Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2470 1545309 1466937 2026-05-17T21:12:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Picha:Lab bench.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Maabara]] katika [[chuo]] cha [[Biokemia]], chuo cha [[Cologne]], [[Ujerumani]].]] [[File:Chemicals in flasks.jpg|thumb|right|Chupa zilizohifadhi kemikali, ambazo ni [[ammonium hydroxide]] na [[asidi ya nitriki]], katika rangi tofautitofauti.]] '''Kemia''' (labda [[jina]] limetokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]] al-kemia) ni [[sayansi]] ya [[mata]] kwa kiwango cha [[atomi]]. Kemia yahusu [[tabia]] ya [[elementi]] na viungo vya atomi, ni somo la kujua mabadiliko ya mata na uhusiano wa mata na mata ndogo tofauti, na pia huhusika wa [[nishati]]. Kimsingi kemia ni somo la [[atomi]] na mkusanyo wa atomi kwa [[molekyuli]], [[bilauri]] ama [[madini]] ambavyo vinajenga mata za kawaida. Kulingana na kemia ya kisasa ni ujenzi wa mata kwa kiwango cha atomi. == Utangulizi == Kemia wakati mwingine yasemekana kuwa somo la sayansi la kati, kwa sababu inaunganisha sayansi nyingine, kama vile [[fizikia]], [[biolojia]] na [[jiologia]]. Kemia ina matawi mengi yaliyo maalumu kwa masomo na [[watalaamu]] wa matawi hayo, mahususi wa kemia, kwa mfano waruhusu utengenezaji wa vitu vipya, uoteshaji au uendelezaji wa [[dawa|madawa]] ili kutibu [[magonjwa]], na kutambua [[umekanika]] wa harakati za maisha. Moja ya majawabu kwa kemia ni ati radhi imehusika. Kwa kemia radhi yaweza kuhusika na radhi nyingine, ama, ihusike radhi na harakati za [[nishati]]. Uhusiano ambao unajulikana zaidi ni uhusiano wa [[Viini za kemikali|kiini]] ama viini na viini vingine kwa [[jawabu ya kemikali]] ambapo kiini kimoja au viini za penduliwa kwa ainanyingine. Hii yahusu [[mnururishi wa samaku]] (kama kwa [[nuru ya kemia]]) Ambapo [[jawabu ya kemikali]] ya tokea kwa sababu ya papo ya nuru. Jawabu za kemikali ni masomo mengine ya tawi ya kemia mbapo ya stadi radhi kwa mifano mingine. Kemikali ya [[spektroskopi|Kispektroskopi]] kwa mfano wa stadi uhusiano wa nuru na radhi, bila jawabu lolote kutokea. [[Wanasayansi]] ambao wanadumisha sayansi hii wanaitwa [[wanakemia]]. Kulingana nao [[radhi]] zote zina viungo vya [[atomi]] ama radhi ndogo zaidi zinazounda atomi. Atomi zaweza kuungana na kutoa radhi kubwa kama [[ioni]], [[molekyuli]] ama [[bilauri]]. Mjengo wa Dunia ambao tumeuzoea na mitambo ya radhi tumezoea zahakikishwa na jawabu ya viini vya kemikali na uhusiano wa jawabu hizi. [[Chuma cha pua]] ni chuma ngumu kwa sababu atomi zake zimeshikana pamoja kwa [[mshono wa bilauri]]. Mbao huchomeka kwa sababu ya jawabu pesi ya [[oksijeni]] kwa [[jawabu za kemikali]] kwa kiwango fulani cha [[joto]]. [[Maji]] ni [[kiowevu]] kwa joto inayodumisha maisha kwa sababu, molekyuli za maji zasonga zaidi kuliko [[mango]] ya [[barafu]], lakini kidogo kwa [[mvuke]]. [[Binadamu]] au [[mnyama]] yeyote aweza kuona kwa sababu ya uhusiano wa nuru na molekyuli za [[unyama]] nyuma ya macho. Kwa hili eneo kubwa la masomo, ni vigumu sana kuhekima kila stadi kwa kemia na kuhtasari stadi yote kwa jumla. Hata kwa wataalamu zaidi wa kemia, wengi ujuzi wao umetia maanani kwa stadi kadhaa walizotia maanani zaidi kwa masomo yao. Kemia ina matawi mengi sana, yanayoitwa tawi za kemia, ambazo wanakemia watia makini. Kemia ambao hufunzwa kwa [[shule ya upili]] na miaka ya kwanza ya [[chuo kikuu]], yenyewe huitwa ''kemia ya msingi'' ambayo huwapa wanafunzi masomo ya kemia kwa msingi ili kuimarisha masomo pana ya kemia, kulingana na tawi lolote la kemia mwanafunzi atakayofuata. Kwa kemia ya msingi, stadi yenyewe haimalizii kwa utaalamu lakini wataalam wengi hutumia masomo haya ya msingi wa kemia kueleza kazi yao kwa sababu jibu lenyewe ni ngumu zaidi kueleza kwa ujuzi ama jibu lenyewe ni laghai. Sayansi ya Kemia ni maendeleo ya kisasa kulingana na [[historia]], lakini mizizi yake ni kutokana na [[alkemia]] ambayo ilikuwa [[desturi]] kwa [[milenia]] katika dunia nzima. Jina la kemia ni kutoka alkemia; lakini, [[etimologia]] ya alkemia haijavumbuka zaidi (ona [[alkemia]]). == Historia ya Kemia == Jina ''al-kemia'' yatoka katika [[Kiarabu]] ''al-kīmiyaˀ'' au ''al-khīmiyaˀ'' (الكيمياء or الخيمياء), kilichotanguliza ''al-'' kwa neno la [[Kigiriki]] χημεία, ''khemeia'', ambalo linamaanisha "kuunganisha pamoja", "kumwaga pamoja", "kuchomelea", "aloi ya chuma", na kadhalika. Msingi wa kemia waweza kutokana na [[kuchoma]]. [[Moto]] ulikuwa nguvu ambayo iligeuza vitu kutoka ain amoja hadi nyingine, na hiyo ndiyo iliyoleta shauku ya binadamu. Ni moto ulioleta ufumbuzi wa [[chuma]] na [[glass]]. Baada ya [[migodi]] kugunduliwa na kuwa madini ya mali, watu wengi walitamani kugundua njia ya kupindua madini mengine kuwa migodi. Hii ilileta [[sayansi ya kujaribu]] ambayo iliitwa [[Alkemia]]. Wanaalkemia waligundua taratibu aina nyingi za kemikali ambazo zilileta maendeleo ya Kemia ya kisasa. Kemia kama vile twaijua leo iligunduliwa na [[Antoine Lavoisier]] ambaye alile sheria ya [[kuhifadhi uzito]] mwaka wa [[1783]]. [[Ugunduzi wa radhi za Kemikali]] ina historia ndefu ya uedelezaji wa [[jedwali za kemikali|jedwali]] iliopagwa kwa ufumbuzi wa [[Dmitri Mendeleev]]. [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] ilioanzwa mwaka wa [[1901]], ina historia jema kuhusu uvumbuzi wa kemia miaka 100 iliopita. == Utabiri wa Kemikali == Utabiri wa kemikali ni utabiri unaoweza kuelezwa na kemia na unahusu [[Viungo vya kemikali|viungo]] na [[nishati]]. Utabiri wa kemikali unahusika na mapenduzi ya tabia ya viini panapotokea majawabu ya kemikali. [[Moto]] ni mojawapo ya utabiri uliowahi kushangaza zaidi. Wanakemia wao hujaribu kutabiri mambo yote kuhusu Tabiri za kemikali zinazojulikana, na kugundua tabiri ambazo hazijajulikana na kuziweka kwa kundi ya jedwali kulingana na tabia ya [[viini]] vya kemikali. Mfano, Viini ambavyo zaitikia jawabu ya [[oksijeni]], ilikutoa majibu kwa aina ya viini vingine, husemekana kwamba zime [[oksijeniwa]]; hata hivyo kundi ya kemikali za [[kiuguza|kali]] ama [[alkali]] za weza jawabu na kutuliza athari, utabiri ambao wajulikana kama [[utulizaji wa athari za kemikali]]. [[Kiini cha kemikali|Viini]] vinaweza kua pia [[Udhoofu wa kemikali|dhoofu]] ama ziendelee kujiunda kutoka viini vingine kwa njia ya jawabu aina nyingi. Jawabu za kemikali zinahusika na mapenduzi au uhifadhi wa bidii, utabiri huu wasomwa kwa stadi ya kemia inayoitwa, [[Kemikali ya SiyaraJoto]]/ [[kemia ya athari-joto]]. Na pia, viini vingine hutoa nuru bila kuashwa moto, utabiri huu waitwa [[fosfati nuru]]. == Matawi ya Kemia == [[Picha:Pipetten.JPG|thumb|Maabara [[kikasha]] ]] Kemia imegawiwa katika matawi makuu kadhaa. Kuna pia matawi mengine ya kitaalamu ambayo yanahusika na kemia. * [[Kemia ya Uchambuzi]] ni [[Uchambuzi]] wa vifaa, ili kuelewa [[Viini vya kemikali]] na [[ujenzi]]. Kemia ya Uchambuzi ya husu majaribio mbinu ilkanun za kemia. Hzi mbinu za weza kutumika kwa Kemia aina yeyote, lakini si kwa Kemia fasihi ya nadhari. * [[Biokemia]] ni stadi ya [[Viungo vya kemikali|Kemikali]], [[jawabu za kemikali]] na [[uhusiano]] unaofanyika kwa vitu vilivyo hai [[jumba|vijumba]]. Biokemia na [[kemia ya mahuluku]] zi karibu na [[Kemia ya madawa]]. * [[Kemia Si Mahuluku]] ni stadi ya tabia na jawabu za viungo vya kemikali mbazo siyo mahuluku. Tafauti ya kemia mahuluku na si mahuluku haijategwa zaidi makusudi, bado kuna mlinganisho hapa napale hasa kwa tawi ya [[Kemia ya mahuluku madini]]. * [[Kemia ya mahuluku]] ni stadi ya muundo, tabia, [[viungo]], umekaniki, na [[jawabu ya kemikali|jawabu]] ya [[Viungo vya mahuluki]]. hasa, ni stadi ya viini vinavyo [[radhi]] ya kaboni. * [[Kemia ya fizikia]] ni stadi ya asili ya kemikali, taratibu na mifumo ya kemikali. Bidii na [[siyara]] ya mifumo hii ya kemikali inavutia wana kemia ya fizikia. Eneo nyingine za stadi muhimu ni kama [[Kemikali ya siyarajoto]], [[Kemikali ya mwendo wa bidii]], [[kemia ya umeme]], [[Umekaniki wa statistiki]], na [[spektroskopi]]. Kemia ya fizikia inahusika sana na [[Fizikia ya molekyuli]]. Kemia ya fizikia inahusu matumizi ya [[hesabu]] za[[ukadiri|(kalikilasi)]] kwa kuonyesha milingano. * [[Kemia ya nadhari]] ni ustadi wa kemia kwa kutumia fikira (hasa kwa kutumia [[Hesabu]] ama [[fizikia]]), ina fafanua tabia ya shenga au zikiwa chenga. Hasa kwa matumizi ya [[umakanika kwanta]] na kwa kemia yaitwa [[kemia kwanta]]. Kutoka mwisho wa [[vita vya pili vya Dunia]], uendelezaji wa [[compyuta]] umeruhusu mfumo wa uendelezaji wa [[Kemia ya uanga na compyuta]], ambayo ni usanifu wa kutengeneza na kutumia [[programu ya kompyuta|miradi ya kompyuta]] ili kutatua hesabu za kemicali. Kemia ya nadhari ya husika zaidi na [[fizikia ya molekyuli]]. * [[Kemia ya Viini|Kemia ya Nuklia]] ni stadi ya vile viini vilivyo kwa atomi vinavyo jiunganisha pamoja na kujenga nuklia. [[Mageuzo ya radhi]] ni mambo ya kisasa na ni masomo makubwa ya kemia ya kinuklia, na [[jedwali la vinuklia]] ni matokeo muhimu na kifaa cha elimu hii. Elimu nyingine za Kemia ni kama [[Kemia ya Sayari]], [[Kemia ya Anga]], [[Uhandisi wa Kemikali]], [[Kemia ya maarifa]], [[Kemia ya umeme]], [[Kemia ya mazingira]], [[kemia ya jeologia|jeo-kemia]], [[kemia ya kuzuia uwambukuzi|Kemia ya kijani kibichi]], [[Historia ya Kemia]], [[Sayansi ya Vifaa]], [[Kemia ya Dawa]], [[Biolojia ya molekyuli]], [[jena|Molekyuli za Jenetika]], [[Technologia ya nukta]], [[Kemia ya mahulukulu madini]], [[Petrokemia]], [[Famakolojia]], [[Photochemistry]], [[Kemia ya bidii za nuru na kemikali]], [[Kemia ya polima]], [[Kemia ya molekyuli jitu]], [[Kemia ya Wajihi]], na [[Kemia ya athari-joto]]. == Kanuni za ujuzi == === Mifumo ya Kemia === Mifumo ya kemia, ni taratibu zinazo husika kwa eneo hii kupea majina ya [[viungo vya kemikali]]. Kuna mifumo fumbuzi zaidi ya kupa majina kemikali zilizogudulika. [[Viungo mahuluku]] zapewa majina kulingana na [[mifumo ya mahuluku]]. [[viungo si mahuluku]] za pewa majina kulingana na [[mifumo ya si mahuluku]]. === [[Atomi]] === ''Atomi'' ni muungano wa radhi ambazo zimepata sitima ya kuunga kwa kiini (kwa [[nuklia ya atomi]]) ambayo ina [[protoni]] na [[niutroni]], napia [[elektroni]] kadhaa ili kupima nguvu viini vilivyo na stima ya kuunga. === Kiini === ''Kiini'' ni atomi ambazo zina kiwango cha nambari za [[protoni]] na [[nuklia ya atomi|nuklia]] sawa. Hii nambari yaitwa [[namba ya atomi]] ya kiini. Kwa mfano, atomi zote zina 6 protoni kwa nuklia ni atomi za kiini cha kemikali [[caboni]], na atomika zote zina 92 protoni kwa nuklia ni atomi za kiini cha [[urani]]. Maonyesho mazuri ya nambari za viini za kemikali ni [[Jedwali za kemika|jedwali]], ambayo huweka viini vya kemikali ambazo zina tabia sawa ya kemikali pamoja. Orodha ya viini [[Orodha ya viini kwa jina|kwa jina]], [[orodha ya viini kwa ishara|kwa ishara]] na kwa [[orodha ya viini kwa nambari|nambari ya atomi]], na pia kwa kuongezea kuna orodha ya [[aisotope]]. === Viungo === ''Kiungo'' ni kifaa kilicho na hakiba tosha ya [[viini vya kemikali]]ambazo za zaleta viungo, an mpango wa kujiunganisha ambao unaleta tabia fulani ya kemikali. Mfano, [[Maji (molekyuli)|maji]] ni kiungo ambacho kina viini vya [[hidrojeni]] na [[oksijeni]] kwa uwiano wa mbili kwa moja, na oksijeni kati ya hidrojeni, na kwa pembe ya 104.5° kati. Viungo vi na tengenezwa na kubomolewa kwa [[Jawabu ya kemikali]] === Molekyuli === ''Molekyuli'' ni kiungo asili kidogo zaidi kwa [[viungo vya kemikali|Viungo]] au [[kiini cha kemikali|kiini]], ambacho hakiwezi kugauika mara nyingi, na kia tabia za kemikali. Molekyuli hasa yaweza kuwa na [[atomi]] mbili ama zaidi, zinazo [[Kujiunga kwa kemikali|kujiunga]] kikaza pamoja. === Ioni === ''Ioni'' ni kifaa kilicho na stima, ama atomi ama molekyuli ambayo imepoteza au kuongeza elektroni. Iliyoongeza yaitwa [[kationi]] (kama [[natiri]] kationi Na⁺) na iliyopoteza elektroni yaitwa [[anioni]] (kama [[klorini]] Cl^-) ambazo zaweza kutulizana kama [[chumvi]] kwa kemikali (ni [[natiri ya kloroni]] NaCl). Mfano wa [[ioni za poliatomi]] ambazo hazigawani wakati wa [[natharia za jawabu ya Kali-alkali|Jawabu za kali-alkali]] ni kama [[haidrojeni oksijeni|haidroksaidi]] (OH^-), ama [[fosfeti]] (PO₄^3-). === Kifaa === Kifaa cha kemikali yaweza kuwa ni Kiini, Kiungo ama mchanganyiko wa Kiungo, Viini ama Viungo na viini. Radhi nyingi twaziona kilasiku kwa maisha yetu na mchanganyiko mwingine nikama [[anga ya dunia|anga]], [[aloi]], [[na radhi za biolojia]] na zaidi ya vitu vingine nyingi. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya elementi]] * [[Mfumo radidia]] * [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|2}} ==Marejeo== *{{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Atkins |first1=Peter |authorlink1=Peter Atkins |last2=de Paula |first2=Julio |title=Elements of Physical Chemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofphysic0000pete_d6u3 |edition=5th |year=2009 |origyear=1992 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-922672-6}} *{{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Burrows |first1=Andrew |last2=Holman |first2=John |last3=Parsons |first3=Andrew |last4=Pilling |first4=Gwen |last5=Price |first5=Gareth |title=Chemistry³ |url=https://archive.org/details/chemistry3introd0000unse |year=2009 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Italy |isbn=978-0-19-927789-6}} *{{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Housecroft |first1=Catherine E. |last2=Sharpe |first2=Alan G. |title=Inorganic Chemistry |edition=3rd |year=2008 |origyear=2001 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |location=Harlow, Essex |isbn=978-0-13-175553-6 |oclc= |zbl= |doi= |id=}} ==Marejeo mengine== ;Kwa umati * Atkins, P.W. ''Galileo's Finger'' ([[Oxford University Press]]) ISBN 0-19-860941-8 * Atkins, P.W. ''Atkins' Molecules'' (Cambridge University Press) ISBN 0-521-82397-8 * Kean, Sam. ''The Disappearing Spoon - and other true tales from the Periodic Table ''(Black Swan) London, 2010 ISBN 978-0-552-77750-6 * [[Primo Levi|Levi, Primo]] ''The Periodic Table'' (Penguin Books) [1975] translated from the Italian by Raymond Rosenthal (1984) ISBN 978-0-14-139944-7 * Stwertka, A. ''A Guide to the Elements'' (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-515027-9 * {{cite web|title=Dictionary of the History of Ideas |url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310214753/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-04 |archivedate=March 10, 2008 }} ;Kwa wasomi wa wastani * Atkins, P.W., Overton, T., Rourke, J., Weller, M. and Armstrong, F. ''Shriver and Atkins inorganic chemistry'' (4th edition) 2006 (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-926463-5 * Chang, Raymond. ''Chemistry'' 6th ed. Boston: James M. Smith, 1998. ISBN 0-07-115221-0. * {{Clayden}} * Voet and Voet ''Biochemistry'' (Wiley) ISBN 0-471-58651-X ;Kwa wasomi wa juu * Atkins, P.W. ''Physical Chemistry'' (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-879285-9 * Atkins, P.W. et al. ''Molecular Quantum Mechanics'' (Oxford University Press) * McWeeny, R. ''Coulson's Valence'' (Oxford Science Publications) ISBN 0-19-855144-4 * Pauling, L. ''The Nature of the chemical bond'' (Cornell University Press) ISBN 0-8014-0333-2 * Pauling, L., and Wilson, E. B. ''Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Chemistry'' (Dover Publications) ISBN 0-486-64871-0 * Smart and Moore ''Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction'' (Chapman and Hall) ISBN 0-412-40040-5 * Stephenson, G. ''Mathematical Methods for Science Students'' (Longman) ISBN 0-582-44416-0 == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|Chemistry}} * Jedwali la Elementi kwa Kiswahili kutoka [http://www.yale.edu/swahili Kamusi Hai] {{Wayback|url=http://www.yale.edu/swahili |date=20060820152345 }} na [http://research.yale.edu/swahili/serve_pages/elementi.htm kubwa] {{Wayback|url=http://research.yale.edu/swahili/serve_pages/elementi.htm |date=20060911084522 }} * [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemistry/index.htm MIT mafunzo wazi | kemia] {{Wayback|url=http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemistry/index.htm |date=20100505005511 }} * [http://wikid.chem.yale.edu/ Wikidchem, hakiba ya kemia mbayo nibure] {{Wayback|url=http://wikid.chem.yale.edu/ |date=20100728140045 }} * [http://www.allchemicals.info/ Chemical Glossary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.allchemicals.info/ |date=20060222194059 }} * [http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/ Chemistry Information Database] * [http://www.chemicalforums.com/ Chemistry Forum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chemicalforums.com/ |date=20060407110347 }} * [http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/ IUPAC Nomenclature Home Page] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/ |date=20050912182756 }}, see especially the "Gold Book" containing definitions of standard chemical terms * [http://www.cci.ethz.ch/index.html Experiments] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cci.ethz.ch/index.html |date=20051123082538 }} videos and photos of the techniques and results * [http://81.207.88.128/science/ More experiments] {{Wayback|url=http://81.207.88.128/science/ |date=20060309223352 }} - lots of information about the elements too. * [http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/ Material safety data sheets for a variety of chemicals] {{Wayback|url=http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/ |date=20071016164904 }} * [http://www.flinnsci.com/search_MSDS.asp Material Safety Data Sheets] {{Sayansi}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Kemia|*]] [[Jamii:Sayansi]] 7m50szgau54hb2aibgyxm5dbnulbfv2 0 2764 1545343 1497690 2026-05-17T21:46:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Country| |native_name = الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية<br />''Al-Ǧumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah<br />République Islamique de Mauritanie'' |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya Mauritania |common_name = Mauritania |image_flag = Flag of Mauritania.svg |image_coat =Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritania.svg |image_map = LocationMauritania.png |national_motto = [[Kiarabu]]: شرف إخاء عدل; <br />[[Kifaransa]]: Honneur, Fraternité, Justice <br />(''Heshima, Undugu, Haki'') |national_anthem = كن للاله ناصرا وأنكر المناكر<br /> (Uwe msaidizi wa Mungu) |official_languages = [[Kiarabu]] |capital = [[Nouakchott]] |latd=18 |latm=09 |latNS=N |longd=15 |longm=58 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Nouakchott]] |government_type = [[Jamhuri]], [[serikali ya kirais]] |leader_titles = Rais <br /> [[Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names = [[Mohamed Ould Ghazouani]] |area_rank = ya 29 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area = 1,030,700 |areami²= 397,954 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 0.03 |population_estimate = 3,086,859 |population_estimate_year = 2005 |population_estimate_rank = 129 |population_census = 3,537,368 |population_census_year = 2013 |population_density = 3.2 |population_densitymi² = 8.2 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 221 |Ethnic_groups = |Ethnic_groups_year = |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP = $6.185 billioni<!--cia--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 123 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,000 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 141 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI = 0.477 |HDI_rank = ya 152 |HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = &nbsp;- Tarehe |established_dates = Kutoka [[Ufaransa]] <br />[[28 Novemba]] [[1960]] |currency = [[Mauritanian ouguiya|Ouguiya]] |currency_code = MRO |country_code = mr |time_zone = [[Coordinated Universal Time|GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |time_zone_DST = ''--'' |utc_offset_DST = +0 |cctld = [[.mr]] |calling_code = 222 }} '''Mauritania''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika]] [[kaskazini]]-[[magharibi]]. Upande wa magharibi kuna pwani ya [[bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]], upande wa [[kusini]] imepakana na [[Senegal]], upande wa [[mashariki]] na [[Mali]] na [[Algeria]], upande wa kaskazini na [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] inayotawaliwa na [[Moroko]]. [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Nouakchott]]. [[Mji]] wa pili na [[kitovu]] cha [[uchumi]] ni [[bandari]] ya [[Nouadhibou]] karibu na [[mpaka]] wa Sahara Magharibi. [[Jina]] limeteuliwa kutokana na [[Mauretania|Mauritania ya kale]] iliyokuwa [[ufalme]] wa [[Waberber]] kusini kwa [[Mediteranea]] katika eneo la Algeria na Moroko ya leo. == Wilaya za Mauritania == Mauritania ina [[wilaya]] 12 (zinaitwa "''wilāyah''"). {| cellpadding="5" border="0" |- style="vertical-align: top;" | # [[Adrar]] ([[Atâr]]) # [[Assaba]] ([[Kifa]]) # [[Brakna]] ([[Aleg]]) # [[Dakhlet Nouâdhibou]] ([[Nouâdhibou]]) # [[Gorgol]] ([[Kaédi]]) # [[Guidimaka]] ([[Sélibabi]]) # [[Hodh ech Chargui]] ([[Néma]]) # [[Hodh el Gharbi]] ([[‘Ayoûn el ‘Atroûs]]) # [[Inchiri]] ([[Akjoujt]]) # [[Nouakchott]] ([[mji mkuu]]) # [[Tagant]] ([[Tidjikja]]) # [[Tiris Zemmour]] ([[Zouérat]]) # [[Trarza]] ([[Rosso]]) | [[Picha:Mauritania regions numbered.png|200px|Ramani ya wilaya za Mauritania]] |} == Siasa ya Mauritania == Mnamo Machi [[2007]] wananchi walipata nafasi ya kumchagua [[rais]] kwa mara ya kwanza katika [[historia]] ya nchi tangu [[uhuru]]. [[Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi]] alishinda katika duru ya pili kwa 53[[Asilimia|%]] za [[kura]] zote akaapishwa tarehe [[20 Aprili]] 2007. Lakini mwaka 2008 JeneralI [[Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]] alimpindua, akashinda uchaguzi miaka 2009 na 2014. Baada ya uchaguzi wa mwaka 2019 alianza kutawale jenerali [[Mohamed Ould Ghazouani]] na serikali yake isiyojali sana [[haki za binadamu]]. ==Watu== Wakazi wengi (70%) ni [[Wamori]], mchanganyiko wa [[Waarabu]], [[Waberber]] na [[Waafrika]] waliotokana na [[watumwa]] kutoka [[kusini kwa Sahara]]. Asilimia 30 zilizobaki ni ma[[kabila]] ya Kiafrika yasiyoongea [[Kiarabu]], ambacho ndicho [[lugha rasmi]]. Pamoja na hayo, hadi leo [[asilimia]] 2.1 za wakazi ni [[watumwa]], ingawa mwaka 2007 ilifutwa [[haki]] ya kuwamiliki. Upande wa [[dini]], karibu wote ni [[Waislamu]] (hasa [[Wasuni]]). [[Uhuru wa dini]] unabanwa sana kwa nyingine zote na [[ukanamungu]] [[Adhabu ya kifo|unaadhibiwa kwa kifo]]. [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] ni 10,000 hivi, karibu wote wageni. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] == Marejeo == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Foster |first=Noel |title=Mauritania: The Struggle for Democracy |url=https://archive.org/details/mauritaniastrugg0000fost |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |year=2010 |isbn=978-1935049302 }} * {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=Peter |title=Travels in Mauritania |publisher=Flamingo |year=1991 |isbn=978-0006543589 }} * {{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Joseph E |title=Mauritania in Photographs |url=https://archive.org/details/mauritaniainphot0000murp |publisher=Crossgar Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-1892277046 }} * {{cite web|title=Slavery’s last stronghold|url=http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=3 February 2014}} * {{cite book |last=Pazzanita |first=Anthony G |title=Historical Dictionary of Mauritania |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0810855960 }} * {{cite book |last=Ruf |first=Urs |title=Ending Slavery: Hierarchy, Dependency and Gender in Central Mauritania |publisher=Transcript Verlag |year=2001 |isbn=978-3933127495 }} * {{cite book |last=Sene |first=Sidi |title=The Ignored Cries of Pain and Injustice from Mauritania |publisher=Trafford Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1426971617 }} {{refend}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons|Mauritania}} * {{fr}} {{ar}} {{en}} [http://www.mauritania.mr/ Serikali ya Mauritania] * {{CIA World Factbook link|mr|Mauritania}} * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Mauritania}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13881985 Mauritania profile] from the [[BBC News]]. * {{Wikiatlas|Mauritania}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MR Forecasts for Mauritania Development] * [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5467.htm US State Department] * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Mauritania Encyclopædia Britannica, Mauritania – Country Page] {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} {{mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Mauritania| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Kiarabu]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] i2c8bjwowucwwx0wy94z2pnucm0kasb 0 4023 1545382 1543864 2026-05-17T22:29:19Z Mbulukani Mulenga 87789 Mbulukani Mulenga moved page [[Marekani]] to [[United States of America]] over redirect 1543864 wikitext text/x-wiki <i>{{about|nchi|bara|Amerika}}</i> {{Jedwali la nchi |jina_rasmi=Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika |jina_asili=''United States of America'' ([[Kiingereza]]) |bendera=Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg |nembo=Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg |kaulimbiu="In God We Trust" |wimbo="[[Star spangled banner|The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br>[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]] |ramani=USA orthographic.svg|mji_mkubwa=[[New York]] |mji_mkuu=[[Washington, D.C.]] |majiranukta1={{majiranukta|38|53|N|77|1|W|type:city}} |majiranukta2={{majiranukta|40|43|N|74|0|W|type:city}} |lugha_rasmi= [[Kiingereza]] |lugha_taifa=[[Kiingereza]] |serikali=[[Jamhuri ya shirikisho]] |muundo_uhuru='''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] |eneo_jumla=9 833 520<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=United States}}</ref> |cheo_eneo=3 |maji=7.0<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |title=The Water Area of Each State |date=8 Juni 2018}}</ref> |ardhi=9 147 593<ref name="worldfactbook"/> |watu_kadirio=335 893 238<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2024/01/census-bureau-projects-us-and-world-populations-new-years-day|title=Census Bureau Projects U.S. and World Populations on New Year’s Day|date=3 Januari 2024}}</ref> |mwaka_kadirio=2024 |pato={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168<ref name="IMFWEO.US">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=12 Februari 2024}}</ref> |mwaka_pato=2024 |pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601<ref name="IMFWEO.US"/> |pato_ppp={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168<ref name="IMFWEO.US"/> |pato_ppp_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601<ref name="IMFWEO.US"/> |mwaka_maendeleo=2023 |maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.938<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=19 Machi 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx}}</ref> - {{juu sana}} |fedha=[[Dola ya Marekani]] |majira_saa=−4 hadi −12, +10, +11 |udereva=Kulia |msimbo_simu=1 |tovuti=https://www.usa.gov |tukio1=[[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani|Tangazo]] |tukio2=Muungano |tukio3=Kutambuliwa |tukio4=Katiba |tukio1_tarehe=4 Julai 1776 |tukio2_tarehe=1 Machi 1781 |tukio3_tarehe=3 Septemba 1783 |tukio4_tarehe=21 Juni 1788 |kiongozi1=[[Donald Trump]]|kiongozi2=[[JD Vance]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Marekani|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=Naibu Rais |gini={{PungukoChanya}} 41.3<ref name="worldfactbook"/> |mwaka_gini=2022 |msongamano=33.6}} '''Marekani''', rasmi '''Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika''' (Kiingereza: ''United States of America'', kifupi: ''USA'') ni [[nchi]] iliyomo [[Amerika Kaskazini]], na inapakana na [[Kanada]] upande wa [[kaskazini]] na [[Meksiko]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Inajumuisha [[jimbo|majimbo]] 50, [[Washington, D.C.|wilaya ya shirikisho]], na maeneo ya nje. [[California]] na [[Texas]] ndiyo majimbo yaliyokuwa na watu wengi zaidi. Marekani ina takriban watu milioni 340 na kuwa nchi ya tatu [[dunia|duniani]] kuwa na watu wengi sana. Aidha, ni [[nchi]] ya tatu kwa ukubwa [[dunia|duniani]], ikiwa na [[eneo]] la takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 9.8, ikienea kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]].[[Mji mkuu]] wa Marekani ni [[Washington DC]]. [[Los Angeles]], [[New York]] na [[Chicago]] ndio [[mji|miji]] mikubwa Marekani ina [[jiografia]] na hali ya hewa tofauti, ikianzia kwenye tundra ya [[Aktiki]] huko [[Alaska]] hadi fukwe za kitropiki huko [[Florida]] na [[Hawaii]]. Mandhari yake inajumuisha safu kuu za milima kama ''Rockies'' na ''Appalachians'', nyanda pana, na mito mikubwa kama [[Mississippi]] na [[Missouri (mto)]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography and Cartography of United States|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/geography-united-states|publisher=EBSCO|website=www.ebsco.com|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=US History, Map, Flag and Population|author=Adam Gopnik|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States|publisher=Britannica|website=United States Geography|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref> Nchi hii ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] za asili na ina sekta kubwa za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]], na [[teknolojia]] ambazo zinachangia hadhi yake kama uchumi mkubwa zaidi duniani kwa kipimo cha [[Pato la Taifa]] (GDP) la kawaida, na kituo kikuu cha uvumbuzi, [[utamaduni]], na nguvu za kijeshi. Marekani ilianzishwa mwaka 1776 kupitia [[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani]], kufuatia mapambano ya [[ukoloni|makoloni]] kumi na tatu dhidi ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=America Declaration of Independence|publisher=Archives|url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript|access-date=2026-03-16|website=www.archives.gov}}</ref> Tangu wakati huo, imepanuka kote [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na kujitokeza kama nguvu ya [[dunia]], hasa baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita vya dunia]] vya karne ya 20. Marekani ni jamhuri ya [[shirikisho]] inayozingatia [[katiba]] na [[demokrasia]] ya uwakilishi, yenye serikali inayotawaliwa na mfumo wa mizania ya madaraka kati ya matawi ya utendaji, kutunga [[sheria]], na [[mahakama]]. Ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[NATO]], na [[Benki ya Dunia]], na inaendelea kucheza nafasi ya uongozi katika masuala ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] duniani. Marekani ina [[Uchumi wa Marekani|uchumi mkubwa ulioendelea]] na wenye sekta mbalimbali unaoendeshwa na [[huduma]], [[Viwanda|uzalishaji viwandani]], [[fedha]], [[teknolojia]], na >[[biashara]]. <ref name="OECD_US_Snapshot">{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/united-states.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: United States |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Nchi hiyo ni makao ya baadhi ya mashirika makubwa zaidi duniani pamoja na [[taasisi]] za [[fedha|kifedha]], huku vituo vikuu vya kiuchumi vikijumuisha [[Jiji la New York]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], na [[San Francisco]]. Marekani ni kiongozi wa dunia katika utafiti wa [[sayansi|kisayansi]], [[elimu ya juu]], anga za juu, burudani, na [[teknolojia]] ya kidijitali, ambapo ''Bonde la Silicon'' hutumika kama kituo kikubwa cha kimataifa cha ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] na maendeleo ya programu za kompyuta. <ref name="WFB_US_Economy">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/#economy |title=United States - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 30, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 |archive-date=2025-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316043011/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/#economy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kiutamaduni, Marekani ina sifa ya [[Marekani#Demografia|utofauti mkubwa wa kikabila, kilugha, na kidini]] uliotokana na karne nyingi za uhamiaji na mabadiliko ya idadi ya watu. <ref name="Pew_Diversity">{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/demographics/ |title=Demographics and Social Trends |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> [[Kiingereza]] ndiyo lugha kuu inayotumika kitaifa kwa vitendo, na lugha rasmi katika ngazi ya [[shirikisho]]. <ref name="Britannica_US_Culture">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States/Cultural-life |author=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=United States: Cultural life |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> [[Utamaduni]] wa Marekani umeathiri sana dunia kupitia [[filamu]], [[muziki]], [[televisheni]], [[michezo]], [[fasihi]], na [[vyombo vya habari]] vya kidijitali. Nchi hiyo pia ina hifadhi nyingi za taifa, kumbukumbu za kihistoria, na taasisi za kitamaduni zilizo chini ya ulinzi wa taifa, zikionyesha utofauti wake wa mazingira na maendeleo yake ya kihistoria. <ref name="NPS_History">{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm |title=About Us: National Park Service |website=nps.gov |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> == Demografia == Kufikia katikati ya mwaka 2024, idadi ya Wakazi wa Marekani imefikia takriban milioni 340, ikionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 2.6 tangu Sensa ya 2020. Mandhari ya [[Demografia|kidemografia]] ya taifa hili inazidi kuwa mchanganyiko: [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa asili ya Kihispania]] ni takriban asilimia 57.8, [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] 18.7%, [[Watu weusi|Wamarekani Weusi]] 12.1%, na Wamarekani wa asili ya Asia 5.9%. Kiwango cha uzazi kimeshuka hadi wastani wa watoto 1.6 kwa kila mwanamke, chini ya kiwango cha kuzaliana kinachohitajika, huku umri wa wastani ukiwa umeongezeka hadi takriban miaka 39.1, jambo linaloonyesha wazi mwelekeo wa kuzeeka kwa idadi ya watu. Uhamiaji unabakia kuwa kichocheo kikuu cha ukuaji: mnamo 2024, karibu asilimia 84 ya ongezeko la idadi ya watu lilitokana na wahamiaji, huku jamii za Wahispania na Waasia zikionyesha ukuaji mkubwa (asilimia 9.7% na 13%, mtawalia). === Idadi ya wakazi === {| class="wikitable" |+ Historia ya idadi ya wakazi ! Mwaka !! Idadi ya watu</br>'Milioni !! Ukuaji (%) |- | 2020 || 331.5 || 0.4% |- | 2021 || 331.9 || 0.2% |- | 2022 || 333.3 || 0.6% |- | 2023 || 334.9 || 0.8% |- | 2024 || 340.1|| 1.0% |} === Kabila/Asili=== [[File:Largest Race and Ethnicity in United States (2020).jpg|thumb| Kabila na Asili Kubwa Zaidi nchini Marekani]] [[File:Most common ancestries in the United States.svg|thumb|250px|Asili ya kawaida nchini Marekani</br> {{legend|#0075ff|Marekani}} {{legend|#ff0000|Kijerumani}} {{legend|#ff7500|Meksiko}} {{legend|#007500|Kieire}} {{legend|#00ffff|Kiafrika}} {{legend|#7500ff|Kiitalia}} {{legend|#750075|Kiingereza}} {{legend|#ffff00|Kijapani}} {{legend|#d93190|Puerto Rico}}]] Kufikia mwaka 2025, [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa Kihispania]] bado ndio kundi kubwa zaidi nchini Marekani, wakichukua takriban asilimia 57.6 ya idadi ya watu. [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] ndio kundi la wachache linalokua kwa kasi zaidi, likiwakilisha takribani asilimia 19–20. [[Wamarekani weusi|Wamarekani Weusi au Waafrika Wamarekani]] wanaunda takribani asilimia 12–14 ya idadi ya watu. Wamarekani wenye asili ya Asia ni takriban watu milioni 22 (6.49%) kufikia katikati ya 2024. [[Chotara|Machotara]] pia ni kundi linaloongezeka kwa kasi, sasa wakiwa takriban asilimia 3–5 ya idadi ya watu. Makundi madogo zaidi ni pamoja na Wamarekani wa asili na Wakaazi wa Alaska (takribani asilimia 1–2) na Wenyeji wa Hawaii au Visiwa vya Pasifiki (chini ya asilimia 1). <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Ethnic composition in United States|website=www.usafacts.org|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/ |accessdate=2025-03-27|lang=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Kabila/Asili !! Asilimia |- | [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] (Wasio Wahispania) || 57.8% |- | Wahispania au Walatino || 18.9% |- | [[Wamarekani weusi|Weusi au Waafrika]] || 12.1% |- | [[Waasia]] || 6.0% |- | [[Machotara]] || 2.7% |- | Wenyeji wa Marekani/Alaska || 0.7% |- | Wenyeji wa Hawaii/Pasifiki || 0.2% |} === Lugha === Marekani ina [[mazingira]] yenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[lugha]], ambapo zaidi ya [[lugha]] 350 huzungumzwa kote nchini. Takwimu za mwaka 2020 zinaonyesha kuwa asilimia 78 ya wakazi huzungumza [[Kiingereza]] pekee nyumbani, huku asilimia 22 wakitumia lugha nyingine. Kati ya kundi hili, [[Kihispania]] kinachukua asilimia 13, kikifuatwa na [[Kichina]] (1.1%), [[Kitagalog]] (0.6%), Kivietinamu (0.5%), [[Kiarabu]] (0.5%), [[Kifaransa]] (0.4%), [[Kikorea]] (0.3%) na [[Kirusi]] (0.3%). Lugha za kiasili zinabaki na sehemu ndogo chini ya 0.5%, huku Kinavajo kikiwa na wasemaji wengi zaidi. <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Lugha za Marekani|website=census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/languages-we-speak-in-united-states.html|accessdate=2025-02-10}}</ref> === Dini === [[File:Magen David Brooklyn.JPG|thumb|Sinagogi ya Magen David, New York]] [[Dini]] nchini Marekani inaonyesha mchanganyiko mkubwa wa imani na mwenendo wa kubadilika kwa muda. Kulingana na takwimu za hivi karibuni, asilimia 62 ya watu wazima wanajitambulisha kuwa [[Wakristo]] huku wengi wao wakiwa [[Waprotestanti]] (40%), [[Wakatoliki]] (19%), na makundi mengine ya Kikristo (3%). Asilimia 29 [[Wasio na dini|hawana uhusiano wa kidini]], kundi linalojumuisha [[Ukanamungu|wasiomwamini Mungu]] (5%), wanaotilia shaka (6%), na wasiokuwa na maelezo maalum (19%). Dini nyingine zisizo za Kikristo zinachukua asilimia 7, zikiwemo [[Wayahudi]] (2%), [[Waislamu]] (1%), [[Ubudha|Wabudha]] (1%), [[Wahindu]] (1%), na zingine ndogo zaidi. Hata hivyo, imani za kiroho zinabaki kuwa na ushawishi mpana, ambapo zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya watu wanaamini katika Mungu, roho au nguvu ya juu.<ref>{{Cite Web|title=Dini katika USA|website=pewresearch.org|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/how-u-s-religious-composition-has-changed-in-recent-decades/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Dini !! Asilimia |- | Ukristo || 63% |- | Wasiokuwa na dini || 29% |- | Uyahudi || 2% |- | Uislamu || 1% |- | Uhindu || 1% |- | Ubudha || 1% |- | Nyingine || 3% |} === Muundo wa Umri === Umri wa kati: miaka 38.5 (2021). {| class="wikitable" ! Kikundi cha umri !! Asilimia |- | 0–14 miaka || 18.2% |- | 15–64 miaka || 64.6% |- | 65+ miaka || 17.2% |} === Elimu === [[File:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Massachusetts]] [[Elimu]] nchini Marekani ina kiwango cha juu cha ushirikishwaji, ambapo takribani asilimia 91 ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 25 na zaidi wamekamilisha angalau [[elimu]] ya [[sekondari]], na karibu asilimia 38 wamehitimu [[elimu]] ya [[chuo kikuu]] au zaidi. Kati ya wakazi hao, asilimia 28 wana elimu ya sekondari pekee, 15 elimu ya chuo bila [[shahada]], 10 shahada ya kati (associate degree), 23 shahada ya kwanza, na 14 elimu ya juu zaidi kama shahada ya uzamili, kitaaluma au uzamivu. === Kipato na Umaskini === * Kipato cha kati kwa kaya: $70,784 (2021).<ref name=":0">{{Cite Web|title=Demografia za Marekani|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}</ref> * Kiwango cha umaskini: 11.6% (2021).<ref name=":0" /> ===Watu maarufu === * [[Abraham Lincoln]] * [[Al Capone]] * [[Barack Obama]] * [[Beyoncé Knowles]] * [[Bill Gates]] * [[Bob Dylan]] * [[Donald Trump]] * [[Elvis Presley]] * [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] * [[George Gershwin]] * [[George Washington]] * [[Henry Ford]] * [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] * [[John Kennedy]] * [[Louis Armstrong]] * [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]] * [[Malcolm X]] * [[Martin Luther King]] * [[Michael Jackson]] * [[Michael Jordan]] * [[Miles Davis]] * [[Oprah Winfrey]] * [[Rosa Parks]] * [[Steve Jobs]] * [[Thomas Edison]] * [[Thomas Jefferson]] * [[Walt Disney]] * [[William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]] == Jiografia == === Marekani bara === [[Picha:USATopographicalMap.jpg|right|thumb|600px|Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana]] Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa [[kilometa mraba]] 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika [[bara]] la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa [[kaskazini]] na Meksiko upande wa [[kusini]]. Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Pasifiki]], ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala. Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na [[mto]] mkubwa [[Mississippi (mto)|Mississippi]] unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]]. === Alaska === Jimbo la [[Alaska]] liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea [[Urusi]], lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani. === Hawaii === [[Funguvisiwa]] la [[Hawaii]] ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki. Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa. === Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani === [[Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani]] ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama [[makoloni]] hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na [[ukoloni]]. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya [[bunge]] la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila [[haki ya kupiga kura]]. Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo: * [[Puerto Rico]] ([[Karibi]]) * [[Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani]] (Karibi) * [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] ([[Pasifiki]]) * [[Guam]] (Pasifiki) ===Milima=== ^{angalia: [[Orodha ya milima ya Marekani]]} [[Safu ya milima]] ya [[Rocky Mountains]] inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi. ===Mito=== ^{angalia: [[Orodha ya mito ya Marekani]]} [[Mto]] mkubwa wa Marekani ni [[Mto Mississippi]]. == Historia== === Asili na Historia ya Awali === [[Picha:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Uenezi wa nchi hatua kwa hatua.]] [[Historia ya awali]] inaanza na kilele cha [[Enzi ya barafu]], watu wa [[Asia]] walipoweka kuingia [[Alaska]] kupitia nchi kavu. Baada ya hapo watu hao na [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wao hawakuwa tena na uhusiano na wale wa "[[Dunia ya zamani]]" ([[Afrika]], Asia na [[Ulaya]]) mpaka walipofikiwa na [[Wazungu]] kutoka [[Norway]] ([[karne ya 10]]) na [[Christopher Columbus]] [[mwaka]] [[1492]]. Hao wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]]; wakifuata mawindo yao walifika taratibu hadi ncha ya [[kusini]] ya [[Amerika]] ([[Tierra del Fuego]]). Polepole [[utamaduni]] wa baadhi ya [[Kabila|makabila]], ingawa kwa kuchelewa kuliko Dunia ya zamani, ulifikia hadhi ya [[ustaarabu]], kama vile ule wa [[Mississippi]]. === Enzi ya Ukoloni na Kuanzishwa kwa Taifa === [[Safari]] za [[baharia]] Christopher Columbus kuanzia mwaka 1492, zilivuta hasa [[Hispania]], [[Ureno]] na halafu [[Uingereza]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uholanzi]] kujianzishia [[Koloni|makoloni]] ili kunyonya [[maliasili]] nyingi za "[[Dunia mpya]]". Kwa namna hiyo, [[mazingira]] ya Amerika yalibadilika kabisa mpaka zikatokea aina mpya za utamaduni na hatimaye [[Taifa|mataifa]] mapya, hasa kutokana na mchanganyiko ya wenyeji ([[Waindio]]) na [[walowezi]] kutoka Ulaya, halafu pia [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]]. Marekani ilianza kama muunganiko wa [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Uingereza]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[mashariki]] ya [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] tangu [[karne ya 17]]. Walowezi kutoka [[Uingereza]] walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji Waindio. === Upanuzi wa Karne ya 19 na Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe === Tangu [[karne ya 19]] wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka [[Asia]], hasa [[China]] na [[Japani]]. Katika vita dhidi ya [[Hispania]] na [[Meksiko]], Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda [[kusini]]. [[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]] ilipigwa kuanzia [[1861]] hadi [[1865]] kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa [[suala]] la [[utumwa]]. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa [[marufuku]] lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na [[sheria]] zilizoruhusu utumwa na [[Utajiri|matajiri]] wengi wa kusini walitegemea [[kazi]] ya watumwa hao. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga na Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha "[[Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani|Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika]]". Vita vilianza na kudumu miaka minne na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa [[haki]] za kiraia. Lakini watumwa wengi av awali waliendelea kuwa [[maskini]] na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za [[Wamarekani weusi]] waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo av [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]. [[File:New100front.jpg|right|thumb|[[Noti ya benki|Noti]] ya [[Dolar ya Marekani|Dola]] 100.]] Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya Waindio na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika [[Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Hispania]] kwenye mwaka [[1898]] ilijipatia utawala juu ya [[Ufilipino]] na [[Puerto Rico]], makoloni ya awali ya [[Uhispania|Hispania]], na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makoloni. === Wimbi la Uhamiaji na Sera za Kimataifa === Wahamiaji kwa [[milioni|mamilioni]] waliendelea kufika hasa kutoka Ulaya. Kabla ya mwaka [[1880]] idadi kubwa walitoka [[Ujerumani]], [[Eire]], Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], pamoja na [[Wachina]] waliotafuta kazi hasa [[California|Kalifornia]]. Baada ya mwaka 1880 hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) wengi walifika kutoka [[Ulaya ya Kusini]] na [[Ulaya ya Mashariki|ya Mashariki]], hasa [[Italia|Waitalia]], [[Wayahudi]] kutoka [[Milki ya Urusi]], [[Polandi|Wapolandi]] na wenyeji av nchi nyingine za [[Waslavi|Kislavi]]. Wahamiaji hao walileta pia [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] zao na kukubali [[mshahara|mishahara]] midogo kuliko wenyeji waliowahi kufika mapema; hali hiyo ilileta mara kadhaa sheria zilizolenga kuweka mipaka; sheria ya mwaka [[1882]] ilikataa kufika kwa Wachina, sheria ya mwaka [[1922]] ililenga kupunguza [[idadi]] ya Waitalia, Wayahudi na watu av Ulaya ya Mashariki kwa kutaja mipaka kwa kila nchi ya [[asili]]<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm Closing the door on immigration], tovuti ya national Park service, Marekani, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2020</ref>. Katika [[siasa]] ya nje, Marekani iliwahi kutangaza tangu mwaka [[1823]] kwamba ilitazama [[Amerika]] yote kama eneo ambalo haikubali kuingiliwa na nchi za Ulaya; wakati ule makoloni mengi ya Amerika ya Kusini yalikuwa yakifaulu kupata uhuru kutoka Hispania, na Marekani ilitaka kusisitiza isingekubali kuingia kwa mataifa mengine ya Ulaya. Katika miongo iliyofuata [[uchumi]] av Marekani uliimarika pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na [[wafanyabiashara]] wa Marekani walipanua [[biashara]] yao kimataifa; mnamo [[1854]] [[manowari]] za Marekani ziliilazimisha [[Japani]] kukubali kufunguliwa kwa [[ubalozi]] na kupokea wafanyabiashara. [[Meli]] za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote [[dunia|duniani]], tangu [[miaka ya 1830]] hadi [[Zanzibar]] ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka [[1837]]<ref>Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/781d/d2e2510187a4c65055915b6a323a18c7419e.pdf online hapa] </ref>. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika biashara ya [[China]] dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo. === Karne ya 20: Vita Vikuu na Mdororo Mkuu === Mwaka [[1917]] Marekani iliingia katika Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na [[Ufaransa]]; baada ya vita [[rais]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] alishawishi [[Taifa|mataifa]] mengine kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lakini [[bunge]] lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika [[umoja]] huo. [[Mdororo Mkuu]] wa mwaka [[1929]] ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata [[njaa]] kwa [[raia]] wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya "New Deal" chini ya rais [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ambako kwa mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia [[Pato la taifa|mapato]] ya [[serikali]] kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila [[nyumba]] na bila [[kipato]]; [[Ujana|vijana]] kwa mamilioni waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga [[miundombinu]] ([[barabara]], [[Mfereji|mifereji]]) na kuboresha [[hifadhi za taifa]]. Mwaka [[1941]] Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]] baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi av Marekani ulileta [[ushindi]] wa [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]]. Uwezo wake wa [[Sayansi|kisayansi]] ulipanuliwa na [[wanasayansi]] kama [[Albert Einstein]] waliopaswa kukimbia [[udikteta]] wa [[Adolf Hitler]] katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza [[Mabomu ya nyuklia|mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia]] yaliyotumika mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1945]] kuteketeza [[Hiroshima]] na [[Nagasaki]]. === Vita Baridi na Mapambano ya Haki za Kiraia === Katika miongo ya [[vita baridi]] iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye [[demokrasia]] na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa [[ubepari]] tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] zilizoongozwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]]. Mwanzo wa [[miaka ya 1960]] ilishindana na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] katika [[mbio]] wa kuingia katika [[anga-nje]] ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi [[Mwezi]] mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1969]]. Kutokana na ushindani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita ya Vietnam]] hadi kushindwa mwaka [[1975]]. Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za Wamarekani weusi, [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wa watumwa wa awali hasa kusini mwa Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya [[shule]], [[Chuo|vyuo]], [[jengo|majengo]] na [[taasisi]] za [[burudani]] kulingana na [[rangi]] ya [[ngozi]], zilizozuia [[ndoa]] kati ya watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraia zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya [[kundi|makundi]] katika jamii. [[Mapinduzi]] ya [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] ya [[kompyuta]] na [[intaneti]] yalienea Marekani haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia. == Uchumi== [[File:View of Empire State Building from Rockefeller Center New York City dllu (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Manhattan]], [[New York]]]] [[Uchumi]] wa Marekani ndiyo mkubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], ukiwa na sifa ya utofauti wake, ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]], na kiwango cha juu cha uzalishaji. Unafanya kazi hasa kama [[uchumi]] wa soko mchanganyiko, ambapo sekta binafsi ina nafasi kubwa sambamba na udhibiti na uingiliaji wa [[serikali]]. Sekta kuu ni pamoja na [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[fedha]], [[afya]], na [[teknolojia]], huku sekta ya huduma ikichangia sehemu kubwa zaidi ya [[plt|pato la kiuchumi]]. Marekani pia ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] asilia, unaochangia maendeleo ya sekta za [[nishati]], [[kilimo]], na uchimbaji madini. Sifa kuu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani ni uongozi wake katika ubunifu na biashara ya kimataifa. Nchi hii ni makazi ya baadhi ya makampuni makubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], hasa katika maeneo kama ''Silicon Valley''. Uwekezaji mkubwa katika utafiti na maendeleo, pamoja na mfumo imara wa elimu ya juu, umewezesha maendeleo katika nyanja kama teknolojia ya taarifa, bioteknolojia, na anga na usafiri wa anga. Aidha, [[dola ya Marekani]] hutumika kama sarafu kuu ya akiba duniani, jambo linaloipa nchi nafasi ya kipekee katika fedha na biashara ya kimataifa. [[Biashara]] ya kimataifa ni sehemu muhimu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani, ikiwa na washirika wakubwa kama [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]], [[China]], na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Nchi hii husafirisha bidhaa kama [[mashine]], [[ndege]], na mazao ya kilimo, huku ikiagiza bidhaa za matumizi, vifaa vya kielektroniki, na malighafi. Zaidi ya hayo, Marekani ina mfumo uliokua sana wa [[fedha|kifedha]] na masoko ya mitaji unaoathiri [[uchumi]] wa dunia. Licha ya nguvu zake, [[uchumi]] huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kama pengo la kipato, deni la umma, na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, lakini bado unasalia kuwa miongoni mwa uchumi wenye ushawishi mkubwa na wenye nguvu zaidi duniani. == Siasa == [[File:White House 02.jpg|thumb|White house, Washington DC]] Siasa nchini Marekani hufanya kazi chini ya mfumo wa [[serikali ya kiraisi|jamhuri ya kikatiba ya urais ya shirikisho]], ambapo mamlaka hugawanywa kati ya serikali kuu ya kitaifa na majimbo binafsi. <ref name="USA_Gov_Branches">{{cite web |url=https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government |title=Branches of the U.S. Government |website=USA.gov |publisher=Official Guide to Government Information and Services |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kupitia mfumo wa Baraza la Wateule badala ya kura ya moja kwa moja ya kitaifa ya wananchi. <ref name="CFR_ElectoralCollege">{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-electoral-college-works-united-states |author=Lindsay Maizland |title=How the Electoral College Works in the United States |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Mfumo wa kisiasa umejengwa juu ya mgawanyo wa mamlaka kati ya mihimili mitatu: utendaji, utungaji sheria, na mahakama, ambapo kila mmoja una majukumu ya kikatiba pamoja na mfumo wa kuzuiana na kusawazishana mamlaka ili kuzuia mkusanyiko wa madaraka. <ref name="Britannica_US_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/government-of-the-United-States |title=Government of the United States |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Tawi ya kutunga sheria ni Bunge la Marekani, ambalo lina mabunge mawili: [[Bunge la taifa|Baraza la Wawakilishi]] na [[Seneti]]. Baraza la Wawakilishi linawakilisha maeneo ya uchaguzi kulingana na idadi ya watu, huku Seneti ikitoa uwakilishi sawa kwa kila jimbo kwa maseneta wawili kwa kila jimbo. <ref name="Senate_Gov_Role">{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm |title=The Senate and the Constitution |website=Senate.gov |publisher=United States Senate |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria za shirikisho, kupitisha [[bajeti]], kutangaza vita, na kusimamia mhimili wa utendaji. Mhimili wa mahakama unaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, ambayo hutafsiri Katiba na kuchunguza uhalali wa sheria pamoja na vitendo vya serikali. <ref name="US_Courts_Role">{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/about |title=About the Supreme Court |website=USCourts.gov |publisher=Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Mfumo wa kisiasa nchini humo unatawaliwa zaidi na mfumo wa vyama viwili, hasa Chama cha ''Democratic'' na Chama cha ''Republican''. Vyama hivi hushindana katika uchaguzi wa [[shirikisho]], majimbo, na serikali za mitaa, ingawa pia kuna vyama vingine vidogo. <ref name="LibraryOfCongress_Parties">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/political-parties/ |title=Political Parties - Elections |website=loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Uchaguzi hufanyika mara kwa mara, ukiwemo uchaguzi wa urais kila baada ya miaka minne na uchaguzi wa bunge kila baada ya miaka miwili kwa Baraza la Wawakilishi pamoja na mihula ya miaka sita inayobadilishana kwa Seneti. Kampeni za kisiasa huathiriwa sana na uchangishaji [[fedha]], [[vyombo vya habari]], maoni ya umma, na sheria za uchaguzi za majimbo. <ref name="FEC_Campaigns">{{cite web |url=https://www.fec.gov/introduction-campaign-finance/ |title=Introduction to campaign finance |website=fec.gov |publisher=Federal Election Commission |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Masuala makuu ya kisiasa nchini Marekani yanajumuisha [[Marekani#Uchumi|uchumi]], huduma za afya, uhamiaji, sera za kigeni, udhibiti wa [[silaha]], mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]], na usawa wa kijamii. <ref name="Pew_Research_Issues">{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/02/29/americans-top-policy-priorities-for-2024/ |title=Americans’ Top Policy Priorities for 2024 |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Mgawanyiko wa kisiasa kati ya vyama vikuu umeongezeka katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, na kusababisha tofauti kubwa za kiitikadi kuhusu sera mbalimbali. Licha ya hali hiyo, Marekani inaendelea kudumisha mfumo thabiti wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wenye uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara, taasisi huru, na ushiriki mkubwa wa raia kupitia kupiga kura, mijadala ya umma, na mapitio ya kimahakama. <ref name="FreedomHouse_US">{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-states/freedom-world/2024 |title=Freedom in the World 2024: United States |website=Freedom House |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani]] * [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani]] * [[Orodha ya chaguzi za Rais wa Marekani]] * [[Peace Corps]] * [[Jamii:Marekani]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Uchumi wa Marekani]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Bibliografia == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |title=Regulating Wall Street: The Dodd-Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance |ref=Acharya10 |first1=Viral V. |last1=Acharya |first2=Thomas F. |last2=Cooley |first3=Matthew P. |last3=Richardson |first4=Ingo |last4=Walter |page=592 |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-76877-8}} * {{cite journal |last1=Barth |first1=James |first2=John |last2=Jahera |title=US Enacts Sweeping Financial Reform Legislation |ref=Barth10 |journal=Journal of Financial Economic Policy |volume=2 |issue=3 |year=2010 |pages=192–195 }} * {{cite book |last=Berkin |first=Carol |last2=Miller |first2=Christopher L. |last3=Cherny |first3=Robert W. |last4=Gormly |first4=James L. |title=Making America: A History of the United States, Volume I: To 1877 |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2007 |ref=Berkin |page=75}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/Making_America_Volume_1_To_1877_A_Histor.html?id=cyEI21RClZkC Book] * {{cite journal |last1=Bianchine |first1=Peter J. |journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings|last2=Russo |first2=Thomas A. |year=1992 |title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=225–232 |ref=Bianchine |publisher=OceanSide Publications, Inc. |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/1992/00000013/00000005/art00002 |accessdate=September 9, 2012 }} * {{cite book |author1=Boyer, Paul S. |author2=Clark, Clifford E. Jr. |author3=Kett, Joseph F. |last4=Salisbury|first4=Neal|last5=Sitkoff|first5= Harvard|last6=Woloch|first6=Nancy |title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People |ref=Boyer |year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning |page=588 |isbn=978-0-618-80161-9}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Clingan |first=Edmund |title=An Introduction to Modern Western Civilization |ref=Clingan |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4620-5439-8}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=FS3TnrLu7y8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |first=Colin G. |last=Calloway |title=New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]] |ref=Calloway1998 |page=229 |isbn=978-0-8018-5959-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=Don't know much about the Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1 |ref=Davis96 |publisher=William Marrow and Co. |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=0-688-11814-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518 518] }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Dphzw2cbaoQC&vq=1670&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Daynes |first=Byron W. |last2=Sussman |first2=Glen |title=White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush |url=https://archive.org/details/whitehousepoliti0000dayn |ref=Daynes |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]] |year=2010 |page=320 |isbn=978-1-60344-254-1 |quote=Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HIOQ1FYHtcYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |first= Sylvan G. |last=Feldstein |first2=Frank J., CFA |last2=Fabozzi |title=The Handbook of Municipal Bonds |ref=Feldstein |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]], January 13, 2011 |page=1376 |isbn=978-1-118-04494-0}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Gold |first=Susan Dudley |title=United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold |ref=Gold2006 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold/page/144 144] |isbn=978-0-7614-2143-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=mbV6kPGO4OAC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Thomas |last2=Rogers |first2=Joel |ref=Ferguson |year=1986 |title=The Myth of America's Turn to the Right |journal=[[The Atlantic]] |volume=257 |issue=5 |pages=43–53 |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/95dec/conbook/fergrt.htm |accessdate=March 11, 2013 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104235329/http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/95dec/conbook/fergrt.htm |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |first2=Gary |last2=Gerstle |ref=Fraser |title=The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980 |series=American History: Political science |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&lpg=PA229 |year=1989 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00607-9 |page=311 }} * {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=John Steele |ref=Gordon |title=An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthth00gord |year=2004 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/An_Empire_of_Wealth.html?id=rmsUs_KDgHAC Book] * {{cite book |last=Graebner |first=Norman A. |last2=Burns |first2=Richard Dean |last3=Siracusa |first3=Joseph M. |ref=Burns2008 |title=Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War |url=http://books.google.com/?id=r71u_AgE7iYC&lpg=PA142 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |series=Praeger Security International Series |isbn=978-0-313-35241-6 |page=180 }} * {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=The British Chronicles |volume=1 |page=347 |year=2007 |publisher=Heritage Books |location=[[Westminster, Maryland|Westminster]], [[Maryland]]}} * {{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Lawrence R. |title=Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know |url=https://archive.org/details/healthcarereform0000jaco |ref=Jacobs10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-978142-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |ref=Johnson |title=A History of the American People |year=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=26–30}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_American_People.html?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC eBook version] * {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare |series=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]] library of American History |last=Kessel |first=William B. |last2=Wooster |first2=Robert |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8160-3337-9 |page=398|ref=Kessel}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=laxSyAp89G4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko |year= 1988 |title= Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980 |url= https://archive.org/details/confrontingthird0000kolk |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Pantheo n Books|Pantheon]] |ref= harv }} * {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert | authorlink = Robert Leckie (author)|title=None died in vain: The Saga of the American Civil War |ref=Leckie |publisher=Harper-Collins |location=New York |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nonediedinvainsa00leck/page/682 682] |isbn=0-06-016280-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gvIeAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last= Leffler |first= Melvyn P. |authorlink= Melvyn P. Leffler |year= 2010 |chapter= The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952 |title= ''In Melvyn P. Leffler and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,''The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1: Origins ''(pp.&nbsp;67–89)'' |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4 |ref= harv }} * {{cite book |last=Lemon |first=James T. |editor=Robert D. Mitchell |editor2=Paul A. Groves |title=North America: the historical geography of a changing continent |chapter=Colonial America in the 18th Century |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=1987 |ref=Lemon}}, [http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf PDF] {{Wayback|url=http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf |date=20130123135724 }} * {{cite book |last=Lien, Ph.D. |first=Arnold Johnson |title=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Volume 54 |ref=Lien |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co., Agents, London; [[Columbia University]], New York |year=1913 |page=604 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ }} * {{cite book |author=Karen Woods Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie/page/214 214]}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&pg=PA44 Book] * Website sources{{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Kaarin |year=2007 |ref=Mann |title=Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project |journal=Michigan Journal of History |issue=Fall |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063053/http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-15 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2015-02-09 }} * {{cite book |last=Price |first=David A. |ref=Price |title=Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/lovehateinjamest00pric |publisher=Random House |year=2003}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=_EFbS_7fFcYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false eBook version] * {{cite book |last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |url=https://archive.org/details/antislaveryproje0000quir |ref=Quirk |year=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor=Alden T. Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}} * {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books, Grand Rapids |page=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus/page/n180 180] |year=1994 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&vq=triangle&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |url=https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=[https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi/page/2 2]–3 }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book] * {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp/page/n317 299] |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |year=1913 |page=196}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=G7AJAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s E'Book] * {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Dorothy |last2= Schneider |first2= Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&vq=census&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&vq=twenty+seven+times&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book] * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&lpg=PA12 Book] * {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&purchase-type=article&accessType=RR&sid=21102125115943&showMyJstorPss=false&seq=1&showAccess=true Article] * {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&vq=1670&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0/page/49 49] }}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&lpg=PA49 Book] * {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}} * {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book] * {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press }} * {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602| year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253 }} * {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}} {{refend}} * {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]] ;Serikali * [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites * [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives * [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate * [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States ;Historia * [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research * [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }} Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance * [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data ;Ramani * [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] {{Wayback|url=http://nationalatlas.gov/ |date=20060720093336 }} Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior * {{wikiatlas|the United States}} * [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S. ;Vingine * {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}} * {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}} * {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}} * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625185429/http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |archivedate=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}} * {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] }} {{refend}} {{Marekani}} {{Amerika Kaskazini}} [[Jamii:Nchi za Amerika ya Kaskazini]] [[Jamii:Marekani| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G7]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G8]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G20]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] qlrcdk95fu4qpdvn2kkf8wnfivnibn6 1545513 1545382 2026-05-18T07:06:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni moved page [[United States of America]] to [[Marekani]] over redirect: jina la Kiswahili 1543864 wikitext text/x-wiki <i>{{about|nchi|bara|Amerika}}</i> {{Jedwali la nchi |jina_rasmi=Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika |jina_asili=''United States of America'' ([[Kiingereza]]) |bendera=Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg |nembo=Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg |kaulimbiu="In God We Trust" |wimbo="[[Star spangled banner|The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br>[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]] |ramani=USA orthographic.svg|mji_mkubwa=[[New York]] |mji_mkuu=[[Washington, D.C.]] |majiranukta1={{majiranukta|38|53|N|77|1|W|type:city}} |majiranukta2={{majiranukta|40|43|N|74|0|W|type:city}} |lugha_rasmi= [[Kiingereza]] |lugha_taifa=[[Kiingereza]] |serikali=[[Jamhuri ya shirikisho]] |muundo_uhuru='''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] |eneo_jumla=9 833 520<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=United States}}</ref> |cheo_eneo=3 |maji=7.0<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |title=The Water Area of Each State |date=8 Juni 2018}}</ref> |ardhi=9 147 593<ref name="worldfactbook"/> |watu_kadirio=335 893 238<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.commerce.gov/news/blog/2024/01/census-bureau-projects-us-and-world-populations-new-years-day|title=Census Bureau Projects U.S. and World Populations on New Year’s Day|date=3 Januari 2024}}</ref> |mwaka_kadirio=2024 |pato={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168<ref name="IMFWEO.US">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 Oktoba 2024 |access-date=12 Februari 2024}}</ref> |mwaka_pato=2024 |pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601<ref name="IMFWEO.US"/> |pato_ppp={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 29.168<ref name="IMFWEO.US"/> |pato_ppp_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 86 601<ref name="IMFWEO.US"/> |mwaka_maendeleo=2023 |maendeleo={{ongezeko}} 0.938<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=19 Machi 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx}}</ref> - {{juu sana}} |fedha=[[Dola ya Marekani]] |majira_saa=−4 hadi −12, +10, +11 |udereva=Kulia |msimbo_simu=1 |tovuti=https://www.usa.gov |tukio1=[[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani|Tangazo]] |tukio2=Muungano |tukio3=Kutambuliwa |tukio4=Katiba |tukio1_tarehe=4 Julai 1776 |tukio2_tarehe=1 Machi 1781 |tukio3_tarehe=3 Septemba 1783 |tukio4_tarehe=21 Juni 1788 |kiongozi1=[[Donald Trump]]|kiongozi2=[[JD Vance]]|cheo_kiongozi1=[[Rais wa Marekani|Rais]]|cheo_kiongozi2=Naibu Rais |gini={{PungukoChanya}} 41.3<ref name="worldfactbook"/> |mwaka_gini=2022 |msongamano=33.6}} '''Marekani''', rasmi '''Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika''' (Kiingereza: ''United States of America'', kifupi: ''USA'') ni [[nchi]] iliyomo [[Amerika Kaskazini]], na inapakana na [[Kanada]] upande wa [[kaskazini]] na [[Meksiko]] upande wa [[kusini]]. Inajumuisha [[jimbo|majimbo]] 50, [[Washington, D.C.|wilaya ya shirikisho]], na maeneo ya nje. [[California]] na [[Texas]] ndiyo majimbo yaliyokuwa na watu wengi zaidi. Marekani ina takriban watu milioni 340 na kuwa nchi ya tatu [[dunia|duniani]] kuwa na watu wengi sana. Aidha, ni [[nchi]] ya tatu kwa ukubwa [[dunia|duniani]], ikiwa na [[eneo]] la takriban kilomita za mraba milioni 9.8, ikienea kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]].[[Mji mkuu]] wa Marekani ni [[Washington DC]]. [[Los Angeles]], [[New York]] na [[Chicago]] ndio [[mji|miji]] mikubwa Marekani ina [[jiografia]] na hali ya hewa tofauti, ikianzia kwenye tundra ya [[Aktiki]] huko [[Alaska]] hadi fukwe za kitropiki huko [[Florida]] na [[Hawaii]]. Mandhari yake inajumuisha safu kuu za milima kama ''Rockies'' na ''Appalachians'', nyanda pana, na mito mikubwa kama [[Mississippi]] na [[Missouri (mto)]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Geography and Cartography of United States|url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/geography-united-states|publisher=EBSCO|website=www.ebsco.com|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=US History, Map, Flag and Population|author=Adam Gopnik|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States|publisher=Britannica|website=United States Geography|access-date=2026-04-07}}</ref> Nchi hii ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] za asili na ina sekta kubwa za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]], na [[teknolojia]] ambazo zinachangia hadhi yake kama uchumi mkubwa zaidi duniani kwa kipimo cha [[Pato la Taifa]] (GDP) la kawaida, na kituo kikuu cha uvumbuzi, [[utamaduni]], na nguvu za kijeshi. Marekani ilianzishwa mwaka 1776 kupitia [[Tangazo la Uhuru la Marekani]], kufuatia mapambano ya [[ukoloni|makoloni]] kumi na tatu dhidi ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=America Declaration of Independence|publisher=Archives|url=https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript|access-date=2026-03-16|website=www.archives.gov}}</ref> Tangu wakati huo, imepanuka kote [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na kujitokeza kama nguvu ya [[dunia]], hasa baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia|vita vya dunia]] vya karne ya 20. Marekani ni jamhuri ya [[shirikisho]] inayozingatia [[katiba]] na [[demokrasia]] ya uwakilishi, yenye serikali inayotawaliwa na mfumo wa mizania ya madaraka kati ya matawi ya utendaji, kutunga [[sheria]], na [[mahakama]]. Ni mwanachama mwanzilishi wa mashirika ya kimataifa kama [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[NATO]], na [[Benki ya Dunia]], na inaendelea kucheza nafasi ya uongozi katika masuala ya [[siasa|kisiasa]], [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], na [[utamaduni|kitamaduni]] duniani. Marekani ina [[Uchumi wa Marekani|uchumi mkubwa ulioendelea]] na wenye sekta mbalimbali unaoendeshwa na [[huduma]], [[Viwanda|uzalishaji viwandani]], [[fedha]], [[teknolojia]], na >[[biashara]]. <ref name="OECD_US_Snapshot">{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/countries/united-states.html |title=OECD Economic Outlook: United States |website=OECD.org |publisher=OECD |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Nchi hiyo ni makao ya baadhi ya mashirika makubwa zaidi duniani pamoja na [[taasisi]] za [[fedha|kifedha]], huku vituo vikuu vya kiuchumi vikijumuisha [[Jiji la New York]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], na [[San Francisco]]. Marekani ni kiongozi wa dunia katika utafiti wa [[sayansi|kisayansi]], [[elimu ya juu]], anga za juu, burudani, na [[teknolojia]] ya kidijitali, ambapo ''Bonde la Silicon'' hutumika kama kituo kikubwa cha kimataifa cha ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] na maendeleo ya programu za kompyuta. <ref name="WFB_US_Economy">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/#economy |title=United States - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=April 30, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 |archive-date=2025-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316043011/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/#economy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kiutamaduni, Marekani ina sifa ya [[Marekani#Demografia|utofauti mkubwa wa kikabila, kilugha, na kidini]] uliotokana na karne nyingi za uhamiaji na mabadiliko ya idadi ya watu. <ref name="Pew_Diversity">{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/demographics/ |title=Demographics and Social Trends |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> [[Kiingereza]] ndiyo lugha kuu inayotumika kitaifa kwa vitendo, na lugha rasmi katika ngazi ya [[shirikisho]]. <ref name="Britannica_US_Culture">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States/Cultural-life |author=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=United States: Cultural life |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> [[Utamaduni]] wa Marekani umeathiri sana dunia kupitia [[filamu]], [[muziki]], [[televisheni]], [[michezo]], [[fasihi]], na [[vyombo vya habari]] vya kidijitali. Nchi hiyo pia ina hifadhi nyingi za taifa, kumbukumbu za kihistoria, na taasisi za kitamaduni zilizo chini ya ulinzi wa taifa, zikionyesha utofauti wake wa mazingira na maendeleo yake ya kihistoria. <ref name="NPS_History">{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm |title=About Us: National Park Service |website=nps.gov |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> == Demografia == Kufikia katikati ya mwaka 2024, idadi ya Wakazi wa Marekani imefikia takriban milioni 340, ikionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 2.6 tangu Sensa ya 2020. Mandhari ya [[Demografia|kidemografia]] ya taifa hili inazidi kuwa mchanganyiko: [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa asili ya Kihispania]] ni takriban asilimia 57.8, [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] 18.7%, [[Watu weusi|Wamarekani Weusi]] 12.1%, na Wamarekani wa asili ya Asia 5.9%. Kiwango cha uzazi kimeshuka hadi wastani wa watoto 1.6 kwa kila mwanamke, chini ya kiwango cha kuzaliana kinachohitajika, huku umri wa wastani ukiwa umeongezeka hadi takriban miaka 39.1, jambo linaloonyesha wazi mwelekeo wa kuzeeka kwa idadi ya watu. Uhamiaji unabakia kuwa kichocheo kikuu cha ukuaji: mnamo 2024, karibu asilimia 84 ya ongezeko la idadi ya watu lilitokana na wahamiaji, huku jamii za Wahispania na Waasia zikionyesha ukuaji mkubwa (asilimia 9.7% na 13%, mtawalia). === Idadi ya wakazi === {| class="wikitable" |+ Historia ya idadi ya wakazi ! Mwaka !! Idadi ya watu</br>'Milioni !! Ukuaji (%) |- | 2020 || 331.5 || 0.4% |- | 2021 || 331.9 || 0.2% |- | 2022 || 333.3 || 0.6% |- | 2023 || 334.9 || 0.8% |- | 2024 || 340.1|| 1.0% |} === Kabila/Asili=== [[File:Largest Race and Ethnicity in United States (2020).jpg|thumb| Kabila na Asili Kubwa Zaidi nchini Marekani]] [[File:Most common ancestries in the United States.svg|thumb|250px|Asili ya kawaida nchini Marekani</br> {{legend|#0075ff|Marekani}} {{legend|#ff0000|Kijerumani}} {{legend|#ff7500|Meksiko}} {{legend|#007500|Kieire}} {{legend|#00ffff|Kiafrika}} {{legend|#7500ff|Kiitalia}} {{legend|#750075|Kiingereza}} {{legend|#ffff00|Kijapani}} {{legend|#d93190|Puerto Rico}}]] Kufikia mwaka 2025, [[Mzungu|Wazungu wasio wa Kihispania]] bado ndio kundi kubwa zaidi nchini Marekani, wakichukua takriban asilimia 57.6 ya idadi ya watu. [[Wahispania]] au [[Walatino]] ndio kundi la wachache linalokua kwa kasi zaidi, likiwakilisha takribani asilimia 19–20. [[Wamarekani weusi|Wamarekani Weusi au Waafrika Wamarekani]] wanaunda takribani asilimia 12–14 ya idadi ya watu. Wamarekani wenye asili ya Asia ni takriban watu milioni 22 (6.49%) kufikia katikati ya 2024. [[Chotara|Machotara]] pia ni kundi linaloongezeka kwa kasi, sasa wakiwa takriban asilimia 3–5 ya idadi ya watu. Makundi madogo zaidi ni pamoja na Wamarekani wa asili na Wakaazi wa Alaska (takribani asilimia 1–2) na Wenyeji wa Hawaii au Visiwa vya Pasifiki (chini ya asilimia 1). <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Ethnic composition in United States|website=www.usafacts.org|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/ |accessdate=2025-03-27|lang=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Kabila/Asili !! Asilimia |- | [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] (Wasio Wahispania) || 57.8% |- | Wahispania au Walatino || 18.9% |- | [[Wamarekani weusi|Weusi au Waafrika]] || 12.1% |- | [[Waasia]] || 6.0% |- | [[Machotara]] || 2.7% |- | Wenyeji wa Marekani/Alaska || 0.7% |- | Wenyeji wa Hawaii/Pasifiki || 0.2% |} === Lugha === Marekani ina [[mazingira]] yenye mchanganyiko mkubwa wa [[lugha]], ambapo zaidi ya [[lugha]] 350 huzungumzwa kote nchini. Takwimu za mwaka 2020 zinaonyesha kuwa asilimia 78 ya wakazi huzungumza [[Kiingereza]] pekee nyumbani, huku asilimia 22 wakitumia lugha nyingine. Kati ya kundi hili, [[Kihispania]] kinachukua asilimia 13, kikifuatwa na [[Kichina]] (1.1%), [[Kitagalog]] (0.6%), Kivietinamu (0.5%), [[Kiarabu]] (0.5%), [[Kifaransa]] (0.4%), [[Kikorea]] (0.3%) na [[Kirusi]] (0.3%). Lugha za kiasili zinabaki na sehemu ndogo chini ya 0.5%, huku Kinavajo kikiwa na wasemaji wengi zaidi. <ref>{{Cite Web|title=Lugha za Marekani|website=census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/languages-we-speak-in-united-states.html|accessdate=2025-02-10}}</ref> === Dini === [[File:Magen David Brooklyn.JPG|thumb|Sinagogi ya Magen David, New York]] [[Dini]] nchini Marekani inaonyesha mchanganyiko mkubwa wa imani na mwenendo wa kubadilika kwa muda. Kulingana na takwimu za hivi karibuni, asilimia 62 ya watu wazima wanajitambulisha kuwa [[Wakristo]] huku wengi wao wakiwa [[Waprotestanti]] (40%), [[Wakatoliki]] (19%), na makundi mengine ya Kikristo (3%). Asilimia 29 [[Wasio na dini|hawana uhusiano wa kidini]], kundi linalojumuisha [[Ukanamungu|wasiomwamini Mungu]] (5%), wanaotilia shaka (6%), na wasiokuwa na maelezo maalum (19%). Dini nyingine zisizo za Kikristo zinachukua asilimia 7, zikiwemo [[Wayahudi]] (2%), [[Waislamu]] (1%), [[Ubudha|Wabudha]] (1%), [[Wahindu]] (1%), na zingine ndogo zaidi. Hata hivyo, imani za kiroho zinabaki kuwa na ushawishi mpana, ambapo zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya watu wanaamini katika Mungu, roho au nguvu ya juu.<ref>{{Cite Web|title=Dini katika USA|website=pewresearch.org|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/09/13/how-u-s-religious-composition-has-changed-in-recent-decades/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Dini !! Asilimia |- | Ukristo || 63% |- | Wasiokuwa na dini || 29% |- | Uyahudi || 2% |- | Uislamu || 1% |- | Uhindu || 1% |- | Ubudha || 1% |- | Nyingine || 3% |} === Muundo wa Umri === Umri wa kati: miaka 38.5 (2021). {| class="wikitable" ! Kikundi cha umri !! Asilimia |- | 0–14 miaka || 18.2% |- | 15–64 miaka || 64.6% |- | 65+ miaka || 17.2% |} === Elimu === [[File:Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Massachusetts]] [[Elimu]] nchini Marekani ina kiwango cha juu cha ushirikishwaji, ambapo takribani asilimia 91 ya watu wenye umri wa miaka 25 na zaidi wamekamilisha angalau [[elimu]] ya [[sekondari]], na karibu asilimia 38 wamehitimu [[elimu]] ya [[chuo kikuu]] au zaidi. Kati ya wakazi hao, asilimia 28 wana elimu ya sekondari pekee, 15 elimu ya chuo bila [[shahada]], 10 shahada ya kati (associate degree), 23 shahada ya kwanza, na 14 elimu ya juu zaidi kama shahada ya uzamili, kitaaluma au uzamivu. === Kipato na Umaskini === * Kipato cha kati kwa kaya: $70,784 (2021).<ref name=":0">{{Cite Web|title=Demografia za Marekani|url=https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changing-population/|accessdate=2025-02-10}}</ref> * Kiwango cha umaskini: 11.6% (2021).<ref name=":0" /> ===Watu maarufu === * [[Abraham Lincoln]] * [[Al Capone]] * [[Barack Obama]] * [[Beyoncé Knowles]] * [[Bill Gates]] * [[Bob Dylan]] * [[Donald Trump]] * [[Elvis Presley]] * [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] * [[George Gershwin]] * [[George Washington]] * [[Henry Ford]] * [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]] * [[John Kennedy]] * [[Louis Armstrong]] * [[Madonna (mwanamuziki)|Madonna]] * [[Malcolm X]] * [[Martin Luther King]] * [[Michael Jackson]] * [[Michael Jordan]] * [[Miles Davis]] * [[Oprah Winfrey]] * [[Rosa Parks]] * [[Steve Jobs]] * [[Thomas Edison]] * [[Thomas Jefferson]] * [[Walt Disney]] * [[William Edward Burghardt Du Bois]] == Jiografia == === Marekani bara === [[Picha:USATopographicalMap.jpg|right|thumb|600px|Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana]] Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa [[kilometa mraba]] 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika [[bara]] la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa [[kaskazini]] na Meksiko upande wa [[kusini]]. Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Pasifiki]], ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala. Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na [[mto]] mkubwa [[Mississippi (mto)|Mississippi]] unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]]. === Alaska === Jimbo la [[Alaska]] liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea [[Urusi]], lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani. === Hawaii === [[Funguvisiwa]] la [[Hawaii]] ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki. Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa. === Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani === [[Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani]] ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama [[makoloni]] hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na [[ukoloni]]. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya [[bunge]] la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila [[haki ya kupiga kura]]. Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo: * [[Puerto Rico]] ([[Karibi]]) * [[Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani]] (Karibi) * [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] ([[Pasifiki]]) * [[Guam]] (Pasifiki) ===Milima=== ^{angalia: [[Orodha ya milima ya Marekani]]} [[Safu ya milima]] ya [[Rocky Mountains]] inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi. ===Mito=== ^{angalia: [[Orodha ya mito ya Marekani]]} [[Mto]] mkubwa wa Marekani ni [[Mto Mississippi]]. == Historia== === Asili na Historia ya Awali === [[Picha:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Uenezi wa nchi hatua kwa hatua.]] [[Historia ya awali]] inaanza na kilele cha [[Enzi ya barafu]], watu wa [[Asia]] walipoweka kuingia [[Alaska]] kupitia nchi kavu. Baada ya hapo watu hao na [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wao hawakuwa tena na uhusiano na wale wa "[[Dunia ya zamani]]" ([[Afrika]], Asia na [[Ulaya]]) mpaka walipofikiwa na [[Wazungu]] kutoka [[Norway]] ([[karne ya 10]]) na [[Christopher Columbus]] [[mwaka]] [[1492]]. Hao wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa [[wawindaji-wakusanyaji]]; wakifuata mawindo yao walifika taratibu hadi ncha ya [[kusini]] ya [[Amerika]] ([[Tierra del Fuego]]). Polepole [[utamaduni]] wa baadhi ya [[Kabila|makabila]], ingawa kwa kuchelewa kuliko Dunia ya zamani, ulifikia hadhi ya [[ustaarabu]], kama vile ule wa [[Mississippi]]. === Enzi ya Ukoloni na Kuanzishwa kwa Taifa === [[Safari]] za [[baharia]] Christopher Columbus kuanzia mwaka 1492, zilivuta hasa [[Hispania]], [[Ureno]] na halafu [[Uingereza]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uholanzi]] kujianzishia [[Koloni|makoloni]] ili kunyonya [[maliasili]] nyingi za "[[Dunia mpya]]". Kwa namna hiyo, [[mazingira]] ya Amerika yalibadilika kabisa mpaka zikatokea aina mpya za utamaduni na hatimaye [[Taifa|mataifa]] mapya, hasa kutokana na mchanganyiko ya wenyeji ([[Waindio]]) na [[walowezi]] kutoka Ulaya, halafu pia [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Afrika]]. Marekani ilianza kama muunganiko wa [[Koloni|makoloni]] ya [[Uingereza]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[mashariki]] ya [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] tangu [[karne ya 17]]. Walowezi kutoka [[Uingereza]] walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji Waindio. === Upanuzi wa Karne ya 19 na Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe === Tangu [[karne ya 19]] wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka [[Asia]], hasa [[China]] na [[Japani]]. Katika vita dhidi ya [[Hispania]] na [[Meksiko]], Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda [[kusini]]. [[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]] ilipigwa kuanzia [[1861]] hadi [[1865]] kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa [[suala]] la [[utumwa]]. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa [[marufuku]] lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na [[sheria]] zilizoruhusu utumwa na [[Utajiri|matajiri]] wengi wa kusini walitegemea [[kazi]] ya watumwa hao. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga na Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha "[[Shirikisho la Madola ya Marekani|Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika]]". Vita vilianza na kudumu miaka minne na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa [[haki]] za kiraia. Lakini watumwa wengi av awali waliendelea kuwa [[maskini]] na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za [[Wamarekani weusi]] waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo av [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]. [[File:New100front.jpg|right|thumb|[[Noti ya benki|Noti]] ya [[Dolar ya Marekani|Dola]] 100.]] Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya [[mamlaka]] ya Waindio na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika [[Vita vya Marekani dhidi ya Hispania]] kwenye mwaka [[1898]] ilijipatia utawala juu ya [[Ufilipino]] na [[Puerto Rico]], makoloni ya awali ya [[Uhispania|Hispania]], na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makoloni. === Wimbi la Uhamiaji na Sera za Kimataifa === Wahamiaji kwa [[milioni|mamilioni]] waliendelea kufika hasa kutoka Ulaya. Kabla ya mwaka [[1880]] idadi kubwa walitoka [[Ujerumani]], [[Eire]], Uingereza na [[Uskoti]], pamoja na [[Wachina]] waliotafuta kazi hasa [[California|Kalifornia]]. Baada ya mwaka 1880 hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza vya Dunia]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]) wengi walifika kutoka [[Ulaya ya Kusini]] na [[Ulaya ya Mashariki|ya Mashariki]], hasa [[Italia|Waitalia]], [[Wayahudi]] kutoka [[Milki ya Urusi]], [[Polandi|Wapolandi]] na wenyeji av nchi nyingine za [[Waslavi|Kislavi]]. Wahamiaji hao walileta pia [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] zao na kukubali [[mshahara|mishahara]] midogo kuliko wenyeji waliowahi kufika mapema; hali hiyo ilileta mara kadhaa sheria zilizolenga kuweka mipaka; sheria ya mwaka [[1882]] ilikataa kufika kwa Wachina, sheria ya mwaka [[1922]] ililenga kupunguza [[idadi]] ya Waitalia, Wayahudi na watu av Ulaya ya Mashariki kwa kutaja mipaka kwa kila nchi ya [[asili]]<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm Closing the door on immigration], tovuti ya national Park service, Marekani, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2020</ref>. Katika [[siasa]] ya nje, Marekani iliwahi kutangaza tangu mwaka [[1823]] kwamba ilitazama [[Amerika]] yote kama eneo ambalo haikubali kuingiliwa na nchi za Ulaya; wakati ule makoloni mengi ya Amerika ya Kusini yalikuwa yakifaulu kupata uhuru kutoka Hispania, na Marekani ilitaka kusisitiza isingekubali kuingia kwa mataifa mengine ya Ulaya. Katika miongo iliyofuata [[uchumi]] av Marekani uliimarika pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya [[Kiwanda|viwanda]] na [[wafanyabiashara]] wa Marekani walipanua [[biashara]] yao kimataifa; mnamo [[1854]] [[manowari]] za Marekani ziliilazimisha [[Japani]] kukubali kufunguliwa kwa [[ubalozi]] na kupokea wafanyabiashara. [[Meli]] za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote [[dunia|duniani]], tangu [[miaka ya 1830]] hadi [[Zanzibar]] ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka [[1837]]<ref>Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/781d/d2e2510187a4c65055915b6a323a18c7419e.pdf online hapa] </ref>. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika biashara ya [[China]] dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo. === Karne ya 20: Vita Vikuu na Mdororo Mkuu === Mwaka [[1917]] Marekani iliingia katika Vita Vikuu vya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na [[Ufaransa]]; baada ya vita [[rais]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] alishawishi [[Taifa|mataifa]] mengine kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lakini [[bunge]] lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika [[umoja]] huo. [[Mdororo Mkuu]] wa mwaka [[1929]] ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata [[njaa]] kwa [[raia]] wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya "New Deal" chini ya rais [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ambako kwa mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia [[Pato la taifa|mapato]] ya [[serikali]] kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila [[nyumba]] na bila [[kipato]]; [[Ujana|vijana]] kwa mamilioni waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga [[miundombinu]] ([[barabara]], [[Mfereji|mifereji]]) na kuboresha [[hifadhi za taifa]]. Mwaka [[1941]] Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]] baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi av Marekani ulileta [[ushindi]] wa [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]]. Uwezo wake wa [[Sayansi|kisayansi]] ulipanuliwa na [[wanasayansi]] kama [[Albert Einstein]] waliopaswa kukimbia [[udikteta]] wa [[Adolf Hitler]] katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza [[Mabomu ya nyuklia|mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia]] yaliyotumika mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1945]] kuteketeza [[Hiroshima]] na [[Nagasaki]]. === Vita Baridi na Mapambano ya Haki za Kiraia === Katika miongo ya [[vita baridi]] iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye [[demokrasia]] na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa [[ubepari]] tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za [[Ukomunisti|kikomunisti]] zilizoongozwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]]. Mwanzo wa [[miaka ya 1960]] ilishindana na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] katika [[mbio]] wa kuingia katika [[anga-nje]] ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi [[Mwezi]] mnamo [[Agosti]] [[1969]]. Kutokana na ushindani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita ya Vietnam]] hadi kushindwa mwaka [[1975]]. Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za Wamarekani weusi, [[Mjukuu|wajukuu]] wa watumwa wa awali hasa kusini mwa Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya [[shule]], [[Chuo|vyuo]], [[jengo|majengo]] na [[taasisi]] za [[burudani]] kulingana na [[rangi]] ya [[ngozi]], zilizozuia [[ndoa]] kati ya watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraia zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya [[kundi|makundi]] katika jamii. [[Mapinduzi]] ya [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]] ya [[kompyuta]] na [[intaneti]] yalienea Marekani haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia. == Uchumi== [[File:View of Empire State Building from Rockefeller Center New York City dllu (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Manhattan]], [[New York]]]] [[Uchumi]] wa Marekani ndiyo mkubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], ukiwa na sifa ya utofauti wake, ubunifu wa [[teknolojia|kiteknolojia]], na kiwango cha juu cha uzalishaji. Unafanya kazi hasa kama [[uchumi]] wa soko mchanganyiko, ambapo sekta binafsi ina nafasi kubwa sambamba na udhibiti na uingiliaji wa [[serikali]]. Sekta kuu ni pamoja na [[huduma]], [[viwanda]], [[fedha]], [[afya]], na [[teknolojia]], huku sekta ya huduma ikichangia sehemu kubwa zaidi ya [[plt|pato la kiuchumi]]. Marekani pia ina utajiri mkubwa wa [[rasilimali]] asilia, unaochangia maendeleo ya sekta za [[nishati]], [[kilimo]], na uchimbaji madini. Sifa kuu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani ni uongozi wake katika ubunifu na biashara ya kimataifa. Nchi hii ni makazi ya baadhi ya makampuni makubwa zaidi [[dunia|duniani]], hasa katika maeneo kama ''Silicon Valley''. Uwekezaji mkubwa katika utafiti na maendeleo, pamoja na mfumo imara wa elimu ya juu, umewezesha maendeleo katika nyanja kama teknolojia ya taarifa, bioteknolojia, na anga na usafiri wa anga. Aidha, [[dola ya Marekani]] hutumika kama sarafu kuu ya akiba duniani, jambo linaloipa nchi nafasi ya kipekee katika fedha na biashara ya kimataifa. [[Biashara]] ya kimataifa ni sehemu muhimu ya [[uchumi]] wa Marekani, ikiwa na washirika wakubwa kama [[Kanada]], [[Meksiko]], [[China]], na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. Nchi hii husafirisha bidhaa kama [[mashine]], [[ndege]], na mazao ya kilimo, huku ikiagiza bidhaa za matumizi, vifaa vya kielektroniki, na malighafi. Zaidi ya hayo, Marekani ina mfumo uliokua sana wa [[fedha|kifedha]] na masoko ya mitaji unaoathiri [[uchumi]] wa dunia. Licha ya nguvu zake, [[uchumi]] huu unakabiliwa na changamoto kama pengo la kipato, deni la umma, na mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, lakini bado unasalia kuwa miongoni mwa uchumi wenye ushawishi mkubwa na wenye nguvu zaidi duniani. == Siasa == [[File:White House 02.jpg|thumb|White house, Washington DC]] Siasa nchini Marekani hufanya kazi chini ya mfumo wa [[serikali ya kiraisi|jamhuri ya kikatiba ya urais ya shirikisho]], ambapo mamlaka hugawanywa kati ya serikali kuu ya kitaifa na majimbo binafsi. <ref name="USA_Gov_Branches">{{cite web |url=https://www.usa.gov/branches-of-government |title=Branches of the U.S. Government |website=USA.gov |publisher=Official Guide to Government Information and Services |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Rais hutumika kama mkuu wa nchi na mkuu wa serikali na huchaguliwa kupitia mfumo wa Baraza la Wateule badala ya kura ya moja kwa moja ya kitaifa ya wananchi. <ref name="CFR_ElectoralCollege">{{cite web |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/how-electoral-college-works-united-states |author=Lindsay Maizland |title=How the Electoral College Works in the United States |website=CFR.org |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Mfumo wa kisiasa umejengwa juu ya mgawanyo wa mamlaka kati ya mihimili mitatu: utendaji, utungaji sheria, na mahakama, ambapo kila mmoja una majukumu ya kikatiba pamoja na mfumo wa kuzuiana na kusawazishana mamlaka ili kuzuia mkusanyiko wa madaraka. <ref name="Britannica_US_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/government-of-the-United-States |title=Government of the United States |website=Britannica |date=April 10, 2026 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Tawi ya kutunga sheria ni Bunge la Marekani, ambalo lina mabunge mawili: [[Bunge la taifa|Baraza la Wawakilishi]] na [[Seneti]]. Baraza la Wawakilishi linawakilisha maeneo ya uchaguzi kulingana na idadi ya watu, huku Seneti ikitoa uwakilishi sawa kwa kila jimbo kwa maseneta wawili kwa kila jimbo. <ref name="Senate_Gov_Role">{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution.htm |title=The Senate and the Constitution |website=Senate.gov |publisher=United States Senate |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria za shirikisho, kupitisha [[bajeti]], kutangaza vita, na kusimamia mhimili wa utendaji. Mhimili wa mahakama unaongozwa na Mahakama ya Juu, ambayo hutafsiri Katiba na kuchunguza uhalali wa sheria pamoja na vitendo vya serikali. <ref name="US_Courts_Role">{{cite web |url=https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/about |title=About the Supreme Court |website=USCourts.gov |publisher=Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Mfumo wa kisiasa nchini humo unatawaliwa zaidi na mfumo wa vyama viwili, hasa Chama cha ''Democratic'' na Chama cha ''Republican''. Vyama hivi hushindana katika uchaguzi wa [[shirikisho]], majimbo, na serikali za mitaa, ingawa pia kuna vyama vingine vidogo. <ref name="LibraryOfCongress_Parties">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/political-parties/ |title=Political Parties - Elections |website=loc.gov |publisher=Library of Congress |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Uchaguzi hufanyika mara kwa mara, ukiwemo uchaguzi wa urais kila baada ya miaka minne na uchaguzi wa bunge kila baada ya miaka miwili kwa Baraza la Wawakilishi pamoja na mihula ya miaka sita inayobadilishana kwa Seneti. Kampeni za kisiasa huathiriwa sana na uchangishaji [[fedha]], [[vyombo vya habari]], maoni ya umma, na sheria za uchaguzi za majimbo. <ref name="FEC_Campaigns">{{cite web |url=https://www.fec.gov/introduction-campaign-finance/ |title=Introduction to campaign finance |website=fec.gov |publisher=Federal Election Commission |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Masuala makuu ya kisiasa nchini Marekani yanajumuisha [[Marekani#Uchumi|uchumi]], huduma za afya, uhamiaji, sera za kigeni, udhibiti wa [[silaha]], mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]], na usawa wa kijamii. <ref name="Pew_Research_Issues">{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/02/29/americans-top-policy-priorities-for-2024/ |title=Americans’ Top Policy Priorities for 2024 |website=pewresearch.org |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> Mgawanyiko wa kisiasa kati ya vyama vikuu umeongezeka katika miongo ya hivi karibuni, na kusababisha tofauti kubwa za kiitikadi kuhusu sera mbalimbali. Licha ya hali hiyo, Marekani inaendelea kudumisha mfumo thabiti wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wenye uchaguzi wa mara kwa mara, taasisi huru, na ushiriki mkubwa wa raia kupitia kupiga kura, mijadala ya umma, na mapitio ya kimahakama. <ref name="FreedomHouse_US">{{cite web |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-states/freedom-world/2024 |title=Freedom in the World 2024: United States |website=Freedom House |date=2024 |access-date=May 8, 2026 }} </ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani]] * [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani]] * [[Orodha ya chaguzi za Rais wa Marekani]] * [[Peace Corps]] * [[Jamii:Marekani]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Uchumi wa Marekani]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} == Bibliografia == {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |title=Regulating Wall Street: The Dodd-Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance |ref=Acharya10 |first1=Viral V. |last1=Acharya |first2=Thomas F. |last2=Cooley |first3=Matthew P. |last3=Richardson |first4=Ingo |last4=Walter |page=592 |publisher=Wiley |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-76877-8}} * {{cite journal |last1=Barth |first1=James |first2=John |last2=Jahera |title=US Enacts Sweeping Financial Reform Legislation |ref=Barth10 |journal=Journal of Financial Economic Policy |volume=2 |issue=3 |year=2010 |pages=192–195 }} * {{cite book |last=Berkin |first=Carol |last2=Miller |first2=Christopher L. |last3=Cherny |first3=Robert W. |last4=Gormly |first4=James L. |title=Making America: A History of the United States, Volume I: To 1877 |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2007 |ref=Berkin |page=75}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/Making_America_Volume_1_To_1877_A_Histor.html?id=cyEI21RClZkC Book] * {{cite journal |last1=Bianchine |first1=Peter J. |journal=Allergy and Asthma Proceedings|last2=Russo |first2=Thomas A. |year=1992 |title=The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=225–232 |ref=Bianchine |publisher=OceanSide Publications, Inc. |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ocean/aap/1992/00000013/00000005/art00002 |accessdate=September 9, 2012 }} * {{cite book |author1=Boyer, Paul S. |author2=Clark, Clifford E. Jr. |author3=Kett, Joseph F. |last4=Salisbury|first4=Neal|last5=Sitkoff|first5= Harvard|last6=Woloch|first6=Nancy |title=The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People |ref=Boyer |year=2007|publisher=Cengage Learning |page=588 |isbn=978-0-618-80161-9}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=9KT3lI76-0cC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Clingan |first=Edmund |title=An Introduction to Modern Western Civilization |ref=Clingan |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4620-5439-8}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=FS3TnrLu7y8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |first=Colin G. |last=Calloway |title=New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press|JHU Press]] |ref=Calloway1998 |page=229 |isbn=978-0-8018-5959-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=edYbAZ7ECEoC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=Don't know much about the Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1 |ref=Davis96 |publisher=William Marrow and Co. |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=0-688-11814-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchabou00davi_1/page/518 518] }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Dphzw2cbaoQC&vq=1670&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Daynes |first=Byron W. |last2=Sussman |first2=Glen |title=White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush |url=https://archive.org/details/whitehousepoliti0000dayn |ref=Daynes |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]] |year=2010 |page=320 |isbn=978-1-60344-254-1 |quote=Presidential environmental policies, 1933–2009 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HIOQ1FYHtcYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |first= Sylvan G. |last=Feldstein |first2=Frank J., CFA |last2=Fabozzi |title=The Handbook of Municipal Bonds |ref=Feldstein |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]], January 13, 2011 |page=1376 |isbn=978-1-118-04494-0}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Juc4fb1Fx1cC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Gold |first=Susan Dudley |title=United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold |ref=Gold2006 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold/page/144 144] |isbn=978-0-7614-2143-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=mbV6kPGO4OAC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Thomas |last2=Rogers |first2=Joel |ref=Ferguson |year=1986 |title=The Myth of America's Turn to the Right |journal=[[The Atlantic]] |volume=257 |issue=5 |pages=43–53 |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/95dec/conbook/fergrt.htm |accessdate=March 11, 2013 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104235329/http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/95dec/conbook/fergrt.htm |dead-url=yes }} * {{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |first2=Gary |last2=Gerstle |ref=Fraser |title=The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order: 1930–1980 |series=American History: Political science |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yd4GqkP5XYgC&lpg=PA229 |year=1989 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-00607-9 |page=311 }} * {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=John Steele |ref=Gordon |title=An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofwealthth00gord |year=2004 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/An_Empire_of_Wealth.html?id=rmsUs_KDgHAC Book] * {{cite book |last=Graebner |first=Norman A. |last2=Burns |first2=Richard Dean |last3=Siracusa |first3=Joseph M. |ref=Burns2008 |title=Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War |url=http://books.google.com/?id=r71u_AgE7iYC&lpg=PA142 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |series=Praeger Security International Series |isbn=978-0-313-35241-6 |page=180 }} * {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=David |title=The British Chronicles |volume=1 |page=347 |year=2007 |publisher=Heritage Books |location=[[Westminster, Maryland|Westminster]], [[Maryland]]}} * {{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Lawrence R. |title=Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know: What Everyone Needs to Know |url=https://archive.org/details/healthcarereform0000jaco |ref=Jacobs10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-978142-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Paul |ref=Johnson |title=A History of the American People |year=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=26–30}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_American_People.html?id=RXSVQjz1_tMC eBook version] * {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare |series=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]] library of American History |last=Kessel |first=William B. |last2=Wooster |first2=Robert |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8160-3337-9 |page=398|ref=Kessel}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=laxSyAp89G4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{Rejea kitabu |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko |year= 1988 |title= Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980 |url= https://archive.org/details/confrontingthird0000kolk |location= New York, NY |publisher= [[Pantheo n Books|Pantheon]] |ref= harv }} * {{cite book |last=Leckie |first=Robert | authorlink = Robert Leckie (author)|title=None died in vain: The Saga of the American Civil War |ref=Leckie |publisher=Harper-Collins |location=New York |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nonediedinvainsa00leck/page/682 682] |isbn=0-06-016280-5}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=gvIeAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last= Leffler |first= Melvyn P. |authorlink= Melvyn P. Leffler |year= 2010 |chapter= The emergence of an American grand strategy, 1945–1952 |title= ''In Melvyn P. Leffler and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,''The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1: Origins ''(pp.&nbsp;67–89)'' |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4 |ref= harv }} * {{cite book |last=Lemon |first=James T. |editor=Robert D. Mitchell |editor2=Paul A. Groves |title=North America: the historical geography of a changing continent |chapter=Colonial America in the 18th Century |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=1987 |ref=Lemon}}, [http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf PDF] {{Wayback|url=http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lemon.pdf |date=20130123135724 }} * {{cite book |last=Lien, Ph.D. |first=Arnold Johnson |title=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Volume 54 |ref=Lien |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co., Agents, London; [[Columbia University]], New York |year=1913 |page=604 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ }} * {{cite book |author=Karen Woods Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie/page/214 214]}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&pg=PA44 Book] * Website sources{{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Kaarin |year=2007 |ref=Mann |title=Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project |journal=Michigan Journal of History |issue=Fall |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063053/http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-15 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2015-02-09 }} * {{cite book |last=Price |first=David A. |ref=Price |title=Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/lovehateinjamest00pric |publisher=Random House |year=2003}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=_EFbS_7fFcYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false eBook version] * {{cite book |last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |url=https://archive.org/details/antislaveryproje0000quir |ref=Quirk |year=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor=Alden T. Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}} * {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books, Grand Rapids |page=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus/page/n180 180] |year=1994 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&vq=triangle&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |url=https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=[https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi/page/2 2]–3 }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book] * {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp/page/n317 299] |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |year=1913 |page=196}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=G7AJAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s E'Book] * {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Dorothy |last2= Schneider |first2= Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&vq=census&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&vq=twenty+seven+times&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book] * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&lpg=PA12 Book] * {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&purchase-type=article&accessType=RR&sid=21102125115943&showMyJstorPss=false&seq=1&showAccess=true Article] * {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&vq=1670&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0/page/49 49] }}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&lpg=PA49 Book] * {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}} * {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book] * {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press }} * {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602| year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253 }} * {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}} {{refend}} * {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]] ;Serikali * [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites * [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives * [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate * [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States ;Historia * [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research * [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }} Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance * [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data ;Ramani * [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] {{Wayback|url=http://nationalatlas.gov/ |date=20060720093336 }} Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior * {{wikiatlas|the United States}} * [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S. ;Vingine * {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}} * {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}} * {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}} * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625185429/http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |archivedate=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book] * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}} * {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] }} {{refend}} {{Marekani}} {{Amerika Kaskazini}} [[Jamii:Nchi za Amerika ya Kaskazini]] [[Jamii:Marekani| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G7]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G8]] [[Jamii:Nchi za G20]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] qlrcdk95fu4qpdvn2kkf8wnfivnibn6 0 5932 1545399 477794 2026-05-18T00:09:20Z Xqbot 1852 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Marekani]] to [[United States of America]] 1545399 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[United States of America]] [[Jamii:Kifupi]] 45v781xaqsjxyvl364ah14q52rgwrwc 1545537 1545399 2026-05-18T08:53:41Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[United States of America]] to [[Marekani]] 1545537 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Marekani]] [[Jamii:Kifupi]] 2doff1o1y0c5z25ft9g2n3qw7sb22sh 0 7262 1545574 1184144 2026-05-18T10:46:49Z -wuppertaler 80032 changed one image (higher resolution) 1545574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Liechtenstein-Vaduz.png|thumb|150px|left|Maneo ya mji wa Vaduz nchini Liechtenstein]] [[Picha:LIE Vaduz COA.svg|right|80px|Nembo ya Vaduz]] [[Picha:Vaduz centre.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kitovu cha mji wa Vaduz]] [[Picha:Liechtenstein asv2022-10 img22 Vaduz Schloss.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Boma la Vaduz ni makao ya mtemi]] '''Vaduz''' ''(tamka: faduts)'' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa utemi wa [[Liechtenstein]] na makao makuu ya bunge la nchi. Iko kando la [[mto Rhine]]. Kuna wakazi 5,248. Mahali pake ni 47°8' [[N]], 9°31' [[E]]. Wakazi walio wengi ni wakatoliki. Kuna Askofu Mkuu wa kanisa katoliki. {{mbegu-jio-Ulaya}} [[Jamii:Miji Mikuu Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Liechtenstein]] [[Jamii:Vaduz| ]] gqcaah5e3lu8fuf2rmhzc3k84cpd8rh 0 9804 1545400 1132466 2026-05-18T00:09:25Z Xqbot 1852 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Marekani]] to [[United States of America]] 1545400 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[United States of America]] nvnh7wpe0c5i00goefh6jrlswut0rha 1545534 1545400 2026-05-18T08:53:08Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[United States of America]] to [[Marekani]] 1545534 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Marekani]] t9bo61ndd9f58v1sgdn3got3djgv1p4 0 13991 1545401 448347 2026-05-18T00:09:30Z Xqbot 1852 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Marekani]] to [[United States of America]] 1545401 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[United States of America]] nvnh7wpe0c5i00goefh6jrlswut0rha 1545535 1545401 2026-05-18T08:53:19Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[United States of America]] to [[Marekani]] 1545535 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Marekani]] t9bo61ndd9f58v1sgdn3got3djgv1p4 0 16586 1545389 1506790 2026-05-17T22:33:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545389 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Zuccone Donatello OPA Florence.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Sanamu ya Habakuki]] iliyotengenezwa na [[Donatello]], [[Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)|Museo dell'Opera del Duomo]], [[Florence]].]] '''Habakuki''' ni [[jina]] la [[nabii]] wa [[Israeli ya Kale]] na pia la [[kitabu]] kinacholeta habari zake katika [[Tanakh]] (yaani [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]]), na kwa hiyo pia katika [[Agano la Kale]], sehemu ya kwanza ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. ==Muda na mada== Wakati alipofanya [[kazi]] nabii [[Yeremia]] aliishi pia Habakuki ([[600 KK|600 hivi K.K.]]), aliyeandika kitabu kifupi ambamo alithubutu kumuuliza [[Mungu]] kwa nini anaadhibu [[Israeli]] vikali kwa [[mikono]] ya watu wabaya kuliko wao. Jibu ni kwamba [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] ana [[njia]] zake ambazo anaandaa [[ushindi]] wa [[haki]]: hivyo mwadilifu ataishi kwa [[imani]] yake (1:12-2:4). Usemi huo ukaja kutumika sana katika [[Agano Jipya]]. [[Mtume Paulo]] ameufanya msingi wa msimamo wake kuwa [[wokovu]] unapatikana kwa imani, si kwa kujitahidi kutekeleza masharti yote ya [[Torati]]. ==Ufafanuzi== Kama vitabu vingine vyote vya [[Biblia]], hiki pia kinatakiwa kisomwe katika mfululizo wa [[historia ya wokovu]] ili kukielewa kadiri ya maendeleo ya [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwa [[binadamu]]. ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book | last=Achtemeier | first=Elizabeth | year=1993 | chapter=Habbakuk, The Book of | title=The Oxford Companion to the Bible | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458 | editor1-last=Metzger | editor1-first=Bruce M. | editor2-last=Coogan | editor2-first=Michael D. | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-504645-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/265 265]–266 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Andersen | first=Francis I. | year=2001 | title=Habbakuk | url=https://archive.org/details/galatiansnewtran0025unse | series=The Anchor Bible | location=New York | publisher=Doubleday | isbn=0-385-08396-3 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Bailey | first=Waylon | year=1998 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah | series=The New American Commentary | volume=20 | location=Nashville, TN | publisher=Broadman & Holman Publishers | isbn=0-8054-0120-2 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Baker | first=David W. | year=1988 | title=Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah | url=https://archive.org/details/nahumhabakkukzep0000bake | series=Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries | location=Downers Grove, IL | publisher=Inter-Varsity Press | isbn=0-87784-249-3 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Barber | first=Cyril J. | year=1985 | title=Habakkuk and Zephaniah | url=https://archive.org/details/habakkukzephania0000barb | series=Everyman's Bible Commentary | location=Chicago | publisher=Moody Press | isbn=0-8024-2069-9 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Ben Zvi | first=Ehud | editor1-last=Berlin | editor1-first=Adele | editor2-last=Brettler | editor2-first=Marc Zvi | year=2004 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=The Jewish Study Bible | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515 | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-529751-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515/page/1226 1226]–1233 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | last=Betteridge | first=Walter R. | year=1903 | title=The interpretation of the prophecy of Habakkuk | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-theology_1903-10_7_4/page/647 | journal=The American Journal of Theology | volume=7 | issue=4 | pages=647–661 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Brettler | first=Marc Zvi | editor1-last=Berlin | editor1-first=Adele | editor2-last=Brettler | editor2-first=Marc Zvi | year=2004 | chapter=Nevi'im | title=The Jewish Study Bible | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515 | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-529751-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515/page/451 451]–461 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Brownlow | first=Leroy | year=1961 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=The Old Testament Books and their Messages in the Christian Age | location=Fort Worth | series=Second Annual Fort Worth Christian College Lectureship | publisher=The Manney Company | pages=439–453 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Bruce | first=F. F. | authorlink=F. F. Bruce | editor-last=McComiskey | year=2009 | chapter=Habakkuk | editor-first=Thomas Edward | title=The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expository Commentary | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Baker Academic | pages=831–896 | isbn=978-0-8010-3631-6 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Chisholm | first=Robert B., Jr. | year=1990 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=Interpreting the Minor Prophets | url=https://archive.org/details/interpretingmino0000chis | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Academie Books | isbn=0-310-30801-1 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/interpretingmino0000chis/page/183 183]–199 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last1=Clark | first1=David J. | last2=Hatton | first2=Howard A. | year=1989 | title=A Translator’s Handbook on The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah | url=https://archive.org/details/translatorshandb0000clar_m5c6 | location=New York | publisher=United Bible Societies | isbn=0-8267-0141-8 | lastauthoramp=y | ref={{sfnref|Clark|Hatton|1989}} }} * {{cite book | last=Coffman | first=James Burton | year=1982 | title=Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, and Haggai | edition=revised | series=Commentary on the Minor Prophets | volume=3 | location=Abilene, TX | publisher=ACU Press | isbn=0-915547-46-5 | pages=61–116 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last1=Coggins | first1=Richard | last2=Han | first2=Jin H. | year=2011 | title=Six Minor Prophets Through the Centuries | url=https://archive.org/details/sixminorprophets0000cogg | series= Blackwell Bible Commentaries | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | isbn=978-1-4051-7675-0 | ref={{sfnref|Coggins|Han|2011}} }} * {{cite book | editor1-last=Cross | editor1-first=F. L. | editor2-last=Livingston | editor2-first=E. A. | year=2005 | title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_o5w8 | edition=3rd | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-280290-9 | lastauthoramp=y | ref={{sfnref|Cross|2005}} }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Driver | editor-first=S. R. | year=1906 | title=The Minor Prophets: Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi | series=The Century Bible | location=Edinburgh | publisher=T. C. & E. C. Jack, Ltd | ref={{sfnref|Driver|1906}} }} * {{cite web | last=Gigot | first=F. | year=1910 | title=Habacuc (Habakkuk) | work=The Catholic Encyclopedia | location=New York | publisher=Robert Appleton Company | accessdate=2100-12-19 | at=New Advent | url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07097a.htm }} * {{cite book | last=Gowan | first=Donald E. | year=1976 | title=The Triumph of Faith in Habakkuk | url=https://archive.org/details/triumphoffaithin00gowa | location=Atlanta | publisher=John Knox Press | isbn=0-8042-0195-1 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | last=Haak | first=Robert D. | year=1988 | title="Poetry" in Habakkuk 1:1–2:4? | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=108 | issue=3 | pages=437–444 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Hailey | first=Homer | authorlink=Homer Hailey | year=1972 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=A Commentary on the Minor Prophets | url=https://archive.org/details/commentaryonmino0000hail | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Baker Book House | isbn=0-8010-4049-3 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/commentaryonmino0000hail/page/271 271]–296 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Harris | first=J. G. | year=1966 | title=The Qumran Commentary on Habakkuk | series=Contemporary Studies in Theology | location=London | publisher=A. R. Mowbray & Co | pages=22–30 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Henderson | first=Ebenezer| authorlink=Ebenezer Henderson | year=1980 | origyear=First published 1858 | title=The Twelve Minor Prophets | url=https://archive.org/details/twelveminorproph0000hend | series=Thornapple Commentaries | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Baker Book House | isbn=0-8010-4217-8 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Hirsch | first=Emil G. | authorlink=Emil G. Hirsch | year=1906 | chapter=Habakkuk, Book of | title=Jewish Encyclopedia | url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6976-habakkuk-book-of | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last1=Hirsch | first1=Emil G. | last2=Blau | first2=Ludwig | last3=Kohler | first3=Kaufmann | last4=Schmidt | first4=Nathaniel | year=1906 | chapter=Bible Canon | title=Jewish Encyclopedia | url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3259-bible-canon | lastauthoramp=y | authormask=7 | ref={{sfnref|Hirsch|Blau|Kohler|Schmidt|1906}} }} * {{cite book | last=Humbert | first=Paul | year=1944 | title=Problèmes du Livre d'Habacuc | series=Mémoires de l'Université de Neuchatel, '''18''' | location=Neuchatel | publisher=Secrétariat de l'Université | isbn=0-8042-0195-1 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | last=Irving | first=T. Johnstone | year=1908 | title=Habakkuk | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biblical-world_1908-01_31_1/page/51 | journal=The Biblical World | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=51–61 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | last=Irwin | first=William A. | year=1956 | title=The mythological background of Habakkuk, chapter 3 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1956-01_15_1/page/47 | journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume=15 | issue=1 | pages=47–50 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Johnson | first=Robert L. | year=1969 | title=The Letter of Paul to the Galatians | series=The Living Word Commentary | location=Abilene, TX | publisher=ACU Press | isbn=0-915547-29-5 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Kachelman | first=John L., Jr. | year=2000 | title=Habakkuk: When God Seems So Silent | publisher=Freed-Hardeman University Press | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | last=Kelly | first=Fred T. | year=1902 | title=The strophic structure of Habakkuk | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-semitic-languages-and-literatures_1902-01_18_2/page/94 | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures | volume=18 | issue=2 | pages=94–119 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last1=LaSor | first1=William Sanford | authorlink=William Sanford La Sor | last2=Hubbard | first2=David Allan | last3=Bush | first3=Frederic Wm. | year=1982 | title=Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans | isbn=0-8028-3556-2 | lastauthoramp=y | ref={{sfnref|LaSor|Hubbard|Bush|1982}} }} * {{cite book | last=Lehrman | first=S. M., Rabbi | year=1948 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=The Twelve Prophets | url=https://archive.org/details/twelveprophetshe0008unse | editor=A. Cohen | location=London | publisher=The Soncino Press | pages=[https://archive.org/details/twelveprophetshe0008unse/page/209 210]–220 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Leslie | first=E. A. | year=1962 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible: An Illustrated Encyclopedia | editor=[[George Arthur Buttrick|Buttrick, George Arthur]], et al | location=Nashville, TN | publisher=Abingdon Press | isbn=0-687-19271-4 | volume=2 | pages=503–505 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Lloyd-Jones | first=D. Martyn | authorlink=Martyn Lloyd-Jones | year=1966 | origyear=First published 1953 | title=From Fear to Faith: Studies in the Book of Habakkuk | location=Leicester, UK | publisher=Inter-Varsity Press | isbn=0-85110-332-4 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=McGee | first=J. Vernon | year=1991 | title=Nahum and Habakkuk | series=Thru the Bible Commentary Series | location=Nashville, TN | publisher=Thomas Nelson Publishers | isbn=0-7852-1033-4 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Moore | first=Carey A. | year=1977 | title=Daniel, Esther and Jeremiah: The Additions | url=https://archive.org/details/danielestherjere00tari | series=The Anchor Bible | location=Garden City, NY | publisher=Doubleday & Company | isbn=0-385-04702-9 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Neusner | first=Jacob | year=1994 | title=Introduction to Rabbinic Literature | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontora0000neus | series=The Anchor Bible Reference Library | location=New York | publisher=Doubleday | isbn=0-385-47093-2 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Patterson | first=Richard D. | year=2003 | title=An Exegetical Commentary: Nahum, Habbakuk, Zephaniah | publisher=Biblical Studies Press | url=http://bible.org/series/exegetical-commentary-nahum-habakkuk-zephaniah | isbn=0-7375-0019-0 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Pusey | first=E. B. | authorlink= Edward Bouverie Pusey | year=1950 | origyear=First published 1860 | title=The Minor Prophets: A Commentary | volume=2 | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Baker Book House | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Robertson | first=O. Palmer | year=1990 | title=The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah | url=https://archive.org/details/booksofnahumhaba0000robe | series=The New International Commentary on the Old Testament | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans | isbn=978-0-8028-2532-2 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Ralph L. | year=1984 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=Micah–Malachi | series=Word Biblical Commentary | volume=32 | location=Waco, TX | publisher=Words Books | isbn=0-8499-0231-2 | pages=92–117 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Széles | first=Mária Eszenyei | year=1987 | title=Wrath and Mercy: A Commentary on the Books of Habakkuk and Zephaniah | others=trans. George A. F. Knight | series=International Theological Commentary | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans | isbn=0-8028-0242-7 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | last1=Walker | first1=H. H. | last2=Lund | first2=N. W. | year=1934 | title=The literary structure of the book of Habakkuk | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biblical-literature_1934-12_53_4/page/355 | journal=Journal of Biblical Literature | volume=53 | issue=4 | pages=355–370 | lastauthoramp=y | ref={{sfnref|Walker|Lund|1934}} }} * {{cite book | editor=Whelpton, George | year=1916 | chapter=song 279 | title=The Church Hymnal | url=https://archive.org/details/churchhymnalabo00whelgoog | location=New York | publisher=The Century Co | ref={{sfnref|Whelpton|1916}} }} * {{cite book | editor=Wiegand, John P. | year=1992 | chapter=song 685 | title=Praise for the Lord | url=https://archive.org/details/praiseforlord0000wieg | location=Nashville, TN | publisher=Praise Press | isbn=0-89098-119-1 | ref={{sfnref|Wiegland|1992}} }} * {{cite book | last1=Wise | first1=Michael | last2=Abegg | first2=Martin, Jr. | last3=Cook |first3=Edward | year=1996 | title=The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060692001 | location=San Francisco | publisher=HarperSanFrancisco | isbn=0-06-069200-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060692001/page/114 114]–122 | lastauthoramp=y | ref={{sfnref|Wise|Abegg|Cook|1996}} }} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/habakkuk The Commentary on Habakkuk Scroll], ''The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls'', hosted by the [[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem. * [http://www.powerofchange.org/storage/docs/habakkuk_intro.pdf A Brief Introduction to The Prophecy of Habakkuk for Contemporary Readers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.powerofchange.org/storage/docs/habakkuk_intro.pdf |date=20111009182923 }} (Christian Perspective) * [http://www.ibs.org/niv/studybible/habakkuk.php Introduction to the book of Habakkuk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ibs.org/niv/studybible/habakkuk.php |date=20080801154610 }} from the [[NIV Study Bible]] {{Biblia AK}} {{mbegu-Biblia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Habakuki}} [[Category:Vitabu vya Agano la Kale]] 2tgu4mnwzvnf3j79q9jpqlchsawvr5w 0 16625 1545335 1532781 2026-05-17T21:39:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545335 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Zuccone Donatello OPA Florence.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Sanamu ya Habakuki]] iliyotengenezwa na [[Donatello]], [[Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)|Museo dell'Opera del Duomo]], [[Florence]].]] '''Habakuki''' alikuwa [[nabii]] wa [[Israeli ya Kale]] aliyeishi na kufanya [[kazi]] wakati mmoja na nabii [[Yeremia]] ([[karne ya 7 KK]]). Mbele ya [[uovu]] na [[ukatili]] wa [[binadamu]] alitabiri [[hukumu]] ya [[Mungu]], lakini pia [[huruma]] [[Huruma ya Mungu|yake]]<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92470</ref>. Hababuki aliandika [[kitabu]] kifupi ambamo alithubutu kumuuliza [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] kwa nini anaadhibu [[Israeli]] vikali kwa [[mikono]] ya [[watu]] wabaya kuliko wao. Jibu ni kwamba [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] ana [[njia]] zake ambazo anaandaa [[ushindi]] wa [[haki]]: hivyo mwadilifu ataishi kwa [[imani]] yake (1:12-2:4). [[Misemo|Usemi]] huo ukaja kutumika sana katika [[Agano Jipya]]. [[Mtume Paulo]] ameufanya [[msingi]] wa msimamo wake kuwa [[wokovu]] unapatikana kwa imani, si kwa kujitahidi kutekeleza masharti yote ya [[Torati]]. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[2 Desemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref><ref>https://catholicsaints.info/habakkuk-the-prophet/</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book | last=Achtemeier | first=Elizabeth | year=1993 | chapter=Habbakuk, The Book of | title=The Oxford Companion to the Bible | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458 | editor1-last=Metzger | editor1-first=Bruce M. | editor2-last=Coogan | editor2-first=Michael D. | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-504645-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458/page/265 265]–266 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Andersen | first=Francis I. | year=2001 | title=Habbakuk | url=https://archive.org/details/galatiansnewtran0025unse | series=The Anchor Bible | location=New York | publisher=Doubleday | isbn=0-385-08396-3 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Bailey | first=Waylon | year=1998 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah | series=The New American Commentary | volume=20 | location=Nashville, TN | publisher=Broadman & Holman Publishers | isbn=0-8054-0120-2 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Baker | first=David W. | year=1988 | title=Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah | url=https://archive.org/details/nahumhabakkukzep0000bake | series=Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries | location=Downers Grove, IL | publisher=Inter-Varsity Press | isbn=0-87784-249-3 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Barber | first=Cyril J. | year=1985 | title=Habakkuk and Zephaniah | url=https://archive.org/details/habakkukzephania0000barb | series=Everyman's Bible Commentary | location=Chicago | publisher=Moody Press | isbn=0-8024-2069-9 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Ben Zvi | first=Ehud | editor1-last=Berlin | editor1-first=Adele | editor2-last=Brettler | editor2-first=Marc Zvi | year=2004 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=The Jewish Study Bible | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515 | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-529751-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515/page/1226 1226]–1233 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | last=Betteridge | first=Walter R. | year=1903 | title=The interpretation of the prophecy of Habakkuk | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-theology_1903-10_7_4/page/647 | journal=The American Journal of Theology | volume=7 | issue=4 | pages=647–661 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Brettler | first=Marc Zvi | editor1-last=Berlin | editor1-first=Adele | editor2-last=Brettler | editor2-first=Marc Zvi | year=2004 | chapter=Nevi'im | title=The Jewish Study Bible | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515 | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-529751-5 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515/page/451 451]–461 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Brownlow | first=Leroy | year=1961 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=The Old Testament Books and their Messages in the Christian Age | location=Fort Worth | series=Second Annual Fort Worth Christian College Lectureship | publisher=The Manney Company | pages=439–453 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Bruce | first=F. F. | authorlink=F. F. Bruce | editor-last=McComiskey | year=2009 | chapter=Habakkuk | editor-first=Thomas Edward | title=The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expository Commentary | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Baker Academic | pages=831–896 | isbn=978-0-8010-3631-6 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Chisholm | first=Robert B., Jr. | year=1990 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=Interpreting the Minor Prophets | url=https://archive.org/details/interpretingmino0000chis | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Academie Books | isbn=0-310-30801-1 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/interpretingmino0000chis/page/183 183]–199 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last1=Clark | first1=David J. | last2=Hatton | first2=Howard A. | year=1989 | title=A Translator’s Handbook on The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah | url=https://archive.org/details/translatorshandb0000clar_m5c6 | location=New York | publisher=United Bible Societies | isbn=0-8267-0141-8 | lastauthoramp=y | ref={{sfnref|Clark|Hatton|1989}} }} * {{cite book | last=Coffman | first=James Burton | year=1982 | title=Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, and Haggai | edition=revised | series=Commentary on the Minor Prophets | volume=3 | location=Abilene, TX | publisher=ACU Press | isbn=0-915547-46-5 | pages=61–116 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last1=Coggins | first1=Richard | last2=Han | first2=Jin H. | year=2011 | title=Six Minor Prophets Through the Centuries | url=https://archive.org/details/sixminorprophets0000cogg | series= Blackwell Bible Commentaries | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | isbn=978-1-4051-7675-0 | ref={{sfnref|Coggins|Han|2011}} }} * {{cite book | editor1-last=Cross | editor1-first=F. L. | editor2-last=Livingston | editor2-first=E. A. | year=2005 | title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_o5w8 | edition=3rd | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-280290-9 | lastauthoramp=y | ref={{sfnref|Cross|2005}} }} * {{cite book | editor-last=Driver | editor-first=S. R. | year=1906 | title=The Minor Prophets: Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi | series=The Century Bible | location=Edinburgh | publisher=T. C. & E. C. Jack, Ltd | ref={{sfnref|Driver|1906}} }} * {{cite web | last=Gigot | first=F. | year=1910 | title=Habacuc (Habakkuk) | work=The Catholic Encyclopedia | location=New York | publisher=Robert Appleton Company | accessdate=2100-12-19 | at=New Advent | url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07097a.htm }} * {{cite book | last=Gowan | first=Donald E. | year=1976 | title=The Triumph of Faith in Habakkuk | url=https://archive.org/details/triumphoffaithin00gowa | location=Atlanta | publisher=John Knox Press | isbn=0-8042-0195-1 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | last=Haak | first=Robert D. | year=1988 | title="Poetry" in Habakkuk 1:1–2:4? | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=108 | issue=3 | pages=437–444 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Hailey | first=Homer | authorlink=Homer Hailey | year=1972 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=A Commentary on the Minor Prophets | url=https://archive.org/details/commentaryonmino0000hail | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Baker Book House | isbn=0-8010-4049-3 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/commentaryonmino0000hail/page/271 271]–296 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Harris | first=J. G. | year=1966 | title=The Qumran Commentary on Habakkuk | series=Contemporary Studies in Theology | location=London | publisher=A. R. Mowbray & Co | pages=22–30 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Henderson | first=Ebenezer| authorlink=Ebenezer Henderson | year=1980 | origyear=First published 1858 | title=The Twelve Minor Prophets | url=https://archive.org/details/twelveminorproph0000hend | series=Thornapple Commentaries | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Baker Book House | isbn=0-8010-4217-8 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Hirsch | first=Emil G. | authorlink=Emil G. Hirsch | year=1906 | chapter=Habakkuk, Book of | title=Jewish Encyclopedia | url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6976-habakkuk-book-of | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last1=Hirsch | first1=Emil G. | last2=Blau | first2=Ludwig | last3=Kohler | first3=Kaufmann | last4=Schmidt | first4=Nathaniel | year=1906 | chapter=Bible Canon | title=Jewish Encyclopedia | url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3259-bible-canon | lastauthoramp=y | authormask=7 | ref={{sfnref|Hirsch|Blau|Kohler|Schmidt|1906}} }} * {{cite book | last=Humbert | first=Paul | year=1944 | title=Problèmes du Livre d'Habacuc | series=Mémoires de l'Université de Neuchatel, '''18''' | location=Neuchatel | publisher=Secrétariat de l'Université | isbn=0-8042-0195-1 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | last=Irving | first=T. Johnstone | year=1908 | title=Habakkuk | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biblical-world_1908-01_31_1/page/51 | journal=The Biblical World | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=51–61 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | last=Irwin | first=William A. | year=1956 | title=The mythological background of Habakkuk, chapter 3 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1956-01_15_1/page/47 | journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume=15 | issue=1 | pages=47–50 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Johnson | first=Robert L. | year=1969 | title=The Letter of Paul to the Galatians | series=The Living Word Commentary | location=Abilene, TX | publisher=ACU Press | isbn=0-915547-29-5 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Kachelman | first=John L., Jr. | year=2000 | title=Habakkuk: When God Seems So Silent | publisher=Freed-Hardeman University Press | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | last=Kelly | first=Fred T. | year=1902 | title=The strophic structure of Habakkuk | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-semitic-languages-and-literatures_1902-01_18_2/page/94 | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures | volume=18 | issue=2 | pages=94–119 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last1=LaSor | first1=William Sanford | authorlink=William Sanford La Sor | last2=Hubbard | first2=David Allan | last3=Bush | first3=Frederic Wm. | year=1982 | title=Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans | isbn=0-8028-3556-2 | lastauthoramp=y | ref={{sfnref|LaSor|Hubbard|Bush|1982}} }} * {{cite book | last=Lehrman | first=S. M., Rabbi | year=1948 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=The Twelve Prophets | url=https://archive.org/details/twelveprophetshe0008unse | editor=A. Cohen | location=London | publisher=The Soncino Press | pages=[https://archive.org/details/twelveprophetshe0008unse/page/209 210]–220 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Leslie | first=E. A. | year=1962 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible: An Illustrated Encyclopedia | editor=[[George Arthur Buttrick|Buttrick, George Arthur]], et al | location=Nashville, TN | publisher=Abingdon Press | isbn=0-687-19271-4 | volume=2 | pages=503–505 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Lloyd-Jones | first=D. Martyn | authorlink=Martyn Lloyd-Jones | year=1966 | origyear=First published 1953 | title=From Fear to Faith: Studies in the Book of Habakkuk | location=Leicester, UK | publisher=Inter-Varsity Press | isbn=0-85110-332-4 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=McGee | first=J. Vernon | year=1991 | title=Nahum and Habakkuk | series=Thru the Bible Commentary Series | location=Nashville, TN | publisher=Thomas Nelson Publishers | isbn=0-7852-1033-4 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Moore | first=Carey A. | year=1977 | title=Daniel, Esther and Jeremiah: The Additions | url=https://archive.org/details/danielestherjere00tari | series=The Anchor Bible | location=Garden City, NY | publisher=Doubleday & Company | isbn=0-385-04702-9 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Neusner | first=Jacob | year=1994 | title=Introduction to Rabbinic Literature | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontora0000neus | series=The Anchor Bible Reference Library | location=New York | publisher=Doubleday | isbn=0-385-47093-2 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Patterson | first=Richard D. | year=2003 | title=An Exegetical Commentary: Nahum, Habbakuk, Zephaniah | publisher=Biblical Studies Press | url=http://bible.org/series/exegetical-commentary-nahum-habakkuk-zephaniah | isbn=0-7375-0019-0 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Pusey | first=E. B. | authorlink= Edward Bouverie Pusey | year=1950 | origyear=First published 1860 | title=The Minor Prophets: A Commentary | volume=2 | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Baker Book House | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Robertson | first=O. Palmer | year=1990 | title=The Books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah | url=https://archive.org/details/booksofnahumhaba0000robe | series=The New International Commentary on the Old Testament | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans | isbn=978-0-8028-2532-2 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Ralph L. | year=1984 | chapter=Habakkuk | title=Micah–Malachi | series=Word Biblical Commentary | volume=32 | location=Waco, TX | publisher=Words Books | isbn=0-8499-0231-2 | pages=92–117 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last=Széles | first=Mária Eszenyei | year=1987 | title=Wrath and Mercy: A Commentary on the Books of Habakkuk and Zephaniah | others=trans. George A. F. Knight | series=International Theological Commentary | location=Grand Rapids, MI | publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans | isbn=0-8028-0242-7 | ref=harv }} * {{cite journal | last1=Walker | first1=H. H. | last2=Lund | first2=N. W. | year=1934 | title=The literary structure of the book of Habakkuk | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biblical-literature_1934-12_53_4/page/355 | journal=Journal of Biblical Literature | volume=53 | issue=4 | pages=355–370 | lastauthoramp=y | ref={{sfnref|Walker|Lund|1934}} }} * {{cite book | editor=Whelpton, George | year=1916 | chapter=song 279 | title=The Church Hymnal | url=https://archive.org/details/churchhymnalabo00whelgoog | location=New York | publisher=The Century Co | ref={{sfnref|Whelpton|1916}} }} * {{cite book | editor=Wiegand, John P. | year=1992 | chapter=song 685 | title=Praise for the Lord | url=https://archive.org/details/praiseforlord0000wieg | location=Nashville, TN | publisher=Praise Press | isbn=0-89098-119-1 | ref={{sfnref|Wiegland|1992}} }} * {{cite book | last1=Wise | first1=Michael | last2=Abegg | first2=Martin, Jr. | last3=Cook |first3=Edward | year=1996 | title=The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060692001 | location=San Francisco | publisher=HarperSanFrancisco | isbn=0-06-069200-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060692001/page/114 114]–122 | lastauthoramp=y | ref={{sfnref|Wise|Abegg|Cook|1996}} }} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/habakkuk The Commentary on Habakkuk Scroll], ''The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls'', hosted by the [[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem. * [http://www.powerofchange.org/storage/docs/habakkuk_intro.pdf A Brief Introduction to The Prophecy of Habakkuk for Contemporary Readers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.powerofchange.org/storage/docs/habakkuk_intro.pdf |date=20111009182923 }} (Christian Perspective) * [http://www.ibs.org/niv/studybible/habakkuk.php Introduction to the book of Habakkuk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ibs.org/niv/studybible/habakkuk.php |date=20080801154610 }} from the [[NIV Study Bible]] {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Habakuki}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa karne ya 7 KK]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Israeli]] [[Category:Manabii wa Agano la Kale]] e8wrx2p8pkl9w78cscqkt1uh0a4bc0l 0 23353 1545374 1532761 2026-05-17T22:24:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545374 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Ezekiel.jpg|thumb|300px|Nabii Ezekieli alivyochorwa na [[Michelangelo]] katika [[Cappella Sistina]], [[Vatikani]].]] '''Nabii Ezekieli''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]] '''יְחֶזְקֵאל''', '''Y'ḥez'qel''') ni mmojawapo kati ya [[manabii]] muhimu zaidi wa [[Israeli]] katika [[Agano la Kale]]. Alifanya kazi miaka [[592 KK|592]]-[[570 KK|570]] hivi [[K.K.]], kadiri ya [[ushahidi]] wa [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli|kitabu]] chake. Habari zake tunazipata katika [[kitabu]] hicho tu, anapotajwa kwa [[jina]] mara tatu, kumbe kwa kawaida [[Mungu]] anamuita “[[Mwana wa Adamu|binadamu]]”. [[Mtoto|Mwana]] wa [[kuhani]] Buzì, wakati wa [[Uhamisho wa Babeli]], alijaliwa [[njozi]] iliyomuonyesha [[utukufu]] wa [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] na, kisha kufanywa [[mlinzi]] wa Waisraeli, alilaumu [[uasi]] wa [[taifa]] hilo teule, alitabiri maangamizi ya karibuni ya [[mji]] mtakatifu, [[Yerusalemu]], na [[uhamisho]] wa wakazi wake. Akiwa kati yao, alidumisha [[tumaini]] lao, akitabiri kwamba [[Mfupa|mifupa]] yao iliyokauka kabisa itafufuliwa kuwa na [[uhai]] mpya<ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/49200</ref>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama [[mtakatifu]], hasa [[tarehe]] [[23 Julai]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref><ref>https://catholicsaints.info/ezekiel-the-prophet/</ref>. ==Mazingira yake== Polepole [[Wayahudi]] waliohamishiwa [[Babeli]] waliweza kujitafutia [[kazi]] (kwanza [[kilimo]], halafu [[biashara]]), wakafaulu sana, hata wengine wakawa [[Mtumishi|watumishi]] wa [[serikali]]. Lakini upande wa [[dini]] walikuwa [[hatari|hatarini]], kwa sababu [[imani]] ya Mwisraeli inategemea taifa, nchi na [[hekalu]] ambavyo vyote vilikuwa vimeharibika. Kwa ajili yao [[Mungu]] akatuma tena manabii, hasa Ezekieli ambaye anaonekana kuwa alihamishwa tangu mwaka [[598 KK]]. Kabla hajahamishwa aliweza kumfahamu [[Yeremia]], na kweli aliathiriwa na [[ujumbe]] wake ambao aliuunga [[mkono]] na kuuendeleza. ==Kazi yake== Alifanya [[unabii]] wake hukohuko uhamishoni, ingawa [[ujumbe]] wake uliwalenga waliobaki [[Yudea|Yuda]] pia. Kwanza aliwatolea maneno ya hukumu ili [[toba|watubu]] kabla hawajaangamia, lakini baadaye akawapa maneno ya [[faraja]] wasikate tamaa. Katika kuwahakikishia kuwa wataanza upya nchini kwao aliwapa maelekezo yote kwa ajili hiyo. Kwa namna ya pekee, akiwa kuhani, kama vile Yeremia, katika kitabu chake alishughulika sana na hekalu na mambo ya ibada. Upande mwingine alianzisha mtindo mpya wa unabii ambao unaitwa wa Kiapokaliptiko (kilele chake ni Ufunuo wa Yohane) na ambao hauhusu tena matukio madogomadogo ya siasa, bali kwa njozi za ajabuajabu unaonyesha maana ya historia yote mpaka mwisho. [[Njozi]] 4 anazozisimulia kinaganaga na zisizosahaulika ([[utukufu]] wa Mungu kuhama [[hekalu]], utukufu huo kurudi hekaluni, hekalu kutokwa na [[maji]] yenye uwezo wa kuponya hata [[Bahari ya Kifo]], hatimaye mifupa mikavu kusimama na kuishi tena) zinachukua nafasi kubwa katika kitabu chake na kwa mafumbo yake yanavutia [[ubunifu]] wetu ujitahidi kuelewa yaliyofichika katika mifano, [[tarakimu]], [[rangi]] n.k. [[Dini ya Kiyahudi]] mpaka leo inategemea sana [[kazi]] aliyoifanya Ezekieli ya kukazia utekelezaji wa [[Torati]] hata pasipo [[uhuru wa kisiasa]]. Muhimu kwake ni kwamba Wayahudi popote walipo wamtukuze Mungu kwa kufuata [[sheria]] yake. Tena alitabiri kuwa Mungu tu atawawezesha kufanya hivyo kwa kugeuza mioyo yao migumu kama mawe yadunde kama ile ya [[nyama]], au vizuri zaidi kwa kuwatia [[moyo]] mpya na [[roho]] mpya wazishike [[amri]] zake (11:17-20; 36:26). Mungu atawaokoa kabla hawajatubu ili jina lake litukuzwe katika watu wake: wokovu anaouleta hautegemei matendo mema ya binadamu, bali muungano wa Mungu na wale walioitwa kwa jina lake (16:58-63). Hakuna kitabu kinachosisitiza utukufu wa Mungu kuliko hicho. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite journal|last=Broome|first=Edwin C., Jr.|title=Ezekiel's Abnormal Personality|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biblical-literature_1946-09_65_3/page/277|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature|year=1946|month=Septemba|volume=65|pages=277–292}} * {{cite book|last=Eissfeldt|first=Otto|title=The Old Testament: An Introduction|year=1965|publisher=Blackwell|location=Oxford|others=Peter Ackroyd, trans}} * {{cite book|last=Gottwald|first=Norman K.|title=The Hebrew Bible : a socio-literary introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/hebrewbibleasoci0000gott|year=1985|publisher=Fortress Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=0-8006-0853-4}} * {{cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Moshe|title=Ezekiel 1–20 : a new translation with introduction and commentary|url=https://archive.org/details/ezekiel120newtra0022unse|year=1983|publisher=Doubleday|location=Garden City, NY|isbn=0-385-00954-2}} * {{cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Moshe|title=Ezekiel 21–37 : a new translation with introdution and commentary|url=https://archive.org/details/ezekiel2137newtr0022mosh|year=1997|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|isbn=0-385-18200-7}} * {{cite book|last=Klein|first=Ralph W.|title=Ezekiel : the prophet and his message|url=https://archive.org/details/ezekielprophethi0000klei|year=1988|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|location=Columbia, SC|isbn=0-87249-553-1}} ===Marejeo ya Kiislamu=== * Ibn Kutayba, ''K. al-Ma'arif'' ed. S. Ukasha, 51 * Tabari, [[History of the Prophets and Kings]], 2, 53–54 * Tabari, ''Tafsir'', V, 266 (old ed. ii, 365) * Masudi, ''Murudj'', i, 103ff. * ''K. al-Badwa l-tarikh'', iii, 4/5 and 98/100, ''Ezechiel'' * Abdullah Yusuf Ali, ''Holy Qur'an: Translation and Commentary'', Note. 2473 (cf. index: ''Ezekiel'') == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05737b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article] * [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102064 Prophet Ezekiel] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]] * [http://ezek.org/ Ezek.org] {{Wayback|url=http://ezek.org/ |date=20120819161538 }}: The Seraphic Order Auxiliary {{mbegu-mtu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa karne ya 7 KK]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki karne ya 6 KK]] [[Category:Watu wa Biblia|E]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Israeli|E]] [[Jamii:Manabii wa Agano la Kale|E]] [[Jamii:Manabii katika Uislamu|E]] 2jh1mrduymszs5tmb7flc0deog2esg7 0 25228 1545402 249172 2026-05-18T00:09:35Z Xqbot 1852 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Marekani]] to [[United States of America]] 1545402 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[United States of America]] nvnh7wpe0c5i00goefh6jrlswut0rha 1545536 1545402 2026-05-18T08:53:30Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[United States of America]] to [[Marekani]] 1545536 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Marekani]] t9bo61ndd9f58v1sgdn3got3djgv1p4 0 29261 1545403 293449 2026-05-18T00:09:40Z Xqbot 1852 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Marekani]] to [[United States of America]] 1545403 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[United States of America]] nvnh7wpe0c5i00goefh6jrlswut0rha 1545532 1545403 2026-05-18T08:52:46Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[United States of America]] to [[Marekani]] 1545532 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Marekani]] t9bo61ndd9f58v1sgdn3got3djgv1p4 0 35059 1545317 1518689 2026-05-17T21:17:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Woher kommen wir Wer sind wir Wohin gehen wir.jpg|thumb|right|355px|''Tumetoka Wapi? Sisi ni Nani? Tunakwenda Wapi?''<br />Mmojawapo kati ya michoro maarufu ya msanii [[Paul Gauguin]] wa kipindi cha baada ya [[uimpreshonisti]].]] '''Maana ya maisha''' ni mojawapo kati ya ma[[suala]] makuu kuhusu [[thamani]], [[madhumuni]] na umuhimu wa [[binadamu]] kuwepo [[duniani]] na wa [[maisha]] kwa jumla. Suala hilo linaweza kujitokeza katika ma[[swali]] mengi tofauti yanayohusiana, kama vile ''Mbona tumekuwepo?'', ''Maisha yanahusu nini?'' na ''Ni nini maana ya haya yote?'' Binadamu anajiuliza maswali kama hayo hasa anapokabiliana na [[kifo]], kwa mfano [[msiba]] wa [[ndugu]] au [[rafiki]]. Limekuwa suala kuu la [[udadisi]] wa [[sayansi]], [[falsafa]] na [[teolojia]] tangu zamani. Kumekuwa na [[idadi]] kubwa ya majibu kwa maswali hayo kutoka asili mbalimbali ki[[itikadi]] na ki[[utamaduni]]. Maana ya maisha imechanganyikana kwa undani na [[dhana]] za falsafa na [[imani]] za [[dini]] na hugusia masuala mengine mengi, kama vile [[ontolojia]], [[tunu]], [[kusudi]], [[maadili]], [[hiari]], uwepo wa [[Mungu]], [[roho]], na kinachoendelea baada ya maisha haya kwisha. Michango ya sayansi kawaida ni ya moja kwa moja na inaeleza [[uhalisia]] kutokana na mambo yanayopimika kuhusu [[ulimwengu]]; sayansi inatoa [[muktadha]] na mipaka kwa mazungumzo kuhusu [[mada]] zinazohusika. Mbadala ni mtazamo wa kifalsafa unaokabili swali: "Ni nini maana ya maisha 'yangu'?" Thamani ya swali linalohusu kusudi la maisha huweza kuwiana na kuupata [[ukweli]] wa mwisho, au [[hisia]] za [[umoja]] na [[utakatifu]]. ==Maswali na marejeo yake== [[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 038-crop.jpg|thumb|150px|right|''Mwanafalsafa akitafakari'' alivyochorwa na [[msanii]] [[Rembrandt]].]] Maswali kuhusu maana ya maisha yameulizwa kwa njia mbalimbali zenye upana, yakiwemo yafuatayo: *Maana ya maisha ni nini? Nini maana ya haya yote? Sisi ni nani? <ref name="Westphal">{{cite book |author=Jonathan Westphal |title=Philosophical Propositions: An Introduction to Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophicalpro0000west |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=0415170532}}</ref><ref name="Nozick">{{cite book |author=[[Robert Nozick]] |title=[[Philosophical Explanations]] |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1981 |isbn=0674664795}}</ref><ref name="Jewell">{{cite book |author=Albert Jewell |title=Ageing, Spirituality and Well-Being |publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=184310167X}}</ref><ref name="WITMOL">{{cite web |title=Question of the Month: What Is The Meaning Of Life? |work=[[Philosophy Now]] |publisher=Issue 59 |url=http://www.philosophynow.org/issue59/59question.htm |accessdate=2007-07-26}}</ref><ref name="Yeffeth">{{cite book |author=Glenn Yeffeth |title=The Anthology at the End of the Universe: Leading Science Fiction Authors on Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy |url=https://archive.org/details/anthologyatendof0000unse |publisher=BenBella Books, Inc |year=2005 |isbn=1932100563}}</ref><ref name="Seaman">{{cite book |author=David Seaman |title=The Real Meaning of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/realmeaningoflif0000unse |publisher=New World Library |year=2005 |isbn=1577315146}}</ref><ref name="Baggini">{{cite book |author=[[Julian Baggini]] |title=What's It All About? Philosophy and the Meaning of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/whatsitallaboutp0000bagg |publisher=Granta Books |month=Septemba | year=2004 |location=USA |isbn=1862076618}} </ref> *Kwa nini tumekuwepo? Sababu ya sisi kuwa hapa ni nini? <ref name="Baggini" /><ref name="Thiemann & Placher">{{cite book |author=[[Ronald F. Thiemann]]; William Carl Placher |title=Why Are We Here?: Everyday Questions and the Christian Life |url=https://archive.org/details/whyarewehereever0000unse |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=1998 |isbn=1563382369}}</ref><ref name="Marcellino">{{cite book |author=Dennis Marcellino |title=Why Are We Here?: The Scientific Answer to this Age-old Question (that you don't need to be a scientist to understand) |publisher=Lighthouse Pub |year=1996 |isbn=0945272103}}</ref><ref name="Curtiss">{{cite book |author=F. Homer Curtiss |title=Why Are We Here |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=0766138992}}</ref><ref name="Badke">{{cite book |author= William B. Badke |title=The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Meaning of Everything |url= https://archive.org/details/hitchhikersguide00badk |publisher=Kregel Publications |year=2005 |isbn=0825420695}}</ref><ref name="Hua">{{cite book |author=Hsuan Hua |title=Words of Wisdom: Beginning Buddhism |publisher=Dharma Realm Buddhist Association |year=2003 |isbn=0881393029}}</ref> *Asili ya [[uhai]] ni nini? <ref name="Davies">{{cite book |author=[[Paul Davies]] |title=The Fifth Miracle: The Search for the Origin and Meaning of Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=Machi 2000 |url=http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?tab=1&pid=410133 |accessdate=2007-07-26 |isbn=0-684-86309-X}}</ref><ref name="Fadul">{{cite book |author=[[Jose Fadul]] |title=Lessons in Chess, Lessons in Life: Application of the Psychology of the Game in Real Life |publisher=Lulu Press |date= 2008 |isbn=978-0-557-02158-1}}</ref> *Hali ya maisha ni nini? Ukweli ni nini? <ref name="Davies" /><ref name="Christiansen & Baum & Bass-Haugen">{{cite book |author=Charles Christiansen; Carolyn Manville Baum; Julie Bass-Haugen |title=Occupational Therapy: Performance, Participation, and Well-Being |url=https://archive.org/details/occupationalther0000unse_n5j8 |publisher=SLACK Incorporated |year=2005 |isbn=1556425309}}</ref><ref name="Walker">{{cite book |author=[[Evan Harris Walker]] |title=The Physics of Consciousness: The Quantum Mind and the Meaning of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/physicsofconscio0000walk |publisher=Perseus Books |year=2000 |isbn=0738204366}}</ref> * Madhumuni ya maisha ya mtu ni nini? <ref name="WITMOL" /><ref name="Baggini" /><ref name="Christiansen & Baum & Bass-Haugen" /><ref name="warren">{{cite book |author=[[Rick Warren]] |title=[[The Purpose Driven Life|The Purpose Driven Life: What on Earth Am I Here For?]] |publisher=Zondervan |year=2002 |isbn=0310255252}}</ref><ref name="Krishnamurti">{{cite book |author=[[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] |title=What Are You Doing With Your Life? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatareyoudoingw0000kris |publisher=Krishnamurti Foundation of America |year=2001 |isbn=188800424X}}</ref> *Maana ya maisha ni nini? <ref name="Krishnamurti" /> *Cha maana na cha thamani maishani ni nini? <ref name="Fadul" /><ref name="UIUC">{{cite web |last=Puolimatka |first=Tapio |coauthors=Airaksinen, Timo |title=Education and the Meaning of Life |work=Philosophy of Education |publisher=[[University of Helsinki]] |date=2002 |url=http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/2001/tapio%2001.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-07-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926154148/http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/2001/tapio%2001.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-26 }}</ref> *Thamani ya maisha ni nini? <ref name="Fadul" /><ref name="Van Hooft">{{cite book |author=Stan Van Hooft |title=Life, Death, and Subjectivity: Moral Sources in Bioethics |url=https://archive.org/details/lifedeathsubject0000hoof |publisher=Rodopi |year=2004 |isbn=9042019123}}</ref> *Sababu ya kuishi ni nini? Kwa nini tunaishi? <ref name="Hua" /><ref name="Fadul" /><ref name="Shafer-Landau & Cuneo">{{cite book |author=Russ Shafer-Landau; Terence Cuneo |title=Foundations of Ethics: An Anthology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=1405129514}}</ref> ==Uchunguzi wa kisayansi== [[File:DNA Overview.png|thumb|left|140px|[[DNA]] ambayo ina maelekezo ya ki[[jenitikia]] kwa ajili ya [[maendeleo]] na [[utendaji]] wa [[uhai|viumbe hai vyote]].]] Kwamba [[sayansi]] inaweza kutusaidia kuelewa zaidi masuala ya msingi (kama vile maana ya maisha) inazua mabishano mengi katika jamii za sayansi na [[falsafa ya sayansi]]. Hata hivyo, sayansi inaweza kutupa muktadha fulani na huyaweka mipaka kadhaa mazungumzo kuhusu mada kama hizo. ===Umuhimu wa kisaikolojia na thamani katika maisha=== Sayansi huenda ikashindwa kutuambia nini ni cha thamani maishani, lakini baadhi ya [[fani]] zake hugusia maswali yanayohusiana: watafiti katika [[saikolojia chanya]] hutafuta sababu zinazoleta hali ya ndani ya 'kuridhika na maisha',<ref>E. Diener, J.J. Sapyta, E. Suh (1998). "Subjective Well-Being Is Essential to Well-Being." ''Psychological Inquiry'', Lawrence Earlbaum</ref> kujihusisha kikamilifu katika shughuli,<ref>Csíkszentmihályi, Mihály (1990). ''Flow: The Balls of Optimal Experience''. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-092043-2.</ref> kutoa mchango mkubwa zaidi kwa kutumia [[vipawa]] vya binafsi,<ref>Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin (2004). ''Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516701-5.