Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 1708 730602 707643 2026-10-20T12:48:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 730602 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{sprotect}}--> {{Islam}} '''Al Qur'ān''' <ref>{{audio|Quran.ogg|Arabic pronunciation}}</ref> ([[basa Arab]]: '''{{ar| القرآن }}''' ''{{ArabDIN|al-qurʼān}}'', sacara harfiah hartina "bacaan"; disebut ogé ''{{ArabDIN|al-qurʼān al-karīm}}'' "Al Qur'an nu Mulya"; ogé [[transliterasi basa Arab|ditransliterasikeun]] minangka '''Quran''', '''Koran''' (istilah tradisional di Inggris), jeung '''Al-Quran'''), nyaéta [[téks rélijius]] séntral dina ajaran [[Islam]]. [[Muslim]] percaya yén Al Qur'an mangrupa kecap harfiah ti [[Gusti]] (basa Arab [[Allah]]) nu diwahyukeun ka Nabi [[Muhammad]] ﷺ, salila 22 taun, 2 bulan 22 poé ngaliwatan perantara malaikat [[Jibril]] sarta mangrupa wahyu pamungkas ti Gusti Allah pikeun umat manusa. Qur'an nyaritakeun kajadian-kajadian picontoeun dina sajarah manusa, utamana ngeunaan para nabi saméméh Muhammad kayaning [[Nabi Nuh|Nuh]], [[Adam]], [[Ibrahim]], [[Nabi musa|Musa]], [[Isa]], jeung nu séjénna. Muslim ogé nyebut Al Qur'an minangka "Wasiat Pamungkas", "Kitab", "Kitab Gusti Allah" sarta "Wahyu." == Étimologi == Dina [[tata basa]] Arab, kecap "qur'an" mangrupa masdar ([[kecap barang verbal]]) tina kecap gawé basa Arab قرأ ''qoro'a'' ("maca" atawa "nyaritakeun"<ref>BYU Studies, vol. 40, nomer 4, 2001. Kaca 52</ref><ref>[http://www.hawahome.com/books/open.php?cat=16&book=468 Lisan al-Arab] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060905194548/http://www.hawahome.com/books/open.php?cat=16&book=468 |date=2006-09-05 }}</ref>. Kecap ieu digunakeun dina Al Qur'an sorangan minangka istilah keur Al Qur'an, misalna dina Q.S [[Yusuf (surat)|12]]:2: :''Satemenna kami nurunkeunana (ayat-ayat kitab) mangrupa Qur'an dina basa Arab, ngarah aranjeun ngarti.'' == Format Al Qur'an == [[Gambar:Opened Qur'an.jpg|thumb|250px|Salinan Al Qur'an nu geus dibuka siap dibaca.]] {{utama|Surat}} Al Qur'an eusina aya [[114 (nomer)|114]] [[surat]] kalawan total 6236 [[ayat]]. === Apalan Al Qur'an === Kecap ''Qur'an'' ogé biasana ditarjamahkeun minangka "apalan," nu nunjukkeun yén Qur'an lain ngan saukur téks, tapi ogé geus ditepikeun sacara lisan di sagédéngeun ngaliwatan téks. Pikeun ngalengkepan sampurnana [[solat]], mangrupa kawajiban dina Islam, nyaéta nyaratkeun ngapal saeutikna sababaraha [[surat]] dina Al qur'an (biasana dimimitina ku surat kahiji, [[Al Fatihah]], dituluykeun ku maca surat séjénna). Saméméh bisa maca Al Fatihah, hiji Muslim bisa maca "pupujian keur Alloh" salila solat. Jalma anu apal sakabéh bacaan Al Qur'an disebut [[qari'|qori']] (قَارٍئ) atawa [[hafiz]] (nu berurutan hartina "nu apal" atawa "nu ngajaga"). Nabi Muhammad mangrupa hafiz pertama. ''[[Tilawah]]'' تلاوة Al Qur'an mangrupa kasenian nu hadé di dunya Muslim. == Tapsir Qur'an == Pitulung pangpentinga dina [[tapsir|napsirkeun]] harti ayat-ayat Qur'an nyaéta [[Hadis|Hadits]] - kumpulan tradisi Islam (kagiatan jeung sasanggeman Nabi Muhammad). Élmu [[isnad]] tumuwuh dina mangsa munggaran abad Hijriyah, nu usaha ngagolongkeun sasanggeman/béja hadits dumasar bisa henteu dipercayana jalma nu nepikeun hadis. Tapsir Qur'an satuluyna tumuwuh jadi hiji élmu mandiri nu disebut ''élmu tapsir''. Di antaran élmuwan nu kawentar nyaéta [[Tabari]], [[Zamakhshari|Zamakhshori]], [[Turmudhi]], [[Ibn Kathir]]. == Jinis-jinis Tapsir == Al-Sayyid Muhammad 'Ali Aayazi dian kitabna Al-Mufassirun ngabagi tapsir jadi sasabaraha rupa, nyaéta: # Kutubu Tafsir al-Fuqaha (kitab-kitab tafsir ahli fikih) # Tafasir 'ala Hasbi Tartib al Nuzul (tapsir numutkeun kana tartib turunna ayat al-Qur'an) # Kutubu al-Tafsir bi al-Ma'tsur (kitab-kitab anu dumasar kana ayat al-Qur'an ditapsirkeun kana ayat al-Qur'an, ayat al-Qur'an ditapsirkeun kanu hadis, jeung ayat al-Qur'an ditapsirkeun dumasar kana riwayat sahabat) == Struktur jeung Babagian == [[Al-Qur'an]] (ᮃᮜ᮪-ᮋᮥᮁᮇᮔ᮪) diwangun ku sababaraha ''unit'' babagian anu disusun sacara sistematis. Ieu di handap mangrupakeun ''statistik'' sarta babagian utama dina Al-Qur'an dumasar kana standar Mushaf Al-Madinah sarta Mushaf Standar Indonésia: === Statistik Utama === * '''Surah:''' Al-Qur'an ngawengku '''114 surah'''. Surah pangpanjangna nyaéta [[Al-Baqarah]] (286 ayat) sarta anu pangpondokna nyaéta [[Al-Kautsar]] (3 ayat).<ref name="KemenagStat">{{cite web |url=https://quran.kemenag.go.id/ |title=Lajnah Pentashihan Mushaf Al-Qur'an |publisher=Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> * '''Ayat:''' Dumasar kana riwayat [[Hafsh]] ti Imam [[Ashim]] (anu loba dipaké di dunya Islam), jumlah ayatna nyaéta '''6.236 ayat'''.<ref name="AlAzhar">{{cite book |last=Al-Qattan |first=Manna' |title=Mabahith fi Ulum al-Qur'an |year=1973 |publisher=Manshurat al-Asr al-Hadith}}</ref> * '''Kecap jeung Hurup:''' Al-Qur'an ngawengku kira-kira '''77.439 kecap''' sarta '''323.015 hurup'''.<ref name="Itqan">{{cite book |last=Al-Suyuti |first=Jalaluddin |title=Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an |publisher=Dar al-Fikr}}</ref> === Babagian Administratif === Pikeun ngagampangkeun dina maca sarta ngapalkeun, para ulama ngabagi Al-Qur'an kana sababaraha bagian: * '''[[Juz]]:''' Al-Qur'an dibagi jadi '''30 juz''' anu méh sarua panjangna. * '''[[Hizb]]:''' Unggal juz dibagi jadi dua bagian anu disebut hizb (totalna aya '''60 hizb'''). * '''[[Manzil]]:''' Dibagi jadi '''7 manzil''' pikeun tujuan namatkeun (khatam) bacaan dina saminggu. * '''[[Ruku']]:''' Aya '''554 ruku'''' anu mangrupakeun tanda eureun dumasar kana téma atawa carita dina ayat.<ref name="KemenagStat" /> === Kategori Surah === Surah-surah dina Al-Qur'an sacara gurat badag dibagi dumasar kana mangsa lungsurna (saatos atanapi sateuacan [[Hijrah]]): # '''[[Surah Makkiyah]]:''' Surah anu lungsur sateuacan Nabi Muhammad SAW hijrah (kira-kira 86 surah). Unina ilaharna pondok sarta ngabahas ngeunaan [[tauhid]]. # '''[[Surah Madaniyah]]:''' Surah anu lungsur saatos Nabi Muhammad SAW hijrah (kira-kira 28 surah). Unina ilaharna panjang sarta ngabahas ngeunaan [[hukum]] jeung kamasarakatan.<ref name="AlAzhar" /> === Statistik Kecap === Dumasar kana analisis linguistik digital, Al-Qur'an miboga kabeungharan kecap anu kacida éndahna. Aya sababaraha kecap anu mindeng pisan disebut (frekuensi luhur) anu janten puseur ma'na dina ayat-ayatna. Ieu di handap mangrupakeun sababaraha kecap anu paling sering muncul dina Al-Qur'an:<ref name="Corpus">{{cite web |url=https://corpus.quran.com/lemmastatistics.jsp |title=Quranic Lemma Statistics |publisher=The Quranic Arabic Corpus |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;" |+ Kecap-kecap anu Pangseringna Disebut |- ! No !! Kecap (Transliterasi) !! Aksara Arab !! Hartosna (Basa Sunda) !! Jumlah (Kira-kira) |- | 1 || '''Allah''' || [[Allah|ٱللَّه]] || Allah || 2.699 kali |- | 2 || '''Min''' || مِنْ || Ti / Tina || 3.226 kali |- | 3 || '''Mā''' || مَا || Naon / Anu / Henteu || 2.126 kali |- | 4 || '''Inna''' || إِنَّ || Saéstuna || 1.533 kali |- | 5 || '''Alladhī''' || ٱلَّذِى || Anu (Nu) || 1.010 kali |- | 6 || '''Lā''' || لَا || Henteu / Ulah || 812 kali |- | 7 || '''Qul''' || قُلْ || Ucapkeun / Pok téh || 332 kali |} Sajaba ti kecap-kecap di luhur, kecap pagawéan (''fi'il'') anu panglobana kapanggih nyaéta tina akar kecap '''Q-W-L''' (ngucap/nyarita) sarta '''K-W-N''' (aya/kajadian). Hal ieu némbongkeun yén Al-Qur'an mangrupakeun wahyu anu sifatna komunikasi langsung ti Gusti Allah ka umat-Na.<ref name="Itqan" /> == I'jazul Qur'an == '''I'jazul Qur'an''' (ᮄᮍ᮪ᮏᮏᮥᮜ᮪ ᮋᮥᮁᮇᮔ᮪) hartosna sipat Al-Qur'an anu miboga kamulyaan sarta kaajaiban anu teu tiasa ditiron ku manusa atanapi jin. Ieu konsép janten dasar kaimanan yén Al-Qur'an téh murni wahyu ti [[Gusti Allah]], sanés karangan manusa (Nabi Muhammad SAW).<ref name="Qattan">{{cite book |last=Al-Qattan |first=Manna' |title=Mabahith fi Ulum al-Qur'an |year=1973 |publisher=Manshurat al-Asr al-Hadith}}</ref> Aya sababaraha aspék utama anu janten tanda kaajaiban Al-Qur'an: === 1. Kaajaiban Basa (I'jazul Lughawi) === Al-Qur'an lungsur dina mangsa urang [[Arab]] nuju aya dina puncak kajayaan sastra sarta syair. Sanajan kitu, gaya basa Al-Qur'an béda pisan jeung syair (sajak) atanapi prosa biasa. * '''Tantangan Al-Qur'an:''' Al-Qur'an nangtang saha waé anu cangcaya pikeun nyieun hiji surah anu saderajat jeung Al-Qur'an (QS. [[Al-Baqarah]]: 23), nanging dugi ka ayeuna teu aya hiji ogé ahli sastra anu tiasa niron.<ref name="Suyuti">{{cite book |last=Al-Suyuti |first=Jalaluddin |title=Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an |publisher=Dar al-Fikr}}</ref> * '''Pilihan Kecap:''' Unggal kecap dina Al-Qur'an miboga posisi anu presisi sarta harti anu jero, boh tina sisi rima (sora) boh tina sisi balaghoh (kaéndahan harti). === 2. Isyarat Ilmiah (I'jazul 'Ilmi) === Al-Qur'an nyabit-nyabit sababaraha fénoména alam anu kakara kabuktian ku sains modéren dina abad ka-20. Ieu némbongkeun yén sumberna asalna ti Nu Maha Nyipta. Sababaraha contona nyaéta: * '''Embriologi:''' Tahapan tumuwuhna janin dina rahim (QS. [[Al-Mu'minun]]: 12-14). * '''Siklus Cai:''' Prosésna hujan sarta awan (QS. [[An-Nur]]: 43). * '''Lautan:''' Ayana dua laut anu panggih tapi caina teu campur alatan ayana béda kadar uyah (QS. [[Ar-Rahman]]: 19-20).<ref name="Bucaille">{{cite book |last=Bucaille |first=Maurice |title=The Bible, The Qur'an and Science |year=1976 |publisher=Seghers}}</ref> === 3. Warta Gaib sarta Sajarah === Al-Qur'an ngandung berita ngeunaan hal-hal anu bakal kajadian di mangsa hareup sarta carita-carita nabi baheula anu detilna akurat pisan. * '''Ramalan Sajarah:''' Contona ramalan kameunangan Kakaisaran [[Romawi]] ngalawan [[Persia]] (QS. [[Ar-Rum]]: 2-4). * '''Carita Para Nabi:''' Al-Qur'an nyaritakeun lalakon Nabi [[Yusuf]], [[[[Nabi Musa|Musa]]]], sarta [[Isa]] kalayan ajaran tauhid anu konsistén, sanajan Nabi Muhammad SAW saurang anu ''ummi'' (teu tiasa maca sarta nyerat).<ref name="Qattan" /> === 4. Konsistensi sarta Autentisitas === Sanajan lungsur sacara bertahap salila kira-kira 23 taun, Al-Qur'an teu miboga pertentangan (kontradiksi) di jerona (QS. [[An-Nisa]]: 82). Al-Qur'an ogé dijaga ku sistem hafalan (tahfidz) ku jutaan umat Islam di sakuliah dunya, sahingga eusina moal tiasa dirobah sahurup ogé nepi ka ahir jaman.<ref name="AlAzharStat">{{cite web |url=https://www.azhar.eg/ |title=Al-Azhar Al-Sharif Portal |publisher=Al-Azhar |accessdate=2026-03-31}}</ref> == [[Naha quran téh mahluk atanapi lain (abadi) ?]] == Kalobaan ulama tauhid ngayakinkeun yén al-quran téh kalam [[Alloh]] nu tangtos sanes mahluk jeung moal ruksak (abadi),sabab al-quran téh dawuhan Alloh, jeung ari ngadawuh téh éta salah sahiji sifat Allah (kalam). Lamun sifat Alloh teu abadi, tangtu dzat Alloh gé teu abadi, sedengken lamun Alloh teu abadi éta mustahil. ku lantaran kitu kaharti ku akal yén sifat Alloh nu ieu (ngadawuhna Alloh) mustahil ruksak, ku lantaran mustahil ruksak, atuh jelas yén al-quran téh lain mahluk. Ngeunaan ieu pendapat kungsi dibabarkeun ka ahli filsafatna Yunani, utamana téori-téori Plato yén sakabéh nu nyata jeung nu bener teu kawates tangtos abadi jeung moal matak robah. == Tempo ogé == * [[Alloh]] * [[Islam]] * [[Muhammad]] * [[Muadz bin Jabal]] * [[Ngabandingkeun Bibel jeung Qur'an]] * [[Qur'an jeung kaajaiban]] * [[Qur'an jeung Sunnah]] * [[Asal-usul jeung perkembangan Qur'an]] * [[Maos Qur'an]] * [[Hafiz]] * [[Literalisme Qur'ani]] * [[Surat dina Al Qur'an]] * [[Ayat dina Al Qur'an]] * [[Tafsir]] * [[Istri dina Al Qur'an]] * [[Jalmi-jlmi nu patali areng ayat Al Qur'an]] * Aya ogé artikel ngeunaan masing-masing [[surat dina Al Qu'an]]. Klik kana nomer surat keur ningali artikelna. == Référénsi == <div class="references-small"><references/> === Alihbasa === * Arberry, A. J. -- ''The Koran Interpreted'', Touchstone Books, 1996. ISBN 0-684-82507-4 === Koméntar Lawas === * al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir -- ''Jami al-bayan `an ta'wil al-Qur'an'', Cairo [[1955]]-[[1969|69]], transl. J. Cooper (ed.), ''The Commentary on the Qur'an'', Oxford University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-19-920142-0 === Pustaka Lawas === * [[Theodor Nöldeke|Nöldeke, Theodor]] -- ''Geschichte des Qorâns'', Göttingen, 1860. === Pustaka Modéren === * [[Al-Azami]], M. M. -- ''The History of the Qur'anic Text from Revelation to Compilation'', UK Islamic Academy: Leicester 2003. * [[James A. Bellamy|Bellamy, James A.]] -- "Some Proposed Emendations to the Text of the Koran", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 113, 1993 * Bellamy, James A. -- "More Proposed Emendations to the Text of the Koran", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 116, 1996 * Bellamy, James A. -- "Textual Criticism of the Koran", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 121, 2001 * [[Patricia Crone|Crone, Patricia]], and Michael Cook -- ''Hagarism'', Cambridge University Press, 1977 * [[Helmut Gatje|Gatje, Helmut]], and Alford T. Welch -- ''The Qur'an and Its Exegesis'', Oneworld Publications; New Ed edition (November 1, 1996). ISBN 1-85168-118-3 * [[Ibn Warraq]] (ed.), ''The Origins of the Koran'', Prometheus Books, 1998. ISBN 1-57392-198-X * [[Hanna E. Kassis|Kassis, Hanna E.]] -- ''A Concordance of the Qur'an,'' University of California Press (March 1, 1984), ISBN 0-520-04327-8 * [[Christoph Luxenberg|Luxenberg, Christoph]] (2004) -- ''Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran: Ein Beitrag zur Entschlüsselung der Koransprache'', Berlin, Verlag Hans Schiler, 2005, ISBN 3-89930-028-9 * [[Jane Damen McAuliffe|McAuliffe, Jane Damen]] -- ''Quranic Christians : An Analysis of Classical and modérn Exegesis'', Cambridge University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-521-36470-1 * McAuliffe, Jane Damen (ed.) -- ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an'', Brill, 2002-2004. * [[Gerd R. Puin|Puin, Gerd R.]] -- "Observations on Early Qur'an Manuscripts in Sana'a," in The Qur'an as Text, ed. Stefan Wild, , E.J. Brill 1996, pp.&nbsp;107–111 (as reprinted in ''What the Koran Really Says'', ed. Ibn Warraq, Prometheus Books, 2002) * [[Fazlur Rahman|Rahman, Fazlur]] -- ''Major Themes in the Qur'an'', Bibliotheca Islamica, 1989. ISBN 0-88297-046-1 * [[Neal Robinson|Robinson, Neal]], ''Discovering the Qur'an'', Géorgetown University Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58901-024-8 * [[Michael Sells|Sells, Michael]], -- ''Approaching the Qur'an: The Early Revelations,'' White Cloud Press, Book & CD edition (November 15, 1999). ISBN 1-883991-26-9 * [[Barbara Freyer Stowasser|Stowasser, Barbara Freyer]] -- ''Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation'', Oxford University Press; Reprint edition (June 1, 1996), ISBN 0-19-511148-6 * [[John Wansbrough|Wansbrough, John]] -- ''Quranic Studies'', Oxford University Press, 1977 * [[W. M. Watt|Watt, W. M.]], and [[R. Bell]], ''Introduction to the Qur'an'', Edinburgh University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-7486-0597-5 </div> == Tumbu kaluar == {{Wikisource|Qur'an}} * [http://quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [http://al-quran.info Al-Quran project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129090725/http://al-quran.info/ |date=2009-01-29 }} includes more than 145+ translation in more than 35 different languages. * [http://www.haqaonline.com/multimedia/audio/Quran/ Listen to the Holy Quran, available to listen in Realplayer, Windows Media Player and available to download as a MP3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041021162221/http://haqaonline.com/multimedia/audio/Quran/ |date=2004-10-21 }} * [http://www.quranicstudies.com/ The Qur'anic Studies] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041110051312/http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/99jan/koran.htm What is the Koran?] * [http://www.islam101.com/science/bucaille.html The Bible, the Qur'an and Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204081551/http://www.islam101.com/science/bucaille.html |date=2004-12-04 }} * [http://skepticsannotatedbible.com/quran/ The Skeptic's Annotated Qur'an] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121133905/http://skepticsannotatedbible.com/quran/ |date=2009-01-21 }} - a version of the Qur'an annotated from a skeptical point of view. * [http://www.altafsir.com/ Tafsir.com] {{SuratQuran|||}} [[Kategori:Aqidah]] [[Kategori:Téks Islam]] [[Kategori:Qur'an|*]] [[Kategori:Buku spiritual]] [[Kategori:Naskah suci]] abvuu2aqc7taewvu30l96g32rktrxyl 0 30888 730608 651969 2026-10-20T14:06:24Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 730608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} [[Gambar:Geneva mechanism 6spoke animation.gif|right]] '''Setir''' atawa '''mékanismeu Jenéwa''' (''Geneve drive'') nyaéta mékanismeu nu ngarobah [[puteran]]/rotasi kontinyu jadi intermiten. Dina unggal puteran, roda nu aya pinna muter kontinyu nepi ka ngahontal gigi intermiten nu jadi muter sahambalan. Anu lolobana dipaké nyaéta nu boga opat selot, ku kituna dina unggal hambalan muter 90[[Darajat (juru)|°]]. Mun gigina boga ''n'' selot, mangka saputeran roda kontinyu bakal ngahasilkeun 360/''n''° puteran gigi intermiten. Ieu alat dibéré ngaran kitu dumasar kana asal-usulna anu dipaké dina [[jam mékanik]] ti [[Swis]] jeung [[Jenéwa]]. == Larapan & mangpaat == [[Gambar:Geneva drive.svg|center|500px]] Salah sahiji larapan setir Jenéwa nyaéta dina [[proyéktor film]]. Nalika diputer, film téh maju sapigura-sapigura. Masing-masing cicing hareupeun lénsa salila 1/24 [[detik]] (sarta diékspos dua kali, ngahasilkeun frékuénsi 48&nbsp;[[Hertz|Hz]]). Proyéktor film modéren ngagunakeunalat éléktronik, ku kituna bisa muterkeun film kalawan gancang. Setir Jenéwa mimiti dipaké dina proyéktor film taun [[1896]]. == Tumbu kaluar == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314060327/http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/tutorials/10/ The Geneva wheel]. * {{PDF|[http://www.ndsu.edu/ndsu/nakhaiej/lord/teaching_files/ME341Fall2003/Note%20341-Geneva%20Mechanism.pdf Geometry]|287&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 294851 bytes -->}}. * [http://em-ntserver.unl.edu/Mechanics-Pages/em373honors-S2001/em373/geneva/geneva.htm The Geneva stop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713040456/http://em-ntserver.unl.edu/Mechanics-Pages/em373honors-S2001/em373/geneva/geneva.htm |date=2008-07-13 }}. * [http://www.brockeng.com/mechanism/Geneva.htm An animation] of an external Geneva drive. * {{US patent|6183087}} - ''Quickermittent''. Modified starwheel for fast pulldown. == Rujukan == * ''[[:en:Geneve drive|Geneve drive]]'' (disalin 14 Agustus 2009) {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Kinematika]] [[Kategori:Mékanismeu]] oi9ghyukb63bwuks0earougb0oh9ydv 0 37714 730614 729527 2026-10-20T16:27:03Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 730614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tangtayungantianon}} {{Redirect|Azeri}} {{About|grup étnis Azerbaijan|analisis populasi [[Azerbaijan|Républik Azerbaijan]]|Démografi Azerbaijan}} {{Kotak info grup étnis |group = Azerbaijan<br/>''Azərbaycanlılar, Azərilər''<br/><big>آذربایجانلیلار ,آذری لر </big> |population = kira-kira 22–35 yuta<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-clusters.php?peo2=126 |title=Azerbaijani |publisher=Joshua Project|accessdate=24 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YJwsAQAAIAAJ&dq=30+million+South+Azerbaijan&q=30-35 |title=The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East|author=[[Avraham Sela|Sela, Avraham]]|publisher=Continuum|year=2002|isbn=0-8264-1413-3|page=197|quote=30–35 million}}</ref> |image = |region1 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} |pop1 = 11,2 nepi ka 30 yuta |ref1 = <ref name="Library of Congress Iran">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf|title=Country Profile: Iran|publisher=Federal Research Division Library of Congress|date=May 2008|accessdate=13 January 2012|quote=16% of 70 million [11.2 million]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050226190617/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf|archivedate=26 February 2005}}</ref><ref name="CIA Iran">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#People|title=Iran|work=CIA: The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|date=14 November 2011|accessdate=13 January 2012|quote=16% of 77,891,220 [12.5 million]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#People |date=3 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name="dictionary">{{cite book|author=Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C.|year=1999|title=Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-DIJ-131|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=0-8108-3550-9|quote=15 million (1999)}}</ref>{{rp|28}}<ref name="tft">{{cite web|url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf|author=Terror Free Tomorrow|title=Results of a New Nationwide Public Opinion Survey of Iran before the June 12, 2009 Presidential Elections|date=May 2009|publisher=[[New America Foundation]]|quote=21.6% of 70,495,782 [15.2 million]|accessdate=March 24, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723044939/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf|archivedate=July 23, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z |last=Minahan |first=James |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location= |isbn=978-0-313-32384-3 |page=1765 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Zu5GpDby9H0C&pg=PA1765 |quote=Approximately (2002e) 18,500,000 Southern Azeris in Iran, concentrated in the northwestern provinces of East and West Azerbaijan. It is difficult to determine the exact number of Southern Azeris in Iran, as official statistics are not published detailing Iran's ethnic structure. Estimates of the Southern Azeri population range from as low as 12 million up to 40% of the population of Iran – that is, nearly 27 million.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Brenda Shaffer|author=Shaffer, Brenda|year=2003|title=Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/bordersbrethreni0000shaf|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bordersbrethreni0000shaf/page/221 221]–225|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=0-262-19477-5|quote=There is considerable lack of consensus regarding the number of Azerbaijanis in Iran&nbsp;... Azerbaijani student groups in Iran claim that there are 27 million Azerbaijanis residing in Iran.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=HxItAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Southern+Azerbaijan%22+30+million&dq=%22Southern+Azerbaijan%22+30+million |title=Turkey-Iran relations, 1979–2004: revolution, ideology, war, coups and geopolitics|author=Olson, Robert W.|publisher=Mazda|year=2004|isbn=1-56859-114-4|page=76|quote=... in Ankara, Johragani denounced 'Persian' chauvinism and Iran's violation of human rights against the '30 million Azeris of Iran'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=7T0OAQAAMAAJ&q=southern+azerbaijan+%2230+million%22&dq=southern+azerbaijan+%2230+million%22|title=Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics, Volume 1|author=[[Keith Brown (linguist)|Brown, E. K.]]; Asher, R. E.; Simpson, J. M. Y.|edition=2|year=2006|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=0-08-044299-4|page=635|quote=Azerbaijani speakers in Iran are more numerous than those in Azerbaijan (13 to 30 million in northern Iran, 6 million in the Republic of Azerbaijan).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mVQdN7Ryu4YC&pg=PA157|chapter=Promoting Cooperation and Integration in the Wider Black Sea Area|author=Alieva, Leila|title=Establishing security and stability in the wider Black Sea area: international politics and the new and emerging democracies|page=157|work=NATO Science for Peace and Security, Volume 26: Human and societal dynamics|editors=Volten, Peter M. E.; Tashev, Blagovest|publisher=IOS Press|year=2007|isbn=1-58603-765-X|quote=... large number of Azerbaijanis (30 million in northern Iran and 8 million in present Azerbaijan),&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA79|authors=Stokes, Jamie; Gorman, Anthony|year=2008|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1|page=79|publisher=Infobase|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|quote=... 32 million people in Iran...}}</ref> |region2 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} |pop2 = 8.172.800 |ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls|title=Population by ethnic groups|date=2009|publisher=The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan|accessdate=17 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130101713/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls|archivedate=30 November 2012}}</ref> |region3 = {{flagcountry|Irak}} |pop3 = 600.000 nepi ka 1.000.000 |ref3 = <ref name="ethnologue">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=azb|title=Azerbaijani, South|author=Lewis, M. Paul|year=2009|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition.|publisher=SIL International|accessdate=29 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Leeuw">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sNoP1zphWf8C&pg=PA19|title=Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history|author=van der Leeuw, Charles|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-21903-1|page=19}}</ref> |region4 = {{flagcountry|Rusia}} |pop4 = 621.800 nepi ka 1.500.000 |ref4 = <ref name="Leeuw"/><ref name="Russian Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/content.html?id=11&docid=10715289081463|title=Итоги переписи|work=2002 census|date=2004|publisher=Russian Federation State Statistics Service|accessdate=17 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026071812/http://www.perepis2002.ru/content.html?id=11&docid=10715289081463 |date=26 October 2009 }}</ref> |region5 = {{flagcountry|Turki}} |pop5 = 530.000 nepi ka 2.500.000 |ref5 = <ref name="ethnologue"/><ref name="Leeuw"/> |region6 = {{flagcountry|Géorgia}} |pop6 = 284.761 nepi ka 500.000 |ref6 = <ref name="Leeuw"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/census/2002/03%20Ethnic%20Composition.pdf|format=pdf|title=Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|work=2002 census|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> |region7 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} |pop7 = 78.295 |ref7 = <ref name=unstats>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybcensus/V2_table4.xls|title=Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence|publisher=United Nations Statistics Division|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> |region8 = {{flagcountry|Ukraina}} |pop8 = 45.200 |ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|title=About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001|work=Ukraine Census 2001|publisher=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> |region9 = {{flagcountry|Uzbékistan}} |pop9 = 44.400 |ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arbuz.com/Umid/Main/Uzbekistan/Population/population.html|title=The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan|date=1989|publisher=Umid World|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> |region10 = {{flagcountry|Turkménistan}} |pop10 = 33.365 |ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=14|title=Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР|work=Демоскоп Weekly|language=Russian|issue=493–494|date=1–22 January 2012|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> |region11 = {{flagcountry|Walanda}} |pop11 = 18.000 |ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf|format=pdf|title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora|publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=|accessdate=17 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706131529/http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Netherlands.pdf|archivedate=6 July 2011}}</ref> |region12 = {{flagcountry|Kirgizstan}} |pop12 = 17.823 |ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|format=pdf|title=5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения|publisher=National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic|date=2011|language=Russian|accessdate=17 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113151445/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf |date=13 November 2013 }}</ref> |region13 = {{flagcountry|Jérman}} |pop13 = 15.219 |ref13 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls|title=Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics|publisher=Federal Statistical Office (Destatis)|accessdate=3 February 2012}}</ref> |region14 = {{flagcountry|Britania Raya}} |pop14 = 15.000 |ref14 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/az3/AzeriVoice/newsletter2.doc|author=Oguz-Gassanly, Murad|title=Azeri Diaspora. The Case of the United Kingdom|date=2001|work=Azeri Voice|accessdate=17 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502033238/http://www.angelfire.com/az3/AzeriVoice/newsletter2.doc|archivedate=2 May 2014}}</ref> |region15 = {{flagcountry|Bélarus}} |pop15 = 6.362 |ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/p5.php|title=Population Census 1999|publisher=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus|accessdate=18 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112035908/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/p5.php|archivedate=12 January 2012}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921155352/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/p5.php |date=21 September 2010 }}</ref> |region16 ={{flagcountry|Amérika Sarikat}} |pop16 = 5.553 |ref16 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls|title=First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=18 January 2012}} This number includes both primary and secondary ancestry.