Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara Rusia 0 2523 730547 675833 2026-10-19T01:16:11Z ~2026-55760-28 37595 /* */ 730547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo Nagara |native_name = Российская Федерация<br />Rossiyskaya Federatsiya<br />Féderasi Rusia |common_name = Rusia |national_motto = - |national_anthem = [[Lagu Kabangsaan Rusia|Himne Féderasi Rusia]] |image_flag = Flag of Russia.svg |image_coat =Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg |image_map = LocationRussia.png |capital = [[Moscow]] |latd=55|latm=45|latNS=N|longd=37|longm=37|longEW=E |largest_city = [[Moscow]] |official_languages = [[basa Rusia|Rusia]] |government_type = [[Sistim sémi-présidénsial|Sémi-présidénsial]] [[Républik Féderal]] |leader_title1 = [[Présidén Rusia]] |leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri Rusia|Perdana Mentri]] |leader_name1 = [[Vladimir Putin]] (Владимир Путин) |leader_name2 = [[Mikhail Mishustin]] (Михаил Мишустин) |sovereignty_type = [[Runtuhna Uni Soviét|Kamerdékaan]] |sovereignty_note = Ti [[Uni Soviét]] |established_event1 = Didéklarasikeun |established_event2 = Difinalisasi |established_date1 = [[12 Juni]], [[1990]] |established_date2 = [[26 Désémber]], [[1991]] |area = 17,075,400<!--http://www.gks.ru/scripts/free/1c.exe?XXXX09F.2.1/010000R--> |areami² = 6,592,800 |area_rank = ka-1 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |percent_water = 13<!--http://www.gks.ru/scripts/free/1c.exe?XXXX09F.2.1/010000R--> |population_estimate = 146 980 061 <!--http://www.interfax.ru/e/B/politics/28.html?id_issue=11574942--> |population_estimate_year = 2022 |population_estimate_rank = ka-7 |population_census = 147 182 123<!--http://www.eastview.com/all_russian_population_census.asp--> |population_census_year = 2021 |population_density = 8.3 |population_densitymi² = 21.8 |population_density_rank = ka-209 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP = $1.576 triliun <!--http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcoutm.cfm?SD=2005&ED=2005&R1=1&R2=1&CS=3&SS=2&OS=C&DD=0&OUT=1&C=512-941-914-446-612-666-614-672-311-946-213-137-911-962-193-674-122-676-912-548-313-556-419-678-513-181-316-682-913-684-124-273-339-921-638-948-514-686-218-688-963-518-616-728-223-558-516-138-918-353-748-196-618-278-522-692-622-694-156-142-624-449-626-564-628-283-228-853-924-288-233-293-632-566-636-964-634-182-238-453-662-968-960-922-423-714-935-862-128-716-611-456-321-722-243-965-248-718-469-724-253-576-642-936-643-961-939-813-644-199-819-184-172-524-132-361-646-362-648-364-915-732-134-366-652-734-174-144-328-146-258-463-656-528-654-923-336-738-263-578-268-537-532-742-944-866-176-369-534-744-536-186-429-925-178-746-436-926-136-466-343-112-158-111-439-298-916-927-664-846-826-299-542-582-443-474-917-754-544-698&S=PPPWGT&CMP=0&x=25&y=12--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-10<sup>1</sup> |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $11,041 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-62 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI = 0.795 |HDI_rank = ka-62 |HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">Sedeng</font> |currency = [[Rubel Rusia|Rubel]] |currency_code = RUB |time_zone = |utc_offset = +3 to +12 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.ru]], ([[.su]] cadangan) |calling_code = 7 |footnotes =<sup>1</sup> Réngking dumasar data IMF April 2006 }} '''Féderasi Rusia''' ([[Basa Rusia]]: Росси́йская Федера́ция, [[Alih aksara]]: ''Rossiyskaya Federatsiya''){{Audio|Ru-Rossiyskaya Federatsiya Rossiya.ogg|déngékeun}}, atawa '''Rusia''' (Basa Rusia: Росси́я, alih aksara: ''Rossiya''), nya éta hiji nagara anu ngampar ti [[Éropa]] nepi ka [[Asia]]. ku sabab wilayahna nu lega, kira-kira 17.075.400&nbsp;km², Rusia téh mangrupa salah sahiji nagara panggedéna. Wilayahna kurang leuwih dua kali wilayah [[Républik Rahayat Tiongkok]] (Tiongkok; RRC), [[Kanada]] atawa [[Amérika Sarikat]]. == Tumbu kaluar == {{commons|Category:Russia}} {{wikivoyage|Russia}} * {{en}} [http://www.council.gov.ru/eng/index.html Ramatloka resmi Majelis Tinggi] * {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20030908005515/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/ Kremlin] {{geo-pondok}} [[Kategori:Nagara]] [[Kategori:Rusia]] c12fmqld09s9xypbhakjy4ajt8zieow Iran 0 24987 730542 728936 2026-10-18T23:53:56Z Hasnanf 28942 730542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = '''جمهوری اسلامی ايران'''<br /> ''Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān'' |conventional_long_name = Républik Islam Iran |common_name = Iran |image_flag = Flag of Iran.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Iran.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |image_map = Iran in its region.svg |official_religion = [[Si'ah Islam]] |national_motto = ''Esteqlāl, āzādī, jomhūrī-ye eslāmī''&nbsp;<sup>1</sup>{{spaces|2}}<small>{{fa icon}}<br />"Kamerdikaan, kabébasan, Républik Islam"</small> |national_anthem = ''[[Sorud-e Melli-e Iran|Sorūd-e Mellī-e Īrān]]''&nbsp;² |capital = [[Téhéran]] |latd=35 |latm=41 |latNS=N |longd=51 |longm=25 |longEW=E |largest_city = ibu kota |official_languages = [[Basa Pérsia|Pérsia]], [[Basa Arab|Arab]] |demonym = Iranian |government_type = [[Républik Islam]] |leader_title1 = [[Pupuhu Agung Iran|Pupuhu Agung]] |leader_name1 = Mojtaba Khamenei |leader_title2 = [[Présidén Iran|Présidén]] |leader_name2 = [[Ebrahim Raisi]] (سیدابراهیم رئیسی) |leader_title3 = [[Wakil Présidén Iran|Wakil Présidén]] |leader_name3 = [[Mohammad Mokhber]] (محمد مخبر) |sovereignty_type = Unifikasi |established_event1 = [[Cyrus Agung|Dihijikeun ku Cyrus Agung]] |established_date1 = 559 BCE |established_event2 = [[Parthia|Parthian (Arsacid) dynastic empire<br />(first reunification)]] |established_date2 = 248 BCE – 224 CE |established_event3 = [[Sasanian|Sassanid<br />dynastic empire]] |established_date3 = 224–651 CE |established_event4 = [[Safavid|Safavid dynasty<br />(second reunification)]] |established_date4 = May 1502 |established_event5 = [[Konstitusi Iran 1906|Konstitusi&nbsp;munggaran]] |established_date5 = 1906 |established_event6 = [[Révolusi Iran|Révolusi Islam]] |established_date6 = 1979 |area_km2 = 1,648,195 |area_sq_mi = 636,372 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = ka-18 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |percent_water = 0.7 <!-- |population_estimate = 71,208,000³ |population_estimate_year = 2007 |population_estimate_rank = ka-18 --> |population_density_km2 = 42 |population_density_sq_mi = 109 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-158 |population_census = 70,472,846³ |population_census_year = 2006 (1385&nbsp;[[kalénder Iran|AP]]) |population_census_rank = ka-18 |GDP_PPP = $610 miliar (2006)<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |title="Iran" |author=CIA World Factbook |accessdate=2007-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |archivedate=2012-02-03 }}</ref><br /><small>''note:'' estimates ranges from $602 billion (2006) by [[IMF]]<ref name="imf">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=0&pr1.x=93&pr1.y=16&c=429&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPWGT%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CLP%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD&grp=0&a= International Monetary Fund - World Economic Outlook Database, April 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023023447/http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=0&pr1.x=93&pr1.y=16&c=429&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPWGT,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,PCPI,PCPIPCH,LP,BCA,BCA_NGDPD&grp=0&a= |date=2007-10-23 }}, retrieved 1 Oct 2007</ref> to $735 billion (2006) by [[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU]]<ref name="iu">[http://www.economist.com/countries/Iran/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-FactSheet Economist.com, Country Briefings: Iran, Factsheet, 25 Sept 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207124148/http://www.economist.com/COUNTRIES/Iran/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-FactSheet |date=2009-02-07 }}, retrieved 1 Oct 2007</ref></small> |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-19<ref name="cia" /> |GDP_PPP_year = 2006 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,700 (2006)<ref name="cia" /><br /> <small>''note:'' estimates ranges from $8,624 (2006) by [[IMF]]<ref name="imf" /> to $10,494 (2006) by [[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU]]<ref name="iu" /></small> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-74 |GDP_nominal = $212.4 miliar <!--IMF figures--> |GDP_nominal_rank = ka-32 |GDP_nominal_year = 2005 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,046 <!--IMF figures--> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ka-92 |Gini = 43.0 |Gini_year = 1998 |Gini_category = sedeng |HDI_year = 2004 |HDI = 0.746 |HDI_rank = 96th |HDI_category = sedeng |currency = [[Réal Iran]] (<big>ريال</big>) |currency_code = IRR |time_zone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] |utc_offset = +3:30 |time_zone_DST = teu katalungtik |utc_offset_DST = +3:30 |cctld = [[.ir]] |calling_code = 98 |footnote1 = [http://www.bookrags.com/browse/Encyclopedia%20of%20Religious%20Practices/50 bookrags.com] |footnote2 = [http://www.iranchamber.com/geography/articles/flag_anthem.php iranchamber.com] |footnote3 = {{cite web |url=http://www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_census85/census85/natayej/tables/J-1.html |title=تغییرات جمعیت کشور طی سال‌های ۱۳۳۵-۱۳۸۵ |author=Statistical Center of Iran|accessdate=2007-05-16|language=Persian}} |footnote4 = [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#Econ CIA Factbook] }} '''Iran''', ngaran resmina '''[[Républik Islam]] Iran''' ({{lang-fa|جمهوری اسلامی ايران}}, [[transliterasi]]: ''Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān''), saméméhna katelah sacara internasional minangka '''[[Kakaisaran Pérsia|Pérsia]]''', nyaéta nagara di [[Asia Kulon Kidul]] nu dina wewengkon géografis mah perenahna aya di [[Wétan Tengah]], jeung [[Kaukasus]]. [[Islam Syi'ah]] mangrupa ageman nagara sarta [[Basa Pérsia]] mangrupa basa resmina.<ref>{{cite web|title=قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران|url=http://fa.wikisource.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86|language=Basa Pérsia|accessdate=2007-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410011625/http://fa.wikisource.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86|archivedate=2008-04-10}}</ref> Minangka nagara panggedéna ka-18 di dunya dumasar legana nu 1,648,000 kilométer pasagi, Iran saukuran jeung [[United Kingdom]], [[Perancis]], [[Spanyol]] jeung [[Jerman]] lamun dihijikeun, atawa leuwih leutik saeutik tinimbang nagara bagéan AS, [[Alaska]] (1,717,855&nbsp;km²). Pangeusina leuwih ti tujuh puluh juta urang. Iran wawatesan jeung [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], sarta [[Turkmenistan]] di béh kaler; [[Afghanistan]] jeung [[Pakistan]] di béh wetan; sarta [[Turki]] jeung [[Irak]] di béh kulon. Minangka tambahan, wawatesan ogé jeung [[Teluk Pérsia]], hiji wewengkon penting nu ngahasilkeun minyak, [[Teluk Oman]], sarta [[Sagara Kaspia]]. == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Bacaan salajengna == * [[Benjamin Walker]], ''Persian Pageant: A Cultural History of Iran,'' Arya Press, Calcutta, 1950. * Michael Barker, [http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=67&ItemID=11670 Catalyst for Iranian Resistance: U.S. “democracy promoters” and regime change in Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105011143/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=67&ItemID=11670 |date=2007-01-05 }}, ''Znet'', 18 December 2006. == Tumbu luar == {{Sisterlinks|Iran}} {{wikivoyage|Iran}} ; Pamaréntah * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040714094508/http://www.president.ir/eng/ Official website of the President of Iran] * [http://www.ahmadinejad.ir/ The blog of the President of Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071003013439/http://www.ahmadinejad.ir/ |date=2007-10-03 }} * {{fa icon}} [http://www.irisn.com/ Official website of the Council of Guardians of Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323040901/http://www.irisn.com/ |date=2022-03-23 }} * {{fa icon}} [http://www.majlis.ir/mhtml/ Official website of the Majlis (Legislature) of Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728044042/http://www.majlis.ir/mhtml/ |date=2011-07-28 }} * [http://www.mfa.gov.ir Official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs] * [http://www.aeoi.org.ir/NewWeb/default1.asp Official website of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630133411/http://www.aeoi.org.ir/NewWeb/default1.asp |date=2007-06-30 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/iran_power/html/default.stm BBC guide to political power structure in Iran] * [http://www.iranmiras.ir Official website of the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060402190921/http://iranmiras.ir/ |date=2006-04-02 }} * {{fa icon}} [http://www.irib.com Official website of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting] ; Lianna * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071228234924/http://www.iranmap.biz/ Iran Map with details] Iran Map and Iran Major Cites Maps * [http://www.Aryo.ir Aryo.ir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223827/http://www.aryo.ir/ |date=2018-12-15 }} A wide Range of Classified Photos From Different Provinces of Iran * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjtGr1Qqhng Footage showing ethnic and religious groups in Iran] * [http://www.round-planet.com/en/diapplet.php3?mode=diapo&id=152 Slideshow: Iran, from Damavand to Ispahan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008130052/http://www.round-planet.com/en/diapplet.php3?mode=diapo&id=152 |date=2007-10-08 }} * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Iran Encyclopaedia Britannica's Country Page — "Iran"] * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Iran/ Open Directory Project — ''Iran''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425023137/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Iran/ |date=2006-04-25 }} directory category * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/06/iran_maps/html/default.stm BBC News interactive maps detailing Iran's people, land and infrastructure] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/iran/ ''Uncovering Iran'' season on][[BBC Radio 4]] * [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f2/v13f2024.html Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724222217/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f2/v13f2024.html |date=2009-07-24 }} an article by Encyclopædia Iranica * [http://www.travel-earth.com/iran/ Iran travel information and pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605071756/http://www.travel-earth.com/iran/ |date=2007-06-05 }} * [http://www.iranmiras.ir/ Iran Cultural Heritage Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060402190921/http://iranmiras.ir/ |date=2006-04-02 }} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106324/Iran Iran] An article by Encyclopedia Britannica Online * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106325/ancient-Iran Ancient Iran] An article by Encyclopedia Britannica Online ; Warta jeung media Iran * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Iran/News_and_Media/ List of Iranian news and media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201184325/http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Iran/News_and_Media/ |date=2007-12-01 }} from the [[Open Directory Project]] * [http://news.yahoo.com/fc?tmpl=fc&cid=34&in=world&cat=iran Yahoo! News Full Coverage ''Iran''] Yahoo héadline links * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/iran/0,,889981,00.html Guardian section about Iran] * [http://www.presstv.ir/ PRESS TV] — 24 hour news channel in English {{Asia}}<br /> {{Wétan Tengah}}<br /> {{Nagara Kaspia}}<br /> {{OKI}}<br /> {{Non-Blok}} [[Kategori:Iran| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara kalayan pantrangan alkohol]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Wétan Deukeut]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Wétan Tengah]] [[Kategori:Nagara D8]] [[Kategori:Nagara G15]] [[Kategori:Républik konstitusional]] [[Kategori:Lémpéngan Iran]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Pérsia]] [[Kategori:Républik Islam]] 7dejx0kkyqxdaoz8suwwh6dc6qrc4pn 730543 730542 2026-10-18T23:54:56Z Hasnanf 28942 730543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = '''جمهوری اسلامی ايران'''<br /> ''Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān'' |conventional_long_name = Républik Islam Iran |common_name = Iran |image_flag = Flag of Iran.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Iran.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |image_map = Iran in its region.svg |official_religion = [[Si'ah Islam]] |national_motto = ''Esteqlāl, āzādī, jomhūrī-ye eslāmī''&nbsp;<sup>1</sup>{{spaces|2}}<small>{{fa icon}}<br />"Kamerdikaan, kabébasan, Républik Islam"</small> |national_anthem = ''[[Sorud-e Melli-e Iran|Sorūd-e Mellī-e Īrān]]''&nbsp;² |capital = [[Téhéran]] |latd=35 |latm=41 |latNS=N |longd=51 |longm=25 |longEW=E |largest_city = ibu kota |official_languages = [[Basa Pérsia|Pérsia]], [[Basa Arab|Arab]] |demonym = Iranian |government_type = [[Républik Islam]] |leader_title1 = [[Pupuhu Agung Iran|Pupuhu Agung]] |leader_name1 = Mojtaba Khamenei |leader_title2 = [[Présidén Iran|Présidén]] |leader_name2 = [[Ebrahim Raisi]] (سیدابراهیم رئیسی) |leader_title3 = [[Wakil Présidén Iran|Wakil Présidén]] |leader_name3 = [[Mohammad Mokhber]] (محمد مخبر) |sovereignty_type = Unifikasi |established_event1 = [[Cyrus Agung|Dihijikeun ku Cyrus Agung]] |established_date1 = 559 BCE |established_event2 = [[Parthia|Parthian (Arsacid) dynastic empire<br />(first reunification)]] |established_date2 = 248 BCE – 224 CE |established_event3 = [[Sasanian|Sassanid<br />dynastic empire]] |established_date3 = 224–651 CE |established_event4 = [[Safavid|Safavid dynasty<br />(second reunification)]] |established_date4 = May 1502 |established_event5 = [[Konstitusi Iran 1906|Konstitusi&nbsp;munggaran]] |established_date5 = 1906 |established_event6 = [[Révolusi Iran|Révolusi Islam]] |established_date6 = 1979 |area_km2 = 1,648,195 |area_sq_mi = 636,372 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = ka-18 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |percent_water = 0.7 <!-- |population_estimate = 71,208,000³ |population_estimate_year = 2007 |population_estimate_rank = ka-18 --> |population_density_km2 = 42 |population_density_sq_mi = 109 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-158 |population_census = 70,472,846³ |population_census_year = 2006 (1385&nbsp;[[kalénder Iran|AP]]) |population_census_rank = ka-18 |GDP_PPP = $610 miliar (2006)<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |title="Iran" |author=CIA World Factbook |accessdate=2007-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |archivedate=2012-02-03 }}</ref><br /><small>''note:'' estimates ranges from $602 billion (2006) by [[IMF]]<ref name="imf">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=0&pr1.x=93&pr1.y=16&c=429&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPWGT%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CLP%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD&grp=0&a= International Monetary Fund - World Economic Outlook Database, April 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023023447/http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=0&pr1.x=93&pr1.y=16&c=429&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPWGT,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,PCPI,PCPIPCH,LP,BCA,BCA_NGDPD&grp=0&a= |date=2007-10-23 }}, retrieved 1 Oct 2007</ref> to $735 billion (2006) by [[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU]]<ref name="iu">[http://www.economist.com/countries/Iran/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-FactSheet Economist.com, Country Briefings: Iran, Factsheet, 25 Sept 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207124148/http://www.economist.com/COUNTRIES/Iran/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-FactSheet |date=2009-02-07 }}, retrieved 1 Oct 2007</ref></small> |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-19<ref name="cia" /> |GDP_PPP_year = 2006 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,700 (2006)<ref name="cia" /><br /> <small>''note:'' estimates ranges from $8,624 (2006) by [[IMF]]<ref name="imf" /> to $10,494 (2006) by [[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU]]<ref name="iu" /></small> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-74 |GDP_nominal = $212.4 miliar <!--IMF figures--> |GDP_nominal_rank = ka-32 |GDP_nominal_year = 2005 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,046 <!--IMF figures--> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ka-92 |Gini = 43.0 |Gini_year = 1998 |Gini_category = sedeng |HDI_year = 2004 |HDI = 0.746 |HDI_rank = 96th |HDI_category = sedeng |currency = [[Réal Iran]] (<big>ريال</big>) |currency_code = IRR |time_zone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] |utc_offset = +3:30 |time_zone_DST = teu katalungtik |utc_offset_DST = +3:30 |cctld = [[.ir]] |calling_code = 98 |footnote1 = [http://www.bookrags.com/browse/Encyclopedia%20of%20Religious%20Practices/50 bookrags.com] |footnote2 = [http://www.iranchamber.com/geography/articles/flag_anthem.php iranchamber.com] |footnote3 = {{cite web |url=http://www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_census85/census85/natayej/tables/J-1.html |title=تغییرات جمعیت کشور طی سال‌های ۱۳۳۵-۱۳۸۵ |author=Statistical Center of Iran|accessdate=2007-05-16|language=Persian}} |footnote4 = [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#Econ CIA Factbook] }} '''Iran''', ngaran resmina '''[[Républik Islam]] Iran''' ([[Basa Pérsi|basa Pérsia]]: جمهوری اسلامی ايران, [[transliterasi]]: ''Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān''), saméméhna katelah sacara internasional minangka '''[[Kakaisaran Pérsia|Pérsia]]''', nyaéta nagara di [[Asia Kulon Kidul]] nu dina wewengkon géografis mah perenahna aya di [[Wétan Tengah]], jeung [[Kaukasus]]. [[Islam Syi'ah]] mangrupa ageman nagara sarta [[Basa Pérsia]] mangrupa basa resmina.<ref>{{cite web|title=قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران|url=http://fa.wikisource.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86|language=Basa Pérsia|accessdate=2007-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410011625/http://fa.wikisource.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86|archivedate=2008-04-10}}</ref> Minangka nagara panggedéna ka-18 di dunya dumasar legana nu 1,648,000 kilométer pasagi, Iran saukuran jeung [[United Kingdom]], [[Perancis]], [[Spanyol]] jeung [[Jerman]] lamun dihijikeun, atawa leuwih leutik saeutik tinimbang nagara bagéan AS, [[Alaska]] (1,717,855&nbsp;km²). Pangeusina leuwih ti tujuh puluh juta urang. Iran wawatesan jeung [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], sarta [[Turkmenistan]] di béh kaler; [[Afghanistan]] jeung [[Pakistan]] di béh wetan; sarta [[Turki]] jeung [[Irak]] di béh kulon. Minangka tambahan, wawatesan ogé jeung [[Teluk Pérsia]], hiji wewengkon penting nu ngahasilkeun minyak, [[Teluk Oman]], sarta [[Sagara Kaspia]]. == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Bacaan salajengna == * [[Benjamin Walker]], ''Persian Pageant: A Cultural History of Iran,'' Arya Press, Calcutta, 1950. * Michael Barker, [http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=67&ItemID=11670 Catalyst for Iranian Resistance: U.S. “democracy promoters” and regime change in Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105011143/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=67&ItemID=11670 |date=2007-01-05 }}, ''Znet'', 18 December 2006. == Tumbu luar == {{Sisterlinks|Iran}} {{wikivoyage|Iran}} ; Pamaréntah * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040714094508/http://www.president.ir/eng/ Official website of the President of Iran] * [http://www.ahmadinejad.ir/ The blog of the President of Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071003013439/http://www.ahmadinejad.ir/ |date=2007-10-03 }} * {{fa icon}} [http://www.irisn.com/ Official website of the Council of Guardians of Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323040901/http://www.irisn.com/ |date=2022-03-23 }} * {{fa icon}} [http://www.majlis.ir/mhtml/ Official website of the Majlis (Legislature) of Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728044042/http://www.majlis.ir/mhtml/ |date=2011-07-28 }} * [http://www.mfa.gov.ir Official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs] * [http://www.aeoi.org.ir/NewWeb/default1.asp Official website of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630133411/http://www.aeoi.org.ir/NewWeb/default1.asp |date=2007-06-30 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/iran_power/html/default.stm BBC guide to political power structure in Iran] * [http://www.iranmiras.ir Official website of the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060402190921/http://iranmiras.ir/ |date=2006-04-02 }} * {{fa icon}} [http://www.irib.com Official website of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting] ; Lianna * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071228234924/http://www.iranmap.biz/ Iran Map with details] Iran Map and Iran Major Cites Maps * [http://www.Aryo.ir Aryo.ir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223827/http://www.aryo.ir/ |date=2018-12-15 }} A wide Range of Classified Photos From Different Provinces of Iran * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjtGr1Qqhng Footage showing ethnic and religious groups in Iran] * [http://www.round-planet.com/en/diapplet.php3?mode=diapo&id=152 Slideshow: Iran, from Damavand to Ispahan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008130052/http://www.round-planet.com/en/diapplet.php3?mode=diapo&id=152 |date=2007-10-08 }} * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Iran Encyclopaedia Britannica's Country Page — "Iran"] * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Iran/ Open Directory Project — ''Iran''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425023137/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Iran/ |date=2006-04-25 }} directory category * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/06/iran_maps/html/default.stm BBC News interactive maps detailing Iran's people, land and infrastructure] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/iran/ ''Uncovering Iran'' season on][[BBC Radio 4]] * [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f2/v13f2024.html Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724222217/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f2/v13f2024.html |date=2009-07-24 }} an article by Encyclopædia Iranica * [http://www.travel-earth.com/iran/ Iran travel information and pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605071756/http://www.travel-earth.com/iran/ |date=2007-06-05 }} * [http://www.iranmiras.ir/ Iran Cultural Heritage Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060402190921/http://iranmiras.ir/ |date=2006-04-02 }} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106324/Iran Iran] An article by Encyclopedia Britannica Online * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106325/ancient-Iran Ancient Iran] An article by Encyclopedia Britannica Online ; Warta jeung media Iran * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Iran/News_and_Media/ List of Iranian news and media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201184325/http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Iran/News_and_Media/ |date=2007-12-01 }} from the [[Open Directory Project]] * [http://news.yahoo.com/fc?tmpl=fc&cid=34&in=world&cat=iran Yahoo! News Full Coverage ''Iran''] Yahoo héadline links * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/iran/0,,889981,00.html Guardian section about Iran] * [http://www.presstv.ir/ PRESS TV] — 24 hour news channel in English {{Asia}}<br /> {{Wétan Tengah}}<br /> {{Nagara Kaspia}}<br /> {{OKI}}<br /> {{Non-Blok}} [[Kategori:Iran| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara kalayan pantrangan alkohol]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Wétan Deukeut]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Wétan Tengah]] [[Kategori:Nagara D8]] [[Kategori:Nagara G15]] [[Kategori:Républik konstitusional]] [[Kategori:Lémpéngan Iran]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Pérsia]] [[Kategori:Républik Islam]] 9r0egb2bcob9hjfak0kala3ah6iu4bn 730566 730543 2026-10-19T06:51:33Z Hasnanf 28942 730566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = '''جمهوری اسلامی ايران'''<br /> ''Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān'' |conventional_long_name = Républik Islam Iran |common_name = Iran |image_flag = Flag of Iran.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Iran.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |image_map = Iran in its region.svg |official_religion = [[Si'ah Islam]] |national_motto = ''Esteqlāl, āzādī, jomhūrī-ye eslāmī''&nbsp;<sup>1</sup>{{spaces|2}}<small>{{fa icon}}<br />"Kamerdikaan, kabébasan, Républik Islam"</small> |national_anthem = ''[[Sorud-e Melli-e Iran|Sorūd-e Mellī-e Īrān]]''&nbsp;² |capital = [[Téhéran]] |latd=35 |latm=41 |latNS=N |longd=51 |longm=25 |longEW=E |largest_city = ibu kota |official_languages = [[Basa Pérsia|Pérsia]], [[Basa Arab|Arab]] |demonym = Iranian |government_type = [[Républik Islam]] |leader_title1 = [[Pupuhu Agung Iran|Pupuhu Agung]] |leader_name1 = Mojtaba Khamenei |leader_title2 = [[Présidén Iran|Présidén]] |leader_name2 = [[Ebrahim Raisi]] (سیدابراهیم رئیسی) |leader_title3 = [[Wakil Présidén Iran|Wakil Présidén]] |leader_name3 = [[Mohammad Mokhber]] (محمد مخبر) |sovereignty_type = Unifikasi |established_event1 = [[Cyrus Agung|Dihijikeun ku Cyrus Agung]] |established_date1 = 559 BCE |established_event2 = [[Parthia|Parthian (Arsacid) dynastic empire<br />(first reunification)]] |established_date2 = 248 BCE – 224 CE |established_event3 = [[Sasanian|Sassanid<br />dynastic empire]] |established_date3 = 224–651 CE |established_event4 = [[Safavid|Safavid dynasty<br />(second reunification)]] |established_date4 = May 1502 |established_event5 = [[Konstitusi Iran 1906|Konstitusi&nbsp;munggaran]] |established_date5 = 1906 |established_event6 = [[Révolusi Iran|Révolusi Islam]] |established_date6 = 1979 |area_km2 = 1,648,195 |area_sq_mi = 636,372 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = ka-18 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |percent_water = 0.7 <!