</ref><ref>Seligman, M.E.P. (2002). ''Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment.'' New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-2297-0 (Paperback edition, 2004, Free Press, ISBN 0-7432-2298-9)</ref>n.k. Aina moja ya mfumo wa thamani iliyopendekezwa na [[wataalamu]] wa [[elimunafsia ya jamii]], iitwayo kwa upana "Nadharia ya Kupambana na Mambo ya Kutisha", inasema kwamba maana yote ya binadamu inatokana na [[hofu]] ya msingi ya [[kifo]], ambapo maadili yanachaguliwa yanapotusaidia kuepukana na kumbukumbu ya kifo. [[Sayansi]] ya [[nyurolojia]] imetunga [[nadharia]] ya [[malipo]], [[raha]] na [[msukumo]] katika masuala ya ki[[mwili]] kama shughuli za kupitisha [[ujumbe za kinyuro]]. Ikiwa mtu anaamini kwamba maana ya maisha ni kufanya raha ziwe nyingi iwezekanavyo, basi nadharia zinatoa [[utabiri]] unaozidi kuongezeka, kuhusu jinsi ya kufanya ili kufanikisha hilo. [[Somo la kijamii]] linapima thamani katika ngazi ya kijamii kwa kubuni nadharia kama vile nadharia ya thamani kanuni n.k. ===Asili na hali ya maisha kibiolojia=== Nadharia ya [[mageuko ya spishi]] haijaribu kuelezea asili ya [[uhai]], bali [[mchakato]] ambao viumbe tofauti vimepitia katika kipindi chote cha [[historia]] ya [[dunia]] kupitia [[mabadiliko ya ghafla ya kijenetikia]] na [[uteuzi wa kiasili]]<ref>[[Charles Darwin]] (1859). ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''.</ref> Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], kwa kuzingatia ufahamu wa mabadiliko ya [[viumbehai]] unaotegemea [[jeni]] hasa, [[wanabiolojia]] [[George C. Williams]], [[Richard Dawkins]], [[David Haig]] na wengineo, walihitimisha kwamba ikiwa kuna kazi msingi ya maisha, ni kujinakilisha kwa [[DNA]] na kuendelea kuwa hai kwa jeni za mtu.<ref name="Dawkins selfish gene">{{cite book |author=[[Richard Dawkins]] |title=[[The Selfish Gene]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1976 |isbn=019857519X}}</ref><ref name="Dawkins river">{{cite book |author=[[Richard Dawkins]] |title=[[River out of Eden]] |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=0-465-06990-8}}</ref> Ingawa [[wanasayansi]] wameyachunguza maisha yalivyo [[duniani]], kuyafafanua bayana bado ni changamoto.<ref>[http://www.astrobio.net/news/article226 Astrobiology Magazine: Defining Life]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html |title=Defining Life, Explaining Emergence<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2010-01-15 |archivedate=2012-03-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314095044/http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Schrödinger | first = Erwin | title = What is Life? | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1944 | isbn = 0-521-42708-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Margulis | first = Lynn | coauthors = Sagan, Dorion | title = What is Life? | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-520-22021-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Lovelock | first = James | title = Gaia – a New Look at Life on Earth | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-19-286218-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Avery | first = John | title = Information Theory and Evolution | url = https://archive.org/details/informationtheor0000aver | publisher = World Scientific | year = 2003 | isbn = 9812383999}}</ref> [[Wanabiolojia]] kwa jumla wanakubaliana kwamba viumbe mbalimbali ni mifumo inayojipanga inayosimamia mazingira ya ndani ili kudumisha hali hii ya mpango, shughuli za kimetaboli hutumika kutoa nishati, na [[uzazi]] unaruhusu uhai kuendelea kwa vizazi vingi. Kwa kawaida, [[umbile]] huwa sikivu kwa [[uchochezi]] na habari za kijenetikia, hivyo huelekea kubadilika kutoka [[kizazi]] hadi kizazi ili kuruhusu marekebisho kupitia mabadiliko ya mwili. Sifa hizo huongeza nafasi ya kuishi ya kiumbe binafsi na wazao wake kwa mtiririko huo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.una.edu/pdavis/BI%20101/Overview%20Fall%202004.htm |title=How to Define Life |accessdate=2008-10-17 |last=Davison |first=Paul G. |publisher=The University of North Alabama |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101024755/http://www2.una.edu/pdavis/BI%20101/Overview%20Fall%202004.htm |archivedate=2008-11-01 }}</ref><ref>Witzany, G. (2007). The Logos of the Bios 2. Bio-Communication. Helsinki, Umweb.</ref> Viwakala visivyokuwa vya [[seli]] vinavyozaana, hasa [[virusi]], kwa jumla havitazamwi kama viumbehai kwa sababu haviwezi kuzaana kwa "kujitegemea" au kuendesha shughuli za kimetaboliki. [[Pambano]] hilo ni tatizo, ingawa baadhi ya [[vimelea]] na visimbayonti vya ndani ya mwili pia vinaweza kuishi kwa kujitegemea. [[Astrobiolojia]] inajihusisha na uwezekano wa kuwa na aina tofauti ya [[viumbe hai]] katika [[ulimwengu]] mwingine, kama vile miundo ya kujinakilisha kutoka vifaa vingine visivyo DNA. ===Asili na hatima ya ulimwengu=== [[File:CMB Timeline300 no WMAP.jpg|right|268px|thumb|[[Upanuzi wa kimetriki wa nafasi]]. Enzi ya kupanda ni kupanuka kwa kivuto cha kimetriki kilichoko upande wa kushoto.]] Ingawa dhana ya [[Mlipuko mkuu]] ilipotolewa mara ya kwanza ilipambana na [[shaka]] kwa wingi, pia kutokana na uhusiano na imani ya dini ya [[uumbaji]], baadaye imekuja kuungwa mkono na [[uchunguzi]] kadhaa wa kujitegemea.<ref>{{cite book | author = Helge Kragh | title = Cosmology and Controversy | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1996 | isbn=069100546X}}</ref> Hata hivyo, [[fizikia]] ya sasa inaweza kuelezea tu ulimwengu ulivyokuwa mapema, [[sekunde]] 10 baada ya kutokea. [[Wanafizikia]] wengi wamedadisi nini inaweza kuwa imetangulia, na jinsi ulimwengu ulivyoanza.<ref name="Prantzos & Lyle">{{cite book |author=Nikos Prantzos; Stephen Lyle |title=Our Cosmic Future: Humanity's Fate in the Universe |url=https://archive.org/details/ourcosmicfutureh0000pran |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=052177098X}}</ref> Baadhi ya wanafizikia hudhani kuwa Mlipuko mkuu ulitokea kwa [[bahati]] tu, pamoja na uwepo wa ulimwengu maridhawa.<ref name="Edwards">{{cite book |author=Rem B. Edwards |title=What Caused the Big Bang? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatcausedbigban0000edwa |publisher=Rodopi |year=2001 |isbn=9042014075}}</ref> Hata hivyo, haijalishi jinsi ulimwengu ulivyokuja kuwepo, hatima ya binadamu katika ulimwengu huu ni [[maangamizi]] kwani - hata kama ubinadamu utaishi muda mrefu - uhai wa kibiolojia hatimaye yatashindwa kujiendeleza.<ref name="Prantzos & Lyle" /> ===Maswali ya sayansi kuhusu akili=== Hali ya kweli na asili ya [[fahamu]] na [[akili]] yenyewe pia vinajadiliwa sana katika sayansi. Suala la [[hiari]] pia linaonekana kuwa na umuhimu wa msingi. Masuala hayo hupatikana zaidi katika nyanja za [[sayansi koginitivu]], [[nyurolojia]] na [[falsafa ya akili]], ingawa baadhi ya wanabiolojia wa [[maendeleo ya uhai]] na [[wanafizikia wa kinadharia]] pia wameliashiria sana suala hilo.<ref name="Whitehouse">{{cite book |author=Harvey Whitehouse |title=The Debated Mind: Evolutionary Psychology Versus Ethnography |publisher=Berg Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=1859734278}}</ref><ref name="Gray">{{cite book |author=[[Jeffrey Alan Gray]] |title=Consciousness: Creeping Up on the Hard Problem |url=https://archive.org/details/conciousnesscree0000jeff |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0198520905}}</ref><ref name="Barrow, Davies, Harper">{{cite book |author=[[John D. Barrow]]; [[Paul Davies|Paul C. W. Davies]]; Charles L. Harper |title=Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology and Complexity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=052183113X}}</ref><ref name="Barrow, Davies, Harper" /> mara nyingi zikijumuisha idadi kubwa ya mitazamo ya ziada.<ref name="Millay, Heinze">{{cite book |author=Jean Millay; Ruth-Inge Heinze |title=Multidimensional Mind: Remote Viewing in Hyperspace |url=https://archive.org/details/multidimensional0000mill |publisher=North Atlantic Books |year=1999 |isbn=1556433069}}</ref> [[File:Ascent of the Blessed.jpg|125px|right|thumb|''Kuinuka kwa Watakatifu'' ni [[picha]] iliyochorwa na [[msanii]] [[Hieronymus Bosch]]. Inaonyesha sehemu inayofanana na [[pango]] lenye [[mwanga]] na watu wa kiroho, mara nyingi hutajwa katika ripoti za waliokikaribia kifo.]] Mbinu nyingine, kwa vile Mfano wa Rasimu Nyingi, hudai kwamba fahamu inaweza kuelezwa kikamilifu na nyurolojia, kupitia utendaji kazi wa [[ubongo]] na [[nyuroni]] zake.<ref name="Gray" /><ref name="Churchland">{{cite book |author=[[Paul Churchland|Paul M. Churchland]] |title=A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science |publisher= MIT Press |year=1989 |isbn=0262531062}}</ref><ref name="Dennett">{{cite book |author=[[Daniel Dennett|Daniel Clement Dennett]] |title=[[Consciousness Explained]] |publisher=Little, Brown and Co. |year=1991 |isbn=0316180661}}</ref> Nadharia za [[sumakuumeme]] za fahamu zinasema eneo la sumakuumeme linalotokana na [[ubongo]] ndilo hasa linalobeba [[fahamu zoefu]]. Hata hivyo kuna kutokubaliana kuhusu kutekelezwa kwa nadharia kama hiyo inayohusu utendaji kazi kwingine kwa akili.<ref>J. McFadden (2002) "[http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/news/electromagnetic-field-theory-of-consciousness.htm Synchronous Firing and Its Influence on the Brain's Electromagnetic Field: Evidence for an Electromagnetic Field Theory of Consciousness] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/news/electromagnetic-field-theory-of-consciousness.htm |date=20051218171922 }}". ''Journal of Consciousness Studies'' '''9''' (4) pp. 23-50.</ref><ref name="Buccheri & Di Gesù & Saniga">{{cite book |author=R. Buccheri; V. Di Gesù; Metod Saniga |title=Studies on the Structure of Time: From Physics to Psycho(patho)logy |publisher=Springer |year=2000 |isbn=030646439X}}</ref> Nadharia za akili za ki[[kwontamu]] hutumia [[nadharia ya kwontamu]] kuelezea baadhi ya sifa za akili. <ref name="Bohm & Hiley">{{cite book |author=[[David Bohm]]; Basil J. Hiley |title=The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory |publisher=Routledge |year=1993 |isbn=0415065887}}</ref><ref name="Bruce">{{cite book |author=Alexandra Bruce |title=Beyond the Bleep: The Definitive Unauthorized Guide to What the Bleep Do We Know!? |url=https://archive.org/details/beyondbleep00alex |publisher=The Disinformation Company |year=2005 |isbn=1932857222}}</ref><ref name="Bohm & Hiley" /><ref name="Libet, Freeman, Sutherland">{{cite book |author=Benjamin Libet; Anthony Freeman; Keith Sutherland |title=The Volitional Brain: Towards a Neuroscience of Free Will |url=https://archive.org/details/volitionalbraint0000unse |publisher=Imprint Academic |year=1999 |isbn=0907845118}}</ref> Ikitegemea hoja ya maelezo ya akili yasiyoweza kugusika, baadhi ya watu wamependekeza uwepo wa [[fahamu ya kikosmiki]], wakidai kwamba fahamu kwa kweli ndiyo "msingi wa yote kuwepo".<ref name="Walker"/><ref name="Bruce" /><ref name="Ho">{{cite book |author=[[Mae-Wan Ho]] |title=The Rainbow and the Worm: The Physics of Organisms |url=https://archive.org/details/rainbowwormphysi0000maew |publisher=World Scientific |year=1998 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rainbowwormphysi0000maew/page/218 218]–231 |isbn=9810234279}}</ref> Wanaounga mkono mtazamo huo wanaelezea matukio yasiyo ya kawaida, hasa uwezo wa kuhisi usio wa kawaida na uwezo wa kuyasoma mawazo, kama [[ushahidi]] wa uwepo wa fahamu ya juu isiyoeleweka. Ili kuthibitisha uwepo wa mambo hayo yasiyo ya kawaida, wana[[elimunafsia]] wa mambo yasiyo ya kawaida wamefanya ma[[jaribio]] mbalimbali. Uchambuzi unaoangalia mambo yote yaliyopo unaonyesha kuwa [[asilimia]] ya wenye nguvu zisizo za kawaida (ingawa ndogo sana) imebaki thabiti.<ref name=Radnin97>{{cite book |last=Radin |first=Dean |authorlink = |title=The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena |url=https://archive.org/details/consciousunivers00radi_0 |publisher=HarperSanFrancisco |year=1997 |isbn=0062515020}}</ref> Ingawa baadhi ya [[wachambuzi wakosoaji]] wanahisi somo la [[elimunafsia isiyo ya kawaida]] kuwa sayansi, hawaridhishwi na matokeo ya majaribio yake.<ref name=Alcock03>{{cite journal |last=Alcock |first=James E. |authorlink= |coauthors=Jahn, Robert G. |title=Give the Null Hypothesis a Chance |journal=Journal of Consciousness Studies |volume=10 |issue=6-7 |pages=29–50 |year=2003 |url=http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/Alcock-editorial.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-07-30 |archive-date=2007-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810173433/http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/Alcock-editorial.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=Hyman>{{cite journal |last=Hyman |first=Ray |title=Evaluation of the program on anomalous mental phenomena |journal=The Journal of Parapsychology |volume=59 |issue=1 |year=1995 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n4_v59/ai_18445600 |accessdate=2007-07-30 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709142606/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n4_v59/ai_18445600/ |archivedate=2012-07-09 |=https://archive.today/20120709142606/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n4_v59/ai_18445600/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Wanaochunguza mambo haya upya, wanabaki na [[wasiwasi]] kwamba matokeo yanayoonekana kuwa na mafanikio huenda yakawa yanatokana na [[utaratibu]] mbaya, na watafiti wasiokuwa na mafunzo ya kutosha, au mbinu hafifu.<ref name=Akers>{{cite paper |author=Akers, C. |title=Methodological Criticisms of Parapsychology, Advances in Parapsychological Research 4 |publisher=PesquisaPSI |year=1986 |url=http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances4/7_Methodological_Criticisms.html |accessdate=2007-07-30 |journal= |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223348/http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances4/7_Methodological_Criticisms.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite paper |author=Child, I.L. |title=Criticism in Experimental Parapsychology, Advances in Parapsychological Research 5 |publisher=PesquisaPSI |year=1987 |url=http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances5/6_Criticism_in_Experimental.html |accessdate=2007-07-30 |journal= |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223410/http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/advances5/6_Criticism_in_Experimental.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Wiseman |first=Richard |authorlink= |coauthors=Smith, Matthew, et al. |title=Exploring possible sender-to-experimenter acoustic leakage in the PRL autoganzfeld experiments - Psychophysical Research Laboratories |journal=The Journal of Parapsychology |year=1996 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n2_v60/ai_18960809 |accessdate=2007-07-30 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709230555/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2320/is_n2_v60/ai_18960809/ |archivedate=2012-07-09 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lobach |first=E. |coauthors=Bierman, D. |title=The Invisible Gaze: Three Attempts to Replicate Sheldrake's Staring Effects |work=Proceedings of the 47th PA Convention |url=http://www.parapsych.org/papers/07.pdf |year=2004 |pages=77–90 |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-07-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810173433/https://www.parapsych.org/papers/07.pdf |archivedate=2007-08-10 }}</ref> ==Mitazamo ya kifalsafa== Mitazamo ya falsafa kuhusu maana ya maisha ni [[itikadi]] ambazo huelezea maisha kupitia suala la maadili au dhana zinazofafanuliwa na binadamu. ===Falsafa za Kale za Ugiriki=== [[File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|thumb|160px|right|Plato na Aristotle katika ''[[Shule ya Athene]]'', [[mchoro wa ukutani]] wa [[msanii]] [[Raffaello]].]] ====Uplato==== [[Plato]] alikuwa mmoja wa [[wanafalsafa]] wa mwanzo, na mwenye ushawishi mwingi hadi leo, hasa kwa uhalisia kuhusu uwepo wa malimwengu. Katika [[Nadharia ya Maumbo]], malimwengu hayapo kimwili, lakini yapo katika maumbo ya ki[[mbingu]]. Katika ''[[Jamhuri ya Plato|Jamhuri]]'' mazungumzo ya [[mhusika]] wa [[mwalimu]] wake [[Sokrates]] yanaelezea Umbo la Zuri, jambo la kimaadili, hali kamili ya [[uzuri]], hivyo basi kipimo cha ujumla cha [[haki]]. Katika falsafa ya Plato, maana ya maisha ni kufikia umbo la juu zaidi la [[elimu]], ambalo ni Umbo la Zuri, ambapo mambo yote mema na ya haki yanatoa umuhimu na thamani. Binadamu wana [[wajibu]] wa kuyatekeleza mazuri, lakini hakuna yeyote anayeweza kufanikiwa katika [[harakati]] hiyo bila fikira za kifalsafa, ambazo zinaruhusu elimu ya kweli. ====Uaristoteli==== [[Aristotle]], [[mwanafunzi]] wa [[Plato]], alikuwa mwanafalsafa mwingine wa mapema, mwenye ushawishi mkubwa, ambaye alisema kuwa maarifa ya maadili si ya ''hakika'' kama [[metafizikia]] na [[somo la maarifa]], lakini ni ''maarifa ya kijumla''. Kwa sababu si [[fani]] ya kinadharia, inambidi mtu asome na afanye mazoezi ili awe 'mzuri', kwa hiyo mtu angekuwa [[mwema]], hangeweza kusoma tu [[fadhila]] ni nini, ingembidi awe na fadhila, kupitia juhudi za kiadili. Kufanya hili, Aristotle alifafanua kitendo kilicho cha fadhila: "Kila tajriba na kila swali, na vilevile kila tendo na chaguo la tendo, linadhaniwa kuwa na uzuri fulani kama lengo lake. Ndiyo sababu lile zuri limefafanuliwa ifaavyo kama lengo la bidii yote [...]<br>Kila kitu hufanywa na lengo, na lengo hilo ni "zuri". ([[Maadili ya Kinikomakea]] 1.1). Hata hivyo, ikiwa kitendo A kinafanyika ili kufikia lengo B, kisha lengo B pia litakuwa na lengo (lengo C), na lengo C pia litakuwa na lengo, hivyo muundo huo utaendelea mpaka kitu kiusimamishe. [[Suluhisho]] la Aristotle ni ''[[Wema mkuu]]'', ambao ni wa kuwaniwa kwa ajili yake pekee, ni lengo lake lenyewe. Wema mkuu hauwaniwi kwa ajili ya kufikia mema mengine, na mema yote yanawaniwa kwa ajili yake. Hili linahusisha kufikia "[[eudemonia]]", ambayo kwa kawaida hutafsiriwa kama "furaha", "ustawi", "kutokosa chochote muhimu", na "ubora". ====Falsafa ya Shaka==== Katika [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[wanafalsafa wa shaka]] walisema kuwa lengo la maisha ni kuishi kwa fadhila yanayowiana na [[viumbe]] wengine. Furaha inatokana na kujitegemea na kuusimamia mtazamo wa kiakili; mateso yanatokana na maamuzi ya [[uongo]] kuhusu thamani, ambayo husababisha hisia mbaya na tabia ya [[uhasama]]. Maisha ya shaka yanakataa tamaa za kawaida za [[mali]], [[nguvu]], [[afya]], na [[umaarufu]], kwa kuwa huru kutoka vitu vinavyopatikana katika kuyatafuta ya kawaida.<ref>Kidd, I., "''Cynicism''," in ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy.'' (ed. [[J. O. Urmson]] and [[Jonathan Rée]]), Routledge. (2005)</ref><ref>Long, A. A., "''The Socratic Tradition: Diogenes, Crates, and Hellenistic Ethics,''" in ''The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy.'' (ed. Branham and Goulet-Cazé), University of California Press, (1996).</ref> Kama viumbe wenye [[uwezo wa kufikiria]], watu wanaweza kufanikisha furaha kupitia mafunzo kabambe, kwa kuishi katika njia iliyo ya kiasili kwao. [[Dunia]] ni ya kila mtu kwa kiwango sawa, hivyo [[mateso]] yanasababishwa na uamuzi wa uongo kuhusu kile ambacho ni cha thamani na kile ambacho hakina maana kulingana na [[tamaduni]] na itikadi za [[jamii]]. ====Ukurene==== Falsafa ya [[Ukurene]], iliyoanzishwa na [[Aristipo wa Kurene]], ilikuwa [[shule]] ya zamani ya [[sokrates|Kisokrate]] iliyotia maanani upande mmoja tu wa mafundisho ya Sokrates - kwamba furaha ni tokeo la mwisho la hatua za kimaadili na kwamba radhi ni zuri kuu; hivyo basi mtazamo wa dunia wa kuipenda raha pekee ambapo kutimiza tamaa za mwili ni za faida kuliko radhi ya akili. Wakurene walipendelea kutimiza tamaa haraka kuliko faida inayopatikana baada ya kusubiri kipindi kirefu; kunyimwa ni huzuni mbaya.<ref>"Cyrenaics." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The University of Tennessee At Martin. 4 Nov. 2007 <http://www.iep.utm.edu/>.</ref><ref>"The Cyrenaics and the Origin of Hedonism." Hedonism.org. BLTC. 4 Nov. 2007 <http://www.hedonism.org {{Wayback|url=http://www.hedonism.org/ |date=20200522152806 }}>.</ref> ====Uepikuro==== [[File:Epicurus Louvre.jpg|left|thumb|132px|Mchongo wa [[Epikuro]] akimuegemea [[mwanafunzi]] wake Metrodorus katika [[makavazi]] ya [[Louvre]].]] Kwa [[Epikuro]], jambo zuri kuliko yote ni kutafuta raha za wastani, kupata [[utulivu]] na kuwa huru kutoka hofu (“ataraxia”) kupitia maarifa, [[urafiki]] na [[wema]], kuishi kwa kujichunga; maumivu ya kimwili (“aponia”) hayapo kupitia maarifa ya mtu kuhusu hali ya dunia na mipaka ya matamanio ya mtu. Vikiwa pamoja, uhuru kutoka maumivu na uhuru kutoka hofu ndiyo furaha kuu. Kukusifu kwake kufurahia [[anasa]] ambazo hazijapita kiasi kunakaribia dhana ya "kujiepusha" na raha zote kama vile [[ngono]] na anasa: <blockquote>Tunaposema... kuwa radhi ndio mwisho na lengo, hatumaanishi raha za upotevu au raha za kimwili, jinsi tunavyoeleweka na wachache kwa ujinga, ubaguzi au udanganyifu wa makusudi. Tukisema radhi tunamaanisha kutokuwepo kwa maumivu mwilini na taabu katika nafsi. Si kwa mfululizo wa [[ulevi]] na kuponda raha, si kwa tamaa ya ngono, wala kufurahia utamu wa [[samaki]], na vyakula vingine vitamu kutoka [[meza]] iliyojaa vinono, ambavyo huzalisha maisha mazuri; ni fikira za kimakini, kutafuta nje ya misingi ya kila uchaguzi na kuepuka, na kuikataa mitazamo ambayo hufanya shida kubwa kuichukua nafsi.<ref>Epicurus, "Letter to Menoeceus", contained in Diogenes Laertius, ''Lives of Eminent Philosophers'', Book X</ref></blockquote> Maana ya Kiepikuro ya maisha inakanusha kutokufa na dhana ya maisha mengine mbali na haya ya duniani; kuna nafsi, lakini inaweza kufa kama mwili. Hakuna maisha baada ya kifo, ingawa mtu hatakiwi kuogopa kifo, kwa sababu "Kifo si chochote kwetu, kwani yale ambao hunywea, ni bila hisia, na kile ambacho hakina hisia si chochote kwetu."<ref name="Russel">[[Bertrand Russell]] (1946). ''[[History of Western Philosophy (Russell)|A History of Western Philosophy]]'', New York: Simon and Schuster; London: George Allen and Unwin</ref> ====Falsafa ya uvumilivu==== [[Falsafa ya uvumilivu]] hufunza kwamba kuishi kulingana na fikira njema ni kuwa katika uwiano na mpango wa ulimwengu wa Kimungu, unaotokana na mtu kufahamu ''[[logos]]'', ''fikira'' ya ulimwengu wote, thamani muhimu inayopatikana kwa wote. Maana ya maisha ni ''uhuru kutoka mateso'' (kwa [[Kigiriki]]: απαθεια, ''apatheia ''). Mashauri ya moja kwa moja ya falsafa ya uvumilivu ni fadhila, fikira na [[sheria ya kimaumbile]], zinazojumuisha kuendeleza kujidhibiti kibinafsi na [[ujasiri]] wa kiakili kama njia za kuzishinda [[hisia haribifu]]. Mwenye kuifuata falsafa ya uvumilivu hanuii kuzizima hisia, bali kuepuka shida za kihisia, kwa kuendeleza uamuzi wazi na utulivu wa ndani kupitia uzoefu makini wa kimantiki, kutafakari, na kuziweka fikira pamoja. Msingi wa kimaadili wa falsafa ya uvumilivu ni kuwa "zuri liko katika hali ya nafsi", yenyewe inaonyeshwa katika [[hekima]] na kujidhibiti, hivyo kuboresha ustawi wa kiroho: "Fadhila" inatokana na "nia" ambayo inawiana na maumbile."<ref name="Russel" /> Kanuni inatumika katika uhusiano wa kibinafsi, yaani: "kuwa huru kutokana na hasira na wivu".<ref name="Russel" /> ===Falsafa ya Mwangaza=== [[Falsafa ya Mwangaza|Enzi ya Kutaalamika]] na ile ya [[ukoloni]] zote [[mbili]] zilibadilisha hali ya falsafa ya [[Ulaya]] na kuieneza [[dunia]]ni kote. [[Ibada]] na kumnyenyekea [[Mungu]] viligeuka kuwa dhana za [[haki za binadamu]] zisizoweza kunyimwa na dhana ya uwezo wake mkuu wa kifikira. Maadili ya ulimwengu mzima ya [[upendo]] na [[huruma]] yaligeuka dhana za kiraia za [[uhuru]], [[usawa]], na [[uraia]]. Maana ya maisha pia yalibadilika, ikiacha kidogo kuhimiza uhusiano na Mungu na kusisitiza uhusiano kati ya watu binafsi na jamii yao. Kipindi hicho kilijaa nadharia zinazolinganisha kuwepo kwa maana na utaratibu wa kijamii. ====Uhuru kutoka mipango ya kiuchumi ya jamii==== Uhuru kutoka mipango ya kiuchumi ya kijamii ni seti ya mawazo yaliyoibuka katika [[karne za 17]] na [[karne ya 18|18]], kwa sababu ya migogoro iliyochukua nafasi kubwa barani Ulaya kati ya waliozidi kuwa ma[[tajiri]], pamoja na utaratibu wa viongozi matajiri, na watu wa dini. Uhuru kutoka mipango ya kiuchumi ya kijamii ulionyesha binadamu kama viumbe wenye [[haki]] walizozaliwa nazo na wasizowezwa kunyimwa (pamoja na haki ya mtu kubaki na [[mali]] inayotokana na kazi yake binafsi), na ulitafuta mbinu za kupima haki kuwa sawa katika jamii yote. Kijumla, [[uhuru binafsi]] ulitazamwa kuwa lengo kuu,<ref>A: "'Liberalism' is defined as a social ethic that advocates liberty, and equality in general." – [[C. A. J. (Tony) Coady]] ''Distributive Justice'', A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, editors Goodin, Robert E. and Pettit, Philip. Blackwell Publishing, 1995, p.440. B: "Liberty is not a means to a higher political end. It is itself the highest political end." – [[John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton|Lord Acton]]</ref> kwa sababu ya kudhani kwamba kupitia hakikisho la uhuru tu haki nyingine zilizojikita kwa ndani zitakapolindwa. Kuna aina nyingi za dhana ya uhuru kutoka mipango ya kiuchumi ya kijamii, lakini dhana zao kuu kuhusu maana ya maisha zinaambatana na dhana tatu za msingi. Wanafalsafa wa awali kama vile [[John Locke]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] na [[Adam Smith]] waliona binadamu akianza katika hali ya kimaumbile, kisha akitafuta maana kupitia [[ajira]] na mali, na kutumia [[mkataba wa kijamii|mikataba ya kijamii]] ili kujenga mazingira ambayo yanasaidia juhudi hizo. ====Ukanti==== [[File:Immanuel Kant (portrait).jpg|right|125px|thumb|[[Immanuel Kant]] anafahamika kama mmoja wa wanafalsafa wenye ushawishi mwingi zaidi katika kipindi cha mwisho cha [[Enzi ya Kutaalamika|Kutaalamika]].]] [[Ukanti]] ni falsafa iliyo na msingi katika [[maandishi]] ya kimaadili, ya [[somo la maarifa]] na ya ki[[metafizikia]] ya [[Immanuel Kant]]. Kant anajulikana kwa [[nadharia ya uwajibikaji]] ambayo msingi ni wajibu mmoja wa kimaadili, "dhana ya lazima bila kujalisha", inayotokana na dhana ya [[uwajibikaji]]. Wakanti wanaamini kuwa vitendo vyote vinafanywa kulingana na lengo au kanuni fulani isiyobainika wazi, na kuwa ili vitendo viwe adili, ni lazima viambatane na dhana ya lazima bila kujalisha. Kifupi, [[mtihani]] ni kwamba lazima mmoja afanye lengo litumike ulimwenguni kote, kisha angalia kama bado itawezekana kulitekeleza duniani. Katika [[kitabu]] chake, ''Kazi ya msingi'', Kant anatoa mfano wa mtu ambaye anataka kukopa [[pesa]] bila nia ya kuzirudisha. Huu ni utata kwa sababu kama ingalikuwa hatua ya wote ulimwenguni, hakuna mtu ambaye angemkopesha mwingine, tena kwani yeye angejua kwamba hangerudishiwa pesa hizo. Lengo la hatua hii, anasema Kant, linaleta matokeo ya mkanganyiko katika matazamio (na hivyo linapingana na wajibu kamili). Kant pia alikanusha kwamba matokeo ya tendo huchangia kwa njia yoyote thamani ya kimaadili ya tendo, hoja yake ikiwa kwamba ulimwengu wa kimwili upo nje ya udhibiti kamili wa mtu na hivyo mtu hawezi kuwajibika kwa matukio yanayofanyika hapo. ===Falsafa za [[karne ya 19]]=== ====Falsafa ya faida==== [[File:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill detail.jpg|right|thumb|120px|Jeremy Bentham]] Asili ya [[falsafa ya faida]] inaweza kurudi nyuma sana hadi [[Epikuro]], lakini, kama shule ya mawazo, inahusishwa na [[Jeremy Bentham]],<ref>Rosen, Frederick (2003). ''Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill''. Routledge, pg. 28. ISBN 0415220947 "It was Hume and Bentham who then reasserted most strongly the Epicurean doctrine concerning utility as the basis of justice."</ref> ambaye aligundua kuwa ''asili imemweka mtu chini ya utawala wa mabwana wawili wa kujitegemea, maumivu na raha''. Basi, kutokana na busara hiyo ya kimaadili, na kuiunda ''Sheria ya Utumizi'', ''kwamba wema ni chochote ambacho huleta furaha nyingi zaidi kwa idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu''. Alifafanua maana ya maisha kama "kanuni ya furaha nyingi zaidi". [[Jeremy Bentham]] aliungwa mkono sana na [[James Mill]], mwanafalsafa muhimu katika siku zake, na baba yake [[John Stuart Mill]]. Mill mdogo alifunzwa kulingana na kanuni za Bentham, pamoja na kunakili na kufupisha maandishi mengi ya baba yake.<ref name="Mill">Mill, John Stuart. 'On Liberty', ed. Himmelfarb. Penguin Classics, 1974, Ed.'s introduction, p.11.</ref> ====Umaksi==== Kulingana na [[Umaksi]] na [[Ukomunisti]], maana ya maisha ni kutumikiana katika [[amani]] na kwa [[uadilifu]] kama wanadamu walio sawa na wenye haki. ====Ubatilivyote==== [[Ubatilivyote]] ni falsafa inayokataa madai kuwa yeyote ana [[maarifa]] na ukweli, na hivyo inapeleleza umuhimu wa kuishi bila ukweli unaoweza kujulikana. Badala ya kusisitiza kwamba maadili yanabadilika kulingana na mtu, na huenda yasipewe sababu, [[mbatilivyote]] anasema: "Hakuna kitu chenye thamani", maadili hayana thamani, hutumika tu kama maadili bandii ya jamii. [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] aliutambulisha ubatilivyote kama kuifanya dunia kuwa tupu, hasa kuhusu uwepo wa binadamu, wa maana, wa kusudi, wa ukweli wa kueleweka, na wa thamani muhimu; kwa ufupi, ubatili wa vyote ni mchakato wa "kuyafanya maadili makuu yasiwe na thamani".<ref name="Bindé">{{cite book|author=Jérôme Bindé|title=The Future Of Values: 21st-Century Talks|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2004|isbn=1571814426}}</ref> Ubatilivyote ni kama matokeo ya wazo kwamba [[kifo cha Mungu|Mungu amekufa]], na kusisitiza kwamba hicho ni kitu kilichokuwa kinafaa kushindwa.<ref name="Reginster">{{cite book |author=Bernard Reginster |title=The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0674021991}}</ref> Kwa [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], maisha ni ya thamani tu ikiwa kuna malengo yanayomshawishi mtu kuishi. Hivyo, aliona falsafa ya ubatilivyote ("yote ambayo hufanyika ni ubatili") kama bila malengo. Alikana kujiepusha na anasa, kwa sababu kufanya hivyo kunakanusha kuishi katika ulimwengu; alikanusha kuwa maadili ni malengo ya ukweli, ambayo kifikira ni ahadi za lazima zinazotumika ulimwenguni kote: tathmini zetu ni tafsiri, na si tafakari za dunia, kama ilivyo kwa kweli, na basi, dhana zote hufanyika kupitia mtazamo fulani.<ref name="Reginster" /> [[File:MARTIN John Great Day of His Wrath.jpg|thumb|left|''Mwisho wa Dunia'', picha iliyochorwa na msanii [[John Martin]].]] [[Martin Heidegger]], kama Nietzsche, aliona "kifo cha Mungu" kuwa chanzo cha ubatilivyote kuibuka: <blockquote>Kama Mungu, ambaye ndiye lengo na msingi unaozidi yale yanayoweza kuhisika, na wa ukweli wote, amekufa; kama ulimwengu unaozidi yanayoweza kuhisika wa mawazo umeumizwa kwa kupoteza nguvu zake za lazima za kujijenga juu, na juu ya hayo, za kuipa nguvu zaidi, basi hakuna chochote kinachobaki ambacho mtu anaweza kushikilia, na ambacho anaweza tumia kuitafuta njia.<ref>Heidegger, "The Word of Nietzsche," 61.</ref></blockquote><ref name="Bindé" /> Heidegger, ===Falsafa za [[karne ya 20]]=== Kipindi cha sasa kimeyaona mabadiliko makuu katika dhana ya hali ya binadamu. Sayansi ya kisasa imefanikiwa kuandika upya uhusiano kati ya wanadamu na ulimwengu halisia, [[maendeleo]] katika [[matibabu]] na [[teknolojia]] yametufanya tuwe huru kutoka [[maradhi]] ya vipindi vya awali, na falsafa - hasa kufuatia mgeuko wa kilugha - ilibadilisha jinsi uhusiano kati ya watu unavyotazamwa. Maswali kuhusu maana ya maisha pia yamekabiliwa na mabadiliko makuu, kutoka majaribio ya kutazama upya kuwepo kwa binadamu kupitia biolojia na sayansi kwa jumla (kama katika [[#upragmatiki|upragmatiki]] na [[#uchanya wa kimantiki|uchanya wa kimantiki]]), hadi jitihada za kinadharia kuhusu kufanya maana kama shughuli ([[#udhanaishi|udhanaishi]], utu wa kidunia). ====Upragmatiki==== [[Upragmatiki]], ulianzishwa mwishoni mwa karne ya 19 nchini [[Marekani]] ukidokeza kwamba ukweli ''ni katika kukabiliana na mazingira tu'' na kwamba ''matokeo'' pia ni sehemu za ukweli. Isitoshe, upragmatiki unadokeza kwamba ''chochote'' muhimu na chenye vitendo si kweli daima, akisema kwamba kile ambacho huchangia zaidi mema ya binadamu wengi katika kipindi cha muda mrefu ndicho kweli. Katika mazoezi, madai ya kinadharia lazima ''yathibitishwe kwa vitendo'', yaani lazima mtu aweze kutabiri na kupima madai, na kwamba, mwishowe, mahitaji ya watu yanapaswa kuongoza uchunguzi wa kisomi wa binadamu. Wanafalsafa wa Kipragmatiki wanadokeza kwamba kuyaelewa maisha kupitia vitu vinavyotendwa ni muhimu kuliko kutafuta dhana ya kiakili ambayo ni vigumu kuwekwa katika vitendo kuhusu maisha. [[William James]] alisema ukweli unaweza kufanywa, lakini hauwezi kutafutwa.<ref name="James">{{cite book|author=[[William James]]|title=The Meaning of Truth|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=1909|isbn=1-57392-138-6}}</ref><ref name="Corti">{{cite book|author=Walter Robert Corti|title=The Philosophy of William James|publisher=Meiner Verlag|year=1976|isbn=3787303529}}</ref> Kwa Wapragmatiki, maana ya maisha yanajulikana tu kupitia uzoefu. ====Udhanaishi==== Kila [[mwanamume]] na kila [[mwanamke]] anaumba maana ya maisha yake; maisha hayadhamiriwi na Mungu mwenye nguvu kuliko binadamu au [[mamlaka]] ya kidunia, bali kila mtu yuko huru. Kwa hiyo, mambo muhimu yanayomuendesha mtu kimaadili ni ''vitendo'', ''uhuru'' na ''uamuzi''. Hivyo, [[udhanaishi]] unapinga ufikiriaji na uchanya. Katika kutafuta maana ya maisha, mdhanaishi anatazama mahali ambapo watu hupata maana ya maisha, ambapo katika kutumia fikira tu kama chanzo cha maana ni pungufu. Upungufu huibua hisia za wasiwasi na hofu, zinazohisika katika kukabiliana na [[uhuru]] mkuu, na kuambatana na mwamko kuhusu kifo. Kwa mdhanaishi, kuwepo kunatangulia kiini; kiini cha maisha ya mtu huja tu baada ya mtu kuwa. [[Søren Kierkegaard]] aliunda neno "mruko wa kiimani", akidokeza kuwa maisha yamejaa mkanganyiko, na mtu lazima aunde maadili yake katika ulimwengu usiojali. Mtu anaweza kuishi maisha yenye maana (yasiyo na kukata tamaa wala wasiwasi) kwa kufanya ahadi kwa vyovyote kuhusu kitu kilicho na mwisho, na kujitolea kwa maisha hayo ya kufanya ahadi, licha ya mazingira magumu yaliyojikita katika kufanya hivyo.<ref name="Hall">{{cite book|author=Amy Laura Hall|title=Kierkegaard and the Treachery of Love|url=https://archive.org/details/kierkegaardtreac0000hall|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0521893119}}</ref> [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] alijibu: "Ni nini maana ya maisha?" kwa kubainisha kuwa maisha ya mtu yanaonyesha nia yake, na kwamba nia (maisha) kiendeshaji kisichokuwa na lengo, kisichofuata fikira na kinachokuwa chungu. [[Wokovu]], [[ukombozi]], na kuepuka mateso yamo katika kutafakari mambo mazuri, kuhurumia wengine, na kujieupusha na anasa.<ref name="Jacquette">{{cite book|author=Dale Jacquette|title=Schopenhauer, Philosophy, and the Arts|url=https://archive.org/details/schopenhauerphil0000unse_f1d6|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=0521473888}}</ref><ref name="Murray">{{cite book|author=Durno Murray|title=Nietzsche's Affirmative Morality|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1999|isbn=3110166011}}</ref> ====Ukanganyikaji==== [[Albert Camus]], mwanafalsafa wa [[Kifaransa]] toka [[Algeria]], ambaye mara nyingi anahusianishwa na [[udhanaishi]] lakini alilikataa neno hilo kabisa,<ref>{{cite book |last=Solomon |first=Robert C. |authorlink=Robert C. Solomon |title=From Rationalism to Existentialism: The Existentialists and Their Nineteenth Century Backgrounds |url=https://archive.org/details/fromrationalismt0000solo_j5e7 |publisher=[[Rowman and Littlefield]] |date=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fromrationalismt0000solo_j5e7/page/245 245] |isbn=074251241X}}</ref> ni maarufu kwa kudokeza nadharia yake ya mkanganyiko. Mkanganyo wa hali ya binadamu ni kwamba watu wanatafuta maadili ya nje na maana katika dunia ambayo haina maana yoyote, na ambayo haiwajali. Camus anaandika kuhusu wabatilivyote wa thamani kama Meusrault,<ref>Camus (1946) ''L'Etranger''</ref> na pia kuhusu maadili katika ulimwengu wa kuyabatili yote, kwamba watu wanaweza badala yake kujitahidi kuwa "wabatilivyote wa kishujaa", wanaoishi na hadhi wanapopambana na mkanganyiko, kuishi kwa "utakatifu wa kidunia", [[mshikamano wa kindugu]], na kuuasi na kupambana dhidi ya kutojali kwa dunia.<ref>Camus (1955) ''The Myth of Sisyphus''</ref> Kulingana na [[ukanganyikaji]], kuna ukosefu wa umoja wa kimsingi unaotokana na kuwepo kwa ushirikiano wa binadamu na ulimwengu. Mtu ana hamu ya mpango, maana, na kusudi katika maisha, lakini ulimwengu haujali na hauna maana; mkanganyo unatokana na mgogoro huu. Kama viumbe vinavyotafuta matumaini katika dunia isiyokuwa na maana, Camus anasema kuwa binadamu wana njia tatu za kuutatua mtanziko. *[[Kujiua]]: ufumbuzi wa kwanza wa mtanziko ni mtu kuyakomesha maisha yake. Camus anakataa chaguo hili kama la woga. * [[Imani]] ya dini katika Ulimwengu Upitao Fikira: imani ya namna hiyo huenda ikadokeza kuwepo kwa ulimwengu ambao umezidi huu wa kukanganya, na, kwa hivyo, una maana. Camus anauita ufumbuzi huo "kujiua kifalsafa" na anaukataa kwa sababu ni sawa na kuangamizwa kwa fikira, ambayo kwa maoni yake ni [[janga]] sawa na kujiua kimwili. *Kukubali mkanganyo: kwa Camus, huu tu ndio ufumbuzi wa kweli. Ni kukubali na hata kukumbatia mkanganyo wa maisha na kuendelea kuishi. Mkanganyo ni tabia muhimu ya hali ya kibinadamu, na njia pekee ya kweli ya kukabiliana na hili ni kulikubali kwa ujasiri. Kulingana na Camus, tunaweza "kuishi maisha bora zaidi ikiwa hayana maana."<ref>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/camus.htm#SSH5a.i Albert Camus at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] Accessed Mei 25th, 2009</ref> ====Utu wa Kidunia==== [[File:HumanismSymbol.PNG|120px|left|thumb| Picha ya "binadamu mwenye furaha" ishara ya Utu wa Kidunia.]] Kulingana na [[Utu wa Kidunia]], wanadamu walitokana na kuzaana katika maendeleo ya mabadiliko ambayo hayakuongozwa kama sehemu muhimu ya maumbile, ambayo huishi yenyewe.<ref name=humanifesto1>{{cite web |title=[[Humanist Manifesto I]]] [http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto1.html url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto1.html |work=American Humanist Association |year=1933 |accessdate=2007-07-26}}</ref><ref name=humanifesto2>{{cite web |title=[[Humanist Manifesto II]]] [http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto2.html work=American Humanist Association |year=1973 |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto2.html |accessdate=2007-08-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809102124/http://www.americanhumanist.org/about/manifesto2.html |archivedate=2007-08-09 }}</ref> Maarifa hayatoki katika vyanzo vyenye nguvu visivyo vya kawaida, lakini kutoka uchunguzi wa binadamu, majaribio, na uchambuzi wa kimantiki ([[mbinu ya kisayansi]]): asili ya [[ulimwengu]] ni kile ambacho watu huitambua kuwa hivyo.<ref name=humanifesto1 /> Aidha, [[maadili]] na ukweli vinalengwa kwa njia ya uchunguzi wa kiakili<ref name=humanifesto1 /> na yanatokana na mahitaji ya binadamu na hamu kama ilivyopimwa na uzoefu, yaani kupitia akili yenye uchambuzi.<ref name=humanifesto3>{{cite web |title=[[Humanist Manifesto III]]] [http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HumandItsAspirations.php work=American Humanist Association |year=2003 |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HumandItsAspirations.php |accessdate=2007-08-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809103515/http://www.americanhumanist.org/3/HumandItsAspirations.php |archivedate=2007-08-09 }}</ref><ref name=CDSH>{{cite web |title=[[A Secular Humanist Declaration]]] [http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=declaration work=Council for Democratic and Secular Humanism (now the Council for Secular Humanism) |year=1980 |url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=declaration |accessdate=2007-08-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817084107/http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=main&page=declaration |archivedate=2008-08-17 }}</ref> "Kulingana na yale tunayojua, tabia za mtu kiujumla ni [chanzo] cha kiumbe cha kibiolojia kinachoendesha shughuli zake katika muktadha wa kijamii na wa kiutamaduni."<ref name=humanifesto2 /> Watu huamua kusudi la binadamu, bila ya ushawishi wa Kimungu; ni tabia ya binadamu, hisia ya kijumla, ambayo ni lengo la maisha ya binadamu. Utu wa Kidunia unataka kuendeleza na kutimiza ubinadamu:<ref name=humanifesto1 /> "Utu husisitiza [[uwezo]] wetu, na [[uwajibikaji]] wetu, kuishi maisha adili yenye [[utimilifu]] wa binafsi yanayolenga mema makuu ya ubinadamu".<ref name=humanifesto3 /> [[Wanautu]] huendeleza kufunguliwa kifikra ili kuyashughulikia [[maslahi]] ya binafsi na yenye manufaa kwa watu wote. Furaha ya mtu binafsi inahusishwa kwa njia isiyoweza kubadilishwa na ustawi wa binadamu wengine, kwa sababu sisi ni wanyama wanaolazimika kuishi katika jamii, ambayo hupata maana kutokana na uhusiano wa karibu, na kwa sababu maendeleo ya kiutamaduni humnufaisha kila mtu katika [[utamaduni]].<ref name=humanifesto2 /><ref name=humanifesto3 /> Falsafa ndogo za Utu wa Baadaye na Utu Unaopita Yote (ambazo wakati mwingine hutumiwa [[kimbadala]]) ni upanuzi wa [[maadili ya kiutu]]. Mtu anapaswa kutafuta maendeleo ya ubinadamu na ya maisha yote kwa kiasi kikubwa iwezekanavyo ili kupatanisha Utu wa Kirainasansi na utamaduni wa karne ya 20 wa sayasansi na teknolojia. Hivyo, kila kiumbe hai ana haki ya kuamua "maana ya maisha binafsi" kwa mtazamo wa kijamii na kibinafsi.<ref>{{cite web| author=[[Nick Bostrom]] |title=Transhumanist Values |work=[[Oxford University]] |year=2005 |url=http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/values.html |accessdate=2007-07-28}}</ref> Kutoka mtazamo wa kiutu na kielimunafsia ya kupunguza maumivu, suala la maana ya maisha pia linaweza kutafsiriwa tena kama "Ni nini maana ya maisha "yangu"?"<ref>Irvin Yalom, ''Existential Psychotherapy'', 1980</ref> Badala ya kujifunga na swali la kidini au la kikozmiki kuhusu madhumuni makuu, mbinu hii inapendekeza kwamba swali hili ni la binafsi sana. Kuna majibu mengi ya kimatibabu ya kupunguza maumivu kwa swali hili, kwa mfano [[Viktor Frankl]] anadokeza kuwa dhana ya "Kutowaza", ambayo kwa kiasi kikubwa hutafsiriwa kama kukoma kutafakari bila mwisho juu ya ubinafsi, badala ya kujishughulisha na maisha. Kwa ujumla, mwitikio wa matibabu ya kuyapunguza maumivu ni kwamba swali la maana ya maisha huvukiza ikiwa mtu anajishughulisha kikamilifu na maisha. Swali kisha linabadilika kuwa wasiwasi maalum zaidi kama vile "Ni upotovu upi unaonisumbua?", "Ni nini kinachozuia uwezo wangu kufurahia vitu?", "Mbona mimi huwasahau wapendwa wangu?". Angalia pia Matibabu ya Kupunguza Maumivu ya Kidhanaishi kadiri ya [[Irvin Yalom]]. ====Uchanya wa kimantiki==== Wachanya wa kimantiki huuliza: ''Ni nini maana ya maisha?'' na ''Ya nini kuuliza?''<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Richard Taylor (philosopher)|Richard Taylor]] |title=Good and Evil |pages="The Meaning of Life" (Chapter 5) |publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company |month=Januari | year=1970 |isbn=0026166909}}</ref><ref>Wohlgennant, Rudolph. (1981). "Has the Question about the Meaning of Life any Meaning?" (Chapter 4). In E. Morscher, ed., ''Philosophie als Wissenschaft''.</ref> ''Kama hakuna maadili yanayolengwa, basi, hiyo ni kusema maisha hayana maana?''<ref>{{cite book |last=McNaughton |first=David |month=Agosti | year=1988 |title=Moral Vision: An Introduction to Ethics |url=https://archive.org/details/moralvisionintro0000mcna |pages="Moral Freedom and the Meaning of Life" (Section 1.5) |publisher=Oxford: Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0631159452}}</ref> [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] na wachanya wa kimantiki walisema: "Linapoulizwa kilugha, swali ni batili"; kwa sababu, maishani taarifa ya "maana ya x", kawaida inaashiria madhara ya x, au umuhimu wa x, au kile ambacho ni dhahiri kuhusu x na kadhalika, kwa hivyo, wakati dhana ya maana ni sawa na "x", katika taarifa ya "maana ya x", taarifa inakuwa ya kujirudia, na kwa hiyo ya kipuuzi, au inaweza kutaja kama ukweli kwamba maisha ya kibiolojia ni muhimu ili kuwa na maana maishani. Mambo (watu, matukio) katika maisha ya mtu yanaweza kuwa na maana kama sehemu ya uzima, lakini maana isiyobainika ya maisha hayo, yenyewe, mbali na mambo hayo, haiwezi kubainika. Maisha ya mtu yana maana (kwake mwenyewe na kwa wengine) kama matukio ya maisha yanayotokana na mafanikio yake, urithi, familia, na kadhalika, lakini, kusema kwamba maisha yenyewe yana maana ni matumizi mabaya ya lugha, kwani yoyote yaliyo muhimu, au ya mwisho, ni muhimu tu "katika" maisha (kwa walio hai), hivyo basi kuifanya taarifa iwe ya kimakosa. [[Bertrand Russell]] aliandika kwamba ingawa alipata kwamba chuki yake ya mateso haikuwa kama chuki yake ya [[mboga]] ya [[brokoli]], hakupata utaratibu wowote wa kuridhisha, na wa kupimika wa kuthibitisha hili:<ref name="Russel"/> <blockquote> Tunapojaribu kuwa na uhakika, kuhusu kile tunachomaanisha tunaposema kuwa hiki au kile ni "tunu", tunajikuta katika matatizo makubwa sana. Tamko la Bentham, kwamba radhi ndiyo Zuri, lilizua upinzani mkali, na ilisemekana kuwa falsafa ya [[nguruwe]]. Yeye na wapinzani wake walishindwa kuibua hoja zozote. Katika swali la kisayansi, ushahidi unaweza kupatikana kutoka pande zote mbili, na mwishowe, upande mmoja unabainika kuwa na hoja bora au, kama hili halitokei, swali linabaki kama halijajibiwa. Lakini katika swali, kuhusu ikiwa hili, au hilo, ndilo mwisho Mzuri, hakuna ushahidi, kwa vyovyote vile; kila mtetezi anaweza kupendekeza tu hoja kulingana na hisia zake, na kutumia vifaa vya ushawishi ambavyo vitaibua hisia sawa katika wengine... Maswali kuhusu "maadili" - yaani, kuhusu kile ambacho chenyewe ni kizuri au kibaya, bila kutilia maanani madhara yake - yanapatikana nje ya uwanja wa sayansi, jinsi watetezi wa dini wanavyodai kwa msisitizo. Nadhani kwamba, katika hili, wako sawa, lakini mimi napata hitimisho zaidi, ambalo hao hawapati, kwamba maswali kuhusu "maadili" yanapatikana kabisa nje ya uwanja wa maarifa. Hiyo ni kusema, tunaposema kwamba hili au lile lina "thamani", sisi tunaeleza tu hisia zetu wenyewe, si ukweli, ambao bado ungalikuwa kweli ikiwa hisia zetu za binafsi zingalikuwa tofauti.<ref>[[Bertrand Russell]] (1961). [http://www.solstice.us/russell/science-ethics.html ''Science and Ethics''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.solstice.us/russell/science-ethics.html |date=20071114144956 }}</ref></blockquote> ====Baada ya Usasa==== Falsafa ya [[Baada ya Usasa]] - tukizungumza kwa upana- inaona hali ya binadamu ikiwa kama iliyojengwa na lugha, au na miundo na taasisi za jamii ya kibinadamu. Ikitofautiana na aina nyingine za falsafa, ni nadra kwa falsafa ya Baada ya [[Usasa]] kutafuta maana zinazopatikana kabla ya tendo au zilizojikita kwa undani katika uwepo wa binadamu. Badala yake inalenga kuchunguza au kukosoa maana zilizopewa ili kuzitafakari au kuzirekebisha upya. Chochote kinachofana na 'maana ya maisha', katika maana ya falsafa hiyo, kinaweza kueleweka tu ndani ya muundo wa kijamii na wa kilugha, na lazima ufuatwe kama kimbilio kutoka miundo ya nguvu ambayo tayari imejikita katika aina zote za hotuba na mwingiliano. Kama kanuni, wanafalsafa wa Baada ya Usasa wanatazama mwamko wa vikwazo vya lugha kama muhimu kuvikwepa vikwazo vivyo, lakini wananadharia tofauti wana maoni mbalimbali kuhusu asili ya mchakato huu: kutoka ujenzi wa [[dharura]] wa maana na watu binafsi (kama katika falsafa ya Kuharibu Yaliyojengwa) hadi kwa nadharia ambamo watu ni upanuzi wa kimsingi wa lugha na jamii, bila uhuru halisi (kama katika falsafa ya Baada ya Muundo). Kiujumla, falsafa ya Baada ya Usasa inatafuta maana kwa kuangalia miundo ya msingi ambayo inaunda au kulazimisha maana, kuliko yale yanayoonekana kiepifenomenali duniani. ====Dhana ya Uhisia==== Kulingana na dhana ya kihisia, maana kuu ya maisha ni kupata kutosheleza hisia za kibinadamu. Wafuasi wa falsafa hiyo wanaamini kuwa vitendo vyote maishani ni matokeo ya hisia na hasa haja ya kuzaa. Uwepo wa mtu binafsi huwa chanzo cha kuzaa na unamfanya binadamu kutafuta lengo la kuzaa maishani kwa kuufuata mzunguko. Haraka inasisitiza kuwa watu wanapofikiria kwa kina, watapata kuwa lengo kuu la matendo yote wafanyayo ni kuvutia watu wa [[jinsia]] nyingine. Dhana kuu ya uhisia inaweza kufuatwa hivi: <blockquote> Kama inayokubalika kuwa watu hufunzwa kujifunza shuleni. Kwa nini tusome kwa bidii? Ili tufuzu mitihani. Kwa nini tufuzu mitihani? Ili tuweze kuenda chuo kikuu? Kwa nini tuweze kuenda chuo kikuu? Ili tuweze kupata kazi nzuri? Kwa nini tupate kazi nzuri? Ili tuwe na mali. Kwa nini tuwe na mali? Ili tununue magari mazuri; ili tununue nyumba nzuri; ili tununue bidhaa nzuri. Kwa nini vitu vyote vizuri kumfanya mtu aonekana mzuri? Mwishowe kuvutia watu wa jinsia nyingine, kutosheleza haja ya msingi ya kuzaa na kuendeleza familia ya kibinadamu. </blockquote> Wanahisia hutumia mawazo hayo kuendeleza dhana kuwa matukio yote ya kibinadamu yanaweza kuelezwa kwa kutumia lengo letu la kuzaa: Kwa nini watu wanapinga sana ndoa baina ya watu wa jinsia moja? Kwa sababu watu katika jozi la namna hiyo hawawezi kuzaa Kwa nini watu hupendana? Kwa sababu upendo husababisha ngono, ambayo huchangia ustawi wa [[spishi]] ya binadamu Kwa nini akina mama hupenda watoto hata kama hawajazaliwa bado? Kwa sababu inachangia kutunza na kuongeza idadi ya binadamu Kwa nini watu wengi hupinga [[utoaji mimba]]? Kwa sababu inazuia uzazi Kwa nini ma[[daktari]] wengi sana na matibabu mengi? Ili kutunza idadi ya watu Kwa nini [[uuaji]] ni hatia kubwa sana? Kwa sababu kuua kunapunguza idadi ya watu ====Upanthei wa kiasilia==== Kulingana na [[upanthei]] wa kiasilia, maana ya maisha ni kutunza viumbe na mazingira. ==Mitazamo ya kidini== ===Dini za Asia ya Kusini=== ====Falsafa za Kihindu==== [[File:Golden Aum.png|left|thumb|110px|[[Aum]] ya [[dhahabu]] iliyoandikwa katika [[Devanagari]]. Aum ni takatifu katika [[dini]] za [[Uhindu]], [[Ujaini]] na [[Ubuddha]].]] [[Uhindu]] ni jamii ya kidini inayojumuisha itikadi na desturi nyingi. Kwa sababu Uhindu ulikuwa njia ya kuonyesha maisha yenye maana tangu jadi, wakati ambapo hapakuwa na haja ya kutaja Uhindi kama dini tofauti, mafundisho ya Uhindu ni nyongeza na yanayowiana kiasili, kiujumla yasiyo ya kipekee, yenye kudokeza tu na yenye maudhui ya kuvumiliana.<ref name=weightman>{{Harvard reference | author= Simon Weightman | year=1998 | title=The new Penguin handbook of living religions |editor = Hinnells, John (Ed.) | publisher= [[Penguin books]] |chapter= Hinduism | isbn=0-140-51480-5}}</ref> Wengi wanaamini kwamba ātman (roho, nafsi), nafsi ya kweli ya mtu, ni ya [[milele]].<ref name="monierwilliams">{{Harvard reference | author= [[Monier Monier-Williams]] | year=1974 | title=Brahmanism and Hinduism: Or, Religious Thought and Life in India, as Based on the Veda and Other Sacred Books of the Hindus | publisher= Adamant Media Corporation |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=U5IBXA4UpT0C&dq=isbn:1421265311 |accessdate=2007-07-08 |series=Elibron Classics | isbn=1421265311}}</ref>. Kwa sehemu, hili linatokana na imani ya Kihindu kwamba maendeleo ya kiroho hufanyika katika maisha mengi, na malengo yanafaa kuwiana na hali ya maendeleo ya mtu binafsi. Kuna malengo manne ya maisha ya binadamu, yanayojulikana kama purusharthas (yamepangwa kuanzia lile dogo zaidi hadi lile kuu): Kama (kazi, upendo na radhi ya kingono), Artha (mali), Dharma (haki, maadili), na Moksha (ukombozi kutoka mzunguko wa kuzaliwa upya).<ref>For dharma, artha, and kama as "brahmanic householder values" see: Flood (1996), p. 17.</ref><ref>For the ''Dharma Śāstras'' as discussing the "four main goals of life" (dharma, artha, {{IAST|kāma}}, and moksha) see: Hopkins, p. 78.</ref><ref>For definition of the term पुरुष-अर्थ ({{IAST|puruṣa-artha}}) as "any of the four principal objects of human life, i.e. {{lang|sa|धर्म}}, {{lang|sa|अर्थ}}, {{lang|sa|काम}}, and {{lang|sa|मोक्ष}}" see: Apte, p. 626, middle column, compound #1.</ref> Katika shule zote za Uhindu, maana ya maisha imefungwa ndani ya dhana za karma (kitendo chenye matokeo), samsara (mzunguko wa kuzaliwa na kuzaliwa upya), na moksha (ukombozi). Kuwepo kunaaminika kuwa maendeleo ya atman kupitia vipindi vingi vya maisha, na maendeleo yake ya mwisho kuelekea ukombozi kutoka karma. Malengo hasa ya maisha kwa jumla husongeshwa chini ya (mazoea) pana ya yoga au dharma (kuishi kisahihi) ambayo yanakusudiwa kujenga kuzaliwa kupya kuzuri zaidi, ingawa hayo pia kwa ujumla ni matendo chanya katika maisha haya. Shule za jadi za Uhindu mara nyingi huabudu Madeva ambao ni dhihirisho ya Ishvara (Mungu wa kibinafsi au wa kuchaguliwa). =====Uhindu wa Advaita na Dvaita===== Shule za baadaye zilizitafsiri upya veda kuzingatia Brahman, "Yule Asiye na Wa Pili",<ref name=bhaskaranandaessential>{{Harvard reference | last=Bhaskarananda | first=Swami | year=1994 | title=The Essentials of Hinduism: a comprehensive overview of the world's oldest religion | place=Seattle, WA | publisher=Viveka Press | isbn=1-884852-02-5}}</ref> kama kielelezo muhimu kinachomfanana Mungu. Katika Advaita Vedanta ya kimoni, atman hatimaye haitofautishwi na brahman, na lengo la maisha ni kujua au kutambua kwamba (nafsi) ya mtu ya atman inafanana na Brahman.<ref>{{Harvard reference | last= Vivekananda | first=Swami | authorlink=Swami Vivekananda | year=1987 | title=Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda | place=Calcutta | publisher= Advaita Ashrama | isbn=81-85301-75-1}}</ref> Kwa Maupanishadi, yeyote anayefahamu kikamilifu atman, kama msingi wa ubinafsi, anajitambua na Brahman, na hivyo, anapata Mokasha (ukombozi, uhuru).<ref name="monierwilliams"/><ref name="werner">{{Harvard reference | last= Werner | first=Karel | year=1994 | title=A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism | place=Richmond, Surrey | editor = Hinnells, John (Ed.) | publisher= Curzon Press | chapter= Hinduism | isbn=0-7007-0279-2}}</ref><ref>See also the Vedic statement "ayam ātmā brahma" (This [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] is [[Brahman]])</ref> Dvaita Vedanta yenye pande mbili na shule zingine za bhakti zina tafsiri yenye pande mbili. Brahaman anaonekana kama kiumbe kikuu chenye tabia na sifa wazi. Atman inategemea Brahman kwa kuwepo kwake; maana ya maisha ni kupata Moksha kupitia upendo wa Mungu na neema yake.<ref name="werner" /> =====Uvaishnavi===== Tawi lingine la Uhindu ni Uvaishnavi, ambapo Vishnu ndiye Mungu mkuu. Si shule zote za Uvaishnavi hufunza maana ya maisha, lakini Gaudiya Vaishnavism, kwa mfano, hufunza Achintya Bheda Abheda inayomaanisha Kumuabudu Mungu tofauti na Mungu pekee wa kweli na wakati huo huo ikitambua umoja muhimu wa nafsi zote, huku viumbe vyote hai ni sehemu za milele za Mungu mkuu aitwaye Krsna. Mtazamo wa kikatiba wa kiumbe hai ni kumtumikia Mungu na upendo na kujali. Huduma bila malipo isiyositishwa na isiyosukumwa na chochote kwa Krsna na wafuasi wake ndiyo maana ya maisha katika hali uhuru. Sisi tupo katika Dunia ya kinafsi tukimtumikia Krsna kwa furaha huku tukifahamu vyema kuwa sisi ni roho za kinafsi na tunayo maisha ya milele. Kwa sababu ya kumchukia Krsna na kwa sababu ya mapenzi yetu ya kutaka kuwa na anasa m,bali na Krsnatupo katika Dunia hii ambapo tunapitia mzunguko unaojirudiarudia wa kuzaliwa, magonjwa, uzee na kifo katika miili tuliyopata ya spishi 8.4 za kimaisha, tukihama kutoka mwili mmoja hadi mwingine kulingana na karma yetu na mapenzi yetu. Lengo la maisha ya binadamu haswa ni kufikiria zaidi ya njia ya kinyama ya kula, kulala, kufanya mapenzi na kulinda na kufuata akili ya juu zaidi ili kuanzisha upya uhusiano na Krsna, Baba yetu wa milele, ambaye kutoka kwake vyote vilitoka, ambaye ndiye mwezeshaji na mwenye kuangamiza. Maandiko yaliyoonyehswa kwetu kama vile Bhagavad-Gita na Srimad Bhagavatam yanafunza kuwa Sambandha (Mimi ni nani? Mungu ni nani? Uhusiano kati ya Mungu na mimi ni upi?) na Abhideya (mchakato wa kuanzisha uhusiano ulipotea na Mungu kupitia michakato 9 ya Bhakti - Huduma ya Maombi) na Prayojana - matokeo - kupata upendo wa Mungu. Mchakato rahisi zaidi ni kuimba maha Bhakti "Hare Krsna Hare Krsna KRsna Krsna Hare Hare - Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare" pamoja na wafuasi wa Mungu. Huku maana ya maisha yakiwa kuanzisha upya uhusiano ulioisha na Mungu anayewapenda watu wote, lengo la uumbaji ni kutumia rasilimali kurudi nyumbani kwa Mungu, Dunia ya milele ya kinafsi inayoitwa Goloka Vrindavana - milki ya Mungu. ====Ujaini==== [[Ujaini]] ni dini iliyoanza katika Uhindi ya kale, mfumo wake wa kimaadili unakuza nidhamu ya kibinafsi kushinda yote mengine. Kupitia kuyafuata mafundisho ya kujiepusha na anasa zote, ya ujaini, binadamu anapata kutaalamika (maarifa kamili). Ujaini unaugawanya ulimwengu katika viumbe vilivyohai na visivyohai. Wakati tu visivyohai vinavyoshikilia vyenye uhai ndipo mateso hutokea. Kwa hivyo, furaha ni matokeo ya utekaji-kibinafsi na uhuru kutoka kwa vitu vya nje. Maana ya maisha basi huweza kusemwa kuwa kutumia mwili unaoonekana kupata utambuzi wa kibinafsi na neema..<ref>Shah, Natubhai. ''Jainism: The World of Conquerors.'' Sussex Academic Press, 1998.</ref> Wajaini huamini kwamba kila binadamu anawajibika kwa matendo yake na viumbe wote hai wana roho ya milele, jīva. Wajaini wanaamini nafsi zote ni sawa kwa sababu zote zinamiliki uwezekano wa kufanywa ziwe huru na kufikia Moksha. Mtazamo wa Kijanini wa karma ni kwamba kila hatua, kila neno, kila wazo linazalisha, mbali na yanayoonekana, matokeo yasiyoonekana, na yanayopita fikira kwa nafsi. Ujaini unajumuisha kushikilia vikali ahimsa (au ''ahinsā''), mbinu ya aina ya Kusitisha Vurugu ambayo huzidi kwa mbali ulaji mboga. Wajaini wanakikataa chakula kilichopatikana kwa ukatili usiohitajika. Wengi wana mazoezi ya maisha sawa na ulaji mboga pekee kutokana na vurugu ya mashamba ya maziwa ya kisasa, na wengine huepukana na mboga za mizizi katika maakuli yao ili kulinda maisha ya mimea ambayo wao hula.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retoday.org.uk/pdfs/dre/viren.pdf |title=Viren, Jain |accessdate=2007-06-14 |publisher=[http://www.retoday.org.uk/ RE Today] |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614110256/http://www.retoday.org.uk/pdfs/dre/viren.pdf |archivedate=2007-06-14 }}</ref> ====Ubudha==== =====Ubudha wa Mapema===== Ubudha ni mafundisho yasiyo na pande mbili, ambapo kichwa, chombo, na hatua yote ni huonekana yakiwa si ya kweli. Wabudha wanaamini kwamba maisha kwa undani yamejaa mateso au kuchanganyikiwa. Hilo si kumaanisha kwamba hakuna raha maishani, lakini kwamba raha hii haisababishi furaha ya milele. Mateso yanasababishwa na kuvishikilia vitu vinavyonekana na kuguzika au visivyoonekana na visivyokuguzika ambavyo mwishowe husababisha mtu kuzaliwa tena na tena katika mzunguko wa kuwepo. Sutra na tantra za Kibudha haziongei kuhusu "maana ya maisha" au "madhumuni ya maisha", bali huzungumzia kuhusu uwezo wa maisha ya binadamu wa kukomesha mateso kupitia kujiepusha na tamaa na kushikilia dhana fulani. Mateso yanaweza kushindwa kupitia shughuli za binadamu, tu kwa kuondoa sababu ya mateso. Kufikia na kutimiza kutopenda raha ni mchakato wa ngazi nyingi ambazo hatimaye matokeo yake ni hali ya Nirvana. Nirvana inamaanisha uhuru kutoka mateso na kuzaliwa upya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/fourtruths.html |title=The Four Noble Truths |publisher=Thebigview.com |date= |accessdate=2009-11-06}}</ref> [[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|thumb|120px|left|Gurudumu la dharmacakra lenye sehemu nane]] Ubudha wa Kitheravada kwa jumla unadhaniwa kuwa karibu na mazoezi ya mapema ya Wabudha. Unakuza dhana ya Vibhajjavada (Pali), maana ya moja kwa moja "Kufunzwa kwa Uchambuzi", ambao Unasema kwamba lazima ufahamu utokane na uzoefu wa anAyenuia kuupata, uchunguzi makini, na kufikiria badala ya kutumia imani ya kipofu. Hata hivyo, mapokeo ya Kitheravadin pia yanasisitiza kuutilia maanani ushauri wa wenye busara, hasa ikizingatiwa kuwa ushauri huo na tathmini ya uzoefu wa kibinafsi kuwa vipimo viwili ambavyo vinafaa kutumiwa kuyapima mazoea. Lengo la Kitheravadin ni ukombozi (au uhuru) kutoka mateso, kulingana na Kweli Nne Adimu. Hili linapatikana katika kuipata Nirvana,au kufunguliwa ambao pia husitisha 0}mzunguko unaorudiwa wa kuzaliwa, uzee, maradhi na kifo. =====Ubudha wa Kimahayana===== Shule za Ubudha wa Kimahayana zinasita kusisitiza mtazamo wa jadi (ambao bado unatekelezwa katika Kitheravada) wa kuachiliwa kutoka Mateso (Dukkha) ta kibinafsi na kufikia Mwamko (Nirvana). Katika Mahayana, Budha huonekana kama kiumbe wa milele, asiyebadilika, asiyeeleweka, na ambaye yupo kila mahali. Misingi mikuu ya mafundisho ya Kimahayana imejikita katika uwezekano wa ukombozi kutoka mateso wa viumbe vyote, na kuwepo kwa Budha-asili apitaye fikira , ambaye ni kiini cha Budha wa milele aliopo, lakini aliyejificha na asiyetambulika, katika viumbe wote. Shule za kifalsafa za Ubudha wa Kimahayana, kama vile Chan / Zen na shule za Utibeti wa vajrayana na Shingon, hufunza wazi kwamba boddhisattva lazima wajiepushe na ukombozi kamili, wajiruhusu wenyewe kuzaliwa tena ulimwenguni hadi viumbe wote wapate kutaalamika. Shule za kiibada kama vile Ubhuda wa Ardhi Takatifu hutafuta msaada wa mabudha wa mbinguni - watu binafsi ambao wametumia maisha yao wakikusanya karma chanya, na kuutumia mkusanyiko huo kuwasaidia wote. ====Kalasinga==== [[File:Khanda.svg|thumb|110px|left|Ishara ya kidini ya Khanda, ambayo ni ishara muhimu ya dini ya Kalasinga.]] Dini yenye Mungu mmoja ya [[Kalasinga]] ilianzishwa na [[Guru]] [[Nanak Dev]]. Neno "Kalasinga" linamaanisha mwanafunzi, kuashiria kwamba wafuasi wataishi maisha yao milele wakijifunza. Mfumo huu wa falsafa ya dini na kueleza imejulikana tangu jadi kama Gurmat (maana yake shauri la maguru) au Sikh Dharma. Wafuasi wa Kalasinga wametakaswa kuyafuata mafundisho ya maguru wa Sikh kumi, au viongozi wa kutaalamika, na pia maandiko matakatifu yaitwayo Gurū Granth Sāhib yanayojumuisha maandiko mbalimbali yaliyochaguliwa na wanafalsafa wengi kutoka mazingira mbalimbali ya kijamii, kiuchumi na kidini. Maguru wa Kikalasinga hutuambia kwamba wokovu unaweza kupatikana kwa kuzifuata njia mbalimbali za kiroho, kwa hivyo si Wakalasinga pekee wanaopata wokovu: "Bwana anakaa ndani ya kila moyo, na kila moyo una njia yake yenyewe ya kumfikia."<ref name="Singh">{{cite book |author=Daljeet Singh |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur |publisher=Language Dept., Punjab |year=1971}}</ref> Wakalasinga huamini kwamba watu wote ni muhimu mbele ya Mungu.<ref name="Mayled">{{cite book |author=Jon Mayled |title=Modern World Religions: Sikhism |publisher=Harcourt Heinemann |year=2002 |isbn=0435336266}}</ref> Wakalasinga hupima maadili yao ya kitabia na ya kiroho na kuyatafuta maarifa, na lengo la kukuza maisha ya amani na usawa, na pia yenye hatua chanya.<ref>[http://www.sikhcoalition.org The Sikh Coalition]</ref> Sifa muhimu na tofauti ya Kalasinga ni dhana ya Mungu isiyo ya kumtazama Mungu akiwa na umbo fulani, kiasi kwamba mtu anaweza kumtafsiri Mungu kama Ulimwengu wenyewe (upanthei). Kalasinga kwa hivyo inayaona maisha kama fursa ya kumuelewa huyu Mungu na pia kuugundua uungu ambao upo katika kila mmoja. Ingawa ufahamu kamili wa Mungu unazidi ubinadamu,<ref name="p252">{{cite book | last=Parrinder | first=Geoffrey | authorlink=Geoffrey Parrinder | year=1971 | title=World Religions: From Ancient History to the Present | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited | location=United States | isbn = 0-87196-129-6}}</ref> Guru Nanak alielezea Mungu kama asiye eleweka kikamilifu, na kusisitiza kwamba Mungu lazima aonekana kutoka kwa "jicho la ndani", au "moyo", wa binadamu: wanaoamini lazima watafakari ili kuelekea kutaalamika. Nanak alihimiza ufunuo kupitia kutafakari, kwani kutumika kwake kila wakati kunaruhusu kuwepo kwa mawasiliano kati ya Mungu na binadamu.<ref name="p252"/> ===Dini za Mashariki ya mbali=== ====Ushinto==== [[File:Shinto_torii_vermillion.svg|thumb|right|100px|Shinto torii, mlango wa kitamaduni wa Kijapani]] [[Ushinto]] ni dini iliyoanzia [[Ujapani]]. Neno Shinto linamaananisha "njia ya kami", lakini kwa ufasaha zaidi, linaweza kumaanisha "sehemu yenye njia nyingi ambapo kami anachagua njia yake". Njia yenye sehemu nyingi ya 'kimungu' inaashiria kwamba ulimwengu wote ni roho ya kimungu. Msingi wa nia huru kuichagua njia ya mmoja, inamaanisha kwamba maisha ni mchakato wa ubunifu. Ushinto Unayataka maisha ya kuishi, siyo ya kufa. [[Ushinto]] unakitazama kifo kama uchafuzi na inatazama maisha kama eneo ambapo roho ya kimungu inanuia kujitakasa yenyewe kwa kujiendeleza inavyostahili. Ushinto unayataka maisha ya kibinafsi ya kibinadamu kuendelezwa milele duniani kama ushindi wa roho ya kimungu katika kuhifadhi tabia yake ya usawa kwa hali ya juu kabisa. Kuwepo kwa uovu duniani, kama inavyodokezwa na Ushinto, hakupingi hali ya kimungu kwa kuweka juu ya uungu jukumu la kuweza kuyapunguza mateso ya binadamu huku ikikataa kufanya hivyo. Mateso ya maisha ni mateso ya roho ya kimungu katika kuyatafuta mafanikio katika ulimwengu unaolenga usawa.<ref name="Mason">{{cite book |author=J. W. T. Mason |title=The Meaning of Shinto |publisher= Trafford Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=1412245516}}</ref> ====Utao==== [[File:Yin yang.svg|right|thumb|100px|''Taijitu'' ni ishara ya umoja wa vinyume vya yin na yang.]] Kosmojenia ya Watao inasisitiza haja ya viumbe wote wenye fahamu na watu wote kurudi kwa mwanzo au kuungana na Umoja wa Ulimwengu kupitia njia ya kujikuza na kujitambua. Wahumini wote wanapaswa kuelewa na kuwiana na mwisho wa kikweli. Wanaamini yote awali yalikuwa kutoka Taiji na Tao, na maana maishani kwa wahumini ni wao kugundua hali ya muda mfupi ya kuwepo. "Kujiangalia tu kindani ndio kunaoweza basi kutusaidia kupata sababu zetu za undani kabisa za kuishi...jibu rahisi limo humu ndani yetu."<ref name="Ming-Dao">{{cite book |author=Ming-Dao Deng |title=Scholar Warrior: An Introduction to the Tao in Everyday Life |url=https://archive.org/details/scholarwarriorin0000deng |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1990}}</ref> ====Ukonfusio==== [[Ukonfusio]] unatambua hali ya binadamu kulingana na mahitaji ya nidhamu na [[elimu]]. Kwa sababu binadamu anaendeshewa na ushawishi mzuri na mbaya, Wakonfiuso huona lengo katika kupata tabia nzuri kupitia uhusiano wa nguvu na kufikiria na pia kukanusha nishati hasi. Msisitizo huu wa maisha ya kawaida unaonekana katika msemo wa mwanachuoni wa Kikonfiuso Tu Wei-Ming, "tunaweza kutambua maana kuu ya maisha katika kuwepo kwa kawaida kwa binadamu."<ref>Tu, Wei-Ming. ''Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation.'' Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985.</ref> ====Dini mpya==== Kuna harakati nyingi mpya za kidini katika Asia ya Mashariki, baadhi yao zikiwa na mamilioni ya wafuasi: Chondogyo, Tenrikyo, Cao Đài, na Seicho-No-ie. Dini mpya kawaida zina maelezo ya kipekee kuhusu maana ya maisha. Kwa mfano, katika Tenrikyo, mtu anatarajiwa kuishi Maisha ya Furaha kwa kushiriki katika mazoea yanayokuza furaha yake binafsi na pia ya watu wengine. ===Dini za Magharibi na Mashariki ya Kati=== ====Uzoroastro==== [[Uzoroastro]] ni dini na falsafa inayopata jina lake kutoka kwa [[nabii]] wake [[Zoroaster]], ambayo labda iliathiri imani za [[Uyahudi]] na dini zilitokana na Uyahudi. Wazoroastro wanaamini ulimwengu na Mungu apitaye fikra, [[Ahura Mazda]], ambaye [[ibada]] yote inaelekezwa kwake. Kiumbe cha Azhura Mazda ni asha, ukweli na mpango ambao unazozana na kinyume chake, druj, uwongo na machafuko. Kwa sababu binadamu wana hiari, ni lazima wawe na uwajibikaji kwa maadili wanayoyachagua. Kwa kutumia hiari, watu lazima wawe na jukumu tendaji katika mgogoro wa dunia nzima, wawe na mawazo mema, maneno mema na matendo mema ili kuhakikisha furaha na kuepuka machafuko. ====Uyahudi==== Kipengele muhimu zaidi cha Uyahudi ni ibada ya [[Mungu]] mmoja anayejua yote, mwenye nguvu kuliko wote, ambaye ni [[mkarimu]] kila wakati, anayepita fikra zote, na ambaye [[uumbaji|aliumba]] ulimwengu na anautawala. Kulingana na Uyahudi wa awali, Mungu alifanya [[agano]] na [[Waisraeli]] katika [[mlima Sinai]], alipowapa sheria na amri zake zinazopatikana katika [[Torati]]. Katika Uyahudi wa Kirabi, Torati inajumuisha maandishi ya [[Torati]] na sheria ya [[mapokeo ya mdomo]] (iliyoandikwa baadaye kama maandiko matakatifu). Katika mtazamo wa ulimwengu wa Kiyahudi, maana ya maisha ni kumtumikia Mungu pekee wa kweli na kujiandaa kwa [[ulimwengu ujao]].<ref name="Cohn-Sherbok">{{cite book |author=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |title=Judaism: History, Belief, and Practice |url=https://archive.org/details/judaismhistorybe0000cohn |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=0415236614}}</ref><ref name="Heschel">{{cite book |author=Abraham Joshua Heschel |title=Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations |url=https://archive.org/details/heavenlytorahasr0000hesc |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2005 |isbn=0826408028}}</ref> Fikira za "Olam Haba"<ref name="Shuchat">{{cite book |author=Wilfred Shuchat |title=The Garden of Eden & the Struggle to Be Human: According to the Midrash Rabbah |publisher=Devora Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=1932687319}}</ref> Inahusu kujiinua kiroho, ni mtu kutumia "Olam Hazeh" (dunia hii) kwa kuunganika na Mungu na kujiandaa kwa "Olam Haba" (ulimwengu ujao). <ref name="Braham">{{cite book |author=Randolph L. Braham |title=Contemporary Views on the Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryview0000unse_n9q0 |publisher=Springer |year=1983 |isbn=089838141X}}</ref> ====Ukristo==== [[File:Das Jüngste Gericht (Memling).jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Picha]] ya [[Hans Memling]] inayoitwa ''[[Hukumu ya Mwisho]]'', inaonyesha [[Malaika mkuu]] [[Mikaeli]] akipima nafsi na kuwafukuza waliohukumiwa kuelekea [[jehanamu]].]] Ingawa [[Ukristo]] una mizizi yake katika Uyahudi, na unafanana sana na [[ontolojia]] ya Uyahudi, imani kuu ya Ukristo inatokana na mafundisho ya [[Yesu Kristo]] yaliyotolewa katika [[Agano Jipya]]. Kusudi la maisha kwa Mkristo ni kutafuta [[wokovu]] wa Kimungu kupitia [[neema]] ya Mungu iliyoletwa na [[Yesu]] ([[Yoh]] 11:26). Agano Jipya linaongea kuhusu Mungu kutaka uhusiano na binadamu wote katika maisha haya na yale yajao, jambo ambalo linaweza kufanyika tu kama [[dhambi]] za mtu zimesamehewa ([[Yoh]] 3:16-21), ([[2 Pet]] 3:9). Katika mtazamo wa Kikristo, watu waliumbwa katika hali njema kwa mfano wa Mungu, lakini kuanguka kwao ([[dhambi ya asili]]) kulisababisha wanaozaliwa kuirithi dhambi hiyo. [[Sadaka]] ya [[Yesu Kristo]] ya upendo, kifo na ufufuko hutoa njia ya kuishinda hali hiyo chafu ([[Rum]] 6:23). Njia ya kufanya hivyo inatofautiana kati ya [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali ya Wakristo, lakini yote yanategemea imani kwa Yesu, kazi yake [[msalaba]]ni na [[ufufuko wa Yesu|kufufuka kwake]] kama msingi wa uhusiano mpya na Mungu. Chini ya mtazamo wa Ukristo, watu wanafanywa waadilifu kupitia imani katika [[kafara]] ya Yesu kufa msalabani. [[Injili]] inafundisha kwamba, kupitia imani hiyo, kizuizi ambacho dhambi imeunda kati ya mtu na Mungu kinaondolewa, ili kumruhusu Mungu kuwageuza watu na kuweka ndani yao [[moyo mpya]] unaotii mapenzi yake, na uwezo wa kutii hivyo. Hii ndiyo maana inayoashiriwa na maneno 'kuzaliwa upya' au 'kuokolewa'. Jambo hili linatofautisha sana Ukristo na dini nyingine ambazo zinadai kwamba waumini ni waadilifu kwake Mungu kwa kushikamana na mwongozo au sheria waliyopewa na Mungu. Katika "[[Katekisimu]] Fupi ya [[Westminster]]", swali la kwanza ni: "Ni nini lengo kuu la binadamu?". Jibu ni: "Lengo kuu la binadamu ni kumtukuza Mungu na kufurahi naye milele. Mungu anataka mtu atii sheria ya maadili aliyomwonyesha akisema tumpende Bwana Mungu wetu kwa moyo wetu wote, kwa roho yetu yote, kwa nguvu zetu zote, na kwa akili zetu zote; na majirani wetu kama sisi wenyewe".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Westminster Shorter Catechism |url=http://www.creeds.net/reformed/Westminster/shorter_catechism.html |accessdate=2008-03-21 |archivedate=2008-03-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311000717/http://www.creeds.net/reformed/Westminster/shorter_catechism.html }}</ref> Katekisimu ya [[Baltimore]] inajibu swali, "Kwa nini Mungu amekuumba?" ikisema "Mungu ameniumba ili nimjue, nimpende na kumtumikia katika dunia hii, na kuwa na heri pamoja naye milele mbinguni."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Baltimore Catechism |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/balt/balt1.htm |accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref> [[Mtume Paulo]] alijibu swali hilo katika hotuba yake kwenye [[Areopago]] mjini [[Athene]]: "Kutokana na mtu mmoja (Mungu) alifanya kila taifa la wanadamu, ili waishi duniani kote; akapima nyakati hasa zilizowekwa kwao na mahali ambapo wanapaswa kuishi. Mungu alifanya hivyo ili binadamu amtafute kama kwa kupapasa ili kumpata, ingawa hayupo mbali na kila mmojawetu. ([[Mdo]] 17:26-27)<ref>[[Bible]], [[Acts]] 17:26-27, [[NKJV]]</ref> ====Uislamu==== Katika [[Uislamu]], lengo kuu la maisha ya binadamu ni kumtumikia [[Allah]] (kwa Kiarabu sawa na "Mungu") na kukaa na miongozo ya Kimungu iliyofafanuliwa katika [[Qur'an]] na [[Mapokeo ya Mtume]]. Maisha ya duniani ni [[mtihani]] tu ambao huamua maisha ya mtu baada ya kifo, katika Jannat (Mbinguni) au katika Jahannum (Kuzimu). Kwa ajili ya radhi ya Mwenyezi Mungu, kupitia Qur'ani, lazima Waislamu wote waamini katika Mungu, ufunuo wake, malaika wake, wajumbe wake, na katika "Siku ya Kiyama".<ref>{{cite quran|2|4|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|2|285|style=ref}}, {{cite quran|4|136|style=ref}}</ref> Qur'an inaelezea madhumuni ya uumbaji kama ifuatavyo: "Heri yeye ambaye mkononi mwake ana ufalme, yeye ana nguvu juu ya kila kitu, ambaye aliumba mauti na uhai ili apate kuchunguza nani kati yenu ndiye bora katika matendo, na yeye ni mwenyezi, Mwenye kusamehe "(Qur'an67 :1-2) na" 'Mimi tu niliumba malaika na binadamu kuniabudu Mimi "(Qur'an 51:56). Ibada inashuhudia kuwepo kwa umoja wa Mungu katika uongozi wake, majina yake, na sifa yake. maisha ya Duniani ni mtihani; jinsi mtu anavyotenda huamua kama nafsi ya mtu inakwenda Jannat (Mbinguni) au Jahannam (Motoni). [[Nguzo Tano za Kiislamu]] ni [[wajibu]] wa kila Muislamu; yaani: [[Shahadah]] ([[ungamo la imani]]); [[Salah]] (Maombi); [[Zakah]] (ukarimu); [[Sawm]] (kufunga wakati wa Ramadhan) na [[Hajj]] ([[Hija]] kwenda [[Makka]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Pillars of Islam | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online | accessdate=2007-05-02}}</ref> Zinatokana na maandiko ya [[Hadith]], hasa ya [[Sahih Al-Bukhari]] na [[Sahih Muslim]]. Imani ni tofauti kati ya Kalam. Dhana ya Kisunni ya mwisho wa safari iliyoamuliwa awali ni amri ya Kimungu;<ref>{{Muslim|1|1}}</ref> aidha, dhana ya Kishi'a ya nafsi kuwa na mahali pa kwenda kabla ya kifo ni haki ya Kimungu; katika mtazamo wa Kisufi unaoeleweka na wachache Ulimwengu upo tu kwa radhi ya Mungu; Uumbaji ni mchezo mkubwa, ambapo Mwenyezi Mungu ndiye tuzo kuu.<ref name="Yusuf Ali">{{cite book |author=[[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]] |title=[[Qur'an|The Holy Qur'an]] |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |year=2000 |isbn=1853267821}}</ref><ref name="Yusuf Ali" /> ====Imani ya Bahá'í==== [[Imani ya Bahai]] inasisitiza umoja wa ubinadamu.<ref>{{Citation | year = 2007 | title = "Bahaism." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language | volume = Fourth Edition | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bahaism}}</ref> Kwa Wabahá'í, madhumuni ya maisha ni kukua kiroho na kutoa huduma kwa ubinadamu. Binadamu wanatazamwa kama viumbe wa kiroho kwa undani. Maisha ya watu katika dunia hii tunayoishi hutoa fursa zilizopanuliwa za kukua, kukuza sifa na fadhila za Kimungu, na manabii walitumwa na Mungu kuwezesha hili.<ref>{{cite book |last = Smith |first = P. |year = 1999 |title = A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher = Oneworld Publications |location = Oxford, UK |pages = 325–328|isbn = 1851681841 }}</ref><ref>For a more detailed Bahá'í perspective, see {{Citation | title = "The Purpose of Life" Bahá'í Topics An Information Resource of the Bahá'í International Community| url = http://info.bahai.org/article-1-4-0-6.html}}</ref> ==Katika sanaa== Siri ya maisha na maana yake ni jambo linalorudiwa mara nyingi katika utamaduni maarufu, unaoonyeshwa katika [[burudani]] ya [[vyombo vya habari]] na aina mbalimbali za [[sanaa]]. [[File:Charles Allan Gilbert - All is Vanity.jpg|thumb|120px|''Yote ni bure'', picha ya [[Charles Allan Gilbert]], ni mfano wa ''vanitas''. Inaonyesha mwanamke akitazama uso wake katika kioo, lakini vyote vimepangwa ili kuifanya picha ya kifuvu kuonekana.]] Katika mfululizo maarufu wa vitabu vya kuchekesha vya [[Douglas Adams]] kwa jina "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", Jibu la Swali Kuu la Maisha, Ulimwengu, na Yote lina ufumbuzi wa kinambari wa 42, ambayo ilipatikana baada ya muda wa zaidi ya miaka milioni saba na nusu kupitia tarakilishi yenye nguvu kubwa kwa jina "Deep Thought". Baada ya kunganyika kwingi kutoka wazao wa waumbaji wake, "Deep Thought" anaelezea kuwa tatizo ni kuwa hawajui Swali Kuu, na ingewabidi kujenga [[kompyuta]] yenye nguvu zaidi ili kulibainisha. Kompyuta inaonyeshwa kuwa [[Dunia]], ambayo, baada ya kuhesabu kwa miaka milioni, inaharibiwa ili kuunda Barabara ya Kiulimwengu dakika tano kabla ya kukamilisha kufanya hesabu.<ref name="Yeffeth"/><ref name="Baggini" /><ref name="Badke"/><ref name="Adams H2G2 book1">{{cite book|title=[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (book)|The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]|author=[[Douglas Adams]]|published=1979|isbn=0-330-25864-8|year=1979|publisher=Pan Books|location=London}}</ref> Katika Maisha, Ulimwengu na Kila kitu, inathibitishwa kwa kweli kuwa 42 ndilo Jibu Kuu, na kwamba haiwezekani kwa Jibu Kuu na Swali Kuu kujulikana katika ulimwengu mmoja, kwani zitafutana na kuuchukua ulimwengu, na kubadilishwa na kitu cha maajabu zaidi,(mhusika mmoja, Prak, anapendekeza kwamba hili huenda likawa limetokea tayari).<ref name="Adams H2G2 book3">{{cite book|isbn=0-330-26738-8|title=[[Life, the Universe and Everything]]|author=[[Douglas Adams]]|published=1982|year=1982|publisher=Pan|location=London}}</ref> Hatimaye, katika matumaini kwamba fahamu yake ina swali, Arthur Dent anajaribu kuliwaza swali, na anapata "unapata nini ukizidisha sita mara tisa?", Pengine ni dhana isiyosahihi, kwani kuwasili kwa "Golgafrinchans" katika Dunia ya kabla ya historia ingeharibu mchakato wa kuhesabu.<ref name="Adams H2G2 book2">{{cite book|title=[[The Restaurant at the End of the Universe]]|author=[[Douglas Adams]]|date=1 Januari 1980|isbn=0-345-39181-0|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York}}</ref> Hata hivyo, Dent, Fenchurch, na Marvin anayekaribia kufa waliona ujumbe wa mwisho wa Mungu kwa uumbaji wake: "Sisi tunaomba msamaha kwa shida tuliyowaletea".<ref name="Adams H2G2 book4">{{cite book|isbn=0-330-28700-1|title=[[So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish]]|author=[[Douglas Adams]]|published=1984|year=1985|publisher=Pan|location=London}}</ref> [[File:HamletSkullHCSealous.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Hamlet na fuvu la kichwa la Yorick]] Katika maana ya maisha ya Monty Python,kuna kugusia kwingi kwa maana ya maisha. Katika "Sehemu ya VI B: Maana ya Maisha" mwanamke anayefanya kazi ya kusafisha anaelezea "Maisha ni mchezo, wakati mwingine unashinda au kushindwa" na baadaye mtu wa kupelekea watu vyakula hotelini anaelezea falsafa yake ya kibinafsi "Dunia ni pahali pazuri. Lazima uende ndani yake, na upende kila mtu, usiwachukie watu. Lazima hujaribu na kumfanya kila mtu awe na furaha, na upeleke amani na ridhaa kokote uendapo.<ref name="useless website">[http://www.intriguing.com/mp/_scripts/meanlife.asp Monty Python's Completely Useless Web Site: Monty Python's The Meaning Of Life: Complete Script]</ref> Katika mwisho wa filamu, tunaweza kumuona Michael Palin akipewa bahasha, anaifungua, na kupea watazamaji 'maana ya maisha': "Basi, si kitu maalumu sana. Uh, jaribu kuwa mzuri kwa watu, epuka kula mafuta, soma kitabu kizuri kila wakati, pata kutembea, na jaribu kuishi pamoja kwa amani na utulivu na watu wa Imani zote na mataifa yote.<ref name="useless website" /><ref name="Burnham">{{cite book |author=Terry Burnham |title=Mean Markets and Lizard Brains: How to Profit from the New Science of Irrationality |url=https://archive.org/details/meanmarketslizar0000burn |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2005 |isbn=0471716952}}</ref><ref name="Fernandez">{{cite book |author=Yolanda Fernandez |title=In Their Shoes: Examining the Issue of Empathy and Its Place in the Treatment of Offenders |url=https://archive.org/details/intheirshoes0000unse |publisher=Wood 'N' Barnes Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=1885473486}}</ref> Katika kipindi kimoja cha "The Simpsons" kilichoitwa "Homer the Heretic", mfano wa Mungu unakubali kumwambia Homer maana ya maisha, lakini majina ya wahusika wa kipindi yanaanza kuonekana anapoanza kusema ni nini. Mapema katika kipindi hicho, Homer anaanzisha dini yake mwenyewe, ambapo anajaribu kumwabudu Mungu kwa njia yake mwenyewe, baadaye akimwwambia Moe kwamba dini hiyo haina kuzimu na haina kupiga magoti. Hata hivyo, Homer anaiacha kwa haraka dini yake ya anasa na ubinafsi baada baada ya nyumba yake kunusurika kuchomeka, akitafsiri moto kama ishara ya kulipiza kisasi kwa kimungu, na kuita "O Mwenye Nguvu za Kuumiza, nionyeshe nani wa kuumiza, naye ataumizwa." Ned anamfariji Homer kuwa moto haukuwa kisasi cha Mungu na Lovejoy anaelezea kwamba Mungu alikuwa "akifanya kazi katika mioyo ya marafiki na majirani wako walipokuja kukusaidia."<ref name="Pinsky">{{cite book|author=Mark I. Pinsky|title=The Gospel According To The Simpsons: The Spiritual Life Of The World's Most Animated Family|url=https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt00mark|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2001|isbn=0664224199}}</ref> Mwishoni mwa "The Matrix Revolutions", Smith anahitimsha kwamba "madhumuni ya maisha ni kuisha" na anakusudia kuharakisha lengo hilo.<ref name="Lawrence">{{cite book|author=Matt Lawrence|title=Like a Splinter in Your Mind: The Philosophy Behind the Matrix Trilogy|url=https://archive.org/details/likesplinterinyo0000lawr|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2004|isbn=1405125241}}</ref> [[The Matrix (series)|''The Matrix'' series]]. Mfululizo wa filamu wa "The Matrix" pia unatoa wazo la "wanaoishi katika ukweli uliobuniwa" na swali linalohusika na wazo hilo ikiwa kuwepo huko kunafaa kutazamwa kama kusiokuwa na maana, katika njia inayoweza kulinganishwa na Hadithi fupi yenye mafunzo ya pango ya Plato na jinsi baadhi ya mifumo ya imani hutazama ukweli, kama Ubuddha au Uaginostiki.<ref>Christopher Grau (2005). Philosophers Explore the Matrix. Oxford University Press.</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Maadili]] * [[Maisha]] * [[Ubora wa maisha]] * [[Uhai]] * [[Ulimwengu]] * [[Teleolojia]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|2}} ==Viungo vya nje== ===Jumla=== * [http://meaningoflife.tv/ Meaningsoflife.tv] &ndash; Video discussions on the ultimate meaning of life with various religious and philosophical leaders. *[http://www.erinstoddard.com/meaningoflife.html Meaning of life”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.erinstoddard.com/meaningoflife.html |date=20100104110401 }} * [http://yudkowsky.net/tmol-faq/meaningoflife.html Frequently Asked Questions about the Meaning of Life] {{Wayback|url=http://yudkowsky.net/tmol-faq/meaningoflife.html |date=20070927211431 }} * [http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/whylife.html Why Life Extension &mdash; or Why Live at All?] ===Kisayansi=== * [http://www.meaningandhappiness.com/ Meaning and Happiness] &ndash; Research on meaning and happiness from the perspective of [[Positive psychology]]. ===Kifalsafa=== * [http://www.einstein-website.de/z_biography/credo.html Einstein's credo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.einstein-website.de/z_biography/credo.html |date=20220311035821 }} * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/ "The Meaning of Life" in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] * [http://rationalphilosophy.net/meaning-of-life/ An Objective Philosophy: Why We Exist?] {{Wayback|url=http://rationalphilosophy.net/meaning-of-life/ |date=20080514151238 }} &ndash; by Martin G. Walker. *[http://eneida.over-blog.net/ Hedonism & Meaning of life] {{Wayback|url=http://eneida.over-blog.net/ |date=20080626035211 }} *[http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/The-Logic-of-Existential-Meaning/217 The Logic of Existential Meaning] {{Wayback|url=http://journal.ilovephilosophy.com/Article/The-Logic-of-Existential-Meaning/217 |date=20070709004210 }} * [http://myweb.dal.ca/kernohan/godless A Guide for the Godless: The Secular Path to Meaning] {{Wayback|url=http://myweb.dal.ca/kernohan/godless |date=20110706174824 }} * [http://www.originofhumannature.ca The Origin of Human Nature, A Zen Buddhist Looks a Evolution] {{Wayback|url=http://www.originofhumannature.ca/ |date=20090113141910 }} by [[Albert Low]] ===Kiroho=== * [http://www.motherearthnews.com/Alternative-Energy/1978-07-01/A-Guide-for-Perplexed.aspx A Guide for the Perplexed (excerpt included)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/Alternative-Energy/1978-07-01/A-Guide-for-Perplexed.aspx |date=20071210070232 }} &ndash; by [[E. F. Schumacher]] * [http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/MeaningofLife.htm The Meaning of Life (from a Jewish perspective)] &ndash; by Rabbi [[Noah Weinberg]] * [http://www.what-buddha-taught.net/Books2/Dhammananda_Human_Life.htm Human Life] {{Wayback|url=http://www.what-buddha-taught.net/Books2/Dhammananda_Human_Life.htm |date=20091205205727 }} &ndash; by [[K. Sri Dhammananda]] * [http://www.what-buddha-taught.net/Books/Bhikkhu_Buddhadasa_Handbook_for_Mankind.pdf Handbook for Mankind] {{Wayback|url=http://www.what-buddha-taught.net/Books/Bhikkhu_Buddhadasa_Handbook_for_Mankind.pdf |date=20081216225943 }} &ndash; by [[Buddhadasa Bhikkhu]] * [http://www.mormon.org Answers to Life's questions] &ndash; by [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] * [http://www.humanmindmap.net Human life on earth - A Spiritual Perspective] {{Wayback|url=http://www.humanmindmap.net/ |date=20170913154041 }} &ndash; by [[New age]] [[Jamii:Dini]] [[Jamii:Falsafa]] [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] 4uetoh1f983wzjje6moneppvro12217 0 37005 1545135 1519696 2026-05-17T13:36:29Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1545135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person | jina = Mark Zuckerberg | picha = Mark Zuckerberg at the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville 018 v1.jpg | ukubwa wa picha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Mark Zuckerberg in 2011 | jina_la_kuzaliwa = Mark Elliot Zuckerberg | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1984|5|14|df=yes}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = [[White Plains, New York]], [[United States|USA]] | kazi_yake = Co-founder, CEO & President of [[Facebook]] | networth = $2 billion<ref name="forbes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/54/rich-list-09_Mark-Zuckerberg_I9UB.html |title=158 Mark Zuckerberg - The Forbes 400 Richest Americans 2009 - Forbes.com; |publisher=Forbes |date=2009-09-30 |accessdate=2009-10-03}}</ref> | dini = [[Ukanaji Mungu|Mkanaji Mungu]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Vara |first=Vauhini |url=http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB119621309736406034.html |title=Too Much Information? - WSJ.com |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=2007-11-28 |accessdate=2009-08-21}}</ref> }} '''Mark Elliot Zuckerberg''' (alizaliwa [[14 Mei]] [[1984]]) ni mjasiriamali Mmarekani anayejulikana kama mwanzilishi mwenza wa [[tovuti]] maarufu ya urafiki mtandao ya [[Facebook]]. Zuckerberg alianzisha Facebook pamoja na wanafunzi wenzake [[Dustin Moskovitz]], [[Eduardo Saverin]], na [[Chris Hughes]] wakati wakihudhuria [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]]. Zuckerberg ndiye [[Afisa Mkuu Mtendaji]] wa Facebook.<ref> Reagan, Gillian (2009-03-10). [https://www.observer.com/2009/media/thumbs-there%E2%80%99s-lot-about-%E2%80%98like%E2%80%99 Thumbs Up! ][https://www.observer.com/2009/media/thumbs-there%E2%80%99s-lot-about-%E2%80%98like%E2%80%99 There's a Lot to Like about 'Like'] (HTML). [[The New York Observer]]. The New York Observer, LLC. Retrieved on 2009/03/11</ref> Amekuwa mada ya utata kuhusu asili ya biashara yake. ''[[Time]]'' ilimworodhesha Zuckerberg kama moja wa ''Watu Mashuhuri Zaidi Duniani'' mwaka wa 2008. Aliorodheshwa katika kitengo cha Wanasayansi na Mamajuzi kwa mtandao wake ulionoga wa Facebook, na kuorodheshwa wa 52 kati ya watu 101 <ref> [http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733754_1735207,00.html Time Magazine] {{Wayback|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733754_1735207,00.html |date=20100310134747 }} 100 Watu 100 Mashuhuri Zaidi</ref> Kufikia Januari 2010 Zuckerberg ndiye mfanyabiashara aliyejijenga mchanga zaidi mwenye thamani ya zaidi ya dola bilioni. <ref>[http://www.forbes.com/global/2010/0118/japan-rich-list-10-green-google-networking-early-riser.html Forbes Asia] Asia's Youngest Self-Made Billionaire</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Zuckerberg alizaliwa [[White Plains, New York]] na kukulia Dobbs Ferry, [[New York]]. Alianza kuunda programu alipokuwa katikati shule ya kitengo cha kati. Zuckerberg alifurahia kuunda programu za kompyuta mapema, na hasa zana za mawasiliano na michezo. Kabla ya kuhudhuria [[Exeter Phillips Academy]], Mark alienda shule ya [[Ardsley High School]]. "Katika shule ya upili, yeye alifaulu sana katika masomo ya Kale. Alihamishiwa Phillips Exeter Academy ambako alizama katika somo la [[Kilatini]]. <ref name="whatwelearned">{{cite news | first=Caitlin | last=McDevitt | coauthors= | authorlink= | title=What We Learned About Mark Zuckerberg This Week | date=2010-03-05 | publisher= | url=http://www.thebigmoney.com/blogs/facebook-status/2010/03/05/what-we-learned-about-mark-zuckerberg-week | work=The Big Money | pages= | accessdate=2010-03-05 | language= | archivedate=2010-03-08 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308105506/http://www.thebigmoney.com/blogs/facebook-status/2010/03/05/what-we-learned-about-mark-zuckerberg-week }}</ref><ref name="whatwelearned">{{cite news | first=Caitlin | last=McDevitt | coauthors= |authorlink= | title= What We Learned About Mark Zuckerberg This Week | date=2010-03-05 | publisher= | url =http://www.thebigmoney.com/blogs/facebook-status/2010/03/05/what-we-learned-about-mark-zuckerberg-week | work =The Big Money | pages = | accessdate = 2010-03-05 | language = }}</ref>Pia aliunda programu ya kuwasaidia wafanyakazi katika ofisi ya baba yake kuwasiliana; akaunda toleo la mchezo wa [[Risk]] na programu ya kucheza muziki iitwayo Synapse iliyotumia [[wangafu]] kujifunza tabia za kusikiliza za watumiaji. [[Microsoft]] na [[AOL]] zilijaribu kununua Synapse na kumwajiri Zuckerberg, lakini aliamua badala yake kuenda [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]], ambapo alijiunga na [[Alpha Epsilon Pi]] , kikundi cha wanafunzi Wayahudi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/115/open_features-hacker-dropout-ceo.html?page=0%2C2|title=Hacker. Dropout. CEO.}}</ref>Chuoni, alijulikana kwa kukariri mistari kutoka mashairi ya kale kama vile ''[[The Iliad]]'' . <ref name="whatwelearned"/> == Facebook == [[Picha:Scoble-Zuckerberg-20080723.jpg|thumb|Zuckerberg (kulia) na Robert Scoble mwaka 2008.]] === Uanzilishi === Zuckerberg alivumbua Facebook katika chumba chake cha kulala cha Harvard mnamo 4 Februari 2004. Wazo la Facebook lilimjia kutoka siku zake za Phillips Academy Exeter ambapo, kama vyuo na shule nyingi, ilikuwa na mazoea ya siku nyingi ya kuchapisha kitabu cha kila mwaka chenye picha za wanafunzi wote, Kitivo na wafanyakazi inayojulikana kama "Facebook". Chuoni, Facebook ilianza tu kama "jambo la Harvard", mpaka Zuckerberg alipoamua kuieneza Facebook katika shule zingine na kuomba msaada kutoka kwa [[Dustin Moskovitz]] aliyekuwa wakiishi katika chumba kimoja chuoni. Kwanza walieneza hadi [[Stanford]], [[Dartmouth]], [[Columbia]], [[Cornell]] na [[Yale]], na kisha kwa shule nyingine zilizokuwa na mawasiliano ya kijamii na Harvard. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070105155512/http://daily.stanford.edu/article/2004/3/10/thefacebookcomsDarkerSide = clnk &amp; cd = 2 &amp; gl = ca &amp; client = firefox-a</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tuftsdaily.com/2.5541/1.600318 |title=Online network created by Harvard students flourishes |publisher=Tufts Daily |date= |accessdate=2009-08-21 |archivedate=2013-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210249/http://www.forbes.com/2006/09/11/facebook-opens-up-cx_rr_0911facebook.html }}</ref> === Kuhamia California === Zuckerberg alihamia [[Palo Alto, California]], pamoja na Moskovitz na baadhi ya marafiki zake. Walikodisha chumba kidogo ambacho kilitumika kama ofisi yao ya kwanza. Wakati wa kiangazi, Zuckerberg alikutana na [[Peter Thiel]] ambaye imewekeza katika kampuni yake. Walipata ofisi yao ya kwanza wakati wa majira ya kiangazi ya 2004. Kulingana na Zuckerberg, kikundi kilipanga kurudi Harvard kabla ya majira ya baridi lakini hatimaye akaamua kubakia [[California]]. Hadi leo, yeye hakuwahi kurudi chuoni kama mwanafunzi. === News Feed === Mnamo 5 Septemba 2006, Facebook illibua News Feed, huduma ya kuonyesha nini marafiki wako walikuwa wanafanya katika tovuti. Zuckerberg alikashifiwa na baadhi ya watu {{Weasel-inline|date=Januari 2010}} walioona News Feed kama kitu kisichohitajika na kama chombo cha [[kunyemelea mtandao]]. === Facebook Platform === Mnamo 24 Mei 2007, Zuckerberg ilivumbua Facebook Platform, jukwaa ya maendelezo kwa kujengea vipengele vya kirafiki ndani ya Facebook. Tangazo hili lilisababisha hamu kubwa katika jamii ya wanaotengeneza vipengele hivi. Katika wiki chache, vipengele vingi vilijengwa na baadhi zao tayari kutumika na mamilioni ya watumiaji. Hii leo, kuna zaidi ya watengenezaji 800,000 ulimwenguni wanaounda vipengele kwa kutumia Facebook Platform. Mnamo 23 Julai 2008, Zuckerberg alitangaza Facebook Connect, toleo la Facebook Platform kwa watumiaji. === Facebook Beacon === Tarehe 6 Novemba 2007, Zuckerberg ilitangaza mfumo mpya wa matangazo ya kirafiki katika hafla moja mjini Los Angeles. Sehemu ya mpango huu mpya iitwayo Beacon, ingewawezesha watu kushiriki habari na marafiki zao wa Facebook kwa msingi wa shughuli zao katika tovuti nyingine. Muuzaji wa [[eBay]], kwa mfano, angeweza kuruhusu marafiki kujua papo hapo alichokua akiuza kupitia Facebook habari alipokuwa akiorodhesha vitu. Mpango huu uliibua hoja nzito kuhusu faragha kutoka kwa vikundi na watumiaji binafsi. Zuckerberg na Facebook walishindwa kujibu wasiwasi huu kwa haraka, na mnamo 5 Desemba 2007, Zuckerberg hatimaye aliandika makala katika Facebook na <ref> [http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=7584397130 The Facebook Blog | Facebook]</ref> kuchukua jukumu kwa masuala kuhusu Beacon na kutoa njia rahisi kwa watumiaji kujitoa kutoka kwa huduma hiyo. === Utata wa ConnectU === Wanafunzi wa Harvard [[Cameron Winklevoss]], [[Tyler Winklevoss]], na [[Divya Narendra]] walimshtakia Mark kwa kuwahadaa kwa kuwafanya waamini kuwa angeweza kuwasaidia kujenga mtandao wa kijamii ulioitwa HarvardConnection.com (baadaye ulioitwa ConnectU). <ref>{{cite web|author=Nicholas Carlson|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mark-zuckerberg-hacked-into-the-harvard-crimson-2010-3|title=In 2004, Mark Zuckerberg Broke Into A Facebook User's Private Email Account|publisher=Silicon Alley Insider |date= |accessdate=2010-03-05}}</ref>Walifungua kesi mahakamani mwaka wa 2004 lakini ikafutiliwa mbali bila mapendeleo tarehe 28 Machi 2007. Ilirudishwa mahakamani punde tu baadaye katika [[Mahakama ya Wilaya ya Marekani]] huko [[Boston]], na kupangiwa kusikizwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo 25 Julai 2007. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,135041-c,webservices/article.html |title=PC World - Facebook Tries to Fend Off Copyright-Infringement Claim |accessdate=2010-03-19 |archivedate=2007-09-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930192226/http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,135041-c,webservices/article.html }}</ref> Katika kusikizwa kwake jaji aliiambia ConnectU kuwa sehemu fulani za malalamiko yao hazikuwa zimekamilika na akawapa fursa ya kufanya marekebisho na kuyawasilisha malalamiko yao tena. Tarehe 25 Juni 2008, kesi iliamuliwa na Facebook kukubalia kuwalipa dola million 65. <ref>{{cite web|author=Logged in as click here to log out |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/feb/12/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-ex-classmates |title=Facebook paid up to $65m to founder Mark Zuckerberg's ex-classmates &#124; Technology &#124; guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian |date= |accessdate=2009-08-21}}</ref> Kama sehemu ya daawa hii, mnamo Novemba 2007, nyaraka za siri za mahakamani ziliwasilishwa kwenye tovuti ya gazeti la wanafunzi wa zamani wa Harvard''[[02,138.]]'' Zilikuwa ni pamoja na nambari ya usalama wa kijamii ya Zuckerberg, na anwani za wazazi wake na mpenzi wake. Facebook ilienda mahakamani ikitaka hati hizo zitolewe, lakini hakimu ilitoa uamuzi ulioipa ''02138'' ushindi. <ref name="autogenerated1"/> === Microsoft kuwekeza katika Facebook === Mnamo 24 Oktoba 2007, Facebook Inc iliuza asilimia 1.6 ya hisa zake kwa [[Microsoft Corp]] kwa dola milioni 240, na kughairi maombi kutoa kwa kampuni inayoongoza katika huduma ya kutafuta katika mtandao [[Google Inc]] Hii ilionyesha kwamba Facebook ilikuwa na [[thamani]] ya dola bilioni 15 wakati wa mauzo. Programu ya kusasisha bidhaa ya michezo ya Xbox 360 ya Microsoft ilitolewa na pia kuboresha Facebook, Twitter na Last.fm <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.xbox.com/en-US/live/features/facebook.htm |title=Microsoft investes $ 240 milioni in Facebook - MSNBC.com |accessdate=2010-03-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417043841/http://www.xbox.com/en-US/live/features/facebook.htm |archivedate=2010-04-17 }}</ref> === Facebook mwaka wa 2009 === Kufikia 2 Desemba 2009 Facebook ilidai kuwa ina watumiaji wasiopungua milioni 350. === Filamu === Kuna sinema kuhusu Mark Zuckerberg na waumbaji wa [[Facebook]], iitwayo ''[[The Social Network]]'' . Inapaswa kutolewa mwaka wa 2010, na ina waigizaji nyota [[Jesse Eisenberg]] na [[Justin Timberlake]]. == Bibliografia == * [[Yogesh Chabria]], ''Happionaire's Csh The Crash.'' CNBC - Network18. ISBN 978-81-906479-5-3 - 2009 == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Mark Zuckerberg}} * [http://www.facebook.com Facebook.com] * [http://www.facebook.com/markzuckerberg Facebook Profile] * [https://www.forbes.com/profile/mark-zuckerberg/ Mark Zuckerberg - Forbes] {{Facebook}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zuckerberg, Mark}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Facebook]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] [[Jamii:Wayahudi]] ofr7p09yc30ajv77hgp3vkborqlmpvm 0 37380 1545313 1500109 2026-05-17T21:14:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545313 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Giotto_di_Bondone_-_No._26_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_Christ_-_10._Entry_into_Jerusalem_-_WGA09206.jpg|thumb|Yesu alivyoingia Yerusalemu kwa shangwe kadiri ya [[Giotto]].]] [[File:Palm33jf.JPG|thumb|300px|right|[[Padri]] [[Mkatoliki]] akibariki matawi huko [[Plaridel, Bulacan]], [[Ufilipino]].]] [[File:PalmSunday.jpg|thumb|left|[[Baraka]] ya mitende nje ya kanisa la [[Anglikana]] huko [[Marekani]].]] [[File:Palmsöndagsmässa i Hedvig Eleonora kyrka.jpg|right|thumb|516x516px|Ibada ya matawi katika [[Walutheri|kanisa la Kilutheri]] huko [[Uswidi]].]] {{Mwaka wa liturujia}} '''Jumapili ya matawi''' (pia: '''[[Jumapili]] ya [[mitende]]''') katika [[mwaka wa Kanisa]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali ya [[Ukristo]] ndiyo [[siku]] inapoadhimishwa jinsi [[Yesu Kristo]] alivyoingia mara ya mwisho [[Yerusalemu]] siku sita kabla ya [[Pasaka ya Kiyahudi]]<ref name=Boring256 >''The people's New Testament commentary'' by M. Eugene Boring, Fred B. Craddock 2004 {{ISBN|0-664-22754-6}} pp. 256–258</ref><ref name=CEvans381>''The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary: Matthew–Luke, Volume 1'' by Craig A. Evans 2003 {{ISBN|0-7814-3868-3}} pp. 381–395</ref><ref name=M133 >''The Synoptics: Matthew, Mark, Luke'' by Ján Majerník, Joseph Ponessa, Laurie Watson Manhardt 2005 {{ISBN|1-931018-31-6}} pp. 133–134</ref><ref name=CAEvans114 >''The Bible knowledge background commentary: John's Gospel, Hebrews–Revelation'' by Craig A. Evans {{ISBN|0-7814-4228-1}} pp. 114–118</ref> Only the Gospel<ref>[[s:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew#21:1|Matthew 21:1–11]], [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Mark#11:1|Mark 11:1–11]], [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Luke#19:28|Luke 19:28–44]], [[s:Bible (American Standard)/John#12:1|John 12:1–19]]</ref> of John shows a timeline of the event, dated six days before the [[Passover]].<ref>{{bibleverse||John|12:1|KJV}}</ref> ili [[Msalaba wa Yesu|kufa]] na [[Ufufuko wa Yesu|kufufuka]] kwa [[wokovu]] wa [[binadamu]] wote katika nafasi ya sikukuu hiyo. [[Tarehe]] yake inabadilikabadilika kila [[mwaka]] kwa sababu inafanyika Jumapili ya mwisho kabla ya [[Pasaka ya Kikristo|Pasaka]], ambayo haina tarehe kamili. Kadiri ya [[Injili]] zote<ref>[[Mk]] 11:1–11, [[Math]] 21:1–17, [[Lk]] 19:28–48, [[Yoh]] 12:12–19</ref>, siku hiyo alishangiliwa na [[umati]] mkubwa, hasa wa [[vijana]], kwa kutumia ma[[tawi]], ndiyo [[asili]] ya [[jina]]. Kufuatana na habari hiyo, mara nyingi [[Wakristo]] wanafanya [[maandamano]] ya [[ibada]] wakiimba na kupunga matawi, mara nyingi ya [[mitende]] inapopatikana, kulingana na taarifa iliyomo katika [[Injili ya Yohane]]. Jumapili hiyo ndiyo mwanzo wa [[Juma kuu]]<ref name="Cooper2013">{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=J.C.|title=Dictionary of Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZC3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124|access-date=25 April 2014|date=23 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134265466|page=124|quote=Holy Week. The last week in LENT. It begins on PALM SUNDAY; the fourth day is called SPY WEDNESDAY; the fifth is MAUNDY THURSDAY; the sixth is GOOD FRIDAY; and the last 'Holy Saturday', or the 'Great Sabbath'.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705063330/http://books.google.com/books?id=6ZC3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124|archive-date=5 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Brewer1896">{{cite book|last=Brewer|first=Ebenezer Cobham|title=The Historic Notebook: With an Appendix of Battles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YphAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA669|access-date=25 April 2014|year=1896|publisher=J. B. Lippincott|page=669|quote=The last seven days of this period constitute Holy Week. The first day of Holy Week is Palm Sunday, the fourth day is Spy Wednesday, the fifth Maundy Thursday, the sixth Good Friday, and the last Holy Saturday or the Great Sabbath.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705063402/http://books.google.com/books?id=YphAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA669|archive-date=5 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Blackwell2009">{{cite book |last1=Blackwell |first1=Amy Hackney |title=Lent, Yom Kippur, and Other Atonement Days |url=https://archive.org/details/lentyomkippuroth0000hack |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2796-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lentyomkippuroth0000hack/page/14 15]–16 |language=en |quote=The last week of Lent is called ''Holy Week'' in the Western Churches, and ''Great and Holy Week'' in the Eastern. During this week, believers remember the events in the last week of Jesus' life. These include Jesus' entrance into Jerusalem and his suffering on the way to crucifixion, which are sometimes called the "Passion of Jesus Christ," or "Passion of Christ."}}</ref><ref name="Melton2011">{{cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations [2 volumes]|date=13 September 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-206-7 |page=527 |language=en |quote=''Lent (Ash Wednesday through Holy Saturday)'': The season of Lent begins with Ash Wednesday and lasts until the final Saturday before Easter, Holy Saturday. It includes "Holy Week," the week before Easter. For six weeks preceding Easter, it is a time of penitential prayer, fasting, and almsgiving to prepare for the celebration of the resurrection of Jesus on Easter Sunday. This season of Lent originally was also a time of preparation for baptismal candidates and those separated from the Church who were rejoining the community. Holy Week, the last week of Lent, commemorates the last week of the earthly life of Jesus Christ. It covers the events of his triumphal entry into Jerusalem, the last supper, the arrest, and his death by crucifixion. Beginning with the sixth Sunday of Lent, Holy Week includes Palm Sunday, Spy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Overview of Holy Week in the Orthodox Church |url=https://www.greekboston.com/religion/orthodox-holy-week/ |publisher=Greek Boston |access-date=2 April 2023 |language=English |date=24 March 2010 |quote=Holy Week in the Orthodox Church (for Greeks, Russians and any other nationalities that are Orthodox Christian) takes place in the week after Great Lent and just before Pascha, or Orthodox Easter. The last day of lent is the Saturday of Lazarus, which celebrates when Jesus raised Lazarus from the dead. Holy Week officially begins with Palm Sunday and follows the last week of Christ’s life before His death and resurrection.}}</ref> linaloadhimisha matukio makuu ya [[historia ya wokovu]] kadiri ya [[imani]] ya Wakristo. Baada ya ibada [[Kanisa (jengo)|kanisani]], Wakristo wanakwendana hayo matawi [[nyumba|nyumbani]] wanapoyaweka karibu na [[msalaba]] au penginepo.<ref name="Kirk2018">{{cite web |last1=Kirk |first1=Lisa |title=Ideas for Displaying Palm Sunday Palms Around Your Home |url=https://blessedisshe.net/blog/palm-sunday-palms/ |publisher=Blessed Is She |access-date=4 April 2020 |language=en |date=25 March 2018}}</ref> Katika [[Kanisa la Magharibi|Ukristo wa Magharibi]] bla ya mwanzo wa [[Kwaresima]] ya mwaka ujao wanaombwa kuyarudisha ili yachomwe pamoja na kugeuzwa [[Jivu|majivu]] kwa ajili ya ibada ya [[Jumatano ya Majivu]]<ref name="GEC2018">{{cite web |title=This Sunday at Grace: February 4, 2018 |work=Grace Episcopal Church |url=https://www.gracealex.org/news/sunday-grace-february-4-2018/ |access-date=4 April 2020 |language=en |date=3 February 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806042859/https://www.gracealex.org/news/sunday-grace-february-4-2018/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shrove Tuesday |url=https://www.timesreporter.com/news/20200218/good-day |publisher=[[The Times-Reporter]] |access-date=4 April 2020 |language=en |date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806074002/https://www.timesreporter.com/news/20200218/good-day |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Huko [[Ukristo wa Mashariki|mashariki]] kwa kawaida yanarudishwa kabla ya Jumapili ya Matawi ya mwaka ujao. Tangu mwaka [[1985]], kwa [[uamuzi]] wa [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]], katika siku hiyo [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linaadhimisha pia "[[Siku ya kimataifa ya vijana]]", kwa sababu, kadiri ya Injili, watu wa [[rika]] hilo ndio waliomshangilia zaidi [[Yesu]] akiingia Yerusalemu. [[Picha:Bishkek church 01.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Jumapili ya matawi ikiadhimishwa na [[Waorthodoksi]] wa [[Biškek]] huko [[Kirgizistan]].]] ==Habari ilivyo katika kila Injili== ===Marko=== 11:1 Walipokuwa wanakaribia Yerusalemu walifika Bethfage na Bethania, karibu na mlima wa Mizeituni. Hapo aliwatuma wawili wa wanafunzi wake, 2 akawaambia, "Nendeni katika kijiji kilicho mbele yenu. Mtakapokuwa mnaingia humo, mtakuta mwana punda amefungwa ambaye bado hajatumiwa na mtu. Mfungueni mkamlete. 3 Kama mtu akiwauliza, `Mbona mnafanya hivyo?` Mwambieni, `Bwana anamhitaji na atamrudisha hapa mara."` 4 Basi, wakaenda, wakamkuta mwana punda barabarani amefungwa mlangoni. Walipokuwa wakimfungua, 5 baadhi ya watu waliokuwa wamesimama hapo wakawauliza "Kwa nini mnamfungua huyo mwana punda?" 6 Wanafunzi wakajibu kama Yesu alivyokuwa amewaambia; nao wakawaacha waende zao. 7 Wakampelekea Yesu huyo mwana punda. Wakatandika mavazi yao juu ya huyo mwana punda, na Yesu akaketi juu yake. 8 Watu wengi wakatandaza mavazi yao barabarani; wengine wakatandaza matawi ya miti waliyoyakata mashambani. 9 Watu wote waliotangulia na wale waliofuata wakapaaza sauti zao wakisema, "Hosana! Abarikiwe huyo ajaye kwa jina la Bwana! 10 Ubarikiwe Ufalme ujao wa baba yetu Daudi. Hosana juu mbinguni!" 11 Yesu aliingia mjini Yerusalemu akaenda moja kwa moja mpaka Hekaluni, akatazama kila kitu kwa makini. Lakini kwa vile ilikwisha kuwa jioni, akaenda Bethania pamoja na wale kumi na wawili. ===Mathayo=== 21:1 Yesu na wanafunzi wake walipokaribia Yerusalemu na kufika Bethfage katika mlima wa Mizeituni, aliwatuma wanafunzi wake wawili, 2 akawaambia, "Nendeni hadi kijiji kilicho mbele yenu na mtamkuta punda amefungwa na mtoto wake. Wafungueni mkawalete kwangu. 3 Kama mtu akiwauliza sababu, mwambieni, `Bwana anawahitaji,` naye atawaachieni mara." 4 Jambo hili lilifanyika ili yale yaliyosemwa na nabii yatimie: 5 "Uambieni mji wa Sioni: Tazama, Mfalme wako anakujia! Ni mpole na amepanda punda, mwana punda, mtoto wa punda." 6 Hivyo, wale wanafunzi walienda wakafanya kama Yesu alivyowaagiza. 7 Wakamleta yule punda na mtoto wake, wakatandika nguo zao juu yao na Yesu akaketi juu yake. 8 Umati mkubwa wa watu ukatandaza nguo zao barabarani, na watu wengine wakakata matawi ya miti wakayatandaza barabarani. 9 Makundi ya watu waliomtangulia na wale waliomfuata wakapaaza sauti: "Hosana Mwana wa Daudi! Abarikiwe huyo ajaye kwa jina la Bwana! Hosana Mungu juu mbinguni!" 10 Yesu alipokuwa anaingia Yerusalemu, mji wote ukajaa ghasia. Watu wakawa wanauliza, "Huyu ni nani?" 11 Watu katika ule umati wakasema, "Huyu ni nabii Yesu, kutoka Nazareti katika mkoa wa Galilaya." 12 Basi, Yesu akaingia Hekaluni, akawafukuza nje watu waliokuwa wanauza na kununua vitu ndani ya Hekalu; akazipindua meza za wale waliokuwa wanavunja fedha, na viti vya wale waliokuwa wanauza njiwa. 13 Akawaambia, "Imeandikwa katika Maandiko Matakatifu: `Nyumba yangu itaitwa nyumba ya sala.` Lakini ninyi mmeifanya kuwa pango la wanyang`anyi." 14 Vipofu na vilema walimwendea huko Hekaluni, naye Yesu akawaponya. 15 Basi, makuhani wakuu na walimu wa Sheria walipoyaona maajabu aliyoyafanya Yesu, na pia watoto walipokuwa wanapaaza sauti zao Hekaluni wakisema: "Sifa kwa Mwana wa Daudi," wakakasirika. 16 Hivyo wakamwambia, "Je, husikii wanachosema?" Yesu akawajibu, "Naam, nasikia! Je hamjasoma Maandiko haya Matakatifu? `Kwa vinywa vya watoto wadogo na wanyonyao unajipatia sifa kamilifu."` 17 Basi, akawaacha, akatoka nje ya mji na kwenda Bethania, akalala huko. ===Luka=== 19:28 Yesu alisema hayo, kisha akatangulia mbele yao kuelekea Yerusalemu. 29 Alipokaribia kufika Bethfage na Bethania, karibu na mlima wa Mizeituni, aliwatuma wanafunzi wake wawili, 30 akawaambia: "Nendeni katika kijiji kilicho mbele yenu. Mtakapokuwa mnaingia kijijini, mtamkuta mwana punda amefungwa ambaye hajatumiwa na mtu. Mfungeni, mkamlete hapa. 31 Kama mtu akiwauliza, kwa nini mnamfungua, mwambieni, `Bwana ana haja naye."` 32 Basi, wakaenda, wakakuta sawa kama alivyowaambia. 33 Walipokuwa wanamfungua yule mwana punda, wenyewe wakawauliza, "Kwa nini mnamfungua mwana punda huyu?" 34 Nao wakawajibu, "Bwana anamhitaji." 35 Basi, wakampelekea Yesu yule mwana punda. Kisha wakatandika mavazi yao juu yake wakampandisha Yesu. 36 Yesu akaendelea na safari, na watu wakatandaza mavazi yao barabarani. 37 Alipofika karibu na Yerusalemu, katika mteremko wa mlima wa Mizeituni, umati wote na wanafunzi wake, wakaanza kushangilia na kumtukuza Mungu kwa sauti kubwa, kwa sababu ya mambo makuu waliyoyaona; 38 wakawa wanasema: "Abarikiwe Mfalme ajaye kwa jina la Bwana. Amani mbinguni, na utukufu juu mbinguni!" 39 Hapo baadhi ya Mafarisayo waliokuwako katika lile kundi la watu, wakamwambia Yesu, "Mwalimu, wanyamazishe wanafunzi wako!" 40 Yesu akawajibu, "Nawaambieni, kama hawa wakinyamaza, hakika hayo mawe yatapaza sauti." 41 Alipokaribia zaidi na kuuona ule mji, Yesu aliulilia 42 akisema: "Laiti ungelijua leo hii yale yaletayo amani! Lakini sasa yamefichika machoni pako. 43 Maana siku zaja ambapo adui zako watakuzungushia maboma, watakuzingira na kukusonga pande zote. 44 Watakupondaponda wewe pamoja na watoto wako ndani ya kuta zako; hawatakuachia hata jiwe moja juu jingine, kwa sababu hukuutambua wakati Mungu alipokujia kukuokoa." 45 Kisha, Yesu aliingia Hekaluni, akaanza kuwafukuzia nje wafanyabiashara 46 akisema, "Imeandikwa: `Nyumba yangu itakuwa nyumba ya sala`; lakini ninyi mmeifanya kuwa pango la wanyang`anyi." 47 Yesu akawa anafundisha kila siku Hekaluni. Makuhani wakuu, walimu wa Sheria na viongozi wa watu walitaka kumwangamiza, 48 lakini hawakuwa na la kufanya, maana watu wote walikuwa wakimsikiliza kwa makini kabisa. ===Yohane=== 12:12 Kesho yake, kundi kubwa la watu waliokuja kwenye sikukuu walisikia kuwa Yesu alikuwa njiani kuja Yerusalemu. 13 Basi, wakachukua matawi ya mitende, wakatoka kwenda kumlaki; wakapaaza sauti wakisema: "Hosana! Abarikiwe huyo ajaye kwa jina la Bwana. Abarikiwe mfalme wa Israeli." 14 Yesu akampata mwana punda mmoja akapanda juu yake kama yasemavyo Maandiko: 15 "Usiogope mji wa Sioni! Tazama, Mfalme wako anakuja, Amepanda mwana punda." 16 Wakati huo wanafunzi wake hawakuelewa mambo hayo, lakini Yesu alipokwisha tukuzwa, ndipo walipokumbuka kwamba hayo yalikuwa yameandikwa juu yake, na kwamba watu walikuwa wamemtendea hivyo. 17 Kundi la watu wale waliokuwa pamoja naye wakati alipomwita Lazaro kutoka kaburini, akamfufua kutoka wafu, walisema yaliyotukia. 18 Kwa hiyo umati huo wa watu ulimlaki, maana wote walisikia kwamba Yesu alikuwa amefanya ishara hiyo. 19 Basi, Mafarisayo wakaambiana, "Mnaona? Hatuwezi kufanya chochote! Tazameni, ulimwengu wote unamfuata." ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} == Marejeo== * Frood, J.D. & Graves, M.A.R. Seasons and Ceremonies: Tudor-Stuart England. Elizabethan Promotions, 1992 * [https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/vhod-gospoden-v-ierusalim/id642832216?mt=11 Вход Господень в Иерусалим. Богослужебные указания для священнослужителей.] (Составитель протоиерей Виталий Грищук) – СПб.: Санкт-Петербургская православная духовная академия, 2013г. (в формате iBooks). == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Palm Sunday}} *[http://www.liturgies.net/Lent/PalmSunday.htm An Order of Service for Palm Sunday] *[http://www.zrism.com/comments/easter/palm-crosses/ Learn how to make a cross out of palms] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zrism.com/comments/easter/palm-crosses/ |date=20080410115942 }} *[http://www.greekorthodox.org.au/general/livinganorthodoxlife/liturgicalmeaningofholyweek/palmsunday Palm Sunday (Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.greekorthodox.org.au/general/livinganorthodoxlife/liturgicalmeaningofholyweek/palmsunday |date=20080322045539 }} *[http://www.byzantines.net/feasts/lent/palmsunday.htm Palm Sunday according to the Byzantine Rite Tradition] *[http://www.newstimes360.com/palm-sunday-images-quotes-pictures-2015/ Palm Sunday 2015] {{Wayback|url=http://www.newstimes360.com/palm-sunday-images-quotes-pictures-2015/ |date=20150331014427 }} *{{CathEncy|wstitle=Palm Sunday}} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Mwaka wa Kanisa]] [[Jamii:Sikukuu za Ukristo]] e4sso7qgr07cv4h1ed7nhvzrx57zhwt 0 39965 1545404 425301 2026-05-18T00:09:45Z Xqbot 1852 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Marekani]] to [[United States of America]] 1545404 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[United States of America]] nvnh7wpe0c5i00goefh6jrlswut0rha 1545533 1545404 2026-05-18T08:52:57Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[United States of America]] to [[Marekani]] 1545533 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Marekani]] t9bo61ndd9f58v1sgdn3got3djgv1p4 0 44444 1545405 471813 2026-05-18T00:09:50Z Xqbot 1852 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Marekani]] to [[United States of America]] 1545405 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[United States of America]] nvnh7wpe0c5i00goefh6jrlswut0rha 1545530 1545405 2026-05-18T08:52:23Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[United States of America]] to [[Marekani]] 1545530 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Marekani]] t9bo61ndd9f58v1sgdn3got3djgv1p4 0 56625 1545245 1385036 2026-05-17T18:21:14Z Said Mfaume 68307 1545245 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Female sexual and reproductive Organs 1.png|thumb|300px|Mfumo wa uzazi wa mwanamke kwa ndani na nje.]] [[Picha:Black_genitalia_annotated.jpg|250px|thumb|Sehemu za nje za siri za mwanamke (Vulva):<br>1: [[Govi]] la kinembe<br>2: [[Kinembe]]<br>3: Mashavu makubwa ya nje (Labia majora)<br>4: Mashavu madogo ya ndani (Labia minora)<br>5: Lango la mrija wa [[mkojo]] (Urethra)<br>6: Lango la uke (Vagina)<br>7: [[Msamba]] (Perineum)<br>8: [[Mkundu]]]] '''Uke''' (kwa Kiingereza: ''Vagina'') ni kiungo cha ndani cha mfumo wa uzazi wa [[mwanamke]]. Kiungo hiki kina umbo la mfereji wa misuli unaoanzia kwenye shingo ya uzazi (servix) hadi nje ya mwili kwenye sehemu za siri zinazojulikana kisayansi kama '''vulva''' au mashavu ya nje.<ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/hatari-kwa-wanawake-wanaojifukiza-sehemu-za-siri-zatajwa--3898598</ref> Katika maisha ya kila siku, uke una kazi kubwa tatu mwilini: # '''Njia ya uzazi:''' Wakati wa kujifungua, misuli ya uke hupanuka kwa kiasi kikubwa ili kumruhusu mtoto kutoka kwenye mji wa mimba kuelekea nje. # '''Kutoa damu ya hedhi:''' Kila mwezi, damu na tishu zinazotoka kwenye mji wa mimba wakati wa [[hedhi]] hupita kwenye mfereji huu ili kutoka nje ya mwili. # '''Tendo la ndoa:''' Wakati wa kujamiiana, uke hupokea uume na kutoa majimaji ya asili yanayolainisha njia ili kuzuia maumivu au michubuko. Kwa kawaida, uke una uwezo wa kujisafisha wenyewe kupitia majimaji maalum yanayozalishwa na tezi za ndani, hivyo wataalamu wa afya wanashauri kutoweka sabuni au kemikali ndani yake ili kuzuia maambukizi. == Muundo na ukuaji == Kipindi cha [[balehe]] kinachoanza kati ya umri wa miaka 9 hadi 15, mabadiliko makubwa ya kihomoni hutokea mwilini. Katika umri huu, uke pamoja na [[mji wa mimba]] (uterus) hukua na kuongezeka ukubwa.<ref name="Marshall 187">Marshall, ''Human Growth'', uk. 187.</ref> Katika hatua hii, tezi za siri huanza kuzalisha kiowevu cheupe au kisicho na rangi (ute wa kawaida). Kiowevu hiki ni muhimu kwani husaidia kuweka uke katika hali ya usafi, unyevunyevu, na kuua bakteria wabaya. == Rangi na umbo == Muonekano wa uke na mashavu ya nje unatofautiana sana kati ya mwanamke mmoja na mwingine. Rangi ya maeneo haya inaweza kuwa ya waridi (pinki), nyekundu, kahawia, au nyeusi kulingana na rangi ya ngozi ya mtu na mzunguko wa damu. Pia, ni jambo la kawaida kabisa kwa mashavu ya siri (labia) kutolingana kwa ukubwa au umbo. == Tanbihi == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-anatomia}} [[Jamii:Mwili]] [[Jamii:Viungo vya mwili]] [[Jamii:Uzazi]] 8q2tk6550tnw9qpdaf9q4x8l26d92ga 0 57021 1545406 606767 2026-05-18T00:09:55Z Xqbot 1852 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Marekani]] to [[United States of America]] 1545406 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[United States of America]] nvnh7wpe0c5i00goefh6jrlswut0rha 1545531 1545406 2026-05-18T08:52:34Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[United States of America]] to [[Marekani]] 1545531 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Marekani]] t9bo61ndd9f58v1sgdn3got3djgv1p4 1 65896 1545384 1543862 2026-05-17T22:29:20Z Mbulukani Mulenga 87789 Mbulukani Mulenga moved page [[Majadiliano:Marekani]] to [[Majadiliano:United States of America]] over redirect 1399919 wikitext text/x-wiki SEA ALAOAA A MAIUA ALAOA AIUA AATRAA BANAMALOA AIA AUAAAA ACA == New Infobox == @[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] Sikuharibu Umbo la nchi la Marekani la Infobox, I made It better it has no errors like before, It has well styled Font and Text and Before you revert it again, Discuss with me First. You can Clearly see inakaa vizuri kuliko mbeleni '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157 🇰🇪]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]])''' 18:54, 27 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Wewe katika kubadili hili umediskasi na nani? Kwanini unaamini una haki ya kufanya utakacho? '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 07:40, 1 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::I don't think that I have a Right to do whatever i want, However i know that I have the Right to Make It Better. ::I initiated a Discuss in The Wikipedia Community but nobody is active there. ::</br> ::The New Design is like What we have in English Wikipedia so that it can Captivate a User when reading Articles. ::2nd, The Previous actually has Very Many Errors, Poor Fonts etcetera, And its locked. This Wiki is new and Most Countries are using "old Jedwali" and "old infoboxes" , They need Renewal and Modern designs [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^Chronist</i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 12:19, 1 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::Kumbe kuna mjadala hapa. Watakuja kujibu katika Village Pump. Vuta subira. Kawaida kupita wiki. Hata mimi ninataka kufanya mabadiliko makubwa ya translating tool, lakini mfumo unataka kwanza nishirikishe wengine kabla ya kutoa mapendekezo katika kitengo husika. Kadhalika, nimeona ujumbe wako. Boresha yale niliyokwambia kule. Kisha weka majedwali yote matatu. Tutachagua kwa pamoja. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 14:23, 1 Februari 2025 (UTC) == New Infobox == @[[Mtumiaji:Kisare|Kisare]]I discussed with people already about The New Infobox and they already liked it, [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:04, 13 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Like i said the Infobox you created has too many problems like Padding, Row allignment, Font, Misplaced indentation, Etc. :Furthermore we used different design, I used a more simpler version! But i requested for how people think, :Undoing the whole changes in your , template infobox would have been "not good" [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:09, 13 Februari 2025 (UTC) 6xb94109cad7b0kw6lkumpxdv5ozhr3 1545515 1545384 2026-05-18T07:06:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni moved page [[Majadiliano:United States of America]] to [[Majadiliano:Marekani]] over redirect: jina la Kiswahili 1399919 wikitext text/x-wiki SEA ALAOAA A MAIUA ALAOA AIUA AATRAA BANAMALOA AIA AUAAAA ACA == New Infobox == @[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] Sikuharibu Umbo la nchi la Marekani la Infobox, I made It better it has no errors like before, It has well styled Font and Text and Before you revert it again, Discuss with me First. You can Clearly see inakaa vizuri kuliko mbeleni '''[[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Gayle157 🇰🇪]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]])''' 18:54, 27 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Wewe katika kubadili hili umediskasi na nani? Kwanini unaamini una haki ya kufanya utakacho? '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 07:40, 1 Februari 2025 (UTC) ::I don't think that I have a Right to do whatever i want, However i know that I have the Right to Make It Better. ::I initiated a Discuss in The Wikipedia Community but nobody is active there. ::</br> ::The New Design is like What we have in English Wikipedia so that it can Captivate a User when reading Articles. ::2nd, The Previous actually has Very Many Errors, Poor Fonts etcetera, And its locked. This Wiki is new and Most Countries are using "old Jedwali" and "old infoboxes" , They need Renewal and Modern designs [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^Chronist</i>'''</div>]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Gayle157|majadiliano]]) 12:19, 1 Februari 2025 (UTC) :::Kumbe kuna mjadala hapa. Watakuja kujibu katika Village Pump. Vuta subira. Kawaida kupita wiki. Hata mimi ninataka kufanya mabadiliko makubwa ya translating tool, lakini mfumo unataka kwanza nishirikishe wengine kabla ya kutoa mapendekezo katika kitengo husika. Kadhalika, nimeona ujumbe wako. Boresha yale niliyokwambia kule. Kisha weka majedwali yote matatu. Tutachagua kwa pamoja. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 14:23, 1 Februari 2025 (UTC) == New Infobox == @[[Mtumiaji:Kisare|Kisare]]I discussed with people already about The New Infobox and they already liked it, [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:04, 13 Februari 2025 (UTC) :Like i said the Infobox you created has too many problems like Padding, Row allignment, Font, Misplaced indentation, Etc. :Furthermore we used different design, I used a more simpler version! But i requested for how people think, :Undoing the whole changes in your , template infobox would have been "not good" [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Aguahrz^{Chronist^2.0}</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:09, 13 Februari 2025 (UTC) 6xb94109cad7b0kw6lkumpxdv5ozhr3 0 66815 1545369 1517170 2026-05-17T22:20:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545369 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Уваскрэсенне_–_Сыходжанне_ў_пекла._Канец_XVII_ст._З_Дзісны_Віцебскай_вобл._Нацыянальны_мастацкі_музей.jpg|thumb|Kristo mfafuka alivyochorwa.]] {{Mwaka wa liturujia}} [[Picha:Mwaka wa kanisa.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Kipindi cha Pasaka katika mwaka wa Kanisa kinaonyeshwa na [[rangi]] ya [[njano]].]] '''Kipindi cha Pasaka''' ni kipindi maalumu cha [[mwaka wa Kanisa]] katika [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali ya [[Ukristo]]. Kinatanguliwa na [[Kwaresima]], kinaanza katika [[Dominika]] ya [[Pasaka ya Kikristo|Pasaka]] na kukamilishwa na [[Pentekoste]]<ref>''Normae Universales de Anno Liturgico et de Calendario'' (''NUALC''), 22</ref><ref name="SWA2013">{{cite web |title=Saints Will Arise: So which Sunday in Eastertide is it? Take your pick! |url=https://saintsshallarise.blogspot.com/2013/04/so-which-sunday-in-eastertide-is-it.html |publisher=Saints Will Arise |access-date=2 May 2019 |language=en |date=13 April 2013}}</ref><ref>''NUALC'', 23</ref> au pengine [[Kupaa Bwana]]. Kinaadhimishwa kama [[sikukuu]] moja tu <ref>Saint [[Athanasius]], ''Epist. fest.'' I: [[Patrologia Graeca]] 26, 1366</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ascension Day: Ascension of Our Lord|url=https://www.catholic.org/lent/ascension.php}}</ref>, ingawa siku nane za kwanza zinaunda [[Oktava]]. Ni kwamba [[Wayahudi]] wanaadhimisha [[Pasaka]] [[Pasaka ya Kiyahudi|ya kale]], [[ukumbusho]] wa kuvuka pakavu kati ya [[bahari]], kutoka [[utumwa]]ni kuelekea [[uhuru]]. Kumbe [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wanaadhimisha Pasaka mpya, ukumbusho wa [[sadaka]] ya [[Agano Jipya]] la [[milele]] ambayo pamoja na [[Yesu]] wanavuka toka [[dunia]] hii kwenda kwa [[Baba]]: [[Kristo]] asingefufuka [[imani]] hiyo ingekuwa bure. Maelezo yafuatayo yanatokana na mpango wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]], lakini kwa kiasi kikubwa yanafaa pia kwa madhehebu mengine, kama vile [[Anglikana]]. ==Adhimisho== Kile cha Pasaka, kikiwa na [[siku]] [[hamsini]], ndicho kirefu zaidi kati ya vipindi vikuu vinne vya [[mwaka]] wa [[Kanisa]] (vingine vikiwa [[Majilio]], [[Kipindi cha Noeli|Noeli]] na [[Kwaresima]]). Wakati wa Pasaka [[Agano la Kale]] halisomwi kwa kuwa yaliyotabiriwa nalo yameshatimia katika Kristo. Badala yake yanasomwa karibu mfululizo [[Matendo ya Mitume]] yanayoelekeza [[safari]] yote ya [[Kanisa]]. Masomo mengine, [[sala]] na [[nyimbo]] vinasema hasa juu ya Kristo kufufuka na kuwa na watu wake kwa namna mpya, pia juu ya [[paji]] la [[Roho Mtakatifu]] alilowapatia. Katika [[maisha]] ya kawaida watu wanafanya [[sherehe]] mbalimbali, si za [[dini]] tu. [[Sikukuu]] yoyote inatokeza [[furaha]] ya kuishi: usipokuwa na mtazamo wa kuridhika na maisha, kumwaga [[pesa]] katika [[anasa]] hakuondoi [[huzuni]] ya kukata tamaa. Sikukuu yoyote ni [[adhimisho]] la pamoja: inatokana na watu kukubaliana katika kujali mambo fulanifulani au walau kuheshimiana; pia inajenga [[jamii]] kwa kurudisha furaha ya kuwa pamoja. Kwa Wakristo sherehe kuu kuliko zote ni Pasaka: ndiyo sikukuu yenyewe ambayo inadumu siku hamsini mfululizo hadi [[Pentekoste]] na inaitwa Dominika kubwa. Kwa kweli Pasaka si sherehe mojawapo tu wala kipindi kimojawapo tu katika [[mwaka wa liturujia]], bali ndiyo [[kiini]] chake, kama vile Dominika (Pasaka ndogo ya kila wiki) ilivyo kiini cha [[juma]] zima. Ni adhimisho la [[uzima mpya]] na wa [[milele]] ambao Kristo mfufuka anaushirikisha kwa njia ya [[sakramenti]]: [[ubatizo]] na [[kipaimara]] kwa Wakristo wachanga, [[kitubio]] kwa waliobatizwa zamani, hasa [[ekaristi]] kwa wote; humo Yesu hakumbukwi tu, bali waaminu wanakutana naye, hai tena mtukufu. Adhimisho hilo ni la pamoja kwa sababu wamekuwa [[moyo]] mmoja na [[roho]] moja katika Kristo kwa kumiminiwa Roho Mtakatifu. Kwa [[kumega mkate]] mmoja wanaimarisha [[ushirika]] wao na kuwajibika kumtambua Yesu katika wale wote wanaokutana nao, hasa [[maskini]]. [[Mang’amuzi]] hayo ya [[imani]] yanachochea kuimba mfululizo [[Aleluya]]! Bila [[shaka]] inaimbwa na watu wakiwa njiani kuelekea kwao: hawajafikia pale watakapoimba katika [[heri]] ya [[starehe]] ya milele. Wanaimba wasije wakalemewa na mzigo wa [[maisha]]. [[Augustino wa Hippo]] alionya: “Imba anavyofanya [[msafiri]]. Imba lakini tembea, usahau [[uchovu]] wako kwa kuimba, lakini jihadhari na [[uvivu]]. Imba na tembea”. Aleluya inatokeza vizuri furaha na [[tumaini]]: ndiyo sababu ikaririwa sana. Pamoja na hayo, uhuru wa Kikristo unawadai waamini wAUshuhudie kwa matendo na hasa kwa kuwakomboa [[ndugu]] zao wanaodhulumiwa. Kristo amefufuka kweli na atawafufua wote pia: waamini wake wataishi naye kwa [[Baba]] katika [[umoja]] wa Roho Mtakatifu. Hata sasa yu pamoja nao (ndiyo maana ya [[mshumaa wa Pasaka]]). Wakiwa naye maisha yanawanogea, kwa kuwa yote yameinuliwa tena na kufanywa mapya. Wanaamini wamekombolewa kutoka utumwa wa [[dhambi]] na [[mauti]], wamekuwa [[wana wa Mungu]] na kuishi kwa uhuru wa [[upendo]] wakiongozwa na Roho Mtakatifu. Kristo amekuwa [[Bwana]] na anaendelea kueneza ufalme wake. Hawawezi kuogopa chochote tena kwa kuwa [[historia]] ni yake yeye aliye [[Alfa na Omega]]. ==Nje ya liturujia== Katika [[utamaduni]] wa Kikristo kipindi cha Pasaka kina [[desturi]] mbalimbali kadiri ya madhehebu na nchi, kama vile [[Pambo|mapambo]] <ref name="FGMC2021">{{cite web |title=The Flowering of the Cross |url=https://www.firstmethodistforney.org/2021/the-flowering-of-the-cross-easter-sunday/ |publisher=First Global Methodist Church of Forney |access-date=10 April 2023 |language=English |date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410055158/https://www.firstmethodistforney.org/2021/the-flowering-of-the-cross-easter-sunday/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Friedman2016">{{cite web |last1=Friedman |first1=Sally |title=Easter bonnets top at Burlington City shop |url=https://www.burlingtoncountytimes.com/story/lifestyle/2016/03/27/easter-bonnets-top-at-burlington/17612366007/ |publisher=[[Burlington County Times]] |access-date=10 April 2023 |language=English |date=27 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198607663.001.0001/acref-9780198607663-e-201 | title=clipping the church | publisher=Oxford University Press | work=Oxford Reference|access-date=30 March 2013| doi=10.1093/acref/9780198607663.001.0001 | year=2003 | last1=Simpson | first1=Jacqueline | last2=Roud | first2=Steve | isbn=9780198607663 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Easter Lily Tradition and History|url=http://guardianlv.com/2014/04/easter-lily-tradition-and-history/|last=Collins|first=Cynthia|date=19 April 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=20 April 2014|quote=The Easter Lily is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Churches of all denominations, large and small, are filled with floral arrangements of these white flowers with their trumpet-like shape on Easter morning.|archive-date=17 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817151814/https://guardianlv.com/2014/04/easter-lily-tradition-and-history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schell|first=Stanley |title=Easter Celebrations|url=https://archive.org/details/EasterCelebrations |date=1916 |publisher=Werner & Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/EasterCelebrations/page/n96 84]|quote=We associate the lily with Easter, as pre-eminently the symbol of the Resurrection.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Luther League Review: 1936–1937|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GDTAAAAMAAJ|date=1936|publisher=Luther League of America|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803094720/https://books.google.com/books?id=4GDTAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>, na hasa upande wa [[chakula]], kwa mfano [[Yai|mayai]] ya Pasaka <ref name="Jordan2000">{{cite book |author=Anne Jordan |title=Christianity |url=https://archive.org/details/christianity0000jord |date=5 April 2000 |publisher=Nelson Thornes |quote=Easter eggs are used as a Christian symbol to represent the empty tomb. The outside of the egg looks dead but inside there is new life, which is going to break out... Orthodox Christians dye boiled eggs red to make red Easter eggs that represent the blood of Christ shed for the sins of the world.}}</ref><ref name="Harbaugh1878">{{cite book|title = The Guardian, Volume 29|publisher=H. Harbaugh|quote=Just so, on that first Easter morning, Jesus came to life and walked out of the tomb, and left it, as it were, an empty shell. Just so, too, when the Christian dies, the body is left in the grave, an empty shell, but the soul takes wings and flies away to be with God. Thus you see that though an egg seems to be as dead as a stone, yet it really has life in it; and also it is like Christ's dead body, which was raised to life again. This is the reason we use eggs on Easter.|year=1878}}</ref><ref name="GeddesGriffiths2002">{{cite book|title = Christian belief and practice|publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]]|author= Gordon Geddes, Jane Griffiths|quote=Red eggs are given to Orthodox Christians after the Easter Liturgy. They crack their eggs against each other's. The cracking of the eggs symbolizes a wish to break away from the bonds of sin and misery and enter the new life issuing from Christ's resurrection.|date=22 January 2002|isbn = 9780435306915}}<!--|access-date =14 March 2016--></ref><ref>{{cite book|title = The Church Standard, Volume 74|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|quote=In parts of Europe, the eggs were dyed red and were then cracked together when people exchanged Easter greetings. Many congregations today continue to have Easter egg hunts for the children after the services on Easter Day.|author=Vicki K. Black|date=1 July 2004|isbn = 9780819225757}}<!--|access-date =7 April 2012--></ref><ref name=Davis>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/happy-easter-whats-with-the-bunny-and-the-eggs/|title=Easter Traditions Explained|last=Davis|first=David|date=20 April 2014|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref>. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Eastertide}} *[http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_category/8/Easter_Season.html Easter Season Resource Library – Crossroads Initiative] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011075152/http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_category/8/Easter_Season.html |date=2012-10-11 }} *[http://www.binetti.ru/collectio/liturgia/missale_files/deanno3ed.htm ''Normae Universales de Anno Liturgico et de Calendario''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415201145/http://www.binetti.ru/collectio/liturgia/missale_files/deanno3ed.htm |date=2017-04-15 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027095634/http://geocities.com/hashanayobel/christwrit/liturdays.htm Writings on Easter, Eastertide and Lent liturgical days] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020750/http://victorcauchi.fortunecity.com/laudslent/easter0.htm Liturgy of Hours of Eastertide] *[https://www.kidsgen.com/events/easter/eastertide.htm Eastertide: How It's Celebrated in the Americas and Across Europe] *[http://www.ceremoniaire.net/depuis1969/missel_2002/nual_1.html French translation] {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Liturujia]] [[Category:Mwaka wa Kanisa]] pxquov4glmu28oz36mniz86tawzprl8 0 67289 1545372 1312152 2026-05-17T22:23:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545372 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Titan Visible.jpg|right|thumb|Picha ya Titani iliyotumwa na [[Cassini-Huygens]].]] '''Titani''' (kutoka [[Kigiriki]]: ''Τῑτάν'')<ref name="OxfordGreekDictionary">{{cite book|editor1=Morwood J|editor2=Taylor J.|title=Pocket Oxford Classical Greek Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198605126|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198605126/page/365 365]|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2002|isbn=9780198605126}}</ref> ni mmojawapo kati ya [[miezi]] ya [[sayari]] [[Zohali]] wenye ukubwa wa sayari ndogo. [[Kipenyo]] chake kwenye [[ikweta]] ni [[kilomita]] 5,150<ref name=NASAfact>{{cite web|title=NASA: Solar System Exploration: Planets: Saturn: Moons: Titan|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Titan|author=Harvey, Samantha|accessdate=2011-03-13|publisher=NASA|date=2011-03-04|archivedate=2011-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323002856/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Titan|https://web.archive.org/web/20110323002856/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Titan|=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323002856/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Titan}}</ref><ref name=cox>{{cite book|author1=Cox, Brian|author2=Cohen, Andrew|title=Wonders of the Solar System|url=https://archive.org/details/wondersofsolarsy0000coxb|date=2010|publisher=HarperCollins|page=[https://archive.org/details/wondersofsolarsy0000coxb/page/94 94]-95|isbn=9780007386901}}</ref><ref name=hiw>{{cite book|title=How it Works Book of Space|url=https://archive.org/details/howitworksbookof0000unse|date=2010|publisher=Imagine Publishing|isbn=9781906078829|page=[https://archive.org/details/howitworksbookof0000unse/page/n63 63]}}</ref> na inasogea kwenye [[mzingo]] wenye [[umbali]] wa kilomita 1,221,865&nbsp;km kutoka [[Zohali]]. <ref name=NASAfact /> Titani ilitambuliwa [[mwaka]] [[1655]] na [[mwanaastronomia]] [[Christiaan Huygens]] kwa kutumia moja ya [[darubini]] za kwanza iliyoboreshwa. Titani ni mwezi mkubwa wa Zohali na mwezi mkubwa wa pili katika [[mfumo wa jua|mfumo wa Jua]] letu. Hata ni kubwa kuliko sayari [[Utaridi]]. == Muundo == [[File:Titan radius.jpg|thumb|Titani (buluu) inazungukwa na ganda nene la gesi (njano). Kwa hiyo inaonekana kubwa zaidi jinsi ilivyo.]] Zamani Titani ilikadiriwa kuwa mwezi mkubwa katika mfumo wa jua. Lakini [[safari]] ya [[Voyager 1]] ilipita Titani mwaka [[1979]] na vipimo vya [[kipimaanga]] hicho vilionyesha ya kwamba [[uso]] wa Titani unafichwa na [[angahewa]] zito lenye [[unene]] wa kilomita 900&nbsp;. Kwa hiyo imejulikana ya kwamba [[Ganymedi]], mwezi wa [[Mshtarii]], ni kubwa zaidi. Ikiwa Titanii ni kubwa kushinda Utaridi inajulikana ya kwamba [[masi]] yake ni ndogo. Kwa hiyo inaaminiwa ya kwamba unaundwa hasa na [[barafu]] ya [[maji]]. Hata uso wa mwezi ni hasa barafu ya maji ambayo ni imara kama [[mwamba]] kutokana na [[baridi]] kali ya 180 [[C°]] usoni mwake. Chini ya ganda imara hilo kuna uwezekano wa kuwa na [[bahari]] ya maji. [[Kiini]] cha Titani ni [[silikati]] na [[metali]]. <ref>G. Tobie, O. Grasset, J. I. Lunine, A. Mocquet, C. Sotin (2005). "Titan's internal structure inferred from a coupled thermal-orbital model". Icarus 175 (2): 496–502. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.12.007. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2005Icar..175..496].</ref> [[Graviti]] ya [[Titan|Titani]] ni ndogo; mtu anayeweza kuruka [[mita]] 1 juu ya uso wa [[dunia]] angeweza kuruka mita 7 juu ya uso wa Titani. == Mwendo == Titani inapita [[obiti]] yake katika [[siku]] 15 na [[saa]] 22 ikizunguka sayari yake Zohali mara moja. [[Muda]] huo unalingana na [[mzunguko]] wa Zohali kwenye [[mhimili]] wake au muda wa siku 1 ya Zohali. Mzingo wa Titani unafanana na [[duara]] ingawa si duara kamili. {{Gallery | titel= | breedte=250 | regels=7 | Synchronous rotation.svg|An example of "synchronous rotation": the moon takes the same time to orbit around the planet as the planet takes to spin around its own axis. This means that the same side of the moon is always pointed at the planet and, in this example, people living on the planet will never be able to see the green side of the moon. | OrbitalEccentricityDemo.svg|"Eccentricity" describes the path that a planet or moon travels in. If the eccentricity, or "e" in the picture, is 0 (zero), the path is a perfect circle. If the eccentricity is higher than 0, the path becomes less round. }} ==Angahewa== Pamoja na [[Dunia]] yetu ni mahali pa pekee penye [[angahewa]] zito la gesi. Lakini haifai kwa [[binadamu]] kwa sababu ni baridi sana na [[gesi]] zake ni [[nitrojeni]] pamoja na [[hidrokaboni]] kama [[methani]]. Pamoja na Dunia ni pia mahali pa pekee katika [[mfumo wa Jua]] penye [[Ziwa|maziwa]] na [[mito]] lakini hii si ya [[maji]] bali na methani [[kiowevu]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v445/n7123/abs/nature05438.html|title=The lakes of Titan |publisher=Nature|accessdate=2011-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Cox, Brian|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/moons/titan_(moon)#p0070hxn|title=BBC: Science: Space: Solar System: Moons: Titan: Methane rain on Titan|format=Video|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2011-03-13|archivedate=2011-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316155840/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/moons/titan_(moon)#p0070hxn}}</ref> Angahewa la Titani lina [[shinikizo]] mara 1.45 kuliko Dunia; [[densiti]] yake ni mara nne densiti ya angahewa la Dunia. [[Tabia]] hizo, pamoja na kiwango kidogo cha [[upepo]] na [[graviti]] iliyo ndogo kuliko duniani, zinaaminiwa kuruhusu [[upelelezi]] wa mwezi huo kwa njia ya [[vyombo vya hewani]]. [[NASA|Mamlaka ya usafiri wa anga ya Marekani]] inaandaa [[Dragonfly (Titan)|mradi wa Dragonfly]] itakayopeleka [[helikopta]] hadi Titani kwenye mwaka [[2037]]<ref>[https://www.salon.com/2021/04/20/after-ingenuitys-successful-mars-flight-nasa-plans-to-fly-a-huge-rotorcraft-on-saturns-moon/ After Ingenuity's successful Mars flight, NASA plans to fly a huge rotorcraft on Saturn's moon], tovuti ya Salon.com, tarehe 20 Aprili 2021</ref>. ==Cassini-Huygens== [[File:Cassini Saturn Orbit Insertion.jpg|thumb|left|Cassini ikizunguka juu ya orbiting Saturn.]] [[Tarehe]] [[1 Julai]] [[2004]] [[chombo cha angani]] [[Cassini–Huygens]] iliingia katika mzingo wake kuzunguka Zohali. Sehemu ya Huygens iliachana na Cassini na kufika usoni pa Titani 14 Januari [[2005]] ambako iliweza kutuma [[data]] kwa [[dakika]] 72. Data hizo zilihusu zaidi angahewa la mwezi huo na kuwepo kwa viowevu. Cassini inaendelea kuzunguka Titani na Zohali pamoja na miezi mingine ya Zohali. <ref>Pence, Michael (9 Machi 2006). [http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=639 NASA's Cassini Discovers Potential Liquid Water on Enceladus] {{Wayback|url=http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=639 |date=20080303154427 }}. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved on 8 Julai 2007.</ref> Cassini ilithibitisha kuwepo kwa maziwa makubwa ya [[hidrokaboni]] karibu na [[ncha]] ya [[kaskazini]]. <ref>{{cite web|author=Rincon, Paul|date=2007-03-14|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6449081.stm|title=Probe reveals seas on Saturn moon|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2007-07-12}}</ref> Ziwa kubwa lenye eneo kama [[Bahari ya Kaspi]] duniani ilipewa [[jina]] la [[Kraken Mare]].<ref name="liquid">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/space/12/18/saturn.titan.reflection/index.html?eref=rss_topstories&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2Fcnn_topstories+%28RSS%3A+Top+Stories%29|title=NASA reveals first-ever photo of liquid on another world|date=18 Desemba 2009|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2009-12-20}}</ref> == Kurasa nyingine == * [[Zohali]] * [[Mwezi]] == Soma == * {{cite book| title=Lifting Titan's Veil: Exploring the Giant Moon of Saturn| url=https://archive.org/details/liftingtitansvei0000lore| first=Ralph| last= Lorenz| coauthors=Jacqueline Mitton| publisher=Cambridge University Press| month=Mei|year=2002| isbn= 0-521-79348-3}} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mfumo wa jua}} [[Category:Zohali]] 6dj38jdked771wemev1q0uky3kp1b62 0 67327 1545407 837963 2026-05-18T00:10:00Z Xqbot 1852 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Marekani]] to [[United States of America]] 1545407 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[United States of America]] nvnh7wpe0c5i00goefh6jrlswut0rha 1545538 1545407 2026-05-18T08:53:52Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[United States of America]] to [[Marekani]] 1545538 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Marekani]] t9bo61ndd9f58v1sgdn3got3djgv1p4 0 70147 1545325 1530219 2026-05-17T21:25:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease |Name = Lung cancer |Image = LungCACXR.PNG |Caption = A plane [[chest X-ray]] showing a tumor in the lung (marked by arrow) |DiseasesDB = 7616 |ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|33||c|30}}-{{ICD10|C|34||c|30}} |ICD9 = {{ICD9|162}} |ICDO = |OMIM = |MedlinePlus = 007194 |eMedicineSubj = med |eMedicineTopic = 1333 |eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|med|1336}}{{eMedicine2|emerg|335}}{{eMedicine2|radio|807}}{{eMedicine2|radio|405}}{{eMedicine2|radio|406}} |MeshID = D002283 }} '''Saratani ya mapafu''' ni ugonjwa unaohusishwa na [[ukuaji wa seli]] katika [[tishu (biolojia)|tishu]] za [[mapafu]]. Tishu hii isipotibiwa, inaweza kuenea kwa njia inayoitwa [[metastasisi]] kwa tishu zilizokaribu au kwa mwili. Saratani zinazoanzia kwa mapafu, ziitwazo saratani za kwanza, ni [[kasinomasi]] zinazotoka kwa seli za [[epitheliumu|epitheliumu]]. Aina kuu za saratani ni kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo (KMSN), pia huitwa saratani ya seli ya oat, na kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli kubwa (KMSK). [[Dalili]] inayojulikana sana ni kukohoa (pamoja na [[Hemotisisi|kukohoa damu]]), kupoteza uzito na upungufu wa pumzi.<ref name="Harrison" /> [[Faili:LungCACXR.PNG|235x235px|LungCACXR]] Kisababishi kikuu cha saratani ya mapafu ni kuathiriwa na [[uvutaji tumbaku|moshi wa tumbaku]],<ref name="Merck" /> unaosababisha asilimia 80&ndash;90 ya saratani.<ref name="Harrison" /> Wasiovuta huchangia visa hivi kwa asilimia 10-15&ndash;<ref name="Thun" /> na mara nyingi huhusishwa na muungano wa [[jenetiki|masuala ya kijenetiki]],<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /> gesi ya [[radoni]],<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /> [[asbesto]],<ref name="O'Reilly" /> na [[uchafuzi wa hewa]]<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /> pamoja na [[uvutaji moshi|moshi kutoka kwa anayevuta sigara]].<ref name="AUTOREF" /><ref name="AUTOREF1" /> Saratani ya mapafu inaweza kuonekana kwa [[rediografu ya kifua]] na [[tomografi ya kompyuta]] (ukaguzi wa CT). [[Utambuzi wa kimatibabu|utambuzi]] hudhibitishwa kwa [[biopsi]]<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> ambao hutekelezwa kwa [[bronkoskopi]] au mwongozo wa CT. Matibabu na matokeo ya muda mrefu hulingana na aina ya saratani, [[hatua ya (patholojia)|hatua]] (kiwango cha uenezi), na afya kwa jumla ya mtu, ikipimwa kwa [[hali ya utendakazi]]. Matibabu ya kawaida ni pamoja na [[upasuaji]], [[kemotherapi]], na [[therapi ya mnururisho|radiotherapi]]. KMSK wakati mwingine hutibiwa na upasuaji, ilhali KMSN huwa bora kwa kemotherapi na radiotherapi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chapman | first=S | coauthors=Robinson G, Stradling J, West S | title=Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordamericanha0000unse_k7m5 |edition=2nd | chapter=Chapter 31 | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2009 | isbn=9-780199-545162 }}</ref> Kwa jumla, asilimia 15 ya waliopatikana na saratani nchini Marekani wana [[uwezekano wa kuishi|kuishi]] miaka mitano.<ref name="Collins" /> Ulimwenguni kote, [[saratani ya mapafu]] ni kisababishi cha kawaida cha vifo vinavyohusiana na saratani kwa wanaume na wanawake, na husababisha [[:aina ya:Vifo kutokana na saratani ya mapafu|Vifo milioni 1.38]] kwa mwaka, kufikia 2008.<ref name="GLOBOCAN" /> {{TOC limit|3}} ==Ishara na dalili== Ishara na dalili zinazoashiria saratani ya mapafu ni pamoja na:<ref name="Harrison" /> * Dalili za upumuaji: [[kukohoa]], [[hemotisisi|kukohoa damu]], [[mkoromo|kukoroma]] au [[disnia|upungufu wa pumzi]] * Dalili za kimfumo: kupoteza uzito, [[homa]], [[kucha zilizopindika|kupindika]] kwa kucha za vidole, au [[uchovu (kimwili)|uchovu]] * Dalili kwa sababu ya kugandamizwa : [[maumivu ya kifua]], [[maumivu ya mifupa]], [[kuzibwa kwa vena kubwa]], [[dysphagia|matatizo ya kumeza]] Ikiwa saratani itatokea katika [[njia ya hewa]], inaweza kuziba mpito wa hewa, na kusababisha [[disinia|matatizo ya kupumua]]. Uzibaji unaweza kusababisha mkusanyiko wa unyesaji nyuma ya kizibo, na kuwa [[nimonia]].<ref name="Harrison" /> Kulingana na aina ya tyuma, inayoitwa [[sindromu ya paraneoplastiki|fenomena ya paraneoplastiki]] inaweza kuleta magonjwa.<ref name="Honnorat" /> Katika saratani ya mapafu, nimonia zinaweza kuwa pamoja na [[Sindromu ya Lambert–Eaton myasthenic]] (udhaifu wa misuli kwa sababu ya [[kutotenda kazi kwa kinganafsia| autoantibodies]]), [[hipakalkemia]], au [[sindromu ya homoni ya antidiuretic isiyofaa]] (SHAI). Tyuma katika [[mwisho wa mapafu|ncha ya mapafu]], inayoitwa [[tyuma ya Pancoast]], inaweza kuingilia sehemu ya [[mfumo neva wa simpathetiki]], na kusababisha [[sindromu ya Horner]] (kuanguka kwa kikawa cha jicho na mboni kwa upande huo), na kuharibika kwa [[brachial plexus]].<ref name="Harrison" /> Dalili nyingi za saratani hii (kukosa hamu ya chakula, kupoteza uzito, homa, uchovu) si bayana.<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> Kwa wengi, saratani tayari imeenea zaidi kabla ya kuwa na dalili na kutafuta matibabu. Sehemu za kawaida inayoenea ni pamoja na ubongo, mifupa, [[adrenal gland]], pafulililo mkabala, ini, [[perikadiumu]], na [[figo]].<ref name="ajcc" /> Takribani asilimia 10 ya watu walio na saratani hawana dalili wakati wa utambuzi; saratani hizi hupatikana wakati wa radiotherapi ya kifua.<ref name="Collins" /> ==Visababishi== Saratani hujitokeza kufuatia kuharibika kwa jenetiki kwa [[DNA]]. Hii huathiri utendakazi wa seli, pamoja na seli inayozaa, kufa kwa seli ([[apoptosis]]) na urekebishaji wa DNA. Uharibikaji unapoongezeka, ndivyo hatari ya saratani inavyoongezeka .<ref name="Holland-Frei8">{{Rejea kitabu | last=Brown | first=KM | coauthors=Keats JJ, Sekulic A et al. |title=Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine | publisher=People's Medical Publishing House USA | year=2010 | chapter=8 | edition=8th| isbn=978-1607950141 }}</ref> ===Uvutaji wa sigara=== . [[Uvutaji wa tumbaku |Uvutaji]], haswa [[sigara]], ni kisababishi kikuu cha saratani ya mapafu.<ref name="AUTOREF5" /> Moshi wa sigara huwa na [[kasinojeni]] zaidi ya 60 inayojulikana,<ref name="Hecht" /> ikijumuisha [[radioisotopu]] kutoka uozaji wa [[radoni]], [[nitrosamine]], na [[benzopyrene]]. Kwa kuongeza, nikotini huonekana kuvunja matokeo ya kinga kwa uvimbe wa saratani kwa tishu zilizowazi.<ref name="AUTOREF6" /> Katika nchi zilizoendelea, asilimia 90 ya vifo vya saratani kwa wananume mwaka wa 2000 zilihusishwa na uvutaji wa sigara (asilimia 70 kwa wanawake).<ref name="Peto" /> Uvutaji huchangia kwa asilimia 80-90 ya visa vya saratani.<ref name="Harrison" /> [[Uvutaji wa moshi kutoka kwa anayevuta sigara]]—uvutaji moshi kutoka kwa mvuta siagara—ni kisababishi cha saratani kwa wasiovuta sigara. Mtu asiyevuta anaweza kuainishwa kama mtu anayeishi au kufanya kazi na mvutaji. Utafiti kutoka Marekani,<ref name="AUTOREF7">{{Rejea jarida | last=California Environmental Protection Agency | title=Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smokeCalifornia Environmental Protection Agency | journal=Tobacco Control | volume=6 | issue=4 | pages=346–353 | year=1997 | url=http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/tobacco/caets/ets-main.htm | pmid=9583639 | doi=10.1136/tc.6.4.346 | pmc=1759599 | archive-date=2007-08-08 | access-date=2014-01-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808045344/http://druglibrary.org/schaffer/tobacco/caets/ets-main.htm | url-status=dead }}<br />* {{Rejea jarida | last=CDC | authorlink=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | title=State-specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults, and policies and attitudes about secondhand smoke—United States, 2000 | journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume=50 | issue=49 | pages=1101–1106 | publisher=CDC | location=Atlanta, Georgia | month=December | year=2001 | url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5049a1.htm | pmid=11794619 | author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) }}</ref><ref name="Alberg">{{Rejea jarida | last=Alberg | first=AJ | coauthors=Samet JM | title=Epidemiology of lung cancer | journal=Chest | volume=132 | issue=S3 | pages=29S–55S | publisher=American College of Chest Physicians | month=September | year=2007 | url=http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/132/3_suppl/29S.long | pmid=17873159 | doi=10.1378/chest.07-1347 | access-date=2014-01-09 | archive-date=2020-03-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329053623/http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/132/3_suppl/29S.long | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ulaya,<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Jaakkola | first=MS | coauthors=Jaakkola JJ | title=Impact of smoke-free workplace legislation on exposures and health: possibilities for prevention | journal=European Respiratory Journal | volume=28 | issue=2 | pages=397–408 | year=2006 | month=August | url=http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/2/397.long | pmid=16880370 | doi=10.1183/09031936.06.00001306 | access-date=2014-01-09 | archive-date=2013-01-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129003845/http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/2/397.long | url-status=dead }}</ref> Uingereza,<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Parkin | first=DM |title=Tobacco—attributable cancer burden in the UK in 2010 | journal=British Journal of Cancer | volume=105 | issue=Suppl. 2 | pages=S6–S13 | month=December | year=2011 | pmid=22158323 | doi=10.1038/bjc.2011.475 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252064/?tool=pubmed| pmc=3252064}}</ref> na Australia<ref name="NHMRC" /> Umeonyesha ongezeko kubwa la hatari kati ya wasiovuta sigara.<ref name="Taylor">{{Rejea jarida | last=Taylor | first=R | coauthors=Najafi F, Dobson A | title=Meta-analysis of studies of passive smoking and lung cancer: effects of study type and continent |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology | volume=36 | issue=5 |pages=1048–1059 | year=2007 | month=October | url=http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/5/1048.long| pmid=17690135 |doi=10.1093/ije/dym158 }}</ref> Wanaoishi na mvuta sigara huwa na asilimia 20&ndash;na 30 ya ongezeko la hatari ilhali wanaofanya kazi katika mazingira yalio na moshi uliovutwa wana asilimia 16&ndash;19 ya ongezeko la hatari.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently asked questions about second hand smoke|url=http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/secondhand_smoke/faq/en/index.html|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=25 July 2012|archivedate=2013-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101163934/http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/secondhand_smoke/faq/en/index.html}}</ref> Uchunguzi kuhusu [[moshi kutoka kwa wanaovuta]] unadokeza kuwa ni hatari zaidi kuliko moshi anaovuta mvutaji mwenyewe.<ref name="Schick" /> Uvutaji wa moshi husababisha takribani vifo 3,400 kutokana na saratani ya mapafu kila mwaka nchini marekani.<ref name="Alberg" /> ===Gesi ya Radoni=== [[Radoni]] ni [[gesi]] isiyo na rangi na harufu inayotokana na kuharibika kwa mnururisho [[radiumu]], ambayo ni bidhaa zilizooza za [[urani]], zinazopatikana katika [[umbo (jiolojia)|umbo]] la ardhi. Bidhaa za mnururisho zilizooza [[ioni]] vitu vya jenetiki, vikisababisha mabadiliko yanayoleta saratani. Radoni ni kisababishi cha pili cha kawaida cha saratani nchini Marekani baada ya uvutaji wa sigara.<ref name="Alberg" /> Hatari huongezeka asilimia 8–16 kwa kila ongezeko la 100 [[becquerel|Bq]]/[[cubic metre|m³]] katika kuwepo kwa radoni .<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schmid K, Kuwert T, Drexler H |title=Radon in Indoor Spaces: An Underestimated Risk Factor for Lung Cancer in Environmental Medicine |journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int |volume=107|issue=11 |pages=181–6 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=20386676 |pmc=2853156 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2010.0181 |url=}}</ref> Viwango vya gesi ya radoni hutofautiana kulingana na maeneo na elementi za mchanga ulio chini na miamba. Kwa mfano, katika maeneo kama [[Cornwall]] nchini Uingereza (iliyo na [[granite]] kama safu ya chini), gesi ya radoni ni tatizo kuu, na majengo yanafaa kuwa na matundu ya kupitishia hewa na fani ili kupunguza kiwango cha gesi ya radoni. [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] Hukadiria kuwa moja kwa maboma 15 nchini Marekani huwa na viwango vya radoni zaidi ya miongozo iliyopendekezwa ya [[picocurie]] 4 kwa kila lita (pCi/l) (148 Bq/m³).<ref name="EPA radon" /> ===Asbesto=== [[Asbesto]] inaweza kusababisha baadhi ya magonjwa ya mapafu, pamoja na saratani yake. Uvutaji wa tumbaku na asbesto huwa na athari ya [[ushirikiano|inayoshirikiana]] kuanza kwa saratani ya mapafu.<ref name="O'Reilly" /> Pia inaweza kusababisha saratani ya [[pleura]], inayoitwa [[mesothelioma]] (ambayo ni tofauti na saratani ya mapafu).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | last=Daviesfirst=RJO |coauthors=Lee YCG | title=Oxford Textbook Medicine | publisher=OUP Oxford | year=2010 | chapter=18.19.3 | edition=5th |isbn=978-0199204854 }}</ref> ===Kuchafuka kwa hewa=== Kuchafuka kwa hewa huwa na athari ndogo kwa ongezeko la hatari ya saratani ya mapafu.<ref name="MurrayNadel46">{{Rejea kitabu |author=Alberg AJ, Samet JM | title=Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/murraynadelstext0001unse_5ed | publisher=Saunders Elsevier |year=2010 | chapter=Chapter 46 | edition=5th | isbn=978-1-4160-4710-0 }}</ref> [[chembe za angahewa|chembe]] (PM_2.5) na [[stratospheric sulfur aerosols|sulfate aerosols]], inayoweza kutoka kwa ekzozi ya magari barabarani, huhusishwa na hatari kidogo.<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Chen | first=H | coauthors=Goldberg MS, Villeneuve PJ | journal=Reviews on Environmental Health | year=2008 |month=Oct-Dec | volume=23 |issue=4 | pages=243–297 | title=A systematic review of the relation between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases | pmid=19235364 }}</ref> Kwa [[naitrojeni dioksidi]], ongezeko la [[Sehemu 10 kwa kila bilioni]] huongeza hatari kwa asilimia 14.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Clapp | first=RW |coauthors=Jacobs MM, Loechler EL | journal=Reviews on Environmental Health | year=2008 | month=Jan-Mar | volume=23|issue=1 | pages=1–37 | title=Environmental and Occupational Causes of Cancer New Evidence, 2005–2007 | pmid=18557596 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791455/?tool=pubmed| pmc=2791455}}</ref> Kuchafuka kwa hewa huchangia karibu asilimia 1-2 ya saratani.<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /> Pendekezo la dhibitisho kuunga mkono ongezeko la hatari ya saratani kutoka kwa [[uchafuzi wa hewa]] unaohusiana na kuchoma kuni, makaa, kinyesi cha mnyama, au mabaki yao ili kupika au kupasha joto.<ref name=Lim2012>{{cite journal|last=Lim|first=WY|coauthors=Seow, A|title=Biomass fuels and lung cancer.|journal=Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)|date=2012 Jan|volume=17|issue=1|pages=20-31|pmid=22008241}}</ref> Wanawake wanaoathiriwa na moshi ya makaa huwa na hatari mara dufu kama baadhi ya mabaki ya kuchoma [[biomasi]] yanajulikana au ni kasinojeni zinazodhaniwa.<ref name=Sood2012/> Hatari hii huathiri takribani watu bilioni 2.4&nbsp; ulimwenguni,<ref name=Lim2012/> Na kuchangia asilimia 1.5 ya vifo vya saratani ya mapafu.<ref name=Sood2012>{{cite journal|last=Sood|first=A|title=Indoor fuel exposure and the lung in both developing and developed countries: an update.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinics-in-chest-medicine_2012-12_33_4/page/649|journal=Clinics in chest medicine|date=2012 Dec|volume=33|issue=4|pages=649-65|pmid=23153607}}</ref> ===Jenetikia=== Inakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 8 hadi 14 ya saratani ya mapafu husababishwa na masuala ya [[urithi|kuurithi]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dudley|first=Joel|title=Exploring Personal Genomics|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199644483|page=25|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=arCnThIq9LcC&pg=PA25}}</ref> Kwa jamaa walio na saratani, hatari huongezeka mara 2.4. Hii inawezekana kwa sababu ya [[polymorphism ya jenetikia|mchanganyiko wa jeni]].<ref name="Fishman1802">{{Rejea kitabu | author=Kern JA, McLennan G | title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders |publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2008 | page=1802 | edition=4th | isbn=0-07-145739-9 }}</ref>s ===Visababishi vingine=== Vitu vingine, Kazi, na maeneo mbalimbali yamehusishwa na saratani ya mapafu. [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]] (IARC) unaeleza kuwa "dhibitisho tosha" kuonyesha yafuatayo ni pafu lililo na kasinojeni:<ref name='Saratani ya mapafu YOte'>{{cite journal|last=Cogliano|first=VJ|coauthors=Baan, R; Straif, K; Grosse, Y; Lauby-Secretan, B; El Ghissassi, F; Bouvard, V; Benbrahim-Tallaa, L; Guha, N; Freeman, C; Galichet, L; Wild, CP|title=Preventable exposures associated with human cancers.|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute|date=2011 Dec 21|volume=103|issue=24|pages=1827-39|pmid=22158127|url=http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/Table4.pdf|access-date=2014-01-09|archive-date=2012-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920150724/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/Table4.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> *Metali zingine (Utengenezaji wa aluminiamu, [[cadmium]] na elementi za kadimiamu, [[chromium]](VI), [[beryllium]] na beriliamu, kupatikana kwa chuma na chuma cha pua, elementi za nikeli, [[arsenic]] na za aseniki isiyo hai, uchimbaji madini wa chini ya ardhi [[hematite]]) *Bidhaa zingine za mwako (mwako usiokamilika, makaa ya moto (moshi wa ndani kutokana na kuchoma makaa kwa nyumba), kugeuza makaa kuwa gesi, kuweka lami, [[makaa (fueli)|utengenezaji wa makaa]], masizi, utoaji dizeli kutoka kwa injini *Mnururisho aionishi (X-radiasheni, radoni-222 na vitu vyake vilivyooza, [[mnururisho wa gama]], [[plutonium]]) *Gesi sumu ingine (methyl ether (technical grade), Bis-(chloromethyl) ether, [[sulfurmustard]], MOPP ([[Mustargen Oncovin Procarbazine Prednisone|vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen mustard-procarbazine mixture]]), harufu kali ya moshi kutokana na upakaji wa rangi) *Utengenezaji wa raba na kristalini [[Silikoni dioksidi|vumbi ya silika]] ==Pathojenesisi== Sawa na saratani nyingine nyingi, saratani ya mapafu huanzishwa na uhai wa [[oncogene]] au kutokuwa hai kwa [[jeni inayokandamiza tyuma]].<ref name="Fong" /> Oncogenes zinaaminiwa huwafanya watu kuwa na uwezekano zaidi wa kupata saratani. [[Proto-oncogene]] zinaaminiwa kubadilika kuwa oncogenes zinapokutana na kasinojeni fulani.<ref name="Salgia" /> [[Mabadiliko]] katika ''[[Ras (protini)|K-ras]]'' proto-oncogene husababisha asilimia 10–30 ya adenocarcinomas ya mapafu.<ref name="NEJM-molecular" /><ref name="Aviel-Ronen" /> [[kipokezi cha suala la ukuaji wa epidemisi]] (KSUE) hudhibiti uzaaji wa seli, [[apoptosis]], [[angiogenesis]], na uvamizi wa tyuma.<ref name="NEJM-molecular" /> Mabadiliko na ukuaji wa KSUE hupatikana sana katika saratani ya seli kubwa ya mapafu na hupeana msingi wa kutibu kwa vizuizi vya KSUE. [[Her2/neu]] huathirika mara chache.<ref name="NEJM-molecular" /> Uharibifu wa [[Chromosome|Chromosomal]] unaweza kusababisha [[kukosekana kwa heterozygosity]]. Hii inaweza kusababisha kutotenda kazi kwa jeni zinazokandamiza tyuma. Kuharibika kwa chromosome 3p, 5q, 13q, na 17p ni kawaida hasa kwa kasinoma ya seli ndogo ya mapafu.''[[p53]]'' jeni inayokandamiza tyuma, iliyo kwa kromosomu 17p, huathirika katika asilimia 60-75 ya visa.<ref name="Devereux" /> Jeni zingine ambazo mara nyingi hubadilika au kukua ni ''[[c-MET]]'', ''[[NKX2-1]]'', ''[[LKB1]]'', ''[[PIK3CA]]'', na''[[BRAF (gene)|BRAF]]''.<ref name="NEJM-molecular" /> ==Utambuzi== [[Picha:Thorax CT peripheres Brronchialcarcinom li OF.jpg|kidole cha thumb|[[ Ukaguzi wa CT]]kuonyesha tyuma ya saratani katika pafu la kushoto]] Kutekeleza [[radiotherapi ya kifua]] ni hatua ya kwanza ya uchunguzi ikiwa mtu ata ripoti dalili zinazoweza kuashiria saratani ya mapafu. Hii inaweza kuonyesha kupanuka kwa [[mediastinum]] (dokezo la kuenea kwa [[nodi ya limfu]]), [[atelectasis]] (kuvunjika), kuimarika ([[nimonia]]), au [[pleural effusion]].<ref name="Merck" /> [[tomografi ya kompyuta ya eksirei|Upigaji picha wa CT]] hutumiwa kupeana habari zaidi kuhusu aina na kiwango cha maradhi. [[Bronkoskopi]] au mwongozo wa CT [[biopsi]] mara nyingi hutumiwa kuchukua sampuli ya tyuma ili kufanyia [[histopatholojia]].<ref name="Collins" /> Saratani ya mapafu hutokea kama [[nodu moja ya mapafu]] katika radiografu ya kifua. Hata hivyo, [[utambuzi wa kutofautisha]] ni mpana. Magonjwa mengine yanaweza kujitokeza hivi, pamoja na [[kifua kikuu]], maambukizi ya kuvu, saratani ya metastasisi, au [[nimonia]]. Kisababishi kisicho cha kawaida cha nodu moja ya mapafu hujumuisha [[hamartoma]], [[bronchogenic cyst]], [[adenoma]], [[ulemavu wa ateri na vena]], [[pulmonary sequestration]], [[rheumatoid nodule]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]], au [[limfoma]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu | last=Miller |first=WT | title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2008 | page=486 | edition=4th | isbn=0-07-145739-9 }}</ref> Saratani ya mapafu pia inaweza kuwa [[incidentaloma|utambuzi wa dharura]], kama kifundo kimoja cha mapafu katika radiografu ya kifua au ukaguzi wa CT uliotekelezwa kwa sababu isiyohusiana.<ref name="Fishman1815">{{Rejea kitabu | last=Kaiser | first=LR | title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2008 | pages=1815–1816 | edition=4th | isbn=0-07-145739-9 }}</ref> Utambuzi wa kufafanua saratani ya mapafu huzingatia [[histopatholojia|histolojia]] uchunguzi wa tishu inayodhaniwa katika muktadha wa sifa za kliniki na radiolojia.<ref name="Harrison" /> ===Uainishaji=== {| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:45%;margin-left:1em" |+ style="background:#E5AFAA;"|'''Age-adjusted [[incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of lung cancer by histological type'''<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /> |- style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! abbr="Type" | Histological type ! abbr="Frequency" | Incidence per 100,000 per year |- | All types | 66.9 |- | Adenocarcinoma | 22.1 |- | Squamous-cell carcinoma | 14.4 |- | Small-cell carcinoma | 9.8 |} Saratani ya mapafu zimeainishwa kulingana na [[histopatholojia|aina ya histolojia]].<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> Uainishaji huu ni muhimu kwa kubainisha udhibiti na kubashiri matokeo ya maradhi. Saratani nyingi za mapafu ni ya [[kasinoma]]—hatari inayotokana na [[seli za epithelia]]. Kasinoma ya mapafu huainishwa kwa ukubwa na jinsi seli hatari zinavyoonekana ikiangaliwa na histopatholojia kwa [[darubini]]. Aina zote mbili ni kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo na kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli kubwa.<ref name="Robbins" /> ====Kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli kubwa==== [[Picha:Squamous carcinoma lung 2 cytology.jpg|thumb|[[Mikrografu]] ya [[kasinoma ya squamous]], aina ya kasinoma ya seli kubwa,sampuli ya FNA, [[doa la ubwabwa]]]] Aina tatu ndogo za KMSK ni [[adenocarcinoma]], [[kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli za squamous]], na [[kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo]].<ref name="Harrison" /> Karibu asilimia 40 ya saratani huwa adenocarcinoma, ambayo kwa kawaida huanzia kwa tishu ya mapafu iliyo pembeni.<ref name="Holland-Frei78">{{cite book | last=Lu | first=C | coauthors=Onn A, Vaporciyan AA et al. | title=Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine |edition=8th | chapter=78: Cancer of the Lung | publisher=People's Medical Publishing House | year=2010 |isbn=9781607950141}}</ref> Visa vingi vya adenocarcinoma huhusishwa na uvutaji; hata hivyo, kati ya watu waliovuta sigara chini ya 100 katika maisha yao ("wasiovuta"),<ref name="Harrison" /> adenocarcinoma ni aina ya saratani ya mapafu inayopatikana.<ref name="Subramanian">{{cite journal | last=Subramanian | first=J | coauthors=Govindan R |title=Lung cancer in never smokers: a review | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-oncology_2007-02-10_25_5/page/560 | journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology | volume=25 | issue=5 | pages=561–570| publisher=American Society of Clinical Oncology | month=February | year=2007 | pmid=17290066 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2006.06.8015 }}</ref> Aina ndogo ya adenocarcinoma, [[bronchioloalveolar carcinoma]], hupatikana sana kwa wanawake wasiovuta, na inaweza kuwa na muda nzuri wa kuishi.<ref name="Raz"/> Kasinoma ya seli ya squamous huchangia kwa takribani asilimia 30 ya saratani za mapafu. Hutokea kwa njia za hewa zilizokubwa. Kaviti tupu na inayohusishwa [[necrosis|kufa kwa seli]] kwa kawaida hupatikana katikati ya tyuma.