</ref> |region17 = {{flagcountry|Kanada}} |pop17 = 3.465 |ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000|title=Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data|date=10 June 2010|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=18 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211144718/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |date=11 December 2020 }} In the 2006 census, 1,480 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 1,985 as part of multiple origins.</ref> |region18 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}} |pop18 = 1.697 |ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf|format=pdf|title=Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia|author=Poleshchuk, Vadim|date=March 2001|accessdate=18 January 2012|quote=232 citizens|publisher=European Center for Minority Issues}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302212931/http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/report_8.pdf |date=2 March 2011 }}</ref> |region19 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} |pop19 = 1.000 |ref19 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.az/eng/downloads/bilaterial/Austria.pdf|format=pdf|publisher=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations|accessdate=18 January 2012}}</ref> |region20 = {{flagcountry|Estonia}} |pop20 = 880 |ref20 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PC226&ti=POPULATION+BY+ETHNIC+NATIONALITY%2C+COMMAND+OF+FOREIGN+LANGUAGES+AND+CITIZENSHIP&path=../I_Databas/Population_census/08Ethnic_nationality._Mother_tongue._Command_of_foreign_languages/&lang=1|title=Population Census of 2000|publisher=Statistics Estonia|accessdate=19 January 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322001556/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PC226&ti=POPULATION+BY+ETHNIC+NATIONALITY%2C+COMMAND+OF+FOREIGN+LANGUAGES+AND+CITIZENSHIP&path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation_census%2F08Ethnic_nationality._Mother_tongue._Command_of_foreign_languages%2F&lang=1 |date=22 March 2012 }} Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".</ref> |region21 = {{flagcountry|Lituania}} |pop21 = 788 |ref21 = <ref name=unstats/> |languages = [[basa Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] |religions = Utamina [[Islam Syiah]]; minoritas [[Islam Sunni]], [[Kristen]], [[Bahá'í]], jeung [[Zoroastrianisme]] |related = [[Masarakat Turk]], [[Urang Iran]], [[Masarakat Kaukasus]] }} {{Azerbaijan}} '''Urang Azerbaijan''' ({{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar, Азәриләр}}, <big> آذری لر </big>) atanapi '''Azarbaijan'''<ref name="Library of Congress Iran"/> nyaéta [[masarakat Turk]] ngeusian utamina [[Iran]] kalér-kulon jeung [[Azerbaijan|Républik Azerbaijan]], ogé dina nagara sadeukeutannana saperti, [[Géorgia]], [[Rusia]] ([[Dagéstan]]) jeung (baheulana) [[Arménia]]. Urang Azerbaijan utamina [[Muslim]] [[Syiah]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=0-87569-199-4|page=210|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name="eb">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|title=Azerbaijani (people)|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=24 January 2012}}</ref> sarta miboga jujutan kabudayaan campuran kaasup tina unsur Turk, Iranik<ref name="roy">{{cite book|author=Roy, Olivier|authorlink=Olivier Roy (professor)|year=2007|title=The new Central Asia |url=http://books.google.com/?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7#PPA6,M1 |publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-552-4|page=6|quote=The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateaux, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.}}</ref>, jeung [[masarakat Kaukasus|Kaukasus]]. Sanggeus Perang Ruso-Pérsia [[Perang Rusia-Pérsia (1804–1813)|1813]] jeung [[Perang Rusia-Pérsia (1826–1828)|1828]], wewengkon [[dinasti Qajar|Kakaisaran Pérsia Qajar]] di Kaukasus dipasihan ka [[Kakaisaran Rusia]] sarta [[Pajangjian Gulistan]] dina 1813 sareng [[Pajangjian Turkmenchay]] dina 1828 nyusun wates-wates antara Czar Rusia jeung Qajar Iran.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harcave, Sidney|year=1968|title=Russia: A History: Sixth Edition|publisher=Lippincott|page=267}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz|year=2007|title=Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field|publisher=Universal|isbn=1-58112-933-5|page=372}}</ref> ==Tingali ogé== * [[Ngaran Azerbaijan]] * [[Daptar inohong Azerbaijan]] ==Catetan jeung rujukan== {{Reflist}} ==Tumbu kaluar== * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1235976.stm BBC News: Azerbaijan country profile] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/azeri/ BBC Azeri] {{az icon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120409071103/http://www.azeri.net/Azerbaijan/index.html Azeri.net] * [http://AZER.com/ Azerbaijan International] {{Turkic peoples}} {{Ethnic groups in Iran}} {{European Muslims}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Azerbaijan}} [[Kategori:Urang Azerbaijan| ]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Wétan Tengah]] {{grup-étnis-stub}} 21b0t6dj1dov3ts6w62akgmi0u48amx 0 38746 730598 729266 2026-10-20T12:01:56Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 730598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Perang Surabaya | partof = [[Révolusi Nasional Indonésia]] | image = [[file:Bung Tomo.jpg|300px]] | caption = [[Bung Tomo]] nuju méré sumanget ka para pajoang. | date = 27 Oktober – 20 Nopémber 1945 | place = [[Surabaya]], [[Jawa Wétan]] | result = Kameunangan militér Britania Raya; Kameunangan moral Indonésia. | combatant1 = {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonésia]] | combatant2 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Britania Raya]] | commander1 = [[Gubernur Suryo]]<br>[[Bung Tomo]] | commander2 = [[A.W.S. Mallaby]] †<br>[[Robert Mansergh]] | strength1 = 20.000 TKR & 100.000 Laskar | strength2 = 30.000 tentara | casualties1 = 6.000 – 16.000 gugur | casualties2 = 600 – 2.000 gugur }} '''Perang Surabaya''' nyaéta [[perang]] rongkah antara milisi sarta pajoang pro-kamerdékaan Indonésia ngalawan tentara Inggris. Puncakna ieu perang lumangsung dina bulan Nopémber 1945. Sangkilang perlawanan ti pihak Républik kacida kuatna, tentara Inggris-India —anu ku urang sok disebut tentara Gurka— sacara militér unggul sarta hasil nalukeun [[Surabaya]] pikeun kapentingan Walanda. Sanajan kitu, perang ieu janten perang pangrongkahna dina sajarah perjuangan bangsa Indonésia sarta janten simbol perlawanan nasional.{{sfn|Ricklefs|p=217}} Ningali perlawanan rahayat anu sakitu tohpatina, perang ieu méré kontribusi anu gedé pikeun Indonésia. Saatos kajadian ieu, dukungan internasional pikeun kamerdékaan Indonésia beuki ngagedéan sarta muka panon dunya ngeunaan kaayaan di Nusantara. Kiwari, unggal tanggal [[10 Nopémber]] dipiéling salaku [[Poé Pahlawan]] pikeun ngahormatan jasa para pajoang anu gugur di Surabaya. == Sajarah sarta Jalanna Perang == Nalika pasukan Sekutu ([[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]]) badarat di [[Surabaya]] dina ahir bulan Oktober 1945, para pamuda di ieu kota dipikawanoh miboga sumanget anu kuat sarta ngahiji.{{sfn|Parrott}} Perang rongkah bitu nalika 6.000 tentara Gurka (bagian tina [[British Indian Army]]) anjog ka kota kalayan maksud rék ngabébaskeun tawanan perang urang Éropa. Saatos panglima Inggris, Brigadir [[Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby|A.W.S. Mallaby]], palastra dina tanggal 30 Oktober,{{sfn|Parrott}} tentara Inggris ngayakeun serangan rongkah dina tanggal 10 Nopémber kalayan dibantuan ku serangan udara. Sanajan kota tiasa dikawasa ku pasukan Sekutu dina tilu dinten, para pajoang Républik anu kirang pakarang tiasa terus mertahankeun diri dugi ka tilu minggu lilana. Salian ti éta, rébuan pajoang gugur nalika rahayat Surabaya ngungsi ninggalkeun kota. == Dampak Perang == Sanajan dina ieu perang pihak Républik éléh sacara militér sarta ngalaman karugian anu ageung, boh dina hal pakarang boh sumber daya manusa, perjuangan ieu mawa pangaruh anu gedé kana jalanna révolusi. Perang Surabaya ngahasilkeun naékna dukungan internasional pikeun Indonésia. Pikeun pihak Walanda, ieu kajadian ngayakinkeun yén Républik Indonésia téh bener-bener aya sarta dirojong ku sakuliah rahayat, sanés ngan saukur gerakan sakelompok jalma. Salian ti éta, perang ieu ogé ngayakinkeun pihak Inggris yén kacida pentingna pikeun milih sikep netral dina konflik Indonésia-Walanda.{{sfn|Ricklefs|p=217}} Faktana, dina sababaraha taun saatosna, Inggris anu tadina janten lawan dina Perang Surabaya, malik ngarojong kamerdékaan Indonésia di forum PBB. == Kasang Tukang == Dina tanggal 17 Agustus 1945, [[Soekarno]] sareng [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]] ngumumkeun kamerdékaan Indonésia ngaliwatan Proklamasi Kamerdékaan Indonésia di [[Jakarta]], dua dinten saatos [[Kaisar]] Jepang taluk ka [[Sekutu]]. Nalika béja kamerdékaan ieu nyebar ka sakuliah nagri, rahayat Indonésia ngarasa merdéka sarta ngarojong pisan kana ngadegna Républik.{{sfn|Ricklefs|pp=214–215}} Dina sababaraha minggu, Indonésia ngalaman kaayaan kosongna kakawasaan (vakum), boh tina pihak pangjajah boh ti pihak Républik sorangan. Hal ieu ngakibatkeun kaayaan anu teu tangtu, nanging méré kasempetan pikeun pajoang lokal pikeun ngukuhkeun kakawasaan.{{sfn|Friend|p=32}} Dina tanggal 19 Séptémber 1945, sakelompok urang Walanda anu disokong ku Jepang naékeun bandéra Walanda di luhur Hotél Yamato di [[Surabaya]], [[Jawa Wétan]]. Ieu hal ngabalukarkeun pajoang sarta laskar-laskar Indonésia ngamuk, anu saterusna nyerang éta hotél. Dina éta kajadian, bandéra Walanda diturunkeun, tuluy bagian warna biruna disoék sarta ditaékeun deui janten bandéra Indonésia (Beureum-Bodas).{{sfn|Toer|1999|p=173}} Pamingpin grup Walanda, nyaéta Pluegman, tiwas dina éta karusuhan.{{sfn|Toer|1999|p=173}} [[File:Stamp of Indonesia - 1962 - Colnect 260648 - Dr Soetomo 1888-1938.jpeg|Bung Tomo |thumb|upright| [[Bung Tomo]] di [[Surabaya]], salah sahiji pamingpin révolusi kharismatik Indonésia. aya dina prangko.{{sfn|Frederick|1982|pp=127–128}}]] Komandan senior Jepang di Surabaya, Laksamana Madya Shibata Yaichiro, nyokong ka Républik sarta méré aksés pakarang pikeun para laskar.{{sfn|Ricklefs|p=217}} Dina tanggal 3 Oktober, anjeunna nyerah ka kaptén Angkatan Laut Walanda minangka wawakil Sekutu anu ti heula sumping ka Indonésia. Yaichiro sadar yén réalitasna Indonésia anu ngontrol kota, anjeunna maréntahkeun pasukanna pikeun masrahkeun pakarang ka pihak Indonésia. Pihak Indonésia sabenerna diparéntah ogé pikeun masrahkeun pakarang tina Jepang éta ka Sekutu, nanging urang Indonésia henteu nurut.{{sfn|Ricklefs|p=217}} Pasukan Inggris sumping bari nyandak pasukan militér leutik ti Walanda anu namina NICA ([[Netherlands Indies Civil Administration]]). Pasukan Inggris ngarasa paur nalika terang yén pihak Indonésia beuki wani sarta beuki kiat dina nyerang markas Jepang di sabudeureun nagri, ngan saukur ngagunakeun pakarang basajan sapertos awi runcing pikeun ngarebut pakarang tentara Jepang.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} Tujuan utama pasukan Inggris di Surabaya téh saenyana nyaéta badé nyandak pakarang Jepang sarta Indonésia, salian ti éta ogé badé nyandak tawanan Jepang anu badé dipulangkan deui ka nagarana. Dina bulan Séptémber sarta Oktober 1945, aya sababaraha kajadian insidén anu ngalibetkeun urang [[Éropa]] sarta pihak Indonésia.{{sfn|Frederick|1989|pp=237–243}} Dina ahir bulan Oktober sarta awal Nopémber, para pamingpin [[Nahdlatul Ulama]] sarta [[Masyumi]] netepkeun yén perang mertahankeun Indonésia téh kaasup [[Jihad]], sarta Jihad nyaéta kawajiban pikeun tiap Muslim. Para [[Kyai]] sarta santri ti pasantrén-pasantrén anu aya di [[Jawa Wétan]] mimiti daratang ka Surabaya. [[Bung Tomo]] anu kharismatik ngagunakeun radio lokal pikeun méré sumanget sarta ningkatkeun patriotisme di sakuliah kota.{{sfn|Ricklefs|p=217}} Genep rébu pasukan Inggris-India (Gurka) dikirim ka kota dina tanggal 25 Oktober pikeun ngévakuasi tawanan Éropa, tilu dinten ti harita, peperangan geus dimimitian.{{sfn|Ricklefs|p=217}} Perang ieu ngalibetkeun 20.000 Tentara Kaamanan Rahayat (TKR) sarta 70.000–140.000 laskar rahayat. Pihak Inggris ménta bantuan ka Présidén [[Soekarno]], Wakil Présidén [[Mohammad Hatta]], sarta Menteri [[Amir Sjarifuddin]] pikeun nenangkeun rahayat, anu ahirna dina tanggal 30 Oktober diayakeun gencatan senjata.{{sfn|Ricklefs|p=217}} == Kajadian-Kajadian Awal == Dina tanggal 26 Oktober 1945, Brigadir [[Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby|A.W.S. Mallaby]] ngayakeun perjangjian sareng Gubernur [[Jawa Wétan]], Mr. Suryo, yén pasukan Inggris moal maréntahkeun pasukan Indonésia pikeun masrahkeun pakarangna. Nanging, perjangjian ieu ngabalukarkeun salah paham anu serius sareng pasukan Inggris di [[Jakarta]] anu dipingpin ku Létnan Jenderal Sir [[Philip Christison]]. Mimitina, pasukan Inggris jumlahna 6.000 personil anu nganggo pakarang hampang. Ieu pasukan téh nyaéta Tentara Inggris-India ti Brigade Infanteri 49 Divisi India 23 ([[23rd Infantry Division (India)|23rd Indian Division]]). Nalika perang aya dina puncakna, Inggris ngirimkeun pasukan tambahan, nyaéta: 24.000 tentara ti Divisi 5 India anu miboga pakarang lengkep, 24 [[Tank Sherman]], 24 pesawat tempur, 2 kapal parancah ''(cruiser)'', sarta 3 kapal pangancur ''(destroyer)''.{{sfn|Indonesian Heritage}} Pasukan Indonésia diwangun ku 20.000 Tentara Kaamanan Rahayat (TKR) anu nembé dibentuk, sarta kira-kira 100.000–120.000 laskar rahayat. TKR sorangan anggotana asalna tina PETA, hiji organisasi semi-militér anu dibentuk ku Jepang. Sedengkeun laskar rahayat diwangun ku rahayat pro-kamerdékaan anu mawa pakarang mangrupa senapan, pedang, sarta awi runcing. Senapan ti pihak Indonésia lolobana hasil rampasan ti tentara Jepang anu nyerah.{{sfn|Parrott}} == Jalanna Perang == === Mimiti === Dina tanggal 27 Oktober 1945, kapal udara Inggris hiber ti Jakarta ka Surabaya bari nyebarkeun ''ultimatum'' mangrupa pamflét anu eusina maréntahkeun sangkan pasukan Indonésia sarta laskar rahayat masrahkeun pakarangna. Para komandan pasukan sarta laskar Indonésia ambek narima ieu ultimatum, margi dianggap geus nyalahan perjangjian sareng Mallaby anu parantos dijieun saméméhna. Dina tanggal 28 Oktober 1945, pasukan Indonésia sarta laskar rahayat nyerang pasukan Inggris di Surabaya anu ngabalukarkeun 200 urang korban ti pihak Inggris. Dina tanggal 30 Oktober 1945, Inggris ménta Présidén [[Soekarno]], [[Mohammad Hatta]], sarta Amir Sjarifuddin (Menteri Inpormasi) sumping ka Surabaya pikeun badami ngeunaan gencatan senjata. Gencatan senjata ieu disatujuan ku pihak Indonésia sarta Mayor Jenderal Hawthorn (Komandan Divisi India ka-23) jeung Brigadir Mallaby. Najan kitu, kusabab aya salah paham di lapangan, perang ahirna peupeutéyan deui di Surabaya. {{sfn|Reid|p=52}} === Tiwasna Brigadir Mallaby === [[File:LaSalle 1940 Series 52 Sedan of Brigadier-Mallaby - Burnt Car - 194511.jpg|thumb|Mobil Brigadir Mallaby, tempat anjeunna tiwas dina tanggal 30 Oktober 1945.]] Dina tanggal 30 Oktober 1945, Brigadir [[Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby|A.W.S. Mallaby]], komandan brigade Inggris di Surabaya, nuju ngurilingan kota pikeun nyebarkeun béja ngeunaan perjangjian énggal ka pasukanna. Nalika mobilna ngadeukeutan pos pasukan Inggris di deukeut Sasak Beureum (Jembatan Merah), mobilna dikepung ku laskar Républik Indonésia. Dina kaayaan anu kacida kusutna, Mallaby ditémbak sarta tiwas di jero mobilna.{{sfn|Parrott}} Kaptén R.C. Smith anu marengan Mallaby dina éta mobil ngalaporkeun yén manéhna ningali aya saurang pamuda anggota laskar Républik némbak sarta maéhan Mallaby saatos ngobrol sakedap. Smith ogé ngalaporkeun yén manéhna tuluy ngalungkeun granat tina mobil ka arah anu disangka tempat panyumputan anu némbak téa. Sanajan kitu, manéhna teu yakin naha granatna keuna atanapi henteu. Ngabeledugna granat ngabalukarkeun korsi tukang mobil kaduruk.{{sfn|Parrott}} Aya ogé pamendak sanés dina sumber anu sarua,{{sfn|Parrott}} anu nyatakeun yén anu matak tiwasna Mallaby téa nyaéta ku sabab beledugna [[granat]], sanés ku sabab ditémbak. Kumaha waé carana, tiwasna Mallaby janten sabab utama bituna perang campuh di Surabaya. Pihak Inggris ngaluarkeun ultimatum yén Indonésia kedah taluk; upami henteu, dina tanggal 10 Nopémber Inggris bakal nyerang bebéakan.{{sfn|Ricklefs|p=217}} === Perang Utamana === [[File:IWM-SE-5866-Jat-Bren- gunners-in-Surabaya-194511.jpg|thumb|Panémbak Bren ti Résimén 3/9 Jat ngajaga majuna résiménna ngalawan pasukan Indonésia, kira-kira tanggal 15–16 Nopémber 1945.]] Létnan Jenderal Sir [[Philip Christison]] ngambek nalika anjeunna terang yén Brigadir Mallaby palastra di Surabaya. Dina mangsa ''gencatan senjata'', Inggris ngirim bantuan tambahan sarta ngévakuasi para interniran.{{sfn|Ricklefs|p=217}} Dua brigade tambahan, nyaéta [[Brigade]] Infanteri India ka-9 sarta Brigade Infanteri India ka-23 anu kaasup kana Divisi India ka-5 dipingpin ku [[Mayor Jenderal]] [[Robert Mansergh]], dikirimkeun kalayan dibarengan ku tank Sherman, 2 kapal parancah (cruiser), sarta 3 kapal pangancur (destroyer), kaasup kapal {{HMS|Cavalier|R73|6}}.{{sfn|Indonesian Heritage}} Subuh tanggal 10 Nopémber, anu ayeuna dipiélingan salaku [[Poé Pahlawan]], pasukan Inggris nyerang Surabaya kalayan dibantuan ku bombardir bom ti kapal laut sarta kapal udara. Perang lumangsung kacida rongkahna; tentara Inggris nyaliksis sakuliah kota, unggal wangunan sarta rohangan dipariksa hiji-hiji. Sangkilang pajoang Indonésia ngalawan kalayan bebéakan, satengah kota Surabaya hasil ditaklukeun dina waktu 3 dinten, sarta perang nembé réngsé saatos tilu minggu. Perkiraan korban ti pihak Indonésia nyaéta 6.300–15.000 urang, sarta sakitar 200.000 urang ngungsi kaluar kota.{{sfn|Ricklefs|p=217}}{{sfn|Vickers|p=98}} Korban ti pihak Inggris-India sakitar 600 urang.{{sfn|Woodburn Kirby|p=444}} == Akibat Perang == Pihak republik loba korban dina hal sumber daya manusia jeung musnahna [[Pakarang|senjata]] nu mangaruhan perjoangan militér républik saterusna.{{sfn|Ricklefs|p=217}} Perang Surabaya nyaéta perang tunggal nu paling rongkah sapanjang revolusi Indonésia, jeung salah sahiji perang nu nembokngkeun kumaha kuatna ''determinasi'' jeung pangorbanan rakyat dina kaayaan kacau sahingga jadi salah sahiji simbul ningkatkeun sumanget révolusi Indonésia. Perang ieu gé matak mangaruhan ka Inggris, Inggris sadar yén di Asia Tenggara sumber daya nu direbut ku Jepang kacida lobana. Faktana, sababaraha taun ti harita, Inggris sacara terang-terangan nyokong Republik di PBB. Perang ieu gé sabenerna nyirnakeun karaguan Walanda yén Republik téh bener-bener aya jeung didukung ku rakyat.{{sfn|Ricklefs|p=217}} Bulan Nopember 1946, Pasukan Inggris antuknana ninggalkeun Indonésia. Patung Pahlawan 10 Nopember diadegkeun di Surabaya keur pangeling-ngeling. Jeung kiwari, 10 Nopémber nyaéta dipieling minangka Hari Pahlawan. == Tinggali Ogé == {{portal|Indonesia}} * [[Sejarah Indonesia]] {{clear}} == Referensi == * {{cite journal | last = Frederick | first = William H. | year = 1982 | month = April | title = In Memoriam: Sutomo | journal = Indonesia | volume = 33 | pages = 127–128 | publisher = Cornell University Southeast Asia Program | url = http://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107016901 | ref = harv | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130728092346/http://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107016901 | archive-date = 2013-07-28 | accessdate = 2012-11-09 }} * {{cite book | last = Frederick | first = Willam H. | year = 1989 | title = Visions and Heat: The Making of the Indonesian Revolution | url = https://archive.org/details/visionsheatmakin0000fred | publisher = Ohio University Press | location = [[Athens, Ohio]] | isbn = 978-0-8214-0906-0 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Friend | first = Theodore | year = 2003 | title = Indonesian Destinies | url = https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo | publisher = The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-01834-1 | ref = {{sfnRef|Friend}} }} * {{cite journal | last = Parrott | first = J. G. A. | year = 1975 | month = October | title = Who Killed Brigadier Mallaby? | journal = Indonesia | volume = 20 | issue = 20 | pages = 87–111 | url = http://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107105571 | accessdate = 3 August 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060916200808/http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/seap.indo/1107105571 | archivedate = 16 September 2006 | jstor = 3350997 | doi = 10.2307/3350997 | ref = {{sfnRef|Parrott}} }} * {{cite book | last = Reid | first = Anthony | year = 1973 | title = The Indonesian National Revolution 1945–1950 | url = https://archive.org/details/indonesiannation0000reid | publisher = Longman Pty | location = Melbourne | isbn = 978-0-582-71046-7 | ref = {{sfnRef|Reid}} }} * {{cite book | last = Ricklefs | first = Merle Calvin | year = 1993 | title = A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 | edition = Second | publisher = MacMillan | isbn = 978-0-333-57689-2 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ricklefs}} }} * {{cite book | last = Vickers | first = Adrian | year = 2005 | title = A History of Modern Indonesia | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri | edition = illustrated, annotated, reprint | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-83493-3 | ref = {{sfnRef|Vickers}} }} * {{cite book | last = Woodburn Kirby | first = S. | year = 1965 | title = The War Against Japan | volume = V | publisher = HMSO | location = London | isbn = | ref = {{sfnRef|Woodburn Kirby}} }} * {{cite book | last = Poesponegoro | first = Marwati Djoened | year = 2008 | title = Sejarah Nasional Indonesia VI: Zaman Jepang dan Zaman Republik Indonesia | publisher = Balai Pustaka | isbn = 979-407-412-8 | ref = harv }} * {{cite book | last = Toer | first = Pramoedya Ananta | year = 1999 | title = Kronik Revolusi Indonesia: Jilid I (1945) | publisher = KPG (Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia) | isbn = 979-9023-27-0 | ref = harv }} '''Sumber séjén''' * {{cite web | title = The Battle for Surabaya | work = Indonesian Heritage | publisher = Editions Didier Millet | date = | url = http://www.nusantara.com/heritage/surabaya.html | accessdate = 3 August 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Indonesian Heritage}} }} == Bacaeun saterusna == * Bayly and Harper (2007) ''Forgotten Wars: The End of Britain's Asian Empire'' (London:Penguin). * McMillan, Richard (2005) ''The British Occupation of Indonesia 1945–1946: Britain, the Netherlands and the Indonesian revolution'' (London:Routledge). * Parrott, J. G. A., Role of the 49 Indian Infantry Brigade in Surabaya, Oct.-Nov. 1945, Australian thesis == Sawangan Luar == * Picture of [http://digilib.petra.ac.id/jiunkpe/mmedia/pust/1945/jiunkpe-ns-mmedia-1945-na00001-31-wreckedcar-resource1.jpg General Mallaby's burnt out car] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201949/http://digilib.petra.ac.id/jiunkpe/mmedia/pust/1945/jiunkpe-ns-mmedia-1945-na00001-31-wreckedcar-resource1.jpg |date=2016-03-03 }}. This photograph was taken in November 1945 by Sergéants Davis and MacTavish of the British No. 9 Army Film and Photographic Unit. Original at the Imperial War muséum's Collections Online database at [http://www.iwmcollections.org.uk/qryPhotoImg.asp] Reference No. SE 5724 * Picture of the [http://digilib.petra.ac.id/jiunkpe/mmedia/pust/1933/jiunkpe-ns-mmedia-1933-na00001-10-internatio-resource1.jpg Internatio Building] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040041/http://digilib.petra.ac.id/jiunkpe/mmedia/pust/1933/jiunkpe-ns-mmedia-1933-na00001-10-internatio-resource1.jpg |date=2016-03-04 }} scene of the 30 October Incident and Mallaby's Déath. ==Dicutat tina== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Révolusi Nasional Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Surabaya]] [[Kategori:Perang di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:1945 di Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Pahlawan]] [[Kategori: Pahlawan nasional Indonésia]] [[Karegori:Inohong ti Jawa Wétan]] 26up6dxtg4c6916aewgob4zukkydpsg 0 49861 730612 729316 2026-10-20T15:17:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 730612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info Jalma|name=Tan Malaka|image=TanMalaka DariPendjara ed3.jpg|caption=Tan Malaka di autobiografinya|birth_date={{birth date|1897|6|2|df=y}}|birth_place={{negara|Holland}} Nagari Pandam Gadang, [[Suliki Gunung Mas, Lima Puluh Kota|Suliki]], [[Sumatera Barat]], [[Hindia Belanda]]|death_date={{death date and age|1949|2|21|1897|6|2|df=y}}|death_place={{negara|Indonesia}} [[Kediri]], [[Jawa Timur]]|nationality={{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]]|other_names=|occupation=Guru dan Pendiri Partai Musyawarah Rakyat Banyak (Murba)|known_for=[[Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia]]|religion=[[Islam]]|parents=Rasad Caniago (ayah)<br/>Sinah Simabur (ibu)}} '''Tan Malaka''' atawa '''Ibrahim gelar Datuk Sutan Malaka''' babar di Nagari Pandam Gadang, Suliki, Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatera Barat, 2 Juni 1897 - pupus di desa Selopanggung, Kediri, Jawa, Timur, 21 Februari 1949 pada umur 51 taun. Pamingpin Partai Komunis Indonésia ,<ref name="LOC">{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/14.htm|title=THE GROWTH OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|accessdate=7 Agustus 2012}}</ref> ogé pangadeg Murba Partéi ,<ref>[http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/2008/08/11/LU/mbm.20080811.LU127973.id.html "Warisan Tan Malaka"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008052026/http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/2008/08/11/LU/mbm.20080811.LU127973.id.html |date=2009-10-08 }} , Tempo Interactive, August 11, 2008</ref> sarta mangrupa salah sahiji Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kemsos.go.id/modules.php?name=Pahlawan&opsi=mulai-1|title=Daftar Nama Pahlawan Nasional Republik Indonesia (1)|website=Awards of the Republic of Indonesia|publisher=Sekretariat Negara|language=Indonesia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317161755/http://www.kemsos.go.id/modules.php?name=pahlawan&opsi=mulai-1|archivedate=2016-03-17|accessdate=9 Mei 2012}}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021171506/http://www.kemsos.go.id/modules.php?name=Pahlawan&opsi=mulai-1 |date=2016-10-21 }}</ref> == Kahirupan == [[Gambar:Rumah_Kelahiran_Tan_Malaka.jpg|jmpl|275x275px| home kalahiran Tan Malaka urang]] Ngaran aslina tina Tan Malaka éta Sutan Ibrahim, bari Tan Malaka nyaéta ngaran semi-bangsawan mana manéhna meunang ti nasab indung. {{sfn|Jarvis|1987|p=41}} Ngaran lengkep nyaéta Sutan Sutan Ibrahim gelar Datuk Sutan Malaka. Tanggal kalahiran ieu masih didebatkeun, sedengkeun lahirna na ayeuna dipikawanoh ku ngaran Nagari Pandan Gadang, Suliki, Lima Puluh Kota, [[Sumatra Kulon|Sumatera Barat]] . Ibu sareng Ramana ngaranna HM. Rasad, tukang tani, sarta Rangkayo Sinah, putri hiji jalma terhormat di kampung. {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=53}} Dina mangsa budak leutik na, Tan Malaka resep neuleuman élmu agama sarta beladiri . {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|pp=53–54}} Dina 1908, anjeunna didaftarkeun ka Kweekschool (nagara guru sakola) dibFort de Kock. Numutkeun GH Horensma, salah sahiji guru di sakola, Tan Malaka éta hiji murid calakan, sok sanaos teu sasuai. {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=54}} Di sakola ieu, anjeunna ngarasakeun diajar [[Basa Walanda|bahasa Belanda]] , nepika Horensma ngusulkeun anjeunna janten guru dina sakola Walanda. {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=55}} Anjeunna ogé mangrupa pamaén bal berbakat. {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=54}} Sanggeus lulus ti sakola di taun 1913, anjeunna ditawaran gelar ''datuk'' jeung hiji gadis nu janten papancanganna. Najan kitu, manéhna ngan ukur narima gelar ''Datuk.'' {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=55}} Gelarna ditampi ku anjeunna dina upacara tradisional taun 1913. {{sfn|Poeze|2008|p=xv}} Sanajan ''diangkat jadi datuk'' dina bulan Oktober 1913, anjeunna ninggalkeun désana mun diajar di Rijkskweekschool (sakola pendidikan guru pamaréntah), ku hibah ku engku di desana. Sadugina di Holland, Malaka ngalaman shock budaya , sarta dina 1915, anjeunna ngalaman ti pleurisy . {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=56}} Salila nalungtik, pangaweruh ngeunaan revolusi mimiti muncul tur gugah sanggeus maca ''de Fransche Revolutie'' numana manéhna menang ti batur saméméh miang ka Walanda ku Horensma. {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=57}} Saatos Revolusi Rusia dina Oktober 1917, manéhna jadi resep diajar pamahaman ngeunaan Sosialisme jeung Komunisme. Saprak harita, anjeunna mindeng maca buku karya [[Karl Marx]] , Friedrich Engels na Vladimir Lenin . {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|pp=57–58}} [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] ogé jadi salah sahiji panutan. Ti harita manéhna mimiti teu resep ka budaya Walanda sarta kagum ka urang Jerman jeung Amérika Serikat. Kusabab loba pangaweruh ngeunaan Jerman, anjeunna bogankahayang jadi salah sahiji kakuatan tentara Jerman, tapi anjeunna ditolak kusabab Tentara Jerman henteu nampa asing. {{sfn|Mrázek|1972|p=7}} Teu lila tidinya manéhna papanggih jeung Henk Sneevliet ,salah sahiji pendiri tina Indische Sociaal Democratische Vereeniging (ISDV, hiji organisasi nu janten cikal bakal Partéi Komunis Indonésia ). {{sfn|Jarvis|1987|p=41}} Manéhna tuluy katarik ku tawaran Sneevliet anu ngajak manéhna gabung dina ''Onderwijzers Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging'' (SDOV, atawa Association Démokratik Sosial tina Guru). {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=182}} Saterusna dina bulan Nopémber 1919, anjeunna lulus tur nampi diplomas disebut ''hulpactie.'' {{efn|Sebenarnya Tan Malaka menginginkan ''hoofdacte'', yang statusnya setingkat lebih tinggi dari ''hulpactie''. Meskipun begitu, kesehatannya yang buruk membuatnya hanya bisa mendapat ijazah ''hulpactie''.