table[args.language_code] then -- table.insert(entry, args.override_table[args.language_code][1]) -- :gsub(' %b()$', '') fails here --else table.insert(entry, args.language_code) -- end return entry end -- Used by testcases_name_from_tag() local function get_language_code_and_name_table_from_code(args) local entry = {} if args.override_table and args.override_table[args.language_code] then table.insert(entry, args.language_code) local language_code, _ = args.override_table[args.language_code][1]:gsub(' %b()$', '') table.insert(entry, language_code) else table.insert(entry, args.language_code) table.insert(entry, args.language_table[args.language_code]) end return entry end -- Used by testcases_category_from_tag() local function get_language_code_and_category_table_from_code(args) local entry = {} table.insert(entry, args.language_code) table.insert(entry, args.test_function({args.language_code})) return entry end -- Used by testcases_iso_name_to_code() and testcases_tag_from_name() local function get_language_name_and_code_table_from_code(args) local entry = {} if args.override_table[args.language_code] then table.insert(entry, args.override_table[args.language_code][1]) -- only the first name when there are multiples table.insert(entry, args.language_code) else table.insert(entry, args.language_names[1]) -- only the first name when there are multiples table.insert(entry, args.language_code) end return entry end local function get_table(table_function, language_table, length, range, iso_number, test_function) local table_of_language_name_and_code_tables = {} local override_table_name = "override" if iso_number then override_table_name = "override_" .. iso_number end local override_table = require("Modul:ISO 639 name/ISO_639_override/kotrétan")[override_table_name] -- For most ISO 639s. if range then for language_code, language_names in pairs(language_table) do if language_code:find(range) then table.insert(table_of_language_name_and_code_tables, table_function({ override_table = override_table, language_code = language_code, language_names = language_names, test_function = test_function, language_table = language_table })) end end -- For ISO 639-1. elseif length then for language_code, language_names in pairs(language_table) do if language_code:len() == 2 then table.insert(table_of_language_name_and_code_tables, table_function({ override_table = override_table, language_code = language_code, language_names = language_names, test_function = test_function, language_table = language_table })) end end -- For general /testcases. else for language_code, language_names in pairs(language_table) do table.insert(table_of_language_name_and_code_tables, table_function({ override_table = override_table, language_code = language_code, language_names = language_names, test_function = test_function, language_table = language_table })) end end return table_of_language_name_and_code_tables end local function get_undabbed_table(language_list, length, range) local undabbed_language_table = {} -- for this test, ISO 639-3 language name disambiguators must be removed; un-dabbed names go here for language_code, language_names in pairs(language_list) do -- For most ISO 639s. if range then if language_code:find(range) then undabbed_language_table[language_code] = language_names[1]:gsub(' %b()$', '') -- undab and save only the first name; ignore all other names assigned to a code end -- For ISO 639-1. elseif length then if language_code:len() == 2 then undabbed_language_table[language_code] = language_names[1]:gsub(' %b()$', '') -- undab and save only the first name; ignore all other names assigned to a code end -- For general /testcases. else undabbed_language_table[language_code] = language_names[1]:gsub(' %b()$', '') end end return undabbed_language_table end --[[ -------------------------- < T E S T C A S E S _ C A T E G O R Y _ F R O M _ T A G > -------------------------- Entry point for the various category_from_tag testcases. Build a table of test patterns where each entry in the table is a table with two members: {"<language_code>", "<category name according to Modul:Lang>"} - "Expected" column value is the category name according to Modul:Lang. - "Actual" column value is the result of {{#invoke:Lang/kotrétan|category_from_tag|<language_code>}}. TODO: Currently not working. ]] local function testcases_category_from_tag(self, args) local cat_from_tag_function = require('Modul:Lang')._category_from_tag local language_tables = get_table(get_language_code_and_category_table_from_code, args.language_list, args.length, args.range, args.iso_number, cat_from_tag_function) table.sort(language_tables, compare_by_keys) self:preprocess_equals_preprocess_many( '{{#invoke:Lang/kotrétan|category_from_tag|', '}}', '', '', language_tables, {nowiki=false} ) end --[[ -------------------------- < T E S T C A S E S _ N A M E _ F R O M _ T A G > -------------------------- Entry point for the various name_from_tag testcases. Build a table of test patterns where each entry in the table is a table with two members: {"<language_code>", "<language_name>"} - "Expected" column value is the <language_name>. - "Actual" column value is the result of sandbox version {{#invoke:Lang/kotrétan|name_from_tag|<language_code>}}. ]] local function testcases_name_from_tag(self, args) local undabbed_language_table = get_undabbed_table(args.language_list, args.length, args.range, nil) local language_tables = get_table(get_language_code_and_name_table_from_code, undabbed_language_table, args.length, args.range) table.sort(language_tables, compare_by_keys) self:preprocess_equals_preprocess_many( '{{#invoke:Lang/kotrétan|name_from_tag|', '}}', '', '', language_tables, {nowiki=false} ) end --[[ -------------------------- < T E S T C A S E S _ T A G _ F R O M _ N A M E > -------------------------- Entry point for the various tag_from_name testcases. Build a table of test patterns where each entry in the table is a table with two members: {"<language_name>", "<language_code>"} - "Expected" column value is the <language_code>. - "Actual" column value is the result of sandbox version {{#invoke:Lang/kotrétan|tag_from_name|<language_name>}}. TODO: Currently not working. ]] local function testcases_tag_from_name(self, args) local language_tables = get_table(get_language_name_and_code_table_from_code, args.language_list, args.length, args.range, args.iso_number, nil) table.sort(language_tables, compare_by_keys2) local ordered_table = {} table.sort(unordered_table) for _, key in ipairs(unordered_table) do table.insert(ordered_table, {key, reverse_table[key]}) end self:preprocess_equals_preprocess_many( '{{#invoke:Lang/kotrétan|tag_from_name|', '}}', '', '', language_tables, {nowiki=false} ) end --[[ -------------------------- < T E S T C A S E S _ I S O _ C O D E _ T O _ N A M E > -------------------------- Entry point for the various iso_code_to_name testcases. Build a table of test patterns where each entry in the table is a table with one member: {"<language_code>"} - "Expected" column value is the result of the live version of {{#invoke:ISO 639 name|iso_639_name_to_code|<language_code>}}. - "Actual" column value is the result of sandbox version {{#invoke:ISO 639 name/kotrétan|iso_639_name_to_code|<language_code>}}. ]] local function testcases_iso_code_to_name(self, args) local language_tables = get_table(get_language_code_table_from_code, args.language_list, args.length, args.range, args.iso_number, nil) table.sort(language_tables, compare_by_keys) self:preprocess_equals_preprocess_many( '{{#invoke:ISO 639 name/kotrétan|iso_639_code_to_name|link=yes|', '}}', '{{#invoke:ISO 639 name|iso_639_code_to_name|link=yes|', '}}', language_tables, {nowiki=false} ) end --[[ -------------------------- < T E S T C A S E S _ I S O _ N A M E _ T O _ C O D E > -------------------------- Entry point for the various iso_name_to_code testcases. Build a table of test patterns where each entry in the table is a table with two members: {"<language_name>", "<language_code>"} - "Expected" column value is the <language_code>. - "Actual" column is value the result of {{#invoke:ISO 639 name/kotrétan|iso_639_name_to_code|<language_name>}}. ]] local function testcases_iso_name_to_code(self, args) local language_tables = get_table(get_language_name_and_code_table_from_code, args.language_list, args.length, args.range, args.iso_number, nil) table.sort(language_tables, compare_by_keys2) self:preprocess_equals_preprocess_many( '{{#invoke:ISO 639 name/kotrétan|iso_639_name_to_code|2=' .. args.iso_number .. "|", '}}', '', '', language_tables, {nowiki=false} ) end --[[--------------------------< S E E _ A L S O >-------------------------------------------------------------- adds items to the list of items in §See also section of Citakan:Lang-x/doc; Evaluates single positional parameter which is a comma-separated list of items including list markup. {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|see_also|*{{tl|Lang-tt-Cyrl}}, *{{tl|Lang-tt-Latn}}, *{{tl|Lang-tt-Arab}}}} ]] local function see_also (frame) if nil == frame.args[1] or '' == frame.args[1] then -- if empty, ... return -- ... return nothing end return frame:preprocess (frame.args[1]:gsub ('%s*,%s', '\n')) -- preprocess so any templates are rendered before saving and done end --[[ -------------------------< E X P O R T E D _ F U N C T I O N S > ----------------------------------------- ]] return { lang_xx_settings = lang_xx_settings, uses_module = uses_module, see_also = see_also, non_english_language_text_category = non_english_language_text_category, non_english_language_sources_category = non_english_language_sources_category, non_english_language_cs1_sources_category = non_english_language_cs1_sources_category, private_tags = private_tags, -- Modul:Lang testcases testcases_category_from_tag = testcases_category_from_tag, testcases_name_from_tag = testcases_name_from_tag, testcases_tag_from_name = testcases_tag_from_name, -- Modul:ISO 639 name testcases testcases_iso_code_to_name = testcases_iso_code_to_name, testcases_iso_name_to_code = testcases_iso_name_to_code, } azt0gx3byv03cl1ph6b4k92atovyc7u 828 109140 729963 2026-10-07T04:38:48Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Modul:Language/data/iana languages]] ka [[Modul:Lang/data/iana languages]] 729963 Scribunto text/plain return require [[Modul:Lang/data/iana languages]] q3dnal8eyppp68ort1iuqoldo7nyyjo 828 109141 729965 2026-10-07T05:12:07Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Modul:Language/data/iana scripts]] ka [[Modul:Lang/data/iana scripts]] 729965 Scribunto text/plain return require [[Modul:Lang/data/iana scripts]] k9dheqv3ibcxgbdvg0ccvhaezvk19cv 828 109142 729967 2026-10-07T05:16:06Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Modul anyar 729967 Scribunto text/plain require('strict'); --[=[------------------------< G E T _ V A R I A N T _ P A R T S >--------------------------------------------- We get a record that looks more-or-less like this: %%\n Type: variant\n Subtag: bohoric\n Description: Slovene in Bohorič alphabet\n Added: 2012-06-27\n Prefix: sl\n Each line is terminated with a \n character. Type, for this function can only be 'variant' Subtag is the code of Type Prefix is a language code to which this variant applies; one language code per Prefix line. There can be more than one prefix line. Description associates Subtag with a proper name or names; one name per Description line. There can be more than one Description line and Description lines can wrap to the next line. When they do, the first two characters of the continuation line are spaces. Comments: lines can also be continued so once in a Comments line (which is otherwise ignored) all further continuations in the record are also ignored. This is a crude mechanism to prevent comment continuations from being concatenated onto the end of descriptions and relies on Description line occuring in the record before the Comments line. Records with private use subtags are ignored. ]=] local function get_variant_parts (record) local code; local descriptions = {}; local prefixes = {}; local in_comments = false; if string.find (record, 'Deprecated', 1, true) or string.find (record, 'Preferred-Value', 1, true) or string.find (record, 'Private use', 1, true) then return 'skip'; end for line in string.gmatch (record, '([^\n]+)\n') do -- get a \n terminated line of text (without the \n) local label = string.match(line, "(.