<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> Takribani asilimia 9 ya saratani za mapafu ni kasinoma ya seli kubwa. Huitwa hivyo kwa kuwa seli za saratani ni kubwa, na zina [[cytoplasm]] nyingi zaidi, [[nukliasi ya seli|nukliasi]] iliyo kubwa na inayoonekana [[nukleolasi|nucleoli]].<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> ====Kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo==== Katika [[kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo]] (KMSD), seli huwa na granuli nene zinazotoa neurosisi ([[vesicle (biolojia)|vesicles]] zilizo na [[homoni]]), za [[mfumo wa neva na endokrini]] zinazopatia tyuma muungano wa sindromu ya endokrini/paraneoplasti.<ref name="Rosti" /> Mara nyingi hutokea katika njia za hewa zilizokubwa zaidi [[bronkasi|bronkia]](za kwanza na za pili).<ref name="Collins" /> Saratani hizi hukua haraka na kuenea mapema wakati wa maradhi. Asilimia sitini hadi sabini huwa na maradhi ya metastiki inapotokea. Aina hii ya saratani ya mapafu huhusishwa sana na uvutaji.<ref name="Harrison" /> ====Zingine==== Aina nyingine nne kuu za histolojia zimetambuliwa, hata ingawa saratani zingine zinaweza kuwa na mchanganyiko wa aina tofauti za aina ndogo.<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book | last=Maitra | first=A | coauthors=Kumar V | year=2007 | title=Robbins Basic Pathology|edition=8th | publisher=Saunders Elsevier | pages=528–529 | isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1 }}</ref> Aina ndogo zilizo nadra hujumuisha [[Saratani ya glandi ya ute|tyuma za glandi]], [[kasinoidi ya mapafu|tyuma za kasinoidi]], na kasinoma zisizopambanuliwa.<ref name="Harrison" /> ====Metastasisi==== {| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:45%;margin-left:1em" |+ style="background:#E5AFAA;"|'''Typical [[immunostaining]] in lung cancer'''<ref name="Harrison" /> |- style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! abbr="Type" | Histological type ! abbr="Frequency" | Immunostain |- | Squamous-cell carcinoma | [[Cytokeratin|CK]]5/6 positive <br>[[Keratin 7|CK7]] negative |- | Adenocarcinoma | CK7 positive <br>[[NK2 homeobox 1|TTF-1]] positive |- | Large-cell carcinoma | TTF-1 negative |- | Small-cell carcinoma | TTF-1 positive <br>[[Neural cell adhesion molecule|CD56]] positive <br>[[Granin|Chromogranin]] positive<br>[[Synaptophysin]] positive |} Mapafu ni sehemu ya kawaida ya uenezi wa tyuma kutoka sehemu zingine za mwili. Saratani za pili zimeainishwa kutokana na chanzo chake; kwa mfano, saratani ya matiti iliyoenea kwa mapafu huitwa saratani ya matiti ya metastasisi. Metastasisi mara nyingi huwa na sifa ya kuonekana mviringo kwa radiografu ya kifua.<ref name="Seo" /> Saratani za kwanza za mapafu kwa kawaida huenea kwa ubongo, mifupa, ini, na [[glandi ya adrenali]].<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> [[Immunostaining]] ya biopsi mara nyingi husaidia kubaini kiini halisi.<ref name="pmid18784820">{{cite journal |author=Tan D, Zander DS |title=Immunohistochemistry for Assessment of Pulmonary and Pleural Neoplasms: A Review and Update |journal=Int J Clin Exp Pathol |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=19–31|year=2008|pmid=18784820 |pmc=2480532 }}</ref> ===Hatua ya saratani=== [[Hatua ya saratani]] ni kutathmini maenezi ya saratani kutoka chanzo chake. Ni mojawapo ya masuala yanayoathiri [[prognosisi]] na uwezekano wa kutibu saratani ya mapafu.<ref name="Harrison" /> Utathmini wa kwanza wa hatua ya saratani ya mapafu ya seli kubwa (SMSK) hutumia [[mfumo wa TNM|uainishaji wa TNM]]. Hii huzingatia ukubwa wa '''t'''yuma, limfu huhusishaji '''n'''odi na kwa umbali'''m'''etastasisi. Baadaye, kwa kutumia kielezi TNM, Kikundi hupeanwa, kuanzia saratani ya kwanza kupitia awamu 0, 1-A (moja A), IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB na IV (nne). Kikundi hiki cha awamu husaidia kwa uchaguzi wa matibabu na makadirio ya prognosisi.<ref name="Rami-Porta">{{Rejea jarida | last=Rami-Porta | first=R | coauthors=Crowley JJ, Goldstraw P | title=The revised TNM staging system for lung cancer | journal=Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery | volume=15 | issue=1 | pages=4–9 |month=February | year=2009 | url=http://www.atcs.jp/pdf/2009_15_1/4.pdf| pmid=19262443 }}</ref> Kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo (KMSN) kimapokeo imeainishwa kuwa 'awamu iliyo na mpaka' (iliyofungiwa kwa moja na nusu ya kifua na kati ya eneo la [[radiotherapi]] moja inayoweza kustahimiliwa) au 'awamu pana' (magonjwa yaliyoenea pakubwa zaidi).<ref name="Harrison" /> Hata hivyo, uainishaji wa TNM na upangaji ni muhimu kwa kukadiria prognosisi.<ref name="Rami-Porta" /> Kwa KMSK na KMSK, aina zote mbili za kawaida za utathmini wa hatua ni ule wa kliniki na upasuaji. Hatua ya saratani hubainishwa kabla ya upasuaji wenyewe. Huzingatia matokeo ya masomo ya picha (kama vile [[tomografi ya kompyuta ya eksirei|uchunguzi wa CT]] na [[picha ya kompyuta ya miale ya gama|uchunguzi wa PET]]) na matokeo ya biopsi. Hatua ya upasuaji hutathminiwa wakati wa au baada ya upasuaji, na huzingatia muunganisho wa matokeo ya upasuaji na kliniki, pamoja na kuchukua sampuli za nodi za limfu za kifua.<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> ==UKingaji== Ukingaji ndio gharama ya chini ya kuzuia kukua kwa saratani ya mapafu. Ilhali katika mataifa mengi kasinojeni za viwanda na zile za nyumbani zimetambuliwa na kupigwa marufuku, uvutaji tumbaku ungali umeenea pakubwa. Kukomesha uvutaji wa tumbaku ni lengo la kwanza katika ukingaji [[kukomesha uvutaji]] ni kifaa muhimu katika utaratibu huu.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Goodman | first=GE | title=Lung cancer. 1: prevention of lung cancer | journal=Thorax |volume=57 | issue=11 | year=2002 | month=November | pages=994–999 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746232/pdf/v057p00994.pdf| pmid=12403886 | pmc=1746232}}</ref> Sera za kupunguza [[uvutaji wa moshi ya sigara]] Kwenye maeneo kama vile hoteli na pahali pa kufanyia kazi umekuwa wa kawaida katika mataifa mengi ya magharibi.<ref>{{cite journal | last=McNabola | first=A | coauthors=Gill LW | title=The control of environmental tobacco smoke: a policy review | journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=6 | issue=2 | year=2009 | month=February | pages=741–758 | doi=10.3390/ijerph6020741 | pmid=19440413 |pmc=2672352}}</ref> [[Bhutan]] imepiga marufuku uvutaji wa sigara tangu mwaka wa 2005<ref name="Bhutan" /> ilhali India ilipiga marufuku uvutaji wa tumbaku mwezi wa kumi 2008.<ref>{{cite news | last=Pandey | first=G | title=Indian ban on smoking in public |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7645868.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=2 October 2008 | accessdate=2012-04-25 }}</ref> [[Shirika la Afya la Ulimwengu]] limetoa wito kwa serikali kuanzisha upigaji marufuku wa kutangaza tumbaku ili vijana wasianze kuvuta. Hutathmini unaonyesha kuwa uvutaji umepungua kwa asilimia 16%.<ref name="AUTOREF10">{{Cite press release |title=UN health agency calls for total ban on tobacco advertising to protect young |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=26857|publisher=[[United Nations]] News service |date=30 May 2008}}</ref> Utumiaji wa nyongeza ya vitamini A kwa muda mrefu,<ref name="Fabricius">{{cite journal | last=Fabricius | first=P |coauthors=Lange P | title=Diet and lung cancer | journal=Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease | volume=59 | issue=3 |year=2003 | month=July–September |pages=207–211 | pmid=15065316 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Fritz | first=H |coauthors=Kennedy D, Fergusson D et al. | title=Vitamin A and Retinoid Derivatives for Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis | journal=PLoS ONE | volume=6 | issue=6 | year=2011 | page=e21107 | pmid=21738614 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0021107 | pmc=3124481}}</ref> vitamini C,<ref name="Fabricius" /> vitamini D<ref>{{cite journal |last=Herr | first=C |scoauthors=Greulich T, Koczulla RA et al. | title=The role of vitamin D in pulmonary disease: COPD, asthma, infection, and cancer | journal=Respiratory Research | volume=12 | issue=1 | year=2011 | month=March | page=31 |doi=10.1186/1465-9921-12-31 | pmid=21418564 | pmc=3071319}}</ref> au vitamin E<ref name="Fabricius" /> Hupunguzi hatari ya saratani ya mapafu. Uchunguzi mwingine unapendekeza kuwa watu wanaokula chakula kilicho na kiwango cha juu zaidi cha mboga na matunda wana hatari ya chini,<ref name="Alberg" /><ref name="Key">{{cite journal | last=Key | first=TJ | title=Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk | journal=British Journal of Cancer | volume=104 | issue=1 | year=2011 | month=January | pages=6–11 |doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6606032 | pmid=21119663 | pmc=3039795}}</ref> lakini hii inawezekana kwa sababu ya [[kushangaza]]. Uchunguzi mkali zaidi haujaonyesha ushirikiano dhahiri.<ref name="Key" /> ===Uchunguzi=== [[Uchunguzi (dawa)|Uchunguzi]] ni matumizi ya [[uchunguzi wa matibabu]] ili kubaini ugonjwa kwa watu wanaoonyesha dalili. Uwezekano wa vipimo vya kuchuja saratani ya mapafu ni pamoja na [[sputum]] [[saitopatholojia|saitolojia]], [[radiografu ya kifua]], na [[tomografia ya digitali]]. Utaratibu wa uchunguzi unaotumia radiografu ya kifua au saitologia haijaleta manufaa.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Manser | first=RL | coauthors=Irving LB, Stone C et al. | title=Screening for lung cancer | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue=1 | pages=CD001991 | year=2004 | pmid=14973979 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001991.pub2/full | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001991.pub2 }}</ref> Kuchuja walio katika hatari kuu (yaani, miaka 55 hadi 79 waliovuta zaidi ya &nbsp; [[pakiti]] 30 kwa mwaka au wale wamewahi kupata saratani ya mapafu hapo awali) kwa mwaka na dozi iliyo chini ya uchunguzi wa picha inaweza kupunguza uwezekano wa kifo kutokana na saratani ya mapafu kwa [[Kupunguza hatari kamili|kiasi kamili]] ya asilimia 0.3 ([[Kupunguza hatari kiasi|hatari kiasi]] ya asilimia 20).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jaklitsch | first=MT | coauthors=Jacobson FL, Austin JH et al. | title=The American Association for Thoracic Surgery guidelines for lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography scans for lung cancer survivors and other high-risk groups |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-thoracic-and-cardiovascular-surgery_2012-07_144_1/page/33 | journal=Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery | month=July | year=2012 | volume=144 | issue=1 |pages=33&ndash;38 | pmid=22710039 | doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.05.060}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Bach | first=PB |coauthors=Mirkin JN, Oliver TK et al. | title=Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review |journal=JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association | month=June | year=2012 | volume=307 | issue=22 |pages=2418–2429 | pmid=22610500 | doi=10.1001/jama.2012.5521}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kuna kiwango cha juu ya matokeo duni kinachoweza kusababisha utaratibu wa upasuaji vile vile gharama kubwa ya fedha.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boiselle|first=PM|title=Computed tomography screening for lung cancer.|journal=JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association|date=2013 Mar 20|volume=309|issue=11|pages=1163-70|pmid=23512063}}</ref> Kwa kila tokeo la kipimo halisi kuna zaidi ya 19 ya matokeo duni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bach PB, Mirkin JN, Oliver TK, ''et al.''|title=Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=307 |issue=22|pages=2418–29 |year=2012 |month=June |pmid=22610500 |doi=10.1001/jama.2012.5521 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2012-06-13_307_22/page/2418}}</ref> Kuwa wazi kwa mnururisho ni njia nyingine ya madhara inayoweza kuwa kutokana na kuchuja.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Aberle|first=DR|coauthors=Abtin, F; Brown, K|title=Computed tomography screening for lung cancer: has it finally arrived? Implications of the national lung screening trial.|journal=Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology|date=2013 Mar 10|volume=31|issue=8|pages=1002-8|pmid=23401434}}</ref> ==Udhibiti== Matibabu ya saratani ya mapafu hulingana na seli maalum ya saratani [[hali ya saratani|kuenea]], na [[hali ya utendaji]] wa mtu. Matibabu ya kawaida hujumuisha [[huduma ya kupunguza maumivu]],<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ferrell |first=B | coauthors=Koczywas M, Grannis F, Harrington A | title=Palliative care in lung cancer | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_surgical-clinics-of-north-america_2011-04_91_2/page/403 | journal=Surgical Clinics of North America | volume=91 | issue=2 | pages=403–417 | year=2011 | month=April | pmid=21419260 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2010.12.003}}</ref> [[upasuaji]], [[kemotherapi]], na [[therapi ya mnururisho]].<ref name="Harrison" /> ===Upasuaji=== Ikiwa uchunguzi utathibitisha KSMK, [[hatua ya saratani|hatua]] inatathminiwa ili kuamua ikiwa kuna ugonjwa katika eneo maalum na inaweza kutibiwa kwa upasuaji au iwapo imeenea kwa kiwango kisichoweza kufanyiwa upasuaji. Uchunguzi wa picha na [[picha ya kompyuta ya miale ya gama]] inatumika kwa uamuzi.<ref name="Harrison" /> Ikiwa unashuku tezi ya mediastinamu inahusika, [[upasuaji wa mediastinamu]] inaweza kutumika kutengeneza sampuli nodi na kutathmini kiwango.<ref name="Fishman1853">{{Rejea kitabu |author=Kaiser LR | title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2008 | pages=1853–1854| edition=4th | isbn=0-07-145739-9 }}</ref> [[Upimaji wa damu]] na [[uchunguzi wa utendakazi wa mapafu]] hutumika kutathmini iwapo mtu atafanyiwa upasuaji.<ref name="Collins" /> Ikiwa matokeo ya uchunguzi wa utendakazi wa mapafu yataonyesha kuwa mapafu hayana hewa ya kutosha, upasuaji hautawezekana.<ref name="Harrison" /> Katika hali nyingi za kwanza KSMK, kutoa tundu la pafu matibabu ya upasuaji ya ([[lobektomia]]) huchaguliwa. Watu wasio sawa kwa lobektomia mzima, sublobar kiasi ([[kuondoa kipande cha tishu]]) inaweza kutekelezwa. Hata hivyo, kuondoa kipande hiki kina hatari kubwa ya kurudi tena kuliko lobektomia.<ref name="Fishman1855">{{Rejea kitabu | author=Kaiser LR |title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2008 | pages=1855–1856 | edition=4th |isbn=0-07-145739-9 }}</ref> Mnururisho [[iodini]] [[brachytherapy]] ukingoni mwa kuondoa kipande cha tishu unaweza kupunguza hatari ya kurudi tena.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Odell | first=DD | coauthors=Kent MS, Fernando HC | title=Sublobar resection with brachytherapy mesh for stage I non-small cell lung cancer | journal=Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery |volume=22 | issue=1 | pages=32–37 | year=2010 | month=Spring | pmid=20813314 | doi=10.1053/j.semtcvs.2010.04.003}}</ref> Ni nadra, kutoa pafu lote ([[numonektomi]]) hufanywa.<ref name="Fishman1855" /> [[Upasuaji wa thoracoscopic unaosaidiwa na video]] na [[lobektomia ya VATS]] hutumia njia itakayoingia ndani katika upasuaji.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Alam| first=N | coauthors=Flores RM | title=Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy: the evidence base |journal=Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons | volume=11 | issue=3 | pages=368–374 | year=2007 |month=July–September | pmid=17931521 | pmc=3015831}}</ref> Lobektomia ya VATS inapendekezwa kwa usawa kulingana na lobektomia ya wazi iliyo kawaida, na magonjwa baada ya upasuaji. <ref>{{cite journal | last=Rueth | first=NM | coauthors=Andrade RS |title=Is VATS lobectomy better: perioperatively, biologically and oncologically? | journal=Annals of Thoracic Surgery |volume=89 | issue=6 | pages=S2107–S2111 | year=2010 | month=June | pmid=20493991 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.020}}</ref> Kwa KSMN, kemotherapi na/au radiotherapi hutumika.<ref name='SimonTurrisi'>{{cite journal |author=Simon GR, Turrisi A |title=Management of small cell lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition)|journal=Chest |volume=132 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=324S–339S |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17873178|doi=10.1378/chest.07-1385 |url=http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/132/3_suppl/324S.long}}</ref> Hata hivyo jukumu la upasuaji kwa KSMN inastahili kufikiriwa tena. Upasuaji unaweza kuboresha matokeo itakapowekwa kwa kemotherapi na mnururisho katika hatua ya kwanza ya KSMN.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Goldstein | first=SD | coauthors=Yang SC | title=Role of surgery in small cell lung cancer | journal=Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America | volume=20 | issue=4 | pages=769–777 | year=2011 |month=October | pmid=21986271 | doi=10.1016/j.soc.2011.08.001}}</ref> ===Radiotherapi=== [[Matibabu ya mnururisho|Radiotherapi]] hutolewa mara kwa mara pamoja na kemotherapi, na inaweza kutumika pamoja na dhamira ya kuponya kwa watu walio na KSMK wasioweza kufanyiwa upasuaji. Hali iliyo kali sana huitwa radiotherapi ya radikali.<ref name="OTO" /> Mabadiliko ya utaratibu huu hugawanywa kulingana na makali ya radiotherapi unaoendelea, ambapo dozi kali ya radiotherapi hutolewa kwa muda mfupi. <ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Hatton | first=MQ| coauthors=Martin JE | title=Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) and non-conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a review and consideration of future directions| journal=Clinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists) | volume=22 | issue=5 | pages=356–364 | month=June | year=2010| pmid=20399629 | doi=10.1016/j.clon.2010.03.010}}</ref> Radiotherapi ya kifua baada ya upasuaji haipaswi kutumika baada ya upasuaji wa dhamira ya kuponya kwa watu waliona KSMK.<ref name="PORT Meta-analysis Trialists Group" /> Baadhi ya watu walio na mediastinamu ya limfu nodi ya N2 inayohusika wanaweza kufaidika kutokana na radiotherapi ya baada ya upasuaji.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Le Péchoux | first=C |title=Role of postoperative radiotherapy in resected non-small cell lung cancer: a reassessment based on new data |journal=Oncologist | volume=16 | issue=5 | pages=672–681 | year=2011 | pmid=21378080 | doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0150| pmc=3228187}}</ref> Kwa hali ya KSMN, radiotherapi mara nyingi inapendekezwa zaidi pamoja na kemotherapi.<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> Ikiwa ueneaji wa saratani itaziba sehemu ya bronkasi, [[brachytherapy]] (radiotherapi maalum) inaweza kupewa moja kwa moja ndani ya njia ya hewa ili njia ifunguke.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Cardona | first=AF | coauthors=Reveiz L, Ospina EG et al.| title=Palliative endobronchial brachytherapy for non-small cell lung cancer | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue=2 | pages=CD004284 | month=April | year=2008 | pmid=18425900 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004284.pub2}}</ref> Kulingana na mwali wa mwanga ya nje ya radiotherapi, brachytherapy inaruhusu kupungua kwa muda wa matibabu na upungufu wa uwazi kwa mnururisho kwa wahudumu wa afya. Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) ni aina ya radiotherapi kwa akili, hutumika kupunguza hatari ya [[metastasisi]]. (PCI) hutumika sana kwa KSMN. Katika hatua za ugonjwa mdogo, (PCI) huongeza miaka mitatu za maisha kutoka asilimia 15 hadi 20; kwa ugonjwa uliozidi, kuishi mwaka mmoja huzidi kutoka asilimia 13 hadi 27.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Paumier | first=A | coauthors=Cuenca X, Le Péchoux C | title=Prophylactic cranial irradiation in lung cancer | journal=Cancer Treatment Reviews | volume=37 | issue=4| pages=261–265 | month=June | year=2011 | pmid=20934256 | doi=10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.08.009}}</ref> Maendeleo ya hivi karibuni yanayolenga na kutoa picha yameleta maendeleo ya upasuaji kwa kutumia mnururisho kwa kutibu saratani iliyo katika hatua ya kwanza. Katika aina hii, dozi kali hutolewa kwa idadi ndogo ya vipindi kwa kutumia mbinu ya kulenga upasuaji. Matumizi yake hasa ni kwa wagonjwa wasiofanyiwa upasuaji kwa sababu ya matibabu [[comorbidities]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Girard | first=N | coauthors=Mornex F | title=Stereotactic radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: From concept to clinical reality. 2011 update | journal=Cancer Radiothérapie | volume=15 |issue=6–7 | pages=522–526 | month=October | year=2011 | pmid=21889901 | doi=10.1016/j.canrad.2011.07.241}}</ref> Kwa wagonjwa walio na KSMK na KSMN, dozi kiasi cha mnururisho kwa kifua inaweza kutumika ili kudhibiti dalili (radiotherapi ya [[huduma inayopunguza maumivu|inayopunguza maumivu]]).<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Fairchild | first=A | coauthors=Harris K, Barnes E et al. |title=Palliative thoracic radiotherapy for lung cancer: a systematic review | journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=26 | issue=24 | pages=4001–4011 | month=August | year=2008 | pmid=18711191 |url=http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/24/4001.full | doi=10.1200/JCO.2007.15.3312}}</ref> ===Kemotherapi=== Mazoezi ya [[kemotherapi]] inalingana na aina ya tyuma.<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> Kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli ndogo (KMSN), hata kiasi kidogo ya hatua ya kwanza ya ugonjwa, hutibiwa hasa kwa kemotherapi na mnururisho.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hann CL, Rudin CM |title=Management of small-cell lung cancer: incremental changes but hope for the future |journal=Oncology (Williston Park)|date=2008-11-30|volume=22|issue=13|pages=1486–92 |pmid=19133604}}</ref> Kwa KMSN, [[cisplatin]] na [[etoposide]] kwa kawaida hutumika zaidi.<ref name="Murray"/> Zikiunganishwa na [[carboplatin]], [[gemcitabine]], [[paclitaxel]], [[vinorelbine]], [[topotecan]], na [[irinotecan]] pia zinatumika.<ref name="Azim" /><ref name="MacCallum" /> Kwa kasinoma ya mapafu ya seli kubwa (KMSK) iliyozidi, kemotherapi huboresha maisha na hutumika kama tiba ya kwanza, bora mtu awe sawa kwa kupokea matibabu.<ref name="pmid18678835" /> Kwa kawaida, dawa mbili hutumika, moja yazo mara nyingi huwa besi ya platinamu (ama [[cisplatin]] au [[carboplatin]]). Dawa zingine zinazotumika ni [[gemcitabine]], [[paclitaxel]], [[docetaxel]],<ref name="Fishman1876">{{Rejea kitabu | author=Mehra R, Treat J | title=Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders | publisher=McGraw-Hill | year=2008 | page=1876 | edition=4th | isbn=0-07-145739-9 }}</ref><ref name="Clegg" /> [[pemetrexed]],<ref name="pmid20446853">{{cite journal |author=Fuld AD, Dragnev KH, Rigas JR|title=Pemetrexed in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer |journal=Expert Opin Pharmacother |volume=11 |issue=8|pages=1387–402 |year=2010 |month=June |pmid=20446853 |doi=10.1517/14656566.2010.482560 }}</ref> [[etoposide]] au [[vinorelbine]].<ref name="Clegg" /> [[Kemotherapi ya adjuvant]] inamaanisha matumizi ya kemotherapi baada ya matibabu ya upasuaji ili kuboresha matokeo. Katika KMSK, sampuli huchuliwa karibu na [[limfu nodi]] wakati wa upasuaji ili kusaidia [[hatua ya saratani ya mapafu|hatua]]. Ikiwa ugonjwa wa kiwango cha II au cha III kitatambulika, kemotherapi ya adjuvanti inaboresha maisha kwa asilimia 5 kwa miaka mitano.<ref name="Carbone">{{Rejea jarida | last=Carbone | first=DP | coauthors=Felip E | title=Adjuvant therapy in non-small cell lung cancer: future treatment prospects and paradigms | journal=Clinical Lung Cancer | volume=12 | issue=5 | pages=261–271 | month=September |year=2011 | pmid=21831720 | doi=10.1016/j.cllc.2011.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Le Chevalier">{{Rejea jarida | last=Le Chevalier | first=T | title=Adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer: where is it going? |journal=Annals of Oncology | volume=21 | issue=Suppl. 7 | pages=vii196–198 | month=October | year=2010 | pmid=20943614 |url=http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/suppl_7/vii196.long | doi=10.1093/annonc/mdq376}}</ref> Matumizi ya vinorelbine pamoja na cisplatin yana matokeo bora kuliko mazoezi.<ref name="Le Chevalier" /> Kemotherapi ya adjuvanti kwa watu waliokuwa na saratani iliyo kiwango IB haijakubalika, kama vipimo vya kliniki havijaonyesha manufaa.<ref name="Horn" /><ref name="Wakelee" /> Vipimo vya kemotherapi kabla ya upasuaji ([[kemotherapi ya neoadjuvant]]) kwa KMSK yanayoweza kugawanywa hayajahitimishwa.<ref name="Clinical evidence" /> ===Huduma ya kupunguza maumivu=== Kwa wagonjwa walio na ugonjwa usiotibika, huduma ya kupunguza au udhibiti wa hospitali inafaa.<ref name="Collins" /> Mbinu hizi hukubali majadiliano zaidi ya matibabu na kutoa nafasi kuafikia kwa maamuzi yaliyozingatiwa vilivyo<ref name="pmid20818881">{{cite journal |author=Kelley AS, Meier DE |title=Palliative care&mdash;a shifting paradigm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-08-19_363_8/page/780 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=363 |issue=8 |pages=781–2|year=2010 |month=August |pmid=20818881|doi=10.1056/NEJMe1004139 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19856592">{{cite journal |author=Prince-Paul M |title=When hospice is the best option: an opportunity to redefine goals|journal=Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.) |volume=23 |issue=4 Suppl Nurse Ed|pages=13–7 |year=2009 |month=April |pmid=19856592 }}</ref> na yanaweza kuepushwa na huduma isiyosaidia katika maisha.<ref name="pmid19856592"/> Kemotherapi inaweza kuunganishwa na huduma ya kupunguza maumivu kwa matibabu ya KMSK. Kwa hali zilizozidi, kemotherapi inayofaa huboresha maisha [[katikati|wastani]] zaidi ya huduma ya kusaidia pekee, vile vile kuboresha ubora wa maisha.<ref name="pmid7551923">{{cite journal|author=Souquet PJ, Chauvin F, Boissel JP, Bernard JP |title=Meta-analysis of randomised trials of systemic chemotherapy versus supportive treatment in non-resectable non-small cell lung cancer |journal=Lung Cancer |volume=12 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S147–54|year=1995 |month=April |pmid=7551923 |doi=10.1016/0169-5002(95)00430-9 }}</ref> Pamoja na [[hali ya utendaji|ubora wa mwili]] unaofaa, kuendeleza kemotherapi wakati wa kutuliza saratani ya mapafu huzidisha maisha kwa miezi 1.5 hadi 3, kutuliza dalili, na kuboresha maisha, pamoja na matokeo mema zinazoonekana na maajenti wa kisasa.<ref name="pmid11441939">{{cite journal |author=Sörenson S, Glimelius B, Nygren P |title=A systematic overview of chemotherapy effects in non-small cell lung cancer |journal=Acta Oncol |volume=40 |issue=2–3|pages=327–39 |year=2001 |pmid=11441939 |doi= }}</ref><ref name="pmid12065068">{{cite journal |author=Clegg A, Scott DA, Sidhu M, Hewitson P, Waugh N |title=A rapid and systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine and vinorelbine in non-small-cell lung cancer |journal=Health Technol Assess |volume=5|issue=32 |pages=1–195 |year=2001 |pmid=12065068 |doi= }}</ref> Kikundi cha chambuzi cha KMSK inapendekeza kwamba iwapo mgonjwa anahitaji na anaweza kuvumilia matibabu, basi kemotherapi inapaswa kutumiwa kwa KMSK iliyoendelea.<ref name="pmid18678835">{{cite journal |title=Chemotherapy in Addition to Supportive Care Improves Survival in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data From 16 Randomized Controlled Trials |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=26 |issue=28|pages=4617–25 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18678835 |pmc=2653127|doi=10.1200/JCO.2008.17.7162 |author1=NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group }}</ref><ref name="pmid20464750">{{cite Cochrane |title=Chemotherapy and supportive care versus supportive care alone for advanced non-small cell lung cancer|review=CD007309 |version=2 |issue=5 |year=2010 |pmid=20464750|editor1-last=Burdett |editor1-first=Sarah |author1=Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group }}</ref> ==Prognosisi== {| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:45%;margin-left:1em" |+ style="background:#E5AFAA;"| '''Outcomes in lung cancer according to clinical stage '''<ref name="Rami-Porta" /> |- style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! abbr="Type" rowspan="2" | Clinical stage ! abbr="5-year" colspan="2" | Five-year survival (%) |- style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! abbr="NSCLC" | Non-small cell lung carcinoma ! abbr="SCLC" | Small cell lung carcinoma |- | IA | 50 | 38 |- | IB | 47 | 21 |- | IIA | 36 | 38 |- | IIB | 26 | 18 |- | IIIA | 19 | 13 |- | IIIB | 7 | 9 |- | IV | 2 | 1 |} Prognosisi huwa duni. Kwa watu wote walio na saratani ya mapafu, asilimia 15 huishi kwa miaka mitano baada ya kutambuliwa.<ref name="Merck" /> Mara kwa mara kiwango huzidi wakati wa utambuzi. Wakati wa kujitokeza, asilimia 30-40 ya hali ya KMSK huwa kiwango cha IV, na asilimia 60 ya KMSN huwa kiwango cha IV.<ref name="Holland-Frei78" /> Visababishi vya prognosisi katika KMSK ni pamoja na kuwepo na kutokuwepo kwa dalili za mapafu, ukubwa wa [[tyuma]], ([[histologia]]) ya aina ya seli, kiwango cha kuenea [[kuainisha (pathologia)|(hatua)]] na [[metastasisi]] kwa [[limfu nodi]] yaliyozidi, na [[kuathiriwa kwa mishipa]]. Kwa watu walio na ugonjwa usiofanyiwa upasuaji, matokeo huwa mabaya kwa walio na [[hali ya utendakazi]] mbaya na upungufu wa uzito zaidi ya asilimia 10.<ref name="AUTOREF17"> {{cite web |url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/non-small-cell-lung/HealthProfessional/page2 |title=Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment |publisher=National Cancer Institute |work=PDQ for Health Professionals |accessdate=2008-11-22}}</ref> Visababishi vya prognosisi kwa saratani ya mapafu kwa seli ndogo inahusisha hali ya utendakazi, [[jinsia]], kiwango cha ugonjwa, na kuhusika kwa [[mfumo wa kati wa neva]] au [[ini]] wakati wa utambuzi.<ref name="AUTOREF18" /> Kwa KMSK, prognosisi bora imefanikishwa na upasuaji kamili wa kiwango cha IA cha ugonjwa, ikiwa na asilimia 70 ya kuishi miaka mitano.<ref name="OTM">{{Rejea kitabu | last=Spiro | first=SG | title=Oxford Textbook Medicine | publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2010 | chapter=18.19.1 | edition=5th | isbn=978-0199204854 }}</ref> Kwa KMSK, maisha kwa ujumla ni angalau asilimia 5.<ref name="Harrison" /> Watu walio na kiwango kilichozidi cha KMSK kawaida huwa kiasi cha miaka mitano ya kiwango cha maisha iliyo chini ya asilimia 1. Muda wa kawaida wa kuishi wa kiwango kidogo cha ugonjwa ni miezi 20, na kiwango cha miaka mitano za kuishi zilizo asilimia 20.<ref name="Merck" /> Kulingana na utafiti wa [[Taasisi ya kimataifa ya saratani]], umri wa kati ya kutambua saratani ya mapafu kule Marekani ni miaka 70,<ref>SEER data (SEER.cancer.gov)[http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2003/results_single/sect_01_table.11_2pgs.pdf Median Age of Cancer Patients at Diagnosis 2002-2003]</ref> na umri kati ya kifo ni miaka 72.<ref>SEER data (SEER.cancer.gov)[http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2006/results_single/sect_01_table.13_2pgs.pdf Median Age of Cancer Patients at Death 2002-2006]</ref> Nchini Marekani, walio na bima ya matibabu hupata matokeo bora zaidi.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Slatore | first=CG | coauthors=Au DH, Gould MK | title=An official American Thoracic Society systematic review: insurance status and disparities in lung cancer practices and outcomes | date=November 2010 | journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | volume=182 | issue=9 | pages=1195–1205 | pmid=21041563 | url=http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/182/9/1195.long | doi=10.1164/rccm.2009-038ST | archive-date=2020-06-13 | access-date=2014-01-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613071318/https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.2009-038ST | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Epidemiolojia== [[Image:Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers world map - Death - WHO2004.svg|thumb|[[urekebishaji wa umri|Umri uliosanifishwa]] vifo kutokana na trakea, bronkasi, na saratani ya mapafu kwa 100,000&nbsp;walioishi mwaka wa 2004<ref name="AUTOREF20" /> {{Multicol}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|≤&nbsp;5}} {{legend|#fff200|5-10}} {{legend|#ffdc00|10-15}} {{legend|#ffc600|15-20}} {{legend|#ffb000|20-25}} {{legend|#ff9a00|25-30}} {{Multicol-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|30-35}} {{legend|#ff6e00|35-40}} {{legend|#ff5800|40-45}} {{legend|#ff4200|45-50}} {{legend|#ff2c00|50-55}} {{legend|#cb0000|≥&nbsp;55}} {{Multicol-end}}]] [[Image:Lung cancer US distribution.gif|thumb|kidole cha thumb|Mgawanyo wa saratani ya mapafu nchini [[Marekani]]]] Ulimwenguni, saratani ya mapafu ni ya kawaida katika swala la [[Tukio (epidemiolojia)|tukio]] na kifo. Katika 2008, kulikuwa na milioni 1.61 za hali mpya, na vifo milioni 1.38 kwa sababu ya saratani ya mapafu. Viwango vilivyo juu sana kiko Uingerezani na Kaskazini Marekani.<ref name="GLOBOCAN">{{cite journal | last=Ferlay | first=J | coauthors=Shin HR, Bray F et al.|title=Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008 | journal=International Journal of Cancer |date=December 2010 | volume=127 | issue=12 | pages=2893–2917 | pmid=21351269 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.25516/full | doi=10.1002/ijc.25516}}</ref> Sehemu ya watu wanaoweza kupata saratani ya mapafu zaidi ni wale waliozidi umri wa miaka 50 wanao historia ya uvutaji wa sigara. Kwa kutofautisha kiwango cha vifo kwa wanaume, iliyoanza kushuka zaidi miaka ishirini iliyopita, viwango vya vifo kutokana na saratani ya mapafu kwa wanawake vimeongezeka zaidi katika kipindi cha miaka kumi zilizopita, na vinaanza kutulia.<ref name="AUTOREF22" /> Nchini Marekani, [[hatari]] ya kupata saratani ya mapafu ni asilimia 8 kwa wanaume na asilimia 6 kwa wanawake. <ref name="Harrison" /> Kwa kila milioni 3-4 ya sigara iliyovutwa, kifo kimoja hutokea kutokana na saratani ya mapafu.<ref name="Harrison" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Proctor | first=RN | title=The history of the discovery of the cigarette-lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll | journal=Tobacco Control | volume=21 | issue=2 | pages=87–91 | month=March | year=2012 |pmid=22345227 | doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050338 }}</ref> Ushawishi wa "[[Tumbaku Kubwa]]" huchukua jukumu kubwa katika utamaduni wa uvutaji wa sigara.<ref name="Lum" /> Vijana wasiovuta sigara wanao tazama matangazo ya uvutaji wa sigara huenda wakavuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lovato | first=C | coauthors=Watts A, Stead LF | title=Impact of tobacco advertising and promotion on increasing adolescent smoking behaviours | date=October 2011 | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue=10 | pages=CD003439 | pmid=21975739 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003439.pub2}}</ref> Jukumu la [[kuvuta moshi ya sigara]] inaendelea kutambulika kama hatari ya saratani ya mapafu,<ref name="Taylor" /> inayoelekeza kwa sera ya kuingilia upungufu wa wasiovuta kutotaka kuwa karibu wavutaji wanapovuta.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kemp |first=FB | title=Smoke free policies in Europe. An overview | journal=Pneumologia | volume=58 | issue=3 | pages=155–158 |month=Jul–Sep | year=2009 | pmid=19817310 }}</ref> Moshi kutoka magari, viwanda, na vituo vya umeme pia vinaweza kuwa hatari.<ref name="MurrayNadel46" /> [[Ulaya Mashariki]] ina vifo vilivyosababishwa na saratani ya mapafu vilivyo juu kwa wananume, bali kaskazini mwa Uingereza na Marekani huwa na vifo vingi kwa wanawake. Nchini Marekani, wanaume na wanawake weusi huwa na hali iliyo juu zaidi.<ref>National Cancer Institute; SEER stat fact sheets: Lung and Bronchus. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results. 2010[http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html#incidence-mortality]</ref> Viwango vya saratani kwa sasa viko chini kwa nchi zinazoendelea.<ref name="AUTOREF23" /> Pamoja na ongezeko la uvutaji kwa nchi zinazoendelea, viwango vinatarajiwa kuongezeka kwa miaka michache yanayokuja, hasa Uchina<ref>{{cite journal | last=Zhang | first=J | coauthors=Ou JX, Bai CX |title=Tobacco smoking in China: prevalence, disease burden, challenges and future strategies | date=November 2011 |journal=Respirology | volume=16 | issue=8 | pages=1165–1172 | pmid=21910781 | doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02062.x }}</ref> na India.<ref name="AUTOREF25" /> Kutoka 1960, viwango vya adenocarcinoma vilianza kuzidi kulingana na aina zingine za saratani ya mapafu. Hii ndio sababu ndogo ya kuanzishwa kwa sigara yenye chujio. Matumizi ya chujio hutoa moshi nzito kutoka tumbaku, hivyo kupunguza mabaki kwa njia za kupumua. Hata hivyo, mvutaji lazima avute moshi ndani sana ili apate kiasi sawa cha nikotini, na kuzidisha moshi kuingia kwa njia ndogo za hewa ambapo adenocarcinoma ina panda.<ref name="Charloux" /> Hali ya adenocarcinoma ya mapafu huzidi kupanda.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kadara | first=H | coauthors=Kabbout M, Wistuba II | title=Pulmonary adenocarcinoma: a renewed entity in 2011 | journal=Respirology | volume=17 | issue=1 |pages=50–65 | month=January | year=2012 | pmid=22040022 | doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02095.x }}</ref> ==Historia== Saratani ya mapafu haikujulikana kabla ya matangazo ya uvutaji wa sigara; haikutambulika kama ugonjwa tofauti hadi mwaka wa 1761.<ref name="AUTOREF27" /> Vipengele tofauti vya saratani ya mapafu yameelezwa zaidi mwaka wa 1810.<ref name="AUTOREF28" /> Tyuma ya mapafu ya kuhatarisha yamechangia asilimia 1 pekee kwa saratani yaliyoonekana kwa otopsi mwaka 1878, lakini yalizidi asilimia 10-15 mwanzoni mwa mwaka 1900.<ref name="Witschi" /> Ripoti za uchunguzi katika maandiko ya matibabu yalikuwa 374 pekee duniani mwaka 1912,<ref name="AUTOREF29" /> lakini uchunguzi wa otopsi ulionyesha hali ya saratani ya mapafu yaliongezeka kutoka asilimia 0.3 mwaka 1852 hadi asilimia 5.66 mwaka 1952.<ref name="Grannis" /> Nchini [[Ujerumani]] mwaka 1929, fizishiani Fritz Lickint alitambua uhusiano baina ya uvutaji wa sigara na saratani ya mapafu,<ref name="Witschi" /> iliyoelekeza kwa [[Muungano wa kupinga uvutaji wa sigara nchini Ujerumani|kampeni ya kupinga uvutaji wa sigara]] ulio mkali.<ref name="Proctor" /> [[Uchunguzi ya madaktari wa Uingereza]], uliochapishwa wa 1950, ili kuwa ya kwanza [[epidemiolojia|epidemiolojia]] ili kuwa ushahidi kuu ya kiunganishi baina saratani ya mapafu na uvutaji wa sigara.<ref name="Doll" /> Kama matokeo, mwaka 1964 [[Mpasuaji Mkuu nchini Marekani]] aliwashauri wavutaji sigara kuwacha kuvuta.<ref name="AUTOREF30" /> Uhusiano na gesi ya [[radoni]] ulitambuliwa na wachimbuaji wa madini katika [[Milima za Ore (Ujerumani)|Milima za Ore]] karibu na [[Schneeberg, Saxony]]. [[Fedha]] ime chimbuliwa hapo tangu mwaka wa 1470, na machimbo haya yana [[urani]] nyingi, ikitanguliwa na [[radiamu]] na gesi ya radoni.<ref name="Greaves" /> Wachimbuaji madini walipata kiasi isiyolingana na saratani ya mapafu, baadae kujulikana kama saratani ya mapafu mwaka wa 1870.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Greenberg | first=M | coauthors=Selikoff IJ |title=Lung cancer in the Schneeberg mines: a reappraisal of the data reported by Harting and Hesse in 1879 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-occupational-hygiene_1993-02_37_1/page/n8 |journal=Annals of Occupational Hygiene | volume=37 | issue=1 | pages=5–14 | month=February | year=1993 | pmid=8460878 }}</ref> Licha ya utambulizi huu, kuchimbuliwa kulizidi hadi mwaka wa 1950, kwa sababu ya madai ya urani kutoka [[Urusi]].<ref name="Greaves" /> Radoni ilitambulika kama kisababishi cha saratani ya mapafu mwaka wa 1960.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last=Samet | first=JM |title=Radiation and cancer risk: a continuing challenge for epidemiologists | journal=Environmental Health | volume=10 |issue=Suppl. 1 | pages=S4 | month=April | year=2011 | pmid=21489214 | doi=10.1186/1476-069X-10-S1-S4 | pmc=3073196}}</ref> Mafanikio ya kwanza ya [[numonektomi]] ya saratani ya mapafu ulifanywa mwaka wa 1933.<ref name="AUTOREF32" /> [[Radiotherapi]] ya kupunguza maumivu imetumika tangu mwaka wa 1940.<ref name="Edwards" /> Radiotherapi ya radikali, iliyotumika awali mwaka wa 1950, ilikuwa jaribio la kutumia dozi kubwa ya mnururisho kwa wagonjwa walio na kiasi cha saratani kinachoanza, lakini hawawezi kufanyiwa upasuaji vinginevyo.<ref name="AUTOREF33" /> Mwaka wa 1997, mkeneko mkali wa radiotherapi uliochapuzwa unaoendelea ulionekana ukiendelea kuliko radiotherapi ya radikali iliyo ya kawaida.<ref name="Saunders" /> Kwa SMSD, majaribio ya hapo awali mwaka wa 1960 katika upasuaji <ref name="AUTOREF34" /> na radiotherapi ya radikali<ref name="AUTOREF35" /> hayakufaulu. Mwaka wa 1970, kemotherapi ya mazoezi yaliyofaulu yaliendelezwa.<ref name="AUTOREF36" /> ==Marejeo== {{reflist|2|refs= <ref name="Harrison">{{Rejea kitabu | last=Horn | first=L | coauthors=Pao W, Johnson DH | title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | publisher=McGraw-Hill | editor-last=Longo | editor-first=DL | editor-last2=Kasper | editor-first2=DL | editor-last3=Jameson | editor-first3=JL | editor-last4=Fauci | editor-first4=AS | editor-last5=Hauser | editor-first5=SL | editor-last6=Loscalzo | editor-first6=J | year=2012 | chapter=Chapter 89 | edition=18th | isbn=0-07-174889-X }}</ref> <ref name="Thun">{{Rejea jarida | last=Thun | first=MJ | coauthors=Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL et al. | title=Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies | journal=PLoS Medicine | volume=5 | issue=9 | pages=e185 | month=September | year=2008 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050185 | pmid=18788891 | pmc=2531137 }}</ref> <ref name="O'Reilly">{{Rejea jarida | last=O'Reilly | first=KM | coauthors=Mclaughlin AM, Beckett WS, Sime PJ | title=Asbestos-related lung disease | journal=American Family Physician | volume=75 | issue=5 | pages=683–688 | month=March | year=2007 | url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/683.html | pmid=17375514 | access-date=2014-01-09 | archive-date=2007-09-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083111/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/683.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF">{{cite web |url=http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke |author=Carmona, RH |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |title=The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General |date=2006-06-27 |quote=Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke.}}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF1">{{Rejea jarida |url=http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/volume83.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer |title=Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking |journal=IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans |volume=83 |year=2002 |quote=There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans.&nbsp;... 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A review of the epidemiology of lung adenocarcinoma | journal=International Journal of Epidemiology | volume=26 | issue=1 | pages=14–23 | month=February | year=1997 | pmid=9126499 | url=http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/26/1/14 | doi=10.1093/ije/26.1.14 }}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF27">{{Rejea kitabu | last=Morgagni | first=Giovanni Battista | title=De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis | year=1761 |ol=24830495M }}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF28">{{Rejea kitabu | last=Bayle | first=Gaspard-Laurent | title=Recherches sur la phthisie pulmonaire | url=https://archive.org/details/b33280307 |place=Paris |language=French | year=1810 |ol=15355651W }}</ref> <ref name="Witschi">{{Rejea jarida | last=Witschi | first=H | title=A short history of lung cancer | journal=[[Toxicological Sciences]] | volume=64 | issue=1 | pages=4–6 | month=November | year=2001 | url=http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/64/1/4 |pmid=11606795 | doi=10.1093/toxsci/64.1.4 }}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF29">{{Rejea kitabu|author=Adler, I |year=1912 |title=Primary Malignant Growths of the Lungs and Bronchi |url=https://archive.org/details/primarymalignant00adle |place= New York |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company |oclc=14783544 |ol=24396062M }}, cited in {{Rejea jarida |author=Spiro SG, Silvestri GA |title=One hundred years of lung cancer |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=523–529 |year=2005 |pmid=15961694 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200504-531OE}}</ref> <ref name="Grannis">{{cite web | last=Grannis | first=FW | title=History of cigarette smoking and lung cancer | publisher=smokinglungs.com | url=http://www.smokinglungs.com/cighist.htm | accessdate=2007-08-06 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718174754/http://www.smokinglungs.com/cighist.htm | archivedate=2007-07-18 }}</ref> <ref name="Proctor">{{Rejea kitabu | last=Proctor | first=R | title=The Nazi War on Cancer | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2000 | pages=173–246 | isbn=0-691-00196-0 }}</ref> <ref name="Doll">{{Rejea jarida | last=Doll | first=R | coauthors=Hill AB | title=Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Death in Relation to Smoking | journal=British Medical Journal | volume=2 | issue=5001 | pages=1071–1081 | month=November | year=1956 | pmid=13364389 | doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5001.1071 | pmc=2035864 }}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF30">{{cite web | author=US Department of Health Education and Welfare | title=Smoking and health: report of the advisory committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service | location=Washington, DC | publisher=US Government Printing Office | year=1964 | url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/M/Q/_/nnbbmq.pdf | format=PDF }}</ref> <ref name="Greaves">{{Rejea kitabu | last=Greaves | first=M | title=Cancer: the Evolutionary Legacy | url=https://archive.org/details/cancerevolutiona00grea | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2000 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/cancerevolutiona00grea/page/196 196]–197 | isbn=0-19-262835-6 }}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF32">{{Rejea jarida | last=Horn | first=L | coauthors=Johnson DH | title=Evarts A. Graham and the first pneumonectomy for lung cancer | journal=Journal of Clinical Oncology | volume=26 | issue=19 | pages=3268–3275 | month=July | year=2008 | pmid=18591561 | url=http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/pdf_extract/26/19/3268 | doi=10.1200/JCO.2008.16.8260 | access-date=2014-01-09 | archive-date=2020-03-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317080747/https://ascopubs.org/cgi/pdf_extract/26/19/3268 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref name="Edwards">{{Rejea jarida | last=Edwards | first=AT | title=Carcinoma of the Bronchus | journal=Thorax | volume=1 | issue=1 | pages=1–25 | year=1946 | pmc = 1018207 | doi=10.1136/thx.1.1.1 | pmid=20986395}}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF33">{{Rejea jarida | last=Kabela | first=M | title=Erfahrungen mit der radikalen Röntgenbestrahlung des Bronchienkrebses |trans_title=Experience with radical irradiation of bronchial cancer | language=German | journal=Ceskoslovenská Onkológia | volume=3 | issue=2 | pages=109–115 | year=1956 | pmid=13383622 }}</ref> <ref name="Saunders">{{Rejea jarida | last=Saunders | first=M | coauthors=Dische S, Barrett A et al. | title=Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) versus conventional radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised multicentre trial | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1997-07-19_350_9072/page/n11 | journal=Lancet | volume=350 | issue=9072 | pages=161–165 | publisher=Elsevier | month=July | year=1997 | pmid=9250182 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(97)06305-8 }}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF34">{{Rejea jarida | last=Lennox | first=SC | coauthors=Flavell G, Pollock DJ et al. | title=Results of resection for oat-cell carcinoma of the lung | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1968-11-02_2_7575/page/n9 | journal=Lancet | volume=2 | issue=7575 | pages=925–927 | publisher=Elsevier | month=November | year=1968 | pmid=4176258 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(68)91163-X }}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF35">{{Rejea jarida | last=Miller | first=AB | coauthors=Fox W, Tall R | title=Five-year follow-up of the Medical Research Council comparative trial of surgery and radiotherapy for the primary treatment of small-celled or oat-celled carcinoma of the bronchus | journal=Lancet | volume=2 | issue=7619 | pages=501–505 | publisher=Elsevier | month=September | year=1969 | pmid=4184834 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(69)90212-8 }}</ref> <ref name="AUTOREF36">{{Rejea jarida | last=Cohen | first=M | coauthors= Creaven PJ, Fossieck BE Jr et al. | title=Intensive chemotherapy of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma | journal=Cancer Treatment Reports | volume=61 | issue=3 | pages=349–354 | year=1977 | pmid=194691 }}</ref> }} [[Jamii:Saratani]] [[Jamii:Mapafu]] 9fkib730pvyry1xnsjpvhj0b2nosgep 0 71748 1545326 1529143 2026-05-17T21:26:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545326 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Ukuta wa Matengenezo]] mjini [[Geneva]], [[Uswisi]], unawaonyesha wanne kati ya Wakalvini wa kwanza; kutoka kushoto kwenda kulia ni: [[William Farel]], [[John Calvin]], [[Theodore Beza]], na [[John Knox]].]] {{Ukristo}} '''Wakalvini''' ni [[Wakristo]] [[Waprotestanti]] wanaofuata kimsingi mafundisho yaliyotolewa awali na [[Uldrik Zwingli]] na hasa [[John Calvin]] katika [[karne ya 16]]. Tofauti na Luther, Zwingli na Calvin walijaribu moja kwa moja kujenga [[kanisa]] jipya kwenye msingi wa [[Biblia]]. Hawakupenda kuchukua [[urithi]] wowote wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]], wakaunda kila kitu upya kufuatana na jinsi walivyoelewa Biblia. Katika [[utawala]] walikataa [[cheo]] cha [[uaskofu]] wakaona kanisa liongozwe na [[Mzee|wazee]] wa kuchaguliwa. Kutokana na neno wazee katika [[lugha]] ya [[Agano Jipya]] ([[Kigiriki]]) "presbyuteroi", kanisa lake linaitwa pia la "Wapresbiteri". Wafuasi wao huitwa pia "Wareformati" (to reform = kutengeneza upya). Maana yake walikataa [[desturi]] zote wasizoziona katika Biblia, wakati Luther alizikubali zile alizoziona hazipingi Biblia. Katika [[ibada]] zao, Wareformati wanakataa [[altari]], [[picha]] za kupamba kanisa au kuimba [[liturujia]], wakati ibada ya Kilutheri ni [[Misa]] ya Kikatoliki iliyobadilishwa kufuatana na mawazo ya Luther. Katika jambo hilo hawakupatana na ndiyo sababu kwa muda mrefu Walutheri na Wareformati walishindwa kuwa na ibada za pamoja, lakini siku hizi wanaelewana. Mafundisho hayo kutoka Uswisi yalienea katika nchi kama [[Ufaransa]], [[Uskoti]] na [[Uholanzi]]. Hata [[Wamoravia]] walichukua sehemu ya mafundisho ya Wareformati, hasa juu ya [[Chakula cha Bwana]], wakimfuata Luther katika mambo mengine. [[Afrika Kusini]] urithi wa kidini wa [[Makaburu]] ni wa Kireformati kwa sababu [[babu]] zao walitokea Uholanzi na Ufaransa. Vilevile ni [[wamisionari]] kutoka Uswisi na Uskoti walioanzisha mapema makanisa ya Kipresbiteri [[Malawi]], [[Kenya]] na [[Afrika Magharibi]]. Kadiri ya asili, [[madhehebu]] yao yanaitwa kwa [[Kiingereza]] [[Reformed]], [[Congregationalists]] au [[Presbyterians]]. Leo yana jumla ya waamini zaidi ya milioni 80, wengi wao wakiwa wameunganika katika "[[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]". ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book |last=Allen |first=R. Michael |title=Reformed Theology |url=https://archive.org/details/reformedtheology0000alle |series=Doing Theology |year=2010|publisher=[[T&T Clark]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0567034304 |ref=harv}} * {{Citation|editor-last=Bagchi|editor-first=David V. N.|editor2-last=Steinmetz|editor2-first=David Curtis|editor2-link=David Steinmetz|title=The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology|year=2004|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-77662-7}} * {{Citation | last = Cottret | first =Bernard | trans_title =Calvin: A Biography | publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans | year =2000 | place = Grand Rapids, Michigan| isbn = 0-8028-3159-1|title=Calvin: Biographie|origyear=1995|language=French|others=Translated by M. Wallace McDonald}} * {{cite book |last=DeVries |first=Dawn |chapter=Rethinking the Scripture Principle |editor1-last=Alston |editor1-first=Wallace M. Jr. |editor2-last=Welker |editor2-first=Michael |editor2-link=Michael Welker |title=Reformed Theology: Identity and Ecumenicity |url=https://archive.org/details/reformedtheology0000unse |year=2003 |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |location=Grand Rapids, MI |isbn=978-0802847768 |ref=harv}} * {{Citation|editor-last=Furcha|editor-first=E. J.|title=Huldrych Zwingli, 1484–1531: A Legacy of Radical Reform: Papers from the 1984 International Zwingli Symposium McGill University|year=1985|place=Montreal|publisher=Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill University|isbn=0-7717-0124-1}}. * {{Citation | last = Holder | first = R. Ward | contribution = Calvin's heritage | year =2004 | editor-last =McKim | editor-first =Donald K. | title =The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin | place =Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0-521-01672-8}} * {{Citation|last=Gäbler|first=Ulrich|title=Huldrych Zwingli: His Life and Work|publication-place=Philadelphia|year=1986|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=0-8006-0761-9}} * {{Citation | last = Ganoczy | first = Alexandre | contribution = Calvin's life | year =2004 | editor-last =McKim | editor-first =Donald K. | title =The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin | place =Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-0-521-01672-8}} * {{Citation | last = McGrath | first =Alister E. | authorlink =Alister McGrath | title =A Life of John Calvin | publisher=Basil Blackwell | year =1990 | place = Oxford| isbn = 0-631-16398-0}}. * {{cite book|last=Muller|first=Richard A.|authorlink=Richard Muller (theologian)|title=The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0521776622|chapter=John Calvin and later Calvinism|editor1-last=Bagchi|editor1-first=David|editor2-last=Steinmetz|editor2-first=David C|ref=harv}} * {{Citation | last = Parker | first =T. H. L. | title =John Calvin: A Biography | publisher=Lion Hudson plc | year =2006 | place = Oxford| isbn = 978-0-7459-5228-4}}. * {{Citation|last=Stephens|first=W. P.|title=The Theology of Huldrych Zwingli|publication-place=Oxford|year=1986|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=0-19-826677-4}}. * {{cite wikisource |title=Westminster Confession of Faith|year=1646 |ref = {{harvid|WCF|1646}}}} ==Marejeo mengine== * {{cite book |editor1-last=Alston |editor1-first=Wallace M. Jr. |editor2-last=Welker |editor2-first=Michael|editor2-link=Michael Welker|title=Reformed Theology: Identity and Ecumenicity |url=https://archive.org/details/reformedtheology0000unse |year=2003 |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |location=Grand Rapids, MI |isbn=978-0802847768}} * {{cite book |last=Benedict |first=Philip |authorlink=Philip Benedict |title=Christ's Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism |url=https://archive.org/details/christschurchesp0000bene |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0300105070}} * Balserak, Jon (2014). ''John Calvin as Sixteenth-Century Prophet.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. [http://global.oup.com/academic/product/john-calvin-as-sixteenth-century-prophet-9780198703259?q=Balserak&lang=en&cc=gb/ ISBN 9780198-703259] * Bratt, James D. (1984) ''Dutch Calvinism in Modern America: A History of a Conservative Subculture'' [http://www.amazon.com/Dutch-Calvinism-Modern-America-Conservative/dp/0802800092/ excerpt and text search] * Hart, D.G. (2013). ''Calvinism: A History.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, [http://www.amazon.com/Calvinism-Darryl-Hart-ebook/dp/B00D6II2JO/ excerpt and text search] * {{cite book |last=McNeill |first=John Thomas|title=The History and Character of Calvinism|year=1967|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1954|isbn=978-0195007435}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Leith|first=John H.|title=An Introduction to the Reformed Tradition: A Way of Being the Christian Community|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontore0000leit_y6q2|year=1980|isbn=978-0804204798|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|authorlink=John H. Leith}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Muller|first=Richard A.|title=The Unaccommodated Calvin: Studies in the Foundation of a Theological Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/unaccommodatedca0000mull|year=2001|isbn=978-0195151688|authorlink=Richard Muller (theologian)|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Muller|first=Richard A.|title=After Calvin: Studies in the Development of a Theological Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/aftercalvenstudi0000rich|year=2003|isbn=978-0195157017|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|author-mask=8}} * Picken, Stuart D.B. (2011) ''Historical Dictionary of Calvinism'' (2011) [http://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Calvinism-Dictionaries-Philosophies/dp/0810872242/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1402910792&sr=1-1&keywords=9780810872240 excerpt] * {{Rejea kitabu |editor-last=Small|editor-first=Joseph D.|title=Conversations with the Confessions: Dialogue in the Reformed Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000unse_u5p7|year=2005|isbn=978-0664502485|publisher=Geneva Press}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{sister project links|v=no|n=no|q=no|b=no|voy=no|s=Portal:Calvinism}} * [http://www.reformed.org/calvinism/index.html?mainframe=/calvinism/5Points_Dabney.html "Five Points of Calvinism"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.reformed.org/calvinism/index.html?mainframe=%2Fcalvinism%2F5Points_Dabney.html |date=20190104134319 }} by [[Robert Lewis Dabney]]. {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Uprotestanti]] [[Jamii:Wakalvini]] mg99e4a98tgaunzhtsdfhixurr3j3bx 0 71808 1545248 1525851 2026-05-17T18:26:01Z Said Mfaume 68307 1545248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club |jinalaclub = Simba SC | jinalote = Simba Sports Club |imeanzishwa = 1936 | kocha = [[Dimitar Pantev]] | uwanja = [[Uwanja wa Taifa (Tanzania)|Benjamin Mkapa Stadium]] |uwezo=62,000 |tovuti=https://simbasc.co.tz/ |jinalautani= Mnyama |mwenyekiti=Murtaza Mangungu |ligi=[[Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara|NBC Premier League]] |msimu= |meneja=[[Patrick Rweyemamu]]}} '''Simba Sports Club''' ni [[timu]] ya [[mpira wa miguu]] yenye [[makao makuu]] yake katika [[mtaa]] wa [[Msimbazi]], [[Kariakoo]], [[jiji|jijini]] [[Dar es Salaam]] nchini [[Tanzania|Tanzania.]] Simba hushiriki [[Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara]] ambapo ilianzishwa [[mwaka]] [[1936]] kwa jina la Eagles kisha baadaye iliitwa Dar Sunderland. Mnamo mwaka wa [[1971]] ilibadilisha [[jina]] lake kabisa na kuitwa Simba Sport Club. Simba Sports Club ni mojawapo ya timu kubwa ya mpira wa miguu nchini Tanzania, wapinzani wao wanaitwa [[Yanga Sc|Younɡ Africans]]. Ni [[Bingwa|mabingwa]] wa [[taifa]] mara 18 tena ni mabingwa mara 6 katika [[kombe la Kagame]].<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablest/tanz08.html Tanzania] - RSSSF</ref> [[Mechi]] zao za nyumbani zinachezwa kwenye viwanja viwili, Uwanja wa Uhuru na Uwanja wa Taifa. Kufikia Oktoba 2025, [[timu]] inanolewa na kocha kutoka [[Bulgaria]] Dimitar Pantev<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Unamfahamu, Dimitar Pantev kocha mpya Simba SC? Hizi hapa rekodi zake, mifumo na mafanikio|url=https://blog.sportpesa.co.tz/2025/10/03/dimitar-pantev-kocha-mpya-simba-sc/|date=2025-10-03|accessdate=2025-10-04|language=en-GB|author=Joel Thomas}}</ref>. ==Mabadiliko ya utawala== Klabu ya soka ya Simba imesajiliwa kwa mujibu wa sheria namba 12 ya baraza la michezo la taifa ya mwaka 1967 kama ilivyofanyiwa marekebisho mwaka 1971. Katiba ya sasa ya timu ya Simba iliandikwa mwaka 2018 na kupitishwa tarehe 20 mayi 2018 na msajili wa vyama vya soka na klabu, na kisha kusajililiwa na wakala wa usajili, ufilisi na udhamini (RITA). Safari ya timu ya soka ya Simba kuelekea mabadiliko ilianza mwaka 2016 ambapo Kamati kuu kwa wakati ule ilibaini kwamba klabu iliendeshwa nje ya misingi na dira yake, hivyo kupelekea kushindwa kutimiza matarajio ya wadau wake, jambo lililopelekea kuwepo na ulazima wa kufanya mabadiliko ya kisasa kwa ajili ya maendeleo ya klabu. Kamati kuu iliteua wajumbe wa kujitolea na wataalamu kwa ajili ya kufanya utafiti ili kubaini chanzo cha kutetereka kwa klabu ikiwemo kuzorota kwa uongozi, maendeleo hasi ya kiufundi, hali mbaya ya kifedha na kisha kupendekeza namna ya kufanya mabadiliko ili kuinusuru klabu. Kutokana na ripoti kamili na mapendekezo yaliyotolewa na Kamati ya mabadiliko mnamo Septemba 2016; Klabu ya soka ya Simba ipo katika mchakato wa mabadiliko hayo kwa kubadili mfumo wake wa kisheria na kiuendeshaji kutoka mfumo wa wanachama na kuwa kampuni ya dhima ya umma inayojulikana kama Simba Sports Club Limited, ambayo imeundwa na pande mbili; wanachama wakimiliki asilimia 51 ya hisa ambapo kati ya hizo, asilimia 10 zimelipiwa zote na kubaki asilimia 41, huku mwekezaji akimiliki asilimia 49. Mabadiliko yote yalifanyika kupitia mchakato wa wazi wa kutangaza zabuni na kusimamiwa na kamati maalumu ya uwekezaji wa klabu. Kabla ya kupokea zabuni, kamati maalumu ya uwekezaji ya timu ya soka ya Simba, iliteua kamati ya kufanya tathmini ambayo ilijumuisha wajumbe watano wakiwa na jukumu la kufanya tathmini na kuleta mapendekezo kwenye kamati ya uwekezaji kwa kubainisha zabuni gani ilikuwa na faida kiuchumi. Zabuni iliyopata tathmini ya juu zaidi ilikuwa ni ya ndugu Mohammed Dewji ambayo ilikubalika kwa kukidhi vigezo vya tathimini kama vilivyobainishwa kwenye nyaraka za zabuni. Mchakato wa kufanya tathmini ulipitia hatua zifuatazo: Tathmini ya hisa, mkakati wa kiufundi, mpango wa kifedha na mwisho ilikuwa hatua ya makubaliano. Tarehe 2 Novemba 2018, Simba Sports Company Limited ilijumuishwa na kuwa na wanahisa wawili wakijulikana kama Simba Sports Club Holding company limited ikimiliki asimilia 10 ya hisa zilizolipiwa na asilimia 41 ambazo hazijalipiwa jumla hisa 51, na Mo Simba Company Limited ikimiliki asilimia 49 ya hisa zikiwa zote zimelipiwa. Mchakato wa mabadiliko haya upo katika hatua za mwisho kukamilika. Kama sheria inavyoelekeza katika kifungu cha 11 cha sheria ya ushindani wa biashara ya mwaka 2003; klabu ya soka ya simba: Imeomba idhini kutoka tume ya ushindani wa biashara kuhakikisha kwamba mchakato wa mabadiliko hauangukii katika ujumuishaji wa hisa (merger and acquisition) Inazingatia kanuni za mamlaka ya mapato nchini Tanzania (TRA) kuhusu uhamishaji wa mali Imeanza zoezi la uhakiki ili kutambua wanachama hai wa klabu ambao watanufaika na hisa. Mchakato huu unaendelea vizuri na wanachama pamoja na mashabiki wa timu ya Simba wameanza kushuhudia mabadiliko chanya ndani ya klabu yao pendwa. labu ==Utawala== Simba Sports Club imebadilisha utawala au usimamizi wake kutoka kutawaliwa na mashabiki na badala yake kusimamiwa na [[mwanahisa]] aitwae [[Mohammed Gulam Dewji]]. Katika muundo huu wa utawala wa Simba Sports Club imeuza [[hisa]] zake 49[[%]] kwa [[Mohammed Gulam Dewji]] huku wanachama wa Simba wakibakiwa na 51%. ==Misimu== ====2024/25==== Baada ya kutokufanya vizuri katika [[Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara]] kwa misimu miwili mfululizo, Simba iliamua kufanya mabadiliko ya lazima ili kurudisha ushindani wake ulikua nao kwa misimu ya nyumba. Moja ya mabadiliko ni kurudi kwa Mohamed Dewji kuwa mwenyekiti wa wa Bodi ya wakurugeni, akichukua nafasi kutoka kwa Saidi Abdallah Tryagain.<ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/michezo/mo-dewji-abadili-gia-angani-arudi-simba-sc-3002626</ref> Baada ya kurudi, Simba ilishuhudia mabadiliko katika kikosi chake ikiwa ni pamoja na kubadili Benchi la ufundi, ambapo Fadlu Davis alitajwa kuwa [[Kocha]] mkuu<ref>https://ippmedia.com/the-guardian/sports/football/read/fadlu-davids-poised-to-be-named-as-simbas-head-coach-2024-07-04-174634</ref> na kusajili wachezaji wengine wapya, Ambao walitangazwa kupitia kurasa rasmi za timu na baadae kuonekana kwenye siku ya Simba Day Agosti 3 2024.<ref>https://newtimestanzania.com/simba-day-ni-agosti-3-2024/</ref> Simba walianza msimu mpya wa 2024/25 kwa kuweka kambi nchini [[Misri]]<ref>https://www.mwanaspoti.co.tz/ms/soka/simba-yajichimbia-kambi-ya-kishua-yaanza-na-pumzi-stamina-4686256</ref>. Ambapo walicheza michezo kadhaa ya kirafiki kwa ajili ya maandalizi. Japo Simba walianza msimu kwa kupoteza dhidi ya wapinzani wao wa Jadi [[Yanga]] kwenye mechi ya nusu fainali Ngao ya jamii, Mashabiki na uongozi kwa ujumla wameonyesha kuridhishwa na mabadiliko ya timu kwa ujumla, huku wakiwa na matumaini ya kufanya vizuri katika mechi za kimataifa na za nyumbani. =====Mashindano ya Ndani===== *'''Ligi Kuu ya NBC''' Katika mashindano ya Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara maarufu kama NBC Premier league, Simba walimaliza nafasi ya Pili nyuma ya wapinzani wao wa jadi kwa tofauti ya alama Nne<ref>https://ligikuu.co.tz/nbc-premier-league/season-2024-2025/</ref>. Mchezo wa mwisho wa Msimu baina ya timu hizi mbili ndio ulioamua mshini wa ligi kwa msimu huo ambapo Yanga alishinda magoli 2-0<ref>https://www.bbc.com/swahili/articles/cy0w5j55l80o</ref>, mchezo huo uliahirishwa mara mbili kutokana na sababu mbali mbali, hali iliyopelekea kuwa chezo wa mwisho na wa kufunga ligi. *'''Mashindano ya FA''' Katika mashindano ya FA yanayotambullika kama CRD Federation cup, Simba iliishia hatua ya nusu fainali. Katika mchezo wa nusu fainali uliochezwa uwanja wa Tanzanite kwa raha, Simba ilipoteza kwa kufungwa mabao 3-1 dhidi ya Singida Big Stars ambao walicheza fainali na timu ya Yanga<ref>https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/full-time-young-africans-sc-2-0-singida-black-stars-crdb-federation-cup-final-new-amaan-stadium-29-06-2025-yanga-bingwa.2357729/</ref>. ==Wachezaji== ''Kikosi Cha sasa'' Kuanzia Julai 2025<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania - Simba Sports Club - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos and news - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/tanzania/simba/3900/squad/|access-date=2021-01-07|website=int.soccerway.com|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155443/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/tanzania/simba/3900/squad/|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |- ! width=2 | No ! width=2 |Nchi ! width=5 |Nafasi ! width=5| Jina la Mchezaji |- {{Fs player|no=26|nat=Guinea|name=[[Moussa Camara]]|pos=GK}} {{Fs player|no=22|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Yakoub Suleiman Ali]]|pos=GK}} {{Fs player|no=12|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Shomari Kapombe]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=23|nat=South Africa|name=[[Rushine De Reuck]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=14|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Abdulrazack Hamza]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=2|nat=Cameroon|name=[[Chamou Karaboue]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=4|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Vedastus Masinde]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=31|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Wilson Nangu]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=5|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Anthony Mligo]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=12|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Shomari Kapombe]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=15|nat=Tanzania|name=[[David Kameta]]|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=21|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Yusuph Kagoma]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=8|nat=Senegal|name=[[Alassane Kante]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=30|nat=Guinea|name=[[Naby Camara]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=19|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Mzamiru Yassin]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=37|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Hussein Semfuko]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=35|nat=South Africa|name=[[Neo Maema]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=18|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Morice Abraham]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=10|nat=Ivory Coast|name=[[Jean Charles Ahoua]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=33|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Awesu Ally Awesu]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=7|nat=Zambia|name=[[Joshua Mutale]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=34|nat=COD|name=[[Ellie Mpanzu]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=17|nat=Kenya|name=[[Mohammed Bajeber]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=36|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Ladaki Chasambi]]|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=11|nat=Uganda|name=[[Steven Mukwala]]|pos=FW}} {{Fs player|no=38|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Denis Kibu]]|pos=FW}} {{Fs player|no=40|nat=Tanzania|name=[[Selemani Mwalimu]]|pos=FW}} {{Fs player|no=3|nat=Ghana|name=[[Jonathan Sowah]]|pos=FW}} |} ==Matokeo kwenye Mashindano ya CAF== '''[[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika]]: Ushiriki mara 12''' {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} *[[ Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika 2002|2002]] – Hatua ya Awali *[[ Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika 2003|2003]] – Hatua ya Makundi *[[ Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika 2004|2004]] – Hatua ya mtoano *[[ Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika 2005|2005]] – Hatua ya Awali *[[ Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika 2008|2008]] – Hatua ya Awali {{col-3}} *[[ Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika 2011|2011]] – Mtoano maalumu kwa ajili ya hatua ya makundi *[[ Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika 2013|2013]] – Hatua ya mtoano *[[ Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika 2018-19|2018–19]] – Robo finali *[[ Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika 2019-20|2019–20]] – Hatua ya mtoano *[[ Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika 2020-21|2020–21]] – Robo Finali {{col-3}} *[[ Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika 2021-22|2021–22]] – Hatua ya Pili *[[ Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika 2022-23|2022–23]] – Robo fainali *[[ Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika 2023-24|2023–24]] – Robo fainali {{col-end}} '''[[Kombe la Vilabu Bingwa Vya Afrika]]: Ushiriki mara 9''' {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} *[[ Kombe la Vilabu Bingwa Vya Afrika 1974|1974]] – Nusu Finali *[[ Kombe la Vilabu Bingwa Vya Afrika 1976|1976]] – Hatua ya pili *[[ Kombe la Vilabu Bingwa Vya Afrika 1977|1977]] – Hatua ya pili *[[ Kombe la Vilabu Bingwa Vya Afrika 1978|1978]] – Hatua ya pili *[[ Kombe la Vilabu Bingwa Vya Afrika 1979|1979]] – Hatua ya Pili *[[ Kombe la Vilabu Bingwa Vya Afrika 1980|1980]] – Hatua ya Pili {{col-3}} *[[ Kombe la Vilabu Bingwa Vya Afrika 1981|1981]] – First Round *[[ Kombe la Vilabu Bingwa Vya Afrika 1994|1994]] – Quarter-Finals *[[ Kombe la Vilabu Bingwa Vya Afrika 1995|1995]] – Hatua ya Pili {{col-end}} '''[[Kombe la Shirikisho Afrika]]: Ushiriki mara 6''' {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} *[[ Kombe la Shirikisho Afrika 2007|2007]] – Hatua ya Mtoano *[[ Kombe la Shirikisho Afrika 2010|2010]] – Hatua ya Pili *[[ Kombe la Shirikisho Afrika 2011|2011]] – Mtoano *[[ Kombe la Shirikisho Afrika 2012|2012]] – Hatua ya Pili *[[ Kombe la Shirikisho Afrika 2018|2018]] – Hatua ya Awali *[[ Kombe la Shirikisho Afrika 2021|2021–22]] – Robo Finali {{col-3}} '''[[Kombe la CAF]]: Ushiriki mara 2''' *'''[[Kombe la CAF 1993]] – Mshini wa pili''' *[[Kombe la CAF 1997]] – Hatua ya Awali {{col-end}} ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.simbasc.co.tz Simba FC] {{Wayback|url=http://www.simbasc.co.tz/ |date=20200609134055 }} [[Jamii:Vilabu vya mpira Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] 109lx1chcn0yftx01zqpf8hzsfzm1g7 0 73364 1545356 1451610 2026-05-17T22:05:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545356 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Ramon Llull.jpg|thumb|250px|Raimundo Lull.]] '''Raimundo Lull''' (kwa [[Kikatalunya]] '''Ramon Llull''', kwa [[Kilatini]] ''Raymundus Lullus'' au ''Lullius'', [[Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko|T.O.F.]]; [[1232]] hivi<ref>Born 1232 per Mark D. Johnston in ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. London: Routledge, 1998. Older sources (such as versions of ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' at least up to 1955) give 1235; the current ''Britannica'' gives 1232/33.</ref> – [[1315]] hivi) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] na [[mwanafalsafa]] kutoka [[Majorca]] (leo nchini [[Hispania]]) Anaheshimika kama mtu wa kwanza kuandika kitabu muhimu kwa [[lugha]] ya Kikatalunya.<ref name=MORCA>{{cite book|title=Mallorca|url=https://archive.org/details/travellersmallor0000nige|last=Tisdall|first=Nigel|publisher=Thomas Cook Publisher|date=2003|isbn=9781841573274|page=[https://archive.org/details/travellersmallor0000nige/page/40 40]|work=Local Heroes – Ramon Llull – reference to his life and work}}</ref> Maandishi yaliyopatikana karibuni yanaonyesha kuwa aliwahi wengine [[karne]] kadhaa katika kutoa ma[[pendekezo]] juu ya [[upigaji kura]]. Tena anahesabika kati ya watangulizi wa [[nadharia ya namba]], hasa kwa jinsi alivyomuathiri [[Gottfried Leibniz]].<ref name="artandlogic">{{Citation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tlH7yaAQHEoC&pg=PA290#v=onepage&q&f=false|author=Anthony Bonner |title=The art and logic of Ramon Llull|page=290|isbn=978-90-04-16325-6|publisher=Brill Academic Pub|year=2007}}</ref><ref name="knuth">{{citation|title=The Art of Computer Programming: Generating all trees|author=Donald Knuth|authorlink=Donald Knuth|page=56|publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional |volume=4-4|year=2006|isbn=978-0-321-33570-8}}</ref> [[Wafransisko]] wenzake wanamheshimu kama [[mfiadini]]. Alitangazwa [[mwenye heri]] na [[Papa Pius IX]] mwaka [[1857]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa tarehe [[30 Juni]].<ref name="habig">Habig, Marion. (Ed.). (1959). ''The Franciscan Book Of Saints''. Franciscan Herald Press.</ref> == Tanbihi == {{reflist|2}} ==Maandishi maarufu== [[File:Houghton SC.L9695.482ab - Ramon Llull, 1505.jpg|thumb|[[Mchoro]] katika [[toleo]] la mwaka [[1505]] la [[L'arbre de ciència]].]] Llull anajulikana kuwa aliandika vitabu 265, kati yake: * ''The Book of the Lover and the Beloved'' * ''[[Blanquerna]]'' (a novel; 1283)<ref name="math.uni-augsburg.de">[http://www.math.uni-augsburg.de/stochastik/llull/ math.uni-augsburg.de]</ref> * ''Desconhort'' (on the superiority of reason) * [[Tree of Science (Ramon Llull)|''L'arbre de ciència'']], ''Arbor scientiae'' ("Tree of Science") (1295) * ''Tractatus novus de astronomia'' * ''[[#Ars generalis ultima (Ars Magna)|Ars Magna]]'' (''The Great Art'') (1305) or ''Ars Generalis Ultima'' (''The Ultimate General Art'') * ''Ars Brevis'' (''The Short Art''; an abbreviated version of the ''Ars Magna'') * ''[[Llibre de meravelles]]'' * ''Practica compendiosa'' * ''Liber de Lumine'' (''The Book of Light'') * ''Ars Infusa'' (''The Inspired Art'') * ''Book of Propositions'' * ''Liber Chaos'' (''The Book of Chaos'') * ''Book of the Seven Planets'' * ''Liber Proverbiorum'' (''Book of Proverbs'') * ''Book on the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit'' * ''Ars electionis''<ref name="math.uni-augsburg.de"/> (on voting) * ''Artifitium electionis personarum''<ref name="math.uni-augsburg.de"/> (on voting) * ''Ars notatoria'' * ''Introductoria Artis demonstrativae'' * ''Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men'' * ''Llibre qui es de l'ordre de cavalleria'' (''The Book of the Order of [[Chivalry]]'' written between 1279 and 1283) ; Tafsiri * ''Le Livre des mille proverbes'' (2008), ISBN 9782953191707, [[Éditions de la Merci]], editions@orange.fr * ''Ramon Llull's New Rhetoric'', text and translation of Llull's 'Rethorica Nova', edited and translated by Mark D. Johnston, Davis, California: Hermagoras Press, 1994 * ''Selected Works of Ramon Llull (1232‑1316)'', edited and translated by Anthony Bonner, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 1985, two volumes XXXI + 1330 pp. (contains: vol. 1: ''The Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men'', pp.&nbsp;93–305; ''Ars Demonstrativa'', pp.&nbsp;317–567; ''Ars Brevis'', pp.&nbsp;579–646; vol. 2: ''Felix: or the Book of Wonders'', pp.&nbsp;659–1107; ''Principles of Medicine'' pp.&nbsp;1119–1215; ''Flowers of Love and Flowers of Intelligence'', pp.&nbsp;1223–1256) ==Marejeo ya Kiswahili== * Sala ya Kanisa ya Ki-fransisko - Benedictine Publications Ndanda - Peramiho, 1996, uk. 170-172 * Maurice Soseleje, Kalendari yetu – Maisha ya Watakatifu – Toleo la pili – ed. Benedictine Publications Ndanda Peramiho – Peramiho 1986 – ISBN 9976-63-112-X, uk. 55 ==Marejeo ya lugha nyingine== * William Theodore Aquila Barber, [http://www.archive.org/details/raymondlullillum00barbuoft ''Raymond Lull, the illuminated doctor : a study in mediaeval missions''], London: C.H. Kelly, 1903. * Anthony Bonner (ed.), ''Doctor Illuminatus. A Ramon Llull Reader'' (Princeton University 1985), includes ''The Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men'', ''The Book of the Lover and the Beloved'', ''The Book of the Beasts'', and ''Ars brevis''; as well as Bonner's "Historical Background and Life" at 1-44, "Llull's Thought" at 45-56, "Llull's Influence: The History of Lullism" at 57-71. * Anthony Bonner, ''The Art and Logic of Ramon Llull: A User's Guide'', Leiden: Brill, 2007. * Alexander Fidora and Josep E. Rubio, ''Raimundus Lullus, An Introduction to His Life, Works and Thought'', Turnhout: Brepols, 2008. * [[Martin Gardner]] has written extensively about Llull. His analyses can be found in ''Logic Machines and Diagrams'' and ''Science - Good, Bad and Bogus''. * J. N. Hillgarth, ''Ramon Lull and Lullism in Fourteenth-Century France'' (Oxford University 1971). * Mark D. Johnston, ''The Spiritual Logic of Ramón Llull'', Oxford: Clarenden Press, 1987. * Antonio Monserat Quintana, ''La Visión Lulliana del Mundo Derecho'' (Palma de Mallorca: Institut d'Estudis Baleàrics 1987). * Pereira Michela, ''The Alchemical Corpus attributed to Raymond Lull'', London: The Warburg Institute, 1989. * Lorenzo Riber, ''Raimundo Lulio'' (Barcelona: Editorial Labor 1935, 1949). * William Thomas Walsh, ''Characters of the Inquisition'', Tan Books and Publishers, Inc (1940). ISBN 0-89555-326-0 * [[Frances Yates]] includes a brief chapter on Lull in "The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age" (London, Ark Paperbacks 1979). * Frances Yates, "Lull and Bruno" (1982), in ''Collected Essays: Lull & Bruno'', vol. I, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. * [[Samuel Marinus Zwemer]], [http://books.google.com/books?vid=06c89Kk0-HNl4u4pKiZSdQt&id=BmYLb4YinD0C ''Raymund Lull, first missionary to the Moslems''], New York and London : Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1902; reprinted by Diggory Press, 2006, ISBN 978-1-84685-301-2 == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category|Ramon Llull}} * [http://quisestlullus.narpan.net/eng/1_intro_eng.html Who was Ramon Llull? Centre de Documentació Ramon Llull, Universitat de Barcelona] {{Wayback|url=http://quisestlullus.narpan.net/eng/1_intro_eng.html |date=20130313073343 }} * [http://www.ibri.org/Books/Zwemer/1902-Lull-MissMoslems/htm/doc.html Raymund Lull: First Missionary to the Muslims] by Samuel M. Zwemer * [http://www.escriptors.cat/autors/llullr Ramon Llull at the AELC] (Association of Writers in Catalan Language). Webpage in Catalan, English and Spanish. * [http://www.lletra.net/en/author/ramon-llull Ramon Llull in LletrA, Catalan Literature Online (Open University of Catalonia)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lletra.net/en/author/ramon-llull |date=20161212164155 }} {{en icon}} {{es icon}} {{ca icon}} * [http://lullianarts.net/ Site with fulltexts of Raymond Lull's books. Also music based on Lullian arts.] {{Wayback|url=http://lullianarts.net/ |date=20140403194204 }} * [http://orbita.bib.ub.edu/llull/p.asp?lang=en Ramon Llull Database, University of Barcelona] {{Wayback|url=http://orbita.bib.ub.edu/llull/p.asp?lang=en |date=20151016115701 }} * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12670c.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' article of 1911] * [http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1426 Blessed Raymond Lull] {{Wayback|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1426 |date=20150217072546 }} * [http://lullianarts.net/Ars-Magna/1-2-3-4.htm The Ultimate General Art] {{Wayback|url=http://lullianarts.net/Ars-Magna/1-2-3-4.htm |date=20070702075721 }} * [http://www.raimunduslullus.eu/textos/teoriaconeixementtradanglesa.pdf Esteve Jaulent:The Theory of Knowledge and the Unity of Man according to Ramon Llull] {{Wayback|url=http://www.raimunduslullus.eu/textos/teoriaconeixementtradanglesa.pdf |date=20110720171446 }} * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Llull}} * [http://www.cppdigitallibrary.org/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=48&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=contains&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Llull%2C+Ramon%2C+1232%3F-1316.+Practica+compendiosa Selected images from ''Practica compendiosa''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cppdigitallibrary.org/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=48&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=contains&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Llull%2C+Ramon%2C+1232%3F-1316.+Practica+compendiosa |date=20230317061848 }} From The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Digital Library {{mbegu-Mkristo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Llull, Ramon}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa 1232]] [[Category:Waliofariki 1315]] [[Category:Wafransisko]] [[Category:Fasihi ya Kikatalunya]] [[Category:Wanafalsafa wa Hispania]] [[Category:Wamisionari]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Wenye heri wa Hispania]] 1wgiz2x0y392zsv2xsq5orwxzplwsuy 0 75977 1545408 944295 2026-05-18T00:10:05Z Xqbot 1852 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[Marekani]] to [[United States of America]] 1545408 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[United States of America]] nvnh7wpe0c5i00goefh6jrlswut0rha 1545529 1545408 2026-05-18T08:52:12Z EmausBot 5566 Bot: Fixing double redirect from [[United States of America]] to [[Marekani]] 1545529 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Marekani]] t9bo61ndd9f58v1sgdn3got3djgv1p4 0 80053 1545250 1510905 2026-05-17T18:32:30Z Said Mfaume 68307 1545250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Jina = [[Diamond Platnumz]] |Img = Diamond Platnumz.jpg|thumb |Img_capt = |Background = solo_singer |Birth_name = Nasibu Abdul Kuma Issaack |Alias = [[Dabby K]], [[Lydia Was]] |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1989|10|2|df=yes}} |Asili yake = [[Kigoma]] [[Tanzania]] |Aina ya muziki = [[Bongo Flava]] |Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[Mtunzi]] |Aina ya sauti = "Tenor" ya tatu |Miaka ya kazi = 2010–mpaka sasa |Studio = [[Wasafi Records]] |Tovuti = }} '''Nasibu Abdul Juma Issaack''' (maarufu kwa [[jina la kisanii|jina lake la kisanii]] kama '''Diamond Platnumz'''; lakabu zake nyingine ni pamoja Chibu, Simba, Nasibu Kichwa, Simba la masimba ama Dangote; alizaliwa [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]], [[2 Oktoba]] [[1989]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[nyimbo]] za [[Bongo Flava]] na mtumbuizaji kutoka [[Tanzania]]. Ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa [[Muziki wa Tanzania]] ambaye ana uwezo mkubwa wa kiushindani, hivyo ana mashabiki wengi ndani na nje ya nchi. Inasemekana kuwa ndiye msanii wa [[Afrika Mashariki]] na [[Afrika ya Kati|ya Kati]] anayependwa na kupambwa na watu wengi zaidi kwa sasa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Diamond Platnumz & Harmonize Investing in Real Estate|url=https://danvastproperty.com/en/news/how-diamond-platnumz-harmonize-are-building-real-estate-empires-in-tanzania|work=Danvast Land and Property {{!}} Trusted Real Estate Experts|accessdate=2025-08-07|language=en}}</ref>. Diamond ni msanii wa pili Afrika kwa kuwa na idadi kubwa ya washitiri katika mtandao wa [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wasanii 7 Afrika wenye subscriber wengi Youtube, Diamond namba 5 – Bongo5.com|url=https://bongo5.com/wasanii-7-afrika-wenye-subscriber-wengi-youtube-diamond-namba-5-09-2022/|work=bongo5.com|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenyan factor in Diamond Platnumz’ huge success|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/kenyan-factor-in-diamond-platnumz-huge-success-3807482|work=The Citizen|date=2022-05-07|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> Amekuwa na [[nyimbo]] nyingi zikiwa ni pamoja na "''Number One''" ambao aliuimba na mwimbaji tokea nchini [[Nigeria]] maarufu kama [[Davido]]. Na mwingine ni Komasava (Comment Ça Va)-Remix aliowashirikisha wasanii kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] Khalil Harrison na Chley Nkosi pamoja na Jason Derulo kutoka [[Marekani]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Komasava (Comment Ça Va)|date=2024-05-02|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5YRLBQNbjDXky1IwaUDHgk|language=sw|access-date=2024-07-28}}</ref> na nyimbo yake ya hivi karibuni ni "Happy". Nasibu Juma ameshinda tuzo nyingi zinazoandaliwa "Channel O" na "Hip-hop Music Awards". Pia amefanya kazi katika Mkutano Mkuu wa Ndugu Afrika Mei [[2012]]. Inaaminika kuwa ni msanii anayelipwa kutumbuiza kwenye tamasha kutoka nchini Tanzania kwa bei ya juu kabisa na makampuni ya [[simu ya mkononi]] mwaka [[2013]], pamoja na kuwa kati ya wasanii wanaopata kipato cha juu zaidi katika sekta ya muziki Afrika Mashariki. Aidha msanii huyu amekuwa hasimu mkubwa wa kimuziki na msanii [[Ali Kiba]] ijapokuwa wote wawili wamekuwa wakikataa uhasama baina yao wakihamishia tuhuma hizo kwa mashabiki. ==Maisha== [[File:Countries artists feat with Diamond Platnumz.svg|thumb|Nchi za wasanii ambao Diamond Platnumz ametoa nyimbo nao.]] Mzaliwa wa Dar es Salaam mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Kigoma]], Diamond ni [[Mwislamu]]. Mwaka 2010, alikubali [[chama tawala]] cha [[Tanzania]], [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) na mgombea wake wa urais, [[Jakaya Kikwete]]. Pia aliandika remix ya wimbo wake mmoja. Nasibu Juma anasimamiwa na Babu Tale pamoja na Said Fella kutoka sekta ya muziki wa [[Tanzania]]. Anasemekana kuwa mwanamuziki tajiri zaidi katika Afrika Mashariki. Mnamo Februari [[2018]] alizindua [[Wasafi Tv]] na [[redio]] yake mpya nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ni mwanamuziki wa pili baada ya Youssou Ndour wa [[Senegal]] kumiliki TV na kituo cha redio barani Afrika. Nasibu Juma (Diamond Platnumz) alia achia albumu yake ya kwanza mnamo mwaka 2010, iliyo kwenda kwa jina la Kamwambie yenye jumla ya nyimbo 12. Baada ya hapo akaachia album ya pili mnamo mwaka 2012 iliyo itwa Lala Salama ambayo ilikua na nyimbo 10. Pia alizindua albamu yake ya tatu, [[A Boy From Tandale]] huko [[Nairobi]] katika maandamano ya [[2018]]. Ana watoto wanne ambao ni Dylan Abdul (aliyezaa na Hamisa Mobeto japo kumekuwa na sintofahamu juu ya Diamond kuwa baba wa mtoto huyo), Lattifah na Nillan Nasibu Abdul (aliyezaa na [[Zari Hassan]], [[mfanyabiashara]] wa [[Uganda]]) pamoja na Nasibu Abdul Nasibu (aliyemzaa na [[mtangazaji]] na [[mwanamuziki]] [[Natasha Donna]] toka [[Kenya]]). Pia ni [[rafiki]] wa wengi. ==Msikiti Mjini Kigoma== Mnamo Disemba 2019 Naseeb Abdul Juma alizindua rasmi [[msikiti]] mjini Kigoma aliyogharamia na kuikabidhi kwa viongozi Waislamu wa mji huo<ref>[https://theweekpost.com/diamond-platinumz-launched-his-mosque-in-tanzania/ Diamond Platinumz launches his mosque in Tanzania] {{Wayback|url=https://theweekpost.com/diamond-platinumz-launched-his-mosque-in-tanzania/ |date=20200218073652 }}, tovuti ya theweekpost.com, iliangaliwa Februari 2020.</ref>. [[Shehe]] [[Ponda Issa Ponda]] alisema hakubali msikiti huo kwa sababu anaamini pesa za ujenzi huo ni haramu, akikosoa viongozi wenzake wa Kigoma waliokubali zawadi ya mwimbaji.<ref>[https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/entertainment/Sheikh-rejects-Diamond-s-Kigoma-mosque-calling-it--haram-/1840560-5414408-dsxths/index.html Sheikh rejects Diamond’s Kigoma mosque calling it ‘haram’], gazeti The Citizen, tar 11-01-2020, iliangaliwa Februri 2020</ref> == Diskografia == Diamond ametoa albamu rasmi tarehe 14 Machi 2018, ''[[A Boy From Tandale]]'', japo mnamo mwaka 2012 alitoa albamu isiyo rasmi ya "Nitarejea". Pia ametoa Extended play list (EP) inayoitwa First Of All (FOA) 11 Machi 2022, ambayo ilipata watazamaji wengi ndani ya muda mfupi. == Tuzo na uteuzi <ref>Orodha hii haijakamilika; unaweza kusaidia kwa kuipanua.</ref>== Tarehe 3 Mei 2014, Diamond Platnumz aliweka rekodi mpya kwenye Tuzo za Muziki Tanzania kwa kushinda tuzo 7, ikiwa ni pamoja na Mwandishi Bora wa Kiume, Msanii Bora wa Kiume, Mwandishi wa Maneno Bora na Msanii Bora wa Kiume wa Mwaka. Rekodi ya awali iliwekwa na 20%, msanii wa kurekodi ambaye alitembea mbali na tuzo 5 katika Tuzo za Muziki Tanzania. Kwa kufikia mafanikio, Nasibu Juma aliweka rekodi ya kushinda tuzo 3 katika tuzo za muziki za Tanzania. Kwa mwaka 2024, Diamond Platnumz hajashinda tuzo yoyote kubwa. Hata hivyo, alitumbuiza kwenye Tuzo za CAF 2024 zilizofanyika nchini [[Morocco]]. Pia, aliteuliwa katika Tuzo za Muziki za [[Tanzania]] (Tanzania Music Awards) katika kipengele cha Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka kupitia wimbo wake "Yatapita". Pia mwaka 2024 mwezi desemba alifanya kazi na wasanii mbalimbali akiwemo Simi kutokea [[Nigeria]] na Fally Ipupa kutokea [[Congo]]. Katika kutangaza biashara ya mtandao wa Airtel "smarter data" == Tuzo za Muziki == {| class="Jedwali la tuzo" |- ! Mwaka !!Mteule / kazi!! Tuzo !! Matokeo !! Ref!! |- | 2016 || Kidogo || Video ya Afrika ya Mwaka || Alishinda || |- | 2016 || Kidogo || Video bora ya Afrika ya Combo || Alishinda || |- | 2016 || Kidogo || Utendaji Bora wa Afrika || Alichaguliwa || |- | 2016 || Kidogo || Video Bora ya Kiume ya Afrika || Alishinda || |- | 2016 || Kidogo || Video Bora ya Afrika Mashariki || Alichaguliwa || |} | 2023 || MTV EMA|| Africa Global Act || Alishinda || |} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Platnumz, Diamond}} {{Diamond Platnumz}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Afrocine 2019-Tanzania]] iu06yvgtzqofyyxunh1e3fe5tzrz1fr 1545303 1545250 2026-05-17T20:41:38Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1545303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |Jina = [[Diamond Platnumz]] |Img = Diamond Platnumz.jpg|thumb |Img_capt = |Background = solo_singer |Birth_name = Nasibu Abdul Kuma Issaack |Alias = [[Dabby K]], [[Lydia Was]] |Amezaliwa = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1989|10|2|df=yes}} |Asili yake = [[Kigoma]] [[Tanzania]] |Aina ya muziki = [[Bongo Flava]] |Kazi yake = [[Mwimbaji]], [[Mtunzi]] |Aina ya sauti = "Tenor" ya tatu |Miaka ya kazi = 2010–mpaka sasa |Studio = [[Wasafi Records]] |Tovuti = }} '''Nasibu Abdul Juma Issaack''' (maarufu kwa [[jina la kisanii|jina lake la kisanii]] kama '''Diamond Platnumz'''; lakabu zake nyingine ni pamoja Chibu, Simba, Nasibu Kichwa, Simba la masimba ama Dangote; alizaliwa [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]], [[2 Oktoba]] [[1989]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] wa [[nyimbo]] za [[Bongo Flava]] na mtumbuizaji kutoka [[Tanzania]]. Ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi]] wa [[Muziki wa Tanzania]] ambaye ana uwezo mkubwa wa kiushindani, hivyo ana mashabiki wengi ndani na nje ya nchi. Inasemekana kuwa ndiye msanii wa [[Afrika Mashariki]] na [[Afrika ya Kati|ya Kati]] anayependwa na kupambwa na watu wengi zaidi kwa sasa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Diamond Platnumz & Harmonize Investing in Real Estate|url=https://danvastproperty.com/en/news/how-diamond-platnumz-harmonize-are-building-real-estate-empires-in-tanzania|work=Danvast Land and Property {{!}} Trusted Real Estate Experts|accessdate=2025-08-07|language=en}}</ref>. Diamond ni msanii wa pili Afrika kwa kuwa na idadi kubwa ya washitiri katika mtandao wa [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wasanii 7 Afrika wenye subscriber wengi Youtube, Diamond namba 5 – Bongo5.com|url=https://bongo5.com/wasanii-7-afrika-wenye-subscriber-wengi-youtube-diamond-namba-5-09-2022/|work=bongo5.com|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan factor in Diamond Platnumz’ huge success|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/entertainment/kenyan-factor-in-diamond-platnumz-huge-success-3807482|work=The Citizen|date=2022-05-07|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> Amekuwa na [[nyimbo]] nyingi zikiwa ni pamoja na "''Number One''" ambao aliuimba na mwimbaji tokea nchini [[Nigeria]] maarufu kama [[Davido]]. Na mwingine ni Komasava (Comment Ça Va)-Remix aliowashirikisha wasanii kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] Khalil Harrison na Chley Nkosi pamoja na Jason Derulo kutoka [[Marekani]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Komasava (Comment Ça Va)|date=2024-05-02|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5YRLBQNbjDXky1IwaUDHgk|language=sw|access-date=2024-07-28}}</ref> na nyimbo yake ya hivi karibuni ni "Happy". Nasibu Juma ameshinda tuzo nyingi zinazoandaliwa "Channel O" na "Hip-hop Music Awards". Pia amefanya kazi katika Mkutano Mkuu wa Ndugu Afrika Mei [[2012]]. Inaaminika kuwa ni msanii anayelipwa kutumbuiza kwenye tamasha kutoka nchini Tanzania kwa bei ya juu kabisa na makampuni ya [[simu ya mkononi]] mwaka [[2013]], pamoja na kuwa kati ya wasanii wanaopata kipato cha juu zaidi katika sekta ya muziki Afrika Mashariki. Aidha msanii huyu amekuwa hasimu mkubwa wa kimuziki na msanii [[Ali Kiba]] ijapokuwa wote wawili wamekuwa wakikataa uhasama baina yao wakihamishia tuhuma hizo kwa mashabiki. ==Maisha== [[File:Countries artists feat with Diamond Platnumz.svg|thumb|Nchi za wasanii ambao Diamond Platnumz ametoa nyimbo nao.]] Mzaliwa wa Dar es Salaam mwenye [[asili]] ya [[Kigoma]], Diamond ni [[Mwislamu]]. Mwaka 2010, alikubali [[chama tawala]] cha [[Tanzania]], [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) na mgombea wake wa urais, [[Jakaya Kikwete]]. Pia aliandika remix ya wimbo wake mmoja. Nasibu Juma anasimamiwa na Babu Tale pamoja na Said Fella kutoka sekta ya muziki wa [[Tanzania]]. Anasemekana kuwa mwanamuziki tajiri zaidi katika Afrika Mashariki. Mnamo Februari [[2018]] alizindua [[Wasafi Tv]] na [[redio]] yake mpya nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ni mwanamuziki wa pili baada ya Youssou Ndour wa [[Senegal]] kumiliki TV na kituo cha redio barani Afrika. Nasibu Juma (Diamond Platnumz) alia achia albumu yake ya kwanza mnamo mwaka 2010, iliyo kwenda kwa jina la Kamwambie yenye jumla ya nyimbo 12. Baada ya hapo akaachia album ya pili mnamo mwaka 2012 iliyo itwa Lala Salama ambayo ilikua na nyimbo 10. Pia alizindua albamu yake ya tatu, [[A Boy From Tandale]] huko [[Nairobi]] katika maandamano ya [[2018]]. Ana watoto wanne ambao ni Dylan Abdul (aliyezaa na Hamisa Mobeto japo kumekuwa na sintofahamu juu ya Diamond kuwa baba wa mtoto huyo), Lattifah na Nillan Nasibu Abdul (aliyezaa na [[Zari Hassan]], [[mfanyabiashara]] wa [[Uganda]]) pamoja na Nasibu Abdul Nasibu (aliyemzaa na [[mtangazaji]] na [[mwanamuziki]] [[Natasha Donna]] toka [[Kenya]]). Pia ni [[rafiki]] wa wengi. ==Msikiti Mjini Kigoma== Mnamo Disemba 2019 Naseeb Abdul Juma alizindua rasmi [[msikiti]] mjini Kigoma aliyogharamia na kuikabidhi kwa viongozi Waislamu wa mji huo<ref>[https://theweekpost.com/diamond-platinumz-launched-his-mosque-in-tanzania/ Diamond Platinumz launches his mosque in Tanzania] {{Wayback|url=https://theweekpost.com/diamond-platinumz-launched-his-mosque-in-tanzania/ |date=20200218073652 }}, tovuti ya theweekpost.com, iliangaliwa Februari 2020.</ref>. [[Shehe]] [[Ponda Issa Ponda]] alisema hakubali msikiti huo kwa sababu anaamini pesa za ujenzi huo ni haramu, akikosoa viongozi wenzake wa Kigoma waliokubali zawadi ya mwimbaji.<ref>[https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/entertainment/Sheikh-rejects-Diamond-s-Kigoma-mosque-calling-it--haram-/1840560-5414408-dsxths/index.html Sheikh rejects Diamond’s Kigoma mosque calling it ‘haram’], gazeti The Citizen, tar 11-01-2020, iliangaliwa Februri 2020</ref> == Diskografia == Diamond ametoa albamu rasmi tarehe 14 Machi 2018, ''[[A Boy From Tandale]]'', japo mnamo mwaka 2012 alitoa albamu isiyo rasmi ya "Nitarejea". Pia ametoa Extended play list (EP) inayoitwa First Of All (FOA) 11 Machi 2022, ambayo ilipata watazamaji wengi ndani ya muda mfupi. == Tuzo na uteuzi <ref>Orodha hii haijakamilika; unaweza kusaidia kwa kuipanua.</ref>== Tarehe 3 Mei 2014, Diamond Platnumz aliweka rekodi mpya kwenye Tuzo za Muziki Tanzania kwa kushinda tuzo 7, ikiwa ni pamoja na Mwandishi Bora wa Kiume, Msanii Bora wa Kiume, Mwandishi wa Maneno Bora na Msanii Bora wa Kiume wa Mwaka. Rekodi ya awali iliwekwa na 20%, msanii wa kurekodi ambaye alitembea mbali na tuzo 5 katika Tuzo za Muziki Tanzania. Kwa kufikia mafanikio, Nasibu Juma aliweka rekodi ya kushinda tuzo 3 katika tuzo za muziki za Tanzania. Kwa mwaka 2024, Diamond Platnumz hajashinda tuzo yoyote kubwa. Hata hivyo, alitumbuiza kwenye Tuzo za CAF 2024 zilizofanyika nchini [[Morocco]]. Pia, aliteuliwa katika Tuzo za Muziki za [[Tanzania]] (Tanzania Music Awards) katika kipengele cha Wimbo Bora wa Mwaka kupitia wimbo wake "Yatapita". Pia mwaka 2024 mwezi desemba alifanya kazi na wasanii mbalimbali akiwemo Simi kutokea [[Nigeria]] na Fally Ipupa kutokea [[Congo]]. Katika kutangaza biashara ya mtandao wa Airtel "smarter data" == Tuzo za Muziki == {| class="Jedwali la tuzo" |- ! Mwaka !!Mteule / kazi!! Tuzo !! Matokeo !! Ref!! |- | 2016 || Kidogo || Video ya Afrika ya Mwaka || Alishinda || |- | 2016 || Kidogo || Video bora ya Afrika ya Combo || Alishinda || |- | 2016 || Kidogo || Utendaji Bora wa Afrika || Alichaguliwa || |- | 2016 || Kidogo || Video Bora ya Kiume ya Afrika || Alishinda || |- | 2016 || Kidogo || Video Bora ya Afrika Mashariki || Alichaguliwa || |} | 2023 || MTV EMA|| Africa Global Act || Alishinda || |} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Platnumz, Diamond}} {{Diamond Platnumz}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1989]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Afrocine 2019-Tanzania]] ekojghxtivs94q02kv6gx0fv92xlxq9 0 85807 1545319 1506643 2026-05-17T21:19:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545319 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:PSM V72 D574 Lewis Henry Morgan.png|thumb|Lewis Henry Morgan]] [[Picha:Bronisław Malinowski among Trobriand tribe 3.jpg|thumb|Bronisław Malinowski]] [[Picha:Margaret Mead (1972).jpg|thumb|Margaret Mead]] [[Picha:Edward Sapir.jpg|thumb|Edward Sapir ]] [[Picha:Claude Lévi-Strauss KNAW.jpg|thumb|Claude Lévi-Strauss ]] '''Anthropolojia''' ni [[fani]] ya [[elimu]] inayochunguza pande zote [[binadamu]] kuanzia wale wa kale<ref name=oed>{{cite web | title=anthropology | url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/anthropology?q=anthropology | work=Oxford Dictionaries | publisher=Oxford University Press | accessdate=10 August 2013 | archivedate=2016-07-09 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709182856/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/anthropology?q=anthropology }}</ref><ref name=eb>{{cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/27505/anthropology | title=anthropology | work=Encyclopedia Britannica | accessdate=23 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=aaa>{{cite web | title=What is Anthropology? | url=http://www.aaanet.org/about/whatisanthropology.cfm | publisher=[[American Anthropological Association]] | accessdate=10 August 2013 | archive-date=2015-10-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015065744/http://www.aaanet.org/about/WhatisAnthropology.cfm | url-status=dead }}</ref>. Matawi yake mbalimbali yanachunguza maisha ya jamii, utamaduni pamoja na taratibu na tunu, athari ya lugha, mabadiliko ya kimwili n.k.<ref name=oed/><ref name=eb/><ref name=aaa/> Kwa vyovyote, anthropolojia inahitaji ushirikiano wa [[sayansi]] mbalimbali, ikiwemo [[teolojia]]. [[Akiolojia]] inaweza kutazamwa kama sehemu ya anthropolojia (k.mf. [[Marekani]]<ref>{{citation| title=Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge |first1=William A. |last= Haviland |first2= Harald E. L. |last2= Prins |first3=Bunny |last3=McBride |first4=Dana |last4=Walrath |publisher=Cengage Learning |year= 2010 |edition=13th |isbn=0-495-81082-7}}</ref> ) au ya [[historia]], lakini pia kama fani ya pekee (k.mf. [[Ulaya]]). ==Jina== [[Jina]] linatokana na [[neno]] la [[Kiingereza]] ''anthropology'' lililotumika mara ya kwanza kwa [[Kilatini]] mwaka [[1593]] kuhusiana na historia.<ref name=oed2/>[<ref>[Richard Harvey (astrologer)|Richard Harvey]]'s 1593 ''Philadelphus'', a defense of the legend of [[Brutus of Britain|Brutus]] in [[History of Britain|British history]], includes the passage "Genealogy or issue which they had, Artes which they studied, Actes which they did. This part of History is named Anthropology." Its present use first appeared in [[German Renaissance|Renaissance]] [[Holy Roman Empire|Germany]] in the works of [[Magnus Hundt]] and [[Otto Casmann]].</ref><ref name="Medicine">{{cite book|author=Israel Institute of the History of Medicine|title=Koroth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lev_H1Ie0zcC&pg=PA19|publisher=BRILL|page=19|id=GGKEY:34XGYHLZ7XY}}</ref> Asili yake ni maneno mawili ya [[Kigiriki]], ἄνθρωπος, ''ánthrōpos'' "[[mtu]]") na λόγος, ''lógos'', "neno, somo, elimu").<ref name=oed2>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1st&nbsp;ed. "anthropology, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1885.</ref> ==Tazama pia== *[[Anthropolojia ya Kimarekani]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|20em}} ==Marejeo== ===Kamusi elezo=== {{refbegin|20em}} * {{cite encyclopedia | editor1-last=Barnard | editor1-first=Alan | editor2-last=Spencer | editor2-first=Jonathan | year=2010 | encyclopedia=The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology | location=London | publisher=Routledge}} * {{cite encyclopedia | last=Barfield | first=Thomas | year=1997 | encyclopedia=The dictionary of anthropology | location=Hoboken | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell Publishing}}. * {{cite encyclopedia | last=Jackson | first=John L.| year=2013 | encyclopedia=Oxford Bibliographies: Anthropology | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{cite encyclopedia | editor1-last=Levinson | editor1-first=David | editor2-first=Melvin | editor2-last=Ember |year=1996 | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology | volume=Volumes 1–4 | location=New York | publisher=Henry Holt}} * {{cite book | last1=Rapport | first1=Nigel | last2=Overing | first2=Joanna | year=2007 | title=Social and Cultural Anthropology: The Key Concepts| url=https://archive.org/details/socialculturalan0002edrapp | location=New York | publisher=Routledge}} {{refend}} ===Kumbukumbu=== {{refbegin|20em}} * {{cite book | last=Barley | first=Nigel | year=1983 | title=The innocent anthropologist: notes from a mud hut | location=London | publisher=British Museum Publications}} * {{cite book | last=Geertz | first=Clifford | year=1995 | title=After the fact: two countries, four decades, one anthropologist | url=https://archive.org/details/afterfacttwocoun00geer | location=Cambridge, MA | publisher=Harvard University Press}} * {{cite book| last=Lévi-Strauss | first=Claude | year=1967 | title=Tristes tropiques | others=Translated from the French by John Russell | location=New York | publisher=Atheneum}} * {{cite book | last=Malinowski | first=Bronisław | year=1967 | title=A diary in the strict sense of the term | url=https://archive.org/details/diaryinstrictsen0000mali | others=Translated by Norbert Guterman | location=New York | publisher=Harcourt, Brace & World}} * {{cite book | last=Mead | first=Margaret | year=1972 | title=Blackberry winter: my earlier years | url=https://archive.org/details/blackberrywinter00meadrich | location=New York | publisher=William Marrow}} * {{cite book | authormask=2 | last=Mead | first=Margaret | year=1977 | title=Letters from the field, 1925–1975 | url=https://archive.org/details/lettersfromfield00mead | location=New York | publisher=Harper & Row}} * {{cite book | last=Rabinow | first=Paul | year=1977 | title=Reflections on fieldwork in Morocco | url=https://archive.org/details/reflectionsonfie0000rabi | location=Berkeley | publisher=University of California Press | series=Quantum Books}} {{refend}} ===Historia=== {{refbegin|20em}} * {{cite book | editor-last=Asad | editor-first=Talal | year=1973 | title=Anthropology & the Colonial Encounter | location=Atlantic Highlands, NJ | publisher=Humanities Press}} * {{cite book | last1=Barth | first1=Fredrik | first2=Andre | last2=Gingrich | first3=Robert | last3=Parkin | title=One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American anthropology | year=2005 | location=Chicago | publisher=University of Chicago Press}} * {{cite book | last=Darnell | first=Regna.| year=2001 | title=Invisible Genealogies: A History of Americanist Anthropology | url=https://archive.org/details/invisiblegenealo0000darn | location=Lincoln, NE | publisher=University of Nebraska Press}} * {{cite book | last=Gisi | first=Lucas Marco | year=2007 | title=Einbildungskraft und Mythologie. Die Verschränkung von Anthropologie und Geschichte im 18. Jahrhundert | location=Berlin; New York | publisher=de Gruyter}} * {{cite book | last=Harris | first=Marvin.| year=2001 | origyear=1968 | title=The rise of anthropological theory: a history of theories of culture | url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.306.09.har.30017 | publisher=AltaMira Press | location=Walnut Creek, CA}} * {{cite journal | ref=harv | first=James | last=Hunt | title=Introductory Address on the Study of Anthropology | journal=The Anthropological Review | volume= I | year=1863 | location=London | publisher=Trübner & Co. | url={{Google books|pzYpAQAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{cite book | last=Kehoe | first=Alice B. | year=1998 | title=The Land of Prehistory: A Critical History of American Archaeology | url=https://archive.org/details/landofprehistory0000keho | location=New York; London | publisher=Routledge}} *{{Cite journal | last1 = Lewis | first1 = H. S. | title = The Misrepresentation of Anthropology and Its Consequences | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1998-09_100_3/page/716 | doi = 10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.716 | journal = American Anthropologist | volume = 100 | issue = 3 | pages = 716–731 | year = 1998 | pmid = | pmc = }} * {{cite journal | last=Lewis | first=H. S | authormask=2 | year=2004 | title=Imagining Anthropology's History | journal=Reviews in Anthropology | volume=v. 33}} * {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=H. 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Frederick Collingwood for the Anthropological Society of London | location=London | publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts | year=1863 | url={{Google books|G4FQAAAAcAAJ|plainurl=yes}}}} {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{sister project links}} * {{cite web | first=Dieter | last=Haller | title=Interviews with German Anthropologists: Video Portal for the History of German Anthropology post 1945 | publisher=Ruhr-Universität Bochum | url=http://www.germananthropology.com/ | accessdate=22 March 2015}} * {{cite web | url=http://www.aaanet.org/ | title=AAANet Home | publisher=American Anthropological Association | year=2010 | accessdate=2016-10-10 | archive-date=2015-10-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013043844/http://www.aaanet.org/ | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | url=http://www.easaonline.org/ | title=Home | year=2015 | publisher=European Association of Social Anthropologists}} * {{cite web | first=Ed | last=Hagen | year=2015 | title=AAPA | url=http://www.physanth.org/ | publisher=American Association of Physical Anthropologists | accessdate=2016-10-10 | archive-date=2008-10-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020153531/http://www.physanth.org/ | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | url=http://www.aas.asn.au/ | publisher=Australian Anthropological Society | title=Home | accessdate=23 March 2015}} * {{cite web | url=http://www.aibr.org/ | title=AIBR, Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana | publisher=Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red | language=Spanish | accessdate=24 March 2015}} * {{cite web | url=http://hraf.yale.edu | title=Home | publisher=Human Relations Area Files | accessdate=24 March 2015}} * {{cite web | url=http://www.practicinganthropology.org/ | title=Home | publisher=National Association for the Practice of Anthropology | accessdate=24 March 2015 | archivedate=2021-01-05 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105004752/http://www.practicinganthropology.org/ }} * {{cite web | url=http://radicalanthropologygroup.org/about | title=About | publisher=Radical Anthropology Group | accessdate=24 March 2015}} * {{cite web | url=http://www.therai.org.uk/ | title=Home | publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute | accessdate=24 March 2015}} * {{cite web | url=http://www.sfaa.net/ | title=Home | publisher=The Society for Applied Anthropology | accessdate=24 March 2015 | archivedate=2019-05-08 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508064749/http://www.sfaa.net/ }} * {{cite web | url=http://anthro.amnh.org/ | title=Anthropology |publisher=American Museum of Natural History | accessdate=25 March 2015}} * {{cite web | title=Department of Anthropology | url=http://anthropology.si.edu/ | publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History | accessdate=25 March 2015}} * {{cite web | url=https://aio.therai.org.uk/aio.php | title=AIO Home | work=Anthropological Index Online | publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute | accessdate=25 March 2015}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Biolojia]] [[Jamii:Historia]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni]] [[Jamii:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Teolojia]] 5kdf34y5gmc5lac6iomds6syas77rky 0 98200 1545332 1506768 2026-05-17T21:35:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book 2 | name = Tawasifu ya Malcolm&nbsp;X | title_orig = | translator = | image = AutobiographyOfMalcolmX.JPG | caption = Toleo la Kwanza | author = [[Malcolm&nbsp;X]] with [[Alex Haley]] | cover_artist = | country = Marekani | genre = Tawasifu | published = 1965 ([[Grove Press]]) | language = [[Kiingereza]] | isbn = | dewey = | congress = | oclc = 219493184 | preceded_by = | followed_by = }} '''''Tawasifu ya Malcolm X''''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''''The Autobiography of Malcolm X''''') kilichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo 1965, likiwa tokeo la ushirikiano kati ya mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu [[Malcolm&nbsp;X]] na mwandishi wa habari na mtunzi wa vitabu [[Alex Haley]]. Haley alisaidiana kuandika tawasifu hii kwa kulingana na matukio yaliyotokana na mahojiano mazito yaliyofanywa kati ya 1963 hadi 1965 mwaka ambao Malcolm&nbsp;X aliuawa kwa kupigwa risasi mfululizo. Tawasifu inahusu mazungumzo ya kiimani ambayo yanaelezea falsafa ya Malcolm&nbsp;X juu ya [[fahari ya mtu mweusi]], [[uzalendo wa mtu mweusi]], na [[Umajumui wa Afrika]]. Baada ya kiongozi kuawa, Haley aliandika hitimisho la kitabu. Ambalo jambo hili walikubaliana kabla umauti haujamfika. Katika hitimisho alielezea namna walivyokuwa wanachakata habari za matukio mbalimbali hadi mwisho wa maisha ya Malcolm&nbsp;X. Wakati Malcolm&nbsp;X na wasomi ambao wa rika moja na kipindi ambacho kitabu kinachapishwa wanamuona Haley kama mwandishi nyuma ya pazia, wasomi wa siku hizi humuona Haley kama moja kati ya washirika bora kabisa katika uandishi. Wanasema kwa makusudi amezima mamlaka yake kama mwandishi ilimradi tu kutengeneza mahusiano bora kabisa na Malcolm&nbsp;X wakati wa uchakataji, jambo hili limefanya kitabu kionekane kama kinaongea moja kwa moja na wasomi wa kitabu. Vilevile Haley alitia baadhi ya matakwa ya Malcolm&nbsp;X ya kifasihi. Kwa mfano, Malcolm&nbsp;X aliondoka katika jumuia ya [[Nation of Islam]] wakati wa kipindi hiki kigumu alikuwa anaandaa kitabu na Haley. Badala ya kuandika mabaya juu ya kitendo walichofanya jumuia ya NOI, Malcolm X kakataa kabisa kuanika habari za NOI, Haley kakubaliana na hilio. Kwa mujibu wa "Manning Marable", "Haley alikuwa na wasiwasi kuhusu mtazamo wa Malcolm&nbsp;X juu ya [[chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi]] na kuamua kuandika upya baadhi ya matini yake na kuondoa yale yenye ukakasi wa kibaguzi wa Wayahudi.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/pdfs/Souls.Rediscovering_Malcolms_Life.pdf |first=Manning |last=Marable |title=Rediscovering Malcolm's Life: A Historian's Adventures in Living History |journal=Souls |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/10999940590910023 |page=33 |year=2005 |accessdate=February 25, 2015 }}</ref> Kipindi ambacho ''Tawasifu'' hii imechapishwa, mchambuzi wa ''[[The New York Times]]'' alielezea kitabu kama kitabu kizuri na muhimu kilichoambatana na maumivu makali. Mwaka wa 1967, mwahistoria na profesa John William Ward aliandika ya kwamba kitabu kitakuja kuwa tawasifu bora kabisa ya Kimarekani. Mwaka wa 1998, jarida la ''[[Time]]'' walikitaja kitabu cha ''Tawasifu ya Malcolm&nbsp;X'' kama moja kati ya vitabu 10 vya kweli. [[James Baldwin]] na [[Arnold Perl]] walichukua kitabu hiki na kukitengenezea filamu; andiko lao la filamu lilimsaidia vilivyo mwongozaji [[Spike Lee]] kwa ajili ya kutengeneza filamu yake ya 1992 ya ''[[Malcolm X (1992)|Malcolm&nbsp;X]]''. ==Muhtasari wa kitabu== Kimechapishwa baada ya mwenyewe kufa, kwa jina la ''The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X'' kimetaja maisha ya [[Malcolm&nbsp;X]], aliyezaliwa kwa jina la Malcolm Little (1925–1965), ambaye akaja kuwa mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu. Kwa kuanza na ujauzito wa mama yake, kitabu kinaelezea maisha ya utotoni ya Malcolm akiwa mjini [[Michigan]], kifo cha baba yake kilichotokea katika mazingira ya kutatanisha, na hali iliyopelekea mama yake kuwehuka na kuishia hospitali ya vichaa bila kutaka na kutiwa katika kitengo cha uchunguzi wa kisaikolojia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dyson|1996|pp=4–5}}.</ref> Maisha ya ujana wa Little yameelezewa pia akiwa huko Boston na New York City, halkadhalika kujihusisha kwake na jamii za kihalifu. Uhalifu huo ambao ulipelekea kutumikia kifungo cha miaka nane-hadi-kumi jela, kifungo ambacho alitumikia miaka sita na nusu (1946–1952) baada ya kupata msamaha.<ref>{{Harvnb|Carson|1995|p=99}}.</ref> Kitabu kinaelezea ukasisi wake na mkuu wa jumuia [[Nation of Islam]] ndugu [[Elijah Muhammad]] (1952–1963) na kuibuka kwake kuwa kama msemaji mkuu taifa wa jumuia hiyo. Kinaelezea kuachia kwake ngazi kwenye jumuia hiyo ya Nation of Islam mnamo Machi 1964, na safari yake ya kwenda [[hija]] [[Makka]], ambayo ilipelekea kubadili dhehebu na kuwa [[Sunni]], na safari zake za Afrika.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dyson|1996|pp=6–13}}.</ref> Malcolm&nbsp;X aliuawa mjini New York katika jengo la [[Audubon Ballroom]] mnamo mwezi wa Februari 1965, kabla kitabu hakijaisha. Mwandishi mwenzake , mwanahabari [[Alex Haley]], alimuhtasarisha siku za mwisho za maisha ya Malcolm&nbsp;X, na kuelezea kwa kina makubaliano yao, ikiwa pamoja na maoni binafsi ya Haley kuhusu muhusika, kwenye hitimisho la "tawasifu".<ref>Als, Hilton, "Philosopher or Dog?", in {{Harvnb|Wood|1992|p=91}}; [[John Edgar Wideman|Wideman, John Edgar]], "Malcolm&nbsp;X: The Art of Autobiography", in {{Harvnb|Wood|1992|pp=104–5}}.</ref> ==Aina== ==Utunzi wa kitabu== [[File:Malcolm-x.jpg|right|thumb|upright= .85 |Malcolm&nbsp;X akisubiria kuanza kwa mkutano na waandishi wa habari mnamo Machi 26, 1964]] Haley aliandika kitabu hiki kwa ushirkiano mkubwa kabisa na Malcolm&nbsp;X',<ref>{{Harvnb|Stone|1982|pp= 24, 233, 247, 262–264}}.</ref> ameandika, kapanga, na kukihariri.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gallen|1995|pp=243–244}}.</ref> Tawasifu inatoka na mahojiano mazito zaidi ya 50 yaliyofanywa kati ya Malcolm&nbsp;X baina ya 1963 hadi kifo chake mwaka 1965.<ref>Wideman, "Malcolm&nbsp;X", in {{Harvnb|Wood|1992|pp=103–110}}; Rampersad, "The Color of His Eyes", in {{Harvnb|Wood|1992|pp=119, 127–128}}.</ref> Wawili hawa walikutana kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka 1959, wakati huo Haley aliandika makal kuhusu Nation of Islam kwa ajili ya jarida la ''[[Reader's Digest]]'', na vilevile mara ya pili pale Haley alipomuhoji Malcolm&nbsp;X kwa ajili ya jarida la ''[[Playboy]]'' mnamo mwaka wa 1962.<ref>{{Harvnb|X|Haley|1965|p=391}}.</ref> Mwaka wa 1963 kampuni ya uchapishaji ya Doubleday inamwomba Haley kuandika kitabu kuhusu maisha ya Malcolm&nbsp;X. Mwandishi na mtaalamu wa masuala ya fasihi wa Kimarekani bwana [[Harold Bloom]] anaandika, "Wakati Haley anamfuata Malcolm na wazo la kumwandikia kitabu kuhusu maisha yake, Malcolm alimpa sura ya mshangao ..."<ref name="Bloom page 12"/> Haley anarejea kwa kusema, "Ilikuwa moja kati ya mara chache sana kumuona akiwa hana jibu la uhakika."<ref name="Bloom page 12">{{Harvnb|Bloom|2008|p=12}}</ref> Baada ya Malcolm&nbsp;X kuomba ruhusa kutoka kwa Elijah Muhammad, yeye na Haley wakaanza kazi ya kuandika ''Tawasifu'', mchakato ambao umeanza kwa mahojiano ya msaa-mawili-matatu katika studio ya Haley huko mjini Greenwich Village.<ref name="Bloom page 12"/> Bloom anaandika ya kwamba, "Malcolm alimtilia shaka sana Haley hasa kwa kufuatia uwezo wake wa kati na imani yake ya Kikristo na uhudumu wake katika jeshi la Marekani kwa zaidi ya miaka ishirini."<ref name="Bloom page 12"/> Wakati wanaanza kuandika Tawasifu hii mwanzoni mwa miaka wa 1963, Haley anavurugwa na tabia ya Malcolm&nbsp;X kuongelea kuhusu Elijah Muhammad na Nation of Islam tu. Haley anamkumbusha kitabu kinatakiwa kiwe kinamhusu Malcolm&nbsp;X, na si Muhammad au the Nation of Islam, oni ambalo lilimkwaza Malcolm&nbsp;X. Haley hatimaye anahamisha lengo na kuanza kumhoji kuhusu mama yake mzazi Malcolm&nbsp;X:<ref>{{Harvnb|X|Haley|1965|p=392}}.</ref> <blockquote> Nikasema, 'Bwana Malcolm, je, waweza niambia jambo lolote kuhusu mama yako?' Na kamwe sintokuja sahau jinsi alivyosimama na kuganda kama vile kikaragosi. Halafu akasema, 'Nakumbuka zile aina ya nguo alizokuwa anavaa. Zilikuwa chakavu na rangi ya kijivu iliyopauka.' Halafu akasonga kidogo. Halafu akasema, 'Nakumbuka namna ambavyo alivyokuwa akiinamia jiko, akaijaribu kutupikia kiasi kidogo tulichokuwanacho.' Na huo ndio ulikuwa mwanzo, usiku huo, wa safari yake. Alizunguka katika sakafu hadi kumekucha.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_201.html |title=The Time Has Come (1964–1966) |work=[[Eyes on the Prize|Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement 1954–1985]], [[American Experience]] |publisher=[[PBS]] |accessdate=March 7, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423154235/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/about/pt_201.html |archivedate=April 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> </blockquote> Japokuwa Haley alikaa nyuma ya pazia katika uandishi wa kitabu hiki, wasomi wa kisasa humtazamia kama mshiriki kiini muhimu ambaye amecheza kama umbo lisiloonekana katika kazi za tungo.<ref>Leak, Jeffery B., "Malcolm&nbsp;X and black masculinity in process", in {{Harvnb|Terrill|2010|pp=52–55}}; Wideman, "Malcolm&nbsp;X", in {{Harvnb|Wood|1992|pp=104–110, 119}}.</ref> Amepunguza sauti yake mwenyewe, na kusaini mkataba ambao utakinza mamlka yake ya kiandishi na kutoa nakala za kitabu kama kilivyoandikwa vilevile bila kubadili maneno.<ref>Wideman, "Malcolm&nbsp;X", in {{Harvnb|Wood|1992|pp=103–116}}.</ref> Mchango wa Haley katika kazi hii unajulikana, na wasomi kadhaa wanajadili namna inavyotakiwa kuelezea.<ref>Terrill, Robert E., "Introduction" in, {{Harvnb|Terrill|2010|pp=3–4}}, Gillespie, "Autobiography and Identity", in {{Harvnb|Terrill|2010|pp= 26–36}}; Norman, Brian, "Bringing Malcolm&nbsp;X to Hollywood", in {{Harvnb|Terrill|2010| pp=43}}; Leak, "Malcolm X and black masculinity in process", in {{Harvnb|Terrill|2010|pp=52–55 }}</ref> Mara kadhaa Malcolm alimtilia shaka Haley. Usiku mmoja wa manane, Malcolm anampigia simu Haley, nakumini asilimia 75. Awali wakati wanaanza alimwambia anamwaini asilimia 25 tu. Hasa ukizingatia Haley alidumu jeshi la maji, miaka 20, msomi wa Mwafrika-Amerika ambao wengi aliwaona kama mamluki tu. Siku ambayo Haley anaambiwa ya kwamba anamwamini asilimia 75, asubuhi yake hakutaka tena kukumbushia jambo la jana usiku. Tangu hapa, Malcolm alikuwa huru sana kwa Haley. Aliongea mengi hadi yale binafsi ya ndani kabisa. Tena kuna kipindi Malcolm alithubutu hata kumpa Haley shajara binafsi aisome. Haley alijua namna ya kucheza na akili ya Malcolm, kwanza alikuwa hendi nae pupa. Mara kadhaa kaonekana akija ofisini kwa Haley na hasira, anachochora maneno mengi kwenye vikaratasi. Baadaye Haley anatazama, anaona maneno yaliyoweka kwa msimbo, kwa akuwa anamjua Malcolm staili yake, anayasimbua kwa urahisi. Hili lilikuwa la kawaida sana kwa Malcolm kufanya kuchorachora kwenye karatasi. Ikawa sasa akiingia tu ofisini, anamwekea peni na karatasi aanze kuchorachora huku wakijadiliana mambo mengine. Haley anasema, Malcolm alikuwa na uwezo wa kuongelea jambo jengine tofauti kabisa, huku akichora na kuelezea jambo jengine jengine mbali na lile analongelea. Hii michoro imempa mwanga mwingi sana Haley. Mazungumzo ya wawili hawa, yalikuwa ya kipekee. Haley kavumilia mengi. Mara nyingi humjia nyakati za jioni akiwa katika mizunguko yake akiwa hoi. Upole na hekima ya Haley, ulifanikisha kitabu kuundwa. Kitabu kinaanzia maisha ya utoto, ukubwa, kujihusisha na uhuni, hasira zake juu ya Wazungu na safari yake ya Makka iliyokuja kubadili maoni yake dhidi ya Wazungu na watu weupe kwa ujumla. Baada ya kwenda Makka alikuta Waarabu wasivyo-waba-guzi na kukutana baadhi ya watu rangi nyengine waliomthamini na kumpa mchango wa kifikra na kiroho kwa kiasi kikubwa. Tangu hapa, alibadili kabisa mawazo yake dhidi ya watu wa weupe na Waafrika wenzie ambao walikuwa Wakristo - hasa wale ambao walikuwa wanajipendekeza kwa Wazungu ili kudhulumu haki ya Waafrika Wamarekani wengine. Safari yake kwenda Afrika, huko [[Misri]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzania]], [[Lebanon]], [[Kuwait]], [[Sudan]], Kenya, Ethiopia, Nigeria, [[Liberia]], [[Algers]], [[Guine]], kutaja chache. Huku alipata mawazo na mitazamo mipya kabisa.<ref>[https://www.africaresource.com/essays-a-reviews/essays-a-discussions/268-malcolm-x-travels-to-africa-and-gain-new-insights Malcolm X Travels to Africa and Gain New Insights] {{Wayback|url=https://www.africaresource.com/essays-a-reviews/essays-a-discussions/268-malcolm-x-travels-to-africa-and-gain-new-insights |date=20161215032907 }} AfricaResources, 05 May 2007.</ref> ===Kuchapishwa na mauzo=== [[File:The Autobiography of Malcolm X in the White House library.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|''Tawasifu ya Malcolm&nbsp;X'' kwenye shelfu ya vitabu ya Ikulu ya Marekani wakati wa urais wa [[George W. Bush]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2010/02/white-house-library-socialist-books.html |title=White House Library's 'Socialist' Books Were Jackie Kennedy's |last=Kellogg |first=Carolyn |date=February 19, 2010 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=July 11, 2010 }}</ref>]] Kampuni ya uchapishaji ya nchini Marekani, Doubleday, iliingia mkataba wa kuchapisha kitabu cha ''The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X'' na kulipa malipo ya awali kiasi cha dola $30,000 kwa Malcolm&nbsp;X na Haley mnamo mwaka wa 1963.<ref name="MARABLE312"/> Mwezi wa Machi 1965, wiki tatu tangu kuuawa kwa Malcolm&nbsp;X, [[Nelson Doubleday, Jr.]], akafuta mkataba wake aliongia nao kwa kuhofia usalama wa wafanyakazi wake. Mwaka mmoja baadayae, [[Grove Press]], wakachapisha kitabu.<ref name="MARABLE312"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2011/04/25/110425crbo_books_remnick |last=Remnick |first=David |authorlink=David Remnick |title=This American Life: The Making and Remaking of Malcolm X |work=[[The New Yorker]] |date=April 25, 2011 |accessdate=April 27, 2011 }}</ref> Kwa vile ''The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X'' imeuza zaidi nakala zaidi ya mamilioni,<ref name="NYTAHOB">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/books/alex-haley-70-author-of-roots-dies.html |title=Alex Haley, 70, Author of 'Roots,' Dies |last=Pace |first=Eric |date=February 2, 1992 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=June 2, 2010 }}</ref> Marable anaelezea uamuazi wa Doubleday kama janga kubwa lililowahi kufanywa katika historia nzima ya tasnia ya uchapishaji".<ref name="MMAG"/> ''The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X'' iliuza vyema tangu kuanza kuchapishwa mwaka 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |title=What Took So Long? |last=Seymour |first=Gene |date=November 15, 1992 |work=[[Newsday]] |accessdate=June 2, 2010 |archivedate=2012-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230720/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/77587304.html?dids=77587304:77587304&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT }} {{subscription}}</ref> Kwa mujibu wa ''[[The New York Times]]'', toleo la vitini limeuza nakala zaidi ya 400,000 mwaka wa 1967 na 800,000 zikauzwa mwaka uliofuatia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F2091EFC385D137A93C4A81789D85F4D8685F9 |title=Black Is Marketable |last=Watkins |first=Mel |authorlink=Mel Watkins (author) |date=February 16, 1969 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=June 1, 2010 }} {{subscription}}</ref> Hadi kufikia 1970, tawasifu ilikuwa ishachapishwa mara 18.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rickford |first=Russell J. |authorlink=Russell J. Rickford |title=Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm&nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick |year=2003 |publisher=Sourcebooks |location=Naperville, Ill. |isbn=978-1-4022-0171-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bettyshabazzrema00rick/page/335 335] }}</ref> Mwaka wa 1977, ''The New York Times'' imeripoti ya kwamba nakala milioni sita za kitabu zimeuzwa.<ref name="NYTAHOB"/> Kitabu kimepitia ongezeko kubwa la wasomaji na kurudia tena kuwa kitabu kilichouza sana kwa miaka ya 1990, kimesaidia sana hasa kwa [[Spike Lee]] baada ya kutoa filamu yake 1992 ''[[Malcolm X (1992)|Malcolm&nbsp;X]]''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dyson|1996|p=144}}</ref> Between 1989 and 1992, sales of the book increased by 300%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm |title=The Legacy of Malcolm&nbsp;X |last1=Lord |first1=Lewis |last2=Thornton |first2=Jeannye |last3=Bodipo-Memba |first3=Alejandro |date=November 15, 1992 |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |accessdate=June 2, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114124627/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/921123/archive_018698.htm |archivedate=January 14, 2012 |df= }}</ref> ===Maigizo=== Mwaka wa 1968, mtayarishaji wa filamu [[Marvin Worth]] anamkodisha mtunzi wa riwaya [[James Baldwin]] kaundika igizo linalotokana na ''The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X''; Baldwin aliungana na mwandishi muswaada andishi bwana [[Arnold Perl]], ambaye amefariki mwaka wa 1971 kabla hata hilo andiko halijaisha.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/15/movies/film-malcolm-x-the-facts-the-fictions-the-film.html |title=Malcolm&nbsp;X: The Facts, the Fictions, the Film |last=Rule |first=Sheila |date=November 15, 1992 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=May 31, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=Weintraub>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/23/movies/a-movie-producer-remembers-the-human-side-of-malcolm-x.html |title=A Movie Producer Remembers the Human Side of Malcolm&nbsp;X |last=Weintraub |first=Bernard |date=November 23, 1992 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=May 31, 2010 }}</ref> Baldwin ametengeneza kazi yake ya Tawasifu hii kwa kufuata mfano wa kitabu cha ''One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based kwa Alex Haley, kimechapishwa 1972.<ref>{{cite book |last=Field |first=Douglas |title=A Historical Guide to James Baldwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egvIN39twu8C&pg=PA52 |year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-536653-2 |pages=52, 242|accessdate= October 16, 2010 }}</ref> Waandishi wengine waliojaribu kuandika rasimu ya muswaada huo ni pamoja na mwandishi wa tamthilia [[David Mamet]], mwandishi wa riwaya [[David Bradley (mwandishi wa riwaya)|David Bradley]], mwandishi [[Charles Fuller]], na mwandishi-muswaada [[Calder Willingham]].<ref name=Weintraub/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/1991/08/25/the-battle-for-malcolm-x.html |title=The Battle for Malcolm&nbsp;X |last=Ansen |first=David |date=August 26, 1991 |work=[[Newsweek]] |accessdate=May 31, 2010 }}</ref> Kwa kuongeza filamu, mwongozaji Spike Lee alipitia upya muswaada wa Baldwin-Perl kwa ajili ya filamu yake ya mwaka wa 1992 ''[[Malcolm X (1992)|Malcolm&nbsp;X]]''.<ref name=Weintraub/> ===Sura zilizotolewa=== Mwaka wa 1992, mwanasheria Gregory Reed alinunua muswada halisi wa ''Tawasifu ya Malcolm&nbsp;X'' kwa kiasi cha dola za Kimarekani zipatazo $100,000 katika mauzo ya Haley Estate.<ref name="MARABLE312"/> Muswada una sura tatu ambazo hazikuingizwa kwenye kitabu, zinaitwa "The Negro", "The End of Christianity", na "Twenty Million Black Muslims", sura hizo zote ziliondolewa kutoka katika matini halisi ya kitabu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Marable|Aidi|2009|p=315}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thegrio.com/2010/05/20/lost-malcolm-x-memoir-chapters-reveal-leaders-soft-side/ |title=Lost chapters from Malcolm&nbsp;X memoirs revealed |first=Jennifer H. |last=Cunningham |date=May 20, 2010 |publisher=[[The Grio]] |accessdate=March 28, 2016 }}</ref> Mwaka wa 1964, barua kwenda kwa mchapishaji wake, Haley ameelezea ya kwamba sura hizo kuwa zenye mgongano au hisia kali sana kutoka katika kitabu, baadhi yake zipo kama lava vile moto unawaka".<ref name="MARABLE312"/> Tofauti kabisa na mawazo ya mwanatawasifu Manning Marable, anaandika ya kwamba, kurasa zilizotolewa zilifanyiwa udikteta kutolewa kwake lakini zilitimia kwa kila hali hasa ukifuatia ziliandikwa kipindi cha miezi ya mwisho-mwisho kabisa ambayo Malcolm&nbsp;X anaondoka katika jumuia ya Nation of Islam.<ref name="MARABLE312"/>Kwa wao, Marable anasema, Malcolm&nbsp;X alipendekeza kuanzishwa kwa umoja na mshikamano wa Wamarekani Weusi na asasi za kisiasa. Marable anashangazwa na mpango huu huenda ikawa ndio sababu iliyopelekea Nation of Islam na [[FBI|Federal Bureau of Investigation]] kumnyamazisha Malcolm&nbsp;X.<ref>{{Harvnb|Marable|Aidi|2009|p=313}}.</ref> Mwezi wa Aprili 2010, gazeti la ''[[New York Post]]'' liliripoti ya kwamba kurasa zilizokosekana kwenye kitabu zitachapishwa mbele kabisa na binti wa Malcolm&nbsp;X, [[Ilyasah Shabazz]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/pagesix/restoring_lost_malcolm_5Z5l1GHO3m4BMrucBPMG2N |title=Malcolm&nbsp;X's Daughter to Add to Father's Autobiography |date=April 12, 2010 |work=[[New York Post]] |accessdate=May 31, 2010 |archivedate=2013-02-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204204604/http://www.nypost.com/p/pagesix/restoring_lost_malcolm_5Z5l1GHO3m4BMrucBPMG2N }}</ref> ===Matoleo=== Kitabu hiki kimechapishwa zaidi ya mara 45 tena katika matoleo ya lugha mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamojaKiabu, [[Kijerumani]], [[Kifaransa]], [[Kiindonesia]]. Important editions include:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.goodreads.com/work/editions/47400?per_page=100|title= The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As Told to Alex Haley>editions|publisher= Goodreads|accessdate= March 7, 2010}}</ref> {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book| last1 = X| first1 = Malcolm| last2 = Haley| first2 = Alex| title = The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X| url = https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00xmal| year= 1965| publisher=Grove Press| location = New York| edition = 1st hardcover| oclc= 219493184 | ref= }} * {{cite book| last1 = X| first1 = Malcolm| last2 = Haley| first2 = Alex| title = The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X| year= 1965| publisher=Random House| edition = 1st paperback| isbn= 978-0-394-17122-7| ref= }} * {{cite book| last1 = X| first1 = Malcolm| last2 = Haley| first2 = Alex| title = The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X| year= 1973| publisher=Penguin Books| edition = paperback| isbn= 978-0-14-002824-9| ref= }} * {{cite book| last1 = X| first1 = Malcolm| last2 = Haley| first2 = Alex| title = The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X| year= 1977| publisher=Ballantine Books| edition = mass market paperback| isbn= 978-0-345-27139-6| ref= }} * {{cite book| last1 = X| first1 = Malcolm| last2 = Haley| first2 = Alex| title = The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X| year= 1992| publisher=Simon & Schuster | edition = audio cassettes| isbn= 978-0-671-79366-1| ref= }} {{refend}} ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Vyanzo== {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book| editor-last = Andrews| editor-first = William | title = African-American Autobiography: A Collection of Critical Essays| year= 1992| publisher=Prentice Hall| location = Englewood Cliffs, N.J.| edition = Paperback| isbn= 978-0-13-019845-7| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| last = Bloom| first = Harold| title = Bloom's Guides: Alex Haley's The Autobiography of Malcolm X| url = https://archive.org/details/alexhaleysautobi0000unse| year= 2008| publisher= Chelsea House Pub| location = New York| edition = Hardcover| isbn= 978-0-7910-9832-5| ref= harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Bradley|first=David|authorlink=David Bradley (novelist)|year=1992|title=Malcolm's Mythmaking|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_transition_1992_56/page/20|journal=Transition|issue=56|pages=20–46|jstor=2935038 |ref= harv}} * {{cite book| last = Carson| first = Clayborne| authorlink = Clayborne Carson| title = Malcolm X: The FBI File| url = https://archive.org/details/malcolmxfbifile0000cars_e6d3| year= 1995| publisher= Ballantine Books| location = New York| edition = Mass Market Paperback| isbn= 978-0-345-40009-3| ref= harv}} * {{cite book|last=Cone|first=James H.|authorlink=James Hal Cone|title=Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare|url=https://archive.org/details/martinmalcolmame00jame|year=1991|publisher=Orbis Books|location=Maryknoll, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-88344-721-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book| title=Book Review Digest| year=1966| publisher=H.W. Wilson| location=New York| edition=61st| editor=Davidson, D. |editor2=Samudio, J.| ref= {{harvid|Book Review Digest|1996}}}} * {{cite book| last = Dyson| first = Michael Eric| authorlink=Michael Eric Dyson| title = Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X| year= 1996| publisher=Oxford University Press USA| location = New York| edition = Paperback| isbn=978-0-19-510285-7| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| editor-last = Gallen| editor-first = David | title = Malcolm X: As They Knew Him| url = https://archive.org/details/malcolmxastheykn0000davi| year= 1995| publisher=Ballantine Books| location = New York| edition = Mass Market Paperback| isbn= 978-0-345-40052-9| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| editor-last = Greetham| editor-first = David | title = The Margins of the Text (Editorial Theory and Literary Criticism)| year= 1997| publisher= University of Michigan Press| location = Ann Arbor, Mich.| edition = Hardcover| isbn= 978-0-472-10667-7| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| editor-last1 = Marable| editor-first1 = Manning | authorlink1 = Manning Marable| editor-last2 = Aidi| editor-first2 = Hishaam (| title = Black Routes to Islam| year= 2009| publisher= Palgrave Macmillan| location = New York| edition = Hardcover| isbn= 978-1-4039-8400-5| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| last = Stone| first = Albert| title = Autobiographical Occasions and Original Acts: Versions of American Identity from Henry Adams to Nate Shaw| url = https://archive.org/details/autobiographical0000ston| year= 1982| publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press| location = Philadelphia| edition = Paperback| isbn= 978-0-8122-1127-6| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| editor-last = Terrill| editor-first = Robert E. | title = The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X| year= 2010| publisher= Cambridge University Press| location = Cambridge| edition = 1st Paperback| isbn= 978-0-521-51590-0| url= http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521515900| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| last = Wolfenstein| first = Eugene Victor| authorlink = Eugene Victor Wolfenstein| title = The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm X and the Black Revolution| url = https://archive.org/details/victimsofdemocra0000wolf| origyear= 1981| year= 1993| publisher= The Guilford Press| location = London| edition = Paperback| isbn= 978-0-89862-133-4| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| editor-last = Wood| editor-first = Joe | title = Malcolm X: In Our Own Image| url = https://archive.org/details/malcolmxinourown00wood| year= 1992| publisher=St Martins Press| location = New York| edition = 1st| isbn= 978-0-312-06609-3| ref= harv}} * {{cite book| last1 = X| first1 = Malcolm| last2 = Haley| first2 = Alex| title = The Autobiography of Malcolm X| year= 1965| publisher=Grove Press| location = New York| edition = 1st| oclc= 219493184| ref= harv}} ==Jisomee zaidi== <!-- This section is intended for books specifically about The Autobiography of Malcolm X and not about Malcolm X in general. Exceptions are made for books referred to in the text of the article. --> {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book |last=Baldwin |first=James |authorlink=James Baldwin |title=One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based on Alex Haley's "The Autobiography of Malcolm&nbsp;X" |year=1992 |publisher=Dell |location=New York |isbn=978-0-307-27594-3 }} * {{cite book |last1=Cleage |first1=Albert B. |authorlink1=Albert Cleage |last2=Breitman |first2=George |title=Myths About Malcolm&nbsp;X: Two Views |url=https://archive.org/details/mythsaboutmalcol0000unse |year=1968 |publisher=Merit |oclc=615819 }} * {{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Peter |title=The Death and Life of Malcolm X |url=https://archive.org/details/deathlifeofmalco0000gold |year=1979 |origyear=1973 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana, Ill. |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-252-00774-3 }} * {{cite book |last=Holte |first=James |title=The Conversion Experience in America: A Sourcebook on Religious Conversion Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/conversionexperi0000holt |year=1992 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn. | isbn= 978-0-313-26680-5 }} * {{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Spike |authorlink1=Spike Lee |last2=Wiley |first2=Ralph |title=By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of the Making of Malcolm&nbsp;X |url=https://archive.org/details/byanymeansnecess00lees |year=1992 |publisher=Hyperion |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8027-8494-0 }} * {{cite book |last=Lomax |first=Louis E. |authorlink=Louis Lomax |title=To Kill a Black Man: The Shocking Parallel in the Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr |url=https://archive.org/details/tokillblackman0000loma |year=1987 |origyear=1968 |publisher=Holloway House |location=Los Angeles |isbn=978-0-87067-982-7 }} * {{cite book |last=Perry |first=Bruce |title=Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America |url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmlifeofman00perr |year=1991 |publisher=Station Hill |location=Barrytown, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-88268-103-0 }} * {{cite book |last=T'Shaka |first=Oba |title=The Political Legacy of Malcolm&nbsp;X |year=1983 |publisher=Pan African Publications |location=Richmond, Calif. |isbn=978-1-878557-01-8}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{sisterlinks|1=Malcolm X|wikt=no|b=no|q=Malcolm X|s=Author:Malcolm X|commons=Category:Malcolm X|n=no|v=no|voy=no}} * [http://www.malcolmx.com/ Official website of the Estate of Malcolm{{nbsp}}X] * [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/mxp/ The Malcolm{{nbsp}}X Project at Columbia University] * [http://www.brothermalcolm.net/ Malcolm], website on the life and legacy of Malcolm{{nbsp}}X * [https://vault.fbi.gov/malcolm-little-malcolm-x Malcolm Little (Malcolm X) file] at [[FBI|Federal Bureau of Investigation]] * http://playboysfw.kinja.com/malcolm-x-a-candid-conversation-with-the-civil-rights-1523266222 {{Wayback|url=http://playboysfw.kinja.com/malcolm-x-a-candid-conversation-with-the-civil-rights-1523266222 |date=20171228214649 }} *{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/20/malcolm-x-book-that-changed-me-autobiography |title=Malcolm X's autobiography didn't change me, it saved me |first=Lemn |last=Sissay |authorlink=Lemn Sissay |date=August 20, 2015 |work=[[The Guardian]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Autobiography Of Malcolm X}} [[Category:Vitabu vya 1965]] [[Category:Fasihi ya Kiingereza]] qifdb4ie61ikhujkkkcnxqlk76xptry 0 119168 1545396 1092993 2026-05-17T22:42:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545396 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mabano''' (pia: '''parandesi''' kutoka [[Kigiriki]] na '''braketi''' kutoka [[Kiingereza]]) ni [[jozi]] la [[alama]] za [[uakifishaji]] ambalo kwa kawaida linatenga sehemu ya [[sentensi]] au [[taarifa]] kutoka [[muktadha]] wake<ref name="unicode-9">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#Paired_Brackets |title=Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm: 3.1.3 Paired Brackets |access-date=24 April 2018 |website=Unicode Technical Reports}}</ref>. Mabano ya kawaida zaidi ni yale ya [[mviringo]] ( ), ya mraba [ ] na ya [[maua]] { }. Kutoka katika [[lugha]], mabano yamekuwa yakitumika sana katika [[hisabati]]. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book |authorlink=John Lennard |last=Lennard |first=John |title=But I Digress: The Exploitation of Parentheses in English Printed Verse |year=1991 |isbn=0-19-811247-5 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford}} * {{cite book |last=Turnbull |title=The Graphics of Communication |url=https://archive.org/details/graphicsofcommun0000arth_v9k5 |publisher=Holt |location=New York |year=1964|display-authors=etal}} States that what are depicted as brackets above are called braces and braces are called brackets. This was the terminology in US printing prior to computers. ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons category-inline|Brackets (punctuation marks)|Brackets}} *{{wiktionary-inline|bracket}} {{mbegu-lugha}} [[Jamii:Alama]] cdoc5mi9i4ecoacibpl27stl65l1fhy 0 121449 1545365 1108342 2026-05-17T22:17:13Z Too Classy for This World 69468 1545365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox record label <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Music -->|Lugha|Ukao|jina=C#|picha=[[File:C Sharp Logo 2023.svg|C Sharp logo|200px]]|image_bg=|shina la studio=namna : namna nyingi inaozingatiwa kuhusu kipengee|imeanzishwa={{Birth date and age|mf=yes|2000|7|1|df=yes}}|mwanzilishi=Anders Hejlsberg|ilivyo sasa=Ilivutwa na: C++, Cω, Eiffel, F#, Haskell, Icon, J#, J++, Java, ML, Modula-3, Object Pascal, Rust, VB Ilivuta: Chapel, Clojure, Crystal, D, J#, Dart, F#, Hack, Java, Kotlin, Nemerle, Oxygene, Ring, Rust, Swift,[ Vala, TypeScript|Usambazaji=|aina za muziki=|nchi=|mahala=Common Language Infrastructure|tovuti=https://www.csharp.net}} '''C#''' au '''C sharp''' ni [[lugha ya programu]]. Iliundwa na [[Anders Hejlsberg]] na ilianzishwa [[tarehe]] [[1 Julai]] [[2000]]. Iliundwa ili kuumba [[programu]] kwa [[Microsoft]]. Leo tunatumia C# 8.0. Ilivutwa na [[C++]]. Inaitwa C# kwa sababu ni mageuzi ya C++, lugha ya programu nyingine. == Historia == Ilianzishwa 1 Julai 2000 nchini [[Marekani]]. Lakini Anders Hejlsberg alianza kufanya [[kazi]] kuhusu C# [[mwaka]] wa [[1999]]. == Falsafa == Namna ya C# ni namna nyingi na inaozingatiwa kuhusu kipengee. == Sintaksia == [[Sintaksia]] ya C# ni ngumu sana kinyume cha lugha za programu nyingine kama [[JavaScript]], [[Python (Lugha ya programu)|Python]] au [[Ruby]]. Ilivutwa na sintaksia ya Haskell, lugha ya programu nyingine. == Mifano ya C# == Programu kwa kuchapa « Jambo ulimwengu !».<syntaxhighlight lang="c#"> using System; class Program { public static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Jambo ulimwengu !"); } } </syntaxhighlight>Programu kwa kupata factoria ya namba moja.<syntaxhighlight lang="c#"> using System; public class FactorialExample { public static void Main(string[] args) { int i,fact=1,number; Console.Write("Ingia namba moja: "); number= int.Parse(Console.ReadLine()); for(i=1;i<=number;i++){ fact=fact*i; } Console.Write("Factoria ya " +number+" ni: "+fact); } } </syntaxhighlight> == Marejeo == {{Refbegin}} *Drayton, Peter; Albahari, Ben; Neward, Ted (2002). C# Language Pocket Reference. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00429-X. *Petzold, Charles (2002). Programming Microsoft Windows with C#. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-1370-2. *C# Guide". docs.microsoft.com. [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] [[Jamii:Lugha za programu]] qlmugqim6y35mx94euwurzajchweouj 0 145112 1545363 1495661 2026-05-17T22:15:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg|thumb|350px| ''Bustani ya Edeni na Anguko la Binadamu,'' taswira ya Jan Brueghel Mzee na [[Peter Paul Rubens|Pieter Paul Rubens]], c. 1615]] '''Bustani ya Edeni''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]]: גַּן־עֵדֶן ''gan-'Ēḏen)'' inatajwa katika [[Kitabu cha Mwanzo]] cha [[Biblia]] kama [[bustani]] nzuri iliyopandwa na [[Mungu]] alipowaweka [[Adamu]] na [[Eva|Hawa]] baada ya [[uumbaji]] wa hao watu wa kwanza. Katika [[Septuaginta|tafsiri ya Kigiriki ya Biblia]] [[jina]] hilo lilitajwa kama "[[Paradiso]]" (παράδεισος ''paradeisos'') kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiajemi|Kiajemi cha Kale]] ''parādaiĵah'') lililomaanisha eneo lililozungushwa kwa [[ukuta]] <ref> Katika nchi yabisi za [[Mashariki ya Kati]], hadi leo bustani ni eneo lililoviringishwa na ukuta kwa kusudi la kulinda mimea, matunda na maji dhidi ya wanyamapori na wezi. Linganisha [[iarchive:paradiseasgarden0000unse/page/n11/mode/2up|Moynihan, Elizabeth; Paradise as a garden: in Persia and Mughal India]], uk. 1; New York 1979 ISBN 9780807609316 </ref>. Katika lugha ya Kiajemi inaposemwa "Paradiso" kuwa na maana ya "Eneo lililozungushwa ukuta" dhana hiyo kimsingi humaanisha "Eneo la bustani" fulani ambapo iliyozungukwa na kingo za bustani kubwa ambayo kwa lugha ya Kisemitiki katika lahaja ya Kiebrania iliitwa "Edeni" ikiwa na maana ya bustani ya asili isiyolimwa na binadamu, yaani "Nyika". <ref>Atlasi Ya Ikolojia Na Utamaduni Wa Edeni Na Bustani Ya Edeni Katika Tanzania ISBN:978-9912-40-425-0</ref> Inaelezwa katika Biblia kwenye [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya [[Mwanzo (Biblia)|Mwanzo]] 2-3 na [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] 28 na 31. <ref name="Metzger2004">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amlXOOaSuLMC|title=The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible|last=Metzger|first=Bruce Manning|last2=Coogan|first2=Michael D|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-517610-0|page=62|access-date=22 December 2012}}</ref> Hivyo basi, kimsingi Bustani ya Edeni ni eneo halisi la kijiografia, si hadithi tu kama idhaniwavyo na watu wengi wa kizazi cha sasa. == Mahali == Mahali pa Edeni panaelezewa katika Kitabu cha Mwanzo kama [[Chanzo (mto)|chanzo]] cha [[Mto|mito]] minne. Maelezo ya Mwa. 2, 10-13 yanasema: ''10 Ukatoka mto katika Edeni wa kuitilia bustani maji, na kutokea hapo ukagawanyika kuwa vichwa vinne. 11 Jina la wa kwanza ni Pishoni; ndio unaozunguka nchi yote ya Havila, ambako kuna dhahabu; 12na dhahabu ya nchi ile ni njema; huko kuna bedola, na vito shoham. 13 Na jina la mto wa pili ni Gihoni; ndio unaozunguka nchi yote ya Kushi. 14 Na jina la mto wa tatu ni Hidekeli; ndio unaopita mbele ya Ashuru. Na mto wa nne ni Frati.'' Lakini haiwezekani kutaja mahali maalum kwa maana, mbali na mito ya [[Frati]] na [[Hidekeli]], mingine haijulikani, ila Gihoni inahisiwa kuwa [[Nile|Naili]] kwa kuwa inasemwa kwamba inazunguka nchi yote ya Kushi. Majaribio mbalimbali yamefanywa na wataalamu mbalimbali ila bila mapatano<ref name="wilensky20122">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/paradiselustsear00wile|title=Paradise Lust: Searching for the Garden of Eden|last=Wilensky-Lanford|first=Brook|publisher=Grove Press|year=2012|isbn=9780802145840|quote=paradise lust.|url-access=registration}}</ref>. == Makazi ya Adamu na Hawa == [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] inawaonyesha Adamu na Hawa wakitembea kuzunguka bustani ya Edeni [[uchi]] kwa sababu ya kutokuwa na ubaya wa [[dhambi]]. Edeni inatajwa pia katika sehemu nyingine za Biblia kama vile Mwanzo, <ref>{{Bibleverse|Genesis|13:10|HE}}</ref> katika [[Kitabu cha Isaya|Isaya]] 51:3, <ref>{{Bibleverse|Isaiah|51:3|HE}}</ref> [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] 36:35, <ref>{{Bibleverse|Ezekiel|36:35|HE}}</ref> na [[kitabu cha Yoeli|Yoeli]] 2:3; <ref>{{Bibleverse|Joel|2:3|HE}}</ref> [[Kitabu cha Zekaria|Zekaria]] 14 na [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] 47 hutumia taswira ya paradiso bila kulitaja jina la Edeni. Sehemu ya pili ya simulizi la uumbaji kwenye Biblia inaanza katika Mwanzo 2:4-3:24. Hapa [[YHWH]] - [[Elohim]] (inayotafsiriwa "BWANA Mungu") anamwumba mtu wa kwanza ([[Adamu]]) na kumweka katika bustani aliyoipanda “mashariki mwa Edeni”. "''BWANA Mungu akachipusha katika ardhi kila mti unaotamanika kwa macho na kufaa kwa kuliwa; na mti wa uzima katikati ya bustani, na mti wa ujuzi wa mema na mabaya.''" <ref>''Bible'', {{Bibleverse|Genesis|2:9|HE}}</ref> Mtu alikuwa huru kula [[Tunda|matunda]] ya [[mti]] wowote wa bustani isipokuwa [[mti wa uzima]] na [[mti wa ujuzi wa mema na mabaya]]. Mwisho wa yote, Mungu alimuumba [[mwanamke]] ([[Eva|Hawa]]) kutoka kwa [[ubavu]] wa mwanamume ili awe mwandamani wa mwanamume. Katika [[sura]] ya tatu, mwanamume na mwanamke walishawishiwa na [[nyoka]] kula matunda yaliyokatazwa, na walifukuzwa kutoka bustani ili kuwazuia kula matunda ya [[mti wa uzima]], na hivyo kuishi [[milele]]. [[Kerubi|Makerubi]] waliwekwa mashariki mwa bustani, ''"na upanga wa moto uliogeuka huku na huko, kuilinda njia ya mti wa uzima."'' <ref>''Bible'' {{Bibleverse|Genesis|3:24}}</ref> == Mtazamo wa Kiislamu == Katika [[Kurani]], mahali wanapokwenda hao watakaokubaliwa na [[Allah]] huitwa "jannat" (جنات) yaani bustani. "Bustani" inatajwa mara kadhaa katika Kurani <ref>''Qur'an'', 2:35, 7:19, 20:117, 61:12</ref>. Katika mawazo ya [[Uislamu|Kiislamu]] hiyo bustani huwa na matabaka saba. Hapa majina ya Kiblia hutumiwa kwa namna tofauti kidogo. Tabaka la saba na la juu ni "Firdausi" (فردوس) ambayo ni [[matamshi]] ya [[Kiarabu]] ya neno Paradiso<ref>[https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/quran/swahili/23.html Kurani 23:11]: " Ambao watairithi Pepo ya Firdausi, wadumu humo"</ref>. Jina la Edeni linatumiwa kwa ajili ya "jannat adni" (جنات عدن)<ref>Tafsiri ya Kurani kwa Kiswahili ya Sheikh Ali Muhsin Al Barwani haitumii neno "adn"; anatafsiri mara nyingi "bustani za milele" (Kurani 13:23, 18:31, 19:61 ) au "bustani za kudumu" (9:72), bustani za daima (98:8); [https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/quran/swahili/13.html Tarjuma ya "Al Muntakhab" katika tafsiri ya QUR'ANI TUKUFU imetafsiriwa Kiswahili na Sheikh Ali Muhsin Al-Barwani]]</ref> ambayo ni tabaka la nne tu<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://muslim.fandom.com/wiki/Jannat_al-%CA%BFadn |title=Jannat al-ʿadn |accessdate=2021-12-22 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222210545/https://muslim.fandom.com/wiki/Jannat_al-%CA%BFadn |url-status=dead }}</ref>. <ref>Wheeler, Brannon ''Mecca and Eden: ritual, relics, and territory in Islam'' k. 16, 2006</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Kujisomea == * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjaHwdvEVZAC&q=The+Restoration+of+Eden&pg=PA138|title=Israel and Hellas, Volume 3|last=Brown|first=John Pairman|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2001|isbn=9783110168822}}<bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrown2001">[[Special:BookSources/9783110168822|9783110168822]]</cite></bdi> * {{Cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion|last=Cohen|first=Chaim|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780199730049|editor-last=Berlin|editor-first=Adele|chapter=Eden|editor-last2=Grossman|editor-first2=Maxine|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&q=Occasionally+called+the+%27garden+of+YHVH%27&pg=PA228}}<bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCohen2011">[[Special:BookSources/9780199730049|9780199730049]]</cite></bdi> * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/europeanliteratu0000curt_a0s3|title=European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages|last=Curtius|first=Ernst Robert|publisher=Princeton UP|year=1953|isbn=978-0-691-01899-7|author-link=Ernst Robert Curtius|url-access=registration}}<bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCurtius1953">[[Maalum:Vitabu Vyanzo/978-0-691-01899-7|978-0-691-01899-7]]</cite></bdi> Ilitafsiriwa na Willard R. Trask. * {{Cite book|title=Genesis 1-11|url=https://archive.org/details/genesis1110000davi|last=Davidson|first=Robert|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1973|isbn=9780521097604|edition=commentary by Davidson, R. 1987 [Reprint]|location=Cambridge, Eng.|author-link=Robert Davidson (theologian)}}<bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDavidson1973">[[Special:BookSources/9780521097604|9780521097604]]</cite></bdi> * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515|title=The Jewish Study Bible|last=Levenson|first=Jon D.|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195297515|editor-last=Berlin|editor-first=Adele|chapter=Genesis: Introduction and Annotations|editor-last2=Brettler|editor-first2=Marc Zvi|url-access=registration}}<bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLevenson2004">[[Special:BookSources/9780195297515|9780195297515]]</cite></bdi> * {{Cite book|title=Genesis|last=Mathews|first=Kenneth A.|publisher=Broadman & Holman Publishers|year=1996|isbn=9780805401011|location=Nashville, Tenn.}}<bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMathews1996">[[Special:BookSources/9780805401011|9780805401011]]</cite></bdi> * {{Cite book|title=The Ugaritic Baal Cycle, volume II|last=Smith|first=Mark S.|publisher=BRILL|year=2009|isbn=978-9004153486|editor-last=Pitard|editor-first=Wayne T.|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=in1lCQ0yF40C&pg=PA61}}<bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmith2009">[[Maalum:Vitabu Vyanzo/978-9004153486|978-9004153486]]</cite></bdi> * {{Cite book|title=I Studied Inscriptions from Before the Flood|last=Speiser|first=E.A.|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=1994|isbn=9780931464881|editor-last=Tsumura|editor-first=D.T.|chapter=The Rivers of Paradise|editor-last2=Hess|editor-first2=R.S.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5MGVP6gAPkC&q=Speiser%2C+%22The+Rivers+of+Paradise%22+Cush&pg=PA38}}<bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSpeiser1994">[[Special:BookSources/9780931464881|9780931464881]]</cite></bdi> * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIXwojA2_nYC&q=%22in+Eden%22|title=Echoes of Eden|last=Stordalen|first=Terje|publisher=Peeters|year=2000|isbn=9789042908543}}<bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStordalen2000">[[Special:BookSources/9789042908543|9789042908543]]</cite></bdi> * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ex55CzJi_dkC&pg=PA185|title=The self-understanding of the Dead Sea Scrolls Community|last=Swarup|first=Paul|publisher=Continuum|year=2006|isbn=9780567043849}}<bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSwarup2006">[[Special:BookSources/9780567043849|9780567043849]]</cite></bdi> * {{Cite book|title=Paradise Interpreted|url=https://archive.org/details/paradiseinterpre0000unse|last=Tigchelaar|first=Eibert J. C.|date=1999|publisher=Konninklijke Brill|isbn=90-04-11331-2|editor-last=Luttikhuizen|editor-first=Gerard P|series=Themes in Biblical narrative|location=Leiden|chapter=Eden and Paradise: The Garden Motif in some Early Jewish Texts (1 Enoch and Other Texts Found at Qumran)}}<bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTigchelaar1999">[[Maalum:Vitabu Vyanzo/90-04-11331-2|90-04-11331-2]]</cite></bdi> * Willcocks, Sir William, Hormuzd Rassam. ''Biashara ya Mesopotamia.'' ''Gharika ya Nuhu: Bustani ya Edeni'' , katika: [https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14754959 Jarida la Kijiografia 35] {{Wayback|url=https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14754959 |date=20211222210544 }}, No. 4 (Aprili 1910). [[doi:10.2307/1777041|DOI: 10.2307/1777041]] == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051029101558/http://www.ldolphin.org/eden/ ''Smithsonian'' article on the geography of the Tigris-Euphrates region] * [http://bible.cc/2_kings/19-12.htm Many translations of II Kings 19:12] * [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Eden Eden katika The American Cyclopædia (1879)] {{Mbegu-dini}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Uislamu]] 7b1h5dwn92cozck9501tjgruzh5jbpc 3 146402 1545199 1530476 2026-05-17T16:24:01Z ~2026-29676-69 89409 /* yes */ mjadala mpya 1545199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano yal mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:33, 16 Februari 2022 (UTC) ==Maboresho ya Makala== Salamu Hussein, hongera kwa kuendelea na uhariri katika wikipedia Ya Kiswahili, baada ya kumaliza kuandika makala yako,baada ya muda fulani pitia katika makala yako ama pitia ukurasa wa Mabadiliko ya karibuni ili kuona makala yako imefanyiwa marekebisho gani, kisha tumia marekebisho hayo kama maboresho kwa makala zako nyingine, Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 14:29, 14 Machi 2022 (UTC) :asante kwa muongozo wako Idd. Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:33, 14 Machi 2022 (UTC) ::Hongera kwa juhudi zako! Unafanya vizuri. Hata hivyo endelea kuangalia tunavyosahihisha makala zako uzidi kuboresha. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:57, 19 Machi 2022 (UTC) :::Na fuatilia hilo. amani kwako pia! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:14, 19 Machi 2022 (UTC) == Translation notification: GLAM School/Questions == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:GLAM School/Questions|GLAM School/Questions]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-GLAM+School%2FQuestions&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The deadline for translating this page is 2022-12-31. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Thank you for the wonderful work you are doing! I have made a couple of small modifications to the existing text and added one new section. I hope you would be willing to have a look at those. Thank you again! Cheers, Susanna</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! 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Requesting you to fill [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScK5HgvVaLph_r_afctwShUuYVtXNwaN24HUSEYnzUUho8d-Q/viewform?usp=sf_link this form] before the deadline to avoid disappointments. Feel free to [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Contact Us|contact us]] if you need any assistance or further queries. Best wishes, [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|FNF 2022 International Team]] ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 07:50, 22 Mei 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf&oldid=23312270 --> :Thank you! '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:17, 23 Mei 2022 (UTC) == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Board voter email == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Board voter email|Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Board voter email]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2022%2FAnnouncement%2FBoard+voter+email&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hi all! The community vote of this year's Board Elections are close. As always voter mails will be sent out. To invite as many community members as possible in their native tongue your help is very much appreciated. While there are already plenty of translations we would appreciate you to check for languages still missing and to contribute translations for these. The mails are short, just a bit about two times '''200 words''', a few minutes of work. Your support is very important as it helps communities to learn about the election and to cast their vote. Best, Denis Barthel (WMF) (Movement Strategy and Governance)</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! 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As always voter mails will be sent out. To invite as many community members as possible in their native tongue your help is very much appreciated. While there are already plenty of translations we would appreciate you to check for languages still missing and to contribute translations for these. The mails are short, just a bit about two times '''200 words''', a few minutes of work. Your support is very important as it helps communities to learn about the election and to cast their vote. Best, Denis Barthel (WMF) (Movement Strategy and Governance)</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 21:51, 9 Agosti 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DBarthel (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Consultation Close == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Consultation Close|Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Consultation Close]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FRevised+enforcement+guidelines%2FAnnouncement%2FConsultation+Close&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:18, 13 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> ==Kigezo== Salamu, naona umeanzisha kigezo cha XYZ, kilikuwa na maana gani kuwepo ?, Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 9 Novemba 2022 (UTC) :Nilijifunza jana nilikua nataka kutengeneza kigezo cha nchi ya Wales nikamuuliza kipala akaniambia nijaribu kwanza kwa kutumia kigezo XYZ nikiweza basi nisiwe na uliza kwa mara nyingine nilishindwa kufuta msaada wakuifuta '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:57, 9 Novemba 2022 (UTC) :Katika makala ya Mpira wa Miguu, uliondoa bendera ambazo zilikuwa zimetangulia kabla ya jina la mchezaji, kabla ya kufuta kitu angalia kama kina maana yeyote ya kuwepo au la, Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 14:14, 2 Desemba 2022 (UTC) #Sawa sawa nilikua najua mtumiaji asipo ingia kwenye akaunti haruhisiwi kurekebisha makala mpka ajisajili.Sasa nitakua naangalia kwanza amani kwako pia!!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:50, 2 Desemba 2022 (UTC) == Translation notification: Tests == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Tests|Tests]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tests&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">= This is a test message, please ignore = = ଏହା ଏକ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ସନ୍ଦେଶ, ଦୟାକରି ଅଣଦେଖା କରନ୍ତୁ = </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 17:39, 13 Januari 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:APatro (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Tests == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Tests|Tests]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tests&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">= This is a test message, please ignore = = ଏହା ଏକ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ସନ୍ଦେଶ, ଦୟାକରି ଅଣଦେଖା କରନ୍ତୁ = </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 17:46, 13 Januari 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:APatro (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> Already done '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:53, 13 Januari 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: ContribuLing 2023 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:ContribuLing 2023|ContribuLing 2023]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-ContribuLing+2023&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The deadline for translating this page is 2023-02-28. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">ContribuLing is a Wikimedia event focusing on collaborative tools and minority languages. Please consider translating the page and - why not - proposing a presentation or a workshop! Thank you very much, on behalf of the organizing committee</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 10:18, 2 Februari 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:WikiLucas00@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/LandingCNTranslate == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/LandingCNTranslate|Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/LandingCNTranslate]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FLandingCNTranslate&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2023-02-22. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Legal Department is starting a feedback cycle to discuss updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use on February, 21. We would like to hear from communities all over the world. Your help in translating a banner is very much appreciated. It is just 19 words in two sentences. Due to technical reasons the link above leads to a landing page. To translate the banner directly, please click https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-wmftou2023&amp;language=abc Thank you for your help! </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 20:10, 20 Februari 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DBarthel (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Mtumiaji:Rwv37 == Habari ndugu, Naona ulitoa ujumbe wa karibu niliyomwandikia Mtumiaji:Rwv37. Je kuna maelezo katika hilo? Amani kwako. '''[[Mtumiaji:Magotech|MagoTech Tanzania]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Magotech|majadiliano]])''' 22:28, 12 Machi 2023 (UTC) :Nzuri, :Hapana siwezi toa ujumbe wa karibu kwa mtumiaji na hii ndio huwa nafanya sana mtumiaji :Rwv37 huwa ndo anaondoa ujumbe wa karibu kwenye ukurasa wake pindi anapo andikiwa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 03:23, 13 Machi 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: $1 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:$1|$1]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-%241&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello translators. Please help us with this group page.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:42, 22 Machi 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DNdubane (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso|Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikim%C3%A9diens+du+Burkina+Faso&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Please help us translating this page</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:44, 22 Machi 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DNdubane (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso|Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikim%C3%A9diens+du+Burkina+Faso&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Please help translate this page</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:50, 22 Machi 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DNdubane (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso|Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikim%C3%A9diens+du+Burkina+Faso&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Please help translate this page</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 15:00, 22 Machi 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DNdubane (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso|Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikim%C3%A9diens+du+Burkina+Faso&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Please help translate this page</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 07:50, 23 Machi 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DNdubane (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Movement Charter == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:58, 18 Mei 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Makala ya [[Kenneth John George]] == Habari, asante kwa michango. Nimeweka mawazo kadhaa kwenye ukurasa wa majadiliano ya makala hii. Nahisi itasaidia zaidi ukiangalia makala hiyo mwenyewe kuliko mtu mwingine kuiandika upya. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 07:33, 31 Mei 2023 (UTC) :sawa ngoja nipitie '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:46, 31 Mei 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: WWC2023/Scholarship == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WWC2023/Scholarship|WWC2023/Scholarship]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WWC2023%2FScholarship&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2023-10-22. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">this page is available for translating, you can start working on it</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 21:41, 26 Juni 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sandra Hanbo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections+committee%2FNominatons%2F2023%2FAnnouncement+-+new+members&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">We are hoping to send this message globally using MassMessage once the Board made official announcement, which will be linked later. </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:16, 27 Juni 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Category:Moved to Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Category:Moved to Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki|Category:Moved to Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Category%3AMoved+to+Wikimedia+Foundation+Governance+Wiki&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Many WMF policies have been moved to foundation wiki and their local counterparts are blanked and redirected. This category should be created to keep everything together.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 16:12, 29 Juni 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Question from [[User:Sarah Robert Silivesta|Sarah Robert Silivesta]] (09:55, 15 Julai 2023) == Je nawezaje kua muhariri mzuri? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Sarah Robert Silivesta|Sarah Robert Silivesta]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Sarah Robert Silivesta|majadiliano]])''' 09:55, 15 Julai 2023 (UTC) :Ndio unaweza kuwa mhariri mzuri kwa kufuata maelezo yaliyowekwa kwenye ukurasa wako wa majadiliano , na wakati una hariri nimuhimu kupitia ukurasa wa mabadiliko ya hivi karibuni na kuangalia wenzako wamekurekebisha vipi ile uweze kutambua makosa na kujirekebisha amani kwako!!!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:58, 17 Julai 2023 (UTC) ::[[:en:Category:Wikipedia_tutorials|soma zaidi hapa]] aman kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:30, 17 Julai 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Young vijo|Young vijo]] on [[Wajita]] (05:09, 16 Julai 2023) == Hello, i need chance to make and you work --'''[[Mtumiaji:Young vijo|Young vijo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Young vijo|majadiliano]])''' 05:09, 16 Julai 2023 (UTC) :Karibu '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:58, 17 Julai 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Haji Mgogoro|Haji Mgogoro]] (17:18, 16 Julai 2023) == Asante, nauliza namna ya kuweka picha kwenye taarifa --'''[[Mtumiaji:Haji Mgogoro|Haji Mgogoro]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Haji Mgogoro|majadiliano]])''' 17:18, 16 Julai 2023 (UTC) :Habari ndugu kuweka picha kwenye makala ambayo inamaelezo ndani yake unaweza kuweka <nowiki>&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Picha: jina la picha kutoka katika wikicommon.jpg or png |thumb| maelezo ya picha ]] au njia nyingine [[fail: jina la picha kutoka katika wikicommon.jpg or png |thumb| maelezo ya picha ]] kama ni kifungu cha picha unaweza kutumia <gallary> [[picha:]] ,[[picha:]], [[picha:]]</gallary>&lt;/nowiki&gt;</nowiki> :Unaweza kujifunza hapa vyema [[:en:Category:Wikipedia_tutorials|bonyeza hapa]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:28, 17 Julai 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update|Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FProposed+update&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Massive changes to the pages. Would require a review to keep information updated as per the English version.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:45, 23 Julai 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Mentorship and Community configuration == Hello Hussen I noticed that you started the Mentorship system at your wiki. Thank you! This feature was built by my team, the Growth team. You can ask me questions regarding this mentorship system if you need. You used the [[Maalum:EditGrowthConfig]] to setup the mentorship system. I have a few questions regarding this page, as we want to improve it. Would you agree to reply to a few questions? Best regards, '''[[Mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 15:11, 26 Julai 2023 (UTC) :yes! Karibu sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:39, 27 Julai 2023 (UTC) ::Cool, thank you! :) ::You setup the mentorship system, which is great! How have you heard about it, by the way? ::To start the mentorship system, you edited Growth features configuration in the past, using [[Special:EditGrowthConfig]]. This page is visible to anyone, but only a selected group of users can edit it and configure Growth features. ::The Growth team plans to create a [[mw:Community_configuration_2.0|Community Configuration 2.0]], based on Special:EditGrowthConfig. ::This new feature will allow local administrators to change settings for Wikimedia Foundation-designed features. This way, they can configure the different features to best suit their wiki’s specific needs. This strategy eliminates the technical barrier for admins, to customize local settings. This also encourages a more inclusive and collaborative product development process. ::But, there are currently two primary limitations to Community Configuration: ::* Discoverability: Many Administrators are unaware of the existence of Community Configuration. ::* Usage Scope: At present, only the Growth features can use Community Configuration. ::We plan to integrate Community configuration into MediaWiki, as a default feature. Other Wikimedia Foundation teams and volunteer developers will be able to create Community configurable features. We expect this central place to be more discoverable. ::Before the Growth team starts this project, we are seeking feedback, to guide our efforts in the right direction. We are particularly interested in your thoughts on the following: ::# How do you feel about more Wikimedia Foundation features that can be configured (enabled, disabled, edited) by Administrators? ::#* Do you have any reservations or concerns about this idea? ::# What can we do to ensure that all Administrators are well-informed about Community Configuration? ::# How confident are Administrators in making changes using Community Configuration? ::# Based on your experience editing Special:EditGrowthConfig, are any parts of the procedure unclear or ambiguous? ::# Community Configuration should be visible to all. Should it only be modifiable by a select group of experienced Wikimedians? ::# Should all configuration options be only editable by Administrators and interface administrators? ::#* Should we consider different user access levels for certain configuration options? ::# Out of curiosity, do you have any thoughts on how many edits would be made to this community configuration page each year? ::Your insights will be invaluable in shaping the trajectory of this project. We look forward to your constructive feedback! ::If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask. ::Thank you! '''[[Mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 18:19, 31 Julai 2023 (UTC) :::#'''How have you heard about it, by the way?''' :::#'''How do you feel about more Wikimedia Foundation features that can be configured (enabled, disabled, edited) by Administrators?Do you have any reservations or concerns about this idea?.''' :::*Adaptability: As the Wikimedia community evolves and changes over time, having configurable features can help the platform adapt to new challenges and opportunities. :::#'''What can we do to ensure that all Administrators are well-informed about Community Configuration?'''. :::*Documentation and Tutorials: Create comprehensive and user-friendly documentation that explains what Community Configuration is. :::*Notifications and Announcements: Send out regular notifications and announcements to administrators, highlighting the availability and importance of Community Configuration. :::*Workshops and Training Sessions: Organize online workshops or training sessions where administrators can participate and learn about Community Configuration directly from experienced team members. :::*Translation and Localization: Ensure that all documentation and resources related to Community Configuration are available in multiple languages. :::*Community Ambassadors: Identify and work with community ambassadors or experienced administrators who can advocate for Community Configuration and help spread awareness within their respective communities. :::#'''How confident are Administrators in making changes using Community Configuration?''' :::#'''Based on your experience editing Special:EditGrowthConfig, are any parts of the procedure unclear or ambiguous?.''' :::#'''Community Configuration should be visible to all. Should it only be modifiable by a select group of experienced Wikimedians?''' :::Visibility :::*Pros: :::Transparency: Making Community Configuration visible to all administrators fosters transparency in the configuration process. It allows the entire community to see how the platform's features are customized and understand the choices made. :::Collaboration: Transparency can encourage collaboration among administrators, promoting discussions and shared best practices related to feature configuration. :::*Cons: :::Security: Exposing the configuration settings to all administrators could potentially lead to accidental or malicious changes that may impact the platform negatively. :::Complexity: A large number of administrators making configuration changes might lead to confusion or conflicts if their decisions clash. :::#'''Should all configuration options be only editable by Administrators and interface administrators?'''. :::Administrators: :::*Pros: :::Widespread Access: Administrators are typically more numerous within a community, which means that a larger group would have the capability to make configuration changes. :::Diverse Perspectives: Allowing administrators to edit configuration options can provide a broader range of perspectives and ideas for feature customization. :::*Cons: :::Experience Levels Vary: Administrators might have varying levels of technical expertise, which could lead to unintended changes or misconfigurations. :::#'''Should we consider different user access levels for certain configuration options?''' :::Yes, considering different user access levels for certain configuration options can be a prudent approach to balance flexibility and security. By implementing varying levels of access, you can control who has the ability to modify specific configuration options based on their experience, expertise, and responsibilities within the Wikimedia community. :::#'''Out of curiosity, do you have any thoughts on how many edits would be made to this community configuration page each year?''' :::If many administrators are aware of and actively using the feature, it is likely to see more edits. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:00, 1 Agosti 2023 (UTC) ::::Thank you very much for your reply! It will really help the project! '''[[Mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 18:18, 1 Agosti 2023 (UTC) :::::okey! have a nice day! Karibu Tanzania '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:22, 1 Agosti 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: Movement Charter == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Requires an update/review.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:34, 27 Julai 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Trust and Safety == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Trust and Safety|Trust and Safety]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Trust+and+Safety&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Would require a review and update on existing policy</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:54, 27 Julai 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Movement Charter/Navbox == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Movement Charter/Navbox|Template:Movement Charter/Navbox]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AMovement+Charter%2FNavbox&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Navigational template for Movement Charter, assist to translate to your language.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:51, 29 Julai 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Basic information == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Basic information|Template:Basic information]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ABasic+information&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Navigational template about the Wikimedia world and its relevant polices.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:37, 29 Julai 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update|Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FProposed+update&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Severely outdated page. Kindly assist to update.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:50, 2 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Bot policy == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Bot policy|Bot policy]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Bot+policy&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Global policy, requires a check &amp; minor updates is needed.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 09:13, 6 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: $1 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:$1|$1]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-%241&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Assist to translate welcome template</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:49, 6 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Blocked user == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Blocked user|Blocked user]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Blocked+user&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Information page about blocked users, please check and translate into your language. Thanks.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:41, 7 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Movement Charter/Community Consultation == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Movement Charter/Community Consultation|Movement Charter/Community Consultation]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter%2FCommunity+Consultation&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Severely outdated. Requires review and translation.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:18, 10 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Question from [[User:JAPHET ERASTO|JAPHET ERASTO]] (23:10, 13 Agosti 2023) == hello, naitwa japhet sina uzoefu na matumizi ya wikipedia nimejiunga ilinijifunze ufugaji wa kuku naomba niasaidie --'''[[Mtumiaji:JAPHET ERASTO|JAPHET ERASTO]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:JAPHET ERASTO|majadiliano]])''' 23:10, 13 Agosti 2023 (UTC) :habari , ndugu nafurahi sana kusikia hivyo lakini kwenye wikipedia ni sehemu ya kuandika, kusoma, watu wenye ujuzi mbalimbali kote duniani huandika kuhusu kitu wanacho kijua na wengine wanapitia kurekebisha na kuongezea mengi zaidi , hapa unaweza kupata makala baadhi ambazo zinaweza kukusaidia katika uchunguzi wako kujifunza unaweza kutafuta chochote unacho taka kukijua na unaweza kukipata au kukikosa , ukikosa ni dhahiri kuwa bado hakijaandikwa na pia usichoke endelea kutafuta hata kwenye tovuti nyingine kama google nk. Amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:57, 14 Agosti 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: Template:Interwiki map header == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Interwiki map header|Template:Interwiki map header]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AInterwiki+map+header&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:15, 16 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Billinghurst@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:FormerAffiliate == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:FormerAffiliate|Template:FormerAffiliate]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AFormerAffiliate&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Template indicating former affiliates. Please assist to translate into your language.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:01, 26 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Disambiguation == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Disambiguation|Template:Disambiguation]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ADisambiguation&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Widely used disambiguation template. Please assist to translate into your language.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:53, 1 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Blocked user == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Blocked user|Blocked user]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Blocked+user&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Contains outdated content. Please assist to translate to your language.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:37, 2 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Bot == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Bot|Bot]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Bot&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Kindly check for outdated translation and update it accordingly.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:48, 2 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wiktionary == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiktionary&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Kindly check for outdated translation and update it accordingly.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:48, 2 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikiquote == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikiquote|Wikiquote]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikiquote&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Kindly assist to check and translate the page. Also, proceed to [https://translatewiki.net/ translatewiki] to translate the remaining interface languages for [[Template:Int]] used on this page.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:53, 7 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Question from [[User:Matinibrahim40|Matinibrahim40]] on [[Kigezo:Mbegu-lugha]] (08:17, 7 Septemba 2023) == Hello Can I contribute and edit when I get an area I can help? Good day --'''[[Mtumiaji:Matinibrahim40|Matinibrahim40]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Matinibrahim40|majadiliano]])''' 08:17, 7 Septemba 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Matinibrahim40|Matinibrahim40]] (08:22, 7 Septemba 2023) == Hujambo Nimeona sehemu ambazo zina kasoro za maendelezo na ningependa kusaidia kuzihariri. Nitafanya nini ili kuchangia ubora wa kazi hizi? Asante na uwe na siku njema --'''[[Mtumiaji:Matinibrahim40|Matinibrahim40]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Matinibrahim40|majadiliano]])''' 08:22, 7 Septemba 2023 (UTC) :ndio , unaweza kuchangia pale ambapo unaona kuna kasoro, napia uwe na marejeo ya kile unachochangia , kujua jinsi ya kuhariri unapaswa kwenda kwenye page yako ya majadiliano na usome ukaribisho uliopo ili kujifunza jinsi ya kuhariri '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:07, 7 Septemba 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Muhidini michuzi|Muhidini michuzi]] (21:08, 8 Septemba 2023) == Hello!My name is Muhidin Issa Michuzi, and I am a journalist and blogger from Tanzania. I need to update my biography on Wikipedia, which is out of date and contains inaccurate information about me. So, what should I do? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Muhidini michuzi|Muhidini michuzi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Muhidini michuzi|majadiliano]])''' 21:08, 8 Septemba 2023 (UTC) :Habari ndugu! :Soma hapa ilikufata [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|muongozo na kanuni]]. Kisha fata [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|maelekezo ya kuhariri]] baada ya kusoma muongozo na kanuni na kuona kwamba matini unayotaka kuweka yanafaa.Ukitaka kusoma zaidi bonyeza jina lako nenda kwenye ukurasa wako wa majadiliano mwanzoni utaona muongozo wa wikipedia yetu ya kiswahili karibu! Amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 01:51, 10 Septemba 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: Template:Communications == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Communications|Template:Communications]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ACommunications&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Important nav template for [[Wikimedia Foundation Communications Department]]. Kindly assist to translate.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 09:19, 9 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Unified login == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Unified login|Help:Unified login]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3AUnified+login&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Contains multiple outdated translation units. Please assist to check and translate them.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 15:16, 10 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/2023-09 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/2023-09|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/2023-09]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-IP+Editing%3A+Privacy+Enhancement+and+Abuse+Mitigation%2FUpdates%2F2023-09&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">I have made the image translatable because there is a Japanese version of the image at [[:File:MediaWiki Temporary accounts page history mockup 2023-09 ja.gif]]. You can use the image that you think is best for your language. It is possible that one short sentence will be added to this message, but no other changes are expected. This message will be sent to most wikis next week.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 21:39, 15 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Whatamidoing (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Founding principles == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Founding principles|Founding principles]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Founding+principles&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Contains outdated text. Kindly assist to translate.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:31, 18 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: WikiWomenCamp 2023 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WikiWomenCamp 2023|WikiWomenCamp 2023]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WikiWomenCamp+2023&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The deadline for translating this page is 2023-10-19. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">It is an information page about the upcoming WikiWomenCamp.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:14, 6 Oktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Asaf (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2FCommittee+appointments%2FAnnouncement%2FShort&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">:Hello everyone, ::Today I ask for your help translating 105 words. ::Although the message seeks an English speaker, we hope to reach a wider audience through translations. :Thank you for your time and ongoing translation efforts. :[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 16:59, 7 Oktoba 2023 (UTC)''</div> :Okey '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:22, 18 Oktoba 2023 (UTC) Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 16:59, 7 Oktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2024%2FAnnouncement%2FRules+package+review+-+short&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:21, 16 Oktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - closing == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - closing|Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - closing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2024%2FAnnouncement%2FRules+package+review+-+closing&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 01:07, 25 Oktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Policies and guidelines == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Policies and guidelines|Meta:Policies and guidelines]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3APolicies+and+guidelines&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Index of policies and guidelines, useful to be translated into different languages for users.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:45, 13 Januari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Ombuds commission == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:50, 21 Januari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia committees == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia committees|Wikimedia committees]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+committees&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:15, 21 Januari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Threats of harm == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Threats of harm|Threats of harm]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Threats+of+harm&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. 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To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:08, 11 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: User groups == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:User groups|User groups]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User+groups&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:31, 11 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Two-factor authentication == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Two-factor authentication|Help:Two-factor authentication]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATwo-factor+authentication&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:49, 12 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Babylon == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Babylon|Meta:Babylon]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3ABabylon&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 10:51, 18 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Global interface editors == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Global interface editors|Global interface editors]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+interface+editors&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Global group has been renamed, please update the translations accordingly.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:50, 19 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Signature == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Signature|Help:Signature]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ASignature&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:21, 21 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Amical Wikimedia == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Amical Wikimedia|Amical Wikimedia]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Amical+Wikimedia&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:28, 23 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikidata/Development == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikidata/Development|Wikidata/Development]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikidata%2FDevelopment&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 12:50, 27 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Global bans == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Global bans|Global bans]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+bans&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:40, 29 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/Legal == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/Legal|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/Legal]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-IP+Editing%3A+Privacy+Enhancement+and+Abuse+Mitigation%2FUpdates%2FLegal&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:48, 2 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikivoyage == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikivoyage|Wikivoyage]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikivoyage&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:27, 5 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:53, 7 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Block of 魔琴 == I noticed you blocked [[Maalum:Michango/魔琴|this user]] indefinitely with the reason "Kuingiza habari za uongo" (after translating it says "Entering false information") but they were not a vandal. That user reverts cross-wiki vandalism, and they reverted an LTA who spams disruptive text in Hindi. Could you unblock them please? Thank you. Translation: Nimeona umemzuia [[Maalum:Michango/魔琴|mtumiaji huyu]] kwa muda usiojulikana kwa sababu ya "Kuingiza habari za uongo" (baada ya kutafsiri inasema "Kuingiza taarifa za uwongo") lakini hawakuwa mhuni. Mtumiaji huyo anarejesha uharibifu wa wiki tofauti, na walirejesha LTA ambayo hutuma maandishi ya kutatiza kwa Kihindi. Je, unaweza kuwafungulia tafadhali? Asante. Note: I cannot speak or understand Swahili. '''[[Mtumiaji:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Codename Noreste|majadiliano]])''' 18:27, 12 Machi 2024 (UTC) "琴魔" too was blocked as well. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-13184|&#126;2025-13184]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-13184|talk]]) 10:20, 29 Januari 2025 (UTC) == Translation notification: Small Wiki Monitoring Team == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Small Wiki Monitoring Team|Small Wiki Monitoring Team]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Small+Wiki+Monitoring+Team&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:51, 16 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Steward election status == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Steward election status|Template:Steward election status]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ASteward+election+status&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 19:02, 18 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Kaganer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Steward election status == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Steward election status|Template:Steward election status]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ASteward+election+status&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Outdated text which may mislead users, please assist to update at your earliest convenience.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:53, 19 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Grants:Knowledge Sharing/Connect/Team == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Grants:Knowledge Sharing/Connect/Team|Grants:Knowledge Sharing/Connect/Team]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Grants%3AKnowledge+Sharing%2FConnect%2FTeam&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2024-03-20. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This is not urgent, but the Let's Connect Working Group team and I (Program Lead) would love if the entire page was translated. Please message letsconnect@wikimedi.org or Cassie Casares ccasares@wikimedia.org if you have any questions or concerns. </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 22:40, 19 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:CCasares (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Board+of+Trustees&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 07:45, 23 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Special global permissions/Seealso == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Special global permissions/Seealso|Template:Special global permissions/Seealso]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ASpecial+global+permissions%2FSeealso&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:24, 1 Aprili 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Question from [[User:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] (05:02, 13 Aprili 2024) == Fuatilia miukurasa yangu ninazoandika ili kuona kwa ukarib zaidi kama kuna issue yoyoote nmekosea nieke mapeema maan kfungiwa account asaiv sii mchezo na nshaa edits makala asaiv znafika 700 --'''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|majadiliano]])''' 05:02, 13 Aprili 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Bray Mushi|Bray Mushi]] (10:46, 15 Aprili 2024) == Habari , Ninajaribu kulink makala ya '''[[Young Africans S.C]]'''. kwa lugha zingine ila haijawezekana. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Bray Mushi|Bray Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bray Mushi|majadiliano]])''' 10:46, 15 Aprili 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Group photo - Edu Wiki conference 2023, Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Group photo of the 2023 EduWiki Conference in Belgrade, organized by Wikipedia & Education User Group]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;"> '''Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Recognition_and_Derecognition|Recognition of Cyprus, Botswana, Niger, and Telugu user groups]] '''Affiliate Activities Report''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Activities_Report|Reports from Belgium, South African, and Ukrainian chapters]] '''AffCom Movement Contribution''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement with the new Affiliates Strategy and Movement Charter drafts]] '''AffCom Administration''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Administration|New AffCom members and advisors]] </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 12:56, 18 Aprili 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=26293156 --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Board+of+Trustees&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This page contains outdated information. Please assist in updating the page to prevent confusion.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:48, 19 Aprili 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> ==Editathon ya leo== Ndugu, samahani: kazi ya leo ni ya ovyo kabisa. Wachangiaji wapya hawajui sarufi na matumizi ya alama za uandishi. Nimejaribu kurekebisha kidogo na kuzuia wachache, lakini siwezi kupoteza muda mwingi zaidi. Kama unahusika, tafadhali uwaambie wasiendelee tena. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:06, 20 Aprili 2024 (UTC) :Hapana sihusiki na hilo mimi narekebisha makala za wanawake wa kiafrika na kuziweka sawa na kuweka jamii moja ili wakati wa kuzipitia niweze kuzipitia kwa pamoja na kuweza kuongelea jinsi ninavyo rekebisha kwenye kikao cha wanajumuiya na hayo mengine sijui nani anafanya event leo ngoja niulize kwenye kundi la wakabidhi naweza pata majibu pole amani kwako! '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:12, 20 Aprili 2024 (UTC) ::Asante sana. Tupo pamoja. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:21, 20 Aprili 2024 (UTC) == Translation notification: Fundraising/Translation == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Fundraising/Translation|Fundraising/Translation]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Fundraising%2FTranslation&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. 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Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:11, 25 Aprili 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Ukumbusho kuhusu kupiga kura sasa ili kuchagua washiriki wa U4C ya awamu ya kwanza == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Unaweza kupata ujumbe huu ukiwa umetafsiriwa katika lugha za ziada kwenye Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Ndugu Mwanawikimedia, Unapokea ujumbe huu kwa sababu hapo kabla uliwahi kushiriki katika mchakato wa UCoC. Huu ni ukumbusho kwamba kipindi cha kupiga kura kwa Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C) kitamalizika tarehe 9 Mei 2024. Soma maelezo kwenye [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|ukurasa wa kupiga kura kwenye Meta- wiki]] ili kupata maelezo zaidi kuhusu upigaji kura na ustahiki wa mpiga kura. Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C) ni kikundi cha kimataifa kilichojitolea kutoa utekelezaji sawa na thabiti wa UCoC. Wanajamii walialikwa kutuma maombi yao kwa U4C. Kwa maelezo zaidi na majukumu ya U4C, tafadhali [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|pitia Mkataba wa U4C]]. Tafadhali washirikishe ujumbe wanajumuiya wenzako ili nao waweze kushiriki. Kwa niaba ya timu ya mradi wa UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 22:54, 2 Mei 2024 (UTC) :Asante! Amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:32, 3 Mei 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_3&oldid=26721208 --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2024%2FAnnouncement+%E2%80%93+results&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The deadline for translating this page is 2024-05-17. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:16, 10 Mei 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM) == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Community+Affairs+Committee%2FProcedure+for+Sibling+Project+Lifecycle%2FInvitation+for+feedback+%28MM%29&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2024-05-22. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 16:38, 21 Mei 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Board+of+Trustees&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:15, 27 Mei 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Movement Charter draft == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Movement Charter draft|Template:Movement Charter draft]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AMovement+Charter+draft&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2024-06-11. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:41, 8 Juni 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Movement Charter == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:31, 12 Juni 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia LGBT+/Portal == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia LGBT+/Portal|Wikimedia LGBT+/Portal]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+LGBT%2B%2FPortal&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 10:03, 30 Juni 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Voter eligibility guidelines == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Voter eligibility guidelines|Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Voter eligibility guidelines]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2024%2FVoter+eligibility+guidelines&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:43, 2 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Strategy == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Strategy|Strategy]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Strategy&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:27, 7 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Shortcut == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Shortcut|Meta:Shortcut]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AShortcut&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 15:31, 7 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia and Libraries User Group == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia and Libraries User Group|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+and+Libraries+User+Group&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 16:04, 7 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia and Libraries User Group/Mission and goals == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia and Libraries User Group/Mission and goals|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group/Mission and goals]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+and+Libraries+User+Group%2FMission+and+goals&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 09:20, 8 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wiki Loves Women/SheSaid/SheSaid 2024 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiki Loves Women/SheSaid/SheSaid 2024|Wiki Loves Women/SheSaid/SheSaid 2024]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiki+Loves+Women%2FSheSaid%2FSheSaid+2024&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 09:56, 8 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Wikimedia-Summit-2024-Friday-128.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom group photo at Wikimedia Summit 2024 in Berlin, Germany]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Updates: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Adoption of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Madagascar, Senegal, Republic of Congo, and Namibia user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Six active conflicts, no new reports for Q4]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia Summit and ESEAP Conference]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Administration|Officers elections and departing members]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at Wikimania 2024]] </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 15:30, 15 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=27021225 --> == Translation notification: WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WMDE+Technical+Wishes%2FSub-referencing&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">The sub-referencing feature is planned to be implemented until the end of 2024 on various wikis. Therefore, it would be great to have information about the feature ready in multiple languages.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 20:36, 8 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)/Sub-referencing == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)/Sub-referencing|User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)/Sub-referencing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AJohannes+Richter+%28WMDE%29%2FSub-referencing&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2024-08-19. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Dear translators, Wikimedia Deutschland is currently developing a new feature for referencing ([[WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-references]]). Development will still take a while, but we'll send an announcement to the global communities soon, in order to let them know in advance and ask for feedback. Thanks for helping us translate this mass message!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 12:01, 9 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannnes89@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:What Meta is not == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:What Meta is not|Meta:What Meta is not]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AWhat+Meta+is+not&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Meta-Wiki guideline page</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:03, 15 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Administrators/Removal (inactivity) == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Administrators/Removal (inactivity)|Meta:Administrators/Removal (inactivity)]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AAdministrators%2FRemoval+%28inactivity%29&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:37, 18 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Blue button == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Blue button|Template:Blue button]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ABlue+button&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 10:12, 18 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:User groups == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:User groups|Template:User groups]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AUser+groups&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:59, 18 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Guideline == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Guideline|Template:Guideline]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AGuideline&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 01:32, 19 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Keeping events safe == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Keeping events safe|Keeping events safe]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Keeping+events+safe&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:18, 19 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety|Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation%2FLegal%2FCommunity+Resilience+and+Sustainability%2FTrust+and+Safety&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:39, 19 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Argentina == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Argentina|Wikimedia Argentina]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Argentina&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 07:09, 20 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Amical Wikimedia == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Amical Wikimedia|Amical Wikimedia]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Amical+Wikimedia&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:59, 22 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Ombuds commission == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:29, 23 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: WikiGap == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WikiGap|WikiGap]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WikiGap&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:27, 23 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Steward requests/Global/block-header == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Steward requests/Global/block-header|Steward requests/Global/block-header]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Steward+requests%2FGlobal%2Fblock-header&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Contains information on how to appeal global blocks.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 12:50, 25 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (July-September 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Wikimania 2024 - Lviv - Day 3 - AffCom meets community.webm|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at Wikimania 2024]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Implementation status of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Togo, Wayúu, and Singapore user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimania]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the officers elections]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at WikiIndaba and a strategy meetup]] Other Movement News: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Other_Movement_News|Regional conferences, mental health support, and new committee support inbox]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 15:55, 7 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=27273724 --> == Translation notification: Changing username == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Changing username|Changing username]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Changing+username&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 10:49, 27 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wiktionary == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiktionary&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 11:52, 13 Desemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == U4C Notification == Hello Hussein m mmbaga,<br /> You are named in a recently filed request to the [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Please review the request at [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] You are requested to enter your statement and any other material you wish to submit, so that the U4C can get a better overview of the situation. All writing should be complete, but also as concise as possible. Please ensure that you make all comments in your own section and in the discussion section only. If the U4C makes a decision, this will be binding for you and so your participation is recommended. Please do not reply here, but on the linked case page, or on the associated talk page. If you would like to contact the U4C directly, you will find an e-mail address [[:m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee#How_to_contact_U4C|here]]. Please use the email only if privacy is necessary (e.g. personal information). Best, On behalf of the U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 10:20, 22 Desemba 2024 (UTC) ;(tafsiri otomatiki) :Hujambo Hussein m mmbaga, :Ulitajwa katika ombi lililowasilishwa hivi majuzi kwa Kamati ya Uratibu ya Kanuni za Maadili ya Jumla [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] (U4C). Tafadhali kagua ombi lako kwenye [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] :Unaombwa kuweka taarifa yako na nyenzo nyingine yoyote unayotaka kuwasilisha, ili U4C iweze kuelewa vyema hali hiyo. Maandishi yote yanapaswa kuwa kamili, lakini pia kwa ufupi iwezekanavyo. Hakikisha umechapisha maoni yote katika sehemu yako na sehemu ya majadiliano pekee. Ikiwa U4C itafanya uamuzi, itakulazimu na kwa hivyo tunapendekeza ushiriki. :Tafadhali usijibu hapa, lakini kwenye ukurasa wa kesi uliounganishwa au ukurasa wa mazungumzo unaohusishwa. Ikiwa ungependa kuwasiliana na U4C moja kwa moja, utapata barua pepe hapa. Tafadhali tumia barua pepe tu ikiwa unahitaji faragha (k.m. maelezo ya kibinafsi). :Karibuni sana, :Kwa niaba ya kamati ya U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 10:20, 22 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :As an individual I encourage you to please participate in the next 3-5 days. (Kama mtu binafsi ninakuhimiza tafadhali ushiriki katika siku 3-5 zijazo.) '''[[Mtumiaji:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Barkeep49|majadiliano]])''' 01:46, 9 Januari 2025 (UTC) Thou will REGRET all SYSOP-ONLY page protections when WMF desysop thee: https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:Kumbukumbu?type=protect&user=Hussein+m+mmbaga [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-10269|&#126;2025-10269]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-10269|talk]]) 12:08, 21 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Stewards from time to time globally lock local established users like [[Maalum:Michango/Resnick-mike|this one]] out of their accounts for some alleged "long term sexual abuse". It seems that SWAHILI both sysops and users are under siege from WMF. Pure colonialist approach. They still do not dare to do this to local sysops, but they feel that doing this to local users can be done with impunity. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-13785|&#126;2025-13785]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-13785|talk]]) 10:18, 29 Januari 2025 (UTC) == Translation notification: Ombuds commission/2019/CU Global Procedure on information disclosure == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Ombuds commission/2019/CU Global Procedure on information disclosure|Ombuds commission/2019/CU Global Procedure on information disclosure]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission%2F2019%2FCU+Global+Procedure+on+information+disclosure&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 12:29, 22 Desemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MdsShakil@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Deoband Community Wikimedia/News == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Deoband Community Wikimedia/News|Deoband Community Wikimedia/News]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Deoband+Community+Wikimedia%2FNews&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 17:33, 27 Desemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Aafi (DCW)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Policy-cross-project == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Policy-cross-project|Template:Policy-cross-project]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3APolicy-cross-project&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 09:12, 30 Desemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Annual+Plan%2F2024-2025%2FProduct+%26+Technology+OKRs&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 08:07, 26 Januari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (October-December 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Affiliations Committee 2024 05.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at its Strategic Retreat in Frankfurt]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Notes from the 2024 AffCom strategic retreat]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|User group application pause lifted]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue4_#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at WikiIndaba]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Mari Avetisyan appointed new AffCom secretary]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 03:04, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28060527 --> == Tungependa kusikia kuhusu uzoefu wako kuhusu Akaunti za Muda == <section begin="body"/> [[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]] '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo Utafiti huu hautachukua zaidi ya dakika 5 kukamilisha.]''' Timu ya Trust & Safety Product hivi karibuni iliunda [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akaunti za muda]] zinapatikana kwenye miradi ya wiki 12. Kuna mipango ya kupanua hili kwa seti kubwa ya miradi ya wiki katika wiki na miezi ijayo, kisha kufuata mchakato wa kutekeleza kikamilifu baadaye mwaka huu. Ushiriki wako katika utafiti huu utakuwa na manufaa makubwa katika kutusaidia kuelewa jinsi Akaunti za Muda zinavyofanya kazi na kile tunachoweza kuboresha mbele. Sera ya faragha ya utafiti huu inaweza kuonwa [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|kupitia kiungo hiki]]. Kwa kumaliza utafiti huu, unakubali masharti yaliyoainishwa katika sera ya faragha. Asante!<section end="body"/> [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">majadiliano</span>]]) 02:50, 27 Februari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/8&oldid=28315571 --> == Communication by the U4C == I'm writing to inform you that in the U4C case [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia|Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] the 2 week "investigation phase" is now open. This phase will last around two weeks, during this phase parties and also other editors can still submit further evidence. We warmly suggest to take this opportunity, each statement can serve to clarify the position of each of the parties involved. Many thanks. On behalf of the U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 20:59, 3 Machi 2025 (UTC) (Translation by Google translate) Ninakuandikia kukujulisha kwamba katika kesi ya U4C [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia|Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] ya wiki 2 sasa "awamu ya uchunguzi" imefunguliwa. Awamu hii itachukua takriban wiki mbili, wakati wa vyama vya awamu hii na pia wahariri wengine bado wanaweza kuwasilisha ushahidi zaidi. Tunashauri kwa moyo mkunjufu kuchukua fursa hii, kila taarifa inaweza kutumika kufafanua msimamo wa kila mmoja wa wahusika wanaohusika. Asante sana. Kwa niaba ya U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 20:59, 3 Machi 2025 (UTC) == Translation notification: Help:Unified login == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Unified login|Help:Unified login]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3AUnified+login&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 06:05, 23 Machi 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Two-factor authentication == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Two-factor authentication|Help:Two-factor authentication]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATwo-factor+authentication&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 23:50, 3 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Tech/News == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Tech/News|Tech/News]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FNews&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 01:30, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FAnnual+review%2F2025%2FVoter+information&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The deadline for translating this page is 2025-04-25. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">--- Hello, and thank you for the work you do. '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCoC_AR_2025_cookie&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate We request you also translate these two sentences.]''' There are more details below. There is an ongoing community vote - the voter information is in the page linked for translation above. We would appreciate your help to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCoC_AR_2025_cookie&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate translate the two sentence CentralNotice banner], as a priority. If you can also translate the voter information page, I know the folks working on this - including the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) group - would be highly appreciative. ~ In cooperation with the U4C</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 15:30, 23 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2025)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:WMB meeting in Belo Horizonte in 2023 (day 02) 059.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Wikimedia Brasil, the latest chapter to be recognized by AffCom]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;"> Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Brasil and four user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 5#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia+Libraries and Wikisource conferences]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Welcoming new AffCom voting and advisory members]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|AffCom at ESEAP Strategy Summit]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 01:30, 26 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28324741 --> == Translation notification: User:Keegan (WMF)/EGCharter closing == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:User:Keegan (WMF)/EGCharter closing|User:Keegan (WMF)/EGCharter closing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AKeegan+%28WMF%29%2FEGCharter+closing&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2025-04-29. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">If you have some time to translate this message that will be sent to the communities prior to the close of the vote, it would be of great benefit.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 03:18, 26 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Call for candidates == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Call for candidates|Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Call for candidates]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2025%2FCall+for+candidates&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2025-05-15. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">I'm sorry for the short notice, details for the election came together at the last minute.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 18:53, 14 Mei 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2025&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This is the information page of 2025 U4C election. Please help with translation; your contributions will be greatly appreciated.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 15:09, 19 Mei 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Incident Reporting System == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Incident Reporting System|Incident Reporting System]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Incident+Reporting+System&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 03:53, 2 Agosti 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2025)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:MNL25 - day one 08.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at the ESEAP Strategy Summit 2025 in Manila, the Philippines]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Aotearoa New Zealand and Assamese Wikimedia Community User Group]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 6#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at the ESEAP Strategy Summit]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the AffCom officers election]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|Meet AffCom at Wikimania]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 06:25, 5 Agosti 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28820920 --> == Wito wa kupiga kura kwa ajili ya [[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]] - awe msimamizi wa kusano == Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] unaombwa kupiga kura juu ya kumpatia uwezo wa ukabidhi/usimamizi wa kusano katika ukurasa wa [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi#Msimaizi wa KUSANO - Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]]. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 07:54, 7 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Translation notification: Template:Affiliate recognition pause notice 2025 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Affiliate recognition pause notice 2025|Template:Affiliate recognition pause notice 2025]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AAffiliate+recognition+pause+notice+2025&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 15:33, 30 Agosti 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Deletion policy == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Deletion policy|Meta:Deletion policy]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3ADeletion+policy&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 07:07, 15 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation website == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation website|Wikimedia Foundation website]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+website&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 05:47, 29 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:AffCom == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:AffCom|Template:AffCom]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AAffCom&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 04:55, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Cat main == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Cat main|Template:Cat main]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ACat+main&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 06:12, 6 Novemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Question from [[User:Bray Mushi|Bray Mushi]] (19:45, 12 Novemba 2025) == jinsi ya kufahamu makala nilizo andika --'''[[Mtumiaji:Bray Mushi|Bray Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bray Mushi|majadiliano]])''' 19:45, 12 Novemba 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Bray Mushi|Bray Mushi]] Unauliza kivuli. Uliza watu ambao wapo active. Haya, tazama hapa: [[xtools:pages/sw.wikipedia.org/Bray Mushi|Bray Mushi - Pages Created - XTools]] [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 06:05, 13 Novemba 2025 (UTC) :asante kwa kumpa majibu '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:45, 13 Novemba 2025 (UTC) == Translation notification: Help:Two-factor authentication == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Two-factor authentication|Help:Two-factor authentication]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATwo-factor+authentication&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 03:09, 6 Desemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:At Wikimania 2025 127.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at Wikimania 2025 in Nairobi, Kenya]]<br> <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Georgia: recognized & announced September 2025]] Recognition Status Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Recognition Status Report|Updates of affiliate applications]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 7#AffCom at WikiConference North America|AffCom at WikiConference North America]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem|AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem]] AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Administrative Updates|AffCom at Wikimania]]</div> </div> Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025) <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|This newsletter is best translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]</div><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:11, 13 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Buszmail@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=29907013 --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/Messages/Review open == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/Messages/Review open|Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/Messages/Review open]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FAnnual+review%2FMessages%2FReview+open&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-01-19. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This message will be sent to all the wikis to inform communities about their chance to participate in proposing changes to the Universal Code of Conduct. </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 22:30, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiki+Loves+Ramadan+2026%2FList+of+Articles%2FCulture%2F1&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-02-28. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello! We have a new page for translation: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1. Thank you!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 11:02, 15 Februari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Julius 12345@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Global username policy == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Global username policy|Global username policy]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+username+policy&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-12-31. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello! We have a new page for translation: Global username policy. Thank you very much!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 14:25, 15 Februari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Julius 12345@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Event:Queer Women in Arts == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Event:Queer Women in Arts|Event:Queer Women in Arts]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Event%3AQueer+Women+in+Arts&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-02-28. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello! We have a new page for translation: Event:Queer Women in Arts. Thanks!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 19:11, 18 Februari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Julius 12345@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Mission == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Mission|Mission]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Mission&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 02:15, 28 Februari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Event:Wikipedia & Education User Group Showcase/March 2026 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Event:Wikipedia & Education User Group Showcase/March 2026|Event:Wikipedia & Education User Group Showcase/March 2026]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Event%3AWikipedia+%26+Education+User+Group+Showcase%2FMarch+2026&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-03-21. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hi translators, The EduWiki Hub is seeking your support to help translate the Meta page for the EduWiki Knowledge Showcase (March 2026) into Portuguese, Spanish, French, Hindi, and Arabic The event will take place on 24 March 2026, and translations will help make it accessible to more communities. Thank you for your support. Kind regards, Barakat, for the EduWiki Hub.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 12:56, 17 Machi 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:BAdegboye (EdWH)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) </div> :asante sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:48, 30 Aprili 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> == Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <!-- == Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) == --> <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. [[File:AffCom_and_GRDC_members_at_APP_meeting,_Lisbon_2026_01_(cropped).jpg|220px|right|thumb|AffCom and GRDC members at APP meeting, Lisbon, Portugal]] <div style="column-count:1;"> Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|This past quarter, AffCom recognized no new Affiliates due to the pause in recognizing new affiliates.]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#AffCom Conflict Intervention|AffCom is currently addressing eight ongoing affiliate conflict cases received in previous quarters.]] Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension|The Wikimedia Foundation, together with the AffCom, has extended the pause on new affiliate recognition until September 1, 2026.]] New Affiliate Model Development Efforts: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#New Affiliate Model Development Efforts|The Affiliations Committee held collaborative meetings with the Global Resource Distribution Committee (GRDC) to explore the development of a new affiliations model.]] Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: Updates on the Movement Organizations Pilot, GRDC, and AffCom|Two major pilot initiatives were launched to address long-standing questions about the roles of movement organizations and the future of resource allocation.]] <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]</div><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:50, 03 May 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Buszmail@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=30057452 --> == yes == Iphone6 [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-29676-69|&#126;2026-29676-69]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-29676-69|talk]]) 16:24, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) djaryhnhurickmw4fp24iwm9onlangx 1545202 1545199 2026-05-17T16:36:59Z Tegel 6640 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-29676-69|~2026-29676-69]] ([[User talk:~2026-29676-69|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] 1530476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}}--'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano yal mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:33, 16 Februari 2022 (UTC) ==Maboresho ya Makala== Salamu Hussein, hongera kwa kuendelea na uhariri katika wikipedia Ya Kiswahili, baada ya kumaliza kuandika makala yako,baada ya muda fulani pitia katika makala yako ama pitia ukurasa wa Mabadiliko ya karibuni ili kuona makala yako imefanyiwa marekebisho gani, kisha tumia marekebisho hayo kama maboresho kwa makala zako nyingine, Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 14:29, 14 Machi 2022 (UTC) :asante kwa muongozo wako Idd. Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:33, 14 Machi 2022 (UTC) ::Hongera kwa juhudi zako! Unafanya vizuri. Hata hivyo endelea kuangalia tunavyosahihisha makala zako uzidi kuboresha. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:57, 19 Machi 2022 (UTC) :::Na fuatilia hilo. amani kwako pia! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:14, 19 Machi 2022 (UTC) == Translation notification: GLAM School/Questions == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:GLAM School/Questions|GLAM School/Questions]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-GLAM+School%2FQuestions&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The deadline for translating this page is 2022-12-31. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Thank you for the wonderful work you are doing! I have made a couple of small modifications to the existing text and added one new section. I hope you would be willing to have a look at those. Thank you again! Cheers, Susanna</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 07:07, 29 Aprili 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Susannaanas@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: GLAM School == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:GLAM School|GLAM School]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-GLAM+School&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The deadline for translating this page is 2022-12-31. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">The GLAM School main page is ready for translation. I hope the syntax still remained correct after I changed the page a lot. Thank you for your amazing help!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 18:20, 4 Mei 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Susannaanas@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Feminism and Folklore 2022 - Local prize winners == <div style="border:8px brown ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2022 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''{{int:please-translate}}'' Congratulations for winning a local prize in '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Project Page|Feminism and Folklore 2022]]''' writing competition. Thank you for your contribution and documenting your local folk culture on Wikipedia. Please fill in your preferences before 15th of June 2022 to receive your prize. Requesting you to fill [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScK5HgvVaLph_r_afctwShUuYVtXNwaN24HUSEYnzUUho8d-Q/viewform?usp=sf_link this form] before the deadline to avoid disappointments. Feel free to [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Contact Us|contact us]] if you need any assistance or further queries. Best wishes, [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|FNF 2022 International Team]] ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 07:50, 22 Mei 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf&oldid=23312270 --> :Thank you! '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:17, 23 Mei 2022 (UTC) == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Board voter email == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Board voter email|Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Board voter email]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2022%2FAnnouncement%2FBoard+voter+email&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hi all! The community vote of this year's Board Elections are close. As always voter mails will be sent out. To invite as many community members as possible in their native tongue your help is very much appreciated. While there are already plenty of translations we would appreciate you to check for languages still missing and to contribute translations for these. The mails are short, just a bit about two times '''200 words''', a few minutes of work. Your support is very important as it helps communities to learn about the election and to cast their vote. Best, Denis Barthel (WMF) (Movement Strategy and Governance)</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 12:51, 9 Agosti 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DBarthel (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Board voter email == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Board voter email|Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Board voter email]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2022%2FAnnouncement%2FBoard+voter+email&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hi all! The community vote of this year's Board Elections are close. As always voter mails will be sent out. To invite as many community members as possible in their native tongue your help is very much appreciated. While there are already plenty of translations we would appreciate you to check for languages still missing and to contribute translations for these. The mails are short, just a bit about two times '''200 words''', a few minutes of work. Your support is very important as it helps communities to learn about the election and to cast their vote. Best, Denis Barthel (WMF) (Movement Strategy and Governance)</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 21:51, 9 Agosti 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DBarthel (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Consultation Close == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Consultation Close|Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Consultation Close]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FRevised+enforcement+guidelines%2FAnnouncement%2FConsultation+Close&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:18, 13 Oktoba 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> ==Kigezo== Salamu, naona umeanzisha kigezo cha XYZ, kilikuwa na maana gani kuwepo ?, Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 9 Novemba 2022 (UTC) :Nilijifunza jana nilikua nataka kutengeneza kigezo cha nchi ya Wales nikamuuliza kipala akaniambia nijaribu kwanza kwa kutumia kigezo XYZ nikiweza basi nisiwe na uliza kwa mara nyingine nilishindwa kufuta msaada wakuifuta '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:57, 9 Novemba 2022 (UTC) :Katika makala ya Mpira wa Miguu, uliondoa bendera ambazo zilikuwa zimetangulia kabla ya jina la mchezaji, kabla ya kufuta kitu angalia kama kina maana yeyote ya kuwepo au la, Amani sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' 14:14, 2 Desemba 2022 (UTC) #Sawa sawa nilikua najua mtumiaji asipo ingia kwenye akaunti haruhisiwi kurekebisha makala mpka ajisajili.Sasa nitakua naangalia kwanza amani kwako pia!!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:50, 2 Desemba 2022 (UTC) == Translation notification: Tests == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Tests|Tests]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tests&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">= This is a test message, please ignore = = ଏହା ଏକ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ସନ୍ଦେଶ, ଦୟାକରି ଅଣଦେଖା କରନ୍ତୁ = </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 17:39, 13 Januari 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:APatro (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Tests == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Tests|Tests]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tests&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">= This is a test message, please ignore = = ଏହା ଏକ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ସନ୍ଦେଶ, ଦୟାକରି ଅଣଦେଖା କରନ୍ତୁ = </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 17:46, 13 Januari 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:APatro (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> Already done '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:53, 13 Januari 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: ContribuLing 2023 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:ContribuLing 2023|ContribuLing 2023]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-ContribuLing+2023&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The deadline for translating this page is 2023-02-28. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">ContribuLing is a Wikimedia event focusing on collaborative tools and minority languages. Please consider translating the page and - why not - proposing a presentation or a workshop! Thank you very much, on behalf of the organizing committee</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 10:18, 2 Februari 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:WikiLucas00@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/LandingCNTranslate == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/LandingCNTranslate|Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/LandingCNTranslate]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FLandingCNTranslate&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2023-02-22. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Legal Department is starting a feedback cycle to discuss updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use on February, 21. We would like to hear from communities all over the world. Your help in translating a banner is very much appreciated. It is just 19 words in two sentences. Due to technical reasons the link above leads to a landing page. To translate the banner directly, please click https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-wmftou2023&amp;language=abc Thank you for your help! </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 20:10, 20 Februari 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DBarthel (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Mtumiaji:Rwv37 == Habari ndugu, Naona ulitoa ujumbe wa karibu niliyomwandikia Mtumiaji:Rwv37. Je kuna maelezo katika hilo? Amani kwako. '''[[Mtumiaji:Magotech|MagoTech Tanzania]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Magotech|majadiliano]])''' 22:28, 12 Machi 2023 (UTC) :Nzuri, :Hapana siwezi toa ujumbe wa karibu kwa mtumiaji na hii ndio huwa nafanya sana mtumiaji :Rwv37 huwa ndo anaondoa ujumbe wa karibu kwenye ukurasa wake pindi anapo andikiwa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 03:23, 13 Machi 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: $1 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:$1|$1]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-%241&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hello translators. Please help us with this group page.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:42, 22 Machi 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DNdubane (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso|Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikim%C3%A9diens+du+Burkina+Faso&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Please help us translating this page</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:44, 22 Machi 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DNdubane (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso|Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikim%C3%A9diens+du+Burkina+Faso&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Please help translate this page</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:50, 22 Machi 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DNdubane (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso|Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikim%C3%A9diens+du+Burkina+Faso&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Please help translate this page</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 15:00, 22 Machi 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DNdubane (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso|Wikimédiens du Burkina Faso]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikim%C3%A9diens+du+Burkina+Faso&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Please help translate this page</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 07:50, 23 Machi 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:DNdubane (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Movement Charter == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:58, 18 Mei 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Makala ya [[Kenneth John George]] == Habari, asante kwa michango. Nimeweka mawazo kadhaa kwenye ukurasa wa majadiliano ya makala hii. Nahisi itasaidia zaidi ukiangalia makala hiyo mwenyewe kuliko mtu mwingine kuiandika upya. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 07:33, 31 Mei 2023 (UTC) :sawa ngoja nipitie '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:46, 31 Mei 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: WWC2023/Scholarship == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WWC2023/Scholarship|WWC2023/Scholarship]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WWC2023%2FScholarship&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2023-10-22. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">this page is available for translating, you can start working on it</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 21:41, 26 Juni 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sandra Hanbo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections+committee%2FNominatons%2F2023%2FAnnouncement+-+new+members&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">We are hoping to send this message globally using MassMessage once the Board made official announcement, which will be linked later. </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:16, 27 Juni 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Category:Moved to Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Category:Moved to Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki|Category:Moved to Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Category%3AMoved+to+Wikimedia+Foundation+Governance+Wiki&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Many WMF policies have been moved to foundation wiki and their local counterparts are blanked and redirected. This category should be created to keep everything together.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 16:12, 29 Juni 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Question from [[User:Sarah Robert Silivesta|Sarah Robert Silivesta]] (09:55, 15 Julai 2023) == Je nawezaje kua muhariri mzuri? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Sarah Robert Silivesta|Sarah Robert Silivesta]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Sarah Robert Silivesta|majadiliano]])''' 09:55, 15 Julai 2023 (UTC) :Ndio unaweza kuwa mhariri mzuri kwa kufuata maelezo yaliyowekwa kwenye ukurasa wako wa majadiliano , na wakati una hariri nimuhimu kupitia ukurasa wa mabadiliko ya hivi karibuni na kuangalia wenzako wamekurekebisha vipi ile uweze kutambua makosa na kujirekebisha amani kwako!!!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:58, 17 Julai 2023 (UTC) ::[[:en:Category:Wikipedia_tutorials|soma zaidi hapa]] aman kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:30, 17 Julai 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Young vijo|Young vijo]] on [[Wajita]] (05:09, 16 Julai 2023) == Hello, i need chance to make and you work --'''[[Mtumiaji:Young vijo|Young vijo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Young vijo|majadiliano]])''' 05:09, 16 Julai 2023 (UTC) :Karibu '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:58, 17 Julai 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Haji Mgogoro|Haji Mgogoro]] (17:18, 16 Julai 2023) == Asante, nauliza namna ya kuweka picha kwenye taarifa --'''[[Mtumiaji:Haji Mgogoro|Haji Mgogoro]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Haji Mgogoro|majadiliano]])''' 17:18, 16 Julai 2023 (UTC) :Habari ndugu kuweka picha kwenye makala ambayo inamaelezo ndani yake unaweza kuweka <nowiki>&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Picha: jina la picha kutoka katika wikicommon.jpg or png |thumb| maelezo ya picha ]] au njia nyingine [[fail: jina la picha kutoka katika wikicommon.jpg or png |thumb| maelezo ya picha ]] kama ni kifungu cha picha unaweza kutumia <gallary> [[picha:]] ,[[picha:]], [[picha:]]</gallary>&lt;/nowiki&gt;</nowiki> :Unaweza kujifunza hapa vyema [[:en:Category:Wikipedia_tutorials|bonyeza hapa]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:28, 17 Julai 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update|Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FProposed+update&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Massive changes to the pages. Would require a review to keep information updated as per the English version.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:45, 23 Julai 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Mentorship and Community configuration == Hello Hussen I noticed that you started the Mentorship system at your wiki. Thank you! This feature was built by my team, the Growth team. You can ask me questions regarding this mentorship system if you need. You used the [[Maalum:EditGrowthConfig]] to setup the mentorship system. I have a few questions regarding this page, as we want to improve it. Would you agree to reply to a few questions? Best regards, '''[[Mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 15:11, 26 Julai 2023 (UTC) :yes! Karibu sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:39, 27 Julai 2023 (UTC) ::Cool, thank you! :) ::You setup the mentorship system, which is great! How have you heard about it, by the way? ::To start the mentorship system, you edited Growth features configuration in the past, using [[Special:EditGrowthConfig]]. This page is visible to anyone, but only a selected group of users can edit it and configure Growth features. ::The Growth team plans to create a [[mw:Community_configuration_2.0|Community Configuration 2.0]], based on Special:EditGrowthConfig. ::This new feature will allow local administrators to change settings for Wikimedia Foundation-designed features. This way, they can configure the different features to best suit their wiki’s specific needs. This strategy eliminates the technical barrier for admins, to customize local settings. This also encourages a more inclusive and collaborative product development process. ::But, there are currently two primary limitations to Community Configuration: ::* Discoverability: Many Administrators are unaware of the existence of Community Configuration. ::* Usage Scope: At present, only the Growth features can use Community Configuration. ::We plan to integrate Community configuration into MediaWiki, as a default feature. Other Wikimedia Foundation teams and volunteer developers will be able to create Community configurable features. We expect this central place to be more discoverable. ::Before the Growth team starts this project, we are seeking feedback, to guide our efforts in the right direction. We are particularly interested in your thoughts on the following: ::# How do you feel about more Wikimedia Foundation features that can be configured (enabled, disabled, edited) by Administrators? ::#* Do you have any reservations or concerns about this idea? ::# What can we do to ensure that all Administrators are well-informed about Community Configuration? ::# How confident are Administrators in making changes using Community Configuration? ::# Based on your experience editing Special:EditGrowthConfig, are any parts of the procedure unclear or ambiguous? ::# Community Configuration should be visible to all. Should it only be modifiable by a select group of experienced Wikimedians? ::# Should all configuration options be only editable by Administrators and interface administrators? ::#* Should we consider different user access levels for certain configuration options? ::# Out of curiosity, do you have any thoughts on how many edits would be made to this community configuration page each year? ::Your insights will be invaluable in shaping the trajectory of this project. We look forward to your constructive feedback! ::If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask. ::Thank you! '''[[Mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 18:19, 31 Julai 2023 (UTC) :::#'''How have you heard about it, by the way?''' :::#'''How do you feel about more Wikimedia Foundation features that can be configured (enabled, disabled, edited) by Administrators?Do you have any reservations or concerns about this idea?.''' :::*Adaptability: As the Wikimedia community evolves and changes over time, having configurable features can help the platform adapt to new challenges and opportunities. :::#'''What can we do to ensure that all Administrators are well-informed about Community Configuration?'''. :::*Documentation and Tutorials: Create comprehensive and user-friendly documentation that explains what Community Configuration is. :::*Notifications and Announcements: Send out regular notifications and announcements to administrators, highlighting the availability and importance of Community Configuration. :::*Workshops and Training Sessions: Organize online workshops or training sessions where administrators can participate and learn about Community Configuration directly from experienced team members. :::*Translation and Localization: Ensure that all documentation and resources related to Community Configuration are available in multiple languages. :::*Community Ambassadors: Identify and work with community ambassadors or experienced administrators who can advocate for Community Configuration and help spread awareness within their respective communities. :::#'''How confident are Administrators in making changes using Community Configuration?''' :::#'''Based on your experience editing Special:EditGrowthConfig, are any parts of the procedure unclear or ambiguous?.''' :::#'''Community Configuration should be visible to all. Should it only be modifiable by a select group of experienced Wikimedians?''' :::Visibility :::*Pros: :::Transparency: Making Community Configuration visible to all administrators fosters transparency in the configuration process. It allows the entire community to see how the platform's features are customized and understand the choices made. :::Collaboration: Transparency can encourage collaboration among administrators, promoting discussions and shared best practices related to feature configuration. :::*Cons: :::Security: Exposing the configuration settings to all administrators could potentially lead to accidental or malicious changes that may impact the platform negatively. :::Complexity: A large number of administrators making configuration changes might lead to confusion or conflicts if their decisions clash. :::#'''Should all configuration options be only editable by Administrators and interface administrators?'''. :::Administrators: :::*Pros: :::Widespread Access: Administrators are typically more numerous within a community, which means that a larger group would have the capability to make configuration changes. :::Diverse Perspectives: Allowing administrators to edit configuration options can provide a broader range of perspectives and ideas for feature customization. :::*Cons: :::Experience Levels Vary: Administrators might have varying levels of technical expertise, which could lead to unintended changes or misconfigurations. :::#'''Should we consider different user access levels for certain configuration options?''' :::Yes, considering different user access levels for certain configuration options can be a prudent approach to balance flexibility and security. By implementing varying levels of access, you can control who has the ability to modify specific configuration options based on their experience, expertise, and responsibilities within the Wikimedia community. :::#'''Out of curiosity, do you have any thoughts on how many edits would be made to this community configuration page each year?''' :::If many administrators are aware of and actively using the feature, it is likely to see more edits. '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:00, 1 Agosti 2023 (UTC) ::::Thank you very much for your reply! It will really help the project! '''[[Mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Trizek (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 18:18, 1 Agosti 2023 (UTC) :::::okey! have a nice day! Karibu Tanzania '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:22, 1 Agosti 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: Movement Charter == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Requires an update/review.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:34, 27 Julai 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Trust and Safety == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Trust and Safety|Trust and Safety]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Trust+and+Safety&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Would require a review and update on existing policy</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:54, 27 Julai 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Movement Charter/Navbox == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Movement Charter/Navbox|Template:Movement Charter/Navbox]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AMovement+Charter%2FNavbox&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Navigational template for Movement Charter, assist to translate to your language.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:51, 29 Julai 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Basic information == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Basic information|Template:Basic information]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ABasic+information&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Navigational template about the Wikimedia world and its relevant polices.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:37, 29 Julai 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update|Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Proposed update]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FProposed+update&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Severely outdated page. Kindly assist to update.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:50, 2 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Bot policy == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Bot policy|Bot policy]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Bot+policy&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Global policy, requires a check &amp; minor updates is needed.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 09:13, 6 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: $1 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:$1|$1]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-%241&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Assist to translate welcome template</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:49, 6 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Blocked user == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Blocked user|Blocked user]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Blocked+user&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Information page about blocked users, please check and translate into your language. Thanks.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:41, 7 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Movement Charter/Community Consultation == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Movement Charter/Community Consultation|Movement Charter/Community Consultation]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter%2FCommunity+Consultation&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Severely outdated. Requires review and translation.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:18, 10 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Question from [[User:JAPHET ERASTO|JAPHET ERASTO]] (23:10, 13 Agosti 2023) == hello, naitwa japhet sina uzoefu na matumizi ya wikipedia nimejiunga ilinijifunze ufugaji wa kuku naomba niasaidie --'''[[Mtumiaji:JAPHET ERASTO|JAPHET ERASTO]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:JAPHET ERASTO|majadiliano]])''' 23:10, 13 Agosti 2023 (UTC) :habari , ndugu nafurahi sana kusikia hivyo lakini kwenye wikipedia ni sehemu ya kuandika, kusoma, watu wenye ujuzi mbalimbali kote duniani huandika kuhusu kitu wanacho kijua na wengine wanapitia kurekebisha na kuongezea mengi zaidi , hapa unaweza kupata makala baadhi ambazo zinaweza kukusaidia katika uchunguzi wako kujifunza unaweza kutafuta chochote unacho taka kukijua na unaweza kukipata au kukikosa , ukikosa ni dhahiri kuwa bado hakijaandikwa na pia usichoke endelea kutafuta hata kwenye tovuti nyingine kama google nk. Amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:57, 14 Agosti 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: Template:Interwiki map header == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Interwiki map header|Template:Interwiki map header]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AInterwiki+map+header&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:15, 16 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Billinghurst@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:FormerAffiliate == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:FormerAffiliate|Template:FormerAffiliate]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AFormerAffiliate&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Template indicating former affiliates. Please assist to translate into your language.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:01, 26 Agosti 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Disambiguation == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Disambiguation|Template:Disambiguation]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ADisambiguation&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Widely used disambiguation template. Please assist to translate into your language.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:53, 1 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Blocked user == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Blocked user|Blocked user]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Blocked+user&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Contains outdated content. Please assist to translate to your language.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:37, 2 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Bot == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Bot|Bot]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Bot&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Kindly check for outdated translation and update it accordingly.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:48, 2 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wiktionary == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiktionary&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Kindly check for outdated translation and update it accordingly.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:48, 2 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikiquote == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikiquote|Wikiquote]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikiquote&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Kindly assist to check and translate the page. Also, proceed to [https://translatewiki.net/ translatewiki] to translate the remaining interface languages for [[Template:Int]] used on this page.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:53, 7 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Question from [[User:Matinibrahim40|Matinibrahim40]] on [[Kigezo:Mbegu-lugha]] (08:17, 7 Septemba 2023) == Hello Can I contribute and edit when I get an area I can help? Good day --'''[[Mtumiaji:Matinibrahim40|Matinibrahim40]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Matinibrahim40|majadiliano]])''' 08:17, 7 Septemba 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Matinibrahim40|Matinibrahim40]] (08:22, 7 Septemba 2023) == Hujambo Nimeona sehemu ambazo zina kasoro za maendelezo na ningependa kusaidia kuzihariri. Nitafanya nini ili kuchangia ubora wa kazi hizi? Asante na uwe na siku njema --'''[[Mtumiaji:Matinibrahim40|Matinibrahim40]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Matinibrahim40|majadiliano]])''' 08:22, 7 Septemba 2023 (UTC) :ndio , unaweza kuchangia pale ambapo unaona kuna kasoro, napia uwe na marejeo ya kile unachochangia , kujua jinsi ya kuhariri unapaswa kwenda kwenye page yako ya majadiliano na usome ukaribisho uliopo ili kujifunza jinsi ya kuhariri '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:07, 7 Septemba 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Muhidini michuzi|Muhidini michuzi]] (21:08, 8 Septemba 2023) == Hello!My name is Muhidin Issa Michuzi, and I am a journalist and blogger from Tanzania. I need to update my biography on Wikipedia, which is out of date and contains inaccurate information about me. So, what should I do? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Muhidini michuzi|Muhidini michuzi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Muhidini michuzi|majadiliano]])''' 21:08, 8 Septemba 2023 (UTC) :Habari ndugu! :Soma hapa ilikufata [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|muongozo na kanuni]]. Kisha fata [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|maelekezo ya kuhariri]] baada ya kusoma muongozo na kanuni na kuona kwamba matini unayotaka kuweka yanafaa.Ukitaka kusoma zaidi bonyeza jina lako nenda kwenye ukurasa wako wa majadiliano mwanzoni utaona muongozo wa wikipedia yetu ya kiswahili karibu! Amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 01:51, 10 Septemba 2023 (UTC) == Translation notification: Template:Communications == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Communications|Template:Communications]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ACommunications&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Important nav template for [[Wikimedia Foundation Communications Department]]. Kindly assist to translate.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 09:19, 9 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Unified login == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Unified login|Help:Unified login]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3AUnified+login&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Contains multiple outdated translation units. Please assist to check and translate them.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 15:16, 10 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/2023-09 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/2023-09|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/2023-09]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-IP+Editing%3A+Privacy+Enhancement+and+Abuse+Mitigation%2FUpdates%2F2023-09&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">I have made the image translatable because there is a Japanese version of the image at [[:File:MediaWiki Temporary accounts page history mockup 2023-09 ja.gif]]. You can use the image that you think is best for your language. It is possible that one short sentence will be added to this message, but no other changes are expected. This message will be sent to most wikis next week.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 21:39, 15 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Whatamidoing (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Founding principles == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Founding principles|Founding principles]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Founding+principles&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Contains outdated text. Kindly assist to translate.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:31, 18 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: WikiWomenCamp 2023 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WikiWomenCamp 2023|WikiWomenCamp 2023]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WikiWomenCamp+2023&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The deadline for translating this page is 2023-10-19. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">It is an information page about the upcoming WikiWomenCamp.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:14, 6 Oktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Asaf (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2FCommittee+appointments%2FAnnouncement%2FShort&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">:Hello everyone, ::Today I ask for your help translating 105 words. ::Although the message seeks an English speaker, we hope to reach a wider audience through translations. :Thank you for your time and ongoing translation efforts. :[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 16:59, 7 Oktoba 2023 (UTC)''</div> :Okey '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:22, 18 Oktoba 2023 (UTC) Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 16:59, 7 Oktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2024%2FAnnouncement%2FRules+package+review+-+short&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:21, 16 Oktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - closing == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - closing|Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - closing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2024%2FAnnouncement%2FRules+package+review+-+closing&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. You can [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup change your notification preferences]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 01:07, 25 Oktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Policies and guidelines == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Policies and guidelines|Meta:Policies and guidelines]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3APolicies+and+guidelines&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Index of policies and guidelines, useful to be translated into different languages for users.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:45, 13 Januari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Ombuds commission == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:50, 21 Januari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia committees == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia committees|Wikimedia committees]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+committees&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:15, 21 Januari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Threats of harm == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Threats of harm|Threats of harm]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Threats+of+harm&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. 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To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:08, 11 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: User groups == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:User groups|User groups]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User+groups&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:31, 11 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Two-factor authentication == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Two-factor authentication|Help:Two-factor authentication]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATwo-factor+authentication&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:49, 12 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Babylon == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Babylon|Meta:Babylon]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3ABabylon&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 10:51, 18 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Global interface editors == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Global interface editors|Global interface editors]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+interface+editors&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Global group has been renamed, please update the translations accordingly.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:50, 19 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Signature == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Signature|Help:Signature]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ASignature&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:21, 21 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Amical Wikimedia == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Amical Wikimedia|Amical Wikimedia]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Amical+Wikimedia&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:28, 23 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikidata/Development == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikidata/Development|Wikidata/Development]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikidata%2FDevelopment&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 12:50, 27 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Global bans == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Global bans|Global bans]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Global+bans&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:40, 29 Februari 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/Legal == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/Legal|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates/Legal]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-IP+Editing%3A+Privacy+Enhancement+and+Abuse+Mitigation%2FUpdates%2FLegal&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:48, 2 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikivoyage == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikivoyage|Wikivoyage]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikivoyage&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 08:27, 5 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:53, 7 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Block of 魔琴 == I noticed you blocked [[Maalum:Michango/魔琴|this user]] indefinitely with the reason "Kuingiza habari za uongo" (after translating it says "Entering false information") but they were not a vandal. That user reverts cross-wiki vandalism, and they reverted an LTA who spams disruptive text in Hindi. Could you unblock them please? Thank you. Translation: Nimeona umemzuia [[Maalum:Michango/魔琴|mtumiaji huyu]] kwa muda usiojulikana kwa sababu ya "Kuingiza habari za uongo" (baada ya kutafsiri inasema "Kuingiza taarifa za uwongo") lakini hawakuwa mhuni. Mtumiaji huyo anarejesha uharibifu wa wiki tofauti, na walirejesha LTA ambayo hutuma maandishi ya kutatiza kwa Kihindi. Je, unaweza kuwafungulia tafadhali? Asante. Note: I cannot speak or understand Swahili. '''[[Mtumiaji:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Codename Noreste|majadiliano]])''' 18:27, 12 Machi 2024 (UTC) "琴魔" too was blocked as well. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-13184|&#126;2025-13184]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-13184|talk]]) 10:20, 29 Januari 2025 (UTC) == Translation notification: Small Wiki Monitoring Team == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Small Wiki Monitoring Team|Small Wiki Monitoring Team]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Small+Wiki+Monitoring+Team&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 13:51, 16 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Steward election status == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Steward election status|Template:Steward election status]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ASteward+election+status&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 19:02, 18 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Kaganer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Steward election status == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Steward election status|Template:Steward election status]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ASteward+election+status&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Outdated text which may mislead users, please assist to update at your earliest convenience.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:53, 19 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Grants:Knowledge Sharing/Connect/Team == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Grants:Knowledge Sharing/Connect/Team|Grants:Knowledge Sharing/Connect/Team]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Grants%3AKnowledge+Sharing%2FConnect%2FTeam&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2024-03-20. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This is not urgent, but the Let's Connect Working Group team and I (Program Lead) would love if the entire page was translated. Please message letsconnect@wikimedi.org or Cassie Casares ccasares@wikimedia.org if you have any questions or concerns. </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 22:40, 19 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:CCasares (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Board+of+Trustees&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 07:45, 23 Machi 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Special global permissions/Seealso == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Special global permissions/Seealso|Template:Special global permissions/Seealso]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ASpecial+global+permissions%2FSeealso&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:24, 1 Aprili 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Question from [[User:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] (05:02, 13 Aprili 2024) == Fuatilia miukurasa yangu ninazoandika ili kuona kwa ukarib zaidi kama kuna issue yoyoote nmekosea nieke mapeema maan kfungiwa account asaiv sii mchezo na nshaa edits makala asaiv znafika 700 --'''[[Mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|Ramadhani Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ramadhani Mushi|majadiliano]])''' 05:02, 13 Aprili 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Bray Mushi|Bray Mushi]] (10:46, 15 Aprili 2024) == Habari , Ninajaribu kulink makala ya '''[[Young Africans S.C]]'''. kwa lugha zingine ila haijawezekana. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Bray Mushi|Bray Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bray Mushi|majadiliano]])''' 10:46, 15 Aprili 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Group photo - Edu Wiki conference 2023, Belgrade, Serbia.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Group photo of the 2023 EduWiki Conference in Belgrade, organized by Wikipedia & Education User Group]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;"> '''Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Recognition_and_Derecognition|Recognition of Cyprus, Botswana, Niger, and Telugu user groups]] '''Affiliate Activities Report''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#Affiliate_Activities_Report|Reports from Belgium, South African, and Ukrainian chapters]] '''AffCom Movement Contribution''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement with the new Affiliates Strategy and Movement Charter drafts]] '''AffCom Administration''': [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_1#AffCom_Administration|New AffCom members and advisors]] </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 12:56, 18 Aprili 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=26293156 --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Board+of+Trustees&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This page contains outdated information. Please assist in updating the page to prevent confusion.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:48, 19 Aprili 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> ==Editathon ya leo== Ndugu, samahani: kazi ya leo ni ya ovyo kabisa. Wachangiaji wapya hawajui sarufi na matumizi ya alama za uandishi. Nimejaribu kurekebisha kidogo na kuzuia wachache, lakini siwezi kupoteza muda mwingi zaidi. Kama unahusika, tafadhali uwaambie wasiendelee tena. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:06, 20 Aprili 2024 (UTC) :Hapana sihusiki na hilo mimi narekebisha makala za wanawake wa kiafrika na kuziweka sawa na kuweka jamii moja ili wakati wa kuzipitia niweze kuzipitia kwa pamoja na kuweza kuongelea jinsi ninavyo rekebisha kwenye kikao cha wanajumuiya na hayo mengine sijui nani anafanya event leo ngoja niulize kwenye kundi la wakabidhi naweza pata majibu pole amani kwako! '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:12, 20 Aprili 2024 (UTC) ::Asante sana. Tupo pamoja. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:21, 20 Aprili 2024 (UTC) == Translation notification: Fundraising/Translation == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Fundraising/Translation|Fundraising/Translation]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Fundraising%2FTranslation&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. 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Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:11, 25 Aprili 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Ukumbusho kuhusu kupiga kura sasa ili kuchagua washiriki wa U4C ya awamu ya kwanza == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Unaweza kupata ujumbe huu ukiwa umetafsiriwa katika lugha za ziada kwenye Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Ndugu Mwanawikimedia, Unapokea ujumbe huu kwa sababu hapo kabla uliwahi kushiriki katika mchakato wa UCoC. Huu ni ukumbusho kwamba kipindi cha kupiga kura kwa Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C) kitamalizika tarehe 9 Mei 2024. Soma maelezo kwenye [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|ukurasa wa kupiga kura kwenye Meta- wiki]] ili kupata maelezo zaidi kuhusu upigaji kura na ustahiki wa mpiga kura. Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C) ni kikundi cha kimataifa kilichojitolea kutoa utekelezaji sawa na thabiti wa UCoC. Wanajamii walialikwa kutuma maombi yao kwa U4C. Kwa maelezo zaidi na majukumu ya U4C, tafadhali [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|pitia Mkataba wa U4C]]. Tafadhali washirikishe ujumbe wanajumuiya wenzako ili nao waweze kushiriki. Kwa niaba ya timu ya mradi wa UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 22:54, 2 Mei 2024 (UTC) :Asante! Amani kwako '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:32, 3 Mei 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_3&oldid=26721208 --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2024%2FAnnouncement+%E2%80%93+results&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The deadline for translating this page is 2024-05-17. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:16, 10 Mei 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM) == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Community+Affairs+Committee%2FProcedure+for+Sibling+Project+Lifecycle%2FInvitation+for+feedback+%28MM%29&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2024-05-22. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 16:38, 21 Mei 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Board+of+Trustees&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:15, 27 Mei 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Movement Charter draft == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Movement Charter draft|Template:Movement Charter draft]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AMovement+Charter+draft&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2024-06-11. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:41, 8 Juni 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Movement Charter == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Movement+Charter&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:31, 12 Juni 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia LGBT+/Portal == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia LGBT+/Portal|Wikimedia LGBT+/Portal]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+LGBT%2B%2FPortal&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 10:03, 30 Juni 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Voter eligibility guidelines == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Voter eligibility guidelines|Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Voter eligibility guidelines]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+elections%2F2024%2FVoter+eligibility+guidelines&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:43, 2 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Strategy == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Strategy|Strategy]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Strategy&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:27, 7 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Shortcut == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Shortcut|Meta:Shortcut]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AShortcut&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 15:31, 7 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia and Libraries User Group == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia and Libraries User Group|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+and+Libraries+User+Group&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 16:04, 7 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia and Libraries User Group/Mission and goals == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia and Libraries User Group/Mission and goals|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group/Mission and goals]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+and+Libraries+User+Group%2FMission+and+goals&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 09:20, 8 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wiki Loves Women/SheSaid/SheSaid 2024 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiki Loves Women/SheSaid/SheSaid 2024|Wiki Loves Women/SheSaid/SheSaid 2024]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiki+Loves+Women%2FSheSaid%2FSheSaid+2024&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 09:56, 8 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Wikimedia-Summit-2024-Friday-128.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom group photo at Wikimedia Summit 2024 in Berlin, Germany]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 2}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Updates: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Adoption of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Madagascar, Senegal, Republic of Congo, and Namibia user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Six active conflicts, no new reports for Q4]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia Summit and ESEAP Conference]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#AffCom_Administration|Officers elections and departing members]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_2#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at Wikimania 2024]] </div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 15:30, 15 Julai 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=27021225 --> == Translation notification: WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WMDE+Technical+Wishes%2FSub-referencing&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">The sub-referencing feature is planned to be implemented until the end of 2024 on various wikis. Therefore, it would be great to have information about the feature ready in multiple languages.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 20:36, 8 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)/Sub-referencing == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)/Sub-referencing|User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)/Sub-referencing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AJohannes+Richter+%28WMDE%29%2FSub-referencing&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2024-08-19. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Dear translators, Wikimedia Deutschland is currently developing a new feature for referencing ([[WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-references]]). Development will still take a while, but we'll send an announcement to the global communities soon, in order to let them know in advance and ask for feedback. Thanks for helping us translate this mass message!</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 12:01, 9 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannnes89@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:What Meta is not == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:What Meta is not|Meta:What Meta is not]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AWhat+Meta+is+not&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Meta-Wiki guideline page</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 14:03, 15 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MrBenjo@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Administrators/Removal (inactivity) == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Administrators/Removal (inactivity)|Meta:Administrators/Removal (inactivity)]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3AAdministrators%2FRemoval+%28inactivity%29&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:37, 18 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Blue button == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Blue button|Template:Blue button]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ABlue+button&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 10:12, 18 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:User groups == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:User groups|Template:User groups]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AUser+groups&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 11:59, 18 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Guideline == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Guideline|Template:Guideline]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AGuideline&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 01:32, 19 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Keeping events safe == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Keeping events safe|Keeping events safe]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Keeping+events+safe&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 03:18, 19 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety|Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation%2FLegal%2FCommunity+Resilience+and+Sustainability%2FTrust+and+Safety&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 05:39, 19 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Argentina == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Argentina|Wikimedia Argentina]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Argentina&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 07:09, 20 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Amical Wikimedia == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Amical Wikimedia|Amical Wikimedia]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Amical+Wikimedia&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 04:59, 22 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Ombuds commission == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 02:29, 23 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: WikiGap == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:WikiGap|WikiGap]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-WikiGap&language=sw&action=page translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 06:27, 23 Agosti 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Steward requests/Global/block-header == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Steward requests/Global/block-header|Steward requests/Global/block-header]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Steward+requests%2FGlobal%2Fblock-header&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Contains information on how to appeal global blocks.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators&lrm;, 12:50, 25 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (July-September 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Wikimania 2024 - Lviv - Day 3 - AffCom meets community.webm|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at Wikimania 2024]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 3}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Implementation status of a new affiliate health criteria and changes to User Groups recognition process]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Togo, Wayúu, and Singapore user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimania]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the officers elections]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Upcoming AffCom Events|AffCom at WikiIndaba and a strategy meetup]] Other Movement News: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_3#Other_Movement_News|Regional conferences, mental health support, and new committee support inbox]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 1|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 15:55, 7 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=27273724 --> == Translation notification: Changing username == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Changing username|Changing username]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Changing+username&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 10:49, 27 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wiktionary == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wiktionary&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 11:52, 13 Desemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == U4C Notification == Hello Hussein m mmbaga,<br /> You are named in a recently filed request to the [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Please review the request at [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] You are requested to enter your statement and any other material you wish to submit, so that the U4C can get a better overview of the situation. All writing should be complete, but also as concise as possible. Please ensure that you make all comments in your own section and in the discussion section only. If the U4C makes a decision, this will be binding for you and so your participation is recommended. Please do not reply here, but on the linked case page, or on the associated talk page. If you would like to contact the U4C directly, you will find an e-mail address [[:m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee#How_to_contact_U4C|here]]. Please use the email only if privacy is necessary (e.g. personal information). Best, On behalf of the U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 10:20, 22 Desemba 2024 (UTC) ;(tafsiri otomatiki) :Hujambo Hussein m mmbaga, :Ulitajwa katika ombi lililowasilishwa hivi majuzi kwa Kamati ya Uratibu ya Kanuni za Maadili ya Jumla [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] (U4C). Tafadhali kagua ombi lako kwenye [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] :Unaombwa kuweka taarifa yako na nyenzo nyingine yoyote unayotaka kuwasilisha, ili U4C iweze kuelewa vyema hali hiyo. Maandishi yote yanapaswa kuwa kamili, lakini pia kwa ufupi iwezekanavyo. Hakikisha umechapisha maoni yote katika sehemu yako na sehemu ya majadiliano pekee. Ikiwa U4C itafanya uamuzi, itakulazimu na kwa hivyo tunapendekeza ushiriki. :Tafadhali usijibu hapa, lakini kwenye ukurasa wa kesi uliounganishwa au ukurasa wa mazungumzo unaohusishwa. Ikiwa ungependa kuwasiliana na U4C moja kwa moja, utapata barua pepe hapa. Tafadhali tumia barua pepe tu ikiwa unahitaji faragha (k.m. maelezo ya kibinafsi). :Karibuni sana, :Kwa niaba ya kamati ya U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 10:20, 22 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :As an individual I encourage you to please participate in the next 3-5 days. (Kama mtu binafsi ninakuhimiza tafadhali ushiriki katika siku 3-5 zijazo.) '''[[Mtumiaji:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Barkeep49|majadiliano]])''' 01:46, 9 Januari 2025 (UTC) Thou will REGRET all SYSOP-ONLY page protections when WMF desysop thee: https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:Kumbukumbu?type=protect&user=Hussein+m+mmbaga [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-10269|&#126;2025-10269]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-10269|talk]]) 12:08, 21 Januari 2025 (UTC) :Stewards from time to time globally lock local established users like [[Maalum:Michango/Resnick-mike|this one]] out of their accounts for some alleged "long term sexual abuse". It seems that SWAHILI both sysops and users are under siege from WMF. Pure colonialist approach. They still do not dare to do this to local sysops, but they feel that doing this to local users can be done with impunity. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2025-13785|&#126;2025-13785]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2025-13785|talk]]) 10:18, 29 Januari 2025 (UTC) == Translation notification: Ombuds commission/2019/CU Global Procedure on information disclosure == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Ombuds commission/2019/CU Global Procedure on information disclosure|Ombuds commission/2019/CU Global Procedure on information disclosure]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Ombuds+commission%2F2019%2FCU+Global+Procedure+on+information+disclosure&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 12:29, 22 Desemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MdsShakil@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Deoband Community Wikimedia/News == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Deoband Community Wikimedia/News|Deoband Community Wikimedia/News]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Deoband+Community+Wikimedia%2FNews&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 17:33, 27 Desemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Aafi (DCW)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Policy-cross-project == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Policy-cross-project|Template:Policy-cross-project]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3APolicy-cross-project&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 09:12, 30 Desemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Annual+Plan%2F2024-2025%2FProduct+%26+Technology+OKRs&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 08:07, 26 Januari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (October-December 2024)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:Affiliations Committee 2024 05.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at its Strategic Retreat in Frankfurt]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliates Strategy Update: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Strategy Updates|Notes from the 2024 AffCom strategic retreat]] Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|User group application pause lifted]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue4_#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at WikiIndaba]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_4#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Mari Avetisyan appointed new AffCom secretary]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 4|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 03:04, 5 Februari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28060527 --> == Tungependa kusikia kuhusu uzoefu wako kuhusu Akaunti za Muda == <section begin="body"/> [[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]] '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo Utafiti huu hautachukua zaidi ya dakika 5 kukamilisha.]''' Timu ya Trust & Safety Product hivi karibuni iliunda [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akaunti za muda]] zinapatikana kwenye miradi ya wiki 12. Kuna mipango ya kupanua hili kwa seti kubwa ya miradi ya wiki katika wiki na miezi ijayo, kisha kufuata mchakato wa kutekeleza kikamilifu baadaye mwaka huu. Ushiriki wako katika utafiti huu utakuwa na manufaa makubwa katika kutusaidia kuelewa jinsi Akaunti za Muda zinavyofanya kazi na kile tunachoweza kuboresha mbele. Sera ya faragha ya utafiti huu inaweza kuonwa [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|kupitia kiungo hiki]]. Kwa kumaliza utafiti huu, unakubali masharti yaliyoainishwa katika sera ya faragha. Asante!<section end="body"/> [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">majadiliano</span>]]) 02:50, 27 Februari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/8&oldid=28315571 --> == Communication by the U4C == I'm writing to inform you that in the U4C case [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia|Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] the 2 week "investigation phase" is now open. This phase will last around two weeks, during this phase parties and also other editors can still submit further evidence. We warmly suggest to take this opportunity, each statement can serve to clarify the position of each of the parties involved. Many thanks. On behalf of the U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 20:59, 3 Machi 2025 (UTC) (Translation by Google translate) Ninakuandikia kukujulisha kwamba katika kesi ya U4C [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Cases/Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia|Sysop abuse in Swahili Wikipedia]] ya wiki 2 sasa "awamu ya uchunguzi" imefunguliwa. Awamu hii itachukua takriban wiki mbili, wakati wa vyama vya awamu hii na pia wahariri wengine bado wanaweza kuwasilisha ushahidi zaidi. Tunashauri kwa moyo mkunjufu kuchukua fursa hii, kila taarifa inaweza kutumika kufafanua msimamo wa kila mmoja wa wahusika wanaohusika. Asante sana. Kwa niaba ya U4C --'''[[Mtumiaji:Civvì|Civvì]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Civvì|majadiliano]])''' 20:59, 3 Machi 2025 (UTC) == Translation notification: Help:Unified login == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Unified login|Help:Unified login]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3AUnified+login&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 06:05, 23 Machi 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Help:Two-factor authentication == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Two-factor authentication|Help:Two-factor authentication]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Help%3ATwo-factor+authentication&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 23:50, 3 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Tech/News == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Tech/News|Tech/News]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FNews&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 01:30, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FAnnual+review%2F2025%2FVoter+information&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The deadline for translating this page is 2025-04-25. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">--- Hello, and thank you for the work you do. '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCoC_AR_2025_cookie&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate We request you also translate these two sentences.]''' There are more details below. There is an ongoing community vote - the voter information is in the page linked for translation above. We would appreciate your help to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCoC_AR_2025_cookie&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;action=translate translate the two sentence CentralNotice banner], as a priority. If you can also translate the voter information page, I know the folks working on this - including the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) group - would be highly appreciative. ~ In cooperation with the U4C</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 15:30, 23 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2025)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:WMB meeting in Belo Horizonte in 2023 (day 02) 059.jpg|256px|right|thumb|Wikimedia Brasil, the latest chapter to be recognized by AffCom]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;"> Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Brasil and four user groups]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 5#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at Wikimedia+Libraries and Wikisource conferences]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Welcoming new AffCom voting and advisory members]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_5#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|AffCom at ESEAP Strategy Summit]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 5|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 01:30, 26 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28324741 --> == Translation notification: User:Keegan (WMF)/EGCharter closing == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:User:Keegan (WMF)/EGCharter closing|User:Keegan (WMF)/EGCharter closing]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-User%3AKeegan+%28WMF%29%2FEGCharter+closing&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2025-04-29. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">If you have some time to translate this message that will be sent to the communities prior to the close of the vote, it would be of great benefit.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 03:18, 26 Aprili 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Call for candidates == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Call for candidates|Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Call for candidates]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2025%2FCall+for+candidates&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2025-05-15. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">I'm sorry for the short notice, details for the election came together at the last minute.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 18:53, 14 Mei 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FCoordinating+Committee%2FElection%2F2025&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This is the information page of 2025 U4C election. Please help with translation; your contributions will be greatly appreciated.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 15:09, 19 Mei 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Incident Reporting System == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta. The page [[:metawikipedia:Incident Reporting System|Incident Reporting System]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Incident+Reporting+System&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta translation coordinators‎, 03:53, 2 Agosti 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Affiliations Committee News (April-June 2025)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> [[File:MNL25 - day one 08.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom session at the ESEAP Strategy Summit 2025 in Manila, the Philippines]] <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Aotearoa New Zealand and Assamese Wikimedia Community User Group]] Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Affiliate Activities and Compliance Report|Activities reports around the world]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 6#AffCom_Movement_Contribution|AffCom engagement at the ESEAP Strategy Summit]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#AffCom_Administrative_Updates|Results of the AffCom officers election]] Upcoming AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_6#Upcoming_AffCom_Events|Meet AffCom at Wikimania]]</div> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 6|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 06:25, 5 Agosti 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=28820920 --> == Wito wa kupiga kura kwa ajili ya [[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]] - awe msimamizi wa kusano == Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] unaombwa kupiga kura juu ya kumpatia uwezo wa ukabidhi/usimamizi wa kusano katika ukurasa wa [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi#Msimaizi wa KUSANO - Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]]. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 07:54, 7 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Translation notification: Template:Affiliate recognition pause notice 2025 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Affiliate recognition pause notice 2025|Template:Affiliate recognition pause notice 2025]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AAffiliate+recognition+pause+notice+2025&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 15:33, 30 Agosti 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Meta:Deletion policy == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Meta:Deletion policy|Meta:Deletion policy]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Meta%3ADeletion+policy&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 07:07, 15 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wikimedia Foundation website == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wikimedia Foundation website|Wikimedia Foundation website]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+website&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 05:47, 29 Septemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:AffCom == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:AffCom|Template:AffCom]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3AAffCom&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 04:55, 30 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Template:Cat main == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Template:Cat main|Template:Cat main]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Template%3ACat+main&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is low. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr"></div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 06:12, 6 Novemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Question from [[User:Bray Mushi|Bray Mushi]] (19:45, 12 Novemba 2025) == jinsi ya kufahamu makala nilizo andika --'''[[Mtumiaji:Bray Mushi|Bray Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bray Mushi|majadiliano]])''' 19:45, 12 Novemba 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Bray Mushi|Bray Mushi]] Unauliza kivuli. Uliza watu ambao wapo active. Haya, tazama hapa: [[xtools:pages/sw.wikipedia.org/Bray Mushi|Bray Mushi - Pages Created - XTools]] [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 06:05, 13 Novemba 2025 (UTC) :asante kwa kumpa majibu '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:45, 13 Novemba 2025 (UTC) == Translation notification: Help:Two-factor authentication == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Help:Two-factor authentication|Help:Two-factor authentication]] is available for translation. 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Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 03:09, 6 Desemba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Minorax@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:At Wikimania 2025 127.jpg|256px|right|thumb|AffCom at Wikimania 2025 in Nairobi, Kenya]]<br> <div style="column-count:1;">Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|Recognition of Wikimedia Georgia: recognized & announced September 2025]] Recognition Status Report: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#Recognition Status Report|Updates of affiliate applications]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Conflict Intervention|Updates on conflict intervention cases]] AffCom Movement Contribution: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue 7#AffCom at WikiConference North America|AffCom at WikiConference North America]] AffCom Administration: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem|AffCom and EDs Discuss Affiliate Ecosystem]] AffCom Events: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_7#AffCom Administrative Updates|AffCom at Wikimania]]</div> </div> Affiliations Committee News (July-December 2025) <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|This newsletter is best translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 7|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]</div><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:11, 13 January 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Buszmail@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=29907013 --> == Translation notification: Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/Messages/Review open == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/Messages/Review open|Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/Messages/Review open]] is available for translation. You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FAnnual+review%2FMessages%2FReview+open&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is medium. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-01-19. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">This message will be sent to all the wikis to inform communities about their chance to participate in proposing changes to the Universal Code of Conduct. </div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 22:30, 14 Januari 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == Translation notification: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1 == Hello Hussein m mmbaga, You are receiving this notification because you signed up as a translator to Kiswahili on Meta-Wiki. The page [[:metawikipedia:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/List of Articles/Culture/1]] is available for translation. 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You can translate it here: * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Event%3AWikipedia+%26+Education+User+Group+Showcase%2FMarch+2026&language=sw&action=page&action_source=translation_notification translate to Kiswahili] The priority of this page is high. The deadline for translating this page is 2026-03-21. <div lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr">Hi translators, The EduWiki Hub is seeking your support to help translate the Meta page for the EduWiki Knowledge Showcase (March 2026) into Portuguese, Spanish, French, Hindi, and Arabic The event will take place on 24 March 2026, and translations will help make it accessible to more communities. Thank you for your support. Kind regards, Barakat, for the EduWiki Hub.</div> Your help is greatly appreciated. Translators like you help Meta-Wiki to function as a truly multilingual community. To unsubscribe or to change your notification preferences for translations, please visit [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:TranslatorSignup Special:TranslatorSignup]. Thank you! Meta-Wiki translation coordinators‎, 12:56, 17 Machi 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:BAdegboye (EdWH)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:NotifyTranslators --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) </div> :asante sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga|Hussein m mmbaga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hussein m mmbaga#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:48, 30 Aprili 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> == Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <!-- == Affiliations Committee News (January-March 2026) == --> <small>''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|You can find this newsletter translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''</small> Quarterly newsletter sharing news and events about the work of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee]]. [[File:AffCom_and_GRDC_members_at_APP_meeting,_Lisbon_2026_01_(cropped).jpg|220px|right|thumb|AffCom and GRDC members at APP meeting, Lisbon, Portugal]] <div style="column-count:1;"> Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition and Derecognition|This past quarter, AffCom recognized no new Affiliates due to the pause in recognizing new affiliates.]] AffCom Conflict Intervention: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#AffCom Conflict Intervention|AffCom is currently addressing eight ongoing affiliate conflict cases received in previous quarters.]] Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Affiliate Recognition Pause Extension|The Wikimedia Foundation, together with the AffCom, has extended the pause on new affiliate recognition until September 1, 2026.]] New Affiliate Model Development Efforts: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#New Affiliate Model Development Efforts|The Affiliations Committee held collaborative meetings with the Global Resource Distribution Committee (GRDC) to explore the development of a new affiliations model.]] Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee/News/Issue_8#Towards a Healthy Ecosystem of Wikimedia Organizations: Updates on the Movement Organizations Pilot, GRDC, and AffCom|Two major pilot initiatives were launched to address long-standing questions about the roles of movement organizations and the future of resource allocation.]] <div class="hlist" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:100%; ">'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee/News/Issue 8|read this newsletter in full]]''' • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Affiliations Committee/News|subscribe/unsubscribe]]</div><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:50, 03 May 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Buszmail@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Affiliations_Committee/News&oldid=30057452 --> t8gbgxuz33c58ghwzcx9qcptuwbhob9 0 150085 1545463 1525444 2026-05-18T03:15:41Z あいんへりやる 89310 1545463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tuzo ya Herbert von Karajan''' iliundwa na Eliette von Karajan mnamo mwaka [[2015]] na ilitolewa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka [[2017]] ndani ya fremu ya Tamasha la [[Pasaka]] la [[Salzburg]]. Zawadi hiyo imeandaliwa ya [[Euro]] €50,000 na hutolewa na Eliette von Karajan kila mwaka. == Wapokeaji == * [[2017]] Daniil Trifonov<ref name="Trifonov">{{cite news|last=Kainberger|first=Hedwig|date=15 April 2017|title=Osterfestspiele: Eliette von Karajan ehrt jungen Russen|url=https://www.sn.at/osterfestspiele-salzburg/osterfestspiele-eliette-von-karajan-ehrt-jungen-russen-7601485|work=[[Salzburger Nachrichten]]|language=de|access-date=19 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kriechbaum|first=Reinhard|date=12 April 2017|title=Der Virtuos bei seiner Capell|url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/musik/klassik_oper/885359_Der-Virtuos-bei-seiner-Capell.html|work=[[Wiener Zeitung]]|location=Vienna|language=de|access-date=19 August 2018}}</ref> * [[2018]] Sol Gabetta<ref>{{cite news|last=Harb|first=Karl|date=28 March 2018|title=Sol Gabetta – Preisträgerin bedankt sich poesievoll|url=https://www.sn.at/osterfestspiele-salzburg/sol-gabetta-preistraegerin-bedankt-sich-poesievoll-25941799|work=[[Salzburger Nachrichten]]|language=de|access-date=19 August 2018}}</ref> * [[2019]] Mariss Jansons<ref name="Jansons">{{cite web|date=25 March 2019|title=Mariss Jansons to receive the 2019 Herbert von Karajan Prize|url=https://www.pizzicato.lu/mariss-jansons-to-receive-the-2019-herbert-von-karajan-prize/|work=[[Pizzicato (magazine)|Pizzicato]]|location=Luxembourg|access-date=7 April 2019}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Kronberg Academy">{{cite web|title=Kronberg Academy: Janine Jansen|website=Kronberg Academy|url=https://www.kronbergacademy.de/kuenstler/person/janine-jansen|language=de|access-date=10 March 2023|archive-date=2023-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310115250/https://www.kronbergacademy.de/kuenstler/person/janine-jansen|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[2021]] Hilary Hahn<ref name="IMG Artists 2021">{{cite web|title=Hilary Hahn Wins 2021 Herbert von Karajan Award|website=IMG Artists|date=1 November 2021|url=https://imgartists.com/news/hilary-hahn-wins-2021-herbert-von-karajan-award/|access-date=8 June 2022|archive-date=2022-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520034637/https://imgartists.com/news/hilary-hahn-wins-2021-herbert-von-karajan-award/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2022: Staatskapelle Dresden<ref name="Trapp 2019">{{cite web|last=Trapp|first=Mathis|title=Dresdner Staatskapelle erhält Karajan-Preis|website=[[Westdeutscher Rundfunk|WDR]]|date=10 April 2019|url=https://www1.wdr.de/kultur/kulturnachrichten/karajan-preis-saechsische-staatskapelle-100.html|language=de|access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref> * 2023: Alexander Köpeczi (besi), Michael Loehr [de] (dansi), Oscar *Jockel [de] (kondakta)<ref name="Salzburg Easter Festival 2023 n905">{{cite web|title=Herbert-von Karajan-Prize 2023: Meet the Laureates|website=Salzburg Easter Festival|date=18 July 2023|url=https://osterfestspiele.at/en/herbert-von-karajan-preis-2023-die-preistr%C3%A4ger|access-date=19 July 2023}}</ref> * 2024: Lise Davidsen (soprano), Eve-Maud Hubeaux [fr] (mezzo-soprano), na Masabane Cecilia Rangwanasha (soprano)<ref name="Salzburg Easter Festival">{{cite web|title=Herbert-von Karajan-Award 2024: Meet the Laureates|website=Salzburg Easter Festival|date=21 November 2024|url=https://osterfestspiele.at/en/herbert-von-karajan-preis-2023-die-preistr%C3%A4ger-2|access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="r990">{{cite web|last=Salazar|first=Francisco|title=Lise Davidsen, Masabane Cecilia Rangwanasha & Eve-Maud Hubeaux Win Herbert von Karajan Prize|website=OperaWire|date=19 March 2024|url=https://operawire.com/lise-davidsen-masabane-cecilia-rangwanasha-eve-maud-hubeaux-win-herbert-von-karajan-prize/|access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref> * 2025: Nadezhda Karyazina (mezzo-soprano), Maxim Emelyanychev (kondakta)<ref name="l071">{{cite web|title=Herbert-von Karajan-Preis 2025: die Preisträger|website=Osterfestspiele Salzburg|date=11 November 2025|url=https://osterfestspiele.at/herbert-von-karajan-preis-2025|language=de|access-date=13 November 2025}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Arusha Editathon Muziki]] [[Jamii:Tuzo]] [[de:Herbert-von-Karajan-Preis]] 1r8e2hrt2ch502e7v0fkq2k45null69 0 155279 1545308 1506863 2026-05-17T21:10:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545308 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Pericles Pio-Clementino Inv269 n2.jpg|thumb|[[Sanamu]] ya Perikles]] '''Perikles''' (takriban [[495 KK|490 /495 KK]]–[[429 KK]], {{Lang-el|Περικλῆς}}, linalomaanisha " ''kujaa utukufu'' ") alikuwa kiongozi mashuhuri wa kisiasa na wa kijeshi mjini [[Athens]] wakati wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale]]<ref>Fornara-Samons, ''Athens from Cleisthenes to Pericles'', 24–25</ref>. Alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika Ugiriki ya [[karne ya 5 KK]]. Aliweka [[msingi]] wa mfumo wa [[demokrasia]] wa [[Athens]] na kipaumbele cha mji wake katika [[siasa]] ya Ugiriki. == Familia == Perikles alizaliwa katika familia mashuhuri wakati wa shambulio la kwanza la Uajemi dhidi ya Ugiriki na [[Mapigano ya Marathoni|mapigano ya Marathoni.]] Alipokuwa mtoto, misingi ya utaratibu wa kidemokrasia iliwekwa katika mji wake. Aliona pia shambulio la pili la Uajemi na mapigano ya Salamis. == Kamanda wa kijeshi == Akiwa mtu mzima alijipatia sifa kwa kushiriki katika vita za Athens. Kuanzia mwaka [[454 KK|454]] alichaguliwa na kusanyiko la raia wa Athens kuwa strategos yaani kamanda wa kijeshi mara ya kwanza. Perikles alisifiwa kwa uwezo wake wa kuhutubia kusanyiko la raia na pia kwa uwezo wake wa uongozi alichaguliwa kila mwaka tena kuwa kamanda kwa muda wa miaka 15. Katika nafasi ya mkuu wa jeshi aliona umuhimu wa jeshi la majini kwa Athens; nguvu ya jeshi la majini ilitegemea hasa ushirikiano wa raia maskini waliofanya kazi ya kupiga kasia. Hapo Perikles alitafuta njia ya kupanusha uwezo wa raia maskini katika siasa.<ref>L.J. Samons, ''What's Wrong with Democracy?'', 65</ref> == Kiongozi wa kisiasa bila cheo == Perikles mwenyewe hakushika vyeo vya kiserikali mbali na kamanda wa jeshi, maana wakati wake nafasi kwenye halmashauri kuu na vyeo vingine viliteuliwa kwa njia ya kura ya bahati na kwa mwaka mmoja au muda mfupi zaidi. Perikles alipelekea mapendekezo yake kwenye kusanyiko la raia wote ambako yalipokelewa; taratibu alizopendekeza zilikuwa pamoja na kulipa mishahara kwa vyenye vyeo kama wawakilishi katika halmashauri au majaji katika mahakama na taraibu hizo ziliruhusu pia raia maskini kutekeleza kazi za kisiasa bila kukosa mapato ya kila siku. Mapendekezo mengine yalihusu majengo mengi ya mahekalu kwenye Akropolis ambayo ni mlima wa ngome mjini Athens. Perikles alitumia ushawishi wake kufanya Athens kuwa kitovu cha sanaa na elimu kwa Ugiriki yote. Wapinzani walijaribu kumkosoa na kumstaki kuwa anapoteza mali ya umma lakini kura za kusanyiko la raia zilimthibitisha mara kwa mara. Hali halisi alikuwa kiongozi wa Athens.<ref>Plutarch, ''Pericles'', XIV</ref> == Kujenga utawala wa Athens katika Ugiriki   == Katika siasaya nje aliona uwezo mkubwa wa Sparta kwenye [[Rasi ya Peloponesi]] na jeshi lake la nchi kavu. Perikles aliamini kwamba Athens iliweza kushinda tu kwa jeshi la majini na kwa kuimarisha kuta za mji.<ref>A.G. Platias-C. Koliopoulos, ''Thucydides on Strategy'', 105</ref> Hapo alilenga kuimarisha ushirikiano na miji mingine kwenye visiwa vidogo vya [[Bahari ya Aegean]]. Ushirikiano huo uliundwa kiasili kwa shabaha ya kujitetea dhidi ya mashambulio ya Uajemi lakini Perikles aliibadilisha kuwa milki ya Kiathens akidai utii wa washiriki na kuadhibu kila mji uliojaribu kujiondoa katika ushirikiano huo.<ref>H. Butler, ''The Story of Athens'', 195</ref> == Vita dhidi ya Sparta == Kuanzia mwaka 431 KK vita ilianza baina ya Athens na Sparta. Perikles aliwahi kupinga kila mapatano na Sparta<ref>A.G. Platias-C. Koliopoulos, ''Thucydides on Strategy'', 100–03.</ref> na jeshi la Sparta lilivamia [[rasi ya Attika]] na kuharibu mashamba ya wananachi waliokusanyika nyuma ya kuta za mji. Perikles alikataa kuwashambulia Sparta kwenye nchi kavu, badala yake aliongoza jeshi la majini kupora kwani za Sparta. Mwaka 429 KK mlipuko wa ugonjwa uliathiri Athens; wengi walikufa pamoja na Perikles mwenyewe. Vita iliendelea baadaye kwa miaka mingi hadi mwaka 404 KK. Hatimaye Athens ilishinwa baada ya Uajemi kuingia na kujiunga na Sparta. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Kujsomea == * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/periclesrisef00aird|title=Pericles: The Rise and Fall of Athenian Democracy|last=Aird|first=Hamish|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8239-3828-5}} * {{cite journal|last=Badian|first=E.|year=1987|title=The Peace of Callias|journal=Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=107|pages=1–39|doi=10.2307/630067|jstor=630067|s2cid=161815508}}* Beloch, K.J. (1884). ''Die Attische Politik seit Perikles ''. Leipzig (in German) * Beloch, K.J. (1893). ''Griechische Geschichte''. Volume II (in German). * {{cite book|title=An Introduction to the Ancient World|last=Blois de|first=Lukas|publisher=Routledge (UK)|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-12774-5}} * {{cite book|title=Aspects of Greek History 750–323 BC|url=https://archive.org/details/aspectsofgreekhi0000buck|last=Buckley|first=Terry|publisher=Routledge (UK)|year=1996|isbn=978-0-415-09957-8}} * {{cite book|title=The Story of Athens|last=Butler|first=Howard|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4179-7092-6}} * {{cite book|title=Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War|last=Cawkwell|first=George|publisher=Routledge (UK)|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-16552-5}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/culturevaluessur02cunn|title=Culture And Values|last=Cunningham L.S.|first=Reich J.J.|publisher=Thomson Wadsworth|year=2005|isbn=978-0-534-58228-9}} * {{cite book|title=Athenian propertied families, 600–300 B.C.|url=https://archive.org/details/athenianproperti0000davi|last=Davis|first=John Kenyon|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1971|isbn=978-0-19-814273-7}} * Delbrück, Hans (1920): ''History of the Art of War'', University of Nebraska Press; Reprint edition, 1990. 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Samons II|publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press|year=1991}} * {{cite book|title=An Historical Commentary on Thucydides (I-V)|last=Gomme|first=A. W.|author2=A. Andrewes|author3=K. J. Dover|date=1945–1981|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-814198-3|author-link=Arnold Wycombe Gomme}} * {{cite book|title=How the Athenians and Spartans fought the Peloponnesian War (translated in Greek by Angelos Philippatos)|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|publisher=Livanis Editions|year=2007|isbn=978-960-14-1495-9|location=Athens|author-link=Victor Davis Hanson|orig-year=English Edition 2005}} * {{cite book|title=Prisoner of History. 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W. Gomme|year=1950|title=Pericles Monarchos|journal=Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=70|pages=76–77|doi=10.2307/629294|jstor=629294|s2cid=250247600}}* {{cite book|title=Hegemonic Rivalry: From Thucydides to the Nuclear Age|url=https://archive.org/details/hegemonicrivalry0000unse|last=Ober|first=Josiah|publisher=Westview Pr|year=1991|isbn=978-0-8133-7744-5|chapter=National Ideology and Strategic Defence of the Population, from Athens to Star Wars}} * {{cite book|title=The Athenian Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691001906|last=Ober|first=Josiah|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-691-01095-3|location=Princeton, New Jersey}} * Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos (Karolidis, Pavlos) (1925), ''History of the Hellenic Nation (Volume Ab)''. 