}} {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=58}} Sanggeus lulus ti SDOV, manéhna balik ka désana. Anjeunna lajeng katampa tawaran ti Dr. CW Janssen ngajar barudak buruh tani perkebunan téh di Sanembah, Tanjung Morawa, Deli, Sumatra Kalér. {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=58}} {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=184}} Anjeunna anjog aya dina bulan Désémber 1919 sarta mulai ngajar barudak basa [[Basa Malayu|Melayu]] Januari 1920. {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=59}} {{sfn|Poeze|2008|p=xvi}} Salian ngajar, Tan Malaka ogé nulis sababaraha propaganda subversive keur kuli, katelah ''Deli Spoor.'' {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=184}} Salila periode ieu, anjeunna ngaobservasi kasangsaraan hirup kaum pribumi di Sumatra. {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=59}} Manéhna ogé berhubungan jeung ISDV sarta kadang ogé nulis keur media massa. {{sfn|Jarvis|1987|p=41}} Salah sahiji karyana nyaéta "Tanah téh Miskin", anu nyaritakeun ngeunaan bédana kabeungharan antara kapitalis jeung pagawe, anu ieu diterbitkeun dina edisi Maret ''Vrije Woord'' 1920. {{sfn|Jarvis|1987|pp=41–42}} Manéhna ogé nulis ngeunaan kasangsaraan kuli tani kebon enteh di Sumatra''.'' {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=184}} Saterusna, Tan Malaka jadi anggota calon Déwan Rahayat di pamilihan 1920 ngawakilan kaom kénca . {{sfn|Jarvis|1987|p=42}} Sanajan kitu, anjeunna ngundurkeun diri tanggal 23 Pebruari 1921 alesanna teu jelas. {{sfn|Syaifudin|2012|p=59}} Lajeng anjeunna muka sakola di Semarang di bantuan ku Darsono, tokoh Sarikat Islam(SI) Merah. Sakolana disebut sakola rakyat. sakola ngabogaan kurikulumnkayaning sakola di Uni Soviét, di mana unggal isuk sakabeh siswa nyanyi lagu ''International ".'' ''Tan ogé pernah patepung jeung loba pamingpin gerakan sapertos HOS Tjokroaminoto sarta H. Agus Salim.'' ''Dina otobiografina, Tan nganggap yen SI handapeun Tjokroaminoto nyaéta salahsahiji partai anu pangalusna anu kumanéhna nyaho .'' ''Tapi, Tan ngritik ayana perpecahan di organisasi SI, SI boga gol jeung taktik sangkan dibagi.'' Nepi ka ahir hirupna, Tan Malaka dikabarken can penah nikah, tapi anjeunna ngaku mun ngabogaan tilu kali dina cinta, nalika anjeunna di Walanda, Filipina, sarta Indonésia.<ref name="merdeka.com">http://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/melajang-seumur-hidup-tan-malaka-hanya-3-kali-jatuh-cinta.html</ref> Di Walanda, Tan Malaka dikabarken sempet aya hubungan jeung gadis Walanda ngaranna Fenny Struyvenberg, murid médis anu mineng datang ka tempat kost. Basa di Filipina, anjeunna bogoh ka gadis ngaranna Carmen, putri urut pemberontak di Filipina jeung Réktor Universitas Manila. Samentara éta, lamun anjeunna masih di Indonésia, Tan pernah bogoh ka salahsahiji murid awéwé di sakolana, nyaéta Syarifah Nawawi .<ref>http://historia.id/persona/kisah-asmara-tan-malaka-antara-petualangan-dan-revolusi {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408221356/http://historia.id/persona/kisah-asmara-tan-malaka-antara-petualangan-dan-revolusi |date=2018-04-08 }}</ref> Alesan Tan Malaka teu nikah sabab perhatianna pikeun perjuangan kamerdakaan Indonesia.<ref name="merdeka.com"/> [https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Madilog Madilog] hiji istilah anyar ngenaan pola pikir, ku ngahubungkeun bukti ilmiah sarta ngamekarkeun jalan jeung métode luyu jeung akar budaya Indonésia salaku bagian tina budaya dunya. Bukti nyaéta kanyataan sarta kanyataan lanténa ilmu bukti ilmiah. Pikeun filsafat, idealisme anu poko nyaéta budi (pikiran), persatuan, pikiran sarta pengindraan. Filsafat materialis nganggap alam, objék jeung realita nyata sabudeureun sakumaha nu aya, sarta poko munggaran. Pikeun [https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Madilog Madilog] ( Materialism , Dialektika , [[logika]] ) nu poko sarta mimiti bukti, sanajan henteu acan bisa jadi dipedar dina rasional sarta logika, tapi lamun fakta salaku dasar bukti ilmiah anu konkrit, sanajan elmu pengetahuan sacara rasional teu tiasa ngajelaskeun sarta tacan bisa ngajawab naon, naha jeung kumaha. Sagala karya Tan Malaka tur masalahna dikasang tukangan ku kondisi Indonesia keur harita.Hususna rahayat Indonesia, kaayaan di Nusantara, ogé budaya jeung sajarah anu ditungtungan make cara langsung ngarengsekeun masalahna. Kumaha tradisi nyata Indonésia kalayan kasang tukang sajarah na teu cara teoritis pikiran jeung jang ngahontal Republik Indonésia geus dicetuskeun ku anjeuna saprak 1925 ngaliwatan ''Naar de Républik Indonésia.'' Lamun maca karya Tan Malaka nu ngawengku sadaya wewengkon masarakat, kanagaraan, politik, ekonomi, sosial, budaya jeung militér ( ''[https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/GERPOLEK Gerpolek]'' - Gerilya - [[Pulitik]] jeung Ékonomi , 1948), éta bakal kapanggih benang bodas kailmiahan jeung ka Indonesiaan sarta benang beureum kamandirian anu mangrupa sikap konsisten anu jelas kana gagasan-gagasan dina perjoangan. == pahlawan == Sanggeus Indonesia merdeka, Tan Malaka jadi salah sahiji panaratas jangjang kénca. Anjeunna ogé aub dina kajadian 3 Juli 1946 pikeun ngabentuk persatuan perjoangan jeung kasebut salaku dalang anu nyulik Sutan Sjahrir anu harita ngajabat salaku perdana menteri. Kusabab éta manéhna nepika di panjara teu di sidang heula pikeun dua satengah taun. Saatos pemberontakan Jawa bitu FDR / PKI di Madiun, September 1948 jeung kapamimpinan Musso sarta Amir Syarifuddin , Tan Malaka dibebaskeun tanpa sarat ti pajara. Di sisi séjén, sanggeus ngevaluasi kaayaan anu parah pisan keur Républik ndonesia lamtaran ku perjangjian Linggajati taun 1947 sarta ti Renville taun 1948, nu mangrupa hasil diplomasi Sutan Sjahrir tur Perdana Mentri Amir Syarifuddin , Tan Malaka ngamimitian ngadegkeun Murba Partéi , [[7 Nopémber|7 November]] [[1948]] di Yogyakarta. Sanggeus pemberontakan PKI / FDR di Madiun di éléhkeun ahir Nopémber 1948, Tan Malaka ka Kediri sarta ngumpulkeun sésa-sésa pemberontak PKI / FDR anu pas harita aya di Kediri, ti dinya anjeunna ngadegkeun pasukan Gerilya Pembela Proklamasi. Dina Pébruari 1949, Tan Malaka ditahan babarengan jeung sababaraha pengikutna di Pethok , [[Kota Kediri|Kediri]], [[Jawa Wétan|Jawa Timur]], sarta maranéhanana ditémbak maot di dinya. Teuaya sahiji pihak anu nyaho persis di mana makam Tan Malaka tur saha anu nangkap jeung nembak maot anjeunna jeung pengikutna. Tapi misteri éta akhirna kabongkar ti penuturan Harry A. Poeze, saurang sajarawan Walanda nyebutkeun yén anu nangkap jeung nembak maot Tan Malaka tanggal 21 Pébuari 1949 mangrupa pasukan TNI di handap kapangmimpinan Lt. Soekotjo ti Batalyon Flycatcher, Divisi Brawijaya. Kaputusan Présidén RI Nomer 53, ditandatangan ku Présidén [[Sukarno|Soekarno]] [[28 Maret]] [[1963]] netepkeun Tan Malaka salaku Pahlawan Nasional. Tanggal 21 Pébuari 2017, jasad Tan Malaka sacara simbolis dipindahkeun ti Kediri ka Sumatera Barat. Hal ieu diusahakeun ku kulawarga Tan Malaka jeung kelompok anu tergabung di Tan Malaka Institute. Kusabab gagal mawa jasad Tan Malaka sakabéhna, maranéhna mutuskeun jang ngirim sacara simbolis, kalawan mawa taneuh ti pakuburan Tan Malaka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/jenazah-tan-malaka-sang-pemimpin-adat-dijemput-keluarga-cjrL|title=Jenazah Tan Malaka Sang Pemimpin Adat Dijemput Keluarga|last=Firman|first=Tony|website=[[Tirto.id]]|language=id|accessdate=2017-11-20}}</ref> == Tan Malaka dina fiksi == ''Gelar Patjar Indonésia,'' Tan Malaka mangrupa tokoh utama ti sababaraha hiji roman picisan anu terbit di Medan . Roman-roman éta ngisahkeun patualangan Patjar Merah'','' salah sahiji aktivis anu merjoangkeun kamerdékaan Indonésia, tina kolonialisme Walanda. Kusabab kagiatanna, manéhna kabur ti Indonésia sarta jadi buronan pulisi rasiah internasional. Salah sahiji roman ''Patjar'' merah anu kasohor nyaéta roman karangan [[Matu Mona]] dijudulan ''Spionnage-Dienst..Ngaran Patjar Merah'' sorangan asalna ti karya Baronesse Orczy anu judulna ''Scarlet Pimpernel ,nyaritakeun ngeunaan'' pahlawan ti Revolusi Perancis. Dina carita-carita éta salain Tan Malaka ogé aya tokoh-tokoh PKI jeung Pari, nyaéta Musso (sakumaha ''Paul Mussotte),'' Alimin ''(Ivan Alminsky),'' Semaun ''(Semounoff),'' Darsono ''(Darsnoff),'' Jamaluddin Tamin ''(Djalumin)'' jeung Soebakat ( ''BUMN Beng Kiat). Kisah-kisah'' fiksi mantuan nguatkeun legenda Tan Malaka di Indonésia, utamana di Sumatra.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=v0y4-dp9uEEC&pg=PA94&dq=rol+patjar+merah+indonesia&hl=id&sa=X&ei=G_--UYbbBo2zrAecyIGYAg&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=rol%20patjar%20merah%20indonesia&f=false|title=Dari pemberontakan ke integrasi: Sumatra Barat dan politik Indonesia, 1926-1998|last=Kahin|first=Audrey|publisher=[[Yayasan Obor Indonesia]]|year=2005|isbn=9789794615195|location=|page=94|author-link=|access-date=}}</ref> Sanggeus reformasi terus aya ogé dua novél nu ngisahkeun kahirupan Tan Malaka. mimiti tilu buku nu ditulis ku [[Matu Mona]] , nu kaopat jeung kalima ditulis ku Yusdja .<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=OFSgNa9J61YC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=patjar+merah+indonesia&source=bl&ots=WLyyywIcRp&sig=Bc2S64cOW0o8Nc31-wfiERBiQuQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=__y-UbjEDcn-rAf63IG4Aw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=patjar%20merah%20indonesia&f=false|title=Reading Southeast Asia: Translation of Contemporary Japanese Scholarship on Southeast Asia|last=Southeast Asia Program|first=Cornell University|publisher=SEAP Publication|year=1990|isbn=9780877274001|location=|page=188|author-link=|access-date=17 Juni 2013}}</ref> : Sedengkeun novél kagenep jeung katujuh hiji ditulis ku Peter Dantovski na Hendri Teja. * ''Spionnage-Dienst'' (1938) <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.co.id/books/about/Spionnage_dienst.html?id=UivAYgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y|title=Patjar merah Indonesia|last=Mona|first=Matu|publisher=Centrale Courant en Boekhandel|year=1938|isbn=|location=|page=179|author-link=|access-date=17 Juni 2013}}</ref> * ''Indonésia roller Beureum Patjar CS'' (1938) * ''NKRI panggero'' (1940) * ''Moetiara Berloempoer: Tiga kali Patjar Merah Datang Membela'' (1940) * ''Patjar Merah Kembali ke Tanah Air'' (1940) * ''Setan Merah: Muslihat Internationale Tan Malaka'' (2012) <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15974898-setan-merah|title=Setan Merah: Muslihat Internationale Tan Malaka|last=Dantovski|first=Peter|publisher=Indie Book Corner|year=2012|isbn=6028794503|location=|page=491|author-link=|access-date=11 Februari 2016}}</ref> * ''Tan : Sebuah Novel'' (2016) <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/28604340-tan|title=Tan:Sebuah Novel|last=Teja|first=Hendri|publisher=Javanica|year=2016|isbn=9786026799067|location=|page=430|author-link=|access-date=11 Februari 2016}}</ref> * ''Tan : Gerilya Bawah Tanah''(2017) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/36260648-tan|title=Tan:Sebuah Novel|last=Teja|first=Hendri|publisher=Javanica|year=2017|isbn=9786026799289|location=|page=507|author-link=|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> == Bibliografi == [[Gambar:DariPendjaraKePendjara_3ed_titlepage.jpg|ka|jmpl| ''Ti panjara ka panjara'']] ** ''Parlemen atau Soviet'' (1920) ** ''SI Semarang dan Onderwijs'' (1921) ** ''Dasar Pendidikan'' (1921) ** ''Tunduk Pada Kekuasaan Tapi Tidak Tunduk Pada Kebenaran'' (1922) ** ''Naar de Republiek Indonesia (Menuju Republik Indonesia)'' (1924) ** ''Semangat Muda'' (1925) ** ''Massa Actie'' (1926) ** ''Local Actie dan National Actie'' (1926) ** ''Pari dan Nasionalisten'' (1927) ** ''Pari dan PKI'' (1927) ** ''Pari International'' (1927) ** ''Manifesto Bangkok''(1927) ** ''Aslia Bergabung'' (1943) ** ''Muslihat'' (1945) ** ''Rencana Ekonomi Berjuang'' (1945) ** ''Politik'' (1945) ** ''Manifesto Jakarta'' (1945) ** ''Thesis'' (1946) ** ''Pidato Purwokerto'' (1946) ** ''Pidato Solo'' (1946) ** ''Madilog'' (1948) ** ''Islam dalam Tinjauan Madilog'' (1948) ** ''Gerpolek'' (1948) ** ''Pidato Kediri'' (1948) ** ''Pandangan Hidup'' (1948) ** ''Kuhandel di Kaliurang'' (1948) ** ''Proklamasi 17-8-45 Isi dan Pelaksanaanya'' (1948) ** ''Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara'' (1970) == Rujukan == {{reflist}} ==Catatan kaki== <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Daftar pustaka == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite journal | last = Jarvis | first = Helen | year = 1987 | title = Tan Malaka: Revolutionary or Renegade? | journal = Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–55 | issn = 0007-4810 | url = http://criticalasianstudies.org/assets/files/bcas/v19n01.pdf | doi = 10.1080/14672715.1987.10409868 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811043214/http://criticalasianstudies.org/assets/files/bcas/v19n01.pdf |date=2011-08-11 }} * {{cite book | title = Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia | url = https://archive.org/details/nationalismrevol0000geor_y8o4 | last = Kahin | first = George McT. | year = 1952 | location = Ithaca, New York | publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 978-0-87727-734-7 }} * {{cite journal | last = Kusno | first = Abidin | date = November 2003 | title = From City to City: Tan Malaka, Shanghai, and the Politics of Geographical Imagining | journal = Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 327–339 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | doi = 10.1111/1467-9493.00162 }} * {{cite book | last = Malaka | first = Tan | last2 = Jarvis | first2 = Helen | title = From Jail to Jail | year = 1991 | location = Athens, Ohio | publisher = Ohio University Center for International Studies | series = Research in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series | volume = 1 | ref = {{sfnRef|Malaka & Jarvis 1991 Vol. 1}} }} * {{cite book | last = Malaka | first = Tan | last2 = Jarvis | first2 = Helen | title = From Jail to Jail | year = 1991 | location = Athens, Ohio | publisher = Ohio University Center for International Studies | series = Research in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series | volume = 2 | ref = {{sfnRef|Malaka & Jarvis 1991 Vol. 2}} }} * {{cite book | last = Malaka | first = Tan | last2 = Jarvis | first2 = Helen | title = From Jail to Jail | year = 1991 | location = Athens, Ohio | publisher = Ohio University Center for International Studies | series = Research in International Studies, Southeast Asia Series | volume = 3 | ref = {{sfnRef|Malaka & Jarvis 1991 Vol. 3}} }} * {{cite journal | last = McInerney | first = Andy | date = 1 January 2007 | title = Tan Malaka and Indonesia's Freedom Struggle | magazine = Socialism and Liberation | url = http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/07-01-01-tan-malaka-indonesias-freedom-s.html | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120820095802/http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/07-01-01-tan-malaka-indonesias-freedom-s.html | archive-date = 20 August 2012 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820095802/http://www.pslweb.org/liberationnews/news/07-01-01-tan-malaka-indonesias-freedom-s.html |date=20 August 2012 }} * {{cite book | last = McVey | first = Ruth T. | title = The Rise of Indonesian Communism | url = https://archive.org/details/riseofindonesian00mcve | url-access = registration | year = 1965 | location = Ithaca, New York | publisher = Cornell University Press }} * {{cite journal | last = Mrázek | first = Rudolf | date = October 1972 | url = http://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107127733 | title = Tan Malaka: A Political Personality's Structure of Experience | journal = Indonesia | volume = 14 | pages = 1–48 | publisher = Cornell University's Southeast Asia Program | location = Ithaca, New York | doi = 10.2307/3350731 | hdl = 1813/53543 | hdl-access = free | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195123/http://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107127733 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | accessdate = 2019-03-02 }} * {{cite book | last = Poeze | first = Harry A. | title = Verguisd en vergeten: Tan Malaka, de linkse beweging en de Indonesische Revolutie, 1945–1949 | year = 2007 | publisher = KITLV | location = Leiden | isbn = 978-90-6718-258-4 }} * {{cite book | title = Tan Malaka, Gerakan Kiri, dan Revolusi Indonesia | last = Poeze | first = Harry A. | year = 2008 | publisher = Yayasan Obor Indonesia | location = Jakarta | isbn = 978-979-461-697-0 | volume = 1 | others = translated by Hersri Setiawan }} * {{cite book | title = Mewarisi Gagasan Tan Malaka | last = Suwarto | first = Wasid | year = 2006 | publisher = LPPM Tan Malaka | location = Jakarta | isbn = 978-979-99038-2-2 }} * {{cite book | title = Tan Malaka: Merajut Masyarakat dan Pendidikan Indonesia yang Sosialistis | author = Syaifudin | year = 2012 | publisher = Ar-Ruzz Media | location = Yogyakarta | isbn = 978-979-25-4911-9 }} * {{cite book | title = Kematian Tan Malaka | last = Tamin | first = Djamaludin | year = 1965 | publisher = No publisher }} * {{cite book | title = Of Self and Nation: Autobiography and the Representation of Modern Indonesia | url = https://archive.org/details/ofselfnationauto0000wats | last = Watson | first = C.W. | year = 2000 | location = Honolulu | publisher = University of Hawaii Press. | isbn = 978-0-8248-2281-1 }} {{Refend}} {{Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia}} [[Kategori:Pahlawan nasional Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Artikel Peserta WSSA]] kf10igqsqqm9mm1n5i99rhyz2nwtt9v 0 50279 730605 707548 2026-10-20T13:39:37Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 730605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=April 2017}} {{taxobox |image = Arya.wild_Indonesian_sidaguri.2019.jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |ordo = [[Malvales]] |familia = [[Malvaceae]] |genus = ''[[Sida (plant)|Sida]]'' |species = '''''S. rhombifolia''''' |binomial = ''Sida rhombifolia'' |binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Sadagori''' (''Sida rhombifolia''), ([[Basa Sangsekerta|Sangsakerta]] : ''atibalā'' अतिबला<ref>[http://iu.ff.cuni.cz/pandanus/database/details.php?id=1049&enc=utf&sort=ka&display=20&lat=&skt=on&pkt=&hin=&ben=&tam=&mal=&eng=&start=0 Pandanus database of Indian plants]</ref> ) nyaéta tangkal liar anu hirupna nahun tina kulawarga ''Malvaceae'', mindeng kapanggih di sisi [[jalan]], tegalan, [[leuweung]], sisi kebon, galengan sawah, jeung tempat séjén anu cukup kasorot cahaya [[panonpoé]]. Urang [[Jawa tengah]] nyebut kana sadagori: sidaguri, otok-otok, urang [[Madura]] nyebutna taghuri, kahiindu di [[Sumba]], hutu gamo sebutan urang [[Halmahera]], jeung digo; bitimu; sosapu sebutan ceuk urang [[ternate]].<ref>[http://www.tanobat.com/sidaguri-ciri-ciri-tanaman-serta-khasiat-dan-manfaatnya.html Ngaran sadagori disababaraha wewengkon]</ref><ref name="Atlas">[[Setiawan Dalimartha|Dalimartha, Setiawan]] (2007) [2003]. ''Atlas Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia''. '''3''':140{{spaced ndash}}145. [[Jakarta]]:Puspa Swara. ISBN 979-3235-73-X.</ref> ==Pedaran== [[File:Sida_rhombifolia_plant9_(16143411095).jpg|thumb|130px|left|Tangkal sandagori di tegalan]] Tangkal sadagori geus loba dimangpaatkeun pikeun ubar luar jeung jeroeun [[awak]]. ku lantaran kandungan kimia anu dipibanda ku ieu tangkal.<ref name=vlsm>{{cite web |date=15 November 2001 |title=''Sida rhombifolia'' L. |publisher=[[Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia|Departemen Kesehatan]] |url=http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku1/1-263.pdf |accessdate=20 Juni 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207074210/http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/artikel/ttg_tanaman_obat/depkes/buku1/1-263.pdf |date=7 December 2008 }}</ref> [[Daun]]a mibanda kimia ''Alkaloid'', ''kalsium oksalat, tannin, saponin, fenol, asam amino'' jeung [[minyak]] ''astiri''.Tangkalna miband kandungan ''kalsium oksalat'' jeung ''tannin'', [[Akar]]na mibanda ''alkaloid, steroid'' jeung kandungan ''ephedrine''. Akarna ''serabut'' nanceb kana taneuh kurang leuwih nepika 30 centi, hésé di cabutna. Ku lantaran ieu tangkal sadagori anu aya dina tegalan paragi ngangon [[domba]] sok dipaké pikeun nyangcang domba, ku jalan nyangreudkeun talina dina tangkal sadagori <ref>[http://www.tanobat.com/sidaguri-ciri-ciri-tanaman-serta-khasiat-dan-manfaatnya.html Ciri mandiri tangkal sadagori]</ref> [[File:Sida rhombifolia at Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Kembang sadagori]] ==Ciri mandiri== [[Tangkal]]na ngarungkun jangkungna kurang leuwih nepika 2 [[méter]], kelirna beureum ati, nyagak, jeung mibanda bulu-bulu anu lemes kelirna héjo ngora. Daunna salambar kelirna héjo kolot daun ngorana kelirna héjo ngora, pahareup-hareup, lonyod méncos ka tungtungnakeun sisi daun rérégéan tur buluan lemes kelirna semu hawuk, daunna anu beulah luhur henteu rata ngangambar keun [[tulang]] daun anu aya beulah handapna.<ref name="A.P.">Dharma, A.P. (1987). ''Indonesian Medicinal Plants [Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia]''. hal.185{{spaced ndash}}186. [[Jakarta]]:[[Balai Pustaka]]. ISBN 979-407-032-7.</ref> [[Kembang]]na hiji mibanda lima palapah kembang anu kelirna semu konéng nepikeun ka konéng. Beulah tengah kembang kelirna konéng tur mibanda lima bagéan mahkota kembang anu mangrupa pibuaheun. [[Buah]]na mibanda cangkang anu di jerona aya siki kurang leuwih 8-10, ngentép kalawan tiluarna ngawujud segi lima kelirna héjo, tuluy robah kelir jadi semu [[coklat]] dina mangsa geus kolot.<ref name=Atlas/><ref name=vlsm/><ref name="Ramuan">Hidayat, Syamsul (2005). ''Ramuan Tradisional ala 12 Etnis Indonesia''. hal.325. [[Jakarta]]:Penebar Swadaya. ISBN 978-489-944-5.</ref> ==Mangpaat== Sadagori dimangpaatkeun pikeun ngubaran [[reumatik]], gering konéng, cacingeun, ku jalan ngagodog tangkal jeung akar sadagori anu geus dibérésihan saméméhna, kurang lewih ku saleter [[cai]]. Digodong nepikeun ka nyesa satengahna. Saenggeus tiis tuluy diinum. Ngubaran kasakit di saluareun awak, ku jalan ngarieus daun sadagori nepikeun ka lembut, bisa ngubaran raheut, arateul, nyeuri huntu, diseureud nyiruan, bisul, jeung sajabana. Ku jalan dioléskeun atawa di popokeun kana bagéan awak anu raheut/nyeri.<ref>[http://www.tanobat.com/sidaguri-ciri-ciri-tanaman-serta-khasiat-dan-manfaatnya.html Sadagori mangrupa tangkal ubar]</ref> <Gallery> File:Sida_sp_Blanco2.248.png|Gambar Tangkal Sandagori meunang Blanco File:Sida rhombifolia in Kadavoor.jpg|Kembang Sandagori meujeuhna ligar File:Sida_rhombifolia_fruit2_(15957653047).jpg|Buah sandagori File:Sida_rhombifolia_plant8_(15957328909).jpg|Tangkal sandagori ngora kénéh File:Starr_090121-1015_Sida_rhombifolia.jpg|buah sandagori di mana geus kolot File:Sida_Rhombifolia_-_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF_02.JPG|Akar tangkal sandagori </gallery> ==Dicutat tina== {{reflist|2}} ==Tutumbu Kaluar== * [http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plant=1158 Sidaguri] dina Plantamor. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180314232139/http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?5042,5093,5094 Jepson Manual Treatment] * [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=SIRH USDA Plants Profile]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/sidrh.htm Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826074854/http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/sidrh.htm |date=2012-08-26 }} * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Sida+rhombifolia Photo gallery] {{Pondok}} {{Commonscat|Sida rhombifolia}} [[Kategori:Ubar]] [[Kategori:Jukut]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan dumasar mangpaatna]] [[Kategori:Gulma]] [[Kategori :Malvaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan]] qtsb53nmsubu6lkr6ac8ce3leji0049 0 52629 730601 707376 2026-10-20T12:18:51Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 730601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |image = Starr 080208-2543 Pluchea carolinensis.jpg |image_caption = ''[[Pluchea carolinensis]]'' |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |ordo = [[Asterales]] |name=Pluchea |familia = [[Asteraceae]] |subfamilia = [[Asteroideae]] |tribus = [[Inuleae]]<ref name=g/> |genus = '''''Pluchea''''' |genus_authority = [[Alexandre de Cassini|Cass.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?9605 |title=Genus: ''Pluchea'' Cass. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1996-09-17 |accessdate=2010-12-11}}</ref> |type_species_authority=[[Michx.]] |type_species= ''[[Conyza marilandica]]'' |synonyms_ref=<ref name=g/> |synonyms= * ''[[Pluechea]]'' <small>Zoll. </small> * ''[[Gymnostylis]]'' <small>Raf.</small> * ''[[Tecmarsis]]'' <small>DC.</small> * ''[[Gynema]]'' <small>Raf.</small> * ''[[Oliganthemum]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small> * ''[[Eyrea]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small> * ''[[Spiropodium]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small> * ''[[Berthelotia]]'' <small>DC.</small> * ''[[Stylimnus]]'' <small>Raf.</small> * ''[[Leptogyne]]'' <small>Less.</small> * ''[[Eremohylema]]'' <small>A.Nelson</small> * ''Conyza'' subg. ''Pluchea'' <small>(Cass.) Miq.</small> |}} '''''Pluchéa''''' nyaéta hiji [[genus]] [[tutuwuhan kembangan]] ti [[Inuleae]] di [[kulawarga (biologi)|kulawarga]] [[Asteraceae]]. Wangun tutuwuhanana rupa-rupa, [[morfologi]] [[daun]], [[kembang]], jeung [[buah]]na ogé rupa-rupa.<ref>Sharma, S. K. and N. Goyal. (2011). [http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/ABR-vol2-iss3/ABR-2011-2-3-25-34.pdf Biological studies of the plants from genus ''Pluchea''.] ''Annals of Biological Research'' 2(3), 25-34.</ref><ref>Perera, W., et al. (2007). [http://www.relaquim.com/archive/2007/p2007353-68.pdf Flavonols from leaves of ''Pluchea carolinensis'' (Jacq.) G.Don (Asteraceae).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726010728/http://www.relaquim.com/archive/2007/p2007353-68.pdf |date=2014-07-26 }} ''[[Revista Latinoamericana de Química]]'' 35(3), 68-73.</ref><ref name=fna>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=126103 Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 478 ''Pluchea'' Cassini]</ref><ref name=foc>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=126103 Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 847 <big>阔苞菊属</big> kuo bao ju shu ''Pluchea'' Cassini]</ref><ref name=hu>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/3997202 Susanne Hunge. 1997. A Survey of the Genus ''Pluchea'' (Compositae, Plucheeae) in Australia. Willdenowia 27:207-223]</ref> Ngaran genus dicokot tina ngaran naturalis [[Prancis]] Abbé [[Noël-Antoine Pluche]].<ref name=fna/> ;Spésiés<ref name=g>[http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/default.aspx?Page=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=f73f1dd1-4edc-4401-bbc4-e64d811f753b Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist ]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=36060 |taxon=''Pluchea'' |accessdate=2010-12-11}}</ref><ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?9605 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Pluchea'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2010-12-11}}</ref> # ''[[Pluchea arabica]]'' <small>(Boiss.) Qaiser & Lack</small> - [[Yemen]], [[Oman]] # ''[[Pluchea arguta]]'' <small>Boiss.