-):") if not label and string.find (line, '^ .+') and not in_comments then -- if a continuation line but not a comments continuation descriptions[#descriptions] = string.gsub (descriptions[#descriptions], '\"$', ''); -- remove trailing quote mark from previous description descriptions[#descriptions] = descriptions[#descriptions] .. ' ' .. string.match (line, '^ (.+)') .. '\"'; -- extract and save the continuation with new quote mark elseif label == 'Subtag' then -- if this line is the subtag line code = string.match (line, 'Subtag: (%w+)'); -- extract and save to subtag's code elseif label == 'Description' then -- if this line is a description line local desc = string.match (line, 'Description: (.+)'); -- extract the description desc = string.gsub (desc, '"', '\\"'); -- in case description contains quote marks (see 1959acad) table.insert (descriptions, '\"' .. desc .. '\"'); -- save the description wrapped in quote marks elseif label == 'Prefix' then -- if this line is a prefix line table.insert (prefixes, '\"' .. string.match (line, 'Prefix: (.+)'):lower() .. '\"'); -- extract and save the prefix wrapped in quote marks elseif label == 'Comments' then -- if this line is a comments line in_comments = true; end end return code, table.concat (prefixes, ', '), table.concat (descriptions, ', '); end --[=[------------------------< G E T _ L A N G _ S C R I P T _ R E G I O N _ P A R T S >----------------------- We get a record that looks more-or-less like this: %%\n Type: language\n Subtag: aa\n Description: Afar\n Added: 2005-10-16\n Each line is terminated with a \n character. Type, for our purposes can be 'language', 'script', or 'region' Subtag is the code of Type Description associates Subtag with a proper name or names; one name per Description line. There can be more than one Description line and Description lines can wrap to the next line. When they do, the first two characters of the continuation line are spaces. Comments: lines can also be continued so once in a Comments line (which is otherwise ignored) all further continuations in the record are also ignored. This is a crude mechanism to prevent comment continuations from being concatenated onto the end of descriptions and relies on Description line occuring in the record before the Comments line. Records with private use subtags are ignored. ]=] local function get_lang_script_region_parts (record) local code; local suppress; -- Suppress script for this code if specified local deprecated; -- boolean; true when subtag is deprecated local descriptions = {}; local in_comments = false; if record:find ('Private use') then return 'skip'; end for line in record:gmatch ('([^\n]+)\n') do -- get a \n terminated line of text (without the \n) local label = line:match ('(.-):'); if 'Subtag' == label then -- if this line is the subtag line code = line:match ('Subtag: (%w+)'); -- extract and save to subtag's code elseif 'Description' == label then -- if this line is a description line table.insert (descriptions, '\"' .. line:match ('Description: (.+)') .. '\"'); -- extract and save the name wrapped in quote marks elseif 'Deprecated' == label then deprecated = true; -- subtag is deprecated; set our flag elseif 'Suppress-Script' == label then suppress = line:match ('Suppress%-Script: (%S+)'); elseif 'Comments' == label then -- if this line is a comments line in_comments = true; elseif line:find ('^ .+') and not in_comments then -- if a continuation line but not a commnets continuation descriptions[#descriptions] = descriptions[#descriptions]:gsub ('\"$', ''); -- remove trailing quote mark from previous description descriptions[#descriptions] = descriptions[#descriptions] .. ' ' .. line:match ('^ (.+)') .. '\"'; -- extract and save the continuation with new quote mark end end return code, table.concat (descriptions, ', '), suppress, deprecated; end --[=[------------------------< I A N A _ E X T R A C T >------------------------------------------------------- read a local copy of the IANA language-subtag-registry file and from it build tables to replace the tables in: [[Modul:Lang/data/iana languages]] [[Modul:Lang/data/iana regions]] [[Modul:Lang/data/iana scripts]] [[Modul:Lang/data/iana supressed cripts]] [[Modul:Lang/data/iana variants]] current language-subtag-registry file can be found at: http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry archive.org has copies of previous versions see: https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry ]=] local function iana_extract (frame) local page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); -- get a page object for this page local content = page:getContent(); -- get unparsed content local lang_table = {}; -- languages go here local lang_dep_table = {}; -- deprecated languages go here local script_table = {}; -- scripts go here local region_table = {}; -- regions go here local variant_table = {}; -- variants go here local suppress_table = {}; -- here we collect suppressed scripts and associated language codes local iso_639_1_table = {}; -- ISO 639-1 languages; not used by Modul:Lang but included here to ensure Modul:Lang/data/ISO_639-1 gets updated local file_date; -- first line local code; local descriptions; local prefixes; -- used for language variants only local suppress; -- a code's suppress script local deprecated; -- boolean: true when subtag is deprecated file_date = content:match ('(File%-Date: %d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d)'); -- get the file date line from this version of the source file for record in string.gmatch (content, '%%%%([^%%]+)') do -- get a %% delimited 'record' from the file; leave off the delimiters local record_type = string.match(record, 'Type: (%w+)') if record_type == 'language' then -- if a language record code, descriptions, suppress, deprecated = get_lang_script_region_parts (record); -- get the code, description(s), suppress script, and deprecated flag if code and ('skip' ~= code) then if deprecated then table.insert (lang_dep_table, "[\"" .. code .. "\"] = {" .. descriptions .. "}"); -- make table entries else table.insert (lang_table, "[\"" .. code .. "\"] = {" .. descriptions .. "}"); -- make table entries if 2 == code:len() then table.insert (iso_639_1_table, "[\"" .. code .. "\"] = {" .. descriptions .. "}"); -- make table entries end end elseif not code then table.insert (lang_table, "[\"error\"] = {" .. record .. "}"); -- code should never be nil, but inserting an error entry in the final output can be helpful end -- here we collect suppress stript tags and their associated language codes; -- prettigying the data in this table must wait until all language codes have been read if suppress then -- if this code has a suppressed script local suppressed_code = table.concat ({'\"', code, '\"'}); -- wrap the code in quotes if suppress_table[suppress] then -- if there is an entry for this script table.insert (suppress_table[suppress], suppressed_code); -- insert the new code else suppress_table[suppress] = {}; -- add new script and empty table table.insert (suppress_table[suppress], suppressed_code); -- insert the new code end end elseif record_type == 'script' then -- if a script record code, descriptions = get_lang_script_region_parts (record); -- get the code and description(s) if code and ('skip' ~= code) then table.insert (script_table, "[\"" .. code .. "\"] = {" .. descriptions .. "}"); -- make table entries elseif not code then table.insert (script_table, "[\"error\"] = {" .. record .. "}"); -- code should never be nil, but ... end elseif record_type == 'region' then -- if a region record code, descriptions = get_lang_script_region_parts (record); -- get the code and description(s) if code and ('skip' ~= code) then table.insert (region_table, "[\"" .. code .. "\"] = {" .. descriptions .. "}"); -- make table entries elseif not code then table.insert (region_table, "[\"error\"] = {" .. record .. "}"); -- code should never be nil, but ... end elseif record_type == 'variant' then -- if a variant record code, prefixes, descriptions = get_variant_parts (record); -- get the code, prefix(es), and description(s) if code and ('skip' ~= code) then table.insert (variant_table, table.concat ({ "[\"", code, "\"] = {<br />&#9;&#9;[\"descriptions\"] = {", descriptions, "},<br />&#9;&#9;[\"prefixes\"] = {", prefixes, "},<br />&#9;&#9;}" }) ); elseif not code then table.insert (variant_table, "[\"error\"] = {" .. record .. "}"); -- code should never be nil, but ... end end end -- now prettify the supressed script table local pretty_suppressed = {}; for script, code_tbl in pairs (suppress_table) do local LIMIT = 11; -- max number of subtags on a line before a line break local fragment_tbl = {}; -- groups of LIMIT number of subtags collected here for i=1, #code_tbl, LIMIT do local stop = ((i+LIMIT-1) > #code_tbl) and #code_tbl or i+LIMIT-1; -- calculate a table.concat stop position table.insert (fragment_tbl, table.concat (code_tbl, ', ', i, stop)); -- get the fragment and save it end table.insert (pretty_suppressed, -- and make all pretty table.concat ({'[\"', script, '\"] = {', table.concat (fragment_tbl, ',\n\t\t\t\t'), '}'}) ); end table.sort (pretty_suppressed); -- make final output pretty return '<br /><pre>------------------------------< I A N A L A N G U A G E S >--------------------------------------------------<br />--' .. file_date .. "<br />local active = {<br />&#9;" .. table.concat (lang_table, ',<br />&#9;') .. "<br />&#9;}<br /><br />" .. "local deprecated = {<br />&#9;" .. table.concat (lang_dep_table, ',<br />&#9;') .. "<br />&#9;}<br /><br />" .. "return {<br />&#9;active = active,<br />&#9;deprecated = deprecated,<br />&#9;}<br /><br />" .. '------------------------------< I A N A S C R I P T S >------------------------------------------------------<br />--' .. file_date .. "<br />return {<br />&#9;" .. table.concat (script_table, ',<br />&#9;') .. "<br />&#9;}<br /><br />" .. '------------------------------< I A N A R E G I O N S >------------------------------------------------------<br />--' .. file_date .. "<br />return {<br />&#9;" .. table.concat (region_table, ',<br />&#9;') .. "<br />&#9;}<br /><br />" .. '------------------------------< I A N A V A R I A N T S >----------------------------------------------------<br />--' .. file_date .. "<br />return {<br />&#9;" .. table.concat (variant_table, ',<br />&#9;') .. "<br />&#9;}<br /><br />" .. '------------------------------< I A N A S U P P R E S S E D S C R I P T S >--------------------------------<br />--' .. file_date .. "<br />return {<br />&#9;" .. table.concat (pretty_suppressed, ',<br />&#9;') .. "<br />&#9;}<br /><br />" .. '------------------------------< I S O 6 3 9 - 1 >------------------------------------------------------------<br />--' .. file_date .. "<br />return {<br />&#9;" .. table.concat (iso_639_1_table, ',<br />&#9;') .. "<br />&#9;}<br /><br />" .. "</pre>"; end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N >-------------------------------------------- ]] return { iana_extract = iana_extract, } ea51oue762d3avlf2986bbgf9qkvkh4 828 109143 729971 2026-10-07T08:19:26Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Modul:Language/data/iana regions]] ka [[Modul:Lang/data/iana regions]] 729971 Scribunto text/plain return require [[Modul:Lang/data/iana regions]] 5ufe4ylj3ba898lpczzcy3hxf8uxaw6 828 109144 729973 2026-10-07T08:21:36Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Modul:Language/data/iana variants]] ka [[Modul:Lang/data/iana variants]] 729973 Scribunto text/plain return require [[Modul:Lang/data/iana variants]] li2id5zy68rlu6h6pb9jyjnxsxszrv0 828 109145 729975 2026-10-07T08:22:21Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Rafka Aditia mindahkeun kaca [[Modul:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts]] ka [[Modul:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts]] 729975 Scribunto text/plain return require [[Modul:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts]] no3fbfdjeoed9wt23n6be5tdbe5golk 828 109146 729976 2026-10-07T10:23:48Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Modul anyar 729976 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< T E M P L A T E S _ T >-------------------------------------------------------- ]] local templates_t = { lang = 'Lang', langx = 'Langx', langxx = 'Lang-xx', transliteration = 'Transliterasi', } --[[--------------------------< K N O W N _ P A R A M S >------------------------------------------------------ lists of all parameters known to {{lang}}, {{langx}}, {{lang-xx}} templates. Exception: |fn= is known to {{lang}} but is not a 'lang' template; that parameter causes the module to call the specified lang(), lang_xx_inherit(), or lang_xx_italic() function. These separate functions set |fn= to nill and then do the known-param checking on the other template parameters ]] local known_params_t = { ['common_params_all_t'] = { -- these parameters common to {{lang}}, {{langx}}, and {{lang-xx}} ['code'] = true, ['text'] = true, ['rtl'] = true, ['italic'] = true, ['italics'] = true, ['i'] = true, ['size'] = true, ['proto'] = true, ['nocat'] = true, ['cat'] = true, ['template'] = true, -- supplied by external templates to provide template name for error messaging ({{nihongo}}, etc) }, ['params_lang_t'] = { -- unique to {{lang}} [1] = true, -- alias of |code= [2] = true, -- alias of |text= }, ['params_x_t'] = { -- common to {{langx}} and {{lang-xx}} ['translit'] = true, ['translit-std'] = true, ['translit-script'] = true, ['translation'] = true, ['lit='] = true, ['label'] = true, ['link'] = true, ['links'] = true, ['lit'] = true, ['engvar'] = true, }, ['params_langx_t'] = { -- unique to {{langx}} [1] = true, -- alias of |code= [2] = true, -- alias of |text= [3] = true, -- alias of |translit= [4] = true, -- alias of |translation= }, ['params_lang_xx_t'] = { -- unique to {{lang-xx}} [1] = true, -- alias of |text= [2] = true, -- alias of |translit= [3] = true, -- alias of |translation= ['script'] = true, -- these needed to override default params in {{lang-??}} templates ['region'] = true, ['variant'] = true, }, } --[[--------------------------< E N G _ V A R >---------------------------------------------------------------- Used at en.wiki so that spelling of 'romanized' (US, default) can be changed to 'romanised' to match the envar specified by a {{Use xxx English}}. Not likely useful outside of en.wiki This is accomplished by setting |engvar=gb; can, should be omitted in articles that use American English; no need for the clutter. ]] local engvar_sel_t = { -- select either UK English or US English ['au'] = 'gb_t', -- these match IANA region codes (except in lower case) ['ca'] = 'us_t', ['gb'] = 'gb_t', ['ie'] = 'gb_t', ['in'] = 'gb_t', ['nz'] = 'gb_t', ['us'] = 'us_t', -- default engvar ['za'] = 'gb_t' }; local engvar_t = { ['gb_t'] = { ['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanisation', -- lower case ['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanisation', -- upper case; unused can be deleted ['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanised', -- past tense }, ['us_t'] = { -- default engvar ['romanisz_lc'] = 'romanization', -- lower case ['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanization', -- upper case; unused can be deleted ['romanisz_pt'] = 'romanized', -- past tense } } local default_engvar = 'us_t'; --[[ =============================<< M E S S A G I N G T A B L E S >>============================================= these tables are for internationalization. Messages or fragments thereof are mostly grouped by function name. Some messages are shared by functions other than the function table that lists the message or fragment. ]] --[[--------------------------< K E Y W O R D S _ T >---------------------------------------------------------- ]] local keywords_t = { ['affirmative'] = 'yes', ['negative'] = 'no', ['unset'] = 'unset', ['invert'] = 'invert', ['default'] = 'default', } --[[--------------------------< M I S C _ T E X T _ T >-------------------------------------------------------- ]] local misc_text_t = { ['error'] = 'Error', -- make_error_msg(), tag_from_name() ['language'] = 'language', -- make_translit(), lang_xx(), name_from_tag() ['help'] = 'help', } --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ E R R O R _ M S G _ T >---------------------------------------------- ]] local make_error_msg_t = { ['xlit_err_cat'] = 'Kasalahan citakan transliterasi', ['lang_err_cat'] = 'Kasalahan citakan lang jeung lang-xx', ['undefined'] = 'teu dijelaskeun', } --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ I T A L I C _ T >-------------------------------------------- ]] local parameter_validate_t = { ['invalid_param'] = 'paraméter teu sah: &#124;$1=', -- $1 is parameter name } --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ I T A L I C _ T >-------------------------------------------- ]] local validate_italic_t = { ['multi_italic'] = 'only one of &#124;italic=, &#124;italics=, or &#124;i= can be specified', } --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ T E X T _ T >------------------------------------------------ ]] local validate_text_t = { ['no_text'] = 'no text', ['malformed_markup'] = 'text has malformed markup', ['italic_markup'] = 'text has italic markup', } --[[--------------------------< T E X T _ S C R I P T _ M A T C H _ T E S T _ T >------------------------------ ]] local text_script_match_test_t = { ['latn_txt_mismatch'] = 'Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch', ['latn_scr_mismatch'] = 'Non-latn text (pos $1: $2)/Latn script subtag mismatch', -- $1 identifies offending character's position; $2 is the character } --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ T >------------------------------------------------------------------ ]] local lang_t = { ['conflict_n_param'] = 'conflicting: {{{$1}}} and &#124;$2=', -- $1 is positional param number, $2 is named param; shared with _lang_xx() ['conflict_n_param_types'] = { ['code'] = 'code', ['text'] = 'text', ['translit'] = 'translit', }, ['invalid_proto'] = 'invalid &#124;proto=: $1', -- _lang_xx also emits this message } --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ X X _ T >------------------------------------------------------------ ]] local lang_xx_t = { ['conflict_n_lit'] = 'conflicting: {{{$1}}} and &#124;lit= or &#124;translation=', -- $1 is positional parameter; can be either 3 ({{lang-??}}) or 4 ({{langx}}) ['conflict_lit'] = 'conflicting: &#124;lit= and &#124;translation=', ['conflict_link'] = 'conflicting: &#124;links= and &#124;link=', ['invalid_xlit_std'] = 'invalid translit-std', ['romanization'] = 'Romanization of', ['translit_nonlatn'] = 'transliteration text not Latin script (pos $1: $2)', -- _xlit() also emits this message; $1 identifies offending character's position; $2 is the character ['xlit_of_latn'] = 'transliteration of latn script', } --[[--------------------------< T A G _ F R O M _ N A M E _ T >------------------------------------------------ ]] local tag_from_name_t = { ['lang_not_found'] = 'basa: $1 teu kapendak', -- $1 is language name parameter value ['missing_lang_name'] = 'ngaran basa leungit', } --[[--------------------------< T R A N S L _ T >-------------------------------------------------------------- ]] local transl_t = { ['unrecog_xlit_std'] = 'unrecognized transliteration standard: $1', -- $1 is |translit_std- parameter value ['no_text'] = 'no text', ['missing_lang_scr'] = 'missing language / script code', ['unrecog_lang_scr'] = 'unrecognized language / script code: $1', -- $1 is the language/script code } --[[--------------------------< G E T _ I E T F _ P A R T S _ T >---------------------------------------------- ]] local get_ietf_parts_t = { ['maint_promo_cat'] = 'Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1|$1', -- $1 is ISO 639-2/3 subtag ['maint_promo_msg'] = 'code: $1 promoted to code: $2', -- $1 is ISO 639-2/3 subtag, $2 is synonymous ISO 639-1 subtag ['missing_lang_tag'] = 'missing language tag', -- also used in _langx() ['redundant_scr'] = 'redundant script tag', ['redundant_reg'] = 'redundant region tag', ['redundant_var'] = 'redundant variant tag', ['unrecog_tag'] = 