-- |population_estimate = 71,208,000³ |population_estimate_year = 2007 |population_estimate_rank = ka-18 --> |population_density_km2 = 42 |population_density_sq_mi = 109 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-158 |population_census = 70,472,846³ |population_census_year = 2006 (1385&nbsp;[[kalénder Iran|AP]]) |population_census_rank = ka-18 |GDP_PPP = $610 miliar (2006)<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |title="Iran" |author=CIA World Factbook |accessdate=2007-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |archivedate=2012-02-03 }}</ref><br /><small>''note:'' estimates ranges from $602 billion (2006) by [[IMF]]<ref name="imf">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=0&pr1.x=93&pr1.y=16&c=429&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPWGT%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CLP%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD&grp=0&a= International Monetary Fund - World Economic Outlook Database, April 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023023447/http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/01/data/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=0&pr1.x=93&pr1.y=16&c=429&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPWGT,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,PCPI,PCPIPCH,LP,BCA,BCA_NGDPD&grp=0&a= |date=2007-10-23 }}, retrieved 1 Oct 2007</ref> to $735 billion (2006) by [[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU]]<ref name="iu">[http://www.economist.com/countries/Iran/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-FactSheet Economist.com, Country Briefings: Iran, Factsheet, 25 Sept 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207124148/http://www.economist.com/COUNTRIES/Iran/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-FactSheet |date=2009-02-07 }}, retrieved 1 Oct 2007</ref></small> |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-19<ref name="cia" /> |GDP_PPP_year = 2006 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,700 (2006)<ref name="cia" /><br /> <small>''note:'' estimates ranges from $8,624 (2006) by [[IMF]]<ref name="imf" /> to $10,494 (2006) by [[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU]]<ref name="iu" /></small> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-74 |GDP_nominal = $212.4 miliar <!--IMF figures--> |GDP_nominal_rank = ka-32 |GDP_nominal_year = 2005 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,046 <!--IMF figures--> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ka-92 |Gini = 43.0 |Gini_year = 1998 |Gini_category = sedeng |HDI_year = 2004 |HDI = 0.746 |HDI_rank = 96th |HDI_category = sedeng |currency = [[Réal Iran]] (<big>ريال</big>) |currency_code = IRR |time_zone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] |utc_offset = +3:30 |time_zone_DST = teu katalungtik |utc_offset_DST = +3:30 |cctld = [[.ir]] |calling_code = 98 |footnote1 = [http://www.bookrags.com/browse/Encyclopedia%20of%20Religious%20Practices/50 bookrags.com] |footnote2 = [http://www.iranchamber.com/geography/articles/flag_anthem.php iranchamber.com] |footnote3 = {{cite web |url=http://www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_census85/census85/natayej/tables/J-1.html |title=تغییرات جمعیت کشور طی سال‌های ۱۳۳۵-۱۳۸۵ |author=Statistical Center of Iran|accessdate=2007-05-16|language=Persian}} |footnote4 = [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#Econ CIA Factbook] }} '''Iran''', ngaran resmina '''[[Républik Islam]] Iran''' ([[Basa Pérsi|basa Pérsia]]: جمهوری اسلامی ايران, [[transliterasi]]: ''Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān''), saméméhna katelah sacara internasional minangka '''[[Kakaisaran Pérsia|Pérsia]]''', nyaéta nagara di [[Asia Kulon Kidul]] nu dina wewengkon géografis mah perenahna aya di [[Wétan Tengah]], jeung [[Kaukasus]]. [[Islam Syi'ah]] mangrupa ageman nagara sarta [[Basa Pérsia]] mangrupa basa resmina.<ref>{{cite web|title=قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران|url=http://fa.wikisource.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86|language=Basa Pérsia|accessdate=2007-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410011625/http://fa.wikisource.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86|archivedate=2008-04-10}}</ref> Minangka nagara panggedéna ka-17 di dunya dumasar legana nu 1,648,195 kilométer pasagi, Iran saukuran jeung [[Karajaan Ngahiji]], [[Perancis]], [[Spanyol]] jeung [[Jerman]] lamun dihijikeun, atawa leuwih leutik saeutik tinimbang nagara bagéan [[Amérika Serikat|Amérika Sarikat]], [[Alaska]] (1,717,855km²). Pangeusina leuwih ti salapan puluh dua juta urang.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/20/a-simple-visual-guide-to-iran-and-its-people|title=A simple visual guide to Iran and its people|last=Hussein|first=Alia Chughtai,Mohamed|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> Iran wawatesan jeung [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], sarta [[Turkmenistan]] di béh kaler; [[Afghanistan]] jeung [[Pakistan]] di béh wetan; sarta [[Turki]] jeung [[Irak]] di béh kulon. Minangka tambahan, wawatesan ogé jeung [[Teluk Pérsia]], hiji wewengkon penting nu ngahasilkeun minyak, [[Teluk Oman]], sarta [[Sagara Kaspia]].<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Bacaan salajengna == * [[Benjamin Walker]], ''Persian Pageant: A Cultural History of Iran,'' Arya Press, Calcutta, 1950. * Michael Barker, [http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=67&ItemID=11670 Catalyst for Iranian Resistance: U.S. “democracy promoters” and regime change in Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105011143/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=67&ItemID=11670 |date=2007-01-05 }}, ''Znet'', 18 December 2006. == Tumbu luar == {{Sisterlinks|Iran}} {{wikivoyage|Iran}} ; Pamaréntah * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040714094508/http://www.president.ir/eng/ Official website of the President of Iran] * [http://www.ahmadinejad.ir/ The blog of the President of Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071003013439/http://www.ahmadinejad.ir/ |date=2007-10-03 }} * {{fa icon}} [http://www.irisn.com/ Official website of the Council of Guardians of Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323040901/http://www.irisn.com/ |date=2022-03-23 }} * {{fa icon}} [http://www.majlis.ir/mhtml/ Official website of the Majlis (Legislature) of Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728044042/http://www.majlis.ir/mhtml/ |date=2011-07-28 }} * [http://www.mfa.gov.ir Official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs] * [http://www.aeoi.org.ir/NewWeb/default1.asp Official website of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630133411/http://www.aeoi.org.ir/NewWeb/default1.asp |date=2007-06-30 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/iran_power/html/default.stm BBC guide to political power structure in Iran] * [http://www.iranmiras.ir Official website of the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060402190921/http://iranmiras.ir/ |date=2006-04-02 }} * {{fa icon}} [http://www.irib.com Official website of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting] ; Lianna * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071228234924/http://www.iranmap.biz/ Iran Map with details] Iran Map and Iran Major Cites Maps * [http://www.Aryo.ir Aryo.ir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223827/http://www.aryo.ir/ |date=2018-12-15 }} A wide Range of Classified Photos From Different Provinces of Iran * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjtGr1Qqhng Footage showing ethnic and religious groups in Iran] * [http://www.round-planet.com/en/diapplet.php3?mode=diapo&id=152 Slideshow: Iran, from Damavand to Ispahan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008130052/http://www.round-planet.com/en/diapplet.php3?mode=diapo&id=152 |date=2007-10-08 }} * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Iran Encyclopaedia Britannica's Country Page — "Iran"] * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Iran/ Open Directory Project — ''Iran''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425023137/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Iran/ |date=2006-04-25 }} directory category * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/06/iran_maps/html/default.stm BBC News interactive maps detailing Iran's people, land and infrastructure] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/iran/ ''Uncovering Iran'' season on][[BBC Radio 4]] * [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f2/v13f2024.html Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724222217/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f2/v13f2024.html |date=2009-07-24 }} an article by Encyclopædia Iranica * [http://www.travel-earth.com/iran/ Iran travel information and pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605071756/http://www.travel-earth.com/iran/ |date=2007-06-05 }} * [http://www.iranmiras.ir/ Iran Cultural Heritage Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060402190921/http://iranmiras.ir/ |date=2006-04-02 }} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106324/Iran Iran] An article by Encyclopedia Britannica Online * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106325/ancient-Iran Ancient Iran] An article by Encyclopedia Britannica Online ; Warta jeung media Iran * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Iran/News_and_Media/ List of Iranian news and media] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201184325/http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Iran/News_and_Media/ |date=2007-12-01 }} from the [[Open Directory Project]] * [http://news.yahoo.com/fc?tmpl=fc&cid=34&in=world&cat=iran Yahoo! News Full Coverage ''Iran''] Yahoo héadline links * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/iran/0,,889981,00.html Guardian section about Iran] * [http://www.presstv.ir/ PRESS TV] — 24 hour news channel in English {{Asia}}<br /> {{Wétan Tengah}}<br /> {{Nagara Kaspia}}<br /> {{OKI}}<br /> {{Non-Blok}} [[Kategori:Iran| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara kalayan pantrangan alkohol]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Wétan Deukeut]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Wétan Tengah]] [[Kategori:Nagara D8]] [[Kategori:Nagara G15]] [[Kategori:Républik konstitusional]] [[Kategori:Lémpéngan Iran]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu basana Basa Pérsia]] [[Kategori:Républik Islam]] 53qawc595api17gkfhwyk425ntkl7rj Citakan:PTN di Indonesia 10 25723 730548 602780 2026-10-19T02:38:35Z VidiDhemas21 28605 Ngatambahan Akademi Komunitas sareng ngarapihkeun citakan ieu. 730548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{navbox |name = PTN di Indonesia |title = [[File:Logo of Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic of Indonesia.svg|25px]] [[Paguron luhur]] nagri di [[Indonésia]] |state = 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Tirtayasa|Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa]]{{•}} [[Universitas Sumatera Utara|Sumatera Utara]]{{•}} [[Universitas Syiah Kuala|Syiah Kuala]]{{•}} [[Universitas Tadulako|Tadulako]]{{•}} [[Universitas Tanjungpura|Tanjungpura]]{{•}} [[Universitas Terbuka|Terbuka]]{{•}} [[Universitas Trunojoyo|Trunojoyo]]{{•}} [[Universitas Udayana|Udayana]] |group2='''[[Politeknik]]''' |list2= [[Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya|Elektronika Surabaya]] • [[Politeknik Manufaktur Bandung|Manufaktur Bandung (POLMAN)]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Ambon|Ambon]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Bali|Bali]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Bandung|Bandung]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Banjarmasin|Banjarmasin]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Jakarta|Jakarta]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Jember|Jember]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Kupang|Kupang]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Lampung|Lampung]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe|Lhokseumawe]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Makassar|Makassar]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Malang|Malang]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Manado|Manado]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Medan|Medan]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Padang|Padang]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Pontianak|Pontianak]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Samarinda|Samarinda]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Semarang|Semarang]] • [[Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]] • [[Politeknik Perikanan Negeri Tual|Perikanan Tual]] • [[Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya|Perkapalan Surabaya]] • [[Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang|Pertanian Kupang]] • [[Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Pangkajene Kepulauan|Pertanian Pangkajene Kepulauan]] • [[Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh|Pertanian Payakumbuh]] • [[Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Samarinda|Pertanian Samarinda]] |group3='''[[Institut]]''' |list3= [[Institut Pertanian Bogor|IPB]] • [[Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta|ISI Yogyakarta]] • [[Institut Seni Indonesia Denpasar|ISI Denpasar]] • [[Institut Seni Indonesia Surakarta|ISI Surakarta]] • [[Institut Teknologi Bandung|ITB]] • [[Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember|ITS]] • [[Institut Seni Budaya Indonésia Bandung|ISBI Bandung]] • [[Institut Seni Indonésia Padang Panjang|ISI Padang Panjang]] |group4='''[[Akademi Komunitas]]''' |list4= * [[Akademi Komunitas Negeri Aceh Barat|Aceh Barat]] * [[Akademi Komunitas Negeri Pacitan|Pacitan]] * [[Akademi Komunitas Negeri Putra Sang Fajar Blitar|Putra Sang Fajar Blitar]] * [[Akademi Komunitas Negeri Seni dan Budaya Yogyakarta|Seni dan Budaya Yogyakarta]] * [[Akademi Komunitas Negeri Rejang Lebong|Rejang Lebong]] |below = * *'''Tempo oge:''' [[Daftar perguruan tinggi Islam negeri di Indonesia|Perguruan Tinggi Islam Negeri]] *[[Daftar perguruan tinggi swasta di Indonesia|Perguruan Tinggi Swasta]] *[[Daftar perguruan tinggi Islam swasta di Indonesia|Perguruan Tinggi Islam Swasta]] *[[Daftar perguruan tinggi kedinasan di Indonesia|Perguruan Tinggi Kedinasan]] }}<noinclude>{{Cek tranklusi}} [[Kategori:Citakan navigasi sakola|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> f0cp5v71geajxa9lh6frvvs7kfe2l89 Kolek 0 33925 730546 623939 2026-10-19T01:13:33Z ~2026-55760-28 37595 /* Bahan-bahan */ 730546 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar: Kolak pisang dan ubi.JPG|thumb|250px| Kolek Cau jeung Hui]] '''Kolek''' nyaéta salah sahiji kadaharan amis panutup has [[Indonésia]] nu bahan dasarna tina gula arén, santen, jeung daun pandan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2022-04-19|title=Kolak|url=https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolak&oldid=21000454|language=id}}</ref> Salian ti éta, kolek ogé jadi kadaharan nu dipikaresep ku loba jalmi keur buka puasa lamun bulan Ramadan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4931438/mengapa-kolak-identik-sebagai-makanan-khas-ramadhan|title=Mengapa Kolak Identik Sebagai Makanan Khas Ramadhan?|last=Liputan6.com|website=liputan6.com|language=id|accessdate=2022-04-24}}</ref> Kolek miboga sababaraha jinis saperti kolek cau lantaran bahan pokona cau, kolek hui, kolek nangka, kolek sampeu, jeung sajabana.<ref name=":0" /> Biasana kolek sok disayogikeun keur haneut kénéh. <ref name=":0" /> == Sejarah == Dicutat dina buku ''Jejak Rasa Nusantara'' karya sajarawan nu ngaranna Fadly Rahmat, kolek téh dipangaruhan ku budaya Arab. Ditilik dina ngaranna, kolek téh asal katana dina khalik nu hartina Sang Pancipta, Allah SWT. Salain éta, kolek ogé jadi media keur nyebarkeun agama Islam dina zaman baheula. <ref name=":1" /> == Jinis Kolek == # [[Kolek cau]] # Kolek candil ketan # Kolek waluh # Kolek hui # Kolek duren # Kolek sampeu Jeung sajabana. == Bahan-bahan == * 10 cau kepok nu geus asak, potong serong * 800 ml santan tina 1/2 butir kelapa (kuled kumaha salera) * 65 gram gula arén atau gula beureum. * 65 gram gula bodas * 2 lambar daun pandan * 1 séndok téh uyah * 200 ml cai bodas ==Referensi== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kadaharan]] 27s15qll6ld3uk3acn9jqt51dgvywcl Citakan:Script/Arabic 10 48271 730529 463330 2026-10-18T14:29:39Z ~2026-55037-88 37566 /* */ 730529 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Script/styles_arabic.css" /><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: {{{size|125%}}}; {{{style|}}}" {{{attributes|}}}>{{{1}}}</span><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> c634edyk8c3l93u9c4o65qf0gp7qw90 Étnografi 0 73636 730553 556663 2026-10-19T06:09:00Z Pijri Paijar 27067 Pijri Paijar mindahkeun kaca [[Etnografi]] ka [[Étnografi]]: panulisan hurup é 556663 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Étnografi''' (''étnos+grapho'', Yunani), nyaéta tulisan anu patali jeung (suku) bangsa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Ensiklopedia (2000 Istilah Biografi Karya, Metode, Teori Sastra)|last=Kutha Ratna|first=Nyoman|publisher=Pustaka Pelajar|year=2018|isbn=9786022297437|location=Yogyakarta|pages=}}</ref> Nurutkeun [[Cuddon]] (2013:257) anu mimiti dilakukeun ku Heredotus (484-425 SM) dina ''Histories'' anu aya patalina jeung masarakat Yunani jeung Mesir.<ref name=":0" /> Sacara umum dianggap salaku hasil catetan anu geus ngaliwatan panalungtikan lapangan, obsérvasi, jeung kontak langsung masarakat nu tangtu.<ref name=":0" /> Sacara leuwih husus, dilakukeun ku para oriéntalis jeung [[misionaris]] ngeunaan kaayaan bangsa-bangsa Timur.<ref name=":0" /> Catetan-catetan anu dimaksad kira-kira dimimitian ti mimiti abad ka-15 salaku carita lalampahan, sumebarna agama ([[Kristen]]), jeung kahirupan para pagawé pamaréntah kolonial di tanah jajahan.<ref name=":0" /> Salaku carita lalampahan, ku kituna eusina teu jero, sarta samar sabab didasaran ku pamikiran masarakat Barat.<ref name=":0" /> Ku kituna étnografi disebut salaku mimiti pamahaman ngeunaan nu séjén ''(the other).''<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Sastra Sunda]] lg3aqolt57s00whwmrmuomf3rx2ww1x Urang Malayu 0 99348 730527 730523 2026-10-18T14:17:01Z ~2026-55037-88 37566 /* */ 730527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Artikel petingan}} [[File:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Salaki pamajikan saatos ngalaksanakeun upacara akad nikah (prosesi kawinan). Panganten lalaki nganggo baju Malayu anu dipasangkan sareng songkok sareng songket, sedengkeun panganten awéwé nganggo baju kurung sareng jilbab.]] '''Urang Malayu''' ({{langx|ms|'''Orang Melayu'''}}; [[Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|أورڠ ملايو}}) wirua grup étnis [[Austronesia]] utami nu nyicingan Semenanjung Melayu, kidul [[Thailand]], pantai kidul [[Burma]], pulo [[Singapura]], [[Bornéo]] gisik basisir kaasup [[Brunéi]], [[Kalimantan Kulon]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]], Sarawak jeung basisir [[Sabah]], [[Filipina]] kulon teur kidul, jeung palulo alit nu aya di antara lokasi-tempat ieu — sacara pas dikenal salaku "Dunia Melayu". Lokasi ieu ayeuna wirua bagian naragara modern [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Brunéi]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], jeung [[Filipina]]. [[File:Malay tricolour.svg|250px|thumbnail|Bandéra Triwarna Melayu anu némbongkeun idéntitas urang Malayu]] Aya karagaman basa, budaya, artistik, sareng sosial anu lumayan ageung di antara seueur subgrup Melayu, utamina kusabab ratusan taun imigrasi sareng asimilasi rupa-rupa étnis sareng suku régional di Asia Tenggara Maritim. Sacara historis, populasi Melayu utamina turunan ti suku Austronesia sareng Austroasia anu nganggo basa Melayu sateuacanna anu ngadegkeun sababaraha nagara sareng karajaan dagang maritim kuno, khususna [[Brunéi]], [[Kedah]], Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, [[Karajaan Malayu|Melayu]], sareng [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 & 60}} Kamekaran sareng ngadegna Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 nyababkeun révolusi ageung dina sajarah urang Melayu. Ieu kajadian kusabab kasultanan mawa parobahan anu signifikan pisan kana sistem budaya sareng kasultanan ngahontal kamulyaan dina periode éta. Numutkeun catetan sajarah, urang Malayu geus dipikawanoh salaku komunitas dagang lintas cai anu mibanda ciri budaya anu dinamis.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 & 43}} Aranjeunna tiasa nyerep, ngabagi, sareng nyebarkeun seueur budaya unik ti kelompok étnis sanés, sapertos budaya Minang sareng Acéh. Kadatangan Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 micu révolusi utama dina sajarah Melayu, anu pentingna aya dina warisan pulitik sareng budayana anu lega. Tanda-tanda umum anu pasti ngeunaan ka-Melayuan — agama Islam, basa sareng tradisi Malayu — dianggap parantos diproklamasikeun dina jaman ieu, anu ngarah kana étnogenesis urang Malayu salaku kelompok étnoreligius utama di daérah éta. Dina sastra, arsitéktur, tradisi kuliner, pakean tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri sareng tradisi karaton, Malaka netepkeun standar anu ditiru ku kasultanan Melayu salajengna. Mangsa kajayaan kasultanan Melayu di Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra Wétan, sareng basisir Kalimantan ningali seueur pendudukna, khususna ti sababaraha komunitas suku sapertos [[Batak]], Dayak, Urang Asli, sareng Urang Laut, tunduk kana Islamisasi sareng Invasi Melayu. Sapanjang sajarah, istilah "Melayu" parantos diperpanjang ka kelompok étnis sanés dina "[[Dunya Malayu]]"; panggunaan ieu ayeuna seuseueurna diwatesan di Malaysia sareng Singapura, dimana turunan sanés tina kelompok étnis ieu disebut Anak Dagang ("padagang") sareng seuseueurna asalna ti Indonésia sapertos urang Acéh, Banjar, Bugis, Mandailing, [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[urang Jawa|Jawa]]. == Étimologi == [[Gambar:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Jambi]], sajarahna dihubungkeun sareng [[Karajaan Malayu]] pra-Islam. Urang Melayu-Sriwijaya katelah ngawangun sistem wangunan anu rumit di ibukotana, kota-kota utama, sareng pusat-pusat kota anu penting.]] [[Gambar:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Numutkeun ''Sejarah Melayu'', éta pasir nyatet datangna Sang Sapurba, karuhun legendaris pikeun rupa-rupa kulawarga karajaan Malayu di Sumatra, Semenanjung Malaya, sareng Kalimantan.]] Literatur epik ''Malay Annals'' ngahubungkeun asal usul étimologis "Melayu" ka walungan leutik anu dingaranan ''Sungai Melayu'' ('walungan Melayu') di [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epik éta salah nyebutkeun yén walungan éta ngalir ka Walungan Musi di Palembang, padahal kanyataanna ngalir ka Walungan Batang Hari di [[Jambi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}</ref>{{rp|298}} Istilah ieu dipercaya asalna tina kecap Melayu ''melaju'', kombinasi tina awalan verbal 'me' sareng akar kecap 'laju', anu hartosna "ngagancangkeun", dianggo pikeun ngagambarkeun arus walungan anu gancang.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}} === Salaku ngaran tempat (toponim) === Sateuacan abad ka-15, istilah "Melayu" sareng varian anu sami sigana dianggo salaku [[toponimi]] lami pikeun daérah Selat Malaka sacara umum.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}} * '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', "Malaya Dvipa", digambarkeun dina bab 48, Vayu Purana salaku salah sahiji propinsi di laut wétan anu pinuh ku emas sareng pérak. Sababaraha sarjana nyaruakeun istilah ieu sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} tapi sababaraha sarjana India yakin istilah ieu kedah nujul ka Semenanjung Malaya anu pagunungan, sedengkeun Sumatra langkung pas dihubungkeun sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}} * '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – hiji lokasi di Golden Chersonese, tina karya Ptolemy, Geographia.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}} * '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – disebutkeun ku Yijing, saurang biarawan Buddha Cina ti Dinasti Tang anu nganjang ka Asia Tenggara dina taun 688–695. Nurutkeun Yijing, karajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' ayana dina jarak 15 poé balayar ti Bogha (Palembang), ibukota Sribhoga ([[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]]). Butuh waktu 15 poé balayar pikeun nepi ka Ka-Cha ([[Kedah]]) ti Mo-lo-yu; ku kituna, bisa disebutkeun yén Mo-Lo-Yu bakal aya di tengah-tengah antara dua tempat éta.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Hiji téori populér ngahubungkeun ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng Jambi di Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} nanging lokasi geografis Jambi bertentangan sareng katerangan Yi Jing ngeunaan "satengah jalan pelayaran antara ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) sareng ''Bogha'' (Palembang)". Dina jaman Dinasti Yuan (1271–1368) sareng [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368–1644), kecap ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering disebutkeun dina téks sajarah Cina – kalayan parobahan éjahan kusabab rentang waktu antara dinasti-dinasti éta – pikeun nujul ka hiji bangsa di deukeut laut kidul. Diantara istilah anu digunakeun nyaéta "Bôk-lá-yù", "Mók-là-yū" (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — disusud tina sumber tinulis biarawan Xuanzang) sareng Wú-laī-yû (無来由). * '''''Malaiyur''''' – disebutkeun dina prasasti Tanjore. Karajaan ieu digambarkeun salaku karajaan anu gaduh "gunung anu kuat pikeun bentengna" anu murag ka penjajah Chola nalika kampanye Rajendra Chola I dina abad ka-11. Bisa jadi ayana di Sumatra, antara Pannai jeung Sriwijaya ([[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]),<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}</ref>{{rp|77–78, 170}} meureun di situs arkéologis Muaro Jambi.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}</ref>{{rp|405}} * '''''Malai''''' – disebutkeun ku ahli géografi Arab abad ka-12 [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] dina Tabula Rogeriana, éta ngagambarkeun semenanjung Malaya salaku pulo anu panjang sareng nyebatna Malai, wawatesan sareng Qmer (Khmer) sareng 12 dinten balayar ti Sanf (Champa).<ref>[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508045322/https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ |date=2025-05-08 }}. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.</ref><ref>Gerini, G. E., & Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&vq=malai&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q=malai&f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.</ref> * '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (sacara harfiah "Tanah Malayu"), transkripsi tina Prasasti Padang Roco tanggal 1286 CE ku Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah ieu aya patalina jeung karajaan [[Dharmasraya]]. * '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – disebutkeun dina babad Dinasti Yuan, nujul kana hiji bangsa di Semenanjung Malaya anu nyanghareupan ékspansi Karajaan Sukhothai ka kidul, nalika pamaréntahan Ram Khamhaeng.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=24 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kronik éta nyatakeun: "''..Permusuhan lumangsung antara Siam sareng Ma-li-yu-er sareng duanana silih paéhan ...''". Pikeun ngaréspon tindakan Sukhothai, saurang utusan Cina angkat ka karaton Ram Khamhaeng dina taun 1295 mawa paréntah kaisar: "Tepati jangji anjeun sareng ulah ngalakukeun kajahatan ka Ma-li-yu-er".{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}} * '''''Malauir''''' – disebutkeun dina catetan [[Marco Polo]] salaku karajaan anu aya di Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} kamungkinan sami sareng anu disebutkeun dina babad Yuan. * '''''Malayapura''''' – (sacara harfiah "kota Malaya" atanapi "bénténg Malaya"), anu diukir dina prasasti Amoghapasa anu tanggalna taun 1347 Masehi. Istilah éta dianggo ku Adityawarman pikeun nyebut [[Dharmasraya]]. Saran séjénna kaasup kecap [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (salaku kecap pagawéan: lumpat, partisip: buronan), atawa istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (ngagancangkeun sacara ajeg), nuduhkeun mobilitas anu luhur jeung sipat migrasi masarakatna. De Barros (1552) nyebutkeun yén Iskandar Shah méré ngaran ''Malaios'' (urang Malayu) kitu lantaran bapana diusir ti nagarana. Albuquerque nerangkeun yén Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') ti karajaan Palembang ka Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}} === Salaku ngaran étnis (etnonim) === {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = Malays from the Malacca Sultanate Codice Casanatense.jpg | alt1 = Urang Malayu Malaka | caption1 = Cat cai Portugis urang Malaya di Malaka, kira-kira taun 1540, dipidangkeun dina Códice Casanatense. | image2 = A Malay couple RBSeite93.jpg | alt2 = Pasangan Malayu | caption2 = Ilustrasi pasangan Malayu, ti ''Reise nach Batavia'', antara taun 1669 jeung 1682 | image3 = JogetUNISEL.jpg | alt3 = Tari Joget | caption3 = Tari Joget ti Kasultanan Malaka; seueur aspék budaya Malayu anu asalna ti karaton Malaka }} Kecap "Melayu" salaku étnonim, pikeun nuduhkeun gugusan étnologis anu béda pisan, dianggap geus jadi populer sapanjang integrasi Kasultanan Malaka salaku kakuatan régional dina abad ka-15. Ieu diterapkeun pikeun ngalaporkeun keberpihakan sosial urang Malaka dibandingkeun sareng urang asing di daérah anu sami, khususna [[urang Jawa]] sareng Thai.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=4}} Ieu dibuktikeun tina daptar kecap Malayu awal abad ka-16 ku Antonio Pigafetta (anu milu dina pelayaran Magellan), anu ngarujuk kana panggunaan frasa ''chiara Malaiu'' ('cara Malayu') di maritim Asia Tenggara pikeun nuduhkeun ''al parlare de Malaea'' ([[basa Italia]] pikeun "nyarioskeun Malaka").{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=22}} Numutkeun sejarawan Anthony Milner, sastra Malayu klasik sering ngagambarkeun urang Malayu dina harti anu langkung heureut tibatan interpretasi modéren; ngarujuk kana téks-téks ieu salaku bukti pandangan ieu:<ref name="Milner2008">{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=Anthony |title=The Malays |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=9781444305098 |doi=10.1002/9781444305098}}</ref>{{rp|91–92}} * ''Hikayat Hang Tuah'', anu utamina ditulis dina abad ka-17, ngan ukur ngaidéntifikasi urang Malayu salaku subjék Kasultanan Malaka.