</small> - India, [[Iran]] # ''[[Pluchea baccharis]]'' <small>(Mill.) Pruski</small> &ndash; rosy camphorweed - southéastern United States, Bahamas, [[Cuba]], [[Yucatán Peninsula]], [[Central America]] # ''[[Pluchea baccharoides]]'' (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth. - Australia # ''[[Pluchea bequaertii]]'' <small>Robyns</small> -central [[Africa]] # ''[[Pluchea biformis]]'' <small>DC.</small> # ''[[Pluchea bojeri]]'' <small>(DC.) Humbert</small> - [[Madagascar]] # ''[[Pluchea camphorata]]'' <small>(L.) DC.</small> &ndash; camphor pluchéa - éastern + central United States, Mexico # ''[[Pluchea carolinensis]]'' <small>(Jacq.) G.Don</small> &ndash; cure-for-all - [[Latin America]], [[West Indies]], [[Florida]] # ''[[Pluchea chingoyo]]'' <small>(Kunth) DC.</small> - [[Peru]], [[Chile]] # ''[[Pluchea dentex]]'' <small>R.Br. ex Benth.</small> - Australia<ref name=hu/> # ''[[Pluchea dioscoridis]]'' <small>(L.) DC.</small> - [[Egypt]], [[Middle East]] # ''[[Pluchea dodonaeifolia]]'' <small>(Hook. & Arn.) H.Rob. & Cuatrec.</small> - [[Bolivia]] # ''[[Pluchea domingensis]]'' <small>Klatt</small> - [[Hispaniola]] # ''[[Pluchea dunlopii]]'' <small>Hunger</small> - Australia<ref name=hu/> # ''[[Pluchea eupatorioides]]'' <small>Kurz</small><ref name=foc/> - China, [[Indochina]] # ''[[Pluchea ferdinandi-muelleri]]'' <small>Domin</small> - Australia<ref name=hu/> # ''[[Pluchea fiebrigii]]'' <small>H.Rob. & Cuatrec.</small> - [[Bolivia]] # ''[[Pluchea foetida]]'' <small>(L.) DC.</small> &ndash; stinking camphorweed - southéastern United States, [[Yucatán Peninsula]] # †''[[Pluchea glutinosa]]'' <small>[[Isaac Bayley Balfour|Balf.f.]]</small> ([[extinct]]) # ''[[Pluchea grevei]]'' <small>(Baill.) Humbert</small> - [[Madagascar]] # ''[[Pluchea heterophylla]]'' <small>Vatke</small> - tropical [[Africa]] # ''[[Pluchea hirsuta]]'' <small>(L.) Less.</small> - India # ''[[Pluchea indica]]'' <small>(L.) Less.</small> &ndash; [[baluntas]] # ''[[Pluchea kelleri]]'' <small>(Thell.) Thulin</small> - [[Somalia]] # ''[[Pluchea lanceolata]]'' <small>(DC.) Oliv. & Hiern</small> - India, [[Afghanistan]], parts of western [[Africa]] # ''[[Pluchea lanuginosa]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small> - India # ''[[Pluchea laxiflora]]'' <small>Hook. & Arn. ex Baker</small> # ''[[Pluchea linearifolia]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small> - éastern India # ''[[Pluchea littoralis]]'' <small>Thulin</small> # ''[[Pluchea lucens]]'' <small>Thulin</small> # ''[[Pluchea lycioides]]'' <small>(Hiern) Merxm.</small> - [[South Africa]] # ''[[Pluchea mexicana]]'' <small>(R.K.Godfrey) G.L.Nesom</small> - [[San Luis Potosí]] # ''[[Pluchea microcephala]]'' <small>R.K.Godfrey</small> - [[Bolivia]], [[Peru]], [[Argentina]] # ''[[Pluchea nogalensis]]'' <small>Chiov.</small> - [[Somalia]] # ''[[Pluchea oblongifolia]]'' <small>DC.</small> - [[Brazil]] # ''[[Pluchea odorata]]'' <small>(L.) Cass.</small> &ndash; sweetscent, saltmarsh fléabane - from [[Ontario]] to [[Bolivia]] # ''[[Pluchea ovalis]]'' <small>(Pers.) DC.</small> - [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Morocco]] # ''[[Pluchea parvifolia]]'' <small>(A.Gray) R.K.Godfrey</small> - [[Baja California]] # ''[[Pluchea polygonata]]'' <small>(DC.) Gagnep.</small> - India, [[Indochina]] # ''[[Pluchea pteropoda]]'' <small>Hemsl. ex Hemsl</small> - China, [[Indochina]]<ref name=foc/> # ''[[Pluchea rosea]]'' <small>R.K.Godfrey</small> - Mexico, [[Honduras]], south-central + southéastern United States # ''[[Pluchea rubelliflora]]'' <small>(F.Muell.) B.L.Rob.</small><ref name=hu/> - Australia # ''[[Pluchea rufescens]]'' <small>(DC.) A.J.Scott</small> - [[Mauritius]] # ''[[Pluchea sagittalis]]'' <small>Less.</small> &ndash; wingstem camphorweed - [[South America]], [[West Indies]] # ''[[Pluchea salicifolia]]'' <small>(Mill.) S.F.Blake</small> - Mexico, [[Guatemala]] # ''[[Pluchea sarcophylla]]'' <small>Chiov.</small> - [[Somalia]] # ''[[Pluchea scabrida]]'' <small>DC.</small> - [[Philippines]] # ''[[Pluchea sericea]]'' <small>(Nutt.) Coville</small> &ndash; arrowweed - southwestern United States, northwestern Mexico # ''[[Pluchea somaliensis]]'' <small>(Thell.) Thulin</small> - [[Somalia]] # ''[[Pluchea sordida]]'' <small>(Vatke) Oliv. & Hiern</small> - tropical [[Africa]] # ''[[Pluchea succulenta]]'' <small>Mesfin</small> - [[Somalia]] # ''[[Pluchea tertanthera]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small><ref name=hu/> - Australia # ''[[Pluchea tomentosa]]'' <small>DC.</small> - India # ''[[Pluchea wallichiana]]'' <small>DC.</small> - India # ''[[Pluchea yucatanensis]]'' <small>G.L.Nesom</small> &ndash; Yucatán camphorweed - [[Yucatán Peninsula]] incl [[Belize]] ;Saméméhna diasupkeun<ref name=g/> *''[[Allopterigeron filifolius]]'' <small>(F.Muell.) Dunlop</small> (as ''P. filifolia'' <small>F.Muell.</small>)<ref name=hu/> * ''[[Baccharis decussata]]'' <small>(Klatt) Hieron.</small> (as ''P. decussata'' <small>Klatt</small>) *''[[Cratystylis conocephala]]'' <small>(F.Muell.) S.Moore</small> (as ''P. conocephala'' <small>(F.Muell.) F.Muell.</small>)<ref name=hu/> * ''[[Neurolaena lobata]]'' <small>(L.) Cass.</small> (as ''P. symphytifolia'' <small>(Mill.) Gillis</small>)<ref name="GRINSpecies"/> *''[[Streptoglossa liatroides]]'' <small>(Turcz.) Dunlop</small> (as ''P. ligulata'' <small>F.Muell.</small>)<ref name=hu/> *''[[Streptoglossa macrocephala]]'' <small>(F.Muell.) Dunlop</small> (as ''P. macrocephala'' <small>F.Muell.</small>)<ref name=hu/> *''[[Streptoglossa odora]]'' <small>(F.Muell.) Dunlop</small> (as ''P. odora'' <small>F.Muell.</small>)<ref name=hu/> *''[[Thespidium basiflorum]]'' <small>(F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth.</small> (as ''P. basiflora'' <small>F.Muell.</small>)<ref name=hu/> ==Rujukan== {{commons category}} {{wikispecies}} {{reflist}} ==Tutumbu kaluar== *[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PLUCH USDA Plants Profile]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160401194645/http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?609,1703 Jepson Manual Treatment] {{taxonbar}} [[Kategori:Pluchea| ]] [[Kategori:Asteraceae genera]] hho0pk4mhrvd89ax03b5jjb8chfcn3c 0 53356 730613 729331 2026-10-20T16:00:18Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 730613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cat breed <!-- Put article text AFTER this infobox markup. See: --> <!-- Wikipedia:WikiProject Cats/Templates for more info. --> |name= Ucing Pérsia |image= Shaded silver Persian Cat Missionhill Cosmic Rainstorm.jpg |imagecaption= |altname= Bulu Panjang,<br />Pérsia Bulu Panjang ,<br />Shiraz, Shirazi |nickname= |country= [[Iran|Iran (Pérsia)]] <!-- international registries: --> |cfastd = http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/persian.pdf |fifestd = http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/EXO-PER.pdf |ticastd= http://www.tica.org/members/publications/standards/ps.pdf |wcfstd = http://www.wcf-online.de/WCF-EN/library/PER_en_2010-01-01.pdf <!-- regional multi-national registries: --> |ffestd = http://www.ffe-europe.de/standard/persian_e.htm <!-- national registries: --> |acfstd = http://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/2015_Group%201_Persian.pdf |acfastd = http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/PERSIAN.pdf |cccastd = |ccastd = http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/persian.pdf |cffstd = |gccfstd = http://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Persian.SOP.pdf |loofstd = http://m.loof.asso.fr/standards/standard_en_41.php?z=1 |nzcfstd= |saccstd= <!-- any registry not listed above: --> |otherstd = |note=Ucing[[Éksotik bulu panjang]] jeung [[Ucing Himalaya]] mindeng digolongkeun kana jenis varian ieu. }} '''Ucing Pérsia''' ([[Persian language|Pérsia]]: گربه ایرانی ''Gorbe Irâni'') nyaéta [[ucing]] piaraan cirina bulu panjang, beungeut buleud sarta irung pondok. Sakapeung disebut '''Longhair''' atawa '''Pérsia Longhair'''. Ogé katelah ucing '''[[Shiraz]]i''' atawa '''Ucing Iran''', utamana di [[Timur Tengah]]. Karuhun ucing pérsia nu mimiti didokumétasikeun diimpor ti [[Iran]] (Pérsia) sakitar taun 1620 ka Éropa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.breedguide.net/tag/persian-cat/|title=persian cat Archives - Breed Guide|work=Breed Guide}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050721/http://www.breedguide.net/tag/persian-cat/ |date=2014-08-08 }}</ref> Dipikawanoh minangka ucing inguan nu éndah saprak ahir abad ka-19, mimiti dimekarkeun ku Inggris, terus utamana ku paternak Amérika sanggeus [[Perang Dunya Kadua]]. Sababaraha organisasi ucing méwah ieu ngagolongkeun [[Ucing Himalaya]] jeung [[Éksotik Bulu pondok]] minangka varian ti turunan ieu, sedengkeun nu lianna nganggap maranéhna minangka katurunan nu misah. The [[selective breeding]] carried out by breeders has allowed the development of a wide variety of coat colors, but has also led to the création of incréasingly [[Cephalic index in cats and dogs|flat-faced]] Persians. Favored by fanciers, this héad structure can bring with it a number of héalth problems. As is the case with the [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese]] breed, there have been efforts by some breeders to preserve the older type of cat, the ''traditional breed'', having a more pronounced muzzle, which is more popular with the general public. Hereditary [[polycystic kidney disease]] is prevalent in the breed, affecting almost half the population in some countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://icatcare.org/advice/polycystic-kidney-disease|title=Polycystic kidney disease {{!}} International Cat Care|website=icatcare.org|access-date=2016-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/Health_Information/PolycysticKidneyDisease.cfm|title=Polycystic Kidney Disease|website=www.vet.cornell.edu|access-date=2016-07-08|accessdate=2017-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118173412/http://www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/Health_Information/PolycysticKidneyDisease.cfm|archivedate=2018-01-18}}</ref> In 2015 it was ranked as the 2nd most popular breed in the United States according to the [[Cat Fanciers' Association]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cfa.org/AboutCFA/News/PressReleases/PressRelease20160201Top10Breeds.aspx|title=Press Release February 1, 2016 - Top 10 Breeds for 2015|website=cfa.org|access-date=2016-07-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430031445/http://cfa.org/AboutCFA/News/PressReleases/PressRelease20160201Top10Breeds.aspx |date=2017-04-30 }}</ref> The first is the [[Exotic Shorthair|Exotic]] breed. ==Asal== It is not cléar when longhaired cats first appéared, as there are no known long-haired specimens of the [[African wildcat]], the ancestor of the domestic subspecies. [[File:Persian aka Angora from 1894.JPG|thumb|left|An Angora/Persian from ''The Royal Natural History'' (1894).]] The first documented ancestors of the Persian were imported from [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]], Persia (now Iran), into Italy in 1620 by [[Pietro della Valle]], and from Angora (now [[Ankara]]), [[Turkey]], into France by [[Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]] at around the same time. The Khorasan cats were grey coated while those from Angora were white. From France, they soon réached Britain.<ref name="messybeastLHC">{{cite web | url=http://www.messybeast.com/longhair-cats.htm | title=Longhaired Cats | publisher=Sarah Hartwell | work=Messybeast Cats | date=2013 | accessdate=July 9, 2015 | last=Hartwell | first=Sarah}}</ref>{{self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2015|reason=This is Sarah Hartwell's personal cat blog, "not affiliated to any registry, breed society, veterinary association or welfare society", not professionally edited, and citing no sources.}} Recent genetic reséarch indicates that present day Persians are related not to cats from the [[Near East]] but to cats from Western Europe. The reséarchers stated, "Even though the early Persian cat may have in fact originated from ancient Persia, the modern Persian cat has lost its [[Phylogeography|phylogeographical]] signature."<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Monika J.|last1=Lipinski |first2=Lutz|last2=Froenicke |first3=Kathleen C.|last3=Baysac |first4=Nicholas C.|last4=Billings |first5=Christian M.|last5=Leutenegger |first6=Alon M.|last6=Levy |first7=Maria|last7=Longeri |first8=Tirri|last8=Niini |first9=Haydar|last9=Ozpinar |first10=Margaret R.|last10=Slater |first11=Niels C.|last11=Pedersen |first12=Leslie A.|last12=Lyons |title=The Ascent of Cat Breeds: Genetic Evaluations of Breeds and Worldwide Random Bred Populations |journal=Genomics |date=January 2008 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009 |pmc=2267438 |pmid=18060738}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Pamekaran== ===Pérsia jeung Angora=== {{over-quotation|lengthy=y|section|date=December 2011}} {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Blue Persian "Gentian".jpg|image2=Fulmer Zaida - Silver Persian.JPG|width=220|caption2=Top: blue Persian. Prize-winner at Westminster in 1899. <br />Bottom: silver Persian. Winner of multiple leading cat shows in 1902.}} The first Persian cat was presented at the first organized [[cat show]], in 1871 in [[the Crystal Palace]] in London, England, organized by [[Harrison Weir]]. As specimens closer to the later established Persian conformation became the more popular types, attempts were made to differentiate it from the Angora.<ref name="Helgren">{{cite web |last=Helgren|first=J. Anne. |title=Cat Breed Detail: Persian Cats |date=2006 |work=Iams.com |publisher=Telemark Productions / Procter & Gamble |url=http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=persian.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081119191145/http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=persian.html |archivedate=November 19, 2008 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref> The first breed standard (then called a ''points of excellence'' list) was issued in 1889 by cat show promoter Weir. He stated that the Persian differed from the Angora in the tail being longer, hair more full and coarse at the end and héad larger, with less pointed éars.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weir|first=Harrison |title=Our Cats and All About Them |date=1889 |location=Tunbridge Wells, UK |publisher=R. Clements & Co. |lccn=2002554760 |ol=3664970M |url= https://archive.org/details/ourcatsallaboutt00weir |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref> Not all cat fanciers agreed with the distinction of the two types, and in the 1903 work ''The Book of the Cat'', Francis Simpson states that "the distinctions, apparently with hardly any difference, between Angoras and Persians are of so fine a nature that I must be pardoned if I ignore the class of cat commonly called Angora".<ref>{{cite book |last=Simpson|first=Frances. |title=The Book of the Cat |date=1903 |page=98 |location=London/New York |publisher=Cassell and Company |lccn=03024964 |ol=7205700M |url= https://archive.org/details/bookofcatsimpson00simprich |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref> Dorothy Bevill Champion lays out the difference between the two types in the 1909 ''Everybody's Cat Book'':<ref name="champion">{{cite book |last=Champion |first=Dorothy Bevill |year=1909 |title=Everybody's Cat Book |page=17 |publisher=Lent & Graff |location=New York |lccn=10002159 |oclc=8291178 |ol=7015748M |url= https://archive.org/details/everybodyscatboo00cham |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref> <blockquote> Our pedigree imported long-hairs of to-day are undoubtedly a cross of the Angora and Persian ; the latter possesses a rounder head than the former, also the coat is of quite a different quality. </blockquote> Bell goes on to detail the differences. Persian coats consists of a woolly under coat and a long, hairy outer coat.The coat loses all the thick underwool in the summer, and only the long hair remains. Hair on the shoulders and upper part of the hind legs is somewhat shorter. Conversely, the Angora has a very different coat which consists of long, soft hair, hanging in locks, "inclining to a slight curl or wave on the under parts of the body." The Angora's hair is much longer on the shoulders and hind legs than the Persian, which Bell considered a gréat improvement. However, Bell says the Angora "fails to the Persian in head," Angoras having a more wedge-shaped héad and Persians having a more appéaling round héad. Bell notes that Angoras and Persians have been crossbred, resulting in a decided improvement to éach breed, but claimed the long-haired cat of 1909 had significantly more Persian influence than Angora. Champion lamented the lack of distinction among various long-haired types by English fanciers, who in 1887, decided to group them under the umbrella term "Long-haired Cats".<ref name="champion"/><ref name="Helgren2">{{cite web |last=Helgren|first=J. Anne |title=Cat Breed Detail: Turkish Angora |date=2006 |work=Iams.com |publisher=Telemark Productions / Procter & Gamble |url= http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=turkango.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100509130400/http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=turkango.html |archivedate=May 9, 2010 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}} {{Unreliable source?|reason=A cat food manufacturer is not a reliable source on cat breed history.|date=July 2015}}</ref><!-- This ref is only for the date. --> ===Pérsia Tradisional=== [[File:SnowyandHazy.jpg|thumb|Traditional Persian.]] {{Main article|Traditional Persian cat}} The '''traditional Persian''', or '''doll-face Persian''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buyfuffy.com|title=Cats and Kittens: Maine coon Kittens|accessdate=March 17, 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313210531/http://buyfuffy.com/ |date=March 13, 2016 }}</ref> are somewhat recent names for what is essentially the original breed of Persian cat, without the development of extreme féatures. As many breeders in the [[United States]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], and other parts of the world started to interpret the Persian standard differently, they developed the flat-nosed "peke-face" or "ultra" type {{crossref|selfref=no|(see next section)}} over time, as the result of two genetic mutations, without changing the name of the breed from "Persian". Some organizations, including the [[Cat Fanciers' Association]] (CFA), today consider the peke-face type as their modérn standard for the Persian breed. Thus the [[retronym]] Traditional Persian was créated to refer to the original type, which is still bred today, mirroring the renaming of the original-style [[Siamese cat]] as the Traditional Siamese, to distinguish it from long-faced modérn development which has taken over as simply "the Siamese". Not all cat fancier groups recognize the Traditional Persian (at all, or as distinct), or give it that specific name. [[The International Cat Association|TICA]] has a very general standard, that does not specify a flattened face.<ref name="TICA std">{{cite web |title=Persian Breed Group |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=TICA.org |date=May 1, 2004 |location=Harlingen, Texas |publisher=[[The International Cat Association]] |url=http://www.tica.org/members/publications/standards/ps.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802122540/http://www.tica.org/members/publications/standards/ps.pdf |date=August 2, 2010 }}</ref> ===Peke-face and ultra-typing=== In the late 1950s a spontanéous mutation in red and red tabby Persians gave rise to the "peke-faced" Persian, named after the flat-faced [[Pekingese]] dog. It was régistered as a distinct breed in the CFA, but fell out of favor by the mid-1990s due to serious héalth issues; only 98 were régistered between 1958 and 1995. Despite this, breeders took a liking to the look and started breeding towards the peke-face look. The over-accentuation of the breed's characteristics by selective breeding (called ''extreme-'' or ''ultra-typing'') produced results similar to the peke-faced Persians. The term peke-face has been used to refer to the ultra-typed Persian but it is properly used only to refer to red and red tabby Persians béaring the mutation. Many fanciers and CFA judges considered the shift in look "a contribution to the breed."<ref name="messybeastLHC" /><ref name="CFA Saunders">{{cite web |first=Lorraine |last=Saunders |title=Solid Color Persians Are...Solid As a Rock? |work=Cat Fanciers' Almanac |date=November 2002 |publisher=Cat Fanciers' Association |url=http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid02.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201041221/http://cfainc.org//breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid02.html |archivedate=December 1, 2010 |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201041221/http://cfainc.org//breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid02.html |date=December 1, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="CFA Brocato">{{cite web |first1=Judy |last1=Brocato |first2=Greg |last2=Brocato |title=Stargazing: A Historical View of Solid Color Persians |work=Cat Fanciers' Almanac |publisher=Cat Fanciers' Association |date=March 1995 |url=http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201043934/http://cfainc.org//breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid.html |archivedate=December 1, 2010 |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201043934/http://cfainc.org//breeds/profiles/articles/persian-solid.html |date=December 1, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="ultracat">{{cite web |last=Hartwell |first=Sarah |title=Novelty Breeds and Ultra-Cats – A Breed Too Far? |work=Messybeast Cats |url= http://www.messybeast.com/ultracat.htm |date=2010 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}{{self-published inline|certain=y|reason=See previous note about this source.|date=July 2015}}</ref> {{double image|left|Persian profile view moderate type.jpg|140|Cat Show - Ft. Lauderdale - October 2008.jpg|120|A Persian with a visible muzzle in contrast with a Persian with its forehead, nose and chin in vertical alignment, as called for by CFA's 2007 breed standard. The shorter the muzzle, the higher the nose tends to be. UK standards penalize Persians whose nose leather extends above the bottom edge of the eye.}} In 1958, breeder and author P. M. Soderberg wrote in ''Pedigree Cats, Their Varieties, breeding and Exhibition''<ref name="ultracat" /><!--This quotation appears to be cited to an intermediary source; should be verified.--> <blockquote style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;"><!--Have to compensate with padding, because blockquote's default indentation effect does not work when surrounded by images.--> "Perhaps in recent times there has been a tendency to over-accentuate this type of short face, with the result that a few of the cats seen at shows have faces which present a peke-like appearance. This is a type of face which is definitely recognized in the United States, and helps to form a special group within the show classification for the [Persian] breed. There are certainly disadvantages when the face has become too short, for this exaggeration of type is inclined to produce a deformity of the tear ducts, and running eyes may be the result. A cat with running eyes will never look at its best because in time the fur on each side of the nose becomes stained, and thus detracts from the general appearance [...] The nose should be short, but perhaps a plea may be made here that the nose is better if it is not too short and at the same time uptilted. A nose of this type creates an impression of grotesqueness which is not really attractive, and there is always a danger of running eyes." </blockquote> [[File:Stephanie 2.jpg|thumb|right|A smoke Persian with moderate features.]] While the looks of the Persian changed, the Persian Breed Council's standard for the Persian had remained basically the same. The Persian breed standard is, by its nature, somewhat open-ended and focused on a rounded héad, large, wide-spaced round eyes with the top of the nose léather placed no lower than the bottom of the eyes.{{clarify|date=December 2011|reason=Again, this article appears to contradict itself; the breed standard cannot call for the nose to be both above and below the eye at the same time. If necessary, create a section on conflicting breed standards and source their differences.}} The standard calls for a short, cobby body with short, well-boned legs, a broad chest, and a round appéarance, everything about the idéal Persian cat being "round". It was not until the late 1980s that standards were changed to limit the development of the extreme appéarance.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} In 2004, the statement that muzzles should not be overly pronounced was added to the breed standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.persianbc.org/bcpoll_2003.php|title=2003 Breed Council Ballot Proposals and Results|year=2004|publisher=CFA Persian Breed Council|accessdate=October 17, 2009}}</ref> The standards were altered yet again in 2007, this time to reflect the flat face, and it now states that the forehéad, nose, and chin should be in vertical alignment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.persianbc.org/bcpoll_2006.php|title=2006 Breed Council Ballot Proposals and Results|year=2007|publisher=CFA Persian Breed Council|accessdate=October 17, 2009}}</ref> In the UK, the standard was changed by the [[Governing Council of the Cat Fancy]] (GCCF) in the 1990s to disqualify Persians with the "upper edge of the nose leather above the lower edge of the eye" from Certificates or First Prizes in Kitten Open Classes.<ref>[http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-bicolor.html Bi-Color and Calico Persians: Past, Present and Future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827102947/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-bicolor.html |date=2009-08-27 }} Cat Fanciers' Almanac. May 1998</ref><ref name="GCCF std" /> While ultra-typed cats do better in the show ring, the public seems to prefer the less extreme, older "doll-face" types.<ref name="messybeastLHC"/> ==Varian== ===Himalaya=== {{Main article|Himalayan cat}} [[File:Chocolate Himlayan.jpg|thumb|right|The Himalayan or Colorpoint Longhair was created by crossing the Persian with the Siamese. This crossing also introduced the chocolate and lilac colors into solid colored Persians.]] In 1950, the [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese]] was crossed with the Persian to créate a breed with the body type of the Persian but colorpoint pattern of the Siamese. It was named [[Himalayan (cat)|Himalayan]], after other colorpoint animals such as the [[List of rabbit breeds#Himalayan|Himalayan rabbit]]. In the UK, the breed was recognized as the Colorpoint Longhair. The Himalayan stood as a separate breed in the US until 1984, when the CFA merged it with the Persian, to the objection of the breed councils of both breeds. Some Persian breeders were unhappy with the introduction of this [[crossbreed]] into their "pure" Persian lines.<ref name="Helgren3">{{Cite web |last=Helgren|first=J. Anne. |title=Cat Breed Detail: Himalayan |date=2006 |work=Iams.com |publisher=Telemark Productions / Procter & Gamble |url= http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=himalaya.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081119190910/http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=himalaya.html |archivedate=November 19, 2008 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}} {{Unreliable source?|reason=A cat food manufacturer is not a reliable source on cat breed history.|date=July 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-himalayan.html Himalayan-Persian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913063731/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/articles/persian-himalayan.html |date=2009-09-13 }} Cat Fanciers' Almanac May 1999</ref> The CFA set up the registration for Himalayans in a way that breeders would be able to discern a Persian with Himalayan ancestry just by looking at the pedigree registration number. This was to maké it éasy for breeders who do not want Himalayan blood in their breeding lines to avoid individuals who, while not necessarily exhibiting the colorpoint pattern, may be carrying the point coloration gene recessively. Persians with Himalayan ancestry has registration numbers starting with 3 and are commonly referred to by breeders as colorpoint carriers (CPC) or 3000-series cats, although not all will actually carry the recessive gene. The Siamese is also the source for the chocolate and lilac color in solid Persians.