'unrecognized language tag: $1', -- $1 is the whole language tag ['unrecog_code'] = 'unrecognized language code: $1', -- $1 is code ['unrecog_reg_code'] = 'unrecognized region: $1 for code: $2', -- $1 is region, $2 is code ['unrecog_scr_code'] = 'unrecognized script: $1 for code: $2', -- $1 is script, $2 is code ['script_code'] = 'script: $1 not supported for code: $2', -- $1 is script, $2 is code ['unrecog_var'] = 'unrecognized variant: $1', -- $1 is variant ['unrecog_var_code'] = 'unrecognized variant: $1 for code: $2', -- $1 is variant, $2 is code ['unrecog_var_code_scr'] = 'unrecognized variant: $1 for code-script pair: $2-$3', -- $1 is variant, $2 is code, $3 is script ['unrecog_var_code_reg'] = 'unrecognized variant: $1 for code-region pair: $2-$3', -- $1 is variant, $2 is code, $3 is region ['unrecog_pri'] = 'unrecognized private tag: $1', -- $1 is private tag } --[[--------------------------< L A N G U A G E _ N A M E _ G E T _ T >---------------------------------------- ]] local language_name_get_t = { ['deprecated_cat'] = 'Lang and langx using deprecated ISO 639 codes|$1', -- $1 is deprecated ISO 639 subtag ['deprecated_msg'] = 'code: $1 is deprecated', -- $1 is deprecated ISO 639 subtag } --[[--------------------------< H T M L _ T I T L E _ T E X T _ T >-------------------------------------------- ]] local make_text_html_t = { ['zxx'] = 'text', -- for zxx no linguistic content ['collective'] = 'collective text', -- for collective languages ['individual'] = 'language text', -- for individual languages } --[[--------------------------< T R A N S L A T I O N _ M A K E _ T >------------------------------------------ ]] local translation_make_t = { ['lit_xlation'] = 'Literal translation', -- article title fragment and HTML title attribute ['lit_abbr'] = 'lit.', } --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ C A T E G O R Y _ T >------------------------------------------------ ]] local make_category_t = { ['collective_cat'] = 'Kategori:Artikel kalawan téks dina', -- for collective languages ['cat_prefix'] = 'Kategori:Artikel nu ngandung téks', -- prefix for explicitly cited and individual languages ['explicit_cat'] = 'nu dikutip sacara éksplisit', -- for explicitly citing this wiki's language ['cat_postfix'] = 'language text', -- postfix for individual languages } --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ T R A N S L I T _ T >------------------------------------------------ ]] local make_translit_t = { ['script'] = 'aksara', ['transliteration'] = 'transliterasi', } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >---------------------------------------------------------------- ]] return { known_params_t = known_params_t, templates_t = templates_t, default_engvar = default_engvar, -- engvar support not likely useful outside of en.wiki engvar_t = engvar_t, engvar_sel_t = engvar_sel_t, get_ietf_parts_t = get_ietf_parts_t, -- messaging tables keywords_t = keywords_t, lang_t = lang_t, lang_xx_t = lang_xx_t, language_name_get_t = language_name_get_t, make_category_t = make_category_t, make_error_msg_t = make_error_msg_t, make_text_html_t = make_text_html_t, make_translit_t = make_translit_t, misc_text_t = misc_text_t, parameter_validate_t = parameter_validate_t, tag_from_name_t = tag_from_name_t, text_script_match_test_t = text_script_match_test_t, transl_t = transl_t, translation_make_t = translation_make_t, validate_italic_t = validate_italic_t, validate_text_t = validate_text_t, } fqrj5zne0hoj5amfhjo1mcnazbxzmaj 828 109147 729977 2026-10-07T10:27:38Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Modul anyar 729977 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< S I N G L E S _ T >----------------------------------------------------------- list of Latn and Zyyy (common) codepoints that are not included in <ranges_t> taken from Module:Unicode data/scripts and a local copy of https://www.unicode.org/Public/17.0.0/ucd/ScriptExtensions.txt using Module:Lang/data/make is latn data ]] local singles_t = { [170] = true, -- 00AA [186] = true, -- 00BA [215] = true, -- 00D7 [247] = true, -- 00F7 [787] = true, -- 0313 [856] = true, -- 0358 [862] = true, -- 035E [884] = true, -- 0374 [894] = true, -- 037E [901] = true, -- 0385 [903] = true, -- 0387 [1541] = true, -- 0605 [1548] = true, -- 060C [1563] = true, -- 061B [1567] = true, -- 061F [1600] = true, -- 0640 [1757] = true, -- 06DD [2274] = true, -- 08E2 [3647] = true, -- 0E3F [4347] = true, -- 10FB [6149] = true, -- 1805 [7379] = true, -- 1CD3 [7393] = true, -- 1CE1 [7418] = true, -- 1CFA [7672] = true, -- 1DF8 [8305] = true, -- 2071 [8319] = true, -- 207F [8432] = true, -- 20F0 [8498] = true, -- 2132 [8526] = true, -- 214E [12294] = true, -- 3006 [12448] = true, -- 30A0 [12783] = true, -- 31EF [13055] = true, -- 32FF [43310] = true, -- A92E [43471] = true, -- A9CF [43867] = true, -- AB5B [65279] = true, -- FEFF [65392] = true, -- FF70 [119970] = true, -- 1D4A2 [119995] = true, -- 1D4BB [120134] = true, -- 1D546 [129008] = true, -- 1F7F0 [129736] = true, -- 1FAC8 [917505] = true, -- E0001 } --[[--------------------------< R A N G E S _ T >------------------------------------------------------------- list of Latn and Zyyy (common) codepoints taken from Module:Unicode data/scripts and a local copy of https://www.unicode.org/Public/16.0.0/ucd/ScriptExtensions.txt ]] local ranges_t = { {0, 169}, -- 0000..00A9 {171, 185}, -- 00AB..00B9 {187, 214}, -- 00BB..00D6 {216, 246}, -- 00D8..00F6 {248, 745}, -- 00F8..02E9 {748, 782}, -- 02EC..030E {784, 785}, -- 0310..0311 {803, 805}, -- 0323..0325 {813, 814}, -- 032D..032E {816, 817}, -- 0330..0331 {867, 879}, -- 0363..036F {1157, 1158}, -- 0485..0486 {2385, 2386}, -- 0951..0952 {2404, 2405}, -- 0964..0965 {4053, 4056}, -- 0FD5..0FD8 {5867, 5869}, -- 16EB..16ED {5941, 5942}, -- 1735..1736 {6146, 6147}, -- 1802..1803 {7401, 7404}, -- 1CE9..1CEC {7406, 7411}, -- 1CEE..1CF3 {7413, 7415}, -- 1CF5..1CF7 {7424, 7461}, -- 1D00..1D25 {7468, 7516}, -- 1D2C..1D5C {7522, 7525}, -- 1D62..1D65 {7531, 7543}, -- 1D6B..1D77 {7545, 7614}, -- 1D79..1DBE {7680, 7935}, -- 1E00..1EFF {8192, 8203}, -- 2000..200B {8206, 8292}, -- 200E..2064 {8294, 8304}, -- 2066..2070 {8308, 8318}, -- 2074..207E {8320, 8334}, -- 2080..208E {8336, 8348}, -- 2090..209C {8352, 8385}, -- 20A0..20C1 {8448, 8485}, -- 2100..2125 {8487, 8497}, -- 2127..2131 {8499, 8525}, -- 2133..214D {8527, 8587}, -- 214F..218B {8592, 9257}, -- 2190..2429 {9280, 9290}, -- 2440..244A {9312, 10239}, -- 2460..27FF {10496, 11123}, -- 2900..2B73 {11126, 11263}, -- 2B76..2BFF {11360, 11391}, -- 2C60..2C7F {11776, 11869}, -- 2E00..2E5D {12272, 12292}, -- 2FF0..3004 {12296, 12320}, -- 3008..3020 {12336, 12343}, -- 3030..3037 {12348, 12351}, -- 303C..303F {12443, 12444}, -- 309B..309C {12539, 12540}, -- 30FB..30FC {12688, 12703}, -- 3190..319F {12736, 12773}, -- 31C0..31E5 {12832, 12895}, -- 3220..325F {12927, 13007}, -- 327F..32CF {13144, 13311}, -- 3358..33FF {19904, 19967}, -- 4DC0..4DFF {42752, 42972}, -- A700..A7DC {42993, 43007}, -- A7F1..A7FF {43056, 43065}, -- A830..A839 {43824, 43866}, -- AB30..AB5A {43868, 43876}, -- AB5C..AB64 {43878, 43883}, -- AB66..AB6B {64256, 64262}, -- FB00..FB06 {64830, 64831}, -- FD3E..FD3F {65040, 65049}, -- FE10..FE19 {65072, 65106}, -- FE30..FE52 {65108, 65126}, -- FE54..FE66 {65128, 65131}, -- FE68..FE6B {65281, 65381}, -- FF01..FF65 {65438, 65439}, -- FF9E..FF9F {65504, 65510}, -- FFE0..FFE6 {65512, 65518}, -- FFE8..FFEE {65529, 65533}, -- FFF9..FFFD {65792, 65794}, -- 10100..10102 {65799, 65843}, -- 10107..10133 {65847, 65855}, -- 10137..1013F {65936, 65948}, -- 10190..1019C {66000, 66044}, -- 101D0..101FC {66273, 66299}, -- 102E1..102FB {67456, 67461}, -- 10780..10785 {67463, 67504}, -- 10787..107B0 {67506, 67514}, -- 107B2..107BA {113824, 113827}, -- 1BCA0..1BCA3 {117760, 118012}, -- 1CC00..1CCFC {118016, 118451}, -- 1CD00..1CEB3 {118458, 118480}, -- 1CEBA..1CED0 {118496, 118512}, -- 1CEE0..1CEF0 {118608, 118723}, -- 1CF50..1CFC3 {118784, 119029}, -- 1D000..1D0F5 {119040, 119078}, -- 1D100..1D126 {119081, 119142}, -- 1D129..1D166 {119146, 119162}, -- 1D16A..1D17A {119171, 119172}, -- 1D183..1D184 {119180, 119209}, -- 1D18C..1D1A9 {119214, 119274}, -- 1D1AE..1D1EA {119488, 119507}, -- 1D2C0..1D2D3 {119520, 119539}, -- 1D2E0..1D2F3 {119552, 119638}, -- 1D300..1D356 {119648, 119672}, -- 1D360..1D378 {119808, 119892}, -- 1D400..1D454 {119894, 119964}, -- 1D456..1D49C {119966, 119967}, -- 1D49E..1D49F {119973, 119974}, -- 1D4A5..1D4A6 {119977, 119980}, -- 1D4A9..1D4AC {119982, 119993}, -- 1D4AE..1D4B9 {119997, 120003}, -- 1D4BD..1D4C3 {120005, 120069}, -- 1D4C5..1D505 {120071, 120074}, -- 1D507..1D50A {120077, 120084}, -- 1D50D..1D514 {120086, 120092}, -- 1D516..1D51C {120094, 120121}, -- 1D51E..1D539 {120123, 120126}, -- 1D53B..1D53E {120128, 120132}, -- 1D540..1D544 {120138, 120144}, -- 1D54A..1D550 {120146, 120485}, -- 1D552..1D6A5 {120488, 120779}, -- 1D6A8..1D7CB {120782, 120831}, -- 1D7CE..1D7FF {122624, 122654}, -- 1DF00..1DF1E {122661, 122666}, -- 1DF25..1DF2A {126065, 126132}, -- 1EC71..1ECB4 {126209, 126269}, -- 1ED01..1ED3D {126976, 127019}, -- 1F000..1F02B {127024, 127123}, -- 1F030..1F093 {127136, 127150}, -- 1F0A0..1F0AE {127153, 127167}, -- 1F0B1..1F0BF {127169, 127183}, -- 1F0C1..1F0CF {127185, 127221}, -- 1F0D1..1F0F5 {127232, 127405}, -- 1F100..1F1AD {127462, 127487}, -- 1F1E6..1F1FF {127489, 127490}, -- 1F201..1F202 {127504, 127547}, -- 1F210..1F23B {127552, 127560}, -- 1F240..1F248 {127568, 127569}, -- 1F250..1F251 {127584, 127589}, -- 1F260..1F265 {127744, 128728}, -- 1F300..1F6D8 {128732, 128748}, -- 1F6DC..1F6EC {128752, 128764}, -- 1F6F0..1F6FC {128768, 128985}, -- 1F700..1F7D9 {128992, 129003}, -- 1F7E0..1F7EB {129024, 129035}, -- 1F800..1F80B {129040, 129095}, -- 1F810..1F847 {129104, 129113}, -- 1F850..1F859 {129120, 129159}, -- 1F860..1F887 {129168, 129197}, -- 1F890..1F8AD {129200, 129211}, -- 1F8B0..1F8BB {129216, 129217}, -- 1F8C0..1F8C1 {129232, 129240}, -- 1F8D0..1F8D8 {129280, 129623}, -- 1F900..1FA57 {129632, 129645}, -- 1FA60..1FA6D {129648, 129660}, -- 1FA70..1FA7C {129664, 129674}, -- 1FA80..1FA8A {129678, 129734}, -- 1FA8E..1FAC6 {129741, 129756}, -- 1FACD..1FADC {129759, 129770}, -- 1FADF..1FAEA {129775, 129784}, -- 1FAEF..1FAF8 {129792, 129938}, -- 1FB00..1FB92 {129940, 130042}, -- 1FB94..1FBFA {917536, 917631}, -- E0020..E007F } --[[--------------------------< S P E C I A L S _ T >--------------------------------------------------------- list of individual language-specific non-Latn and non-Zyyy codepoints; these codepoints commonly used in transliterations. This list is manually currated so is most likely incomplete. keys to <specials_t> are decimal codepoints; other keys are language tags (always lowercase) of language transliterations that use these non-Latn codepoints. ]] local specials_t = { [788] = { -- U+0314: COMBINING REVERSED COMMA ABOVE ["hy"] = true, -- Armenian }, [794] = { -- U+031A: COMBINING LEFT ANGLE ABOVE ["ltc"] = true, -- Middle Chinese; is this really IPA? }, [795] = { -- U+031B: COMBINING HORN ["th"] = true, -- Thai }, [806] = { -- U+0326: COMBINING COMMA BELOW ["ab"] = true, -- Abkhaz ["kca"] = true, -- Khanty ["xal"] = true, -- Kalmyk or Oirat }, [807] = { -- U+0327: COMBINING CEDILLA ["fa"] = true, -- Persian }, [809] = { -- U+0329: COMBINING VERTICAL LINE BELOW ["ab"] = true, -- Abkhaz ["sa"] = true, -- Sanskrit }, [815] = { -- U+032F: COMBINING INVERTED BREVE BELOW ["mong"] = true, -- Mongolian ["xsc"] = true, -- Scythian }, [818] = { -- U+0332: COMBINING LOW LINE ["ar"] = true, -- Arabic ["hbo"] = true, -- Ancient Hebrew ["he"] = true, -- Hebrew ["jpa"] = true, -- Jewish Palestinian Aramaic ["mdh"] = true, -- Maguindanaon ["otk"] = true, -- Old Turkish }, [831] = { -- U+033F: COMBINING DOUBLE OVERLINE ["mnp"] = true, -- Northern Min Chinese, Jian'ou dialect }, [855] = { -- U+0357: COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING ABOVE ["egy"] = true, -- Ancient Egyptian }, [863] = { -- U+035F: COMBINING DOUBLE MACRON BELOW ["am"] = true, -- Amharic ["ar"] = true, -- Arabic ["dv"] = true, -- Dhivehi, Divehi, or Maldivian ["fa"] = true, -- Persian ["hi"] = true, -- Hindi ["inc"] = true, -- Indic languages ["ur"] = true, -- Urdu }, [864] = { -- U+0360: COMBINING DOUBLE TILDE ["hi"] = true, -- Hindi }, [865] = { -- U+0361: COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE ["be"] = true, -- Belarusian ["ltc"] = true, -- Middle Chinese; is this really IPA? ["ru"] = true, -- Russian ["rue"] = true, -- Rusyn ["sem"] = true, -- Semitic languages ["sit"] = true, -- Sino-Tibetan languages ["tt"] = true, -- Tatar }, [916] = { -- U+0394: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA ["xsc"] = true, -- Scythian ["xsc-x-pontic"] = true, -- Pontic Scythian }, [920] = { -- U+0398: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA ["ae"] = true, -- Avestan }, [934] = { -- U+03A6: GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI ["xle"] = true, -- Lemnian }, [945] = { -- U+03B1: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA ["apc"] = true, -- Levantine Arabic }, [946] = { -- U+03B2: GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA ["ae"] = true, -- Avestan ["gha"] = true, -- Ghadamès ["ougr"] = true, -- Old Uyghur ["sem"] = true, -- Semitic languages ["syc"] = true, -- Classical Syriac ["wuu"] = true, -- Shanghainese variety of Wu Chinese }, [947] = { -- U+03B3: GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA ["ae"] = true, -- Avestan ["ltc"] = true, -- Late Middle Chinese ["mn"] = true, -- Mongolian ["och"] = true, -- Old Chinese ["ougr"] = true, -- Old Uyghur ["pal"] = true, -- Middle Persian ["syc"] = true, -- Classical Syriac ["syr"] = true, -- Syriac ["xal"] = true, -- Kalmyk or Oirat ["xng"] = true, -- Middle Mongolian ["xsc"] = true, -- Scythian ["ydg"] = true, -- Yidgha ["mong"] = true, -- Mongolian }, [948] = { -- U+03B4: GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA ["ae"] = true, -- Avestan ["ougr"] = true, -- Old Uyghur ["sog"] = true, -- Sogdian ["sogd"] = true, -- Sogdian ["syc"] = true, -- Classical Syriac ["xpr"] = true, -- Parthian ["xsc"] = true, -- Scythian ["xsc-x-pontic"] = true, -- Pontic Scythian }, [952] = { -- U+03B8: GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA ["ae"] = true, -- Avestan ["ba"] = true, -- Bashkir ["cms"] = true, -- Messapic ["ett"] = true, -- Etruscan ["hur"] = true, -- Halkomelem ["ira"] = true, -- Iranian languages ["my"] = true, -- Burmese ["pal"] = true, -- Middle Persian (Pahlavi) ["peo"] = true, -- Old Persian ["sa"] = true, -- Sanskrit ["sem"] = true, -- Semitic languages ["syc"] = true, -- Classical Syriac ["syr"] = true, -- Syriac ["xme"] = true, -- Median ["xpg"] = true, -- Phrygian ["xpr"] = true, -- Parthian ["xsc"] = true, -- Scythian }, [955] = { -- U+03BB: GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA ["xcr"] = true, -- Carian ["xld"] = true, -- Lydian }, [963] = { -- U+03C3: GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA ["ett"] = true, -- Etruscan }, [964] = { -- U+03C4: GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU ["xld"] = true, -- Lydian }, [966] = { -- U+03C6: GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI ["ett"] = true, -- Etruscan }, [967] = { -- U+03C7: GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI ["ett"] = true, -- Etruscan ["gem"] = true, -- Germanic languages ["hur"] = true, -- Halkomelem ["kbd"] = true, -- Kabardian ["ltc"] = true, -- Late Middle Chinese ["och"] = true, -- Old Chinese ["xlc"] = true, -- Lycian ["xle"] = true, -- Lemnian }, [968] = { -- U+03C8: GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI ["ett"] = true, -- Etruscan }, [977] = { -- U+03D1: GREEK THETA SYMBOL (cursive form) ["ae"] = true, -- Avestan ["ira"] = true, -- Iranian languages ["peo"] = true, -- Old Persian ["xme"] = true, -- Median ["xsc"] = true, -- Scythian ["xsc-x-pontic"] = true, -- Pontic Scythian }, [1098] = { -- U+044A: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN ["ady"] = true, -- Adyghe ["cu"] = true, -- Church Slavic ["zls"] = true, -- South Slavic languages }, [1100] = { -- U+044C: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT SIGN ["az"] = true, -- Azerbaijani ["cu"] = true, -- Church Slavonic ["dng"] = true, -- Dungan ["ru"] = true, -- Russian ["tt"] = true, -- Tatar ["tyv"] = true, -- Tuvinian }, [1278] = { -- U+04FE: CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA WITH STROKE ["av"] = true, -- Avar }, [1279] = { -- U+04FF: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA WITH STROKE ["av"] = true, -- Avar }, [8113] = { -- U+1FB1: GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH MACRON ["apc"] = true, -- Levantine Arabic }, [8190] = { -- U+1FFE: GREEK DASIA ["ar"] = true, -- Arabic (Ayin) ["xcl"] = true, -- Classical Armenian }, [19978] = { -- U+4E0A: [CJK Unified Ideographs] ["wuu"] = true, -- Wu Chinese tone marker }, [20837] = { -- U+5165: [CJK Unified Ideographs] ["wuu"] = true, -- Wu Chinese tone marker }, [21435] = { -- U+53BB: [CJK Unified Ideographs] ["wuu"] = true, -- Wu Chinese tone marker }, [24179] = { -- U+5E73: [CJK Unified Ideographs] ["wuu"] = true, -- Wu Chinese tone marker }, [38451] = { -- U+9633: [CJK Unified Ideographs] (Yang) ["wuu"] = true, -- Suzhou dialect of Wu Chinese tone marker --[[Suzhou dialect#Tones]] }, [38452] = { -- U+9634: [CJK Unified Ideographs] (Yin) ["wuu"] = true, -- Suzhou dialect of Wu Chinese tone marker --[[Suzhou dialect#Tones]] }, [65056] = { -- U+FE20: COMBINING LIGATURE LEFT HALF ["ru"] = true, -- Russian }, [65057] = { -- U+FE21: COMBINING LIGATURE RIGHT HALF ["ru"] = true, -- Russian }, } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >--------------------------------------------------------------- ]] return { ranges_t = ranges_t, singles_t = singles_t, specials_t = specials_t, sizeof_ranges_t = #ranges_t, } dc83p4l9k8mwwdqbirq3l5ieeolwkb8 10 109148 729981 2026-10-07T11:10:51Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Citakan anyar 729981 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:lang|langx}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> brz0e48e0u5n3mcieujxx5uapiim9vy 10 109149 729982 2026-10-07T11:19:09Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Subkaca dokuméntasi anyar 729982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{COinS safe|n}} {{No subst}} {{notice|text=Sanggeus [[:en:Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 September 27#Replace and delete lang-?? templates|sawala taun 2024]], kalolobaanana citakan {{tld|lang-??}} diganti ku {{tlx|langx}}.}} {{Lua|Modul:Lang}} {{Language templates}} This language template identifies non-English text. It is very similar to {{tl|lang}} but inserts the name of the language as a label. The text is formatted according to recommendations in {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms}}: italics for languages that use the [[Latin alphabet]]<!-- Not the same thing as Romance languages and Latinate languages-->, normal for others. == Pamakéan == An [[IETF language tag]] and the non-English term or phrase are the only required parameters. The template should generally be placed after the English translation of the foreign term or phrase. * The parameter {{Para|links|no}} prevents the language name from being linked. * The parameter {{Para|translit}} allows for a [[romanization]]. This parameter is not supported by {{tld|langx|&lt;{{var|tag}}>|...}} templates for languages that are already written in Latin script. * The parameter {{Para|lit}} enables a literal translation (in English) to be given. == Paraméter == {| class="wikitable" |+ Langx supported parameters ! Parameter ! Definition ! Yields to ! Alias |- | {{para|1}} || The [[IETF language tag]] for the content in {{para|text}} || {{sdash}} || {{para|code}} |- | {{para|text}} || The non-English text || {{sdash}} || {{para|2}} |- | {{para|translit}} || The Latin script transliteration of the content in {{para|text}} || {{sdash}} || {{para|3}} |- | {{para|translit-std}} || The standard used for the transliteration of the value of {{para|translit}}; accepted values are: {{param value|Abkai}}, {{param value|ahl}}, {{param value|ALA}}, {{param value|ALA-LC}}, {{param value|batr}}, {{param value|bgn/pcgn}}, {{param value|DIN}}, {{param value|eae}}, {{param value|hepburn}}, {{param value|hu}}, {{param value|hunterian}}, {{param value|IAST}}, {{param value|ISO}}, {{param value|jyutping}}, {{param value|mdorff}}, {{param value|mlcts}}, {{param value|mr}}, {{param value|nihon-shiki}}, {{param value|no_std}}, {{param value|pinyin}}, {{param value|rr}}, {{param value|rtgs}}, {{param value|satts}}, {{param value|scientific}}, {{param value|ukrainian}}, {{param value|ungegn}}, {{param value|wadegile}}, {{param value|wehr}}, {{param value|yaleko}} || {{sdash}} || |- | {{nowrap|{{para|translit-script}}}} || The transliteration standard's script identifier || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|translation}} || The literal English translation or gloss of the content in {{para|text}}. Will be surrounded in single-quotes. The text will be tagged with CSS class {{code|gloss-text}} and the quotes with {{code|gloss-quot}}, like how {{tl|gloss}} does it, enabling customization in [[Help:User style|user stylesheets]]. || {{sdash}} || {{para|lit}}, {{para|4}} |- | {{para|label}} || The label to be used instead of template-provided language label. May be wikilinked. Special keyword {{param value|none}} causes the template to render without any labels (including transliteration and translation labels) || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|link}} || Links language name and static text associated with {{para|translit}} and {{para|translation}}. Defaults to {{param value|yes}}. Accepted values are: {{param value|no}}, {{param value|yes}}; {{para|link|no}} does not unlink wikilinked labels set by {{para|label}} || {{sdash}} || {{para|links}} |- | {{para|proto}} || Accepted values are: {{param value|no}} (default) or {{param value|yes}} (default for private-use language tags with the {{param value|-x-proto}} subtags); when {{param value|yes}} (default or explicit), prefixes rendered text with an asterisk indicating 'unattested' || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|red=y|script}} || (Deprecated – include script subtag in {{para|1}}) IETF language script subtag; sometimes set by the template when the language of the content in {{para|text}} uses more than one writing system; always four alpha characters; a value of {{param value|Latn}} <small>({{em|not}} "Latin"!)