<ref>See also {{Cite journal |last=Hooker |first=Virginia Matheson |date=2016 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |title=Hang Tuah, Hikayat |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |edition=3 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299 |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''Hikayat Patani'', anu dikarang ti taun 1690–1730, ngagunakeun istilah ieu sacara éksklusif pikeun Johor.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Francis R. |date=Juni 2009 |title=Moral order in a time of damnation: The ''Hikayat Patani'' in historical context |doi=10.1017/S0022463409000150 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=40 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Porath |first=Nathan |date= |title=The ''Hikayat Patani'': The Kingdom of Patani in the Malay and Thai Political World |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=84 |issue=2 (301) |page=54 |doi=10.1353/ras.2011.0016}}</ref> * Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (katelah ogé Sejarah Kedah), anu ditulis dina ahir abad ka-18 atanapi awal abad ka-19, henteu nganggo kecap "Malayu" pikeun ngaranan urang [[Kedah]]. * ''Hikayat Aceh'', anu diperkirakeun ditulis antara taun 1636 sareng 1700, sacara éksplisit ngaitkeun étnis Malayu sareng Johor, tapi henteu ngalakukeun hal anu sami nalika nujul ka [[Acéh]] atanapi Deli.<ref name="Iskandar1958">{{cite book |last=Iskandar |first=Teuku |title=De Hikajat Atjeh |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location='s-Gravenhage |date=1958 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803204800/https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-date=2026-08-03 |doi=10.26530/OAPEN_613413 |accessdate=2026-08-11}}</ref>{{rp|2–4}}<ref>See also {{cite journal |last=Braginsky |first=Vladimir |date=2008 |title=Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties |journal=Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=441–467 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003662}}</ref> Nanging, Milner nyatet, karya-karya ieu parantos ngalaman seueur éditan salami waktos ku rupa-rupa penyalin, anu panginten kalebet bubuka atanapi paningkatan konsép idéntitas "Malayu"; hiji salinan Sejarah Malayu, contona, nampilkeun pupuhu di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] anu nujul kana "turunan kuring", sedengkeun salinan anu langkung énggal maca "rakyat Malayu".{{sfn|Milner2008|p=90–91}} == Budaya == === Basa === [[Gambar:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|[[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] ditulis dalam [[aksara Pallawa]]. Ti saprak taun 683, ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji artefak tulisan Malayu pangkolotna anu masih aya.]] {{Main|Basa Malayu}} {{See also|Abjad Jawi}} [[Basa Malayu]] mangrupa salah sahiji basa anu pangpunjulna di dunya, utamana ti kulawarga basa Austronesia. Varian sareng dialek basa Melayu dianggo salaku basa resmi di [[Brunéi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Singapura]]. Basa ieu ogé dianggo di [[Thailand]] kidul, [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Pulo Natal]], [[Sri Langka]]. Basa ieu diucapkeun sacara asli ku sakitar 33 juta jalma di sakuliah Kapuloan Malayu sareng dianggo salaku basa kadua ku sakitar 220 juta.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}} Wangun basa Malayu pangkolotna asalna tina basa Proto-Malayu-Polinésia anu diucapkeun ku padumuk Austronésia pangkolotna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]]. Wangun ieu engkéna mekar jadi basa Melayu Kuna nalika budaya jeung agama India mimiti nembus wewengkon éta. Basa Malayu Kuna ngandung sababaraha istilah anu masih aya nepi ka ayeuna, tapi tetep teu kaharti ku panyatur modéren, sedengkeun basa modéren ieu geus loba dipikawanoh dina basa Malayu Klasik tinulis, anu wangun pangkolotna asalna ti taun 1303 Masehi.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Basa Malayu mekar jadi basa Malayu Klasik ngaliwatan asupna rupa-rupa kosakecap [[basa Arab|Arab]] jeung [[basa Pérsi|Pérsi]] sacara laun-laun nalika Islam asup ka wilayah éta, sarta dina prosésna robah sacara signifikan. Mimitina, basa Malayu Klasik mangrupa sakumpulan dialek anu rupa-rupa, anu ngagambarkeun asal-usul karajaan Malayu di Asia Tenggara anu rupa-rupa. Salah sahiji dialek ieu, anu dimekarkeun dina tradisi sastra Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15, antukna janten dominan. Jaman Malaka ditandaan ku robahna basa Melayu jadi basa Islam, sarupa jeung basa Arab, Persia, Urdu, jeung [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. [[Aksara Arab]] anu diadaptasi anu disebut [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]] dianggo pikeun ngagantikeun aksara Kawi, terminologi agama sareng budaya Islam diasimilasi sacara lega, miceun seueur kecap Hindu-Buda, sareng basa Malayu janten basa pangajaran sareng panyebaran Islam di sakumna wilayah Asia Tenggara. Dina puncak kakawasaan Malaka dina abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik nyebar ka saluareun dunya<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59">{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}</ref> panyatur basa Malayu tradisional sareng ngahasilkeun ''lingua franca'' anu disebut ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' ("Bazaar Malayu") atanapi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' ("Malayu Handap"), sabalikna tina ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' ("Malayu Luhur") Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Sacara umum dipercaya yén basa Malayu Bazaar mangrupikeun basa pidgin sareng kamekaran anu paling penting nyaéta basa pidgin dikréolisasi, nyiptakeun sababaraha basa énggal sapertos basa Malayu Ambon, Malayu Manado sareng [[basa Batawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}} Pangarang [[Éropa]] dina abad ka-17 sareng ka-18, sapertos Tavernier, Thomassin sareng Werndly ngagambarkeun basa Melayu salaku "''basa anu dipimilik ku jalma-jalma terpelajar di sakumna Hindia, sapertos [[basa Latén]] di Éropa''".{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Ieu ogé anu paling seueur dianggo nalika jaman kolonial Inggris sareng Walanda di Kapuloan Malayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Anu sabalikna katingali di Hindia Wétan Spanyol, dimana latinisasi massal di kapuloan ieu salami mangsa kolonial nyababkeun kudeta sajarah basa Malayu di Filipina. Dialek Kasultanan Johor, panerus langsung Malaka, janten basa standar di kalangan urang Malayu di [[Singapura]] sareng [[Malaysia]], sareng éta ngawangun dasar asli pikeun [[basa Indonésia]] anu distandardisasi.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/>{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}} Salian ti basa Malayu standar, anu dimekarkeun di lingkungan Malaka-Johor, aya ogé rupa-rupa dialek Malayu lokal. Contona, urang Bangka, urang Brunéi, urang Jambi, urang Kelantan, urang Kedah, urang Negeri Sembilan, urang Palémbang, urang Pattani, urang Sarawak, urang Terengganu, jeung réa-réa deui. Basa Malayu sacara historis ditulis nganggo [[aksara Pallawa]], [[aksara Kawi|Kawi]] sareng Rencong. Saatos datangna Islam, [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]] diadopsi sareng masih dianggo dugi ka ayeuna salaku salah sahiji tina dua aksara resmi di Brunéi sareng salaku aksara alternatif di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}</ref> Dimimitian ti abad ka-17, salaku hasil tina penjajahan Inggris sareng Walanda, Jawi laun-laun diganti ku aksara Rumi<ref>{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> anu dumasar kana Latin anu antukna janten aksara resmi modéren pikeun basa Malayu di [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Indonésia]], sareng aksara resmi di [[Brunéi]]. === Arsitéktur === {{See also|Imah Malayu}} [[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]] [[Imah Malayu]] nujul kana tempat tinggal vernakular urang Malayu, hiji kelompok étno-linguistik anu cicing di [[Sumatra]], basisir [[Kalimantan]], sareng Semenanjung Malaya. Wangun arsitéktur tradisional, sapertos hateup anu cocog sareng tropis sareng proporsi anu harmonis kalayan unsur hiasan dianggap masih gaduh nilai budaya anu ageung ku seueur jalmi di daérah éta. Nanging, wangunan-wangunan ieu meryogikeun pangropéa anu signifikan dibandingkeun sareng konstruksi modéren; sapertos tantangan dina ngalestarikeun bahan utama na, kai, tina pangaruh buruk cuaca tropis ogé serangan rayap. Kamampuh ngawangun vernakular ieu laun-laun leungit di [[Malaysia]] sabab kai alami beuki langka alatan deforestasi sajaba ti industrialisasi,<ref name=H>{{cite news |date=16 Méi 2026 |page=B7|newspaper=The Straits Times|department=Letter From... |title=Guest houses, film sets: Traditional Malay houses in demand with new lease of life|author=Hadi Azmi }}</ref> sedengkeun di [[Indonésia]] tempat tinggal tradisional sapertos kitu masih kénéh aya di daérah padésaan. Sanaos transformasi urban di [[Singapura]] parantos ngaleungitkeun ampir sadaya lingkungan urban Malayu, sababaraha bumi anu nampilkeun arsitéktur vernakular ieu masih salamet, utamina dipusatkeun di pulo lepas pantai Pulau Ubin.{{Citation needed|date=Désémber 2022}} Usaha pikeun ngalestarikeun gaya arsitéktur asli kapuloan Indonésia parantos dilaksanakeun ngalangkungan dokumentasi sareng réplika kreasi di paviliun [[daptar propinsi di Indonésia|propinsi]] di [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Jakarta]]. Nu boga imah tradisional Malaysia anu masih kénéh aya ogé nyéwakeun imah-imah éta ka studio produksi salaku lokasi syuting pilem sareng iklan, sareng homestay, salaku sumber panghasilan tambahan.<ref name=H/> === Agama === [[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien di [[Brunéi]] dina wengi Ramadhan. Karajaan anu beunghar ieu nganut Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Malayu'') salaku filsafat nasional saprak kamerdékaanana dina taun 1984.]] Masarakat Malayu mimiti seuseueurna [[animisme|animis]], percaya kana ayana ''semangat'' (roh) dina sagala hal.<ref name="zaki1">{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}</ref> Kira-kira dina awal jaman umum, agama [[Hindu]] sareng [[agama Buddha|Budha]] diwanohkeun ku para padagang Asia Kidul ka Kapuloan Melayu, dimana aranjeunna mekar dugi ka abad ka-13, sateuacan datangna Islam anu dibawa ku para padagang Muslim [[urang Arab|Arab]], Asia Kidul, sareng Cina. Dina abad ka-15, Islam ti aliran [[Sunni]] ortodoks mekar di [[dunya Malayu]] dina kakawasaan Kasultanan Malaka. Beda sareng agama Hindu, anu sacara dangkal ngarobih masarakat Malayu awal, Islam tiasa disebatkeun parantos terintegrasi sapinuhna kana kahirupan sapopoe pendudukna.<ref name="Syed">{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}</ref> Ti saprak jaman ieu, urang Malayu dianggap salaku kelompok étnoreligius sareng sacara tradisional ngagaduhan idéntifikasi anu caket sareng [[Islam]]{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} sareng aranjeunna henteu ngarobih agama ti saprak harita.<ref name="Syed" /> Identitas ieu kacida kuatna nepi ka disebut-sebut yén pikeun jadi Muslim nyaéta pikeun ''masuk Melayu'' (asup ka Malayu).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}} Sanajan kitu, kapercayaan-kapercayaan samemehna anu miboga akar anu leuwih jero, aranjeunna tetep ngalawan kutukan Islam – sareng memang mistisisme [[tasawuf]] parantos ngahiji di antara urang Malayu, sareng roh-roh dunya animisme samemehna sareng sababaraha unsur Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Saatos taun 1970-an, kebangkitan Islam (disebut ogé re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) di sakumna dunya Muslim, seueur tradisi anu dianggap bertentangan sareng ajaran Islam sareng ngandung unsur syirik ditinggalkeun ku [[urang Malayu Malaysia|urang Malayu di Malaysia]], sedengkeun di kalangan [[urang Malayu Indonésia|urang Malayu di Indonésia]], tradisi ieu henteu dianggap takhayul sareng ngandung unsur syirik. Di antara tradisi-tradisi ieu nyaéta festival ''mandi [[Safar]]'', festival mandi pikeun ngahontal kasucian spiritual, anu tiasa dititénan ciri-cirina anu sami sareng sababaraha tradisi dina Durga Puja di [[India]].{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}} Seuseueurna étnis Malayu modéren anu ngagem Islam [[Sunni]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}</ref> sareng festival Malayu anu paling penting nyaéta anu asalna Islam - ''[[Idulfitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Iduladha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''[[Muharom|Awal Muharram]]'', sareng ''[[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]]''. Urang Malayu anu kaluar tina Islam di Malaysia sareng Brunéi dianggap murtad. Nanging, aya sajumlah étnis Malayu anu cicing di luar nagara-nagara ieu ogé parantos nganut agama sanés sacara sah dumasar kana hukum. === Musik === {{See also|Musik Malayu}} [[Musik Malayu]] nyaéta hiji genre musik tradisional anu asalna sarta dimekarkeun di basisir wétan [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta Semenanjung Malaya.<ref>Sahputra, T. W. H., Martarosa, & Warhat, Z. (2019). ''[https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408383-musik-jazz-melayu-dalam-kajian-kreativit-7b989836.pdf Musik jazz Melayu dalam kajian kreativitas]''. ''Melayu Arts and Performance Journal'', 2(2), 191–200. </ref> Musik ieu biasana dinyanyikeun ku jalma-jalma ti kelompok étnis Malayu sareng sering dipirig ku tarian has lokal Melayu, contona nawiskeun tarian dina acara atanapi pésta tradisional, ngabagéakeun tamu kahormatan, sareng dina kagiatan agama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Purba|first=Junaidi|last2=Putri|first2=Sabrina Maulidia|last3=Nelson|first3=Ricky|last4=Silaban|first4=Cahyani Yesika br|last5=Ridho|first5=Muhammad Habibur|last6=Andika|first6=Riki|last7=Sitorus|first7=Christina Harianti|last8=Sa|first8=Maulidha|last9=Dardanila|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/TRANSFORMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_ARTS_RESPO/mtaeEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES|publisher=Mawadra Lestari Enterprise|isbn=978-629-95611-1-8|pages=62|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Asbullah|first=Habib|last2=Rizkia|first2=Ayu|last3=Batrisya|last4=Julianto|first4=Deldi|last5=Pangestu|first5=Dimas|last6=Rania|first6=Dinda Safira|last7=Miranti|first7=Dwi|last8=Afrillia|first8=Ega|last9=Irianto|first9=Ega Deni|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Mengabadikan_Riau_Buku_I/WXsgEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=Mengabadikan Riau: Buku I: Antologi Esai Kebudayaan|publisher=Penerbit Pustaka Rumah C1nta|isbn=978-623-7961-67-3|pages=95|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> Anu pikaresepeun tina genre musik ieu nyaéta dina komposisina anu diwangun ku lirik lagu anu ngandung puisi anu disaluyukeun sareng kahirupan sapopoe, cinta (sapertos Dondang Sayang) sareng pinuh ku ajaran (pesen moral), dieusi ku sora atanapi vokal cengkok has Malayu, sareng aransemen musik anu disusun rapih. Bareng jeung kamekaran jaman, musik Malayu geus ngalaman parobahan dina gaya musikna, contona, geus ngalaman fusi jeung [[musik pop]], [[musik rock]], jeung [[dangdut]]. Aliran ieu tiasa dipendakan di nagara-nagara anu aya patalina sareng Malayu, sapertos [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Brunéi]]. Dina awal kamekaranana, alat musik anu dianggo didominasi ku aksi [[rebana]] anu disebut Kompang ti [[Kabupatén Ponorogo|Ponorogo]], petik gambus, gesek [[biola]], jepit akordeon, paripolah [[goong]], sareng niup sarunai. Ieu dipangaruhan ku budaya tanah [[urang Arab|Arab]] sareng [[Éropa]] tradisional. Bareng jeung kamekaran téknologi, kabéh ieu geus diganti ku alat musik éléktronik dina wangun kibor. Nanging, dina kagiatan-kagiatan tertentu alat musik tradisional masih dianggo pikeun ngalestarikeun warisan budaya. Dina kamajuanana, gerakan ieu populér dina taun 80-an sareng bahkan lebet kana era "puncak kajayaan" dina taun 90-an. Ieu ditandaan ku ningkatna jumlah penyanyi sareng [[grup musik|band]] Malayu, sareng pendatang anyar anu muncul kalayan lagu-lagu khasna nyalira. === Seni pintonan === [[Gambar:Joget Gamelan 1937.jpg|thumb|Pagelaran Joget Gamelan, 1937]] Urang Malayu miboga rupa-rupa musik jeung tari anu mangrupa gabungan tina rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya. Genre hasna mimitian ti tarian rahayat tradisional Malayu sapertos Mak Yong dugi ka tarian Zapin anu dipangaruhan ku [[urang Arab|Arab]]. Gerakan koreografi ogé rupa-rupa, ti léngkah sareng lagu anu saderhana dina Dikir barat dugi ka gerakan anu rumit dina Joget Gamelan. Musik tradisional Malayu dasarna nyaéta musik perkusi. Rupa-rupa [[goong|gong]] nyadiakeun ketukan pikeun seueur tarian. Aya ogé kendang kalayan rupa-rupa ukuran, mimitian ti ''rebana ubi'' ageung anu dianggo pikeun nandakeun kajadian penting dugi ka ''rebana leutik anu digesek'' ([[drum|drum pigura]]) anu dianggo salaku iringan pikeun bacaan vokal dina upacara agama.{{sfn|Moore|1998|p=48}} [[Gambar:KITLV - 3676 - Lambert & Co., G.R. - Singapore - Mahjong dance and drama at Penang Island - circa 1903.tif|thumb|left|Sakelompok penari Malayu Siam anu mintonkeun Mak Yong (kira-kira abad ka-19). Dina taun 2005, éta nampi pangakuan salaku salah sahiji karya agung warisan lisan sareng teu kasat mata umat manusa ku UNESCO.]] Musik nobat janten bagian tina Royal Regalia di karaton Malayu saprak datangna Islam dina abad ka-12 sareng ngan ukur dipintonkeun dina upacara-upacara penting karaton. Orkestrana ngawengku instrumen suci sareng dihormat pisan sapertos ''nehara'' ([[kendang]]), ''gendang'' (kendang dua sirah), ''nafiri'' (trompet), ''serunai'' (oboe), sareng sakapeung [[goong]] kenop sareng sapasang simbal.{{sfn|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1220}} Pangaruh India kuat dina drama kalangkang tradisional anu katelah Wayang Kulit dimana carita-carita tina epik Hindu; [[Ramayana]] & [[Mahabarata|Mahabharata]] ngawangun repertoar utama. Aya opat tipe has tina teater wayang kulit nu bisa kapanggih di Semenanjung Malaya; ''Wayang Gedek'', ''Wayang Purwa'', ''Wayang Melayu'' jeung ''Wayang Siam''.{{sfn|Srinivasa|2003|p=296}}{{sfn|Ghulam Sarwar Yousof|1997|p=3}}{{sfn|Matusky|1993|pp=8–11}} Sanajan kitu, seni sareng carita ''Wayang Purwa'' sareng ''Wayang Siam'' nunjukkeun pangaruh régional anu ngahiji sareng [[urang Jawa]] sareng Siam, sedengkeun ''Wayang Melayu'' sareng ''Wayang Gedek'' nyaritakeun bentuk sareng busana Malayu anu langkung asli. Seni pintonan Malayu anu kakoncara séjénna nyaéta; Teater ''Bangsawan'', ''Dondang Sayang'' balad jeung tarian ''Mak Inang'' ti Kasultanan Malaka, Teater ''Jikey'' jeung ''Mek Mulung'' ti [[Kedah]], Tari ''Asyik'' jeung Drama Tari ''Menora'' ti Patani jeung Kelantan, Tari ''Ulek mayang'' jeung ''Rodat'' ti Terengganu, Teater ''Boria'' ti Penang, Tari ''Canggung'' ti Perlis, Lagu naratif ''Mukun'' ti [[Brunéi]] jeung Sarawak,{{sfn|Marzuki bin Haji Mohd Seruddin|2009}}<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009">{{harvnb|Ahmad Salehuddin|2009}}</ref> [[Gending Sriwijaya]] ti [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]], ''Serampang Dua Belas'' ti Serdang,<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009"/> Zapin Api tari seuneu ti [[Riau]] jeung Dikir barat Singapura ti [[Singapura]]. === Seni visual === [[Gambar:Burung Petala Indera I.png|thumb|Burung Petala Indra, manuk mitos raksasa anu dijieun pikeun parade sunat agung pangeran Kelantan.]] Seni ukir kai mangrupa bagian tina [[seni rupa|seni visual]] Malayu klasik. Urang Malayu sacara tradisional ngahias monumen, parahu, pakarang, makam, alat musik, sareng parabotna ku motif flora, kaligrafi, géométri sareng fitur kosmik. Seni ieu dilakukeun ku cara miceun sabagian kai nganggo alat seukeut sareng nuturkeun pola, komposisi, sareng urutan anu khusus. Bentuk seni ieu, katelah ''ukir'', dipuji salaku tindakan bakti para pengrajin ka nu nyiptakeun sareng hadiah ka sasama manusa.{{sfn|Said|2005}} Bentuk seni ieu utamina disababkeun ku lobana kai di Kapuloan Malayu sareng ogé ku kaparigelan para tukang ukir kai anu ngamungkinkeun urang Malayu pikeun latihan ukir kai salaku karajinan. Latar tropis alami dimana flora sareng fauna seueur pisan parantos ngainspirasi motif pikeun digambarkeun dina bentuk abstrak atanapi bergaya kana papan kai. Kalayan datangna Islam, bentuk géométri sareng kaligrafi Islam diwanohkeun dina ukiran kai. Kai anu dianggo biasana tina spésiés kai keras tropis anu dipikanyaho awét sareng tiasa tahan serangan jamur, kumbang boot listrik, sareng rayap.{{sfn|Said|2002}} Imah tradisional Malayu atanapi [[masjid]] biasana dihias ku langkung ti 20 komponén ukiran. Ukiran dina témbok sareng panel ngamungkinkeun angin ngahiliwir sacara efektif ka jero sareng ka luar gedong sareng tiasa ngantepkeun sinar panonpoé nyaangan bagian jero struktur. Dina waktos anu sami, kalangkang anu ditimbulkeun ku panel-panel éta ogé bakal nyiptakeun kalangkang dumasar kana motif-motif anu nambahan kaéndahan dina lanté. Ku kituna, komponén anu diukir ngalaksanakeun tujuan fungsional sareng estetika. ==Kelompok sub-étnis== {{Tingali ogé|Urang Malayu Indonésia|Urang Malayu Malaysia}} ==Tingali ogé== * [[Dunya Malayu]] * [[Imah Malayu]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} == Tautan éksternal == * {{ms}} [http://iyco0.tripod.com/usmanawang.html Puisi Usman Awang mengenai Melayu.] * {{en}} [http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=29765 Melayu] * {{id}} [http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:lYcg2r-ziWYJ:ccm.um.edu.my/umweb/fsss/images/persidangan/Kertas%2520Kerja/Pak%2520Witrianto.doc+Rumpun+Banjar&hl=id&ct=clnk&cd=139&gl=id&client=firefox-a Modal Sosial dan Pembangunan Manusia Melayu oleh Witrianto, S.S., M.Hum., M.Si dari Universitas Andalas] * {{id}} [http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm Bhinneka Tunggal Ika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126030352/http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm |date=26 Januari 2010 }} * {{id}} [http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aW1QL3FMZVZBUkU4Ng%3D%3D= Gerakan Bangsa Melayu Besar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408223826/http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aw1ql3fmzvzbuku4ng=== |date=8 April 2016 }} [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia|Melayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia|Melayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Singapura|Melayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia|Melayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Malaysia|Melayu]] {{Authority control}} {{pondok}} 1jbal8mnt5p1uu7uomhkqwauqq2koqg Rama 0 100499 730537 615305 2026-10-18T21:41:14Z Rotondus 25390 Citakan 730537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotakinfo wayang |Ngaran = Rama |Gambar = Lord Rama with arrows.jpg }} '''Rama''' nyaéta déwa hindu sareng titisan katujuhna tuan Wisnu.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rama "Rama"]. ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.</ref> == Rujukan kalimah "rama" == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} skf4qu6gl2vkkc8txxgr5rbywkjh7kr Révolusi Héjo 0 104744 730544 712432 2026-10-18T23:57:53Z Hasnanf 28942 Hasnanf mindahkeun kaca [[Revolusi Héjo]] ka [[Révolusi Héjo]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo. 712432 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Revolusi Héjo''', atawa '''Revolusi Pertanian Katilu''', nya éta periode prakarsa alih téhnologi anu ngahasilkeun kanaékan signifikan dina produksi hasil tatanén.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/yields-vs-land-use-how-has-the-world-produced-enough-food-for-a-growing-population|title=Yields vs. Land Use: How the Green Revolution enabled us to feed a growing population|website=Our World in Data|accessdate=2022-11-28}}</ref> Parobihan téhnologi tatanén ieu dimimitian di [[Nagara maju|nagara-nagara maju]] dina awal abad ka-20 tuluy sumebar sacara global dugi ka ahir taun 1980-an.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hazell|first=Peter B.R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frNfVx-KZOcC&pg=PA1|title=The Asian Green Revolution - IFPRI Discussion Paper|publisher=Intl Food Policy Res Inst|year=2009|id=GGKEY:HS2UT4LADZD}}</ref> Dina ahir taun 1960-an, para patani mimiti ngagunakeun téhnologi anyar saperti variétas séréal unggul, utamana [[Tarigu|gandum]] jeung [[béas]], sarta pamakéan [[Pupuk|pupuk kimia]] (pikeun ngahasilkeun luhur maranéhanana, kusabab binih anyar merlukeun pupuk anu jauh leuwih loba tibatan variétas tradisional), [[péstisida]], sareng [[irigasi]] anu dikontrol. Dina waktos anu sami, metode budidaya anu langkung énggal, kaasup [[Mékanisasi|mekanisasi]], diadopsi, sering janten prakték pikeun ngagentos téknologi tatanén tradisional.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Farmer|first=B. H.|year=1986|title=Perspectives on the 'Green Revolution'in South Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-asian-studies_1986-02_20_1/page/175|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=20|pages=175–199|doi=10.1017/s0026749x00013627}}</ref> Ieu sering dibarengan ku pinjaman anu sarat kana parobahan kawijakan anu dilakukeun ku [[Nagara ngembang|nagara-nagara berkembang]] anu ngadopsina, sapertos privatisasi pabrik sareng distribusi pupuk. [[Yayasan Ford]] jeung [[Yayasan Rockefeller]] loba aub dina pangwangunan awal di [[Méksiko]]. Pamingpin utama ieu révolusi nyaéta élmuwan [[Norman Borlaug]], "Bapak Révolusi Héjo", anu narima [[Hadiah Nobel]] dina taun 1970. Anjeunna dipuji sangkan nyalametkeun jutaan jelema tina kalaparan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Easterbrook|first=Gregg|date=January 1997|title=Forgotten Benefactor of Humanity|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1997/01/forgotten-benefactor-of-humanity/306101/|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=March 24, 2023}}</ref> Inohong ilmiah séjénna nyaéta [[Yuan Longping]], anu naliti varietas béas hibrida, ogé meunang pujian sangkan nyalametkeun hirup jalma sarua lobana. Pendekatan dasar anu dipaké nyaéta pengembangan séréal variétas unggul, panglegaan infrastruktur irigasi, modernisasi téknik manajemen, pupuk sintétis, jeung [[péstisida]] jang patani. Nalika hasil tatanén geus ngahontal hasil maksimum ngaliwatan pembibitan séléktif, modifikasi genetik dikembangkeun sangkan bisa ngarojong usaha anu tuluy lumangsung. ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Agroindustri]] 2it2sspzxpta5rkvoto4q190cwt3i6o Citakan:Status/Usul 10 105949 730534 730439 2026-10-18T19:00:18Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730534 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{{prefix|Status:&nbsp;}}}<span style="background:#{{#switch:{{lc:{{{1}}}}}|+|done|moved=0C0|-|not done|notdone=C00|work|working|=00C|CCC}};">&emsp;&emsp;</span>&nbsp;'''{{{2|{{#switch:{{lc:{{{1}}}}} |work|working=Dina prosés|done=Réngsé<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|17}}|Usulan pamupusan/| [[Kategori:Usulan pamupusan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan pamupusan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|19}}|Évaluasi pamupusan/| [[Kategori:Évaluasi pamupusan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Évaluasi pamupusan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|20}}|Artikel alus/Usulan/| [[Kategori:Usulan artikel alus nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan artikel alus nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|24}}|Artikel petingan/Usulan/| [[Kategori:Usulan artikel petingan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan artikel petingan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|22}}|Daptar petingan/Usulan/| [[Kategori:Usulan daptar petingan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan daptar petingan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|20}}|Pamundutan pendapat/| [[Kategori:Pamundutan pendapat nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Pamundutan pendapat nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]| [[Kategori:Usulan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]}}}}}}}}}}}}</includeonly> |moved=Réngsé dipindahkeun<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|17}}|Usulan pamupusan/| [[Kategori:Usulan pamupusan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan pamupusan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|19}}|Évaluasi pamupusan/| [[Kategori:Évaluasi pamupusan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Évaluasi pamupusan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|20}}|Artikel alus/Usulan/| [[Kategori:Usulan artikel alus nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan artikel alus nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|24}}|Artikel petingan/Usulan/| [[Kategori:Usulan artikel petingan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan artikel petingan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|22}}|Daptar petingan/Usulan/| [[Kategori:Usulan daptar petingan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan daptar petingan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|20}}|Pamundutan pendapat/| [[Kategori:Pamundutan pendapat nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Pamundutan pendapat nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]| [[Kategori:Usulan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]}}}}}}}}}}}}</includeonly> |not done|notdone=Moal diteruskeun<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|17}}|Usulan pamupusan/| [[Kategori:Usulan pamupusan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan pamupusan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|19}}|Évaluasi pamupusan/| [[Kategori:Évaluasi pamupusan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Évaluasi pamupusan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|20}}|Artikel alus/Usulan/| [[Kategori:Usulan artikel alus nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan artikel alus nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|24}}|Artikel petingan/Usulan/| [[Kategori:Usulan artikel petingan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan artikel petingan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|22}}|Daptar petingan/Usulan/| [[Kategori:Usulan daptar petingan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan daptar petingan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|20}}|Pamundutan pendapat/| [[Kategori:Pamundutan pendapat nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Pamundutan pendapat nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]| [[Kategori:Usulan nu réngsé disawalakeun]] [[Kategori:Usulan nu réngsé disawalakeun {{#time: Y | {{REVISIONTIMESTAMP}} }}]]}}}}}}}}}}}}</includeonly> |#default={{{1|Dina prosés}}}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|17}}|Usulan pamupusan/| [[Kategori:Usulan pamupusan nu masih disawalakeun]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|19}}|Évaluasi pamupusan/| [[Kategori:Évaluasi pamupusan nu masih disawalakeun]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|20}}|Artikel alus/Usulan/| [[Kategori:Usulan artikel alus nu masih disawalakeun]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|24}}|Artikel petingan/Usulan/| [[Kategori:Usulan artikel petingan nu masih disawalakeun]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|22}}|Daptar petingan/Usulan/| [[Kategori:Usulan daptar petingan nu masih disawalakeun]]|{{#ifeq:{{str sub new|{{PAGENAME}}|1|20}}|Pamundutan pendapat/| [[Kategori:Pamundutan pendapat nu masih disawalakeun]]| [[Kategori:Usulan nu masih disawalakeun]]}}}}}}}}}}}}</includeonly>}}}}}'''</onlyinclude><noinclude> * Pikeun nyirian status tina Usulan. * Lamun diskusi geus réngsé sarta proposal keur dilaksanakeun, méré paraméter "working" <nowiki>({{Status/Usulan|working}})</nowiki> * Lamun tos réngsé, pasihan paraméter "done" <nowiki>({{Status/Usulan|Done}})</nowiki> * (Pikeun mindahkeun hiji hal) Sawaktos Anjeun tos réngsé mindahkeun, pasihan paraméter "Moved" <nowiki>({{Status/Usulan|Moved}})</nowiki> * (Pikeun meunteun pamupusan, jsb.) Upami éta henteu dilaksanakeun, pasihan paraméter "notdone" [[Kategori:Citakan internal]]</noinclude> qmpsu4dgs2p0cjw0om6ky8tqvnonfgs Acara:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn 2026/Daftar artikel 1728 108855 730552 712748 2026-10-19T06:07:38Z Pijri Paijar 27067 730552 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> === Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn|Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn|de}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|KITLV/Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen|Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|en}} {{Div col end}} === Bidang kajian === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Botani|Botani}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Araceae}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Hérbarium|Herbarium}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Étnobotani|Etnobotani}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Fitogéografi|Fitogeografi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Cutatan panulis (botani)|Kutipan penulis (botani)}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Taksonomi tutuwuhan|Plant taxonomy|en}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Noménklatur botani|Nomenklatur botani}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Seni botani|Botanical illustration|en}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Ékspédisi botani|Botanical expedition|en}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Spésimén botani|Spesimen botani|id}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Végétasi|Vegetas|id}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Antropologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Étnografi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Étnobiologi}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Klimatologi|Klimatologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Iklim}} ** {{small|[[Klasifikasi iklim Junghuhn]]}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Géologi|Geologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Warisan géologi|Warisan geologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Vulkanologi|Vulkanologi}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Géografi|Geografi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Topografi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kartografi}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Météorologi|Meteorologi}} ** {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Cuaca}} {{Div col end}} === Tempat === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Tangkuban Parahu|Tangkuban Perahu}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Lémbang, Bandung Kulon|Lembang}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kawah Putih}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Gedé|Gunung Gede}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Patuha}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Pangrango}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Slamet}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Butak}} <!--* {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Gunung Gamping}}--> * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Cagar Alam Gunung Gamping}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Cikotok, Cibeber, Lebak}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Karajaan Pannai|Kerajaan Pannai}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Pusat Kaanékaragaman Hayati Naturalis|Naturalis Biodiversity Center|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kew Herbarium|Kew Herbarium|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Musieum Nasional Sajarah Alam Prancis|National Museum of Natural History, France|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Hérbarium Nasional Victoria|National Herbarium of Victoria|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kebon Raya Karajaan Victoria|Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria|en}} {{Div col end}} === Karya === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Die Battaländer auf Sumatra|Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn#Die Battaländer auf Sumatra|de}} {{small|(buku)}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Topographische und naturwissenschaftliche Reisen durch Java|Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn#Topographische und naturwissenschaftliche Reisen durch Java|de}} {{small|(buku)}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke und innere Bauart|Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn#Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke und innere Bauart|de}} {{small|(buku)}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Rückreise von Java nach Europa|Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn#Rückreise von Java nach Europa|de}} {{small|(buku)}} * {{small|[[Reizen door Java, voornamelijk door het oostelijk gedeelte van dit eiland]] (buku)}} * {{small|[[Licht und Schattenbilder aus dem Innern von Java]] (buku)}} * {{small|[[Java-Album]] (kumpulan litograf)}} {{Div col end}} ==== Peristiwa pakait jeung karya ==== {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Pendakian gunung di Pulo Jawa|Pendakian gunung di Pulau Jawa}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kampanye militér Padri di Taneuh Batak|Kampanye Militer Padri di Tanah Batak (1818–1820)}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Panyebaran agama Kristen ka Suku Batak|Sejarah penyebaran agama Kristen ke suku Batak}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Ékspédisi tambang emas Cikotok|Sejarah penambangan emas di Indonesia}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Lini Batavia 1699|Gempa bumi Batavia 1699}} {{Div col end}} === Inohong pakait === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Justus Carl Hasskarl|Justus Carl Hasskarl|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Johannes Elias Teijsmann|Johannes Elias Teijsmann|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Johan Eliza de Vrij|Johan Eliza de Vrij|de}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Johan Coenraad van Hasselt|Johan Coenraad van Hasselt|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Thomas Horsfield|Thomas Horsfield|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Pieter Willem Korthals|Pieter Willem Korthals|en}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Alexander von Humboldt|Alexander von Humboldt|en}} {{Div col end}} === Hérbarium Junghuhn === {{Div col|2}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Kina|Cinchona}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Andalas|Andalas (pohon)}} * {{Tarjamahkeun artikel|Pinang kera paya}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia africana]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia chlamydospora]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia collabens]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia glabricystidia]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia globospora]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia japonica]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia kotlabae]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia luteoalba]]}} * {{small|[[Junghuhnia nitida]]}} * {{small|[[Alsophila junghuhniana]]}} * {{small|[[Nepenthes junghuhnii]]}} {{Div col end}} </div> 76k3rx8a2sbkfqx3ni2c3hk5hi67x0p David Graeber 0 108866 730530 730519 2026-10-18T18:07:04Z Hasnanf 28942 730530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = David Graeber | image = David Graeber 2015-03-07 (16741093492) (cropped).jpg | caption = David Graeber | birth_name = David Rolfe Graeber | birth_date = {{Birth date |1961|2|12}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2020|9|2|1961|2|12}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[Amérika Serikat]] | death_place = [[Venesia]], [[Italia]] | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = {{ubl|[[Antropologi ekonomi]]|[[Antropologi sosial]]}} | work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Universitas Yale]]|[[Goldsmiths, University of London]]|[[London School of Economics]]}} | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[State University of New York at Purchase]]|[[University of Chicago]]}} | thesis_title = The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory and Violence in Rural Madagascar | doctoral_advisor = [[Marshall Sahlins]] | doctoral_students = | known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (2004)|''[[Debt: The First 5000 Years]]'' (2011)}} | influences = {{ubl|[[Marcel Mauss]]|[[Edmund Leach]]|[[Marshall Sahlins]]|[[Peter Kropotkin]]|[[Pierre Clastres]]|[[Karl Polanyi]]}} | influenced = [[Gerakan Occupy]] | awards = {{ubl|[[Bread and Roses Award]]|[[Society for Cultural Anthropology|Bateson Book Prize]]}} | footnotes = }} '''David Rolfe Graeber''' (gumelar 12 Pébruari 1961 – tilar dunya 2 Séptémber 2020) nyaéta [[antropolog]] sakaligus aktivis sosial-politik [[anarkis]] asal [[Amérika Serikat]]. Karya-karya anjeunna anu méré pangaruh kalayan gedé pikeun élmu pangaweruh hususna di widang [[antropologi]] sosial jeung ékonomi, nyaéta buku-buku anjeunna anu di antarana ''Debt: The First 5,000 Years'' (2011), ''The Utopia of Rules'' (2015), ''Bullshit Jobs'' (2018), jeung ''The Dawn of Everything'' (2021), sarta peran utama anjeunna dina gerakan ''Occupy'' anu ngajadikeun anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku salah sahiji antropolog sakaligus pamikir sayap kénca anu kasohor di jamanna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=David Graeber, anthropologist and author of Bullshit Jobs, dies aged 59|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/03/david-graeber-anthropologist-and-author-of-bullshit-jobs-dies-aged-59|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2020-09-03|access-date=2026-09-20|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Sian|last=Cain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/09/the-anarchist-how-david-graeber-became-the-lefts-most-influential-thinker|title=The anarchist: How David Graeber became the left’s most influential thinker|last=Roos|first=Jerome|date=4 September 2020|work=The New Statesman}}</ref> Lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé di [[Kota New York]], Graeber kungsi sakola jeung diajar di [[Purchase College]], dituluykeun ka [[University of Chicago]], di mana anjeunna ngalaksanakeun panalungtikan [[étnografi]] di [[Madagaskar]] diaping ku [[Marshall Sahlins]] nepi ka nganggeuskeun studi jeung ngaraih gelar doktoralna di taun 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/225326f5-3128-4e55-bad7-5f9ba50ca4a8?syn-25a6b1a6=1|title=David Graeber, anthropology professor, 1961-2020|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/about-david-graeber/|title=David's autobiography|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Sanajan geus kapapar politik radikal kénca ti yuswa ngora, Graeber mimiti kalibet sacara langsung dina aktivisme nalika gerakan kaadilan global di taun 90an. Anjeunna miluan protés 3rd Summit of the Americas di [[Quebec]] taun 2001, sarta World Economic Forum di [[Kota New York|New York]] taun 2022, anu tuluy dituliskeun kana karya étnografina, nyaéta ''Direct Action'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utne.com/politics/david-graeber-zm0z12ndzlin/|title=David Graeber: Global Justice Activist – Utne|last=Ross-Brown|first=Sam|website=www.utne.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung atikan == David Graeber lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé, nu mana indung-bapana mangrupakeun aktivis politik sayap kénca. Bapana, Kenneth Graeber, datang ti kulawargi imigran [[Jérman]] anu ngadumuk di [[Kansas]] di abad 19. Anjeunna kungsi meunang atikan di [[University of Kansas]], di mana tuluy papanggih jeung anggota Young Communist League USA. Ti dinya, anjeunna kungsi ngabdi jeung ngagabung ka Brigade Internasional di bagéan médis sacara sukaréla nalika [[Perang Sipil Spanyol]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/no-this-is-a-genuine-revolution/|title=“No. This is a Genuine Revolution”|last=Öğünç|first=David Graeber & Pinar|website=ZNetwork|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indungna, Ruth Rubinstein, datang ti kulawargi [[Yahudi]] [[Polandia]] anu pindah ka [[Amérika Serikat]] di akhir 1920an. Dina dasawarsa 1930an, anjeunna kungsi kuliah, tapi ku lantaran [[Déprési Badag]], anjeunna kapaksa kaluar tuluy digawé di pabrik. Anjeunna mangrupakeun anggota aktip International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, anu ogé aktip di bagéan téater sarékat.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/interviews/finance-is-just-another-word-for-other-peoples-debts/|title=Hannah Chadeayne Appel about debt|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> == Rujukan == 35p09awvwcio5x2uy1ac887qpd3lb5i 730531 730530 2026-10-18T18:10:41Z Hasnanf 28942 730531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = David Graeber | image = David Graeber 2015-03-07 (16741093492) (cropped).jpg | caption = David Graeber | birth_name = David Rolfe Graeber | birth_date = {{Birth date |1961|2|12}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2020|9|2|1961|2|12}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[Amérika Serikat]] | death_place = [[Venesia]], [[Italia]] | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = {{ubl|[[Antropologi ekonomi]]|[[Antropologi sosial]]}} | work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Universitas Yale]]|[[Goldsmiths, University of London]]|[[London School of Economics]]}} | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[State University of New York at Purchase]]|[[University of Chicago]]}} | thesis_title = The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory and Violence in Rural Madagascar | doctoral_advisor = [[Marshall Sahlins]] | doctoral_students = | known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (2004)|''[[Debt: The First 5000 Years]]'' (2011)}} | influences = {{ubl|[[Marcel Mauss]]|[[Edmund Leach]]|[[Marshall Sahlins]]|[[Peter Kropotkin]]|[[Pierre Clastres]]|[[Karl Polanyi]]}} | influenced = [[Gerakan Occupy]] | awards = {{ubl|[[Bread and Roses Award]]|[[Society for Cultural Anthropology|Bateson Book Prize]]}} | footnotes = }} '''David Rolfe Graeber''' (gumelar 12 Pébruari 1961 – tilar dunya 2 Séptémber 2020) nyaéta [[antropolog]] sakaligus aktivis sosial-politik [[anarkis]] asal [[Amérika Serikat]]. Karya-karya anjeunna anu méré pangaruh kalayan gedé pikeun élmu pangaweruh hususna di widang [[antropologi]] sosial jeung ékonomi, nyaéta buku-buku anjeunna anu di antarana ''Debt: The First 5,000 Years'' (2011), ''The Utopia of Rules'' (2015), ''Bullshit Jobs'' (2018), jeung ''The Dawn of Everything'' (2021), sarta peran utama anjeunna dina gerakan ''Occupy'' anu ngajadikeun anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku salah sahiji antropolog sakaligus pamikir sayap kénca anu kasohor di jamanna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=David Graeber, anthropologist and author of Bullshit Jobs, dies aged 59|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/03/david-graeber-anthropologist-and-author-of-bullshit-jobs-dies-aged-59|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2020-09-03|access-date=2026-09-20|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Sian|last=Cain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/09/the-anarchist-how-david-graeber-became-the-lefts-most-influential-thinker|title=The anarchist: How David Graeber became the left’s most influential thinker|last=Roos|first=Jerome|date=4 September 2020|work=The New Statesman}}</ref> Lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé di [[Kota New York]], Graeber kungsi sakola jeung diajar di [[Purchase College]], dituluykeun ka [[University of Chicago]], di mana anjeunna ngalaksanakeun panalungtikan [[étnografi]] di [[Madagaskar]] diaping ku [[Marshall Sahlins]] nepi ka nganggeuskeun studi jeung ngaraih gelar doktoralna di taun 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/225326f5-3128-4e55-bad7-5f9ba50ca4a8?syn-25a6b1a6=1|title=David Graeber, anthropology professor, 1961-2020|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/about-david-graeber/|title=David's autobiography|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Sanajan geus kapapar politik radikal kénca ti yuswa ngora, Graeber mimiti kalibet sacara langsung dina aktivisme nalika gerakan kaadilan global di taun 90an. Anjeunna miluan protés 3rd Summit of the Americas di [[Quebec]] taun 2001, sarta World Economic Forum di [[Kota New York|New York]] taun 2022, anu tuluy dituliskeun kana karya étnografina, nyaéta ''Direct Action'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utne.com/politics/david-graeber-zm0z12ndzlin/|title=David Graeber: Global Justice Activist – Utne|last=Ross-Brown|first=Sam|website=www.utne.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung atikan == David Graeber lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé, nu mana indung-bapana mangrupakeun aktivis politik sayap kénca. Bapana, Kenneth Graeber, datang ti kulawargi imigran [[Jérman]] anu ngadumuk di [[Kansas]] di abad 19. Anjeunna kungsi meunang atikan di [[University of Kansas]], di mana tuluy papanggih jeung anggota Young Communist League USA. Ti dinya, anjeunna kungsi ngabdi jeung ngagabung ka Brigade Internasional di bagéan médis sacara sukaréla nalika [[Perang Sipil Spanyol]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/no-this-is-a-genuine-revolution/|title=“No. This is a Genuine Revolution”|last=Öğünç|first=David Graeber & Pinar|website=ZNetwork|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indungna, Ruth Rubinstein, datang ti kulawargi [[Yahudi]] [[Polandia]] anu pindah ka [[Amérika Serikat]] di akhir 1920an. Dina dasawarsa 1930an, anjeunna kungsi kuliah, tapi ku lantaran [[Déprési Badag]], anjeunna kapaksa kaluar tuluy digawé di pabrik. Anjeunna mangrupakeun anggota aktip International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, anu ogé aktip di bagéan téater sarékat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/interviews/finance-is-just-another-word-for-other-peoples-debts/|title=Hannah Chadeayne Appel about debt|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indung jeung bapa David papanggih sanggeus [[Perang Dunya II]] nalika keur netep di kémah [[Komunis]] ngora. Kolotna Ruth teu ngaku deui ka anakna ku sabab nikah ka urang Jérman, ku kituna anjeunna duaan tuluy ngadumuk di [[Kota New York|New York]], di mana David jeung adina, Eric, gumelar.<ref name=":2" /> == Rujukan == m967nekkxhgvatrj15rih54yahm15ap 730532 730531 2026-10-18T18:20:04Z Hasnanf 28942 730532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = David Graeber | image = David Graeber 2015-03-07 (16741093492) (cropped).jpg | caption = David Graeber | birth_name = David Rolfe Graeber | birth_date = {{Birth date |1961|2|12}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2020|9|2|1961|2|12}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[Amérika Serikat]] | death_place = [[Venesia]], [[Italia]] | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = {{ubl|[[Antropologi ekonomi]]|[[Antropologi sosial]]}} | work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Universitas Yale]]|[[Goldsmiths, University of London]]|[[London School of Economics]]}} | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[State University of New York at Purchase]]|[[University of Chicago]]}} | thesis_title = The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory and Violence in Rural Madagascar | doctoral_advisor = [[Marshall Sahlins]] | doctoral_students = | known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (2004)|''[[Debt: The First 5000 Years]]'' (2011)}} | influences = {{ubl|[[Marcel Mauss]]|[[Edmund Leach]]|[[Marshall Sahlins]]|[[Peter Kropotkin]]|[[Pierre Clastres]]|[[Karl Polanyi]]}} | influenced = [[Gerakan Occupy]] | awards = {{ubl|[[Bread and Roses Award]]|[[Society for Cultural Anthropology|Bateson Book Prize]]}} | footnotes = }} '''David Rolfe Graeber''' (gumelar 12 Pébruari 1961 – tilar dunya 2 Séptémber 2020) nyaéta [[antropolog]] sakaligus aktivis sosial-politik [[anarkis]] asal [[Amérika Serikat]]. Karya-karya anjeunna anu méré pangaruh kalayan gedé pikeun élmu pangaweruh hususna di widang [[antropologi]] sosial jeung ékonomi, nyaéta buku-buku anjeunna anu di antarana ''Debt: The First 5,000 Years'' (2011), ''The Utopia of Rules'' (2015), ''Bullshit Jobs'' (2018), jeung ''The Dawn of Everything'' (2021), sarta peran utama anjeunna dina gerakan ''Occupy'' anu ngajadikeun anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku salah sahiji antropolog sakaligus pamikir sayap kénca anu kasohor di jamanna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=David Graeber, anthropologist and author of Bullshit Jobs, dies aged 59|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/03/david-graeber-anthropologist-and-author-of-bullshit-jobs-dies-aged-59|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2020-09-03|access-date=2026-09-20|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Sian|last=Cain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/09/the-anarchist-how-david-graeber-became-the-lefts-most-influential-thinker|title=The anarchist: How David Graeber became the left’s most influential thinker|last=Roos|first=Jerome|date=4 September 2020|work=The New Statesman}}</ref> Lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé di [[Kota New York]], Graeber kungsi sakola jeung diajar di [[Purchase College]], dituluykeun ka [[University of Chicago]], di mana anjeunna ngalaksanakeun panalungtikan [[étnografi]] di [[Madagaskar]] diaping ku [[Marshall Sahlins]] nepi ka nganggeuskeun studi jeung ngaraih gelar doktoralna di taun 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/225326f5-3128-4e55-bad7-5f9ba50ca4a8?syn-25a6b1a6=1|title=David Graeber, anthropology professor, 1961-2020|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/about-david-graeber/|title=David's autobiography|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Sanajan geus kapapar politik radikal kénca ti yuswa ngora, David mimiti kalibet sacara langsung dina aktivisme nalika gerakan kaadilan global di taun 90an. Anjeunna miluan protés 3rd Summit of the Americas di [[Quebec]] taun 2001, sarta World Economic Forum di [[Kota New York|New York]] taun 2022, anu tuluy dituliskeun kana karya étnografina, nyaéta ''Direct Action'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utne.com/politics/david-graeber-zm0z12ndzlin/|title=David Graeber: Global Justice Activist – Utne|last=Ross-Brown|first=Sam|website=www.utne.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung atikan == David Graeber lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé, nu mana indung-bapana mangrupakeun aktivis politik sayap kénca. Bapana, Kenneth Graeber, datang ti kulawargi imigran [[Jérman]] anu ngadumuk di [[Kansas]] di abad 19. Anjeunna kungsi meunang atikan di [[University of Kansas]], di mana tuluy papanggih jeung anggota Young Communist League USA. Ti dinya, anjeunna kungsi ngabdi jeung ngagabung ka Brigade Internasional di bagéan médis sacara sukaréla nalika [[Perang Sipil Spanyol]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/no-this-is-a-genuine-revolution/|title=“No. This is a Genuine Revolution”|last=Öğünç|first=David Graeber & Pinar|website=ZNetwork|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indungna, Ruth Rubinstein, datang ti kulawargi [[Yahudi]] [[Polandia]] anu pindah ka [[Amérika Serikat]] di akhir 1920an. Dina dasawarsa 1930an, anjeunna kungsi kuliah, tapi ku lantaran [[Déprési Badag]], anjeunna kapaksa kaluar tuluy digawé di pabrik. Anjeunna mangrupakeun anggota aktip International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, anu ogé aktip di bagéan téater sarékat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/interviews/finance-is-just-another-word-for-other-peoples-debts/|title=Hannah Chadeayne Appel about debt|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indung jeung bapa David papanggih sanggeus [[Perang Dunya II]] nalika keur netep di kémah [[Komunis]] ngora. Kolotna Ruth teu ngaku deui ka anakna ku sabab nikah ka urang Jérman, ku kituna anjeunna duaan tuluy ngadumuk di [[Kota New York|New York]], di mana David jeung adina, Eric, gumelar.<ref name=":2" /> Di New York, David tumuwuh di komplék apartemen anu dirojong ku sarékat, nyaéta [[Penn South]] di [[Manhattan]]. Padumukan ieu diwangun numutkeun kana model koperasi Inggris Rochdale, anu disusun ku 15 gedung apartemen didanaan ti International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Orr|first=Yancey|date=2024-12|title=David Graeber (1961–2020)|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aman.28020|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=126|issue=4|pages=753–757|doi=10.1111/aman.28020|issn=0002-7294}}</ref> == Rujukan == qy0gb3a266ykkhts15t3spfrangkn55 730533 730532 2026-10-18T18:38:08Z Hasnanf 28942 730533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = David Graeber | image = David Graeber 2015-03-07 (16741093492) (cropped).jpg | caption = David Graeber | birth_name = David Rolfe Graeber | birth_date = {{Birth date |1961|2|12}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2020|9|2|1961|2|12}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[Amérika Serikat]] | death_place = [[Venesia]], [[Italia]] | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = {{ubl|[[Antropologi ekonomi]]|[[Antropologi sosial]]}} | work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Universitas Yale]]|[[Goldsmiths, University of London]]|[[London School of Economics]]}} | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[State University of New York at Purchase]]|[[University of Chicago]]}} | thesis_title = The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory and Violence in Rural Madagascar | doctoral_advisor = [[Marshall Sahlins]] | doctoral_students = | known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (2004)|''[[Debt: The First 5000 Years]]'' (2011)}} | influences = {{ubl|[[Marcel Mauss]]|[[Edmund Leach]]|[[Marshall Sahlins]]|[[Peter Kropotkin]]|[[Pierre Clastres]]|[[Karl Polanyi]]}} | influenced = [[Gerakan Occupy]] | awards = {{ubl|[[Bread and Roses Award]]|[[Society for Cultural Anthropology|Bateson Book Prize]]}} | footnotes = }} '''David Rolfe Graeber''' (gumelar 12 Pébruari 1961 – tilar dunya 2 Séptémber 2020) nyaéta [[antropolog]] sakaligus aktivis sosial-politik [[anarkis]] asal [[Amérika Serikat]]. Karya-karya anjeunna anu méré pangaruh kalayan gedé pikeun élmu pangaweruh hususna di widang [[antropologi]] sosial jeung ékonomi, nyaéta buku-buku anjeunna anu di antarana ''Debt: The First 5,000 Years'' (2011), ''The Utopia of Rules'' (2015), ''Bullshit Jobs'' (2018), jeung ''The Dawn of Everything'' (2021), sarta peran utama anjeunna dina gerakan ''Occupy'' anu ngajadikeun anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku salah sahiji antropolog sakaligus pamikir sayap kénca anu kasohor di jamanna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=David Graeber, anthropologist and author of Bullshit Jobs, dies aged 59|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/03/david-graeber-anthropologist-and-author-of-bullshit-jobs-dies-aged-59|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2020-09-03|access-date=2026-09-20|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Sian|last=Cain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/09/the-anarchist-how-david-graeber-became-the-lefts-most-influential-thinker|title=The anarchist: How David Graeber became the left’s most influential thinker|last=Roos|first=Jerome|date=4 September 2020|work=The New Statesman}}</ref> Lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé di [[Kota New York]], Graeber kungsi sakola jeung diajar di [[Purchase College]], dituluykeun ka [[University of Chicago]], di mana anjeunna ngalaksanakeun panalungtikan [[étnografi]] di [[Madagaskar]] diaping ku [[Marshall Sahlins]] nepi ka nganggeuskeun studi jeung ngaraih gelar doktoralna di taun 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/225326f5-3128-4e55-bad7-5f9ba50ca4a8?syn-25a6b1a6=1|title=David Graeber, anthropology professor, 1961-2020|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/about-david-graeber/|title=David's autobiography|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Sanajan geus kapapar politik radikal kénca ti yuswa ngora, David mimiti kalibet sacara langsung dina aktivisme nalika gerakan kaadilan global di taun 90an. Anjeunna miluan protés 3rd Summit of the Americas di [[Quebec]] taun 2001, sarta World Economic Forum di [[Kota New York|New York]] taun 2022, anu tuluy dituliskeun kana karya étnografina, nyaéta ''Direct Action'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utne.com/politics/david-graeber-zm0z12ndzlin/|title=David Graeber: Global Justice Activist – Utne|last=Ross-Brown|first=Sam|website=www.utne.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=High|first=Holly|last2=Reno|first2=Josh|date=2022|title=David Graeber: An Anarchist Anthropologist?