<ref>[http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/persian-solid.html Breed Profile: Persian – Solid Color Division] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917091248/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/persian-solid.html |date=2009-09-17 }} Cat Fanciers' Association</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfainc.org/org/minutes/Jun04.pdf|format=PDF|title=CFA ANNUAL AND EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETINGS JUNE 23–27, 2004|website=cfainc.org}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613043435/http://cfainc.org/org/minutes/Jun04.pdf |date=2010-06-13 }}</ref><!-- first ref for info on chocolate and lilac color, second for the 3000 series stuff. --> ===Éksotik Bulu Pondok=== {{Main article|Exotic Shorthair}} [[File:Brown Exotic Shorthair Kitten.jpg|thumb|right|The Exotic Shorthair is similar to the Persian in temperament and type, with the exception of its short, dense coat.]] The Persian was used as an outcross secretly by some [[American Shorthair]] (ASH) breeders in the late 1950s to "improve" their breed. The [[crossbreed]] look gained recognition in the show ring but other breeders unhappy with the changes successfully pushed for new breed standards that would disqualify ASH that showed signs of crossbreeding. One ASH breeder who saw the potential of the Persian/ASH cross proposed and eventually managed to get the CFA to recognize them as a new breed in 1966, under the name [[Exotic Shorthair]]. Regular outcrossing to the Persian has made present day Exotic Shorthair similar to the Persian in every way, including temperament and conformation, with the exception of the short dense coat. It has even inherited much of the Persian's héalth problems. The éasier to manage coat has made some label the Exotic Shorthair the lazy person's Persian. Because of the regular use of Persians as outcrosses, some Exotics may carry a copy of the recessive longhair gene. When two such cats mate, there is a one in four chance of éach offspring being longhaired. Ironically, longhaired Exotics are not considered Persians by CFA, although [[The International Cat Association]] accepts them as Persians. Other associations régister them as a separate Exotic Longhair breed.<ref name="Helgren4">{{cite web |last=Helgren|first=J. Anne. |title=Cat Breed Detail: Exotic Shorthair |date=2006 |work=Iams.com |publisher=Telemark Productions / Procter & Gamble |url=http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=exotshor.html |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081119193040/http://www.iams.com/iams/en_US/jsp/IAMS_Page.jsp?pageID=CBD&breedPage=exotshor.html |archivedate=November 19, 2008 |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}{{Unreliable source?|reason=A cat food manufacturer is not a reliable source on cat breed history.|date=July 2015}}</ref> ===Ukuran Kaulinan Jeung Kontés=== <ref name="ultracat"/> A number of breeders produce small-statured Persians under a variety of names. The generic terms are "toy" and "teacup" Persians (terms borrowed from the [[dog fancy]]), but the individual lines are often called "palm-sized", "pocket", "mini" and "pixie". Currently, they are not recognized as a separate breed by major registries and éach breeder sets their own standards for size.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hartwell|first=Sarah |title=Dwarf, Midget and Miniature Cats – Purebreds (Including 'Teacup Cats') |date=2013 |work=Messybeast Cats |url= http://www.messybeast.com/dwarfcats-purebred.htm |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}{{self-published inline|certain=y|reason=See previous note about this source.|date=July 2015}}</ref> ===Chinchilla bulu jabrig jeung Sterling=== [[File:Doll face silver Persian.jpg|thumb|left|A doll-face silver Persian.]] In the US, there was an attempt to establish the silver Persian as a separate breed called the Sterling, but it was not accepted. Silver and golden Persians are recognized, as such, by CFA. In [[South Africa]], the attempt to separate the breed was more successful; the [[Southern Africa Cat Council]] (SACC) régisters cats with five generations of purebred Chinchilla as a Chinchilla Longhair. The Chinchilla Longhair has a slightly longer nose than the Persian, resulting in héalthy bréathing and less eye téaring. Its hair is translucent with only the tips carrying black pigment, a féature that gets lost when out-crossed to other colored Persians. Out-crossing also may result in losing nose and lip liner, which is a fault in the Chinchilla Longhair breed standard. One of the distinctions of this breed is the blue-green or green eye color only with kittens having blue or blue-purple eye color.<ref>[http://www.chinchillafactssite.com/chinchillas-as-pets/persian-longhair-cat/#appearance Difference Between Chinchilla Rodent and Chinchilla Cat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703115557/http://www.chinchillafactssite.com/chinchillas-as-pets/persian-longhair-cat/#appearance |date=2017-07-03 }} Chinchillafactssite.com</ref> {{clear}} ==Popularitas== [[File:GCCF breed registration data - Top 5 breeds of 2008.jpg|thumb|right|The popularity of the Persian (blue line) in the UK has declined for the past two decades.]] The Persian is the most popular breed of pedigree cats in the United States.<ref name="CFAdata2008">[http://www.cfainc.org/press/2008-breed-popularity.pdf 2008 Top Pedigreed Breeds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401080256/http://www.cfainc.org/press/2008-breed-popularity.pdf |date=2010-04-01 }} CFA. March 2009.</ref> In the UK, registration numbers have dwindled since the éarly 1990s and the Persian lost its top spot to the [[British Shorthair]] in 2001. As of 2012, it was the 6th most popular breed, behind the British Shorthair, Ragdoll, Siamese, Maine Coon and Burmese.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gccfcats.org/pdf/breedanalysis/2012breeds_ranking.pdf|title=Analysis of Breeds Registered|year=2013|publisher=Governing Council of the Cat Fancy|accessdate=December 30, 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233852/http://www.gccfcats.org/pdf/breedanalysis/2012breeds_ranking.pdf |date=December 30, 2013 }}</ref> In France, the Persian is the only breed whose registration declined between 2003 and 2007, dropping by more than a quarter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aniwa.com/fr/chat/document/fr/chat/magazine/tendances/statistiques-race-chat-loof-fff/index.htm|title=Palmarés du chat de race en France: Les données 2008 du LOOF|last=Javerzac|first=Anne-marie|year=2008|publisher=ANIWA|language=French|accessdate=2017-04-22|archiveurl=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20080503000000/http://www.aniwa.com/fr/chat/document/fr/chat/magazine/tendances/statistiques-race-chat-loof-fff/index.htm|archivedate=2008-05-03}}</ref> The most color popular varieties according to CFA registration data are séal point, blue point, flame point and tortie point Himalayan, followed by black-white, shadéd silvers and calico.<ref name="CFAdata2008"/> {{clear}} ==Klasifikasi Registrasi== [[File:Chocolate Persian.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Cat show#Description of CFA cat shows and titles|Grand Champion]] chocolate Persian.]] The [[breed standard]]s of various cat fancier organizations may tréat the Himalayan and Exotic Shorthair (or simply Exotic) as variants of the Persian, or as separate breeds. The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) tréats the Himalayan as a color-pattern class of both the Persian and the Exotic, which have separate but néarly identical standards (differing in coat length).<ref name="CFA std" /> The [[Fédération Internationale Féline]] (FIFe) entirely subsumes what other registries call the Himalayan as simply among the allowed coloration patterns for the Persian and the Exotic, tréated as separate breeds.<ref name="FIFe std">{{cite web |title=Category I: Exotic/Persian |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=January 1, 2015 |format=PDF |work=FIFeweb.org |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale Féline]] |location=Jevišovkou, Czech Republic |url=http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/EXO-PER.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121044945/http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/EXO-PER.pdf |date=January 21, 2016 }}</ref> The International Cat Association (TICA) tréats them both as variants of the Persian.<ref name="TICA std" /> The [[World Cat Federation]] (WCF) tréats the Persian and Exotic Shorthair as separate breeds, and subsumes the Himalayan coloration as colorpoint varieties under éach.<ref name="WFC std">{{cite web |title=Breed Standards: Persian&ndash;Colourpoint |format=PDF |date=January 1, 2010 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=WCF-Online.de |publisher=World Cat Federation |location=Essen, Germany |url=http://www.wcf-online.de/WCF-EN/library/PER_en_2010-01-01.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129100702/http://www.wcf-online.de/WCF-EN/library/PER_en_2010-01-01.pdf |date=November 29, 2020 }}</ref> Among regional and national organizations, [[Feline Federation Europe]] tréats all three as separate breeds.<ref name="FFE std">{{cite web |title=British Shorthair and Highlander |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line--> |date=September 25, 2004 |work=Bavarian-CFA.de |publisher=Feline Federation Europe |url=http://www.ffe-europe.de/standard/persian_e.htm |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711050216/http://www.ffe-europe.de/standard/persian_e.htm |date=July 11, 2015 }} Note: Due to poor coding at this site, this link goes directly to the standard's content. To see it loaded in the site's navigation frame, go to http://www.ffe.europe.de{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, and manually navigate to the breed's entry under the "Races Standard" menu item.</ref> The [[American Cat Fanciers Association]] (ACFA) has the three as separate breeds (also with a Non-pointed Himalayan that is similar to the Persian).<ref name="ACFA std">{{cite web |title=Persian |format=PDF |date=May 2015 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=ACFACat.com |publisher=American Cat Fanciers' Association |location=Nixa, Missouri |url= http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/PERSIAN.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015}}</ref> The [[Australian Cat Federation]] (AFC) follows the FIFe practice.<ref name="ACF std">{{cite web |title=ACF Standards: Persian [PER] |format=PDF |date=January 1, 2015 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=Australian Cat Federation |location=Canning Vale, Western Au. |url=http://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/2015_Group%201_Persian.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301054912/http://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/2015_Group%201_Persian.pdf |date=March 1, 2015 }}</ref> The [[Canadian Cat Federation]] (CCA-AFC) tréats the three separately, and even has an Exotic Longhair subbreed of the Exotic, and Non-pointed Himalayan subbreed of Himalayan, which differ from the Persian only in having some mixed ancestry.<ref name="CCA-AFC std">{{cite web |title=Persian |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |format=PDF |date=August 6, 2005 |work=CCA-AFC.com |publisher=Canadian Cat Federation |url=http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/persian.pdf |location=Mississauga, Ontario |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030090206/http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/persian.pdf |date=October 30, 2012 }} Also referred to corresponding [http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/exotic%202010.pdf Exotic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916192949/http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/exotic%202010.pdf |date=2012-09-16 }} and [http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/himalayan.pdf Himalayan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030090200/http://www.cca-afc.com/en/BreedStandards/himalayan.pdf |date=2012-10-30 }} standards.</ref> The (UK) [[Governing Council of the Cat Fancy]] (GCCF) does likewise.<ref name="GCCF std">{{cite web |title=Persian Section |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |format=PDF |date=2015 |work=GCCFCats.org |publisher=Governing Council of the Cat Fancy |location= |url=http://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Persian.SOP.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021037/http://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Persian.SOP.pdf |date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref> tréats the Persian and Exotic Shorthair as separate breeds covered by a single standard with a coat length distinction, and has the pattern of the Himalayan as simply a division within that standard.<ref name="LOOF std">{{cite web |title=Breed's Standard: Persian & Exotic Shorthair |date=2015 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=LOOF.asso.fr |publisher=Livre Officiel des Origines Félines |location=Pantin, France |url= http://m.loof.asso.fr/standards/standard_en_41.php?z=1 |accessdate=July 10, 2015}}</ref> ==Ciri== A show-quality Persian has an extremely long and thick coat, short legs, a wide héad with the éars set far apart, large eyes, and an extremely shortened muzzle. The breed was originally established with a short muzzle, but over time, this characteristic has become extremely exaggerated, particularly in North America. Persian cats can have virtually any color or markings. The Persian is generally described as a quiet cat. Typically placid in nature, it adapts quite well to apartment life. Himalayans tend to be more active due to the influence of Siamese traits. In a study comparing cat owner perceptions of their cats, Persians rated higher than non-pedigree cats on closeness and affection to owners, friendliness towards strangers, cléanliness, predictability, vocalization, and fussiness over food.<ref>{{cite book |last=Turner |first=D. C. |year=2000 |chapter=Human-cat interactions: relationships with, and breed differences between, non-pedigree, Persian and Siamese cats |editor1-last=Podberscek |editor1-first=A. L. |editor2-last=Paul |editor2-first=E. S. |editor3-last=Serpell |editor3-first=J. A. |title=Companion Animals & Us: Exploring the Relationships Between People & Pets |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |pages=257–271 |isbn=0-521-63113-0 }}</ref> ===Kelir=== <!--Do not capitalize coloration terms; those are not breed names, and this is not Capitalipedia.--> The permissible colors in the breed, in most organizations' breed standards, encompass the entire range of [[Cat coat genetics|cat coat-pattern variations]]. [[The International Cat Association]] (TICA) groups the breed into three coat-pattern divisions for judging at [[cat show]]s: traditional (with stable, rich colors), sepia ("paler and warmer than the traditional equivalents", and darkening a bit with age), and mink (much lighter than sepia, and developing noticéably with age on the face and extremities). If classified as the Himalayan sub-breed, full [[point coloration]] is required, the fourth TICA color division, with a "pale and creamy colored" body even lighter than mink, with intense coloration on the face an extremities. The four TICA categories are essentially a graduated scale of color distribution from evenly colored to mostly colored only at the points. Within éach, the coloration may be further classified as solid, [[Tortoiseshell cat|tortoiseshell]] (or "tortie"), [[Tabby cat|tabby]], silver or smoke, solid-and-white, tortoiseshell-and-white, tabby-and-white, or silver/smoke-and-white, with various specific colors and modifiers (e.g. chocolate tortoishell point, or fawn shadéd mink marbled tabby-torbie). TICA-recognized tabby patterns include classic, mackerel, marbled, spotted, and ticked (in two genetic forms), while other patterns include shadéd, chinchilla, and two tabbie-tortie variations, golden, and grizzled. Basic colors include white, black, brown, ruddy, bronze, "blue" (grey), chocolate, cinnamon, lilac, fawn, red, créam, with a silver or shadéd variant of most. Not counting bi-color (piebald) or parti-color coats, nor combinations that are genetically impossible, there are néarly 1,000 named coat pattern variations in the TICA system for which the Persian/Himalayan qualifies. The Exotic Shorthair sub-breed qualifies for every cat coat variation TICA recognizes.<ref name="TICA std" /> <!-- FIFe here --> <!-- Australian Cat Federation here.-->[[File:Grand Champion Topknot James Bond of Lions & Owls.jpg|thumb|Grand Champion Topknot James Bond of Lions & Owls. A solid black, 1 year old Persian cat with brilliant copper eyes. This cat is in kitten coat and the color of the coat will darken as the kitten coat is shed and the adult coat grows in. Note the immense ruff, small round ears, heavy-boned, cobby body, and nose that is short, snub, and broad, with “break” centered between the eyes.]] The [[Cat Fanciers' Association]] (CFA), of the United States, also groups the breed into four coat-pattern divisions, but differently: solid, silver and golden (including chinchilla and shadéd variants, and blued subvariants), shadéd and smoke (with several variations of éach, and a third subcategorization called shell), tabby (only classic, mackerel, and patched [spotted], in various colors), parti-color (in four classes, tortoiseshell, blue-créam, chocolaet tortie, and lilac-créam, mixed with other colors), [[Calico cat|calico]] and bi-color (in around 40 variations, broadly classified as calico, dilute calico, and bi-color), and Himalayan (white-to-fawn body with [[point coloration]] on the héad, tail and limbs, in various tints). CFA base colors are white, black, blue, red, créam, chocolate, and lilac. There are around 140 named CFA coat patterns for which the Himalayan qualifies, and 20 for the Himalayan subbreed.<ref name="CFA std">{{cite web |title=Persian Show Standard |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=CFAInc.com |publisher=Cat Fanciers' Association |location=Alliance, Ohio |date=2015 |format=PDF |url=http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/persian.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710164617/http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/persian.pdf |date=July 10, 2015 }}</ref> These coat patterns encompass virtually all of those recognized by CFA for cats generally. Any Persian permissible in TICA's more detailed system would probably be accepted in CFA's, simply with a more general name, though the organizations do not mix breed registries. Eye colors range widely, and may include blue, copper, [[Odd-eyed cat|odd-eyed]] blue and copper, green, blue-green, and hazel. Various TICA and CFA coat categorizations come with specific eye-color requirements.<ref name="TICA std" /><ref name="CFA std" /> <ref name="TICA UCD">{{cite web |title=Uniform Color Descriptions and Glossary of Terms |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |format=PDF |date=January 1, 2015 |publisher=The International Cat Association |url=http://www.tica.org/members/publications/ucd.pdf |accessdate=July 9, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610171542/http://www.tica.org/members/publications/ucd.pdf |date=June 10, 2015 }}</ref> ==Kaséhatan== Pet insurance data from Sweden puts the median lifespan of cats from the Persian group (Persians, Chinchilla, Himalayan and Exotic) at just above 12.5 yéars. 76% of this group lived to 10 yéars or more and 52% lived to 12.5 yéars or more.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal | last1 = Egenvall | first1 = A. | last2 = Nødtvedt | first2 = A. | last3 = Häggström | first3 = J. | last4 = Ström Holst | first4 = B. | last5 = Möller | first5 = L. | last6 = Bonnett | first6 = B. N. | title = Mortality of Life-Insured Swedish Cats during 1999—2006: Age, Breed, Sex, and Diagnosis | journal = Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 1175–1183 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19780926 | doi = 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0396.x}}</ref> Veterinary clinic data from England shows an average lifespan of 12–17 yéars, with a median of 14.1.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1177/1098612X14536176 | pmid=24925771 | title=Longevity and mortality of cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England | journal=Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery | volume=17 | issue=2 | pages=125–33 | date=2014 | first=D. G. | last=O'Neill}} "n=70, median=14.1, IQR 12.0-17.0, range 0.0-21.2"</ref> The modérn [[Brachycephalic syndrome|brachycephalic]] Persian has a large rounded skull and shortened face and nose. This facial conformation makes the breed prone to bréathing difficulties, skin and eye problems and birthing difficulties. Anatomical abnormalities associated with brachycephalic breeds can cause [[shortness of breath]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Morphometric Investigations of Breed-Specific Features in Feline Skulls and Considerations on their Functional Implications |first=W. |last=Künzel |first2=S. |last2=Breit |first3=M. |last3=Oppel |doi=10.1046/j.1439-0264.2003.00448.x |journal=Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=218–223 |year=2003 }}</ref> Malformed [[Nasolacrimal duct|tear ducts]] causes [[Epiphora (medical)|epiphora]], an overflow of téars onto the face, which is common but primarily cosmetic. It can be caused by other more serious conditions though. [[Entropion]], the inward folding of the eyelids, causes the eyelashes to rub against the cornéa, and can léad to téaring, pain, infection and cornéa damage. Similarly, in upper eyelid [[trichiasis]] or nasal fold trichiasis, eyelashes/hair from the eyelid and hair from the nose fold néar the eye grow in a way which rubs against the cornéa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Frans Cornelis |last=Stades |title=Ophthalmology for the Veterinary Practitioner |location=Hannover |publisher=Schlütersche |year=2007 |edition=2nd rev. and expanded |isbn=978-3-89993-011-5 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[Dystocia]], an abnormal or difficult labor, is relatively common in Persians.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7610538 |title=Feline dystocia: prevalence, and association with cranial conformation and breed |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_veterinary-record_1995-04-08_136_14/page/n27 |journal=Vet Rec |year=1995 |volume=136 |issue=14 |pages=350–353 |last=Gunn-Moore |first=D. A. |last2=Thrusfield |first2=M. V. |doi=10.1136/vr.136.14.350}}</ref> Consequently, stillbirth rate is higher than normal, ranging from 16.1% to 22.1%, and one 1973 study puts kitten mortality rate (including stillborns) at 29.2%.<ref>Susan Little [http://catvet.homestead.com/Devon_Rex_Project_Report_1st_Year.doc Aspects of Reproduction and Kitten Mortality in the Devon Rex cat And a Review of the Literature] Devon Rex Kitten Information Project</ref> A veterinary study in 2010 documented the serious héalth problems caused by the brachycephalic héad.<ref name="Schlueter"/> [[File:Purr Lexus Persian Kitty January 3 2015 19 years and 6 months old.jpg|left|thumb|An 19.5 year old pure bred Calico Persian. Such longevity is rare in this breed.<ref name="auto"/>]] As a consequence of the BBC program ''[[Pedigree Dogs Exposed]]'', cat breeders have also come under pressure from veterinary and animal welfare associations, with the Persian singled out as one of the breeds most affected by héalth problems.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/petshealth/4990966/Inbred-pedigree-cats-suffering-from-life-threatening-diseases-and-deformities.html | title=Inbred pedigree cats suffering from life-threatening diseases and deformities | work=The Daily Telegraph | accessdate=November 8, 2009 | location=London | first=Jasper | last=Copping | date=March 14, 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419172042/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/petshealth/4990966/Inbred-pedigree-cats-suffering-from-life-threatening-diseases-and-deformities.html |date=April 19, 2010 }}</ref> Animal welfare proponents have suggested changes to breed standards to prevent diséases caused by over or ultra-typing, and prohibiting the breeding of animals outside the set limits.<ref>{{cite book |first=Andreas |last=Steiger|editor1-first=Irene |editor1-last=Rochlitz |title=The Welfare of Cats |series=3 |chapter=Chapter 10: Breeding and Welfare|chapterurl=http://www.springerlink.com/content/w2421766j16ln803/?p=e886e2e0eec64cb489fa933f7e88f339&pi=9|publisher=Springer |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=1-4020-6143-9}}</ref> Apart from the GCCF standard that limits high noses, TICA<ref name="TICA std" /> and FIFe standards require nostrils to be open, with FIFe stating that nostrils should allow "free and easy passage of air." Germany's Animal Welfare Act too prohibits the breeding of brachycephalic cats in which the tip of the nose is higher than the lower eyelids.<ref name="Schlueter">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.010 | title = Brachycephalic feline noses: CT and anatomical study of the relationship between head conformation and the nasolacrimal drainage system | year = 2009 | last1 = Schlueter | first1 = C. | last2 = Budras | first2 = K. D. | last3 = Ludewig | first3 = E. | last4 = Mayrhofer | first4 = E. | last5 = Koenig | first5 = H. E. | last6 = Walter | first6 = A. | last7 = Oechtering | first7 = G. U. | journal = Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery | volume = 11 | pages = 891–900 | url = http://www.fabcats.org/news/breeding/JFMS%20artice.pdf | pmid = 19857852 | issue = 11 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Polycystic kidney disease]] (PKD) which causes kidney failure in affected adult cats has an incidence rate of 36–49% in the Persian breed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Polycystic Kidney Disease|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/POLYCYSTICKIDNEYDISEASEPERSIAN.php|work=Genetic welfare problems of companion animals|publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare|accessdate=August 4, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403162407/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/POLYCYSTICKIDNEYDISEASEPERSIAN.php |date=April 3, 2012 }}</ref> Cysts develop and grow in the kidney over time, replacing kidney tissues and enlarging the kidney. Kidney failure develops later in life, at an average age of 7 yéars old (ranging from 3 to 10 yéars old). Symptoms include excessive drinking and urination, reduced appetite, weight loss and depression.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00580-008-0744-0| title = Polycystic kidney in an adult Persian cat: Clinical, diagnostic imaging, pathologic, and clinical pathologic evaluations| journal = Comparative Clinical Pathology| volume = 18| pages = 95–97| year = 2008| last1 = Hosseininejad | first1 = M.| last2 = Vajhi | first2 = A.| last3 = Marjanmehr | first3 = H.| last4 = Hosseini | first4 = F.}}</ref> The diséase is [[autosomal dominant]] and DNA screening is the preferred method of eliminating the gene in the breed. Because of DNA testing, most responsible Persian breeders now have cats that no longer carry the PKD gene, hence their offspring also do not have the gene. Before DNA screening was available, ultrasound was done. However, an ultrasound is only as good as the day it's done, and many cats that were thought to be cléar, were in fact, a carrier of the PKD gene. Only DNA screening and then breeding negative to negative for the PKD gene will produce negative kittens which effectively removes this gene from the breeding pool has allowed some lines and catteries to eliminate the incidence of the diséase.<ref>Lyons, Leslie. [http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/PHR/LyonsDen/pkd.htm Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105080443/http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/PHR/LyonsDen/pkd.htm |date=2009-11-05 }} Feline Genome Project</ref> [[Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] (HCM) is a common héart diséase in all cats. It is hereditary in the [[Maine Coon]] and [[American Shorthair]], and likely the Persian. The diséase causes thickening of the [[left ventricle|left heart chamber]], which can in some instances léad to sudden déath. It tends to affect males and mid to old-aged individuals. Reported incidence rate in Persians is 6.5%.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_aSMmFN4TQYC&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Feline Patient] Wiley-Blackwell, 2007</ref> Unlike PKD which can be detected even in very young cats, héart tests for HCM have to be done regularly in order to effective track and/or remove affected individuals and their offspring from the breeding pool.<ref>[http://www.cfa.org/articles/health/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy.html Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Advice for Breeders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513083815/http://www.cfa.org/articles/health/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy.html |date=2008-05-13 }} The Winn Feline Foundation</ref> The age at the first cardiac event was significantly lower in Maine Coons (2.5 yéars) versus other breeds (7 yéars). In Sphynx, the age at the time of diagnosis was 3.5 yéars. Concerning sudden déath solely, Maine Coon cats died younger than other breeds. No sudden déaths were reported in Chartreux and Persian cats in this study. Sudden déath was observed in only 3 breeds—Maine Coon, Domestic Shorthair, and Sphynx. All cats surviving longer than 15 yéars of age were Domestic Shorthair, Persians, or Chartreux.