</small> forces italic rendering unless overridden by {{para|italic}}; overrides {{para|rtl}} || {{nowrap|{{para|italic}}}} || |- | {{para|red=y|region}} || (Deprecated – include region subtag in {{para|1}}) IETF language region subtag || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|red=y|variant}} || (Deprecated – include variant subtag in {{para|1}}) IETF language variant subtag || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|rtl}} || {{param value|yes}} indicates that the writing system used for the content in {{para|text}} is right-to-left; accepted values are: {{param value|no}} (default), {{param value|yes}} || {{nowrap|{{para|script}}}} || |- | {{para|italic}} || {{crossref|see table "[[#italic|Langx {{para|italic}} parameter operation]]"}}; accepted values are: {{param value|yes}}, {{param value|no}}, {{param value|unset}}, {{param value|invert}}, {{param value|default}} || {{sdash}} || {{nowrap|{{para|italics}}}}, {{para|i}} |- | {{para|size}} || Specifies font size of the content in {{para|text}}; use a value suitable for use with the CSS <code>font-size</code> property; this should almost always be a relative value supplied in {{param value|style=color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);|%}} or {{param value|style=color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);|em}} units, not a fixed {{param value|style=color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);|px}} value. || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|engvar}} || Selects English variant spelling of 'romanised' or 'romanized' (default) according to the country specified; accepted values are: {{param value|au}} (Australia), {{param value|ca}} (Canada), {{param value|gb}} (Great Britain), {{param value|ie}} (Ireland), {{param value|in}} (India), {{param value|nz}} (New Zealand), {{param value|us}} (United States), {{param value|za}} (South Africa) || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|cat}} || Inhibits automatic categorization; mirror version of {{para|nocat}}; accepted values are: {{param value|no}}, {{param value|n}}, {{param value|false}}, {{param value|f}}, {{param value|off}}, {{param value|0}} || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|nocat}} || Inhibits automatic categorization; mirror version of {{para|cat}}; accepted values are: {{param value|yes}}, {{param value|y}}, {{param value|true}}, {{param value|t}}, {{param value|on}}, {{param value|1}} || {{sdash}} || |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ {{anchor|italic}}Langx {{para|italic}} parameter operation |- ! {{para|italic}} value !! Description !! Example code !! Result !! HTML markup |- | rowspan="4" | {{Plainlist| * parameter not present; * parameter present, not set; * invalid value }} | rowspan="7" | {{Plainlist| * module applies style from: * &nbsp;&nbsp;template setting, or * &nbsp;&nbsp;{{pval|-latn}} script subtag; * else inherits from external markup; * invalid values treated as default }} | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{langx|ru|тундра}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|тундра}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|tûndra}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|tûndra}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|tûndra}}}}<br />Incorrect markup; this requires script subtag {{pval|-latn}}. |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|fr|toundra}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|fr|toundra}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|fr|toundra}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra}}}} |- | rowspan="3" | {{param value|default}} | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=default}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=default}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=default}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|fr|toundra|italic=default}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|fr|toundra|italic=default}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|fr|toundra|italic=default}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=default}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=default}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=default}}}} |- | rowspan="4" | {{param value|no}} | rowspan="4" | {{Plainlist| * module applies upright style; * overrides {{pval|-latn}} script subtag; * overrides external markup }} | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=no}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=no}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=no}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|fr|toundra|italic=no}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|fr|toundra|italic=no}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|fr|toundra|italic=no}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=no}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=no}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=no}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">''{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=no}}''</syntaxhighlight> | ''{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=no}}'' | {{code|lang=wikitext|''{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=no}}''}} |- | rowspan="2" | {{param value|yes}} | rowspan="2" | {{Plainlist| * module applies italic style; * ignores {{pval|-latn}} script subtag }} | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=yes}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=yes}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=yes}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=yes}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=yes}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=yes}}}} |- | rowspan="4" | {{param value|unset}} | rowspan="4" | {{Plainlist| * module applies no style; * inherits style from external markup; * overrides {{pval|-latn}} script subtag }} | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=unset}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=unset}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=unset}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">''{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=unset}}''</syntaxhighlight> | ''{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=unset}}'' | {{code|lang=wikitext|''{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=unset}}''}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=unset}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=unset}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=unset}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">''{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=unset}}''</syntaxhighlight> | ''{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=unset}}'' | {{code|lang=wikitext|''{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=unset}}''}} |- | rowspan="4" | {{param value|invert}} | rowspan="4" | {{Plainlist| * module applies no style; * inverts style in internal markup;{{efn|name=invertunset}} * disables auto-italics; * overrides {{pval|-latn}} script subtag }} | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=invert}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=invert}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=invert}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|''тундра''|italic=invert}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|''тундра''|italic=invert}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|''тундра''|italic=invert}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=invert}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=invert}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=invert}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|''tûndra''|italic=invert}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|''tûndra''|italic=invert}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|''tûndra''|italic=invert}}}} |- |} === Catetan === {{Notelist|refs= {{efn|name=invertunset|compare {{para|italic|invert}} to {{para|italic|unset}}: :<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|de|... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: ''Das Käthchen von Heilbronn'', nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama.|italic=invert}}</syntaxhighlight> ::{{Langx|de|... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: ''Das Käthchen von Heilbronn'', nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama.|italic=invert}} :<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|de|''... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: ''Das Käthchen von Heilbronn'', nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama.''|italic=unset}}</syntaxhighlight> ::{{Langx|de|''... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: ''Das Käthchen von Heilbronn'', nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama.''|italic=unset}}}} }} === TemplateData === {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "Language tag", "description": "A valid IETF language tag identifying the language of the non-English text. E.g. \"ja\" for Japanese.", "type": "string", "required": true, "example": "ja" }, "2": { "label": "Text", "description": "The non-English text to display. E.g. \"東京都\" means \"Tokyo\" in Japanese.", "type": "string", "required": true, "example": "東京都" }, "3": { "label": "Transliteration", "description": "The transliteration of the foreign text, for languages that do not use the Latin alphabet. This field is ignored for languages that do use the Latin alphabet. E.g. \"Tōkyō\" is the standardized romanization of \"Tokyo\".", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "translit" ], "example": "Tōkyō" }, "4": { "label": "Literal translation", "description": "The literal translation of the foreign text. E.g. \"Tokyo\" means \"eastern capital\".", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "lit", "translation" ], "example": "eastern capital" }, "links": { "label": "Display link", "description": "Set to 'no' to disable the link to the article's language.", "type": "boolean", "aliases": [ "link" ], "default": "yes", "autovalue": "no" }, "label": { "label": "Language label", "description": "If 'none', suppresses language link and label. Other options may be available depending on the language.", "example": "none", "type": "line" }, "rtl": { "label": "Right-to-left", "description": "Toggle right-to-left view for the foreign text.", "type": "boolean", "example": "yes", "default": "no" }, "italic": { "label": "Italicize", "description": "Toggle italicization for the foreign text.", "type": "boolean", "default": "yes", "example": "no", "aliases": [ "italics", "i" ] }, "size": { "label": "Font-size", "description": "Sets font-size for the foreign text.", "example": "120%, 1.2em" }, "engvar": { "label": "English variant", "description": "Spelling of 'romanized/romanised'.