|url=https://shs.cairn.info/journal-zilsel-2022-2-page-225|journal=Zilsel|language=fr|publisher=Éditions du Croquant|issue=2|pages=225–241|doi=10.3917/zil.011.0225}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung atikan == David Graeber lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé, nu mana indung-bapana mangrupakeun aktivis politik sayap kénca. Bapana, Kenneth Graeber, datang ti kulawargi imigran [[Jérman]] anu ngadumuk di [[Kansas]] di abad 19. Anjeunna kungsi meunang atikan di [[University of Kansas]], di mana tuluy papanggih jeung anggota Young Communist League USA. Ti dinya, anjeunna kungsi ngabdi jeung ngagabung ka Brigade Internasional di bagéan médis sacara sukaréla nalika [[Perang Sipil Spanyol]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/no-this-is-a-genuine-revolution/|title=“No. This is a Genuine Revolution”|last=Öğünç|first=David Graeber & Pinar|website=ZNetwork|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indungna, Ruth Rubinstein, datang ti kulawargi [[Yahudi]] [[Polandia]] anu pindah ka [[Amérika Serikat]] di akhir 1920an. Dina dasawarsa 1930an, anjeunna kungsi kuliah, tapi ku lantaran [[Déprési Badag]], anjeunna kapaksa kaluar tuluy digawé di pabrik. Anjeunna mangrupakeun anggota aktip International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, anu ogé aktip di bagéan téater sarékat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/interviews/finance-is-just-another-word-for-other-peoples-debts/|title=Hannah Chadeayne Appel about debt|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indung jeung bapa David papanggih sanggeus [[Perang Dunya II]] nalika keur netep di kémah [[Komunis]] ngora. Kolotna Ruth teu ngaku deui ka anakna ku sabab nikah ka urang Jérman, ku kituna anjeunna duaan tuluy ngadumuk di [[Kota New York|New York]], di mana David jeung adina, Eric, gumelar.<ref name=":2" /> Di New York, David tumuwuh di komplék apartemen anu dirojong ku sarékat, nyaéta [[Penn South]] di, Chelsea, [[Manhattan]]. Padumukan ieu diwangun numutkeun kana model koperasi Inggris Rochdale, anu disusun ku 15 gedung apartemen didanaan ti International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Orr|first=Yancey|date=2024-12|title=David Graeber (1961–2020)|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aman.28020|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=126|issue=4|pages=753–757|doi=10.1111/aman.28020|issn=0002-7294}}</ref> Ti yuswa nu ngora kénéh, David geus ngamimitian ngadukung gagasan-gagasan [[anarkis]], kritis ka [[kapitalisme]], sarta advokasi pikeun [[démokrasi]] langsung ngaliwatan ilubiung dina aksi protés jeung buku-buku. Pangalaman aktivisme politis anjeunna dimimitian di yuswa 7 taun, nalika anjeunna ilubiung dina aksi damai di [[Central Park]], [[Kota New York|New York]] jeung Fire Island. Anjeunna tuluy mimiti jadi anarkis nalika yuswa 16 taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/press/john-keith-hart-on-davids-potential-influence-on-anthropologys-future/|title=John Keith Hart on David's potential influence on anthropology's future|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Kalibetna anjeunna éta dituluykeun ku sababaraha aksi protés, tuluy ngamimitian dipikawanoh nalika protés ka [[World Trade Organization|Organisasi Dagang Dunia]] (basa [[Inggris]]: [[World Trade Organization]]) di [[Seattle]] taun 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Dituluykeun deui ogé ku protes ka [[International Monetary Fund]] di [[Washington]] taun 2001, sarta anu pang kasohorna ngaliwatan ilubiungna anu signifikan dina koordinasi gerakan Occupy [[Wall Street]] di New York. Tina gerakan Occupy éta, muncul frasa ''"We are the 99%"'' salaku réspon pikeun kateuadilan anu ngaronjat kulantaran sistem kapitalisme ti saprak jaman [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] jeung [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] di taun 1980an.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oxfordpoliticalreview.com/2020/10/26/david-graeber-1961-2020-a-take-on-his-legacy-as-challenger-of-political-common-sense/|title=David Graeber (1961-2020): a take on his legacy as challenger of political common sense {{!}} Gabriel Levie {{!}} Oxford Political Review|last=Levie|first=Gabriel|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Rujukan == 97j9li5iuag5rwun6hhhvcyyqipvwff 730535 730533 2026-10-18T20:38:33Z Hasnanf 28942 730535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = David Graeber | image = David Graeber 2015-03-07 (16741093492) (cropped).jpg | caption = David Graeber | birth_name = David Rolfe Graeber | birth_date = {{Birth date |1961|2|12}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2020|9|2|1961|2|12}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[Amérika Serikat]] | death_place = [[Venesia]], [[Italia]] | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = {{ubl|[[Antropologi ekonomi]]|[[Antropologi sosial]]}} | work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Universitas Yale]]|[[Goldsmiths, University of London]]|[[London School of Economics]]}} | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[State University of New York at Purchase]]|[[University of Chicago]]}} | thesis_title = The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory and Violence in Rural Madagascar | doctoral_advisor = [[Marshall Sahlins]] | doctoral_students = | known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (2004)|''[[Debt: The First 5000 Years]]'' (2011)}} | influences = {{ubl|[[Marcel Mauss]]|[[Edmund Leach]]|[[Marshall Sahlins]]|[[Peter Kropotkin]]|[[Pierre Clastres]]|[[Karl Polanyi]]}} | influenced = [[Gerakan Occupy]] | awards = {{ubl|[[Bread and Roses Award]]|[[Society for Cultural Anthropology|Bateson Book Prize]]}} | footnotes = }} '''David Rolfe Graeber''' (gumelar 12 Pébruari 1961 – tilar dunya 2 Séptémber 2020) nyaéta [[antropolog]] sakaligus aktivis sosial-politik [[anarkis]] asal [[Amérika Serikat]]. Karya-karya anjeunna anu méré pangaruh kalayan gedé pikeun élmu pangaweruh hususna di widang [[antropologi]] sosial jeung ékonomi, nyaéta buku-buku anjeunna anu di antarana ''Debt: The First 5,000 Years'' (2011), ''The Utopia of Rules'' (2015), ''Bullshit Jobs'' (2018), jeung ''The Dawn of Everything'' (2021), sarta peran utama anjeunna dina gerakan ''Occupy'' anu ngajadikeun anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku salah sahiji antropolog sakaligus pamikir sayap kénca anu kasohor di jamanna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=David Graeber, anthropologist and author of Bullshit Jobs, dies aged 59|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/03/david-graeber-anthropologist-and-author-of-bullshit-jobs-dies-aged-59|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2020-09-03|access-date=2026-09-20|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Sian|last=Cain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/09/the-anarchist-how-david-graeber-became-the-lefts-most-influential-thinker|title=The anarchist: How David Graeber became the left’s most influential thinker|last=Roos|first=Jerome|date=4 September 2020|work=The New Statesman}}</ref> Lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé di [[Kota New York]], Graeber kungsi sakola jeung diajar di [[Purchase College]], dituluykeun ka [[University of Chicago]], di mana anjeunna ngalaksanakeun panalungtikan [[étnografi]] di [[Madagaskar]] diaping ku [[Marshall Sahlins]] nepi ka nganggeuskeun studi jeung ngaraih gelar doktoralna di taun 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/225326f5-3128-4e55-bad7-5f9ba50ca4a8?syn-25a6b1a6=1|title=David Graeber, anthropology professor, 1961-2020|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/about-david-graeber/|title=David's autobiography|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Sanajan geus kapapar politik radikal kénca ti yuswa ngora, David mimiti kalibet sacara langsung dina aktivisme nalika gerakan kaadilan global di taun 90an. Anjeunna miluan protés 3rd Summit of the Americas di [[Quebec]] taun 2001, sarta World Economic Forum di [[Kota New York|New York]] taun 2022, anu tuluy dituliskeun kana karya étnografina, nyaéta ''Direct Action'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utne.com/politics/david-graeber-zm0z12ndzlin/|title=David Graeber: Global Justice Activist – Utne|last=Ross-Brown|first=Sam|website=www.utne.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=High|first=Holly|last2=Reno|first2=Josh|date=2022|title=David Graeber: An Anarchist Anthropologist?|url=https://shs.cairn.info/journal-zilsel-2022-2-page-225|journal=Zilsel|language=fr|publisher=Éditions du Croquant|issue=2|pages=225–241|doi=10.3917/zil.011.0225}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung atikan == David Graeber lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé, nu mana indung-bapana mangrupakeun aktivis politik sayap kénca. Bapana, Kenneth Graeber, datang ti kulawargi imigran [[Jérman]] anu ngadumuk di [[Kansas]] di abad 19. Anjeunna kungsi meunang atikan di [[University of Kansas]], di mana tuluy papanggih jeung anggota Young Communist League USA. Ti dinya, anjeunna kungsi ngabdi jeung ngagabung ka Brigade Internasional di bagéan médis sacara sukaréla nalika [[Perang Sipil Spanyol]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/no-this-is-a-genuine-revolution/|title=“No. This is a Genuine Revolution”|last=Öğünç|first=David Graeber & Pinar|website=ZNetwork|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indungna, Ruth Rubinstein, datang ti kulawargi [[Yahudi]] [[Polandia]] anu pindah ka [[Amérika Serikat]] di akhir 1920an. Dina dasawarsa 1930an, anjeunna kungsi kuliah, tapi ku lantaran [[Déprési Badag]], anjeunna kapaksa kaluar tuluy digawé di pabrik. Anjeunna mangrupakeun anggota aktip International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, anu ogé aktip di bagéan téater sarékat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/interviews/finance-is-just-another-word-for-other-peoples-debts/|title=Hannah Chadeayne Appel about debt|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indung jeung bapa David papanggih sanggeus [[Perang Dunya II]] nalika keur netep di kémah [[Komunis]] ngora. Kolotna Ruth teu ngaku deui ka anakna ku sabab nikah ka urang Jérman, ku kituna anjeunna duaan tuluy ngadumuk di [[Kota New York|New York]], di mana David jeung adina, Eric, gumelar.<ref name=":2" /> Di New York, David tumuwuh di komplék apartemen anu dirojong ku sarikat pagawé, nyaéta [[Penn South]] di Chelsea, [[Manhattan]]. Padumukan ieu diwangun numutkeun kana model koperasi Inggris Rochdale, anu disusun ku 15 gedung apartemen didanaan ti International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Orr|first=Yancey|date=2024-12|title=David Graeber (1961–2020)|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aman.28020|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=126|issue=4|pages=753–757|doi=10.1111/aman.28020|issn=0002-7294}}</ref> Ti yuswa nu ngora kénéh, David geus ngamimitian ngadukung gagasan-gagasan [[anarkis]], kritis ka [[kapitalisme]], sarta advokasi pikeun [[démokrasi]] langsung ngaliwatan ilubiung dina aksi protés jeung buku-buku. Pangalaman aktivisme politis anjeunna dimimitian di yuswa 7 taun, nalika anjeunna ilubiung dina aksi damai di [[Central Park]], [[Kota New York|New York]] jeung Fire Island. Anjeunna tuluy mimiti jadi anarkis nalika yuswa 16 taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/press/john-keith-hart-on-davids-potential-influence-on-anthropologys-future/|title=John Keith Hart on David's potential influence on anthropology's future|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Kalibetna anjeunna éta dituluykeun ku sababaraha aksi protés, tuluy ngamimitian dipikawanoh nalika protés ka [[World Trade Organization|Organisasi Dagang Dunia]] (basa [[Inggris]]: [[World Trade Organization]]) di [[Seattle]] taun 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Dituluykeun deui ogé ku protes ka [[International Monetary Fund]] di [[Washington]] taun 2001, sarta anu pang kasohorna ngaliwatan ilubiungna anu signifikan dina koordinasi gerakan Occupy [[Wall Street]] di New York. Tina gerakan Occupy éta, muncul frasa ''"We are the 99%"'' salaku réspon pikeun kateuadilan anu ngaronjat kulantaran sistem kapitalisme ti saprak jaman [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] jeung [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] di taun 1980an.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oxfordpoliticalreview.com/2020/10/26/david-graeber-1961-2020-a-take-on-his-legacy-as-challenger-of-political-common-sense/|title=David Graeber (1961-2020): a take on his legacy as challenger of political common sense {{!}} Gabriel Levie {{!}} Oxford Political Review|last=Levie|first=Gabriel|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newpol.org/living-as-if-another-world-were-possible-goodbye-david-graeber/|title=Living As If Another World Were Possible: Goodbye, David Graeber!|last=Fischer|first=Dan|website=New Politics|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Nalika tumuwuh, David dikurilingan ku pangaruh ti filosofi sosialis jeung anarkis, [[musik]] ''folk'', jeung ilubiung dina budaya luhur sacara artistik jeung inteléktual. Mangsa yuswa rumaja, anjeunna narjamahkeun aksara [[hiéroglif]] [[Mayas|Maya]] sarta didukung pikeun nampilkeun hasil karyana hareupeun kurator di Metropolitan Museum of Art. Kurator anu kataji ku karyana éta tuluy mantuan anjeunna sangkan bisa narima béasiswa pikeun sakola menengah luhur di sakola élit Phillips Andover Academy.<ref name=":5" /> Sanggeus taun pertamana di Sarah Lawrence College, David pindah ka State University of New York di Purchase pikeun nuluykeun atikan masteral-na, di widang antropologi. Ti taun 1984-1996 anjeunna nuluykeun atikan doktoral widang antropologi di University of Chicago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hart|first=Keith|date=2020-12|title=DAVID GRAEBER (1961‐2020)|url=https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8322.12623|journal=Anthropology Today|language=en|volume=36|issue=6|pages=33–34|doi=10.1111/1467-8322.12623|issn=0268-540X}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Rujukan == fg0bwd81k7s2i4yyocvcc24d4m5osuq 730536 730535 2026-10-18T20:58:27Z Hasnanf 28942 730536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = David Graeber | image = David Graeber 2015-03-07 (16741093492) (cropped).jpg | caption = David Graeber | birth_name = David Rolfe Graeber | birth_date = {{Birth date |1961|2|12}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2020|9|2|1961|2|12}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[Amérika Serikat]] | death_place = [[Venesia]], [[Italia]] | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = {{ubl|[[Antropologi ekonomi]]|[[Antropologi sosial]]}} | work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Universitas Yale]]|[[Goldsmiths, University of London]]|[[London School of Economics]]}} | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[State University of New York at Purchase]]|[[University of Chicago]]}} | thesis_title = The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory and Violence in Rural Madagascar | doctoral_advisor = [[Marshall Sahlins]] | doctoral_students = | known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (2004)|''[[Debt: The First 5000 Years]]'' (2011)}} | influences = {{ubl|[[Marcel Mauss]]|[[Edmund Leach]]|[[Marshall Sahlins]]|[[Peter Kropotkin]]|[[Pierre Clastres]]|[[Karl Polanyi]]}} | influenced = [[Gerakan Occupy]] | awards = {{ubl|[[Bread and Roses Award]]|[[Society for Cultural Anthropology|Bateson Book Prize]]}} | footnotes = }} '''David Rolfe Graeber''' (gumelar 12 Pébruari 1961 – tilar dunya 2 Séptémber 2020) nyaéta [[antropolog]] sakaligus aktivis sosial-politik [[anarkis]] asal [[Amérika Serikat]]. Karya-karya anjeunna anu méré pangaruh kalayan gedé pikeun élmu pangaweruh hususna di widang [[antropologi]] sosial jeung ékonomi, nyaéta buku-buku anjeunna anu di antarana ''Debt: The First 5,000 Years'' (2011), ''The Utopia of Rules'' (2015), ''Bullshit Jobs'' (2018), jeung ''The Dawn of Everything'' (2021), sarta peran utama anjeunna dina gerakan ''Occupy'' anu ngajadikeun anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku salah sahiji antropolog sakaligus pamikir sayap kénca anu kasohor di jamanna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=David Graeber, anthropologist and author of Bullshit Jobs, dies aged 59|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/03/david-graeber-anthropologist-and-author-of-bullshit-jobs-dies-aged-59|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2020-09-03|access-date=2026-09-20|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Sian|last=Cain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/09/the-anarchist-how-david-graeber-became-the-lefts-most-influential-thinker|title=The anarchist: How David Graeber became the left’s most influential thinker|last=Roos|first=Jerome|date=4 September 2020|work=The New Statesman}}</ref> Lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé di [[Kota New York]], Graeber kungsi sakola jeung diajar di [[Purchase College]], dituluykeun ka [[University of Chicago]], di mana anjeunna ngalaksanakeun panalungtikan [[étnografi]] di [[Madagaskar]] diaping ku [[Marshall Sahlins]] nepi ka nganggeuskeun studi jeung ngaraih gelar doktoralna di taun 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/225326f5-3128-4e55-bad7-5f9ba50ca4a8?syn-25a6b1a6=1|title=David Graeber, anthropology professor, 1961-2020|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/about-david-graeber/|title=David's autobiography|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Sanajan geus kapapar politik radikal kénca ti yuswa ngora, David mimiti kalibet sacara langsung dina aktivisme nalika gerakan kaadilan global di taun 90an. Anjeunna miluan protés 3rd Summit of the Americas di [[Quebec]] taun 2001, sarta World Economic Forum di [[Kota New York|New York]] taun 2022, anu tuluy dituliskeun kana karya étnografina, nyaéta ''Direct Action'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utne.com/politics/david-graeber-zm0z12ndzlin/|title=David Graeber: Global Justice Activist – Utne|last=Ross-Brown|first=Sam|website=www.utne.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=High|first=Holly|last2=Reno|first2=Josh|date=2022|title=David Graeber: An Anarchist Anthropologist?|url=https://shs.cairn.info/journal-zilsel-2022-2-page-225|journal=Zilsel|language=fr|publisher=Éditions du Croquant|issue=2|pages=225–241|doi=10.3917/zil.011.0225}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung atikan == David Graeber lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé, nu mana indung-bapana mangrupakeun aktivis politik sayap kénca. Bapana, Kenneth Graeber, datang ti kulawargi imigran [[Jérman]] anu ngadumuk di [[Kansas]] di abad 19. Anjeunna kungsi meunang atikan di [[University of Kansas]], di mana tuluy papanggih jeung anggota Young Communist League USA. Ti dinya, anjeunna kungsi ngabdi jeung ngagabung ka Brigade Internasional di bagéan médis sacara sukaréla nalika [[Perang Sipil Spanyol]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/no-this-is-a-genuine-revolution/|title=“No. This is a Genuine Revolution”|last=Öğünç|first=David Graeber & Pinar|website=ZNetwork|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indungna, Ruth Rubinstein, datang ti kulawargi [[Yahudi]] [[Polandia]] anu pindah ka [[Amérika Serikat]] di akhir 1920an. Dina dasawarsa 1930an, anjeunna kungsi kuliah, tapi ku lantaran [[Déprési Badag]], anjeunna kapaksa kaluar tuluy digawé di pabrik. Anjeunna mangrupakeun anggota aktip International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, anu ogé aktip di bagéan téater sarékat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/interviews/finance-is-just-another-word-for-other-peoples-debts/|title=Hannah Chadeayne Appel about debt|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indung jeung bapa David papanggih sanggeus [[Perang Dunya II]] nalika keur netep di kémah [[Komunis]] ngora. Kolotna Ruth teu ngaku deui ka anakna ku sabab nikah ka urang Jérman, ku kituna anjeunna duaan tuluy ngadumuk di [[Kota New York|New York]], di mana David jeung adina, Eric, gumelar.<ref name=":2" /> Di New York, David tumuwuh di komplék apartemen anu dirojong ku sarikat pagawé, nyaéta [[Penn South]] di Chelsea, [[Manhattan]]. Padumukan ieu diwangun numutkeun kana model koperasi Inggris Rochdale, anu disusun ku 15 gedung apartemen didanaan ti International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Orr|first=Yancey|date=2024-12|title=David Graeber (1961–2020)|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aman.28020|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=126|issue=4|pages=753–757|doi=10.1111/aman.28020|issn=0002-7294}}</ref> Ti yuswa nu ngora kénéh, David geus ngamimitian ngadukung gagasan-gagasan [[anarkis]], kritis ka [[kapitalisme]], sarta advokasi pikeun [[démokrasi]] langsung ngaliwatan ilubiung dina aksi protés jeung buku-buku. Pangalaman aktivisme politis anjeunna dimimitian di yuswa 7 taun, nalika anjeunna ilubiung dina aksi damai di [[Central Park]], [[Kota New York|New York]] jeung Fire Island. Anjeunna tuluy mimiti jadi anarkis nalika yuswa 16 taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/press/john-keith-hart-on-davids-potential-influence-on-anthropologys-future/|title=John Keith Hart on David's potential influence on anthropology's future|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Kalibetna anjeunna éta dituluykeun ku sababaraha aksi protés, tuluy ngamimitian dipikawanoh nalika protés ka [[World Trade Organization|Organisasi Dagang Dunia]] (basa [[Inggris]]: [[World Trade Organization]]) di [[Seattle]] taun 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Dituluykeun deui ogé ku protes ka [[International Monetary Fund]] di [[Washington]] taun 2001, sarta anu pang kasohorna ngaliwatan ilubiungna anu signifikan dina koordinasi gerakan Occupy [[Wall Street]] di New York. Tina gerakan Occupy éta, muncul frasa ''"We are the 99%"'' salaku réspon pikeun kateuadilan anu ngaronjat kulantaran sistem kapitalisme ti saprak jaman [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] jeung [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] di taun 1980an.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://oxfordpoliticalreview.com/2020/10/26/david-graeber-1961-2020-a-take-on-his-legacy-as-challenger-of-political-common-sense/|title=David Graeber (1961-2020): a take on his legacy as challenger of political common sense {{!}} Gabriel Levie {{!}} Oxford Political Review|last=Levie|first=Gabriel|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newpol.org/living-as-if-another-world-were-possible-goodbye-david-graeber/|title=Living As If Another World Were Possible: Goodbye, David Graeber!|last=Fischer|first=Dan|website=New Politics|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Nalika tumuwuh, David dikurilingan ku pangaruh ti filosofi sosialis jeung anarkis, [[musik]] ''folk'', jeung ilubiung dina budaya luhur sacara artistik jeung inteléktual. Mangsa yuswa rumaja, anjeunna narjamahkeun aksara [[hiéroglif]] [[Mayas|Maya]] sarta didukung pikeun nampilkeun hasil karyana hareupeun kurator di Metropolitan Museum of Art. Kurator anu kataji ku karyana éta tuluy mantuan anjeunna sangkan bisa narima béasiswa pikeun sakola menengah luhur di sakola élit Phillips Andover Academy.<ref name=":5" /> Sanggeus taun pertamana di Sarah Lawrence College, David pindah ka State University of New York di Purchase pikeun nuluykeun atikan masteral-na, di widang antropologi. Ti taun 1984-1996 anjeunna nuluykeun atikan doktoral widang antropologi di University of Chicago.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Hart|first=Keith|date=2020-12|title=DAVID GRAEBER (1961‐2020)|url=https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8322.12623|journal=Anthropology Today|language=en|volume=36|issue=6|pages=33–34|doi=10.1111/1467-8322.12623|issn=0268-540X}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Karya == Graeber mangrupakeun panulis ti ''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthopology]]'' jeung ''Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of Our Own Dreams'', anu tuluy disebut "upaya canggih pikeun ngadaméikeun [[Marcel Mauss]] jeung [[Karl Marx]]."<ref name=":7" /> Anjeunna kungsi ngahasilkeun karya-karya [[antropologi]] tina panalungtikan ékstensip di Madagaskar, pikeun disertasina, nyaéta ''The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory of Violence in Rural Madagascar'', ngeunaan pangbagéan sosial antara katurunan ménak jeung katurunan anu kungsi jadi budak.<ref name=":6" /> Tina disertasi éta, hiji buku, ''Lost People: Magic and the Legacy of Slavery in Madagascar'', dipedalkeun di taun 2007.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lost People: Magic and the Legacy of Slavery in Madagascar|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4NlSUM8OqUAC&redir_esc=y|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-253-21915-2|language=en|first=David|last=Graeber}}</ref> === ''Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology'' === {{utama|Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis}}''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (basa [[Basa Indonésia|Indonesia]]: [[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis]]) mangrupakeun karya ésai Graeber dina wangun séri pamflét anu mimiti dipedal ku Prickly Paradigm Press di taun 2004. Ésai-ésai nu dipedalkeun ngabahas ngeunaan garis besar aréa panalungtikan anu bisa dijalajah ku para ahli pikeun ngajieun hiji struktur nu lengkep ti téori sosial [[anarkis]]. Salian ti éta, dina pedalan ieu oge dibahas ngeunaan alesan can ayana antropologi anarkis, sarta jalan kaluar anu ditawarkeun ku [[anarkisme]] pikeun kabuntuan akademis anu bisa ngajadikeun [[antropologi]] alat pikeun ngubah dunya, dibanding ngan saukur ngahartikeunna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pricklyparadigm.com/fragments-of-an-anarchist-anthropology|title=Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology by David Graeber|website=Prickly Paradigm Press|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology|last=Graeber|first=David|publisher=Pustaka Catut|year=2021|trans-title=Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|language=id|orig-year=2004}}</ref> == Rujukan == gm28rjgxvp3n24i1ak6azv8j1cfyaro 730538 730536 2026-10-18T21:41:50Z Hasnanf 28942 /* Karya */ 730538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = David Graeber | image = David Graeber 2015-03-07 (16741093492) (cropped).jpg | caption = David Graeber | birth_name = David Rolfe Graeber | birth_date = {{Birth date |1961|2|12}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2020|9|2|1961|2|12}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[Amérika Serikat]] | death_place = [[Venesia]], [[Italia]] | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = {{ubl|[[Antropologi ekonomi]]|[[Antropologi sosial]]}} | work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Universitas Yale]]|[[Goldsmiths, University of London]]|[[London School of Economics]]}} | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[State University of New York at Purchase]]|[[University of Chicago]]}} | thesis_title = The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory and Violence in Rural Madagascar | doctoral_advisor = [[Marshall Sahlins]] | doctoral_students = | known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (2004)|''[[Debt: The First 5000 Years]]'' (2011)}} | influences = {{ubl|[[Marcel Mauss]]|[[Edmund Leach]]|[[Marshall Sahlins]]|[[Peter Kropotkin]]|[[Pierre Clastres]]|[[Karl Polanyi]]}} | influenced = [[Gerakan Occupy]] | awards = {{ubl|[[Bread and Roses Award]]|[[Society for Cultural Anthropology|Bateson Book Prize]]}} | footnotes = }} '''David Rolfe Graeber''' (gumelar 12 Pébruari 1961 – tilar dunya 2 Séptémber 2020) nyaéta [[antropolog]] sakaligus aktivis sosial-politik [[anarkis]] asal [[Amérika Serikat]]. Karya-karya anjeunna anu méré pangaruh kalayan gedé pikeun élmu pangaweruh hususna di widang [[antropologi]] sosial jeung ékonomi, nyaéta buku-buku anjeunna anu di antarana ''Debt: The First 5,000 Years'' (2011), ''The Utopia of Rules'' (2015), ''Bullshit Jobs'' (2018), jeung ''The Dawn of Everything'' (2021), sarta peran utama anjeunna dina gerakan ''Occupy'' anu ngajadikeun anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku salah sahiji antropolog sakaligus pamikir sayap kénca anu kasohor di jamanna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=David Graeber, anthropologist and author of Bullshit Jobs, dies aged 59|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/03/david-graeber-anthropologist-and-author-of-bullshit-jobs-dies-aged-59|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2020-09-03|access-date=2026-09-20|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Sian|last=Cain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/09/the-anarchist-how-david-graeber-became-the-lefts-most-influential-thinker|title=The anarchist: How David Graeber became the left’s most influential thinker|last=Roos|first=Jerome|date=4 September 2020|work=The New Statesman}}</ref> Lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé di [[Kota New York]], Graeber kungsi sakola jeung diajar di [[Purchase College]], dituluykeun ka [[University of Chicago]], di mana anjeunna ngalaksanakeun panalungtikan [[étnografi]] di [[Madagaskar]] diaping ku [[Marshall Sahlins]] nepi ka nganggeuskeun studi jeung ngaraih gelar doktoralna di taun 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/225326f5-3128-4e55-bad7-5f9ba50ca4a8?syn-25a6b1a6=1|title=David Graeber, anthropology professor, 1961-2020|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/about-david-graeber/|title=David's autobiography|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Sanajan geus kapapar politik radikal kénca ti yuswa ngora, David mimiti kalibet sacara langsung dina aktivisme nalika gerakan kaadilan global di taun 90an. Anjeunna miluan protés 3rd Summit of the Americas di [[Quebec]] taun 2001, sarta World Economic Forum di [[Kota New York|New York]] taun 2022, anu tuluy dituliskeun kana karya étnografina, nyaéta ''Direct Action'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utne.com/politics/david-graeber-zm0z12ndzlin/|title=David Graeber: Global Justice Activist – Utne|last=Ross-Brown|first=Sam|website=www.utne.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=High|first=Holly|last2=Reno|first2=Josh|date=2022|title=David Graeber: An Anarchist Anthropologist?