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Estia (in Greek). * {{cite journal|last=Wade-Grey|first=H.T.|date=July–September 1945|title=The Question of Tribute in 449/8 B.C.|journal=Hesperia|volume=14|issue=3|pages=212–29|doi=10.2307/146708|jstor=146708}} * {{cite journal|last=Wet de|first=B.X.|year=1969|title=This So-Called Defensive Policy of Pericles|journal=Acta Classica|volume=12|pages=103–19}} * {{cite book|title=Taming Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/tamingdemocracym00yuni|last=Yunis|first=Harvey|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8014-8358-5}} {{BD|495 KK|429 KK}} [[Jamii:Ugiriki ya Kale]] gftqru5sqqq02tlgp30ps270g5iglf3 0 185122 1545320 1506661 2026-05-17T21:20:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545320 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Annex - Stewart, James (Call Northside 777) 01.jpg|thumb|Taswira ya James Stewart.]] '''James Maitland Stewart''' (20 Mei 1908 - 2 Julai 1997) alikuwa mwigizaji maarufu wa filamu kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. James Stewart, anayejulikana pia kama Jimmy Stewart, alizaliwa [[Indiana]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Jimmy ni uzao uliuotokana na familia ya wafanyabiashara. Aliitwa bingwa wa kila uhusika. Stewart alishinda [[Tuzo ya Academy]] kama Mwigizaji Bora kwa kazi yake katika filamu ya The Philadelphia Story (1940). Filamu zake nyingine maarufu ni pamoja na Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), It’s a Wonderful Life (1946), Rear Window (1954), Vertigo (1958), na The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962). ==Bibliografia== {{Refbegin}} *{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Iain |title=James Curran : l'athlète écossais aérien et la légende américaine du coaching |journal=STAPS |date=2017 |volume=1 |issue=115 |url=https://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=STA_115_0073# |access-date=June 6, 2019 |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619204058/https://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=STA_115_0073 |url-status=live }} *{{cite journal |last1=Ayres |first1=Brenda A. |title=Reconciliation in Civil War Movies |journal=Faculty Publications and Presentations |date=2009 |url=https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=eml_fac_pubs |access-date=June 12, 2019 |publisher=Liberty University |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619185439/https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=eml_fac_pubs |url-status=live }} *{{cite journal |last1=Barr |first1=Alan P. |title=The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance Inhabits Film Noir |journal=Western American Literature |date=Summer 2011 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=162–179 |doi=10.1353/wal.2011.0051 |s2cid=163037778 }} * {{cite book |last1=Basinger |first1=Jeanine |title=Anthony Mann: New and Expanded Edition |date=2007 |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |location=Middletown, Connecticut |isbn=9780819568458 |url=https://archive.org/details/anthonymann00basi |url-access=registration }} * [[Jim Beaver|Beaver, Jim]]. "James Stewart." ''Films in Review'', October 1980. *{{cite book |last1=Belton |first1=John |title=American Cinema/American Culture |date=1994 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |isbn=007004466X |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/americancinemaam00belt }} *{{cite book |last1=Bingham |first1=Dennis |title=Acting Male: Masculinities in the films of James Stewart, Jack Nicholson, and Clint Eastwood |date=1994 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick, NJ |isbn=0813520738 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/actingmalemascul00bing }} *{{cite book |last1=Booker |first1=M. Keith |title=Historical Dictionary American Cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000book_w4d8 |date=2011 |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham |isbn=9780810871922}} *{{cite book |last1=Bowman |first1=Martin |title=B-24 Liberator 1939–1945 |date=1979 |publisher=Patrick Stephens Ltd. |location=London |isbn=9780528815386}} *{{cite book |last1=Britton |first1=Andrew |title=Katharine Hepburn: The Thirties and After |date=1984 |publisher=Tyneside Cinema |location=Newcastle |isbn=0946493014}} *{{cite book |last1=Chandler |first1=Charlotte |title=It's Only a Movie: Alfred Hitchcock, A Personal Biography |date=2006 |publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books |location=New York |isbn=9781476849409 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0RMAgAAQBAJ&q=james+stewart&pg=PT115 |access-date=August 27, 2019 |chapter=Transatlantic Interlude |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174341/https://books.google.com/books?id=p0RMAgAAQBAJ&q=james+stewart&pg=PT115 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Coe |first1=Jonathan |title=Jimmy Stewart: A Wonderful Life |date=1994 |publisher=Arcade Publishing |location=New York |isbn=1559702575 |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewartwond00coej }} * Collins, Thomas W. Jr.[http://www.anb.org/articles/18/18-03481.html "Stewart, James"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130705152707/http://www.anb.org/articles/18/18-03481.html |date=July 5, 2013 }}. ''American National Biography Online''. Retrieved February 18, 2007. *{{cite book |last1=Day |first1=Kirsten |title=Cowboy Classics: The Roots of the American Western in the Epic Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/cowboyclassicsro0000dayk |date=2016 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9781474402460}} *{{cite book |last1=Dewey |first1=Donald |title=James Stewart: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesstewartbiog0000dewe |date=1996 |publisher=Turner Publishing |location=Atlanta |isbn=1570362270}} *{{cite journal |last1=Dienstag |first1=Joshua Foa |title=A Storied Shooting: Liberty Valance and the Paradox of Sovereignty |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-theory_2012-06_40_3/page/290 |journal=Political Theory |date=June 2012 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=290–318 |jstor=41703027 |doi=10.1177/0090591712439303 |s2cid=159881731 }} *{{cite book |last1=Dunning |first1=John |title=On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780195076783 |url=https://archive.org/details/onairencyclop00dunn |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/onairencyclop00dunn/page/419 419] |quote=james stewart lux radio theater no highways in the sky. |access-date=June 3, 2019 }} *{{cite book |last1=Eliot |first1=Mark |title=Jimmy Stewart: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewartbiog00elio |date=2006 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=9781400052226}} *{{cite book |last1=Eyman |first1=Scott |title=Hank and Jim: The Fifty-Year Friendship of Henry Fonda and James Stewart |date=2017 |publisher=Simon & Schuster Paperbacks |location=New York |isbn=9781501102196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka-uDgAAQBAJ&q=james+stewart+%22journey+by+night%22+april+1935&pg=PA56 |access-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174339/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka-uDgAAQBAJ&q=james+stewart+%22journey+by+night%22+april+1935&pg=PA56 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Fishgall |first1=Gary |title=Pieces of Time: The Life of James Stewart |date=1997 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=068482454X |url=https://archive.org/details/piecesoftimelife00fish }} *{{cite book |author=Fonda, Henry as told to [[Howard Teichmann]] |title=Fonda: My Life |location=New York |publisher=A Signet Book, New American Library |date=1981 |isbn=0-451-11858-8 |ref={{harvid|Fonda|Teichmann|1981|p=74}} |url=https://archive.org/details/fondamylife00fond }} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Gevinson |editor1-first=Alan |title=American Film Institute Catalog: Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911–1960 |date=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520209648 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bsoUXGZSxZcC&q=james+stewart+lux+radio+theater+winchester+%2773&pg=PA1144 |access-date=June 3, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174335/https://books.google.com/books?id=bsoUXGZSxZcC&q=james+stewart+lux+radio+theater+winchester+%2773&pg=PA1144 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Grams |first1=Martin Jr. |title=Radio Drama: A Comprehensive Chronicle of American Network Programs, 1932–1962 |url=https://archive.org/details/radiodramacompre0000gram_d2n9 |date=2000 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=078640051X }} *{{cite book |last1=Gregg |first1=Jill A. |title=St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture |date=2000 |publisher=St. James Press |editor1-last=Pendergast |editor1-first=Tom |editor2-last=Pendergast |editor2-first=Sara |location=Detroit |isbn=1558624007}} *{{cite book |last1=Hannan |first1=Brian |title=Coming Back to a Theater Near You |date=2016 |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=9781476623894 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug3MDAAAQBAJ&q=re-release+of+hitchcock+films+brought+critical+acclaim+to+rear+window+and+vertigo&pg=PA281 |access-date=August 1, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174345/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug3MDAAAQBAJ&q=re-release+of+hitchcock+films+brought+critical+acclaim+to+rear+window+and+vertigo&pg=PA281 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Hanson |editor1-first=Patricia King |title=American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures in the United States: Feature Films, 1941–1950, Film Entries, A-L |date=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520215214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRY0QiacQccC&q=james+stewart+lux+radio+theater+june+bride&pg=PA1246 |access-date=October 18, 2020 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174337/https://books.google.com/books?id=fRY0QiacQccC&q=james+stewart+lux+radio+theater+june+bride&pg=PA1246 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Hischak |first1=Thomas S. |title=Broadway Plays and Musicals: Descriptions and Essential Facts of More than 14,000 Shows through 2007 |date=2009 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=9780786434480 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzeiySJZXF4C&q=james+stewart++%22harvey%22+%22broadway%22+february-may+1970+helen+hayes&pg=PA189 |access-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174337/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzeiySJZXF4C&q=james+stewart++%22harvey%22+%22broadway%22+february-may+1970+helen+hayes&pg=PA189 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Holston |first1=Kim R. |title=Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973 |date=2013 |publisher=McFarland & Company Publishers |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=9780786460625 |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwq69QWWFPYC&q=%22how+the+west+was+won%22+box+office+hit&pg=PA337 |access-date=June 12, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174346/https://books.google.com/books?id=kwq69QWWFPYC&q=%22how+the+west+was+won%22+box+office+hit&pg=PA337 |url-status=live }} * [[Norris Houghton|Houghton, Norris]]. ''But Not Forgotten: The Adventure of the University Players''. New York: William Sloane Associates, 1951. *{{cite book |last1=Hyatt |first1=Wesley |title=Short-Lived Television Series 1948–1978 |date=2003 |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=0786414200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ty21CgAAQBAJ&q=hawkins+james+stewart+shaft&pg=PA222 |access-date=June 12, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174348/https://books.google.com/books?id=ty21CgAAQBAJ&q=hawkins+james+stewart+shaft&pg=PA222 |url-status=live }} *{{cite thesis |last1=Huzera |first1=Jennifer |title=(A)Typical Jimmy: James Stewart and Hollywood Studio Era Acting |date=May 2011 |pages=53–54 |url=https://curve.carleton.ca/system/files/etd/38c89d8e-3991-4043-aa18-ddf8029a45f5/etd_pdf/327c92df03da7040c8673ed147cc7d88/huzera-atypicaljimmyjamesstewartandhollywoodstudio.pdf |access-date=June 13, 2019 |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501181915/https://curve.carleton.ca/system/files/etd/38c89d8e-3991-4043-aa18-ddf8029a45f5/etd_pdf/327c92df03da7040c8673ed147cc7d88/huzera-atypicaljimmyjamesstewartandhollywoodstudio.pdf |url-status=live }} * Jackson, Kenneth T., Karen Markoe and Arnie Markoe. ''The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives'' (5). New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998. {{ISBN|0-684-80663-0}}. *{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Ken D. |first2=Arthur F. |last2=McClure |first3=Alfred E. |last3=Twomey |title=The Films of James Stewart |location=New York |publisher=Castle Books |date=1970 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=Amy |title=Jimmy Stewart is being beaten: Rope and the postwar crisis in American masculinity |journal=Quarterly Review of Film & Video |date=1997 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=41–58 |doi=10.1080/10509209709361452 }} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Lloyd |editor1-first=Ann |editor2-last=Fuller |editor2-first=Graham |editor3-last=Desser |editor3-first=Arnold |title=The Illustrated Who's Who of the Cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedwhosw0000unse |date=1983 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=0029234506}} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Magill |editor1-first=Frank N. |title=The 20th Century O-Z: Dictionary of World Biography |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0893563234 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eE_ZjR1dKB4C&pg=PA3530 |access-date=March 19, 2020 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174357/https://books.google.com/books?id=eE_ZjR1dKB4C&pg=PA3530 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Denise |title=Hollywood Independents: The Postwar Talent Takeover |date=2008 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=9780816645404 |url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodindepen0000mann |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodindepen0000mann/page/50 50] |quote=winchester '73 box office success. |access-date=June 17, 2019 }} *{{cite book |last1=McBride |first1=Joseph |title=Frank Capra: The Catastrophe of Success |date=2011 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi}} *{{cite book |last1=McGowan |first1=Helene |title=James Stewart |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesstewart0000mcgo_i1m8 |date=1992 |publisher=Crescent |location=New York |isbn=0517067080 }} *{{cite book |last1=Molyneaux |first1=Gerard |title=James Stewart: A Bio-Bibliography |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesstewartbiob0000moly |date=1992 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=New York |isbn=0313273529}} *{{cite book |last1=Munn |first1=Michael |title=Jimmy Stewart: The Truth Behind the Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewarttrut0000munn_v5e4 |date=2005 |publisher=Robson Books |location=London |isbn=1861059612}} *{{cite book |last1=Naremore |first1=James |title=Acting in the Cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/actingincinema0000nare |date=1988 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520062280}} *{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Timothy P. |title=Two Concepts of Liberty Valance: John Ford, Isaiah Berlin, and Tragic Choice on the Frontier |journal=The John Marshall Institutional Repository |date=2004 |url=https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1123&context=facpubs |access-date=June 13, 2019 |publisher=John Marshall Law School |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619145209/https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1123&context=facpubs |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Tim |editor1-last=Hart |editor1-first=Kylo-Patrick R. |title=Film and Television Stardom |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |location=Newcastle |isbn=978-1847186287 |chapter=Star, Interrupted: The Reinvention of James Stewart}} * {{cite book |last1=Pickard |first1=Roy |title=Jimmy Stewart: A Life in Film |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewartlife0000pick |url-access=registration |date=1992 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=0312088280 }} * {{cite book |last= Pomerance |first= Murray |editor1-last= Palmer |editor1-first= R. Barton |chapter= James Stewart and James Dean: The Darkness Within |title= Larger Than Life: Movie Stars of the 1950s |url= https://archive.org/details/largerthanlifemo0000rbar |year= 2010 |publisher= Rutgers University Press }} * Prendergast, Tom and Sara, eds. "Stewart, James." ''International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers, 4th edition''. London: St. James Press, 2000. {{ISBN|1-55862-450-3}}. * Prendergast, Tom and Sara, eds. "Stewart, James." ''St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, 5th edition''. London: St. James Press, 2000. {{ISBN|1-55862-529-1}}. *{{cite book |last1=Quirk |first1=Lawrence J. |title=Margaret Sullavan: Child of Fate |url=https://archive.org/details/margaretsullavan00quir |url-access=registration |date=1986 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=0312514425 }} *{{cite book |last1=Quirk |first1=Lawrence J. |title=James Stewart: Behind the Scenes of a Wonderful Life |date=1997 |publisher=Applause |location=New York |isbn=155783329X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BMMfHkHZs4C&q=james+stewart+lux+radio+theater+madame+X&pg=PA76 |access-date=June 3, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174358/https://books.google.com/books?id=3BMMfHkHZs4C&q=james+stewart+lux+radio+theater+madame+X&pg=PA76 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Resch |first1=John Phillips |title=Americans at war: Society, culture, and the homefront |date=2005 |publisher=Macmillan Reference |location=Detroit |isbn=002865806X |url=https://archive.org/details/americansatwarso0000unse |access-date=July 15, 2019 }} *{{cite book |last1=Rinella |first1=Michael D. |title=Margaret Sullavan: The Life and Career of a Reluctant Star |date=2019 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=9781476636054 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7ylDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Next+Time+We+Love%22+box+office&pg=PA77 |access-date=November 5, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174338/https://books.google.com/books?id=t7ylDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Next+Time+We+Love%22+box+office&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Robbins |first1=Jhan |title=Everybody's Man: A Biography of Jimmy Stewart |date=1985 |publisher=Putnam |location=New York |isbn=0399129731 |url=https://archive.org/details/everybodysmanbio00robb }} *{{cite book |last1=Sanello |first1=Frank |title=Jimmy Stewart: A Wonderful Life |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewartwond0000sane |date=1997 |publisher=Kensington Publishing Corp |location=New York |isbn=9780786005062}} *{{cite book |last1=Sarris |first1=Andrew |title="You Ain't Heard Nothing Yet": The American Talking Film History & Memory, 1927–1949 |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0195038835 |url=https://archive.org/details/youaintheardnoth00sarr }} *{{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=Donald |last2=Slatzer |first2=Robert F. |last3=Grayson |first3=Dave |title=Duke, the life and times of John Wayne |url=https://archive.org/details/dukelifetimesof00shep |url-access=registration |date=1985 |publisher=Doubleday |location=Garden City, New York |isbn=038517893X }} *{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Starr |title=Jimmy Stewart: Bomber Pilot |date=2005 |publisher=Zenith Press |location=St. Paul, Minnesota |isbn=076032199X |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewart00star }} *{{cite book |first=Jimmy |last=Stewart |title=Jimmy Stewart and His Poems |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group|Crown]] |isbn=978-0517573822 |date=August 19, 1989 |url=https://archive.org/details/jimmystewarthisp00stew }} *{{cite book |last1=Sweeney |first1=Kevin |title=Henry Fonda: A Bio-Bibliography |url=https://archive.org/details/henryfondabiobib0000swee_x3p1 |date=1992 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=New York |isbn=0313265712}} *{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/details/Screen_Volume_32_Issue_3/page/n17|magazine=Screen|volume=32|issue=3|date=August 1991|title=The popular cash and culture in the postwar British cinema industry|first=Janet|last=Thumim}} *{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Tony |title=A Wonderful Life: The Films and Career of James Stewart |date=1988 |publisher=Citadel Press |location=Secaucus, New Jersey |isbn=0806510811 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rE_CgD4pk2wC&q=james+stewart+%22journey+by+night%22+%22carl%22&pg=PA13 |access-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174338/https://books.google.com/books?id=rE_CgD4pk2wC&q=james+stewart+%22journey+by+night%22+%22carl%22&pg=PA13 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Truffaut |first1=François |last2=Hitchcock |first2=Alfred |last3=Scott |first3=Helen G. |title=Hitchcock |date=1983 |publisher=Simon & Schuster Paperbacks |location=New York |isbn=9780671604295 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NnE_sPb3XBQC&pg=PA94 |access-date=March 19, 2020 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423174338/https://books.google.com/books?id=NnE_sPb3XBQC&pg=PA94 |url-status=live }} *{{cite book |last1=Turk |first1=Edward Baron |title=Hollywood Diva: A Biography of Jeanette MacDonald |url=https://archive.org/details/hollywooddivabio0000turk |url-access=registration |date=1998 |publisher=University of California Press }} *{{cite book |last1=Urwand |first1=Ben |title=The Collaboration: Hollywood's Pact with Hitler |url=https://archive.org/details/collaborationhol0000urwa |date=2013 |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press}} * Wright, Stuart J. ''An Emotional Gauntlet: From Life in Peacetime America to the War in European Skies—A History of 453rd Bomb Group Crews''. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-299-20520-7}}. {{Refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IBDB name}} * {{IMDb name|71|James Stewart}} * {{Tcmdb name|name=Jimmy Stewart}} * [http://jimmy.org/ Jimmy Stewart Museum] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009mhx7 James Stewart] interview on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', December 23, 1983 * [http://archives.lib.byu.edu/agents/people/2879?&filter_fields%5B%5D=primary_type&filter_values%5B%5D=resource Collections related to James Stewart] at the [[L. Tom Perry Special Collections]], [[Harold B. Lee Library]], [[Brigham Young University]] {{BD|1908|1997}} {{KWW}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Marekani]] kimdvuma31h37n0w85bl6gs97e8sf7n 0 191770 1545344 1532657 2026-05-17T21:47:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545344 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Clonard RC Church St Finian 06 Detail 2007 08 26.jpg|thumb|Mt. Finiani na [[Mwanafunzi|wanafunzi]] wake katika [[dirisha]] la [[kioo cha rangi]] huko Clonard.]] [[File:Clonard RC Church St Finian 07 Detail 2007 08 26.jpg|thumb|200px|Mt. Finiani akiwabariki mitume kumi na wawili wa Ireland.]] '''Finiani wa Clonard''' (pia: '''Finnian, Finian, Fionán, Fionnán, Finianus, Finanus'''<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Ussher|first=James |authorlink=James Ussher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=solLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA472 |title=Whole works|volume=VI: Britannicarum ecclesiarum antiquitates|date=1639|publisher=Hodges & Smith|page=472|location=Dublin|language=la}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Ware|first=James |authorlink=James Ware (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ULYza1UatYC&pg=PA292 |title=Hibernicæ antiquitates|date=1658|page=292|location=London|publisher=E. Tyler|language=la}}</ref> ; [[Myshall]], [[Leinster]], [[470]] - Ross Findchuill, [[12 Desemba]] [[549]]<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu |title=The Irish Life of Saint Finnian of Clonard: Master of the Saints of Ireland with a Commentary for the general reader|last=Hickey|first=Elizabeth|publisher=Meath Archaeological and Historical Society|year=1996|isbn=9780950033273|location=Meath|pages=5}}</ref>) alikuwa [[abati]] [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[monasteri]] ya [[Clonard]], [[Eire|Ireland]], kituo muhimu sana cha [[Makanisa ya Kikelti|Ukristo wa Kikelti]], na wa monasteri nyingine mbalimbali, alipolea maelfu ya [[Mmonaki|wamonaki]]<ref name=healy>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04064a.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: School of Clonard |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=farmer>{{cite book |last=Farmer|first=David Hugh |title=The Oxford dictionary of saints|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000farm_y6s6|year=1997|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=0-19-280058-2|edition=4.}}</ref><ref>https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/93212</ref>. Bora kati yao ni [[Mitume kumi na wawili wa Ireland]] <ref name ="Flood"> {{Rejea jarida | last = Gratton-Flood | first = W.H. | title = The Twelve Apostles of Erin | work = The Catholic Encyclopedia | volume = I | location = New York | publisher = Robert Appleton Company | date = 1 March 1907 | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01632a.htm | accessdate = 9 February 2008 }}</ref>: # [[Kieran wa Saighir]] # [[Kieran Kijana]] # [[Brendan wa Birr]] # [[Brendan Baharia]] # [[Kolumba wa Terryglass]] # [[Kolumba|Kolumba wa Iona]] # [[Berchan]] # [[Ruadan]] # [[Senan]] # [[Ninnidh]] # [[Laisren]] # [[Kaniko abati|Keneth]] Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[12 Desemba]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>. ==Tazama pia== *[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] *[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|2}} ==Vyanzo== * ''Lives'' of St Finnian of Clonard ** Irish ''Life'', ed. Whitley Stokes, ''Lives of the Saints from the Book of Lismore''. Oxford, 1890. Vol. 2. ** Latin ''Life'' in the ''[[Codex Salmanticensis]]'' (fos. 83r–86v), ed. J. De Smedt and C. De Backer, ''Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae ex codice Salmanticensi''. Edinburgh et al., 1888. Cols 189–210. ** Latin ''Life'' in Bodleian, Rawlinson MS B 485 (fos. 54–8), and Rawlinson B 505 (fos. 156v–160v). Unpublished. ** Elizabeth Hickey: The Irish Life of Saint Finnian of Clonard: master of the saints of Ireland. With a commentary for the general reader. Hrsg.: Meath Archaeological and Historical Society. 1996, {{ISBN|978-0-9500332-7-3}}. == Marejeo mengine == * Hughes, Kathleen. "The Cult of St Finnian of Clonard from the Eighth to the Eleventh Century". ''Irish Historical Studies'' 9.33 (1954). pp.&nbsp;13–27. * MacKillop, James, ''A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology'', Oxford, 1998. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.bartleby.com/210/12/122.html Butler, Alban. ''Lives of the Saints'', Vol. XII, 1866] * [http://www.oodegr.com/english/biographies/arxaioi/Finnian_Clonard.htm The Venerable Finnian] {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:waliozaliwa 470]] [[Jamii:waliofariki 549]] [[Jamii:wamonaki]] [[Jamii:mapadri]] [[Jamii:watawa waanzilishi]] [[Jamii:watakatifu wa Ireland]] n8xe78nrj41q3rs4fzoc7ghll5bwuzt 0 203405 1545375 1506761 2026-05-17T22:24:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Clitoridectomy au clitorectomy''' ni kuondolewa kwa [[upasuaji]], kupunguza, au kuondolewa kwa sehemu ya kisimi. Hutumika mara chache kama njia ya [[matibabu]], kama vile wakati saratani imetokea ndani au kuenea kwenye kisimi. Kwa kawaida, uondoaji usio wa kimatibabu wa kisimi hufanywa wakati wa [[ukeketaji]]. <ref name=Hiort2014>{{cite book | last = Hiort | first = O. | title = Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD) | url = https://archive.org/details/understandingdif0000unse_c8t2 | publisher = Karger | location = Basel| year = 2014 | isbn = 9783318025583 }}</ref> == Matumizi ya matibabu == '''Uovu''' Uondoaji wa kisimi mara nyingi hufanywa ili kuondoa seli zenye saratani au nekrosisi ya kisimi. Hii wakati mwingine hufanywa pamoja na vulvectomy kali kabisa. Upasuaji unaweza pia kuwa muhimu kutokana na matibabu ya mionzi ya matibabu kwenye eneo la pelvic. Kuondolewa kwa kisimi kunaweza kuwa kwa sababu ya ugonjwa mbaya au kiwewe. <ref>{{cite press release | title = New study shows female genital mutilation exposes women and babies to significant risk at childbirth | publisher = World Health Organization | date=2006-06-02 | url =https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2006/pr30/en/index.html| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20060602224849/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2006/pr30/en/index.html| url-status =dead| archive-date =June 2, 2006}}</ref> '''Clitoromegaly na hali zingine''' Watoto wachanga wa kike waliozaliwa na genotype 46,XX lakini wana ukubwa wa kisimi walioathiriwa na hyperplasia ya adrenali ya kuzaliwa na hutibiwa kwa upasuaji wa uke, ambayo mara nyingi hupunguza [[ukubwa]] wa kisimi bila kuondolewa kabisa. [[Ukubwa]] usio wa kawaida wa kisimi unatokana na usawa wa endokrini katika [[uterasi]]. Sababu nyingine za upasuaji huo ni pamoja na masuala yanayohusisha microphallism na wale ambao wana Müllerian agenesis. [[Matibabu]] kwa [[watoto]] yanaibua masuala ya haki za binadamu. <ref name=Hoffman2012>{{cite book | last = Hoffman | first = Barbara | title = Williams gynecology | url = https://archive.org/details/williamsgynecolo0000unse | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | year = 2012 | isbn = 9780071716727 }}</ref><ref name="HorbachBouman2015">{{cite journal|last1=Horbach|first1=Sophie E.R.|last2=Bouman|first2=Mark-Bram|last3=Smit|first3=Jan Maerten|last4=Özer|first4=Müjde|last5=Buncamper|first5=Marlon E.|last6=Mullender|first6=Margriet G.|title=Outcome of Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Transgenders: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|volume=12|issue=6|year=2015|pages=1499–1512|issn=1743-6095|doi=10.1111/jsm.12868|pmid=25817066}}</ref> == Mbinu == [[Mbinu]] za upasuaji wa clitoridectomy hutumiwa kuondoa donda ndugu vamizi linaloenea hadi kwenye kisimi. Katika [[kesi]] hizi, taratibu za kawaida za upasuaji zinafuatwa. Hii ni pamoja na tathmini na biopsy. Mambo mengine ambayo yataathiri mbinu iliyochaguliwa ni umri, hali nyingine za matibabu zilizopo, na fetma. Mambo mengine ya kuzingatia ni uwezekano wa kupanuliwa kwa huduma ya [[hospitali]] na ukuzaji wa [[maambukizo]] kwenye tovuti ya [[upasuaji]]. Upasuaji unaendelea kwa kutumia anesthesia ya jumla, na kabla ya vulvectomy/clitoridectomy, lymphadenectomy ya inguinal inafanywa kwanza. Upeo wa tovuti ya upasuaji huenea 1 hadi 2 cm (0.39 hadi 0.79 ndani) zaidi ya mipaka ya ugonjwa mbaya. Viwango vya juu vya limfu pia vinaweza kuhitaji kuondolewa. Ikiwa uovu upo katika misuli yoyote katika kanda, basi tishu za misuli zilizoathiriwa pia huondolewa. Katika baadhi ya matukio, daktari wa upasuaji anaweza kuhifadhi kisimi licha ya uharibifu mkubwa. [[Tishu]] za saratani huondolewa na chale hufungwa. <ref name="Gundeti2012">{{cite book |last=Gundeti |first=Mohan |title=Pediatric Robotic and Reconstructive Urology a Comprehensive Guide |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2012 |isbn=9781444335538 |location=City }}</ref> Utunzaji wa baada ya upasuaji unaweza kutumia matumizi ya [[mifereji]] ya maji ili kuruhusu tishu za kina kupona kuelekea uso. Ufuatiliaji baada ya upasuaji ni pamoja na kuvuliwa kwa kifaa cha mifereji ya maji ili kuzuia kuziba. Kukaa hospitalini kwa kawaida kunaweza kudumu hadi wiki mbili. Mahali palipofanyiwa upasuaji huachwa bila kufungwa ili kuruhusu uchunguzi wa mara kwa mara. <ref>{{cite report |date=2017-07-25 |title=I Want to Be Like Nature Made Me: Medically Unnecessary Surgeries on Intersex Children in the US |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/07/25/i-want-be-nature-made-me/medically-unnecessary-surgeries-intersex-children-us |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2021-12-17 |archive-date=2017-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005133541/https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/07/25/i-want-be-nature-made-me/medically-unnecessary-surgeries-intersex-children-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Matatizo yanaweza kujumuisha maendeleo ya lymphedema; kutoondoa mshipa wa saphenous wakati wa upasuaji kunaweza kusaidia kuzuia hili. Katika baadhi ya matukio, mkusanyiko wa kiowevu unaweza kupunguzwa kupitia mbinu kama vile kuinua mguu, [[dawa]] ya diuretiki, na kuvaa soksi za mgandamizo. Katika kisimi kwa watoto wachanga walio na kisimi, kisimi mara nyingi hupunguzwa badala ya kuondolewa. [[Daktari]] wa upasuaji hukata [[shimoni]] la phallus iliyoinuliwa na kushona glans na mishipa iliyohifadhiwa kwenye kisiki. Katika [[upasuaji]] usio wa kawaida unaoitwa kupungua kwa kisimi, daktari mpasuaji huficha kishindo cha kisimi chini ya mkunjo wa ngozi hivyo ni glans pekee inayobaki kuonekana. <ref name="Fausto-Sterling">{{cite book|last1=Fausto-Sterling|first1=Anne|title=Sexing the body : gender politics and the construction of sexuality|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465077137|url-access=registration|date=2000|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-465-07714-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465077137/page/48 48]|edition=1. ed., [Nachdr.]}}</ref> == Jamii na Utamaduni == '''Mkuu''' Ingawa usomi mwingi wa kifeministi umeelezea kisimi kama zoea linalolenga kudhibiti ujinsia wa [[wanawake]], kuibuka kwa kihistoria kwa mila hiyo katika [[tamaduni]] za kale za Uropa na Mashariki ya Kati kunaweza pia kuwa kulitokana na mawazo kuhusu jinsi uke wa kike unafaa kuonekana na ulindaji mipaka kati ya jinsia moja. <ref>{{cite journal|author=Duffy, John|author-link=John Duffy (medical historian)|doi=10.1001/jama.1963.63710030028012|date=October 19, 1963|title=Masturbation and Clitoridectomy: A Nineteenth-Century View|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_1963-10-19_186_3/page/246|journal=JAMA|volume=186|issue=3|pages=246–248|pmid=14057114}}</ref> Katika karne ya [[kumi na saba]], wataalam wa anatomia walibaki wakiwa wamegawanyika kuhusu ikiwa kisimi kilikuwa kiungo cha kawaida cha mwanamke, huku wengine wakibishana kwamba kilikuwa ni hali isiyo ya kawaida katika ukuaji wa mwanamke na, ikiwa ni kikubwa vya kutosha kuonekana, lazima kiondolewe wakati wa kuzaliwa. Katika karne ya [[19]], upasuaji wa kisimi ulifikiriwa na wengine kuzuia upigaji [[punyeto]] wa kike; hadi mwishoni mwa karne ya [[19]], kupiga punyeto kulifikiriwa na wengi kuwa jambo lisilofaa au lisilo la kiadili. Isaac Baker Brown ([[1812]]–[[1873]]), daktari wa magonjwa ya wanawake Mwingereza ambaye alikuwa rais wa Jumuiya ya Kimatibabu ya London aliamini kwamba "kuwashwa kwa kisimi kusikokuwa asili" kulisababisha kifafa, mshtuko wa moyo, na wazimu, na alifanya [[kazi]] "kuiondoa kila alipopata fursa ya kufanya hivyo", kulingana na hati yake ya kifo katika gazeti la Medical Times na Gazette. Peter Lewis Allen anaandika kwamba maoni ya Brown yalisababisha hasira, na alikufa bila senti baada ya kufukuzwa kutoka kwa Jumuiya ya Wazazi. <ref>[[Peter Lewis Allen|Allen, Peter Lewis]]. ''The Wages of Sin: Sex and Disease, Past and Present''. University of Chicago Press, 2000, [[iarchive:wagesofsinsexdis00alle/page/106|p. 106]]. * For the obituary, see J.F.C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gZ4EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA155 "Isaac Baker Brown, F.R.C.S."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223171914/https://books.google.com/books?id=gZ4EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=2023-12-23}}, ''Medical Times and Gazette'', 8 February 1873. * Also see Brown, Isaac Baker. ''On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, Epilepsy, Catalepsy, and Hysteria in Females''. Robert Hardwicke, 1866.</ref> Mara kwa mara, katika dawa za [[Marekani]] na Kiingereza za karne ya [[kumi na tisa]], tohara ilifanywa kama [[tiba]] ya wazimu. Wengine waliamini kwamba matatizo ya kiakili na kihisia-moyo yalihusiana na viungo vya [[uzazi]] vya mwanamke na kwamba kuondoa kisimi kungeponya [[ugonjwa]] huo wa [[neva]]. Matibabu haya yalikomeshwa mwaka wa [[1867]]. <ref>{{Cite journal | last = Atoki | first = Morayo | s2cid = 144198914 | title = Should female circumcision continue to be banned? | journal = [[Feminist Legal Studies]] | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | page = 229 | doi = 10.1007/BF01104114 | date = August 1995 | postscript =; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh.}}</ref> Aesthetics inaweza kuamua kanuni za kisimi. Ukosefu wa [[utata]] wa [[viungo]] vya uzazi huonekana kuwa muhimu katika ugawaji wa jinsia kwa watoto wachanga na kwa hiyo kama sehemu ya [[siri]] ya [[mtoto]] ni ya kawaida, lakini kile kinachochukuliwa kuwa kisichoeleweka au cha kawaida kinaweza kutofautiana kutoka kwa mtu hadi [[mtu]]. <ref name = "Kessler">{{cite book|last1=Kessler|first1=Suzanne J.|title=Lessons from the intersexed|date=2000|publisher=Rutgers Univ. Press|location=New Brunswick, NJ [u.a.]|isbn=978-0813525297|page=43|edition=2. Paperback printing.}}</ref><ref name = "Rodriguez">{{cite book|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Sarah|title=Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of Medical Treatment|date=2014|publisher=University of Rochester Press}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Tiba]] spxt04p4mbm35lg74ix6ir9fjnh8lv3 2 204843 1545398 1509444 2026-05-17T23:53:18Z ~2026-29837-43 89415 Biography 1545398 wikitext text/x-wiki Michael Alacoque Michael Alacoque is a Tanzanian-Korean entrepreneur, pharmacist, actor, fashion model, and creative media personality based in Dar es Salaam. He is recognized for his growing influence in business, fashion, entertainment, and digital branding. Born on August 6, 1995, in Sumbawanga, Michael Alacoque developed an early interest in entrepreneurship, creativity, and public communication. Over the years, he expanded his work across multiple industries, combining healthcare, fashion, media, and business innovation. r67k8746nzihov78bywq568il1o1ial 0 205037 1545376 1504633 2026-05-17T22:25:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545376 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Buchi Emecheta''' ('''Florence Onyebuchi Emecheta'''; 21 Julai 1944 – 25 Januari 2017) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka [[Nigeria]] aliyefanya kazi nyingi zikiwemo riwaya, tamthilia, wasifu na vitabu vya watoto.<ref name="Busby">{{cite news |last=Busby |first=Margaret |title=Buchi Emecheta obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/03/buchi-emecheta-obituary |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 Februari 2017}}</ref> Alijulikana zaidi kwa riwaya yake ya mwaka 1974, ''Second Class Citizen''. Kazi zake nyingine muhimu ni pamoja na ''The Bride Price'' (1976), ''The Slave Girl'' (1977), na ''The Joys of Motherhood'' (1979). Ameelezewa kama mmoja wa waandishi wanawake weusi wa kwanza waliopata mafanikio makubwa wakiwa wanaishi Uingereza baada ya mwaka 1948.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dawson |first=Ashley |title=Mongrel Nation: Diasporic Culture and the Making of Postcolonial Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/mongrelnationdia0000daws |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mongrelnationdia0000daws/page/116 117]}}</ref> Alizaliwa mjini [[Lagos]], Nigeria, na kazi zake nyingi zilichochewa na uzoefu wake binafsi wa utotoni. Katika maandishi yake alijadili masuala kama utumwa wa watoto, uzazi, uhuru wa mwanamke na nafasi ya elimu katika kumkomboa mwanamke.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Buchi Emecheta |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Buchi-Emecheta |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Kazi zake pia zilichunguza mvutano kati ya utamaduni wa jadi na maisha ya kisasa. == Maisha ya awali == Emecheta alizaliwa tarehe 21 Julai 1944 katika mji wa Lagos, wakati huo ukiwa sehemu ya [[Koloni la Nigeria]]. Alitokea katika familia ya kabila la [[Igbo]]. Baba yake alikuwa mfanyakazi wa reli, huku mama yake akiwa na historia ya utumwa katika familia.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |year=2007 |page=164}}</ref> Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka tisa, baba yake alifariki dunia. Baadaye alipata ufadhili wa masomo katika shule ya wasichana ya misheni, ambapo alisoma hadi alipofikisha miaka 16. Wakati wa ujana wake, alipoteza pia mama yake, jambo lililomfanya kuwa yatima mapema maishani. == Ndoa na maisha binafsi == Mwaka 1960 aliolewa na Sylvester Onwordi, na baadaye walihamia [[London]], Uingereza. Ndani ya miaka michache, alipata watoto watano. Ndoa yake ilikuwa na changamoto nyingi, ikiwa ni pamoja na migogoro na ukatili wa mara kwa mara, hali iliyomfanya hatimaye kuachana na mumewe.<ref name="Busby" /> Akiwa mama mlezi pekee, aliendelea na masomo yake na kupata shahada ya sosholojia kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha London]] mwaka 1972. Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) mwaka 1991. == Kazi ya uandishi == Emecheta alianza kuandika kwa kurekodi uzoefu wake wa maisha kama mwanamke mweusi nchini Uingereza. Baadhi ya maandishi yake yalichapishwa katika jarida la ''New Statesman'', na baadaye yakakusanywa katika kitabu chake cha kwanza, ''In the Ditch'' (1972).<ref name="Busby" /> Riwaya yake ''Second Class Citizen'' (1974) ilimletea umaarufu mkubwa, ikielezea maisha ya mwanamke anayepambana na ubaguzi wa kijinsia na ubaguzi wa rangi. Mada kuu katika kazi zake zilikuwa ni usawa wa kijinsia, heshima ya mwanamke na mapambano ya kujitambua. Baadhi ya kazi zake nyingine ni: * ''The Bride Price'' (1976) * ''The Slave Girl'' (1977) * ''The Joys of Motherhood'' (1979) * ''Destination Biafra'' (1982) * ''The New Tribe'' (2000) Kazi zake nyingi zilichambua ubaguzi wa kijinsia na wa rangi, zikichochewa na uzoefu wake binafsi kama mwanamke mweusi aliyeishi Uingereza.<ref name="britannica" /> == Kifo == Emecheta alipata kiharusi mwaka 2010, na afya yake ilidhoofika katika miaka yake ya mwisho. Alifariki dunia tarehe 25 Januari 2017 mjini London akiwa na umri wa miaka 72.<ref>{{cite news |title=Buchi Emecheta dies aged 72 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38757048 |work=BBC News |date=26 Januari 2017}}</ref> == Urithi == Baada ya kifo chake, alitambuliwa kama mmoja wa waandishi muhimu wa fasihi ya Kiafrika na diasporani. Mwaka 2005 alitunukiwa cheo cha [[Order of the British Empire]] kwa mchango wake katika fasihi.<ref name="Busby" /> Mwaka 2018, aliorodheshwa miongoni mwa wanawake 100 waliobadili dunia na jarida la ''BBC History Magazine''. Pia aliheshimiwa kupitia miradi mbalimbali ya kielimu na fasihi iliyoanzishwa kwa jina lake. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2017]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] 26fkwlvqtnjz6c1860uebv3b1bcs8lc 0 205459 1545328 1455934 2026-05-17T21:28:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545328 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kanno Sugako''' (管野 須賀子, alijulikana pia kama Kanno Suga (管野 スガ); [[7 Juni]] [[1881]] – [[25 Januari]] [[1911]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[Japani]], mtetezi wa haki za wanawake na mwanaharakati wa kifeministi wa msimamo wa anarkia. Alijulikana kwa makala zake nyingi kuhusu unyanyasaji wa kijinsia na alisimama kidete kutetea uhuru na usawa wa kijinsia kati ya wanaume na wanawake. Mnamo mwaka 1910, alishtakiwa na serikali ya Japani kwa kosa la uhaini, akihusishwa na kile kilichoitwa ''Tukio la Usaliti Mkubwa'' (''High Treason Incident''), ambalo lilihusisha njama ya kumuua Mfalme Meiji. Kanno alihukumiwa kunyongwa na aliuawa tarehe 25 Januari 1911, akiwa na umri wa miaka 29. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza katika historia ya Japani ya kisasa kuuawa kama mfungwa wa kisiasa.<ref name="Ohya">{{cite book|title=Kanno Suga to Isonokami Tsuyuko|last1=Ohya|first1=Wataru|date=1989|publisher=Tōhō Shuppan|isbn=4-88591-215-6|location=Osaka|pages=7–8|ref=Ohya}}</ref> == Wasifu == === Maisha ya mapema === Kanno Sugako alizaliwa mwaka 1881 katika jiji la [[Osaka]]. Baba yake, Kanno Yoshihige, alikuwa na biashara ya madini iliyokuwa na mafanikio makubwa, lakini iliporomoka alipokuwa bado mdogo. Mama yake alifariki alipokuwa na umri wa miaka kumi, na baadaye baba yake alioa mke mwingine. Alibaki na dada yake mdogo, Hide, na kaka yake mdogo. Ukengeufu wake wa kwanza kuelekea siasa za ujamaa ulitokana na kusoma insha ya Sakai Toshihiko, iliyowashauri waathirika wa ubakaji wasijihisi na hatia kwa yaliyowakumba. Maandishi hayo yalimvutia na kumpelekea kujifunza zaidi kuhusu fikra za kijamaa kupitia maandiko ya Sakai na waandishi wengine. Mnamo Septemba 1899, akiwa na miaka 17, Kanno aliolewa na Komiya Fukutarō, kijana kutoka familia ya kibiashara ya Tokyo. Ingawa hakuwa na mapenzi ya dhati kwa mume wake, ndoa hiyo ilimpa nafasi ya kutoroka manyanyaso ya mama yake wa kambo. Hatimaye, mwaka 1902, alirudi Osaka kumtunza baba yake baada ya mama yake wa kambo kuondoka. <ref>{{cite book|title=Kotoku Shusui: Portrait of a Japanese Radical.|url=https://archive.org/details/kotokushusuiport0000note|last1=Notehelfer|first1=F.G.|date=1971|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/kotokushusuiport0000note/page/166 167]|ref=Notehelfer}}</ref> === Uandishi na uanaharakati === Wakati akimtunza baba yake, Kanno alianzisha urafiki wa karibu na Udagawa Bunkai, mlezi wa kaka yake, ambaye alimtambulisha katika taaluma ya uandishi. Udagawa alimsaidia kupata nafasi ya kuandika katika gazeti la ''Osaka Choho'' na kumpa mwongozo katika kazi zake za awali. Baada ya hapo, Kanno aliandika hadithi fupi, makala, na insha kadhaa. Ingawa ripoti za wakati huo zinadai walihusiana kimapenzi, wengi wa watafiti wa sasa wanapinga dhana hiyo.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kanno Suga (1881-1911): Life as a Feminist Journalist 1902-08|last=Seto|first=Tomoko|publisher=City University of New York|year=2006|location=[[New York City|New York]]|page=64|language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 1903, alijiunga na Shirika la Kikristo la ''Fujin Kyofukai'' (Umoja wa Wanawake Wakristo wa Kupinga Ulevi), ambalo lilipigania mageuzi ya kijamii, hasa dhidi ya mfumo wa nyumba za starehe. Alishiriki mikutano na mihadhara mingi ya kijamii, ambako pia alikutana na Kōtoku Shūsui, ambaye baadaye akawa mpenzi wake na mshirika katika harakati. Kuanzia mwaka 1904 hadi 1906, Kanno alihusiana kwa karibu na magazeti ya kijamii na kidini, akishiriki mijadala ya kupinga vita vya Urusi na Japani. Kupitia uandishi wake, alianza kupata nafasi kama sauti ya upinzani. Hata hivyo, mwaka 1907 alipoteza dada yake Hide kutokana na ugonjwa na baadaye yeye mwenyewe akaugua kifua kikuu, jambo lililomtia msukumo zaidi katika kupinga mifumo dhalimu ya kijamii. Mnamo Machi 1908, alihusiana na ''Tukio la Bendera Nyekundu'', ambapo wanaharakati wa kijamaa na wa-anarkia walifanya maandamano ya kuonyesha mshikamano kwa kutumia bendera nyekundu. Alikamatwa na kufungwa gerezani kwa miezi miwili, hali iliyomfanya kupoteza imani na mbinu za mapambano ya amani na badala yake kuamini mapinduzi ya nguvu. Tukio hili lilimpelekea kuimarisha mshikamano wake na Kōtoku Shūsui, ambaye alikuwa akitetea anarkia baada ya kurejea kutoka Marekani. Kwa wakati huu, Kanno alionekana wazi kama mwandishi na mwanaharakati mwenye msimamo mkali, akipinga taasisi kandamizi na kusisitiza usawa wa kijinsia. Uandishi wake na maisha yake binafsi vilikuwa kielelezo cha mapambano ya wanawake na wanyonge katika Japani ya mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1881]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1911]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Japani]] ob5bjbphyc5wvhw0oc75fgxlcwafs3f 4 208508 1545188 1544888 2026-05-17T15:46:16Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1545188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-05-17) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 57 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 29 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-05-17)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.23 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 606 |- | [[Kenya]] | 8.99 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 731 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 8.80 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3176 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1110 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1778 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 521 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 285 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 411 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 523 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 747 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 465 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.18 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 624 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 229 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 340 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 359 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 375 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 1 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 255 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 186 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 349 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 338 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 166 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Zambia]] | 2.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 14 |- | [[San Marino]] | 1.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Guam]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 18 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 1646 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 33758 || ↑ +28.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 9.5 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 195.1 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3233 || ↑ +15.8% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1067 || ↓ -16.4% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 780 || ↓ -40.2% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 742 || ↑ +29.3% |- | 5 || [[Uingereza]] || 630 || ↑ +42.2% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 627 || ↑ +8.9% |- | 7 || [[Burundi]] || 541 || ↑ +8.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 535 || ↑ +41.2% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 477 || ↑ +78.7% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 458 || ↓ -3.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 768 || 46.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 393 || 23.9% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 134 || 8.1% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 82 || 5.0% |- | 5 || [[User:Kozak2025|Kozak2025]] || 17 || 1.0% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:Borisherman|Borisherman]] || 10 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 10 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- |} 4afyupn2c7il7kit909mp933ffqyr72 1545302 1545188 2026-05-17T20:39:40Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1545302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-05-17) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 57 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 29 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-05-17)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.23 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 606 |- | [[Kenya]] | 8.99 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 731 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 8.80 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3176 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1110 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1778 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 521 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 285 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 389 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 411 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 523 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 747 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 465 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 431 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 298 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 215 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.18 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 229 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 340 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 193 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 320 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 359 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 246 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 375 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 1 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 255 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 253 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 338 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 441 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 213 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 195 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 185 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 166 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Zambia]] | 2.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 243 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 177 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 192 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 148 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 3 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 0 |- | [[San Marino]] | 1.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Guam]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 18 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 1646 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 33758 || ↑ +28.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 9.5 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 195.1 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3233 || ↑ +15.8% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1067 || ↓ -16.4% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 780 || ↓ -40.2% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 742 || ↑ +29.3% |- | 5 || [[Uingereza]] || 630 || ↑ +42.2% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 627 || ↑ +8.9% |- | 7 || [[Burundi]] || 541 || ↑ +8.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 535 || ↑ +41.2% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 477 || ↑ +78.7% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 458 || ↓ -3.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 768 || 46.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 393 || 23.9% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 134 || 8.1% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 82 || 5.0% |- | 5 || [[User:Kozak2025|Kozak2025]] || 17 || 1.0% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:Borisherman|Borisherman]] || 10 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 10 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- |} is3mnzg3bji8ovobxvn6vgmrihnoiu3 1545518 1545302 2026-05-18T07:12:39Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1545518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-05-18) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 57 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 29 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-05-18)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.23 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 604 |- | [[Kenya]] | 8.99 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 731 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 172 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 8.80 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 3144 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1102 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1860 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 521 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 291 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 374 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 444 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 513 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 162 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 260 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 350 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 933 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 212 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 490 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 229 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 422 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 290 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 209 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.18 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 764 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 220 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 342 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 184 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 289 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 388 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 240 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 322 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 361 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 252 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 219 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 249 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 376 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 330 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 435 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 122 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 194 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 187 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 157 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 166 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Zambia]] | 2.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 279 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 176 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 0 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 14 |- | [[San Marino]] | 1.60 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 297 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Guam]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 5 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 4 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 18 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 173 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 1646 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 33758 || ↑ +28.9% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 9.5 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 195.1 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 3233 || ↑ +15.8% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1067 || ↓ -16.4% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 780 || ↓ -40.2% |- | 4 || [[Kenya]] || 742 || ↑ +29.3% |- | 5 || [[Uingereza]] || 630 || ↑ +42.2% |- | 6 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 627 || ↑ +8.9% |- | 7 || [[Burundi]] || 541 || ↑ +8.6% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 535 || ↑ +41.2% |- | 9 || [[Ufaransa]] || 477 || ↑ +78.7% |- | 10 || [[Uturuki]] || 458 || ↓ -3.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 768 || 46.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 393 || 23.9% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 134 || 8.1% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 82 || 5.0% |- | 5 || [[User:Kozak2025|Kozak2025]] || 17 || 1.0% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.7% |- | 7 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:Borisherman|Borisherman]] || 10 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 10 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- |} 7z9r1s9d5cl1wkwpjpno30gevpkv3xg 0 212028 1545346 1446193 2026-05-17T21:50:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545346 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara Fast''' ni Meja Jenerali mstaafu wa [[Jeshi]] la [[Marekani]]. Akiwa miongoni mwa maafisa wa kwanza [[wanawake]] waliowekwa katika mazingira magumu na yenye hatari, Fast ni mshiriki wa Ukumbi wa Heshima wa Jeshi la Kijasusi. Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuongoza Kikosi cha Kijasusi cha Kivita cha Jeshi la Marekani (Army Military Intelligence Tactical Exploitation Battalion) na mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa Afisa wa Kijasusi/G2 wa kikosi cha mapigano. Utaalamu wake unahusisha ujasusi na usalama wa mtandao. Fast alikuwa afisa mwandamizi zaidi wa kijasusi wa kijeshi aliyekuwa akihudumu nchini [[Iraq]] wakati ambapo kulitokea tukio la mateso na unyanyasaji wa wafungwa wa Abu Ghraib. Fast alistaafu mwaka 2008 baada ya kutumikia miaka 32 jeshini. Hivi sasa anaketi kwenye bodi za wakurugenzi wa makampuni kadhaa, yakiwemo American Public Education Inc. (NASDAQ: APEI); Beacon Roofing and Supply Co (NASDAQ: BECN); Chuo cha Uuguzi cha Hondros, ambacho ni tawi linalomilikiwa kikamilifu na APEI; pamoja na mashirika kadhaa binafsi yasiyo ya kiserikali. == Elimu == Fast alihitimu katika Shule ya Upili ya Belleville Township East huko Belleville, [[Illinois]] mwaka 1971 na alipata Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sayansi katika Usimamizi wa Biashara kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Boston pamoja na Shahada ya Kwanza ya Sayansi katika Elimu ([[Kijerumani]] na [[Kiingereza]]) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Missouri kilichopo [[Columbia]], [[Missouri]]. Alitunukiwa pia Shahada ya Heshima ya [[Sheria]] (Doctorate of Laws) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kati cha Missouri. Aidha, ni mhitimu wa Chuo cha Vita cha Jeshi la Marekani kilichopo Carlisle, Pennsylvania na Chuo cha Wafanyakazi cha Vikosi Vilivyounganishwa. <ref name="day">{{cite book |last=DeFede |first=Jim |year=2002 |title=The Day the World Came to Town: 9/11 in Gander, Newfoundland |url=https://archive.org/details/dayworldcametoto00defe_0 |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=9780060513603}}</ref> == Kazi ya Kijeshi == Fast alishika nyadhifa mbalimbali za uongozi na utendaji katika Jeshi la Marekani. Majukumu yake yalihusisha: * Naibu Mkuu, Kituo cha Uwezo na Ujumuishaji wa Jeshi na G9, Amri ya Mafunzo na Mafundisho (TRADOC). * Kamanda Mkuu, Kituo cha Kijasusi cha Jeshi la Marekani]. * C2 (Mkurugenzi wa Ujasusi), Kikosi Kazi cha Pamoja-7 na Vikosi vya Kimataifa – Iraq. * J2 (Mkurugenzi wa Ujasusi), Amri ya Ulaya ya Jeshi la Marekani. * Naibu Mkurugenzi Msaidizi wa Operesheni/Naibu Mkuu, Huduma ya Usalama ya Kati na S1, Wakala wa Usalama wa Taifa (NSA). * Kamanda, Kikundi cha 66 cha Kijasusi cha Kijeshi. * G2 (Mkurugenzi wa Ujasusi), Divisheni ya 2 ya Panzani ya Marekani. * Kamanda wa Batalioni ya 163 ya Kijasusi cha Kijeshi. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanajeshi wa Marekani]] d4y7arhibgredzr0qdz2r1zuh1kcery 0 212292 1545352 1451841 2026-05-17T22:01:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bridget Connolly''' ([[23 Mei]] [[1890]] – [[15 Novemba]] [[1981]]) alikuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa kizalendo wa Ireland na mwanarepublican, aliyekuwa hai wakati wa Easter Rising ya mwaka 1916 na anaaminika kuwa mtu pekee kutoka County Carlow aliyekuwapo katika General Post Office, Dublin, wakati wa Easter Rising.<ref name="Collins">{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Lorcan |title=1916 : the Rising handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/1916risinghandbo0000coll |date=2016 |publisher=O'Brien Press |location=Dublin |isbn=9781847178480}}</ref> Pia alihudumu wakati wa Vita vya Uhuru vya Airilandi na Vita vya Ndani vya Airilandi. ==Wasifu== Bridget Connolly alizaliwa tarehe 23 Mei 1890 huko Friarstown karibu na Killerig, County Carlow. Wazazi wake walikuwa Peter Connolly, mfanyakazi wa kibarua, na Elizabeth Gaynor. Familia ya Connolly waliondoka Friarstown, huenda baada ya kufukuzwa, na kufikia mwaka 1911 walikuwa wanaishi Artane, Dublin, [[Dublin]]. Alisoma katika [[Shule]] ya St. Vincent's Convent School, Dublin, na kufuzu kama [[mwalimu]] wa shule. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1890|1981}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ireland]] bl22wzsrqda1vynzuwdqs0zjilyjoal 0 214014 1545240 1499052 2026-05-17T17:57:22Z Mtanzania2021 89053 1545240 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Albino96789.jpg|thumb|Ualbino Tanzania]] '''Ualbino Tanzania''' unatokana na oculocutaneous albinism aina 2 (OCA2), [[ugonjwa]] wa kurithi wa autosomu unaosababishwa na mabadiliko katika [[jeni]] la P, ambayo hupunguza usanisi wa [[melanini]] kwenye [[ngozi]], [[nywele]] na [[Jicho|macho]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/7/21/brutal-black-magic-in-tanzanias-election|title=Brutal black magic in Tanzania’s election|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=2015-07-21}}</ref>. [[Tanzania]] ina visa vingi vilivyoripotiwa vya aina ya ocolucateneous (OCA2) kuliko nchi nyingine [[dunia|duniani]], ikikadiriwa kutokea kwa mtoto 1 kati ya 1,400, ikilinganishwa na 1 kati ya 20,000 kwa [[Marekani]]. Watu wenye ualbino nchini Tanzania wanakumbana na changamoto ya unyanyapaa, tishio la maisha ikichochewa na [[ushirikina|imani za kishirikina]]. Kwa zaidi ya miongo miwili kumekuwa na matukio ya kukatwa viungo au kuuawa watu wenye ualbino na kupelekea [[serikali]] kuchukua hatua ya kufuatilia kwa ukaribu waganga wa jadi, kupiga marufuku ramli chonganishi na kupanua uelewa juu ya ualbino na kufungua milango kwa mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali (NGO) kuelimisha juu ya ualbino. == Tazama pia == * [[Jumuiya ya Watu Wenye Ualbino Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Ualbino]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minority Tanzania 2025]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] 1das7br86wlvn0h5eynyjs7suwxgc6w 1545243 1545240 2026-05-17T18:16:55Z Said Mfaume 68307 Kurahisisha lugha. 1545243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Albino96789.jpg|thumb|Ualbino Tanzania]] '''Ualbino Tanzania''' kwa kiasi kikubwa unatokana na ugonjwa wa kurithi wa seli za mwili (unaofahamika kisayansi kama ''oculocutaneous albinism aina 2'' au ''OCA2''). Hali hii husababishwa na hitilafu katika vinasaba (jeni) vya uzazi, ambayo hupunguza uwezo wa mwili kutengeneza kemikali ya asili ya [[melanini]] inayotoa rangi ya [[ngozi]], [[nywele]] na [[Jicho|macho]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/7/21/brutal-black-magic-in-tanzanias-election|title=Brutal black magic in Tanzania’s election|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=2015-07-21}}</ref>. [[Tanzania]] ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu wenye aina hii ya ualbino kuliko nchi nyingine [[dunia|duniani]], ikikadiriwa kutokea kwa mtoto 1 kati ya 1,400, ikilinganishwa na 1 kati ya 20,000 kwa [[Marekani]]. Watu wenye ualbino nchini Tanzania wanakumbana na changamoto ya unyanyapaa, tishio la maisha ikichochewa na [[ushirikina|imani za kishirikina]]. Kwa zaidi ya miongo miwili kumekuwa na matukio ya kukatwa viungo au kuuawa watu wenye ualbino na kupelekea [[serikali]] kuchukua hatua ya kufuatilia kwa ukaribu waganga wa jadi, kupiga marufuku ramli chonganishi na kupanua uelewa juu ya ualbino na kufungua milango kwa mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali (NGO) kuelimisha juu ya ualbino. == Tazama pia == * [[Jumuiya ya Watu Wenye Ualbino Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Ualbino]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minority Tanzania 2025]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Minorities in Tanzania]] pif5mmqnm19sce62g7ryxbejy4e1ikf 3 225160 1545127 1544211 2026-05-17T13:09:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Makala za mashine */ 1545127 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu == Napenda kukukaribisha kwenye page yangu. @[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:33, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC) :ahsante ndugu '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl|majadiliano]])''' 06:35, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC)<div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC) ==Kuchangia makala== Ukikuta makala ipo, usifute kazi ya wenzio kwa kutafsiri upya, tena kwa mashine. Ongezea palepale. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:18, 25 Machi 2026 (UTC) == Makala zenye utata wa vyanzo == Habari ndugu, Tunashukuru kwa kazi yako. Tafadhari ukisha ipandisha makala jaribu kuangalia kama kila kitu kimekaa sawa, makala zako nyingi zina kasoro kwenye viungo. Mfano makala hii '''Wafaa El-Sadr'''. Tafadhari rudia kuepuka kufutwa na kufungiwa. Asante. '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy|majadiliano]])''' 12:27, 7 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Matumizi ya Translation tool == Habari ndugu, Unatumia Translation tool na kuchapisha makala bila ya kuifanyia marekebisha kabisa. Hakikisha unapitia makala kwa kuweka kiswahili vizuri na miundo ya sentensi na sio kuamini kile kilichofanywa na tool yenyewe. Aidha ni bora kutumia njia ya kawaida kwa kufanya tafsiri kidogo kidogo na sio kutumia tool kutafsiri makala nzima bila ya mapitio ya kutosha. Matumizi ya translation tool sio vibaya kwani inarahisisha kazi ila inakuhitaji umakini wa kutosha kwenye kuweka kiswahili vizuri kabla ya kuchapisha. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 11:17, 9 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Habari ndugu Anuary.nimekuelewa :naomba usiwe unafunga basi ila unielekeze nini cha kufanya kama ulivyoniambia hapo.Asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:23, 10 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::Bado unarudia makosa yale yale, bora uandike makala fupi (aya mbili au tatu) inayoeleweka vizuri kuliko kutumia kutumia Transalation Tool kuchapisha makala ndefu yenye makosa mengi. Pia usifanye tafsiri ya Jina la chama cha siasa, kampuni n.k huandikwa kama ilivyo mfano katika makala hii ya [[Gorreth Namugga]] ulioandika tazama baada ya maboresho kadhaa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 08:01, 11 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Sawa.asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:06, 11 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::Ndugu, mwenzako Valuegirl anazidi kujifunza uhariri, kumbe wewe unarudi nyuma. Vipi? Tafadhali, angalia ninavyorekebisha makala zako. Aamani kwako! --[[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-24519-62|&#126;2026-24519-62]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-24519-62|talk]]) 12:00, 21 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::asante kwa marekebisho.nitajitahidi zaidi '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:12, 21 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::Ndugu, sioni mabadiliko. Maana yake huangalii makala zako zinavyorekebishwa, kw. mf. kufuta references zisizorejelea chochote. Sasa nitakusimamisha kwa siku moja ili uwe na muda wa kujifunza katika masahihisho hayo. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:37, 22 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::::Asante ndugu Riccardo.naendelea kujifunza zaidi nimejirekebisha sasa '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:56, 23 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::::Mbona bado? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:20, 25 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::::::Habari Riccardo.Je hizi za sasa ziko sawa kabla sijaendelea '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:29, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Nafuu ipo, ila uzidi kupitia makala zako kuona zilivyorekebishwa. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:53, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Asante sana.Naendelea kujifunza '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:56, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Interwiki na Marejeo == Ahsante sana kwa michango yako ila napenda kukudokeza kwamba makala zako nyingi ulizotafsiri unasahau kuongeza [[Msaada:Interwiki|interwiki]]. Rejea kwenye makala zako na uongeze interwiki. Pia ongeza juhudi kidogo kwenye upande wa [[Msaada:Vyanzo|marejeo]], hasa pale ambapo rejeo umeshalitumia na unataka kutumia tena kwa mara ya pili na ya tatu, kwa hali kama hiyo tumia re-use.'''[[Mtumiaji:Abubakari Sixberth|Abubakari Sixberth]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Abubakari Sixberth|majadiliano]])''' 23:17, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Asante sana ndugu.nitajitahidi sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:34, 29 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Makala za mashine == Hujambo? Najua unatumia mashine kutafsiri. Si vibaya. Ubaya ni kuacha mashine iamue hatima ya ubora wa tafsiri. Ninakufuatilia namna unavyochapisha hadi kesho jioni kama hutabadilika kuboresha makala zako nitakuweka sandukuni kwa muda wa wiki ama mwezi ili upate ufahamu kutupia makala za mashine bila kupitisha macho si kitu chema hapa. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 16:43, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Asante ndugu.nimekuelewa naomba unipe nafasi tena '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:27, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Kijana wa Arusha, haya, andika upesi taarifa zako fupi katika ukurasa wa mtumiaji. Fanya kama wengine ama akina sisi tulivyofanya inasaidia kujuana. Utaje na jumuia yako unayotoka. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 19:17, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Haraka haraka haina baraka. Huoni unavyonilazimisha kusahihisha makala zako kila dakika kwa makosa yaleyale, kuanzia kichwa cha Kiingereza? Kweli hujui kwamba politician au footballer si Kiswahili? Huwezi kuandika mwanasiasa au mwanasoka? Usipobadilika, itanibidi nikuzuie kwanza. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:52, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::habari ndugu Riccardo mimi naandika makala ya wanawake wa Brazil..... hiyo inaonyesha ni Uingereza ni mimi kweli '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:14, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::Nani alianzisha makala hizi: [[Débora Menezes (politician)|Débora Menezes]] na [[Giselle Monteiro (politician)|Giselle Monteiro]]? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:21, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::hizo ni mimi nitajirekebisha. haitajirudia tena '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:29, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::::Leo pia nimetumia saa nzima kupitia upya makala zako. Jifunze kwa kuangalia nilivyozirekebisha. Kosa jipya la leo ni kurejelea Wikipedia ya Kiingereza katika madondoo. Marufuku! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:09, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Mradi wa Nchi == Kumekuwa na migogoro mingi kuhusu majina ya makala za nchi katika Wikipedia, lakini bado hakujawahi kuwa na mjadala wa kina wa kutatua suala hilo. Kuna mradi wa [[Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]] chini ya [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]] unaolenga kushughulikia tatizo hili, lakini kufanikisha hilo kunahitaji uhamasishaji na ushiriki mkubwa zaidi wa jamii. Hivyo basi, nawaomba mshiriki katika kusaidia kutatua migogoro hii ya majina; iwe unaunga mkono au unapinga pendekezo lolote, tafadhali toa maoni na mawazo yako. Baadhi ya mapendekezo yanayoweza kuhitaji mjadala mdogo kabla ya kuidhinishwa ni pamoja na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea]] na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea Bisau]], na unaweza kuanza kushiriki huko. Ikiwa una maoni au mapendekezo mengine yoyote, tafadhali nijulishe. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:13, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) 0jznn00sdfu7w9ytbsnjx0vnh9kykiy 1545141 1545127 2026-05-17T13:55:08Z Egipa 87700 /* Makala za mashine */ Jibu 1545141 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu == Napenda kukukaribisha kwenye page yangu. @[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:33, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC) :ahsante ndugu '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl|majadiliano]])''' 06:35, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC)<div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC) ==Kuchangia makala== Ukikuta makala ipo, usifute kazi ya wenzio kwa kutafsiri upya, tena kwa mashine. Ongezea palepale. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:18, 25 Machi 2026 (UTC) == Makala zenye utata wa vyanzo == Habari ndugu, Tunashukuru kwa kazi yako. Tafadhari ukisha ipandisha makala jaribu kuangalia kama kila kitu kimekaa sawa, makala zako nyingi zina kasoro kwenye viungo. Mfano makala hii '''Wafaa El-Sadr'''. Tafadhari rudia kuepuka kufutwa na kufungiwa. Asante. '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy|majadiliano]])''' 12:27, 7 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Matumizi ya Translation tool == Habari ndugu, Unatumia Translation tool na kuchapisha makala bila ya kuifanyia marekebisha kabisa. Hakikisha unapitia makala kwa kuweka kiswahili vizuri na miundo ya sentensi na sio kuamini kile kilichofanywa na tool yenyewe. Aidha ni bora kutumia njia ya kawaida kwa kufanya tafsiri kidogo kidogo na sio kutumia tool kutafsiri makala nzima bila ya mapitio ya kutosha. Matumizi ya translation tool sio vibaya kwani inarahisisha kazi ila inakuhitaji umakini wa kutosha kwenye kuweka kiswahili vizuri kabla ya kuchapisha. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 11:17, 9 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Habari ndugu Anuary.nimekuelewa :naomba usiwe unafunga basi ila unielekeze nini cha kufanya kama ulivyoniambia hapo.Asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:23, 10 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::Bado unarudia makosa yale yale, bora uandike makala fupi (aya mbili au tatu) inayoeleweka vizuri kuliko kutumia kutumia Transalation Tool kuchapisha makala ndefu yenye makosa mengi. Pia usifanye tafsiri ya Jina la chama cha siasa, kampuni n.k huandikwa kama ilivyo mfano katika makala hii ya [[Gorreth Namugga]] ulioandika tazama baada ya maboresho kadhaa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 08:01, 11 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Sawa.asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:06, 11 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::Ndugu, mwenzako Valuegirl anazidi kujifunza uhariri, kumbe wewe unarudi nyuma. Vipi? Tafadhali, angalia ninavyorekebisha makala zako. Aamani kwako! --[[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-24519-62|&#126;2026-24519-62]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-24519-62|talk]]) 12:00, 21 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::asante kwa marekebisho.nitajitahidi zaidi '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:12, 21 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::Ndugu, sioni mabadiliko. Maana yake huangalii makala zako zinavyorekebishwa, kw. mf. kufuta references zisizorejelea chochote. Sasa nitakusimamisha kwa siku moja ili uwe na muda wa kujifunza katika masahihisho hayo. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:37, 22 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::::Asante ndugu Riccardo.naendelea kujifunza zaidi nimejirekebisha sasa '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:56, 23 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::::Mbona bado? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:20, 25 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::::::Habari Riccardo.Je hizi za sasa ziko sawa kabla sijaendelea '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:29, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Nafuu ipo, ila uzidi kupitia makala zako kuona zilivyorekebishwa. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:53, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Asante sana.Naendelea kujifunza '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:56, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Interwiki na Marejeo == Ahsante sana kwa michango yako ila napenda kukudokeza kwamba makala zako nyingi ulizotafsiri unasahau kuongeza [[Msaada:Interwiki|interwiki]]. Rejea kwenye makala zako na uongeze interwiki. Pia ongeza juhudi kidogo kwenye upande wa [[Msaada:Vyanzo|marejeo]], hasa pale ambapo rejeo umeshalitumia na unataka kutumia tena kwa mara ya pili na ya tatu, kwa hali kama hiyo tumia re-use.'''[[Mtumiaji:Abubakari Sixberth|Abubakari Sixberth]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Abubakari Sixberth|majadiliano]])''' 23:17, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Asante sana ndugu.nitajitahidi sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:34, 29 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Makala za mashine == Hujambo? Najua unatumia mashine kutafsiri. Si vibaya. Ubaya ni kuacha mashine iamue hatima ya ubora wa tafsiri. Ninakufuatilia namna unavyochapisha hadi kesho jioni kama hutabadilika kuboresha makala zako nitakuweka sandukuni kwa muda wa wiki ama mwezi ili upate ufahamu kutupia makala za mashine bila kupitisha macho si kitu chema hapa. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 16:43, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Asante ndugu.nimekuelewa naomba unipe nafasi tena '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:27, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Kijana wa Arusha, haya, andika upesi taarifa zako fupi katika ukurasa wa mtumiaji. Fanya kama wengine ama akina sisi tulivyofanya inasaidia kujuana. Utaje na jumuia yako unayotoka. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 19:17, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Haraka haraka haina baraka. Huoni unavyonilazimisha kusahihisha makala zako kila dakika kwa makosa yaleyale, kuanzia kichwa cha Kiingereza? Kweli hujui kwamba politician au footballer si Kiswahili? Huwezi kuandika mwanasiasa au mwanasoka? Usipobadilika, itanibidi nikuzuie kwanza. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:52, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::habari ndugu Riccardo mimi naandika makala ya wanawake wa Brazil..... hiyo inaonyesha ni Uingereza ni mimi kweli '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:14, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::Nani alianzisha makala hizi: [[Débora Menezes (politician)|Débora Menezes]] na [[Giselle Monteiro (politician)|Giselle Monteiro]]? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:21, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::hizo ni mimi nitajirekebisha. haitajirudia tena '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:29, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::::Leo pia nimetumia saa nzima kupitia upya makala zako. Jifunze kwa kuangalia nilivyozirekebisha. Kosa jipya la leo ni kurejelea Wikipedia ya Kiingereza katika madondoo. Marufuku! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:09, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::::asante Riccardo.asante kwa kunivumilia naendelea kujifunza '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:55, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Mradi wa Nchi == Kumekuwa na migogoro mingi kuhusu majina ya makala za nchi katika Wikipedia, lakini bado hakujawahi kuwa na mjadala wa kina wa kutatua suala hilo. Kuna mradi wa [[Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]] chini ya [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]] unaolenga kushughulikia tatizo hili, lakini kufanikisha hilo kunahitaji uhamasishaji na ushiriki mkubwa zaidi wa jamii. Hivyo basi, nawaomba mshiriki katika kusaidia kutatua migogoro hii ya majina; iwe unaunga mkono au unapinga pendekezo lolote, tafadhali toa maoni na mawazo yako. Baadhi ya mapendekezo yanayoweza kuhitaji mjadala mdogo kabla ya kuidhinishwa ni pamoja na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea]] na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea Bisau]], na unaweza kuanza kushiriki huko. Ikiwa una maoni au mapendekezo mengine yoyote, tafadhali nijulishe. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:13, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) qy8n9zgu58xj9kx3vdy2m7qqj6jt59p 1545527 1545141 2026-05-18T07:54:01Z Egipa 87700 /* Makala za mashine */ Jibu 1545527 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu == Napenda kukukaribisha kwenye page yangu. @[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:33, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC) :ahsante ndugu '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl|majadiliano]])''' 06:35, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC)<div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC) ==Kuchangia makala== Ukikuta makala ipo, usifute kazi ya wenzio kwa kutafsiri upya, tena kwa mashine. Ongezea palepale. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:18, 25 Machi 2026 (UTC) == Makala zenye utata wa vyanzo == Habari ndugu, Tunashukuru kwa kazi yako. Tafadhari ukisha ipandisha makala jaribu kuangalia kama kila kitu kimekaa sawa, makala zako nyingi zina kasoro kwenye viungo. Mfano makala hii '''Wafaa El-Sadr'''. Tafadhari rudia kuepuka kufutwa na kufungiwa. Asante. '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy|majadiliano]])''' 12:27, 7 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Matumizi ya Translation tool == Habari ndugu, Unatumia Translation tool na kuchapisha makala bila ya kuifanyia marekebisha kabisa. Hakikisha unapitia makala kwa kuweka kiswahili vizuri na miundo ya sentensi na sio kuamini kile kilichofanywa na tool yenyewe. Aidha ni bora kutumia njia ya kawaida kwa kufanya tafsiri kidogo kidogo na sio kutumia tool kutafsiri makala nzima bila ya mapitio ya kutosha. Matumizi ya translation tool sio vibaya kwani inarahisisha kazi ila inakuhitaji umakini wa kutosha kwenye kuweka kiswahili vizuri kabla ya kuchapisha. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 11:17, 9 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Habari ndugu Anuary.nimekuelewa :naomba usiwe unafunga basi ila unielekeze nini cha kufanya kama ulivyoniambia hapo.Asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:23, 10 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::Bado unarudia makosa yale yale, bora uandike makala fupi (aya mbili au tatu) inayoeleweka vizuri kuliko kutumia kutumia Transalation Tool kuchapisha makala ndefu yenye makosa mengi. Pia usifanye tafsiri ya Jina la chama cha siasa, kampuni n.k huandikwa kama ilivyo mfano katika makala hii ya [[Gorreth Namugga]] ulioandika tazama baada ya maboresho kadhaa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 08:01, 11 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Sawa.asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:06, 11 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::Ndugu, mwenzako Valuegirl anazidi kujifunza uhariri, kumbe wewe unarudi nyuma. Vipi? Tafadhali, angalia ninavyorekebisha makala zako. Aamani kwako! --[[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-24519-62|&#126;2026-24519-62]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-24519-62|talk]]) 12:00, 21 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::asante kwa marekebisho.nitajitahidi zaidi '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:12, 21 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::Ndugu, sioni mabadiliko. Maana yake huangalii makala zako zinavyorekebishwa, kw. mf. kufuta references zisizorejelea chochote. Sasa nitakusimamisha kwa siku moja ili uwe na muda wa kujifunza katika masahihisho hayo. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:37, 22 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::::Asante ndugu Riccardo.naendelea kujifunza zaidi nimejirekebisha sasa '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:56, 23 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::::Mbona bado? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:20, 25 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::::::Habari Riccardo.Je hizi za sasa ziko sawa kabla sijaendelea '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:29, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Nafuu ipo, ila uzidi kupitia makala zako kuona zilivyorekebishwa. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:53, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Asante sana.Naendelea kujifunza '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:56, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Interwiki na Marejeo == Ahsante sana kwa michango yako ila napenda kukudokeza kwamba makala zako nyingi ulizotafsiri unasahau kuongeza [[Msaada:Interwiki|interwiki]]. Rejea kwenye makala zako na uongeze interwiki. Pia ongeza juhudi kidogo kwenye upande wa [[Msaada:Vyanzo|marejeo]], hasa pale ambapo rejeo umeshalitumia na unataka kutumia tena kwa mara ya pili na ya tatu, kwa hali kama hiyo tumia re-use.'''[[Mtumiaji:Abubakari Sixberth|Abubakari Sixberth]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Abubakari Sixberth|majadiliano]])''' 23:17, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Asante sana ndugu.nitajitahidi sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:34, 29 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Makala za mashine == Hujambo? Najua unatumia mashine kutafsiri. Si vibaya. Ubaya ni kuacha mashine iamue hatima ya ubora wa tafsiri. Ninakufuatilia namna unavyochapisha hadi kesho jioni kama hutabadilika kuboresha makala zako nitakuweka sandukuni kwa muda wa wiki ama mwezi ili upate ufahamu kutupia makala za mashine bila kupitisha macho si kitu chema hapa. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 16:43, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Asante ndugu.nimekuelewa naomba unipe nafasi tena '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:27, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Kijana wa Arusha, haya, andika upesi taarifa zako fupi katika ukurasa wa mtumiaji. Fanya kama wengine ama akina sisi tulivyofanya inasaidia kujuana. Utaje na jumuia yako unayotoka. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 19:17, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Haraka haraka haina baraka. Huoni unavyonilazimisha kusahihisha makala zako kila dakika kwa makosa yaleyale, kuanzia kichwa cha Kiingereza? Kweli hujui kwamba politician au footballer si Kiswahili? Huwezi kuandika mwanasiasa au mwanasoka? Usipobadilika, itanibidi nikuzuie kwanza. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:52, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::habari ndugu Riccardo mimi naandika makala ya wanawake wa Brazil..... hiyo inaonyesha ni Uingereza ni mimi kweli '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:14, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::Nani alianzisha makala hizi: [[Débora Menezes (politician)|Débora Menezes]] na [[Giselle Monteiro (politician)|Giselle Monteiro]]? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:21, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::hizo ni mimi nitajirekebisha. haitajirudia tena '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:29, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::::Leo pia nimetumia saa nzima kupitia upya makala zako. Jifunze kwa kuangalia nilivyozirekebisha. Kosa jipya la leo ni kurejelea Wikipedia ya Kiingereza katika madondoo. Marufuku! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:09, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::::asante Riccardo.asante kwa kunivumilia naendelea kujifunza '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:55, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::::::habari ndugu Riccardo.naona umenifungia, ni kweli nafanya makosa lakini hata mimi sipendi najitahidi kujirekebisha na kujifunza pia.naomba unifungulie nipo kwenye shindano nimeshapambana mpaka leo ukinifungia uwezekano wa kuzidiwa na wenzangu ni mkubwa na hata nisiweze kuendelea.asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:54, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Mradi wa Nchi == Kumekuwa na migogoro mingi kuhusu majina ya makala za nchi katika Wikipedia, lakini bado hakujawahi kuwa na mjadala wa kina wa kutatua suala hilo. Kuna mradi wa [[Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]] chini ya [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]] unaolenga kushughulikia tatizo hili, lakini kufanikisha hilo kunahitaji uhamasishaji na ushiriki mkubwa zaidi wa jamii. Hivyo basi, nawaomba mshiriki katika kusaidia kutatua migogoro hii ya majina; iwe unaunga mkono au unapinga pendekezo lolote, tafadhali toa maoni na mawazo yako. Baadhi ya mapendekezo yanayoweza kuhitaji mjadala mdogo kabla ya kuidhinishwa ni pamoja na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea]] na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea Bisau]], na unaweza kuanza kushiriki huko. Ikiwa una maoni au mapendekezo mengine yoyote, tafadhali nijulishe. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:13, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) rro6vq63e3akfyisxeavaujemohxvgz 1545528 1545527 2026-05-18T08:25:21Z Said Mfaume 68307 /* Makala za mashine */ Jibu 1545528 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karibu == Napenda kukukaribisha kwenye page yangu. @[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:33, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC) :ahsante ndugu '''[[Mtumiaji:Valuegirl|Valuegirl]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Valuegirl|majadiliano]])''' 06:35, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC)<div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 2 Machi 2026 (UTC) ==Kuchangia makala== Ukikuta makala ipo, usifute kazi ya wenzio kwa kutafsiri upya, tena kwa mashine. Ongezea palepale. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:18, 25 Machi 2026 (UTC) == Makala zenye utata wa vyanzo == Habari ndugu, Tunashukuru kwa kazi yako. Tafadhari ukisha ipandisha makala jaribu kuangalia kama kila kitu kimekaa sawa, makala zako nyingi zina kasoro kwenye viungo. Mfano makala hii '''Wafaa El-Sadr'''. Tafadhari rudia kuepuka kufutwa na kufungiwa. Asante. '''[[Mtumiaji:Olimasy|Olimasy]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Olimasy|majadiliano]])''' 12:27, 7 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Matumizi ya Translation tool == Habari ndugu, Unatumia Translation tool na kuchapisha makala bila ya kuifanyia marekebisha kabisa. Hakikisha unapitia makala kwa kuweka kiswahili vizuri na miundo ya sentensi na sio kuamini kile kilichofanywa na tool yenyewe. Aidha ni bora kutumia njia ya kawaida kwa kufanya tafsiri kidogo kidogo na sio kutumia tool kutafsiri makala nzima bila ya mapitio ya kutosha. Matumizi ya translation tool sio vibaya kwani inarahisisha kazi ila inakuhitaji umakini wa kutosha kwenye kuweka kiswahili vizuri kabla ya kuchapisha. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 11:17, 9 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Habari ndugu Anuary.nimekuelewa :naomba usiwe unafunga basi ila unielekeze nini cha kufanya kama ulivyoniambia hapo.Asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:23, 10 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::Bado unarudia makosa yale yale, bora uandike makala fupi (aya mbili au tatu) inayoeleweka vizuri kuliko kutumia kutumia Transalation Tool kuchapisha makala ndefu yenye makosa mengi. Pia usifanye tafsiri ya Jina la chama cha siasa, kampuni n.k huandikwa kama ilivyo mfano katika makala hii ya [[Gorreth Namugga]] ulioandika tazama baada ya maboresho kadhaa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|Anuary Rajabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Anuary Rajabu|majadiliano]])''' 08:01, 11 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Sawa.asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:06, 11 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::Ndugu, mwenzako Valuegirl anazidi kujifunza uhariri, kumbe wewe unarudi nyuma. Vipi? Tafadhali, angalia ninavyorekebisha makala zako. Aamani kwako! --[[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-24519-62|&#126;2026-24519-62]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-24519-62|talk]]) 12:00, 21 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::asante kwa marekebisho.nitajitahidi zaidi '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:12, 21 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::Ndugu, sioni mabadiliko. Maana yake huangalii makala zako zinavyorekebishwa, kw. mf. kufuta references zisizorejelea chochote. Sasa nitakusimamisha kwa siku moja ili uwe na muda wa kujifunza katika masahihisho hayo. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:37, 22 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::::Asante ndugu Riccardo.naendelea kujifunza zaidi nimejirekebisha sasa '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:56, 23 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::::Mbona bado? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:20, 25 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::::::Habari Riccardo.Je hizi za sasa ziko sawa kabla sijaendelea '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:29, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Nafuu ipo, ila uzidi kupitia makala zako kuona zilivyorekebishwa. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:53, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Asante sana.Naendelea kujifunza '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:56, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Interwiki na Marejeo == Ahsante sana kwa michango yako ila napenda kukudokeza kwamba makala zako nyingi ulizotafsiri unasahau kuongeza [[Msaada:Interwiki|interwiki]]. Rejea kwenye makala zako na uongeze interwiki. Pia ongeza juhudi kidogo kwenye upande wa [[Msaada:Vyanzo|marejeo]], hasa pale ambapo rejeo umeshalitumia na unataka kutumia tena kwa mara ya pili na ya tatu, kwa hali kama hiyo tumia re-use.'''[[Mtumiaji:Abubakari Sixberth|Abubakari Sixberth]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Abubakari Sixberth|majadiliano]])''' 23:17, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) :Asante sana ndugu.nitajitahidi sana '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:34, 29 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == Makala za mashine == Hujambo? Najua unatumia mashine kutafsiri. Si vibaya. Ubaya ni kuacha mashine iamue hatima ya ubora wa tafsiri. Ninakufuatilia namna unavyochapisha hadi kesho jioni kama hutabadilika kuboresha makala zako nitakuweka sandukuni kwa muda wa wiki ama mwezi ili upate ufahamu kutupia makala za mashine bila kupitisha macho si kitu chema hapa. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 16:43, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC) :Asante ndugu.nimekuelewa naomba unipe nafasi tena '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 18:27, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Kijana wa Arusha, haya, andika upesi taarifa zako fupi katika ukurasa wa mtumiaji. Fanya kama wengine ama akina sisi tulivyofanya inasaidia kujuana. Utaje na jumuia yako unayotoka. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 19:17, 9 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::Haraka haraka haina baraka. Huoni unavyonilazimisha kusahihisha makala zako kila dakika kwa makosa yaleyale, kuanzia kichwa cha Kiingereza? Kweli hujui kwamba politician au footballer si Kiswahili? Huwezi kuandika mwanasiasa au mwanasoka? Usipobadilika, itanibidi nikuzuie kwanza. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 07:52, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::habari ndugu Riccardo mimi naandika makala ya wanawake wa Brazil..... hiyo inaonyesha ni Uingereza ni mimi kweli '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:14, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::Nani alianzisha makala hizi: [[Débora Menezes (politician)|Débora Menezes]] na [[Giselle Monteiro (politician)|Giselle Monteiro]]? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:21, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::hizo ni mimi nitajirekebisha. haitajirudia tena '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:29, 16 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::::Leo pia nimetumia saa nzima kupitia upya makala zako. Jifunze kwa kuangalia nilivyozirekebisha. Kosa jipya la leo ni kurejelea Wikipedia ya Kiingereza katika madondoo. Marufuku! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:09, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::::asante Riccardo.asante kwa kunivumilia naendelea kujifunza '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:55, 17 Mei 2026 (UTC) ::::::::habari ndugu Riccardo.naona umenifungia, ni kweli nafanya makosa lakini hata mimi sipendi najitahidi kujirekebisha na kujifunza pia.naomba unifungulie nipo kwenye shindano nimeshapambana mpaka leo ukinifungia uwezekano wa kuzidiwa na wenzangu ni mkubwa na hata nisiweze kuendelea.asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Egipa#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:54, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) :::::::::@[[Mtumiaji:Egipa|Egipa]] Pole sana. Nafikiri amekufunga kwa siku mojaa pekee. Vuta subira. '''[[Mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|Said Mfaume]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Said Mfaume|majadiliano]])''' 08:25, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Mradi wa Nchi == Kumekuwa na migogoro mingi kuhusu majina ya makala za nchi katika Wikipedia, lakini bado hakujawahi kuwa na mjadala wa kina wa kutatua suala hilo. Kuna mradi wa [[Wikipedia:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]] chini ya [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi]] unaolenga kushughulikia tatizo hili, lakini kufanikisha hilo kunahitaji uhamasishaji na ushiriki mkubwa zaidi wa jamii. Hivyo basi, nawaomba mshiriki katika kusaidia kutatua migogoro hii ya majina; iwe unaunga mkono au unapinga pendekezo lolote, tafadhali toa maoni na mawazo yako. Baadhi ya mapendekezo yanayoweza kuhitaji mjadala mdogo kabla ya kuidhinishwa ni pamoja na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea]] na [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Guinea Bisau]], na unaweza kuanza kushiriki huko. Ikiwa una maoni au mapendekezo mengine yoyote, tafadhali nijulishe. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 05:13, 15 Mei 2026 (UTC) rxd30g3ymwngaal7sqkju4gsq1av26u 0 229100 1545351 1507171 2026-05-17T21:59:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545351 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christine Douts Qunta''' (amezaliwa 1952) ni mwandishi, mwanasheria na mjasiriamali kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Amehudumu katika bodi mbalimbali za umma na binafsi, na kazi yake imeelezwa kuwa inaongozwa na azma ya kujenga jamii yenye haki na uhuru zaidi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christine Qunta |publisher=Poetry Foundation}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanaharakati katika harakati za Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) dhidi ya ubaguzi wa rangi (apartheid) katika miaka ya 1970, na alitumia miaka 17 uhamishoni akasoma na kufanya kazi ya sheria nchini Australia, Botswana na Zimbabwe kabla ya kurejea Afrika Kusini mwaka 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christine Qunta |publisher=Who's Who Southern Africa}}</ref> == Wasifu == === Miaka ya awali na uanaharakati === Christine Qunta alizaliwa mwaka 1952 mjini Kimberley, Afrika Kusini. Baada ya kumaliza elimu yake rasmi katika miaka ya 1970, alijitolea katika harakati za kisiasa za kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christine Qunta |publisher=Poetry Foundation}}</ref> Alikuwa mjumbe wa uongozi wa kikanda wa South African Students' Organisation na Black People's Convention katika Chuo Kikuu cha Western Cape. Pia alikuwa miongoni mwa wanaharakati wa wanafunzi walioacha masomo yao wakati wa mgomo wa mwaka 1973 ili kushirikiana zaidi na jamii.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Daughters of Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/daughtersofafric00adis |editor-last=Busby |editor-first=Margaret |year=1992}}</ref> Baada ya kutiwa kizuizini na serikali kwa sababu ya uanaharakati wake, alikimbia nchi na kupewa hifadhi nchini Botswana, na aliendelea kuishi uhamishoni hadi mwaka 1993. === Kazi ya sheria === Qunta alisoma sheria katika Chuo Kikuu cha New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (BA, LLB, 1981).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christine Qunta (Director & Shareholder)}}</ref> Baadaye alifanya kazi ya sheria nchini Australia, Botswana na Zimbabwe kabla ya kurejea Afrika Kusini mwaka 1993 na kufanya kazi kama mshauri wa kisheria katika kampuni ya Sanlam. Mwaka 1994 alihudhuria mafunzo ya urekebishaji wa taasisi za biashara katika Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Sheria ya Maendeleo (International Development Law Institute) mjini Roma, Italia. Eneo lake kuu la utaalamu ni sheria za makampuni. Mwaka 1995 alianzisha kampuni yake ya sheria, ''Qunta Incorporated'', jijini Cape Town, ambayo ilikuwa kampuni ya kwanza inayomilikiwa na Mwafrika mweusi katika eneo hilo kujihusisha na sheria za makampuni. Alikuwa mshirika mkuu hadi mwaka 2008, alipostaafu ili kuzingatia shughuli nyingine za biashara. Pia alikuwa makamu mwenyekiti wa Shirika la Utangazaji la Afrika Kusini (SABC) hadi alipojiuzulu mwaka 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qunta resigns from SABC board |publisher=Biz Community |date=2009-03-25}}</ref> === Kazi za fasihi === Qunta alianza kuchapisha maandishi yake akiwa uhamishoni, yakiwemo diwani za mashairi ''Hoyi Na! Azania: Poems of an African Struggle'' (1979) na ''Heroes & other Treasures'' (1990), pamoja na kuhariri kitabu cha pamoja ''Women in Southern Africa'' (1987). Pia ameandika vitabu kama ''Who's Afraid of Affirmative Action: A Survival Guide for Black Professionals'' (1995) na ''Why We Are Not a Nation: Essays on Race and Transition in South Africa'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The rage of the African middle class |publisher=City Press |date=2016-05-17}}</ref> Aidha, amekuwa mwandishi wa safu za magazeti, na kazi zake zimejumuishwa katika machapisho mbalimbali, ikiwemo diwani ya ''Daughters of Africa'' iliyohaririwa na Margaret Busby. Mwaka 2013 alianzisha kampuni isiyo ya kiserikali ya uchapishaji ''Seriti sa Sechaba'', yenye lengo la kuchapisha kazi za waandishi Weusi (Waafrika, Wenye rangi na Wahindi) zinazoakisi maisha na utamaduni wa watu wengi wa Afrika Kusini, kwa lugha ya Kiingereza na lugha za asili.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |publisher=Seriti sa Sechaba Publishers}}</ref> == Bibliografia == * ''Hoyi Na! Azania: Poems of an African Struggle'' (1979) * ''Women in Southern Africa'' (mhariri, 1987) * ''Heroes & other Treasures'' (1990) * ''Who's Afraid of Affirmative Action: A Survival Guide for Black Professionals'' (1995) * ''Why We Are Not a Nation: Essays on Race and Transition in South Africa'' (2016) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1952|}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Adrika Kusini]] na2ln7jmd220obxxpmrx8g5w05bzjoh 0 229115 1545314 1507187 2026-05-17T21:15:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samira Bellil''' (24 Novemba 1972 – 4 Septemba 2004) alikuwa mwanaharakati wa ufeministi nchini Ufaransa na mtetezi wa haki za wasichana na wanawake. Bellil alipata umaarufu nchini Ufaransa baada ya kuchapishwa kwa kitabu chake cha wasifu binafsi ''Dans l'enfer des tournantes'' (“Katika jehanamu ya ‘tournantes’ (ubakaji wa kikundi)”) mwaka 2002. Kitabu hicho kinazungumzia ukatili alioupitia yeye pamoja na wasichana wengine katika vitongoji vya wahamiaji, hasa wenye asili ya Afrika Kaskazini na Kiarabu, vilivyo pembezoni mwa Paris, ambako alibakwa mara kwa mara akiwa kijana na makundi yaliyoongozwa na watu aliowafahamu, kisha kuachwa bila msaada na familia na marafiki. Kitabu hicho kinapatikana pia kwa Kiingereza (kimefasiriwa na Lucy R. McNair) kwa jina ''To Hell and Back: The Life of Samira Bellil''.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-0803213562|title=To Hell and Back: The Life of Samira Bellil |url=https://archive.org/details/tohellbacklifeof00bell|last1=Bellil |first1=Samira |date=October 2008 }}</ref> == Maisha == Bellil alizaliwa na wazazi wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] huko Algiers. Familia yake ilihamia Ufaransa na kuishi katika kitongoji cha Val-d'Oise karibu na Paris. Baba yake alifungwa gerezani karibu mara moja kwa kosa la mauaji, na yeye akaishi kwa malezi katika familia huko Ubelgiji kwa muda wa miaka mitano kabla ya kurejeshwa kwa wazazi wake.<ref name="guard">[[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/sep/13/guardianobituaries.france](https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/sep/13/guardianobituaries.france) The Guardian, Obituary].</ref> Akiwa kijana, Bellil alipinga vikwazo vya kijadi vya kijinsia katika jamii yake na alitaka kuishi kwa uhuru kama mwanamke mchanga wa Kifaransa.<ref name="guard" /> Akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, Bellil alibakwa na kundi la wanaume lililoongozwa na mtu aliyemfahamu.<ref name="guard" /> Walimpiga na kumbaka usiku kucha. Mwezi mmoja baadaye, mmoja wa washambuliaji wenye ukatili zaidi alimvuta nje ya treni kwa nywele zake huku abiria wengine wakipuuza tukio hilo, na akambaka tena kikatili.<ref name="guard" /> Hakutoa taarifa ya ubakaji huo hadi marafiki zake wawili walipomweleza kuwa walishambuliwa kingono na kundi hilohilo. Samira alikimbilia mfumo wa sheria wa Ufaransa ili kuwafikisha wahalifu mbele ya sheria. Kiongozi wa kundi hilo alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka minane gerezani.<ref name="guard" /> Wazazi wake, waliodhani wameaibishwa na uwepo wake, walimfukuza nyumbani kwa sababu hakufuata “staha” ya kijamii na alichagua kutovaa hijabu.<ref name="guard" /> “Watu wa nje ya jamii hawajui,” aliandika Bellil, “na kila mtu ndani ya jamii anajua, lakini hawasemi chochote.”<ref>{{cite web |last1=George |first1=Rose |title=Obituary: Samira Bellil |url=[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/sep/13/guardianobituaries.france](https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/sep/13/guardianobituaries.france) |website=The Guardian |access-date=7 December 2020 |date=13 September 2004}}</ref> Hatimaye alipata mwanasaikolojia aliyemsaidia. Alipitia miaka kadhaa ya tiba ya kisaikolojia, na alieleza jinsi alivyofikia uamuzi wa kuandika kitabu chake ili kuwaonyesha wasichana wengine waliopitia ubakaji wa makundi kuwa kuna njia ya kupona. “Ni safari ndefu na ngumu, lakini inawezekana,” aliandika katika wakfu wa kitabu chake—kwa “dada zangu wenye matatizo.” Alitumia jina lake halisi na kuweka picha yake kwenye jalada la kitabu. Pia alikiweka wakfu kwa rafiki zake wa kike ili watambue kuwa inawezekana kushinda madhara ya kiwewe, pamoja na mtaalamu wake wa tiba, Boris Cyrulnik. Uzoefu wake ulishtua Ufaransa na kulazimisha serikali kuchunguza tatizo hilo. Baadaye alifanya kazi kama mhudumu wa vijana. Alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 31 tarehe 4 Septemba 2004 kutokana na saratani ya tumbo.<ref name="guard" /> == ''Ni Putes Ni Soumises'' == Bellil alishiriki kuanzisha kundi la wanaharakati wa wanawake vijana lililoitwa ''Ni Putes Ni Soumises'' (“Sio makahaba wala wanyonge”), ambalo lilishughulikia hadharani suala la ukatili dhidi ya wanawake vijana nchini Ufaransa. Kundi hilo lilivutia vyombo vya habari vya Ufaransa na Ulaya kwa kuandaa maandamano na mikutano na waandishi wa habari ili kuonyesha hali mbaya inayowakumba wasichana katika vitongoji vya pembezoni (banlieue). Alikemea vitendo vya ubakaji wa makundi (vinavyojulikana kama ''tournantes'') na kueleza jinsi alivyoweza kushinda kiwewe chake pamoja na hisia za kulipiza kisasi. == Urithi == Alichaguliwa kuwa mmoja wa sura mpya za Marianne, ishara ya Jamhuri ya Ufaransa. Picha yake imewekwa nje ya Bunge la Taifa la Ufaransa. Mwaka 2005, shule moja ya Ufaransa katika Île-Saint-Denis iliitwa kwa heshima yake: Ecole Samira Bellil. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1972|2004}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:mwanaharakati wa Algeria]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:mwanaharakati wa Ufaransa]] spkbh4msbergziuf6ab9jvd2rsw8ma6 0 229248 1545386 1529971 2026-05-17T22:29:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545386 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Homo.erectus.adult.female.smithsonian.timevanson.flickr.jpg|thumb|Homo erectus wa kiume.]] [[File:Homo_lineage_2017update.svg|thumb|200px|Uenezi wa jenasi ''Homo'' kwa wakati na mahali kuanzia miaka 2,000,000 iliyopita.]] '''''Homo erectus''''' (maana ya [[Kilatini]] ni "mtu aliyesimama") katika [[uainishaji wa kisayansi]] ni [[spishi]] iliyokoma ya [[zamadamu]]. Spishi hiyo imekadiriwa kuanza kuwepo miaka [[milioni]] 2 iliyopita kutokana na [[Homo habilis]] (anayeitwa pia Australopithecus habilis). [[Mageuko ya spishi|Mageuko]] yaliyotokea kati ya spishi hizo mbili ni hatua muhimu katika maendeleo ya Homo, kwa sababu ubongo ukawa mkubwa zaidi sana (hadi [[Sentimita ya ujazo|sentimeta za ujazo]] 1100), na Homo erectus alitengeneza vifaa vinavyoonyesha teknolojia ya juu zaidi. Kwa miaka 500,000 hivi spishi hizo mbili ziliishi pamoja katika [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]]<ref>{{cite journal|first1=F.|last1=Spoor|first2=M. G.|last2=Leakey|first3=P. N.|last3=Gathogo|first4=F. H.|last4=Brown|title=Implications of new early ''Homo'' fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-08-09_448_7154/page/688|journal=Nature|year=2007|issn=0028-0836|page=689|volume=448|issue=7154|doi=10.1038/nature05986|first5=S. C.|last5=Antón|first6=I.|last6=McDougall|first7=C.|last7=Kiarie|first8=F. K.|last8=Manthi|first9=L. N.|last9=Leakey |pmid=17687323 |bibcode=2007Natur.448..688S }}</ref> . Homo erectus alikuwa wa kwanza kusimama daima juu ya [[miguu]] yake miwili, [[Wawindaji-wakusanyaji|kuwinda]] na kumudu [[moto]], na kutoka [[bara]] la [[Afrika]] hata alienea kote [[Asia]] na [[Ulaya]] (aliyebaki [[Afrika]] anaitwa pia ''[[Homo ergaster]]'') kabla ya kugawanyika katika nususpishi au spishi mpya mbalimbali kama ''[[Homo georgicus]]'', ''[[Homo antecessor]]'', na hasa ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', wa kwanza kujenga makazi ya kudumu na [[Mazishi|kuzika]] wafu, n.k. Kwa jumla Homo erectus alidumu zaidi ya miaka milioni moja. Wengi wanaona spishi nyingi zilizopendekezwa awali kuwa nususpishi tu za Homo erectus<ref name=Anton2002>{{cite journal |first=S. C. |last=Antón |year=2002 |title=Evolutionary significance of cranial variation in Asian ''Homo erectus'' |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-physical-anthropology_2002-08_118_4/page/302 |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=118 |issue=4 |page=302 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10091|pmid=12124912 |bibcode=2002AJPA..118..301A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=I. |last=Tattersall |author-link=Ian Tattersall |year=1986 |title=Species recognition in human paleontology |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=168 |doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(86)80043-4|bibcode=1986JHumE..15..165T }}</ref>. Miaka 800,000–200,000 iliyopita, wakati wa mabadiliko makubwa ya [[hali ya hewa]], [[ubongo]] wa [[jenasi]] [[Homo]] ulikua sana na kupata uwezo wa kufanya mambo mengi mapya katika mahusiano na katika kukabili [[mazingira]] ambayo yalizidi kubadilika na kudai maitikio tofauti ili kudumisha [[uhai]] wa jenasi yenyewe. Hata hivyo kwamba [[Binadamu|Homo sapiens]] ametokana na Homo erectus moja kwa moja ni dhana inayozidi kupingwa. Wengi wanakubali Homo sapiens alitokana na Homo ergaster kupitia Homo heidelbergensis, kama ilivyokuwa kwa [[Homo neanderthalensis]] na [[Homo longi]]. ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book |last1=Boaz |first1=N. T. |last2=Ciochon |first2=R. |author2-link=Russell Ciochon |year=2004 |title=Dragon Bone Hill: An Ice-Age Saga of Homo erectus |url=https://archive.org/details/dragonbonehillic00boaz |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803488-9}} * {{cite journal |first=S. C. |last=Antón |year=2003 |title=Natural history of ''Homo erectus''^† |journal=American Journal of Biological Anthropology |volume=122 |issue=S37 |pages=126–170 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.10399 |doi-access=free|pmid=14666536 |bibcode=2003AJPA..122S.126A }} * {{cite book |last=Theunissen |first=B. |year=1989 |title=Eugène Dubois and the Ape-Man from Java |url=https://archive.org/details/eugeneduboisapem0000theu |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=978-1-55608-081-4}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons category|Homo erectus}} {{Wikispecies|Homo erectus|''Homo erectus''}} * [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/origins/homo_erectus.php Homo erectus] Origins – Exploring the Fossil Record – Bradshaw Foundation * [http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homoerectus.htm Archaeology Info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516125629/http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homoerectus.htm |date=16 May 2011 }} * [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-erectus Homo erectus] – The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6937476.stm Possible co-existence with Homo Habilis] – BBC News * [[John D. Hawks|John Hawks]]'s [http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/middle/kocabas/kappelman_2007_kocabas_tuberculosis.html discussion of the Kocabas fossil] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511210522/http://www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/palaeo.html Peter Brown's Australian and Asian Palaeoanthropology] * [http://atlasofhumanevolution.com/HomoErectus.asp The Age of Homo erectus] – Interactive Map of the Journey of Homo erectus out of Africa * [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive Human Timeline (Interactive)] – [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]], [[National Museum of Natural History]] (August 2016). {{mbegu-biolojia}} [[Jamii:Hominini]] [[Jamii:Historia]] l9g1efsfzpq4z8xzmwmx4b9rdeekd2s 0 229349 1545373 1530743 2026-05-17T22:24:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545373 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ateyyat El Abnoudy''' (pia alijulikana kama '''Ateyyat Awad Mahmoud Khalil'''; 26 Novemba 1939 – 5 Oktoba 2018) alikuwa mwandishi wa habari, mwanasheria, mwigizaji, mtayarishaji na mwongozaji wa filamu kutoka Misri.<ref name="Hillauer">{{Citation|last=Hillauer|first=Rebecca|date=2006-02-02|pages=421–448|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=9789774249433|doi=10.5743/cairo/9789774249433.003.0011|title=Encyclopedia of Arab Women Filmmakers|chapter=Other Filmmakers}}</ref> Alizaliwa katika kijiji kidogo kando ya Delta ya Nile nchini [[Misri]]. Al Abnoudy alihesabiwa kuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa wanawake wa Kiarabu katika uongozaji wa filamu, kwani kazi zake ziliwahamasisha wanawake wengi katika tasnia hiyo. Alijulikana pia kama “mtengenezaji wa filamu wa watu maskini” kutokana na mada za filamu zake zilizojikita katika haki za kiraia na maisha ya Waarabu maskini. Al Abnoudy alipokea zaidi ya tuzo 30 za kimataifa kwa filamu zake 22, zikiwemo tuzo tatu kwa filamu ''Horse of Mud'' iliyotolewa mwaka 1971. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Ateyyat El Abnoudy alikulia katika eneo la vijijini la El Senbellawein, Dakahlia Governorate|Mkoa wa Daqahlia, kaskazini mwa Delta ya Nile.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Negotiating Dissidence |date=2017-01-04 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-9606-2 |language=en |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696062.003.0002}}</ref> Alizaliwa katika familia ya wafanyakazi, yenye historia ya biashara ya viungo na nguo kando ya Mto Nile.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hillauer |first=Rebecca |title=Encyclopedia of Arab women filmmakers |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000hill |last2=Brown |first2=Allison |last3=Cohan |first3=Deborah |last4=Joyce |first4=Nancy |date=2005 |publisher=The American university in Cairo press |isbn=978-977-424-943-3 |edition=Revised and updated edition of the original, which appeared in German, arte-edition, Unkel am Rhein, 2001 |location=Cairo}}</ref> Alikuwa mtoto wa sita kati ya watoto saba, akiwa na dada wanne na kaka watatu, na ndiye pekee aliyefaulu kumaliza masomo katika familia yake. Alijiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Cairo]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 16 kusomea sheria, na kuwa mwanafunzi mdogo zaidi darasani kwake.<ref name=":1" /> Ili kugharamia masomo yake, alifanya kazi kama mwigizaji katika ukumbi wa michezo. Akiwa chuoni, alikutana na mume wake wa kwanza, mwandishi wa habari na mshairi Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} Kutokana na asili yake ya tabaka la wafanyakazi, alipata changamoto za kifedha, lakini alieleza kuwa mabadiliko ya kisiasa ya Misri katika enzi ya Historia ya Misri chini ya Gamal Abdel Nasser yalisaidia watu maskini kupata elimu.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Hillauer |first=Rebecca |title=Encyclopedia of Arab women filmmakers |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000hill |last2=Brown |first2=Allison |last3=Cohan |first3=Deborah |last4=Joyce |first4=Nancy |date=2005 |publisher=The American university in Cairo press |isbn=978-977-424-943-3 |edition=Revised and updated edition of the original, which appeared in German, arte-edition, Unkel am Rhein, 2001 |location=Cairo}}</ref> Baadaye alihamia Cairo kwa kazi na masomo, na kusoma katika [[Taasisi ya Juu ya Sinema ya Cairo]] kwa miaka miwili, akijikita zaidi katika nadharia ya filamu. Alisoma pia kwa miaka mitatu katika shule ya kimataifa ya filamu na televisheni mjini London kabla ya kurejea Misri mwaka 1976. == Kazi == Al Abnoudy alifanya kazi mbalimbali katika ukumbi wa michezo kama meneja wa jukwaa na msaidizi. Mwaka 1972 alijiunga na Taasisi ya Juu ya Sinema ya Cairo kumalizia masomo ya filamu, ambapo alitengeneza ''Horse of Mud'', filamu yake ya kwanza ya kumbukumbu (documentary) na pia ya kwanza nchini Misri kutayarishwa na mwanamke. Alianza kazi ya uigizaji ili kujipatia kipato wakati akisomea uandishi wa habari. Akiwa mwandishi wa habari, alivutiwa sana na maisha ya watu maskini wa [[Cairo]], jambo lililomhamasisha kuingia katika utayarishaji na uongozaji wa filamu zinazoonyesha hali zao. Alijulikana kama “mtengenezaji wa filamu wa watu maskini” na “mama wa filamu za kumbukumbu”, na aliwahamasisha wanawake wengi wa Kiarabu kufuata nyayo zake.<ref name="Van de Peer 1">{{Cite book |last=Van de Peer |first=Stefanie |title=Ateyyat El Abnoudy: Poetic Realism in Egyptian Documentaries |date=4 January 2017 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9781474434836 |pages=28–54 |language=en-US |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696062.001.0001}}</ref> Filamu zake zilijikita katika masuala ya kisiasa, kijamii na kiuchumi nchini Misri, na zilipinga udhibiti mkali wa filamu uliokuwepo wakati wa enzi ya Historia ya Jamhuri ya Misri#Enzi ya Sadat.<ref name="Van de Peer 2">{{Cite journal|title=The Physicalities of Documentaries by African Women|journal=Critical Interventions|volume=5|pages=135–153|doi=10.1080/19301944.2011.10781405|year = 2011|last1 = Van De Peer|first1 = Stefanie|doi-access=free}}</ref> Alikumbana na ukosoaji na udhibiti kutoka serikalini kutokana na kuonyesha umaskini na mateso katika kazi zake.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=Negotiating Dissidence |date=2017-01-04 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-9606-2 |language=en |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696062.003.0002}}</ref> Aliendelea kupinga udhibiti huo kwa kuanzisha kampuni yake ya uzalishaji wa filamu, Abnoudy Film, na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kufanya hivyo nchini Misri. Filamu yake ya kwanza ilipata umaarufu kimataifa na kushinda tuzo katika tamasha la filamu la Mannheim-Heidelberg. Pia alipata tuzo mbalimbali katika majukwaa ya kimataifa na kushiriki kama jaji katika tamasha kadhaa za filamu duniani. Kazi zake zilipata uangalizi mpya wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Misri ya 2011, na baada ya kifo chake filamu zake ziliendelea kuonyeshwa katika tamasha mbalimbali duniani.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Desouki |first=Yasmin |date=2022-04-01 |title=The Vanishing Archive |journal=Feminist Media Histories |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=70–87 |doi=10.1525/fmh.2022.8.2.70}}</ref> == Mtindo wa uongozaji == Alivutiwa na harakati ya sinema mpya ya Kiarabu (New Arab Cinema) pamoja na mtindo wa [[Arab cinema]]. Pia aliathiriwa na harakati ya [[Third Cinema]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Van de Peer |first=Stefanie |title=Negotiating Dissidence: The Pioneering Women of Arab Documentary |date=2017-01-04 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-9606-2}}</ref> Alijikita zaidi katika filamu za kumbukumbu zisizo za kubuni, na kazi zake ziliwekwa katika kundi la direct cinema kwa sababu ya uhalisia wake katika kuonyesha maisha ya watu wa kawaida. Pia alitumia mbinu ya [[poetic realism]] katika filamu zake. == Maisha binafsi == Al Abnoudy na mume wake walimlea mtoto wa kuasili. Baadaye walitalikiana baada ya zaidi ya miaka 20 ya ndoa, na aliendelea kuishi Cairo pamoja na binti yake. Aliendelea kutengeneza filamu hadi miaka ya 1990 na 2000 kabla ya kufariki mwaka 2018 akiwa na umri wa miaka 78. == Tuzo na uteuzi == * 1971 – Tuzo tatu za kimataifa katika tamasha la Grand Prix Film Festival na [[International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg]] pamoja na [[Damascus International Film Festival]]. * 1972 – Tuzo ya wakosoaji wa Ufaransa katika tamasha la Grenoble. * 1990 – Tuzo ya ushirikiano bora wa uzalishaji, Valencia Film Festival, Hispania. * 1992 – Tuzo ya wakosoaji wa filamu wa Misri, Ismailia International Documentary & Short Film Festival. * 1998 – Alitunukiwa heshima na Tamasha la Filamu la Taifa la Wizara ya Utamaduni ya Misri. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1939|2018}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wanasheria wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Waongozaji wa filamu wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Misri]] 80wr0rrlimon7cdxzr0enpp0cde2q2s 0 229404 1545318 1507598 2026-05-17T21:18:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545318 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amina al-Saʿīd''' (1914–1995 ), anayejulikana pia kama '''Amīnah Saʻīd''', alikuwa mwandishi wa habari na mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake kutoka Misri. Alianzisha jarida la kwanza la wanawake nchini Misri na alikuwa mhariri wa kwanza mwanamke wa jarida katika Mashariki ya Kati.<ref name="obit">{{cite news|last1=Darwish|first1=Adel|title=Obituary: Amina al-Said|url=[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-amina-alsaid-1599537.html](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-amina-alsaid-1599537.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141019174138/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-amina-alsaid-1599537.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20141019174138/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-amina-alsaid-1599537.html) |archive-date=2014-10-19 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|work=The Independent|date=5 September 1995}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Saʿīd alizaliwa tarehe 20 Januari 1914 katika mji wa Asyut, Misri. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 14 alijiunga na tawi la vijana la Chama cha Wanawake wa Kifeministi cha Misri. Alikuwa miongoni mwa wanawake wa kwanza kusoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Fuad I mwaka 1931.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kinnear|first1=Karen L.|title=Women in Developing Countries: A Reference Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/womenindevelopin0000kinn|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-59884-426-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenindevelopin0000kinn/page/140 141]–142|chapter=Aminah Al-Said}}</ref> Alihitimu shahada ya fasihi ya Kiingereza mwaka 1935.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|title=Amina el-Saeed; Egyptian Feminist, 81|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/15/obituaries/amina-el-saeed-egyptian-feminist-81.html|accessdate=26](https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/15/obituaries/amina-el-saeed-egyptian-feminist-81.html|accessdate=26) October 2014|work=The New York Times|date=15 August 1995}}</ref> Alikuwa akipinga matumizi ya hijabu na alijulikana kwa kucheza tenisi hadharani bila hijabu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Talhami|first1=Ghada|title=Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000talh|date=2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=978-0-8108-6858-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000talh/page/286 286]–287|chapter=Said, Aminah Al-}}</ref> Alijiunga na jarida la habari la ''Al-Musawar'' kama mwandishi wa safu (columnist). Pia aliandika riwaya iitwayo ''al-Jamiha'' (“Mwanamke Mkaidi”) katika miaka ya 1950.<ref>{{Cite book |url=[https://www.worldcat.org/title/181138760](https://www.worldcat.org/title/181138760) |title=Arab women writers: a critical reference guide, 1873-1999 |date=2008 |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-416-146-9}}</ref> Mwaka 1954 alianzisha jarida la wanawake liitwalo ''Hawaa'' chini ya kampuni kubwa ya uchapishaji Dar al-Hilal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Joseph |first=Suad |title=Gender and Citizenship in the Middle East |date=2000 |publisher=Syracuse University Press}}</ref> Alikuwa miongoni mwa waandishi wa habari wa kike wa kwanza kufanya kazi kwa muda wote nchini humo na baadaye akachaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa baraza la Chama cha Waandishi wa Habari. Kuanzia 1958 hadi 1969 alikuwa Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Wanawake wa Ligi ya Kiarabu. Mwaka 1973 akawa mhariri wa jarida la ''Al-Musawar'', na kuanzia 1976 hadi 1985 aliongoza kampuni ya uchapishaji ya jarida hilo. Alifariki kutokana na saratani tarehe 13 Agosti 1995 mjini Cairo akiwa na umri wa miaka 81.<ref name="obit"/><ref name=nyt/> == Maisha ya kijamii na kazi == Uhusiano wake na harakati za ufeministi ulianza mapema. Mwaka 1929 alikutana na [[Huda Sha'arawi]] akiwa na miaka 15. Mwaka 1933 alisaidia kuanzishwa kwa kikundi cha “Shaqiqat (Dada)” ndani ya Chama cha Wanawake wa Kifeministi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Maftsir |first=Sharon |title=Amina Al-Saʿid: a liberal femocrat under state feminism |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=2025}}</ref> Alishiriki pia katika mapambano ya kupata haki za kisiasa kwa wanawake. Aliunga mkono mikutano ya kudai haki ya wanawake kupiga kura na aliandika makala nyingi katika jarida la ''Hawaa'' akisisitiza umuhimu wa wanawake kushiriki katika demokrasia.<ref name=":1" /> Baada ya Mapinduzi ya 1952, serikali ya Misri ilitoa haki za kisiasa kwa wanawake mwaka 1956, lakini pia ilidhibiti harakati nyingi za kiraia. Al-Saʿīd alikosolewa kwa kutokupinga wazi ukandamizaji wa serikali dhidi ya wanaharakati wengine wa wanawake.<ref name=":1" /> == Mtazamo na mchango wake == Alisisitiza kuwa wanawake wanapaswa kushiriki kikamilifu katika maisha ya umma na ajira. Alitetea pia maingiliano ya kijamii kati ya wanaume na wanawake (''ikhtilat'') kama sehemu ya maendeleo ya jamii ya kisasa ya Misri.<ref name=":1" /> Aliamini kuwa elimu ya chuo kikuu inapaswa kuwafundisha wanafunzi namna ya kuishi na kufanya kazi pamoja kwa heshima kati ya jinsia zote mbili.<ref name=":1" /> == Baada ya kifo chake == Baada ya kifo chake, kulizuka mjadala kuhusu urithi wake. Mwanaharakati Nawal El Saadawi alimkosoa akimuelezea kama mtu aliyekuwa karibu zaidi na serikali kuliko harakati za ufeministi, jambo lililosababisha mjadala mkubwa katika vyombo vya habari.<ref name=":1" /> == Tazama pia == * Ufeministi nchini Misri == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1914|1995}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sa'id, Aminah al}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]] jsxwnsvxd5c2unfw3uvmggigy6w4pna 0 229424 1545378 1507624 2026-05-17T22:26:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545378 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fatma Al-Yusef''' pia anajulikana kama '''Roz Al-Yusef''' (1898–10 Aprili 1958), alikuwa mwandishi wa habari na mwigizaji wa jukwaa kutoka Misri, na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa uandishi wa habari wa wanawake katika ulimwengu wa Kiarabu. Anachukuliwa kuwa mmoja wa waandishi wa habari wa kwanza wanawake katika ulimwengu wa Kiarabu.<ref name=Sullivan172>{{cite book|title=Women in Egyptian Public Life|year=1986|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninegyptianp00sull|publisher=Syracuse University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/womeninegyptianp00sull/page/172 172]}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Fatma Al-Yusef alizaliwa Tripoli, Lebanon katika familia ya Kiislamu yenye asili ya Kituruki.<ref>{{cite web|title=روزا اليوسف|url=https://www.awqatk.com/روز-اليوسف/|language=ar}}</ref> Mama yake alifariki wakati wa kuzaliwa kwake, na baadaye alilelewa katika mazingira tofauti baada ya baba yake kuhamia Brazil akiwa na umri wa miaka 10. Alisoma elimu ya msingi mjini Tripoli na baadaye alilelewa na familia ya Kikristo ya Lebanon iliyokuwa Misri, jambo lililomsaidia sana katika maisha yake ya baadaye na hasa uchaguzi wake wa kuwa mwigizaji. Alianza kuigiza akiwa na umri wa miaka 14, akianza na nafasi ndogo ndogo kabla ya kupata umaarufu mkubwa baada ya kuchukua nafasi ya mwanamke mzee katika tamthilia moja.{{sfn|Ashour|Ghazoul|Reda-Mekdashi|2008|p=514}} == Kazi ya uigizaji == Kati ya 1912 na 1925, alifanya kazi na vikundi maarufu vya maigizo kama vile kundi la George Abyad na Yussef Wahbi. Umaarufu wake ulifikia kilele kati ya 1923 na 1925, na akaitwa “Sarah Bernhardt wa Mashariki”. Alijulikana sana katika jamii ya juu ya Misri na aliheshimiwa kimataifa pia. == Uandishi wa habari == Mwaka 1925 alianzisha jarida la habari '''Rose al-Yusuf'''.<ref name=Sullivan172/> Jarida hili lilijulikana kwa kutumia michoro ya vichekesho na kujadili masuala yaliyokuwa mwiko kama dini, jinsia na mabadiliko ya kijamii. Liliendelea kuchapishwa hata baada ya kifo chake mwaka 1958. Jarida hilo pia lilijulikana kwa kuwa moja ya majarida machache ya Kiarabu yaliyochapisha sehemu za kitabu cha ''The Satanic Verses'' cha Salman Rushdie mwaka 1994. == Urithi == Fatma Al-Yusef anachukuliwa kama mwanamke aliyevunja mipaka ya kijamii na kisiasa katika Misri na ulimwengu wa Kiarabu. Alisaidia kufungua njia kwa wanawake katika uandishi wa habari na sanaa ya maigizo. Ameelezewa kama “mwanamke wa kipekee wa wakati wake” na mradi wa UN wa maendeleo ya binadamu katika ulimwengu wa Kiarabu.{{sfn|Arab Human Development Report 2005|p=102}} == Maisha ya binafsi == Mwanawe alikuwa mwandishi maarufu wa Misri [[Ihsan Abdel Quddous]], na mjukuu wake ni mwandishi wa tamthilia wa Kiamerika-Misri [[Yussef El Guindi]]. == Tazama pia == * [[May Ziadeh]] * [[Hind Nawfal]] * [[Alexandra Avierino]] * [[Zaynab Fawwaz]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1898|1958}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Misri]] 67t7eggmyioj9zqwmv6crlosvcw9irk 0 229426 1545379 1530712 2026-05-17T22:27:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545379 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Basma Abdel Aziz''' (Kiarabu: بسمة عبد العزيز; alizaliwa Kairo, [[Misri]], 1976) ni mwandishi, mtaalamu wa saikolojia ya akili (psychiatry), msanii wa picha na mtetezi wa haki za binadamu wa Misri, anayejulikana pia kwa jina la utani “mpinzani jasiri”. Anaishi [[Kairo]] na ni mwandishi wa makala wa kila wiki katika gazeti la Misri ''[[al-Shorouk]]''. Anaandika kwa Kiarabu, na riwaya zake ''The Queue'' na ''Here Is a Body'' zimechapishwa kwa Kiingereza. Kwa kazi zake za fasihi na zisizo za fasihi, amepokea tuzo ya [[Sawiris Cultural Award]] pamoja na tuzo nyingine mbalimbali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/basma-abdel-aziz|title=Curtis](https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/basma-abdel-aziz|title=Curtis) Brown|access-date=2018-03-17}}</ref> == Maisha na kazi == Abdel Aziz ana shahada ya kwanza (B.A.) ya tiba na upasuaji, shahada ya uzamili (M.S.) ya saikolojia ya neva (neuropsychiatry), pamoja na diploma ya sosholojia. Anafanya kazi katika Sekretarieti Kuu ya Afya ya Akili chini ya Wizara ya Afya ya Misri na pia katika Kituo cha Nadeem cha Ukarabati wa Waathirika wa Mateso.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daum|first=Rachael|date=2015-12-29|title=Basma Abdel Aziz: 'The Worst Thing Is That Publishers Are Scared, Too'|url=[https://arablit.org/2015/12/29/basma-abdel-aziz-the-worst-thing-is-that-publishers-are-scared-too/|access-date=2021-08-20|website=ArabLit](https://arablit.org/2015/12/29/basma-abdel-aziz-the-worst-thing-is-that-publishers-are-scared-too/|access-date=2021-08-20|website=ArabLit) & ArabLit Quarterly}}</ref> Kama mwandishi, alipata nafasi ya pili katika mashindano ya hadithi fupi ya Tuzo ya Sawiris mwaka 2008, na pia alishinda tuzo ya Shirika Kuu la Kasri za Utamaduni mwaka huohuo. Utafiti wake wa kijamii kuhusu ukatili wa polisi nchini Misri, ''Temptation of Absolute Power'', ulipata Tuzo ya Ahmed Bahaa-Eddin mwaka 2009.<ref name=AhramOnline/> Riwaya yake ya kwanza ''Al-Tabuur'' (''The Queue'') ilichapishwa mwaka 2013 na Dar al-Tanweer,<ref name=AhramOnline>[[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/18/65722/Books/New-release-The-Queue-by-Basma-AbdelAziz.aspx](http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/18/65722/Books/New-release-The-Queue-by-Basma-AbdelAziz.aspx) New release: 'The Queue' by Basma Abdel-Aziz], ''Ahram Online'', 27 Februari 2013.</ref> na toleo la Kiingereza lilichapishwa mwaka 2016 na Melville House kupitia tafsiri ya Elisabeth Jaquette.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Queue|url=https://archive.org/details/queuenovel0000abda|publisher=Melville House|year=2016|isbn=9781612195162}}</ref> Mwaka 2017, riwaya hii ya kisatira ilishinda Tuzo ya Tafsiri ya English PEN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basma Abdel Aziz|url=[https://www.wordswithoutborders.org/contributor/basma-abdel-aziz}}](https://www.wordswithoutborders.org/contributor/basma-abdel-aziz}})</ref> Kwa uwasilishaji wake wa kijadi wa kidistopia kuhusu dhuluma, mateso na rushwa, imefananishwa na gazeti la ''The New York Times'' na riwaya za George Orwell kama ''1984'' na ''The Trial'' ya Franz Kafka. Riwaya hiyo imetafsiriwa pia kwa Kituruki, Kireno, Kiitalia na Kijerumani. Mwaka 2016, alitajwa na jarida la ''Foreign Policy'' miongoni mwa wanafikra wakuu wa dunia. Mwaka 2018, aliorodheshwa na Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute kama mmoja wa watu wenye ushawishi mkubwa katika maoni ya umma ya Kiarabu. Mwaka 2018, riwaya yake ''Here is a Body'', iliyotafsiriwa na Jonathan Wright, ilichapishwa kwa Kiingereza kupitia Hoopoe, chapa ya Chuo Kikuu cha Marekani Cairo Press. == Vitabu == === Tamthiliya (Fiction) === * ''May God Make it Easy'' (2008) * ''The Boy Who Disappeared'' (2008) * ''Al-Tabuur (The Queue)'' (2013) * ''Here Is a Body'' (2018) * ''The Blueberry Years'' (2022) === Yasiyo ya kubuni (Non-fiction) === * Temptation of Absolute Power (2009) * Beyond Torture (2011) * Memory of Repression (2014) * The Power of the Text (2016) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1976|}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abdel Aziz, Basma}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Misri]] o744qfybzn1pqeeebd55kdpr1invwg2 0 230336 1545391 1509722 2026-05-17T22:36:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545391 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sukhlal Sanghvi''' (8 Desemba 1880 – 2 Machi 1978), anayejulikana pia kama '''Pandit Sukhlalji''', alikuwa msomi na mwanafalsafa wa dini ya [[Ujaini]]. Alikuwa wa dhehebu la Sthanakvasi ndani ya [[Ujaini]].<ref name=Jaini>{{cite book | last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh | title =Collected Papers on Jaina Studies | url =https://archive.org/details/collectedpaperso0000unse_m5l7 | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | year =2000 | location =Delhi | isbn =81-208-1691-9 }} Preface p. vi</ref> Pandit Sukhlal alipoteza uwezo wa kuona akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na sita kutokana na ugonjwa wa ndui. Hata hivyo, aliendelea na masomo yake na kuwa mtaalamu mkubwa wa mantiki ya Kijaini, na hatimaye akawa profesa katika Banaras Hindu University. Paul Dundas anamwelezea kama mmoja wa wafasiri makini zaidi wa kisasa wa falsafa ya Ujaini.<ref>{{cite book | last =Dundas | first =Paul |author2=John Hinnels ed. | title =The Jains | url =https://archive.org/details/jains0000dund_2edi | publisher =Routledge | year =2002 | location =London | isbn =0-415-26606-8 }} p. 228</ref> Dundas pia anabainisha kuwa Sanghvi anawakilisha ulimwengu wa kitaaluma na kiakili ambao kwa sasa karibu umetoweka.<ref name="Jaini vi">Jaini p.vi</ref> Alikuwa mlezi (mentor) wa msomi mashuhuri wa Ujaini Padmanabh Jaini. Katika maisha yake, alipokea tuzo mbalimbali zikiwemo Sahitya Akademi Award na kutambuliwa na Serikali ya India kwa kutunukiwa Padma Bhushan. Sukhlalji pia alijulikana kwa jina la ''Pragnachaksu'' kutokana na elimu yake kubwa licha ya ulemavu wa kuona. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1880|1978}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uhindi]] gwdvj8qwv2sehzsedz5icq1h9lvp5jj 0 230351 1545394 1509589 2026-05-17T22:40:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545394 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Johann Peter Friedrich Ancillon''' (30 Aprili 1767 – 19 Aprili 1837) alikuwa mwanahistoria na mwanasiasa wa [[Prussia]]. Alimpatia Frederick William III of Prussia msaada mkubwa wa kiitikadi dhidi ya mageuzi ya kisiasa ambayo yangeweza kupunguza mamlaka ya kifalme.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Christopher |title=Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 |url=https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri |date=2006 |publisher=Belknap Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri/page/402 402] |isbn=9780674023857 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1767|1837}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Prussia]] q4aco86unszygp18m4ngmuckxmp4cbr 0 230502 1545370 1531065 2026-05-17T22:21:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545370 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Janine Charbonnier''' (8 Juni 1926 – 28 Mei 2022) alikuwa mpiga piano, mtunzi wa muziki na mwanzilishi wa mapema wa muziki unaotengenezwa kwa kutumia mbinu za algoriti (algorithmic music) kutoka [[Ufaransa]]. Alizaliwa mjini [[Paris]] na aliolewa na mwandishi Georges Charbonnier.<ref>{{cite book |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&q=Janine+Charbonnier+(born+1926)&pg=PA115|title=The](https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&q=Janine+Charbonnier+%28born+1926%29&pg=PA115|title=The) Norton/Grove dictionary of women composers|first1=Julie Anne|last1=Sadie|first2=Rhian|last2=Samuel|year=1994|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |accessdate=20 January 2011|isbn=9780393034875}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Janine Andree Cacheux |url=[https://deces.matchid.io/id/nkeDO7AqYG9W](https://deces.matchid.io/id/nkeDO7AqYG9W) |publisher=Fichier des décès |access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref> Akiwa pamoja na Pierre Barbaud na Roger Blanchard, alianzisha kundi la Groupe de Musique Algorithmique de Paris (GMAP). Kwa msaada wa Bull Centre National Computing Electronics, waliandaa tamasha lao la kwanza la muziki wa kielektroniki wa algoriti kama sehemu ya tamasha la sanaa lililofanyika katika Makumbusho ya Rodin mjini Paris mnamo Juni 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.histoireinform.com/Histoire/Musique/musiqelec.htm|title=COMPOSITION](http://www.histoireinform.com/Histoire/Musique/musiqelec.htm|title=COMPOSITION) DE MUSIQUE PAR L'ELECTRONIQUE|accessdate=20 January 2011}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Art, action and participation|url=https://archive.org/details/artactionpartici0000popp|author=Popper, Frank|year=1975}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1926|2022}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 1qzidyrxj3f7c1qr67mxatcmge34cmp 0 230556 1545336 1510088 2026-05-17T21:40:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545336 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adrienne Clostre''' (9 Oktoba 1921 – 5 Agosti 2006) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Ufaransa]]. Alizaliwa Thomery, [[Seine-et-Marne]], na alisoma katika Konsevatori ya Paris chini ya Yves Nat, Darius Milhaud, Jean Rivier na Olivier Messiaen.<ref>{{cite book|title=Flute Music by Women Composers: An Annotated Catalog|author=Boenke, Heidi M.|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=1988|isbn=0313368317}}</ref> Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake, Clostre alifanya kazi kama mtunzi wa muziki. Alishinda tuzo ya Grand Prix de Rome mwaka 1949, Tuzo Kuu ya Muziki ya Jiji la Paris mwaka 1955, Tuzo ya Florence Gould mwaka 1976, na SACD Prix Musique mwaka 1987.<ref>{{cite book|title=Organ and harpsichord music by women composers: an annotated catalog|url=https://archive.org/details/organharpsichord0000hein|author=Heinrich, Adel|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=1991|isbn=0313268029}}</ref> Aliolewa na mbunifu Robert Biset mwaka 1951 na walipata mabinti wawili. Alifariki Serrières.<ref>{{cite book|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&q=Adrienne+Clostre+(born+1921)&pg=PA122|title=The](https://books.google.com/books?id=IvoQQU1QL_QC&q=Adrienne+Clostre+%28born+1921%29&pg=PA122|title=The) Norton/Grove dictionary of women composers|first1=Julie Anne|last1=Sadie|first2=Rhian|last2=Samuel|year=1994|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=9780393034875|page=122}}</ref> == Kazi == Baadhi ya kazi zake ni pamoja na: * ''Le chant du cygne'' * ''Lux mundi'' (orkestra ya watoto, 1985) * ''Modal Magic'' (1986) * ''Symphony for Strings'' (1949) * ''Concerto'' kwa oboe na okestra ya vyumba == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1921|2006}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] ao8xlke8w2bsb0qpkz0f6tpmi1p7bck 0 230605 1545329 1513841 2026-05-17T21:30:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie Jaëll''' (née '''Trautmann''') (17 Agosti 1846, Steinseltz – 4 Februari 1925, [[Paris]]) alikuwa mpiga piano, mtunzi wa muziki na mwalimu wa muziki kutoka Ufaransa. Aliandika kazi mbalimbali zikiwemo za piano, concerto, kvarteti na nyinginezo,<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://pagesperso-orange.fr/jc.ingelaere/jaell/expoen/index.htm](http://pagesperso-orange.fr/jc.ingelaere/jaell/expoen/index.htm) |title=Marie Jaëll Exhibit - Strasbourg<!-- Bot generated title --> |website=pagesperso-orange.fr}}</ref> na alitoa wakfu wa concerto yake ya selo kwa Jules Delsart. Pia alikuwa mpiga piano wa kwanza kuwasilisha sonata zote za piano za [[Beethoven]] mjini Paris. Alifanya tafiti za kisayansi kuhusu mbinu za matumizi ya mikono katika upigaji piano, na alijaribu kubadilisha mazoea ya kawaida ya kujifunza kwa kutumia mbinu za kimfumo zaidi za kufundisha piano.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Leuchtmann, Horst |author2=Timbrell, Charles |chapter=Marie Jaell |title=[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]] |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Marie Jaëll: The Magic Touch, Piano Music by Mind Training |url=https://archive.org/details/mariejaellmagict0000guic |author=C. Guichard |publisher=Algora |location=New-York |year=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mariejaellmagict0000guic/page/216 216] |isbn=9780875863078}}</ref> Miongoni mwa wanafunzi wake alikuwa [[Albert Schweitzer]], aliyesoma chini yake huku pia akisoma organ chini ya Charles-Marie Widor kati ya mwaka 1898–1899.<ref>{{cite book |author1=George N. Marshall |author2=David Poling |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UC5sXn1CwT4C&dq=schweitzer+jaell&pg=PA24](https://books.google.com/books?id=UC5sXn1CwT4C&dq=schweitzer+jaell&pg=PA24) |title=Schweitzer: A Biography |via=books.google.com |ISBN=978-0801864551}}</ref> Alifariki mjini Paris. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Baba yake alikuwa meya wa Steinseltz huko Alsace, na mama yake alikuwa mpenzi wa sanaa. Alianza masomo ya piano akiwa na umri wa miaka sita,<ref name="sandiegomtac.com">{{cite book |author1=Schmidt-Roger, Lea |url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180809060139/http://www.sandiegomtac.com/jaell.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20180809060139/http://www.sandiegomtac.com/jaell.htm) |title=Condensed Introduction to The Life and Work of the French Composer Marie Jaëll |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> na kufikia umri wa miaka saba alikuwa akisoma chini ya walimu wa piano F.B. Hamma na Ignaz Moscheles huko [[Stuttgart]]. Mama yake alikuwa msimamizi na mlezi wa taaluma yake. Mwaka mmoja baada ya kuanza masomo chini ya Hamma na Moscheles, alianza kufanya matamasha nchini Ujerumani na Uswisi. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}} {{BD|1846|1925}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]] 6ha0zvcak8js6ul69vz7lhfug1z5wfp 0 230617 1545377 1510218 2026-05-17T22:25:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545377 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Louise Geneviève de La Hye''' née Rousseau (7 Machi 1807 – 18 Novemba 1838) alikuwa mpiga piano, mpiga ogani na mtunzi wa muziki [[Mfaransa]], ambaye wakati mwingine alitumia jina la bandia M. Leon Saint-Amans. == Maisha na kazi == Louise Geneviève Rousseau alizaliwa [[Charenton-le-Pont|Charenton]], Ufaransa, tarehe 7 Machi 1807.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-07-14|language=fr|title=État civil de 1807. Acte de naissance n° 10|url=[https://archives.valdemarne.fr/recherches/archives-en-ligne/etat-civil|website=Archives](https://archives.valdemarne.fr/recherches/archives-en-ligne/etat-civil|website=Archives) départementales du Val-de-Marne}}</ref> Alikuwa binti wa Marie-Anne Noblot na mwanamuziki Charles-Louis Rousseau, hivyo alikuwa mpwa wa mbali wa mwanafalsafa [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|access-date=2023-07-14|date=1881|first1=François-Joseph|language=fr|last1=Fétis|publisher=Firmin-Didot|title=Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique: Supplément et complément|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ygYJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA63}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=ygYJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA63}})</ref> Alijifunza kupiga piano chini ya baba yake na pia chini ya Louis Joseph Saint-Amans, na mwaka 1821 aliingia katika Konservatoria ya Paris.<ref>{{cite book |title=Women composers: a checklist of works for the solo voice|url=https://archive.org/details/womencomposersch0000stew|author=Stewart-Green, Miriam|year=1980}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1807|1838}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] jltvhlyur60bwpcie9r4p6h2khfkprj 0 230744 1545366 1510437 2026-05-17T22:17:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545366 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marcelle de Manziarly''' (13 Oktoba 1899 – 12 Mei 1989) alikuwa mpiga piano, mwalimu wa muziki, kondakta na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Kifaransa]]. == Wasifu == Alizaliwa tarehe 13 Oktoba 1899 katika [[Kharkiv]], na alisoma muziki mjini [[Paris]] chini ya [[Nadia Boulanger]]. Akiwa na umri wa miaka 23 tayari alikuwa ametunga kazi mbili za muziki zilizokomaa. Baadaye alisomea uongozaji wa muziki (conducting) chini ya Felix Weingartner huko [[Basel]], na masomo ya piano chini ya Isabelle Vengerova katika [[New York City]]. Alifundisha na kutumbuiza muziki katika Ulaya na Marekani. Mtunzi wa muziki Aaron Copland alimwekea wakfu wimbo wake “Heart, We Will Forget Him”.<ref>{{cite book |title=British Music and Modernism, 1895-1960|url=https://archive.org/details/britishmusicmode0000unse|author=Riley, Matthew|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Guide to Piano Music by Women Composers: Women born after 1900|author=Dees, Pamela Youngdahl|year=2004}}</ref> Alifariki katika [[Ojai, California]] akiwa na umri wa miaka 89.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Norton/Grove dictionary of women composers|url=https://archive.org/details/nortongrovedicti0000unse|first=Julie Anne|last=Sadie|first2=Rhian|last2=Samuel|year=1994}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1899|1989}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] cc0vbaqxs97wxsk8mw5zqki573q8tvf 0 230760 1545380 1510547 2026-05-17T22:27:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545380 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Virginie Morel du Verger''' (Christiane) (1799 – 17 Desemba 1870) alikuwa mpiga piano, mwalimu wa muziki na mtunzi wa muziki wa [[Kifaransa]]. Alizaliwa [[Metz]], na alisoma muziki chini ya Louis Adam katika [[Paris]] Conservatoire mwaka 1814 ambapo alipata tuzo ya kwanza katika piano. Baadaye aliendelea na masomo yake chini ya Ferdinand Hummel na akawa mpiga piano wa Duchess de Berry. Aliolewa na Luteni Kanali wa jeshi, Baron du Verger, mwaka 1829, na alitunga kazi mbalimbali za muziki zikiwemo ''Sonata ya Piano'', etyudi nane, duet tatu za fidla na piano pamoja na kazi nyingine za muziki wa vyumba (*chamber music*). Alifariki katika makazi ya mume wake, Château du Verger.<ref>{{cite book |title=International encyclopedia of women composers: Volume 2|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0002cohe|author=Cohen, Aaron I.|year=1987}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=A dictionary of pianists and composers for the pianoforte: with an appendix|publisher=Novello|author=Pauer, Ernst|url=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofpian00paueiala](https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofpian00paueiala) |page=[[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofpian00paueiala/page/124](https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofpian00paueiala/page/124) 124]|year=1895|accessdate=6 January 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |title=Women composers: a biographical handbook of women's work in music|author=Ebel, Otto|year=1902|accessdate=6 January 2011|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1BkQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT154](https://books.google.com/books?id=1BkQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT154) }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1799|1870}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 09826dezsklom0jkphwht5lecn3na59 0 230765 1545355 1512869 2026-05-17T22:03:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545355 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madame Papavoine''' née Pellecier (alizaliwa takriban 1735, alifanya kazi kati ya 1755–1761) alikuwa mtunzi wa muziki wa Ufaransa. Aliolewa na mpiga fidla Louis-August Papavoine muda fulani kabla ya mwaka 1755.<ref>{{cite book |title=Women making music: the western art tradition|url=[https://archive.org/details/womenmakingmusic00bowe|url-access=registration|first1=Jane](https://archive.org/details/womenmakingmusic00bowe|url-access=registration|first1=Jane) M.|last1=Bowers|first2=Judith|last2=Tick |year=1986|publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=9780252014703 }}</ref> Hakuna taarifa nyingine nyingi zinazojulikana kuhusu Madame Papavoine; hata jina lake la kwanza halijulikani. Baada ya mwaka 1761, jina lake halitajwi tena katika vyanzo. == Kazi == Jarida la ''Mercure de France'' lilichapisha “Catalogue des oeuvres de M. et Mme Papavoine” mwezi Januari 1755. Orodha hii pamoja na matoleo yaliyofuata yaliorodhesha kazi zake kama ifuatavyo: * ''Les arrets d’amour'', cantatille (akiwa anajulikana kama Mlle. Pellecier) * ''La tourterelle'', cantatille (Mlle. Pellecier) * ''Les charmes de la voix'', cantatille (Mlle. Pellecier) * ''La fête de l’amour'', cantatille (Mlle. Pellecier) * ''Issé'', cantatille (Mlle. Pellecier) * ''Le joli rien'', cantatille (Mlle. Pellecier) * ''Le triomphe des plaisirs'', cantatille (kama Mme. Papavoine) * ''Le Cabriolet'', cantatille yenye fidla mbili (kama Mme. Papavoine) * ''Nous voici donc au jour l’an'', wimbo mfupi wa vipimo 12 bila uandamani (*unaccompanied air gaiment*) * ''Vous fuyez sans vouloir m’entendre'', chanson (1756) * ''Reviens, aimable Thémire'', *pastorale* (1761) * ''La France sauvée ou Le triomphe de la vertu'', cantatille <ref>{{cite book |title=The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|url=https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0007unse_i0n8|first1=Stanley|last1=Sadie|first2=John|last2=Tyrrell|year=2001}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}} {{BD|1735|}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watunzi wa Ufaransa]] ja4phq8q9qs8fitntlow5wg0ibyk7sq 0 230899 1545324 1514077 2026-05-17T21:24:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545324 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William U. (Bill) Parfet''' ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na mfadhili bilionea nchini [[Marekani]].Yeye ni mzaliwa wa Kalamazoo, [[Michigan]]..<ref name="Quest">{{cite book|isbn=9780814410844 |title=Die Trying: One Man's Quest to Conquer the Seven Summits |url=https://archive.org/details/dietryingonemans0000parf |last1=Parfet |first1=Bo |last2=Buskin |first2=Richard |date=2009 |publisher=American Management Association }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] idmea1rysd85fmol9v71e3wgp9n656t 0 230974 1545315 1527550 2026-05-17T21:16:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 |jina = Mack 10 |picha = |maelezo = |landscape = yes |background = solo_singer |jina la kuzaliwa = Dedrick D'Mon Rolison |jina lingine = |tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1971|8|9|df=yes}} |mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Inglewood, California]], Marekani |tarehe ya kufa = |ala = Sauti | aina = [[Hip hop music|Hip-hop]], [[West Coast hip-hop]], [[gangsta rap]] | kazi yake = Rapa, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mwigizaji, mtayarishaji wa muziki, mkurugenzi wa rekodi |miaka ya kazi = 1992–sasa | studio = [[Fontana Distribution|Fontana]], [[Hoo-Bangin' Records|Hoo-Bangin']], [[Capitol Records|Capitol]], [[Universal Records (1995−2006)|Universal]], [[Cash Money Records|Cash Money]], [[Priority Records|Priority]] | ameshirikiana na = [[Westside Connection]], [[Ice Cube]], [[WC (rapper)|WC]], [[Tionne Watkins]], [[Birdman (rapper)|Birdman]] |tovuti = }} '''Dedrick D'Mon Rolison'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.contactmusic.net/news-article/mack-10-clears-up-confusion-in-t.boz-split|title=MacK 10 Clears Up Confusion In T-Boz Split|date=August 2, 2004|website=Contactmusic.com|access-date=December 14, 2019}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (amezaliwa Agosti 9, 1971), anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''Mack 10''', ni rapa wa Marekani, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mtayarishaji wa muziki, na mtendaji mkuu wa rekodi za muziki.<ref name="Larkin90">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=2000|edition=First|isbn=0-7535-0427-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/virginencycloped0000unse_w9d5/page/242 243]}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanachama wa kundi kuu la hip hop la [[Westside Connection]] akishirikiana na [[WC (rapper)|WC]] na [[Ice Cube]]. Mack 10 ameuza karibu rekodi milioni 11 akijumlisha kazi zake za peke yake na zile za kundi. Jina lake la kisanii ni rejeleo la bunduki ya rashasha ya [[Ingram MAC-10]]. Kama mkurugenzi, yeye ndiye mwanzilishi na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji (CEO) wa lebo ya [[Hoo-Bangin' Records]]. == Maisha ya awali == Mack 10 alizaliwa na kukulia mjini [[Inglewood, California]], na alisoma katika shule ya upili ya [[Inglewood High School (California)|Inglewood High School]]. == Kazi ya muziki == Mack 10 alionekana kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye mkusanyiko wa Ice Cube wa ''[[Bootlegs & B-Sides]]'' katika wimbo wa "What Can I Do? (Remix)". Albamu yake ya kwanza, ''[[Mack 10 (album)|Mack 10]]'', ilitolewa mwaka 1995 na lebo ya [[Priority Records]]<ref name="Larkin90"/> na ilitunukiwa cheti cha Dhahabu (Gold) na RIAA. Albamu hiyo ilijumuisha wimbo maarufu wa "[[Foe Life]]". Kazi yake iliyofuata, ''[[Based on a True Story (Mack 10)|Based On A True Story]]'' (1997), pia ilifikia hadhi ya Dhahabu. Mnamo Oktoba 6, 1998, alitoa albamu yake ya tatu, ''[[The Recipe (albamu)|The Recipe]]'', ambayo ilishika nafasi ya 15 kwenye chati za Billboard 200 na kupata cheti cha Dhahabu. Mbali na muziki wake wa pekee, Rolison alishirikiana na WC na Ice Cube mwaka 1996 kuunda Westside Connection. Pia alianzisha kampuni yake ya utayarishaji, Mack One-O, na kusainisha wasanii kama [[Allfrumtha I]] na [[The Comrads]]. Kupitia lebo yake ya Hoo-Bangin' Records, alimsainisha rapa [[Glasses Malone]] kupitia makubaliano na [[Cash Money Records]]. == Migogoro == Mack 10 amehusika katika migogoro kadhaa ya kimuziki. Albamu yake ya kwanza ilijumuisha wimbo "Westside Slaughterhouse" akishirikiana na [[Ice Cube]], ambao ulikuwa ni wimbo wa kejeli ([[Diss (music)|diss]]) kwa rapa [[Common (rapper)|Common]] baada ya wimbo wake wa "[[I Used to Love H.E.R.]]". Mwaka 1996, akiwa na Westside Connection, alishiriki katika wimbo "[[Bow Down|King of the Hill]]" ambao ulikuwa diss kwa kundi la [[Cypress Hill]]. == Maisha binafsi == Rolison alimuoa [[Tionne Watkins|Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins"]], kutoka kundi la R&B la [[TLC (band)|TLC]], mnamo Agosti 2000. Mwezi Oktoba 2000, walipata mtoto wa kike, Chase Anela Rolison.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/12038739 |title=TLC news on Yahoo! Music|website=Music.yahoo.com |date=October 23, 2003 |access-date=2007-09-02}}</ref> Wawili hao walitengana mwaka 2004.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.today.com/popculture/t-boz-files-divorce-alleging-abuse-wbna5210806|title=T-Boz files for divorce, alleging abuse|website=Today.com|date=14 June 2004 |access-date=December 14, 2019}}</ref> == Diskografia == {{Main|Diskografia ya Mack 10}} '''Albamu za studio''' * ''[[Mack 10 (album)|Mack 10]]'' (1995) * ''[[Based on a True Story (Mack 10 album)|Based on a True Story]]'' (1997) * ''[[The Recipe (album)|The Recipe]]'' (1998) * ''[[The Paper Route]]'' (2000) * ''[[Bang or Ball]]'' (2001) * ''[[Ghetto, Gutter & Gangsta]]'' (2003) * ''[[Hustla's Handbook]]'' (2005) * ''[[Soft White]]'' (2009) '''Albamu za ushirikiano''' * ''[[Bow Down]]'' (akiwa na [[Westside Connection]]) (1996) * ''[[Mack 10 Presents da Hood|Da Hood]]'' (akiwa na Da Hood) (2002) * ''[[Terrorist Threats]]'' (akiwa na Westside Connection) (2003) * ''Money Music'' (akiwa na [[Glasses Malone]]) (2010) == Filmografia == === Filamu === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Mwaka ! Jina ! Wahusika ! Maelezo |- | 1997 | ''[[I'm Bout It]]'' | Perry's Cousin | |- | 1999 | ''[[Thicker than Water (1999 film)|Thicker than Water]]'' | DJ | |- | 2004 | ''[[Def Jam: Fight for NY]]'' | Yeye mwenyewe | Mchezo wa video (Video Game) |} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *{{IMDb name|0532924}} {{BD|1971}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] 3grkcochhqz6wcilgse2ejqt5ow3xw2 0 231127 1545333 1522827 2026-05-17T21:36:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545333 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marc Rich''' ([[Desemba 18]], [[1934]] – [[Juni 26]], [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]], mfadhili wa fedha kutoka nchini [[Ubelgiji]] na [[Marekani]]. Alianzisha kampuni ya bidhaa za biashara Glencore, na baadaye alishtakiwa nchini Marekani kwa mashitaka ya shirikisho ya ukwepaji kodi, ulaghai wa kielektroniki, ufisadi, na kuuza mafuta ya [[Irani]] kwa [[Israeli]] wakati wa mgogoro wa mateka wa Irani.<ref name="swissinfo">{{cite web |last=Brookes |first=Robert |url= http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/King_of_oil_discloses_his_secret_lives.html?cid=7657620 |title=King of oil" discloses his "secret lives" |publisher=[[Swissinfo|SWI]] (swissinfo.ch) |date=Nov 14, 2009 |access-date=September 13, 2012 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020104900/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/King_of_oil_discloses_his_secret_lives.html?cid=7657620}}</ref><ref name=LATimesStereotypes>{{cite news |last=Reich |first=Walter |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-feb-25-op-29978-story.html |title=Pardon Reignites Jewish Stereotypes |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 25, 2001 |archive-date=June 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615210755/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/feb/25/opinion/op-29978 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Alikimbilia [[Uswizi]] wakati wa mashtaka hayo na hakurudi tena Marekani<ref name="KingofOil">{{cite book |last=Ammann |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Ammann |title=The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich |url=https://archive.org/details/kingofoilsecretl0000amma |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |place=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-312-57074-3}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Ubelgiji]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] f7yp596e9q2asvlhhuv3enwaygitz5o 0 231184 1545395 1540799 2026-05-17T22:41:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545395 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wendy Law-Yone''' ({{IPA|my|lɔ́ jòʊɰ̃}}; amezaliwa 1947) ni mwandishi wa Kimarekani mwenye asili ya Myanmar anayesifiwa sana na wakosoaji wa fasihi. Anajulikana kwa kazi zake kama ''A Daughter's Memoir of Burma'' (Columbia University Press, 2014), ''Golden Parasol'' (Chatto & Windus, 2013), ''The Road to Wanting'' (Chatto & Windus, 2010), ''Irrawaddy Tango'' (Knopf, 1994), na ''The Coffin Tree'' (Knopf, 1983). == Wasifu == Ni binti wa mchapishaji wa magazeti, mhariri na mwanasiasa mashuhuri wa Myanmar Edward Michael Law-Yone, Law-Yone alizaliwa katika Mandalay lakini alikulia [[Rangoon]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Huang |first=Guiyou |title=The Columbia Guide to Asian American Literature Since 1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetoa0000huan |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-231-12620-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetoa0000huan/page/136 136]}}</ref> Asili yake ni mchanganyiko, ambapo babu mmoja alikuwa mfanyabiashara kutoka [[Yunnan]] na mwingine alikuwa afisa wa kikoloni kutoka [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research |url=[http://web.soas.ac.uk/burma/2.1%20pdf%20files/2.1%2012%20back%20matter.pdf](http://web.soas.ac.uk/burma/2.1%20pdf%20files/2.1%2012%20back%20matter.pdf) |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=5 |date=Spring 2004 |issn=1479-8484 |publisher=[[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[University of London]] |access-date=2008-10-12 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Law-Yone amesema kuwa yeye ni “nusu Mbamar, robo Mchina wa Burma, na robo Mwingereza”. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1947|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Myanmar]] 6dee6z3760ok17hhzefihku15pwucom 0 231185 1545368 1521782 2026-05-17T22:20:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545368 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Allestree''' au '''Allestry''' 1621/22 – 28 Januari 1681) alikuwa mhudumu wa Kanisa la Uingereza aliyekuwa upande wa Wafalme (Royalists) na pia alikuwa mkuu (provost) wa Eton College kuanzia mwaka 1665. == Maisha == Alikuwa mwana wa Robert Allestree, kutoka familia ya zamani ya Derbyshire. Alizaliwa katika Uppington huko Shropshire. Ingawa John Fell alitoa tarehe yake ya kuzaliwa kuwa Machi 1619, taarifa hii inapingana na kumbukumbu za chuo chake.<ref name=ODNB>{{cite ODNB|first=John|last=Spurr|title=Allestree, Richard (1621/2–1681)|year=2004|url=[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/395|accessdate=2015-10-07|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/395}}](http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/395|accessdate=2015-10-07|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/395}})</ref> Alisoma katika Free School huko Coventry,<ref name="Hughes09">{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=John Trevor |title=Thomas Willis, 1621–1675: his life and work |url=https://archive.org/details/thomaswillis16210000hugh |date=2009 |publisher=Rimes House |location=Oxford |isbn=9781874317036 |page=[https://archive.org/details/thomaswillis16210000hugh/page/34 34] |edition=2nd}}</ref> kisha akaingia Christ Church, Oxford chini ya Richard Busby. Aliingia chuoni mwaka 1636 kama mwanafunzi wa kawaida (commoner), na akaandikishwa rasmi tarehe 17 Februari 1637 akiwa na umri wa miaka 15.<ref name=ODNB/> Alipata shahada ya kwanza (B.A.) mwaka 1640 na shahada ya uzamili (M.A.) mwaka 1643. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1621|1681}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] lx97r5j1da6rqzo68iqdtj3302o5j05 0 231357 1545334 1531087 2026-05-17T21:37:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | jina = Joe Jackson | picha = JosephJackson2007(cropped).jpg | maelezo = Jackson katika hafla fulani mnamo mwaka wa 2007 | jina la kuzaliwa = Joseph Walter Jackson | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1928|7|26|df=yes}} | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Fountain Hill, Arkansas]], Marekani | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|2018|6|27|1928|7|26|df=yes}} | mahali alipofia = [[Las Vegas]], Nevada, Marekani | sababu ya kifo = [[Saratani ya kongosho]] | mahali pa kuzikwa = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]], California | wazazi = Samuel Joseph Jackson<br>Crystal Lee King | kazi yake = {{flat list| *Meneja wa vipaji *bondia (zamani) *mwendeshaji kreni}} | asili yake = [[Gary, Indiana]], Marekani | ndoa = {{marriage|[[Katherine Jackson|Katherine Scruse]]|5 Novemba 1949|2018|reason=kifo chake}} | partner = Cheryle Terrell (1973–1998) | watoto = 11, akiwemo [[Rebbie Jackson|Rebbie]], [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[La Toya Jackson|La Toya]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]], [[Michael Jackson|Michael]], [[Randy Jackson (Jacksons singer)|Randy]], na [[Janet Jackson|Janet]] | ashirikiana na = [[The Jackson 5]], [[The Jacksons]] | wavuti = {{URL|jwjackson.com}} }} '''Joseph Walter Jackson''' (Julai 26, 1928 – Juni 27, 2018) alikuwa msimamizi wa talanta (meneja wa vipaji) kutoka nchini Marekani na mkuu wa familia ya akina [[Jackson family|Jackson]]. Alizaliwa huko mjini [[Fountain Hill]], [[Arkansas]], akiwa mkubwa kati ya watoto watano wa Crystal Lee na Samuel Joseph Jackson. Baada ya wazazi wake kutengana akiwa na umri wa miaka 12, alihamia [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California na baba yake kabla ya kurejea East Chicago, Indiana akiwa na umri wa miaka 18 ambapo alifanya kazi katika kampuni ya [[Inland Steel Company]] na kuanza masuala ya ndondi ya [[Golden Gloves]].<ref name="family">{{cite book|title=My Family, the Jackson|last=Jackson|first=Katherine|author2=Rich Wiseman|publisher=[[St. Martin's Paperbacks]]|year=1990|isbn=0-312-92350-3}}</ref> Alimuoa [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine Scruse]] mwaka 1949, na kwa pamoja walipata watoto kumi, ingawa pacha wa Marlon, Brandon, alikufa muda mfupi baada ya kuzaliwa. Ili kuitunza familia yake inayokua, Joseph aliacha ndondi na kufanya kazi kama mwendeshaji wa kreni na baadaye akaanza bendi ya blues iitwayo The Falcons, akipiga gitaa.<ref name="family" /> Mapema miaka ya 1960, Joe alianza kuwafunza wanawe muziki baada ya kuwagundua wakichezea vifaa vyake. Alianza na [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], na [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], na baadaye akawaingiza [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]] na [[Michael Jackson|Michael]], kundi ambalo lilijulikana kama [[The Jackson 5]].<ref name="thejacksons.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejacksons.com/history/the-jacksons-5-60-68/|title=History 60–68|work=thejacksons.com|access-date=October 24, 2016|archive-date=2023-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812213852/https://www.thejacksons.com/history/the-jacksons-5-60-68/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Baada ya mafanikio makubwa katika [[Apollo Theater]], alisaini mkataba na [[Steeltown Records]] mwaka 1967 na baadaye [[Motown Records]] mwaka 1969, ambapo nyimbo zao nne za kwanza ikiwemo "[[I Want You Back]]" zilifikia namba 1 nchini Marekani.<ref name="jackson-1969">{{cite web|url=http://www.thejacksons.com/history/the-jackson-5-1969/|title=History 1969|work=thejacksons.com|access-date=October 24, 2016|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185537/http://www.thejacksons.com/history/the-jackson-5-1969/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mwaka 1975, kundi lilihamia [[Epic Records]] na kubadili jina kuwa ''The Jacksons''. Joseph pia alisimamia kazi za binti zake, hasa [[Janet Jackson]], akifadhili rekodi yake ya kwanza.<ref name="JJ by Cornwell">{{cite book|last=Cornwell|first=Jane|title=Janet Jackson|url=https://archive.org/details/janetjackson0000jane|publisher=[[Carlton Books]]|year=2002|isbn=1-84222-464-6}}</ref> Maisha yake ya ndoa yaligubikwa na madai ya mahusiano ya nje, ikiwemo kuzaa binti Joh'Vonnie na Cheryle Terrell mwaka 1974.<ref name="foxnews.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/jackos-family-secrets-revealed/|title=Jacko's Family Secrets Revealed|date=October 29, 2004}}</ref> Taswira ya Joseph ilikosolewa sana miaka ya 1980 kutokana na madai ya unyanyasaji wa watoto wake. Michael Jackson alidai hadharani kuwa alipigwa na kunyanyaswa kihisia na baba yake wakati wa mazoezi makali, madai ambayo Joseph aliyakubali kwa kiasi fulani akisema alitumia mijeledi kama adhabu lakini si kwa unyanyasaji.<ref name=r1>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3268133.stm | work=BBC News | title=Singer Jackson whipped by father | date=November 13, 2003}}</ref> Katika miaka yake ya mwisho, alitunukiwa tuzo mbalimbali ikiwemo kuingizwa katika [[Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame]] mwaka 2014 na 2015.<ref name="rhythm">{{cite web|url=https://rhythmandblueshof.com/inductees/|title=Inductees|date=March 25, 2014}}</ref> Joseph alifariki kwa saratani ya kongosho Juni 27, 2018, kule Las Vegas akiwa na umri wa miaka 89, na kuzikwa katika makaburi ya [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)|Forest Lawn Memorial Park]] karibu na mwanawe Michael.<ref name=LA>{{Rejea habari |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-joe-jackson-20180627-story.html |title=Joe Jackson dies at 89 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=June 27, 2018}}</ref> Amewahi kuigizwa na waigizaji mbalimbali, akiwemo [[Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs]] na hivi karibuni [[Colman Domingo]] katika filamu ya ''[[Michael (2026 film)|Michael]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/colman-domingo-michael-jackson-movie-joe-jackson-1235804826/ | title=Colman Domingo to Play Patriarch Joe Jackson | date=January 25, 2024 }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{BD|1928|2018}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 73b2ah4z6ff2fx1tswpn6zwzpl4gkzi 0 231394 1545337 1531658 2026-05-17T21:42:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | picha = | image_upright = 1.2 | maelezo = [[Jadakiss]] na [[Styles P]] mnamo mwaka 2014 | alias = The Bomb Squad, D-Block, The Warlox | chimbuko = [[Yonkers, New York]], Marekani | aina ya muziki = [[Hip-hop|Hip-hop]] | miaka ya kazi = 1994–sasa | studio = D-Block, [[Roc Nation]], [[Interscope]], [[Ruff Ryders]], [[Bad Boy Records|Bad Boy]] | spinoff_of = [[Ruff Ryders Entertainment|Ruff Ryders]] | wavuti = | wanachama wa zamani = [[Jadakiss]]<br />[[Styles P]]<br />[[Sheek Louch]] }} '''The Lox''' (staili yake ni '''The LOX''' au '''The L.O.X.''') ni kundi la muziki wa [[Hip-hop|hip hop]] la nchini Marekani linaloundwa na marapa [[Sheek Louch]], [[Styles P]] na [[Jadakiss]]. Kila mmoja wao akitokea [[Yonkers, New York]], kundi hili liliundwa mwaka 1994 na kusainiwa kwenye studio ya [[Sean Combs|Puff Daddy]] ya [[Bad Boy Records]] miaka miwili baadaye ambapo walitoa albamu yao ya kwanza ya studio, ''[[Money, Power & Respect]]'' (1998). Licha ya kupata mafanikio makubwa ya kikazi na kibiashara, kundi hilo lilitengana na lebo hiyo na kujiunga na [[Ruff Ryders Entertainment]] mwaka 1999, ambapo kupitia hapo walitoa albamu yao nyingine iliyofanya vizuri, ''[[We Are the Streets]]'' (2000). ==Historia== ===Kuundwa na mwanzo wa kazi (1994–1996)=== Jason "[[Jadakiss]]" Phillips, David "[[Styles P]]" Styles, na Sean "[[Sheek Louch]]" Jacobs, walianza kazi zao za muziki katika mji wao wa nyumbani wa [[Yonkers, New York]].<ref name="Larkin90">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=2000|edition=First|isbn=0-7535-0427-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/virginencycloped0000unse_w9d5/page/240 240]}}</ref> Wakiwa wanafunzi wa shule ya upili, waliunda kundi lililoitwa Bomb Squad na kuanza kutumbuiza kwenye maonyesho ya ndani na kutengeneza demo zao wenyewe. Mnamo mwaka 1994, walionekana kwenye wimbo wa [[Main Source]] "Set It Off" kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''[[Fuck What You Think]]''. Wakati ulingo wa rap wa eneo hilo ukiwa unatawaliwa na wasanii kama Raw Rome, Lord Devon na kijana [[DMX (rapper)|DMX]], kundi hilo lilianza kuvutia watu kwa mtindo wao wa uandishi na uwezo wa kusimulia hadithi za maisha ya mtaani. Hatimaye kundi hilo lilibadilisha jina lake na kuitwa Warlox na kuendelea kukuza idadi ya mashabiki kwa kuonekana kwenye kanda mseto za handaki. Wakati fulani, watatu hao waliungana na [[Jaz-O]], na wakawa na kanda ya demo iliyotayarishwa naye.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rfdtv.com/story/41673418/kingz-kounty-media-group-presents-jaz-os-new-ep-the-warmup-available-february-7th-on-all-platforms-via-equity-distribution|website=www.rfdtv.com|title=Kingz Kounty Media Group Presents Jaz-O's New EP "The WarmUp" Available February 7th on All Platforms Via Equity Distribution|date=February 7, 2020|accessdate=2026-05-03|archive-date=2020-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220070122/https://www.rfdtv.com/story/41673418/kingz-kounty-media-group-presents-jaz-os-new-ep-the-warmup-available-february-7th-on-all-platforms-via-equity-distribution|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mmoja wa watu waliovutiwa nao alikuwa "Malkia wa hip hop soul," mzaliwa mwenzao wa Yonkers, [[Mary J. Blige]].<ref name="Larkin90"/> Baada ya kupata kanda ya demo ambayo kundi hilo lilitengeneza na Jaz-O, Blige aliikabidhi kwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa [[Bad Boy Records|Bad Boy]], [[Sean Combs|Sean "Puffy" Combs]] ambaye aliwasajili.<ref name="Larkin90"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1426166/the-lox-get-by-with-a-little-help-from-puffy-and-mary-j-blige/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220185143/http://www.mtv.com/news/1426166/the-lox-get-by-with-a-little-help-from-puffy-and-mary-j-blige/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 20, 2020|title=The Lox Get By With A Little Help From Puffy And Mary J. Blige|website=www.mtv.com|author=MTV News Staff|date=January 15, 1998|quote=She was like a number one fan for us. She was loving our music before anybody, and she just brought us to Puff. Puff was looking for a group, a rap group, at that time. It was instant. It just clicked like that. It was chemistry.}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.mrcnnlive.com/jaz-o-the-immobilarie-kingz-kounty-album/|title=Jaz-O & The Immobilarie "Kingz Kounty" (Album)|website=MRCNN Live|date=January 25, 2020}}</ref> Kwa ushauri wa Combs, Warlox baadaye walibadilisha jina lao na kuitwa L.O.X. Baada ya kusaini na Bad Boy, Lox walianza kupata umaarufu zaidi kutokana na nguvu ya wimbo wao wa kwanza "Well, Well, Well" wakimshirikisha Kasino, ambao ulionekana kwenye kandamseto ya DJ Clue ya mwaka 1996, ''Show Me the Money''. ===Mafanikio ya kimataifa (1997–2000)=== Lox walipata umaarufu wa kitaifa mwaka 1997 kwa kushiriki kwenye wimbo wa [[Sean "Puffy" Combs]] "[[It's All About the Benjamins]]", muda mfupi baada ya kupata umaarufu zaidi kwa wimbo wao wa kumbukumbu uliopata mauzo ya platinamu kwa ajili ya [[The Notorious B.I.G.]], "We'll Always Love Big Poppa".<ref name="Larkin90"/> Watatu hao baadaye walionekana kwenye nyimbo nyingi zilizovuma, kama "[[24 Hrs. to Live]]" wa [[Mase]], "[[Honey (Mariah Carey song)|Honey]]" wa [[Mariah Carey]], na "[[Jenny from the Block]]" wa [[Jennifer Lopez]].<ref name="Larkin90"/> Albamu ya kwanza ya kundi hilo, ''[[Money, Power & Respect]]'',<ref name="Larkin90"/> ilifikia mauzo ya Platinamu kulingana na RIAA. Katika msimu wa joto wa mwaka 1999, watatu hao walijikuta wakisikitishwa na mwelekeo wa Bad Boy, na walitaka kuachiwa kutoka kwenye mkataba wao ili kujiunga na [[Ruff Ryders]]. Ruff Ryders walikuwa wamekuwa wasimamizi wa The Lox siku zote na kundi lilihisi lebo hiyo mpya inaweza kuwakilisha vyema mrengo wao mgumu (hard-core) waliouonyesha kwenye mashairi yao. Bad Boy ilijulikana kwa nyimbo za kuchezeka zilizopendwa kwenye redio na video za bei ghali, wakati Lox walikuwa wakijijengea jina haraka kama wasanii wa [[hardcore rap]]. Utambulisho huo uligongana — "Tulihitaji tu kuwa na lebo ya kihuni zaidi," alisema Sheek Louch. "Lebo ngumu zaidi iliyoendana na taswira yetu." Lox walijaribu mbinu zote za kisheria zilizokuwepo ili waachiwe kutoka kwenye mkataba wao na Bad Boy. Hata hivyo, wanasheria na mikutano ya simu haikufua dafu. Katika tamasha la rap la New York, watatu hao walivaa tisheti zilizoandikwa "Let The LOX Go" (Waachieni LOX waende) na kuanzisha vuguvugu la mashabiki la "Free The Lox" (Wakomboeni LOX). Shinikizo lililotokana na kampeni hiyo hatimaye liliifanya Bad Boy na Puff Daddy kuwaachia watatu hao kutoka kwenye mkataba wao. "Tulibadilisha mchezo kwa kufanya hivyo," anasema Styles kuhusu sakata hilo la kimkataba. "Inaweza kuchukua miaka mingi kuanzia sasa, lakini watu wengine watafanya hivyo. Tulifanya hivi ili wasiogope kupaza sauti zao." ==Diskografia== {{Main|Diskografia ya The Lox}} ;Albamu za studio *''[[Money, Power & Respect]]'' (1998) *''[[We Are the Streets]]'' (2000) *''[[Filthy America... It's Beautiful]]'' (2016) *''[[Living Off Xperience]]'' (2020) ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[https://loxofficial.com/ Wavuti rasmi] {{Jadakiss}} [[Jamii:Makundi ya hip hop ya Marekani]] 2mrids1uda6vmppdo0lsd6ufp44mv54 0 231395 1545539 1540400 2026-05-18T09:03:03Z Said Mfaume 68307 1545539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | picha = Erick Sermon (9288240438)2.jpg | maelezo ya picha = Sermon akitumbuiza mnamo mwaka 2013 |background = solo_singer | jina = Erick Sermon | jina lingine = E Dub<br>E Double<br>Easy Erick<br>Erick Onasis<br>EMD<br>The Green-Eyed Bandit | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1968|11|25}} | chimbuko = [[Islip, New York]], Marekani | kazi = Rapa, mtayarishaji wa muziki | aina = {{hlist|[[Muziki wa Hip hop|Hip hop]]|[[East Coast hip hop]]}} | miaka ya kazi = 1987–sasa | studio = [[Fresh Records (US)|Fresh]]<br>[[Priority Records|Priority]]<br>[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]]<br>[[DreamWorks Records|DreamWorks]]<br>[[J Records|J]]<br>[[Universal Records (defunct record label)|Universal]]<br>[[Caroline Records|Caroline]]<br>Funklord Productions | ameshirikiana na = [[EPMD]]<br>[[Hit Squad]]<br>[[Def Squad]] | wavuti = }} '''Erick Sermon''' (amezaliwa Novemba 25, 1968) ni rapa na mtayarishaji wa muziki kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mmoja wa wanachama watatu—akiwa pamoja na [[PMD (rapper)|Parrish Smith]] & [[DJ Scratch]]—wa kundi la hip hop la miaka ya 1980/1990 la [[EPMD]], na pia kwa kazi zake za utayarishaji.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/events/nightlife/2010/11/22/101122goni_GOAT_nightlife|title=Night Life : The New Yorker|date=November 19, 2010|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119053917/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/events/nightlife/2010/11/22/101122goni_GOAT_nightlife|archive-date=November 19, 2010 |access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Erick Sermon alizaliwa mnamo Novemba 25, 1968, huko [[Bay Shore, New York|Bay Shore]] kwenye kisiwa cha [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Erick Sermon|url=http://rapaholic.blogspot.com/2007/01/erick-sermon.html|access-date=December 11, 2010|newspaper=Rapaholic|date=January 4, 2007}}</ref> == Kazi == Sermon alianza kazi kitaaluma mnamo mwaka 1986 kama mtayarishaji na msanii wa kundi la hip hop la EPMD. Alianza kurekodi albamu za peke yake (solo) chini ya lebo ya [[Def Jam]] mwaka 1993; mnamo mwaka 1997, alijiunga tena na EPMD. Mwaka uliofuata, Sermon, [[Keith Murray (rapper)|Murray]] na [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]] walirekodi wimbo wa marudio (cover) wa "[[Rapper's Delight]]" wa kundi la [[Sugarhill Gang]]. EPMD walivunjika kwa mara ya pili mnamo mwaka 1999.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/39838-Erick-Sermon?filter_anv=0&type=Credits|title=Erick Sermon (credits)|website=Discogs|access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref> [[File:2004 NBA All-Star Jam Session - Erick Sermon.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Sermon kwenye tamasha la [[2004 NBA All-Star Game|2004 NBA All-Star Jam Session]]]] Mnamo mwaka 2000, Sermon alihamia [[J Records]], na akatoa albamu ya ''[[Music (Erick Sermon album)|Music]]'' mwaka uliofuata. Wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hiyo, "Music", ulishirikisha sauti za marehemu [[Marvin Gaye]], ambazo Sermon anasemekana alizipata kutoka kwenye rekodi ambazo hazikuwahi kutolewa zilizopatikana katika duka dogo la rekodi huko London. "Music" ilikuja kuwa wimbo wa Sermon ulioshika nafasi ya juu zaidi, ukifikia namba 22 kwenye chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] na namba 2 kwenye chati ya R&B. Albamu ya pili ya Sermon chini ya J Records, ''[[React (Erick Sermon album)|React]]'', ilitolewa mwaka 2002. Wimbo uliabeba jina la albamu hiyo, "React", ulishika nafasi ya 36 kwenye Billboard Hot 100, lakini albamu hiyo haikuuza vizuri na Sermon akaondolewa kwenye lebo hiyo mwaka 2003. Katika mahojiano ya Juni 30, 2004 na ''[[HipHopDX.com]]'', Sermon alimwambia mwandishi wa habari za muziki [[Bayer Mack]], "Mambo hayakuwa sawa J Records. [[Clive Davis]] na wenzake hawaamini katika matangazo. Wakati Puffy alipokuwa na [[Bad Boy Records|Bad Boy]] pale [[Arista Records|Arista]], yeye ndiye alikuwa akifanya kazi zote za matangazo." Pia alieleza kuwa [[Busta Rhymes]] na [[Wyclef Jean]] walikuwa na matatizo kama hayo na J Records. Sermon aliendelea na kuanzisha nembo yake ya Def Squad chini ya [[Universal Records (defunct record label)|Universal Records]] na akatoa albamu yake ya sita ya kujitegemea, ''[[Chilltown, New York]]'', mnamo mwaka 2004. Albamu hiyo ilibebwa na wimbo "Feel It" (ambao ulikuwa na sampuli ya mwimbaji wa reggae/R&B [[Sean Paul]]), wimbo ambao ulipata mafanikio nchini Marekani. Katika mahojiano fulani, alieleza kuwa alikuwa anakusudia kukaa pembeni kidogo na kujaribu kuwasaidia wasanii wanaochipukia kupata nafasi. Hata hivyo, Sermon hajasimama kwenye [[tasnia ya muziki]], kwani alitayarisha wimbo wa "Goldmine" kwenye albamu ya [[Busta Rhymes]], ''[[The Big Bang (Busta Rhymes album)|The Big Bang]]'' mwaka 2006. Muda mfupi baadaye, Sermon alirekodi "Don't Make No Sense" akiwa na [[Def Squad]]. Pia alishirikiana na [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]] na kutayarisha nyimbo kadhaa kwenye albamu ya ''[[Red Gone Wild]]'' huku pia akionekana na mwanachama wa Def Squad, Keith Murray. Mapema mwaka 2008, Sermon na Smith walianzisha lebo yao ya rekodi iliyoitwa EP Records, ikisambazwa na RBS/Universal Music Group. Albamu ya saba ya EPMD, ''[[We Mean Business (album)|We Mean Business]]'', ilitoka Desemba 2008. Sermon alionekana kwenye kipindi cha mwisho cha ''[[Yo! MTV Raps]]'' katika sehemu ya freestyle iliyowashirikisha wasanii kama [[Rakim]], [[KRS-One]], [[Chubb Rock]], [[MC Serch]] na [[Craig Mack]]. Mnamo mwaka 2018, Sermon aliungana na [[Mr Cheeks]] wa kundi la [[Lost Boyz]] & mtangazaji Ryan Verneuille na kuwa mtayarishaji mkuu wa kipindi chao cha redio ya FM, "The Ryan Show". Sermon ni sehemu ya Bodi ya Washauri ya Wabunifu ya [[Tracklib]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.marketscreener.com/news/Tracklib-Launches-Today-Forever-Changing-the-Way-Music-is-Made--26323539/|title=Tracklib : Launches Today, Forever Changing the Way Music is Made|website=Marketscreener.com|language=en|access-date=September 5, 2019|author1=Marketscreener|archive-date=2019-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905131840/https://www.marketscreener.com/news/Tracklib-Launches-Today-Forever-Changing-the-Way-Music-is-Made--26323539/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya binafsi == Mnamo Septemba 25, 2001, Sermon alijeruhiwa alipoanguka kutoka ghorofa ya tatu ya jengo la makazi. Polisi walidai kuwa Sermon alijaribu kujiua, lakini yeye alidai kuwa lilikuwa ni ajali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/epmd-1378522|title=ERICK SERMON WINDOW JUMP TREATED AS ATTEMPTED SUICIDE|website=[[NME]]|date=October 3, 2001|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 12, 2011, alipatwa na shambulio la moyo, ambalo alipona.<ref>{{cite web|last=Markman |first=Rob |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1674407/erick-sermon-heart-attack-recall.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116164406/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1674407/erick-sermon-heart-attack-recall.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 16, 2011 |title=Erick Sermon Recalls 'Pains' Before Heart Attack – Music, Celebrity, Artist News |website=[[MTV]] |date=November 15, 2011 |access-date=March 30, 2012}}</ref> == Diskografia == {{Main|Diskografia ya Erick Sermon|Diskografia ya utayarishaji wa Erick Sermon|l2=Diskografia ya utayarishaji}} {{See also|Diskografia ya EPMD}} ;Albamu za studio * ''[[No Pressure (Erick Sermon album)|No Pressure]]'' (1993) * ''[[Double or Nothing (Erick Sermon album)|Double or Nothing]]'' (1995) * ''[[Erick Onasis]]'' (2000) * ''[[Music (Erick Sermon album)|Music]]'' (2001) * ''[[React (Erick Sermon album)|React]]'' (2002) * ''[[Chilltown, New York]]'' (2004) * ''[[E.S.P. (Erick Sermon's Perception)]]'' (2015) * ''[[Vernia (album)|Vernia]]'' (2019) * ''Dynamic Duos'' (2025) ;Albamu za ushirikiano * ''[[El Niño (Def Squad album)|El Niño]]'' akiwa na Def Squad (1998) == Video za muziki == * ''[[Def Jam Fight For NY]]'' (2004) kama Yeye mwenyewe<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0426436/?ref_=nv_sr_1|title=Def Jam: Fight for NY IMDB Page|work=IMDB|date=September 20, 2004|access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> * ''[[Def Jam Fight for NY: The Takeover]]'' (2006) kama Yeye mwenyewe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.giantbomb.com/def-jam-fight-for-ny-the-takeover/3030-22083/characters/|title=Def Jam: Fight for NY: The Takeover|work=Giant Bomb|access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons category}} * {{allmusic}} * {{IMDb name|0785257}} {{BD|1968|}} [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] i8gu7auj9cfv1lbb50exs837er51fts 1545540 1545539 2026-05-18T09:03:35Z Said Mfaume 68307 1545540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | picha = Erick Sermon (9288240438)2.jpg | maelezo = Sermon akitumbuiza mnamo mwaka 2013 |background = solo_singer | jina = Erick Sermon | jina lingine = E Dub<br>E Double<br>Easy Erick<br>Erick Onasis<br>EMD<br>The Green-Eyed Bandit | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1968|11|25}} | chimbuko = [[Islip, New York]], Marekani | kazi = Rapa, mtayarishaji wa muziki | aina = {{hlist|[[Muziki wa Hip hop|Hip hop]]|[[East Coast hip hop]]}} | miaka ya kazi = 1987–sasa | studio = [[Fresh Records (US)|Fresh]]<br>[[Priority Records|Priority]]<br>[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]]<br>[[DreamWorks Records|DreamWorks]]<br>[[J Records|J]]<br>[[Universal Records (defunct record label)|Universal]]<br>[[Caroline Records|Caroline]]<br>Funklord Productions | ameshirikiana na = [[EPMD]]<br>[[Hit Squad]]<br>[[Def Squad]] | wavuti = }} '''Erick Sermon''' (amezaliwa Novemba 25, 1968) ni rapa na mtayarishaji wa muziki kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kama mmoja wa wanachama watatu—akiwa pamoja na [[PMD (rapper)|Parrish Smith]] & [[DJ Scratch]]—wa kundi la hip hop la miaka ya 1980/1990 la [[EPMD]], na pia kwa kazi zake za utayarishaji.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/events/nightlife/2010/11/22/101122goni_GOAT_nightlife|title=Night Life : The New Yorker|date=November 19, 2010|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119053917/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/events/nightlife/2010/11/22/101122goni_GOAT_nightlife|archive-date=November 19, 2010 |access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Erick Sermon alizaliwa mnamo Novemba 25, 1968, huko [[Bay Shore, New York|Bay Shore]] kwenye kisiwa cha [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Erick Sermon|url=http://rapaholic.blogspot.com/2007/01/erick-sermon.html|access-date=December 11, 2010|newspaper=Rapaholic|date=January 4, 2007}}</ref> == Kazi == Sermon alianza kazi kitaaluma mnamo mwaka 1986 kama mtayarishaji na msanii wa kundi la hip hop la EPMD. Alianza kurekodi albamu za peke yake (solo) chini ya lebo ya [[Def Jam]] mwaka 1993; mnamo mwaka 1997, alijiunga tena na EPMD. Mwaka uliofuata, Sermon, [[Keith Murray (rapper)|Murray]] na [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]] walirekodi wimbo wa marudio (cover) wa "[[Rapper's Delight]]" wa kundi la [[Sugarhill Gang]]. EPMD walivunjika kwa mara ya pili mnamo mwaka 1999.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/39838-Erick-Sermon?filter_anv=0&type=Credits|title=Erick Sermon (credits)|website=Discogs|access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref> [[File:2004 NBA All-Star Jam Session - Erick Sermon.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Sermon kwenye tamasha la [[2004 NBA All-Star Game|2004 NBA All-Star Jam Session]]]] Mnamo mwaka 2000, Sermon alihamia [[J Records]], na akatoa albamu ya ''[[Music (Erick Sermon album)|Music]]'' mwaka uliofuata. Wimbo wa kwanza wa albamu hiyo, "Music", ulishirikisha sauti za marehemu [[Marvin Gaye]], ambazo Sermon anasemekana alizipata kutoka kwenye rekodi ambazo hazikuwahi kutolewa zilizopatikana katika duka dogo la rekodi huko London. "Music" ilikuja kuwa wimbo wa Sermon ulioshika nafasi ya juu zaidi, ukifikia namba 22 kwenye chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] na namba 2 kwenye chati ya R&B. Albamu ya pili ya Sermon chini ya J Records, ''[[React (Erick Sermon album)|React]]'', ilitolewa mwaka 2002. Wimbo uliabeba jina la albamu hiyo, "React", ulishika nafasi ya 36 kwenye Billboard Hot 100, lakini albamu hiyo haikuuza vizuri na Sermon akaondolewa kwenye lebo hiyo mwaka 2003. Katika mahojiano ya Juni 30, 2004 na ''[[HipHopDX.com]]'', Sermon alimwambia mwandishi wa habari za muziki [[Bayer Mack]], "Mambo hayakuwa sawa J Records. [[Clive Davis]] na wenzake hawaamini katika matangazo. Wakati Puffy alipokuwa na [[Bad Boy Records|Bad Boy]] pale [[Arista Records|Arista]], yeye ndiye alikuwa akifanya kazi zote za matangazo." Pia alieleza kuwa [[Busta Rhymes]] na [[Wyclef Jean]] walikuwa na matatizo kama hayo na J Records. Sermon aliendelea na kuanzisha nembo yake ya Def Squad chini ya [[Universal Records (defunct record label)|Universal Records]] na akatoa albamu yake ya sita ya kujitegemea, ''[[Chilltown, New York]]'', mnamo mwaka 2004. Albamu hiyo ilibebwa na wimbo "Feel It" (ambao ulikuwa na sampuli ya mwimbaji wa reggae/R&B [[Sean Paul]]), wimbo ambao ulipata mafanikio nchini Marekani. Katika mahojiano fulani, alieleza kuwa alikuwa anakusudia kukaa pembeni kidogo na kujaribu kuwasaidia wasanii wanaochipukia kupata nafasi. Hata hivyo, Sermon hajasimama kwenye [[tasnia ya muziki]], kwani alitayarisha wimbo wa "Goldmine" kwenye albamu ya [[Busta Rhymes]], ''[[The Big Bang (Busta Rhymes album)|The Big Bang]]'' mwaka 2006. Muda mfupi baadaye, Sermon alirekodi "Don't Make No Sense" akiwa na [[Def Squad]]. Pia alishirikiana na [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]] na kutayarisha nyimbo kadhaa kwenye albamu ya ''[[Red Gone Wild]]'' huku pia akionekana na mwanachama wa Def Squad, Keith Murray. Mapema mwaka 2008, Sermon na Smith walianzisha lebo yao ya rekodi iliyoitwa EP Records, ikisambazwa na RBS/Universal Music Group. Albamu ya saba ya EPMD, ''[[We Mean Business (album)|We Mean Business]]'', ilitoka Desemba 2008. Sermon alionekana kwenye kipindi cha mwisho cha ''[[Yo! MTV Raps]]'' katika sehemu ya freestyle iliyowashirikisha wasanii kama [[Rakim]], [[KRS-One]], [[Chubb Rock]], [[MC Serch]] na [[Craig Mack]]. Mnamo mwaka 2018, Sermon aliungana na [[Mr Cheeks]] wa kundi la [[Lost Boyz]] & mtangazaji Ryan Verneuille na kuwa mtayarishaji mkuu wa kipindi chao cha redio ya FM, "The Ryan Show". Sermon ni sehemu ya Bodi ya Washauri ya Wabunifu ya [[Tracklib]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.marketscreener.com/news/Tracklib-Launches-Today-Forever-Changing-the-Way-Music-is-Made--26323539/|title=Tracklib : Launches Today, Forever Changing the Way Music is Made|website=Marketscreener.com|language=en|access-date=September 5, 2019|author1=Marketscreener|archive-date=2019-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905131840/https://www.marketscreener.com/news/Tracklib-Launches-Today-Forever-Changing-the-Way-Music-is-Made--26323539/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya binafsi == Mnamo Septemba 25, 2001, Sermon alijeruhiwa alipoanguka kutoka ghorofa ya tatu ya jengo la makazi. Polisi walidai kuwa Sermon alijaribu kujiua, lakini yeye alidai kuwa lilikuwa ni ajali.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/epmd-1378522|title=ERICK SERMON WINDOW JUMP TREATED AS ATTEMPTED SUICIDE|website=[[NME]]|date=October 3, 2001|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> Mnamo Novemba 12, 2011, alipatwa na shambulio la moyo, ambalo alipona.<ref>{{cite web|last=Markman |first=Rob |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1674407/erick-sermon-heart-attack-recall.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116164406/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1674407/erick-sermon-heart-attack-recall.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 16, 2011 |title=Erick Sermon Recalls 'Pains' Before Heart Attack – Music, Celebrity, Artist News |website=[[MTV]] |date=November 15, 2011 |access-date=March 30, 2012}}</ref> == Diskografia == {{Main|Diskografia ya Erick Sermon|Diskografia ya utayarishaji wa Erick Sermon|l2=Diskografia ya utayarishaji}} {{See also|Diskografia ya EPMD}} ;Albamu za studio * ''[[No Pressure (Erick Sermon album)|No Pressure]]'' (1993) * ''[[Double or Nothing (Erick Sermon album)|Double or Nothing]]'' (1995) * ''[[Erick Onasis]]'' (2000) * ''[[Music (Erick Sermon album)|Music]]'' (2001) * ''[[React (Erick Sermon album)|React]]'' (2002) * ''[[Chilltown, New York]]'' (2004) * ''[[E.S.P. (Erick Sermon's Perception)]]'' (2015) * ''[[Vernia (album)|Vernia]]'' (2019) * ''Dynamic Duos'' (2025) ;Albamu za ushirikiano * ''[[El Niño (Def Squad album)|El Niño]]'' akiwa na Def Squad (1998) == Video za muziki == * ''[[Def Jam Fight For NY]]'' (2004) kama Yeye mwenyewe<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0426436/?ref_=nv_sr_1|title=Def Jam: Fight for NY IMDB Page|work=IMDB|date=September 20, 2004|access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> * ''[[Def Jam Fight for NY: The Takeover]]'' (2006) kama Yeye mwenyewe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.giantbomb.com/def-jam-fight-for-ny-the-takeover/3030-22083/characters/|title=Def Jam: Fight for NY: The Takeover|work=Giant Bomb|access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == {{commons category}} * {{allmusic}} * {{IMDb name|0785257}} {{BD|1968|}} [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] eonzt6vzoa7rjqmdb2li5q18pgzrkox 0 231432 1545342 1530693 2026-05-17T21:45:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ervand Abrahamian''' (amezaliwa [[Tehran]], 1940) ni mwanahistoria wa [[Mashariki ya Kati]] mwenye asili ya [[Irani]] na [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni Profesa Mashuhuri wa Historia katika Baruch College na pia katika Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Kazi zake zinahusu ukandamizaji wa kisiasa katika Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya Iran pamoja na siasa za Iran. == Maisha ya awali == Ervand Vahan Abrahamian alizaliwa na watu wenye asili ya Kiarmenia waliokuwa wanaishi Iran. Alisoma kwa miaka mitatu katika shule ya Mehr mjini Tehran, kisha akaendelea na masomo yake nchini Uingereza katika Rugby School kuanzia mwaka 1954 hadi 1959.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lunch with Ambassador Wisner (Tu 56-57) |url=[https://web.rugbyschool.co.uk/american-friends-of-rugby/events/lunch-with-ambassador-wisner-tu-56-57/](https://web.rugbyschool.co.uk/american-friends-of-rugby/events/lunch-with-ambassador-wisner-tu-56-57/) |website=rugbyschool.co.uk |publisher=Rugby School |archive-url=[https://archive.today/20220104111948/https://web.rugbyschool.co.uk/american-friends-of-rugby/events/lunch-with-ambassador-wisner-tu-56-57/](https://archive.today/20220104111948/https://web.rugbyschool.co.uk/american-friends-of-rugby/events/lunch-with-ambassador-wisner-tu-56-57/) |archive-date=4 January 2022 |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> Baadaye alipata shahada ya kwanza (B.A.) katika historia ya kisasa kutoka St John's College, Oxford mwaka 1963. Katika kipindi hicho, alifundishwa na Keith Thomas na kuanza kujikita zaidi katika historia ya Ulaya. Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake ya awali, Abrahamian alihamia New York City, ambako alisoma katika Columbia University na kupata shahada ya uzamili (M.A.) mwaka 1966. Baadaye alipata M.A. ya pili kutoka Oxford mwaka 1968 na hatimaye shahada ya uzamivu (Ph.D.) kutoka Columbia mwaka 1969. Tasnifu yake ilikuwa na kichwa ''Social Bases of Iranian Politics: The Tudeh Party, 1941–53.'' Abrahamian pia alikuwa mwanaharakati na mwanachama wa Confederation of Iranian Students — National Union (CISNU), iliyopinga utawala wa Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi katika miaka ya 1960 na 1970.Mwaka 1976, alikuwa mmoja wa makamu wenyeviti wa Kamati ya Uhuru wa Kisanaa na Kiakili nchini Iran (CAIFI), ambayo ilikuwa tawi dogo la Socialist Workers Party (SWP).<ref>{{cite book |last1=McDonald |first1=Lawrence P. |title=Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/TrotskyismAndTerrorTheStrategyOfRevolution |date=1977 |publisher=ACU Education and Research Institute |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/TrotskyismAndTerrorTheStrategyOfRevolution/page/n17 35]–36}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1940|}} [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Irani]] r7rrkp7773h3es0r60tha5brckuid06 0 231670 1545390 1531303 2026-05-17T22:35:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545390 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sultana Qazalbash''', pia anayejulikana kama '''Sahab Qazalbash''' (Urdu: سحاب قزلباش; 12 Mei 1926 – 26 Julai 2004) alikuwa mwigizaji, mwandishi, mshairi na mtangazaji kutoka Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Herald - Volume 23, Issues 5-8|publisher=Pakistan Herald Publications|page=157}}</ref> Alishiriki katika maigizo mbalimbali ya televisheni, ikiwemo ''[[Comedy Playhouse|Comedy Playhouse Season 11]]'', ''[[The Changes (TV series)|The Changes]]'', ''[[Play for Today|Play for Today Season 11]]'' na ''[[Kohar (TV series)|Kohar]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Karachi, Megacity of Our Times|year=1997|url=https://archive.org/details/karachimegacityo0000khuh|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/karachimegacityo0000khuh/page/324 325]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1926|2004}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Pakistan]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Pakistan]] 17elsnf9ubiq9e3fep511n463mw6pn9 0 231726 1545330 1542350 2026-05-17T21:32:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545330 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hannah Emily Reid''' (19 Januari 1870 – 27 Mei 1955) alikuwa daktari kutoka [[Canada]].<ref name = "Sisterhood">{{cite web |title=Dr. Hannah Reid & Dr. Minerva Reid – Sisterhood |url=[https://www.womenscollegehospitalfoundation.com/News-Media/Blog/October-2018/Dr-Hannah-Reid-Dr-Minerva-Reid-Sisterhood.aspx](https://www.womenscollegehospitalfoundation.com/News-Media/Blog/October-2018/Dr-Hannah-Reid-Dr-Minerva-Reid-Sisterhood.aspx) |website=Women’s College Hospital Foundation |access-date=2021-03-01 |archive-date=2019-05-07 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190507200338/http://womenscollegehospitalfoundation.com/News-Media/Blog/October-2018/Dr-Hannah-Reid-Dr-Minerva-Reid-Sisterhood.aspx](https://web.archive.org/web/20190507200338/http://womenscollegehospitalfoundation.com/News-Media/Blog/October-2018/Dr-Hannah-Reid-Dr-Minerva-Reid-Sisterhood.aspx) |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alikuwa mkuu wa idara ya usingizi (Chief of Anaesthesia) katika Women's College Hospital ya Toronto kuanzia mwaka 1926 hadi 1931.<ref name= "Notes">{{cite journal |title=Notes: Reid, Hannah Emily (1870–1955) |journal=Archives of Women's College Hospital}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Hannah Emily Reid alizaliwa karibu na Orangeville, Ontario tarehe 19 Januari 1870.<ref name= "The Indomitable Lady Doctors">{{cite book |last1=Hacker |first1=Carlotta |title=The Indomitable Lady Doctors |url=https://archive.org/details/indomitableladyd0000hack |date=1974 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indomitableladyd0000hack/page/118 119]–131}}</ref> Tangu akiwa mdogo alikuwa na hamu ya kufundisha—baada ya kumaliza masomo yake katika Shule ya Upili ya Orangeville mwaka 1891,<ref name=":1">{{Rejea habari |last=Scrafield-Danby |first=Constance |date=12 October 2001 |title=Wonderful ladies from Dufferin's past |page=14 |work=The Midweek Banner; Orangeville, Ont. }}</ref> alipata cheti cha ualimu cha daraja la pili na kuanza kufundisha katika shule mbalimbali huko Toronto.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Early Female Doctors – Peggy Feltmate|date=27 March 2020|url=[https://www.peggyfeltmate.com/genealogy/early-female-doctors/|access-date=2022-01-02|language=en-US}}](https://www.peggyfeltmate.com/genealogy/early-female-doctors/|access-date=2022-01-02|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref><ref name= "The Indomitable Lady Doctors" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1870|1955}} [[Jamii:Madaktari]] [[Jamii:Wanawake]] 516fza0pmrab3koycgxyi7tkafymc72 0 231927 1545133 1532454 2026-05-17T13:35:16Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1545133 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dustin Aaron Moskovitz''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 22]], [[1984]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] wa mitandao kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye mwanzilishi mwenza wa mtandao wa kijamii wa [[Facebook]] ambao kwa sasa upo chini ya kampuni ya [[Meta Platforms]] pamoja na [[Mark Zuckerberg]], [[Eduardo Saverin]], [[Andrew McCollum]] na [[Chris Hughes]].<ref name="timeline">{{cite web|access-date=October 3, 2008|url=http://www.new.facebook.com/press/info.php?timeline=|title=Company Timeline|publisher=Facebook}}</ref> Mwaka [[2008]], aliondoka Facebook na kuanzisha ''Asana'' pamoja na [[Justin Rosenstein]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/03/10/forbess-youngest-billionaire-facebook-co-founder-dustin-moskovitz-edges-out-mark-zuckerberg/ |title=Forbes's Youngest Billionaire: Facebook Co-Founder Dustin Moskovitz Edges Out Mark Zuckerberg |author=Zoe Fox |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=March 10, 2011 |access-date=December 14, 2014 |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226043641/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/03/10/forbess-youngest-billionaire-facebook-co-founder-dustin-moskovitz-edges-out-mark-zuckerberg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Mnamo Machi [[2011]], Forbes iliripoti Moskovitz kuwa bilionea mchanga zaidi ulimwenguni aliyejitegemea mwenyewe, kwa msingi wa hisa yake ya asilimia 2.34 katika Facebook wakati huo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/mar/09/forbes-rich-list-facebook-six |title=Forbes Rich List: Facebook Six Stake Their Claims |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=UK |first=Ed |last=Pilkington |date=March 10, 2011 |access-date=March 30, 2011 |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826080726/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/mar/09/forbes-rich-list-facebook-six |url-status=live }}</ref> Kulingana na Forbes, kufikia Aprili [[2026]], utajiri wa Moskovitz ulikadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 10.2.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Alba|first1=Alejandro|title=Facebook CEO tops list of the 20 wealthiest people under 35|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/facebook-ceo-tops-list-20-wealthiest-people-35-article-1.2337032|access-date=December 10, 2016|work=[[NY Daily News]]|date=August 25, 2015|archive-date=August 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113322/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/facebook-ceo-tops-list-20-wealthiest-people-35-article-1.2337032|url-status=live}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ed1hoby7li0ii2eoorqk70nm0d3va7n 0 232196 1545327 1536094 2026-05-17T21:27:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545327 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean Emily Fairfax''' (20 Oktoba 1920 – 12 Februari 2019)<ref>McClure, Phyllis. "Jean Fairfax." In: ''Notable Black American Women'', Book 2, p. 212. Gale Research, 1996.</ref><ref name="Seelye">{{Rejea habari|url=[https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/jean-fairfax-obituary?pid=191597021|title=Jean](https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/jean-fairfax-obituary?pid=191597021|title=Jean) Fairfax Obituary|work=Legacy.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Seelye |first1=Katharine Q. |title=Jean Fairfax, Unsung but Undeterred in Integrating Schools, Dies at 98 |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/01/obituaries/jean-fairfax-dead.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/01/obituaries/jean-fairfax-dead.html) |accessdate=3 Machi 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=1 Machi 2019}}</ref> alikuwa mwalimu, mfanyakazi wa harakati za haki za kiraia, mratibu wa jamii, na mfadhili wa Marekani, aliyejikita zaidi katika kupigania usawa katika elimu, hasa kwa Waafrika-[[Marekani|Wamarekani]] wenye kipato cha chini. Aliwahi kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Huduma za Jamii wa NAACP kuanzia mwaka 1965 hadi 1984. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Fairfax alizaliwa tarehe 20 Oktoba 1920 mjini [[Columbus, Ohio]], akiwa mtoto wa Daniel Robert Fairfax Sr. na Inez Elizabeth Wood. Alikuwa mtoto wa tatu kati ya watoto wanne: Florence, Betty Harriet, na Daniel Robert Fairfax Jr. Alijifunza umuhimu wa elimu kupitia mfano wa wazazi wake, ambao walikuwa wa kwanza katika familia zao kuzaliwa wakiwa huru kisheria<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0202/020211.html|title=Jean](https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0202/020211.html|title=Jean) Fairfax: bado amejitoa kuthibitisha kwamba haki inawezekana.|last=Manuel|first=Diane Casselberry|date=2 Februari 1984|website=Christian Science Monitor|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170719195723/https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0202/020211.html|archive-date=19](https://web.archive.org/web/20170719195723/https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0202/020211.html|archive-date=19) Julai 2017 |access-date=19 Aprili 2018}}</ref> na ambao baadaye walipata elimu ya chuo kikuu.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Rhonda D. |editor1-last=Gates |editor1-first=Henry Louis Jr. |editor2-last=Higginbotham |editor2-first=Evelyn Brooks |title=The African-American National Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericann00henr |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |chapter=Fairfax, Jean E.}}</ref>{{rp|219}} Alisoma katika shule za umma za Cleveland na akapata shahada ya kwanza ya Sanaa kutoka University of Michigan mwaka 1941, akihitimu kwa heshima katika masomo ya Liberal Arts na kuingizwa katika chama cha wasomi Phi Beta Kappa. Mwaka 1944 alipata Shahada ya Uzamili katika Dini za Dunia kutoka Union Theological Seminary, ambako alisoma chini ya Profesa Reinhold Niebuhr. Baadaye alisoma pia katika [[Harvard University]] kama mtafiti mgeni wa Radcliffe kuanzia 1984 hadi 1986.{{r|:1|p=219}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1920|2019}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 546duhnwlsb6zymdflvj7luxetyn799 0 232718 1545393 1538216 2026-05-17T22:37:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545393 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arthur L. "Art" Williams Jr.''' (Alizaliwa [[Aprili 26]], [[1942]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] wa bima nchini [[Marekani]] anayeishi [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref name="coach">{{cite book |last= Williams |first= Art |author2=Karen Kassel Hutto |author-link= Arthur L. Williams Jr. |title= Coach |url= https://archive.org/details/coachalwilliamss0000will |date=June 2006 |publisher= Art Williams Productions |location= [[Atlanta, Georgia]] |isbn= 0-9786266-0-5 }}</ref> Yeye ni mwanzilishi wa ''A.L. Williams & Associates'', inayojulikana kama ''Primerica Financial Services'' tangu [[1991]].<ref name="Williamstop400">[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/54/DA4B.html Williams biography], accessed on July 8, 2006</ref> Pia alijihusisha na michezo ya kulipwa, akimiliki ''Birmingham Barracudas'' ya ''Canadian Football League (CFL)'' na ''Tampa Bay Lightning'' ya ''National Hockey League (NHL)'' kwa muda mfupi.<ref name="CBN">{{cite news |author= The 700 Club |author-link= The 700 Club |title= Art Williams : The Life Coach |url= http://www.cbn.com/700club/guests/bios/Art_Williams111406.aspx |publisher= [[Christian Broadcasting Network]] |access-date=2007-09-02}}</ref><ref name=cudathru>Cudas Apparently Through in Birmingham. Gadsden Times, Associated Press, November 7, 1995, accessed 29 January 2014 https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19951107&id=KrwfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FNgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4898,678628</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4ogf75ajl5rm7llplo8p8rj0esr7xtg 0 232737 1545310 1538252 2026-05-17T21:13:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frederick George Tipping''' (1885–1973) alikuwa mratibu wa vyama vya wafanyakazi nchini [[Kanada|Canada]], hasa katika jimbo la Manitoba. Alijulikana kwa ushiriki wake katika harakati za wafanyakazi za mwanzo, ikiwemo mgomo mkuu wa Winnipeg General Strike mwaka 1919. Baada ya tukio hilo, aligombea nafasi za kisiasa kama mgombea wa Labour Party. Mitazamo yake ya kisiasa iliathiriwa sana na msoshalisti wa Kiingereza Robert Blatchford. Tipping alikuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa Social Democratic Party of Canada na alikuwa mmoja wa wasoshalisti wa kijamii mashuhuri katika eneo la kaskazini mwa jiji la Winnipeg katika miaka ya 1910.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reformers, Rebels and Revolutionaries: The Western Canadian Radical Movement, 1899–1919|url=https://archive.org/details/reformersrebelsr0000mcco_t2p9|author=A. Ross McCormack|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1977|page=[https://archive.org/details/reformersrebelsr0000mcco_t2p9/page/92 93]}}</ref> Pia alichaguliwa katika baraza la wafanyakazi la Winnipeg Trades Council na alisaidia kuanzishwa kwa Dominion Labour Party mwaka 1918. == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1885]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1973]] 8gw3jbptcfealkvl6ee0sfzdns2cc46 0 232917 1545364 1538746 2026-05-17T22:16:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545364 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Orange Judd''' (26 Julai 1822 – 27 Desemba 1892) alikuwa mwanakemia wa kilimo, mhariri, na mchapishaji kutoka [[Marekani]]. == Historia na familia == Judd alizaliwa katika familia ya wakulima karibu na Maporomoko ya Niagara katika Niagara County, New York. Babu yake, ambaye pia aliitwa Orange Judd (1763–1844), alitoka Tyringham, Massachusetts na alihudumu kama askari wa kawaida katika wanamgambo wa Berkshire wakati wa kampeni za kijeshi za Kaskazini. Baba yake, Ozias Judd, alipigana katika Black Rock mwaka 1813.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hall, Henry |year=1891 |title=Year Book of the Societies Composed of Descendants of the Men of the Revolution, 1890 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924032755096 |publisher=Republic Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924032755096/page/n235 218]}}</ref> Mama yake Orange Judd alikuwa Rheuama Wright, binti wa David Wright ambaye alikuwa askari wa kawaida katika wanamgambo wa New York wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Marekani.<ref>{{cite book |author=Cornish, Louis Henry |year=1902 |title=A National Register of the Society, Sons of the American Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalregister00sons |publisher=Press of A. H. Kellogg |page=[https://archive.org/details/nationalregister00sons/page/264 264]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1822|1892}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] nqic7mabiacmmo7lxx2pnq4snqe5luy 0 232951 1545359 1538781 2026-05-17T22:09:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545359 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dana Alston''' (Desemba 1951 – 7 Agosti 1999) alikuwa mtetezi wa haki za mazingira kwa usawa kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa kuendeleza harakati za haki za mazingira kwa kuunganisha uanaharakati wa mabadiliko ya tabianchi na masuala ya uchafuzi wa mazingira unaoathiri jamii za watu wasio wazungu. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Dana Alston alizaliwa 18 Desemba 1951 katika eneo la Harlem, New York, kwa wazazi Garlen na Betty Alston.<ref name="ajustclimate.org">{{cite web |title=A Just Climate |url=[https://ajustclimate.org/](https://ajustclimate.org/) |access-date=16 Aprili 2023 |website=ajustclimate.org |language=en}}</ref> Tangu akiwa shuleni, alionyesha nia ya kuwasaidia watu weusi na jamii zilizotengwa. Alisoma katika Wheelock College huko Boston, ambapo alikuwa rais wa Umoja wa Wanafunzi Weusi (Black Student Union). Akiwa hapo, alitetea kuongezwa kwa kozi za historia na masuala ya Waamerika Weusi pamoja na kuongezeka kwa walimu weusi katika chuo hicho.<ref name="White-2004">{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Rachel |last2=Scheuering |first2=Rachel White |title=Shapers of the Great Debate on Conservation: A Biographical Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/shapersofgreatde0000sche |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32826-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/shapersofgreatde0000sche/page/214 214]}}</ref> Alihitimu mwaka 1973 akiwa na shahada ya kwanza ya sayansi Shahada ya Sayansi.<ref name="Becher-2018">{{cite book |last=Becher |first=Anne |title=American Environmental Leaders |url=https://archive.org/details/americanenvironm0002unse |publisher=Grey House Publishing |year=2018 |edition=3rd |location=Amenia, NY |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanenvironm0002unse/page/n13 15] |isbn=9781682177327}}</ref> Baadaye alisoma shahada ya uzamili katika [[Columbia University]] katika Shule ya Afya ya Umma, akibobea katika afya ya kazi na mazingira.<ref name="White-2004" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 74158w7dm2gnhhtybq8qc3m7aark7f1 0 233204 1545345 1539326 2026-05-17T21:48:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = New Edition | picha = New Edition on Sister Circle Live.jpg | maelezo = Wanachama wa New Edition mwaka 2018. Kutoka kushoto: [[Ronnie DeVoe]], [[Bobby Brown]], [[Ricky Bell (singer)|Ricky Bell]], na [[Michael Bivins]]. | background = group_or_band | jina la kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = | chimbuko = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, Marekani<ref name="Bio">{{cite web|title=New Edition Biography|url=https://www.biography.com/musicians/new-edition|publisher=Biography.com|access-date=Mei 9, 2026}}</ref> | aina ya muziki = [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Pop music|pop]], [[Hip hop]], [[New jack swing]]<ref name="AM">{{cite web|first= Steve |last= Huey |title= New Edition – Artist Biography |publisher= [[AllMusic]] |url= http://www.allmusic.com/artist/new-edition-mn0000865016/biography}}</ref> | kazi yake = Wanamuziki | miaka ya kazi = 1978–1991, 1996–1997, 2002–sasa | studio = Streetwise, [[MCA Records|MCA]], [[Bad Boy Records|Bad Boy]], [[Geffen Records|Geffen]] | ameshirikiana na = [[Bell Biv DeVoe]], Heads of State | wavuti = }} '''New Edition''' ni kundi la muziki wa [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] na [[Pop music|pop]] kutoka nchini Marekani. Kundi hili lilianzishwa mwaka 1978 katika mtaa wa [[Roxbury, Boston|Roxbury]] jijini [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]. Jina lao linaashiria "toleo jipya" la kundi la [[Jackson 5]]. Kundi hili lilipata umaarufu mkubwa katika miaka ya 1980 na linatajwa kama mfano wa awali wa makundi ya vijana ya kisasa. Mwanzoni, kundi lilikuwa na [[Ricky Bell (singer)|Ricky Bell]], [[Michael Bivins]], [[Ronnie DeVoe]], [[Bobby Brown]], na [[Ralph Tresvant]]. Brown aliondoka mwishoni mwa mwaka 1985 ili kuanza kazi ya muziki peke yake, na kundi liliendelea likiwa na watu wanne kwa albamu moja kabla ya kumwongeza [[Johnny Gill]] mwaka 1987. Nyimbo zao za mwanzo zilizovuma ni pamoja na "[[Candy Girl (New Edition song)|Candy Girl]]", "[[Cool It Now]]", na "[[Mr. Telephone Man]]".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/new-edition|title=New Edition Chart History|website=Billboard.com}}</ref> Wanachama wote sita walirudi pamoja mwaka 1996 kurekodi albamu ya sita ya kundi inayoitwa ''[[Home Again (New Edition album)|Home Again]]''. Walipata nyota yao kwenye [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] Januari 23, 2017. Mnamo Februari 17, 2022, kundi liliingizwa kwenye Ukumbi wa Maajabu wa Muziki na Burudani wa Watu Weusi ([[Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame]]).<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Nazareno|first=Mia|date=2021-12-17|title=Smokey Robinson, Berry Gordy, Jr. & More to Be Inducted at 2022 Black Music and Entertainment Walk of Fame|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/smokey-robinson-black-music-entertainment-walk-of-fame-2022-1235012202/|magazine=Billboard}}</ref> == Kazi ya muziki == === 1978–1985: Kupaa kwa umaarufu === [[File:New Edition, 1985.jpg|thumb|New Edition mwaka 1985.]] Kundi hili liliundwa na Bobby Brown pamoja na marafiki zake wa utotoni huko Roxbury, Boston. Walipata nafasi yao kubwa ya kwanza mwaka 1982 walipotumbuiza kwenye shindano la kusaka vipaji katika ukumbi wa [[Strand Theatre (Dorchester, Massachusetts)|Strand Theatre]] chini ya mtayarishaji [[Maurice Starr]].<ref name="Starr">{{cite book|author=John Seabrook|title=The Song Machine: Inside the Hit Factory|url=https://archive.org/details/songmachineinsid0000seab|date=2015-10-05}}</ref> Albamu yao ya kwanza, ''[[Candy Girl (album)|Candy Girl]]'' (1983), ilitolewa chini ya lebo ya Streetwise Records na ilishika namba moja nchini Marekani na Uingereza. == Diskografia == ;Albamu za studio * ''[[Candy Girl (album)|Candy Girl]]'' (1983) * ''[[New Edition (album)|New Edition]]'' (1984) * ''[[All for Love (New Edition album)|All for Love]]'' (1985) * ''[[Under the Blue Moon]]'' (1986) * ''[[Heart Break]]'' (1988) * ''[[Home Again (New Edition album)|Home Again]]'' (1996) * ''[[One Love (New Edition album)|One Love]]'' (2004) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Wanamuziki wa Marekani| ]] qr2akntkwwj0ppgmqosvowpx2sg7cgc 0 233207 1545339 1539279 2026-05-17T21:43:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545339 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Contemporary R&B''' (R&B ya kisasa) ni [[muziki wa pop]] uliogunduliwa na [[Wamarekani weusi|Wamarekani Weusi]] katika miaka ya 1970. Muziki huu unachanganya miondoko ya [[rhythm and blues]] na mambo ya [[disco]], [[funk]], [[Soul music|soul]], [[jazz]], [[blues]], na [[hip-hop]]. Kuanzia mwaka 2010, waliongeza vionjo vya kielektroniki na kutengeneza mtindo unaitwa '''electro-R&B'''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-06 |title=The 20 Best Pop and R&B Albums of 2016 |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/9988-the-20-best-pop-and-rb-albums-of-2016/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> Aina hii ya muziki inajulikana kwa jinsi inavyorekodiwa kwa ufundi mkubwa na uimbaji wa sauti laini na zilizopangiliwa vizuri. Huwa wanatumia midundo inayofanana na hip-hop au muziki wa kucheza ([[electronic dance music|dance]]), lakini ile sauti ya ukali ya hip-hop inapunguzwa na kuwa laini. Waimbaji wa R&B mara nyingi wanapenda kurefusha sauti, na tangu katikati ya miaka ya 1980, midundo ya R&B ilianza kuchanganywa na utamaduni wa hip-hop na soul. == Walioandaa mazingira == Kwa mujibu wa [[Geoffrey Himes]] mwaka 1989, vuguvugu la muziki wa soul la miaka ya awali ya 1970 "lilipanua mipaka ya R&B kwa namna ambayo haijawahi kufikiwa tena". Vuguvugu hili liliongozwa na waimbaji na watayarishaji kama [[Curtis Mayfield]], [[Marvin Gaye]], na [[Stevie Wonder]].<ref>{{cite news|first= Geoffrey |last= Himes |title= Curtis Mayfield |newspaper= [[The Washington Post]] |date= August 29, 1989 |access-date= February 1, 2021 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/08/29/curtis-mayfield/3256d94e-05a3-4c63-aaf9-58b7a563aab3/ |archive-date= March 29, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210329042750/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/08/29/curtis-mayfield/3256d94e-05a3-4c63-aaf9-58b7a563aab3/ |url-status= live}}</ref> [[Norman Whitfield]] wa lebo ya [[Motown]] pia alikuwa kiongozi kwa kuchanganya sauti za soul na midundo mizito na ala za muziki za orchestra. Marvin Gaye, kupitia albamu yake ya ''[[What's Going On (Marvin Gaye album)|What's Going On]]'' (1971), aliingiza vionjo vya [[jazz]] vilivyofanya muziki huo uwe huru zaidi.<ref name="circ"/> Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970, [[Michael Jackson]] na [[Quincy Jones]] waliongeza vionjo vya kielektroniki na kufanya muziki huo uwe laini na rahisi kuchezeka klabu.<ref name="circ">{{cite web|first= David |last= Ward |title= R&B and Influence: The Producer as Ephebe |work= Circulation Mag |date= November 2011 |access-date= August 27, 2015 |url= http://www.circulation-mag.com/2011/11/rb-and-influence-the-producer-as-ephebe/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200728192100/http://www.circulation-mag.com/2011/11/rb-and-influence-the-producer-as-ephebe/ |archive-date= July 28, 2020}}</ref> Matokeo ya kwanza yalikuwa ni albamu ya ''[[Off the Wall]]'' (1979), ambayo ilileta mapinduzi makubwa kwa kuchanganya disco, soul, pop, na funk kwa namna mpya kabisa.<ref>{{cite web|first= Stephen Thomas |last= Erlewine |author-link= Stephen Thomas Erlewine |title= Michael Jackson – Off the Wall |publisher= [[AllMusic]] |access-date= August 27, 2015 |url= http://www.allmusic.com/album/off-the-wall-mw0000190332 |url-status= live |archive-date= December 20, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151220235825/http://www.allmusic.com/album/off-the-wall-mw0000190332}}</ref> Richard J. Ripani aliandika kuwa albamu ya [[Janet Jackson]] iitwayo ''[[Control (Janet Jackson album)|Control]]'' (1986) ilikuwa muhimu sana kwa R&B. Yeye na watayarishaji wake, [[Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis]], walitengeneza sauti mpya iliyochanganya funk, disco, na vionjo vingi vya kielektroniki na mtindo wa rap.<ref name="The New Blue Music">{{cite book|first= Richard J. |last= Ripani |year= 2006 |title= The New Blue Music: Changes in Rhythm & Blues, 1950–1999 |url= https://archive.org/details/newbluemusicchan0000ripa_u7y5 |publisher= [[University Press of Mississippi]] |pages= [https://archive.org/details/newbluemusicchan0000ripa_u7y5/page/130 130]–155, 186–188 |isbn= 978-1-57806-862-3}}</ref> Mafanikio ya "Control" yalipelekea wasanii wengi kuanza kuingiza rap kwenye R&B. Katika mwaka huo huo, [[Teddy Riley]] alianza kutengeneza muziki wa R&B uliokuwa na midundo ya hip hop, mtindo ulioitwa "[[new jack swing]]" na kutumiwa na wasanii kama [[Keith Sweat]], [[Bobby Brown]], na [[Bell Biv DeVoe]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Jason|last=Heller|title= New jack swing|date=30 September 2010|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|access-date=January 2, 2025|url=https://www.avclub.com/new-jack-swing-1798222079}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first= Kelley L. |last= Carter |title= 5 Things You Can Learn About ... New jack swing |newspaper= [[Chicago Tribune]] |date= 10 August 2008 |url= https://www.chicagotribune.com/2008/08/10/5-things-you-can-learn-about-3/ |archive-date= 7 May 2012 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120507075410/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-08-10/news/0808080318_1_new-edition-new-jack-city-swing}}</ref> == Miaka ya 1990 == {{Multiple image | image1 = Michael Jackson 1984.jpg | image2 = Whitney Houston (cropped3).JPEG | width1 = 163 | width2 = 174 | footer = Shirikisho la Tasnia ya Rekodi Marekani (RIAA) liliwataja [[Michael Jackson]] na [[Whitney Houston]] kama wasanii wa R&B waliouza zaidi katika karne ya 20.<ref>{{cite web|title= The American Recording Industry Announces its Artists of the Century |date= November 10, 1999 |publisher= [[Recording Industry Association of America]] |url= http://www.riaa.net/newsitem.php?news_month_filter=11&news_year_filter=1999&resultpage=&id=3ABF3EC8-EF5B-58F9-E949-3B57F5E313DF |url-status= dead |archive-date= July 24, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110724032619/http://www.riaa.net/newsitem.php?news_month_filter=11&news_year_filter=1999&resultpage=&id=3ABF3EC8-EF5B-58F9-E949-3B57F5E313DF}}</ref> }} Albamu ya [[Whitney Houston]] ya filamu ya ''[[The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album]]'' (1992) iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 45 na kuwa albamu ya filamu iliyouza zaidi wakati wote.<ref>{{cite web|first= Brooklyne |last= Gipson |title= Adele's "21" Closing in on Billboard Charts Record |publisher= [[BET]] |date= January 26, 2012 |access-date= November 2, 2014 |url= https://www.bet.com/article/hi8ep2/adele-s-21-closing-in-on-billboard-charts-record |archive-date= January 23, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150123095647/http://www.bet.com/news/music/2012/01/26/adele-s-21-sets-new-records.html |url-status= live}}</ref> Albamu ya tano ya [[Janet Jackson]] iitwayo ''[[Janet (album)|Janet]]'' (1993) iliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni 14 duniani.<ref>{{cite magazine|first= Ashley G. |last= Terrell |title= Jimmy Jam on Janet Jackson's 2018 Billboard Icon Award: It's "Overdue" |magazine= [[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |date= May 18, 2018 |access-date= July 22, 2021 |url= https://www.vibe.com/2018/05/jimmy-jam-janet-jackson-billboard-music-icon-award}}</ref> Wasanii kama [[Boyz II Men]] na [[Mariah Carey]] walitamba na nyimbo zao kushika namba moja kwenye chati, ikiwemo "[[One Sweet Day]]" ambayo ilivunja rekodi ya kukaa namba moja kwa muda mrefu zaidi. Mariah Carey pia alileta mtindo mpya wa kushirikisha wasanii wa rap kama [[Ol' Dirty Bastard]] kwenye wimbo wake wa "[[Fantasy (Mariah Carey song)|Fantasy]]", jambo ambalo lilikuwa geni wakati huo. Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990, mtindo wa [[neo soul]] ulizuka ukiwa na vionjo vya soul ya miaka ya 1970 na hip-hop, ukiongozwa na wasanii kama [[Erykah Badu]], [[Lauryn Hill]], na [[Maxwell (musician)|Maxwell]]. Lauryn Hill na [[Missy Elliott]] walifuta kabisa mstari uliotenganisha R&B na hip-hop kwa kufanya mitindo yote miwili kwa pamoja. Tuzo za [[Grammy Award]] zilianza kutoa kipengele cha [[Grammy Award for Best R&B Album]] mwaka 1995, na kundi la [[Boyz II Men]] ndio walikuwa washindi wa kwanza. Mwaka 1994 mwimbaji [[Aaliyah]] alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza, na mwaka 1996 akatoa "One In A Million" iliyokuwa na sauti za kipekee zilizotengenezwa na Missy Elliott na [[Timbaland]]. Mwishoni mwa mwaka 1999, jarida la Billboard liliwataja Mariah Carey na Janet Jackson kama wasanii waliofanikiwa zaidi katika miaka ya 1990.<ref>{{cite magazine|first= Geoff |last= Mayfield |date= December 25, 1999 |title= Totally '90s: Diary of a decade |magazine= Billboard |volume= 111 |issue= 112 |issn= 0006-2510}}</ref> Wakati huo huo, watayarishaji kama [[The Neptunes]] na Timbaland walileta mapinduzi makubwa kwenye muziki wa R&B na hip-hop katika nusu ya pili ya miaka ya 1990.<ref>{{cite magazine|first= Sasha|last= Frere-Jones|title= The Timbaland Era|magazine= The New Yorker|date= September 29, 2008|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/10/06/the-timbaland-era|archive-date= October 1, 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081001233024/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/10/06/the-timbaland-era}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Aina za muziki]] 7vyzkwrvk83zooy6xp4wdv7hcr5ekc3 0 233236 1545358 1539352 2026-05-17T22:07:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545358 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elizabeth Lipski''' ni mtaalamu wa lishe ya kitabibu (clinical nutritionist) kutoka [[Marekani]] na mwandishi wa vitabu mbalimbali kuhusu lishe na afya ya mfumo wa mmeng'enyo wa chakula.<ref>{{cite book |date=2011 |last=Gottlieb |first=Bill |title=Bottom Line's Speed Healing |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0887236316 |publisher=Bottom Line Books |location=Stamford, USA |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0887236316/page/142 142] |ISBN=9780887236310 }}</ref> Miongoni mwa vitabu vyake maarufu ni ''Digestive Wellness'', kilichochapishwa mwaka 2005.<ref>{{cite news |date=2007-12-02 |work=The Grand Rapids Press |author=Barbara F Rehner |title=Sick and tired of being sick and tired |url=[https://www.newspapers.com/image/1125501917/?match=1&terms=%22Elizabeth%20Lipski%22](https://www.newspapers.com/image/1125501917/?match=1&terms=%22Elizabeth%20Lipski%22) |page=828 |location=Michigan, USA }}</ref> Kazi zake zimejikita katika elimu ya lishe, afya ya mfumo wa chakula, na uhusiano kati ya vyakula na afya ya mwili.<ref>{{cite news |date=2014-09-09 |work=The Dispatch |author=Anne Dickey |title=How to find out if a food sensitivity |url=[https://www.newspapers.com/image/548494138/?match=1&terms=%22Elizabeth%20Lipski%22](https://www.newspapers.com/image/548494138/?match=1&terms=%22Elizabeth%20Lipski%22) |page=9 |location=Illinois, USA }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] rg2iwljpqjz65mhoz3wluw7mu9y5u8x 0 233246 1545387 1539364 2026-05-17T22:29:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lyn-Genet Recitas''' (amezaliwa 26 Machi 1965), pia hujulikana kama '''Lyn-Genet''', ni mwandishi wa Marekani na mtu anayejitangaza kama mtaalamu wa lishe. == Kazi == Lyn-Genet alipata shahada ya kwanza na shahada ya uzamili kutoka katika taasisi isiyoidhinishwa rasmi ya elimu ya juu ya Clayton College of Natural Health. Alianza mazoezi yake ya kitaaluma katika Pwani ya Magharibi ya Marekani, na baadaye ameendesha vituo vya afya katika Jiji la New York na Westchester, New York. Ana wafanyakazi nchini Marekani na Canada, na hutoa huduma kwa wateja wake katika Hastings-on-Hudson, New York na Houston, Texas. == Vitabu == * {{cite book|last1=Recitas|first1=Lyn-Genet|title=The Plan|url=https://archive.org/details/planeliminatesur0000reci|date=January 1, 2013|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4555-1548-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/planeliminatesur0000reci/page/300 301]|edition=First}} * {{cite book|last1=Recitas|first1=Lyn-Genet|title=The Plan Cookbook|date=December 30, 2014|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4555-5653-3|pages=213|edition=First}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [[http://lyngenet.com/](http://lyngenet.com/) Tovuti rasmi] {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1965|}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 9zdj8gvuqousgbejjdierniackkzha8 0 233524 1545349 1539984 2026-05-17T21:51:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545349 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shatha Mousa Sadiq al-Musawi''' ({{|ar|شذى موسى صادق الموسوي}}) ni mwanasiasa wa kutoka nchini [[Iraq]] ambaye alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa [[Bunge la Taifa la Iraq]] la mpito muda mwezimmoja, mwezi Januari 2005, na baadaye kuchaguliwa katika [[Baraza la Wawakilishi la Iraq]] mnamo mwezi Desemba 2005 akiwa mgombea wa muungano wa [[United Iraqi Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.halbijardin.org/datahalbijardin/naweparlamantarakan_15-12.pdf|title=Council](http://www.halbijardin.org/datahalbijardin/naweparlamantarakan_15-12.pdf|title=Council) of Representatives Elections December 15 /2005|publisher=The Independent Electoral Commission of Iraq|access-date=11 Mei 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=[https://archive4.parliament.iq/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82-2003-2007.pdf|title=العملية](https://archive4.parliament.iq/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82-2003-2007.pdf|title=العملية) التشريعية في العراق 2003-2007|publisher=Council of Representatives of Iraq|year=2008|location=Baghdad|pages=17|language=ar|trans-title=The Legislative Process in Iraq 2003-2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Bibliografia == {{refbegin}} * {{cite news|last1=Cave|first1=Damien|title=Shiite’s Tale: How Gulf With Sunnis Widened|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/31/world/middleeast/31lawmaker.html|access-date=6](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/31/world/middleeast/31lawmaker.html|access-date=6) Mei 2024|work=The New York Times|date=31 Agosti 2007}} * {{cite book|last1=Enloe|first1=Cynthia H.|title=Nimo's War, Emma's War: Making Feminist Sense of the Iraq War|url=https://archive.org/details/nimoswaremmaswar0000enlo|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-26077-1|language=en}} * {{cite book|last1=Muttitt|first1=Greg|title=Fuel on the Fire: Oil and Politics in Occupied Iraq|url=https://archive.org/details/fuelonfireoilpol0000mutt_e0z1|date=21 Aprili 2011|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4090-2921-2|language=en}} * {{cite book|last1=Petersen|first1=Roger D.|title=Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict|url=https://archive.org/details/westernintervent0000pete|date=30 Septemba 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-50330-3|language=en}} {{refend}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Iran]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Iraq]] 5nzkh0ke47z6w1f3szenhnkq0s4s6e2 0 233704 1545353 1540247 2026-05-17T22:02:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545353 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adolph Alfred Taubman''' ([[Januari 31]], [[1924]] – [[Aprili 17]], [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]], mwekezaji, na mfadhili nchini [[Marekani]].<ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/03/15/the-terrazzo-jungle "Terrazzo Jungle"]. Malcolm Gladwell, The New Yorker. March 7, 2004. Accessed February 25, 2023.</ref> Mwaka [[2002]], alipatikana na hatia kwa mpango wa kuweka bei za kudanganya kati ya nyumba mbili kubwa za mnada nchini Marekani.<ref>{{cite web |title=United States v. Taubman, 297 F.3d 161 (2d Cir. 2002) |url=https://openjurist.org/297/f3d/161 |website=OpenJurist |access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> Alikuwa mwenyekiti wa bodi ya ''Sotheby's Holdings, Inc.'' alipohusika katika njama ya kurekebisha ada za wauzaji na wanunuzi pamoja na mwenyekiti wa shindani wake Christie's, [[Anthony Tennant]]. Alihukumiwa kifungo cha mwaka mmoja na siku gerezani na kufinyangwa dola milioni 7.5.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/23/nyregion/ex-chairman-of-sotheby-s-gets-jail-time.html|title=Ex-Chairman Of Sotheby's Gets Jail Time|last1=Vogel|first1=Carol|date=April 23, 2002|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 19, 2019|last2=Blumenthal|first2=Ralph|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/a-alfred-taubman-billionaire-convicted-of-price-fixing-dies-at-91/2015/04/19/8be4899c-e601-11e4-b510-962fcfabc310_story.html|title=A. Alfred Taubman, billionaire convicted of price fixing, dies at 91|date=April 19, 2015|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=January 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.michigandaily.com/content/taubman-sentenced-year-prison-7-5-million-fine|title=Taubman sentenced to year in prison, $7. 5 million fine|last=Sprow|first=Maria|date=April 22, 2002|website=The Michigan Daily|language=en|access-date=January 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Common Good|url=https://archive.org/details/commongood0000reic_c5u9|last=Reich|first=Robert|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=2018|isbn=9780525520498|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=1014000027}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1924]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] lvc4wjdmd2acl6kxqojb1k53acmpj6a 0 233945 1545331 1540986 2026-05-17T21:35:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545331 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salma Hage''' (amezaliwa 8 Januari 1942) ni mwandishi na mpishi kutoka [[Lebanoni]]. Anajulikana kwa kuwa mwandishi wa kitabu maarufu cha mapishi kiitwacho ''The Lebanese Kitchen''.<ref name="kitchen">{{cite book|title=The Lebanese Kitchen|url=https://archive.org/details/lebanesekitchen0000hage|last=Hage|first=Salma|publisher=Phaidon Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0714864808|location=London|oclc=705983228}}</ref> Kitabu chake cha pili ni ''The Middle Eastern Vegetarian Cookbook''.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|title=The Middle Eastern Vegetarian Cookbook|last=Hage|first=Salma|publisher=Phaidon Press|year=2016|isbn=9780714871301|oclc=921865429}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hage, Salma}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Lebanoni]] 0szy75nr8gyaj7rxg2zv8jx9xjfvc87 0 234270 1545360 1541427 2026-05-17T22:13:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Glen Sperling''' ([[Januari 9]], [[1921]] – [[Agosti 22]], [[2014]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye anahesabiwa kwa kuongoza harakati za kisasa za elimu ya faida nchini Marekani. Utajiri aliokusanya ulitokana na kuanzisha kwake Chuo Kikuu cha Phoenix cha faida mwaka [[1976]], ambacho kikawa sehemu ya [[Apollo Group]]. Alistaafu kama mwenyekiti mwaka [[2004]], na [[Forbes]] ilikadiria utajiri wake kuwa dola za [[Marekani]] bilioni 1.9 mwaka [[2005]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barton |first1=Randall S. |title=Obituaries: John Sperling: The Henry Ford of higher de. |url=https://www.reed.edu/reed-magazine/in-memoriam/obituaries/december2014/john-sperling-1948.html |website=www.reed.edu |publisher=Reed College |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Murphy |first1=John |title=Mission Forsaken--The University of Phoenix Affair With Wall Street |url=https://archive.org/details/missionforsakenu0000murp |date=June 26, 2013 |publisher=Proving Ground Education |isbn=9780966968316 |edition=1st }}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1921]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]] f68pjkrdbjakd319oehzz036ilaq509 0 235140 1545340 1543257 2026-05-17T21:44:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Samuel Austin Ashmore''' (5 Mei 1898 – 12 Mei 1973) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka Uingereza aliyewahi kucheza kama mlinzi wa lango kwa klabu za West Bromwich Albion na Chesterfield, pamoja na timu ya taifa ya England. == Historia ya uchezaji == Ashmore alizaliwa mjini [[Plymouth]] na aliwahi kuwakilisha South Devon & District Schools. Baada ya kucheza katika timu ya Nineveh Wesley huko Handsworth, alijiunga na West Bromwich Albion mnamo Novemba 1919, na muda mfupi baadaye akamchukua nafasi ya Hubert Pearson kama kipa wa kwanza wa klabu. Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza ya ligi Oktoba 1920 dhidi ya Blackburn Rovers katika uwanja wa Ewood Park, ambapo Albion ilipoteza kwa mabao 5–1. Tarehe 24 Machi 1928 (Jumatatu ya pasaka), West Bromwich Albion ilicheza dhidi ya Southampton katika uwanja wa The Dell. Ashmore aliumia na kisha akawekwa kama mchezaji wa uwanjani baada ya kubadilishwa nafasi, huku beki akienda golini. Baadaye katika kipindi cha pili, wakati matokeo yakiwa sare ya 2–2, Ashmore alirudi kusaidia safu ya ulinzi. Hata hivyo, alisahau kuwa alikuwa sasa mchezaji wa uwanjani na akashika mpira ndani ya eneo la penati, ambapo Stan Cribb alifunga bao kupitia mkwaju wa penati na kuipa Southampton ushindi.<ref>{{cite book | title=Saints – A complete record| url=https://archive.org/details/saintscompletere0000chal|last= Chalk|first= Gary|author2=Holley, Duncan | publisher= Breedon Books| year=1987| isbn= 0-907969-22-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/saintscompletere0000chal/page/78 78]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1898|1973}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] avxoz71x40xzt712mn7pmkjyjk5xvaf 0 235149 1545371 1543577 2026-05-17T22:22:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545371 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John James Bagshaw''' (25 Desemba 1885 – 25 Agosti 1966) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uingereza]] ambaye alitumia sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya soka akiwa na Derby County. Pia aliichezea timu ya taifa ya England (England). Alikuwa mchezaji wa ulinzi ambaye aliweza kucheza sehemu yoyote katika safu ya kiungo wa ulinzi.<ref name="Jones">{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Trefor |title=The Watford Football Club Illustrated Who's Who |url=https://archive.org/details/watfordfootballc0000jone |publisher=T.G Jones |location=Surrey |year=1996|pages=[https://archive.org/details/watfordfootballc0000jone/page/28 29]|isbn=0-9527458-0-1}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1885|1966}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] qcznhuc500vrn7k9jyqw599gi0mtrym 0 235153 1545338 1543581 2026-05-17T21:43:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545338 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Bain''' (15 Julai 1854 – 7 Agosti 1929) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa amateur aliyewahi kuichezea Oxford University katika fainali ya 1877 FA Cup Final. Ingawa alizaliwa nchini [[Uskoti]], aliichezea timu ya taifa ya England mara moja mwaka 1877. == Historia ya uchezaji == Bain alizaliwa katika eneo la Bothwell, Lanarkshire.<ref name ="Betts">{{cite book | author=Graham Betts| title=England: Player by player| url=https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah| publisher=Green Umbrella Publishing | year=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah/page/20 21]| isbn=1-905009-63-1}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1854|1929}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] 85y4cltgg0epkzlnoxmuqqt69g3rwt8 0 235158 1545381 1543282 2026-05-17T22:28:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545381 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edward Charles Bambridge''' (30 Julai 1858 – 8 Novemba 1935) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uingereza]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama winga wa kushoto. Aliichezea timu ya taifa ya England mara 18 kati ya mwaka 1879 hadi 1887, na aliteuliwa kuwa nahodha mara mbili. Alikuwa mmoja wa ndugu watatu waliowahi kuichezea England. Alijulikana kwa kasi yake kubwa sana akiwa winga, na anachukuliwa kama mmoja wa wachezaji wa awali mashuhuri wa England. Katika maisha yake ya soka alijulikana kwa jina la utani “Charlie Bam”.<ref name = "Betts">{{cite book |first=Graham |last= Betts| title=England: Player by player |url=https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah | publisher=Green Umbrella Publishing | year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah/page/22 23]| isbn=1-905009-63-1}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1858|1935}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] l5mxseww8dnc6hdp33m3i6lpfx00how 0 235223 1545357 1543381 2026-05-17T22:06:56Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545357 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Bannister''' (26 Desemba 1878 – 25 Machi 1942) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa kulipwa kutoka [[Uingereza]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama [[Defender (association football)|beki]] kwa vilabu vya [[Burnley F.C.|Burnley]], Bolton Wanderers, Woolwich Arsenal na Leicester Fosse. Bannister pia alicheza katika kiwango cha kimataifa, akiichezea timu ya taifa ya England (England) mara mbili kati ya mwaka 1901 na 1902. == Wasifu == William Bannister alizaliwa Burnley, Lancashire tarehe 26 Desemba 1878. Alipokuwa kijana alifanya kazi kama mchimbaji wa makaa ya mawe katika mgodi wa Barden Colliery kabla ya kuingia katika soka la kulipwa. Baada ya maisha yake ya soka kumalizika, Bannister aliishi [[Leicester]] na kumiliki baa mjini humo. Alifariki tarehe 25 Machi 1942 akiwa na umri wa miaka 63.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ray|last=Simpson|title=The Clarets Chronicles: The Definitive History of Burnley Football Club 1882–2007|url=https://archive.org/details/claretschronicle0000simp|year=2007|isbn=978-0-9557468-0-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/claretschronicle0000simp/page/232 232]|publisher=Burnley Football Club }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1878|1942}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] 230l2krzxl65v7a1x930butkn0xx1fi 0 235335 1545341 1543776 2026-05-17T21:45:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545341 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Barton''' (anajulikana kama '''Jack Barton'''; 5 Oktoba 1866 – 22 Aprili 1910) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Uingereza]]. Alicheza katika ngazi ya kimataifa mara moja kwa timu ya taifa ya Uingereza akiwa miongoni mwa wachezaji wa [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Mark|title=The Origins of the Football League|url=https://archive.org/details/originsoffootbal0000metc|year=2013|publisher=Amberley|isbn=978-1-4456-1881-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/originsoffootbal0000metc/page/180 180]–181}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1866|1910}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] gik5btn8deyn8x8rhjqjzpphe4tdxoi 0 235425 1545354 1543803 2026-05-17T22:02:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545354 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Reginald John Berry''' (1 Juni 1926 – 16 Septemba 1994),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Biddiscombe |first1=Ross |last2=Curry |first2=Patrick |last3=Hayden |first3=Jonathan |title=The Official Encyclopedia of Manchester United |url=https://archive.org/details/officialencyclop0000bidd |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=London |isbn=978-1-84737-918-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/officialencyclop0000bidd/page/136 136] }}</ref> ambaye pia ametajwa kama '''John James Berry''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dykes |first1=Garth |title=The United Alphabet: A Complete Who's Who of Manchester United F.C. |publisher=ACL & Polar Publishing (UK) |location=Leicester |year=1994 |isbn=0-9514862-6-8 |pages=32–3 }}</ref> alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uingereza]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1926|1994}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] nb37dtemu8b0cj16x5g837rznqx90u8 0 235443 1545322 1543830 2026-05-17T21:23:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Beverley''' (12 Novemba 1856 – 21 Mei 1897) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uingereza]] (soka) aliyeshinda FA Cup na kuchezea Blackburn Olympic F.C., Blackburn Rovers, pamoja na timu ya taifa ya England ([England). == Kazi == === Klabu === Beverley alianza kucheza soka akiwa na James Street F.C. na aliendelea nayo ilipoungana na Black Star kuunda Blackburn Olympic. Alijiunga na Blackburn Rovers mwezi Oktoba 1882 na kushinda FA Cup mwaka 1884. Baadaye alirudi Blackburn Olympic kabla ya kuhamia tena Blackburn Rovers mwaka 1887, jambo lililomfanya kuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichoshiriki msimu wa kwanza wa Football League mwaka 1888-89 . Baada ya hapo alihitimisha maisha yake ya soka.<ref name="efoBeverley">{{cite web|url=[http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersB/BioBeverleyJ.html|title=England](http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersB/BioBeverleyJ.html|title=England) Players - Joe Beverley|website=englandfootballonline.com|date=23 Julai 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Mark|title=The Origins of the Football League|url=https://archive.org/details/originsoffootbal0000metc|year=2013|publisher=Amberley|isbn=978-1-4456-1881-4}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1856|1897}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] 1x4zl7nofj7y6yuxsylka5u04fnyl8l 0 235506 1545347 1544003 2026-05-17T21:50:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545347 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Bond''' (14 Desemba 1883 – 25 Aprili 1955) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Uingereza]] ambaye alicheza nafasi ya winga wa kulia. Alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uingereza mara nane na alitumia sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya soka katika Bradford City , ambapo alicheza zaidi ya mechi 300. == Kazi ya uchezaji wa klabu == === Preston North End === Akiwa amezaliwa Garstang, Uingereza, Bond alianza kazi yake ya soka akiwa na Royal Artillery kabla ya kusaini mkataba wa kitaalamu na Preston North End mwezi Agosti 1902.<ref name="frost">{{cite book | last = Frost | first = Terry | title = Bradford City A Complete Record 1903–1988 | url = https://archive.org/details/bradfordcitycomp0000fros | publisher = Breedon Books Sport | year = 1988 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/bradfordcitycomp0000fros/page/86 87] | isbn = 0-907969-38-0}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1883|1955}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] 3t2r62y4agax8qn42qdaf8k9eg9qtj5 0 235530 1545312 1544032 2026-05-17T21:14:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Walter Edward Boyes''' (5 Januari 1913 – 16 Septemba 1960<ref>{{cite book | title=England: Player by player | url=https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah | publisher=Green Umbrella Publishing | last=Betts | first=Graham | year=2006 | isbn=1-905009-63-1 | page=[https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah/page/42 43]}}</ref>) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Uingereza]] ambaye alichezea timu ya taifa ya Uingereza mara tatu kati ya mwaka 1935 na 1938. Alicheza soka la klabu kwa West Bromwich Albion, Everton, Notts County na Scunthorpe United. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1913|1960}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] tkc231pttjrwftccgq44t66of8b4nzo 0 235531 1545367 1544171 2026-05-17T22:18:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545367 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thomas William Boyle''' (29 Januari 1886 – 5 Januari 1940) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uingereza]], ambaye alihusishwa zaidi na klabu ya Burnley.<ref>{{cite book | title=England: Player by player | url=https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah | publisher=Green Umbrella Publishing|last= Betts|first= Graham | year=2006| isbn=1-905009-63-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah/page/42 43]}}</ref> Alikuwa mchezaji pekee aliyewahi kuwa nahodha wa Burnley katika kikosi kilichoshinda fainali ya FA Cup. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1886|1940}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] blu1jsw3ocbwqs04da76lpqdcpxnmuh 0 235535 1545316 1544177 2026-05-17T21:17:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545316 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Bradshaw''' (3 Aprili 1884 – Juni 1955)<ref name=efo>[[http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersB/BioBradshawW.html](http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersB/BioBradshawW.html) Billy Bradshaw] englandfootballonline.com</ref> alikuwa mchezaji na kocha wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uingereza]]. Alicheza katika kiwango cha kitaaluma na pia aliichezea timu ya taifa ya England, akiwa katika nafasi ya kiungo wa pembeni wa kushoto (left half). == Kazi == === Kazi ya vilabu === Alizaliwa Padiham, Bradshaw alianza maisha yake ya soka akiwa na vilabu vya Padiham na Accrington Stanley . Ingawa nafasi yake kuu ilikuwa left-half, alikuwa na uwezo mkubwa wa kushambulia na mara nyingi alielezewa kama "kama kuwa na mshambuliaji wa sita". Pia alikuwa mtaalamu wa kupiga penalti.<ref name="Betts">{{cite book | title=England: Player by player | url=https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah | publisher=Green Umbrella Publishing|last= Betts|first= Graham | year=2006| isbn=1-905009-63-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah/page/44 45]}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1884|1955}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] 7wpa49qwrx8nw4rga50tdk76v7mp7dh 0 235536 1545388 1544043 2026-05-17T22:31:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545388 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Brann''' (23 Aprili 1865 – 14 Juni 1954) alikuwa mchezaji wa kriketi wa kulipwa na pia mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Uingereza]], ambaye alicheza kriketi kwa muda mrefu katika Sussex County Cricket Club mwishoni mwa karne ya 19, na pia aliichezea timu ya taifa ya Uingereza katika mechi tatu. == Elimu == [[File:Ardingly College, Sussex.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ardingly College]]]] Brann alizaliwa [[Eastbourne]], East Sussex na alisoma katika Ardingly College, karibu na Haywards Heath, West Sussex, ambako alitumia miaka kumi na aliwakilisha shule yake katika mpira wa miguu.<ref name = "Betts">{{cite book | author=Graham Betts | title=England: Player by player | url=https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah | publisher=Green Umbrella Publishing | year=2006 | page=[https://archive.org/details/englandplayerbyp0000grah/page/44 45] | isbn=1-905009-63-1}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1865|1954}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] iugawpqj8w42fz5e9hnccm06nsrdzm5 0 235542 1545361 1544181 2026-05-17T22:13:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545361 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Frank Broadbent''' (15 Mei 1933 – 1 Oktoba 2013) alikuwa mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uingereza]]. Alishinda mataji muhimu ya ndani akiwa na Wolverhampton Wanderers na alishiriki katika Kombe la Dunia la FIFA la 1958 (1958 FIFA World Cup). == Kazi == Katika wasifu wake binafsi, George Best alisema kuwa alikuwa shabiki wa Wolves na kwamba Broadbent ndiye mchezaji aliyemvutia zaidi na kumheshimu sana;<ref>{{cite book |author=Best, George |title=Blessed: The Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/blessedautobiogr0000best_t8m1 |year=2002 |publisher=Ebury Press |isbn=0-09-188470-5}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1933|2013}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] f8ey1sj4baov3eqy2gk56wf6lqicjoi 0 235805 1545047 1544582 2026-05-17T12:11:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545047 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alberta Bigagli''' ([[Sesto Fiorentino]], 3 Aprili 1928 – [[Firenze]], 5 Agosti 2017) alikuwa mwanasaikolojia na mshairi kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="leonardo">{{cite web |url=https://www.leonardolibri.com/autore-3-alberta-bigagli.html |title=Alberta Bigagli - Wasifu na Kazi zake |publisher=Leonardo Libri |language=it |access-date=16 Mei 2026}}</ref> Kazi zake zilizochapishwa ni pamoja na diwani za mashairi za ''L'arca di Noè'' (1986), ''In mezzo al cerchio'' (1989), ''Diamanti'' (1994), na ''Olindo del fuoco'' (2001).<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Bigagli |title=Alberta Bigagli |work=Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |access-date=16 Mei 2026}}</ref> Pia alichapisha mkusanyiko wa nathari uitwao ''L’amore è altro'' (1975).<ref name="trust">{{cite web |url=https://www.trustalbertabigaglionlus.it/?page_id=14 |title=Biografia - Trust Alberta Bigagli onlus |publisher=Trust Alberta Bigagli |language=it |access-date=16 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1928|2017}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] 1z49cbul8gjy0oocs3mv7neez7fbh0y 0 235808 1545048 1544585 2026-05-17T12:12:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Helle Busacca''' ([[San Piero Patti]], 21 Desemba 1915 – [[Firenze]], 15 Januari 1996) alikuwa mshairi, mchoraji, na mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=La poetessa siciliana Helle Busacca|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Y_8PA48wws|website=YouTube|publisher=Bella Sicilia|language=it|date=February 5, 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1915|1996}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1915]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1996]] orf6fbuyq6xs7zh2qiu1al7a0atj3t5 0 235810 1545049 1544588 2026-05-17T12:12:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545049 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Duccia Camiciotti''' ([[Bracciano]], 19 Machi 1928 – [[Firenze]], 7 Julai 2014) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi, na mwandishi wa insha kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duccia_Camiciotti |title=Duccia Camiciotti |work=Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |access-date=16 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mmoja wa washairi mashuhuri wa kisasa nchini humo na aliongoza taasisi ya ushairi ya "Camerata dei Poeti" mjini Firenze.<ref name="consoli">{{cite web |url=http://consolicarmelo.weebly.com/duccia-camiciotti.html |title=Duccia Camiciotti na Kazi zake |publisher=Carmelo Consoli |language=it |access-date=16 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1928|2014}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] faf0yysg0b9fksqrx5cop2zd9dbsql8 0 235822 1545052 1544600 2026-05-17T12:15:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545052 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarah Bouyain''' (alizaliwa Reims, Marne, Ufaransa, 1968) ni mwandishi na mkurugenzi wa filamu wa [[Ufaransa]] na [[Burkina Faso]]. Filamu yake ya kwanza ya urefu kamili, ''The Place in Between'', ilitolewa mwaka wa 2010. == Wasifu == Mama yake, ambaye alikuwa Mfaransa, na baba yake, ambaye alikuwa nusu Burkinabe na nusu Mfaransa, walikutana Ufaransa alipokuwa akisoma huko.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060025/http://lachambredechos.com/bouyain2.html Entretien de Sarah Bouyain avec Jean-Louis Ughetto autour de Métisse façon]</ref> Akiwa awali amesoma hisabati, Bouyain baadaye alielekeza mawazo yake kwenye sinema, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060032/http://lachambredechos.com/bouyain.html Métisse façon, recueil de nouvelles de Sarah Bouyain]</ref> akisoma katika Shule ya Sinema ya ''Louis Lumière''. Aliendelea kufanya kazi kama [[mpiga picha]] wa kike kwa filamu kadhaa, na hatimaye akaongoza filamu zake nyingi. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030417/http://www.tv5.org/TV5Site/cinema/afriq_fiche.php?id_realisateur=2314&position=20&search=realisateur&recherche=&pays=&categorie=&genre=&annee=&page=1&action=ok&lettre=b TV5 - Cinéma - Les cinémas d'Afrique - Un film / Un réalisateur]</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2000, aliunda filamu ya hali halisi ya ''Les enfants du Blanc''. Aliandika kitabu chake ''Metisse façon'' mwaka wa 2003 baada ya kutafiti urithi wake wa Kiafrika huko [[Burkina Faso]]. Alijifunza kuhusu historia ya ''Upper Volta'' (kama Burkina Faso ilivyokuwa ikijulikana nyakati za [[ukoloni]]) na kuhusu watoto waliozaliwa na wanawake wa Kiafrika na askari wa Ufaransa na kulazimishwa kuwaacha mama zao na kuishi katika vituo vya watoto yatima. Wahusika katika ''Metisse façon'' wanatokana na watoto hawa. <ref>[https://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/AMINAbouyain.html AMINA Alix Ndefeu]</ref> Bouyain pia ameandika makala, hasa juu ya mada ya mchanganyiko wa rangi na uhamisho, kwa ''Africultures,'' ''Presence Africaine'' na ''CODESRIA''. <ref>[https://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2011/02/sarah-bouyain-notre-etrangerethe-place.html AFRICAN WOMEN IN CINEMA BLOG: Sarah Bouyain: Notre étrangère/The Place in Between]</ref> == Orodha ya Kazi == * ''Niararaye (1997)'' * ''Les enfants du Blanc (documentary; 2000)'' * ''The Place in Between (2010)'' == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waandaaji wa Filamu]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:waandishi wa Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] ppipi9tozm57zczn8ycpq5iftv8qvlq 0 235827 1545053 1544615 2026-05-17T12:16:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545053 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adim Williams''' ni mwongozaji mashuhuri wa filamu wa [[Nigeria]] anayetambuliwa kwa kuhusika kwake katika utayarishaji mashuhuri wa ''Nollywood'' kama vile ''Abuja Connection 2'' na ''Abuja Connection 3.'' <ref>[https://dailytimesng.com/jonathan-the-only-nigerian-president-that-has-shown-interest-in-nollywood-adim-williams/ Jonathan the only Nigerian president that has shown interest in Nollywood –Adim WilliamsDAILY TIMES Nigeria]</ref> Alifanya kazi sana katika tasnia ya filamu ya ''Nollywood'' tangu mwaka 2002, akiongoza baadhi ya picha 28 kufikia mwisho wa 2006. Filamu yake ''Joshua'' ilikuwa uzalishaji wa kwanza wa ''Nollywood'' kuwahi kuletwa katika soko la ''[[DVD]]'' la Marekani, iliyotolewa Desemba mwaka 2005. Yeye ni miongoni mwa mwigizaji mashuhuri wa filamu aliyeangaziwa katika filamu ya ''"The Interview"''. <ref>[https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/five-years-on-slize-entertainment-returns-with-the-interview/ Five years on, Slize Entertainment returns with The Interview]</ref> Adim Williams ni mkurugenzi na mwandishi, anayejulikana kwa ''Mr. Ibu'' huko London (2004), ''Crying Angel'' (2005), na ''Valentino'' (2002).<ref>[[imdbname:2049177/bio|Adim Williams - Biography - IMDb]]</ref> == Orodha ya Filamu == * ''Desperate sister (2007)'' * ''Too Late to Claim (2006)'' * ''Royal Battle (2005)'' * ''Millionaire's Daughter (2004)'' * ''Women in Power (2005)'' * ''Sharon Stone (2002)'' * ''Temple of Justice (2008)'' * ''Crisis in London (2020)'' * ''Broken Intentions (2021) kama George'' * ''Jealous Lovers (2003) kama Uche'' * ''Emergency Wedding (2003) kama Barrister Williams'' * ''Sharon Stone (2002) kama Registrar'' == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:wasanii wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waandaaji wa Filamu]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] 3b1d5w5n6otnfrw7qan7zn2kry6u0ax 0 235828 1545054 1544629 2026-05-17T12:17:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545054 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marwan Hamed''' (kwa Kiarabu: مروان حامد; alizaliwa 4 Aprili 1977) ni mkurugenzi wa filamu wa [[Misri]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140921192645/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2830800133.html Hamed, Marwan (1977–) - Biographical Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa | HighBeam Research]</ref> Yeye ni mtoto wa mwandishi Wahid Hamed na mwandishi wa habari Zeinab Sweidan. Maonyesho yake ya kwanza yalikuwa filamu fupi yenye jina ''Li Li'' ikifuatiwa na filamu ya kipengele kikuu inayoitwa ''The Yacoubian Building'' iliyotokana na riwaya ya Alaa Al Aswany na iliyoigizwa na Nour El Sherif na Adel Emam. Ameshiriki katika mwelekeo wa mfululizo wa ''Lahzat Harija'' na amerekodi video ya [[muziki]] ya Amr Diab. ''The Yacoubian Building'' ilifuatiliwa na Ibrahim Labyad iliyeigizwa na Ahmed El-Sakka na Hend Sabry na ilitolewa mwaka wa 2009. Kisha akatoa ''The Blue Elephant'' iliyoigizwa na mwigizaji Karim Abdel Aziz na Khaled Al Sawy, na inatokana na riwaya ya Ahmed Mourad ya jina moja. Mnamo 2017 alitoa ''The Originals'' kuanzia kwa Khaled el Sawy, Maged el Kedwany na Menna Shalby. <ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/iffr-rotterdam-film-festival-marwan-hamed-retrospective-1236402795/ IFFR Rotterdam Festival: Marwan Hamed Retrospective, Umm Kulthum Film]</ref> == Orodha ya Filamu == * ''2025: El Sett'' * ''2022: Kira Wel Gen'' * ''2019: The Blue Elephant 2'' * ''2018: Diamond Dust'' * ''2017: The Originals'' * ''2014: The Blue Elephant'' * ''2009: Ibrahim Labyad'' * ''2006: The Yacoubian Building'' == Marejeo == <references /> {{BD|1977|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Waandaaji wa Filamu]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] e9g2euwus19k87s4rs855xjgoloifon 0 235831 1545055 1544645 2026-05-17T12:18:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545055 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patrizia Cavalli''' ([[Todi]], 17 Aprili, 1947 – [[Roma]], 21 Juni 2022) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desfemmes.fr/ecrits/poesie/cavalli_poesie.htm|title=Patrizia Cavalli|work=Éditions des Femmes|language=French|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012050058/http://www.desfemmes.fr/ecrits/poesie/cavalli_poesie.htm|archivedate=12 October 2007}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1947|2022}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] f1bfamve84r60oryqfrioj80n2xqtfo 0 235832 1545056 1544646 2026-05-17T12:19:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545056 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maria Chessa Lai''' ([[Monti, Sardinia|Monti]], 15 Februari 1922 – [[Alghero]], 7 Februari [[2012]]) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Italia]]<ref>[http://notizie.alguer.it/n?id=47650] Alisheherekewa katika mji wake wa nyumbani 2012</ref><ref>[http://lanuovasardegna.gelocal.it/regione/2012/02/10/news/poesia-in-catalano-addio-a-maria-chessa-lai-1.3660891] Makala ya gazeti la Italia 2012</ref> aliyeandika kwa [[Kikatalani]] cha lahaja ya [[Algherese dialect|Kialghero]]. Alishinda tuzo ya [[Premio Ozieri]] mara tatu, inayotolewa kila mwaka kwa ajili ya mashairi bora mapya yaliyoandikwa kwa lugha za asili za wenyeji wachache wa [[Sardinia]]. Kama mshairi mzungumzaji wa [[lugha mbili]], alichapisha mashairi yake kwa wakati mmoja katika lugha za Kialghero na [[Kiitalia]]. Sehemu kubwa ya kazi zake ilikusanywa na kuchapishwa katika kitabu cha ''La Mia Mar'' mnamo mwaka 2005. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1922|2012}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] o6nouo03ehuy6okvm9ylxdaot7wtkxv 0 235835 1545057 1544652 2026-05-17T12:20:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545057 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anna Maria Cochetti''' (1889 – 1999?<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poems / Anna Maria Armi |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/1761836 |access-date=May 8, 2026 |website=The National Library of Australia}}</ref>) alikuwa mshairi na mtafsiri mwenye asili ya [[Italia]] ambaye baadaye alikuwa raia wa [[Marekani]]. Nchini Marekani, alichapisha kazi zake kwa kutumia jina la siri la "'''Anna Maria Armi'''". == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1889|1999}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] sbm1ohz1h4flrmj320yoyvfbdqy1k7p 0 235836 1545350 1544653 2026-05-17T21:55:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545350 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ismail Yasinov''' ( Novemba 1916 – 9 Julai 2010) alikuwa [[China|Mchina]] [[agronomia|mtaalamu wa kilimo]] na mwanasiasa mwenye asili ya Wauyghur. Alihudumu kama mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Mkoa wa Xinjiang ya Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference kati ya mwaka 1983 hadi 1988.<ref>{{cite book |title=Maoism at the Grassroots: Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism |url=https://archive.org/details/maoismatgrassroo0000unse |date=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |editor1=Jeremy Brown |location=England, United Kingdom |page=[https://archive.org/details/maoismatgrassroo0000unse/page/324 325] |jstor=j.ctt1c84chm |isbn=978-0-674-28720-4 |editor2=Matthew D. Johnson}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1916|2010}} [[Jamii:Watu wa China]] jwqglxkcz4fqdfcbe0b2taecja14lvf 0 235837 1545059 1544654 2026-05-17T12:20:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545059 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maria Costa''' ([[15 Desemba]] [[1926]] – 7 Septemba 2016) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="GdS">{{cite web | url=http://www.gazzettadelsud.it/news/messina/211538/morta-poetessa-maria-costa.html | title=Morta la poetessa Maria Costa | date=7 September 2016 | accessdate=7 September 2016 | language=it | archive-date=8 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908185559/http://www.gazzettadelsud.it/news/messina/211538/morta-poetessa-maria-costa.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1926|2016}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] nvurbgywejb4fh56mb75no4d704hsdl 0 235839 1545060 1544657 2026-05-17T12:21:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ofelia Giudicissi Curci''' (11 Mei 1934 – 13 Septemba 1981) alikuwa mshairi, mchoraji, na mwanaakiolojia kutoka nchini [[Italia]]. Alikuwa mtetezi mkubwa wa lahaja ya Kialbania ya [[Arbëresh language|Kiarbëresh]], ingawa mashairi yake aliyaandika kwa lugha ya [[Kiitalia]]. Diwani ya mashairi yake iitwayo ''Momenti di un profilo meridionale'', ilichapishwa na mume wake pamoja na mwanae mnamo mwaka 1996 baada ya kifo chake. Curci pia alifanya kazi katika sekta ya akiolojia, ambapo alifanya utafiti katika eneo linalozunguka mji wa Pallagorio. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1934|1981}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] gk4poghrvu2173ylv67oxsw01lw0vnt 0 235877 1545062 1544740 2026-05-17T12:23:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hiroshi Suura''' (19 Agosti 1925, [[Hiroshima]], [[Japani]] – 15 Septemba 1998) alikuwa mwanafizikia wa nadharia kutoka Japani, aliyebobea katika fizikia ya chembe. == Elimu na kazi == Suura alihitimu mwaka 1947 akiwa na shahada ya kwanza (B.S.) kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Tokyo.<ref name=BowkerCo>{{cite book|title=American Men and Women of Science|year=2008 |edition=21st|publisher=R. R. Bowker Company|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l4RUAAAAMAAJ&q=suura|page=1081|isbn=9780787665234](https://books.google.com/books?id=l4RUAAAAMAAJ&q=suura|page=1081|isbn=9780787665234) }}</ref> Mwaka 1954 alipata Shahada ya Uzamivu (Ph.D.) katika fizikia kutoka Hiroshima University. Kuanzia Septemba 1955 hadi Juni 1956 alifanya utafiti katika Institute for Advanced Study.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hiroshi Suura|website=Institute for Advanced Study|date=9 Desemba 2019 |url=[https://www.ias.edu/scholars/hiroshi-suura}}](https://www.ias.edu/scholars/hiroshi-suura}})</ref> Kati ya 1960 na 1965 alikuwa profesa katika Nihon University. Kuanzia 1965 hadi kustaafu kwake kama profesa mstaafu, alikuwa profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Minnesota.<ref name=BowkerCo/> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{BD|1925|1998}} [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Japani]] 6yk5x1b0ank7bkhb5y912mzk5zcdbgr 0 235883 1545064 1544759 2026-05-17T12:24:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Virgilia D'Andrea''' (11 Februari 1888 - 12 Me, 1933) alikuwa mshairi na mwanaharakati wa kisiasa mwenye msimamo wa [[Anarkia|kianarki]] kutoka nchini [[Italia]]. Alikuwa mtetezi mashuhuri wa uhuru wa mapenzi ([[Free love]]) na mpinga ufashisti ([[Anti-fascism]]) aliyekubalika sana. Anafahamika zaidi kama mwandishi wa ''Tormento'' (maana yake: ''Mateso''), ambalo ni kitabu cha mashairi kilichochapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo mwaka 1922. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1888|1933}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] d1h5j87j1oxd0b1qemhmwzpe9rl5y92 0 235884 1545066 1544761 2026-05-17T12:25:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545066 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alice Galimberti''' (jina la ukoo: '''Schanzer'''; Vienna, 18 Novemba 1873 - Cuneo, 4 Januari 1936) alikuwa mshairi, mwanazuoni wa fasihi ya Kiingereza, na mwanahistoria wa sanaa kutoka nchini [[Italia]]. Alikuwa mshindi wa Tuzo ya [[Rose Mary Crawshay Prize]] inayotolewa na British Academy mnamo mwaka 1927 kutokana na utafiti wake kuhusu mwandishi [[Swinburne]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1873|1936}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] l54me0yfh2so91z6e3nqob7rzmmd62k 0 235885 1545067 1544762 2026-05-17T12:25:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545067 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luisa Giaconi''' (Firenze, 18 Juni 1870 – Fiesole, 18 Julai 1908) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Italia]]. Kazi zake zinawakilisha moja ya mifano muhimu zaidi ya misingi ya mtindo wa Alama (Symbolism)]] nchini Italia katika maandishi ya wanawake, ukiwa ni mtindo ulioakisi mitazamo na hisia mpya za karne ya 20. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1870|1908}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] flloivvlo4p5loemnjd33ud5bx7hd5t 0 235886 1545069 1544763 2026-05-17T12:26:43Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545069 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amalia Guglielminetti''' (Torino, 4 Aprili 1881 - Torino, 4 Desemba 1941) alikuwa mshairi na mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="treccani">{{cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/amalia-guglielminetti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |title=Guglielminetti, Amalia katika Enciclopedia Treccani |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |language=it |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alifahamika sana kwa kazi zake za fasihi zilizochunguza hisia na uhuru wa mwanamke katika karne ya 20.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amalia-Guglielminetti |title=Amalia Guglielminetti |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1881|1941}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] iv6hmb1ifyd1iz5rp9z9yyq3tukhaii 0 235887 1545071 1544764 2026-05-17T12:27:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545071 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Margherita Guidacci''' (Firenze, 25 Aprili 1921 – Roma, 19 Juni 1992) alikuwa mshairi na mtafsiri mashuhuri kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="treccani">{{cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/margherita-guidacci_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |title=Guidacci, Margherita katika Enciclopedia Treccani |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |language=it |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Kazi zake za ushairi ziliathiriwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na masuala ya kidini pamoja na fasihi ya Kiingereza ambayo alikuwa akiitafsiri.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margherita-Guidacci |title=Margherita Guidacci |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1921|1992}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] d6tjlzyqnykbbizpdl5pcn5jrtfrtp6 0 235888 1545072 1544765 2026-05-17T12:28:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jolanda Insana''' (Messina, 18 Mei 1937 – Roma, 27 Oktoba 2016) alikuwa mshairi na mtafsiri kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="treccani">{{cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/jolanda-insana_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |title=Insana, Jolanda katika Enciclopedia Treccani |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |language=it |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alijulikana kwa mtindo wake wa kipekee wa ushairi na alishinda Tuzo ya kifahari ya Viareggio mnamo mwaka 2002.<ref name="repubblica">{{cite web |url=https://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2016/10/28/news/morta_jolanda_insana-150772719/ |title=Morta Jolanda Insana, la poetessa che usava la lingua kama kisu |work=La Repubblica |language=it |date=28 Oktoba 2016 |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1937|2016}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] gkluz6sizbo0lgf8o2zivvr9cgw58za 0 235889 1545073 1544766 2026-05-17T12:29:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545073 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adriana Ivancich''' (4 Januari 1930 – 24 Machi 1983) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Italia]] na mwanamke wa tabaka la juu mwenye asili ya [[Dalmatia]]. Alifahamika zaidi kwa uhusiano wake wa kimapenzi na mwandishi maarufu [[Ernest Hemingway]].<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/the-venetian-teenager-who-stirred-hemingways-heart-and-art/2018/07/26/ea707b52-3f4e-11e8-a7d1-e4efec6389f0_story.html "The Venetian teenager who stirred Hemingway’s heart and art"] [[The Washington Post]], 26 Julai 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemingway je godinama ljubio plemkinju Adrianu Ivancich |url=https://www.vecernji.hr/kultura/hemingway-je-godinama-ljubio-plemkinju-adrianu-ivancich-42062 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.vecernji.hr |language=hr}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1930|1983}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] 7hlzl73snbwvb86so3dxh2z9d2ylsh4 0 235890 1545075 1544767 2026-05-17T12:29:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alda Merini''' (alizaliwa Milano, 21 Machi 1931 - Milano, 1 Novemba 2009) alikuwa mwandishi na mshairi kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="treccani">{{cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alda-merini/ |title=Merini, Alda katika Enciclopedia Treccani |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |language=it |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Kazi zake zilivutia na kusifiwa sana na waandishi wengine mashuhuri wa Italia, kama vile Giorgio Manganelli, Salvatore Quasimodona Pier Paolo Pasolini.<ref name="guardian">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/nov/16/alda-merini-obituary |title=Alda Merini Obituary |work=The Guardian |date=16 Novemba 2009 |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1931|2009}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] ayerfhfeap7nxgyvngpngmawyh7ya9p 0 235892 1545077 1544769 2026-05-17T12:31:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545077 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carla Porta Musa''' ([[Como]], 15 Machi 1902 – Como, 10 Oktoba 2012) alikuwa mwanamke mwandishi wa insha, mshairi, aliyeishi umri mrefu sana kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="corriere">{{cite web |url=https://milano.corriere.it/milano/notizie/cronaca/12_ottobre_10/morta-carla-porta-musa-scrittrice-como-110-anni-2112191547432.shtml |title=Morta Carla Porta Musa, alikuwa na umri wa miaka 110 |work=Corriere della Sera |language=it |date=10 Oktoba 2012 |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alichapisha vitabu na mashairi mengi na alifikisha umri wa miaka 110 kabla ya kufariki dunia.<ref name="repubblica">{{cite web |url=https://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/10/10/news/addio_a_carla_porta_musa_la_scrittrice_aveva_110_anni-44243642/ |title=Addio a Carla Porta Musa, alikuwa mwandishi mkongwe zaidi |work=La Repubblica |language=it |date=10 Oktoba 2012 |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1902|2012}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] 2arszs7ydoyw1iyhrzx4tb6qvt0bub1 0 235893 1545078 1544770 2026-05-17T12:31:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545078 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ada Negri''' ([[Lodi, Lombardia|Lodi]], 3 Februari 1870 – [[Milano]], 11 Januari 1945) alikuwa mshairi na mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="treccani">{{cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ada-negri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |title=Negri, Ada katika Enciclopedia Treccani |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |language=it |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza na wa pekee kukubaliwa kuwa mwanachama wa Chuo cha Kifalme cha Italia ([[Royal Academy of Italy|Academy of Italy]]).<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ada-Negri |title=Ada Negri |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1870|1945}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] b4zqfou1ytg3i8kdgj2nil2jqpgcskb 0 235894 1545080 1544771 2026-05-17T12:32:23Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545080 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giulia Niccolai''' ([[Milano]], 21 Desemba 1934 – Milano, 22 Juni 2021) alikuwa mpiga picha, mshairi, mwandishi wa riwaya, mtafsiri, na mtawa wa kike wa Ki-Buddha kutoka nchini [[Italia]]. Alifahamika sana kwa mchango wake katika harakati za fasihi ya mbele (avant-garde) nchini Italia na baadaye alijitolea maisha yake katika misingi ya kiroho ya Uhindu na Ubudha.<ref name="repubblica">{{cite web |url=https://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2021/06/23/news/giulia_niccolai_morta_poetessa_fotografa-307374163/ |title=Morta Giulia Niccolai: la fotografa, poetessa e monaca buddista |work=La Repubblica |language=it |date=23 Juni 2021 |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1934|2021}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] j91d2i40zaljez6ufogz7pntcygcyg2 0 235895 1545082 1544772 2026-05-17T12:33:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545082 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nella Nobili''' ([[Bologna]], 6 Januari 1926 – Cachan, [[Ufaransa]], 14 Julai 1985) alikuwa mshairi na mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="solferino">{{cite web |url=https://www.solferinolibri.it/autori/nella-nobili/ |title=Nella Nobili: scheda autore e libri |work=Solferino Libri |language=it |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Anachukuliwa kuwa mwakilishi muhimu wa fasihi ya wafanyakazi ([[proletarian literature]]).<ref name="Ragon">{{cite book |author=Michel Ragon |title=Histoire de la littérature prolétarienne de langue française |publisher=Albin Michel |year=2012 |language=fr}}</ref> Aliandika kazi zake kwa lugha za Kifaransa na Kiitalia, hasa akizungumzia kuhusu maisha ya kazi viwandani na mapenzi ya usagaji ([[lesbian]]).<ref name="newitalian">{{cite web |url=https://www.newitalianbooks.it/surveys/nella-nobili-new-editions/ |title=Nella Nobili: new editions |work=New Italian Books |language=en |date=13 Novemba 2025 |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1926|1985}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] 99128rjzhmorbkdwxao5o77ip4idqh8 0 235896 1545083 1544773 2026-05-17T12:33:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545083 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anna Maria Ortese''' (Roma, 13 Juni 1914 – Rapallo, 9 Machi 1998) alikuwa mwandishi wa riwaya, hadithi fupi, ushairi, na maandishi ya safari kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=|first1=|title=Frauendatenbank fembio.org |url=https://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/frauendatenbank?fem_id=21198 |website=fembio.org |publisher=|access-date=13 May 2022 |language=German |date=}}</ref> Alizaliwa [[Rome|Roma]], akakulia kati ya [[Kusini mwa Italia]] na [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], huku elimu yake ya mfumo rasmi ikiishia akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na tatu. Kitabu chake cha kwanza, ''Angelici dolori'', kilichapishwa mnamo 1937. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1914|1998}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] tfci9ud9bui53ummsa4ky6rcxcx2zpg 0 235897 1545084 1544774 2026-05-17T12:34:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545084 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Antonia Pozzi''' ([[Milano]], 13 Februari 1912 – Milano, 3 Desemba 1938) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref>{{cite book|last=West|first=Rebecca|title=Italian Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook|year=1994|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0313283475|pages=333–343|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxDbPQrjs64C&q=%22Antonia+Pozzi%22&pg=PA342|editor=Rinaldina Russell|accessdate=11 August 2012}}</ref> Mashairi yake mengi yalikuja kuchapishwa baada ya kifo chake na yanachukuliwa kuwa kati ya kazi bora zaidi za fasihi ya Kiitalia katika karne ya 20. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1912|1938}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] meh7j797r5lkwthzgdg2icbfiu4g1k1 0 235898 1545085 1544775 2026-05-17T12:34:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Graziella "Lalla" Romano''' ([[Demonte]], 11 Novemba 1906 – [[Milano]], 26 Juni 2001) alikuwa mwandishi wa riwaya, mshairi, msanii, na mwandishi wa habari kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="treccani">{{cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/lalla-romano_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |title=Romano, Graziella katika Enciclopedia Treccani |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |language=it |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1906|2001}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] 7q3n32g3hm3ofm7hiw5o84k7m8a6feo 0 235899 1545086 1544776 2026-05-17T12:35:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545086 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amelia Rosselli''' ([[Paris]], 28 Machi 1930 – [[Roma]], 11 Februari 1996) alikuwa mshairi, mwanamuziki, na mwanamuziki wa kisayansi kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyekuwa karibu sana na wanamuziki [[John Cage]] na [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]].<ref name="treccani">{{cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/amelia-rosselli_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |title=Rosselli, Amelia katika Enciclopedia Treccani |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |language=it |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1930|1996}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] hg41t64fl0fgl07xudmhptub1xui2zn 0 235901 1545088 1544778 2026-05-17T12:36:09Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545088 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Camilla Salvago Raggi''' ([[Genova]], 1 Machi 1924 – Novi Ligure, 6 Aprili 2022) alikuwa mshairi na mwandishi wa riwaya kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="repubblica">{{cite web |url=https://genova.repubblica.it/cronaca/2022/04/06/news/addio_a_camilla_salvago_raggi_marchesa_e_scrittrice_aveva_98_anni-344443153/ |title=Addio a Camilla Salvago Raggi, marchesa e scrittrice |work=La Repubblica |language=it |date=6 Aprili 2022 |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mshindi wa Tuzo ya [[Rapallo Carige Prize|Rapallo Carige]] mnamo mwaka 1993 kwa kazi yake ya ''Prima del fuoco''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.adnkronos.com/Archivio/AdnAgenzia/1995/04/28/Cronaca/SCRITTRICI-PREMIO-RAPALLO-CARIGE-A-MAGGIO_134600.php|title=SCRITTRICI: PREMIO RAPALLO-CARIGE A MAGGIO|website=www1.adnkronos.com|accessdate=14 March 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1924|2022}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] ax9xsdhsjn2m1eapn88pmrz93g8aa1z 0 235903 1545089 1544781 2026-05-17T12:36:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545089 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maria Luisa Spaziani''' ([[Torino]], 7 Desemba 1922 – [[Roma]], 30 Juni 2014) alikuwa mshairi na mtafsiri kutoka nchini [[Italia]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa washairi mashuhuri wa kike nchini Italia katika karne ya 20 na aliteuliwa mara tatu kuwania Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1922|2014}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] 6jnbd8xz2ntc1h91mobywiu6e2xg89m 0 235904 1545091 1544782 2026-05-17T12:37:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545091 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Virginia Tango Piatti''' (akijulikana kwa jina la usanii kama '''Agar'''; [[Firenze]], 21 Septemba 1869 – [[Genova]], 1 Julai 1958) alikuwa mwandishi, mpigania amani ([[pacifist]]), mpinzani wa ufashisti, na mwanaharakati wa [[haki za wanawake]] kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="treccani">{{cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/virginia-tango_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |title=Tango, Virginia katika Enciclopedia Treccani |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |language=it |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1869|1958}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] tfvet1a0w868v9o8yfp9t1t6ijhh9w6 0 235905 1545092 1544783 2026-05-17T12:38:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maria Tore Barbina''' ([[Udine]], 22 Julai 1940 – 28 Agosti 2007) alikuwa mshairi na mtafsiri kutoka nchini [[Italia]]. Alikuwa mwalimu wa Fasihi ya Kilatini katika Chuo Kikuu cha Trieste na mwalimu wa Elimu ya Maandishi ya Kale ya Kilatini ([[Paleografia]]) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Udine. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1940|2007}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] sg40s6s9jvkjv30avj887qrnktn2svn 0 235906 1545093 1544784 2026-05-17T12:39:28Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545093 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ida Vassalini''' ([[Verona]], 1 Novemba 1891 – [[Milano]], 21 Desemba 1953) alikuwa mwalimu, mwanafalsafa, mpigania amani, na mshairi kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name="treccani">{{cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ida-vassalini_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |title=Vassalini, Ida katika Enciclopedia Treccani |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |language=it |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alizaliwa na kukulia Verona kabla ya kuhamia Milano kwa ajili ya kuendelea na masomo yake. Baada ya kutunukiwa shahada ya somo la lugha filolojia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Padua na shahada nyingine ya falsafa kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Milano, Vassalini alikuwa mwalimu katika shule za upili kadhaa ndani na karibu na Milano, na alichangia makala katika majarida mbalimbali ya fasihi na kijamii.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Vassalini |title=Ida Vassalini katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1891|1953}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] egol4yn33rxfdgnae86qhje8difwi95 0 235907 1545094 1544785 2026-05-17T12:40:10Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545094 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patrizia Vicinelli''' ([[Bologna]], 23 Agosti 1943 – Bologna, 9 Januari 1991) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi, msanii, na mwigizaji kutoka nchini [[Italia]].<ref name=spatola>{{cite web |url=http://www.archiviomauriziospatola.com/prod/pdf_protagonisti/P00021.pdf |title=Patrizia Vicinelli, tutte le opere in Non Sempre Ricodano, Le Lettere, Firenze 2009 |language=it |work=Archivio Maurizio Spatola!}}</ref> Alikuwa mmoja wa wanachama mashuhuri wa kundi la fasihi ya mbele la "Gruppo 63" na alijulikana sana kwa ushairi wake wa sauti na majaribio ya sanaa ya kuona. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1943|1991}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] gpyuwlhdljkim3wmjyljy11v746u3ha 0 235909 1545095 1544787 2026-05-17T12:41:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545095 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anna Emilia "Annie" Vivanti Chartres''' (pia alijulikana kama Anita Vivanti au Anita Vivanti Chartres; 7 Aprili 1866 – 20 Februari 1942) alikuwa mwandishi na mshairi kutoka nchini [[Italia]] aliyezaliwa Uingereza.<ref name="treccani">{{cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/annie-vivanti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |title=Vivanti, Annie katika Enciclopedia Treccani |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |language=it |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mke wa mwanaharakati wa Ireland, John Chartres, na anajulikana sana kwa kazi zake za fasihi zilizovuka mipaka ya tamaduni mbalimbali za Ulaya.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Annie-Vivanti |title=Annie Vivanti - Wasifu katika Encyclopedia Britannica |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1866|1942}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Italia]] 79txd5710i5ef8jnzlt61vw6cvcxtjr 0 235910 1545096 1544788 2026-05-17T12:41:51Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anne-Marie Albiach''' (9 Agosti 1937 – 4 Novemba 2012)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2012/11/06/anne-marie-albiach-figure-de-la-poesie-francaise-contemporaine_1786425_3382.html |title=Anne-Marie Albiach, figure de la poésie française contemporaine |publisher=Lemonde.fr |accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref> alikuwa mshairi na mtafsiri wa kisasa kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1937|2012}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 37v5czl8araobguy78icnjoemufv9cj 0 235911 1545097 1544789 2026-05-17T12:42:48Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Liliane Atlan''' (14 Januari 1932 – 15 Februari 2011) alikuwa mwandishi Myahudi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]] ambaye kazi zake mara nyingi zililenga athari za kisaikolojia za [[Maangamizi makuu dhidi ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lilianeatlan.com/about |title=About Liliane Atlan}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1932|2011}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] esci96l36vsfuracb1szzwlqjr0vg45 0 235912 1545101 1544790 2026-05-17T12:43:57Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rosa Bailly''' (alijulikana pia kama '''Rosa Dufour-Bailly''' na '''Aimée Dufour'''; 14 Machi 1890 – 14 Juni 1976) alikuwa mwalimu, mwandishi wa habari, na mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]] ambaye katika maisha yake yote ya kikazi alikuwa amejiunganisha kwa karibu sana na harakati za nchi ya [[Polandi]] pamoja na fasihi ya nchi hiyo. Pia alikuwa mshairi.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Bailly |title=Rosa Bailly katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1890|1976}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] hnwesevjpivnbcc0hcb4a2522kuh7v1 0 235913 1545102 1544951 2026-05-17T12:46:07Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie-Claire Bancquart''' (21 Julai 1932 – 19 Februari 2019) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa insha, profesa mstaafu, na mkosoaji wa fasihi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2019/02/28/la-mort-de-la-poete-marie-claire-bancquart_5429507_3382.html|title = La mort de la poète Marie-Claire Bancquart|newspaper = Le Monde.fr|date = 28 February 2019}}</ref> Alikuwa mshindi wa tuzo ya [[Grand prix de la Critique littéraire]] kutoka Académie Française, taasisi kuu yenye mamlaka juu ya masuala yanayohusu lugha na utamaduni wa Kifaransa, pamoja na kupokea tuzo nyingine nyingi.<ref name=Cerise>{{cite web|last1=Cook|first1=Christina|title=Writing about the Concrete: Marie-Claire Bancquart|url=http://www.cerisepress.com/02/04/writing-about-the-concrete-marie-claire-bancquart/view-all|website=Cerise Press|accessdate=June 3, 2015}}</ref> Ushairi wake unajulikana kwa mtindo wa kugusa hisia za ndani kabisa za mwili ([[visceral]]), mara nyingi ukichunguza sehemu za ndani za mwili wa binadamu kama njia ya kuibua hisia na ubinadamu.<ref name=Brophy>{{cite journal|last1=Brophy|first1=Michael|title=In the Flesh of the Text: The Poetry of Marie-Claire Bancquart (Book)|journal=French Studies|date=January 2010|volume=64|issue=1|page=109|doi=10.1093/fs/knp225|s2cid=191336820}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1932|2019}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] jhpp0lzbp052t1xuepcq6ro8t0pb8an 0 235919 1545046 1544798 2026-05-17T12:10:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zameer Mohammed Choudrey, Baron Choudrey''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 23]], [[1958]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] wa [[Uingereza]] na [[Pakistani]] ambaye ni afisa mkuu mtendaji wa shirika la kimataifa la [[Bestway]]. Kulingana na Sunday Times Rich List ya Uingereza mwaka [[2020]], utajiri wake ni [[pauni]] bilioni 1.53, na kumfanya kuwa mtu wa pakistani wa pili kwa utajiri nchini Uingereza.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zameer Choudrey |url=https://api.parliament.uk/query/resource?uri=https://id.parliament.uk/LkRH3Psb |website=api.parliament.uk |access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Bestway Group |url=https://www.fasttrack.co.uk/company_profile/bestway-group-15/|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Fast Track|language=en-GB |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020082402/https://www.fasttrack.co.uk/company_profile/bestway-group-15/ |archive-date= 2020-10-20}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Pakistan]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 9bb06qte7mzhu2lzn9ib3ni9mnwcmf3 0 235943 1545044 1544824 2026-05-17T12:09:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1545044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yousef Mangoush''' alizaliwa Benghazi, Cyrenaica, [[Libya]], mwaka 1950, na ni jenerali mkuu wa [[jeshi]]. Aliteuliwa kuwa Mkuu wa Majeshi ya Ardhi ya Libya tarehe 2 Januari 2012. Alihudumu katika jeshi la Libya chini ya utawala wa Muammar Gaddafi na alistaafu mwaka 1999 akiwa na cheo cha [[Kanali]]. Kabla ya kustaafu, alikuwa kamanda wa vikosi maalum katika jeshi la Libya.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Vidarbha U-25 score 410/4 on day one of Nayudu Trophy|url=https://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/domestic-cricket-2012/vidarbha-u-25-score-410/4-on-day-one-of-nayudu-trophy_750463.html|work=Zee News|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> Pia aliwahi kuwa Naibu Waziri wa Ulinzi katika serikali ya mpito ya Waziri Mkuu Abdurrahim El-Keib. Mnamo Februari 2011, alijiunga na vikosi vya waasi wakati wa vita vya Libya vilivyomwangusha Gaddafi. Alikamatwa na majeshi ya Gaddafi mjini Brega mwezi Aprili, kisha aliachiliwa mwishoni mwa Agosti baada ya kuanguka kwa Tripoli.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8990981/Former-Gaddafi-colonel-becomes-Libyan-armys-new-chief-of-staff.html|work=www.telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1950]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Libya]] nysyod1pizqk4pmtdtvb72vqpaau2c8 0 235972 1545043 1544856 2026-05-17T12:09:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545043 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Youcef Belmehdi''' (amezaliwa 29 Septemba 1963) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri wa Masuala ya Kidini na Wakfu (Endowments). Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 30 Juni 2021.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=President Tebboune conducts ministerial reshuffle|url=https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/44860-president-tebboune-conducts-ministerial-reshuffle|work=www.aps.dz|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-gb|author=Algeria Press Service}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] d5q0b5anm28iovmcnywy0sunymg6sbx 0 236020 1545208 1544919 2026-05-17T16:50:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545208 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jasminder Singh''' (alizaliwa [[Aprili]] [[1951]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Uingereza]].<ref name="Forbes">{{cite web|title=The World's Billionaires: Jasminder Singh|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jasminder-singh/|website=Forbes|accessdate=26 January 2017}}</ref>Kulingana na Sunday Times Rich List ya mwaka [[2019]], Singh alikuwa ana utajiri wa [[pauni]] bilioni 1.1.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-rich-list/article/sunday-times-rich-list-2019-profiles-101-148-alan-sugar-dx9qlpwcp|title=Rich List 2019: profiles 101-148=, featuring Alan Sugar|last=Times|first=The Sunday| newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=2019-05-12|access-date=2019-07-26|language=en|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] r0uzn9pjqaoabm7tfjhhtpbeqz3bwju 0 236046 1545041 1544952 2026-05-17T12:08:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545041 wikitext text/x-wiki Yahia Boukhari (amezaliwa 15 Juni 1953) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Katibu Mkuu wa Serikali ya Algeria. Aliteuliwa kuwa Katibu Mkuu tarehe 2 Januari 2020.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Google Scholar|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=NnfwdM8AAAAJ|work=scholar.google.com|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] esdutdeoznuj6ajt7ronhm4pnuh8uij 0 236048 1545239 1544954 2026-05-17T17:56:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1545239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leonie Kira Emma Schroder''' (alizaliwa [[1974]]) ni mrithi bilionea wa [[Uingereza]], na binti wa [[Bruno Schroder]] wa nasaba ya Schroders. Baada ya kifo chake mnamo Machi [[2019]], alichukua nafasi yake kwenye bodi ya wakurugenzi.<ref>{{Rejea habari |last1=Metcalf |first1=Tom |last2=De Paoli |first2=Lucca |last3=Waite |first3=Suzy |last4=Stupples |first4=Benjamin |date=21 February 2019 |title=Bruno Schroder, Link to a Bygone Age in Banking, Dies at 86 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-21/bruno-schroder-link-to-a-bygone-age-in-banking-dies-at-86 |publisher=Bloomberg News}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/L-57193-802|title=Changes of Name|website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ij1z6h7o475ewgf182x603kve4t1i2x 0 236054 1545194 1544962 2026-05-17T16:10:12Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545194 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fateh Boutbig''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanasheria]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Rais wa Bunge la Afrika (Pan-African Parliament) tangu tarehe 30 Aprili 2026.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=تزكية فاتح بوطبيق رئيسا لحزب جبهة المستقبل|url=https://www.ennaharonline.com/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7-%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3/|work=النهار أونلاين|date=2024-01-12|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=ar-DZ|author=نادية بن طاهر}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6uvxtz95obgms10tkk1oeqg0c0yqgpr 0 236059 1545196 1544978 2026-05-17T16:13:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545196 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fouhed Chehat''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye aliteuliwa kuwa Naibu Waziri anayehusika na Kilimo cha Sahara na Maeneo ya Milimani tarehe 2 Januari 2020.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Benziouche |first=Salah Eddine |last2=Chehat |first2=Foued |date=2019 |title=Irrigation problem in Ziban oases (Algeria): causes and consequences |url=https://ideas.repec.org//a/spr/endesu/v21y2019i6d10.1007_s10668-018-0155-6.html |journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=2693–2706}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mqxa77ofcoih2jsvr6f79k1gyi23hcv 0 236060 1545106 1544979 2026-05-17T12:49:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545106 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Béatrix Beck''' (14 Julai 1914 – 30 Novemba 2008) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]] mwenye asili ya [[Ubelgiji]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Beatrix-Beck |title=Wasifu wa Béatrix Beck katika Encyclopedia Britannica |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kushinda Tuzo ya kifahari ya fasihi ya Prix Goncourt mnamo mwaka 1952 kwa riwaya yake ya ''Léon Morin, prêtre''.<ref name="lemonde">{{cite web |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2008/11/30/l-ecrivaine-beatrix-beck-est-morte_1125134_3382.html |title=L'écrivaine Béatrix Beck est morte |work=Le Monde |language=fr |date=30 Novemba 2008 |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1914|2008}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] fetphxhwcdwzgs63esx5963ymhutcwi 0 236063 1545108 1544982 2026-05-17T12:50:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carmen Bernos de Gasztold''' (9 Oktoba 1919 – 23 Septemba 1995<ref name=bnf>{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12051596z |title=Carmen Bernos de Gasztold (1919-1995) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |date=6 May 2021 |access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref>) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]] aliyeishi katika [[abasia]] ya [[Mmonaki|wamonaki]] [[Wabenedikto]].<ref name=kennedy>{{cite journal |jstor=20590001 |title=Review: The Poet in the Playpen |first=X. J. |last=Kennedy |authorlink=X. J. Kennedy |journal=[[Poetry (magazine)|Poetry]] |volume=105 |number=3 |date=December 1964 |pages=190–193}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1919|1995}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 9z9xow97r0lpgq1c1vltgi2c9l7dttn 1545109 1545108 2026-05-17T12:51:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carmen Bernos de Gasztold''' (9 Oktoba 1919 – 23 Septemba 1995<ref name=bnf>{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12051596z |title=Carmen Bernos de Gasztold (1919-1995) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |date=6 May 2021 |access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref>) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]] aliyeishi muda mrefu katika [[abasia]] ya [[Mmonaki|wamonaki]] [[Wabenedikto]].<ref name=kennedy>{{cite journal |jstor=20590001 |title=Review: The Poet in the Playpen |first=X. J. |last=Kennedy |authorlink=X. J. Kennedy |journal=[[Poetry (magazine)|Poetry]] |volume=105 |number=3 |date=December 1964 |pages=190–193}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1919|1995}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wabenedikto]] shyk2fizqxwze9a7fc97eufq8lehnh9 0 236065 1545198 1544984 2026-05-17T16:20:02Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1545198 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Achtymichuk''' (amezaliwa takriban mwaka 1935) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa curling kutoka [[Kanada]]. Alicheza katika nafasi ya pili kwenye timu iliyoshinda, iliyokuwa chini ya nahodha Harvey Mazinke, ikipeperusha bendera ya Saskatchewan. Baadaye timu hiyo ilimaliza katika nafasi ya pili kwenye Mashindano ya Dunia ya mwaka huo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=[http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/curling.html](http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/curling.html) |title=The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan | Details |access-date=2015-03-18 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402212507/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/curling.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20150402212507/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/curling.html) |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Mazinke, Harvey G. – CCA Hall of Fame {{!}} ACC Temple de la Renommée Virtuelle |url=[http://www.curling.ca/hof/people/mazinke-harvey-g/](http://www.curling.ca/hof/people/mazinke-harvey-g/) |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Curling.ca}}</ref><ref>Stick curling extends careers of Martin and Achtymichuk McCormick, Murray. Regina Sun [Regina, Sask] 08 Apr 2012: 17.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0zhj2y3se24qrl604em0sg1963hoeo8 0 236066 1545201 1544985 2026-05-17T16:30:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545201 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hamza Al Sid Cheikh''' (amezaliwa 16 Aprili 1983) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hamza Al Sid Cheikh, the scapegoat in the 2.4 million euro affair|url=https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/hamza-sid-cheikh-the-scapegoat-in-the-24-million-euro-affair-will-have-to-look-for-photo-of-home/20240821172042204363.html|work=Atalayar|date=2024-08-21|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Hichem Aboud}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Naibu Waziri anayehusika na Mazingira ya Sahara kuanzia tarehe 2 Januari 2020 hadi 21 Februari 2021. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] 885mt90xns4ca13ughfwmvsknjkfhx2 0 236067 1545112 1544986 2026-05-17T12:52:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Martine Broda''' ([[Nancy]], 17 Machi 1947 – Paris, 23 Aprili 2009) alikuwa mshairi, mkosoaji wa fasihi, na mtafsiri kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="lemonde">{{cite web |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2009/04/28/martine-broda-poete-et-traductrice_1186536_3382.html |title=Martine Broda, poète et traductrice |work=Le Monde |language=fr |date=28 Aprili 2009 |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Anajulikana sana kwa tafsiri zake za mashairi ya mwandishi Paul Celan na kwa kazi zake za utafiti wa kifasihi katika taasisi ya CNRS. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1947|2009}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] ljybyqd2bt658zr8t5v3ekabi9m9lod 0 236069 1545114 1544989 2026-05-17T12:53:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545114 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hélène Cadou''' (4 Juni 1922 – 20 Juni 2014) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi, mwalimu mkuu, na kutunza maktaba kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last= Wilson| first= Katharina M.|year= 1991|title= An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers, Volume 1|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wf1SVbGFg8C|access-date= 10 December 2022|location= Oxfordshire| publisher= Taylor & Francis | page=198| isbn=978-0-824-08547-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= | first= |year= 1990|title= Translation, Volume 23|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=D8eGAAAAIAAJ|access-date= 10 December 2022|location= New York | publisher= Columbia University, Translation Center | page=256| isbn=978-9-051-83844-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= | first= |year= 1990|title= French Twentieth Bibliography: Critical and Biographical References for French Literature Since 1885|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bsdv9EvZ5VEC|access-date= 10 December 2022|location= Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania| publisher= Susquehanna University Press| page=6964| isbn=978-0-941-66467-7}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1922|2014}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] nee1xxfxurrfbp1x3kn21dwx9vyjoy4 0 236070 1545115 1544992 2026-05-17T12:54:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545115 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anne-Marie Cazalis''' (mnamo 1920 – 30 Julai 1988) alikuwa mwandishi, mwandishi wa habari, na kwa muda mfupi mwigizaji kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="lemonde">{{cite web |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1988/08/02/la-mort-d-anne-marie-cazalis-les-annees-saint-germain_4100518_1819218.html |title=La mort d'Anne-Marie Cazalis Les années Saint-Germain |work=Le Monde |language=fr |date=2 Agosti 1988 |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mtu mashuhuri katika maisha ya kiutamaduni ya eneo la Saint-Germain-des-Prés baada ya Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia na alishinda Tuzo ya René-Blumenthal kwa ushairi mnamo mwaka 1943. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1920|1988}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] fois8rw24s7yow7pgs50mtjqkgu2oi0 0 236072 1545203 1544995 2026-05-17T16:37:56Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545203 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hocine Cherhabil''' (amezaliwa 24 Februari 1953) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Uwekaji wa Kidijitali na Takwimu kuanzia mwaka 2021 hadi 2023.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Request Rejected|url=https://premier-ministre.gov.dz/fr/cv/50|work=premier-ministre.gov.dz|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kw52a03ublkkl151tj5u952ff57jihs 0 236073 1545241 1544997 2026-05-17T18:07:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mahmoud Chérif''' (1912–1987) alikuwa kiongozi wa kijeshi na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Alizaliwa Chéria, Wilaya ya Tébessa, mwaka 1912. Baada ya masomo yake, alijiunga na Jeshi la Ufaransa na kupata cheo cha luteni. Alishiriki kama mwanajeshi wa Kifaransa-Algeria katika Vita vya Pili vya Dunia upande wa Washirika (Allies). Baada ya vita, alijiunga na harakati ya UDMA ya Ferhat Abbas iliyopigania haki za Algeria kwa njia ya amani. Baada ya kuanza kwa Vita vya Uhuru vya Algeria mwaka 1954, alijiunga na harakati ya National Liberation Front (FLN), ambapo uzoefu wake wa kijeshi ulimfanya kuwa kiongozi muhimu. Aliongoza uasi katika Wilaya I ya FLN, eneo lililojumuisha Tébessa, na baadaye alipandishwa cheo kuwa kanali katika Jeshi la Ukombozi la Taifa (ALN). Mwaka 1958, alipoanzishwa serikali ya uhamishoni ya GPRA, aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa Silaha na Vifaa chini ya uongozi wa Ferhat Abbas, hadi mabadiliko ya baraza mwaka 1960.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=CHERIF Mahmoud|url=http://www.1novembre54.com/histoire_algerie.php?cat=Biographie&id=CHERIF%20Mahmoud|work=www.1novembre54.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|author=Nabil FOUDI}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1912]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1987]] cuteuptfuahr20eb0gpxx4cmk4mlsgu 0 236074 1545278 1545000 2026-05-17T19:35:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1545278 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nik Storonsky''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 21]], [[1984]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] bilionea na mtendaji wa kampuni katika teknolojia nchini [[Uingereza]]. Yeye ni mwanzilishi mwenza na afisa mkuu mtendaji wa Revolut, na mwanzilishi wa kampuni ya uwekezaji wa hatari QuantumLight.<ref name=urwin2018a>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Urwin |first=Rosamund |date=16 June 2018 |title=Interview: Nikolay Storonsky says Revolut will be the Uber of banking |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/transport/article/interview-nikolay-storonsky-says-revolut-will-be-the-uber-of-banking-pt6dbhppq |access-date=9 October 2025 |work=The Sunday Times}}</ref><ref name=treanor2024a>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Treanor |first=Jill |date=10 September 2022 |title=Revolut chief Nikolay Storonsky: We can still be banking's super app |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/economics/article/revolut-chief-nikolay-storonsky-we-can-still-be-bankings-super-app-ttq8mdhtt |work=The Sunday Times}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] frp0ueaonnalldeuwyzp5lz4uirh79x 0 236077 1545197 1545017 2026-05-17T16:18:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545197 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Willard Gordon Galen Weston''' ([[Oktoba 29]], [[1940]] – [[Aprili 12]], [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Uingereza]] na [[Kanada]] na Mwenyekiti wa ''George Weston Limited'', kampuni ya usindikaji na usambazaji wa chakula ya Kanada. Weston na familia yake, wakiwa na utajiri unaokadiriwa kuwa dola bilioni 8.7, waliorodheshwa kama familia tajiri ya tatu nchini Kanada na ya 178 duniani na jarida la [[Forbes]] mnamo Juni [[2019]].<ref name=Forbes>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/galen-weston/|title=Galen Weston and family |work=Forbes.com |access-date=June 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813200648/https://www.forbes.com/profile/galen-weston/ |archive-date=August 13, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOMJAQAAMAAJ&q=Reta+Lila+(Howard)+weston |title=International Directory of Business Biographies |first1=Neil |last1=Schlager |first2=Vanessa |last2=Torrado-Caputo |first3=Margaret |last3=Mazurkiewicz |name-list-style=amp |date=April 14, 2005 |publisher=St. James Press |isbn=9781558625587 |access-date=April 14, 2021 |via=Google Books}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] 95pyrjjor1opxqdcca1lnez0gcczbh7 0 236081 1545116 1545023 2026-05-17T12:55:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Danielle Collobert''' (matamshi ya Kifaransa: {{IPA|fr|danjɛl kɔlɔbɛʁ}}; 23 Julai 1940 – 23 Julai 1978) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi, na mwandishi wa habari kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="radiofrance">{{cite web |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/poesie-et-ainsi-de-suite/danielle-collobert-l-ecriture-a-vif-4302636 |title=Danielle Collobert, l'écriture à vif |work=Radio France |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Kazi zake nyingi za fasihi zilijulikana kwa mtindo wa kipekee wa majaribio na ziliungwa mkono na waandishi mashuhuri kama vile Raymond Queneau. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1940|1978}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 3mix1kq46vfag4929jdkv659x6xvwhl 0 236084 1545200 1545028 2026-05-17T16:29:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545200 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hammi Larouissi''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=pan_african_parliament_org|url=https://pan-african-parliament.org/AboutPAP_PAPMemberCountries.aspx/|date=2026-05-06|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Tangu mwaka 2004, amekuwa mwanachama wa Bunge la Afrika (Pan-African Parliament) akiwakilisha Algeria. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] nwye5c6bsyzqs7re5e8he5e8hue51h6 0 236087 1545216 1545031 2026-05-17T17:01:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545216 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''Julia Daudet''' (tamko la Kifaransa: {{IPA|fr|ʒylja dodɛ|lang}}; jina la kuzaliwa '''Allard'''; 13 Julai 1844 – 23 Aprili 1940)<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121398505/PUBLIC|title=BnF Catalogue général|last=Daudet|first=Julia|website=catalogue.bnf.fr}}</ref> alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi, na mwandishi wa habari kutoka nchini Ufaransa aliyeandika kazi zake kwa kutumia majina ya kalamu ya '''Marguerite Tournay''' na '''Karl Steen''. Alikuwa mke na mshirika wa kikazi wa''' [[Alphonse Daudet]], na mama wa [[Léon Daudet|Léon]], [[Lucien Daudet|Lucien]], na Edmée Daudet. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1844|1940}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] n2oslhxg20b4n4hmpcpgs2rgoenhe9t 0 236090 1545036 2026-05-17T11:59:46Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342153539|Connie Galiwango Nakayenze]]" 1545036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|image=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> leb5dz70qmy00rt6k08h1hhr6iy7a7z 1545037 1545036 2026-05-17T12:00:54Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|image=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} rb7cbsq0wx22n62qn5v9xjf3iai67ub 1545039 1545037 2026-05-17T12:04:05Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|picha=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa na Mwalimu}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} j8m4ldez1y4twio0lb9txhzj63lo58o 1545042 1545039 2026-05-17T12:09:36Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|picha=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa na Mwalimu}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Connie alizaliwa tarehe 31 Agosti 1967. Alifanya Mtihani wake wa Kumaliza Darasa la Msingi (PLE) mwaka 1981 katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gangama. Baadaye alipata Cheti cha Ualimu cha Daraja la III mwaka 1989 kutoka Chuo cha Ualimu cha Msingi cha Kabwangasi na Cheti cha Elimu ya Juu cha Uganda (UACE) mwaka 1992 kutoka Mbale Hall. Pia ana Stashahada ya Elimu ya Sekondari kutoka Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Walimu, Nagongera (1995). Mnamo 2001, Connie alipewa Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu nchini Uganda. Hii ilifuatiwa na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Usimamizi wa Elimu mwaka wa 2008 kutoka Chuo Kikuu hicho hicho. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 9663l0ha1zbggmplqu7r3re1tnyvreb 1545050 1545042 2026-05-17T12:12:46Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|picha=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa na Mwalimu}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Connie alizaliwa tarehe 31 Agosti 1967. Alifanya Mtihani wake wa Kumaliza Darasa la Msingi (PLE) mwaka 1981 katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gangama. Baadaye alipata Cheti cha Ualimu cha Daraja la III mwaka 1989 kutoka Chuo cha Ualimu cha Msingi cha Kabwangasi na Cheti cha Elimu ya Juu cha Uganda (UACE) mwaka 1992 kutoka Mbale Hall. Pia ana Stashahada ya Elimu ya Sekondari kutoka Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Walimu, Nagongera (1995). Mnamo 2001, Connie alipewa Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu nchini Uganda. Hii ilifuatiwa na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Usimamizi wa Elimu mwaka wa 2008 kutoka Chuo Kikuu hicho hicho. ==Maisha binafsi== Connie Galiwango ni mjane wa marehemu mwanadiplomasia Hassan Wasswa Galiwango, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi Mkuu wa Uganda nchini Kenya na Shelisheli, na Mkurugenzi wa Fedha na Utawala wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM). Alifariki Januari 2023 kutokana na ugonjwa wa moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi. Walioana kwa zaidi ya miaka 25 na walikuwa na watoto watatu pamoja. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} jvkcdzu0gb8e280he70ugwmfe4rqy2y 1545058 1545050 2026-05-17T12:20:20Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|picha=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa na Mwalimu}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Connie alizaliwa tarehe 31 Agosti 1967. Alifanya Mtihani wake wa Kumaliza Darasa la Msingi (PLE) mwaka 1981 katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gangama. Baadaye alipata Cheti cha Ualimu cha Daraja la III mwaka 1989 kutoka Chuo cha Ualimu cha Msingi cha Kabwangasi na Cheti cha Elimu ya Juu cha Uganda (UACE) mwaka 1992 kutoka Mbale Hall. Pia ana Stashahada ya Elimu ya Sekondari kutoka Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Walimu, Nagongera (1995). Mnamo 2001, Connie alipewa Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu nchini Uganda. Hii ilifuatiwa na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Usimamizi wa Elimu mwaka wa 2008 kutoka Chuo Kikuu hicho hicho. ==Maisha binafsi== Connie Galiwango ni mjane wa marehemu mwanadiplomasia Hassan Wasswa Galiwango, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi Mkuu wa Uganda nchini Kenya na Shelisheli, na Mkurugenzi wa Fedha na Utawala wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM). Alifariki Januari 2023 kutokana na ugonjwa wa moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Parliament mourns ambassador Galiwango|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/parliament-mourns-ambassador-galiwango-NV_151740_052026|work=New Vision|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref> Walioana kwa zaidi ya miaka 25 na walikuwa na watoto watatu pamoja. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} nuh3etssj92vevsjiyz8vuvwj5qka3f 1545061 1545058 2026-05-17T12:22:29Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|picha=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa na Mwalimu}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Connie alizaliwa tarehe 31 Agosti 1967. Alifanya Mtihani wake wa Kumaliza Darasa la Msingi (PLE) mwaka 1981 katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gangama. Baadaye alipata Cheti cha Ualimu cha Daraja la III mwaka 1989 kutoka Chuo cha Ualimu cha Msingi cha Kabwangasi na Cheti cha Elimu ya Juu cha Uganda (UACE) mwaka 1992 kutoka Mbale Hall. Pia ana Stashahada ya Elimu ya Sekondari kutoka Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Walimu, Nagongera (1995). Mnamo 2001, Connie alipewa Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu nchini Uganda. Hii ilifuatiwa na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Usimamizi wa Elimu mwaka wa 2008 kutoka Chuo Kikuu hicho hicho. ==Maisha binafsi== Connie Galiwango ni mjane wa marehemu mwanadiplomasia Hassan Wasswa Galiwango, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi Mkuu wa Uganda nchini Kenya na Shelisheli, na Mkurugenzi wa Fedha na Utawala wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM). Alifariki Januari 2023 kutokana na ugonjwa wa moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Parliament mourns ambassador Galiwango|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/parliament-mourns-ambassador-galiwango-NV_151740_052026|work=New Vision|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref> Walioana kwa zaidi ya miaka 25 na walikuwa na watoto watatu pamoja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galiwango’s legacy in politics, business|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/galiwango-s-legacy-in-politics-business--4088728|work=Monitor|date=2023-01-17|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 3u0gexemwuqs9kikzcpkbtoum70b2dg 1545065 1545061 2026-05-17T12:24:30Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|picha=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa na Mwalimu}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Connie alizaliwa tarehe 31 Agosti 1967. Alifanya Mtihani wake wa Kumaliza Darasa la Msingi (PLE) mwaka 1981 katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gangama. Baadaye alipata Cheti cha Ualimu cha Daraja la III mwaka 1989 kutoka Chuo cha Ualimu cha Msingi cha Kabwangasi na Cheti cha Elimu ya Juu cha Uganda (UACE) mwaka 1992 kutoka Mbale Hall. Pia ana Stashahada ya Elimu ya Sekondari kutoka Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Walimu, Nagongera (1995). Mnamo 2001, Connie alipewa Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu nchini Uganda. Hii ilifuatiwa na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Usimamizi wa Elimu mwaka wa 2008 kutoka Chuo Kikuu hicho hicho. ==Maisha binafsi== Connie Galiwango ni mjane wa marehemu mwanadiplomasia Hassan Wasswa Galiwango, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi Mkuu wa Uganda nchini Kenya na Shelisheli, na Mkurugenzi wa Fedha na Utawala wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM). Alifariki Januari 2023 kutokana na ugonjwa wa moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Parliament mourns ambassador Galiwango|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/parliament-mourns-ambassador-galiwango-NV_151740_052026|work=New Vision|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref> Walioana kwa zaidi ya miaka 25 na walikuwa na watoto watatu pamoja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galiwango’s legacy in politics, business|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/galiwango-s-legacy-in-politics-business--4088728|work=Monitor|date=2023-01-17|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NRM PARTY SECRETARY GENERAL TODWONG ,WIDOW CONNIE NAKAYENZE PAY TRIBUTE TO FALLEN UGANDA’S HIGH COMMISSIONER TO KENYA DR. GALIWANGO - Uganda Update News|url=https://ugandaupdatenews.com/nrm-party-secretary-general-todwong-widow-connie-nakayenze-pay-tribute-to-fallen-ugandas-envoy-to-kenya-dr-galiwango/|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} d3cdwpif4c23jve2gqgfmt8224q762i 1545070 1545065 2026-05-17T12:27:19Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|picha=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa na Mwalimu}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Connie alizaliwa tarehe 31 Agosti 1967. Alifanya Mtihani wake wa Kumaliza Darasa la Msingi (PLE) mwaka 1981 katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gangama. Baadaye alipata Cheti cha Ualimu cha Daraja la III mwaka 1989 kutoka Chuo cha Ualimu cha Msingi cha Kabwangasi na Cheti cha Elimu ya Juu cha Uganda (UACE) mwaka 1992 kutoka Mbale Hall. Pia ana Stashahada ya Elimu ya Sekondari kutoka Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Walimu, Nagongera (1995). Mnamo 2001, Connie alipewa Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu nchini Uganda. Hii ilifuatiwa na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Usimamizi wa Elimu mwaka wa 2008 kutoka Chuo Kikuu hicho hicho. ==Maisha binafsi== Connie Galiwango ni mjane wa marehemu mwanadiplomasia Hassan Wasswa Galiwango, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi Mkuu wa Uganda nchini Kenya na Shelisheli, na Mkurugenzi wa Fedha na Utawala wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM). Alifariki Januari 2023 kutokana na ugonjwa wa moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Parliament mourns ambassador Galiwango|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/parliament-mourns-ambassador-galiwango-NV_151740_052026|work=New Vision|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref> Walioana kwa zaidi ya miaka 25 na walikuwa na watoto watatu pamoja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galiwango’s legacy in politics, business|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/galiwango-s-legacy-in-politics-business--4088728|work=Monitor|date=2023-01-17|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NRM PARTY SECRETARY GENERAL TODWONG ,WIDOW CONNIE NAKAYENZE PAY TRIBUTE TO FALLEN UGANDA’S HIGH COMMISSIONER TO KENYA DR. GALIWANGO - Uganda Update News|url=https://ugandaupdatenews.com/nrm-party-secretary-general-todwong-widow-connie-nakayenze-pay-tribute-to-fallen-ugandas-envoy-to-kenya-dr-galiwango/|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Kazi== [[File:Connie Galiwango.jpg|thumb|Connie Galiwango]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 31poc5aiccjwf8lluqbrzck8q8motwk 1545076 1545070 2026-05-17T12:29:51Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|picha=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa na Mwalimu}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Connie alizaliwa tarehe 31 Agosti 1967. Alifanya Mtihani wake wa Kumaliza Darasa la Msingi (PLE) mwaka 1981 katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gangama. Baadaye alipata Cheti cha Ualimu cha Daraja la III mwaka 1989 kutoka Chuo cha Ualimu cha Msingi cha Kabwangasi na Cheti cha Elimu ya Juu cha Uganda (UACE) mwaka 1992 kutoka Mbale Hall. Pia ana Stashahada ya Elimu ya Sekondari kutoka Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Walimu, Nagongera (1995). Mnamo 2001, Connie alipewa Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu nchini Uganda. Hii ilifuatiwa na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Usimamizi wa Elimu mwaka wa 2008 kutoka Chuo Kikuu hicho hicho. ==Maisha binafsi== Connie Galiwango ni mjane wa marehemu mwanadiplomasia Hassan Wasswa Galiwango, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi Mkuu wa Uganda nchini Kenya na Shelisheli, na Mkurugenzi wa Fedha na Utawala wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM). Alifariki Januari 2023 kutokana na ugonjwa wa moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Parliament mourns ambassador Galiwango|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/parliament-mourns-ambassador-galiwango-NV_151740_052026|work=New Vision|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref> Walioana kwa zaidi ya miaka 25 na walikuwa na watoto watatu pamoja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galiwango’s legacy in politics, business|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/galiwango-s-legacy-in-politics-business--4088728|work=Monitor|date=2023-01-17|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NRM PARTY SECRETARY GENERAL TODWONG ,WIDOW CONNIE NAKAYENZE PAY TRIBUTE TO FALLEN UGANDA’S HIGH COMMISSIONER TO KENYA DR. GALIWANGO - Uganda Update News|url=https://ugandaupdatenews.com/nrm-party-secretary-general-todwong-widow-connie-nakayenze-pay-tribute-to-fallen-ugandas-envoy-to-kenya-dr-galiwango/|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Kazi== [[File:Connie Galiwango.jpg|thumb|Connie Galiwango]]Connie alikuwa mwalimu katika Shule ya Msingi ya Nabuyonga kati ya 1989 na 1993 kabla ya kuhudumu kama mwalimu katika Shule ya Upili ya Mbale S.S (1995–2003) na Shule ya Upili ya Mbale (2003–2011). Kati ya 2011 na 2016, alijiunga na Bunge la Uganda kama mbunge. Connie pia alipigiwa kura kwa bunge la kumi na moja la Uganda wakati wa uchaguzi wa Januari 2021 nchini Uganda. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} a39twtco3i5ww7ehp1mw4slt2dx19hn 1545087 1545076 2026-05-17T12:35:31Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|picha=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa na Mwalimu}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Connie alizaliwa tarehe 31 Agosti 1967. Alifanya Mtihani wake wa Kumaliza Darasa la Msingi (PLE) mwaka 1981 katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gangama. Baadaye alipata Cheti cha Ualimu cha Daraja la III mwaka 1989 kutoka Chuo cha Ualimu cha Msingi cha Kabwangasi na Cheti cha Elimu ya Juu cha Uganda (UACE) mwaka 1992 kutoka Mbale Hall. Pia ana Stashahada ya Elimu ya Sekondari kutoka Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Walimu, Nagongera (1995). Mnamo 2001, Connie alipewa Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu nchini Uganda. Hii ilifuatiwa na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Usimamizi wa Elimu mwaka wa 2008 kutoka Chuo Kikuu hicho hicho. ==Maisha binafsi== Connie Galiwango ni mjane wa marehemu mwanadiplomasia Hassan Wasswa Galiwango, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi Mkuu wa Uganda nchini Kenya na Shelisheli, na Mkurugenzi wa Fedha na Utawala wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM). Alifariki Januari 2023 kutokana na ugonjwa wa moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Parliament mourns ambassador Galiwango|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/parliament-mourns-ambassador-galiwango-NV_151740_052026|work=New Vision|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref> Walioana kwa zaidi ya miaka 25 na walikuwa na watoto watatu pamoja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galiwango’s legacy in politics, business|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/galiwango-s-legacy-in-politics-business--4088728|work=Monitor|date=2023-01-17|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NRM PARTY SECRETARY GENERAL TODWONG ,WIDOW CONNIE NAKAYENZE PAY TRIBUTE TO FALLEN UGANDA’S HIGH COMMISSIONER TO KENYA DR. GALIWANGO - Uganda Update News|url=https://ugandaupdatenews.com/nrm-party-secretary-general-todwong-widow-connie-nakayenze-pay-tribute-to-fallen-ugandas-envoy-to-kenya-dr-galiwango/|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Kazi== [[File:Connie Galiwango.jpg|thumb|Connie Galiwango]]Connie alikuwa mwalimu katika Shule ya Msingi ya Nabuyonga kati ya 1989 na 1993 kabla ya kuhudumu kama mwalimu katika Shule ya Upili ya Mbale S.S (1995–2003) na Shule ya Upili ya Mbale (2003–2011). Kati ya 2011 na 2016, alijiunga na Bunge la Uganda kama mbunge. Connie pia alipigiwa kura kwa bunge la kumi na moja la Uganda wakati wa uchaguzi wa Januari 2021 nchini Uganda. Katika Bunge la kumi la Uganda, anahudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Elimu na Michezo. Zaidi ya hayo, anahudumu kama mjumbe wa Kamati ya VVU/UKIMWI na Magonjwa Yanayohusiana na hayo na pia mjumbe wa Kamati ya Biashara. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} equfcncp0bsd1i9d6bw4yu84tqbjku3 1545099 1545087 2026-05-17T12:43:40Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|picha=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa na Mwalimu}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Connie alizaliwa tarehe 31 Agosti 1967. Alifanya Mtihani wake wa Kumaliza Darasa la Msingi (PLE) mwaka 1981 katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gangama. Baadaye alipata Cheti cha Ualimu cha Daraja la III mwaka 1989 kutoka Chuo cha Ualimu cha Msingi cha Kabwangasi na Cheti cha Elimu ya Juu cha Uganda (UACE) mwaka 1992 kutoka Mbale Hall. Pia ana Stashahada ya Elimu ya Sekondari kutoka Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Walimu, Nagongera (1995). Mnamo 2001, Connie alipewa Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu nchini Uganda. Hii ilifuatiwa na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Usimamizi wa Elimu mwaka wa 2008 kutoka Chuo Kikuu hicho hicho. ==Maisha binafsi== Connie Galiwango ni mjane wa marehemu mwanadiplomasia Hassan Wasswa Galiwango, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi Mkuu wa Uganda nchini Kenya na Shelisheli, na Mkurugenzi wa Fedha na Utawala wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM). Alifariki Januari 2023 kutokana na ugonjwa wa moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Parliament mourns ambassador Galiwango|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/parliament-mourns-ambassador-galiwango-NV_151740_052026|work=New Vision|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref> Walioana kwa zaidi ya miaka 25 na walikuwa na watoto watatu pamoja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galiwango’s legacy in politics, business|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/galiwango-s-legacy-in-politics-business--4088728|work=Monitor|date=2023-01-17|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NRM PARTY SECRETARY GENERAL TODWONG ,WIDOW CONNIE NAKAYENZE PAY TRIBUTE TO FALLEN UGANDA’S HIGH COMMISSIONER TO KENYA DR. GALIWANGO - Uganda Update News|url=https://ugandaupdatenews.com/nrm-party-secretary-general-todwong-widow-connie-nakayenze-pay-tribute-to-fallen-ugandas-envoy-to-kenya-dr-galiwango/|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Kazi== [[File:Connie Galiwango.jpg|thumb|Connie Galiwango]]Connie alikuwa mwalimu katika Shule ya Msingi ya Nabuyonga kati ya 1989 na 1993 kabla ya kuhudumu kama mwalimu katika Shule ya Upili ya Mbale S.S (1995–2003) na Shule ya Upili ya Mbale (2003–2011). Kati ya 2011 na 2016, alijiunga na Bunge la Uganda kama mbunge. Connie pia alipigiwa kura kwa bunge la kumi na moja la Uganda wakati wa uchaguzi wa Januari 2021 nchini Uganda. Katika Bunge la kumi la Uganda, anahudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Elimu na Michezo. Zaidi ya hayo, anahudumu kama mjumbe wa Kamati ya VVU/UKIMWI na Magonjwa Yanayohusiana na hayo na pia mjumbe wa Kamati ya Biashara. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Uganda]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uganda]] 5fbb49uwqgs3d6bimv45d3b94a265z6 1545107 1545099 2026-05-17T12:50:10Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|picha=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa na Mwalimu|chama=National Resistance Movement (NRM)}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Connie alizaliwa tarehe 31 Agosti 1967. Alifanya Mtihani wake wa Kumaliza Darasa la Msingi (PLE) mwaka 1981 katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gangama. Baadaye alipata Cheti cha Ualimu cha Daraja la III mwaka 1989 kutoka Chuo cha Ualimu cha Msingi cha Kabwangasi na Cheti cha Elimu ya Juu cha Uganda (UACE) mwaka 1992 kutoka Mbale Hall. Pia ana Stashahada ya Elimu ya Sekondari kutoka Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Walimu, Nagongera (1995). Mnamo 2001, Connie alipewa Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu nchini Uganda. Hii ilifuatiwa na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Usimamizi wa Elimu mwaka wa 2008 kutoka Chuo Kikuu hicho hicho. ==Maisha binafsi== Connie Galiwango ni mjane wa marehemu mwanadiplomasia Hassan Wasswa Galiwango, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi Mkuu wa Uganda nchini Kenya na Shelisheli, na Mkurugenzi wa Fedha na Utawala wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM). Alifariki Januari 2023 kutokana na ugonjwa wa moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Parliament mourns ambassador Galiwango|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/parliament-mourns-ambassador-galiwango-NV_151740_052026|work=New Vision|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref> Walioana kwa zaidi ya miaka 25 na walikuwa na watoto watatu pamoja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galiwango’s legacy in politics, business|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/galiwango-s-legacy-in-politics-business--4088728|work=Monitor|date=2023-01-17|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NRM PARTY SECRETARY GENERAL TODWONG ,WIDOW CONNIE NAKAYENZE PAY TRIBUTE TO FALLEN UGANDA’S HIGH COMMISSIONER TO KENYA DR. GALIWANGO - Uganda Update News|url=https://ugandaupdatenews.com/nrm-party-secretary-general-todwong-widow-connie-nakayenze-pay-tribute-to-fallen-ugandas-envoy-to-kenya-dr-galiwango/|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Kazi== [[File:Connie Galiwango.jpg|thumb|Connie Galiwango]]Connie alikuwa mwalimu katika Shule ya Msingi ya Nabuyonga kati ya 1989 na 1993 kabla ya kuhudumu kama mwalimu katika Shule ya Upili ya Mbale S.S (1995–2003) na Shule ya Upili ya Mbale (2003–2011). Kati ya 2011 na 2016, alijiunga na Bunge la Uganda kama mbunge. Connie pia alipigiwa kura kwa bunge la kumi na moja la Uganda wakati wa uchaguzi wa Januari 2021 nchini Uganda. Katika Bunge la kumi la Uganda, anahudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Elimu na Michezo. Zaidi ya hayo, anahudumu kama mjumbe wa Kamati ya VVU/UKIMWI na Magonjwa Yanayohusiana na hayo na pia mjumbe wa Kamati ya Biashara. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Uganda]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uganda]] q1m7bmreoyg2z0d3t8mttbf0mhx27in 1545111 1545107 2026-05-17T12:51:59Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|picha=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa na Mwalimu|chama=National Resistance Movement (NRM)|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=31 Agosti 1967}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Connie alizaliwa tarehe 31 Agosti 1967. Alifanya Mtihani wake wa Kumaliza Darasa la Msingi (PLE) mwaka 1981 katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gangama. Baadaye alipata Cheti cha Ualimu cha Daraja la III mwaka 1989 kutoka Chuo cha Ualimu cha Msingi cha Kabwangasi na Cheti cha Elimu ya Juu cha Uganda (UACE) mwaka 1992 kutoka Mbale Hall. Pia ana Stashahada ya Elimu ya Sekondari kutoka Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Walimu, Nagongera (1995). Mnamo 2001, Connie alipewa Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu nchini Uganda. Hii ilifuatiwa na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Usimamizi wa Elimu mwaka wa 2008 kutoka Chuo Kikuu hicho hicho. ==Maisha binafsi== Connie Galiwango ni mjane wa marehemu mwanadiplomasia Hassan Wasswa Galiwango, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi Mkuu wa Uganda nchini Kenya na Shelisheli, na Mkurugenzi wa Fedha na Utawala wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM). Alifariki Januari 2023 kutokana na ugonjwa wa moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Parliament mourns ambassador Galiwango|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/parliament-mourns-ambassador-galiwango-NV_151740_052026|work=New Vision|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref> Walioana kwa zaidi ya miaka 25 na walikuwa na watoto watatu pamoja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galiwango’s legacy in politics, business|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/galiwango-s-legacy-in-politics-business--4088728|work=Monitor|date=2023-01-17|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NRM PARTY SECRETARY GENERAL TODWONG ,WIDOW CONNIE NAKAYENZE PAY TRIBUTE TO FALLEN UGANDA’S HIGH COMMISSIONER TO KENYA DR. GALIWANGO - Uganda Update News|url=https://ugandaupdatenews.com/nrm-party-secretary-general-todwong-widow-connie-nakayenze-pay-tribute-to-fallen-ugandas-envoy-to-kenya-dr-galiwango/|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Kazi== [[File:Connie Galiwango.jpg|thumb|Connie Galiwango]]Connie alikuwa mwalimu katika Shule ya Msingi ya Nabuyonga kati ya 1989 na 1993 kabla ya kuhudumu kama mwalimu katika Shule ya Upili ya Mbale S.S (1995–2003) na Shule ya Upili ya Mbale (2003–2011). Kati ya 2011 na 2016, alijiunga na Bunge la Uganda kama mbunge. Connie pia alipigiwa kura kwa bunge la kumi na moja la Uganda wakati wa uchaguzi wa Januari 2021 nchini Uganda. Katika Bunge la kumi la Uganda, anahudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Elimu na Michezo. Zaidi ya hayo, anahudumu kama mjumbe wa Kamati ya VVU/UKIMWI na Magonjwa Yanayohusiana na hayo na pia mjumbe wa Kamati ya Biashara. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Uganda]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uganda]] 4py4r1xunmqv6uivle8bqnfeax6bj23 1545119 1545111 2026-05-17T12:57:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1545119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze|picha=Nakayenze Connie Galiwango.jpg|uraia=Uganda|kazi yake=Mwanasiasa na Mwalimu|chama=National Resistance Movement (NRM)|tarehe ya kuzaliwa=31 Agosti 1967}}'''Connie Galiwango Nakayenze''' (alizaliwa 31 Agosti 1967) ni mwanasiasa wa Uganda na mwakilishi wa wanawake wa wilaya ya Mbale katika Bunge la Uganda la 11.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=335|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Nakayenze Galiwango Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-nakayenze-galiwango/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Connie Galiwango Nakayenze Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/connie-galiwango-nakayenze/|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Connie pia alitumikia kama Mbunge katika Bunge la tisa la Uganda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-09-13|title=“My Life is Under Threat” – MP Nzoghu Tells Parliament - SoftPower News|url=https://softpower.ug/my-life-is-under-threat-mp-nzoghu-tells-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EveryPolitician: Uganda - Parliament - 9th Parliament|url=https://everypolitician.org/uganda/parliament/term-table/9.html|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=EveryPolitician}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2013-06-07|title=Members of 9th Parliament|url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa chama cha serikali cha ''National Resistance Movement''. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Wanyoto handed NRM flag for Mbale City, Galiwango to contest as Independent|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/wanyoto-handed-nrm-flag-for-mbale-city-galiwango-to-contest-as-independent--2460706|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Connie alizaliwa tarehe 31 Agosti 1967. Alifanya Mtihani wake wa Kumaliza Darasa la Msingi (PLE) mwaka 1981 katika Shule ya Msingi ya Gangama. Baadaye alipata Cheti cha Ualimu cha Daraja la III mwaka 1989 kutoka Chuo cha Ualimu cha Msingi cha Kabwangasi na Cheti cha Elimu ya Juu cha Uganda (UACE) mwaka 1992 kutoka Mbale Hall. Pia ana Stashahada ya Elimu ya Sekondari kutoka Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Walimu, Nagongera (1995). Mnamo 2001, Connie alipewa Shahada ya Sanaa katika Sayansi ya Jamii kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kiislamu nchini Uganda. Hii ilifuatiwa na Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa katika Usimamizi wa Elimu mwaka wa 2008 kutoka Chuo Kikuu hicho hicho. ==Maisha binafsi== Connie Galiwango ni mjane wa marehemu mwanadiplomasia Hassan Wasswa Galiwango, ambaye aliwahi kuwa Balozi Mkuu wa Uganda nchini Kenya na Shelisheli, na Mkurugenzi wa Fedha na Utawala wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM). Alifariki Januari 2023 kutokana na ugonjwa wa moyo kushindwa kufanya kazi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News: Parliament mourns ambassador Galiwango|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/parliament-mourns-ambassador-galiwango-NV_151740_052026|work=New Vision|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|author=NewVision Reporter}}</ref> Walioana kwa zaidi ya miaka 25 na walikuwa na watoto watatu pamoja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Galiwango’s legacy in politics, business|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/galiwango-s-legacy-in-politics-business--4088728|work=Monitor|date=2023-01-17|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NRM PARTY SECRETARY GENERAL TODWONG ,WIDOW CONNIE NAKAYENZE PAY TRIBUTE TO FALLEN UGANDA’S HIGH COMMISSIONER TO KENYA DR. GALIWANGO - Uganda Update News|url=https://ugandaupdatenews.com/nrm-party-secretary-general-todwong-widow-connie-nakayenze-pay-tribute-to-fallen-ugandas-envoy-to-kenya-dr-galiwango/|date=2023-01-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Kazi== [[File:Connie Galiwango.jpg|thumb|Connie Galiwango]]Connie alikuwa mwalimu katika Shule ya Msingi ya Nabuyonga kati ya 1989 na 1993 kabla ya kuhudumu kama mwalimu katika Shule ya Upili ya Mbale S.S (1995–2003) na Shule ya Upili ya Mbale (2003–2011). Kati ya 2011 na 2016, alijiunga na Bunge la Uganda kama mbunge. Connie pia alipigiwa kura kwa bunge la kumi na moja la Uganda wakati wa uchaguzi wa Januari 2021 nchini Uganda. Katika Bunge la kumi la Uganda, anahudumu kama Mwenyekiti wa Kamati ya Elimu na Michezo. Zaidi ya hayo, anahudumu kama mjumbe wa Kamati ya VVU/UKIMWI na Magonjwa Yanayohusiana na hayo na pia mjumbe wa Kamati ya Biashara. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uganda]] ek8o6kkj2b0wu0i20v8348u4ia7mb7n 0 236091 1545038 2026-05-17T12:01:43Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lucie Delarue-Mardrus''' (alizaliwa 3 Novemba 1874 mjini [[Honfleur]] – alifariki 26 Aprili 1945 mjini [[Château-Gontier]]) alikuwa mwandishi wa habari, mshairi, mwandishi wa riwaya, mchongaji sanamu ([[sculptor]]), mwanahistoria, na mbunifu kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alikuwa mwandishi mwenye tija kubwa sana, ambaye alitengeneza zaidi ya vitabu 70 katika maisha yake. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1874|1945}} Jamii:Waandishi wa Uf...' 1545038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucie Delarue-Mardrus''' (alizaliwa 3 Novemba 1874 mjini [[Honfleur]] – alifariki 26 Aprili 1945 mjini [[Château-Gontier]]) alikuwa mwandishi wa habari, mshairi, mwandishi wa riwaya, mchongaji sanamu ([[sculptor]]), mwanahistoria, na mbunifu kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alikuwa mwandishi mwenye tija kubwa sana, ambaye alitengeneza zaidi ya vitabu 70 katika maisha yake. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1874|1945}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] jwq92pq8kqq7expsy21vn90zgztj8lv 1545118 1545038 2026-05-17T12:56:52Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucie Delarue-Mardrus''' (3 Novemba 1874 mjini [[Honfleur]] – 26 Aprili 1945 mjini [[Château-Gontier]]) alikuwa mwandishi wa habari, mshairi, mwandishi wa riwaya, mchongaji sanamu, mwanahistoria, na mbunifu kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alikuwa mwandishi mwenye tija kubwa sana, ambaye alitengeneza zaidi ya vitabu 70 katika maisha yake. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1874|1945}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wachongaji wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 6mth976ck809tvfayu21xvlxnqdj1iz 0 236092 1545040 2026-05-17T12:04:41Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Madeleine Delbrêl''' (alizaliwa 24 Oktoba 1904 – alifariki 13 Oktoba 1964) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi, na mtafuta mambo ya kiroho (mystic) wa Kikatoliki nchini Ufaransa]].<ref name="vatican">{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2018-01/madeleine-delbrel-venerable-pope-francis.html |title=Madeleine Delbrêl declared Venerable by Pope Francis |work=Vatican News |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alirejea katika imani ya...' 1545040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madeleine Delbrêl''' (alizaliwa 24 Oktoba 1904 – alifariki 13 Oktoba 1964) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi, na mtafuta mambo ya kiroho (mystic) wa Kikatoliki nchini Ufaransa]].<ref name="vatican">{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2018-01/madeleine-delbrel-venerable-pope-francis.html |title=Madeleine Delbrêl declared Venerable by Pope Francis |work=Vatican News |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alirejea katika imani ya [[Catholic Church|Kikatoliki]] baada ya maisha yake ya ujana aliyoyaishi kama asiyeamini uwepo wa Mungu (atheist).<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Delbr%C3%Aal |title=Madeleine Delbrêl katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1904|1964}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 4k5k4hkc6n0w0pqo2wgnoq72pqm8t9f 1545120 1545040 2026-05-17T13:00:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545120 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madeleine Delbrêl''' (24 Oktoba 1904 – 13 Oktoba 1964) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi, na mzingatia [[maisha ya kiroho]] ya Kikatoliki nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="vatican">{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2018-01/madeleine-delbrel-venerable-pope-francis.html |title=Madeleine Delbrêl declared Venerable by Pope Francis |work=Vatican News |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alirejea katika [[imani]] ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] baada ya maisha yake ya ujana aliyoyaishi kama [[Ukanamungu|asiyeamini uwepo wa Mungu]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1904|1964}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 13m9pojs35rjw6tmvgtgy165dn2ru00 1545122 1545120 2026-05-17T13:02:57Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545122 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Madeleine_Delbrêl.jpg|thumb|Picha yake ya miaka ya 1930.]] '''Madeleine Delbrêl''' (24 Oktoba 1904 – 13 Oktoba 1964) alikuwa mwandishi, mshairi, na mzingatia [[maisha ya kiroho]] ya Kikatoliki nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alirejea katika [[imani]] ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] baada ya maisha yake ya ujana aliyoyaishi kama [[Ukanamungu|asiyeamini uwepo wa Mungu]]. [[Papa Fransisko]] alimtangaza [[mstahili heshima]] mwaka [[2018]] <ref name="vatican">{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/church/news/2018-01/madeleine-delbrel-venerable-pope-francis.html |title=Madeleine Delbrêl declared Venerable by Pope Francis |work=Vatican News |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1904|1964}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 2k4gkzdn4ai83zbszeomt7qy9i6abt1 0 236093 1545045 2026-05-17T12:10:26Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ovida Delect''' (alizaliwa 24 Aprili 1926 – alifariki 9 Oktoba 1996) alikuwa mshairi, mwanachama wa Wakomunisti, mwanasiasa, na mwanachama wa Harakati za Ukombozi za Ufaransa]] wakati wa Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]]. Pia alikuwa mwanamke aliyebadili jinsia ([[trans woman]]) na aliandika tawasifu (autobiography) ya juzuu mbili kuhusu maisha yake, ambapo alibainisha mambo yanayoshabihiana kati ya uzoefu wake na ule wa [[Christine Jorgensen]]. Delect...' 1545045 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ovida Delect''' (alizaliwa 24 Aprili 1926 – alifariki 9 Oktoba 1996) alikuwa mshairi, mwanachama wa Wakomunisti, mwanasiasa, na mwanachama wa Harakati za Ukombozi za Ufaransa]] wakati wa Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]]. Pia alikuwa mwanamke aliyebadili jinsia ([[trans woman]]) na aliandika tawasifu (autobiography) ya juzuu mbili kuhusu maisha yake, ambapo alibainisha mambo yanayoshabihiana kati ya uzoefu wake na ule wa [[Christine Jorgensen]]. Delect alishiriki kama mwigizaji mkuu katika filamu ya makala (documentary), ambayo ilileta uzoefu wa wanawake waliobadili jinsia katika mtazamo mpana wa wanawake katika tasnia ya filamu ya Ufaransa. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1926|1996}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] e8mvtrhv4yzm2maft2k1zwqa68scqdh 1545124 1545045 2026-05-17T13:04:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545124 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ovida Delect''' (24 Aprili 1926 – 9 Oktoba 1996) alikuwa mshairi, mwanasiasa wa Ukomunisti, na mwanachama wa [[Harakati za Ukombozi za Ufaransa]] wakati wa [[Vita Vikuu vya Pili vya Dunia]]. Pia alikuwa mwanamke aliyebadili jinsia na aliandika tawasifu ya juzuu mbili kuhusu maisha yake, ambapo alibainisha mambo yanayoshabihiana kati ya uzoefu wake na ule wa [[Christine Jorgensen]]. Delect alishiriki kama mwigizaji mkuu katika filamu ya makala, ambayo ilileta uzoefu wa wanawake waliobadili jinsia katika mtazamo mpana wa wanawake katika tasnia ya filamu ya Ufaransa. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1926|1996}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] nqikgoskmm6qi9s1ow2sbvxpbo7hs1g 0 236094 1545051 2026-05-17T12:14:29Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545051 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sassi Lamouri''' (1940 – 25 Machi 2023) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=447JDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1993-94|last=Hunter|first=B.|date=2016-12-23|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-27122-7|language=en}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Masuala ya Kidini katika serikali ya Belaid Abdessalam mwaka 1992. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] alhi78abrfnryze4st6orzfve9op0lp 1545292 1545051 2026-05-17T20:19:42Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545292 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sassi Lamouri''' (1940 – 25 Machi 2023) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=447JDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1993-94|last=Hunter|first=B.|date=2016-12-23|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-27122-7|language=en}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Masuala ya Kidini katika serikali ya Belaid Abdessalam mwaka 1992. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] pk3pgdizz76dq3t6l0o6qm13uvsjmjv 0 236095 1545063 2026-05-17T12:23:22Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545063 wikitext text/x-wiki Mohamed Laichoubi alikuwa Waziri wa Kazi na Masuala ya Kijamii wa Algeria katika serikali ya Mokdad Sifi mwaka 1995. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bmn0nwkpaonc2d4g6jl0o01918vdk8g 0 236096 1545068 2026-05-17T12:25:58Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Henriette Dibon''', anayejulikana pia kama '''Farfantello''', (1902–1989) alikuwa mshairi na mwandishi wa hadithi fupi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Akiwa mwanachama wa chama cha fasihi cha [[Félibrige]], aliandika kazi zake kwa lugha ya [[Provençal dialect|Kiprovençal]] na Kifaransa. Alishinda tuzo tatu za fasihi kutoka kwa taasisi ya [[Académie française]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1902|1989}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]]...' 1545068 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henriette Dibon''', anayejulikana pia kama '''Farfantello''', (1902–1989) alikuwa mshairi na mwandishi wa hadithi fupi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Akiwa mwanachama wa chama cha fasihi cha [[Félibrige]], aliandika kazi zake kwa lugha ya [[Provençal dialect|Kiprovençal]] na Kifaransa. Alishinda tuzo tatu za fasihi kutoka kwa taasisi ya [[Académie française]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1902|1989}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1902]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1989]] nelyod5w27ff5wl62exryhaalu8rwwu 0 236097 1545074 2026-05-17T12:29:02Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Renée Dunan''' (1892–1936) alikuwa mwandishi, mkosoaji wa fasihi, na mshairi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12111306n |title=Renée Dunan (1892-1936) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Aliandika kazi zake kwa kutumia majina mengi ya kalamu (pseudonyms) yaliyowekwa kwenye mabano katika orodha ya kazi zake.<ref name="e...' 1545074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Renée Dunan''' (1892–1936) alikuwa mwandishi, mkosoaji wa fasihi, na mshairi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12111306n |title=Renée Dunan (1892-1936) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Aliandika kazi zake kwa kutumia majina mengi ya kalamu (pseudonyms) yaliyowekwa kwenye mabano katika orodha ya kazi zake.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renée_Dunan |title=Renée Dunan katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1892|1936}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 685dj48f9jedawq1cysve2s3asht7cd 0 236098 1545079 2026-05-17T12:31:48Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Micheline Andree Dupray''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Legros'''; 12 Machi 1927 – 17 Mei 2019) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12015505p |title=Micheline Dupray (1927-2019) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alijulikana sana kwa kazi zake za ushairi na pia kwa kuandika wasifu wa kina wa mshairi mashuhuri wa Uf...' 1545079 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Micheline Andree Dupray''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Legros'''; 12 Machi 1927 – 17 Mei 2019) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12015505p |title=Micheline Dupray (1927-2019) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alijulikana sana kwa kazi zake za ushairi na pia kwa kuandika wasifu wa kina wa mshairi mashuhuri wa Ufaransa, [[Sully Prudhomme]].<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micheline_Dupray |title=Micheline Dupray katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1927|2019}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] st179711py4iewpe5pkncoab9c1mumd 0 236099 1545081 2026-05-17T12:32:54Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545081 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lamine Abderrahman''' Khene (6 Machi 1931 – 14 Desemba 2020) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa utaifa na afisa wa kijeshi wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Décès de Lamine Khène, ancien ministre et membre du GPRA|url=https://twala.info/fr/fil-actualite/deces-de-lamine-khene-ancien-ministre-et-membre-du-gpra/|work=Twala|date=2020-12-14|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=fr-FR|author=Twala}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] n7l317m4p4g3v8k28s2xepyjg31rsne 1545238 1545081 2026-05-17T17:53:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545238 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lamine Abderrahman''' Khene (6 Machi 1931 – 14 Desemba 2020) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa utaifa na afisa wa kijeshi wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Décès de Lamine Khène, ancien ministre et membre du GPRA|url=https://twala.info/fr/fil-actualite/deces-de-lamine-khene-ancien-ministre-et-membre-du-gpra/|work=Twala|date=2020-12-14|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=fr-FR|author=Twala}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] 3lc7odlmmopf7mpkyldhebbou4k4311 0 236100 1545090 2026-05-17T12:37:20Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdelkader Khamri''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Vijana na Michezo katika serikali ya Belaid Abdessalam mwaka 1992.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=447JDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1993-94|last=Hunter|first=B.|date=2016-12-23|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-27122-7|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7f1sni3vik0uw5v43wrdbb5qfktnv9l 0 236101 1545098 2026-05-17T12:43:03Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545098 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdenour Keramane''' alikuwa Waziri wa Viwanda na Madini wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] katika serikali ya Belaid Abdessalam mwaka 1992.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=447JDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1993-94|last=Hunter|first=B.|date=2016-12-23|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-27122-7|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Algeria]] m6s8zxnvx723jwotauegprcrvpjafx1 0 236102 1545100 2026-05-17T12:43:46Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marie Étienne''' ni mshairi na mwandishi wa riwaya kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Mnamo mwaka 2009, kitabu chake cha ''Roi des cent cavaliers'' (kilichochapishwa nchini Ufaransa mnamo 2002) na sasa kimetafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza kama ''King of a Hundred Horsemen'' kilishinda tuzo ya [[PEN Award for Poetry in Translation]].<ref name="pen.org"> [http://www.pen.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/3536/prmID/1865 Marilyn Hacker: King of a Hundred Horsemen received the PEN...' 1545100 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie Étienne''' ni mshairi na mwandishi wa riwaya kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Mnamo mwaka 2009, kitabu chake cha ''Roi des cent cavaliers'' (kilichochapishwa nchini Ufaransa mnamo 2002) na sasa kimetafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza kama ''King of a Hundred Horsemen'' kilishinda tuzo ya [[PEN Award for Poetry in Translation]].<ref name="pen.org"> [http://www.pen.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/3536/prmID/1865 Marilyn Hacker: King of a Hundred Horsemen received the PEN Award for Poetry in Translation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629212740/http://www.pen.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/3536/prmID/1865 |date=2009-06-29 }}</ref><ref>Hacker also won the first Robert Fagles Translation Prize from the [[National Poetry Series]] for her work as translator</ref> Étienne ni mwandishi wa vitabu kumi na kimoja vya mashairi na vitabu tisa vya nathari (prose), ambavyo mtafsiri wake [[Marilyn Hacker]] anasema "vinaweza kuwekwa katika makundi mbalimbali kama hadithi za kubuni, tawasifu, na historia ya kitamaduni, huku vingine vikiwa na mchanganyiko wa sifa zote tatu".<ref name="pen.org"/><ref>John C. Stout L' Énigme-Poésie: Entretiens Avec 21 Poètes Françaises - Page 99 - 2010 "Dès son premier livre, La Longe (1979) s'annoncent les aspects clé de l'écriture de Marie Étienne : d'abord, le besoin de ... En 2002, elle a publié Roi des cent cavaliers et, en 2006, Dormans (tous les deux parus aux éditions Flammarion)."</ref><ref>Action poétique 2002- Numéros 166 à 169 - Page 161 "La Chronique de [[Claude Adelen]] ''C'est l'amour même qui la menace'' Marie Étienne, Roi des cent cavaliers, Flammarion ''Un livre est quelqu'un. Ne vous y fiez pas. Prenez garde à ces lignes noires sur du papier blanc; ce sont des forces''</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1940||Étienne, Marie}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] n1nk2jrz3l6tnv6ni3vjygtoi5tqden 0 236103 1545103 2026-05-17T12:46:57Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Claude Ferval''' (1856{{snd}}1943) alikuwa mwandishi wa riwaya, mwandishi wa wasifu, na mshairi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Claude Ferval lilikuwa jina la kalamu lililotumiwa na Baroness '''Marguerite Aimery Harty de Pierrebourg''', jina la kuzaliwa likiwa Thomas-Galline.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Claude FERVAL {{!}} Académie française |url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/claude-ferval |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=www.academie-francaise.fr...' 1545103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Claude Ferval''' (1856{{snd}}1943) alikuwa mwandishi wa riwaya, mwandishi wa wasifu, na mshairi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Claude Ferval lilikuwa jina la kalamu lililotumiwa na Baroness '''Marguerite Aimery Harty de Pierrebourg''', jina la kuzaliwa likiwa Thomas-Galline.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Claude FERVAL {{!}} Académie française |url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/claude-ferval |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=www.academie-francaise.fr}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1856|1943}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1856]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1943]] ttfm30q8mhgyqowg7utyhw1zjxfe90u 1545105 1545103 2026-05-17T12:47:54Z Egipa 87700 1545105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Claude Ferval''' (1856 - 1943) alikuwa mwandishi wa riwaya, mwandishi wa wasifu, na mshairi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Claude Ferval lilikuwa jina la kalamu lililotumiwa na Baroness '''Marguerite Aimery Harty de Pierrebourg''', jina la kuzaliwa likiwa Thomas-Galline.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Claude FERVAL {{!}} Académie française |url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/claude-ferval |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=www.academie-francaise.fr}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1856|1943}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 91hg0kgqi1g2ldnxi8p61hnuyq2nlh5 0 236104 1545104 2026-05-17T12:47:29Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rabah Kebir''' ni kiongozi wa kisiasa wa Kiislamu wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa viongozi wa zamani wa chama cha Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), chama cha Kiislamu kilichoshinda uchaguzi nchini Algeria mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990. Kufutwa kwa FIS kwa amri ya kijeshi baada ya ushindi wake wa uchaguzi mwaka 1991–1992 kulichochea Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Algeria. Wafuasi wa FIS kupitia Jeshi la Uokovu wa Kiislamu (AIS) na makundi mengine walipambana na serikali iliyotawaliwa na jeshi. Wakati wa vita hivyo, Kebir alihamia uhamishoni nchini Ujerumani, ambapo aliendelea kuwa miongoni mwa viongozi wa kisiasa wa chama hicho.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Retour de Rabah Kebir après quatorze ans d'exil - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/-/retour-de-rabah-kebir-apres-quatorze-ans-dexil|work=https://www.humanite.fr|date=2006-09-21|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 5d9qy4dgc6hx0ljyaz5jbs9vgm969du 1545282 1545104 2026-05-17T20:03:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rabah Kebir''' ni kiongozi wa kisiasa wa Kiislamu wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa viongozi wa zamani wa chama cha Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), chama cha Kiislamu kilichoshinda uchaguzi nchini Algeria mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990. Kufutwa kwa FIS kwa amri ya kijeshi baada ya ushindi wake wa uchaguzi mwaka 1991–1992 kulichochea Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Algeria. Wafuasi wa FIS kupitia Jeshi la Uokovu wa Kiislamu (AIS) na makundi mengine walipambana na serikali iliyotawaliwa na jeshi. Wakati wa vita hivyo, Kebir alihamia uhamishoni nchini Ujerumani, ambapo aliendelea kuwa miongoni mwa viongozi wa kisiasa wa chama hicho.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Retour de Rabah Kebir après quatorze ans d'exil - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/-/retour-de-rabah-kebir-apres-quatorze-ans-dexil|work=https://www.humanite.fr|date=2006-09-21|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] l8xwc3fxh8r56js2oarelwowwx9mqon 0 236105 1545110 2026-05-17T12:51:37Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jeanne de Flandreysy''', jina la kuzaliwa '''Jeanne Mellier''' (11 Julai 1874 – 15 Mei 1959), alikuwa mwandishi na mkosoaji wa fasihi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12013444x |title=Jeanne de Flandreysy (1874-1959) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mwandishi wa vitabu vingi vinavyohusu eneo la [[Provence]], n...' 1545110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jeanne de Flandreysy''', jina la kuzaliwa '''Jeanne Mellier''' (11 Julai 1874 – 15 Mei 1959), alikuwa mwandishi na mkosoaji wa fasihi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12013444x |title=Jeanne de Flandreysy (1874-1959) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mwandishi wa vitabu vingi vinavyohusu eneo la [[Provence]], na alihimiza pamoja na kuendeleza mabadilishano ya kitamaduni kati ya Ufaransa na Italia. Alijulikana pia kwa jitihada zake za kuhifadhi urithi wa utamaduni wa Provence kupitia ununuzi na ukarabati wa jumba la kihistoria la Palais du Roure huko Avignon.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_de_Flandreysy |title=Jeanne de Flandreysy katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1874|1959}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 5ftdzz2milj2f1ijqc1daxkjffyfghy 0 236106 1545113 2026-05-17T12:52:57Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545113 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brahim Djamel Kassali''' (amezaliwa 11 Novemba 1954) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brahim Djamel Kassali, President, Algerian Union of Insurance and Reinsurance Companies (UAR): Interview: Interview - Africa 2015 - Oxford Business Group|url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/articles-interviews/generating-assurance-obg-talks-to-brahim-djamel-kassali-president-algerian-union-of-insurance-and-reinsurance-companies-uar-interview|date=2016-01-20|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=O. B. G. Admin}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Fedha wa Algeria kuanzia 14 Juni 2022 hadi 16 Machi 2023. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 8ax6nmce5am86aks6bcjivoyhp9jd40 0 236107 1545117 2026-05-17T12:56:46Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Brigitte Fontaine''' (alizaliwa 24 Juni 1939) ni mwimbaji kutoka nchini Ufaransa anajulikana kwa muziki wa mtindo wa mbele (avant-garde).<ref>Gordons, Kim. "Music Avant-Garde—Brigitte Fontaine" ''Interview'' 1 October 2001</ref><ref>Price, Simon. "Only Connect: The spirit of Serge is alive and smoking" 29 October 2006, ''The Independent''.</ref> Amekuwa akitumia mitindo mingi ya muziki isiyo ya kawaida, akichanganya muziki wa roki, wa kiasili, jazi, k...' 1545117 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brigitte Fontaine''' (alizaliwa 24 Juni 1939) ni mwimbaji kutoka nchini Ufaransa anajulikana kwa muziki wa mtindo wa mbele (avant-garde).<ref>Gordons, Kim. "Music Avant-Garde—Brigitte Fontaine" ''Interview'' 1 October 2001</ref><ref>Price, Simon. "Only Connect: The spirit of Serge is alive and smoking" 29 October 2006, ''The Independent''.</ref> Amekuwa akitumia mitindo mingi ya muziki isiyo ya kawaida, akichanganya muziki wa roki, wa kiasili, jazi, kielektroniki, ushairi wa kutamka, na muziki wa tamaduni mbalimbali duniani. Ameshirikiana na wasanii na vikundi mashuhuri kama vile [[Stereolab]], [[Michel Colombier]], [[Jean-Claude Vannier]], [[Areski Belkacem]], [[Gotan Project]], [[Sonic Youth]], [[Antoine Duhamel]], [[Grace Jones]], [[Noir Désir]], [[Archie Shepp]], [[Arno (singer)|Arno]], na [[The Art Ensemble of Chicago]]. Mbali na muziki, yeye pia ni mwandishi wa riwaya, michezo ya kuigiza, mashairi, na ni muigizaji wa filamu. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1939||Fontaine, Brigitte}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0fs7wcq1f6k2t68acl1groztazqzds4 1545128 1545117 2026-05-17T13:10:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545128 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brigitte Fontaine''' (alizaliwa 24 Juni 1939) ni mwimbaji kutoka nchini Ufaransa anajulikana kwa muziki wa mtindo wa mbele (avant-garde).<ref>Gordons, Kim. "Music Avant-Garde—Brigitte Fontaine" ''Interview'' 1 October 2001</ref><ref>Price, Simon. "Only Connect: The spirit of Serge is alive and smoking" 29 October 2006, ''The Independent''.</ref> Amekuwa akitumia mitindo mingi ya muziki isiyo ya kawaida, akichanganya muziki wa roki, wa kiasili, jazi, kielektroniki, ushairi wa kutamka, na muziki wa tamaduni mbalimbali duniani. Ameshirikiana na wasanii na vikundi mashuhuri kama vile [[Stereolab]], [[Michel Colombier]], [[Jean-Claude Vannier]], [[Areski Belkacem]], [[Gotan Project]], [[Sonic Youth]], [[Antoine Duhamel]], [[Grace Jones]], [[Noir Désir]], [[Archie Shepp]], [[Arno (singer)|Arno]], na [[The Art Ensemble of Chicago]]. Mbali na muziki, yeye pia ni mwandishi wa riwaya, michezo ya kuigiza, mashairi, na mwigizaji wa filamu. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki-Ulaya}} {{BD|1939||Fontaine, Brigitte}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamuu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] a5cj1y5x46rezl9mgpw0lvucspiex9b 0 236108 1545121 2026-05-17T13:02:24Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Nas]] 1545121 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Nas]] q1gxcad8igc44emwwc1ouqailtfjk88 0 236109 1545123 2026-05-17T13:03:00Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yahia Kaidum''' alikuwa Waziri wa Afya na Idadi ya Watu wa [[Algeria]] katika serikali ya Mokdad Sifi mwaka 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yagub Eyyubov: Wasifu|url=https://boo.world/sw/database/profile/1145688/yagub-eyyubov-personality-type|work=Boo|date=2026-05-17|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=sw}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] oa3yykcl4e9gdhaetagf0xm0cqhhg9o 1545321 1545123 2026-05-17T21:22:47Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545321 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yahia Kaidum''' alikuwa Waziri wa Afya na Idadi ya Watu wa [[Algeria]] katika serikali ya Mokdad Sifi mwaka 1995.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yagub Eyyubov: Wasifu|url=https://boo.world/sw/database/profile/1145688/yagub-eyyubov-personality-type|work=Boo|date=2026-05-17|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=sw}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] podanjk0685b49ehmtp7d2dfo12u5ao 0 236110 1545125 2026-05-17T13:05:57Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elisaveta Ivanovna Dmitrieva'''; 31 Machi 1887 – 5 Desemba 1928), aliyefahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kalamu la '''Cherubina de Gabriak''' , alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Urusi]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cherubina-de-Gabriak |title=Cherubina de Gabriak |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mmoja wa washairi wa kike mashuhuri wa enzi ya dhahabu ya ushai...' 1545125 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elisaveta Ivanovna Dmitrieva'''; 31 Machi 1887 – 5 Desemba 1928), aliyefahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kalamu la '''Cherubina de Gabriak''' , alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Urusi]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cherubina-de-Gabriak |title=Cherubina de Gabriak |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mmoja wa washairi wa kike mashuhuri wa enzi ya dhahabu ya ushairi wa Kirusi (Silver Age) na alijulikana sana kwa ushirikiano wake wa kifasihi na mshairi Maximilian Voloshin.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisaveta_Ivanovna_Dmitrieva |title=Elisaveta Ivanovna Dmitrieva katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1887|1928|Dmitrieva, Elisaveta Ivanovna}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Urusi]] s3zbqq23ze6wmtr9fh2qju60ycgytv7 1545126 1545125 2026-05-17T13:07:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elisaveta Ivanovna Dmitrieva'''; 31 Machi 1887 – 5 Desemba 1928), aliyefahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kalamu la '''Cherubina de Gabriak''' , alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Urusi]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cherubina-de-Gabriak |title=Cherubina de Gabriak |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mmoja wa washairi wa kike mashuhuri wa enzi ya dhahabu ya ushairi wa Kirusi (Silver Age) na alijulikana sana kwa ushirikiano wake wa kifasihi na mshairi Maximilian Voloshin. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1887|1928|Dmitrieva, Elisaveta Ivanovna}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Urusi]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Urusi]] pdonmhdcy819mbnwb0o4ncxmfs3ryu1 0 236111 1545129 2026-05-17T13:13:59Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545129 wikitext text/x-wiki Ali Kafi (7 Oktoba 1928 – 16 Aprili 2013) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Baraza Kuu la Nchi (High Council of State) na Rais wa mpito wa Algeria kuanzia 1992 hadi 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ali Kafi: Politician who led Algeria following the 1992 coup|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ali-kafi-politician-who-led-algeria-following-the-1992-coup-8595478.html|work=The Independent|date=2013-04-29|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]] hi6pj3u8nevxf9g11hhgge8f7fvxla5 0 236112 1545130 2026-05-17T13:25:54Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem''' (6 Januari 1927 – 27 Agosti 1992) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]], mwanafalsafa, mwanahistoria na mwandishi wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Alijulikana kwa kujitokeza kama mtetezi mkubwa wa lugha ya Kiarabu, Uislamu na utaifa wa Algeria, na alisisitiza umuhimu wa utambulisho wa Kiarabu katika dunia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tizi Uzzu: Asarag ɣef tukkest tanɣermayt n Mouloud Kacem Nait Belkacem|url=https://www.aps.dz/tamazight-tal/culture/patrimoine/mm3afppa-tizi-uzzu-asarag-%C9%A3ef-tukkest-tan%C9%A3ermayt-n-mouloud-kacem-nait-belkacem|work=www.aps.dz|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=tamazight-tal}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1992]] fe98isb1keb815uvd6pi5v961c09i37 1545262 1545130 2026-05-17T18:46:30Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545262 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem''' (6 Januari 1927 – 27 Agosti 1992) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]], mwanafalsafa, mwanahistoria na mwandishi wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Alijulikana kwa kujitokeza kama mtetezi mkubwa wa lugha ya Kiarabu, Uislamu na utaifa wa Algeria, na alisisitiza umuhimu wa utambulisho wa Kiarabu katika dunia.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tizi Uzzu: Asarag ɣef tukkest tanɣermayt n Mouloud Kacem Nait Belkacem|url=https://www.aps.dz/tamazight-tal/culture/patrimoine/mm3afppa-tizi-uzzu-asarag-%C9%A3ef-tukkest-tan%C9%A3ermayt-n-mouloud-kacem-nait-belkacem|work=www.aps.dz|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=tamazight-tal}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1992]] qq6palaltvkww516zfg8bqua0cmlpl3 0 236113 1545131 2026-05-17T13:31:49Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Roger Troutman | picha = Roger Troutman.jpg | maelezo = Troutman mnamo mwaka 1981 |background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Roger Troutman | jina lingine = Roger | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1951|11|29}}<ref name="AllMusic"/> | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Hamilton, Ohio]], Marekani | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|1999|4|25|1951|11|29}}<ref name="AllM...' 1545131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Roger Troutman | picha = Roger Troutman.jpg | maelezo = Troutman mnamo mwaka 1981 |background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Roger Troutman | jina lingine = Roger | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1951|11|29}}<ref name="AllMusic"/> | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Hamilton, Ohio]], Marekani | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|1999|4|25|1951|11|29}}<ref name="AllMusic"/> | mahali alipofia = [[Dayton, Ohio]], Marekani | ala = * Sauti * talk box * gitaa * vinanda | aina ya muziki = * [[Funk]] | kazi yake = * Mwimbaji * mwanamuziki * mwandishi wa nyimbo * mtayarishaji wa rekodi | miaka ya kazi = 1975–1999 | studio = * [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] * [[Reprise Records|Reprise]] | mwanachama wa zamani wa = [[Zapp (bendi)|Zapp]] }} '''Roger Troutman'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Whitburn |first=Joel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZozAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Roger+Lynch+Troutman%22 |title=Joel Whitburn Presents Top R & B/Hip-Hop Singles, 1942-2004 |date=2004 |publisher=Record Research Incorporated |isbn=978-0-89820-160-4 |language=en}}</ref> (Novemba 29, 1951 – Aprili 25, 1999),<ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web|last1=Prato|first1=Greg |title=Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/roger-mn0000305501/biography|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> aliyefahamika pia kwa jina la kisanii kama '''Roger''', alikuwa mwimbaji, mwanamuziki, mwandishi wa nyimbo, na mtayarishaji wa rekodi kutoka nchini Marekani. Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa bendi ya [[Zapp (bendi)|Zapp]] ambayo ilikuwa mstari wa mbele kuongoza vuguvugu la muziki wa [[funk]] na kuathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa muziki wa [[West Coast hip-hop]] kutokana na wasanii wengi wa mtindo huo kutumia sampuli za muziki wake kwenye kazi zao. Troutman alikuwa maarufu kwa kutumia kifaa cha [[talk box]], ambacho huunganishwa kwenye chombo cha muziki (mara nyingi kinanda, lakini wakati mwingine gitaa) ili kubadilisha sauti ya uimbaji na kuifanya isikike kama ya kimitambo au roboti. Troutman alitumia talkbox maalum iliyotengenezwa kwa oda—aina ya [[Electro Harmonix]] "Golden Throat"—kupitia kinanda cha [[Moog Minimoog]] na baadaye katika kazi zake alitumia kinanda cha kielektroniki cha [[Yamaha DX100 (synthesizer)|Yamaha DX100]]. Akiwa kama kiongozi wa bendi ya Zapp na pia kupitia albamu zake za peke yake, alifanikiwa kupata nyimbo nyingi zilizovuma sana za miondoko ya funk na R&B katika miaka ya 1980, na alikuwa akishirikiana mara kwa mara na wasanii wa muziki wa [[Hip hop|hip-hop]] katika miaka ya 1990. == Maisha na kazi == === Kazi ya awali === Alizaliwa huko [[Hamilton, Ohio]], Troutman alikuwa mtoto wa nne kati ya watoto tisa wa familia yao. Alihitimu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Central State]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Ali|first=Derek|date=May 28, 1990|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=90844455|title=Zapp show taunts, teases, tantalizes|work=Dayton Daily News|page=16|accessdate=December 19, 2021}}</ref> na bendi yake ya kwanza ilitwa Crusaders; hata hivyo, bendi hii haipaswi kuchanganywa na kundi maarufu la muziki wa jazz lenye jina hilohilo lililowajumuisha [[Joe Sample]] na [[Wilton Felder]]. Bendi ya Troutman ilikuwa ikitumbuiza huko Cincinnati na walirekodi wimbo mmoja uliotwa "Busted Surfboard"/"Seminole". Wanachama wa bendi hiyo walikuwa Rick Schoeny, Roy Beck, Dave Spitzmiller, na Denny Niebold. Baadaye, Troutman alianzisha bendi nyingine mbalimbali akiwa na kaka zake wanne, zikiwemo "Lil" Roger and the Vels, na Roger and the Human Body. Mnamo mwaka 1977, yeye na bendi ya Human Body walitoa wimbo wao wa kwanza wa ulioitwa "Freedom". Ndani ya miaka miwili, Troutman na kaka zake waligunduliwa na nguli wa funk [[George Clinton (mwanamuziki)|George Clinton]], ambaye aliwasajili na kuwapa jina jipya la [[Zapp (bendi)|Zapp]] chini ya lebo yake ya Uncle Jam Records mnamo mwaka 1979.<ref name="AllMusic"/> Kikosi cha kwanza cha bendi hiyo kiliwajumuisha ndugu wa familia ya Troutman ambao ni Roger, [[Larry Troutman|Larry]], Lester, na Terry, wakishirikiana na Gregory Jackson pamoja na Bobby Glover. Bendi ya Zapp ilionekana kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye runinga kitaalamu kupitia tamasha la kwanza na la pekee la utoaji wa tuzo za muziki wa Funk (Funk Music Awards). Mwaka mmoja baadaye, baada ya lebo ya Uncle Jam Records kulazimika kufungwa, Troutman alisajiliwa na [[Bootsy Collins]] chini ya Rubber Band Music kwenda [[Warner Bros. Records]] na kutoa albamu yao ya kwanza iliyobeba jina la bendi 'Zapp'. Albamu hiyo ilizaa wimbo maarufu "[[More Bounce to the Ounce]]", ambao ulitayarishwa na Collins kwa ushirikiano na Troutman mwenyewe, ambaye pia aliuandika, kuutunga na kuimba.<ref name="AllMusic"/> Wimbo huo ulishika nafasi ya pili kwenye chati ya muziki ya ''[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Billboard Soul Singles]]'' mwishoni mwa mwaka 1980. Albamu hiyo ya kwanza ilifanikiwa kuingia kwenye orodha ya albamu 20 bora za chati ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]. Kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1985, bendi ya Zapp ilitoa albamu zilizofikia mauzo ya dhahabu ambazo ni ''[[Zapp (albamu)|Zapp]]'', ''[[Zapp II]]'', ''[[Zapp III]]'', na ''[[The New Zapp IV U]]''. Albamu hizi zilijumuisha nyimbo zilizoingia kwenye 10 bora za chati za R&B kama vile "Be Alright", "Dance Floor", "I Can Make You Dance", "Heartbreaker", "It Doesn't Really Matter", na "[[Computer Love (wimbo wa Zapp)|Computer Love]]". Katika historia nzima ya bendi ya Zapp, takriban mwanamuziki 15 walishiriki kwa nyakati tofauti. Mnamo mwaka 1993, Zapp walitoa albamu yao iliyouza zaidi katika historia yao: ''Zapp & Roger: All the Greatest Hits''. Albamu hii ilijumuisha matoleo yaliyochanganywa upya ya nyimbo za Roger akiwa peke yake pamoja na wimbo mpya wa "[[Slow and Easy]]" (uliowashirikisha waimbaji Shirley Murdock na Ronnie Diamond). Albamu hiyo iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni mbili. Albamu ya ''[[Zapp VI: Back by Popular Demand]]'' ilitolewa mnamo mwaka 2002 na kaka waliobaki baada ya vifo vya Roger na Larry. == Diskografia == === Albamu za studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Jina la Albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;"| Maelezo ! colspan="2"| Nafasi ya Juu Kwenye Chati |- ! scope="col" style=font-size:90%;" | [[Billboard 200|US]] ! scope="col" style=font-size:90%;" | [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US<br/>R&B]] |- ! scope="row"| ''[[The Many Facets of Roger]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1981 * Lebo: [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] | 26 || 1 |- ! scope="row"| ''[[The Saga Continues... (albamu ya Roger Troutman)|The Saga Continues...]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1984 * Lebo: Warner Bros. | 64 || 13 |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Unlimited!]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1987 * Lebo: [[Reprise Records|Reprise]] | 35 || 4 |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Bridging the Gap (albamu ya Roger Troutman)|Bridging the Gap]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1991 * Lebo: Reprise | — || 45 |} === Singo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina la Wimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:0.5em;"| Mwaka ! colspan="5" scope="col" | Nafasi ya Juu Kwenye Chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| <br/>Albamu<br/><br/> |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br><ref name="VF">{{cite web|title=Roger Top Songs / Chart Singles Discography |url=https://www.musicvf.com/Roger.art|website=Music VF|access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]<br><ref name="VF"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Dance/Electronic Singles Sales|US Dance]]<br><ref name="VF"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Adult Contemporary (chati)|US AC]]<br><ref name="VF"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br><ref name="British Hit Singles">{{cite book|last1=McAleer|first1=Dave|last2=Gregory|first2=Andy|last3=White|first3=Matthew|title=The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles, Volume 2|date=November 15, 2010|publisher=Random House|page=400|isbn=9780753522455}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "[[I Heard It Through the Grapevine]]" | 1981 | 79 || 1 || 25 || — || — |rowspan=2| ''The Many Facets of Roger'' |- !scope="row"| "Do It Roger" | 1982 | — || 24 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "In the Mix" |rowspan=2| 1984 | — || 10 || — || — || — |rowspan=3| ''The Saga Continues...'' |- !scope="row"| "[[In the Midnight Hour]]" | — || 34 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "Girl, Cut It Out" | 1985 | — || 79 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "[[Papa's Got a Brand New Bag]]" |rowspan=3| 1987 | — || 54 || — || — || — |rowspan=4| ''Unlimited!'' |- !scope="row"| "[[I Want to Be Your Man]]" | 3 || 1 || — || 22 || 61 |- !scope="row"| "If You're Serious" | — || 32 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "Thrill Seekers" | 1988 | — || 27 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "(Everybody) Get Up" |rowspan=2| 1991 | — || 19 || — || — || — |rowspan=3| ''Bridging the Gap'' |- !scope="row"| "You Should Be Mine" | — || 54 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "Take Me Back" | 1992 | — || 37 || — || — || — |} ==== Kushirikishwa kama msanii mwalikwa ==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina la Wimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:0.5em;"| Mwaka ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Nafasi kwenye Chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Tuzo za Mauzo (Certifications) ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br/>R&B]] |- !scope="row"| "Boom! There She Was"<br /><small>([[Scritti Politti]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1988 | 53 || 94 | | ''[[Provision (albamu)|Provision]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Put Your Lovin' Through the Test"<br /><small>([[Keith Sweat]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1994 | — || — | | ''[[Get Up on It]]'' |- !scope="row"| "[[California Love]]"<br /><small>([[2Pac]] wakishirikiana na [[Dr. Dre]] na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1995 | 1 || 1 | * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Platinamu 2×<ref>{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|title=California Love|id=13643-4153-1|access-date=November 28, 2025}}</ref> | ''[[All Eyez on Me]]'' |- !scope="row"| "It's Your Body"<br /><small>([[Johnny Gill]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1996 | 43 || 19 | | ''[[Let's Get the Mood Right]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Sweet Sexy Thing"<br /><small>([[Nu Flavor]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> |rowspan=2| 1997 | 62 || 93 | | ''Nu Flavor'' |- !scope="row"| "Down for Yours"<br /><small>([[Nastyboy Klick]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 69 || 58 | | ''[[The First Chapter (albamu ya Nastyboy Klick)|The First Chapter]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Raza Park"<br /><small>([[Latino Velvet]] wakishirikiana na Don Cisco, [[Frost (rapper)|Frost]] na Roger Troutman)</small> |rowspan=2| 1998 | — || — | | ''[[Latino Velvet Project]]'' |- !scope="row"| "All Night"<br /><small>([[N2Deep]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | — || — | | ''[[The Rumble (albamu ya N2Deep)|The Rumble]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Playaz Need No Love"<br /><small>([[Jacky Jasper|H-Bomb]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1998 | — || — | | ''Narcissism''<ref>{{Citation |title=H-Bomb - Narcissism |date=1998 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/4313720-H-Bomb-Narcissism?srsltid=AfmBOoqGMRMTF3Iy1nJwm0RKKwTgtFxDGKa0UmmI7OAMhsRl_1D8ZN7L |access-date=2025-04-20 |language=en}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Master of the Game"<br /><small>([[Kool Keith]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1999 | — || — | | ''[[Black Elvis/Lost in Space]]'' |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%"| "—" inamaanisha nyimbo ambazo hazikuingia kwenye chati. |} === Ushirikiano mwingine na michango ya nyimbo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:15em;"| Nyimbo zilizohusika ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Msanii Mkuu ! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Albamu |- !scope="row"| (nyimbo kadhaa) | 1988 | [[Shirley Murdock]] | ''[[A Woman's Point of View]]'' |- !scope="row"| (nyimbo kadhaa) | 1989 | Lynch | ''A Pinch of Lynch'' |- !scope="row"| "The Jones'" |rowspan=2| 1994 |rowspan=2| [[Ahmad (rapper)|Ahmad]] |rowspan=2| ''[[Ahmad (albamu)|Ahmad]]'' |- !scope="row"| "We Want the Funk" |- !scope="row"| "Scandalous" | 1995 | [[The Click (bendi)|The Click]] | ''[[Game Related]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Eternal E" | 1996 | [[Eazy-E]] | ''[[Str8 off tha Streetz of Muthaphukkin Compton]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Untouchable" | 1997 | [[Scarface (rapper)|Scarface]] | ''[[The Untouchable (albamu ya Scarface)|The Untouchable]]'' |- !scope="row"| "4 My Homiez" |rowspan=4| 1998 |rowspan=4| Vontel |rowspan=4| ''Vision of a Dream'' |- !scope="row"| "Keep It on the Real" |- !scope="row"| "Don't Nobody" |- !scope="row"| "Say Playa" |- !scope="row"| "Throw It Up" |rowspan=2| 1999 | [[Rappin' 4-Tay]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Tray Dee]] | ''Introduction to Mackin''' |- !scope="row"| "Diamonds and Pearls" | [[Frost (rapper)|Frost]], Cameosis | ''That Was Then, This Is Now Vol. 1'' |- !scope="row"| "Twisted" | 2001 | [[Tech N9ne]] | ''[[Anghellic]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Short Times" | 2003 | Da 5 Footaz | ''The Lost Scrolls'' |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{discogs artist}} * {{IMDb name}} * [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/23228/roger-troutman Roger Troutman] katika [[Find a Grave]] * [https://funkateerz.com/zapp/ Diskografia ya Kijapani] {{P-Funk}} {{Zapp}} {{BD|1951|1999l}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Troutman, Roger}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] sx5iyqocy0euh3vo8fae5yz1jkw88vp 1545132 1545131 2026-05-17T13:32:11Z Muddyb 379 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1545132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Roger Troutman | picha = Roger Troutman.jpg | maelezo = Troutman mnamo mwaka 1981 |background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Roger Troutman | jina lingine = Roger | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1951|11|29}}<ref name="AllMusic"/> | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Hamilton, Ohio]], Marekani | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|1999|4|25|1951|11|29}}<ref name="AllMusic"/> | mahali alipofia = [[Dayton, Ohio]], Marekani | ala = * Sauti * talk box * gitaa * vinanda | aina ya muziki = * [[Funk]] | kazi yake = * Mwimbaji * mwanamuziki * mwandishi wa nyimbo * mtayarishaji wa rekodi | miaka ya kazi = 1975–1999 | studio = * [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] * [[Reprise Records|Reprise]] | mwanachama wa zamani wa = [[Zapp (bendi)|Zapp]] }} '''Roger Troutman'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Whitburn |first=Joel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZozAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Roger+Lynch+Troutman%22 |title=Joel Whitburn Presents Top R & B/Hip-Hop Singles, 1942-2004 |date=2004 |publisher=Record Research Incorporated |isbn=978-0-89820-160-4 |language=en}}</ref> (Novemba 29, 1951 – Aprili 25, 1999),<ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web|last1=Prato|first1=Greg |title=Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/roger-mn0000305501/biography|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> aliyefahamika pia kwa jina la kisanii kama '''Roger''', alikuwa mwimbaji, mwanamuziki, mwandishi wa nyimbo, na mtayarishaji wa rekodi kutoka nchini Marekani. Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa bendi ya [[Zapp (bendi)|Zapp]] ambayo ilikuwa mstari wa mbele kuongoza vuguvugu la muziki wa [[funk]] na kuathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa muziki wa [[West Coast hip-hop]] kutokana na wasanii wengi wa mtindo huo kutumia sampuli za muziki wake kwenye kazi zao. Troutman alikuwa maarufu kwa kutumia kifaa cha [[talk box]], ambacho huunganishwa kwenye chombo cha muziki (mara nyingi kinanda, lakini wakati mwingine gitaa) ili kubadilisha sauti ya uimbaji na kuifanya isikike kama ya kimitambo au roboti. Troutman alitumia talkbox maalum iliyotengenezwa kwa oda—aina ya [[Electro Harmonix]] "Golden Throat"—kupitia kinanda cha [[Moog Minimoog]] na baadaye katika kazi zake alitumia kinanda cha kielektroniki cha [[Yamaha DX100 (synthesizer)|Yamaha DX100]]. Akiwa kama kiongozi wa bendi ya Zapp na pia kupitia albamu zake za peke yake, alifanikiwa kupata nyimbo nyingi zilizovuma sana za miondoko ya funk na R&B katika miaka ya 1980, na alikuwa akishirikiana mara kwa mara na wasanii wa muziki wa [[Hip hop|hip-hop]] katika miaka ya 1990. == Maisha na kazi == === Kazi ya awali === Alizaliwa huko [[Hamilton, Ohio]], Troutman alikuwa mtoto wa nne kati ya watoto tisa wa familia yao. Alihitimu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Central State]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Ali|first=Derek|date=May 28, 1990|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=90844455|title=Zapp show taunts, teases, tantalizes|work=Dayton Daily News|page=16|accessdate=December 19, 2021}}</ref> na bendi yake ya kwanza ilitwa Crusaders; hata hivyo, bendi hii haipaswi kuchanganywa na kundi maarufu la muziki wa jazz lenye jina hilohilo lililowajumuisha [[Joe Sample]] na [[Wilton Felder]]. Bendi ya Troutman ilikuwa ikitumbuiza huko Cincinnati na walirekodi wimbo mmoja uliotwa "Busted Surfboard"/"Seminole". Wanachama wa bendi hiyo walikuwa Rick Schoeny, Roy Beck, Dave Spitzmiller, na Denny Niebold. Baadaye, Troutman alianzisha bendi nyingine mbalimbali akiwa na kaka zake wanne, zikiwemo "Lil" Roger and the Vels, na Roger and the Human Body. Mnamo mwaka 1977, yeye na bendi ya Human Body walitoa wimbo wao wa kwanza wa ulioitwa "Freedom". Ndani ya miaka miwili, Troutman na kaka zake waligunduliwa na nguli wa funk [[George Clinton (mwanamuziki)|George Clinton]], ambaye aliwasajili na kuwapa jina jipya la [[Zapp (bendi)|Zapp]] chini ya lebo yake ya Uncle Jam Records mnamo mwaka 1979.<ref name="AllMusic"/> Kikosi cha kwanza cha bendi hiyo kiliwajumuisha ndugu wa familia ya Troutman ambao ni Roger, [[Larry Troutman|Larry]], Lester, na Terry, wakishirikiana na Gregory Jackson pamoja na Bobby Glover. Bendi ya Zapp ilionekana kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye runinga kitaalamu kupitia tamasha la kwanza na la pekee la utoaji wa tuzo za muziki wa Funk (Funk Music Awards). Mwaka mmoja baadaye, baada ya lebo ya Uncle Jam Records kulazimika kufungwa, Troutman alisajiliwa na [[Bootsy Collins]] chini ya Rubber Band Music kwenda [[Warner Bros. Records]] na kutoa albamu yao ya kwanza iliyobeba jina la bendi 'Zapp'. Albamu hiyo ilizaa wimbo maarufu "[[More Bounce to the Ounce]]", ambao ulitayarishwa na Collins kwa ushirikiano na Troutman mwenyewe, ambaye pia aliuandika, kuutunga na kuimba.<ref name="AllMusic"/> Wimbo huo ulishika nafasi ya pili kwenye chati ya muziki ya ''[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Billboard Soul Singles]]'' mwishoni mwa mwaka 1980. Albamu hiyo ya kwanza ilifanikiwa kuingia kwenye orodha ya albamu 20 bora za chati ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]. Kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1985, bendi ya Zapp ilitoa albamu zilizofikia mauzo ya dhahabu ambazo ni ''[[Zapp (albamu)|Zapp]]'', ''[[Zapp II]]'', ''[[Zapp III]]'', na ''[[The New Zapp IV U]]''. Albamu hizi zilijumuisha nyimbo zilizoingia kwenye 10 bora za chati za R&B kama vile "Be Alright", "Dance Floor", "I Can Make You Dance", "Heartbreaker", "It Doesn't Really Matter", na "[[Computer Love (wimbo wa Zapp)|Computer Love]]". Katika historia nzima ya bendi ya Zapp, takriban mwanamuziki 15 walishiriki kwa nyakati tofauti. Mnamo mwaka 1993, Zapp walitoa albamu yao iliyouza zaidi katika historia yao: ''Zapp & Roger: All the Greatest Hits''. Albamu hii ilijumuisha matoleo yaliyochanganywa upya ya nyimbo za Roger akiwa peke yake pamoja na wimbo mpya wa "[[Slow and Easy]]" (uliowashirikisha waimbaji Shirley Murdock na Ronnie Diamond). Albamu hiyo iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni mbili. Albamu ya ''[[Zapp VI: Back by Popular Demand]]'' ilitolewa mnamo mwaka 2002 na kaka waliobaki baada ya vifo vya Roger na Larry. == Diskografia == === Albamu za studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Jina la Albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;"| Maelezo ! colspan="2"| Nafasi ya Juu Kwenye Chati |- ! scope="col" style=font-size:90%;" | [[Billboard 200|US]] ! scope="col" style=font-size:90%;" | [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US<br/>R&B]] |- ! scope="row"| ''[[The Many Facets of Roger]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1981 * Lebo: [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] | 26 || 1 |- ! scope="row"| ''[[The Saga Continues... (albamu ya Roger Troutman)|The Saga Continues...]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1984 * Lebo: Warner Bros. | 64 || 13 |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Unlimited!]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1987 * Lebo: [[Reprise Records|Reprise]] | 35 || 4 |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Bridging the Gap (albamu ya Roger Troutman)|Bridging the Gap]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1991 * Lebo: Reprise | — || 45 |} === Singo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina la Wimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:0.5em;"| Mwaka ! colspan="5" scope="col" | Nafasi ya Juu Kwenye Chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| <br/>Albamu<br/><br/> |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br><ref name="VF">{{cite web|title=Roger Top Songs / Chart Singles Discography |url=https://www.musicvf.com/Roger.art|website=Music VF|access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]<br><ref name="VF"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Dance/Electronic Singles Sales|US Dance]]<br><ref name="VF"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Adult Contemporary (chati)|US AC]]<br><ref name="VF"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br><ref name="British Hit Singles">{{cite book|last1=McAleer|first1=Dave|last2=Gregory|first2=Andy|last3=White|first3=Matthew|title=The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles, Volume 2|date=November 15, 2010|publisher=Random House|page=400|isbn=9780753522455}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "[[I Heard It Through the Grapevine]]" | 1981 | 79 || 1 || 25 || — || — |rowspan=2| ''The Many Facets of Roger'' |- !scope="row"| "Do It Roger" | 1982 | — || 24 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "In the Mix" |rowspan=2| 1984 | — || 10 || — || — || — |rowspan=3| ''The Saga Continues...'' |- !scope="row"| "[[In the Midnight Hour]]" | — || 34 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "Girl, Cut It Out" | 1985 | — || 79 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "[[Papa's Got a Brand New Bag]]" |rowspan=3| 1987 | — || 54 || — || — || — |rowspan=4| ''Unlimited!'' |- !scope="row"| "[[I Want to Be Your Man]]" | 3 || 1 || — || 22 || 61 |- !scope="row"| "If You're Serious" | — || 32 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "Thrill Seekers" | 1988 | — || 27 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "(Everybody) Get Up" |rowspan=2| 1991 | — || 19 || — || — || — |rowspan=3| ''Bridging the Gap'' |- !scope="row"| "You Should Be Mine" | — || 54 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "Take Me Back" | 1992 | — || 37 || — || — || — |} ==== Kushirikishwa kama msanii mwalikwa ==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina la Wimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:0.5em;"| Mwaka ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Nafasi kwenye Chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Tuzo za Mauzo (Certifications) ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br/>R&B]] |- !scope="row"| "Boom! There She Was"<br /><small>([[Scritti Politti]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1988 | 53 || 94 | | ''[[Provision (albamu)|Provision]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Put Your Lovin' Through the Test"<br /><small>([[Keith Sweat]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1994 | — || — | | ''[[Get Up on It]]'' |- !scope="row"| "[[California Love]]"<br /><small>([[2Pac]] wakishirikiana na [[Dr. Dre]] na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1995 | 1 || 1 | * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Platinamu 2×<ref>{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|title=California Love|id=13643-4153-1|access-date=November 28, 2025}}</ref> | ''[[All Eyez on Me]]'' |- !scope="row"| "It's Your Body"<br /><small>([[Johnny Gill]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1996 | 43 || 19 | | ''[[Let's Get the Mood Right]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Sweet Sexy Thing"<br /><small>([[Nu Flavor]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> |rowspan=2| 1997 | 62 || 93 | | ''Nu Flavor'' |- !scope="row"| "Down for Yours"<br /><small>([[Nastyboy Klick]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 69 || 58 | | ''[[The First Chapter (albamu ya Nastyboy Klick)|The First Chapter]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Raza Park"<br /><small>([[Latino Velvet]] wakishirikiana na Don Cisco, [[Frost (rapper)|Frost]] na Roger Troutman)</small> |rowspan=2| 1998 | — || — | | ''[[Latino Velvet Project]]'' |- !scope="row"| "All Night"<br /><small>([[N2Deep]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | — || — | | ''[[The Rumble (albamu ya N2Deep)|The Rumble]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Playaz Need No Love"<br /><small>([[Jacky Jasper|H-Bomb]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1998 | — || — | | ''Narcissism''<ref>{{Citation |title=H-Bomb - Narcissism |date=1998 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/4313720-H-Bomb-Narcissism?srsltid=AfmBOoqGMRMTF3Iy1nJwm0RKKwTgtFxDGKa0UmmI7OAMhsRl_1D8ZN7L |access-date=2025-04-20 |language=en}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Master of the Game"<br /><small>([[Kool Keith]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1999 | — || — | | ''[[Black Elvis/Lost in Space]]'' |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%"| "—" inamaanisha nyimbo ambazo hazikuingia kwenye chati. |} === Ushirikiano mwingine na michango ya nyimbo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:15em;"| Nyimbo zilizohusika ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Msanii Mkuu ! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Albamu |- !scope="row"| (nyimbo kadhaa) | 1988 | [[Shirley Murdock]] | ''[[A Woman's Point of View]]'' |- !scope="row"| (nyimbo kadhaa) | 1989 | Lynch | ''A Pinch of Lynch'' |- !scope="row"| "The Jones'" |rowspan=2| 1994 |rowspan=2| [[Ahmad (rapper)|Ahmad]] |rowspan=2| ''[[Ahmad (albamu)|Ahmad]]'' |- !scope="row"| "We Want the Funk" |- !scope="row"| "Scandalous" | 1995 | [[The Click (bendi)|The Click]] | ''[[Game Related]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Eternal E" | 1996 | [[Eazy-E]] | ''[[Str8 off tha Streetz of Muthaphukkin Compton]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Untouchable" | 1997 | [[Scarface (rapper)|Scarface]] | ''[[The Untouchable (albamu ya Scarface)|The Untouchable]]'' |- !scope="row"| "4 My Homiez" |rowspan=4| 1998 |rowspan=4| Vontel |rowspan=4| ''Vision of a Dream'' |- !scope="row"| "Keep It on the Real" |- !scope="row"| "Don't Nobody" |- !scope="row"| "Say Playa" |- !scope="row"| "Throw It Up" |rowspan=2| 1999 | [[Rappin' 4-Tay]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Tray Dee]] | ''Introduction to Mackin''' |- !scope="row"| "Diamonds and Pearls" | [[Frost (rapper)|Frost]], Cameosis | ''That Was Then, This Is Now Vol. 1'' |- !scope="row"| "Twisted" | 2001 | [[Tech N9ne]] | ''[[Anghellic]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Short Times" | 2003 | Da 5 Footaz | ''The Lost Scrolls'' |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{discogs artist}} * {{IMDb name}} * [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/23228/roger-troutman Roger Troutman] katika [[Find a Grave]] * [https://funkateerz.com/zapp/ Diskografia ya Kijapani] {{P-Funk}} {{Zapp}} {{BD|1951|1999}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Troutman, Roger}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] gtzxwpqnf4cal6r4b39j94bj3rrudsl 1545286 1545132 2026-05-17T20:10:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Roger Troutman | picha = Roger Troutman.jpg | maelezo = Troutman mnamo mwaka 1981 |background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Roger Troutman | jina lingine = Roger | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1951|11|29}}<ref name="AllMusic"/> | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Hamilton, Ohio]], Marekani | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|1999|4|25|1951|11|29}}<ref name="AllMusic"/> | mahali alipofia = [[Dayton, Ohio]], Marekani | ala = * Sauti * talk box * gitaa * vinanda | aina ya muziki = * [[Funk]] | kazi yake = * Mwimbaji * mwanamuziki * mwandishi wa nyimbo * mtayarishaji wa rekodi | miaka ya kazi = 1975–1999 | studio = * [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] * [[Reprise Records|Reprise]] | mwanachama wa zamani wa = [[Zapp (bendi)|Zapp]] }} '''Roger Troutman'''<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Whitburn |first=Joel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZozAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Roger+Lynch+Troutman%22 |title=Joel Whitburn Presents Top R & B/Hip-Hop Singles, 1942-2004 |date=2004 |publisher=Record Research Incorporated |isbn=978-0-89820-160-4 |language=en}}</ref> (Novemba 29, 1951 – Aprili 25, 1999),<ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web|last1=Prato|first1=Greg |title=Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/roger-mn0000305501/biography|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> aliyefahamika pia kwa jina la kisanii kama '''Roger''', alikuwa mwimbaji, mwanamuziki, mwandishi wa nyimbo, na mtayarishaji wa rekodi kutoka nchini Marekani. Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa bendi ya [[Zapp (bendi)|Zapp]] ambayo ilikuwa mstari wa mbele kuongoza vuguvugu la muziki wa [[funk]] na kuathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa muziki wa [[West Coast hip-hop]] kutokana na wasanii wengi wa mtindo huo kutumia sampuli za muziki wake kwenye kazi zao. Troutman alikuwa maarufu kwa kutumia kifaa cha [[talk box]], ambacho huunganishwa kwenye chombo cha muziki (mara nyingi kinanda, lakini wakati mwingine gitaa) ili kubadilisha sauti ya uimbaji na kuifanya isikike kama ya kimitambo au roboti. Troutman alitumia talkbox maalum iliyotengenezwa kwa oda—aina ya [[Electro Harmonix]] "Golden Throat"—kupitia kinanda cha [[Moog Minimoog]] na baadaye katika kazi zake alitumia kinanda cha kielektroniki cha [[Yamaha DX100 (synthesizer)|Yamaha DX100]]. Akiwa kama kiongozi wa bendi ya Zapp na pia kupitia albamu zake za peke yake, alifanikiwa kupata nyimbo nyingi zilizovuma sana za miondoko ya funk na R&B katika miaka ya 1980, na alikuwa akishirikiana mara kwa mara na wasanii wa muziki wa [[Hip hop|hip-hop]] katika miaka ya 1990. == Maisha na kazi == === Kazi ya awali === Alizaliwa huko [[Hamilton, Ohio]], Troutman alikuwa mtoto wa nne kati ya watoto tisa wa familia yao. Alihitimu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Central State]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Ali|first=Derek|date=May 28, 1990|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=90844455|title=Zapp show taunts, teases, tantalizes|work=Dayton Daily News|page=16|accessdate=December 19, 2021}}</ref> na bendi yake ya kwanza ilitwa Crusaders; hata hivyo, bendi hii haipaswi kuchanganywa na kundi maarufu la muziki wa jazz lenye jina hilohilo lililowajumuisha [[Joe Sample]] na [[Wilton Felder]]. Bendi ya Troutman ilikuwa ikitumbuiza huko Cincinnati na walirekodi wimbo mmoja uliotwa "Busted Surfboard"/"Seminole". Wanachama wa bendi hiyo walikuwa Rick Schoeny, Roy Beck, Dave Spitzmiller, na Denny Niebold. Baadaye, Troutman alianzisha bendi nyingine mbalimbali akiwa na kaka zake wanne, zikiwemo "Lil" Roger and the Vels, na Roger and the Human Body. Mnamo mwaka 1977, yeye na bendi ya Human Body walitoa wimbo wao wa kwanza wa ulioitwa "Freedom". Ndani ya miaka miwili, Troutman na kaka zake waligunduliwa na nguli wa funk [[George Clinton (mwanamuziki)|George Clinton]], ambaye aliwasajili na kuwapa jina jipya la [[Zapp (bendi)|Zapp]] chini ya lebo yake ya Uncle Jam Records mnamo mwaka 1979.<ref name="AllMusic"/> Kikosi cha kwanza cha bendi hiyo kiliwajumuisha ndugu wa familia ya Troutman ambao ni Roger, [[Larry Troutman|Larry]], Lester, na Terry, wakishirikiana na Gregory Jackson pamoja na Bobby Glover. Bendi ya Zapp ilionekana kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye runinga kitaalamu kupitia tamasha la kwanza na la pekee la utoaji wa tuzo za muziki wa Funk (Funk Music Awards). Mwaka mmoja baadaye, baada ya lebo ya Uncle Jam Records kulazimika kufungwa, Troutman alisajiliwa na [[Bootsy Collins]] chini ya Rubber Band Music kwenda [[Warner Bros. Records]] na kutoa albamu yao ya kwanza iliyobeba jina la bendi 'Zapp'. Albamu hiyo ilizaa wimbo maarufu "[[More Bounce to the Ounce]]", ambao ulitayarishwa na Collins kwa ushirikiano na Troutman mwenyewe, ambaye pia aliuandika, kuutunga na kuimba.<ref name="AllMusic"/> Wimbo huo ulishika nafasi ya pili kwenye chati ya muziki ya ''[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Billboard Soul Singles]]'' mwishoni mwa mwaka 1980. Albamu hiyo ya kwanza ilifanikiwa kuingia kwenye orodha ya albamu 20 bora za chati ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]. Kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1985, bendi ya Zapp ilitoa albamu zilizofikia mauzo ya dhahabu ambazo ni ''[[Zapp (albamu)|Zapp]]'', ''[[Zapp II]]'', ''[[Zapp III]]'', na ''[[The New Zapp IV U]]''. Albamu hizi zilijumuisha nyimbo zilizoingia kwenye 10 bora za chati za R&B kama vile "Be Alright", "Dance Floor", "I Can Make You Dance", "Heartbreaker", "It Doesn't Really Matter", na "[[Computer Love (wimbo wa Zapp)|Computer Love]]". Katika historia nzima ya bendi ya Zapp, takriban mwanamuziki 15 walishiriki kwa nyakati tofauti. Mnamo mwaka 1993, Zapp walitoa albamu yao iliyouza zaidi katika historia yao: ''Zapp & Roger: All the Greatest Hits''. Albamu hii ilijumuisha matoleo yaliyochanganywa upya ya nyimbo za Roger akiwa peke yake pamoja na wimbo mpya wa "[[Slow and Easy]]" (uliowashirikisha waimbaji Shirley Murdock na Ronnie Diamond). Albamu hiyo iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni mbili. Albamu ya ''[[Zapp VI: Back by Popular Demand]]'' ilitolewa mnamo mwaka 2002 na kaka waliobaki baada ya vifo vya Roger na Larry. == Diskografia == === Albamu za studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Jina la Albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;"| Maelezo ! colspan="2"| Nafasi ya Juu Kwenye Chati |- ! scope="col" style=font-size:90%;" | [[Billboard 200|US]] ! scope="col" style=font-size:90%;" | [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US<br/>R&B]] |- ! scope="row"| ''[[The Many Facets of Roger]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1981 * Lebo: [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] | 26 || 1 |- ! scope="row"| ''[[The Saga Continues... (albamu ya Roger Troutman)|The Saga Continues...]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1984 * Lebo: Warner Bros. | 64 || 13 |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Unlimited!]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1987 * Lebo: [[Reprise Records|Reprise]] | 35 || 4 |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Bridging the Gap (albamu ya Roger Troutman)|Bridging the Gap]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1991 * Lebo: Reprise | — || 45 |} === Singo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina la Wimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:0.5em;"| Mwaka ! colspan="5" scope="col" | Nafasi ya Juu Kwenye Chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| <br/>Albamu<br/><br/> |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br><ref name="VF">{{cite web|title=Roger Top Songs / Chart Singles Discography |url=https://www.musicvf.com/Roger.art|website=Music VF|access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]<br><ref name="VF"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Dance/Electronic Singles Sales|US Dance]]<br><ref name="VF"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Adult Contemporary (chati)|US AC]]<br><ref name="VF"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br><ref name="British Hit Singles">{{cite book|last1=McAleer|first1=Dave|last2=Gregory|first2=Andy|last3=White|first3=Matthew|title=The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles, Volume 2|date=November 15, 2010|publisher=Random House|page=400|isbn=9780753522455}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "[[I Heard It Through the Grapevine]]" | 1981 | 79 || 1 || 25 || — || — |rowspan=2| ''The Many Facets of Roger'' |- !scope="row"| "Do It Roger" | 1982 | — || 24 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "In the Mix" |rowspan=2| 1984 | — || 10 || — || — || — |rowspan=3| ''The Saga Continues...'' |- !scope="row"| "[[In the Midnight Hour]]" | — || 34 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "Girl, Cut It Out" | 1985 | — || 79 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "[[Papa's Got a Brand New Bag]]" |rowspan=3| 1987 | — || 54 || — || — || — |rowspan=4| ''Unlimited!'' |- !scope="row"| "[[I Want to Be Your Man]]" | 3 || 1 || — || 22 || 61 |- !scope="row"| "If You're Serious" | — || 32 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "Thrill Seekers" | 1988 | — || 27 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "(Everybody) Get Up" |rowspan=2| 1991 | — || 19 || — || — || — |rowspan=3| ''Bridging the Gap'' |- !scope="row"| "You Should Be Mine" | — || 54 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "Take Me Back" | 1992 | — || 37 || — || — || — |} ==== Kushirikishwa kama msanii mwalikwa ==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina la Wimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:0.5em;"| Mwaka ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Nafasi kwenye Chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Tuzo za Mauzo (Certifications) ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br/>R&B]] |- !scope="row"| "Boom! There She Was"<br /><small>([[Scritti Politti]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1988 | 53 || 94 | | ''[[Provision (albamu)|Provision]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Put Your Lovin' Through the Test"<br /><small>([[Keith Sweat]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1994 | — || — | | ''[[Get Up on It]]'' |- !scope="row"| "[[California Love]]"<br /><small>([[2Pac]] wakishirikiana na [[Dr. Dre]] na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1995 | 1 || 1 | * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Platinamu 2×<ref>{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|title=California Love|id=13643-4153-1|access-date=November 28, 2025}}</ref> | ''[[All Eyez on Me]]'' |- !scope="row"| "It's Your Body"<br /><small>([[Johnny Gill]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1996 | 43 || 19 | | ''[[Let's Get the Mood Right]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Sweet Sexy Thing"<br /><small>([[Nu Flavor]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> |rowspan=2| 1997 | 62 || 93 | | ''Nu Flavor'' |- !scope="row"| "Down for Yours"<br /><small>([[Nastyboy Klick]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 69 || 58 | | ''[[The First Chapter (albamu ya Nastyboy Klick)|The First Chapter]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Raza Park"<br /><small>([[Latino Velvet]] wakishirikiana na Don Cisco, [[Frost (rapper)|Frost]] na Roger Troutman)</small> |rowspan=2| 1998 | — || — | | ''[[Latino Velvet Project]]'' |- !scope="row"| "All Night"<br /><small>([[N2Deep]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | — || — | | ''[[The Rumble (albamu ya N2Deep)|The Rumble]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Playaz Need No Love"<br /><small>([[Jacky Jasper|H-Bomb]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1998 | — || — | | ''Narcissism''<ref>{{Citation |title=H-Bomb - Narcissism |date=1998 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/4313720-H-Bomb-Narcissism?srsltid=AfmBOoqGMRMTF3Iy1nJwm0RKKwTgtFxDGKa0UmmI7OAMhsRl_1D8ZN7L |access-date=2025-04-20 |language=en}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Master of the Game"<br /><small>([[Kool Keith]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1999 | — || — | | ''[[Black Elvis/Lost in Space]]'' |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%"| "—" inamaanisha nyimbo ambazo hazikuingia kwenye chati. |} === Ushirikiano mwingine na michango ya nyimbo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:15em;"| Nyimbo zilizohusika ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Msanii Mkuu ! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Albamu |- !scope="row"| (nyimbo kadhaa) | 1988 | [[Shirley Murdock]] | ''[[A Woman's Point of View]]'' |- !scope="row"| (nyimbo kadhaa) | 1989 | Lynch | ''A Pinch of Lynch'' |- !scope="row"| "The Jones'" |rowspan=2| 1994 |rowspan=2| [[Ahmad (rapper)|Ahmad]] |rowspan=2| ''[[Ahmad (albamu)|Ahmad]]'' |- !scope="row"| "We Want the Funk" |- !scope="row"| "Scandalous" | 1995 | [[The Click (bendi)|The Click]] | ''[[Game Related]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Eternal E" | 1996 | [[Eazy-E]] | ''[[Str8 off tha Streetz of Muthaphukkin Compton]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Untouchable" | 1997 | [[Scarface (rapper)|Scarface]] | ''[[The Untouchable (albamu ya Scarface)|The Untouchable]]'' |- !scope="row"| "4 My Homiez" |rowspan=4| 1998 |rowspan=4| Vontel |rowspan=4| ''Vision of a Dream'' |- !scope="row"| "Keep It on the Real" |- !scope="row"| "Don't Nobody" |- !scope="row"| "Say Playa" |- !scope="row"| "Throw It Up" |rowspan=2| 1999 | [[Rappin' 4-Tay]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Tray Dee]] | ''Introduction to Mackin''' |- !scope="row"| "Diamonds and Pearls" | [[Frost (rapper)|Frost]], Cameosis | ''That Was Then, This Is Now Vol. 1'' |- !scope="row"| "Twisted" | 2001 | [[Tech N9ne]] | ''[[Anghellic]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Short Times" | 2003 | Da 5 Footaz | ''The Lost Scrolls'' |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{discogs artist}} * {{IMDb name}} * [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/23228/roger-troutman Roger Troutman] katika [[Find a Grave]] * [https://funkateerz.com/zapp/ Diskografia ya Kijapani] {{P-Funk}} {{Zapp}} {{BD|1951|1999}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Troutman, Roger}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] opnd2u9gdcpn3ynmlrzdrxe0tdgm99k 1545392 1545286 2026-05-17T22:37:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Roger Troutman | picha = Roger Troutman.jpg | maelezo = Troutman mnamo mwaka 1981 |background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Roger Troutman | jina lingine = Roger | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date|1951|11|29}}<ref name="AllMusic"/> | mahali pa kuzaliwa = [[Hamilton, Ohio]], Marekani | tarehe ya kufa = {{death date and age|1999|4|25|1951|11|29}}<ref name="AllMusic"/> | mahali alipofia = [[Dayton, Ohio]], Marekani | ala = * Sauti * talk box * gitaa * vinanda | aina ya muziki = * [[Funk]] | kazi yake = * Mwimbaji * mwanamuziki * mwandishi wa nyimbo * mtayarishaji wa rekodi | miaka ya kazi = 1975–1999 | studio = * [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] * [[Reprise Records|Reprise]] | mwanachama wa zamani wa = [[Zapp (bendi)|Zapp]] }} '''Roger Troutman'''<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Whitburn |first=Joel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZozAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Roger+Lynch+Troutman%22 |title=Joel Whitburn Presents Top R & B/Hip-Hop Singles, 1942-2004 |date=2004 |publisher=Record Research Incorporated |isbn=978-0-89820-160-4 |language=en}}</ref> (Novemba 29, 1951 – Aprili 25, 1999),<ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web|last1=Prato|first1=Greg |title=Artist Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/roger-mn0000305501/biography|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> aliyefahamika pia kwa jina la kisanii kama '''Roger''', alikuwa mwimbaji, mwanamuziki, mwandishi wa nyimbo, na mtayarishaji wa rekodi kutoka nchini Marekani. Alikuwa mwanzilishi wa bendi ya [[Zapp (bendi)|Zapp]] ambayo ilikuwa mstari wa mbele kuongoza vuguvugu la muziki wa [[funk]] na kuathiri kwa kiasi kikubwa muziki wa [[West Coast hip-hop]] kutokana na wasanii wengi wa mtindo huo kutumia sampuli za muziki wake kwenye kazi zao. Troutman alikuwa maarufu kwa kutumia kifaa cha [[talk box]], ambacho huunganishwa kwenye chombo cha muziki (mara nyingi kinanda, lakini wakati mwingine gitaa) ili kubadilisha sauti ya uimbaji na kuifanya isikike kama ya kimitambo au roboti. Troutman alitumia talkbox maalum iliyotengenezwa kwa oda—aina ya [[Electro Harmonix]] "Golden Throat"—kupitia kinanda cha [[Moog Minimoog]] na baadaye katika kazi zake alitumia kinanda cha kielektroniki cha [[Yamaha DX100 (synthesizer)|Yamaha DX100]]. Akiwa kama kiongozi wa bendi ya Zapp na pia kupitia albamu zake za peke yake, alifanikiwa kupata nyimbo nyingi zilizovuma sana za miondoko ya funk na R&B katika miaka ya 1980, na alikuwa akishirikiana mara kwa mara na wasanii wa muziki wa [[Hip hop|hip-hop]] katika miaka ya 1990. == Maisha na kazi == === Kazi ya awali === Alizaliwa huko [[Hamilton, Ohio]], Troutman alikuwa mtoto wa nne kati ya watoto tisa wa familia yao. Alihitimu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Central State]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Ali|first=Derek|date=May 28, 1990|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=90844455|title=Zapp show taunts, teases, tantalizes|work=Dayton Daily News|page=16|accessdate=December 19, 2021}}</ref> na bendi yake ya kwanza ilitwa Crusaders; hata hivyo, bendi hii haipaswi kuchanganywa na kundi maarufu la muziki wa jazz lenye jina hilohilo lililowajumuisha [[Joe Sample]] na [[Wilton Felder]]. Bendi ya Troutman ilikuwa ikitumbuiza huko Cincinnati na walirekodi wimbo mmoja uliotwa "Busted Surfboard"/"Seminole". Wanachama wa bendi hiyo walikuwa Rick Schoeny, Roy Beck, Dave Spitzmiller, na Denny Niebold. Baadaye, Troutman alianzisha bendi nyingine mbalimbali akiwa na kaka zake wanne, zikiwemo "Lil" Roger and the Vels, na Roger and the Human Body. Mnamo mwaka 1977, yeye na bendi ya Human Body walitoa wimbo wao wa kwanza wa ulioitwa "Freedom". Ndani ya miaka miwili, Troutman na kaka zake waligunduliwa na nguli wa funk [[George Clinton (mwanamuziki)|George Clinton]], ambaye aliwasajili na kuwapa jina jipya la [[Zapp (bendi)|Zapp]] chini ya lebo yake ya Uncle Jam Records mnamo mwaka 1979.<ref name="AllMusic"/> Kikosi cha kwanza cha bendi hiyo kiliwajumuisha ndugu wa familia ya Troutman ambao ni Roger, [[Larry Troutman|Larry]], Lester, na Terry, wakishirikiana na Gregory Jackson pamoja na Bobby Glover. Bendi ya Zapp ilionekana kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye runinga kitaalamu kupitia tamasha la kwanza na la pekee la utoaji wa tuzo za muziki wa Funk (Funk Music Awards). Mwaka mmoja baadaye, baada ya lebo ya Uncle Jam Records kulazimika kufungwa, Troutman alisajiliwa na [[Bootsy Collins]] chini ya Rubber Band Music kwenda [[Warner Bros. Records]] na kutoa albamu yao ya kwanza iliyobeba jina la bendi 'Zapp'. Albamu hiyo ilizaa wimbo maarufu "[[More Bounce to the Ounce]]", ambao ulitayarishwa na Collins kwa ushirikiano na Troutman mwenyewe, ambaye pia aliuandika, kuutunga na kuimba.<ref name="AllMusic"/> Wimbo huo ulishika nafasi ya pili kwenye chati ya muziki ya ''[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Billboard Soul Singles]]'' mwishoni mwa mwaka 1980. Albamu hiyo ya kwanza ilifanikiwa kuingia kwenye orodha ya albamu 20 bora za chati ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]. Kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1985, bendi ya Zapp ilitoa albamu zilizofikia mauzo ya dhahabu ambazo ni ''[[Zapp (albamu)|Zapp]]'', ''[[Zapp II]]'', ''[[Zapp III]]'', na ''[[The New Zapp IV U]]''. Albamu hizi zilijumuisha nyimbo zilizoingia kwenye 10 bora za chati za R&B kama vile "Be Alright", "Dance Floor", "I Can Make You Dance", "Heartbreaker", "It Doesn't Really Matter", na "[[Computer Love (wimbo wa Zapp)|Computer Love]]". Katika historia nzima ya bendi ya Zapp, takriban mwanamuziki 15 walishiriki kwa nyakati tofauti. Mnamo mwaka 1993, Zapp walitoa albamu yao iliyouza zaidi katika historia yao: ''Zapp & Roger: All the Greatest Hits''. Albamu hii ilijumuisha matoleo yaliyochanganywa upya ya nyimbo za Roger akiwa peke yake pamoja na wimbo mpya wa "[[Slow and Easy]]" (uliowashirikisha waimbaji Shirley Murdock na Ronnie Diamond). Albamu hiyo iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni mbili. Albamu ya ''[[Zapp VI: Back by Popular Demand]]'' ilitolewa mnamo mwaka 2002 na kaka waliobaki baada ya vifo vya Roger na Larry. == Diskografia == === Albamu za studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13em;"| Jina la Albamu ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;"| Maelezo ! colspan="2"| Nafasi ya Juu Kwenye Chati |- ! scope="col" style=font-size:90%;" | [[Billboard 200|US]] ! scope="col" style=font-size:90%;" | [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US<br/>R&B]] |- ! scope="row"| ''[[The Many Facets of Roger]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1981 * Lebo: [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]] | 26 || 1 |- ! scope="row"| ''[[The Saga Continues... (albamu ya Roger Troutman)|The Saga Continues...]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1984 * Lebo: Warner Bros. | 64 || 13 |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Unlimited!]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1987 * Lebo: [[Reprise Records|Reprise]] | 35 || 4 |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Bridging the Gap (albamu ya Roger Troutman)|Bridging the Gap]]'' | * Ilitolewa: 1991 * Lebo: Reprise | — || 45 |} === Singo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina la Wimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:0.5em;"| Mwaka ! colspan="5" scope="col" | Nafasi ya Juu Kwenye Chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| <br/>Albamu<br/><br/> |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br><ref name="VF">{{cite web|title=Roger Top Songs / Chart Singles Discography |url=https://www.musicvf.com/Roger.art|website=Music VF|access-date=January 12, 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]<br><ref name="VF"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Dance/Electronic Singles Sales|US Dance]]<br><ref name="VF"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Adult Contemporary (chati)|US AC]]<br><ref name="VF"/> ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br><ref name="British Hit Singles">{{cite book|last1=McAleer|first1=Dave|last2=Gregory|first2=Andy|last3=White|first3=Matthew|title=The Virgin Book of British Hit Singles, Volume 2|url=https://archive.org/details/virginbookofbrit0002unse|date=November 15, 2010|publisher=Random House|page=[https://archive.org/details/virginbookofbrit0002unse/page/400 400]|isbn=9780753522455}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "[[I Heard It Through the Grapevine]]" | 1981 | 79 || 1 || 25 || — || — |rowspan=2| ''The Many Facets of Roger'' |- !scope="row"| "Do It Roger" | 1982 | — || 24 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "In the Mix" |rowspan=2| 1984 | — || 10 || — || — || — |rowspan=3| ''The Saga Continues...'' |- !scope="row"| "[[In the Midnight Hour]]" | — || 34 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "Girl, Cut It Out" | 1985 | — || 79 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "[[Papa's Got a Brand New Bag]]" |rowspan=3| 1987 | — || 54 || — || — || — |rowspan=4| ''Unlimited!'' |- !scope="row"| "[[I Want to Be Your Man]]" | 3 || 1 || — || 22 || 61 |- !scope="row"| "If You're Serious" | — || 32 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "Thrill Seekers" | 1988 | — || 27 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "(Everybody) Get Up" |rowspan=2| 1991 | — || 19 || — || — || — |rowspan=3| ''Bridging the Gap'' |- !scope="row"| "You Should Be Mine" | — || 54 || — || — || — |- !scope="row"| "Take Me Back" | 1992 | — || 37 || — || — || — |} ==== Kushirikishwa kama msanii mwalikwa ==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Jina la Wimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:0.5em;"| Mwaka ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Nafasi kwenye Chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Tuzo za Mauzo (Certifications) ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] ! scope="col" style="width:2.9em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br/>R&B]] |- !scope="row"| "Boom! There She Was"<br /><small>([[Scritti Politti]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1988 | 53 || 94 | | ''[[Provision (albamu)|Provision]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Put Your Lovin' Through the Test"<br /><small>([[Keith Sweat]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1994 | — || — | | ''[[Get Up on It]]'' |- !scope="row"| "[[California Love]]"<br /><small>([[2Pac]] wakishirikiana na [[Dr. Dre]] na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1995 | 1 || 1 | * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Platinamu 2×<ref>{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|title=California Love|id=13643-4153-1|access-date=November 28, 2025}}</ref> | ''[[All Eyez on Me]]'' |- !scope="row"| "It's Your Body"<br /><small>([[Johnny Gill]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1996 | 43 || 19 | | ''[[Let's Get the Mood Right]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Sweet Sexy Thing"<br /><small>([[Nu Flavor]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> |rowspan=2| 1997 | 62 || 93 | | ''Nu Flavor'' |- !scope="row"| "Down for Yours"<br /><small>([[Nastyboy Klick]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 69 || 58 | | ''[[The First Chapter (albamu ya Nastyboy Klick)|The First Chapter]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Raza Park"<br /><small>([[Latino Velvet]] wakishirikiana na Don Cisco, [[Frost (rapper)|Frost]] na Roger Troutman)</small> |rowspan=2| 1998 | — || — | | ''[[Latino Velvet Project]]'' |- !scope="row"| "All Night"<br /><small>([[N2Deep]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | — || — | | ''[[The Rumble (albamu ya N2Deep)|The Rumble]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Playaz Need No Love"<br /><small>([[Jacky Jasper|H-Bomb]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1998 | — || — | | ''Narcissism''<ref>{{Citation |title=H-Bomb - Narcissism |date=1998 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/4313720-H-Bomb-Narcissism?srsltid=AfmBOoqGMRMTF3Iy1nJwm0RKKwTgtFxDGKa0UmmI7OAMhsRl_1D8ZN7L |access-date=2025-04-20 |language=en}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| "Master of the Game"<br /><small>([[Kool Keith]] wakishirikiana na Roger Troutman)</small> | 1999 | — || — | | ''[[Black Elvis/Lost in Space]]'' |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%"| "—" inamaanisha nyimbo ambazo hazikuingia kwenye chati. |} === Ushirikiano mwingine na michango ya nyimbo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:15em;"| Nyimbo zilizohusika ! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Mwaka ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Msanii Mkuu ! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Albamu |- !scope="row"| (nyimbo kadhaa) | 1988 | [[Shirley Murdock]] | ''[[A Woman's Point of View]]'' |- !scope="row"| (nyimbo kadhaa) | 1989 | Lynch | ''A Pinch of Lynch'' |- !scope="row"| "The Jones'" |rowspan=2| 1994 |rowspan=2| [[Ahmad (rapper)|Ahmad]] |rowspan=2| ''[[Ahmad (albamu)|Ahmad]]'' |- !scope="row"| "We Want the Funk" |- !scope="row"| "Scandalous" | 1995 | [[The Click (bendi)|The Click]] | ''[[Game Related]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Eternal E" | 1996 | [[Eazy-E]] | ''[[Str8 off tha Streetz of Muthaphukkin Compton]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Untouchable" | 1997 | [[Scarface (rapper)|Scarface]] | ''[[The Untouchable (albamu ya Scarface)|The Untouchable]]'' |- !scope="row"| "4 My Homiez" |rowspan=4| 1998 |rowspan=4| Vontel |rowspan=4| ''Vision of a Dream'' |- !scope="row"| "Keep It on the Real" |- !scope="row"| "Don't Nobody" |- !scope="row"| "Say Playa" |- !scope="row"| "Throw It Up" |rowspan=2| 1999 | [[Rappin' 4-Tay]], [[Snoop Dogg]], [[Tray Dee]] | ''Introduction to Mackin''' |- !scope="row"| "Diamonds and Pearls" | [[Frost (rapper)|Frost]], Cameosis | ''That Was Then, This Is Now Vol. 1'' |- !scope="row"| "Twisted" | 2001 | [[Tech N9ne]] | ''[[Anghellic]]'' |- !scope="row"| "Short Times" | 2003 | Da 5 Footaz | ''The Lost Scrolls'' |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{discogs artist}} * {{IMDb name}} * [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/23228/roger-troutman Roger Troutman] katika [[Find a Grave]] * [https://funkateerz.com/zapp/ Diskografia ya Kijapani] {{P-Funk}} {{Zapp}} {{BD|1951|1999}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Troutman, Roger}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] odykbaykg25nuwtm2dkwhbj1zcioklz 0 236114 1545134 2026-05-17T13:36:09Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Djamel Houhou''' (23 Oktoba 1934 – 20 Novemba 2022) alikuwa mwanadiplomasia na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prénom Djamel-eddine : Origine - Caractère - Signification - Etymologie {{!}} Parents.fr|url=https://www.parents.fr/prenoms/djamel-eddine-38879|work=www.parents.fr|date=2025-07-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] 222d2tpa8m7tnq8qf1p1vyxi8l1wqsk 1545192 1545134 2026-05-17T15:52:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545192 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Djamel Houhou''' (23 Oktoba 1934 – 20 Novemba 2022) alikuwa mwanadiplomasia na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Prénom Djamel-eddine : Origine - Caractère - Signification - Etymologie {{!}} Parents.fr|url=https://www.parents.fr/prenoms/djamel-eddine-38879|work=www.parents.fr|date=2025-07-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] rjryurx6iuxlyf6tcams918pth39hdh 0 236115 1545136 2026-05-17T13:40:43Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Abdelhafid Henni''' (amezaliwa 17 Agosti 1956) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri wa Kilimo na Maendeleo ya Vijijini wa Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Tebboune conducts ministerial reshuffle|url=https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/44860-president-tebboune-conducts-ministerial-reshuffle|work=www.aps.dz|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-gb|author=Algeria Press Service}}</ref> Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 9 Septemba 2022. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] 6ylbeimzd2z86dra0epzafsj0v3foec 1545257 1545136 2026-05-17T18:43:22Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545257 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Abdelhafid Henni''' (amezaliwa 17 Agosti 1956) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri wa Kilimo na Maendeleo ya Vijijini wa Algeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=President Tebboune conducts ministerial reshuffle|url=https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/44860-president-tebboune-conducts-ministerial-reshuffle|work=www.aps.dz|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-gb|author=Algeria Press Service}}</ref> Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 9 Septemba 2022. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] qpx3vbi8935h157rlt4m1klbfr5t0jh 0 236116 1545137 2026-05-17T13:43:44Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dennis Harvey Abgrall''' (alizaliwa 24 Aprili 1953) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey). Alicheza michezo 13 katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Magongo (NHL) na michezo 145 katika World Hockey Association kati ya mwaka 1975 na 1978. Abgrall alizaliwa katika mji wa Moosomin, Saskatchewan. Baadaye alifanya kazi kama mwalimu wa lugha ya Kifaransa katika Arizona School for the Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[h...' 1545137 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dennis Harvey Abgrall''' (alizaliwa 24 Aprili 1953) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey). Alicheza michezo 13 katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Magongo (NHL) na michezo 145 katika World Hockey Association kati ya mwaka 1975 na 1978. Abgrall alizaliwa katika mji wa Moosomin, Saskatchewan. Baadaye alifanya kazi kama mwalimu wa lugha ya Kifaransa katika Arizona School for the Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[http://goasa.org/about/facultyinfo.cfm?ContentKey=30981](http://goasa.org/about/facultyinfo.cfm?ContentKey=30981) |title=Arizona School for the Arts - Phoenix, AZ |access-date=November 28, 2012 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120902005834/http://goasa.org/about/facultyinfo.cfm?ContentKey=30981](https://web.archive.org/web/20120902005834/http://goasa.org/about/facultyinfo.cfm?ContentKey=30981) |archive-date=September 2, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1953|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 6kfn9jvjxzig21gs4vj6lscgl444m98 1545190 1545137 2026-05-17T15:49:44Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545190 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dennis Harvey Abgrall''' (alizaliwa 24 Aprili 1953) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey). Alicheza michezo 13 katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Magongo (NHL) na michezo 145 katika World Hockey Association kati ya mwaka 1975 na 1978. Abgrall alizaliwa katika mji wa Moosomin, Saskatchewan. Baadaye alifanya kazi kama mwalimu wa lugha ya Kifaransa katika Arizona School for the Arts.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=[http://goasa.org/about/facultyinfo.cfm?ContentKey=30981](http://goasa.org/about/facultyinfo.cfm?ContentKey=30981) |title=Arizona School for the Arts - Phoenix, AZ |access-date=November 28, 2012 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120902005834/http://goasa.org/about/facultyinfo.cfm?ContentKey=30981](https://web.archive.org/web/20120902005834/http://goasa.org/about/facultyinfo.cfm?ContentKey=30981) |archive-date=September 2, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1953|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] ms5nz7zrxl70uybrbkgokpwpl6cohel 0 236117 1545138 2026-05-17T13:45:21Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karim Hasni''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/16/algerias-president-reshuffles-cabinet-replacing-foreign-minister/|work=The National|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Amr Mostafa}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Rasilimali za Maji na Usalama kuanzia 8 Julai 2021 hadi 16 Machi 2023. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kl50b419cpm54akd99ro1fh5yv1ul0p 1545220 1545138 2026-05-17T17:09:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545220 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karim Hasni''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/16/algerias-president-reshuffles-cabinet-replacing-foreign-minister/|work=The National|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Amr Mostafa}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Rasilimali za Maji na Usalama kuanzia 8 Julai 2021 hadi 16 Machi 2023. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ht3iumh0iz6j4ebxy6dkhr4k6vh3dgy 0 236118 1545139 2026-05-17T13:52:32Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Keith Edward Acton''' (alizaliwa 15 Aprili 1958) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey) aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya sentaa. Alicheza misimu 15 katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Magongo (NHL), akiwa na timu za Montreal Canadiens, Minnesota North Stars, Edmonton Oilers, Philadelphia Flyers, Washington Capitals na New York Islanders kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1994. Katika kazi yake ya ukocha katika NHL, Acton...' 1545139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Keith Edward Acton''' (alizaliwa 15 Aprili 1958) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey) aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya sentaa. Alicheza misimu 15 katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Magongo (NHL), akiwa na timu za Montreal Canadiens, Minnesota North Stars, Edmonton Oilers, Philadelphia Flyers, Washington Capitals na New York Islanders kati ya mwaka 1980 na 1994. Katika kazi yake ya ukocha katika NHL, Acton amewahi kuwa kocha msaidizi wa Columbus Blue Jackets, Philadelphia Flyers, New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs<ref>[[http://bluejackets.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=635190](http://bluejackets.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=635190) Columbus Blue Jackets Name Keith Acton Assistant Coach], June 20, 2012</ref><ref>Michael Hayakawa, "[[http://www.yorkregion.com/sports/article/1030663--leafs-part-ways-with-acton](http://www.yorkregion.com/sports/article/1030663--leafs-part-ways-with-acton) Leafs part ways with Acton]," ''Stouffville Sun-Tribune'', June 20, 2011.</ref> na baadaye Edmonton Oilers, ambao walimwachilia Acton pamoja na kocha msaidizi mwenzake Craig Ramsay tarehe 4 Juni 2015.<ref>[[https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=426501](https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=426501) Acton Joins Oilers Staff as an Associate Coach], June 28, 2013</ref><ref name=CP2015>{{cite news|title=Keith Acton, Craig Ramsay, assistant coaches, let go by Oilers|url=[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/keith-acton-craig-ramsay-assistant-coaches-let-go-by-oilers-1.3101505|access-date=June](http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/keith-acton-craig-ramsay-assistant-coaches-let-go-by-oilers-1.3101505|access-date=June) 4, 2015|agency=The Canadian Press|publisher=CBC Sports|date=June 4, 2015}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1958|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] lapa3ikjzudt7lk2ezog31bdfkrvadb 0 236119 1545140 2026-05-17T13:54:51Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Warren G | picha = Warren G and Kurupt (cropped).jpg | maelezo = Warren G mnamo mwaka 2015 | background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Warren Griffin III | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1970|11|10}} | chimbuko = [[Long Beach, California]], Marekani | aina ya muziki = [[West Coast hip-hop]]<br>[[G-funk]] | kazi yake = Rapa<br>mwandishi wa nyi...' 1545140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Warren G | picha = Warren G and Kurupt (cropped).jpg | maelezo = Warren G mnamo mwaka 2015 | background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Warren Griffin III | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1970|11|10}} | chimbuko = [[Long Beach, California]], Marekani | aina ya muziki = [[West Coast hip-hop]]<br>[[G-funk]] | kazi yake = Rapa<br>mwandishi wa nyimbo<br>mtayarishaji wa rekodi<br>DJ<br>muigizaji | miaka ya kazi = 1990–sasa | studio = [[G-Funk Entertainment|G-Funk]]<br>[[Violator (kampuni)|Violator]]<br>[[Rush Associated Labels|RAL]]<br>[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] | ameshirikiana na = [[213 (kundi)|213]]<br>[[Nate Dogg]]<br>[[Snoop Dogg]]<br>[[Dr. Dre]] | wavuti = {{URL|https://warreng.com}} }} '''Warren Griffin III''' (alizaliwa Novemba 10, 1970)<ref name=":15" /> ni rapa, mtayarishaji wa rekodi, na DJ kutoka nchini Marekani. Anajulikana sana kwa mchango wake katika kutangaza na kueneza muziki wa [[West Coast hip hop]] mnamo miaka ya 1990, na anatambulika kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wa mtindo mdogo wa rap unaojulikana kama [[G-funk]].<ref name=":7">Steve Huey, [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/warren-g-mn0000815167/biography "Warren G: Biography"], ''AllMusic.com'', Netaktion LLC, visited May 8, 2020.</ref> Griffin alipata mafanikio makubwa kibiashara mnamo mwaka 1994 kupitia wimbo wake wa "[[Regulate (wimbo)|Regulate]]" (akimshirikisha [[Nate Dogg]]), ambao ulishika nafasi ya pili kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. Albamu yake ya kwanza, ''[[Regulate... G Funk Era]]'' (1994), ilianza katika nafasi ya pili kwenye chati ya Marekani ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], ikiuza nakala 176,000 katika wiki yake ya kwanza. Tangu wakati huo, imetunukiwa cheti cha Platinamu mara tatu na chama cha [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA), ikimaanisha imeuza nakala milioni tatu. Wimbo wa "Regulate" ulikaa kwa wiki 18 kwenye orodha ya nyimbo 40 bora za ''Billboard'' Hot 100, huku ukishika nafasi ya pili kwa wiki tatu, wakati wimbo uliofuata wa "[[This D.J.]]" ulishika nafasi ya tisa. Kwenye usiku wa utoaji wa Tuzo za 37 za Kila Mwaka za Grammy, nyimbo zote mbili zilipata uteuzi wa Utendaji Bora wa Rap wa Kundi au Wawili na Utendaji Bora wa Solo wa Rap. Nyimbo tatu kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya pili, ''[[Take a Look Over Your Shoulder]]'' (1997), ziliingia kwenye 40 bora, kama ilivyokuwa kwa wimbo wake wa ushirikiano wa mwaka 1998 na Nate Dogg uitwao "[[Nobody Does It Better (wimbo wa Nate Dogg)|Nobody Does It Better]]". Albamu hiyo pamoja na ile iliyofuata ya ''[[I Want It All (albamu)|I Want It All]]'' (1999), zote zilipata mauzo ya Dhahabu kutoka RIAA. Albamu yake ya nne, ''[[The Return of the Regulator]]'' (2001), haikupata mafanikio makubwa sana. Akishirikiana na washikaji zake wa zamani Snoop Dogg na Nate Dogg, walilounda kundi la hip-hop la watatu liitwalo [[213 (kundi)|213]], lililopewa jina kufuatia msimbo wa eneo la [[Long Beach, California]]; walitoa albamu ya ''[[The Hard Way (albamu ya 213)|The Hard Way]]'' (2004) ambayo ilipata mafanikio ya wastani. Albamu zake mbili zilizofuata, ''[[In the Mid-Nite Hour]]'' (2005) na ''[[The G Files]]'' (2009), zilitolewa kijitegemea na alizitayarisha yeye mwenyewe. Anasifika pia kwa kuwa mtu aliyemgundua [[Snoop Dogg]], baada ya kumtambulisha rapa huyo kwa mtayarishaji wa rekodi [[Dr. Dre]]. Mnamo mwaka 2015, alitoa albamu fupi (EP) ya ''[[Regulate... G Funk Era, Part II]]'', iliyojumuisha sauti za kumbukumbu za Nate Dogg, aliyefariki dunia mnamo mwaka 2011. == Maisha ya awali == Warren Griffin III alizaliwa mnamo Novemba 10, 1970, na alikulia huko Long Beach, California.<ref name=":15" /> Ana dada watatu huku akiwa mtoto pekee wa kiume wa Warren Griffin Jr., ambaye alikuwa fundi wa ndege, na Ola, ambaye alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe.<ref name=":15">Brenna Sanchez, [https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/warren-g "Contemporary Musicians: Warren G"], ''[[Encyclopedia.com]]'', [[Cengage]], updated April 12, 2020.</ref> Wazazi wake walitengana wakati Griffin akiwa na umri wa miaka minne, na akaishi na mama yake pamoja na dada zake watatu huko [[East Long Beach]].<ref name=":15" /> Mnamo mwaka 1982, Griffin alihamia kuishi na baba yake huko [[North Long Beach, Long Beach, California|North Long Beach]].<ref name=":15" /> Mama yake wa kambo, Verna, alikuwa na watoto watatu kutoka kwenye ndoa yake ya nyuma,<ref name=":15" /> na mmoja wao alikuwa Andre Young ([[Dr. Dre]]), ambaye katikati ya miaka ya 1980 alikuwa mwnachama wa kundi la muziki wa electro-rap la [[World Class Wreckin' Cru]], ambalo mnamo mwaka 1987 lilitoa rekodi ya kwanza ya rap ya eneo la Los Angeles chini ya lebo kubwa ya muziki.<ref>David Diallo, ch 10 [https://books.google.com/books?id=XkCncJ7j744C&q=Cru "From electro-rap to G-funk: A social history of rap music in Los Angeles and Compton, California"], in Mickey Hess, ed., ''Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide'', Volume 1: ''East Coast and West Coast'' (Westport, CT: [[Greenwood Press]], 2010).</ref><ref name=":29">David Diallo, "Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg", in Mickey Hess, ed., ''Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture'' (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2007), pp 319–[https://books.google.com/books?id=LldOLnIQ66cC&dq=Eazy&pg=PA321 322].</ref> Griffin alisoma katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Jordan na alicheza mchezo wa soka la Kimarekani.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordan High School Class of 1997 |url=https://jordanhighschool.org/los_angeles-ca/class-of-1997.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=jordanhighschool.org}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1988, Griffin alifungwa jela akiwa na umri wa miaka 17 kwa kosa la kumiliki silaha.<ref name=":15" /> Akiwa gerezani, alichagua jina la utani la Warren G.<ref name=":15" /> Kufikia kipindi hiki, Dr. Dre alikuwa tayari ameshaanza kupata mafanikio makubwa kama mwandishi na [[mtayarishaji wa rekodi]] wa lebo ya [[Ruthless Records]], na pia akiwa mwanachama wa kundi la [[N.W.A]] akishirikiana na mwanzilishi wa Ruthless Records [[Eazy-E]] pamoja na [[Ice Cube]]. Albamu ya kihistoria ya N.W.A, ''[[Straight Outta Compton]]'' (1989), ilikuwa ikisababisha mapinduzi makubwa kwenye tasnia ya rap ya Los Angeles kwa kuachana na mtindo wa electro na kuingia rasmi kwenye gangsta rap.<ref name=":29" /> Baada ya kuachiliwa kwake, Griffin alifanya kazi katika jumba la uundaji wa meli wa Long Beach<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Warren G |url=https://www.hiphopscriptures.com/warren-g |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Hip Hop Scriptures |language=en-US}}</ref> na kuanza kujikita zaidi kwenye muziki baada ya Dr. Dre kumfundisha jinsi ya kutumia mashine ya midundo ([[drum machine]]).<ref name=":15" /> Kufikia mwaka 1990, Warren G alikuwa ameshaunda kundi la watatu la [[213 (kundi)|213]]<ref name=":13">Mosi Reeves, [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/warren-g-and-nate-doggs-regulate-the-oral-history-of-a-hip-hop-classic-170034 "Warren G and Nate Dogg's 'Regulate': The oral history of a hip-hop classic"], ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' website, Penske Media LLC, December 19, 2014.</ref> akishirikiana na washikaji zake wawili wa muda mrefu, [[Nate Dogg]] na [[Snoop Dogg]]. Kundi la 213 lilikuwa mchangiaji mkubwa wa mtindo wa [[G-funk]] ambao ulikuwa unakaribia kuibuka kwenye muziki wa rap.<ref name=":6">Jeff Weiss anaeleza, "Kama vile ''[[The Chronic]]'' ilivyo mabadiliko ya kisaikolojia na ya kichawi kutoka kwenye rekodi za [[Parliament (bendi)|Parliament]] na [[Funkadelic]] zilizokuwa zikizunguka kila mara kwenye mtambo wa Dre tangu utotoni, pia ni sauti ya Long Beach: nyimbo za kikanisa za Baptist zilizobadilishwa kuwa harmonic gospel chafu na Snoop, Nate Dogg, Warren G na Daz."</ref> Kundi hilo lilivunjika baada ya Warren G kuwakutanisha na Dr. Dre. Katika hatua hiyo, kazi za peke zao za Dr. Dre na Snoop Dogg zilizinduliwa rasmi kupitia misingi ya G-funk.<ref name=":4">Ben Westhoff, "[https://www.laweekly.com/the-making-of-the-chronic The making of ''The Chronic''"], ''[[LA Weekly]]'', November 19, 2012.</ref> Nate Dogg naye alisajiliwa kwenye lebo ya Dr. Dre ya [[Death Row Records]].<ref name=":4" /> Warren G mwanzoni alisaidia kazi hapo; hata hivyo, kwa kutofikiria kufanya kazi chini ya kivuli cha kaka yake wa kambo na mshauri wake, aliamua kusaini mkataba na lebo ya [[Def Jam Recordings]] iliyopo jijini [[New York City]].<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":23" /> == Diskografia == {{Kuu|Diskografia ya Warren G|Diskografia ya utayarishaji wa Warren G|l2 = diskografia ya utayarishaji}} {{Angalia pia|Diskografia ya 213}} '''Albamu za studio''' * ''[[Regulate... G Funk Era]]'' (1994) * ''[[Take a Look Over Your Shoulder]]'' (1997) * ''[[I Want It All (albamu)|I Want It All]]'' (1999) * ''[[The Return of the Regulator]]'' (2001) * ''[[In the Mid-Nite Hour]]'' (2005) * ''[[The G Files]]'' (2009) '''Albamu za ushirikiano''' * ''[[The Hard Way (albamu ya 213)|The Hard Way]]'' (akishirikiana na [[213 (kundi)|213]]) (2004) == Filmografia == * ''[[The Show (filamu ya 1995)|The Show]]'' (1995) * ''[[Speedway Junky]]'' (1999) * ''[[Little Richard (filamu)|Little Richard]]'' (2000) * ''[[The Parkers]]'' (2000) * ''[[Old School (filamu ya 2003)|Old School]]'' (2003) * ''[[All of Us]]'' (2005) * ''[[BTS]] American Hustle Life'' (2014) * ''[[The Eric Andre Show]]'' (2016), sehemu 1 == Michezo ya video == * ''[[Rap Jam: Volume One]]'' (1995) * ''[[Def Jam: Fight for NY]]'' (2004) * ''[[Def Jam Fight for NY: The Takeover]]'' (2006) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official website|http://warreng.com/|Tovuti Rasmi}} * {{IMDb name|id=0004943 |name=Warren G}} {{Warren G}} {{213}} {{Tha Dogg Pound}} {{BD|1970}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Warren G}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] sco178vve169y5j6ioo4g70eeqzcx18 1545311 1545140 2026-05-17T21:13:54Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1545311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Warren G | picha = Warren G and Kurupt (cropped).jpg | maelezo = Warren G mnamo mwaka 2015 | background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Warren Griffin III | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1970|11|10}} | chimbuko = [[Long Beach, California]], Marekani | aina ya muziki = [[West Coast hip-hop]]<br>[[G-funk]] | kazi yake = Rapa<br>mwandishi wa nyimbo<br>mtayarishaji wa rekodi<br>DJ<br>muigizaji | miaka ya kazi = 1990–sasa | studio = [[G-Funk Entertainment|G-Funk]]<br>[[Violator (kampuni)|Violator]]<br>[[Rush Associated Labels|RAL]]<br>[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] | ameshirikiana na = [[213 (kundi)|213]]<br>[[Nate Dogg]]<br>[[Snoop Dogg]]<br>[[Dr. Dre]] | wavuti = {{URL|https://warreng.com}} }} '''Warren Griffin III''' (alizaliwa Novemba 10, 1970)<ref name=":15" /> ni rapa, mtayarishaji wa rekodi, na DJ kutoka nchini Marekani. Anajulikana sana kwa mchango wake katika kutangaza na kueneza muziki wa [[West Coast hip hop]] mnamo miaka ya 1990, na anatambulika kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wa mtindo mdogo wa rap unaojulikana kama [[G-funk]].<ref name=":7">Steve Huey, [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/warren-g-mn0000815167/biography "Warren G: Biography"], ''AllMusic.com'', Netaktion LLC, visited May 8, 2020.</ref> Griffin alipata mafanikio makubwa kibiashara mnamo mwaka 1994 kupitia wimbo wake wa "[[Regulate (wimbo)|Regulate]]" (akimshirikisha [[Nate Dogg]]), ambao ulishika nafasi ya pili kwenye chati za [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. Albamu yake ya kwanza, ''[[Regulate... G Funk Era]]'' (1994), ilianza katika nafasi ya pili kwenye chati ya Marekani ya [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], ikiuza nakala 176,000 katika wiki yake ya kwanza. Tangu wakati huo, imetunukiwa cheti cha Platinamu mara tatu na chama cha [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA), ikimaanisha imeuza nakala milioni tatu. Wimbo wa "Regulate" ulikaa kwa wiki 18 kwenye orodha ya nyimbo 40 bora za ''Billboard'' Hot 100, huku ukishika nafasi ya pili kwa wiki tatu, wakati wimbo uliofuata wa "[[This D.J.]]" ulishika nafasi ya tisa. Kwenye usiku wa utoaji wa Tuzo za 37 za Kila Mwaka za Grammy, nyimbo zote mbili zilipata uteuzi wa Utendaji Bora wa Rap wa Kundi au Wawili na Utendaji Bora wa Solo wa Rap. Nyimbo tatu kutoka kwenye albamu yake ya pili, ''[[Take a Look Over Your Shoulder]]'' (1997), ziliingia kwenye 40 bora, kama ilivyokuwa kwa wimbo wake wa ushirikiano wa mwaka 1998 na Nate Dogg uitwao "[[Nobody Does It Better (wimbo wa Nate Dogg)|Nobody Does It Better]]". Albamu hiyo pamoja na ile iliyofuata ya ''[[I Want It All (albamu)|I Want It All]]'' (1999), zote zilipata mauzo ya Dhahabu kutoka RIAA. Albamu yake ya nne, ''[[The Return of the Regulator]]'' (2001), haikupata mafanikio makubwa sana. Akishirikiana na washikaji zake wa zamani Snoop Dogg na Nate Dogg, walilounda kundi la hip-hop la watatu liitwalo [[213 (kundi)|213]], lililopewa jina kufuatia msimbo wa eneo la [[Long Beach, California]]; walitoa albamu ya ''[[The Hard Way (albamu ya 213)|The Hard Way]]'' (2004) ambayo ilipata mafanikio ya wastani. Albamu zake mbili zilizofuata, ''[[In the Mid-Nite Hour]]'' (2005) na ''[[The G Files]]'' (2009), zilitolewa kijitegemea na alizitayarisha yeye mwenyewe. Anasifika pia kwa kuwa mtu aliyemgundua [[Snoop Dogg]], baada ya kumtambulisha rapa huyo kwa mtayarishaji wa rekodi [[Dr. Dre]]. Mnamo mwaka 2015, alitoa albamu fupi (EP) ya ''[[Regulate... G Funk Era, Part II]]'', iliyojumuisha sauti za kumbukumbu za Nate Dogg, aliyefariki dunia mnamo mwaka 2011. == Maisha ya awali == Warren Griffin III alizaliwa mnamo Novemba 10, 1970, na alikulia huko Long Beach, California.<ref name=":15" /> Ana dada watatu huku akiwa mtoto pekee wa kiume wa Warren Griffin Jr., ambaye alikuwa fundi wa ndege, na Ola, ambaye alikuwa mtaalamu wa lishe.<ref name=":15">Brenna Sanchez, [https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/warren-g "Contemporary Musicians: Warren G"], ''[[Encyclopedia.com]]'', [[Cengage]], updated April 12, 2020.</ref> Wazazi wake walitengana wakati Griffin akiwa na umri wa miaka minne, na akaishi na mama yake pamoja na dada zake watatu huko [[East Long Beach]].<ref name=":15" /> Mnamo mwaka 1982, Griffin alihamia kuishi na baba yake huko [[North Long Beach, Long Beach, California|North Long Beach]].<ref name=":15" /> Mama yake wa kambo, Verna, alikuwa na watoto watatu kutoka kwenye ndoa yake ya nyuma,<ref name=":15" /> na mmoja wao alikuwa Andre Young ([[Dr. Dre]]), ambaye katikati ya miaka ya 1980 alikuwa mwnachama wa kundi la muziki wa electro-rap la [[World Class Wreckin' Cru]], ambalo mnamo mwaka 1987 lilitoa rekodi ya kwanza ya rap ya eneo la Los Angeles chini ya lebo kubwa ya muziki.<ref>David Diallo, ch 10 [https://books.google.com/books?id=XkCncJ7j744C&q=Cru "From electro-rap to G-funk: A social history of rap music in Los Angeles and Compton, California"], in Mickey Hess, ed., ''Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide'', Volume 1: ''East Coast and West Coast'' (Westport, CT: [[Greenwood Press]], 2010).</ref><ref name=":29">David Diallo, "Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg", in Mickey Hess, ed., ''Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture'' (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2007), pp 319–[https://books.google.com/books?id=LldOLnIQ66cC&dq=Eazy&pg=PA321 322].</ref> Griffin alisoma katika Shule ya Sekondari ya Jordan na alicheza mchezo wa soka la Kimarekani.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Jordan High School Class of 1997 |url=https://jordanhighschool.org/los_angeles-ca/class-of-1997.html |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=jordanhighschool.org}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 1988, Griffin alifungwa jela akiwa na umri wa miaka 17 kwa kosa la kumiliki silaha.<ref name=":15" /> Akiwa gerezani, alichagua jina la utani la Warren G.<ref name=":15" /> Kufikia kipindi hiki, Dr. Dre alikuwa tayari ameshaanza kupata mafanikio makubwa kama mwandishi na [[mtayarishaji wa rekodi]] wa lebo ya [[Ruthless Records]], na pia akiwa mwanachama wa kundi la [[N.W.A]] akishirikiana na mwanzilishi wa Ruthless Records [[Eazy-E]] pamoja na [[Ice Cube]]. Albamu ya kihistoria ya N.W.A, ''[[Straight Outta Compton]]'' (1989), ilikuwa ikisababisha mapinduzi makubwa kwenye tasnia ya rap ya Los Angeles kwa kuachana na mtindo wa electro na kuingia rasmi kwenye gangsta rap.<ref name=":29" /> Baada ya kuachiliwa kwake, Griffin alifanya kazi katika jumba la uundaji wa meli wa Long Beach<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Warren G |url=https://www.hiphopscriptures.com/warren-g |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Hip Hop Scriptures |language=en-US}}</ref> na kuanza kujikita zaidi kwenye muziki baada ya Dr. Dre kumfundisha jinsi ya kutumia mashine ya midundo ([[drum machine]]).<ref name=":15" /> Kufikia mwaka 1990, Warren G alikuwa ameshaunda kundi la watatu la [[213 (kundi)|213]]<ref name=":13">Mosi Reeves, [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/warren-g-and-nate-doggs-regulate-the-oral-history-of-a-hip-hop-classic-170034 "Warren G and Nate Dogg's 'Regulate': The oral history of a hip-hop classic"], ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' website, Penske Media LLC, December 19, 2014.</ref> akishirikiana na washikaji zake wawili wa muda mrefu, [[Nate Dogg]] na [[Snoop Dogg]]. Kundi la 213 lilikuwa mchangiaji mkubwa wa mtindo wa [[G-funk]] ambao ulikuwa unakaribia kuibuka kwenye muziki wa rap.<ref name=":6">Jeff Weiss anaeleza, "Kama vile ''[[The Chronic]]'' ilivyo mabadiliko ya kisaikolojia na ya kichawi kutoka kwenye rekodi za [[Parliament (bendi)|Parliament]] na [[Funkadelic]] zilizokuwa zikizunguka kila mara kwenye mtambo wa Dre tangu utotoni, pia ni sauti ya Long Beach: nyimbo za kikanisa za Baptist zilizobadilishwa kuwa harmonic gospel chafu na Snoop, Nate Dogg, Warren G na Daz."</ref> Kundi hilo lilivunjika baada ya Warren G kuwakutanisha na Dr. Dre. Katika hatua hiyo, kazi za peke zao za Dr. Dre na Snoop Dogg zilizinduliwa rasmi kupitia misingi ya G-funk.<ref name=":4">Ben Westhoff, "[https://www.laweekly.com/the-making-of-the-chronic The making of ''The Chronic''"], ''[[LA Weekly]]'', November 19, 2012.</ref> Nate Dogg naye alisajiliwa kwenye lebo ya Dr. Dre ya [[Death Row Records]].<ref name=":4" /> Warren G mwanzoni alisaidia kazi hapo; hata hivyo, kwa kutofikiria kufanya kazi chini ya kivuli cha kaka yake wa kambo na mshauri wake, aliamua kusaini mkataba na lebo ya [[Def Jam Recordings]] iliyopo jijini [[New York City]].<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":23" /> == Diskografia == {{Kuu|Diskografia ya Warren G|Diskografia ya utayarishaji wa Warren G|l2 = diskografia ya utayarishaji}} {{Angalia pia|Diskografia ya 213}} '''Albamu za studio''' * ''[[Regulate... G Funk Era]]'' (1994) * ''[[Take a Look Over Your Shoulder]]'' (1997) * ''[[I Want It All (albamu)|I Want It All]]'' (1999) * ''[[The Return of the Regulator]]'' (2001) * ''[[In the Mid-Nite Hour]]'' (2005) * ''[[The G Files]]'' (2009) '''Albamu za ushirikiano''' * ''[[The Hard Way (albamu ya 213)|The Hard Way]]'' (akishirikiana na [[213 (kundi)|213]]) (2004) == Filmografia == * ''[[The Show (filamu ya 1995)|The Show]]'' (1995) * ''[[Speedway Junky]]'' (1999) * ''[[Little Richard (filamu)|Little Richard]]'' (2000) * ''[[The Parkers]]'' (2000) * ''[[Old School (filamu ya 2003)|Old School]]'' (2003) * ''[[All of Us]]'' (2005) * ''[[BTS]] American Hustle Life'' (2014) * ''[[The Eric Andre Show]]'' (2016), sehemu 1 == Michezo ya video == * ''[[Rap Jam: Volume One]]'' (1995) * ''[[Def Jam: Fight for NY]]'' (2004) * ''[[Def Jam Fight for NY: The Takeover]]'' (2006) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official website|http://warreng.com/|Tovuti Rasmi}} * {{IMDb name|id=0004943 |name=Warren G}} {{Warren G}} {{213}} {{Tha Dogg Pound}} {{BD|1970}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Warren G}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] os5ppvkzrdcy96hxdyupjlciqno06gz 0 236120 1545142 2026-05-17T13:56:37Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Albert Adair'''<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Surgent | first1 = Scott | year = 2013 | title = The Complete World Hockey Association, 9e | location = Tempe, Arizona | page = 317 | isbn = 978-1-490967400 }}</ref> (alizaliwa 29 Septemba 1948) ni mchezaji mstaafu wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey) ambaye alicheza katika World Hockey Association (WHA). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1948|}} Jamii:Watu wa...' 1545142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Albert Adair'''<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Surgent | first1 = Scott | year = 2013 | title = The Complete World Hockey Association, 9e | location = Tempe, Arizona | page = 317 | isbn = 978-1-490967400 }}</ref> (alizaliwa 29 Septemba 1948) ni mchezaji mstaafu wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey) ambaye alicheza katika World Hockey Association (WHA). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1948|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] r5od2qd428mcyi1784rw60rlfhhhb12 0 236121 1545143 2026-05-17T13:57:46Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mireille Havet''' (alizaliwa 4 Oktoba 1898 mjini [[Médan]] – alifariki 21 Machi 1932 mjini Crans-Montana, Uswisi) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa shajara (diarist), mwandishi wa riwaya, na mwandishi wa mashairi ya nyimbo kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124483320 |title=Mireille Havet (1898-1932) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 20...' 1545143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mireille Havet''' (alizaliwa 4 Oktoba 1898 mjini [[Médan]] – alifariki 21 Machi 1932 mjini Crans-Montana, Uswisi) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa shajara (diarist), mwandishi wa riwaya, na mwandishi wa mashairi ya nyimbo kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124483320 |title=Mireille Havet (1898-1932) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanamke mashuhuri katika harakati za kifasihi na kisanii za Paris na alijulikana sana kwa shajara yake ya kina inayoelezea maisha ya kiakili na kitamaduni ya zama zake.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mireille_Havet |title=Mireille Havet katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1898|1932}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] s92st96x1zt6rlsk2on8f9uf2mn3qwb 1545149 1545143 2026-05-17T14:11:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545149 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mireille Havet''' ([[Médan]], 4 Oktoba 1898 – Crans-Montana, Uswisi, 21 Machi 1932) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa shajara (diarist), mwandishi wa riwaya, na mwandishi wa mashairi ya nyimbo kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124483320 |title=Mireille Havet (1898-1932) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanamke mashuhuri katika harakati za kifasihi na kisanii za Paris na alijulikana sana kwa shajara yake ya kina inayoelezea maisha ya kiakili na kitamaduni ya zama zake.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mireille_Havet |title=Mireille Havet katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mWANDISHI}} {{BD|1898|1932}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 6zivs5lq3lva8b1u7g8jbx4upfc4udm 1545150 1545149 2026-05-17T14:12:09Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mireille Havet''' ([[Médan]], 4 Oktoba 1898 – Crans-Montana, Uswisi, 21 Machi 1932) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa shajara (diarist), mwandishi wa riwaya, na mwandishi wa mashairi ya nyimbo kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124483320 |title=Mireille Havet (1898-1932) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanamke mashuhuri katika harakati za kifasihi na kisanii za Paris na alijulikana sana kwa shajara yake ya kina inayoelezea maisha ya kiakili na kitamaduni ya zama zake. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1898|1932}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 0463us8re329q8ngf1a6w6ntz9pmcck 0 236122 1545144 2026-05-17T14:03:04Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Ali Haroun''' (amezaliwa 8 Februari 1927) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa Baraza Kuu la Nchi (High Council of State) kuanzia 14 Januari 1992 hadi 30 Januari 1994. Baada ya kifo cha Khaled Nezzar, Haroun amesalia kuwa mwanachama wa mwisho aliye hai wa Baraza hilo.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmByAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ali+Haroun%22+1927|title=Le procès de Paris: l'armée algérienne face à la désinformation|last=Nezzar|first=Khaled|date=2003|publisher=Médiane|isbn=978-2-915161-01-4|language=fr}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jdy6czxug53x9l7kag7cdcxcrdk9gvr 10 236123 1545145 2026-05-17T14:03:04Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Navbox musical artist | name = Warren G | title = [[Warren G]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | background = solo_singer | listclass = hlist | group1 = Albamu za studio | list1 = * ''[[Regulate... G Funk Era]]'' (1994) * ''[[Take a Look Over Your Shoulder]]'' (1997) * ''[[I Want It All (albamu)|I Want It All]]'' (1999) * ''[[The Return of the Regulator]]'' (2001) * ''[[In the Mid-Nite Hour]]'' (2005) * ''[[The G Files]]'' (2009) |...' 1545145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox musical artist | name = Warren G | title = [[Warren G]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | background = solo_singer | listclass = hlist | group1 = Albamu za studio | list1 = * ''[[Regulate... G Funk Era]]'' (1994) * ''[[Take a Look Over Your Shoulder]]'' (1997) * ''[[I Want It All (albamu)|I Want It All]]'' (1999) * ''[[The Return of the Regulator]]'' (2001) * ''[[In the Mid-Nite Hour]]'' (2005) * ''[[The G Files]]'' (2009) | group2 = Albamu za ushirikiano | list2 = * ''[[The Hard Way (albamu ya 213)|The Hard Way]]'' (2004) (pamoja na [[213 (kundi)|213]]) | group3 = EP | list3 = * ''[[Regulate... G Funk Era, Part II]]'' (2015) | group4 = Singo | list4 = * "[[Regulate (wimbo)|Regulate]]" * "[[This D.J.]]" * "[[Do You See]]" * "[[What's Love Got to Do with It (wimbo wa Warren G)|What's Love Got to Do with It]]" * "[[I Shot the Sheriff (wimbo wa Warren G)|I Shot the Sheriff]]" * "[[Smokin' Me Out]]" * "[[I Want It All (wimbo wa Warren G)|I Want It All]]" * "[[Game Don't Wait]]" * "[[Lookin' at You (wimbo)|Lookin' at You]]" * "[[My House (wimbo wa Warren G)|My House]]" | group5 = Singo shirikishi | list5 = * "[[Indo Smoke]]" * "[[Eastside LB]]" * "[[Prince Igor (wimbo)|Prince Igor]]" * "[[All Night, All Right]]" * "[[Nobody Does It Better (wimbo wa Nate Dogg)|Nobody Does It Better]]" * "[[Just a Lil' Bit (wimbo)|Just a Lil' Bit]]" | group6 = Nyimbo nyingine | list6 = * "[[Ain't No Fun (If the Homies Can't Have None)]]" | group7 = Makala zinazohusiana | list7 = * [[Diskografia ya Warren G]] * [[Diskografia ya utayarishaji wa Warren G]] * [[213 (kundi)|213]] * [[G-Funk Entertainment]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Vigezo vya urambazaji vya wanamuziki wa hip hop wa Marekani]] [[Category:Vigezo vya urambazaji vya marapa]] </noinclude> 2frpdgyve5218sd2ekk500eyvj65tgc 10 236124 1545146 2026-05-17T14:04:23Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Navbox musical artist | title = [[213 (kundi)|213]] | name = 213 (kundi) | bodyclass = hlist | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | background = group_or_band | above = * '''[[Snoop Dogg]]''' * '''[[Warren G]]''' * '''[[Nate Dogg]]''' | group1 = Albamu za studio | list1 = * ''[[The Hard Way (albamu ya 213)|The Hard Way]]'' | group2 = Singo | list2 = * "[[So Fly (wimbo wa 213)|So Fly]]" * "[[Groupie Luv]]" | group3 = Nyimbo nyingi...' 1545146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox musical artist | title = [[213 (kundi)|213]] | name = 213 (kundi) | bodyclass = hlist | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | background = group_or_band | above = * '''[[Snoop Dogg]]''' * '''[[Warren G]]''' * '''[[Nate Dogg]]''' | group1 = Albamu za studio | list1 = * ''[[The Hard Way (albamu ya 213)|The Hard Way]]'' | group2 = Singo | list2 = * "[[So Fly (wimbo wa 213)|So Fly]]" * "[[Groupie Luv]]" | group3 = Nyimbo nyingine | list3 = * "[[Ain't No Fun (If the Homies Can't Have None)]]" | group4 = Makala zinazohusiana | list4 = * [[Diskografia ya 213]] }} <noinclude> {{navbox documentation}} [[Category:Vigezo vya urambazaji vya vikundi vya hip hop vya Marekani]] </noinclude> seyqn01ts9vzhsfdl5bza4ibdyruj9i 10 236125 1545147 2026-05-17T14:05:04Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Navbox musical artist | name = Tha Dogg Pound | title = [[Tha Dogg Pound]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | background = group_or_band | above = * '''[[Kurupt]]''' ([[Diskografia ya Kurupt|diskografia]]) * '''[[Daz Dillinger]]''' ([[Diskografia ya Daz Dillinger|diskografia]]) | group1 = Albamu za studio | list1 = * ''[[Dogg Food]]'' * ''[[Dillinger & Young Gotti]]'' * ''Dillinger & Young Gotti II: Tha Sag...' 1545147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox musical artist | name = Tha Dogg Pound | title = [[Tha Dogg Pound]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | background = group_or_band | above = * '''[[Kurupt]]''' ([[Diskografia ya Kurupt|diskografia]]) * '''[[Daz Dillinger]]''' ([[Diskografia ya Daz Dillinger|diskografia]]) | group1 = Albamu za studio | list1 = * ''[[Dogg Food]]'' * ''[[Dillinger & Young Gotti]]'' * ''[[Dillinger & Young Gotti II: Tha Saga Continuez...]]'' * ''[[Cali Iz Active]]'' * ''[[Dogg Chit]]'' * ''[[That Was Then, This Is Now (Tha Dogg Pound album)|That Was Then, This Is Now]]'' * ''[[100 Wayz]]'' * ''[[DPG 4 Life]]'' * ''[[W.A.W.G. (We All We Got)]]'' | group2 = Albamu za mkusanyiko | list2 = * ''[[2002 (Tha Dogg Pound album)|2002]]'' * ''[[The Last of Tha Pound]]'' | group3 = Singo | list3 = * "[[What Would You Do? (wimbo wa Tha Dogg Pound)|What Would You Do?]]" * "[[New York, New York (wimbo wa Tha Dogg Pound)|New York, New York]]" * "[[Let's Play House]]" | group4 = Nyimbo nyingine | list4 = * "[[Bitches Ain't Shit]]" | group5 = Makala zinazohusiana | list5 = * [[Diskografia ya Tha Dogg Pound]] * [[D.P.G. Recordz]] }} <noinclude> {{navbox documentation}} [[Category:Vigezo vya urambazaji vya vikundi vya hip hop vya Marekani]] </noinclude> 6k8jbv9hexqozts9fuwxz91rmvvpdcq 0 236126 1545148 2026-05-17T14:07:40Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Douglas Patrick Adam''' (7 Septemba 1923 – 24 Desemba 2001) alikuwa mchezaji na kocha wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey) aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji (forward). Alitumia sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya michezo, yaliyoanzia mwaka 1942 hadi 1961, katika ligi ndogo, lakini pia alicheza michezo minne katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Magongo (NHL) akiwa na New York Rangers katika msimu wa 1949–50. Alizaliwa ...' 1545148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Douglas Patrick Adam''' (7 Septemba 1923 – 24 Desemba 2001) alikuwa mchezaji na kocha wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey) aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji (forward). Alitumia sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya michezo, yaliyoanzia mwaka 1942 hadi 1961, katika ligi ndogo, lakini pia alicheza michezo minne katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Magongo (NHL) akiwa na New York Rangers katika msimu wa 1949–50. Alizaliwa [[Toronto]], Ontario. == Kazi == Adam alisajiliwa na New York Rangers kama free agent mwaka 1947, na alicheza kwa timu mbalimbali washirika wa Rangers katika ligi ndogo hadi mwaka 1955.<ref name=NYR /> Mwezi Februari 1950, Adam alicheza michezo minne katika kiwango cha NHL akiwa na Rangers katika msimu wa 1949–50]], akiwa amevaa jezi namba 19.<ref name=NYR>{{cite web|title=Doug Adam|url=[http://rangers.nhl.com/club/atrplayer.htm?id=8444860|publisher=New](http://rangers.nhl.com/club/atrplayer.htm?id=8444860|publisher=New) York Rangers|accessdate=14 February 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714180512/http://rangers.nhl.com/club/atrplayer.htm?id=8444860|archive-date=14](https://web.archive.org/web/20110714180512/http://rangers.nhl.com/club/atrplayer.htm?id=8444860|archive-date=14) July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Katika michezo hiyo minne, hakufunga bao lolote lakini alitoa pasi moja ya bao.<ref name=NHL>{{cite web|title=Doug Adam|url=[http://www.nhl.com/ice/player.htm?id=8444860|publisher=NHL.com|accessdate=14](http://www.nhl.com/ice/player.htm?id=8444860|publisher=NHL.com|accessdate=14) February 2011}}</ref> Baada ya kuondoka katika mfumo wa Rangers, Adam alikua kocha-mchezaji wa Philadelphia Ramblers katika EHL.<ref name=EHL>{{cite web|title=Eastern Hockey League Transactions 1957-58|url=[http://www.theehl.com/page/transactions.htm|publisher=The](http://www.theehl.com/page/transactions.htm|publisher=The) EHL.com|accessdate=14 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hockey db">{{cite web|title=Doug Adam profile|url=[http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=11560|publisher=Hockey](http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=11560|publisher=Hockey) db.com|accessdate=14 February 2011}}</ref> Baada ya kumaliza kucheza, Adam alikua kocha mkuu wa Rochester Americans wa AHL katika msimu wa 1971–72, lakini baadaye alibadilishwa katikati ya msimu na mchezaji wa timu hiyo Don Cherry.<ref name="Amerks 2 coach">{{cite web|title=Rochester Americans|url=[http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/multicoach.php?tid=3&season=1972|publisher=Hockey](http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/multicoach.php?tid=3&season=1972|publisher=Hockey) db.com|accessdate=14 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Amerks stats">{{cite web|title=Rochester Americans|url=[http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/display_standings.php?tmi=7733|publisher=Hockey](http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/display_standings.php?tmi=7733|publisher=Hockey) db.com|accessdate=14 February 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1923|2001}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] e8m82c9icloykrdh5nhn2t0zrg0sloo 0 236127 1545151 2026-05-17T14:12:37Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Hardi''' (16 Machi 1943 – 4 Mei 1996) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=447JDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1993-94|last=Hunter|first=B.|date=2016-12-23|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-27122-7|language=en}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani na Serikali za Mitaa katika serikali ya Belaid Abdessalam mwaka 1992. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1996]] 5tl8xqpxqthfdh8lmnqfccpog57oo9w 1545258 1545151 2026-05-17T18:43:38Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Hardi''' (16 Machi 1943 – 4 Mei 1996) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=447JDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1993-94|last=Hunter|first=B.|date=2016-12-23|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-27122-7|language=en}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani na Serikali za Mitaa katika serikali ya Belaid Abdessalam mwaka 1992. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1996]] jb0a36couabuojh4phc3376va2vbq1d 0 236128 1545152 2026-05-17T14:13:20Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ronald David Adam''' (16 Desemba 1933 – 27 Oktoba 2014) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Kanada]] kutoka Kanada aliyocheza misimu saba akiwa na timu ya Saskatchewan Roughriders katika Canadian Football League (CFL). == Maisha ya awali == Ronald David Adam alizaliwa tarehe 16 Desemba 1933 mjini Lloydminster, Saskatchewan. Alikulia katika miji ya Yorkton na Saskatoon.<ref name="obit">{{cite web|url=[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/le...' 1545152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronald David Adam''' (16 Desemba 1933 – 27 Oktoba 2014) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Kanada]] kutoka Kanada aliyocheza misimu saba akiwa na timu ya Saskatchewan Roughriders katika Canadian Football League (CFL). == Maisha ya awali == Ronald David Adam alizaliwa tarehe 16 Desemba 1933 mjini Lloydminster, Saskatchewan. Alikulia katika miji ya Yorkton na Saskatoon.<ref name="obit">{{cite web|url=[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/leaderpost/obituary.aspx?pid=172983893](http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/leaderpost/obituary.aspx?pid=172983893) |title=Ronald ADAM |publisher=legacy.com |accessdate=June 8, 2016 |url-status=unfit |archiveurl=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160625142112/http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/leaderpost/obituary.aspx?pid=172983893](https://web.archive.org/web/20160625142112/http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/leaderpost/obituary.aspx?pid=172983893) |archivedate=June 25, 2016 }}</ref> Kwa elimu ya sekondari, alisoma katika shule ya City Park Collegiate iliyopo City Park, Saskatoon. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1933|2014}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] hw83vcvo328ugf4xmn9c9pkoimmxlxl 0 236129 1545153 2026-05-17T14:16:43Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Russell Norman Adam''' (alizaliwa 5 Mei 1961) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey) ambaye alicheza michezo minane katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Magongo (NHL) akiwa na Toronto Maple Leafs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russ Adam Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Salary, Title |url=[https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/a/adamru01.html](https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/a/adamru01.html) |access-date...' 1545153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Russell Norman Adam''' (alizaliwa 5 Mei 1961) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey) ambaye alicheza michezo minane katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Magongo (NHL) akiwa na Toronto Maple Leafs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russ Adam Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Salary, Title |url=[https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/a/adamru01.html](https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/a/adamru01.html) |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Hockey-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Russ ni baba wa mchezaji wa sasa wa mpira wa magongo Luke Adam. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1961|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 8fueakkrcauyo2rmskm5ko63p0t43wg 1545287 1545153 2026-05-17T20:13:00Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545287 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Russell Norman Adam''' (alizaliwa 5 Mei 1961) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey) ambaye alicheza michezo minane katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Magongo (NHL) akiwa na Toronto Maple Leafs.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Russ Adam Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Salary, Title |url=[https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/a/adamru01.html](https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/a/adamru01.html) |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Hockey-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Russ ni baba wa mchezaji wa sasa wa mpira wa magongo Luke Adam. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1961|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0l1t1a889jhn65dcz1lrhr17449upmx 0 236130 1545154 2026-05-17T14:17:10Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Tha Dogg Pound | picha = Tha Dogg Pound.jpg | maelezo = Tha Dogg Pound mnamo mwaka 2015 | background = group_or_band | jina la kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = | chimbuko = [[Long Beach, California]], Marekani | aina ya muziki = [[West Coast hip-hop]]<br>[[gangsta rap]]<br>[[G-funk]] | kazi yake = Wanamuziki wa Hip-hop | miaka ya kazi = 1992–2002<br...' 1545154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Tha Dogg Pound | picha = Tha Dogg Pound.jpg | maelezo = Tha Dogg Pound mnamo mwaka 2015 | background = group_or_band | jina la kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = | chimbuko = [[Long Beach, California]], Marekani | aina ya muziki = [[West Coast hip-hop]]<br>[[gangsta rap]]<br>[[G-funk]] | kazi yake = Wanamuziki wa Hip-hop | miaka ya kazi = 1992–2002<br>2005–sasa | studio = [[Death Row Records|Death Row]]<br>[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]<br>[[Doggy Style Records|Doggy Style]]<br>[[Gangsta Advisory Records|Gangsta Advisory]] | ameshirikiana na = [[Snoop Dogg]]<br>[[2Pac]]<br>[[Dr. Dre]]<br>[[Nate Dogg]]<br>[[Soopafly]] | wavuti = }} '''Tha Dogg Pound''' ni kundi la muziki wa [[hip-hop]] kutoka nchini Marekani linaloundwa na marapa wa pwani ya magharibi (West Coast) [[Kurupt]] na [[Daz Dillinger]]. Walikuwa miongoni mwa wasanii wa kwanza kabisa kusainiwa kwenye lebo ya [[Death Row Records]] mnamo mwaka 1992. Kurupt na Daz walianza kutoa albamu zao kujitegemea kuanzia mwaka 1998; waliondoka kwenye lebo ya Death Row Records iliyokuwa inasubiri kusambaratika mwaka uliofuata. Daz aliondoka kutokana na migogoro ya muda mrefu ndani ya lebo hiyo iliyojitokeza baada ya [[Mauaji ya Tupac Shakur|mauaji]] ya rafiki na msanii mwenzao wa lebo hiyo, [[Tupac Shakur]], mnamo mwaka 1996. Kurupt alianzisha lebo ya Antra Records, wakati Daz na Soopafly walianzisha [[D.P.G. Recordz]]. Mnamo mwaka 2002, ufa ulijitokeza kati ya wawili hao pale Kurupt alipoamua kusaini mkataba upya na Death Row Records, jambo lililowakera wote waliohusika na kundi hilo. Albamu yake iliyosubiriwa kwa hamu chini ya Death Row, ''[[Against the Grain (albamu ya Kurupt)|Against the Grain]]'', iliahirishwa mara kadhaa akiwa kwenye lebo hiyo, na hatimaye ilikuja kutolewa mnamo Agosti 2005 baada ya yeye kuondoka. Mnamo Januari 2005, Daz alitoa albamu nyingine ya peke yake iliyoitwa ''[[Tha Dogg Pound Gangsta LP]]''. Baadaye, Tha Dogg Pound waliungana tena kama kundi na kutoa albamu ya ''Dillinger & Young Gotti II'' mnamo Novemba 2005. Mnamo mwaka 2006, [[Snoop Dogg]] alisimamia kama mtayarishaji mkuu wa albamu yao rasmi ya kuungana tena iliyoitwa ''[[Cali Iz Active]]''. == Historia == === Miaka ya Death Row (1992–1997) === Kabla ya kutoka kwa albamu ya ''[[The Chronic]]'', Kurupt na Daz walikuwa wasanii wanaojitegemea. Baada ya kusikia muunganiko na ushirikiano mzuri waliouonyesha wakati wa kurekodi albamu hiyo, [[Dr. Dre]] alipendekeza waunde kundi. Wawili hao waliendelea kushirikishwa kwenye albamu ya ''[[Doggystyle]]'' na kwenye nyimbo mbalimbali pamoja na nyimbo za filamu wakiwa kama Tha Dogg Pound.<ref name="Larkin90">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=2000|edition=First|isbn=0-7535-0427-8|page=391}}</ref> Kati ya mwaka 1993 na 1994, kundi hili lilimsaidia msanii [[MC Hammer|Hammer]] kwenye albamu yake ya ''[[The Funky Headhunter]]'' (kama vile kwenye wimbo wa "Sleepin' on a Master Plan" na mingineyo), wakishirikiana na [[Suge Knight]] pamoja na kundi la Whole 9. Mnamo mwaka 1995, walitoa albamu yao ya kwanza kabisa iliyoitwa ''[[Dogg Food]]'' chini ya lebo ya Death Row Records.<ref name="Larkin90" /> Albamu hiyo ilianza katika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati ya Billboard 200<ref>{{cite web|author=Marc Pollack|url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1995/11/12/dogg-pound-beats-rap-with-debut-at-no-1/?outputType=amp|title=Dogg Pound beats rap with debut at No. 1|publisher=[[Tampa Bay Times]]|date=November 12, 2005|accessdate=May 20, 2024}}</ref> na kufanikiwa kupata mauzo ya Platinamu mara mbili. Wimbo wa "[[Let's Play House]]" ndio uliokuwa mkubwa zaidi, ukiingia kwenye 50 bora za chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]], wakati wimbo wa "[[New York, New York (wimbo wa Tha Dogg Pound)|New York, New York]]" ulipendwa sana kwenye kituo cha MTV; kwenye video ya wimbo huo, Kurupt, Daz, na Snoop walikuwa wakikanyaga majengo ya jiji la New York kama mnyama Godzilla, wakisuta na kuwabeza wapinzani wao wa Pwani ya Mashariki (East Coast). Mnamo Oktoba iliyofuata, kuelekea mwishoni mwa mwaka huohuo, [[Tupac Shakur]] alitolewa gerezani kwa dhamana na Suge Knight wa Death Row kwa makubaliano kwamba angetoa albamu zake nne zilizofuata chini ya lebo hiyo ya Death Row Records. Mnamo mwaka 1996, Tha Dogg Pound walishirikishwa kwenye albamu ya kwanza ya 2Pac chini ya Death Row Records iliyoitwa ''[[All Eyez on Me]]'', ambapo Kurupt alionekana kwenye nyimbo za "Got My Mind Made Up" na "Check Out Time", na Daz Dillinger alitayarisha nyimbo zilizovuma sana za "[[2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted]]", "[[Ambitionz az a Ridah]]", na "[[I Ain't Mad At Cha]]". Pia walionekana kwenye albamu ya Snoop Doggy Dogg iliyoitwa ''[[Tha Doggfather]]''. == Diskografia == {{Kuu|Diskografia ya Tha Dogg Pound}} {{Angalia pia|Diskografia ya Kurupt|Diskografia ya Daz Dillinger}} '''Albamu za studio''' *''[[Dogg Food]]'' (1995) *''[[Dillinger & Young Gotti]]'' (2001) *''[[Dillinger & Young Gotti II: Tha Saga Continuez...]]'' (2005) *''[[Cali Iz Active]]'' (2006) *''[[Dogg Chit]]'' (2007) *''[[That Was Then, This Is Now (albamu ya Tha Dogg Pound)|That Was Then, This Is Now]]'' (2009) *''[[100 Wayz]]'' (2010) *''[[DPG 4 Life]]'' (2021) *''[[W.A.W.G. (We All We Got)]]'' (2024) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213655/http://www.soundslam.com/articles/news/news.php?news=070131_doggpo Albamu Mpya ya Tha Dogg Pound, "Dogg Chit", Iko Njiani] {{Tha Dogg Pound}} {{Cash Money Records}} {{Snoop Dogg}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dogg Pound, Tha}} [[Jamii:Makundi ya hip hop ya Marekani]] i4k7qfuc4b9ipvv5cdpcy2ccui9nbj6 1545362 1545154 2026-05-17T22:14:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260517)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 1545362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Tha Dogg Pound | picha = Tha Dogg Pound.jpg | maelezo = Tha Dogg Pound mnamo mwaka 2015 | background = group_or_band | jina la kuzaliwa = | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = | chimbuko = [[Long Beach, California]], Marekani | aina ya muziki = [[West Coast hip-hop]]<br>[[gangsta rap]]<br>[[G-funk]] | kazi yake = Wanamuziki wa Hip-hop | miaka ya kazi = 1992–2002<br>2005–sasa | studio = [[Death Row Records|Death Row]]<br>[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]<br>[[Doggy Style Records|Doggy Style]]<br>[[Gangsta Advisory Records|Gangsta Advisory]] | ameshirikiana na = [[Snoop Dogg]]<br>[[2Pac]]<br>[[Dr. Dre]]<br>[[Nate Dogg]]<br>[[Soopafly]] | wavuti = }} '''Tha Dogg Pound''' ni kundi la muziki wa [[hip-hop]] kutoka nchini Marekani linaloundwa na marapa wa pwani ya magharibi (West Coast) [[Kurupt]] na [[Daz Dillinger]]. Walikuwa miongoni mwa wasanii wa kwanza kabisa kusainiwa kwenye lebo ya [[Death Row Records]] mnamo mwaka 1992. Kurupt na Daz walianza kutoa albamu zao kujitegemea kuanzia mwaka 1998; waliondoka kwenye lebo ya Death Row Records iliyokuwa inasubiri kusambaratika mwaka uliofuata. Daz aliondoka kutokana na migogoro ya muda mrefu ndani ya lebo hiyo iliyojitokeza baada ya [[Mauaji ya Tupac Shakur|mauaji]] ya rafiki na msanii mwenzao wa lebo hiyo, [[Tupac Shakur]], mnamo mwaka 1996. Kurupt alianzisha lebo ya Antra Records, wakati Daz na Soopafly walianzisha [[D.P.G. Recordz]]. Mnamo mwaka 2002, ufa ulijitokeza kati ya wawili hao pale Kurupt alipoamua kusaini mkataba upya na Death Row Records, jambo lililowakera wote waliohusika na kundi hilo. Albamu yake iliyosubiriwa kwa hamu chini ya Death Row, ''[[Against the Grain (albamu ya Kurupt)|Against the Grain]]'', iliahirishwa mara kadhaa akiwa kwenye lebo hiyo, na hatimaye ilikuja kutolewa mnamo Agosti 2005 baada ya yeye kuondoka. Mnamo Januari 2005, Daz alitoa albamu nyingine ya peke yake iliyoitwa ''[[Tha Dogg Pound Gangsta LP]]''. Baadaye, Tha Dogg Pound waliungana tena kama kundi na kutoa albamu ya ''Dillinger & Young Gotti II'' mnamo Novemba 2005. Mnamo mwaka 2006, [[Snoop Dogg]] alisimamia kama mtayarishaji mkuu wa albamu yao rasmi ya kuungana tena iliyoitwa ''[[Cali Iz Active]]''. == Historia == === Miaka ya Death Row (1992–1997) === Kabla ya kutoka kwa albamu ya ''[[The Chronic]]'', Kurupt na Daz walikuwa wasanii wanaojitegemea. Baada ya kusikia muunganiko na ushirikiano mzuri waliouonyesha wakati wa kurekodi albamu hiyo, [[Dr. Dre]] alipendekeza waunde kundi. Wawili hao waliendelea kushirikishwa kwenye albamu ya ''[[Doggystyle]]'' na kwenye nyimbo mbalimbali pamoja na nyimbo za filamu wakiwa kama Tha Dogg Pound.<ref name="Larkin90">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=2000|edition=First|isbn=0-7535-0427-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/virginencycloped0000unse_w9d5/page/390 391]}}</ref> Kati ya mwaka 1993 na 1994, kundi hili lilimsaidia msanii [[MC Hammer|Hammer]] kwenye albamu yake ya ''[[The Funky Headhunter]]'' (kama vile kwenye wimbo wa "Sleepin' on a Master Plan" na mingineyo), wakishirikiana na [[Suge Knight]] pamoja na kundi la Whole 9. Mnamo mwaka 1995, walitoa albamu yao ya kwanza kabisa iliyoitwa ''[[Dogg Food]]'' chini ya lebo ya Death Row Records.<ref name="Larkin90" /> Albamu hiyo ilianza katika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati ya Billboard 200<ref>{{cite web|author=Marc Pollack|url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1995/11/12/dogg-pound-beats-rap-with-debut-at-no-1/?outputType=amp|title=Dogg Pound beats rap with debut at No. 1|publisher=[[Tampa Bay Times]]|date=November 12, 2005|accessdate=May 20, 2024}}</ref> na kufanikiwa kupata mauzo ya Platinamu mara mbili. Wimbo wa "[[Let's Play House]]" ndio uliokuwa mkubwa zaidi, ukiingia kwenye 50 bora za chati ya [[Billboard Hot 100]], wakati wimbo wa "[[New York, New York (wimbo wa Tha Dogg Pound)|New York, New York]]" ulipendwa sana kwenye kituo cha MTV; kwenye video ya wimbo huo, Kurupt, Daz, na Snoop walikuwa wakikanyaga majengo ya jiji la New York kama mnyama Godzilla, wakisuta na kuwabeza wapinzani wao wa Pwani ya Mashariki (East Coast). Mnamo Oktoba iliyofuata, kuelekea mwishoni mwa mwaka huohuo, [[Tupac Shakur]] alitolewa gerezani kwa dhamana na Suge Knight wa Death Row kwa makubaliano kwamba angetoa albamu zake nne zilizofuata chini ya lebo hiyo ya Death Row Records. Mnamo mwaka 1996, Tha Dogg Pound walishirikishwa kwenye albamu ya kwanza ya 2Pac chini ya Death Row Records iliyoitwa ''[[All Eyez on Me]]'', ambapo Kurupt alionekana kwenye nyimbo za "Got My Mind Made Up" na "Check Out Time", na Daz Dillinger alitayarisha nyimbo zilizovuma sana za "[[2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted]]", "[[Ambitionz az a Ridah]]", na "[[I Ain't Mad At Cha]]". Pia walionekana kwenye albamu ya Snoop Doggy Dogg iliyoitwa ''[[Tha Doggfather]]''. == Diskografia == {{Kuu|Diskografia ya Tha Dogg Pound}} {{Angalia pia|Diskografia ya Kurupt|Diskografia ya Daz Dillinger}} '''Albamu za studio''' *''[[Dogg Food]]'' (1995) *''[[Dillinger & Young Gotti]]'' (2001) *''[[Dillinger & Young Gotti II: Tha Saga Continuez...]]'' (2005) *''[[Cali Iz Active]]'' (2006) *''[[Dogg Chit]]'' (2007) *''[[That Was Then, This Is Now (albamu ya Tha Dogg Pound)|That Was Then, This Is Now]]'' (2009) *''[[100 Wayz]]'' (2010) *''[[DPG 4 Life]]'' (2021) *''[[W.A.W.G. (We All We Got)]]'' (2024) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213655/http://www.soundslam.com/articles/news/news.php?news=070131_doggpo Albamu Mpya ya Tha Dogg Pound, "Dogg Chit", Iko Njiani] {{Tha Dogg Pound}} {{Cash Money Records}} {{Snoop Dogg}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dogg Pound, Tha}} [[Jamii:Makundi ya hip hop ya Marekani]] 0olghdt1drqf3k3bjrsnt74nq4mya41 0 236131 1545155 2026-05-17T14:17:43Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545155 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mouloud Hamrouche''' (amezaliwa 3 Januari 1943) ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuwa Mkuu wa Serikali (Head of Government) ya Algeria kuanzia 9 Septemba 1989 hadi 5 Juni 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mouloud Hamrouche {{!}} Profile {{!}} Africa Confidential|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/4170/page/2|work=www.africa-confidential.