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "au", "ca", "gb", "ie", "in", "nz", "us", "za" ] } }, "description": "Indicates to readers the original form of a term or phrase in a foreign language.", "paramOrder": [ "1", "2", "3", "4", "links", "label", "rtl", "italic", "size", "engvar" ] } </templatedata> == Conto == The following examples show translations from German or French. * {{demo|<nowiki>Weimar is located in the federal state of Thuringia ({{Langx|de|Thüringen}}).</nowiki>}} * {{demo|<nowiki>The ''Seafarers of Catan'' ({{Langx|de|Die Seefahrer von Catan}}) is an expansion of the board game ''[[The Settlers of Catan]]''.</nowiki>}} * {{demo|<nowiki>Albert the Bear ({{Langx|de|Albrecht der Bär|links=no}})</nowiki>}} *{{demo|<nowiki>''All Quiet on the Western Front'' ({{Langx|de|Im Westen nichts Neues|lit=In the West Nothing New}}) is a novel by [[Erich Maria Remarque]].</nowiki>}} * {{demo|<nowiki>'''Paris Cité University''' ({{langx|fr|links=no|'''Université Paris Cité'''}}) is a public research university</nowiki>}} == Babandingan sareng citakan Lang == This template differs from the {{tlx|lang}} template in that this one labels the text with the name of the language. For that reason, to avoid unnecessary clutter, this template should be used sparingly, in cases where the name of the language should be made explicit, such as the first place in an article that the translation of a word or phrase in English is given, or when renderings in multiple languages are being given and confusion is possible in the absence of such labeling. Comparison: * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Lang|ru|тундра}}</syntaxhighlight> produces {{lang|ru|тундра}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра}}</syntaxhighlight> produces {{langx|ru|тундра}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра|label=none}}</syntaxhighlight> produces {{langx|ru|тундра|label=none}} == Kategori palacak == * {{Category link with count|Lang and lang-xx template errors}} * {{Category link with count|Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1}} * {{Category link with count|Lang and langx using deprecated ISO 639 codes}} TODO: (2024-09-22) rename these categories == Tempo ogé == {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|see_also|{{{see-also|}}}}} * {{tl|crh}} – Supports Latin, Cyrillic, and Arabic Crimean Tatar text * {{Tl|Lang}} * {{Tl|Language with name/for}} * [[List of ISO 639 language codes]] (language codes) * {{tl|IPA}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Kategori:Citakan pangrojong multibasa Wikipédia]] [[Kategori:Citakan nu nambahkeun kategori palacak]] [[Kategori:Citakan pananganan tanda basa]] }}</includeonly> 4zsdhnhyaeot8b00wqpza3z3kcuknq0 729983 729982 2026-10-07T11:53:13Z Rafka Aditia 29183 /* Kategori palacak */ 729983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{COinS safe|n}} {{No subst}} {{notice|text=Sanggeus [[:en:Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 September 27#Replace and delete lang-?? templates|sawala taun 2024]], kalolobaanana citakan {{tld|lang-??}} diganti ku {{tlx|langx}}.}} {{Lua|Modul:Lang}} {{Language templates}} This language template identifies non-English text. It is very similar to {{tl|lang}} but inserts the name of the language as a label. The text is formatted according to recommendations in {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting#Foreign terms}}: italics for languages that use the [[Latin alphabet]]<!-- Not the same thing as Romance languages and Latinate languages-->, normal for others. == Pamakéan == An [[IETF language tag]] and the non-English term or phrase are the only required parameters. The template should generally be placed after the English translation of the foreign term or phrase. * The parameter {{Para|links|no}} prevents the language name from being linked. * The parameter {{Para|translit}} allows for a [[romanization]]. This parameter is not supported by {{tld|langx|&lt;{{var|tag}}>|...}} templates for languages that are already written in Latin script. * The parameter {{Para|lit}} enables a literal translation (in English) to be given. == Paraméter == {| class="wikitable" |+ Langx supported parameters ! Parameter ! Definition ! Yields to ! Alias |- | {{para|1}} || The [[IETF language tag]] for the content in {{para|text}} || {{sdash}} || {{para|code}} |- | {{para|text}} || The non-English text || {{sdash}} || {{para|2}} |- | {{para|translit}} || The Latin script transliteration of the content in {{para|text}} || {{sdash}} || {{para|3}} |- | {{para|translit-std}} || The standard used for the transliteration of the value of {{para|translit}}; accepted values are: {{param value|Abkai}}, {{param value|ahl}}, {{param value|ALA}}, {{param value|ALA-LC}}, {{param value|batr}}, {{param value|bgn/pcgn}}, {{param value|DIN}}, {{param value|eae}}, {{param value|hepburn}}, {{param value|hu}}, {{param value|hunterian}}, {{param value|IAST}}, {{param value|ISO}}, {{param value|jyutping}}, {{param value|mdorff}}, {{param value|mlcts}}, {{param value|mr}}, {{param value|nihon-shiki}}, {{param value|no_std}}, {{param value|pinyin}}, {{param value|rr}}, {{param value|rtgs}}, {{param value|satts}}, {{param value|scientific}}, {{param value|ukrainian}}, {{param value|ungegn}}, {{param value|wadegile}}, {{param value|wehr}}, {{param value|yaleko}} || {{sdash}} || |- | {{nowrap|{{para|translit-script}}}} || The transliteration standard's script identifier || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|translation}} || The literal English translation or gloss of the content in {{para|text}}. Will be surrounded in single-quotes. The text will be tagged with CSS class {{code|gloss-text}} and the quotes with {{code|gloss-quot}}, like how {{tl|gloss}} does it, enabling customization in [[Help:User style|user stylesheets]]. || {{sdash}} || {{para|lit}}, {{para|4}} |- | {{para|label}} || The label to be used instead of template-provided language label. May be wikilinked. Special keyword {{param value|none}} causes the template to render without any labels (including transliteration and translation labels) || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|link}} || Links language name and static text associated with {{para|translit}} and {{para|translation}}. Defaults to {{param value|yes}}. Accepted values are: {{param value|no}}, {{param value|yes}}; {{para|link|no}} does not unlink wikilinked labels set by {{para|label}} || {{sdash}} || {{para|links}} |- | {{para|proto}} || Accepted values are: {{param value|no}} (default) or {{param value|yes}} (default for private-use language tags with the {{param value|-x-proto}} subtags); when {{param value|yes}} (default or explicit), prefixes rendered text with an asterisk indicating 'unattested' || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|red=y|script}} || (Deprecated – include script subtag in {{para|1}}) IETF language script subtag; sometimes set by the template when the language of the content in {{para|text}} uses more than one writing system; always four alpha characters; a value of {{param value|Latn}} <small>({{em|not}} "Latin"!)</small> forces italic rendering unless overridden by {{para|italic}}; overrides {{para|rtl}} || {{nowrap|{{para|italic}}}} || |- | {{para|red=y|region}} || (Deprecated – include region subtag in {{para|1}}) IETF language region subtag || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|red=y|variant}} || (Deprecated – include variant subtag in {{para|1}}) IETF language variant subtag || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|rtl}} || {{param value|yes}} indicates that the writing system used for the content in {{para|text}} is right-to-left; accepted values are: {{param value|no}} (default), {{param value|yes}} || {{nowrap|{{para|script}}}} || |- | {{para|italic}} || {{crossref|see table "[[#italic|Langx {{para|italic}} parameter operation]]"}}; accepted values are: {{param value|yes}}, {{param value|no}}, {{param value|unset}}, {{param value|invert}}, {{param value|default}} || {{sdash}} || {{nowrap|{{para|italics}}}}, {{para|i}} |- | {{para|size}} || Specifies font size of the content in {{para|text}}; use a value suitable for use with the CSS <code>font-size</code> property; this should almost always be a relative value supplied in {{param value|style=color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);|%}} or {{param value|style=color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);|em}} units, not a fixed {{param value|style=color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);|px}} value. || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|engvar}} || Selects English variant spelling of 'romanised' or 'romanized' (default) according to the country specified; accepted values are: {{param value|au}} (Australia), {{param value|ca}} (Canada), {{param value|gb}} (Great Britain), {{param value|ie}} (Ireland), {{param value|in}} (India), {{param value|nz}} (New Zealand), {{param value|us}} (United States), {{param value|za}} (South Africa) || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|cat}} || Inhibits automatic categorization; mirror version of {{para|nocat}}; accepted values are: {{param value|no}}, {{param value|n}}, {{param value|false}}, {{param value|f}}, {{param value|off}}, {{param value|0}} || {{sdash}} || |- | {{para|nocat}} || Inhibits automatic categorization; mirror version of {{para|cat}}; accepted values are: {{param value|yes}}, {{param value|y}}, {{param value|true}}, {{param value|t}}, {{param value|on}}, {{param value|1}} || {{sdash}} || |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ {{anchor|italic}}Langx {{para|italic}} parameter operation |- ! {{para|italic}} value !! Description !! Example code !! Result !! HTML markup |- | rowspan="4" | {{Plainlist| * parameter not present; * parameter present, not set; * invalid value }} | rowspan="7" | {{Plainlist| * module applies style from: * &nbsp;&nbsp;template setting, or * &nbsp;&nbsp;{{pval|-latn}} script subtag; * else inherits from external markup; * invalid values treated as default }} | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{langx|ru|тундра}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|тундра}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|tûndra}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|tûndra}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|tûndra}}}}<br />Incorrect markup; this requires script subtag {{pval|-latn}}. |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|fr|toundra}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|fr|toundra}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|fr|toundra}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra}}}} |- | rowspan="3" | {{param value|default}} | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=default}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=default}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=default}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|fr|toundra|italic=default}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|fr|toundra|italic=default}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|fr|toundra|italic=default}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=default}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=default}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=default}}}} |- | rowspan="4" | {{param value|no}} | rowspan="4" | {{Plainlist| * module applies upright style; * overrides {{pval|-latn}} script subtag; * overrides external markup }} | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=no}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=no}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=no}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|fr|toundra|italic=no}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|fr|toundra|italic=no}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|fr|toundra|italic=no}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=no}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=no}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=no}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">''{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=no}}''</syntaxhighlight> | ''{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=no}}'' | {{code|lang=wikitext|''{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=no}}''}} |- | rowspan="2" | {{param value|yes}} | rowspan="2" | {{Plainlist| * module applies italic style; * ignores {{pval|-latn}} script subtag }} | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=yes}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=yes}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=yes}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=yes}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=yes}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=yes}}}} |- | rowspan="4" | {{param value|unset}} | rowspan="4" | {{Plainlist| * module applies no style; * inherits style from external markup; * overrides {{pval|-latn}} script subtag }} | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=unset}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=unset}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=unset}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">''{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=unset}}''</syntaxhighlight> | ''{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=unset}}'' | {{code|lang=wikitext|''{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=unset}}''}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=unset}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=unset}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=unset}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">''{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=unset}}''</syntaxhighlight> | ''{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=unset}}'' | {{code|lang=wikitext|''{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=unset}}''}} |- | rowspan="4" | {{param value|invert}} | rowspan="4" | {{Plainlist| * module applies no style; * inverts style in internal markup;{{efn|name=invertunset}} * disables auto-italics; * overrides {{pval|-latn}} script subtag }} | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=invert}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=invert}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|тундра|italic=invert}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|''тундра''|italic=invert}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru|''тундра''|italic=invert}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru|''тундра''|italic=invert}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=invert}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=invert}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|tûndra|italic=invert}}}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru-latn|''tûndra''|italic=invert}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{Langx|ru-latn|''tûndra''|italic=invert}} | {{code|lang=wikitext|{{Langx|ru-latn|''tûndra''|italic=invert}}}} |- |} === Catetan === {{Notelist|refs= {{efn|name=invertunset|compare {{para|italic|invert}} to {{para|italic|unset}}: :<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|de|... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: ''Das Käthchen von Heilbronn'', nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama.|italic=invert}}</syntaxhighlight> ::{{Langx|de|... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: ''Das Käthchen von Heilbronn'', nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama.|italic=invert}} :<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|de|''... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: ''Das Käthchen von Heilbronn'', nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama.''|italic=unset}}</syntaxhighlight> ::{{Langx|de|''... ein neues Opernprojekt in Angriff: ''Das Käthchen von Heilbronn'', nach Heinrich von Kleists gleichnamigem Drama.''|italic=unset}}}} }} === TemplateData === {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "1": { "label": "Language tag", "description": "A valid IETF language tag identifying the language of the non-English text. E.g. \"ja\" for Japanese.", "type": "string", "required": true, "example": "ja" }, "2": { "label": "Text", "description": "The non-English text to display. E.g. \"東京都\" means \"Tokyo\" in Japanese.", "type": "string", "required": true, "example": "東京都" }, "3": { "label": "Transliteration", "description": "The transliteration of the foreign text, for languages that do not use the Latin alphabet. This field is ignored for languages that do use the Latin alphabet. E.g. \"Tōkyō\" is the standardized romanization of \"Tokyo\".", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "translit" ], "example": "Tōkyō" }, "4": { "label": "Literal translation", "description": "The literal translation of the foreign text. E.g. \"Tokyo\" means \"eastern capital\".", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "lit", "translation" ], "example": "eastern capital" }, "links": { "label": "Display link", "description": "Set to 'no' to disable the link to the article's language.", "type": "boolean", "aliases": [ "link" ], "default": "yes", "autovalue": "no" }, "label": { "label": "Language label", "description": "If 'none', suppresses language link and label. Other options may be available depending on the language.", "example": "none", "type": "line" }, "rtl": { "label": "Right-to-left", "description": "Toggle right-to-left view for the foreign text.", "type": "boolean", "example": "yes", "default": "no" }, "italic": { "label": "Italicize", "description": "Toggle italicization for the foreign text.", "type": "boolean", "default": "yes", "example": "no", "aliases": [ "italics", "i" ] }, "size": { "label": "Font-size", "description": "Sets font-size for the foreign text.", "example": "120%, 1.2em" }, "engvar": { "label": "English variant", "description": "Spelling of 'romanized/romanised'.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "au", "ca", "gb", "ie", "in", "nz", "us", "za" ] } }, "description": "Indicates to readers the original form of a term or phrase in a foreign language.", "paramOrder": [ "1", "2", "3", "4", "links", "label", "rtl", "italic", "size", "engvar" ] } </templatedata> == Conto == The following examples show translations from German or French. * {{demo|<nowiki>Weimar is located in the federal state of Thuringia ({{Langx|de|Thüringen}}).</nowiki>}} * {{demo|<nowiki>The ''Seafarers of Catan'' ({{Langx|de|Die Seefahrer von Catan}}) is an expansion of the board game ''[[The Settlers of Catan]]''.</nowiki>}} * {{demo|<nowiki>Albert the Bear ({{Langx|de|Albrecht der Bär|links=no}})</nowiki>}} *{{demo|<nowiki>''All Quiet on the Western Front'' ({{Langx|de|Im Westen nichts Neues|lit=In the West Nothing New}}) is a novel by [[Erich Maria Remarque]].</nowiki>}} * {{demo|<nowiki>'''Paris Cité University''' ({{langx|fr|links=no|'''Université Paris Cité'''}}) is a public research university</nowiki>}} == Babandingan sareng citakan Lang == This template differs from the {{tlx|lang}} template in that this one labels the text with the name of the language. For that reason, to avoid unnecessary clutter, this template should be used sparingly, in cases where the name of the language should be made explicit, such as the first place in an article that the translation of a word or phrase in English is given, or when renderings in multiple languages are being given and confusion is possible in the absence of such labeling. Comparison: * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Lang|ru|тундра}}</syntaxhighlight> produces {{lang|ru|тундра}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра}}</syntaxhighlight> produces {{langx|ru|тундра}} * <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline="1">{{Langx|ru|тундра|label=none}}</syntaxhighlight> produces {{langx|ru|тундра|label=none}} == Kategori palacak == * {{Category link with count|Kasalahan citakan lang jeung lang-xx}} * {{Category link with count|Kode lang jeung lang-xx dipromosikeun ka ISO 639-1}} * {{Category link with count|Lang jeung langx nu maké kode ISO 639 nu teu dipaké deui}} <!-- TODO: (2024-09-22) ganti ngaran kategori ieu --> == Tempo ogé == {{#invoke:Lang/documentor tool|see_also|{{{see-also|}}}}} * {{tl|crh}} – Supports Latin, Cyrillic, and Arabic Crimean Tatar text * {{Tl|Lang}} * {{Tl|Language with name/for}} * [[List of ISO 639 language codes]] (language codes) * {{tl|IPA}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Kategori:Citakan pangrojong multibasa Wikipédia]] [[Kategori:Citakan nu nambahkeun kategori palacak]] [[Kategori:Citakan pananganan tanda basa]] }}</includeonly> 9noqg56cexjebntcsgc6z7xbz952du5