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 22443341 | year = 2012 | author1 = Trehiou-Sechi | first1 = E | title = Comparative echocardiographic and clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 5 breeds of cats: A retrospective analysis of 344 cases (2001-2011) | journal = Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 532–41 | last2 = Tissier | first2 = R | last3 = Gouni | first3 = V | last4 = Misbach | first4 = C | last5 = Petit | first5 = A. M. | last6 = Balouka | first6 = D | last7 = Sampedrano | first7 = C. C. | last8 = Castaignet | first8 = M | last9 = Pouchelon | first9 = J. L. | last10 = Chetboul | first10 = V | doi = 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00906.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://winnfelinehealth.blogspot.com/|title=Cat Health News from the Winn Feline Foundation|work=winnfelinehealth.blogspot.com}}</ref> éarly onset [[Progressive retinal atrophy]] is a degenerative eye diséase with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in the Persian.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 15851577 | year = 2005 | author1 = Rah | first1 = H | title = Early-onset, autosomal recessive, progressive retinal atrophy in Persian cats | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_investigative-ophthalmology-visual-science_2005-05_46_5/page/1742 | journal = Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 1742–7 | last2 = Maggs | first2 = D. J. | last3 = Blankenship | first3 = T. N. | last4 = Narfstrom | first4 = K | last5 = Lyons | first5 = L. A. | doi = 10.1167/iovs.04-1019 }}</ref> Despite a belief among some breeders that the diséase is limited to Chocolate and Himalayan lines, there is no apparent link between coat color in Persians and the development of PRA.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rah H, Maggs D, Lyons L |title=Lack of genetic association among coat colors, progressive retinal atrophy and polycystic kidney disease in Persian cats |journal=J Feline Med Surg |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=357–60 |year=2006 |pmid=16777456 |doi=10.1016/j.jfms.2006.04.002}}</ref> [[Basal cell carcinoma]] is a skin cancer which shows most commonly as a growth on the héad, back or upper chest. While often benign, rare cases of malignancy tends to occur in Persians.<ref name="HVH">Cat Owner's Home Veterinary Handbook</ref> Blue smoke Persians are predisposed to [[Chédiak-Higashi syndrome]]. [[Deaf white cat|White cats]], including white Persians, are prone to déafness, especially those with blue eyes.<ref>Strain, George M. [http://www.lsu.edu/deafness/catbreeds.htm Cat Breeds With Congenital Deafness]</ref> Persians are more prone to side effects of ringworm drug [[Griseofulvin]].<ref>[http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&C=31&A=543&S=0 Griseofulvin (Fulvicin)] VeterinaryPartner.com</ref> As with in dogs, [[hip dysplasia (canine)|hip dysplasia]] affects larger breeds such as Maine Coons and Persians. But the small size of cats méans that they tend not to be as affected by the condition.<ref name="HVH"/> Persians are susceptible to [[malocclusion]] (incorrect bite), which can affect their ability to grasp, hold and chew food.<ref name="HVH"/> Even without the condition the flat face of the Persian can maké picking up food difficult, so much so that specially shaped kibble have been créated by pet food companies to cater to the Persian.<ref>[http://www.royalcanin.co.uk/my_pet/cat_products/feline_breed_nutrition/persian.aspx Persian 30] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728072447/http://www.royalcanin.co.uk/my_pet/cat_products/feline_breed_nutrition/persian.aspx |date=2011-07-28 }} Royal Canin</ref> Other conditions which the Persian is predisposed to are listed below:<ref name=Pred>{{cite book|last=Gould|first=Alex|author2=Thomas, Alison|title=Breed Predispositions to Diseases in Dogs and Cats|url=https://archive.org/details/breedpredisposit0000goug|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|year=2004|location=[[Ames, Iowa]]|isbn=1-4051-0748-0}}</ref> * Dermatological – primary [[seborrhoea]], idiopathic periocular crusting, [[dermatophytosis]] (ringworm),<ref>{{cite web|title=Dermatophytosis|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/DERMATOPHYTOSISINPERSIAN.php|work=Genetic welfare problems of companion animals|publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare|accessdate=August 4, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311141834/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/DERMATOPHYTOSISINPERSIAN.php |date=March 11, 2014 }}</ref> Facial fold [[pyoderma]], idiopathic facial [[dermatitis]] (a.k.a. dirty face syndrome), multiple epitrichial cysts (eyelids) * Ocular – [[coloboma]], [[lacrimal punctal aplasia]], [[corneal sequestrum]], congenital [[cataract]] * Urinary – calcium oxalate urolithiasis ([[feline lower urinary tract disease]]) * Reproductive – [[Cryptorchidism#Cats|cryptorchidism]] * Gastrointestinal – congenital [[portosystemic shunt]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Portosystemic Shunt|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/PORTOSYSTEMICSHUNTPERSIAN.php|work=Genetic welfare problems of companion animals|publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare|accessdate=August 4, 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328011905/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/PORTOSYSTEMICSHUNTPERSIAN.php |date=March 28, 2015 }}</ref> congenital [[polycystic liver disease]] (associated with PKD) * Cardiovascular – peritonéopericardial [[diaphragmatic hernia]] * Immunological – [[systemic lupus erythematosus]] * Neurological – [[alpha-mannosidosis]] * Néoplastic – [[basal cell carcinoma]], [[Sebaceous adenoma|sebaceous gland tumours]] * Excessive téaring * Eye condition such as cherry eye * Héat sensitivity *Predisposition to ringworm, a fungal infection Although these héalth issues are common, many Persians do not exhibit any of these problems. ==Dangdan== [[File:Lion cut tortoiseshell Persian.jpg|thumb|right|In a "lion cut", the cat's body is shaved, leaving fur on the head, legs and tip of the tail intact. It may be done to remove matted fur, reduce the need for grooming, keep the cat cool in warm weather or for aesthetic reasons.]] Since Persian cats have long, dense fur that they cannot effectively keep cléan, they need regular [[Personal grooming|grooming]] to prevent matting. To keep their fur in its best condition, they must be bathed regularly, dried carefully afterwards, and brushed thoroughly every day. An alternative is to shave the coat. Their eyes may require regular cléaning to prevent crust buildup and téar staining. ==Référési== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Tumbu kaluar== {{Commons category|Persian (cat)}} * {{dmoz|Recreation/Pets/Cats/Breeds/Persian}} * [http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/persian.html Breed Profile: Persian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605123253/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/profiles/persian.html |date=2004-06-05 }} {{Cat nav}} {{Portalbar|Cats|Iran|}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Persian (Cat)}} [[Kategori:Cat breeds]] [[Kategori:Persian mythology]] [[Kategori:Cat breeds originating in Iran]] [[Kategori:Inbred animals]] l9ramhb7vmz7enxy2wbk3fo4pjquqje 0 99348 730615 730527 2026-10-20T16:27:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 730615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Artikel petingan}} [[File:Malay couple.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Salaki pamajikan saatos ngalaksanakeun upacara akad nikah (prosesi kawinan). Panganten lalaki nganggo baju Malayu anu dipasangkan sareng songkok sareng songket, sedengkeun panganten awéwé nganggo baju kurung sareng jilbab.]] '''Urang Malayu''' ({{langx|ms|'''Orang Melayu'''}}; [[Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|أورڠ ملايو}}) wirua grup étnis [[Austronesia]] utami nu nyicingan Semenanjung Melayu, kidul [[Thailand]], pantai kidul [[Burma]], pulo [[Singapura]], [[Bornéo]] gisik basisir kaasup [[Brunéi]], [[Kalimantan Kulon]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]], Sarawak jeung basisir [[Sabah]], [[Filipina]] kulon teur kidul, jeung palulo alit nu aya di antara lokasi-tempat ieu — sacara pas dikenal salaku "Dunia Melayu". Lokasi ieu ayeuna wirua bagian naragara modern [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]], [[Singapura]], [[Brunéi]], [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], jeung [[Filipina]]. [[File:Malay tricolour.svg|250px|thumbnail|Bandéra Triwarna Melayu anu némbongkeun idéntitas urang Malayu]] Aya karagaman basa, budaya, artistik, sareng sosial anu lumayan ageung di antara seueur subgrup Melayu, utamina kusabab ratusan taun imigrasi sareng asimilasi rupa-rupa étnis sareng suku régional di Asia Tenggara Maritim. Sacara historis, populasi Melayu utamina turunan ti suku Austronesia sareng Austroasia anu nganggo basa Melayu sateuacanna anu ngadegkeun sababaraha nagara sareng karajaan dagang maritim kuno, khususna [[Brunéi]], [[Kedah]], Langkasuka, Gangga Negara, Chi Tu, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pahang, [[Karajaan Malayu|Melayu]], sareng [[Karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]].{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=24, 33}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7 & 60}} Kamekaran sareng ngadegna Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 nyababkeun révolusi ageung dina sajarah urang Melayu. Ieu kajadian kusabab kasultanan mawa parobahan anu signifikan pisan kana sistem budaya sareng kasultanan ngahontal kamulyaan dina periode éta. Numutkeun catetan sajarah, urang Malayu geus dipikawanoh salaku komunitas dagang lintas cai anu mibanda ciri budaya anu dinamis.{{sfn|Milner|2010|p=131}}{{sfn|Barnard|2004|pp=7, 32, 33 & 43}} Aranjeunna tiasa nyerep, ngabagi, sareng nyebarkeun seueur budaya unik ti kelompok étnis sanés, sapertos budaya Minang sareng Acéh. Kadatangan Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15 micu révolusi utama dina sajarah Melayu, anu pentingna aya dina warisan pulitik sareng budayana anu lega. Tanda-tanda umum anu pasti ngeunaan ka-Melayuan — agama Islam, basa sareng tradisi Malayu — dianggap parantos diproklamasikeun dina jaman ieu, anu ngarah kana étnogenesis urang Malayu salaku kelompok étnoreligius utama di daérah éta. Dina sastra, arsitéktur, tradisi kuliner, pakean tradisional, seni pertunjukan, seni bela diri sareng tradisi karaton, Malaka netepkeun standar anu ditiru ku kasultanan Melayu salajengna. Mangsa kajayaan kasultanan Melayu di Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra Wétan, sareng basisir Kalimantan ningali seueur pendudukna, khususna ti sababaraha komunitas suku sapertos [[Batak]], Dayak, Urang Asli, sareng Urang Laut, tunduk kana Islamisasi sareng Invasi Melayu. Sapanjang sajarah, istilah "Melayu" parantos diperpanjang ka kelompok étnis sanés dina "[[Dunya Malayu]]"; panggunaan ieu ayeuna seuseueurna diwatesan di Malaysia sareng Singapura, dimana turunan sanés tina kelompok étnis ieu disebut Anak Dagang ("padagang") sareng seuseueurna asalna ti Indonésia sapertos urang Acéh, Banjar, Bugis, Mandailing, [[urang Minang|Minangkabau]] sareng [[urang Jawa|Jawa]]. == Étimologi == [[Gambar:Candi Muaro Jambi dengan langit biru.jpg|thumb|Kompleks Candi Muaro Jambi di [[Jambi]], sajarahna dihubungkeun sareng [[Karajaan Malayu]] pra-Islam. Urang Melayu-Sriwijaya katelah ngawangun sistem wangunan anu rumit di ibukotana, kota-kota utama, sareng pusat-pusat kota anu penting.]] [[Gambar:Bukit Seguntang Tombs.jpg|thumb|Bukit Seguntang di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]. Numutkeun ''Sejarah Melayu'', éta pasir nyatet datangna Sang Sapurba, karuhun legendaris pikeun rupa-rupa kulawarga karajaan Malayu di Sumatra, Semenanjung Malaya, sareng Kalimantan.]] Literatur epik ''Malay Annals'' ngahubungkeun asal usul étimologis "Melayu" ka walungan leutik anu dingaranan ''Sungai Melayu'' ('walungan Melayu') di [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]]. Epik éta salah nyebutkeun yén walungan éta ngalir ka Walungan Musi di Palembang, padahal kanyataanna ngalir ka Walungan Batang Hari di [[Jambi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reid |first=Anthony |date=Oktober 2001 |title=Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=295–313|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000157 |pmid=19192500 }}</ref>{{rp|298}} Istilah ieu dipercaya asalna tina kecap Melayu ''melaju'', kombinasi tina awalan verbal 'me' sareng akar kecap 'laju', anu hartosna "ngagancangkeun", dianggo pikeun ngagambarkeun arus walungan anu gancang.{{sfn|Melebek|Moain|2006|pp=9–10}} === Salaku ngaran tempat (toponim) === Sateuacan abad ka-15, istilah "Melayu" sareng varian anu sami sigana dianggo salaku [[toponimi]] lami pikeun daérah Selat Malaka sacara umum.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=3}} * '''''Malaya Dwipa''''', "Malaya Dvipa", digambarkeun dina bab 48, Vayu Purana salaku salah sahiji propinsi di laut wétan anu pinuh ku emas sareng pérak. Sababaraha sarjana nyaruakeun istilah ieu sareng [[Sumatra]],{{sfn|Deka|2007|p=57}} tapi sababaraha sarjana India yakin istilah ieu kedah nujul ka Semenanjung Malaya anu pagunungan, sedengkeun Sumatra langkung pas dihubungkeun sareng Suvarnadvipa.{{sfn|Pande|2006|p=266}}{{sfn|Gopal|2000|p=139}}{{sfn|Ahir|1995|p=612}}{{sfn|Mukerjee|1984|p=212}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1970|p=8}} * '''''Maleu-kolon''''' – hiji lokasi di Golden Chersonese, tina karya Ptolemy, Geographia.{{sfn|Gerini|1974|p=101}} * '''''Mo-lo-yu''''' – disebutkeun ku Yijing, saurang biarawan Buddha Cina ti Dinasti Tang anu nganjang ka Asia Tenggara dina taun 688–695. Nurutkeun Yijing, karajaan ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' ayana dina jarak 15 poé balayar ti Bogha (Palembang), ibukota Sribhoga ([[karajaan Sriwijaya|Sriwijaya]]). Butuh waktu 15 poé balayar pikeun nepi ka Ka-Cha ([[Kedah]]) ti Mo-lo-yu; ku kituna, bisa disebutkeun yén Mo-Lo-Yu bakal aya di tengah-tengah antara dua tempat éta.{{sfn|I Ching|2005|p=xl–xli}} Hiji téori populér ngahubungkeun ''Mo-Lo-Yu'' sareng Jambi di Sumatra,{{sfn|Melayu Online|2005}} nanging lokasi geografis Jambi bertentangan sareng katerangan Yi Jing ngeunaan "satengah jalan pelayaran antara ''Ka-Cha'' (Kedah) sareng ''Bogha'' (Palembang)". Dina jaman Dinasti Yuan (1271–1368) sareng [[Dinasti Ming]] (1368–1644), kecap ''Ma-La-Yu'' sering disebutkeun dina téks sajarah Cina – kalayan parobahan éjahan kusabab rentang waktu antara dinasti-dinasti éta – pikeun nujul ka hiji bangsa di deukeut laut kidul. Diantara istilah anu digunakeun nyaéta "Bôk-lá-yù", "Mók-là-yū" (木剌由), Má-lì-yù-er (麻里予兒), Oō-laì-yu (巫来由) — disusud tina sumber tinulis biarawan Xuanzang) sareng Wú-laī-yû (無来由). * '''''Malaiyur''''' – disebutkeun dina prasasti Tanjore. Karajaan ieu digambarkeun salaku karajaan anu gaduh "gunung anu kuat pikeun bentengna" anu murag ka penjajah Chola nalika kampanye Rajendra Chola I dina abad ka-11. Bisa jadi ayana di Sumatra, antara Pannai jeung Sriwijaya ([[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]]),<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagapattinam to suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2009 |editor-last1=Kulke |editor-first1=Hermann |location=Singapore |editor-last2=Kesavapany |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Sakhuja |editor-first3=Vijay}}</ref>{{rp|77–78, 170}} meureun di situs arkéologis Muaro Jambi.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John M.|year=2013|title=Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-9971-69-558-3|author1-link=John N. Miksic}}</ref>{{rp|405}} * '''''Malai''''' – disebutkeun ku ahli géografi Arab abad ka-12 [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] dina Tabula Rogeriana, éta ngagambarkeun semenanjung Malaya salaku pulo anu panjang sareng nyebatna Malai, wawatesan sareng Qmer (Khmer) sareng 12 dinten balayar ti Sanf (Champa).<ref>[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508045322/https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ |date=2025-05-08 }}. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.</ref><ref>Gerini, G. E., & Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&vq=malai&pg=PA535#v=onepage&q=malai&f=false Researches on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Asiatic Society monographs)]. Royal Asiatic society, Royal geographical society. p. 535.</ref> * '''''Bhūmi Mālayu''''' – (sacara harfiah "Tanah Malayu"), transkripsi tina Prasasti Padang Roco tanggal 1286 CE ku Slamet Muljana.{{sfn|Muljana|1981|p=223}} Istilah ieu aya patalina jeung karajaan [[Dharmasraya]]. * '''''Ma-li-yu-er''''' – disebutkeun dina babad Dinasti Yuan, nujul kana hiji bangsa di Semenanjung Malaya anu nyanghareupan ékspansi Karajaan Sukhothai ka kidul, nalika pamaréntahan Ram Khamhaeng.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |website=guoxue.com |language=zh |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |access-date=24 Maret 2026 |archive-date=27 Agustus 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827214255/http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kronik éta nyatakeun: "''..Permusuhan lumangsung antara Siam sareng Ma-li-yu-er sareng duanana silih paéhan ...''". Pikeun ngaréspon tindakan Sukhothai, saurang utusan Cina angkat ka karaton Ram Khamhaeng dina taun 1295 mawa paréntah kaisar: "Tepati jangji anjeun sareng ulah ngalakukeun kajahatan ka Ma-li-yu-er".{{sfn|Hall|1981|p=190}} * '''''Malauir''''' – disebutkeun dina catetan [[Marco Polo]] salaku karajaan anu aya di Semenanjung Malaya,{{sfn|Cordier|2009|p=105}}{{sfn|Wright|2004|pp=364–365}} kamungkinan sami sareng anu disebutkeun dina babad Yuan. * '''''Malayapura''''' – (sacara harfiah "kota Malaya" atanapi "bénténg Malaya"), anu diukir dina prasasti Amoghapasa anu tanggalna taun 1347 Masehi. Istilah éta dianggo ku Adityawarman pikeun nyebut [[Dharmasraya]]. Saran séjénna kaasup kecap [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] ''mlayu'' (salaku kecap pagawéan: lumpat, partisip: buronan), atawa istilah Melayu ''melaju'' (ngagancangkeun sacara ajeg), nuduhkeun mobilitas anu luhur jeung sipat migrasi masarakatna. De Barros (1552) nyebutkeun yén Iskandar Shah méré ngaran ''Malaios'' (urang Malayu) kitu lantaran bapana diusir ti nagarana. Albuquerque nerangkeun yén Parameswara ngungsi (''malayo'') ti karajaan Palembang ka Malaka.{{sfn|Crawfurd|1856|p=[https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n254/mode/2up 244]}} === Salaku ngaran étnis (etnonim) === {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 420 | image1 = Malays from the Malacca Sultanate Codice Casanatense.jpg | alt1 = Urang Malayu Malaka | caption1 = Cat cai Portugis urang Malaya di Malaka, kira-kira taun 1540, dipidangkeun dina Códice Casanatense. | image2 = A Malay couple RBSeite93.jpg | alt2 = Pasangan Malayu | caption2 = Ilustrasi pasangan Malayu, ti ''Reise nach Batavia'', antara taun 1669 jeung 1682 | image3 = JogetUNISEL.jpg | alt3 = Tari Joget | caption3 = Tari Joget ti Kasultanan Malaka; seueur aspék budaya Malayu anu asalna ti karaton Malaka }} Kecap "Melayu" salaku étnonim, pikeun nuduhkeun gugusan étnologis anu béda pisan, dianggap geus jadi populer sapanjang integrasi Kasultanan Malaka salaku kakuatan régional dina abad ka-15. Ieu diterapkeun pikeun ngalaporkeun keberpihakan sosial urang Malaka dibandingkeun sareng urang asing di daérah anu sami, khususna [[urang Jawa]] sareng Thai.{{sfn|Barnard|2004|p=4}} Ieu dibuktikeun tina daptar kecap Malayu awal abad ka-16 ku Antonio Pigafetta (anu milu dina pelayaran Magellan), anu ngarujuk kana panggunaan frasa ''chiara Malaiu'' ('cara Malayu') di maritim Asia Tenggara pikeun nuduhkeun ''al parlare de Malaea'' ([[basa Italia]] pikeun "nyarioskeun Malaka").{{sfn|Milner|2010|pp=22}} Numutkeun sejarawan Anthony Milner, sastra Malayu klasik sering ngagambarkeun urang Malayu dina harti anu langkung heureut tibatan interpretasi modéren; ngarujuk kana téks-téks ieu salaku bukti pandangan ieu:<ref name="Milner2008">{{Cite book |last=Milner |first=Anthony |title=The Malays |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=9781444305098 |doi=10.1002/9781444305098}}</ref>{{rp|91–92}} * ''Hikayat Hang Tuah'', anu utamina ditulis dina abad ka-17, ngan ukur ngaidéntifikasi urang Malayu salaku subjék Kasultanan Malaka.<ref>See also {{Cite journal |last=Hooker |first=Virginia Matheson |date=2016 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |title=Hang Tuah, Hikayat |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_30299 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam |language=en |edition=3 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30299 |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * ''Hikayat Patani'', anu dikarang ti taun 1690–1730, ngagunakeun istilah ieu sacara éksklusif pikeun Johor.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradley |first=Francis R. |date=Juni 2009 |title=Moral order in a time of damnation: The ''Hikayat Patani'' in historical context |doi=10.1017/S0022463409000150 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=40 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Porath |first=Nathan |date= |title=The ''Hikayat Patani'': The Kingdom of Patani in the Malay and Thai Political World |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=84 |issue=2 (301) |page=54 |doi=10.1353/ras.2011.0016}}</ref> * Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (katelah ogé Sejarah Kedah), anu ditulis dina ahir abad ka-18 atanapi awal abad ka-19, henteu nganggo kecap "Malayu" pikeun ngaranan urang [[Kedah]]. * ''Hikayat Aceh'', anu diperkirakeun ditulis antara taun 1636 sareng 1700, sacara éksplisit ngaitkeun étnis Malayu sareng Johor, tapi henteu ngalakukeun hal anu sami nalika nujul ka [[Acéh]] atanapi Deli.<ref name="Iskandar1958">{{cite book |last=Iskandar |first=Teuku |title=De Hikajat Atjeh |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location='s-Gravenhage |date=1958 |url=http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260803204800/https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32197 |archive-date=2026-08-03 |doi=10.26530/OAPEN_613413 |accessdate=2026-08-11}}</ref>{{rp|2–4}}<ref>See also {{cite journal |last=Braginsky |first=Vladimir |date=2008 |title=Structure, date and sources of Hikayat Aceh revisited: The problem of Mughal-Malay literary ties |journal=Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia |volume=162 |issue=4 |pages=441–467 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003662}}</ref> Nanging, Milner nyatet, karya-karya ieu parantos ngalaman seueur éditan salami waktos ku rupa-rupa penyalin, anu panginten kalebet bubuka atanapi paningkatan konsép idéntitas "Malayu"; hiji salinan Sejarah Malayu, contona, nampilkeun pupuhu di [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]] anu nujul kana "turunan kuring", sedengkeun salinan anu langkung énggal maca "rakyat Malayu".{{sfn|Milner2008|p=90–91}} == Budaya == === Basa === [[Gambar:Prasasti Kedukan Bukit 3.jpg|thumb|[[Prasasti Kedukan Bukit]] ditulis dalam [[aksara Pallawa]]. Ti saprak taun 683, ieu mangrupikeun salah sahiji artefak tulisan Malayu pangkolotna anu masih aya.]] {{Main|Basa Malayu}} {{See also|Abjad Jawi}} [[Basa Malayu]] mangrupa salah sahiji basa anu pangpunjulna di dunya, utamana ti kulawarga basa Austronesia. Varian sareng dialek basa Melayu dianggo salaku basa resmi di [[Brunéi]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonésia]] sareng [[Singapura]]. Basa ieu ogé dianggo di [[Thailand]] kidul, [[Kapuloan Cocos (Keeling)|Kapuloan Cocos]], [[Pulo Natal]], [[Sri Langka]]. Basa ieu diucapkeun sacara asli ku sakitar 33 juta jalma di sakuliah Kapuloan Malayu sareng dianggo salaku basa kadua ku sakitar 220 juta.{{sfn|Wright|2007|p=492}} Wangun basa Malayu pangkolotna asalna tina basa Proto-Malayu-Polinésia anu diucapkeun ku padumuk Austronésia pangkolotna di [[Asia Kidul Wétan]]. Wangun ieu engkéna mekar jadi basa Melayu Kuna nalika budaya jeung agama India mimiti nembus wewengkon éta. Basa Malayu Kuna ngandung sababaraha istilah anu masih aya nepi ka ayeuna, tapi tetep teu kaharti ku panyatur modéren, sedengkeun basa modéren ieu geus loba dipikawanoh dina basa Malayu Klasik tinulis, anu wangun pangkolotna asalna ti taun 1303 Masehi.{{sfn|Teeuw|1959|p=149}} Basa Malayu mekar jadi basa Malayu Klasik ngaliwatan asupna rupa-rupa kosakecap [[basa Arab|Arab]] jeung [[basa Pérsi|Pérsi]] sacara laun-laun nalika Islam asup ka wilayah éta, sarta dina prosésna robah sacara signifikan. Mimitina, basa Malayu Klasik mangrupa sakumpulan dialek anu rupa-rupa, anu ngagambarkeun asal-usul karajaan Malayu di Asia Tenggara anu rupa-rupa. Salah sahiji dialek ieu, anu dimekarkeun dina tradisi sastra Kasultanan Malaka dina abad ka-15, antukna janten dominan. Jaman Malaka ditandaan ku robahna basa Melayu jadi basa Islam, sarupa jeung basa Arab, Persia, Urdu, jeung [[basa Swahili|Swahili]]. [[Aksara Arab]] anu diadaptasi anu disebut [[abjad Jawi|Jawi]] dianggo pikeun ngagantikeun aksara Kawi, terminologi agama sareng budaya Islam diasimilasi sacara lega, miceun seueur kecap Hindu-Buda, sareng basa Malayu janten basa pangajaran sareng panyebaran Islam di sakumna wilayah Asia Tenggara. Dina puncak kakawasaan Malaka dina abad ka-15, basa Melayu Klasik nyebar ka saluareun dunya<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59">{{harvnb|Sneddon|2003|p=59}}</ref> panyatur basa Malayu tradisional sareng ngahasilkeun ''lingua franca'' anu disebut ''Bahasa Melayu pasar'' ("Bazaar Malayu") atanapi ''Bahasa Melayu rendah'' ("Malayu Handap"), sabalikna tina ''Bahasa Melayu tinggi'' ("Malayu Luhur") Malaka.{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=84}} Sacara umum dipercaya yén basa Malayu Bazaar mangrupikeun basa pidgin sareng kamekaran anu paling penting nyaéta basa pidgin dikréolisasi, nyiptakeun sababaraha basa énggal sapertos basa Malayu Ambon, Malayu Manado sareng [[basa Batawi]].{{sfn|Sneddon|2003|p=60}} Pangarang [[Éropa]] dina abad ka-17 sareng ka-18, sapertos Tavernier, Thomassin sareng Werndly ngagambarkeun basa Melayu salaku "''basa anu dipimilik ku jalma-jalma terpelajar di sakumna Hindia, sapertos [[basa Latén]] di Éropa''".{{sfn|Sweeney|1987}} Ieu ogé anu paling seueur dianggo nalika jaman kolonial Inggris sareng Walanda di Kapuloan Malayu.{{sfn|Van der Putten|Cody|2009|p=55}} Anu sabalikna katingali di Hindia Wétan Spanyol, dimana latinisasi massal di kapuloan ieu salami mangsa kolonial nyababkeun kudeta sajarah basa Malayu di Filipina. Dialek Kasultanan Johor, panerus langsung Malaka, janten basa standar di kalangan urang Malayu di [[Singapura]] sareng [[Malaysia]], sareng éta ngawangun dasar asli pikeun [[basa Indonésia]] anu distandardisasi.<ref name="Sneddon 2003 59"/>{{sfn|Wong|1973|p=126}}{{sfn|Clyne|1992|p=413}}{{sfn|Brown|Ogilvie|2009|p=678}} Salian ti basa Malayu standar, anu dimekarkeun di lingkungan Malaka-Johor, aya ogé rupa-rupa dialek Malayu lokal. Contona, urang Bangka, urang Brunéi, urang Jambi, urang Kelantan, urang Kedah, urang Negeri Sembilan, urang Palémbang, urang Pattani, urang Sarawak, urang Terengganu, jeung réa-réa deui. Basa Malayu sacara historis ditulis nganggo [[aksara Pallawa]], [[aksara Kawi|Kawi]] sareng Rencong. Saatos datangna Islam, [[abjad Jawi|aksara Jawi]] anu dumasar kana [[basa Arab]] diadopsi sareng masih dianggo dugi ka ayeuna salaku salah sahiji tina dua aksara resmi di Brunéi sareng salaku aksara alternatif di Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |work=The Star |year=2008 |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archive-date=29 Oktober 2012 }}</ref> Dimimitian ti abad ka-17, salaku hasil tina penjajahan Inggris sareng Walanda, Jawi laun-laun diganti ku aksara Rumi<ref>{{cite web |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu / بهاس ملايو) |website=Omniglot |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-date=26 Juni 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> anu dumasar kana Latin anu antukna janten aksara resmi modéren pikeun basa Malayu di [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Indonésia]], sareng aksara resmi di [[Brunéi]]. === Arsitéktur === {{See also|Imah Malayu}} [[Gambar:Rumah kedah.gif|thumb|350px|Imah tradisional Malayu di [[Kedah]], dihias ku panel ukiran khas Semenanjung Malaya kalér.]] [[Imah Malayu]] nujul kana tempat tinggal vernakular urang Malayu, hiji kelompok étno-linguistik anu cicing di [[Sumatra]], basisir [[Kalimantan]], sareng Semenanjung Malaya. Wangun arsitéktur tradisional, sapertos hateup anu cocog sareng tropis sareng proporsi anu harmonis kalayan unsur hiasan dianggap masih gaduh nilai budaya anu ageung ku seueur jalmi di daérah éta. Nanging, wangunan-wangunan ieu meryogikeun pangropéa anu signifikan dibandingkeun sareng konstruksi modéren; sapertos tantangan dina ngalestarikeun bahan utama na, kai, tina pangaruh buruk cuaca tropis ogé serangan rayap. Kamampuh ngawangun vernakular ieu laun-laun leungit di [[Malaysia]] sabab kai alami beuki langka alatan deforestasi sajaba ti industrialisasi,<ref name=H>{{cite news |date=16 Méi 2026 |page=B7|newspaper=The Straits Times|department=Letter From... |title=Guest houses, film sets: Traditional Malay houses in demand with new lease of life|author=Hadi Azmi }}</ref> sedengkeun di [[Indonésia]] tempat tinggal tradisional sapertos kitu masih kénéh aya di daérah padésaan. Sanaos transformasi urban di [[Singapura]] parantos ngaleungitkeun ampir sadaya lingkungan urban Malayu, sababaraha bumi anu nampilkeun arsitéktur vernakular ieu masih salamet, utamina dipusatkeun di pulo lepas pantai Pulau Ubin.