|url=https://shs.cairn.info/journal-zilsel-2022-2-page-225|journal=Zilsel|language=fr|publisher=Éditions du Croquant|issue=2|pages=225–241|doi=10.3917/zil.011.0225}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung atikan == David Graeber lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé, nu mana indung-bapana mangrupakeun aktivis politik sayap kénca. Bapana, Kenneth Graeber, datang ti kulawargi imigran [[Jérman]] anu ngadumuk di [[Kansas]] di abad 19. Anjeunna kungsi meunang atikan di [[University of Kansas]], di mana tuluy papanggih jeung anggota Young Communist League USA. Ti dinya, anjeunna kungsi ngabdi jeung ngagabung ka Brigade Internasional di bagéan médis sacara sukaréla nalika [[Perang Sipil Spanyol]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/no-this-is-a-genuine-revolution/|title=“No. This is a Genuine Revolution”|last=Öğünç|first=David Graeber & Pinar|website=ZNetwork|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indungna, Ruth Rubinstein, datang ti kulawargi [[Yahudi]] [[Polandia]] anu pindah ka [[Amérika Serikat]] di akhir 1920an. Dina dasawarsa 1930an, anjeunna kungsi kuliah, tapi ku lantaran [[Déprési Badag]], anjeunna kapaksa kaluar tuluy digawé di pabrik. Anjeunna mangrupakeun anggota aktip International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, anu ogé aktip di bagéan téater sarékat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/interviews/finance-is-just-another-word-for-other-peoples-debts/|title=Hannah Chadeayne Appel about debt|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indung jeung bapa David papanggih sanggeus [[Perang Dunya II]] nalika keur netep di kémah [[Komunis]] ngora. Kolotna Ruth teu ngaku deui ka anakna ku sabab nikah ka urang Jérman, ku kituna anjeunna duaan tuluy ngadumuk di [[Kota New York|New York]], di mana David jeung adina, Eric, gumelar.<ref name=":2" /> Di New York, David tumuwuh di komplék apartemen anu dirojong ku sarikat pagawé, nyaéta [[Penn South]] di Chelsea, [[Manhattan]]. Padumukan ieu diwangun numutkeun kana model koperasi Inggris Rochdale, anu disusun ku 15 gedung apartemen didanaan ti International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Orr|first=Yancey|date=2024-12|title=David Graeber (1961–2020)|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aman.28020|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=126|issue=4|pages=753–757|doi=10.1111/aman.28020|issn=0002-7294}}</ref> Ti yuswa nu ngora kénéh, David geus ngamimitian ngadukung gagasan-gagasan [[anarkis]], kritis ka [[kapitalisme]], sarta advokasi pikeun [[démokrasi]] langsung ngaliwatan ilubiung dina aksi protés jeung buku-buku. Pangalaman aktivisme politis anjeunna dimimitian di yuswa 7 taun, nalika anjeunna ilubiung dina aksi damai di [[Central Park]], [[Kota New York|New York]] jeung Fire Island. Anjeunna tuluy mimiti jadi anarkis nalika yuswa 16 taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/press/john-keith-hart-on-davids-potential-influence-on-anthropologys-future/|title=John Keith Hart on David's potential influence on anthropology's future|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Kalibetna anjeunna éta dituluykeun ku sababaraha aksi protés, tuluy ngamimitian dipikawanoh nalika protés ka [[World Trade Organization|Organisasi Dagang Dunia]] (basa [[Inggris]]: [[World Trade Organization]]) di [[Seattle]] taun 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Dituluykeun deui ogé ku protes ka [[International Monetary Fund]] di [[Washington]] taun 2001, sarta anu pang kasohorna ngaliwatan ilubiungna anu signifikan dina koordinasi gerakan Occupy [[Wall Street]] di New York. Tina gerakan Occupy éta, muncul frasa ''"We are the 99%"'' salaku réspon pikeun kateuadilan anu ngaronjat kulantaran sistem kapitalisme ti saprak jaman [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] jeung [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] di taun 1980an.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://oxfordpoliticalreview.com/2020/10/26/david-graeber-1961-2020-a-take-on-his-legacy-as-challenger-of-political-common-sense/|title=David Graeber (1961-2020): a take on his legacy as challenger of political common sense {{!}} Gabriel Levie {{!}} Oxford Political Review|last=Levie|first=Gabriel|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newpol.org/living-as-if-another-world-were-possible-goodbye-david-graeber/|title=Living As If Another World Were Possible: Goodbye, David Graeber!|last=Fischer|first=Dan|website=New Politics|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Nalika tumuwuh, David dikurilingan ku pangaruh ti filosofi sosialis jeung anarkis, [[musik]] ''folk'', jeung ilubiung dina budaya luhur sacara artistik jeung inteléktual. Mangsa yuswa rumaja, anjeunna narjamahkeun aksara [[hiéroglif]] [[Mayas|Maya]] sarta didukung pikeun nampilkeun hasil karyana hareupeun kurator di Metropolitan Museum of Art. Kurator anu kataji ku karyana éta tuluy mantuan anjeunna sangkan bisa narima béasiswa pikeun sakola menengah luhur di sakola élit Phillips Andover Academy.<ref name=":5" /> Sanggeus taun pertamana di Sarah Lawrence College, David pindah ka State University of New York di Purchase pikeun nuluykeun atikan masteral-na, di widang antropologi. Ti taun 1984-1996 anjeunna nuluykeun atikan doktoral widang antropologi di University of Chicago.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Hart|first=Keith|date=2020-12|title=DAVID GRAEBER (1961‐2020)|url=https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8322.12623|journal=Anthropology Today|language=en|volume=36|issue=6|pages=33–34|doi=10.1111/1467-8322.12623|issn=0268-540X}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Karya == Graeber mangrupakeun panulis ti ''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthopology]]'' jeung ''Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of Our Own Dreams'', anu tuluy disebut "upaya canggih pikeun ngadaméikeun [[Marcel Mauss]] jeung [[Karl Marx]]."<ref name=":7" /> Anjeunna kungsi ngahasilkeun karya-karya [[antropologi]] tina panalungtikan ékstensip di Madagaskar, pikeun disertasina, nyaéta ''The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory of Violence in Rural Madagascar'', ngeunaan pangbagéan sosial antara katurunan ménak jeung katurunan anu kungsi jadi budak.<ref name=":6" /> Tina disertasi éta, hiji buku, ''Lost People: Magic and the Legacy of Slavery in Madagascar'', dipedalkeun di taun 2007.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lost People: Magic and the Legacy of Slavery in Madagascar|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4NlSUM8OqUAC&redir_esc=y|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-253-21915-2|language=en|first=David|last=Graeber}}</ref> === ''Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology'' === {{utama|Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis}}''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (basa [[Basa Indonésia|Indonesia]]: [[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis]]) mangrupakeun karya ésai Graeber dina wangun séri pamflét anu mimiti dipedal ku Prickly Paradigm Press di taun 2004. Ésai-ésai nu dipedalkeun ngabahas ngeunaan garis besar aréa panalungtikan anu bisa dijalajah ku para ahli pikeun ngajieun hiji struktur nu lengkep ti téori sosial [[anarkis]]. Salian ti éta, dina pedalan ieu oge dibahas ngeunaan alesan can ayana antropologi anarkis, sarta jalan kaluar anu ditawarkeun ku [[anarkisme]] pikeun kabuntuan akademis anu bisa ngajadikeun [[antropologi]] alat pikeun ngubah dunya, dibanding ngan saukur ngahartikeunna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pricklyparadigm.com/fragments-of-an-anarchist-anthropology|title=Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology by David Graeber|website=Prickly Paradigm Press|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology|last=Graeber|first=David|publisher=Pustaka Catut|year=2021|trans-title=Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|language=id|orig-year=2004}}</ref> === ''Debt: The First 5000 Years'' === Karya monograf Graeber anu mimiti, nyaéta ''Debt: The First 5000 Years'' anu dipedalkeun taun 2011. Karya ieu ngabahas ngeunaan hubungan historis antara hutang jeung institusi sosial, saperti [[barter]], [[Nikah|perkawinan]], babaladan, perbudakan, [[hukum]], [[agama]], [[perang]], jeung [[pamaréntah]]. Pamohalan anu dijéntrékeun dina buku ieu numutkeun kana sajarah jeung antropologi sababaraha [[peradaban]], boh leutik boh gede, ti catatan hutang anu mimiti dipikanyaho ti [[Suméria]] taun 3500 SM nepi ka poé ieu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taylorpearson.me/bookreview/debt-david-graeber-summary/|title=Debt: The First 5000 Years by David Graeber – Summary|website=Taylor Pearson|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> == Rujukan == gmgl1acgpxplz1c8sg0cj73e2f6ijfg 730539 730538 2026-10-18T21:55:05Z Hasnanf 28942 /* Karya */ 730539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = David Graeber | image = David Graeber 2015-03-07 (16741093492) (cropped).jpg | caption = David Graeber | birth_name = David Rolfe Graeber | birth_date = {{Birth date |1961|2|12}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2020|9|2|1961|2|12}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[Amérika Serikat]] | death_place = [[Venesia]], [[Italia]] | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = {{ubl|[[Antropologi ekonomi]]|[[Antropologi sosial]]}} | work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Universitas Yale]]|[[Goldsmiths, University of London]]|[[London School of Economics]]}} | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[State University of New York at Purchase]]|[[University of Chicago]]}} | thesis_title = The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory and Violence in Rural Madagascar | doctoral_advisor = [[Marshall Sahlins]] | doctoral_students = | known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (2004)|''[[Debt: The First 5000 Years]]'' (2011)}} | influences = {{ubl|[[Marcel Mauss]]|[[Edmund Leach]]|[[Marshall Sahlins]]|[[Peter Kropotkin]]|[[Pierre Clastres]]|[[Karl Polanyi]]}} | influenced = [[Gerakan Occupy]] | awards = {{ubl|[[Bread and Roses Award]]|[[Society for Cultural Anthropology|Bateson Book Prize]]}} | footnotes = }} '''David Rolfe Graeber''' (gumelar 12 Pébruari 1961 – tilar dunya 2 Séptémber 2020) nyaéta [[antropolog]] sakaligus aktivis sosial-politik [[anarkis]] asal [[Amérika Serikat]]. Karya-karya anjeunna anu méré pangaruh kalayan gedé pikeun élmu pangaweruh hususna di widang [[antropologi]] sosial jeung ékonomi, nyaéta buku-buku anjeunna anu di antarana ''Debt: The First 5,000 Years'' (2011), ''The Utopia of Rules'' (2015), ''Bullshit Jobs'' (2018), jeung ''The Dawn of Everything'' (2021), sarta peran utama anjeunna dina gerakan ''Occupy'' anu ngajadikeun anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku salah sahiji antropolog sakaligus pamikir sayap kénca anu kasohor di jamanna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=David Graeber, anthropologist and author of Bullshit Jobs, dies aged 59|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/03/david-graeber-anthropologist-and-author-of-bullshit-jobs-dies-aged-59|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2020-09-03|access-date=2026-09-20|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Sian|last=Cain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/09/the-anarchist-how-david-graeber-became-the-lefts-most-influential-thinker|title=The anarchist: How David Graeber became the left’s most influential thinker|last=Roos|first=Jerome|date=4 September 2020|work=The New Statesman}}</ref> Lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé di [[Kota New York]], Graeber kungsi sakola jeung diajar di [[Purchase College]], dituluykeun ka [[University of Chicago]], di mana anjeunna ngalaksanakeun panalungtikan [[étnografi]] di [[Madagaskar]] diaping ku [[Marshall Sahlins]] nepi ka nganggeuskeun studi jeung ngaraih gelar doktoralna di taun 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/225326f5-3128-4e55-bad7-5f9ba50ca4a8?syn-25a6b1a6=1|title=David Graeber, anthropology professor, 1961-2020|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/about-david-graeber/|title=David's autobiography|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Sanajan geus kapapar politik radikal kénca ti yuswa ngora, David mimiti kalibet sacara langsung dina aktivisme nalika gerakan kaadilan global di taun 90an. Anjeunna miluan protés 3rd Summit of the Americas di [[Quebec]] taun 2001, sarta World Economic Forum di [[Kota New York|New York]] taun 2022, anu tuluy dituliskeun kana karya étnografina, nyaéta ''Direct Action'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utne.com/politics/david-graeber-zm0z12ndzlin/|title=David Graeber: Global Justice Activist – Utne|last=Ross-Brown|first=Sam|website=www.utne.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=High|first=Holly|last2=Reno|first2=Josh|date=2022|title=David Graeber: An Anarchist Anthropologist?|url=https://shs.cairn.info/journal-zilsel-2022-2-page-225|journal=Zilsel|language=fr|publisher=Éditions du Croquant|issue=2|pages=225–241|doi=10.3917/zil.011.0225}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung atikan == David Graeber lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé, nu mana indung-bapana mangrupakeun aktivis politik sayap kénca. Bapana, Kenneth Graeber, datang ti kulawargi imigran [[Jérman]] anu ngadumuk di [[Kansas]] di abad 19. Anjeunna kungsi meunang atikan di [[University of Kansas]], di mana tuluy papanggih jeung anggota Young Communist League USA. Ti dinya, anjeunna kungsi ngabdi jeung ngagabung ka Brigade Internasional di bagéan médis sacara sukaréla nalika [[Perang Sipil Spanyol]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/no-this-is-a-genuine-revolution/|title=“No. This is a Genuine Revolution”|last=Öğünç|first=David Graeber & Pinar|website=ZNetwork|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indungna, Ruth Rubinstein, datang ti kulawargi [[Yahudi]] [[Polandia]] anu pindah ka [[Amérika Serikat]] di akhir 1920an. Dina dasawarsa 1930an, anjeunna kungsi kuliah, tapi ku lantaran [[Déprési Badag]], anjeunna kapaksa kaluar tuluy digawé di pabrik. Anjeunna mangrupakeun anggota aktip International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, anu ogé aktip di bagéan téater sarékat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/interviews/finance-is-just-another-word-for-other-peoples-debts/|title=Hannah Chadeayne Appel about debt|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indung jeung bapa David papanggih sanggeus [[Perang Dunya II]] nalika keur netep di kémah [[Komunis]] ngora. Kolotna Ruth teu ngaku deui ka anakna ku sabab nikah ka urang Jérman, ku kituna anjeunna duaan tuluy ngadumuk di [[Kota New York|New York]], di mana David jeung adina, Eric, gumelar.<ref name=":2" /> Di New York, David tumuwuh di komplék apartemen anu dirojong ku sarikat pagawé, nyaéta [[Penn South]] di Chelsea, [[Manhattan]]. Padumukan ieu diwangun numutkeun kana model koperasi Inggris Rochdale, anu disusun ku 15 gedung apartemen didanaan ti International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Orr|first=Yancey|date=2024-12|title=David Graeber (1961–2020)|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aman.28020|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=126|issue=4|pages=753–757|doi=10.1111/aman.28020|issn=0002-7294}}</ref> Ti yuswa nu ngora kénéh, David geus ngamimitian ngadukung gagasan-gagasan [[anarkis]], kritis ka [[kapitalisme]], sarta advokasi pikeun [[démokrasi]] langsung ngaliwatan ilubiung dina aksi protés jeung buku-buku. Pangalaman aktivisme politis anjeunna dimimitian di yuswa 7 taun, nalika anjeunna ilubiung dina aksi damai di [[Central Park]], [[Kota New York|New York]] jeung Fire Island. Anjeunna tuluy mimiti jadi anarkis nalika yuswa 16 taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/press/john-keith-hart-on-davids-potential-influence-on-anthropologys-future/|title=John Keith Hart on David's potential influence on anthropology's future|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Kalibetna anjeunna éta dituluykeun ku sababaraha aksi protés, tuluy ngamimitian dipikawanoh nalika protés ka [[World Trade Organization|Organisasi Dagang Dunia]] (basa [[Inggris]]: [[World Trade Organization]]) di [[Seattle]] taun 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Dituluykeun deui ogé ku protes ka [[International Monetary Fund]] di [[Washington]] taun 2001, sarta anu pang kasohorna ngaliwatan ilubiungna anu signifikan dina koordinasi gerakan Occupy [[Wall Street]] di New York. Tina gerakan Occupy éta, muncul frasa ''"We are the 99%"'' salaku réspon pikeun kateuadilan anu ngaronjat kulantaran sistem kapitalisme ti saprak jaman [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] jeung [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] di taun 1980an.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://oxfordpoliticalreview.com/2020/10/26/david-graeber-1961-2020-a-take-on-his-legacy-as-challenger-of-political-common-sense/|title=David Graeber (1961-2020): a take on his legacy as challenger of political common sense {{!}} Gabriel Levie {{!}} Oxford Political Review|last=Levie|first=Gabriel|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newpol.org/living-as-if-another-world-were-possible-goodbye-david-graeber/|title=Living As If Another World Were Possible: Goodbye, David Graeber!|last=Fischer|first=Dan|website=New Politics|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Nalika tumuwuh, David dikurilingan ku pangaruh ti filosofi sosialis jeung anarkis, [[musik]] ''folk'', jeung ilubiung dina budaya luhur sacara artistik jeung inteléktual. Mangsa yuswa rumaja, anjeunna narjamahkeun aksara [[hiéroglif]] [[Mayas|Maya]] sarta didukung pikeun nampilkeun hasil karyana hareupeun kurator di Metropolitan Museum of Art. Kurator anu kataji ku karyana éta tuluy mantuan anjeunna sangkan bisa narima béasiswa pikeun sakola menengah luhur di sakola élit Phillips Andover Academy.<ref name=":5" /> Sanggeus taun pertamana di Sarah Lawrence College, David pindah ka State University of New York di Purchase pikeun nuluykeun atikan masteral-na, di widang antropologi. Ti taun 1984-1996 anjeunna nuluykeun atikan doktoral widang antropologi di University of Chicago.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Hart|first=Keith|date=2020-12|title=DAVID GRAEBER (1961‐2020)|url=https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8322.12623|journal=Anthropology Today|language=en|volume=36|issue=6|pages=33–34|doi=10.1111/1467-8322.12623|issn=0268-540X}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Karya == Graeber mangrupakeun panulis ti ''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthopology]]'' jeung ''Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of Our Own Dreams'', anu tuluy disebut "upaya canggih pikeun ngadaméikeun [[Marcel Mauss]] jeung [[Karl Marx]]."<ref name=":7" /> Anjeunna kungsi ngahasilkeun karya-karya [[antropologi]] tina panalungtikan ékstensip di Madagaskar, pikeun disertasina, nyaéta ''The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory of Violence in Rural Madagascar'', ngeunaan pangbagéan sosial antara katurunan ménak jeung katurunan anu kungsi jadi budak.<ref name=":6" /> Tina disertasi éta, hiji buku, ''Lost People: Magic and the Legacy of Slavery in Madagascar'', dipedalkeun di taun 2007.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lost People: Magic and the Legacy of Slavery in Madagascar|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4NlSUM8OqUAC&redir_esc=y|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-253-21915-2|language=en|first=David|last=Graeber}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africasacountry.com/2020/09/david-graeber-africanist|title=David Graeber, Africanist|last=Lee|first=Christopher J.|website=Africa Is a Country|publisher=Africa Is a Country}}</ref> === ''Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology'' === {{utama|Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis}}''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (basa [[Basa Indonésia|Indonesia]]: [[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis]]) mangrupakeun karya ésai Graeber dina wangun séri pamflét anu mimiti dipedal ku Prickly Paradigm Press di taun 2004. Ésai-ésai nu dipedalkeun ngabahas ngeunaan garis besar aréa panalungtikan anu bisa dijalajah ku para ahli pikeun ngajieun hiji struktur nu lengkep ti téori sosial [[anarkis]]. Salian ti éta, dina pedalan ieu oge dibahas ngeunaan alesan can ayana antropologi anarkis, sarta jalan kaluar anu ditawarkeun ku [[anarkisme]] pikeun kabuntuan akademis anu bisa ngajadikeun [[antropologi]] alat pikeun ngubah dunya, dibanding ngan saukur ngahartikeunna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pricklyparadigm.com/fragments-of-an-anarchist-anthropology|title=Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology by David Graeber|website=Prickly Paradigm Press|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology|last=Graeber|first=David|publisher=Pustaka Catut|year=2021|trans-title=Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|language=id|orig-year=2004}}</ref> === ''Debt: The First 5000 Years'' === Karya monograf Graeber anu mimiti, nyaéta ''Debt: The First 5000 Years'' anu dipedalkeun taun 2011. Karya ieu ngabahas ngeunaan hubungan historis antara hutang jeung institusi sosial, saperti [[barter]], [[Nikah|perkawinan]], babaladan, perbudakan, [[hukum]], [[agama]], [[perang]], jeung [[pamaréntah]]. Pamohalan anu dijéntrékeun dina buku ieu numutkeun kana sajarah jeung antropologi sababaraha [[peradaban]], boh leutik boh gede, ti catatan hutang anu mimiti dipikanyaho ti [[Suméria]] taun 3500 SM nepi ka poé ieu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taylorpearson.me/bookreview/debt-david-graeber-summary/|title=Debt: The First 5000 Years by David Graeber – Summary|website=Taylor Pearson|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> === ''Bullshit Jobs'' === Kaélmuan Graeber saleuwihna dipokuskeun kana kritik ngeunaan pamohalan-pamohalan birokrasi jeung administrasi, sarta anu ku anjeunna disebut "féodalisme manajerial." Dina artikel nu ditulis ku anjeunna di majalah ''STRIKE!''<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://strikemag.org/bullshit-jobs/|title=On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs: A Work Rant|last=Graeber|first=David|website=STRIKE!|publisher=STRIKE! Magazine}}</ref>'','' disebutkeun: <blockquote>''Huge swathes of people, in Europe and North America in particular, spend their entire working lives performing tasks they secretly believe do not really need to be performed.''<ref name=":8" /> (Tarjamahan dina basa Sunda: Kacida loba pisan jelema, di Éropa jeung Amérika Kalér sacara hususna, méakkeun sakabéh mangsa gawéna pikeun ngalaksanakeun tugas-tugas anu cicing-cicing maranéhna yakin yén henteu perlu dikerjakeun) </blockquote> == Rujukan == renhi8a38qddk9tplimsp4xr7h2om36 730540 730539 2026-10-18T22:00:11Z Hasnanf 28942 730540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = David Graeber | image = David Graeber 2015-03-07 (16741093492) (cropped).jpg | caption = David Graeber | birth_name = David Rolfe Graeber | birth_date = {{Birth date |1961|2|12}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2020|9|2|1961|2|12}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[Amérika Serikat]] | death_place = [[Venesia]], [[Italia]] | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = {{ubl|[[Antropologi ekonomi]]|[[Antropologi sosial]]}} | work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Universitas Yale]]|[[Goldsmiths, University of London]]|[[London School of Economics]]}} | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[State University of New York at Purchase]]|[[University of Chicago]]}} | thesis_title = The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory and Violence in Rural Madagascar | doctoral_advisor = [[Marshall Sahlins]] | doctoral_students = | known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (2004)|''[[Debt: The First 5000 Years]]'' (2011)}} | influences = {{ubl|[[Marcel Mauss]]|[[Edmund Leach]]|[[Marshall Sahlins]]|[[Peter Kropotkin]]|[[Pierre Clastres]]|[[Karl Polanyi]]}} | influenced = [[Gerakan Occupy]] | awards = {{ubl|[[Bread and Roses Award]]|[[Society for Cultural Anthropology|Bateson Book Prize]]}} | footnotes = }} '''David Rolfe Graeber''' (gumelar 12 Pébruari 1961 – tilar dunya 2 Séptémber 2020) nyaéta [[antropolog]] sakaligus aktivis sosial-politik [[anarkis]] asal [[Amérika Serikat]]. Karya-karya anjeunna anu méré pangaruh kalayan gedé pikeun élmu pangaweruh hususna di widang [[antropologi]] sosial jeung ékonomi, nyaéta buku-buku anjeunna anu di antarana ''Debt: The First 5,000 Years'' (2011), ''The Utopia of Rules'' (2015), ''Bullshit Jobs'' (2018), jeung ''The Dawn of Everything'' (2021), sarta peran utama anjeunna dina gerakan ''Occupy'' anu ngajadikeun anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku salah sahiji antropolog sakaligus pamikir sayap kénca anu kasohor di jamanna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=David Graeber, anthropologist and author of Bullshit Jobs, dies aged 59|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/03/david-graeber-anthropologist-and-author-of-bullshit-jobs-dies-aged-59|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2020-09-03|access-date=2026-09-20|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Sian|last=Cain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/09/the-anarchist-how-david-graeber-became-the-lefts-most-influential-thinker|title=The anarchist: How David Graeber became the left’s most influential thinker|last=Roos|first=Jerome|date=4 September 2020|work=The New Statesman}}</ref> Lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé di [[Kota New York]], Graeber kungsi sakola jeung diajar di [[Purchase College]], dituluykeun ka [[University of Chicago]], di mana anjeunna ngalaksanakeun panalungtikan [[étnografi]] di [[Madagaskar]] diaping ku [[Marshall Sahlins]] nepi ka nganggeuskeun studi jeung ngaraih gelar doktoralna di taun 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/225326f5-3128-4e55-bad7-5f9ba50ca4a8?syn-25a6b1a6=1|title=David Graeber, anthropology professor, 1961-2020|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/about-david-graeber/|title=David's autobiography|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Sanajan geus kapapar politik radikal kénca ti yuswa ngora, David mimiti kalibet sacara langsung dina aktivisme nalika gerakan kaadilan global di taun 90an. Anjeunna miluan protés 3rd Summit of the Americas di [[Quebec]] taun 2001, sarta World Economic Forum di [[Kota New York|New York]] taun 2022, anu tuluy dituliskeun kana karya étnografina, nyaéta ''Direct Action'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utne.com/politics/david-graeber-zm0z12ndzlin/|title=David Graeber: Global Justice Activist – Utne|last=Ross-Brown|first=Sam|website=www.utne.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=High|first=Holly|last2=Reno|first2=Josh|date=2022|title=David Graeber: An Anarchist Anthropologist?|url=https://shs.cairn.info/journal-zilsel-2022-2-page-225|journal=Zilsel|language=fr|publisher=Éditions du Croquant|issue=2|pages=225–241|doi=10.3917/zil.011.0225}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung atikan == David Graeber lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé, nu mana indung-bapana mangrupakeun aktivis politik sayap kénca. Bapana, Kenneth Graeber, datang ti kulawargi imigran [[Jérman]] anu ngadumuk di [[Kansas]] di abad 19. Anjeunna kungsi meunang atikan di [[University of Kansas]], di mana tuluy papanggih jeung anggota Young Communist League USA. Ti dinya, anjeunna kungsi ngabdi jeung ngagabung ka Brigade Internasional di bagéan médis sacara sukaréla nalika [[Perang Sipil Spanyol]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/no-this-is-a-genuine-revolution/|title=“No. This is a Genuine Revolution”|last=Öğünç|first=David Graeber & Pinar|website=ZNetwork|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indungna, Ruth Rubinstein, datang ti kulawargi [[Yahudi]] [[Polandia]] anu pindah ka [[Amérika Serikat]] di akhir 1920an. Dina dasawarsa 1930an, anjeunna kungsi kuliah, tapi ku lantaran [[Déprési Badag]], anjeunna kapaksa kaluar tuluy digawé di pabrik. Anjeunna mangrupakeun anggota aktip International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, anu ogé aktip di bagéan téater sarékat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/interviews/finance-is-just-another-word-for-other-peoples-debts/|title=Hannah Chadeayne Appel about debt|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indung jeung bapa David papanggih sanggeus [[Perang Dunya II]] nalika keur netep di kémah [[Komunis]] ngora. Kolotna Ruth teu ngaku deui ka anakna ku sabab nikah ka urang Jérman, ku kituna anjeunna duaan tuluy ngadumuk di [[Kota New York|New York]], di mana David jeung adina, Eric, gumelar.<ref name=":2" /> Di New York, David tumuwuh di komplék apartemen anu dirojong ku sarikat pagawé, nyaéta [[Penn South]] di Chelsea, [[Manhattan]]. Padumukan ieu diwangun numutkeun kana model koperasi Inggris Rochdale, anu disusun ku 15 gedung apartemen didanaan ti International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Orr|first=Yancey|date=2024-12|title=David Graeber (1961–2020)|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aman.28020|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=126|issue=4|pages=753–757|doi=10.1111/aman.28020|issn=0002-7294}}</ref> Ti yuswa nu ngora kénéh, David geus ngamimitian ngadukung gagasan-gagasan [[anarkis]], kritis ka [[kapitalisme]], sarta advokasi pikeun [[démokrasi]] langsung ngaliwatan ilubiung dina aksi protés jeung buku-buku. Pangalaman aktivisme politis anjeunna dimimitian di yuswa 7 taun, nalika anjeunna ilubiung dina aksi damai di [[Central Park]], [[Kota New York|New York]] jeung Fire Island. Anjeunna tuluy mimiti jadi anarkis nalika yuswa 16 taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/press/john-keith-hart-on-davids-potential-influence-on-anthropologys-future/|title=John Keith Hart on David's potential influence on anthropology's future|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Kalibetna anjeunna éta dituluykeun ku sababaraha aksi protés, tuluy ngamimitian dipikawanoh nalika protés ka [[World Trade Organization|Organisasi Dagang Dunia]] (basa [[Inggris]]: [[World Trade Organization]]) di [[Seattle]] taun 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Dituluykeun deui ogé ku protes ka [[International Monetary Fund]] di [[Washington]] taun 2001, sarta anu pang kasohorna ngaliwatan ilubiungna anu signifikan dina koordinasi gerakan Occupy [[Wall Street]] di New York. Tina gerakan Occupy éta, muncul frasa ''"We are the 99%"'' salaku réspon pikeun kateuadilan anu ngaronjat kulantaran sistem kapitalisme ti saprak jaman [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] jeung [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] di taun 1980an.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://oxfordpoliticalreview.com/2020/10/26/david-graeber-1961-2020-a-take-on-his-legacy-as-challenger-of-political-common-sense/|title=David Graeber (1961-2020): a take on his legacy as challenger of political common sense {{!}} Gabriel Levie {{!}} Oxford Political Review|last=Levie|first=Gabriel|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newpol.org/living-as-if-another-world-were-possible-goodbye-david-graeber/|title=Living As If Another World Were Possible: Goodbye, David Graeber!|last=Fischer|first=Dan|website=New Politics|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Nalika tumuwuh, David dikurilingan ku pangaruh ti filosofi sosialis jeung anarkis, [[musik]] ''folk'', jeung ilubiung dina budaya luhur sacara artistik jeung inteléktual. Mangsa yuswa rumaja, anjeunna narjamahkeun aksara [[hiéroglif]] [[Mayas|Maya]] sarta didukung pikeun nampilkeun hasil karyana hareupeun kurator di Metropolitan Museum of Art. Kurator anu kataji ku karyana éta tuluy mantuan anjeunna sangkan bisa narima béasiswa pikeun sakola menengah luhur di sakola élit Phillips Andover Academy.<ref name=":5" /> Sanggeus taun pertamana di Sarah Lawrence College, David pindah ka State University of New York di Purchase pikeun nuluykeun atikan masteral-na, di widang antropologi. Ti taun 1984-1996 anjeunna nuluykeun atikan doktoral widang antropologi di University of Chicago.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Hart|first=Keith|date=2020-12|title=DAVID GRAEBER (1961‐2020)|url=https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8322.12623|journal=Anthropology Today|language=en|volume=36|issue=6|pages=33–34|doi=10.1111/1467-8322.12623|issn=0268-540X}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Karya == Graeber mangrupakeun panulis ti ''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthopology]]'' jeung ''Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of Our Own Dreams'', anu tuluy disebut "upaya canggih pikeun ngadaméikeun [[Marcel Mauss]] jeung [[Karl Marx]]."<ref name=":7" /> Anjeunna kungsi ngahasilkeun karya-karya [[antropologi]] tina panalungtikan ékstensip di Madagaskar, pikeun disertasina, nyaéta ''The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory of Violence in Rural Madagascar'', ngeunaan pangbagéan sosial antara katurunan ménak jeung katurunan anu kungsi jadi budak.<ref name=":6" /> Tina disertasi éta, hiji buku, ''Lost People: Magic and the Legacy of Slavery in Madagascar'', dipedalkeun di taun 2007.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lost People: Magic and the Legacy of Slavery in Madagascar|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4NlSUM8OqUAC&redir_esc=y|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-253-21915-2|language=en|first=David|last=Graeber}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africasacountry.com/2020/09/david-graeber-africanist|title=David Graeber, Africanist|last=Lee|first=Christopher J.|website=Africa Is a Country|publisher=Africa Is a Country}}</ref> === ''Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology'' === {{utama|Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis}}''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (basa [[Basa Indonésia|Indonesia]]: [[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis]]) mangrupakeun karya ésai Graeber dina wangun séri pamflét anu mimiti dipedal ku Prickly Paradigm Press di taun 2004. Ésai-ésai nu dipedalkeun ngabahas ngeunaan garis besar aréa panalungtikan anu bisa dijalajah ku para ahli pikeun ngajieun hiji struktur nu lengkep ti téori sosial [[anarkis]]. Salian ti éta, dina pedalan ieu oge dibahas ngeunaan alesan can ayana antropologi anarkis, sarta jalan kaluar anu ditawarkeun ku [[anarkisme]] pikeun kabuntuan akademis anu bisa ngajadikeun [[antropologi]] alat pikeun ngubah dunya, dibanding ngan saukur ngahartikeunna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pricklyparadigm.com/fragments-of-an-anarchist-anthropology|title=Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology by David Graeber|website=Prickly Paradigm Press|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology|last=Graeber|first=David|publisher=Pustaka Catut|year=2021|trans-title=Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|language=id|orig-year=2004}}</ref> === ''Debt: The First 5000 Years'' === Karya monograf Graeber anu mimiti, nyaéta ''Debt: The First 5000 Years'' anu dipedalkeun taun 2011. Karya ieu ngabahas ngeunaan hubungan historis antara hutang jeung institusi sosial, saperti [[barter]], [[Nikah|perkawinan]], babaladan, perbudakan, [[hukum]], [[agama]], [[perang]], jeung [[pamaréntah]]. Pamohalan anu dijéntrékeun dina buku ieu numutkeun kana sajarah jeung antropologi sababaraha [[peradaban]], boh leutik boh gede, ti catatan hutang anu mimiti dipikanyaho ti [[Suméria]] taun 3500 SM nepi ka poé ieu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taylorpearson.me/bookreview/debt-david-graeber-summary/|title=Debt: The First 5000 Years by David Graeber – Summary|website=Taylor Pearson|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> === ''Bullshit Jobs'' === Kaélmuan Graeber saleuwihna dipokuskeun kana kritik ngeunaan pamohalan-pamohalan birokrasi jeung administrasi, sarta anu ku anjeunna disebut "féodalisme manajerial." Dina artikel nu ditulis ku anjeunna di majalah ''STRIKE!''<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://strikemag.org/bullshit-jobs/|title=On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs: A Work Rant|last=Graeber|first=David|website=STRIKE!|publisher=STRIKE! Magazine}}</ref>'','' disebutkeun: <blockquote>''Huge swathes of people, in Europe and North America in particular, spend their entire working lives performing tasks they secretly believe do not really need to be performed.''<ref name=":8" /> (Tarjamahan dina basa Sunda: Kacida loba pisan jelema, di Éropa jeung Amérika Kalér sacara hususna, méakkeun sakabéh mangsa gawéna pikeun ngalaksanakeun tugas-tugas anu cicing-cicing maranéhna yakin yén henteu perlu dikerjakeun) </blockquote>Tina artikel éta, Graeber tuluy nulis buku ''Bullshit Jobs: A Theory,'' anu dipedalkeun taun 2018. Dina buku éta, Graeber ngumpulkeun ratusan téstimoni pakasaban pikeun dijadikeun kumpulan ésai anu ngandung loba anékdot ngeunaan pakasaban.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bullshit Jobs: A Theory by David Graeber review – the myth of capitalist efficiency|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/may/25/bullshit-jobs-a-theory-by-david-graeber-review|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2018-05-25|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Eliane|last=Glaser}}</ref> == Rujukan == 9rz325x7yzko6kb8xtcef0kq7q5v8e4 730541 730540 2026-10-18T22:05:58Z Hasnanf 28942 /* Bullshit Jobs */ 730541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = David Graeber | image = David Graeber 2015-03-07 (16741093492) (cropped).jpg | caption = David Graeber | birth_name = David Rolfe Graeber | birth_date = {{Birth date |1961|2|12}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2020|9|2|1961|2|12}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[Amérika Serikat]] | death_place = [[Venesia]], [[Italia]] | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = {{ubl|[[Antropologi ekonomi]]|[[Antropologi sosial]]}} | work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Universitas Yale]]|[[Goldsmiths, University of London]]|[[London School of Economics]]}} | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[State University of New York at Purchase]]|[[University of Chicago]]}} | thesis_title = The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory and Violence in Rural Madagascar | doctoral_advisor = [[Marshall Sahlins]] | doctoral_students = | known_for = {{ubl|''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (2004)|''[[Debt: The First 5000 Years]]'' (2011)}} | influences = {{ubl|[[Marcel Mauss]]|[[Edmund Leach]]|[[Marshall Sahlins]]|[[Peter Kropotkin]]|[[Pierre Clastres]]|[[Karl Polanyi]]}} | influenced = [[Gerakan Occupy]] | awards = {{ubl|[[Bread and Roses Award]]|[[Society for Cultural Anthropology|Bateson Book Prize]]}} | footnotes = }} '''David Rolfe Graeber''' (gumelar 12 Pébruari 1961 – tilar dunya 2 Séptémber 2020) nyaéta [[antropolog]] sakaligus aktivis sosial-politik [[anarkis]] asal [[Amérika Serikat]]. Karya-karya anjeunna anu méré pangaruh kalayan gedé pikeun élmu pangaweruh hususna di widang [[antropologi]] sosial jeung ékonomi, nyaéta buku-buku anjeunna anu di antarana ''Debt: The First 5,000 Years'' (2011), ''The Utopia of Rules'' (2015), ''Bullshit Jobs'' (2018), jeung ''The Dawn of Everything'' (2021), sarta peran utama anjeunna dina gerakan ''Occupy'' anu ngajadikeun anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku salah sahiji antropolog sakaligus pamikir sayap kénca anu kasohor di jamanna.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=David Graeber, anthropologist and author of Bullshit Jobs, dies aged 59|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/03/david-graeber-anthropologist-and-author-of-bullshit-jobs-dies-aged-59|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2020-09-03|access-date=2026-09-20|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Sian|last=Cain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2020/09/the-anarchist-how-david-graeber-became-the-lefts-most-influential-thinker|title=The anarchist: How David Graeber became the left’s most influential thinker|last=Roos|first=Jerome|date=4 September 2020|work=The New Statesman}}</ref> Lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé di [[Kota New York]], Graeber kungsi sakola jeung diajar di [[Purchase College]], dituluykeun ka [[University of Chicago]], di mana anjeunna ngalaksanakeun panalungtikan [[étnografi]] di [[Madagaskar]] diaping ku [[Marshall Sahlins]] nepi ka nganggeuskeun studi jeung ngaraih gelar doktoralna di taun 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/225326f5-3128-4e55-bad7-5f9ba50ca4a8?syn-25a6b1a6=1|title=David Graeber, anthropology professor, 1961-2020|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/about-david-graeber/|title=David's autobiography|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Sanajan geus kapapar politik radikal kénca ti yuswa ngora, David mimiti kalibet sacara langsung dina aktivisme nalika gerakan kaadilan global di taun 90an. Anjeunna miluan protés 3rd Summit of the Americas di [[Quebec]] taun 2001, sarta World Economic Forum di [[Kota New York|New York]] taun 2022, anu tuluy dituliskeun kana karya étnografina, nyaéta ''Direct Action'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utne.com/politics/david-graeber-zm0z12ndzlin/|title=David Graeber: Global Justice Activist – Utne|last=Ross-Brown|first=Sam|website=www.utne.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=High|first=Holly|last2=Reno|first2=Josh|date=2022|title=David Graeber: An Anarchist Anthropologist?|url=https://shs.cairn.info/journal-zilsel-2022-2-page-225|journal=Zilsel|language=fr|publisher=Éditions du Croquant|issue=2|pages=225–241|doi=10.3917/zil.011.0225}}</ref> == Kahirupan awal jeung atikan == David Graeber lahir jeung tumuwuh di kulawargi kelas pagawé, nu mana indung-bapana mangrupakeun aktivis politik sayap kénca. Bapana, Kenneth Graeber, datang ti kulawargi imigran [[Jérman]] anu ngadumuk di [[Kansas]] di abad 19. Anjeunna kungsi meunang atikan di [[University of Kansas]], di mana tuluy papanggih jeung anggota Young Communist League USA. Ti dinya, anjeunna kungsi ngabdi jeung ngagabung ka Brigade Internasional di bagéan médis sacara sukaréla nalika [[Perang Sipil Spanyol]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/no-this-is-a-genuine-revolution/|title=“No. This is a Genuine Revolution”|last=Öğünç|first=David Graeber & Pinar|website=ZNetwork|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indungna, Ruth Rubinstein, datang ti kulawargi [[Yahudi]] [[Polandia]] anu pindah ka [[Amérika Serikat]] di akhir 1920an. Dina dasawarsa 1930an, anjeunna kungsi kuliah, tapi ku lantaran [[Déprési Badag]], anjeunna kapaksa kaluar tuluy digawé di pabrik. Anjeunna mangrupakeun anggota aktip International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, anu ogé aktip di bagéan téater sarékat.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/interviews/finance-is-just-another-word-for-other-peoples-debts/|title=Hannah Chadeayne Appel about debt|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Indung jeung bapa David papanggih sanggeus [[Perang Dunya II]] nalika keur netep di kémah [[Komunis]] ngora. Kolotna Ruth teu ngaku deui ka anakna ku sabab nikah ka urang Jérman, ku kituna anjeunna duaan tuluy ngadumuk di [[Kota New York|New York]], di mana David jeung adina, Eric, gumelar.<ref name=":2" /> Di New York, David tumuwuh di komplék apartemen anu dirojong ku sarikat pagawé, nyaéta [[Penn South]] di Chelsea, [[Manhattan]]. Padumukan ieu diwangun numutkeun kana model koperasi Inggris Rochdale, anu disusun ku 15 gedung apartemen didanaan ti International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Orr|first=Yancey|date=2024-12|title=David Graeber (1961–2020)|url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aman.28020|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=126|issue=4|pages=753–757|doi=10.1111/aman.28020|issn=0002-7294}}</ref> Ti yuswa nu ngora kénéh, David geus ngamimitian ngadukung gagasan-gagasan [[anarkis]], kritis ka [[kapitalisme]], sarta advokasi pikeun [[démokrasi]] langsung ngaliwatan ilubiung dina aksi protés jeung buku-buku. Pangalaman aktivisme politis anjeunna dimimitian di yuswa 7 taun, nalika anjeunna ilubiung dina aksi damai di [[Central Park]], [[Kota New York|New York]] jeung Fire Island. Anjeunna tuluy mimiti jadi anarkis nalika yuswa 16 taun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidgraeber.org/press/john-keith-hart-on-davids-potential-influence-on-anthropologys-future/|title=John Keith Hart on David's potential influence on anthropology's future|website=David Graeber|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Kalibetna anjeunna éta dituluykeun ku sababaraha aksi protés, tuluy ngamimitian dipikawanoh nalika protés ka [[World Trade Organization|Organisasi Dagang Dunia]] (basa [[Inggris]]: [[World Trade Organization]]) di [[Seattle]] taun 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Dituluykeun deui ogé ku protes ka [[International Monetary Fund]] di [[Washington]] taun 2001, sarta anu pang kasohorna ngaliwatan ilubiungna anu signifikan dina koordinasi gerakan Occupy [[Wall Street]] di New York. Tina gerakan Occupy éta, muncul frasa ''"We are the 99%"'' salaku réspon pikeun kateuadilan anu ngaronjat kulantaran sistem kapitalisme ti saprak jaman [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] jeung [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] di taun 1980an.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://oxfordpoliticalreview.com/2020/10/26/david-graeber-1961-2020-a-take-on-his-legacy-as-challenger-of-political-common-sense/|title=David Graeber (1961-2020): a take on his legacy as challenger of political common sense {{!}} Gabriel Levie {{!}} Oxford Political Review|last=Levie|first=Gabriel|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newpol.org/living-as-if-another-world-were-possible-goodbye-david-graeber/|title=Living As If Another World Were Possible: Goodbye, David Graeber!|last=Fischer|first=Dan|website=New Politics|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> Nalika tumuwuh, David dikurilingan ku pangaruh ti filosofi sosialis jeung anarkis, [[musik]] ''folk'', jeung ilubiung dina budaya luhur sacara artistik jeung inteléktual. Mangsa yuswa rumaja, anjeunna narjamahkeun aksara [[hiéroglif]] [[Mayas|Maya]] sarta didukung pikeun nampilkeun hasil karyana hareupeun kurator di Metropolitan Museum of Art. Kurator anu kataji ku karyana éta tuluy mantuan anjeunna sangkan bisa narima béasiswa pikeun sakola menengah luhur di sakola élit Phillips Andover Academy.<ref name=":5" /> Sanggeus taun pertamana di Sarah Lawrence College, David pindah ka State University of New York di Purchase pikeun nuluykeun atikan masteral-na, di widang antropologi. Ti taun 1984-1996 anjeunna nuluykeun atikan doktoral widang antropologi di University of Chicago.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Hart|first=Keith|date=2020-12|title=DAVID GRAEBER (1961‐2020)|url=https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8322.12623|journal=Anthropology Today|language=en|volume=36|issue=6|pages=33–34|doi=10.1111/1467-8322.12623|issn=0268-540X}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Karya == Graeber mangrupakeun panulis ti ''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthopology]]'' jeung ''Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of Our Own Dreams'', anu tuluy disebut "upaya canggih pikeun ngadaméikeun [[Marcel Mauss]] jeung [[Karl Marx]]."<ref name=":7" /> Anjeunna kungsi ngahasilkeun karya-karya [[antropologi]] tina panalungtikan ékstensip di Madagaskar, pikeun disertasina, nyaéta ''The Disastrous Ordeal of 1987: Memory of Violence in Rural Madagascar'', ngeunaan pangbagéan sosial antara katurunan ménak jeung katurunan anu kungsi jadi budak.<ref name=":6" /> Tina disertasi éta, hiji buku, ''Lost People: Magic and the Legacy of Slavery in Madagascar'', dipedalkeun di taun 2007.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lost People: Magic and the Legacy of Slavery in Madagascar|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4NlSUM8OqUAC&redir_esc=y|publisher=Indiana University Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-253-21915-2|language=en|first=David|last=Graeber}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africasacountry.com/2020/09/david-graeber-africanist|title=David Graeber, Africanist|last=Lee|first=Christopher J.|website=Africa Is a Country|publisher=Africa Is a Country}}</ref> === ''Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology'' === {{utama|Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis}}''[[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' (basa [[Basa Indonésia|Indonesia]]: [[Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis]]) mangrupakeun karya ésai Graeber dina wangun séri pamflét anu mimiti dipedal ku Prickly Paradigm Press di taun 2004. Ésai-ésai nu dipedalkeun ngabahas ngeunaan garis besar aréa panalungtikan anu bisa dijalajah ku para ahli pikeun ngajieun hiji struktur nu lengkep ti téori sosial [[anarkis]]. Salian ti éta, dina pedalan ieu oge dibahas ngeunaan alesan can ayana antropologi anarkis, sarta jalan kaluar anu ditawarkeun ku [[anarkisme]] pikeun kabuntuan akademis anu bisa ngajadikeun [[antropologi]] alat pikeun ngubah dunya, dibanding ngan saukur ngahartikeunna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pricklyparadigm.com/fragments-of-an-anarchist-anthropology|title=Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology by David Graeber|website=Prickly Paradigm Press|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology|last=Graeber|first=David|publisher=Pustaka Catut|year=2021|trans-title=Kepingan-Kepingan Antropologi Anarkis|language=id|orig-year=2004}}</ref> === ''Debt: The First 5000 Years'' === Karya monograf Graeber anu mimiti, nyaéta ''Debt: The First 5000 Years'' anu dipedalkeun taun 2011. Karya ieu ngabahas ngeunaan hubungan historis antara hutang jeung institusi sosial, saperti [[barter]], [[Nikah|perkawinan]], babaladan, perbudakan, [[hukum]], [[agama]], [[perang]], jeung [[pamaréntah]]. Pamohalan anu dijéntrékeun dina buku ieu numutkeun kana sajarah jeung antropologi sababaraha [[peradaban]], boh leutik boh gede, ti catatan hutang anu mimiti dipikanyaho ti [[Suméria]] taun 3500 SM nepi ka poé ieu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taylorpearson.me/bookreview/debt-david-graeber-summary/|title=Debt: The First 5000 Years by David Graeber – Summary|website=Taylor Pearson|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-18}}</ref> === ''Bullshit Jobs'' === Kaélmuan Graeber saleuwihna dipokuskeun kana kritik ngeunaan pamohalan-pamohalan birokrasi jeung administrasi, sarta anu ku anjeunna disebut "[[féodalisme]] manajerial." Dina artikel nu ditulis ku anjeunna di taun 2013 pikeun majalah ''STRIKE!''<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://strikemag.org/bullshit-jobs/|title=On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs: A Work Rant|last=Graeber|first=David|website=STRIKE!|publisher=STRIKE! Magazine}}</ref>'','' disebutkeun: <blockquote>''Huge swathes of people, in Europe and North America in particular, spend their entire working lives performing tasks they secretly believe do not really need to be performed.''<ref name=":8" /> (Tarjamahan dina basa Sunda: Kacida loba pisan jelema, di Éropa jeung Amérika Kalér sacara hususna, méakkeun sakabéh mangsa gawéna pikeun ngalaksanakeun tugas-tugas anu cicing-cicing maranéhna yakin yén henteu perlu dikerjakeun) </blockquote>Tina artikel éta, Graeber tuluy nulis buku ''Bullshit Jobs: A Theory,'' anu dipedalkeun taun 2018. Dina buku éta, Graeber ngumpulkeun ratusan téstimoni pakasaban pikeun dijadikeun kumpulan ésai anu ngandung loba anékdot ngeunaan pakasaban.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bullshit Jobs: A Theory by David Graeber review – the myth of capitalist efficiency|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/may/25/bullshit-jobs-a-theory-by-david-graeber-review|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2018-05-25|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Eliane|last=Glaser}}</ref> Gagasan ngeunaan ''bullshit jobs'' ogé dihartikeun ku anjeunna nyaéta [[pakasaban]] anu henteu aya gunana, nepi ka jalma anu ngagawéanna unggal poé ogé nepi ka henteu bisa ngayakinkeun dirina sorangan yén aya alesan masuk akal pikeun ngagawékeun éta pakasaban.<ref>{{Cite news|title=‘I had to guard an empty room’: the rise of the pointless job|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2018/may/04/i-had-to-guard-an-empty-room-the-rise-of-the-pointless-job|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2018-05-04|access-date=2026-10-18|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=David|last=Graeber}}</ref> == Rujukan == 3wqyqyf235wstjhtmwk57ehfsc039vk Citakan:Script/styles arabic.css 10 109264 730528 2026-10-18T14:28:26Z ~2026-55037-88 37566 Nyieun kaca anyar /* {{pp-template}} */ .script-arabic, .script-Arab { font-family: Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,Amiri,'Noto Naskh Arabic','Droid Arabic Naskh',Harmattan,'Arabic Typesetting','Traditional Arabic','Simplified Arabic','Times New Roman',Arial,'Sakkal Majalla','Microsoft Uighur',Calibri,'Microsoft Sans Serif','Segoe UI',serif,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; } 730528 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .script-arabic, .script-Arab { font-family: Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,Amiri,'Noto Naskh Arabic','Droid Arabic Naskh',Harmattan,'Arabic Typesetting','Traditional Arabic','Simplified Arabic','Times New Roman',Arial,'Sakkal Majalla','Microsoft Uighur',Calibri,'Microsoft Sans Serif','Segoe UI',serif,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; } mtaa7dse4csubx4wbc1fpk3j0bn9es4 Revolusi Héjo 0 109265 730545 2026-10-18T23:57:53Z Hasnanf 28942 Hasnanf mindahkeun kaca [[Revolusi Héjo]] ka [[Révolusi Héjo]]: Judul anu salah éja, atawa typo. 730545 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Révolusi Héjo]] bc0ubcp1mu6xd9nit65xf7zxnjq3fzu Citakan:Str sub new 10 109266 730549 2026-10-19T04:04:46Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Nyieun kaca anyar <includeonly>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:String|sub|s={{{1|}}}|i={{{2|1}}}|j={{{3|-1}}}|no_category={{{nocategory|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 730549 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:String|sub|s={{{1|}}}|i={{{2|1}}}|j={{{3|-1}}}|no_category={{{nocategory|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> qriwddbo0kwptijs1wdgwrvbkrnuiqt 730550 730549 2026-10-19T04:04:59Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730550 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:String|sub|s={{{1|}}}|i={{{2|1}}}|j={{{3|-1}}}|no_category={{{nocategory|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokuméntasi}} </noinclude> tfx01ho67984rt36qhlgcnjz03fmvg7 Kategori:Usulan nu masih disawalakeun 14 109267 730551 2026-10-19T04:19:06Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Kategori anyar 730551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{backlog|20}} {{tinacitakan|Status/Usul}} Pikeun sawala nu geus réngsé mangga citakanna diganti <nowiki>{{Status/Usul|done}}</nowiki> [[Kategori:Pamiaraan Wikipédia]] 38ny0gggruaqbp672nfzj71ez42iqil Etnografi 0 109268 730554 2026-10-19T06:09:00Z Pijri Paijar 27067 Pijri Paijar mindahkeun kaca [[Etnografi]] ka [[Étnografi]]: panulisan hurup é 730554 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Étnografi]] 3teyzmwx1nssmuzgbpw4wyf8wrnivsv Étnobiologi 0 109269 730555 2026-10-19T06:25:01Z Pijri Paijar 27067 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Étnobiologi''' sacara konséptual téh mangrupa cabang kaélmuan nu ngulik ngeunaan hubungan antara manusa atawa masarakat di hiji wewengkon jeung lingkungan biologis di sabudeureunna, nu ngawengku [[tutuwuhan]], [[sato]], jeung [[ékosistem]]. Ieu élmu sacara husus fokus kana persépsi jeung konsépsi masarakat tradisional dina neuleuman, ngokolakeun, katut ngamangpaatkeun éta komponén [[biologi]] sangkan aya gunana pikeun kalangsungan hirup maranéhna sapopoé. Di... 730555 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Étnobiologi''' sacara konséptual téh mangrupa cabang kaélmuan nu ngulik ngeunaan hubungan antara manusa atawa masarakat di hiji wewengkon jeung lingkungan biologis di sabudeureunna, nu ngawengku [[tutuwuhan]], [[sato]], jeung [[ékosistem]]. Ieu élmu sacara husus fokus kana persépsi jeung konsépsi masarakat tradisional dina neuleuman, ngokolakeun, katut ngamangpaatkeun éta komponén [[biologi]] sangkan aya gunana pikeun kalangsungan hirup maranéhna sapopoé. Dina praktékna, ruang lingkup ulikan étnobiologi téh lega pisan jeung umumna dibagi jadi sababaraha subdisiplin utama, di antarana nyaéta [[étnobotani]] (interaksi manusa jeung tutuwuhan), [[étnozoologi]] (interaksi manusa jeung sato), sarta [[étnoékologi]] (interaksi manusa jeung ékosistem lingkunganana).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ethnobiology.org/about-ethnobiology/what-is-ethnobiology|title=What is Ethnobiology? {{!}} Society of Ethnobiology|website=ethnobiology.org|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/24067509|title=Ethnobiological classification : principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional societies {{!}} WorldCat.org|website=search.worldcat.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> == Référénsi == k2v3n6tn92k9cmu6n4uyyjexr0s2yso 730556 730555 2026-10-19T06:26:05Z Pijri Paijar 27067 added [[Category:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 730556 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Étnobiologi''' sacara konséptual téh mangrupa cabang kaélmuan nu ngulik ngeunaan hubungan antara manusa atawa masarakat di hiji wewengkon jeung lingkungan biologis di sabudeureunna, nu ngawengku [[tutuwuhan]], [[sato]], jeung [[ékosistem]]. Ieu élmu sacara husus fokus kana persépsi jeung konsépsi masarakat tradisional dina neuleuman, ngokolakeun, katut ngamangpaatkeun éta komponén [[biologi]] sangkan aya gunana pikeun kalangsungan hirup maranéhna sapopoé. Dina praktékna, ruang lingkup ulikan étnobiologi téh lega pisan jeung umumna dibagi jadi sababaraha subdisiplin utama, di antarana nyaéta [[étnobotani]] (interaksi manusa jeung tutuwuhan), [[étnozoologi]] (interaksi manusa jeung sato), sarta [[étnoékologi]] (interaksi manusa jeung ékosistem lingkunganana).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ethnobiology.org/about-ethnobiology/what-is-ethnobiology|title=What is Ethnobiology? {{!}} Society of Ethnobiology|website=ethnobiology.org|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/24067509|title=Ethnobiological classification : principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional societies {{!}} WorldCat.org|website=search.worldcat.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] 0u7pyq3meppyquftj26ga8q1fd8m1rb 730557 730556 2026-10-19T06:27:46Z Pijri Paijar 27067 730557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pondok}} '''Étnobiologi''' sacara konséptual téh mangrupa cabang kaélmuan nu ngulik ngeunaan hubungan antara manusa atawa masarakat di hiji wewengkon jeung lingkungan biologis di sabudeureunna, nu ngawengku [[tutuwuhan]], [[sato]], jeung [[ékosistem]]. Ieu élmu sacara husus fokus kana persépsi jeung konsépsi masarakat tradisional dina neuleuman, ngokolakeun, katut ngamangpaatkeun éta komponén [[biologi]] sangkan aya gunana pikeun kalangsungan hirup maranéhna sapopoé. Dina praktékna, ruang lingkup ulikan étnobiologi téh lega pisan jeung umumna dibagi jadi sababaraha subdisiplin utama, di antarana nyaéta [[étnobotani]] (interaksi manusa jeung tutuwuhan), [[étnozoologi]] (interaksi manusa jeung sato), sarta [[étnoékologi]] (interaksi manusa jeung ékosistem lingkunganana).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ethnobiology.org/about-ethnobiology/what-is-ethnobiology|title=What is Ethnobiology? {{!}} Society of Ethnobiology|website=ethnobiology.org|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/24067509|title=Ethnobiological classification : principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional societies {{!}} WorldCat.org|website=search.worldcat.org|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] b5kx68p441kohqvjdkccjz1n672h09m Topografi 0 109270 730558 2026-10-19T06:36:43Z Pijri Paijar 27067 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Topografi''' téh mangrupa hiji cabang élmu géografi jeung géodési nu ngulik, mapakeun (metakeun), jeung ngagambarkeun wangun, réliéf, sarta karakteristik bentang alam atawa beungeut bumi sacara wincik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topography|title=Definition of TOPOGRAPHY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6225562/a... 730558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Topografi''' téh mangrupa hiji cabang élmu géografi jeung géodési nu ngulik, mapakeun (metakeun), jeung ngagambarkeun wangun, réliéf, sarta karakteristik bentang alam atawa beungeut bumi sacara wincik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topography|title=Definition of TOPOGRAPHY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6225562/apa-itu-topografi-peta-topografi-dan-fungsinya|title=Apa Itu Topografi, Peta Topografi, dan Fungsinya|last=Wulandari|first=Trisna|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.regaeng.com/back-to-basics-in-topography-what-is-it-and-why-you-need-it|title=Back to Basics in Topography: What Is It and Why You Need It|website=REGA Engineering Group}}</ref> Istilah "topografi" asalna tina basa Yunani kuno, nyaéta ''topos'' nu hartina "tempat" jeung ''graphein'' nu hartina "nulis," "ngagambarkeun," atawa "ngalukis".