{{Citation needed|date=Désémber 2022}} Usaha pikeun ngalestarikeun gaya arsitéktur asli kapuloan Indonésia parantos dilaksanakeun ngalangkungan dokumentasi sareng réplika kreasi di paviliun [[daptar propinsi di Indonésia|propinsi]] di [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], [[Jakarta]]. Nu boga imah tradisional Malaysia anu masih kénéh aya ogé nyéwakeun imah-imah éta ka studio produksi salaku lokasi syuting pilem sareng iklan, sareng homestay, salaku sumber panghasilan tambahan.<ref name=H/> === Agama === [[Gambar:Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|Masjid Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien di [[Brunéi]] dina wengi Ramadhan. Karajaan anu beunghar ieu nganut Melayu Islam Beraja (''Monarki Islam Malayu'') salaku filsafat nasional saprak kamerdékaanana dina taun 1984.]] Masarakat Malayu mimiti seuseueurna [[animisme|animis]], percaya kana ayana ''semangat'' (roh) dina sagala hal.<ref name="zaki1">{{harvnb|Zaki Ragman|2003|pp=1–6}}</ref> Kira-kira dina awal jaman umum, agama [[Hindu]] sareng [[agama Buddha|Budha]] diwanohkeun ku para padagang Asia Kidul ka Kapuloan Melayu, dimana aranjeunna mekar dugi ka abad ka-13, sateuacan datangna Islam anu dibawa ku para padagang Muslim [[urang Arab|Arab]], Asia Kidul, sareng Cina. Dina abad ka-15, Islam ti aliran [[Sunni]] ortodoks mekar di [[dunya Malayu]] dina kakawasaan Kasultanan Malaka. Beda sareng agama Hindu, anu sacara dangkal ngarobih masarakat Malayu awal, Islam tiasa disebatkeun parantos terintegrasi sapinuhna kana kahirupan sapopoe pendudukna.<ref name="Syed">{{harvnb|Syed Husin Ali|2008|p=57}}</ref> Ti saprak jaman ieu, urang Malayu dianggap salaku kelompok étnoreligius sareng sacara tradisional ngagaduhan idéntifikasi anu caket sareng [[Islam]]{{sfn|Johns|Lahoud|2005|p=157}} sareng aranjeunna henteu ngarobih agama ti saprak harita.<ref name="Syed" /> Identitas ieu kacida kuatna nepi ka disebut-sebut yén pikeun jadi Muslim nyaéta pikeun ''masuk Melayu'' (asup ka Malayu).{{sfn|Andaya|Andaya|1984|p=55}} Sanajan kitu, kapercayaan-kapercayaan samemehna anu miboga akar anu leuwih jero, aranjeunna tetep ngalawan kutukan Islam – sareng memang mistisisme [[tasawuf]] parantos ngahiji di antara urang Malayu, sareng roh-roh dunya animisme samemehna sareng sababaraha unsur Hindu.{{sfn|Winstedt|1925|p=125}} Saatos taun 1970-an, kebangkitan Islam (disebut ogé re-Islamisasi{{sfn|Burgat|2003|p=54}}) di sakumna dunya Muslim, seueur tradisi anu dianggap bertentangan sareng ajaran Islam sareng ngandung unsur syirik ditinggalkeun ku [[urang Malayu Malaysia|urang Malayu di Malaysia]], sedengkeun di kalangan [[urang Malayu Indonésia|urang Malayu di Indonésia]], tradisi ieu henteu dianggap takhayul sareng ngandung unsur syirik. Di antara tradisi-tradisi ieu nyaéta festival ''mandi [[Safar]]'', festival mandi pikeun ngahontal kasucian spiritual, anu tiasa dititénan ciri-cirina anu sami sareng sababaraha tradisi dina Durga Puja di [[India]].{{sfn|Bolton|Hutton|2000|p=184}} Seuseueurna étnis Malayu modéren anu ngagem Islam [[Sunni]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Malay of Malaysia |publisher=Bethany World Prayer Center |url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |access-date=11 Agustus 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191042/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code3/1892.html |archive-date=10 Oktober 2012}}</ref> sareng festival Malayu anu paling penting nyaéta anu asalna Islam - ''[[Idulfitri|Hari Raya Aidilfitri]]'', ''[[Iduladha|Hari Raya Aidiladha]]'', ''[[Muharom|Awal Muharram]]'', sareng ''[[Muludan|Maulidur Rasul]]''. Urang Malayu anu kaluar tina Islam di Malaysia sareng Brunéi dianggap murtad. Nanging, aya sajumlah étnis Malayu anu cicing di luar nagara-nagara ieu ogé parantos nganut agama sanés sacara sah dumasar kana hukum. === Musik === {{See also|Musik Malayu}} [[Musik Malayu]] nyaéta hiji genre musik tradisional anu asalna sarta dimekarkeun di basisir wétan [[Sumatra]], [[Kalimantan]], sarta Semenanjung Malaya.<ref>Sahputra, T. W. H., Martarosa, & Warhat, Z. (2019). ''[https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/408383-musik-jazz-melayu-dalam-kajian-kreativit-7b989836.pdf Musik jazz Melayu dalam kajian kreativitas]''. ''Melayu Arts and Performance Journal'', 2(2), 191–200. </ref> Musik ieu biasana dinyanyikeun ku jalma-jalma ti kelompok étnis Malayu sareng sering dipirig ku tarian has lokal Melayu, contona nawiskeun tarian dina acara atanapi pésta tradisional, ngabagéakeun tamu kahormatan, sareng dina kagiatan agama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Purba|first=Junaidi|last2=Putri|first2=Sabrina Maulidia|last3=Nelson|first3=Ricky|last4=Silaban|first4=Cahyani Yesika br|last5=Ridho|first5=Muhammad Habibur|last6=Andika|first6=Riki|last7=Sitorus|first7=Christina Harianti|last8=Sa|first8=Maulidha|last9=Dardanila|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/TRANSFORMATION_OF_TRADITIONAL_ARTS_RESPO/mtaeEQAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL ARTS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE TIMES|publisher=Mawadra Lestari Enterprise|isbn=978-629-95611-1-8|pages=62|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Asbullah|first=Habib|last2=Rizkia|first2=Ayu|last3=Batrisya|last4=Julianto|first4=Deldi|last5=Pangestu|first5=Dimas|last6=Rania|first6=Dinda Safira|last7=Miranti|first7=Dwi|last8=Afrillia|first8=Ega|last9=Irianto|first9=Ega Deni|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Mengabadikan_Riau_Buku_I/WXsgEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=Mengabadikan Riau: Buku I: Antologi Esai Kebudayaan|publisher=Penerbit Pustaka Rumah C1nta|isbn=978-623-7961-67-3|pages=95|language=id|url-status=live}}</ref> Anu pikaresepeun tina genre musik ieu nyaéta dina komposisina anu diwangun ku lirik lagu anu ngandung puisi anu disaluyukeun sareng kahirupan sapopoe, cinta (sapertos Dondang Sayang) sareng pinuh ku ajaran (pesen moral), dieusi ku sora atanapi vokal cengkok has Malayu, sareng aransemen musik anu disusun rapih. Bareng jeung kamekaran jaman, musik Malayu geus ngalaman parobahan dina gaya musikna, contona, geus ngalaman fusi jeung [[musik pop]], [[musik rock]], jeung [[dangdut]]. Aliran ieu tiasa dipendakan di nagara-nagara anu aya patalina sareng Malayu, sapertos [[Indonésia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], sareng [[Brunéi]]. Dina awal kamekaranana, alat musik anu dianggo didominasi ku aksi [[rebana]] anu disebut Kompang ti [[Kabupatén Ponorogo|Ponorogo]], petik gambus, gesek [[biola]], jepit akordeon, paripolah [[goong]], sareng niup sarunai. Ieu dipangaruhan ku budaya tanah [[urang Arab|Arab]] sareng [[Éropa]] tradisional. Bareng jeung kamekaran téknologi, kabéh ieu geus diganti ku alat musik éléktronik dina wangun kibor. Nanging, dina kagiatan-kagiatan tertentu alat musik tradisional masih dianggo pikeun ngalestarikeun warisan budaya. Dina kamajuanana, gerakan ieu populér dina taun 80-an sareng bahkan lebet kana era "puncak kajayaan" dina taun 90-an. Ieu ditandaan ku ningkatna jumlah penyanyi sareng [[grup musik|band]] Malayu, sareng pendatang anyar anu muncul kalayan lagu-lagu khasna nyalira. === Seni pintonan === [[Gambar:Joget Gamelan 1937.jpg|thumb|Pagelaran Joget Gamelan, 1937]] Urang Malayu miboga rupa-rupa musik jeung tari anu mangrupa gabungan tina rupa-rupa pangaruh budaya. Genre hasna mimitian ti tarian rahayat tradisional Malayu sapertos Mak Yong dugi ka tarian Zapin anu dipangaruhan ku [[urang Arab|Arab]]. Gerakan koreografi ogé rupa-rupa, ti léngkah sareng lagu anu saderhana dina Dikir barat dugi ka gerakan anu rumit dina Joget Gamelan. Musik tradisional Malayu dasarna nyaéta musik perkusi. Rupa-rupa [[goong|gong]] nyadiakeun ketukan pikeun seueur tarian. Aya ogé kendang kalayan rupa-rupa ukuran, mimitian ti ''rebana ubi'' ageung anu dianggo pikeun nandakeun kajadian penting dugi ka ''rebana leutik anu digesek'' ([[drum|drum pigura]]) anu dianggo salaku iringan pikeun bacaan vokal dina upacara agama.{{sfn|Moore|1998|p=48}} [[Gambar:KITLV - 3676 - Lambert & Co., G.R. - Singapore - Mahjong dance and drama at Penang Island - circa 1903.tif|thumb|left|Sakelompok penari Malayu Siam anu mintonkeun Mak Yong (kira-kira abad ka-19). Dina taun 2005, éta nampi pangakuan salaku salah sahiji karya agung warisan lisan sareng teu kasat mata umat manusa ku UNESCO.]] Musik nobat janten bagian tina Royal Regalia di karaton Malayu saprak datangna Islam dina abad ka-12 sareng ngan ukur dipintonkeun dina upacara-upacara penting karaton. Orkestrana ngawengku instrumen suci sareng dihormat pisan sapertos ''nehara'' ([[kendang]]), ''gendang'' (kendang dua sirah), ''nafiri'' (trompet), ''serunai'' (oboe), sareng sakapeung [[goong]] kenop sareng sapasang simbal.{{sfn|Marshall Cavendish|2007|p=1220}} Pangaruh India kuat dina drama kalangkang tradisional anu katelah Wayang Kulit dimana carita-carita tina epik Hindu; [[Ramayana]] & [[Mahabarata|Mahabharata]] ngawangun repertoar utama. Aya opat tipe has tina teater wayang kulit nu bisa kapanggih di Semenanjung Malaya; ''Wayang Gedek'', ''Wayang Purwa'', ''Wayang Melayu'' jeung ''Wayang Siam''.{{sfn|Srinivasa|2003|p=296}}{{sfn|Ghulam Sarwar Yousof|1997|p=3}}{{sfn|Matusky|1993|pp=8–11}} Sanajan kitu, seni sareng carita ''Wayang Purwa'' sareng ''Wayang Siam'' nunjukkeun pangaruh régional anu ngahiji sareng [[urang Jawa]] sareng Siam, sedengkeun ''Wayang Melayu'' sareng ''Wayang Gedek'' nyaritakeun bentuk sareng busana Malayu anu langkung asli. Seni pintonan Malayu anu kakoncara séjénna nyaéta; Teater ''Bangsawan'', ''Dondang Sayang'' balad jeung tarian ''Mak Inang'' ti Kasultanan Malaka, Teater ''Jikey'' jeung ''Mek Mulung'' ti [[Kedah]], Tari ''Asyik'' jeung Drama Tari ''Menora'' ti Patani jeung Kelantan, Tari ''Ulek mayang'' jeung ''Rodat'' ti Terengganu, Teater ''Boria'' ti Penang, Tari ''Canggung'' ti Perlis, Lagu naratif ''Mukun'' ti [[Brunéi]] jeung Sarawak,{{sfn|Marzuki bin Haji Mohd Seruddin|2009}}<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009">{{harvnb|Ahmad Salehuddin|2009}}</ref> [[Gending Sriwijaya]] ti [[Kota Palémbang|Palémbang]], ''Serampang Dua Belas'' ti Serdang,<ref name="Ahmad Salehuddin 2009"/> Zapin Api tari seuneu ti [[Riau]] jeung Dikir barat Singapura ti [[Singapura]]. === Seni visual === [[Gambar:Burung Petala Indera I.png|thumb|Burung Petala Indra, manuk mitos raksasa anu dijieun pikeun parade sunat agung pangeran Kelantan.]] Seni ukir kai mangrupa bagian tina [[seni rupa|seni visual]] Malayu klasik. Urang Malayu sacara tradisional ngahias monumen, parahu, pakarang, makam, alat musik, sareng parabotna ku motif flora, kaligrafi, géométri sareng fitur kosmik. Seni ieu dilakukeun ku cara miceun sabagian kai nganggo alat seukeut sareng nuturkeun pola, komposisi, sareng urutan anu khusus. Bentuk seni ieu, katelah ''ukir'', dipuji salaku tindakan bakti para pengrajin ka nu nyiptakeun sareng hadiah ka sasama manusa.{{sfn|Said|2005}} Bentuk seni ieu utamina disababkeun ku lobana kai di Kapuloan Malayu sareng ogé ku kaparigelan para tukang ukir kai anu ngamungkinkeun urang Malayu pikeun latihan ukir kai salaku karajinan. Latar tropis alami dimana flora sareng fauna seueur pisan parantos ngainspirasi motif pikeun digambarkeun dina bentuk abstrak atanapi bergaya kana papan kai. Kalayan datangna Islam, bentuk géométri sareng kaligrafi Islam diwanohkeun dina ukiran kai. Kai anu dianggo biasana tina spésiés kai keras tropis anu dipikanyaho awét sareng tiasa tahan serangan jamur, kumbang boot listrik, sareng rayap.{{sfn|Said|2002}} Imah tradisional Malayu atanapi [[masjid]] biasana dihias ku langkung ti 20 komponén ukiran. Ukiran dina témbok sareng panel ngamungkinkeun angin ngahiliwir sacara efektif ka jero sareng ka luar gedong sareng tiasa ngantepkeun sinar panonpoé nyaangan bagian jero struktur. Dina waktos anu sami, kalangkang anu ditimbulkeun ku panel-panel éta ogé bakal nyiptakeun kalangkang dumasar kana motif-motif anu nambahan kaéndahan dina lanté. Ku kituna, komponén anu diukir ngalaksanakeun tujuan fungsional sareng estetika. ==Kelompok sub-étnis== {{Tingali ogé|Urang Malayu Indonésia|Urang Malayu Malaysia}} ==Tingali ogé== * [[Dunya Malayu]] * [[Imah Malayu]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} == Tautan éksternal == * {{ms}} [http://iyco0.tripod.com/usmanawang.html Puisi Usman Awang mengenai Melayu.] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{en}} [http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=29765 Melayu] * {{id}} [http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:lYcg2r-ziWYJ:ccm.um.edu.my/umweb/fsss/images/persidangan/Kertas%2520Kerja/Pak%2520Witrianto.doc+Rumpun+Banjar&hl=id&ct=clnk&cd=139&gl=id&client=firefox-a Modal Sosial dan Pembangunan Manusia Melayu oleh Witrianto, S.S., M.Hum., M.Si dari Universitas Andalas] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{id}} [http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm Bhinneka Tunggal Ika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126030352/http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2004/05/early/budaya/budaya-0504-bhinneka.htm |date=26 Januari 2010 }} * {{id}} [http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aW1QL3FMZVZBUkU4Ng%3D%3D= Gerakan Bangsa Melayu Besar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408223826/http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=aw1ql3fmzvzbuku4ng=== |date=8 April 2016 }} [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Indonésia|Melayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Malaysia|Melayu]] [[Kategori:Grup étnis di Singapura|Melayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Indonésia|Melayu]] [[Kategori:Sélér bangsa di Malaysia|Melayu]] {{Authority control}} {{pondok}} 9ch92kjvz1b257avwnn7ytttsexi43s 0 102040 730599 712377 2026-10-20T12:09:54Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 730599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Piit Peking | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN|id=22719821 |title=''Lonchura punctulata'' |assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=10 Juni 2014}}</ref> | image = Lonchura punctulata (Nagarhole, 2004).jpg | image_caption = Piit déwasa subspésiés ''punctulata'' di Taman Nasional Nagarhole, [[India]] | image2 = Scaly breasted Munia (Immature)- Kolkata- I IMG 3535.jpg | image2_caption = Piit rumaja subspésiés ''punctulata'' di [[Kolkata]], [[India]] | image_width = 240px | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Burung|Aves]] | ordo = [[Passeriformes]] | familia = [[Estrildidae]] | genus = ''[[Lonchura]]'' | species = '''''L. punctulata''''' | binomial = ''Lonchura punctulata'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]], 1753) }} '''Piit peking'''; bondol peking; (''Lonchura punctulata'') nyaéta manuk leutik anu asalna tina kulawarga ''[[Estrildidae]]''.<ref name=behaviour/>Manuk ieu kahakananna sisikian, kayaning siki: [[paré]], [[kunyit]], [[sorgum]], jujukutan, jeung sajabana. <ref name=behaviour>{{Cite journal|title= Hostile, Sexual, and Other Social Behaviour Patterns of the Spice Finch (''Lonchura punctulata'') in Captivity| author=Moynihan, M & M F Hall| journal=Behaviour| volume=7| issue=1| year=1954| pages=33–76 }}</ref> ==Ngaran séjén== Urang [[basa Jawa|Jawa]] nyebutna ''emprit peking'', ''prit peking''; urang [[basa Sunda|Sunda]] nyebutna ''piit peking'' atawa ''manuk peking'', dumasar ogé kana sorana.<ref>{{cite journal| pages= 1526–1531| title= The effect of group size on vigilance and feeding rate in spice finches (''Lonchura punctulata'')|author= Beauchamp, G and Barbara Livoreil|year=1997|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|volume=75| url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/z97-776| doi=10.1139/z97-776}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Giraldeau|first=L.A.|coauthors=G. Beauchamp|title=Food exploitation: searching for the optimal joining policy|journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution|date=1|year=1999|month=March|volume=14|issue=3|pages=102-106|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01542-0,|accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref> Di [[Malaysia]] ieu manuk disebutna ''pipit pinang'', dina [[basa Inggris]] dipiwanohna ''Scaly-breasted Munia'' pedah aya kelir borontok dina bulu palebah hariguna anu katempo kawas sisit.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pulliam|first=R. H.|title=On the advantages of flocking|journal=J. Theor. Bio.|year=1973|volume=38|pages=419-422|accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref> == Ciri mandiri == [[File : Lonch punctu 071126-1777 tdp.jpg|jmpl|kiri|160px|Manuk piit peking déwasa, Bogor.]] Pangawakanna leutik, panjang tina pamatuk nepika tungtung buntut kurang leuwih 11 cm. Bulu dina beuheung, punduk jeung tonggong kelirna coklat, aya guguritan ngora katempo samar-samar sarta bulu puhuna bodas. Tikorona coklat semu beureum, palebah handapna bodas, ''katempo guguratan kawas sisik kelirna coklat palebah harigu nepi ka sisi awakna''.<ref name=mackinnon/> Palebah beuteung handap nepika bujurna bodas.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Role of humidity in the seasonal reproduction of male spotted munia, ''Lonchura punctulata''| author=Sikdar M; A Kar and P Prakash |year= 1992| doi= 10.1002/jez.1402640112 |journal= Journal of Experimental Zoology| volume=264| issue=1| pages= 82–84}}</ref> Manuk anu ngora kénéh harigu jeung beuteungna mibanda bulu coklat kotor, teu aya sisitan kawas anu déwasa. <ref name=john/> Jalu jeung bikang henteu beda dina wanda bulu jeung pangawakanna.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dubois|first=Frédérique|coauthors=Giraldeau, Luc-Alain|title=Reduced resource defence in an uncertain world: an experimental test using captive nutmeg mannikins|journal=Animal Behaviour|year=2004|month=July|volume=68|issue=1|pages=21–25|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.06.025|accessdate=15 November 2012}}</ref> Hihideung panonna coklat poék; pamatuk kawas manuk piit biasana kelirna kulawu semu biru; cékérna hideung semu kulawu.<ref name=mackinnon>{{aut|MacKinnon, J., K. Phillips, B. van Balen}}. 2000. ''Burung-burung di Sumatra, Jawa, Bali dan Kalimantan'': 425. Seri Panduan Lapangan LIPI. Bogor:LIPI dan BirdLife IP.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Nicholas|title=An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontobe0000davi_j0v9|year=2012|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Competing for Resources|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontobe0000davi_j0v9/page/130 130]-131}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Barnard|first=C.J.|coauthors=R.M. Sibly|title=Producers and scroungers: A general model and its application to captive flocks of house sparrows|journal=Animal Behaviour|year=1981|month=May|volume=29|issue=2|pages=543-550|doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80117-0}}</ref> == Tempat hirup jeung kabiasaan == [[File: Lonch punctu J 071129-1999 tdp.jpg|jmpl|kiri|160px|Manuk anakna kénéh, Bogor.]] Piit peking remen kapanggih hirup di padésaan nepika sisi kota, utamana anu deukeut jeung [[sawah|persawahan]] atawa [[tegalan]]. Kahakananna sabangsaning sisikian, jujukutan utamana kana [[pare]]<ref name=john/>. Ku kituna piit peking remen katempo di[[sawah]], [[rungkun]] -rungkun [[jukut]], tegalan jeung [[kebon]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stephens|first=DW|title=A comprehensive guide to optimal foraging theory|year=2007|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|location=Foraging}}</ref> Tempona nyiar hakaneun hiber ngabring babarengan jeung pasanganna atawa ngabring jeung manuk baturna nu séjén, piit peking remen katempo saabringan areunteup dina rungkun jujukutan ngadon ngakan sikina, sakapeung katempo turun kana [[taneuh]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rieucau|first=G.|coauthors=Giraldeau, L.-A.|title=Group size effect caused by food competition in nutmeg mannikins (Lonchura punctulata)|journal=Behavioral Ecology|date=12 February 2009|year=2008|month=October|volume=20|issue=2|pages=421–425|doi=10.1093/beheco/arn144|accessdate=15 November 2012}}</ref> Piit peking ieu gerakanna rancingeus, kalayan henteu eureun disarada jeung padabaturna.<ref name=john>{{aut|MacKinnon, J.}} 1993. ''Panduan Lapangan Pengenalan Burung-burung di Jawa dan Bali'': 379. Yogyakarta:Gadjah Mada University Press.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gauvin|first=Shawn|coauthors=Giraldeau, Luc-Alain|title=Nutmeg mannikins ( Lonchura punctulata ) reduce their feeding rates in response to simulated competition|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oecologia_2004-03_139_1/page/150|journal=Oecologia|year=2004|volume=139|issue=1|pages=150–156|doi=10.1007/s00442-003-1482-2|accessdate=15 November 2012}}</ref> Ieu manuk remen ogé katempo nyiar hakaneun pacampur jeung manuk jinis piit séjén, saperti piit, bondol (''L. leucogastroides''), jeung sajabana. <ref name=mackinnon/> Mimitina ieu manuk katempo ngan sababaraha hiji wungkul, nincak usum panena ieu manuk téh bisa ngumpul dina jumlah anu loba malahan nepika aya ratusan. Katempo pisan mangsa usum meuting, ieu manuk hiber abrul-abrulan.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Gokula V |year= 2001| title= Nesting ecology of the Spotted Munia ''Lonchura punctulata'' in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (South India)|journal= Acta Ornithologica| volume= 36|issue=1|pages= 1–5}}</ref> Nempo jumlahna anu loba kawas kieu tangtu ngadatangkeun karuagian anu henteu saeutik pikeun para patani.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Mehta, P |year=1997| title=Spotted Munia ''Lonchura punctulata'' feeding on scat? |journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] | volume= 37| issue=1|page=16|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/NLBW37_1#page/n17/mode/1up}}</ref> Piit peking ogé remen katempo eunteup di kebon-kebon, buruan [[imah]], ogé sisi jalan. Saperti ngarana, di [[Malaysia]], ieu manuk remen areunteup dina tangkal [[jambé]] atawa [[palma]] séjéna, tangkal-tangkal anu ngarungkun jangkung, paragi ieu manuk nyarieun [[sayang]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sharma RC; Bhatt D; Sharma RK|year=2004|title=Breeding success of the tropical Spotted Munia Lonchura punctulata in urbanized and forest habitats|journal=Ornithological Science|volume=3|issue=2|pages=113–117|url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/osj/3/2/3_113/_article|doi=10.2326/osj.3.113}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sayangna bulenek kawas ''ball'', dijieun tina jujukutan, diperenahkeun dinu buni kahalangan ku dangdauna jeung régang.<ref name=john/> [[Endog]]na bodas, aya 4-6(-10) siki, ukuranna 15 x 11 [[miliméter|mm]] ngendogna teuaya usumna/endogan sapanjang taun, disileungleuman salila 16 poé kakara megar anakna.<ref>{{aut|Hoogerwerf, A.}} 1949. ''De Avifauna van de Plantentuin te Buitenzorg (Java)'': 112-3. Buitenzorg:Uitgave van de Kon. Plantentuin van Indonesië.</ref><ref name=hbk/><ref>{{cite journal|author= Lamba, BS |year= 1974| title= Nest construction technique of the Spotted Munia, ''Lonchura punctulata''| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume= 71| issue=3| pages= 613–616}}</ref> Manuk piit peking loba kapanggih hirup ti mimiti sisi basisir nepika palebah tonggoheun 1.800 m dpl.<ref name=mackinnon/>, malahan nepi ka 2.200 m di [[Lombok]] jeung 2.300 m di [[Timor]]<ref name=coates>{{aut|Coates, B.J. & K.D. Bishop}}. 2000. ''Panduan Lapangan Burung-burung di Kawasan Wallacea'': 185. Bogor:BirdLife IP - Dove Publ.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Coolen|first=Isabelle|coauthors=Giraldeau, Luc-Alain|title=Incompatibility between antipredatory vigilance and scrounger tactic in nutmeg mannikins, Lonchura punctulata|journal=Animal Behaviour|date=1 October 2003|volume=66|issue=4|pages=657–664|doi=10.1006/anbe.2003.2236|accessdate=15 November 2012}}</ref> == Sub spésiés jeung habitatna== == Piit peking loba kapanggih di [[Asia kidul]] jeung [[Asia Tenggara]] kalawan mibanda 12 subspésiés, tayalian: # '''''L. p. punctulata''''' ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758), nyebar di nagara [[Nepal]] nepi la [[Sikkim]], [[India]] jeung [[Sri Lanka]] # '''''L. p. subundulata''''' (Godwin-Austen, 1874), Nyebar ti mimiti wetan [[India]] ([[Assam]]) nepi ka [[Bhutan]] jeung bagean kulon [[Myanmar]] # '''''L. p. yunnanensis''''' (Parkes, 1958), Nyebar di wetaneun [[Myanmar]] jeung kulon ngidul [[China]] # '''''L. p. topela''''' (Swinhoe, 1863), Nyebar di [[China]] kidul nepika kaler [[Thailand]], [[Indochina]], [[Hainan]], jeung [[Taiwan]] # '''''L. p. cabanisi''''' ([[Richard Bowdler Sharpe|Sharpe]], 1890), nyebar di [[Filipina]] ([[Luzon]], [[Mindoro]], [[Panay]], [[Cebu]], Calauit jeung [[Palawan]]) # '''''L. p. fretensis''''' (Kloss, 1931), nyebar di kiul [[Thailand]] jeung [[Semenanjung Malaysia]] nepi ka [[Sumatra]] jeung pulo-pulo sabudeureunna # '''''L. p. nisoria''''' ([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1830), nyebar ti [[Jawa]], [[Bali]], [[Lombok]], jeung [[Sumbawa]] # '''''L. p. baweana''''' (Hoogerwerf, 1963), [[endemik]] di pulo [[Bawean]] ([[Laut Jawa]]) # '''''L. p. holmesi''''' (Restall, 1992), endemik di kidul ngulon [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) # '''''L. p. sumbae''''' (Mayr, 1944), éndemik/pituin di Pulao [[Sumba]] # '''''L. p. blasii''''' (Stresemann, 1912), nyebar di [[Flores]], [[Timor]], [[Kapuloan Tanimbar]], jeung kalpuloan [[Nusa Tenggara]] # '''''L. p. particeps''''' (Riley, 1920), éndemik di Pulo [[Sulawesi]]. <ref name=clements>{{cite book|title= The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.8|author= Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson|year= 2013|publisher= The Cornell Lab of Ornithology|url= http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180403223516/http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/|archive-date= 2018-04-03|accessdate= 2021-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Abbass, D., Rais, M., Ghalib, S.A. and Khan, M.Z. |year=2010| title= First Record of Spotted Munia (Lonchura punctulata) from Karachi| journal= Pakistan J. Zool. |volume=42|issue=4| pages=503–505}}</ref> Populasina nyebar dina ''distribusi'' anu lega dibedakeun ku ''variasi'' kelir bulu sareng pangawakanna, kurang leuwih aya 11 subspésiés anu dipikanyaho.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Giraldeau|first=L-A.|coauthors=Beauchamp, G.|title=Food exploitation: searching for the optimal joining policy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-ecology-evolution_1999_14_3/page/102|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|year=1999|volume=14|issue=3|pages=102–106|doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01542-0|accessdate=15 November 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|last=Coolen|first=Isabelle|coauthors=Luc-Alain Giraldeau, Myriam Lavoie|title=Head position as an indication of producer and scrounger tactics in a ground-feeding bird|journal=Animal Behaviour|year=2001|month=May |volume=61|issue=5|pages=895-903|doi=10.1006/anbe.2000.1678}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Coolen|first=Isabelle|title=Increasing foraging group size increases scrounger use and reduces searching efficiency in nutmeg mannikins ( Lonchura punctulata )|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-ecology-and-sociobiology_2002-08_52_3/page/232|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|year=2002|volume=52|issue=3|pages=232–238|doi=10.1007/s00265-002-0500-4|accessdate=15 November 2012}}</ref> Kaasup di jerona anu kapanggih hirup di i dataran [[Asia Kidul]], ogé [[Pakistan]],[[ India]] , [[Nepal]] , [[Bangladés]] sareng [[Sri Lanka]]. Ieu spésiés kawasna pituin ti Asia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arnaiz-Villena|first=A|coauthors=Ruiz-del-Valle V, Gomez-Prieto P, Reguera R, Parga-Lozano C, Serrano-Vela I|title=Estrildinae Finches (Aves, Passeriformes) from Africa, South Asia and Australia: a Molecular Phylogeographic Study|journal=The Open Ornithology Journal|year=2009|volume=2|pages=29–36|url=http://chopo.pntic.mec.es/biolmol/publicaciones/Estrildinae_finches_2009.pdf|doi=10.2174/1874453200902010029}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321114702/http://chopo.pntic.mec.es/biolmol/publicaciones/Estrildinae_finches_2009.pdf |date=2012-03-21 }}</ref> Tapi jarang katempo hirup di [[Kashmir]] .