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technogis.co.id/topografi-artinya-definisi-topografi-dan-istilah-terkait/|title=Topografi Artinya: Definisi Topografi dan Istilah Terkait|last=porto456|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> Sacara ésénsial, topografi méré gambaran struktur tilu diménsi tina beungeut bumi kana wangun format dua diménsi (peta atawa modél), nu ngawengku konfigurasi fitur alam (kawas gunung, pasir, léngkob, walungan, jeung situ) atawa fitur kultural/jieunan manusa (kawas jalan, cukang, wangunan, jeung utilitas) katut posisi rélatif jeung katinggian (élévasi) géografisna.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Référénsi == gpuvefuq4i456fm4raf5ar6a5ev0bfd 730559 730558 2026-10-19T06:37:04Z Pijri Paijar 27067 added [[Category:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 730559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Topografi''' téh mangrupa hiji cabang élmu géografi jeung géodési nu ngulik, mapakeun (metakeun), jeung ngagambarkeun wangun, réliéf, sarta karakteristik bentang alam atawa beungeut bumi sacara wincik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topography|title=Definition of TOPOGRAPHY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6225562/apa-itu-topografi-peta-topografi-dan-fungsinya|title=Apa Itu Topografi, Peta Topografi, dan Fungsinya|last=Wulandari|first=Trisna|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.regaeng.com/back-to-basics-in-topography-what-is-it-and-why-you-need-it|title=Back to Basics in Topography: What Is It and Why You Need It|website=REGA Engineering Group}}</ref> Istilah "topografi" asalna tina basa Yunani kuno, nyaéta ''topos'' nu hartina "tempat" jeung ''graphein'' nu hartina "nulis," "ngagambarkeun," atawa "ngalukis".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technogis.co.id/topografi-artinya-definisi-topografi-dan-istilah-terkait/|title=Topografi Artinya: Definisi Topografi dan Istilah Terkait|last=porto456|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> Sacara ésénsial, topografi méré gambaran struktur tilu diménsi tina beungeut bumi kana wangun format dua diménsi (peta atawa modél), nu ngawengku konfigurasi fitur alam (kawas gunung, pasir, léngkob, walungan, jeung situ) atawa fitur kultural/jieunan manusa (kawas jalan, cukang, wangunan, jeung utilitas) katut posisi rélatif jeung katinggian (élévasi) géografisna.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] tq4ybtm2fvx9sopj24pfq5fgu79ih07 730560 730559 2026-10-19T06:37:25Z Pijri Paijar 27067 730560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Topografi''' mangrupa hiji cabang élmu géografi jeung géodési nu ngulik, mapakeun (metakeun), jeung ngagambarkeun wangun, réliéf, sarta karakteristik bentang alam atawa beungeut bumi sacara wincik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topography|title=Definition of TOPOGRAPHY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6225562/apa-itu-topografi-peta-topografi-dan-fungsinya|title=Apa Itu Topografi, Peta Topografi, dan Fungsinya|last=Wulandari|first=Trisna|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.regaeng.com/back-to-basics-in-topography-what-is-it-and-why-you-need-it|title=Back to Basics in Topography: What Is It and Why You Need It|website=REGA Engineering Group}}</ref> Istilah "topografi" asalna tina basa Yunani kuno, nyaéta ''topos'' nu hartina "tempat" jeung ''graphein'' nu hartina "nulis," "ngagambarkeun," atawa "ngalukis".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technogis.co.id/topografi-artinya-definisi-topografi-dan-istilah-terkait/|title=Topografi Artinya: Definisi Topografi dan Istilah Terkait|last=porto456|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> Sacara ésénsial, topografi méré gambaran struktur tilu diménsi tina beungeut bumi kana wangun format dua diménsi (peta atawa modél), nu ngawengku konfigurasi fitur alam (kawas gunung, pasir, léngkob, walungan, jeung situ) atawa fitur kultural/jieunan manusa (kawas jalan, cukang, wangunan, jeung utilitas) katut posisi rélatif jeung katinggian (élévasi) géografisna.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] rhh0ld8rc06isaeanquuae3vdcbbye9 730561 730560 2026-10-19T06:39:35Z Pijri Paijar 27067 730561 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Topografi''' mangrupa hiji cabang élmu [[géografi]] jeung géodési nu ngulik, mapakeun (metakeun), jeung ngagambarkeun wangun, réliéf, sarta karakteristik bentang alam atawa beungeut bumi sacara wincik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topography|title=Definition of TOPOGRAPHY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6225562/apa-itu-topografi-peta-topografi-dan-fungsinya|title=Apa Itu Topografi, Peta Topografi, dan Fungsinya|last=Wulandari|first=Trisna|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.regaeng.com/back-to-basics-in-topography-what-is-it-and-why-you-need-it|title=Back to Basics in Topography: What Is It and Why You Need It|website=REGA Engineering Group}}</ref> Istilah "topografi" asalna tina [[basa Yunani kuno]], nyaéta ''topos'' nu hartina "tempat" jeung ''graphein'' nu hartina "nulis," "ngagambarkeun," atawa "ngalukis".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technogis.co.id/topografi-artinya-definisi-topografi-dan-istilah-terkait/|title=Topografi Artinya: Definisi Topografi dan Istilah Terkait|last=porto456|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> Sacara ésénsial, topografi méré gambaran struktur tilu diménsi tina beungeut bumi kana wangun format dua diménsi ([[Peta géologis|peta]] atawa modél), nu ngawengku konfigurasi fitur alam (kawas [[gunung]], [[pasir]], [[léngkob]], [[walungan]], jeung [[situ]]) atawa fitur kultural/jieunan manusa (kawas [[jalan]], [[cukang]], [[wangunan]], jeung [[utilitas]]) katut posisi rélatif jeung katinggian (élévasi) géografisna.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] 8cuopkwujmy6ynluf19i68rgqo7ro2a 730562 730561 2026-10-19T06:45:09Z Pijri Paijar 27067 730562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Topografi''' mangrupa hiji cabang élmu [[géografi]] jeung géodési nu ngulik, mapakeun (metakeun), jeung ngagambarkeun wangun, réliéf, sarta karakteristik bentang alam atawa beungeut bumi sacara wincik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topography|title=Definition of TOPOGRAPHY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6225562/apa-itu-topografi-peta-topografi-dan-fungsinya|title=Apa Itu Topografi, Peta Topografi, dan Fungsinya|last=Wulandari|first=Trisna|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.regaeng.com/back-to-basics-in-topography-what-is-it-and-why-you-need-it|title=Back to Basics in Topography: What Is It and Why You Need It|website=REGA Engineering Group}}</ref> Istilah "topografi" asalna tina [[basa Yunani kuno]], nyaéta ''topos'' nu hartina "tempat" jeung ''graphein'' nu hartina "nulis," "ngagambarkeun," atawa "ngalukis".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.technogis.co.id/topografi-artinya-definisi-topografi-dan-istilah-terkait/|title=Topografi Artinya: Definisi Topografi dan Istilah Terkait|last=|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> Sacara ésénsial, topografi méré gambaran struktur tilu diménsi tina beungeut bumi kana wangun format dua diménsi ([[Peta géologis|peta]] atawa modél), nu ngawengku konfigurasi fitur alam (kawas [[gunung]], [[pasir]], [[léngkob]], [[walungan]], jeung [[situ]]) atawa fitur kultural/jieunan manusa (kawas [[jalan]], [[cukang]], [[wangunan]], jeung [[utilitas]]) katut posisi rélatif jeung katinggian (élévasi) géografisna.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Répreséntasi == Répréséntasi utama tina data topografi téh nyaéta [[peta topografi]].<ref name=":2" /> Béda jeung peta biasa, peta topografi nyajikeun gambaran réliéf atawa luhur-handapna beungeut bumi nu diukur kana hiji datum vertikal (kawas rata-rata beungeut cai laut/Luhur Beungeut Cai Laut).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://bpiw.pu.go.id/bankdata/dictionary/words?q=topografi&id=1373|title=Topografi|website=Kamus Badan Pengembangan Infrastruktur Wilayah (BPIW) - Kementerian PUPR RI.}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Fitur pang-hasna tina hiji peta topografi nyaéta ayana [[garis kontur]] (garis élévasi).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Garis kontur téh mangrupa garis implengan (hayal) dina peta nu nyambungkeun titik-titik di beungeut bumi nu boga tingkat katinggian nu sarua.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Tingkat kerepna (kerapatan) garis kontur ieu téh informatif pisan; garis kontur nu jarakna kerep némbongkeun médan atawa daérah nu curam jeung lungkawing, sedengkeun garis kontur nu anggang némbongkeun médan nu landéy atawa datar.<ref name=":2" /> Kaakuratan informasi dina ieu peta ogé ditangtukeun pisan ku skalana (leutik, sedeng, atawa gedé), di mana skala nu leuwih gedé bakal ngahasilkeun gambaran posisi data di lapangan nu jauh leuwih akurat jeung wincik.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] ejjd963ysximwp8rwhw84p6xvyykwig 730563 730562 2026-10-19T06:47:10Z Pijri Paijar 27067 730563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Topografi''' mangrupa hiji cabang élmu [[géografi]] jeung géodési nu ngulik, mapakeun (metakeun), jeung ngagambarkeun wangun, réliéf, sarta karakteristik bentang alam atawa beungeut bumi sacara wincik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topography|title=Definition of TOPOGRAPHY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6225562/apa-itu-topografi-peta-topografi-dan-fungsinya|title=Apa Itu Topografi, Peta Topografi, dan Fungsinya|last=Wulandari|first=Trisna|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.regaeng.com/back-to-basics-in-topography-what-is-it-and-why-you-need-it|title=Back to Basics in Topography: What Is It and Why You Need It|website=REGA Engineering Group}}</ref> Istilah "topografi" asalna tina [[basa Yunani kuno]], nyaéta ''topos'' nu hartina "tempat" jeung ''graphein'' nu hartina "nulis," "ngagambarkeun," atawa "ngalukis".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.technogis.co.id/topografi-artinya-definisi-topografi-dan-istilah-terkait/|title=Topografi Artinya: Definisi Topografi dan Istilah Terkait|last=|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> Sacara ésénsial, topografi méré gambaran struktur tilu diménsi tina beungeut bumi kana wangun format dua diménsi ([[Peta géologis|peta]] atawa modél), nu ngawengku konfigurasi fitur alam (kawas [[gunung]], [[pasir]], [[léngkob]], [[walungan]], jeung [[situ]]) atawa fitur kultural/jieunan manusa (kawas [[jalan]], [[cukang]], [[wangunan]], jeung [[utilitas]]) katut posisi rélatif jeung katinggian (élévasi) géografisna.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Répreséntasi == Répréséntasi utama tina data topografi téh nyaéta [[peta topografi]].<ref name=":2" /> Béda jeung peta biasa, peta topografi nyajikeun gambaran réliéf atawa luhur-handapna beungeut bumi nu diukur kana hiji datum vertikal (kawas rata-rata beungeut cai laut/Luhur Beungeut Cai Laut).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://bpiw.pu.go.id/bankdata/dictionary/words?q=topografi&id=1373|title=Topografi|website=Kamus Badan Pengembangan Infrastruktur Wilayah (BPIW) - Kementerian PUPR RI.}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Fitur pang-hasna tina hiji peta topografi nyaéta ayana [[garis kontur]] (garis élévasi).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Garis kontur téh mangrupa garis implengan (hayal) dina peta nu nyambungkeun titik-titik di beungeut bumi nu boga tingkat katinggian nu sarua.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Tingkat kerepna (kerapatan) garis kontur ieu téh informatif pisan; garis kontur nu jarakna kerep némbongkeun médan atawa daérah nu curam jeung lungkawing, sedengkeun garis kontur nu anggang némbongkeun médan nu landéy atawa datar.<ref name=":2" /> Kaakuratan informasi dina ieu peta ogé ditangtukeun pisan ku skalana (leutik, sedeng, atawa gedé), di mana skala nu leuwih gedé bakal ngahasilkeun gambaran posisi data di lapangan nu jauh leuwih akurat jeung wincik.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> == Kagunaan == Pamahaman ngeunaan topografi boga peran jeung fungsi nu vital pisan salaku fondasi dina rupa-rupa disiplin rékayasa (kawas [[Rékayasa sipil|téhnik sipil]] jeung [[téhnik lingkungan]]), rarancang tata ruang, nepi ka manajemén bencana.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Fungsi utama peta jeung survei topografi di antarana nyaéta: == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] qy7sap88q8i3g75akxbz520fiuoagwn 730564 730563 2026-10-19T06:49:24Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Kagunaan */ 730564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Topografi''' mangrupa hiji cabang élmu [[géografi]] jeung géodési nu ngulik, mapakeun (metakeun), jeung ngagambarkeun wangun, réliéf, sarta karakteristik bentang alam atawa beungeut bumi sacara wincik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topography|title=Definition of TOPOGRAPHY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6225562/apa-itu-topografi-peta-topografi-dan-fungsinya|title=Apa Itu Topografi, Peta Topografi, dan Fungsinya|last=Wulandari|first=Trisna|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.regaeng.com/back-to-basics-in-topography-what-is-it-and-why-you-need-it|title=Back to Basics in Topography: What Is It and Why You Need It|website=REGA Engineering Group}}</ref> Istilah "topografi" asalna tina [[basa Yunani kuno]], nyaéta ''topos'' nu hartina "tempat" jeung ''graphein'' nu hartina "nulis," "ngagambarkeun," atawa "ngalukis".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.technogis.co.id/topografi-artinya-definisi-topografi-dan-istilah-terkait/|title=Topografi Artinya: Definisi Topografi dan Istilah Terkait|last=|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> Sacara ésénsial, topografi méré gambaran struktur tilu diménsi tina beungeut bumi kana wangun format dua diménsi ([[Peta géologis|peta]] atawa modél), nu ngawengku konfigurasi fitur alam (kawas [[gunung]], [[pasir]], [[léngkob]], [[walungan]], jeung [[situ]]) atawa fitur kultural/jieunan manusa (kawas [[jalan]], [[cukang]], [[wangunan]], jeung [[utilitas]]) katut posisi rélatif jeung katinggian (élévasi) géografisna.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Répreséntasi == Répréséntasi utama tina data topografi téh nyaéta [[peta topografi]].<ref name=":2" /> Béda jeung peta biasa, peta topografi nyajikeun gambaran réliéf atawa luhur-handapna beungeut bumi nu diukur kana hiji datum vertikal (kawas rata-rata beungeut cai laut/Luhur Beungeut Cai Laut).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://bpiw.pu.go.id/bankdata/dictionary/words?q=topografi&id=1373|title=Topografi|website=Kamus Badan Pengembangan Infrastruktur Wilayah (BPIW) - Kementerian PUPR RI.}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Fitur pang-hasna tina hiji peta topografi nyaéta ayana [[garis kontur]] (garis élévasi).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Garis kontur téh mangrupa garis implengan (hayal) dina peta nu nyambungkeun titik-titik di beungeut bumi nu boga tingkat katinggian nu sarua.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Tingkat kerepna (kerapatan) garis kontur ieu téh informatif pisan; garis kontur nu jarakna kerep némbongkeun médan atawa daérah nu curam jeung lungkawing, sedengkeun garis kontur nu anggang némbongkeun médan nu landéy atawa datar.<ref name=":2" /> Kaakuratan informasi dina ieu peta ogé ditangtukeun pisan ku skalana (leutik, sedeng, atawa gedé), di mana skala nu leuwih gedé bakal ngahasilkeun gambaran posisi data di lapangan nu jauh leuwih akurat jeung wincik.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> == Kagunaan == Pamahaman ngeunaan topografi boga peran jeung fungsi nu vital pisan salaku fondasi dina rupa-rupa disiplin rékayasa (kawas [[Rékayasa sipil|téhnik sipil]] jeung [[téhnik lingkungan]]), rarancang tata ruang, nepi ka manajemén bencana.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Fungsi utama peta jeung survei topografi di antarana nyaéta: === Rarancang tata letak (s''ite'' ''planning'') === Méré data dasar nu akurat pisan ngeunaan kaayaan lahan sangkan para [[insinyur]] jeung [[Arsitek|arsiték]] bisa ngarancang tata letak (pangwangunan jalan, rél karéta, gedong, jeung fasilitas publik) sacara presisi, pikeun nyegah kasalahan konstruksi jeung neken résiko gagalna struktur.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] m2u9jaydvwekemo9xz649jhpsltiiok 730565 730564 2026-10-19T06:51:21Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Kagunaan */ 730565 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Topografi''' mangrupa hiji cabang élmu [[géografi]] jeung géodési nu ngulik, mapakeun (metakeun), jeung ngagambarkeun wangun, réliéf, sarta karakteristik bentang alam atawa beungeut bumi sacara wincik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topography|title=Definition of TOPOGRAPHY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6225562/apa-itu-topografi-peta-topografi-dan-fungsinya|title=Apa Itu Topografi, Peta Topografi, dan Fungsinya|last=Wulandari|first=Trisna|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.regaeng.com/back-to-basics-in-topography-what-is-it-and-why-you-need-it|title=Back to Basics in Topography: What Is It and Why You Need It|website=REGA Engineering Group}}</ref> Istilah "topografi" asalna tina [[basa Yunani kuno]], nyaéta ''topos'' nu hartina "tempat" jeung ''graphein'' nu hartina "nulis," "ngagambarkeun," atawa "ngalukis".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.technogis.co.id/topografi-artinya-definisi-topografi-dan-istilah-terkait/|title=Topografi Artinya: Definisi Topografi dan Istilah Terkait|last=|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> Sacara ésénsial, topografi méré gambaran struktur tilu diménsi tina beungeut bumi kana wangun format dua diménsi ([[Peta géologis|peta]] atawa modél), nu ngawengku konfigurasi fitur alam (kawas [[gunung]], [[pasir]], [[léngkob]], [[walungan]], jeung [[situ]]) atawa fitur kultural/jieunan manusa (kawas [[jalan]], [[cukang]], [[wangunan]], jeung [[utilitas]]) katut posisi rélatif jeung katinggian (élévasi) géografisna.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Répreséntasi == Répréséntasi utama tina data topografi téh nyaéta [[peta topografi]].<ref name=":2" /> Béda jeung peta biasa, peta topografi nyajikeun gambaran réliéf atawa luhur-handapna beungeut bumi nu diukur kana hiji datum vertikal (kawas rata-rata beungeut cai laut/Luhur Beungeut Cai Laut).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://bpiw.pu.go.id/bankdata/dictionary/words?q=topografi&id=1373|title=Topografi|website=Kamus Badan Pengembangan Infrastruktur Wilayah (BPIW) - Kementerian PUPR RI.}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Fitur pang-hasna tina hiji peta topografi nyaéta ayana [[garis kontur]] (garis élévasi).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Garis kontur téh mangrupa garis implengan (hayal) dina peta nu nyambungkeun titik-titik di beungeut bumi nu boga tingkat katinggian nu sarua.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Tingkat kerepna (kerapatan) garis kontur ieu téh informatif pisan; garis kontur nu jarakna kerep némbongkeun médan atawa daérah nu curam jeung lungkawing, sedengkeun garis kontur nu anggang némbongkeun médan nu landéy atawa datar.<ref name=":2" /> Kaakuratan informasi dina ieu peta ogé ditangtukeun pisan ku skalana (leutik, sedeng, atawa gedé), di mana skala nu leuwih gedé bakal ngahasilkeun gambaran posisi data di lapangan nu jauh leuwih akurat jeung wincik.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> == Kagunaan == Pamahaman ngeunaan topografi boga peran jeung fungsi nu vital pisan salaku fondasi dina rupa-rupa disiplin rékayasa (kawas [[Rékayasa sipil|téhnik sipil]] jeung [[téhnik lingkungan]]), rarancang tata ruang, nepi ka manajemén bencana.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Fungsi utama peta jeung survei topografi di antarana nyaéta: === Rarancang tata letak (s''ite'' ''planning'') === Méré data dasar nu akurat pisan ngeunaan kaayaan lahan sangkan para [[insinyur]] jeung [[Arsitek|arsiték]] bisa ngarancang tata letak (pangwangunan jalan, rél karéta, gedong, jeung fasilitas publik) sacara presisi, pikeun nyegah kasalahan konstruksi jeung neken résiko gagalna struktur.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> === Manajemén sistim drainase === Mantuan dina ngukur condongna lahan (gradién) pikeun nganalisis pola aliran cai beungeut, ngarancang sistem tata kelola cai hujan (''stormwater''), mitigasi résiko banjir, sarta nyegah [[érosi]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] li9lrocozadb1qimowwnr9tk3cpk12m 730567 730565 2026-10-19T06:53:03Z Pijri Paijar 27067 /* Kagunaan */ 730567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Topografi''' mangrupa hiji cabang élmu [[géografi]] jeung géodési nu ngulik, mapakeun (metakeun), jeung ngagambarkeun wangun, réliéf, sarta karakteristik bentang alam atawa beungeut bumi sacara wincik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topography|title=Definition of TOPOGRAPHY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6225562/apa-itu-topografi-peta-topografi-dan-fungsinya|title=Apa Itu Topografi, Peta Topografi, dan Fungsinya|last=Wulandari|first=Trisna|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.regaeng.com/back-to-basics-in-topography-what-is-it-and-why-you-need-it|title=Back to Basics in Topography: What Is It and Why You Need It|website=REGA Engineering Group}}</ref> Istilah "topografi" asalna tina [[basa Yunani kuno]], nyaéta ''topos'' nu hartina "tempat" jeung ''graphein'' nu hartina "nulis," "ngagambarkeun," atawa "ngalukis".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.technogis.co.id/topografi-artinya-definisi-topografi-dan-istilah-terkait/|title=Topografi Artinya: Definisi Topografi dan Istilah Terkait|last=|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> Sacara ésénsial, topografi méré gambaran struktur tilu diménsi tina beungeut bumi kana wangun format dua diménsi ([[Peta géologis|peta]] atawa modél), nu ngawengku konfigurasi fitur alam (kawas [[gunung]], [[pasir]], [[léngkob]], [[walungan]], jeung [[situ]]) atawa fitur kultural/jieunan manusa (kawas [[jalan]], [[cukang]], [[wangunan]], jeung [[utilitas]]) katut posisi rélatif jeung katinggian (élévasi) géografisna.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Répreséntasi == Répréséntasi utama tina data topografi téh nyaéta [[peta topografi]].<ref name=":2" /> Béda jeung peta biasa, peta topografi nyajikeun gambaran réliéf atawa luhur-handapna beungeut bumi nu diukur kana hiji datum vertikal (kawas rata-rata beungeut cai laut/Luhur Beungeut Cai Laut).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://bpiw.pu.go.id/bankdata/dictionary/words?q=topografi&id=1373|title=Topografi|website=Kamus Badan Pengembangan Infrastruktur Wilayah (BPIW) - Kementerian PUPR RI.}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Fitur pang-hasna tina hiji peta topografi nyaéta ayana [[garis kontur]] (garis élévasi).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Garis kontur téh mangrupa garis implengan (hayal) dina peta nu nyambungkeun titik-titik di beungeut bumi nu boga tingkat katinggian nu sarua.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Tingkat kerepna (kerapatan) garis kontur ieu téh informatif pisan; garis kontur nu jarakna kerep némbongkeun médan atawa daérah nu curam jeung lungkawing, sedengkeun garis kontur nu anggang némbongkeun médan nu landéy atawa datar.<ref name=":2" /> Kaakuratan informasi dina ieu peta ogé ditangtukeun pisan ku skalana (leutik, sedeng, atawa gedé), di mana skala nu leuwih gedé bakal ngahasilkeun gambaran posisi data di lapangan nu jauh leuwih akurat jeung wincik.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> == Kagunaan == Pamahaman ngeunaan topografi boga peran jeung fungsi nu vital pisan salaku fondasi dina rupa-rupa disiplin rékayasa (kawas [[Rékayasa sipil|téhnik sipil]] jeung [[téhnik lingkungan]]), rarancang tata ruang, nepi ka manajemén bencana.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Fungsi utama peta jeung survei topografi di antarana nyaéta: === Rarancang tata letak (s''ite'' ''planning'') === Méré data dasar nu akurat pisan ngeunaan kaayaan lahan sangkan para [[insinyur]] jeung [[Arsitek|arsiték]] bisa ngarancang tata letak (pangwangunan jalan, rél karéta, gedong, jeung fasilitas publik) sacara presisi, pikeun nyegah kasalahan konstruksi jeung neken résiko gagalna struktur.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> === Manajemén sistim drainase === Mantuan dina ngukur condongna lahan (gradién) pikeun nganalisis pola aliran cai beungeut, ngarancang sistem tata kelola cai hujan (''stormwater''), mitigasi résiko banjir, sarta nyegah [[érosi]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> === Navigasi jeung éksplorasi luar rohangan === Umumna dipaké ku para pamanjat gawir, pandaki, panggiat alam liar, jeung personil militér pikeun nangtukeun rute lalampahan nu aman ngaliwatan idéntifikasi variasi médan. === Konsérvasi lingkungan === Mantuan mapakeun jeung ngajénan (menilai) daérah-daérah ékologis nu sénsitif (kawas lahan baseuh atawa habitat kritis) sangkan teu keuna ku pangaruh ruksakna alatan pangwangunan infrastruktur, sakaligus ngarojong kapatuhan kana régulasi perijinan lahan (zonasi). == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] ej5e9w7sw9xz482fcmx0pvwbdwpk446 730568 730567 2026-10-19T06:53:57Z Pijri Paijar 27067 730568 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Peta topografi kaldera Beratan, Bali.png|jmpl|Conto peta topografi]] '''Topografi''' mangrupa hiji cabang élmu [[géografi]] jeung géodési nu ngulik, mapakeun (metakeun), jeung ngagambarkeun wangun, réliéf, sarta karakteristik bentang alam atawa beungeut bumi sacara wincik.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/topography|title=Definition of TOPOGRAPHY|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-6225562/apa-itu-topografi-peta-topografi-dan-fungsinya|title=Apa Itu Topografi, Peta Topografi, dan Fungsinya|last=Wulandari|first=Trisna|website=detikedu|language=id-ID|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.regaeng.com/back-to-basics-in-topography-what-is-it-and-why-you-need-it|title=Back to Basics in Topography: What Is It and Why You Need It|website=REGA Engineering Group}}</ref> Istilah "topografi" asalna tina [[basa Yunani kuno]], nyaéta ''topos'' nu hartina "tempat" jeung ''graphein'' nu hartina "nulis," "ngagambarkeun," atawa "ngalukis".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.technogis.co.id/topografi-artinya-definisi-topografi-dan-istilah-terkait/|title=Topografi Artinya: Definisi Topografi dan Istilah Terkait|last=|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-19}}</ref> Sacara ésénsial, topografi méré gambaran struktur tilu diménsi tina beungeut bumi kana wangun format dua diménsi ([[Peta géologis|peta]] atawa modél), nu ngawengku konfigurasi fitur alam (kawas [[gunung]], [[pasir]], [[léngkob]], [[walungan]], jeung [[situ]]) atawa fitur kultural/jieunan manusa (kawas [[jalan]], [[cukang]], [[wangunan]], jeung [[utilitas]]) katut posisi rélatif jeung katinggian (élévasi) géografisna.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Répreséntasi == Répréséntasi utama tina data topografi téh nyaéta [[peta topografi]].<ref name=":2" /> Béda jeung peta biasa, peta topografi nyajikeun gambaran réliéf atawa luhur-handapna beungeut bumi nu diukur kana hiji datum vertikal (kawas rata-rata beungeut cai laut/Luhur Beungeut Cai Laut).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://bpiw.pu.go.id/bankdata/dictionary/words?q=topografi&id=1373|title=Topografi|website=Kamus Badan Pengembangan Infrastruktur Wilayah (BPIW) - Kementerian PUPR RI.}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Fitur pang-hasna tina hiji peta topografi nyaéta ayana [[garis kontur]] (garis élévasi).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Garis kontur téh mangrupa garis implengan (hayal) dina peta nu nyambungkeun titik-titik di beungeut bumi nu boga tingkat katinggian nu sarua.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Tingkat kerepna (kerapatan) garis kontur ieu téh informatif pisan; garis kontur nu jarakna kerep némbongkeun médan atawa daérah nu curam jeung lungkawing, sedengkeun garis kontur nu anggang némbongkeun médan nu landéy atawa datar.<ref name=":2" /> Kaakuratan informasi dina ieu peta ogé ditangtukeun pisan ku skalana (leutik, sedeng, atawa gedé), di mana skala nu leuwih gedé bakal ngahasilkeun gambaran posisi data di lapangan nu jauh leuwih akurat jeung wincik.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> == Kagunaan == Pamahaman ngeunaan topografi boga peran jeung fungsi nu vital pisan salaku fondasi dina rupa-rupa disiplin rékayasa (kawas [[Rékayasa sipil|téhnik sipil]] jeung [[téhnik lingkungan]]), rarancang tata ruang, nepi ka manajemén bencana.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Fungsi utama peta jeung survei topografi di antarana nyaéta: === Rarancang tata letak (s''ite'' ''planning'') === Méré data dasar nu akurat pisan ngeunaan kaayaan lahan sangkan para [[insinyur]] jeung [[Arsitek|arsiték]] bisa ngarancang tata letak (pangwangunan jalan, rél karéta, gedong, jeung fasilitas publik) sacara presisi, pikeun nyegah kasalahan konstruksi jeung neken résiko gagalna struktur.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> === Manajemén sistim drainase === Mantuan dina ngukur condongna lahan (gradién) pikeun nganalisis pola aliran cai beungeut, ngarancang sistem tata kelola cai hujan (''stormwater''), mitigasi résiko banjir, sarta nyegah [[érosi]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> === Navigasi jeung éksplorasi luar rohangan === Umumna dipaké ku para pamanjat gawir, pandaki, panggiat alam liar, jeung personil militér pikeun nangtukeun rute lalampahan nu aman ngaliwatan idéntifikasi variasi médan. === Konsérvasi lingkungan === Mantuan mapakeun jeung ngajénan (menilai) daérah-daérah ékologis nu sénsitif (kawas lahan baseuh atawa habitat kritis) sangkan teu keuna ku pangaruh ruksakna alatan pangwangunan infrastruktur, sakaligus ngarojong kapatuhan kana régulasi perijinan lahan (zonasi). == Référénsi == [[Kategori:Bulan Wiki Junghuhn]] 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