<ref>{{cite journal|author= Akhtar,SA; Rao,Prakash; Tiwari,JK; Javed, Salim |year= 1992| title= Spotted Munia ''Lonchura punctulata'' (Linn.) from Dachigam National Park, Jammu and Kashmir| journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume= 89| issue= 1| page=129}}</ref><ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author=Ali, S & S D Ripley| year=1999| title=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 10|edition=2| publisher=Oxford University Press|place= New Delhi| pages=119–121}}</ref> Di luar daérah asli, ieu manuk anu hirup di daérah anu iklimna cocog. ''Populasi'' anu pindah ieu katitén an di Hindia Kulon (Puerto Rico ti saprak 1971) <ref>{{cite journal|journal= Caribbean Journal of Science| volume= 33| issue= 3–4|pages=233–238| year= 1997| title=Review of the Subspecific Status and Origin of Introduced Finches in Puerto Rico| author=Moreno, JA}}</ref>, [[Hawaii]] , [[Australia]], [[Japan]] <ref>{{cite journal| year=2004| journal=Global Environmental Research| pages=29–39| volume=8| issue=1| url=http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-01-04.pdf| title=Invasive Birds in Japan| author=Eguchi K & H E Amano}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303101534/http://www.airies.or.jp/publication/ger/pdf/08-01-04.pdf |date=2012-03-03 }}</ref> sareng kidul Amérika Serikat utamina di [[Florida]] sareng [[California]].<ref>{{cite journal| journal= Florida Field Naturalist| volume= 37| issue= 3| pages= 96–97| year= 2009| title= The status of the nutmeg mannikin (''Lonchura punctulata'') in the extreme western panhandle of Florida| author= Duncan RA| url= http://www.fosbirds.org/sites/default/files/FFNs/FFN373p096.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230215554/http://www.fosbirds.org/sites/default/files/FFNs/FFN373p096.pdf |date=2024-12-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/wb/v31n02/p0130-p0131.pdf| title=The juvenile nutmeg mannikin: identification of a little brown bird| author=Garrett, KL| year=2000| journal=Western Birds| volume=31| issue=2| pages=130–131}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907225746/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/wb/v31n02/p0130-p0131.pdf |date=2012-09-07 }}</ref> di [[Oahu]], [[Hawaii]] , pandeuri katompo hirup bareng sareng ''[[Lonchura malacca]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Moulton, M. P., L. J. S. Allen, D. K. Ferris. |year=1992| title=Competition, resource use and habitat selection in two introduced Hawaiian Mannikins|url= https://archive.org/details/sim_biotropica_1992-03_24_1/page/77 | journal= Biotropica| volume=24| pages=77–85|doi= 10.2307/2388475|issue= 1}}</ref> == Galeri == <gallery> File:Lonchura punctulata MHNT 228 La Réunion.jpg | <center> Endogna File:Lonch punctu 071129 1989 tdp.jpg |''L. p. nisoria'' di [[Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]] File:Lonchura punctulata particeps.JPG |''L. p. particeps'' di [[Manado]], [[Sulawesi kalér]] File:Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata) - Flickr - Lip Kee (1).jpg | ''L. p. fretensis'' di Pulo Ubin, [[Singapura]] File:Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata) feeding on Pennisetum pedicellatum W IMG 1337.jpg | Buluna mangsa rumaja kénéh ''L. p. punctulata'' di Hyderabad, [[India]] File: Lonch punctu 071126-1775 tdp.jpg|Ngabring nyiar hakaneun, Bogor. </gallery> == Dicutat tina == {{reflist|2 }} == Tutumbu ka luar == {{commons|Lonchura punctulata}} * {{en}} [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/53349/all ''Lonchura punctulata'' pada IUCN Red List Database], diakses pada 29/11/2007 * {{en}} [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=8709&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet] [[Kategori:Sasatoan]] [[Kategori:Manuk Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Aves]] [[Kategori:Estrildidae]] niphj0rfmbngrxszdz0djfb4iz9tzki 3 105002 730611 675746 2026-10-20T15:04:10Z Rafka Aditia 29183 730611 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:2px solid #f3e4f2; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:95%; margin-bottom : 1em; padding: 5px;">'''Bagéa, Bray!''' [[Wikipédia:Wilujeng sumping|Wilujeng sumping]] di komunitas '''[[Wikipédia]]''', hususna Wikipédia édisi [[Basa Sunda]].[[Kategori:Wikipédiawan nu gabung bulan Pébruari 2024]] Pikeun pangwanoh ka baraya lianna, mangga eusian kaca [[Pamaké:{{PAGENAME}}|pamaké {{PAGENAME}}]] ku sababaraha hal nu peryogi kauninga, utamana ngeunaan widang naon waé nu janten minat sadérék. Pikeun hal-hal nu sipatna téhnis, mangga buka kaca : :*[[Wikipédia:Pitulung|Pitulung]], atanapi mangga tingalan [[Wikipédia:NLD|nu loba ditanyakeun]] (sanajan can lengkep) ngeunaan ramatloka ieu. :*Upami sadérék nembéan di Wikipédia ieu, mangga tingali cara maké di [[Wikipedia:Kursus kilat|Kursus kilat]] jeung [[Wikipedia:Cara nyieun artikel|Cara nyieun artikel]] :*Nanyakeun atawa méré usul ngeunaan Wikipédia ieu di '''''[[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala]]'''''. :*Pigunakeun '''[[Wikipédia:Kotrétan|Kotrétan]]''' pikeun nyobaan ngédit. Pikeun '''nanda tangan''' dina kaca sawala, siga kaca ieu, ketik &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; (opat kali tanda gelombang/''tilde''). {|width="100%" |align="right"|'''[[Wikipedia:Babel/su-0|Tidak berbahasa Sunda (don't speak Sundanese)?]]''' |} </div><br/> [[Pamaké:Ariandi Lie|Ariandi Lie]] ^{[[Obrolan pamaké:Ariandi Lie|ngobrol didieu]]} 1 Maret 2024 18.01 (UTC) == Ngeunaan artikel dina aksara Sunda == Ngeunaan aksara Sunda nu anjeun damel sapertos [[ᮃᮞᮤᮚ]] (Asiya) kuring rada sangsi ngeunaan aksara sapertos ᮃᮞᮤᮚ nganggo aksara ya (ᮚ) dina panulisan Asia oge dina nami nagara sapertos Indonésia anjeun nyerat ᮄᮔ᮪ᮓᮧᮔᮦᮞᮤᮚ (Indonésiya) sanes ᮄᮔ᮪ᮓᮧᮔᮦᮞᮤᮃ. Tiasa dijelaskeun ? Hatur nuhun [[Pamaké:Ariandi Lie|Ariandi Lie]] ^{[[Obrolan pamaké:Ariandi Lie|ngobrol didieu]]} 2 Januari 2025 20.42 (UTC) :kalau masalah itu saya tidak tahu penulisan yang benar seperti apa, kalau dalam aksara saya yaitu aksara jawa, ia ditulis iya, seperti ꦄꦱꦶꦪ (Asiya), saya kira penulisannya sama yaitu ᮃᮞᮤᮚ (Asiya), jadi penulisan yang benar seperti apa? [[Pamaké:Jossisad|Jossisad]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Jossisad#top|sawala]]) 3 Pébruari 2025 11.03 (UTC) lh3ulit5rupr7z431qyf5w1hcjx4vui 0 107680 730600 711383 2026-10-20T12:15:50Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 730600 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Pelecing kangkung.JPG|jmpl|Plecing kangkung]] '''Plecing kangkung''' téh salah sahiji kadaharan has Indonésia asalna ti Bali jeung Lombok. Plecing kangkung dijieunna tina kangkung nu direbus, tuluy dihidangkeun dina kaayaan tiis jeung seger bari dibarengan sambel tomat. Sambelna dijieun tina cabé rawit, uyah, tarasi, jeung tomat, kadang ditambahan peresan jeruk limau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bilebante.com/id_ID/plecing-kangkung-khas-lombok/|title=Plecing Kangkung Khas Lombok - Desa Wisata Hijau Bilebante|language=id|accessdate=2025-12-12}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224190026/https://bilebante.com/id_ID/plecing-kangkung-khas-lombok/ |date=2025-12-24 }}</ref> == Sajarah kadaharan == Plecing kangkung téh salasahiji kuliner tradisional asal Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). Ieu kadaharan dipikawanoh minangka sajian basajan anu bahan utamana kangkung, tuluy dituang jeung sambel pedas has daérahna. Campuran éta ngahasilkeun rasa nu kuat bari sakaligus ngagambarkeun idéntitas kuliner masarakat Lombok. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/bali/kuliner/d-7366546/plecing-kangkung-khas-lombok-sejarah-hingga-manfaat-bagi-tubuh|title=Plecing Kangkung Khas Lombok: Sejarah hingga Manfaat Bagi Tubuh|last=Kusuma|first=Zheerlin Larantika Djati|website=detikbali|language=id-ID|accessdate=2025-12-18}}</ref> Dina sajarahna, plecing kangkung lain ngan ukur jadi tuangeun sapopoé, tapi ogé ngagambarkeun tradisi agraris masarakat satempat. Kangkung anu dipaké biasana dipelak di lahan nu loba cai, saperti walungan leutik jeung sawah, sarta kualitasna gumantung pisan kana kasadiaan cai. Kadaharan ieu geus diwariskeun ti jaman karuhun sarta tetep jadi bagian penting tina budaya kuliner NTB nepi ka kiwari. Dina cara nyajikeunna, kangkung direbus nepi ka satengah asak, tuluy dihidangkeun jeung sambel anu dijieun tina cabé, terasi, tomat, uyah, jeung vetsin. Pikeun nambahan tékstur jeung rasa, plecing kangkung mindeng ditambahan taoge, kacang panjang, jeung parutan kalapa.<ref name=":0" /> Salaku pangiring hayam taliwang di Pulo Lombok, plecing kangkung biasana dihidangkeun jeung tambahan sayuran saperti taoge, kacang panjang, kacang taneuh goréng, atawa urap. Bahan plecing kangkung di Bali mah teu saloba nu di Lombok, biasana ngan kangkung, sambel, kuah pindang, jeung kacang. Bédana, plecing kangkung Lombok mah kudu maké taoge, sedengkeun di Bali taoge téh pilihan waé. Di Bali, plecing kangkung ogé mindeng dihidangkeun babarengan jeung hayam betutu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://poroslombok.com/artikel/sejarah-pelecing-kangkung-khas-lombok/|title=Sejarah Pelecing Kangkung Khas Lombok|last=Redaksi|website=POROS LOMBOK|language=id|accessdate=2025-12-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223015719/https://poroslombok.com/artikel/sejarah-pelecing-kangkung-khas-lombok/ |date=2025-12-23 }}</ref> Kangkung anu dipaké pikeun ieu kadaharan ogé has pisan. Henteu sarua jeung kangkung sayur anu biasa kapanggih di Pulo Jawa, tapi mangrupa kangkung cai anu biasana dipelak di walungan anu ngalir ku cara husus, nepi ka ngahasilkeun batang kangkung anu gede jeung renyah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kecilungresto.com/2023/05/10/menilik-plecing-kangkung-beserta-sejarahnya/|title=Menilik plecing kangkung beserta sejarahnya – Kecilung Kitchen & Resto|language=en-US|accessdate=2025-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217053009/https://kecilungresto.com/2023/05/10/menilik-plecing-kangkung-beserta-sejarahnya/|archivedate=2025-12-17}}</ref> == Mangpaat plecing kangkung khas Lombok == Plecing kangkung lain ngan ukur kasohor ku rasa pedasna anu has, tapi ogé miboga nilai gizi anu mangpaat pikeun kaséhatan awak. Kangkung salaku bahan utama ngandung rupa-rupa zat penting anu ngabantu fungsi awak manusa.<ref name=":0" /> * Vitamin C ngabantu ningkatkeun sistim imun jeung daya tahan awak. * Karotenoid, lutein, jeung vitamin A ngarojong kaséhatan panon sarta mantuan nyegah panyakit degeneratif saperti katarak. * Zat beusi gunana pikeun nyegah anemia ku cara ngabantu pembentukan sél getih beureum. * Antioksidan anu luhur mantuan ngajaga sél tina karuksakan sarta boga poténsi ngurangan résiko kanker. * Konsumsi kangkung ogé patali jeung ngajaga kaséhatan ati jeung nyegah karuksakan organ éta. * Sababaraha kandunganana dipercaya bisa mantuan ngungkulan hésé sare (insomnia), sangkan kualitas sare jadi leuwih hadé. == Répérénsi == [[Category:WikiMaknyus]] [[Category:WikiMaknyus Mataram]] [[Kategori:Hidangan Lombok]] fpvuz70prsbgcfzmf98fitje75tnmzo 0 108605 730604 710257 2026-10-20T13:30:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 730604 wikitext text/x-wiki '''SDN 2 Bangunsari''' nyaéta sakola dasar nagri anu aya di [[Kabupatén Ciamis]], [[Jawa Barat]]. Sakola ieu beralamat di Jalan Dusun Mulyasari RT 02 RW 06, Désa Bangunsari, [[Kacamatan Pamarican]]. Sakola ieu aya dina naungan Dinas Pendidikan Kabupatén Ciamis sareng ngalaksanakeun [[Kurikulum Merdeka]]. [[File:SD Negeri 2 Bangunsari, Kacamatan Pamarican, Kabupatén Ciamis.jpg|thumb|Bagian depan SDN 2 Bangunsari, Pamarican, Ciamis. Katémbong papan ngaran "SD NEGERI 2 BANGUNSARI", ruang UKS, sareng lingkungan anu bersih kalayan rupa-rupa pepelakan hias. Ieu ngagambarkeun palaksanaan program "Gerbang Cinta".]] == Idéntitas == {| class="wikitable" ! Idéntitas !! Katerangan |- | '''NPSN''' || 20212453 <ref>{{cite web |title=SDN 2 BANGUNSARI |url=https://referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id/pendidikan/npsn/20212453 |website=referensi.data.kemendikdasmen.go.id |access-date=24 Méi 2026}}</ref> |- | '''Status''' || Nagri |- | '''Akreditasi''' || A <ref>{{cite web |title=Informasi Lengkap SDN 2 BANGUNSARI |url=https://daftarsekolah.net/sekolah/23568/sdn-2-bangunsari |website=daftarsekolah.net |access-date=24 Méi 2026}}</ref> |- | '''Kapala Sakola''' || Risye Risnawati, S.Pd., M.Pd. <ref>{{cite web |title=Data Pokok SDN 2 BANGUNSARI |url=https://dapo.kemendikdasmen.go.id/sekolah/8731F1B5A51C737B9C0D |website=dapo.kemendikdasmen.go.id |access-date=24 Méi 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | '''Alamat''' || Jl. Dusun Mulyasari RT 02 RW 06, Désa Bangunsari, Kec. Pamarican, Kab. Ciamis, Jawa Barat |} == Sajarah == Sakola ieu didirikeun dina 1 Januari 1960 kalawan No. SK Operasional 801/PRB/1960. Numutkeun data Dapodik, SK Izin Operasional panganyarna kaluar tanggal 28 Agustus 2025. == Tingkatan == SDN 2 Bangunsari nyadiakeun atikan pikeun tingkatan '''Dikdas''' (Pendidikan Dasar) kelas 1 dugi ka kelas 6. == Program Unggulan == SDN 2 Bangunsari ngalaksanakeun program unik anu disebut "Giroh", singkatan tina ''Gerakan Penghimpunan Impak Terarah''. Program ieu mangrupa bagian tina gerakan sakola "Gerbang Cinta" atawa ''Gerakan Bangunsari, Ciptakeun Lingkungan Indah di Sekitar Kita''. Program ieu berakar tina visi sakola kalayan slogan "Sanubari Berdikari" anu tujuanana ngamumule kapedulian sosial murid ti mimiti dini.<ref>{{cite web |title=Program Giroh di SDN 2 Bangunsari Wujudkan Kepedulian Sosial Sejak Dini |url=https://www.insiden24.com/berita/39616022252/program-giroh-di-sdn-2-bangunsari-wujudkan-kepedulian-sosial-sejak-dini |website=insiden24.com |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref> == Penghargaan == Dina taun 2026, SDN 2 Bangunsari meunang panghargaan '''Sekolah Adiwiyata Kabupatén Ciamis'''. Panghargaan ieu dibikeun ku Dinas Perumahan Rakyat, Kawasan Permukiman, dan Lingkungan Hidup (DPRKPLH) Kabupatén Ciamis dumasar kana penilaian administrasi jeung verifikasi lapangan. SDN 2 Bangunsari jadi salah sahiji ti genep sakola dasar di Kabupatén Ciamis anu meunang panghargaan ieu. Ieu ngabuktikeun komitmen sakola dina ngawangun budaya peduli lingkungan, sapertos ngajaga kabersihan, ngokolakeun sampah, ngahijauan, sareng nerapkeun kabiasaan hirup ramah lingkungan.<ref>{{cite web |title=DPRKPLH Ciamis Apresiasi Sekolah Adiwiyata, Siap Jadi Inspirasi Sekolah Lain |url=https://galuh.id/dprkplh-ciamis-apresiasi-sekolah-adiwiyata-siap-jadi-inspirasi-sekolah-lain/ |website=Galuh.id |date=12 Juni 2026 |access-date=13 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references/> == Tumbu kaluar == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250301124616/https://sdn2bangunsari.sch.id/ Situs resmi SDN 2 Bangunsari] [[Kategori:Sakola dasar di Jawa Barat]] [[Kategori:Sakola di Kabupatén Ciamis]] [[Kategori:Kacamatan Pamarican]] 5x36zwuu30ttv1nvwpeol17sp0ujoqg 0 108618 730603 709857 2026-10-20T13:06:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 730603 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Ratu Agung Tambakbaja |- | '''Nami asli''' || Raden Adipati Singaperbangsa II / Ngabehi Tambakbaya |- | '''Gambar''' || |- | '''Katerangan''' || Makam di Situs Kokoplak, Banjar |- | '''Période''' || ±1617-1641 |- | '''Jabatan''' || Adipati / Panglima Pajang |- | '''Dinasti''' || Galuh / Pajang |} '''Ratu Agung Tambakbaja''' (atanapi '''Dalem Tambakbaya''') nyaéta hiji tokoh anu muncul dina [[Kidung Lakbok]], hiji karya sastra Sunda kuna. Numutkeun panalungtikan, nami "Tambakbaja" ogé kapanggih dina tilu tradisi anu béda di Nusantara: tradisi Pajang-Mataram, tradisi lokal [[Kota Banjar|Banjar]], sareng tradisi sastra ''Hikayat Galuh Digantung''. == Versi Pajang-Mataram == Dina babad [[Kasultanan Mataram|Mataram]] jeung [[Kasultanan Pajang|Pajang]] abad ka-17, aya tokoh '''Ngabehi Tambakbaya''' atawa '''Aria Tambakbaya'''.<ref name="merapi">{{cite web|url=https://www.harianmerapi.com/kearifan/pr-403336594/mataram-melawan-bang-wetan-4-ngabehi-tambakbaya-yang-sombong-dan-kebal-memakan-banyak-korban-prajurit-mataram?page=2|title=Mataram Melawan Bang Wetan 4: Ngabehi Tambakbaya yang Sombong dan Kebal|website=Harian Merapi|accessdate=27 Méi 2026|language=Id}}</ref> Anjeunna disebut salaku panglima pasukan Pajang anu gagah, kabal senjata, jeung ngalawan Mataram dina periode ±1617-1618. Sanggeus Pajang eleh, anjeunna lari ka [[Surabaya]], diangkat jadi menantu Pangeran Surabaya kalawan gelar '''Adipati Sanjata'''.<ref name="begandring">{{cite web|url=https://begandring.com/tambak-bayan-surabaya-dan-kisah-pelarian-bangsawan-pajang/|title=Tambak Bayan Surabaya dan Kisah Pelarian Bangsawan Pajang|website=Begandring.com|accessdate=27 Méi 2026|language=Id}}</ref> Dina taun 1625, anjeunna ditawan tur dipaéhan ku pasukan Mataram. == Versi Banjar == Dina tradisi lokal [[Kota Banjar|Banjar]], '''Raden Adipati Singaperbangsa II''' mibanda gelar '''Dalem Tambakbaya'''.<ref name="harapan">{{cite web|url=https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2015/02/penampakan-ular-besar-di-situs-kokoplak-banjar/|title=Penampakan Ular Besar di Situs Kokoplak Banjar|website=Harapan Rakyat|date=2 Pébruari 2015|accessdate=27 Méi 2026|language=Id|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527045044/https://www.harapanrakyat.com/2015/02/penampakan-ular-besar-di-situs-kokoplak-banjar/|archivedate=2026-05-27}}</ref> Anjeunna maréntah taun 1630-1641 salaku putra Adipati Kertabumi II ti [[Karajaan Galuh|Galuh Ciamis]]. Gelar "Tambakbaya" diala sabab anjeunna jasa nyieun tambak pikeun tatanén di daérah Liunggunung. Makamna ayeuna aya di '''[[Kokoplak]]''', Dusun Pananjung, Kacamatan Pataruman, [[Kota Banjar]].<ref name="tourism">{{cite web|url=https://tourismjabar.blogspot.com/2025/04/situs-kokoplak-napak-tilas-sejarah-dan.html|title=Situs Kokoplak: Napak Tilas Sejarah dan Budaya di Kota Banjar|website=Tourism Jabar|date=April 2025|accessdate=27 Méi 2026|language=Id}}</ref> Dina carita lisan, anjeunna dipikawanoh salaku '''Mbah Dalem Eyang Sopandi Tambakbaya''', anu dipercaya ngajaga wewengkon éta. === Bukti sajarah tina dokumén resmi === Numutkeun dokumén resmi PPID Kota Banjar anu judulna "Sejarah Nama Kecamatan Banjar", [[Kota Banjar]] mimiti aya pamaréntahan dina wangun '''Karajaan Kertabumi''' anu diperkirakeun ngadeg dina taun 1625 Masehi. Raja kahiji karajaan ieu nyaéta Rd. Ad. Singaperbaya, teras digentos ku Singaperbaya II anu ngagem gelar '''Dalem Tambakbaya'''.<ref name="ppid">PPID Kota Banjar. "Sejarah Nama Kecamatan Banjar". Dokumén resmi, diaksés 5 Oktober 2025. [https://ppid.banjarkota.go.id/portal/system/public/uploads/informasi/1728881741.pdf]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dalem Tambakbaya ieu dianggap sami sareng tokoh '''Ratu Agung Tambakbaja''' anu disebut dina naskah kuno ''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''. Pusat Karajaan Kertabumi diperkirakeun aya di '''Banjar Kolot''', anu ayeuna kalebet wewengkon [[Kota Banjar]]. Saméméh aya karajaan, wewengkon ieu mangrupa leuweung tarum/nila anu aya di sisi [[Sungai Citanduy]]. Dokumén ieu ogé nyebutkeun yén asal-usul nami "Banjar" téh kamungkinan tina '''Banjar Patroman''', anu luyu pisan sareng eusi ''Kidung Lakbok'' anu ngagunakeun istilah '''Bandjarpatroman''' pikeun nyebut wewengkon éta.<ref name="ppid"/> == Versi Hikayat Galuh Digantung == Dina naskah '''Hikayat Galuh Digantung''', Adipati Tambakbaya nyaéta gelar tina '''Raden Inu Kertapati''', putra Raja Kuripan.<ref name="begandring"/> Anjeunna maréntah di Kerajaan Daha ([[Kediri]]) salaku raja anu adil. Dina carita, anjeunna kalibet dina konflik jeung Ratu Bengawan Awan, anu ngakibatkeun Galuh Candrakirana digantung di handapeun tangkal randu. == Hubungan jeung Kidung Lakbok == Dina '''[[Kidung Lakbok]]''', Ratu Agung Tambakbaja digambarkeun perang ngalawan Ratu Ineung Buana. Numutkeun panalungtikan, ieu tokoh kamungkinan mangrupa fusi (campuran) tina tilu tradisi di luhur.<ref name="harapan"/> Ayana makam Dalem Tambakbaya di [[Situs Kokoplak]] jadi bukti konci anu ngaitkeun carita dina Kidung Lakbok jeung sajarah lokal [[Kota Banjar|Banjar]]. == Tempo ogé == * [[Kidung Lakbok]] * [[Situs Kokoplak]] * [[Karajaan Galuh]] == Rujukan == <references/> [[Kategori:Tokoh Sunda]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Sunda]] [[Kategori:Kidung Lakbok]] [[Kategori:Tokoh dina sastra Sunda]] jz6rz9j9vphlg9xki91wnm7ee933dpc 0 109275 730606 2026-10-20T13:51:35Z Syahira Rizkia 27597 Nyieun kaca anyar '''Gunung Pangrango''' mangrupakeun gunung tipe [[stratovulkanik]] nu perenahna di Provinsi [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[Jawa Kulon|Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. Ku katinggian nepi ka 3.019 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), Pangrango dinobatkeun jadi gunung pangjangkungna kadua di Jawa Kulon sanggeus [[Gunung Ceremé|Gunung Ciremai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://datagunung.com/gunung/Pangrango/info|title=Informasi Gunung Pangrango|website=datagunung.com|language=id|accessdate=20... 730606 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gunung Pangrango''' mangrupakeun gunung tipe [[stratovulkanik]] nu perenahna di Provinsi [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[Jawa Kulon|Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. Ku katinggian nepi ka 3.019 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), Pangrango dinobatkeun jadi gunung pangjangkungna kadua di Jawa Kulon sanggeus [[Gunung Ceremé|Gunung Ciremai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://datagunung.com/gunung/Pangrango/info|title=Informasi Gunung Pangrango|website=datagunung.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://muncak.id/artikel/gede-pangrano-gunung|title=Gunung Gede Pangrango: Dua Puncak Kembar Jawa Barat yang Sarat Sejarah dan Hayati|website=muncak.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/hiburan/ini-5-gunung-tertinggi-di-jawa-barat-gunung-pangrango-masuk--253792|title=Ini 5 Gunung Tertinggi di Jawa Barat, Gunung Pangrango Masuk?|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-20}}</ref> Ieu gunung nangtung pagigir-gigir raket pisan jeung [[Gunung Gedé]], ngawangun kompléks gunung api kembar nu diurus di jero kawasan palastarian alam [[Taman Nasional Gunung Gedé Pangrango]] (TNGGP).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/menapaki-gunung-gede-pangrango-ikon-pendakian-jawa-barat/|title=Menapaki Gunung Gede-Pangrango, Ikon Pendakian Jawa Barat|website=Indonesia Kaya|accessdate=2026-10-20}}</ref> Sacara administratif, amparan kawasan ieu gunung ngampar tur ngawengku tilu kabupatén utama, nyaéta [[Kabupatén Bogor]], [[Kabupatén Cianjur]], jeung [[Kabupatén Sukabumi]].<ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == 7us13i4hmxpnnlh1iuho2aipgqzu3va 730607 730606 2026-10-20T13:55:47Z Syahira Rizkia 27597 730607 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gunung Pangrango''' mangrupakeun gunung tipe [[stratovulkanik]] nu perenahna di Provinsi [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa]] [[Jawa Kulon|Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. Ku katinggian nepi ka 3.019 méter di luhureun beungeut laut (mdpl), Pangrango dinobatkeun jadi gunung pangjangkungna kadua di Jawa Kulon sanggeus [[Gunung Ceremé|Gunung Ciremai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://datagunung.com/gunung/Pangrango/info|title=Informasi Gunung Pangrango|website=datagunung.com|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://muncak.id/artikel/gede-pangrano-gunung|title=Gunung Gede Pangrango: Dua Puncak Kembar Jawa Barat yang Sarat Sejarah dan Hayati|website=muncak.id|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/hiburan/ini-5-gunung-tertinggi-di-jawa-barat-gunung-pangrango-masuk--253792|title=Ini 5 Gunung Tertinggi di Jawa Barat, Gunung Pangrango Masuk?|website=Tempo|language=id|accessdate=2026-10-20}}</ref> Ieu gunung nangtung pagigir-gigir raket pisan jeung [[Gunung Gedé]], ngawangun kompléks gunung api kembar nu diurus di jero kawasan palastarian alam [[Taman Nasional Gunung Gedé Pangrango]] (TNGGP).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/menapaki-gunung-gede-pangrango-ikon-pendakian-jawa-barat/|title=Menapaki Gunung Gede-Pangrango, Ikon Pendakian Jawa Barat|website=Indonesia Kaya|accessdate=2026-10-20}}</ref> Sacara administratif, amparan kawasan ieu gunung ngampar tur ngawengku tilu kabupatén utama, nyaéta [[Kabupatén Bogor]], [[Kabupatén Cianjur]], jeung [[Kabupatén Sukabumi]].<ref name=":1" /> == Karakteristik géologi jeung topografi == Béda jeung "dulur kembarna" (Gunung Gedé) nu boga kawah aktif nu masih ngebulkeun gas jeung uap [[walirang]], Gunung Pangrango mangrupa gunung api nu umurna jauh leuwih kolot jeung kiwari boga status teu aktif atawa keur ngaso panjang (''dormant'').<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gunungbagging.com/pangrango/|title=Gunung Pangrango {{!}} Gunung Bagging|last=Dan|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-20}}</ref> Kusabab aktivitas vulkanikna nu geus lila pareum, wangun aseupan (keurucut) Gunung Pangrango ampir simétris sampurna ku puncak nu katutupan ku végétasi leuweung primér pagunungan nu leubeut pisan.<ref name=":1" /> Pas saacan titik puncak pangjangkungna, aya hiji léngkob atawa tegal sabana nu matak kataji ngaranna Alun-alun Mandalawangi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jalanpendaki.com/pendakian-gunung-pangrango|title=Gunung Pangrango: Pantang Menyerah Mencapai 3019 Mdpl|last=Trisusanto|first=Acen|website=Jalan Pendaki|language=en-US|accessdate=2026-10-20}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> == Rujukan == d24yliu13xda4c0cm1lvpngzztgs3k3 3 109276 730609 2026-10-20T14:55:36Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Wilujeng sumping di [[Wikipédia basa Sunda]] 730609 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:2px solid #f3e4f2; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:95%; margin-bottom : 1em; padding: 5px;">'''Bagéa, Bray!''' [[Wikipédia:Wilujeng sumping|Wilujeng sumping]] di komunitas '''[[Wikipédia]]''', hususna Wikipédia édisi [[Basa Sunda]].[[Kategori:Wikipédiawan nu gabung bulan Oktober 2026]] Pikeun pangwanoh ka baraya lianna, mangga eusian kaca [[Pamaké:{{PAGENAME}}|pamaké {{PAGENAME}}]] ku sababaraha hal nu peryogi kauninga, utamana ngeunaan widang naon waé nu janten minat sadérék. Pikeun hal-hal nu sipatna téhnis, mangga buka kaca : :*[[Wikipédia:Pitulung|Pitulung]], atanapi mangga tingalan [[Wikipédia:NLD|nu loba ditanyakeun]] (sanajan can lengkep) ngeunaan ramatloka ieu. :*Upami sadérék nembéan di Wikipédia ieu, mangga tingali cara maké di [[Wikipedia:Kursus kilat|Kursus kilat]] jeung [[Wikipedia:Cara nyieun artikel|Cara nyieun artikel]] :*Nanyakeun atawa méré usul ngeunaan Wikipédia ieu di '''''[[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala]]'''''. :*Pigunakeun '''[[Wikipédia:Kotrétan|Kotrétan]]''' pikeun nyobaan ngédit. Pikeun '''nanda tangan''' dina kaca sawala, siga kaca ieu, ketik &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; (opat kali tanda gelombang/''tilde''). {|width="100%" |align="right"|'''[[Wikipedia:Babel/su-0|Tidak berbahasa Sunda (don't speak Sundanese)?]]''' |} </div><br/>[[Pamaké:Rafka Aditia|Rafka Aditia]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rafka Aditia|sawala]]) 20 Oktober 2026 14.55 (UTC) 41byutisjg4qmz7bbocfp563p2znyuj 3 109277 730610 2026-10-20T14:56:40Z Rafka Aditia 29183 Wilujeng sumping di [[Wikipédia basa Sunda]] 730610 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border:2px solid #f3e4f2; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:95%; margin-bottom : 1em; padding: 5px;">'''Bagéa, Bray!''' [[Wikipédia:Wilujeng sumping|Wilujeng sumping]] di komunitas '''[[Wikipédia]]''', hususna Wikipédia édisi [[Basa Sunda]].[[Kategori:Wikipédiawan nu gabung bulan Oktober 2026]] Pikeun pangwanoh ka baraya lianna, mangga eusian kaca [[Pamaké:{{PAGENAME}}|pamaké {{PAGENAME}}]] ku sababaraha hal nu peryogi kauninga, utamana ngeunaan widang naon waé nu janten minat sadérék. Pikeun hal-hal nu sipatna téhnis, mangga buka kaca : :*[[Wikipédia:Pitulung|Pitulung]], atanapi mangga tingalan [[Wikipédia:NLD|nu loba ditanyakeun]] (sanajan can lengkep) ngeunaan ramatloka ieu. :*Upami sadérék nembéan di Wikipédia ieu, mangga tingali cara maké di [[Wikipedia:Kursus kilat|Kursus kilat]] jeung [[Wikipedia:Cara nyieun artikel|Cara nyieun artikel]] :*Nanyakeun atawa méré usul ngeunaan Wikipédia ieu di '''''[[Wikipedia:Sawala|Sawala]]'''''. :*Pigunakeun '''[[Wikipédia:Kotrétan|Kotrétan]]''' pikeun nyobaan ngédit. Pikeun '''nanda tangan''' dina kaca sawala, siga kaca ieu, ketik &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126; (opat kali tanda gelombang/''tilde''). {|width="100%" |align="right"|'''[[Wikipedia:Babel/su-0|Tidak berbahasa Sunda (don't speak Sundanese)?]]''' |} </div><br/>[[Pamaké:Rafka Aditia|Rafka Aditia]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Rafka Aditia|sawala]]) 20 Oktober 2026 14.56 (UTC) glgeabdsoenq9w5bhwyahc9h70d5ezq