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ef8t01y81slrn45g86cy4zs5dee4tfx 1545261 1545155 2026-05-17T18:46:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mouloud Hamrouche''' (amezaliwa 3 Januari 1943) ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuwa Mkuu wa Serikali (Head of Government) ya Algeria kuanzia 9 Septemba 1989 hadi 5 Juni 1991.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mouloud Hamrouche {{!}} Profile {{!}} Africa Confidential|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/4170/page/2|work=www.africa-confidential.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4hflap4i677p2fzez5ocyyht0wn7hv7 0 236132 1545156 2026-05-17T14:18:33Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Snoop Doggy]] 1545156 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Snoop Doggy]] ctjk90jmd2ra5d5ydv5f1fhtx2z819n 0 236133 1545157 2026-05-17T14:23:15Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Adams''' (20 Desemba 1924 – 23 Februari 2019)<ref name="Obituary">[[https://nationalpost.com/sports/local-sports/adams](https://nationalpost.com/sports/local-sports/adams) Bob Adams' obituary]</ref><ref>[[https://m.legacy.com/obituaries/timescolonist/obituary.aspx](https://m.legacy.com/obituaries/timescolonist/obituary.aspx) Robert (Bob) Adams Obituary]</ref> alikuwa mwanariadha wa [[Kanada]] aliyebobea katika mwanariadha wa michezo kumi. Alish...' 1545157 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Adams''' (20 Desemba 1924 – 23 Februari 2019)<ref name="Obituary">[[https://nationalpost.com/sports/local-sports/adams](https://nationalpost.com/sports/local-sports/adams) Bob Adams' obituary]</ref><ref>[[https://m.legacy.com/obituaries/timescolonist/obituary.aspx](https://m.legacy.com/obituaries/timescolonist/obituary.aspx) Robert (Bob) Adams Obituary]</ref> alikuwa mwanariadha wa [[Kanada]] aliyebobea katika mwanariadha wa michezo kumi. Alishiriki katika Olimpiki za Majira ya Joto za 1952. Pia aliwakilisha Kanada katika Mashindano ya Dola ya Uingereza na Jumuiya ya Madola ya 1954, ambapo alishiriki katika mashindano ya pole vault na high jump. Alizaliwa katika Alsask, [[Saskatchewan]].<ref name=sref>{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/bob-adams-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/bob-adams-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418081924/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/bob-adams-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200418081924/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/bob-adams-1.html) |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |accessdate=29 March 2015}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1924|2019}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] fxewgad9zt1ghtz3sycmg80yghqosd9 0 236134 1545158 2026-05-17T14:27:15Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545158 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Redha Hamiani''' (4 Mei 1944 – 27 Machi 2021) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Biashara Ndogo (Small Business) katika serikali ya Mokdad Sifi mwaka 1995.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iLMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|title=Nahost Jahrbuch 1993: Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Nordafrika und dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten|date=2013-03-09|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-322-95968-3|language=de}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] oywk18bxp8n5c5x5r51zkdmf3ke1ndg 1545283 1545158 2026-05-17T20:06:00Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Redha Hamiani''' (4 Mei 1944 – 27 Machi 2021) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Biashara Ndogo (Small Business) katika serikali ya Mokdad Sifi mwaka 1995.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iLMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|title=Nahost Jahrbuch 1993: Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Nordafrika und dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten|date=2013-03-09|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-322-95968-3|language=de}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] 4jb2smcvinu38hxh9qq5j4e798o7x5x 0 236135 1545159 2026-05-17T14:28:01Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marguerite Clarisse Nicolette Hennique-Valentin''' (17 Aprili 1882 – 11 Aprili 1956) alikuwa mshairi wa mtindo wa usimbolisti (symbolist) kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10729141k |title=Nicolette Hennique (1882-1956) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa binti wa mwandishi mashuhuri Léon Hennique, na alijulikana...' 1545159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marguerite Clarisse Nicolette Hennique-Valentin''' (17 Aprili 1882 – 11 Aprili 1956) alikuwa mshairi wa mtindo wa usimbolisti (symbolist) kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10729141k |title=Nicolette Hennique (1882-1956) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa binti wa mwandishi mashuhuri Léon Hennique, na alijulikana sana kwa kazi zake za kishairi zilizofuata misingi ya harakati za kisanii za kileo nchini humo.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Clarisse_Nicolette_Hennique-Valentin |title=Marguerite Clarisse Nicolette Hennique-Valentin katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1882|1956}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] n7htqehjvux13r1jr7uiewfyoh5ftsi 0 236136 1545160 2026-05-17T14:31:08Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Christopher Charles Sherriff Harborne''' (alizaliwa [[Desemba]] [[1962]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea mwenye asili ya [[Uingereza]] na [[Uthai]], na mwekezaji wa teknolojia anayeishi Uthai. Anashikilia uraia wa Thai kwa jina ''Chakrit Sakunkrit''.<ref name="Lewis">{{cite news|url=https://moneyweek.com/people/who-is-christopher-harborne-crypto-billionaire-reform-uk-donor|work=[[MoneyWeek]]|title=Who is Christopher Harborne, crypto billionaire and Refo...' 1545160 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christopher Charles Sherriff Harborne''' (alizaliwa [[Desemba]] [[1962]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea mwenye asili ya [[Uingereza]] na [[Uthai]], na mwekezaji wa teknolojia anayeishi Uthai. Anashikilia uraia wa Thai kwa jina ''Chakrit Sakunkrit''.<ref name="Lewis">{{cite news|url=https://moneyweek.com/people/who-is-christopher-harborne-crypto-billionaire-reform-uk-donor|work=[[MoneyWeek]]|title=Who is Christopher Harborne, crypto billionaire and Reform UK's new mega-donor?|first=Jane|last=Lewis|date=12 December 2025|access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="Evans">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/christopher-harborne-reform-uk-donation-nigel-farage-b2878129.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Who is the British billionaire behind £9m Reform donation?|first=Holly|last= Evans|date=5 March 2026|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uthai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jd06lswzlv1foxuax4yzdd4gif3od6d 0 236137 1545161 2026-05-17T14:32:04Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gregory Charles Adams''' (alizaliwa 31 Mei 1960) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey) aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji (forward), ambaye alicheza katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Magongo (NHL). <ref>{{cite web |title=Caps Alumni Biographies: Greg Adams |url=[https://www.nhl.com/capitals/news/caps-alumni-biographies-greg-adams/c-286254762](https://www.nhl.com/capitals/news/caps-alumni-biograph...' 1545161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gregory Charles Adams''' (alizaliwa 31 Mei 1960) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa magongo wa barafu (ice hockey) aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji (forward), ambaye alicheza katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Magongo (NHL). <ref>{{cite web |title=Caps Alumni Biographies: Greg Adams |url=[https://www.nhl.com/capitals/news/caps-alumni-biographies-greg-adams/c-286254762](https://www.nhl.com/capitals/news/caps-alumni-biographies-greg-adams/c-286254762) |website=NHL.com |date=January 30, 2017 |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1960|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 5j8i28o17fnx4cn4bqgfr4477pnk0en 0 236138 1545162 2026-05-17T14:33:34Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545162 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Smail Hamdani''' (11 Machi 1930 – 6/7 Februari 2017) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Index Ha|url=http://rulers.org/indexh1.html#hamda|work=rulers.org|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa Algeria kuanzia 15 Desemba 1998 hadi 23 Desemba 1999. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] 7f6o9p4j2o930khsbbpjkm1rqgyig8o 1545299 1545162 2026-05-17T20:30:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545299 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Smail Hamdani''' (11 Machi 1930 – 6/7 Februari 2017) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Index Ha|url=http://rulers.org/indexh1.html#hamda|work=rulers.org|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa Algeria kuanzia 15 Desemba 1998 hadi 23 Desemba 1999. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1930]] rk7257n1yeh4p6uncb9zrjdexruwwib 0 236139 1545163 2026-05-17T14:34:16Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Laurence Iché''' (9 Aprili 1921, 9 Septemba 2007) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12040156d |title=Laurence Iché (1921-2007) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alijulikana sana kwa kujihusisha kwake na harakati za ushairi wa mwelekeo wa usureali nchini humo.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://...' 1545163 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laurence Iché''' (9 Aprili 1921, 9 Septemba 2007) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12040156d |title=Laurence Iché (1921-2007) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alijulikana sana kwa kujihusisha kwake na harakati za ushairi wa mwelekeo wa usureali nchini humo.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Ich%C3%A9 |title=Laurence Iché katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1921|2007}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 05tnx45rn6soklfoh7s1fg4ic87r5c7 0 236140 1545164 2026-05-17T14:34:50Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Clelia Haji-Ioannou''' (alizaliwa [[1970]]) ni bilionea na mwekezaji mwenye uraia wa [[Kupro]] na [[Uingereza]]. Alirithi kutoka kwa baba yake, [[Loucas Haji-Ioannou]], gwiji wa usafirishaji baharini, na anabakia na hisa katika shirika la ndege EasyJet, lililoanzishwa na kaka yake, [[Stelios Haji-Ioannou]]. Kaka yake mwingine, [[Polys Haji-Ioannou]], pia ni bilionea wa usafirishaji na uwekezaji wa mali zisizohamishika.<ref name="bayes">{{cite web |titl...' 1545164 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clelia Haji-Ioannou''' (alizaliwa [[1970]]) ni bilionea na mwekezaji mwenye uraia wa [[Kupro]] na [[Uingereza]]. Alirithi kutoka kwa baba yake, [[Loucas Haji-Ioannou]], gwiji wa usafirishaji baharini, na anabakia na hisa katika shirika la ndege EasyJet, lililoanzishwa na kaka yake, [[Stelios Haji-Ioannou]]. Kaka yake mwingine, [[Polys Haji-Ioannou]], pia ni bilionea wa usafirishaji na uwekezaji wa mali zisizohamishika.<ref name="bayes">{{cite web |title=The Clelia Haji-Ioannou Scholarship – Bayes Business School |url=https://www.bayes.citystgeorges.ac.uk/study/masters/funding-your-study/scholarships/the-clelia-haji-ioannou-scholarship |website=Bayes Business School, City University of London |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="forbes">{{cite web |title=Clelia Haji-Ioannou |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/clelia-haji-ioannou/ |website=Forbes |publisher=Forbes Media |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kupro]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] e7akdxt5da5qh1jf9hw4xmny2730bhi 0 236141 1545165 2026-05-17T14:36:42Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert P. Adams''' (amezaliwa 26 Oktoba 1942) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Kanada]] wa mchezo wa kupiga makasia (rowing). Alishiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1960.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/robert-adams-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/robert-adams-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418081911/https://www.sp...' 1545165 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert P. Adams''' (amezaliwa 26 Oktoba 1942) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Kanada]] wa mchezo wa kupiga makasia (rowing). Alishiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1960.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/robert-adams-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/robert-adams-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418081911/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/robert-adams-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200418081911/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/robert-adams-1.html) |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Robert Adams Olympic Results |accessdate=21 December 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] mcndzwrbey8mksiq0alwnib8brwprqa 0 236142 1545166 2026-05-17T14:38:18Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marie-Évangeline-Prudence Jouan''', alijulikana zaidi kama '''Éva Jouan''' (17 Aprili 1857 – 10 Februari 1910), alikuwa mshairi na mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12994555g |title=Éva Jouan (1857-1911) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alifahamika sana kwa kazi zake za ushairi zilizosifu uzuri wa kisiwa c...' 1545166 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie-Évangeline-Prudence Jouan''', alijulikana zaidi kama '''Éva Jouan''' (17 Aprili 1857 – 10 Februari 1910), alikuwa mshairi na mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12994555g |title=Éva Jouan (1857-1911) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alifahamika sana kwa kazi zake za ushairi zilizosifu uzuri wa kisiwa chake cha nyumbani cha Belle-Île-en-Mer na pia aliandika riwaya pamoja na shajara kadhaa.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89va_Jouan |title=Éva Jouan katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1857|1910|Jouan, Eva}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 06n6wc4w79314amevo3gndijz892l1m 0 236143 1545167 2026-05-17T14:42:19Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hans Adlhoch''' (alizaliwa 10 Aprili 1935) ni mchezaji wa [[Ujerumani]] aliyehamia [[Kanada]] na kushiriki katika michezo ya upigaji risasi (sport shooting). Alishiriki katika Olimpiki za Majira ya Joto za 1976.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/hans-adlhoch-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/hans-adlhoch-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20...' 1545167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hans Adlhoch''' (alizaliwa 10 Aprili 1935) ni mchezaji wa [[Ujerumani]] aliyehamia [[Kanada]] na kushiriki katika michezo ya upigaji risasi (sport shooting). Alishiriki katika Olimpiki za Majira ya Joto za 1976.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/hans-adlhoch-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/hans-adlhoch-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418081843/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/hans-adlhoch-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200418081843/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ad/hans-adlhoch-1.html) |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Hans Adlhoch Olympic Results |accessdate=4 March 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1935|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] aeo3yredjdhpx1oloy8i86pkbqs5v7s 0 236144 1545168 2026-05-17T14:42:21Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Maria Anastasia Krysińska''' (22 Januari 1857 - [[Paris]], 15 Septemba 1908) alikuwa mshairi wa mtindo wa usimbolisti (symbolist), mwandishi wa riwaya, na mwanamuziki mwenye asili ya [[Polandi|Poland]] na [[Ufaransa]].<ref>Goulesque, Florence. '"Le Hibou' qui voulait danser: Marie Krysinska, innovatrice du vers libre et théoricienne de la poésie moderne." Symposium (1999). Forthcoming. . "Marie Krysinska (1864-1908), ..</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist...' 1545168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maria Anastasia Krysińska''' (22 Januari 1857 - [[Paris]], 15 Septemba 1908) alikuwa mshairi wa mtindo wa usimbolisti (symbolist), mwandishi wa riwaya, na mwanamuziki mwenye asili ya [[Polandi|Poland]] na [[Ufaransa]].<ref>Goulesque, Florence. '"Le Hibou' qui voulait danser: Marie Krysinska, innovatrice du vers libre et théoricienne de la poésie moderne." Symposium (1999). Forthcoming. . "Marie Krysinska (1864-1908), ..</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1857|1908|Krysinska, Maria Anastasia}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1857]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1908]] 73h7n26beu6h0uglajhm1ykmvfdwzwv 0 236145 1545169 2026-05-17T14:42:33Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545169 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salah Goudjil''' (amezaliwa 14 Januari 1931) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]]. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Sekretarieti ya Kamati Kuu ya chama cha National Liberation Front (FLN).<ref>{{Cite web|title=EL MOUDJAHID|url=http://www.elmoudjahid.com/print.php?story=06/02/21/6450459|work=www.elmoudjahid.com|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Alishiriki katika Vita vya Uhuru vya Algeria dhidi ya Ufaransa, na baadaye alihudumu kama Waziri wa Uchukuzi na Uvuvi katika serikali mbalimbali za FLN. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ow4xu5ec5rnuvcsbi1y0fpvu26wc6ui 1545291 1545169 2026-05-17T20:15:53Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salah Goudjil''' (amezaliwa 14 Januari 1931) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]]. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Sekretarieti ya Kamati Kuu ya chama cha National Liberation Front (FLN).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=EL MOUDJAHID|url=http://www.elmoudjahid.com/print.php?story=06/02/21/6450459|work=www.elmoudjahid.com|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Alishiriki katika Vita vya Uhuru vya Algeria dhidi ya Ufaransa, na baadaye alihudumu kama Waziri wa Uchukuzi na Uvuvi katika serikali mbalimbali za FLN. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] e0t2bgzpg9a8ofifobpm0vui66j5rkj 0 236146 1545170 2026-05-17T14:46:21Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Phil Adrian''' (amezaliwa takriban mwaka 1933) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Kanada]] aliyekuwa akicheza kwa taaluma katika timu ya Montreal Alouettes. Alicheza katika michezo 39 kwa Alouettes katika misimu minne kati ya mwaka 1951 hadi 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.justsportsstats.com/footballstatsindex.php?player_id=adriaphi001|title=Phil](http://www.justsportsstats.com/footballstatsindex.php?player_id=adriaphi001|...' 1545170 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phil Adrian''' (amezaliwa takriban mwaka 1933) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Kanada]] wa mpira wa miguu wa [[Kanada]] aliyekuwa akicheza kwa taaluma katika timu ya Montreal Alouettes. Alicheza katika michezo 39 kwa Alouettes katika misimu minne kati ya mwaka 1951 hadi 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.justsportsstats.com/footballstatsindex.php?player_id=adriaphi001|title=Phil](http://www.justsportsstats.com/footballstatsindex.php?player_id=adriaphi001|title=Phil) Adrian|work=StatsCrew.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Maher|first1=Tod|last2=Gill|first2=Bob|title=The Canadian Pro Football Encyclopedia: Every Player, Coach and Game, 1946–2012|date=2013|publisher=Maher Sports Media|isbn=978-0983513667|page=140}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0k20mwl4pernhl74cabxa9z5qmvkjq1 0 236147 1545171 2026-05-17T14:47:26Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sifi Ghrieb''' (amezaliwa 1971) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa Algeria tangu Septemba 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=De l'industrie à la primature, le parcours de Sifi Ghrieb|url=https://lalgerieaujourdhui.dz/de-lindustrie-a-la-primature-le-parcours-de-sifi-ghrieb/|work=L'Algérie Aujourd'hui|date=2025-08-30|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=fr-FR|author=Admin}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 8jj34b4zg2fig54seoocxam5nf7dyfp 1545296 1545171 2026-05-17T20:27:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545296 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sifi Ghrieb''' (amezaliwa 1971) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa Algeria tangu Septemba 2025.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=De l'industrie à la primature, le parcours de Sifi Ghrieb|url=https://lalgerieaujourdhui.dz/de-lindustrie-a-la-primature-le-parcours-de-sifi-ghrieb/|work=L'Algérie Aujourd'hui|date=2025-08-30|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=fr-FR|author=Admin}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0bwrbywh0clq2vu80ze5cu54xmkd749 0 236148 1545172 2026-05-17T14:51:39Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Stephen Kirwan "Steve" Agar''' (alizaliwa 6 Juni 1968 katika Saint George) ni mwanariadha mstaafu wa riadha (track and field) ambaye aliwakilisha Dominica na baadaye [[Kanada]]. Katika Olimpiki za Majira ya Joto za 1996 alishiriki katika mbio za mita 1500 za wanaume (1500 m) ambapo alimaliza wa nane katika mbio zake za mchujo na hakufanikiwa kusonga mbele. Mwaka 1998 alipata uraia wa [[Kanada]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200418080309/https://...' 1545172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stephen Kirwan "Steve" Agar''' (alizaliwa 6 Juni 1968 katika Saint George) ni mwanariadha mstaafu wa riadha (track and field) ambaye aliwakilisha Dominica na baadaye [[Kanada]]. Katika Olimpiki za Majira ya Joto za 1996 alishiriki katika mbio za mita 1500 za wanaume (1500 m) ambapo alimaliza wa nane katika mbio zake za mchujo na hakufanikiwa kusonga mbele. Mwaka 1998 alipata uraia wa [[Kanada]].<ref>[[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418080309/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ag/steve-agar-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200418080309/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ag/steve-agar-1.html) Sports-Reference Profile]</ref> Yeye ni ndugu wa muogeleaji Francilla Agar. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1968|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] if0wbptso3a2hiuszoz3l3lo7nurtws 0 236149 1545173 2026-05-17T14:52:15Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Shinehead | picha = | maelezo = | background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Edmund Carl Aiken | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1962|4|10}} | chimbuko = [[Kensington]], [[London]], Uingereza | aina ya muziki = [[Reggae]], [[reggae fusion]], [[dancehall]], [[hip hop]] | kazi yake = Mwimbaji, rapa | miaka ya kazi = 1986–sasa | studio...' 1545173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Shinehead | picha = | maelezo = | background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Edmund Carl Aiken | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1962|4|10}} | chimbuko = [[Kensington]], [[London]], Uingereza | aina ya muziki = [[Reggae]], [[reggae fusion]], [[dancehall]], [[hip hop]] | kazi yake = Mwimbaji, rapa | miaka ya kazi = 1986–sasa | studio = [[Elektra Records]], African Love Records | ameshirikiana na = [[Sly and Robbie]], [[Jeff Buckley]] | wavuti = }} '''Edmund Carl Aiken''' (alizaliwa 10 Aprili 1962 huko [[Kensington]], [[Uingereza]]),<ref name="AMG">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/shinehead-mn0000023352/biography|title=Shinehead Biography, Songs, & Albums|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> anajulikana zaidi kwa jina la kisanii kama '''Shinehead''', ni mwimbaji wa [[reggae]], mchanaji, na rapa mwenye asili ya Uingereza na [[Jamaika]]. == Kazi == Alianza safari yake ya muziki kwa kutumbuiza kwenye mifumo mbalimbali ya sauti ya muziki wa reggae na [[dancehall]] jijini [[New York City]] mnamo miaka ya 1980. Moja ya mifumo maarufu aliyotumbuiza nayo sana ni "Downbeat the Ruler" wa Tony Screw, uliokuwa na makazi yake huko [[The Bronx]]. Wimbo wake wa kwanza wa kurekodi ulitoka mnamo mwaka 1986 chini ya lebo ya kujitegemea ya African Love Music, ukiitwa "Who the Cap Fits (Let Them Wear It)" kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''Rough & Rugged''.<ref name="LarkinReggae">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Who's Who of Reggae]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1994|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-734-7|pages=243/5}}</ref> Katika miaka yake ya mwanzoni, mwanamuziki [[Jeff Buckley]] aliongoza kundi lake kwa kupiga gitaa na pia kumsaidia Shinehead kuimba sauti saidizi. Alionekana pia kwenye albamu ya [[Sly and Robbie]] ya mwaka 1987 iliyoitwa ''[[Rhythm Killers]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/rhythm-killers-mw0000191861/credits|title=Rhythm Killers - Sly & Robbie &#124; Credits |website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> Shinehead alisainiwa mkataba wa kurekodi na mwakilishi wa [[Artist & repertoire|A&R]] Raoul Roach kwenye lebo ya [[Elektra Records]] mnamo mwaka 1988, na alidumu na lebo hiyo hadi mwaka 1995. Wimbo wake unaojulikana zaidi ni ule aliorudia kuimba kutoka kwa msanii [[Sting (mwanamuziki)|Sting]] uitwao "[[Englishman in New York]]", lakini yeye aliupea jina la "Jamaican in New York" (1993).<ref name="LarkinReggae"/> Wimbo huo ulishika nafasi ya 30 kwenye chati ya [[UK Singles Chart]] mnamo Aprili 1993.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book | first= David | last= Roberts | year= 2006 | title= British Hit Singles & Albums | edition= 19th | publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London | isbn= 1-904994-10-5 | page= 496}}</ref> Wimbo huo ulipatikana kwenye albamu ya ''Sidewalk University''. Anasifika kwa kiasi kikubwa kuwa mmoja wa wasanii wa kwanza kabisa kuchanganya muziki wa [[hip hop]] na [[reggae]],<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1992|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-939-0|page=2254}}</ref> mtindo unaofahamika sasa kama [[reggae fusion]], kupitia nyimbo kama "Try My Love" wa mwaka 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rudegal.com/artists/bioshinehead99.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003184214/http://www.rudegal.com/artists/bioshinehead99.htm|url-status=dead|title=Shinehead Biography 1999|archive-date=3 October 2011|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> Kipaji cha uimbaji wa sauti cha Shinehead kinaweza kusikika kwenye nyimbo mbalimbali katika albamu za ''[[Unity (albamu ya Shinehead)|Unity]]'' (1988) na ''[[The Real Rock]]'' (1990).<ref name="LarkinReggae"/> Mtindo wake wa kasi wa kuchana unajidhihirisha kwenye nyimbo kama "Cigarette Breath", "Gimme No Crack", na "Do It with Ease". Mbinu yake ya miondoko ya kuimba inayochanganya rap na uimbaji wa kawaida ([[singjay]]) ipo kwenye nyimbo kama "Strive", huku akileta ladha ya hip hop zaidi kwenye nyimbo kama "Chain Gang". Wimbo wa "Chain Gang" ulikuwa video ya kwanza kabisa kuonyeshwa wakati wa msimu wa kawaida wa kipindi cha ''[[Yo! MTV Raps]]'' mnamo mwaka 1988. Shinehead bado yuko hai na anaendelea na muziki. Alikuwa sehemu ya tamasha la kila mwaka la melini la Jamrock cruise mnamo mwaka 2015. Mwaka huohuo, alitumbuiza kwenye maonyesho ya CES huko Las Vegas. Amepata mafanikio pia kupitia mfumo wake wa sauti unaoitwa Kingston 12. == Diskografia == === Albamu === * ''Rough & Rugged'' (1986) * ''[[Unity (albamu ya Shinehead)|Unity]]'' (1988) * ''[[The Real Rock]]'' (1990) * ''[[Sidewalk University]]'' (1992) * ''Troddin{{'}}'' (1994) * ''Praises'' (1999)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/shinehead-mn0000023352/discography|title=Shinehead Albums and Discography|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> === Nyimbo zilizoshika chati === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo, zikiwemo nafasi zilizoshika kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Jina la Wimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="7"| Nafasi za juu kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/28753/shinehead/|title=Shinehead {{!}} full Official Chart History|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref>{{cite Ryan|page=251}}</ref><ref name="ARIA chart">{{cite web|url=https://imgur.com/a/CkXxa7C| title=Shinehead ARIA chart history |publisher=ARIA|via=Imgur.com|access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br />(FL)]]<br /><ref name="Charts"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[SNEP|FRA]]<br /><ref name="Charts"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="Charts"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="Charts">{{cite web|url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Shinehead&titel=Jamaican+In+New+York&cat=s|title=Shinehead – Jamaican in New York|website=charts.nz|access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br /><ref name="Charts"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Try My Love" | 1992 | — || 193 || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Englishman in New York|Jamaican in New York]]" | rowspan="2"| 1993 | 30 || 97 || 34 || 17 || 31 || 5 || 21 | rowspan="2"| ''Sidewalk University'' |- ! scope="row"| "Let 'Em In" | 70 || 153 || — || — || — || 13 || — |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090828030250/http://www.jamaicansmusic.com/blog/2009/08/25/shinehead-to-address-diageos-project-artiste Shinehead kuzungumzia mradi wa Diageo wa 'Project Artiste'] {{BD|1962}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shinehead}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Reggae]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uingereza]] 6kkvpehabcp1oyo68zfmmpyouw8clwh 1545294 1545173 2026-05-17T20:25:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1545294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Shinehead | picha = | maelezo = | background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Edmund Carl Aiken | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1962|4|10}} | chimbuko = [[Kensington]], [[London]], Uingereza | aina ya muziki = [[Reggae]], [[reggae fusion]], [[dancehall]], [[hip hop]] | kazi yake = Mwimbaji, rapa | miaka ya kazi = 1986–sasa | studio = [[Elektra Records]], African Love Records | ameshirikiana na = [[Sly and Robbie]], [[Jeff Buckley]] | wavuti = }} '''Edmund Carl Aiken''' (alizaliwa 10 Aprili 1962 huko [[Kensington]], [[Uingereza]]),<ref name="AMG">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/shinehead-mn0000023352/biography|title=Shinehead Biography, Songs, & Albums|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> anajulikana zaidi kwa jina la kisanii kama '''Shinehead''', ni mwimbaji wa [[reggae]], mchanaji, na rapa mwenye asili ya Uingereza na [[Jamaika]]. == Kazi == Alianza safari yake ya muziki kwa kutumbuiza kwenye mifumo mbalimbali ya sauti ya muziki wa reggae na [[dancehall]] jijini [[New York City]] mnamo miaka ya 1980. Moja ya mifumo maarufu aliyotumbuiza nayo sana ni "Downbeat the Ruler" wa Tony Screw, uliokuwa na makazi yake huko [[The Bronx]]. Wimbo wake wa kwanza wa kurekodi ulitoka mnamo mwaka 1986 chini ya lebo ya kujitegemea ya African Love Music, ukiitwa "Who the Cap Fits (Let Them Wear It)" kutoka kwenye albamu ya ''Rough & Rugged''.<ref name="LarkinReggae">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Who's Who of Reggae]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1994|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-734-7|pages=243/5}}</ref> Katika miaka yake ya mwanzoni, mwanamuziki [[Jeff Buckley]] aliongoza kundi lake kwa kupiga gitaa na pia kumsaidia Shinehead kuimba sauti saidizi. Alionekana pia kwenye albamu ya [[Sly and Robbie]] ya mwaka 1987 iliyoitwa ''[[Rhythm Killers]]''.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/rhythm-killers-mw0000191861/credits|title=Rhythm Killers - Sly & Robbie &#124; Credits |website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> Shinehead alisainiwa mkataba wa kurekodi na mwakilishi wa [[Artist & repertoire|A&R]] Raoul Roach kwenye lebo ya [[Elektra Records]] mnamo mwaka 1988, na alidumu na lebo hiyo hadi mwaka 1995. Wimbo wake unaojulikana zaidi ni ule aliorudia kuimba kutoka kwa msanii [[Sting (mwanamuziki)|Sting]] uitwao "[[Englishman in New York]]", lakini yeye aliupea jina la "Jamaican in New York" (1993).<ref name="LarkinReggae"/> Wimbo huo ulishika nafasi ya 30 kwenye chati ya [[UK Singles Chart]] mnamo Aprili 1993.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book | first= David | last= Roberts | year= 2006 | title= British Hit Singles & Albums | edition= 19th | publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London | isbn= 1-904994-10-5 | page= 496}}</ref> Wimbo huo ulipatikana kwenye albamu ya ''Sidewalk University''. Anasifika kwa kiasi kikubwa kuwa mmoja wa wasanii wa kwanza kabisa kuchanganya muziki wa [[hip hop]] na [[reggae]],<ref name="LarkinGE">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=[[Colin Larkin (writer)|Colin Larkin]]|publisher=[[Guinness Publishing]]|date=1992|edition=First|isbn=0-85112-939-0|page=2254}}</ref> mtindo unaofahamika sasa kama [[reggae fusion]], kupitia nyimbo kama "Try My Love" wa mwaka 1992.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.rudegal.com/artists/bioshinehead99.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003184214/http://www.rudegal.com/artists/bioshinehead99.htm|url-status=dead|title=Shinehead Biography 1999|archive-date=3 October 2011|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> Kipaji cha uimbaji wa sauti cha Shinehead kinaweza kusikika kwenye nyimbo mbalimbali katika albamu za ''[[Unity (albamu ya Shinehead)|Unity]]'' (1988) na ''[[The Real Rock]]'' (1990).<ref name="LarkinReggae"/> Mtindo wake wa kasi wa kuchana unajidhihirisha kwenye nyimbo kama "Cigarette Breath", "Gimme No Crack", na "Do It with Ease". Mbinu yake ya miondoko ya kuimba inayochanganya rap na uimbaji wa kawaida ([[singjay]]) ipo kwenye nyimbo kama "Strive", huku akileta ladha ya hip hop zaidi kwenye nyimbo kama "Chain Gang". Wimbo wa "Chain Gang" ulikuwa video ya kwanza kabisa kuonyeshwa wakati wa msimu wa kawaida wa kipindi cha ''[[Yo! MTV Raps]]'' mnamo mwaka 1988. Shinehead bado yuko hai na anaendelea na muziki. Alikuwa sehemu ya tamasha la kila mwaka la melini la Jamrock cruise mnamo mwaka 2015. Mwaka huohuo, alitumbuiza kwenye maonyesho ya CES huko Las Vegas. Amepata mafanikio pia kupitia mfumo wake wa sauti unaoitwa Kingston 12. == Diskografia == === Albamu === * ''Rough & Rugged'' (1986) * ''[[Unity (albamu ya Shinehead)|Unity]]'' (1988) * ''[[The Real Rock]]'' (1990) * ''[[Sidewalk University]]'' (1992) * ''Troddin{{'}}'' (1994) * ''Praises'' (1999)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/shinehead-mn0000023352/discography|title=Shinehead Albums and Discography|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> === Nyimbo zilizoshika chati === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Orodha ya nyimbo, zikiwemo nafasi zilizoshika kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Jina la Wimbo ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Mwaka ! scope="col" colspan="7"| Nafasi za juu kwenye chati ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Albamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/28753/shinehead/|title=Shinehead {{!}} full Official Chart History|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br /><ref>{{cite Ryan|page=251}}</ref><ref name="ARIA chart">{{cite web|url=https://imgur.com/a/CkXxa7C| title=Shinehead ARIA chart history |publisher=ARIA|via=Imgur.com|access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br />(FL)]]<br /><ref name="Charts"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[SNEP|FRA]]<br /><ref name="Charts"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br /><ref name="Charts"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br /><ref name="Charts">{{cite web|url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Shinehead&titel=Jamaican+In+New+York&cat=s|title=Shinehead – Jamaican in New York|website=charts.nz|access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br /><ref name="Charts"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Try My Love" | 1992 | — || 193 || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Englishman in New York|Jamaican in New York]]" | rowspan="2"| 1993 | 30 || 97 || 34 || 17 || 31 || 5 || 21 | rowspan="2"| ''Sidewalk University'' |- ! scope="row"| "Let 'Em In" | 70 || 153 || — || — || — || 13 || — |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090828030250/http://www.jamaicansmusic.com/blog/2009/08/25/shinehead-to-address-diageos-project-artiste Shinehead kuzungumzia mradi wa Diageo wa 'Project Artiste'] {{BD|1962}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shinehead}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Reggae]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uingereza]] 5s2l76p96jf48boyzy1p53tofhhp39e 0 236150 1545174 2026-05-17T14:53:56Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545174 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sid Ahmed Ghozali''' (31 Machi 1937 – 4 Februari 2025) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Les argentiers de l�Alg�rie|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627235418fw_/http://www.mf.gov.dz/events/historic.htm|work=web.archive.org|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa Algeria kuanzia 1991 hadi 1992. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] db2dfv3yss8v4qmeabn0a4qeurylh8y 1545295 1545174 2026-05-17T20:26:58Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545295 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sid Ahmed Ghozali''' (31 Machi 1937 – 4 Februari 2025) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Les argentiers de l�Alg�rie|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627235418fw_/http://www.mf.gov.dz/events/historic.htm|work=web.archive.org|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa Algeria kuanzia 1991 hadi 1992. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] oo6dq21dq4gggetyqdybzcnxin2zepa 0 236151 1545175 2026-05-17T14:56:53Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Polys Haji-Ioannou''' (alizaliwa [[1959]] au [[1960]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Kupro]], anayejulikana kwa kampuni yake ya usafirishaji ''Polyar Tankers'' na kama mbia mkubwa katika shirika la ndege ''EasyJet'', ambalo lilianzishwa na kaka yake [[Stelios Haji-Ioannou]].<ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Polys Haji-Ioannou|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/polys-haji-ioannou/|website=Forbes|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</re...' 1545175 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polys Haji-Ioannou''' (alizaliwa [[1959]] au [[1960]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Kupro]], anayejulikana kwa kampuni yake ya usafirishaji ''Polyar Tankers'' na kama mbia mkubwa katika shirika la ndege ''EasyJet'', ambalo lilianzishwa na kaka yake [[Stelios Haji-Ioannou]].<ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite web|title=Forbes profile: Polys Haji-Ioannou|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/polys-haji-ioannou/|website=Forbes|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="ForbesProfile">{{cite web |title=Forbes profile: Polys Haji-Ioannou |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/polys-haji-ioannou/ |website=Forbes |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="SuperYachtFan">{{cite web |title=Polys Haji-Ioannou – Net Worth, EasyJet, Yacht Esmeralda |url=https://www.superyachtfan.com/yacht/esmeralda/owner/ |website=SuperYachtFan |access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kupro]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 3wc3qcti04jmmd2fl58268hy6f412fd 0 236152 1545176 2026-05-17T15:01:20Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou''' (alizaliwa [[Februari 14]], [[1967]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] mwenye uraia wa [[Uingereza]] na [[Kupro]]. Alizaliwa katika familia tajiri ya wamiliki wa meli, anajulikana zaidi kwa kuanzisha shirika la ndege la bei nafuu easyJet na kampuni ya usafirishaji Stelmar kwa fedha za kuanzia alizopewa na baba yake, [[Loucas Haji-Ioannou|Loucas]]. Kuanzishwa kwa easyJet mwaka [[1995]] kulitia alama mwanzo wa mfululizo wa shughuli zinazouz...' 1545176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou''' (alizaliwa [[Februari 14]], [[1967]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] mwenye uraia wa [[Uingereza]] na [[Kupro]]. Alizaliwa katika familia tajiri ya wamiliki wa meli, anajulikana zaidi kwa kuanzisha shirika la ndege la bei nafuu easyJet na kampuni ya usafirishaji Stelmar kwa fedha za kuanzia alizopewa na baba yake, [[Loucas Haji-Ioannou|Loucas]]. Kuanzishwa kwa easyJet mwaka [[1995]] kulitia alama mwanzo wa mfululizo wa shughuli zinazouzwa chini ya chapa ya "Easy", inayosimamiwa na easyGroup na kuongozwa na Haji-Ioannou.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Access Restricted |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3834406/Loucas-Haji-Ioannou.html |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/stelios-haji-ioannou/|title=Stelios Haji-Ioannou|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kupro]] [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 66cg7ctml4ezr4swpaj475yioong7o6 1545300 1545176 2026-05-17T20:33:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1545300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou''' (alizaliwa [[Februari 14]], [[1967]]) ni [[mjasiriamali]] mwenye uraia wa [[Uingereza]] na [[Kupro]]. Alizaliwa katika familia tajiri ya wamiliki wa meli, anajulikana zaidi kwa kuanzisha shirika la ndege la bei nafuu easyJet na kampuni ya usafirishaji Stelmar kwa fedha za kuanzia alizopewa na baba yake, [[Loucas Haji-Ioannou|Loucas]]. Kuanzishwa kwa easyJet mwaka [[1995]] kulitia alama mwanzo wa mfululizo wa shughuli zinazouzwa chini ya chapa ya "Easy", inayosimamiwa na easyGroup na kuongozwa na Haji-Ioannou.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Access Restricted |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3834406/Loucas-Haji-Ioannou.html |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/stelios-haji-ioannou/|title=Stelios Haji-Ioannou|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Kupro]] [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 3vm3qdw55hizb6i58spmkb8lsypcf3e 0 236153 1545177 2026-05-17T15:06:32Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Hargreaves''' (alizaliwa [[Januari]] [[1944]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] wa [[Uingereza]] anayeishi [[Monaco]], mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa zamani wa msururu wa maduka ya nguo za bei nafuu na bidhaa za nyumbani nchini Uingereza Matalan.<ref name="drapersonline1">{{cite web|last=Hounslea|first=Tara|url=http://www.drapersonline.com/people/the-drapers-interview/the-drapers-interview-the-man-behind-matalan/7002357.fullarticle|title=The Drapers Interview:...' 1545177 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Hargreaves''' (alizaliwa [[Januari]] [[1944]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] wa [[Uingereza]] anayeishi [[Monaco]], mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa zamani wa msururu wa maduka ya nguo za bei nafuu na bidhaa za nyumbani nchini Uingereza Matalan.<ref name="drapersonline1">{{cite web|last=Hounslea|first=Tara|url=http://www.drapersonline.com/people/the-drapers-interview/the-drapers-interview-the-man-behind-matalan/7002357.fullarticle|title=The Drapers Interview: The man behind Matalan &#124; The Drapers Interview|website=Drapersonline.com|date=26 November 2015|accessdate=19 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/XMjDs0noWSrr-M2MZuR5Z6H_bGA/appointments|title=John HARGREAVES – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)|website=Beta.companieshouse.gov.uk|accessdate=19 May 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] lirppdnpal37im5nm6ykhs5ht5rtgqk 0 236154 1545178 2026-05-17T15:11:01Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sir Anthony Christopher Gallagher''' (anayejulikana kama ''Tony Gallagher''; alizaliwa [[Novemba]] [[1951]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa mali zisizohamishika nchini [[Uingereza]], na mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa zamani wa Gallagher Estates na Gallagher Developments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/NDhmNqV-D7KW7C_VYBMH8nc-9z8/appointments |title=Anthony Christopher GALLAGHER - Personal Appointments (free information f...' 1545178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Anthony Christopher Gallagher''' (anayejulikana kama ''Tony Gallagher''; alizaliwa [[Novemba]] [[1951]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa mali zisizohamishika nchini [[Uingereza]], na mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa zamani wa Gallagher Estates na Gallagher Developments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/NDhmNqV-D7KW7C_VYBMH8nc-9z8/appointments |title=Anthony Christopher GALLAGHER - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House) |publisher=Beta.companieshouse.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/cameron-backer-set-for-windfall-from-500m-property-sale-g29r2h39p|title=Cameron backer set for windfall from £500m property sale|last=Shah|first=Oliver|date=2017|work=The Sunday Times|access-date=2018-01-02|issn=0956-1382}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4awtzi25xzcfw79hlu9mfkl5oz5fr1u 1545305 1545178 2026-05-17T20:49:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545305 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Anthony Christopher Gallagher''' (anayejulikana kama ''Tony Gallagher''; alizaliwa [[Novemba]] [[1951]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa mali zisizohamishika nchini [[Uingereza]], na mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa zamani wa Gallagher Estates na Gallagher Developments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/NDhmNqV-D7KW7C_VYBMH8nc-9z8/appointments |title=Anthony Christopher GALLAGHER - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House) |publisher=Beta.companieshouse.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/cameron-backer-set-for-windfall-from-500m-property-sale-g29r2h39p|title=Cameron backer set for windfall from £500m property sale|last=Shah|first=Oliver|date=2017|work=The Sunday Times|access-date=2018-01-02|issn=0956-1382}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] nw25fwm5et2rxeems4td852lo8hszh1 0 236155 1545179 2026-05-17T15:13:26Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Snow | picha = Snow (singer).jpg | maelezo = Snow mnamo mwaka 2019 | background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Darrin Kenneth O'Brien | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1969|10|30|mf=y}} | chimbuko = [[North York]], [[Ontario]], Kanada | aina ya muziki = * [[Dancehall]] * [[reggae]] * [[hip-hop]] * [[reggae fusion]] | kazi yake = * Rapa * mwi...' 1545179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist 2 | jina = Snow | picha = Snow (singer).jpg | maelezo = Snow mnamo mwaka 2019 | background = solo_singer | jina la kuzaliwa = Darrin Kenneth O'Brien | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1969|10|30|mf=y}} | chimbuko = [[North York]], [[Ontario]], Kanada | aina ya muziki = * [[Dancehall]] * [[reggae]] * [[hip-hop]] * [[reggae fusion]] | kazi yake = * Rapa * mwimbaji * mwandishi wa nyimbo | vyombo vya muziki = * Sauti * gitaa | miaka ya kazi = 1989–sasa | studio = * [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] * [[EMI]] * [[True North Records|True North]] * [[East West Records|East West]] * Motorjam/[[Elektra Records|Elektra]] | wavuti = {{URL|www.daddysnow.com}} }} '''Darrin Kenneth O'Brien''' (alizaliwa Oktoba 30, 1969), anajulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama '''Snow''', ni rapa na mwanamuziki kutoka nchini [[Kanada]]. Anafahamika zaidi duniani kwa wimbo wake maarufu wa mwaka 1992 uitwao "[[Informer (wimbo)|Informer]]", ambao ulikaa kwa wiki saba mfululizo katika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za [[Billboard (gazeti)|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] nchini Marekani.<ref name="Billboard">''Billboard'' [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p26072|pure_url=yes}} Allmusic.com] (Retrieved March 3, 2010)</ref> Snow alizaliwa huko North York, Ontario (ambayo sasa ni sehemu ya jiji la Toronto), akiwa mmoja wa watoto watatu wa dereva wa taksi mwenye asili ya Ireland na Kanada pamoja na mama wa nyumbani. Akiwa mtoto mdogo, mwanamuziki mashuhuri wa Marekani Rick James aliwahi kuwa mlezi wake wa muda wakati msanii huyo alipokuwa akitoka kimapenzi na mama wa rafiki yake.<ref name="auto3">{{cite podcast|host= Toronto Mike|date= May 5, 2025|title= Snow: Toronto Mike'd Podcast Episode 1685|url= https://www.torontomike.com/2025/05/snow-toronto-miked-podcast-episode-1685/|work= Toronto Mike'd: The Official Toronto Mike Podcast |time= 34:08|access-date=February 6, 2026}}</ref> Pia, Snow ni binamu wa mchezaji wa hoki ya barafu Brad Park pamoja na mwanamuziki Steven Page.<ref name="auto3"/> Baada ya wazazi wake kutengana, alilelewa na mama yake katika makazi ya umma ya Allenbury Gardens, ambapo alivutiwa sana na maisha ya mitaani na magenge ya kihalifu, jambo lililomfanya aingie kwenye mzunguko wa kupigana, kunywa pombe, na kuiba.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |last1=Hunt |first1= Dennis |title=Street-Tough Snow Joins Dancehall Reggae Crowd |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-13-ca-10418-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date= March 13, 1993 |access-date=February 14, 2022}}</ref> Hakufanikiwa kujua kusoma vizuri na aliacha shule akiwa darasa la tisa.<ref name= "auto">{{cite news |last1=Santoro |first1=Gene |title=The Snow Storm| date= April 15, 1993 |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/04/15/the-snow-storm/4b6eb46e-48bc-48d9-80b4-2a7a61f916e4/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date= February 14, 2022}}</ref> Licha ya kuwa na mapenzi makubwa na muziki wa rock hapo awali, wimbi kubwa la wahamiaji kutoka Jamaika waliohamia kwenye makazi yao mnamo mwaka 1983 lilibadilisha mwelekeo wake na kumfanya apende muziki wa reggae, ambapo alijifunza na kubobea katika matumizi ya lugha ya mtaani ya [[Jamaika]] ([[Kipatoisi|Patois]]). Kupitia ushawishi huo, alitengeneza mtindo wake wa kipekee wa muziki kwa kuchanganya dancehall na reggae pamoja na vionjo vya rock na pop. Maisha yake ya ujana yalikumbwa na misukosuko mingi ya kisheria ambapo mnamo mwaka 1987, alitumikia kifungo cha miezi minane jela baada ya kukiri kosa la kumpiga mtu kwa nondo wakati wa ugomvi baa.<ref name="auto"/> Mnamo mwaka 1988, alihusika tena kwenye ugomvi mwingine ambapo watu wawili walidungwa visu; alishtakiwa kwa makosa mawili ya jaribio la mauaji na kukaa mahabusu kwa miezi minane kabla ya baraza la wazee wa mahakama kumuacha huru. Akiwa gerezani, Snow alikuwa akiandika muziki na kuwatumbuiza wafungwa wenzake, na huko ndiko alikoandika wimbo wake maarufu wa "Informer".<ref name="auto"/> Safari yake ya kimuziki ilichukua hatua kubwa wakati wa safari yake ya kwenda New York, ambapo Marvin Prince alifanikiwa kumtambulisha kwa nyota wa rap M.C. Shan, ambaye naye alimtambulisha kwa watayarishaji David Eng na Steve Salem.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hunt |first1=Dennis |title=Street-Tough Snow Joins Dancehall Reggae Crowd, Mar 13, 1993 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-13-ca-10418-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 13, 1993 |access-date=February 14, 2022}}</ref> Alisajiliwa chini ya lebo yao ya Motorjam/Elektra na kurekodi albamu yake ya kwanza ya ''[[12 Inches of Snow]]'' kwa haraka sana kwa sababu alitakiwa kurudi gerezani kutumikia kifungo kingine kilichokuwa kinamkabili. Albamu hiyo ilitolewa mnamo mwaka 1992 wakati Snow akiwa gerezani, na timu yake ilihakikisha inaitangaza vyema kiasi kwamba alipotoka, wimbo wa "Informer" ulikuwa tayari umeshika namba moja kwenye chati za muziki. Albamu hiyo iliuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 8 duniani kote na wimbo wa "Informer" uliingia mara mbili kwenye Kitabu cha Rekodi cha Dunia cha Guinness kama wimbo wa reggae uliouza nakala nyingi zaidi na ulioshika nafasi ya juu zaidi katika historia ya Marekani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Informer |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/informer-246917/ |website=RollingStone |date=June 14, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref> Wimbo wake wa pili wa "Girl I've Been Hurt" nao ulifikia nafasi ya 19 kwenye chati za Hot 100.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shipley |first1=Al |title=Snow The No. 1: "Informer" (1993), May 2016 |url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/no-1-debut-rap-hits-on-the-hot-100/5-snow/ |website=billboard.com |publisher=Billboard Magazine |access-date=February 14, 2022}}</ref> Jina lake la kisanii "Snow" lilitokana na jina la utani la "Snow White" alilopewa na majirani zake wa Jamaika kutokana na rangi yake ya ngozi, ambalo baadaye rafiki yake Marvin Prince aliligeuza kuwa kifupisho cha "Super Notorious Outrageous Whiteboy". Maisha ya kazi ya Snow pia yalikumbwa na migogoro ya kisheria, ikiwa ni pamoja na kesi ya madai ya dola milioni 1.5 kutoka kwa Marvin Prince aliyedai kuwa mwanachama mbia na mwandishi mwenza wa nyimbo tano kwenye albamu ya kwanza, ingawa mahakama ilitupilia mbali madai hayo mnamo mwaka 1998 kwa kukosekana kwa makubaliano rasmi ya kimaandishi.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Prince v. O'BRIEN 1998 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13886394386652351580&q=Prince+v.+O%27BRIEN,+256+AD2d+208&hl=en&as_sdt=100000000000002&as_vis=1 |website=scholar.google.com |publisher=Google Scholar, Supreme Court of the State of New York |access-date=February 14, 2022}}</ref> Baada ya kimya cha muda mrefu na kutoa albamu kadhaa zilizopata mafanikio ya wastani, Snow alirudi tena kwenye chati za kimataifa mnamo mwaka 2019 baada ya kushirikishwa na mfalme wa reggaeton Daddy Yankee kwenye wimbo wa kimataifa wa "[[Con Calma]]", ambao ulikuwa ni marudio ya wimbo wake wa zamani wa "Informer" na ulishika nafasi za juu kwenye chati za nchi nyingi duniani kote. == Diskografia == '''Albamu za studio''' * ''[[12 Inches of Snow]]'' (1993) * ''[[Murder Love]]'' (1995) * ''[[Justuss]]'' (1997) * ''[[Cooler Conditions]]'' (1999) * ''[[Mind on the Moon]]'' (2000) * ''[[Two Hands Clapping]]'' (2002) * ''[[Music (albamu ya Snow)|Music]]'' (2025) '''Albamu mchanganyiko''' * ''The Greatest Hits of Snow'' (1997) '''Albamu za kurudia''' * ''Best Remix of Snow'' (1998) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{Official website|http://www.daddysnow.com/|Tovuti Rasmi}} * {{IMDb name|nm1100221|Snow}} {{BD|1969}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Snow}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Kanada]] cleb4d60dc6obzx2zzv5h184tzo3sjf 0 236156 1545180 2026-05-17T15:17:38Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Whittaker''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 14]], [[1942]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Uingereza]]. Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa [[Peel Group]], biashara ya mali zisizohamishika inayowekeza hasa Kaskazini-Magharibi mwa Uingereza. Ingawa hapendi umaarufu, alielezewa kama mmoja wa viongozi wa biashara wenye ushawishi mkubwa [[Manchester]] na Kaskazini-Magharibi kupitia jarida la Manchester Evening News (2007), na alitajwa kuwa mtu mwenye ushawishi mkubwa...' 1545180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Whittaker''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 14]], [[1942]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Uingereza]]. Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa [[Peel Group]], biashara ya mali zisizohamishika inayowekeza hasa Kaskazini-Magharibi mwa Uingereza. Ingawa hapendi umaarufu, alielezewa kama mmoja wa viongozi wa biashara wenye ushawishi mkubwa [[Manchester]] na Kaskazini-Magharibi kupitia jarida la Manchester Evening News (2007), na alitajwa kuwa mtu mwenye ushawishi mkubwa kaskazini na jarida la The Big Issue mwaka [[2010]].<ref name=forbes>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/john-whittaker/|title=#1511 John Whittaker|work=[[Forbes]]|date=December 14, 2019|access-date=December 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Who is our greatest captain of industry? |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/business-news/who-is-our-greatest-captain-of-industry-1032280|newspaper=[[Manchester Evening News]] |date=February 15, 2007|access-date=December 14, 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] gvga1irnypn476rkhubsb3pu3wemjzz 1545214 1545180 2026-05-17T16:58:08Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Whittaker''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 14]], [[1942]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Uingereza]]. Yeye ni mwenyekiti wa [[Peel Group]], biashara ya mali zisizohamishika inayowekeza hasa Kaskazini-Magharibi mwa Uingereza. Ingawa hapendi umaarufu, alielezewa kama mmoja wa viongozi wa biashara wenye ushawishi mkubwa [[Manchester]] na Kaskazini-Magharibi kupitia jarida la Manchester Evening News (2007), na alitajwa kuwa mtu mwenye ushawishi mkubwa kaskazini na jarida la The Big Issue mwaka [[2010]].<ref name=forbes>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/john-whittaker/|title=#1511 John Whittaker|work=[[Forbes]]|date=December 14, 2019|access-date=December 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari |title=Who is our greatest captain of industry? |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/business-news/who-is-our-greatest-captain-of-industry-1032280|newspaper=[[Manchester Evening News]] |date=February 15, 2007|access-date=December 14, 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] h93c5jwkac1jyelh32qa4zf3yzze7rj 0 236157 1545181 2026-05-17T15:19:55Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Edwin Dyson Healey''' (anayejulikana kama '''Eddie Healey'''; [[Aprili 22]], [[1938]] – [[Agosti 21]], [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Uingereza]].<ref name="Hull Live">{{cite news |last1=Campbell |first1=James |title=The story of East Yorkshire's richest men, from family business to billionaires |url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/malcolm-eddie-healey-brothers-rich-4171976 |access-date=5 February 2021...' 1545181 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edwin Dyson Healey''' (anayejulikana kama '''Eddie Healey'''; [[Aprili 22]], [[1938]] – [[Agosti 21]], [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea wa [[Uingereza]].<ref name="Hull Live">{{cite news |last1=Campbell |first1=James |title=The story of East Yorkshire's richest men, from family business to billionaires |url=https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/malcolm-eddie-healey-brothers-rich-4171976 |access-date=5 February 2021 |work=Hull Live |date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=HDM>{{cite news|last1=Wright|first1=Emma|title=Billion pound brothers top East Yorkshire rich list as Allams lose ground|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Billion-pound-brothers-East-Yorkshire-rich-list/story-18762390-detail/story.html|accessdate=11 April 2015|work=Hull Daily Mail|date=21 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419230134/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Billion-pound-brothers-East-Yorkshire-rich-list/story-18762390-detail/story.html|archive-date=19 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] eca9lo497l1u6w9ez2lx7efk3wln8x8 0 236158 1545182 2026-05-17T15:22:35Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Trevor James Hemmings''' ([[Juni 11]], [[1935]] – [[Oktoba 11]], [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Uingereza]]. Alikuwa mmiliki wa zamani wa klabu ya soka ya [[Preston North End]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/horse-racing/article/trevor-hemmings-obituary-2dcx9hj0s|title=Trevor Hemmings obituary|via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="post">{{cite web | url=https://www.racingpost.com/news/trevor-hemmings-fro...' 1545182 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Trevor James Hemmings''' ([[Juni 11]], [[1935]] – [[Oktoba 11]], [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Uingereza]]. Alikuwa mmiliki wa zamani wa klabu ya soka ya [[Preston North End]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/horse-racing/article/trevor-hemmings-obituary-2dcx9hj0s|title=Trevor Hemmings obituary|via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="post">{{cite web | url=https://www.racingpost.com/news/trevor-hemmings-from-working-class-lancashire-lad-to-billionaire-tycoon-aRS5A3B01AyW/ | title=Trevor Hemmings: From working-class Lancashire lad to billionaire tycoon }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] psozxxqh1rvwda2eqahn7jjf49m1f6g 1545306 1545182 2026-05-17T20:50:15Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545306 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Trevor James Hemmings''' ([[Juni 11]], [[1935]] – [[Oktoba 11]], [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea nchini [[Uingereza]]. Alikuwa mmiliki wa zamani wa klabu ya soka ya [[Preston North End]].<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/horse-racing/article/trevor-hemmings-obituary-2dcx9hj0s|title=Trevor Hemmings obituary|via=www.thetimes.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="post">{{cite web | url=https://www.racingpost.com/news/trevor-hemmings-from-working-class-lancashire-lad-to-billionaire-tycoon-aRS5A3B01AyW/ | title=Trevor Hemmings: From working-class Lancashire lad to billionaire tycoon }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] ssk3cdb8s152x7yp2c7u3nlg81vn5of 0 236159 1545183 2026-05-17T15:26:06Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gopichand Parmanand Hinduja''' ([[Februari 29]], [[1940]] – [[Novemba 4]], [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea mwenye asili ya [[Uhindi]] na uraia wa [[Uingereza]] akidhibiti shirika la Uhindi la Hinduja Group. Kwa miaka mingi alikuwa mwenyekiti mwenza pamoja na kaka yake [[Srichand Hinduja|Srichand "S. P." Hinduja]] ambaye alifariki Mei [[2023]]. Yeye na kaka yake mara nyingi waliorodheshwa miongoni mwa watu tajiri zaidi nchini Uingereza na...' 1545183 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gopichand Parmanand Hinduja''' ([[Februari 29]], [[1940]] – [[Novemba 4]], [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea mwenye asili ya [[Uhindi]] na uraia wa [[Uingereza]] akidhibiti shirika la Uhindi la Hinduja Group. Kwa miaka mingi alikuwa mwenyekiti mwenza pamoja na kaka yake [[Srichand Hinduja|Srichand "S. P." Hinduja]] ambaye alifariki Mei [[2023]]. Yeye na kaka yake mara nyingi waliorodheshwa miongoni mwa watu tajiri zaidi nchini Uingereza na Asia, na katika Sunday Times Rich List [[2024]] aliorodheshwa wa kwanza nchini Uingereza akiwa na utajiri wa familia wa [[pauni]] bilioni 37.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Telegraph Obituaries |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |work=[[Telegraph.co.uk]] |location=[[United Kingdom]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |archive-date=4 November 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251104133208/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Publications2003">{{cite book |author=[[Europa Publications]] |title=The International Who's Who 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR4Ch1dMe8IC&pg=PA733 |access-date=22 May 2016 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-1-85743-217-6 |page=733}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] 53o15ww56ec8xd3u7t6k8byye5oxc0t 1545185 1545183 2026-05-17T15:30:36Z Ally0111 85292 1545185 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gopichand Parmanand Hinduja''' ([[Februari 29]], [[1940]] – [[Novemba 4]], [[2025]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea mwenye asili ya [[Uhindi]] na uraia wa [[Uingereza]] akidhibiti shirika la Uhindi la Hinduja Group. Kwa miaka mingi alikuwa mwenyekiti mwenza pamoja na kaka yake [[S. P. Hinduja|Srichand "S. P." Hinduja]] ambaye alifariki Mei [[2023]]. Yeye na kaka yake mara nyingi waliorodheshwa miongoni mwa watu tajiri zaidi nchini Uingereza na Asia, na katika Sunday Times Rich List [[2024]] aliorodheshwa wa kwanza nchini Uingereza akiwa na utajiri wa familia wa [[pauni]] bilioni 37.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Telegraph Obituaries |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |work=[[Telegraph.co.uk]] |location=[[United Kingdom]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |archive-date=4 November 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251104133208/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Publications2003">{{cite book |author=[[Europa Publications]] |title=The International Who's Who 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR4Ch1dMe8IC&pg=PA733 |access-date=22 May 2016 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-1-85743-217-6 |page=733}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2025]] 3xi6h6ye9qysrlm6wb2au8x1ir0zcx0 0 236160 1545184 2026-05-17T15:29:14Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Srichand Parmanand Hinduja''' ([[Novemba 28]], [[1935]] – [[Mei 17]], [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea mwenye asili ya [[Uhindi]] na uraia wa [[Uingereza]]. Alikuwa mbia mkuu na mwenyekiti wa makampuni ya Hinduja Group, pamoja na kaka yake [[Gopichand Hinduja|Gopichand]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-12/india-business/28545154_1_hinduja-group-srichand-hinduja-business-families |archive-url=https:...' 1545184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Srichand Parmanand Hinduja''' ([[Novemba 28]], [[1935]] – [[Mei 17]], [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] bilionea mwenye asili ya [[Uhindi]] na uraia wa [[Uingereza]]. Alikuwa mbia mkuu na mwenyekiti wa makampuni ya Hinduja Group, pamoja na kaka yake [[Gopichand Hinduja|Gopichand]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-12/india-business/28545154_1_hinduja-group-srichand-hinduja-business-families |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103171202/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-12/india-business/28545154_1_hinduja-group-srichand-hinduja-business-families |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=SP's USP: Family First, Biz Later |date=12 February 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Publications2003">{{cite book|author=Europa Publications|title=The International Who's Who 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR4Ch1dMe8IC&pg=PA733|accessdate=22 May 2016|year=2003|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-217-6|page=733}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] 080awobsultsgvl7iuwiic9v4fnvlzw 0 236161 1545186 2026-05-17T15:32:56Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Michael Hintze, Baron Hintze''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 27]], [[1953]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na mfadhili mwenye asili ya [[Australia]] na uraia wa [[Uingereza]], anayeishi Uingereza. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Blackhurst |first1=Chris |title=Interview: Sir Michael Hintze, CQS Hedge Fund - charity is a way of life for accomplished money-maker who enjoys giving it away |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/markets/interview-sir-michael-hintze-cqs-hedge-fund-c...' 1545186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Hintze, Baron Hintze''' (alizaliwa [[Julai 27]], [[1953]]) ni [[mfanyabiashara]] na mfadhili mwenye asili ya [[Australia]] na uraia wa [[Uingereza]], anayeishi Uingereza. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Blackhurst |first1=Chris |title=Interview: Sir Michael Hintze, CQS Hedge Fund - charity is a way of life for accomplished money-maker who enjoys giving it away |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/markets/interview-sir-michael-hintze-cqs-hedge-fund-charity-is-a-way-of-life-for-accomplished-money-maker-9874855.html |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=Evening Standard |date=21 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.afr.com/work-and-careers/management/billionaire-michael-hintze-is-betting-on-the-farm-20180306-h0x2af|title=Billionaire Michael Hintze is betting on the farm |work=[[Australian Financial Review]]|date=2018-04-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6ypfce6tru0b079bay3q6lobssjamm0 0 236162 1545187 2026-05-17T15:42:53Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Albert Rinsler''' ([[1923]] – [[Novemba 25]], [[2010]]) alikuwa [[daktari]], [[mwanahistoria]], na mtunza kumbukumbu nchini [[Uingereza]], anayejulikana kwa utafiti wake kuhusu mchoro wa [[Luke Fildes]] unaoitwa ''The Doctor''.<ref name=Rinsler>{{cite journal |last1=Rinsler |first1=Sam |last2=Rinsler |first2=Dan |title=Albert Rinsler |journal=BMJ |date=21 March 2011 |volume=342 |article-number=d1709 |doi=10.1136/bmj.d1709 |url=https://www.bmj.com/cont...' 1545187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Albert Rinsler''' ([[1923]] – [[Novemba 25]], [[2010]]) alikuwa [[daktari]], [[mwanahistoria]], na mtunza kumbukumbu nchini [[Uingereza]], anayejulikana kwa utafiti wake kuhusu mchoro wa [[Luke Fildes]] unaoitwa ''The Doctor''.<ref name=Rinsler>{{cite journal |last1=Rinsler |first1=Sam |last2=Rinsler |first2=Dan |title=Albert Rinsler |journal=BMJ |date=21 March 2011 |volume=342 |article-number=d1709 |doi=10.1136/bmj.d1709 |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d1709 |language=en |issn=0959-8138|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Albert Rinsler |url=https://www.whittington.nhs.uk/default.asp?c=9392 |website=www.whittington.nhs.}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wataalamu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1923]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]] fdf2sl2nrfad5vh8gurs32nqqmyq1ng 0 236163 1545189 2026-05-17T15:47:36Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Vidhya Alakeson''' (alizaliwa [[1976]]) ni msaidizi wa kisiasa nchini [[Uingereza]] ambaye amehudumu kama Mkuu wa Wafanyakazi wa Downing Street (kwa muda) pamoja na [[Jill Cuthbertson]] tangu Februari [[2026]], kufuatia kujiuzulu kwa [[Morgan McSweeney]]. Amehudumu kama Naibu Mkuu wa Wafanyakazi katika utawala wa Starmer tangu [[2024]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]' 1545189 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vidhya Alakeson''' (alizaliwa [[1976]]) ni msaidizi wa kisiasa nchini [[Uingereza]] ambaye amehudumu kama Mkuu wa Wafanyakazi wa Downing Street (kwa muda) pamoja na [[Jill Cuthbertson]] tangu Februari [[2026]], kufuatia kujiuzulu kwa [[Morgan McSweeney]]. Amehudumu kama Naibu Mkuu wa Wafanyakazi katika utawala wa Starmer tangu [[2024]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] po4x6br1k0ojb6ygsba52lkximxlo6n 1545191 1545189 2026-05-17T15:50:22Z Ally0111 85292 1545191 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vidhya Alakeson''' (alizaliwa [[1976]]) ni msaidizi wa kisiasa nchini [[Uingereza]] ambaye amehudumu kama Mkuu wa Wafanyakazi wa Downing Street (kwa muda) pamoja na [[Jill Cuthbertson]] tangu Februari [[2026]], kufuatia kujiuzulu kwa [[Morgan McSweeney]]. Amehudumu kama Naibu Mkuu wa Wafanyakazi katika utawala wa Starmer tangu [[2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidhya Alakeson {{!}} EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/vidhya-alakeson-2025/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=easterneye |language=en |archive-date=2025-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402204534/https://www.easterneye.biz/vidhya-alakeson-2025/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Crerar |first1=Pippa |title=Starmer appoints new acting chiefs of staff |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2026/feb/08/peter-mandelson-payoff-keir-starmer-jeffrey-epstein-ambassadoruk-politics-live-news-updates?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with%3Ablock-6988cde18f08c355f2fbeab3#block-6988cde18f08c355f2fbeab3 |publisher=The Guardian |access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2024 |title=Keir Starmer shuffles top team after Sue Gray quits as chief of staff |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2024-10-06/sir-keir-starmer-shuffles-number-10-team-after-sue-gray-quits-as-chief-of-staff |website=ITV News}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] b0tpvbnmce3qg99dfswlbb3k3vbh0ld 1545307 1545191 2026-05-17T21:06:06Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1545307 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vidhya Alakeson''' (alizaliwa [[1976]]) ni msaidizi wa kisiasa nchini [[Uingereza]] ambaye amehudumu kama Mkuu wa Wafanyakazi wa Downing Street (kwa muda) pamoja na [[Jill Cuthbertson]] tangu Februari [[2026]], kufuatia kujiuzulu kwa [[Morgan McSweeney]]. Amehudumu kama Naibu Mkuu wa Wafanyakazi katika utawala wa Starmer tangu [[2024]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Vidhya Alakeson {{!}} EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/vidhya-alakeson-2025/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=easterneye |language=en |archive-date=2025-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402204534/https://www.easterneye.biz/vidhya-alakeson-2025/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Crerar |first1=Pippa |title=Starmer appoints new acting chiefs of staff |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2026/feb/08/peter-mandelson-payoff-keir-starmer-jeffrey-epstein-ambassadoruk-politics-live-news-updates?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with%3Ablock-6988cde18f08c355f2fbeab3#block-6988cde18f08c355f2fbeab3 |publisher=The Guardian |access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=7 October 2024 |title=Keir Starmer shuffles top team after Sue Gray quits as chief of staff |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2024-10-06/sir-keir-starmer-shuffles-number-10-team-after-sue-gray-quits-as-chief-of-staff |website=ITV News}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4v22wo6cv1irix3svphtzjhlsle2h1s 0 236164 1545193 2026-05-17T15:53:37Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Raïssa Maritain''' (tamko la Kifaransa: {{IPA|fr|maʁitɛ̃|lang}}; jina la kuzaliwa '''Oumansoff'''; 11 Septemba 1883 – 4 Novemba 1960) alikuwa mwanafalsafa wa Kikatoliki na mshairi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]] alizaliwa nchini [[Urusi]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Maritain |title=Jacques Maritain na Raïssa Maritain |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Ali...' 1545193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raïssa Maritain''' (tamko la Kifaransa: {{IPA|fr|maʁitɛ̃|lang}}; jina la kuzaliwa '''Oumansoff'''; 11 Septemba 1883 – 4 Novemba 1960) alikuwa mwanafalsafa wa Kikatoliki na mshairi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]] alizaliwa nchini [[Urusi]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Maritain |title=Jacques Maritain na Raïssa Maritain |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mke wa [[Jacques Maritain]], ambaye alifanya naye kazi na kuwa mshirika wake wa karibu kwa zaidi ya nusu karne, huku wakiwa kitovu cha mzunguko wa wasomi wa Kikatoliki nchini Ufaransa. Kitabu cha kumbukumbu za maisha yake, ''Les Grandes Amitiés'', ambacho kilishinda tuzo ya "prix du Renouveau français", kinaelezea kwa kina maisha yao hayo.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%AFssa_Maritain |title=Raïssa Maritain katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Jacques Maritain, Raïssa, na mdogo wake Vera (1886-1959) waliunda kikundi kilichokuja kujulikana kama "wanafamilia watatu wa Maritain" (the three Maritains). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1883|1960|Maritain, Raissa}} [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] oon2zfufkmthpkm07ow1c45fqlc6zlp 1545517 1545193 2026-05-18T07:10:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545517 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raïssa Maritain''' (jina la kuzaliwa '''Oumansoff'''; 11 Septemba 1883 – 4 Novemba 1960) alikuwa [[mwanafalsafa]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|Mkatoliki]] na [[Ushairi|mshairi]] kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Urusi]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Maritain |title=Jacques Maritain na Raïssa Maritain |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa [[mke]] wa [[Jacques Maritain]], ambaye alifanya naye kazi na kuwa mshirika wake wa karibu kwa zaidi ya nusu [[karne]], huku wakiwa kitovu cha kundi la wasomi wa Kikatoliki nchini Ufaransa. Kitabu cha kumbukumbu za maisha yake, ''Les Grandes Amitiés'', ambacho kilishinda tuzo ya "prix du Renouveau français", kinaelezea kwa kina maisha yao hayo. Jacques Maritain, Raïssa, na mdogo wake Vera (1886-1959) waliunda kikundi kilichokuja kujulikana kama "wanafamilia watatu wa Maritain" (the three Maritains). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1883|1960|Maritain, Raissa}} [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] h3uzldwdxurg1ttriu72dfdrd5nvc02 1545519 1545517 2026-05-18T07:14:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545519 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Raissa_Maritain_1905_portrait_(3x4_cropped).jpg|thumb|Raissa mwaka 1905.]] '''Raïssa Maritain''' (jina la ukoo wake '''Oumansoff'''; 11 Septemba [[1883]] – 4 Novemba [[1960]]) alikuwa [[mwanafalsafa]] [[Kanisa Katoliki|Mkatoliki]] na [[Ushairi|mshairi]] kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]] aliyezaliwa nchini [[Urusi]] katika [[familia]] ya [[Wayahudi]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Maritain |title=Jacques Maritain na Raïssa Maritain |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa [[mke]] wa [[Jacques Maritain]], ambaye alifanya naye kazi na kuwa mshirika wake wa karibu kwa zaidi ya nusu [[karne]], huku wakiwa kitovu cha kundi la wasomi wa Kikatoliki nchini Ufaransa. Kitabu cha kumbukumbu za maisha yake, ''Les Grandes Amitiés'', ambacho kilishinda tuzo ya "prix du Renouveau français", kinaelezea kwa kina maisha yao hayo. Jacques Maritain, Raïssa, na mdogo wake Vera (1886-1959) waliunda kikundi kilichokuja kujulikana kama "wanafamilia watatu wa Maritain" (the three Maritains). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1883|1960|Maritain, Raissa}} [[Jamii:Wanafalsafa wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wayahudi]] trubl5isa7wb1oca8gmdh534daamv50 0 236165 1545195 2026-05-17T16:12:26Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Meavenn''' (1911–1992) lilikuwa jina la kalamu la '''Francine Rozec''', alijulikana pia kama '''Fant Rozec''', alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa riwaya, na mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza wa Kibretoni alihusishwa na harakati za uzalendo wa Brittany.<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121245846 |title=Fant Rozec (1911-1992) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</...' 1545195 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meavenn''' (1911–1992) lilikuwa jina la kalamu la '''Francine Rozec''', alijulikana pia kama '''Fant Rozec''', alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa riwaya, na mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza wa Kibretoni alihusishwa na harakati za uzalendo wa Brittany.<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121245846 |title=Fant Rozec (1911-1992) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mmoja wa waandishi wanawake muhimu katika fasihi ya Kibretoni ya karne ya 20 na alijulikana kwa mchango wake katika harakati za kitamaduni za eneo hilo.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meavenn |title=Meavenn katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1911|1992|Meavenn}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 53v30os3rh36m5a1l4vpuv6v3p1gtbt 1545521 1545195 2026-05-18T07:15:39Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meavenn''' (1911–1992) lilikuwa jina la kalamu la '''Francine Rozec''', alijulikana pia kama '''Fant Rozec''', alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa riwaya, na mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza wa Kibretoni alihusishwa na harakati za uzalendo wa Brittany.<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121245846 |title=Fant Rozec (1911-1992) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mmoja wa waandishi wanawake muhimu katika fasihi ya [[Kibretoni]] ya [[karne ya 20]] na alijulikana kwa mchango wake katika harakati za kitamaduni za eneo hilo. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1911|1992|Meavenn}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] a8fz3qiguvsxirrmta2to7hv8n5knox 0 236166 1545204 2026-05-17T16:43:54Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545204 wikitext text/x-wiki Laaziz Fayed (amezaliwa 19 Januari 1961) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Fedha kuanzia mwaka 2023 hadi 2025. Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 16 Machi 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/16/algerias-president-reshuffles-cabinet-replacing-foreign-minister/|work=The National|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Amr Mostafa}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] d7s07s6wt4wa6g3s7be7ivyl4f09avf 1545237 1545204 2026-05-17T17:52:31Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545237 wikitext text/x-wiki Laaziz Fayed (amezaliwa 19 Januari 1961) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Fedha kuanzia mwaka 2023 hadi 2025. Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 16 Machi 2023.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/16/algerias-president-reshuffles-cabinet-replacing-foreign-minister/|work=The National|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Amr Mostafa}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 5l5l0aqchft1hex1m0yvtc6pr08xuim 0 236167 1545205 2026-05-17T16:46:11Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346751305|White elephant (animal)]]" 1545205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''' ) ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu. Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> fmbktvcfgzsizqiah5bfwf73kvo2ixm 1545206 1545205 2026-05-17T16:47:19Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''' ) ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu. Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 71brvwrjzhsanlp63hpfs4zjruegyd1 1545209 1545206 2026-05-17T16:51:05Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu. Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 9ivc3nkuad0m1qomac53vlujm48o086 1545210 1545209 2026-05-17T16:54:13Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} rl2tmmyxqmsdzod503auk9h5bddu0fr 1545212 1545210 2026-05-17T16:56:09Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545212 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi. Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 89kncrbpsdtn9m41034lah1igputpoq 1545213 1545212 2026-05-17T16:57:46Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} oeu0svxvgs4nhoq7m4rm4gaavqq9vah 1545215 1545213 2026-05-17T17:00:09Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=งดงามยิ่งนัก !! ชมประวัติช้างเผือกคู่พระบารมีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวในพระบรมโกศ (รายละเอียด)|url=https://www.tnews.co.th/social/208790|work=tnews|date=2016-10-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=th}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 541qvint01zt967onhxhxaduiz4hbk1 1545218 1545215 2026-05-17T17:05:27Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545218 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=งดงามยิ่งนัก !! ชมประวัติช้างเผือกคู่พระบารมีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวในพระบรมโกศ (รายละเอียด)|url=https://www.tnews.co.th/social/208790|work=tnews|date=2016-10-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=th}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wake kidini== ===Uhindu=== [[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb|caption]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} thbq7b3kce90dwrcrcr3usut46zv6ws 1545222 1545218 2026-05-17T17:09:45Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545222 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=งดงามยิ่งนัก !! ชมประวัติช้างเผือกคู่พระบารมีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวในพระบรมโกศ (รายละเอียด)|url=https://www.tnews.co.th/social/208790|work=tnews|date=2016-10-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=th}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wake kidini== ===Uhindu=== [[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb| Indra na Sachi wakipanda tembo wa kimungu mwenye vichwa vitano Airavata, picha kutoka kwa maandishi ya Jain, karibu 1670-1680, wakichora katika jumba la makumbusho la LACMA, asili yake ikiwa Amber, Rajasthan.]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} cj01u3ulxdnqukd3jeiagrm0hi2j6wf 1545224 1545222 2026-05-17T17:14:20Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545224 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=งดงามยิ่งนัก !! ชมประวัติช้างเผือกคู่พระบารมีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวในพระบรมโกศ (รายละเอียด)|url=https://www.tnews.co.th/social/208790|work=tnews|date=2016-10-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=th}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wake kidini== ===Uhindu=== [[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb| Indra na Sachi wakipanda tembo wa kimungu mwenye vichwa vitano Airavata, picha kutoka kwa maandishi ya Jain, karibu 1670-1680, wakichora katika jumba la makumbusho la LACMA, asili yake ikiwa Amber, Rajasthan. ]]Katika purana za Kihindu, gari au mlima wa mungu Indra (Sakra katika pantheon ya Wabuddha) ni tembo mweupe anayeitwa Airāvata, ambaye ana uwezo wa kuruka. Airāvata iliibuka wakati ulimwengu uliumbwa kwa kuzungushwa kwa Bahari ya Maziwa na mapepo na miungu. Kwa hivyo, Airāvata inaonyeshwa kama tembo mweupe mtakatifu, kwa kawaida akiwa na pembe nne nchini India na wakati mwingine akiwa na vichwa vitano Kusini-mashariki mwa Asia. Tembo mweupe anajulikana kama Shrī Gāja (kwa kifupi 'tembo wa Shrī'), Megha (kwa kifupi 'wingu'), au Gāja Lakshmī (kwa kifupi 'Lakshmī wa Tembo') anapoabudiwa kama kiumbe wa kimungu. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 6s94vn1r3qsp82ifoekl4le8d05sa5l 1545228 1545224 2026-05-17T17:25:39Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=งดงามยิ่งนัก !! ชมประวัติช้างเผือกคู่พระบารมีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวในพระบรมโกศ (รายละเอียด)|url=https://www.tnews.co.th/social/208790|work=tnews|date=2016-10-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=th}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wake kidini== ===Uhindu=== [[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb| Indra na Sachi wakipanda tembo wa kimungu mwenye vichwa vitano Airavata, picha kutoka kwa maandishi ya Jain, karibu 1670-1680, wakichora katika jumba la makumbusho la LACMA, asili yake ikiwa Amber, Rajasthan. ]]Katika purana za Kihindu, gari au mlima wa mungu Indra (Sakra katika pantheon ya Wabuddha) ni tembo mweupe anayeitwa Airāvata, ambaye ana uwezo wa kuruka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A dictionary of Hinduism {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/244416793|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> Airāvata iliibuka wakati ulimwengu uliumbwa kwa kuzungushwa kwa Bahari ya Maziwa na mapepo na miungu. Kwa hivyo, Airāvata inaonyeshwa kama tembo mweupe mtakatifu, kwa kawaida akiwa na pembe nne nchini India na wakati mwingine akiwa na vichwa vitano Kusini-mashariki mwa Asia. Tembo mweupe anajulikana kama Shrī Gāja (kwa kifupi 'tembo wa Shrī'), Megha (kwa kifupi 'wingu'), au Gāja Lakshmī (kwa kifupi 'Lakshmī wa Tembo') anapoabudiwa kama kiumbe wa kimungu. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} pgsfz3t4r74blgn8snxbkov28nhjmva 1545229 1545228 2026-05-17T17:28:13Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545229 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=งดงามยิ่งนัก !! ชมประวัติช้างเผือกคู่พระบารมีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวในพระบรมโกศ (รายละเอียด)|url=https://www.tnews.co.th/social/208790|work=tnews|date=2016-10-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=th}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wake kidini== ===Uhindu=== [[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb| Indra na Sachi wakipanda tembo wa kimungu mwenye vichwa vitano Airavata, picha kutoka kwa maandishi ya Jain, karibu 1670-1680, wakichora katika jumba la makumbusho la LACMA, asili yake ikiwa Amber, Rajasthan. ]]Katika purana za Kihindu, gari au mlima wa mungu Indra (Sakra katika pantheon ya Wabuddha) ni tembo mweupe anayeitwa Airāvata, ambaye ana uwezo wa kuruka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A dictionary of Hinduism {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/244416793|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> Airāvata iliibuka wakati ulimwengu uliumbwa kwa kuzungushwa kwa Bahari ya Maziwa na mapepo na miungu. Kwa hivyo, Airāvata inaonyeshwa kama tembo mweupe mtakatifu, kwa kawaida akiwa na pembe nne nchini India na wakati mwingine akiwa na vichwa vitano Kusini-mashariki mwa Asia. Tembo mweupe anajulikana kama Shrī Gāja (kwa kifupi 'tembo wa Shrī'), Megha (kwa kifupi 'wingu'), au Gāja Lakshmī (kwa kifupi 'Lakshmī wa Tembo') anapoabudiwa kama kiumbe wa kimungu.<ref>https://brill.com/abstract/journals/bki/172/1/article-p66_3.xml</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} i6q0obwo2mhi7yn8o54jens8nec2igf 1545231 1545229 2026-05-17T17:31:46Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545231 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=งดงามยิ่งนัก !! ชมประวัติช้างเผือกคู่พระบารมีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวในพระบรมโกศ (รายละเอียด)|url=https://www.tnews.co.th/social/208790|work=tnews|date=2016-10-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=th}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wake kidini== ===Uhindu=== [[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb| Indra na Sachi wakipanda tembo wa kimungu mwenye vichwa vitano Airavata, picha kutoka kwa maandishi ya Jain, karibu 1670-1680, wakichora katika jumba la makumbusho la LACMA, asili yake ikiwa Amber, Rajasthan. ]]Katika purana za Kihindu, gari au mlima wa mungu Indra (Sakra katika pantheon ya Wabuddha) ni tembo mweupe anayeitwa Airāvata, ambaye ana uwezo wa kuruka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A dictionary of Hinduism {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/244416793|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> Airāvata iliibuka wakati ulimwengu uliumbwa kwa kuzungushwa kwa Bahari ya Maziwa na mapepo na miungu. Kwa hivyo, Airāvata inaonyeshwa kama tembo mweupe mtakatifu, kwa kawaida akiwa na pembe nne nchini India na wakati mwingine akiwa na vichwa vitano Kusini-mashariki mwa Asia. Tembo mweupe anajulikana kama Shrī Gāja (kwa kifupi 'tembo wa Shrī'), Megha (kwa kifupi 'wingu'), au Gāja Lakshmī (kwa kifupi 'Lakshmī wa Tembo') anapoabudiwa kama kiumbe wa kimungu.<ref>https://brill.com/abstract/journals/bki/172/1/article-p66_3.xml</ref> Mfalme Bimbisara alikuwa na tembo mweupe, ambaye alikuwa amemkamata msituni wakati tembo huyo alikuwa katika kipindi chake cha kusugua. Alimpa tembo dume jina Sechanaka, ambalo linamaanisha "kumwagilia maji", kwani tembo huyo alikuwa akimwagilia mimea peke yake bila mafunzo yoyote ya awali. Inasemekana gharama ya tembo huyu ilikuwa zaidi ya nusu ya Magadha. Baadaye alimpa mwanawe Vihallakumara, jambo ambalo lilimfanya mwanawe mwingine Ajatashatru awe na wivu. Ajatashatru alijaribu kuiba mara nyingi, jambo lililosababisha vita viwili vya kutisha zaidi, vilivyoitwa Mahasilakantaka na Ratha-musala. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 5550wkiv8bgo08h6qzd85ge437sk7zn 1545232 1545231 2026-05-17T17:36:11Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545232 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=งดงามยิ่งนัก !! ชมประวัติช้างเผือกคู่พระบารมีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวในพระบรมโกศ (รายละเอียด)|url=https://www.tnews.co.th/social/208790|work=tnews|date=2016-10-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=th}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wake kidini== ===Uhindu=== [[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb| Indra na Sachi wakipanda tembo wa kimungu mwenye vichwa vitano Airavata, picha kutoka kwa maandishi ya Jain, karibu 1670-1680, wakichora katika jumba la makumbusho la LACMA, asili yake ikiwa Amber, Rajasthan. ]]Katika purana za Kihindu, gari au mlima wa mungu Indra (Sakra katika pantheon ya Wabuddha) ni tembo mweupe anayeitwa Airāvata, ambaye ana uwezo wa kuruka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A dictionary of Hinduism {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/244416793|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> Airāvata iliibuka wakati ulimwengu uliumbwa kwa kuzungushwa kwa Bahari ya Maziwa na mapepo na miungu. Kwa hivyo, Airāvata inaonyeshwa kama tembo mweupe mtakatifu, kwa kawaida akiwa na pembe nne nchini India na wakati mwingine akiwa na vichwa vitano Kusini-mashariki mwa Asia. Tembo mweupe anajulikana kama Shrī Gāja (kwa kifupi 'tembo wa Shrī'), Megha (kwa kifupi 'wingu'), au Gāja Lakshmī (kwa kifupi 'Lakshmī wa Tembo') anapoabudiwa kama kiumbe wa kimungu.<ref>https://brill.com/abstract/journals/bki/172/1/article-p66_3.xml</ref> Mfalme Bimbisara alikuwa na tembo mweupe, ambaye alikuwa amemkamata msituni wakati tembo huyo alikuwa katika kipindi chake cha kusugua. Alimpa tembo dume jina Sechanaka, ambalo linamaanisha "kumwagilia maji", kwani tembo huyo alikuwa akimwagilia mimea peke yake bila mafunzo yoyote ya awali. Inasemekana gharama ya tembo huyu ilikuwa zaidi ya nusu ya Magadha. Baadaye alimpa mwanawe Vihallakumara, jambo ambalo lilimfanya mwanawe mwingine Ajatashatru awe na wivu. Ajatashatru alijaribu kuiba mara nyingi, jambo lililosababisha vita viwili vya kutisha zaidi, vilivyoitwa Mahasilakantaka na Ratha-musala. ===Ubuddha=== Tembo mweupe pia ana umuhimu katika hadithi ya mimba na kuzaliwa kwa Buddha. Kulingana na hadithi ya mimba ya Buddha, usiku ambao Siddhartha alitungwa mimba, Malkia Maya aliota kwamba tembo mweupe mwenye pembe sita nyeupe aliingia upande wake wa kulia. Kutokana na ndoto hii, watabiri walitabiri kwamba mtoto angezaliwa akiwa Buddha au chakravarti (mtawala wa ulimwengu wote). ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 2k80fzdbbwm05175khn0o4v3oqs1dwj 1545233 1545232 2026-05-17T17:39:43Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=งดงามยิ่งนัก !! ชมประวัติช้างเผือกคู่พระบารมีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวในพระบรมโกศ (รายละเอียด)|url=https://www.tnews.co.th/social/208790|work=tnews|date=2016-10-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=th}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wake kidini== ===Uhindu=== [[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb| Indra na Sachi wakipanda tembo wa kimungu mwenye vichwa vitano Airavata, picha kutoka kwa maandishi ya Jain, karibu 1670-1680, wakichora katika jumba la makumbusho la LACMA, asili yake ikiwa Amber, Rajasthan. ]]Katika purana za Kihindu, gari au mlima wa mungu Indra (Sakra katika pantheon ya Wabuddha) ni tembo mweupe anayeitwa Airāvata, ambaye ana uwezo wa kuruka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A dictionary of Hinduism {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/244416793|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> Airāvata iliibuka wakati ulimwengu uliumbwa kwa kuzungushwa kwa Bahari ya Maziwa na mapepo na miungu. Kwa hivyo, Airāvata inaonyeshwa kama tembo mweupe mtakatifu, kwa kawaida akiwa na pembe nne nchini India na wakati mwingine akiwa na vichwa vitano Kusini-mashariki mwa Asia. Tembo mweupe anajulikana kama Shrī Gāja (kwa kifupi 'tembo wa Shrī'), Megha (kwa kifupi 'wingu'), au Gāja Lakshmī (kwa kifupi 'Lakshmī wa Tembo') anapoabudiwa kama kiumbe wa kimungu.<ref>https://brill.com/abstract/journals/bki/172/1/article-p66_3.xml</ref> Mfalme Bimbisara alikuwa na tembo mweupe, ambaye alikuwa amemkamata msituni wakati tembo huyo alikuwa katika kipindi chake cha kusugua. Alimpa tembo dume jina Sechanaka, ambalo linamaanisha "kumwagilia maji", kwani tembo huyo alikuwa akimwagilia mimea peke yake bila mafunzo yoyote ya awali. Inasemekana gharama ya tembo huyu ilikuwa zaidi ya nusu ya Magadha. Baadaye alimpa mwanawe Vihallakumara, jambo ambalo lilimfanya mwanawe mwingine Ajatashatru awe na wivu. Ajatashatru alijaribu kuiba mara nyingi, jambo lililosababisha vita viwili vya kutisha zaidi, vilivyoitwa Mahasilakantaka na Ratha-musala. ===Ubuddha=== Tembo mweupe pia ana umuhimu katika hadithi ya mimba na kuzaliwa kwa Buddha. Kulingana na hadithi ya mimba ya Buddha, usiku ambao Siddhartha alitungwa mimba, Malkia Maya aliota kwamba tembo mweupe mwenye pembe sita nyeupe aliingia upande wake wa kulia. Kutokana na ndoto hii, watabiri walitabiri kwamba mtoto angezaliwa akiwa Buddha au chakravarti (mtawala wa ulimwengu wote).<ref>https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/improving-life-for-yangons-white-elephants/</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} s8k6uxwgx7u8ch2uor7j8n145hy1df1 1545234 1545233 2026-05-17T17:42:28Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=งดงามยิ่งนัก !! ชมประวัติช้างเผือกคู่พระบารมีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวในพระบรมโกศ (รายละเอียด)|url=https://www.tnews.co.th/social/208790|work=tnews|date=2016-10-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=th}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wake kidini== ===Uhindu=== [[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb| Indra na Sachi wakipanda tembo wa kimungu mwenye vichwa vitano Airavata, picha kutoka kwa maandishi ya Jain, karibu 1670-1680, wakichora katika jumba la makumbusho la LACMA, asili yake ikiwa Amber, Rajasthan. ]]Katika purana za Kihindu, gari au mlima wa mungu Indra (Sakra katika pantheon ya Wabuddha) ni tembo mweupe anayeitwa Airāvata, ambaye ana uwezo wa kuruka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A dictionary of Hinduism {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/244416793|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> Airāvata iliibuka wakati ulimwengu uliumbwa kwa kuzungushwa kwa Bahari ya Maziwa na mapepo na miungu. Kwa hivyo, Airāvata inaonyeshwa kama tembo mweupe mtakatifu, kwa kawaida akiwa na pembe nne nchini India na wakati mwingine akiwa na vichwa vitano Kusini-mashariki mwa Asia. Tembo mweupe anajulikana kama Shrī Gāja (kwa kifupi 'tembo wa Shrī'), Megha (kwa kifupi 'wingu'), au Gāja Lakshmī (kwa kifupi 'Lakshmī wa Tembo') anapoabudiwa kama kiumbe wa kimungu.<ref>https://brill.com/abstract/journals/bki/172/1/article-p66_3.xml</ref> Mfalme Bimbisara alikuwa na tembo mweupe, ambaye alikuwa amemkamata msituni wakati tembo huyo alikuwa katika kipindi chake cha kusugua. Alimpa tembo dume jina Sechanaka, ambalo linamaanisha "kumwagilia maji", kwani tembo huyo alikuwa akimwagilia mimea peke yake bila mafunzo yoyote ya awali. Inasemekana gharama ya tembo huyu ilikuwa zaidi ya nusu ya Magadha. Baadaye alimpa mwanawe Vihallakumara, jambo ambalo lilimfanya mwanawe mwingine Ajatashatru awe na wivu. Ajatashatru alijaribu kuiba mara nyingi, jambo lililosababisha vita viwili vya kutisha zaidi, vilivyoitwa Mahasilakantaka na Ratha-musala. ===Ubuddha=== Tembo mweupe pia ana umuhimu katika hadithi ya mimba na kuzaliwa kwa Buddha. Kulingana na hadithi ya mimba ya Buddha, usiku ambao Siddhartha alitungwa mimba, Malkia Maya aliota kwamba tembo mweupe mwenye pembe sita nyeupe aliingia upande wake wa kulia. Kutokana na ndoto hii, watabiri walitabiri kwamba mtoto angezaliwa akiwa Buddha au chakravarti (mtawala wa ulimwengu wote).<ref>https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/improving-life-for-yangons-white-elephants/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A dictionary of Buddhism {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/59361180|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 09ia2wf1e6u3fnkw1rwa0jlc8h663ik 1545304 1545234 2026-05-17T20:43:13Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 6 template(s) replaced. 1545304 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=งดงามยิ่งนัก !! ชมประวัติช้างเผือกคู่พระบารมีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวในพระบรมโกศ (รายละเอียด)|url=https://www.tnews.co.th/social/208790|work=tnews|date=2016-10-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=th}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wake kidini== ===Uhindu=== [[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb| Indra na Sachi wakipanda tembo wa kimungu mwenye vichwa vitano Airavata, picha kutoka kwa maandishi ya Jain, karibu 1670-1680, wakichora katika jumba la makumbusho la LACMA, asili yake ikiwa Amber, Rajasthan. ]]Katika purana za Kihindu, gari au mlima wa mungu Indra (Sakra katika pantheon ya Wabuddha) ni tembo mweupe anayeitwa Airāvata, ambaye ana uwezo wa kuruka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A dictionary of Hinduism {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/244416793|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> Airāvata iliibuka wakati ulimwengu uliumbwa kwa kuzungushwa kwa Bahari ya Maziwa na mapepo na miungu. Kwa hivyo, Airāvata inaonyeshwa kama tembo mweupe mtakatifu, kwa kawaida akiwa na pembe nne nchini India na wakati mwingine akiwa na vichwa vitano Kusini-mashariki mwa Asia. Tembo mweupe anajulikana kama Shrī Gāja (kwa kifupi 'tembo wa Shrī'), Megha (kwa kifupi 'wingu'), au Gāja Lakshmī (kwa kifupi 'Lakshmī wa Tembo') anapoabudiwa kama kiumbe wa kimungu.<ref>https://brill.com/abstract/journals/bki/172/1/article-p66_3.xml</ref> Mfalme Bimbisara alikuwa na tembo mweupe, ambaye alikuwa amemkamata msituni wakati tembo huyo alikuwa katika kipindi chake cha kusugua. Alimpa tembo dume jina Sechanaka, ambalo linamaanisha "kumwagilia maji", kwani tembo huyo alikuwa akimwagilia mimea peke yake bila mafunzo yoyote ya awali. Inasemekana gharama ya tembo huyu ilikuwa zaidi ya nusu ya Magadha. Baadaye alimpa mwanawe Vihallakumara, jambo ambalo lilimfanya mwanawe mwingine Ajatashatru awe na wivu. Ajatashatru alijaribu kuiba mara nyingi, jambo lililosababisha vita viwili vya kutisha zaidi, vilivyoitwa Mahasilakantaka na Ratha-musala. ===Ubuddha=== Tembo mweupe pia ana umuhimu katika hadithi ya mimba na kuzaliwa kwa Buddha. Kulingana na hadithi ya mimba ya Buddha, usiku ambao Siddhartha alitungwa mimba, Malkia Maya aliota kwamba tembo mweupe mwenye pembe sita nyeupe aliingia upande wake wa kulia. Kutokana na ndoto hii, watabiri walitabiri kwamba mtoto angezaliwa akiwa Buddha au chakravarti (mtawala wa ulimwengu wote).<ref>https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/improving-life-for-yangons-white-elephants/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A dictionary of Buddhism {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/59361180|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} shgfgozb66pcabxbtl0kkospxusamv4 1545522 1545304 2026-05-18T07:16:57Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Tembo mweupe (mnyama)]] hadi [[Tembo mweupe]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1545304 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=งดงามยิ่งนัก !! ชมประวัติช้างเผือกคู่พระบารมีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวในพระบรมโกศ (รายละเอียด)|url=https://www.tnews.co.th/social/208790|work=tnews|date=2016-10-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=th}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wake kidini== ===Uhindu=== [[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb| Indra na Sachi wakipanda tembo wa kimungu mwenye vichwa vitano Airavata, picha kutoka kwa maandishi ya Jain, karibu 1670-1680, wakichora katika jumba la makumbusho la LACMA, asili yake ikiwa Amber, Rajasthan. ]]Katika purana za Kihindu, gari au mlima wa mungu Indra (Sakra katika pantheon ya Wabuddha) ni tembo mweupe anayeitwa Airāvata, ambaye ana uwezo wa kuruka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A dictionary of Hinduism {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/244416793|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> Airāvata iliibuka wakati ulimwengu uliumbwa kwa kuzungushwa kwa Bahari ya Maziwa na mapepo na miungu. Kwa hivyo, Airāvata inaonyeshwa kama tembo mweupe mtakatifu, kwa kawaida akiwa na pembe nne nchini India na wakati mwingine akiwa na vichwa vitano Kusini-mashariki mwa Asia. Tembo mweupe anajulikana kama Shrī Gāja (kwa kifupi 'tembo wa Shrī'), Megha (kwa kifupi 'wingu'), au Gāja Lakshmī (kwa kifupi 'Lakshmī wa Tembo') anapoabudiwa kama kiumbe wa kimungu.<ref>https://brill.com/abstract/journals/bki/172/1/article-p66_3.xml</ref> Mfalme Bimbisara alikuwa na tembo mweupe, ambaye alikuwa amemkamata msituni wakati tembo huyo alikuwa katika kipindi chake cha kusugua. Alimpa tembo dume jina Sechanaka, ambalo linamaanisha "kumwagilia maji", kwani tembo huyo alikuwa akimwagilia mimea peke yake bila mafunzo yoyote ya awali. Inasemekana gharama ya tembo huyu ilikuwa zaidi ya nusu ya Magadha. Baadaye alimpa mwanawe Vihallakumara, jambo ambalo lilimfanya mwanawe mwingine Ajatashatru awe na wivu. Ajatashatru alijaribu kuiba mara nyingi, jambo lililosababisha vita viwili vya kutisha zaidi, vilivyoitwa Mahasilakantaka na Ratha-musala. ===Ubuddha=== Tembo mweupe pia ana umuhimu katika hadithi ya mimba na kuzaliwa kwa Buddha. Kulingana na hadithi ya mimba ya Buddha, usiku ambao Siddhartha alitungwa mimba, Malkia Maya aliota kwamba tembo mweupe mwenye pembe sita nyeupe aliingia upande wake wa kulia. Kutokana na ndoto hii, watabiri walitabiri kwamba mtoto angezaliwa akiwa Buddha au chakravarti (mtawala wa ulimwengu wote).<ref>https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/improving-life-for-yangons-white-elephants/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A dictionary of Buddhism {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/59361180|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} shgfgozb66pcabxbtl0kkospxusamv4 1545524 1545522 2026-05-18T07:17:53Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545524 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Myanma_Sin_Phyu.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe akiwa Myanmar]] [[File:RoyalWhiteElephant.jpg|thumb|Tembo mweupe wa kifalme, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa Thai]] '''Tembo mweupe''' (pia '''tembo albino''')<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Why Do We Say White Elephant? Origin, Meaning, Useless Gift {{!}} HistoryExtra|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/victorian/why-do-we-say-white-elephant/|work=www.historyextra.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ni aina adimu ya [[Ndovu|tembo]], lakini si wa spishi tofauti. Ingawa mara nyingi huonyeshwa kama nyeupe-theluji, ngozi zao kwa kawaida huwa na rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu laini, na kugeuka kuwa waridi hafifu inapokuwa na unyevu.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Burma in Transition - The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/06/burma-in-transition/100316/|work=www.theatlantic.com|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Alan Taylor}}</ref> Wana kope na kucha za miguu zenye rangi nzuri. "Tembo Mweupe" wa kitamaduni kwa kawaida hueleweka vibaya kama [[Zeruzeru|albino]], lakini kwa neno la [[Kithai]], ''chang samkhan'', hutafsiriwa kama 'tembo mwenye bahati', akiwa "mweupe" kwa upande wa usafi. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Royal Elephant Stable|url=http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html|publisher=Thai Elephant Conservation Center|accessdate=7 September 2014|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309020106/http://www.thailandelephant.org/en/royalstable.html}}</ref> Kufikia mwaka wa 2023, Myanmar ilikuwa na tembo weupe kumi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief’s Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/status-obsessed-myanmar-junta-chiefs-reverence-for-white-elephants-draws-ridicule.html|work=The Irrawaddy|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=The Irrawaddy}}</ref> Mfalme wa Thailand pia anafuga idadi ya tembo weupe, kumi na mmoja kati yao wakiwa bado hai kufikia mwaka wa 2016.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=งดงามยิ่งนัก !! ชมประวัติช้างเผือกคู่พระบารมีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวในพระบรมโกศ (รายละเอียด)|url=https://www.tnews.co.th/social/208790|work=tnews|date=2016-10-16|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=th}}</ref> ==Umuhimu wake kidini== ===Uhindu=== [[File:Indradeva.jpg|thumb| Indra na Sachi wakipanda tembo wa kimungu mwenye vichwa vitano Airavata, picha kutoka kwa maandishi ya Jain, karibu 1670-1680, wakichora katika jumba la makumbusho la LACMA, asili yake ikiwa Amber, Rajasthan. ]]Katika purana za Kihindu, gari au mlima wa mungu Indra (Sakra katika pantheon ya Wabuddha) ni tembo mweupe anayeitwa Airāvata, ambaye ana uwezo wa kuruka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A dictionary of Hinduism {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/244416793|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> Airāvata iliibuka wakati ulimwengu uliumbwa kwa kuzungushwa kwa Bahari ya Maziwa na mapepo na miungu. Kwa hivyo, Airāvata inaonyeshwa kama tembo mweupe mtakatifu, kwa kawaida akiwa na pembe nne nchini India na wakati mwingine akiwa na vichwa vitano Kusini-mashariki mwa Asia. Tembo mweupe anajulikana kama Shrī Gāja (kwa kifupi 'tembo wa Shrī'), Megha (kwa kifupi 'wingu'), au Gāja Lakshmī (kwa kifupi 'Lakshmī wa Tembo') anapoabudiwa kama kiumbe wa kimungu.<ref>https://brill.com/abstract/journals/bki/172/1/article-p66_3.xml</ref> Mfalme Bimbisara alikuwa na tembo mweupe, ambaye alikuwa amemkamata msituni wakati tembo huyo alikuwa katika kipindi chake cha kusugua. Alimpa tembo dume jina Sechanaka, ambalo linamaanisha "kumwagilia maji", kwani tembo huyo alikuwa akimwagilia mimea peke yake bila mafunzo yoyote ya awali. Inasemekana gharama ya tembo huyu ilikuwa zaidi ya nusu ya Magadha. Baadaye alimpa mwanawe Vihallakumara, jambo ambalo lilimfanya mwanawe mwingine Ajatashatru awe na wivu. Ajatashatru alijaribu kuiba mara nyingi, jambo lililosababisha vita viwili vya kutisha zaidi, vilivyoitwa Mahasilakantaka na Ratha-musala. ===Ubuddha=== Tembo mweupe pia ana umuhimu katika hadithi ya mimba na kuzaliwa kwa Buddha. Kulingana na hadithi ya mimba ya Buddha, usiku ambao Siddhartha alitungwa mimba, Malkia Maya aliota kwamba tembo mweupe mwenye pembe sita nyeupe aliingia upande wake wa kulia. Kutokana na ndoto hii, watabiri walitabiri kwamba mtoto angezaliwa akiwa Buddha au chakravarti (mtawala wa ulimwengu wote).<ref>https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/improving-life-for-yangons-white-elephants/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=A dictionary of Buddhism {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/59361180|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:mamalia]] 8gjvdp90ih30q0fghm0hlqwwjq4d6lb 0 236168 1545207 2026-05-17T16:48:58Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abderrahmane Farès''' (30 Januari 1911 – 13 Mei 1991) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Formulaire de recherche dans la base de données des députés français depuis 1789 - Assemblée nationale|url=https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/recherche|work=www2.assemblee-nationale.fr|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Aliwahi kuwa Mwenyekiti wa Serikali ya Mpito ya Utendaji ya Algeria (Provisional Executive of Algeria) kuanzia 13 Aprili 1962 hadi 20 Septemba 1962. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1911]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]] lwwl4kbh60la5bdnpr8ted40sjvvbzh 0 236169 1545211 2026-05-17T16:55:03Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545211 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed El Ghazi''' alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa wali (gavana) wa majimbo ya Tébessa, M'Sila, Guelma, Algiers, na Tizi Ouzou kati ya mwaka 1974 na 1989. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] rwpvo1xvfojq29dqfb472eol9i1tso5 0 236170 1545217 2026-05-17T17:04:26Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karim Djoudi''' (13 Julai 1958 – 13 Mei 2022) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Alizaliwa Montpellier, Ufaransa. Aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Fedha wa Algeria kuanzia Juni 2007 hadi Mei 2014. Mwaka 2011, Djoudi aliamuru kufungwa kwa mali za Muammar Gaddafi nchini Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search Newspapers 1977-Present|url=https://www.newslibrary.com/newspapers|work=NewsLibrary|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] 26rgrsp5pfrzgvtkaa7tjke1vzkb3la 1545219 1545217 2026-05-17T17:08:55Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545219 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karim Djoudi''' (13 Julai 1958 – 13 Mei 2022) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Alizaliwa Montpellier, Ufaransa. Aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Fedha wa Algeria kuanzia Juni 2007 hadi Mei 2014. Mwaka 2011, Djoudi aliamuru kufungwa kwa mali za Muammar Gaddafi nchini Algeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Search Newspapers 1977-Present|url=https://www.newslibrary.com/newspapers|work=NewsLibrary|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] lnzpdyci01vzrm64r0mae0jlqzu8svr 0 236171 1545221 2026-05-17T17:09:14Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed Djoghlaf''' (amezaliwa 25 Novemba 1953 huko Algiers) alikuwa Katibu Mtendaji wa Mkataba wa Bioanuwai (Convention on Biological Diversity) chini ya Mpango wa Mazingira wa Umoja wa Mataifa (UNEP) hadi mwaka 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.cbd.int/|work=Convention on Biological Diversity|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] j706zpolsgj2mht4dzpm2dfayopp5b7 0 236172 1545223 2026-05-17T17:12:44Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545223 wikitext text/x-wiki Said Djinnit (amezaliwa 7 Juni 1954) ni mwanadiplomasia wa Algeria ambaye tangu mwaka 2014 amekuwa Mjumbe Maalum wa Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa kwa eneo la Maziwa Makuu barani Afrika. Kabla ya hapo, aliwahi kuwa Mwakilishi Maalum na Mkuu wa Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Afrika Magharibi (UNOWA).<ref>{{Cite web|title=auc_leaders|url=http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AUC/AUCleaders/aucleaders.html|work=www.africa-union.org|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ouzbpetfcvapgevx0vzvacfr13nsyo7 1545289 1545223 2026-05-17T20:15:00Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545289 wikitext text/x-wiki Said Djinnit (amezaliwa 7 Juni 1954) ni mwanadiplomasia wa Algeria ambaye tangu mwaka 2014 amekuwa Mjumbe Maalum wa Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa kwa eneo la Maziwa Makuu barani Afrika. Kabla ya hapo, aliwahi kuwa Mwakilishi Maalum na Mkuu wa Ofisi ya Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Afrika Magharibi (UNOWA).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=auc_leaders|url=http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AUC/AUCleaders/aucleaders.html|work=www.africa-union.org|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] iqsio8swg5qxvcd0hf5e0m5k489dhes 0 236173 1545225 2026-05-17T17:17:55Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdelaziz Djerad''' (amezaliwa 12 Februari 1954) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanadiplomasia]] wa Algeria. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri Mkuu wa Algeria kuanzia 28 Desemba 2019 hadi 30 Juni 2021. Mnamo Septemba 2021, aliteuliwa kuwa balozi wa Algeria nchini Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algeria names new prime minister|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/north-africa/2019/12/28/Algeria-names-Abdelaziz-Djerrad-as-Prime-Minister-state-TV|work=Al Arabiya English|date=2019-12-28|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1954]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] scke5niu8tvb3s4eu0i023k8dj0p06a 0 236174 1545226 2026-05-17T17:20:44Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed Djebbar''' (amezaliwa 1941) ni msomi na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Elimu katika serikali ya Belaid Abdessalam mwaka 1992.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=447JDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1993-94|last=Hunter|first=B.|date=2016-12-23|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-27122-7|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] nonmvqrkjnb7lhciswtykl8esonzoec 0 236175 1545227 2026-05-17T17:24:26Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545227 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bouras Djamel''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] na Makamu wa Tatu wa Rais wa Bunge la Afrika (Pan-African Parliament) anayewakilisha eneo la Afrika Kaskazini. Aliteuliwa kuwa Kaimu Rais kuanzia Agosti 2020, na muhula wake ulitarajiwa kumalizika baada ya uongozi kamili wa Bunge la Afrika (PAP Bureau) kuundwa tena mwanzoni mwa kikao kijacho cha plenary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bouras Djamal becomes Acting President of the Pan African Parliament|url=https://www.africanparliamentarynews.com/2020/08/bouras-djamal-becomes-acting-president.html|work=AFRICAN PARLIAMENTARY NEWS|accessdate=2026-05-17|author=YOUR-NAME}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] 6guldlgotkg4lbk3zz7jba3e73ao895 2 236176 1545230 2026-05-17T17:29:32Z Said Mfaume 68307 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #00457C;" |+ style="font-size:1.2em; color:#00457C; font-weight:bold; padding:10px;" | Mashirika Muhimu ya Wakimbizi na Uhamiaji |- style="background:#00457C; color:white; text-align:center;" ! Na. !! Jina la Shirika !! Kifupi !! Aina ya Shirika !! Majukumu Makuu |- | 1 || [[Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Wakimbizi]] || [[UNHCR]] || Kimataifa (UN) || ulinzi wa kimataifa na kutafuta...' 1545230 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #00457C;" |+ style="font-size:1.2em; color:#00457C; font-weight:bold; padding:10px;" | Mashirika Muhimu ya Wakimbizi na Uhamiaji |- style="background:#00457C; color:white; text-align:center;" ! Na. !! Jina la Shirika !! Kifupi !! Aina ya Shirika !! Majukumu Makuu |- | 1 || [[Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Wakimbizi]] || [[UNHCR]] || Kimataifa (UN) || ulinzi wa kimataifa na kutafuta suluhu za kudumu kwa wakimbizi. |- | 2 || [[Shirika la Kimataifa la Uhamiaji]] || [[IOM]] || Kimataifa (UN) || kusimamia uhamiaji salama na kusaidia watu waliokimbia makazi. |- | 3 || [[Shirika la Mpango wa Chakula Duniani]] || [[WFP]] || Kimataifa (UN) || kutoa msaada wa chakula na lishe katika kambi za wakimbizi. |- | 4 || [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] || [[WHO]] || Kimataifa (UN) || kusimamia huduma za afya na kuzuia milipuko ya magonjwa kambini. |- | 5 || [[Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Watoto]] || [[UNICEF]] || Kimataifa (UN) || kulinda haki na ustawi wa watoto wakimbizi na elimu. |- | 6 || [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu]] || [[ICRC]] || Kimataifa (NGO) || kutoa msaada wa kibinadamu na kulinda waathirika wa vita. |- | 7 || [[Baraza la Wakimbizi la Norway]] || [[NRC]] || Kimataifa (NGO) || kutoa msaada wa kisheria, makazi, na elimu kwa wakimbizi. |- | 8 || [[Madaktari Wasio na Mipaka]] || [[MSF]] || Kimataifa (NGO) || kutoa huduma za matibabu ya dharura katika maeneo ya migogoro. |- | 9 || [[Shirika la Uokoaji la Kimataifa]] || [[IRC]] || Kimataifa (NGO) || kusaidia watu walioathiriwa na mizozo ya kibinadamu. |- | 10 || [[Idara ya Huduma za Wakimbizi Tanzania]] || [[NRS]] || Kitaifa (Tanzania) || idara ya serikali inayosimamia masuala ya wakimbizi Tanzania. |- | 11 || [[Amnesty International]] || [[AI]] || Kimataifa (NGO) || kutetea haki za binadamu na kuzuia uonevu dhidi ya wakimbizi. |- | 12 || [[Human Rights Watch]] || [[HRW]] || Kimataifa (NGO) || kufuatilia na kutoa taarifa juu ya ukiukwaji wa haki. |- | 13 || [[Baraza la Wakimbizi la Denmark]] || [[DRC]] || Kimataifa (NGO) || kutoa ulinzi na misaada ya dharura kwa wakimbizi. |- | 14 || [[Jesuit Refugee Service]] || [[JRS]] || Kidini (NGO) || kutoa elimu na msaada wa kisaikolojia kwa wakimbizi. |- | 15 || [[Islamic Relief Worldwide]] || [[IRW]] || Kidini (NGO) || kutoa misaada ya dharura na maendeleo kwa wakimbizi. |} ectbq7jb115jxz95jekbzqxnq9z5gsc 1545235 1545230 2026-05-17T17:42:52Z Said Mfaume 68307 1545235 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #003b73;" |+ style="font-size:1.3em; color:#003b73; font-weight:bold; padding:10px;" | 🌍 Mashirika Muhimu ya Wakimbizi na Uhamiaji |- style="background:#003b73; color:white; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" ! Na. !! Shirika (SWIKI / ENWIKI) !! Aina ya Shirika !! Majukumu Makuu |- | 1 || [[Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Wakimbizi]] <br> [[en:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] || 🌐 Kimataifa (UN) || ulinzi wa kimataifa na kutafuta suluhu za kudumu kwa wakimbizi. |- | 2 || [[Shirika la Kimataifa la Uhamiaji]] <br> [[en:International Organization for Migration|IOM]] || 🌐 Kimataifa (UN) || kusimamia uhamiaji salama na kusaidia watu waliokimbia makazi. |- | 3 || [[Shirika la Mpango wa Chakula Duniani]] <br> [[en:World Food Programme|WFP]] || 🌐 Kimataifa (UN) || kutoa msaada wa chakula na lishe katika kambi za wakimbizi. |- | 4 || [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] <br> [[en:World Health Organization|WHO]] || 🌐 Kimataifa (UN) || kusimamia huduma za afya na kuzuia milipuko ya magonjwa kambini. |- | 5 || [[Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Watoto]] <br> [[en:UNICEF|UNICEF]] || 🌐 Kimataifa (UN) || kulinda haki na ustawi wa watoto wakimbizi na elimu. |- | 6 || [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu]] <br> [[en:International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || kutoa msaada wa kibinadamu na kulinda waathirika wa vita. |- | 7 || [[Baraza la Wakimbizi la Norway]] <br> [[en:Norwegian Refugee Council|NRC]] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || kutoa msaada wa kisheria, makazi, na elimu kwa wakimbizi. |- | 8 || [[Madaktari Wasio na Mipaka]] <br> [[en:Médecins Sans Frontières|MSF]] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || huduma za matibabu ya dharura katika maeneo ya migogoro. |- | 9 || [[Shirika la Uokoaji la Kimataifa]] <br> [[en:International Rescue Committee|IRC]] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || kusaidia watu walioathiriwa na mizozo ya kibinadamu. |- | 10 || [[Idara ya Huduma za Wakimbizi Tanzania]] <br> [[en:National Refugee Services (Tanzania)|NRS]] || 🇹🇿 Kitaifa || kusimamia masuala ya wakimbizi Tanzania. |- | 11 || [[Amnesty International]] <br> [[en:Amnesty International|AI]] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || kutetea haki za binadamu na kuzuia uonevu dhidi ya wakimbizi. |- | 12 || [[Human Rights Watch]] <br> [[en:Human Rights Watch|HRW]] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || kufuatilia na kutoa taarifa juu ya ukiukwaji wa haki. |- | 13 || [[Baraza la Wakimbizi la Denmark]] <br> [[en:Danish Refugee Council|DRC]] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || ulinzi na misaada ya dharura kwa wakimbizi. |- | 14 || [[Jesuit Refugee Service]] <br> [[en:Jesuit Refugee Service|JRS]] || ✝️ Kidini (NGO) || elimu na msaada wa kisaikolojia kwa wakimbizi. |- | 15 || [[Islamic Relief Worldwide]] <br> [[en:Islamic Relief Worldwide|IRW]] || ✝️ Kidini (NGO) || misaada ya dharura na maendeleo kwa wakimbizi. |} 5crghd9zxngpc203ij9rhdxwlxpjknh 1545236 1545235 2026-05-17T17:45:19Z Said Mfaume 68307 1545236 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; border:1px solid #003b73;" |+ style="font-size:1.3em; color:#003b73; font-weight:bold; padding:10px;" | 🌍 Mashirika Muhimu ya Wakimbizi na Uhamiaji |- style="background:#003b73; color:white; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" ! Na. !! Shirika (SWIKI / ENWIKI) !! Aina ya Shirika !! Majukumu Makuu |- | 1 || [[Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Wakimbizi]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees UNHCR] || 🌐 Kimataifa (UN) || ulinzi wa kimataifa na kutafuta suluhu za kudumu kwa wakimbizi. |- | 2 || [[Shirika la Kimataifa la Uhamiaji]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration IOM] || 🌐 Kimataifa (UN) || kusimamia uhamiaji salama na kusaidia watu waliokimbia makazi. |- | 3 || [[Shirika la Mpango wa Chakula Duniani]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme WFP] || 🌐 Kimataifa (UN) || kutoa msaada wa chakula na lishe katika kambi za wakimbizi. |- | 4 || [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization WHO] || 🌐 Kimataifa (UN) || kusimamia huduma za afya na kuzuia milipuko ya magonjwa kambini. |- | 5 || [[Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Kuhudumia Watoto]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF UNICEF] || 🌐 Kimataifa (UN) || kulinda haki na ustawi wa watoto wakimbizi na elimu. |- | 6 || [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross ICRC] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || kutoa msaada wa kibinadamu na kulinda waathirika wa vita. |- | 7 || [[Baraza la Wakimbizi la Norway]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Refugee_Council NRC] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || kutoa msaada wa kisheria, makazi, na elimu kwa wakimbizi. |- | 8 || [[Madaktari Wasio na Mipaka]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res MSF] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || huduma za matibabu ya dharura katika maeneo ya migogoro. |- | 9 || [[Shirika la Uokoaji la Kimataifa]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee IRC] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || kusaidia watu walioathiriwa na mizozo ya kibinadamu. |- | 10 || [[Idara ya Huduma za Wakimbizi Tanzania]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Refugee_Services_(Tanzania) NRS] || 🇹🇿 Kitaifa || kusimamia masuala ya wakimbizi Tanzania. |- | 11 || [[Amnesty International]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International AI] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || kutetea haki za binadamu na kuzuia uonevu dhidi ya wakimbizi. |- | 12 || [[Human Rights Watch]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch HRW] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || kufuatilia na kutoa taarifa juu ya ukiukwaji wa haki. |- | 13 || [[Baraza la Wakimbizi la Denmark]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Refugee_Council DRC] || 🤝 Kimataifa (NGO) || ulinzi na misaada ya dharura kwa wakimbizi. |- | 14 || [[Jesuit Refugee Service]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_Refugee_Service JRS] || ✝️ Kidini (NGO) || elimu na msaada wa kisaikolojia kwa wakimbizi. |- | 15 || [[Islamic Relief Worldwide]] <br> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Relief_Worldwide IRW] || ✝️ Kidini (NGO) || misaada ya dharura na maendeleo kwa wakimbizi. |} oyndzqulug6aen62hxwg2rhoht1edp6 0 236177 1545242 2026-05-17T18:09:29Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Anna, Comtesse Mathieu de Noailles''' ('''Anna Elisabeth Bibesco-Bassaraba de Brancovan'''; tamko la Kifaransa: {{IPA|fr|ana d(ə) nɔaj}}; 15 Novemba 1876 – 30 Aprili 1933) alikuwa mwandishi wa [[Ufaransa]] mwenye asili ya [[Romania]] na [[Greeks|Ugiriki]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asya |first=Ferdâ |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789401207379/B9789401207379-s005.xml |title=Paris-Bucharest, Bucharest-Paris: Waandishi wa lugha ya Kifaransa kutoka R...' 1545242 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anna, Comtesse Mathieu de Noailles''' ('''Anna Elisabeth Bibesco-Bassaraba de Brancovan'''; tamko la Kifaransa: {{IPA|fr|ana d(ə) nɔaj}}; 15 Novemba 1876 – 30 Aprili 1933) alikuwa mwandishi wa [[Ufaransa]] mwenye asili ya [[Romania]] na [[Greeks|Ugiriki]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asya |first=Ferdâ |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789401207379/B9789401207379-s005.xml |title=Paris-Bucharest, Bucharest-Paris: Waandishi wa lugha ya Kifaransa kutoka Romania |date=2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-94-012-0737-9 |editor-last=Quinney |editor-first=Anna |chapter=Utabaka wa Mashariki wa Anna de Noailles |doi=10.1163/9789401207379_005 |quote=[...] Noailles did not have to turn to the mystic traditions of the Near East and the Middle East for a social distraction or a literary diversion. Born to Romanian and Greek parents, as she was growing up, the Eastern lifestyle [...]}}</ref> mshairi, na mwanaharakati wa ufeministi wa kisoshalisti]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Catherine |title=Persephone Aliyefunguliwa: Urembo wa Dionysian katika Kazi za Anna de Noailles |date=2003 |publisher=Bucknell University Press |pages=158–159}}</ref> Alikuwa mshairi wa kike pekee wa zama zake nchini Ufaransa kupokea heshima kubwa zaidi ya umma, ambayo ni tuzo ya ''Grand Prix'' kutoka kwa taasisi ya [[Académie Française]].<ref name="noailles-org">[https://www.annadenoailles.org/ Anna de Noailles alikuwa nani?]</ref><ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_de_Noailles |title=Makala ya Anna de Noailles katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1876|1933|Noailles, Anna de}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] dlq13pnedtmm343j5p9diqgye6boywt 1545525 1545242 2026-05-18T07:19:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545525 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anna, Comtesse Mathieu de Noailles''' ('''Anna Elisabeth Bibesco-Bassaraba de Brancovan'''; 15 Novemba 1876 – 30 Aprili 1933) alikuwa mwandishi wa [[Ufaransa]] mwenye asili ya [[Romania]] na [[Ugiriki]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asya |first=Ferdâ |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789401207379/B9789401207379-s005.xml |title=Paris-Bucharest, Bucharest-Paris: Waandishi wa lugha ya Kifaransa kutoka Romania |date=2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-94-012-0737-9 |editor-last=Quinney |editor-first=Anna |chapter=Utabaka wa Mashariki wa Anna de Noailles |doi=10.1163/9789401207379_005 |quote=[...] Noailles did not have to turn to the mystic traditions of the Near East and the Middle East for a social distraction or a literary diversion. Born to Romanian and Greek parents, as she was growing up, the Eastern lifestyle [...]}}</ref> mshairi, na mwanaharakati wa ufeministi wa kisoshalisti]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Catherine |title=Persephone Aliyefunguliwa: Urembo wa Dionysian katika Kazi za Anna de Noailles |date=2003 |publisher=Bucknell University Press |pages=158–159}}</ref> Alikuwa mshairi wa kike pekee wa zama zake nchini Ufaransa kupokea heshima kubwa zaidi ya umma, ambayo ni tuzo ya ''Grand Prix'' kutoka kwa taasisi ya [[Académie Française]]. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} {{BD|1876|1933|Noailles, Anna de}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] q6bj871gqarldq8i61j38f6oi954iwk 0 236178 1545244 2026-05-17T18:17:31Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marie Noël''', aliyezaliwa kwa jina la ''Marie-Mélanie Rouget'' ([[Auxerre]], 16 Februari 1883 – 23 Desemba 1967) alikuwa mshairi wa [[Ufaransa]], mlei mcha Mungu wa Kanisa Katoliki, na afisa wa nishani ya [[Légion d'honneur]].<ref>Estaunié (Edouard), ''Mshairi wa Mkoani: Marie Noël'', 1957-58, uk. 1-20.</ref><ref>Noël (Léon), ''Kukabidhiwa kwa Nishani ya Afisa wa Légion d'honneur kwa Marie Noël'', 1959-60, uk. 366-369.</ref> Kwa upendo mkubw...' 1545244 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie Noël''', aliyezaliwa kwa jina la ''Marie-Mélanie Rouget'' ([[Auxerre]], 16 Februari 1883 – 23 Desemba 1967) alikuwa mshairi wa [[Ufaransa]], mlei mcha Mungu wa Kanisa Katoliki, na afisa wa nishani ya [[Légion d'honneur]].<ref>Estaunié (Edouard), ''Mshairi wa Mkoani: Marie Noël'', 1957-58, uk. 1-20.</ref><ref>Noël (Léon), ''Kukabidhiwa kwa Nishani ya Afisa wa Légion d'honneur kwa Marie Noël'', 1959-60, uk. 366-369.</ref> Kwa upendo mkubwa alikuwa akijulikana kama "Kidege Mpayaji wa Auxerre" (The Warbler of Auxerre).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncregister.com/blog/poetess-and-possible-future-saint-captures-essence-of-holy-saturday|title=Mshairi wa Kike (na Anayedhaniwa Kuwa Mtakatifu wa Baadaye) Anavyoelezea Maana ya Jumamosi Kuu|date=11 Aprili 2020|access-date=17 Mei 2026|website=National Catholic Register|author=Solène Tadié|language=en}}</ref><ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_No%C3%ABl |title=Makala ya Marie Noël katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1883|1967|Noël, Marie}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] ami0ivk4s4yesat8obvvuv5hmntafc6 1545526 1545244 2026-05-18T07:22:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1545526 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie Noël''' (jina la kuzaliwa: ''Marie-Mélanie Rouget''; [[Auxerre]], 16 Februari 1883 – 23 Desemba 1967) alikuwa [[Ushairi|mshairi]] wa [[Ufaransa]], [[mlei]] mcha Mungu wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]], na afisa wa nishani ya [[Légion d'honneur]].<ref>Estaunié (Edouard), ''Mshairi wa Mkoani: Marie Noël'', 1957-58, uk. 1-20.</ref><ref>Noël (Léon), ''Kukabidhiwa kwa Nishani ya Afisa wa Légion d'honneur kwa Marie Noël'', 1959-60, uk. 366-369.</ref> Kwa upendo mkubwa alikuwa akijulikana kama "Kidege Mpayaji wa Auxerre" (The Warbler of Auxerre).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncregister.com/blog/poetess-and-possible-future-saint-captures-essence-of-holy-saturday|title=Mshairi wa Kike (na Anayedhaniwa Kuwa Mtakatifu wa Baadaye) Anavyoelezea Maana ya Jumamosi Kuu|date=11 Aprili 2020|access-date=17 Mei 2026|website=National Catholic Register|author=Solène Tadié|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1883|1967|Noël, Marie}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] sm41vqgdql55jyqmt1jaty9nzrnj82a 0 236179 1545246 2026-05-17T18:22:28Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Baroness Hélène d'Oettingen''' (1887 – 1950, Paris), alizaliwa kwa jina la Elena Francezna Miaczinska, alikuwa mchoraji na mwandishi mwenye asili ya [[Urusi]] na [[Ufaransa]]. Inasemekana kuwa baba yake alikuwa mtu wa tabaka la juu kutoka [[Polandi|Poland]], lakini anadhaniwa kupata cheo chake cha "baroness" baada ya kuolewa na baron wa eneo la Baltic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pauwels |first=Peter |title=Marthe Donas: Msanii wa Kike katika Ha...' 1545246 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baroness Hélène d'Oettingen''' (1887 – 1950, Paris), alizaliwa kwa jina la Elena Francezna Miaczinska, alikuwa mchoraji na mwandishi mwenye asili ya [[Urusi]] na [[Ufaransa]]. Inasemekana kuwa baba yake alikuwa mtu wa tabaka la juu kutoka [[Polandi|Poland]], lakini anadhaniwa kupata cheo chake cha "baroness" baada ya kuolewa na baron wa eneo la Baltic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pauwels |first=Peter |title=Marthe Donas: Msanii wa Kike katika Harakati za Avant-Garde |publisher=Ludion |year=2015 |isbn=978-94-91819-41-4 |location=Ghent, Ubelgiji |pages=17}}</ref><ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_d%27Oettingen |title=Makala ya Hélène d'Oettingen katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1887|1950|Oettingen, Helene d'}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] d6k6bruvccazrpt2sqsqm693rjftl1s 1545323 1545246 2026-05-17T21:23:28Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545323 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baroness Hélène d'Oettingen''' (1887 – 1950, Paris), alizaliwa kwa jina la Elena Francezna Miaczinska, alikuwa mchoraji na mwandishi mwenye asili ya [[Urusi]] na [[Ufaransa]]. Inasemekana kuwa baba yake alikuwa mtu wa tabaka la juu kutoka [[Polandi|Poland]], lakini anadhaniwa kupata cheo chake cha "baroness" baada ya kuolewa na baron wa eneo la Baltic.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Pauwels |first=Peter |title=Marthe Donas: Msanii wa Kike katika Harakati za Avant-Garde |publisher=Ludion |year=2015 |isbn=978-94-91819-41-4 |location=Ghent, Ubelgiji |pages=17}}</ref><ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_d%27Oettingen |title=Makala ya Hélène d'Oettingen katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1887|1950|Oettingen, Helene d'}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] hycbe958qmkvmwlsqyp8xfw9296v1hs 0 236180 1545247 2026-05-17T18:24:59Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jehanne d'Orliac''' (25 Mei 1883 – 26 Agosti 1974) alikuwa mwandishi, mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza ([[dramaturge]]), na mshairi kutoka [[Amboise]] nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kupitia Mafaili |url=https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/amboise/au-fil-des-dossiers-84 |date=15 Juni 2018 |access-date=17 Mei 2026 |newspaper=[[La Nouvelle République du Centre-Ouest]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedi...' 1545247 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jehanne d'Orliac''' (25 Mei 1883 – 26 Agosti 1974) alikuwa mwandishi, mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza ([[dramaturge]]), na mshairi kutoka [[Amboise]] nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kupitia Mafaili |url=https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/amboise/au-fil-des-dossiers-84 |date=15 Juni 2018 |access-date=17 Mei 2026 |newspaper=[[La Nouvelle République du Centre-Ouest]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehanne_d%27Orliac |title=Makala ya Jehanne d'Orliac katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1883|1974|Orliac, Jehanne d'}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 5aznr76mgbcfnhb7an8kktaskbahodt 0 236181 1545249 2026-05-17T18:28:19Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Geneviève Pastre''' (20 Novemba 1924 – 17 Februari 2012) alikuwa mshairi, mwanataaluma, na mwanaharakati wa wasagaji (lesbian activist) kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="gianoulis">{{cite web |last1=Gianoulis |first1=Tina |title=Pastre, Geneviève (aliyezaliwa 1924) |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/literature/pastre_g_lit_L.pdf |website=glbtq project |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref><ref name="bnf">{{cite web |title=Geneviève Pastre (1924-2012) |...' 1545249 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Geneviève Pastre''' (20 Novemba 1924 – 17 Februari 2012) alikuwa mshairi, mwanataaluma, na mwanaharakati wa wasagaji (lesbian activist) kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="gianoulis">{{cite web |last1=Gianoulis |first1=Tina |title=Pastre, Geneviève (aliyezaliwa 1924) |url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/literature/pastre_g_lit_L.pdf |website=glbtq project |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref><ref name="bnf">{{cite web |title=Geneviève Pastre (1924-2012) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/11918748/genevieve_pastre/ |website=data.bnf.fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="hommage">{{cite web |title=Utoaji wa Heshima kwa Geneviève Pastre - Shirikisho la LGBTI+ |url=https://federation-lgbt.org/hommage-a-genevieve-pastre |website=federation-lgbt.org |access-date=17 Mei 2026 |date=18 Februari 2012}}</ref><ref name="delon">{{cite news |last1=Delon |first1=Stéphanie |title=Picha ya Maisha: Geneviève Pastre, Mwanaharakati Mwenye Shauku |url=https://www.jeanne-magazine.com/le-magazine/2020/10/03/portrait-genevieve-pastre-militante-enthousiaste_20109/ |access-date=17 Mei 2026 |work=Jeanne Magazine |date=3 Oktoba 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=bad>{{cite web |title=Wanawake Waasi: Geneviève Pastre |url=https://badreputation.org.uk/2011/09/21/revolting-women-genevieve-pastre/ |website=Bad Reputation |access-date=17 Mei 2026 |language=en |date=21 Septemba 2011}}</ref><ref name="hexagone">{{cite web |title=Geneviève Pastre |url=http://www.hexagonegay.com/Genevieve_Pastre.html |website=www.hexagonegay.com |publisher=Hexagone Gay |access-date=2 Juni 2021}}</ref><ref name="poezibao">{{cite news |title=Geneviève Pastre |url=https://poezibao.typepad.com/poezibao/2005/11/genevive_pastre.html |access-date=17 Mei 2026 |work={{ill|Poezibao|fr}} |date=2 Novemba 2005}}</ref> Ameelezewa kama mtu "aliyechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kuanzishwa kwa Harakati za Ukombozi wa Mashoga nchini Ufaransa", ingawa yeye mwenyewe alisema: "''Je ne suis pas une activiste. Je suis poéte et danseuse''" (Mimi si mwanaharakati. Mimi ni mshairi na mnenguaji).<ref name=bad /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1924|2012|Pastre, Genevieve}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] a6w6n2vvfg1qwboxg4zoji3zy93yvfj 0 236182 1545251 2026-05-17T18:35:17Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Annie Hausen''' (4 Agosti 1926 – 22 Aprili 2020),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.francebleu.fr/culture/livres/l-auteure-sarthoise-catherine-paysan-est-decedee-1587555269|title=Mwandishi wa Sarthois Catherine Paysan Amefariki Dunia|date=Aprili 22, 2020|website=France Bleu|language=fr}}</ref> aliyejulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kalamu kama '''Catherine Paysan''', alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alishinda tuzo ya kifasihi ya Grand prix d...' 1545251 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Annie Hausen''' (4 Agosti 1926 – 22 Aprili 2020),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.francebleu.fr/culture/livres/l-auteure-sarthoise-catherine-paysan-est-decedee-1587555269|title=Mwandishi wa Sarthois Catherine Paysan Amefariki Dunia|date=Aprili 22, 2020|website=France Bleu|language=fr}}</ref> aliyejulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kalamu kama '''Catherine Paysan''', alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alishinda tuzo ya kifasihi ya [[Grand prix de littérature de la SGDL]] kutokana na mchango na kazi zake za uandishi za maisha yake yote.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Paysan |title=Makala ya Catherine Paysan katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1926|2020|Paysan, Catherine}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] g7um473lggcce5wh8nxjrog68uqbdrd 0 236183 1545252 2026-05-17T18:36:37Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351532809|Kayanga Baroda Watongola]]" 1545252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Member of the {{no wrap|[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Kamuli Municipality|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> jefe6ciz7ygitkelhrb4kbef2ituuhi 1545253 1545252 2026-05-17T18:37:33Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Member of the {{no wrap|[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Kamuli Municipality|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} n4pbidx0ofa7ba7xfnp823sos8zxbn4 1545255 1545253 2026-05-17T18:39:44Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Mbunge wa Bunge la Uganda|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Kamuli Municipality|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 6klpz0oddqbd0tdd9hhdpexoe3poqsa 1545256 1545255 2026-05-17T18:43:00Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Mbunge wa Bunge la Uganda|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Kamuli Municipality|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Baroda Watongola ni mtoto wa marehemu Hajjat Rehema Tiwuwe Watongola, Mbunge wa zamani wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, na Badiru Watongola, Mwenyekiti wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM) la Manispaa ya Kamuli ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} h4v04rav02gn1wf7v55frqokynt4oi3 1545260 1545256 2026-05-17T18:44:54Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Mbunge wa Bunge la Uganda|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Kamuli Municipality|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Baroda Watongola ni mtoto wa marehemu Hajjat Rehema Tiwuwe Watongola, Mbunge wa zamani wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, na Badiru Watongola, Mwenyekiti wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM) la Manispaa ya Kamuli Baroda Watongola ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo ambapo alipata shahada ya kwanza katika ukarabati wa kijamii. Pia ana diploma katika kozi hiyo hiyo. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} mkm3kdqr6qh95b8pqtrh44irc36nvlf 1545264 1545260 2026-05-17T18:47:56Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Mbunge wa Bunge la Uganda|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Kamuli Municipality|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Baroda Watongola ni mtoto wa marehemu Hajjat Rehema Tiwuwe Watongola, Mbunge wa zamani wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, na Badiru Watongola, Mwenyekiti wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM) la Manispaa ya Kamuli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daughter nominated to compete for deceased mother’s MP seat in Kamuli Municipality|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/91517/daughter-nominated-to-compete-for-deceased-mothers-mp-seat-in-kamuli-municipality|work=Nilepost News|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Crispus Mugisha}}</ref> Baroda Watongola ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo ambapo alipata shahada ya kwanza katika ukarabati wa kijamii. Pia ana diploma katika kozi hiyo hiyo. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} hnnay9qxzmjb72jzbivei99roverhp0 1545265 1545264 2026-05-17T18:51:06Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Mbunge wa Bunge la Uganda|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Kamuli Municipality|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Baroda Watongola ni mtoto wa marehemu Hajjat Rehema Tiwuwe Watongola, Mbunge wa zamani wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, na Badiru Watongola, Mwenyekiti wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM) la Manispaa ya Kamuli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daughter nominated to compete for deceased mother’s MP seat in Kamuli Municipality|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/91517/daughter-nominated-to-compete-for-deceased-mothers-mp-seat-in-kamuli-municipality|work=Nilepost News|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Crispus Mugisha}}</ref> Baroda Watongola ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo ambapo alipata shahada ya kwanza katika ukarabati wa kijamii. Pia ana diploma katika kozi hiyo hiyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fallen Kamuli MP’s daughter joins race to replace her|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/fallen-kamuli-mp-s-daughter-joins-race-to-replace-her-3208374|work=Monitor|date=2020-11-24|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 7gunl0qln788r9gagt2hft3ychjh0yu 1545266 1545265 2026-05-17T18:53:57Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Mbunge wa Bunge la Uganda|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Kamuli Municipality|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Baroda Watongola ni mtoto wa marehemu Hajjat Rehema Tiwuwe Watongola, Mbunge wa zamani wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, na Badiru Watongola, Mwenyekiti wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM) la Manispaa ya Kamuli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daughter nominated to compete for deceased mother’s MP seat in Kamuli Municipality|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/91517/daughter-nominated-to-compete-for-deceased-mothers-mp-seat-in-kamuli-municipality|work=Nilepost News|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Crispus Mugisha}}</ref> Baroda Watongola ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo ambapo alipata shahada ya kwanza katika ukarabati wa kijamii. Pia ana diploma katika kozi hiyo hiyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fallen Kamuli MP’s daughter joins race to replace her|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/fallen-kamuli-mp-s-daughter-joins-race-to-replace-her-3208374|work=Monitor|date=2020-11-24|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi== Baroda alimrithi mama yake kama mgombea wa kiti cha Manispaa ya Kamuli katika Wilaya ya Kamuli baada ya mama yake. Hajjat Rehema Watongola, alifariki kutokana na COVID-19 miezi michache kabla ya uchaguzi mkuu wa Uganda wa 2021 ambapo alikuwa amekusudia kushiriki. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} nverfm7ffdhppfk03o4sqw0q6dqa1r2 1545267 1545266 2026-05-17T18:56:08Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Mbunge wa Bunge la Uganda|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Kamuli Municipality|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Baroda Watongola ni mtoto wa marehemu Hajjat Rehema Tiwuwe Watongola, Mbunge wa zamani wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, na Badiru Watongola, Mwenyekiti wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM) la Manispaa ya Kamuli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daughter nominated to compete for deceased mother’s MP seat in Kamuli Municipality|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/91517/daughter-nominated-to-compete-for-deceased-mothers-mp-seat-in-kamuli-municipality|work=Nilepost News|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Crispus Mugisha}}</ref> Baroda Watongola ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo ambapo alipata shahada ya kwanza katika ukarabati wa kijamii. Pia ana diploma katika kozi hiyo hiyo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Fallen Kamuli MP’s daughter joins race to replace her|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/fallen-kamuli-mp-s-daughter-joins-race-to-replace-her-3208374|work=Monitor|date=2020-11-24|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi== Baroda alimrithi mama yake kama mgombea wa kiti cha Manispaa ya Kamuli katika Wilaya ya Kamuli baada ya mama yake. Hajjat Rehema Watongola, alifariki kutokana na COVID-19 miezi michache kabla ya uchaguzi mkuu wa Uganda wa 2021 ambapo alikuwa amekusudia kushiriki.<ref name=":2" /> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ig9n0mfd7p4rs73fy2l8l4lazm7qc3n 1545268 1545267 2026-05-17T18:57:03Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Mbunge wa Bunge la Uganda|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Kamuli Municipality|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Baroda Watongola ni mtoto wa marehemu Hajjat Rehema Tiwuwe Watongola, Mbunge wa zamani wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, na Badiru Watongola, Mwenyekiti wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM) la Manispaa ya Kamuli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daughter nominated to compete for deceased mother’s MP seat in Kamuli Municipality|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/91517/daughter-nominated-to-compete-for-deceased-mothers-mp-seat-in-kamuli-municipality|work=Nilepost News|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Crispus Mugisha}}</ref> Baroda Watongola ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo ambapo alipata shahada ya kwanza katika ukarabati wa kijamii. Pia ana diploma katika kozi hiyo hiyo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Fallen Kamuli MP’s daughter joins race to replace her|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/fallen-kamuli-mp-s-daughter-joins-race-to-replace-her-3208374|work=Monitor|date=2020-11-24|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi== Baroda alimrithi mama yake kama mgombea wa kiti cha Manispaa ya Kamuli katika Wilaya ya Kamuli baada ya mama yake. Hajjat Rehema Watongola, alifariki kutokana na COVID-19 miezi michache kabla ya uchaguzi mkuu wa Uganda wa 2021 ambapo alikuwa amekusudia kushiriki.<ref name=":2" /> Alipokea uungwaji mkono kutoka kwa rais wa chama cha Forum for Democratic Change (FDC), Mhandisi Patrick Oboi Amuriat, licha ya kuwakilisha mwelekeo tofauti wa kisiasa. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} aw2n1aanody6jcabo0of9x7gvr5h675 1545269 1545268 2026-05-17T19:00:55Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Mbunge wa Bunge la Uganda|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Kamuli Municipality|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Baroda Watongola ni mtoto wa marehemu Hajjat Rehema Tiwuwe Watongola, Mbunge wa zamani wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, na Badiru Watongola, Mwenyekiti wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM) la Manispaa ya Kamuli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daughter nominated to compete for deceased mother’s MP seat in Kamuli Municipality|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/91517/daughter-nominated-to-compete-for-deceased-mothers-mp-seat-in-kamuli-municipality|work=Nilepost News|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Crispus Mugisha}}</ref> Baroda Watongola ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo ambapo alipata shahada ya kwanza katika ukarabati wa kijamii. Pia ana diploma katika kozi hiyo hiyo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Fallen Kamuli MP’s daughter joins race to replace her|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/fallen-kamuli-mp-s-daughter-joins-race-to-replace-her-3208374|work=Monitor|date=2020-11-24|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi== Baroda alimrithi mama yake kama mgombea wa kiti cha Manispaa ya Kamuli katika Wilaya ya Kamuli baada ya mama yake. Hajjat Rehema Watongola, alifariki kutokana na COVID-19 miezi michache kabla ya uchaguzi mkuu wa Uganda wa 2021 ambapo alikuwa amekusudia kushiriki.<ref name=":2" /> Alipokea uungwaji mkono kutoka kwa rais wa chama cha Forum for Democratic Change (FDC), Mhandisi Patrick Oboi Amuriat, licha ya kuwakilisha mwelekeo tofauti wa kisiasa. Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2021, Baroda alitafuta kiti cha mbunge kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea, kama mama yake alivyofanya. Alishinda dhidi ya Mastula Namatovu wa Harakati ya Kitaifa ya Upinzani (NRM), Mosses Bigirwa wa Jukwaa la Umoja wa Kitaifa (NUP) na Mhandisi Geoffrey Mugoye (mwingine huru). ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} c2hzq7jr1op28ryu4c78w4szga3faf8 1545270 1545269 2026-05-17T19:05:44Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Mbunge wa Bunge la Uganda|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Kamuli Municipality|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Baroda Watongola ni mtoto wa marehemu Hajjat Rehema Tiwuwe Watongola, Mbunge wa zamani wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, na Badiru Watongola, Mwenyekiti wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM) la Manispaa ya Kamuli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daughter nominated to compete for deceased mother’s MP seat in Kamuli Municipality|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/91517/daughter-nominated-to-compete-for-deceased-mothers-mp-seat-in-kamuli-municipality|work=Nilepost News|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Crispus Mugisha}}</ref> Baroda Watongola ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo ambapo alipata shahada ya kwanza katika ukarabati wa kijamii. Pia ana diploma katika kozi hiyo hiyo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Fallen Kamuli MP’s daughter joins race to replace her|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/fallen-kamuli-mp-s-daughter-joins-race-to-replace-her-3208374|work=Monitor|date=2020-11-24|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi== Baroda alimrithi mama yake kama mgombea wa kiti cha Manispaa ya Kamuli katika Wilaya ya Kamuli baada ya mama yake. Hajjat Rehema Watongola, alifariki kutokana na COVID-19 miezi michache kabla ya uchaguzi mkuu wa Uganda wa 2021 ambapo alikuwa amekusudia kushiriki.<ref name=":2" /> Alipokea uungwaji mkono kutoka kwa rais wa chama cha Forum for Democratic Change (FDC), Mhandisi Patrick Oboi Amuriat, licha ya kuwakilisha mwelekeo tofauti wa kisiasa. Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2021, Baroda alitafuta kiti cha mbunge kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea, kama mama yake alivyofanya. Alishinda dhidi ya Mastula Namatovu wa Harakati ya Kitaifa ya Upinzani (NRM), Mosses Bigirwa wa Jukwaa la Umoja wa Kitaifa (NUP) na Mhandisi Geoffrey Mugoye (mwingine huru). Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2026, alishindwa na mpinzani wake Mastula Namatovu katika uchaguzi uliokuwa na ushindani mkali. Kwa hivyo hataonekana katika bunge la 12.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamuli Municipality parliamentary vote recount hits snag as High Court intervenes|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/kamuli-municipality-parliamentary-vote-recount-hits-snag-as-high-court-intervenes-5348816|work=Monitor|date=2026-02-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} 5mh007t0gk08bwp2eu8bv5xho0emtpg 1545271 1545270 2026-05-17T19:10:16Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1545271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Mbunge wa Bunge la Uganda|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Manispaa ya Kamuli|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Baroda Watongola ni mtoto wa marehemu Hajjat Rehema Tiwuwe Watongola, Mbunge wa zamani wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, na Badiru Watongola, Mwenyekiti wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM) la Manispaa ya Kamuli.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daughter nominated to compete for deceased mother’s MP seat in Kamuli Municipality|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/91517/daughter-nominated-to-compete-for-deceased-mothers-mp-seat-in-kamuli-municipality|work=Nilepost News|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Crispus Mugisha}}</ref> Baroda Watongola ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo ambapo alipata shahada ya kwanza katika ukarabati wa kijamii. Pia ana diploma katika kozi hiyo hiyo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Fallen Kamuli MP’s daughter joins race to replace her|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/fallen-kamuli-mp-s-daughter-joins-race-to-replace-her-3208374|work=Monitor|date=2020-11-24|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi== Baroda alimrithi mama yake kama mgombea wa kiti cha Manispaa ya Kamuli katika Wilaya ya Kamuli baada ya mama yake. Hajjat Rehema Watongola, alifariki kutokana na COVID-19 miezi michache kabla ya uchaguzi mkuu wa Uganda wa 2021 ambapo alikuwa amekusudia kushiriki.<ref name=":2" /> Alipokea uungwaji mkono kutoka kwa rais wa chama cha Forum for Democratic Change (FDC), Mhandisi Patrick Oboi Amuriat, licha ya kuwakilisha mwelekeo tofauti wa kisiasa. Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2021, Baroda alitafuta kiti cha mbunge kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea, kama mama yake alivyofanya. Alishinda dhidi ya Mastula Namatovu wa Harakati ya Kitaifa ya Upinzani (NRM), Mosses Bigirwa wa Jukwaa la Umoja wa Kitaifa (NUP) na Mhandisi Geoffrey Mugoye (mwingine huru). Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2026, alishindwa na mpinzani wake Mastula Namatovu katika uchaguzi uliokuwa na ushindani mkali. Kwa hivyo hataonekana katika bunge la 12.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamuli Municipality parliamentary vote recount hits snag as High Court intervenes|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/kamuli-municipality-parliamentary-vote-recount-hits-snag-as-high-court-intervenes-5348816|work=Monitor|date=2026-02-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} q5i2wrd4cxwye8iauj66lrhqsnrktae 1545348 1545271 2026-05-17T21:51:03Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1545348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Kayanga Baroda.jpg|office=Mbunge wa Bunge la Uganda|alma_mater=[[Kyambogo University]]|constituency=Manispaa ya Kamuli|predecessor=Rehema Watongola}}'''Kayanga Baroda Watongola''' ni mwanasiasa na mbunge wa Uganda. Yeye ni Mbunge wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, katika Bunge la 11 la Uganda. Aliingia Bungeni kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea bila chama chochote. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Benard|first=Don M.|date=2020-11-27|title=Kyambogo University Finalist Nominated to Contest for Her Fallen Mother's MP Seat|url=https://campusbee.ug/news/kyambogo-university-finalist-nominated-to-contest-for-her-fallen-mothers-mp-seat/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=Campus Bee|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-02-23|title=Kamuli Municipality MP Elect Kayanga Embarks on "Non-Violent Youth Project" -|url=https://www.redpepper.co.ug/2021/02/kamuli-mp-elect-kayanga/|accessdate=2022-04-06|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-07-05|title=KAMULI: Hon.Baroda Watongola donates to locals Covid-19 Relief items|url=https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/|accessdate=2022-04-06|work=NBS 89.4FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804232833/https://www.nbsgroupuganda.com/kamuli-hon-baroda-watongola-donates-to-locals-covid-19-relief-items/}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na elimu== Baroda Watongola ni mtoto wa marehemu Hajjat Rehema Tiwuwe Watongola, Mbunge wa zamani wa Manispaa ya Kamuli, na Badiru Watongola, Mwenyekiti wa Vuguvugu la Kitaifa la Upinzani (NRM) la Manispaa ya Kamuli.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Daughter nominated to compete for deceased mother’s MP seat in Kamuli Municipality|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/91517/daughter-nominated-to-compete-for-deceased-mothers-mp-seat-in-kamuli-municipality|work=Nilepost News|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Crispus Mugisha}}</ref> Baroda Watongola ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Kyambogo ambapo alipata shahada ya kwanza katika ukarabati wa kijamii. Pia ana diploma katika kozi hiyo hiyo.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fallen Kamuli MP’s daughter joins race to replace her|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/fallen-kamuli-mp-s-daughter-joins-race-to-replace-her-3208374|work=Monitor|date=2020-11-24|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi== Baroda alimrithi mama yake kama mgombea wa kiti cha Manispaa ya Kamuli katika Wilaya ya Kamuli baada ya mama yake. Hajjat Rehema Watongola, alifariki kutokana na COVID-19 miezi michache kabla ya uchaguzi mkuu wa Uganda wa 2021 ambapo alikuwa amekusudia kushiriki.<ref name=":2" /> Alipokea uungwaji mkono kutoka kwa rais wa chama cha Forum for Democratic Change (FDC), Mhandisi Patrick Oboi Amuriat, licha ya kuwakilisha mwelekeo tofauti wa kisiasa. Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2021, Baroda alitafuta kiti cha mbunge kwa tiketi ya kujitegemea, kama mama yake alivyofanya. Alishinda dhidi ya Mastula Namatovu wa Harakati ya Kitaifa ya Upinzani (NRM), Mosses Bigirwa wa Jukwaa la Umoja wa Kitaifa (NUP) na Mhandisi Geoffrey Mugoye (mwingine huru). Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa 2026, alishindwa na mpinzani wake Mastula Namatovu katika uchaguzi uliokuwa na ushindani mkali. Kwa hivyo hataonekana katika bunge la 12.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kamuli Municipality parliamentary vote recount hits snag as High Court intervenes|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/kamuli-municipality-parliamentary-vote-recount-hits-snag-as-high-court-intervenes-5348816|work=Monitor|date=2026-02-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} n5nqx640y994b02yubro9soaggkqgdx 0 236184 1545254 2026-05-17T18:39:43Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Catherine Marthe Louise Pozzi''' (13 Julai 1882 – 3 Desemba 1934) alikuwa mshairi na mwandishi wa kike kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120135118 |title=Catherine Pozzi (1882-1934) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alifahamika sana kwa kazi zake za kishairi zilizogusa hisia za ndani na shajara zake zilizochapishwa baad...' 1545254 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Catherine Marthe Louise Pozzi''' (13 Julai 1882 – 3 Desemba 1934) alikuwa mshairi na mwandishi wa kike kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120135118 |title=Catherine Pozzi (1882-1934) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alifahamika sana kwa kazi zake za kishairi zilizogusa hisia za ndani na shajara zake zilizochapishwa baada ya kifo chake, ambazo zilionyesha uhusiano wake na wasomi mbalimbali wa zama zake.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Pozzi |title=Makala ya Catherine Pozzi katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1882|1934|Pozzi, Catherine}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 13h60b6fsy0ftpiftdfbom55qczg4o4 0 236185 1545259 2026-05-17T18:44:10Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Claude Pujade-Renaud''' (25 Februari 1932<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/05/23/la-mort-de-la-danseuse-et-ecrivaine-claude-pujade-renaud_6235065_3382.html Kifo cha mnenguaji na mwandishi Claude Pujade-Renaud] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> – 18 Mei 2024) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]], ambaye riwaya yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa ''Le Ventriloque'' ilichapishwa mnamo mwaka 1978. Baadaye alichapisha zaidi ya riwaya ishirini, hadithi...' 1545259 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Claude Pujade-Renaud''' (25 Februari 1932<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/05/23/la-mort-de-la-danseuse-et-ecrivaine-claude-pujade-renaud_6235065_3382.html Kifo cha mnenguaji na mwandishi Claude Pujade-Renaud] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> – 18 Mei 2024) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]], ambaye riwaya yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa ''Le Ventriloque'' ilichapishwa mnamo mwaka 1978. Baadaye alichapisha zaidi ya riwaya ishirini, hadithi fupi, na makusanyiko ya mashairi, pamoja na kazi za ubunifu za pamoja akishirikiana na mwenza wake wa muda mrefu [[Daniel Zimmermann (writer)|Daniel Zimmermann]]. Alishinda tuzo ya "prix Goncourt des lycéens" mnamo mwaka 1994 kwa ajili ya riwaya yake ya ''Belle mère'', inayohusu maisha ya kuwa mama wa kambo, na pia alikuwa mpokeaji wa Tuzo ya Chama cha Waandishi wa Ufaransa (French Writer's Guild Prize) kwa ajili ya mchango wa kazi zake za maisha yote.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Pujade-Renaud |title=Makala ya Claude Pujade-Renaud katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1932|2024|Pujade-Renaud, Claude}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] dy2yuik2otgj61xmc1ggcf43w4dze8i 0 236186 1545263 2026-05-17T18:47:29Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Claude Pujade-Renaud''' (25 Februari 1932<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/05/23/la-mort-de-la-danseuse-et-ecrivaine-claude-pujade-renaud_6235065_3382.html Kifo cha mnenguaji na mwandishi Claude Pujade-Renaud] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> – 18 Mei 2024) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]], ambaye riwaya yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa ''Le Ventriloque'' ilichapishwa mnamo mwaka 1978. Baadaye alichapisha zaidi ya riwaya ishirini, hadithi...' 1545263 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Claude Pujade-Renaud''' (25 Februari 1932<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/05/23/la-mort-de-la-danseuse-et-ecrivaine-claude-pujade-renaud_6235065_3382.html Kifo cha mnenguaji na mwandishi Claude Pujade-Renaud] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> – 18 Mei 2024) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]], ambaye riwaya yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa ''Le Ventriloque'' ilichapishwa mnamo mwaka 1978. Baadaye alichapisha zaidi ya riwaya ishirini, hadithi fupi, na makusanyiko ya mashairi, pamoja na kazi za ubunifu za pamoja akishirikiana na mwenza wake wa muda mrefu [[Daniel Zimmermann (writer)|Daniel Zimmermann]]. Alishinda tuzo ya "prix Goncourt des lycéens" mnamo mwaka 1994 kwa ajili ya riwaya yake ya ''Belle mère'', inayohusu maisha ya kuwa mama wa kambo, na pia alikuwa mpokeaji wa Tuzo ya Chama cha Waandishi wa Ufaransa (French Writer's Guild Prize) kwa ajili ya mchango wa kazi zake za maisha yote.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Pujade-Renaud |title=Makala ya Claude Pujade-Renaud katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=17 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1932|2024|Pujade-Renaud, Claude}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] dy2yuik2otgj61xmc1ggcf43w4dze8i 0 236187 1545272 2026-05-17T19:13:45Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545272 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saad Abdallah Djaballah''' (amezaliwa 2 Mei 1956 huko Skikda) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] na kiongozi wa chama cha Movement for National Reform (MRN/El-Islah), chama cha Kiislamu alichokiongoza baada ya mgawanyiko na chama cha Islamic Renaissance Party (al-Nahda), ambacho pia alikisaidia kukianzisha lakini baadaye akapoteza uongozi wake. Aligombea urais wa Algeria mara mbili, mwaka 1999 na 2004. Mwaka 1999 alijiondoa pamoja na wagombea wengine wa upinzani muda mfupi kabla ya upigaji kura kuanza. Mwaka 2004 alishika nafasi ya tatu, akipata takriban asilimia 5 ya kura. Mwaka 2011 alianzisha chama kipya kiitwacho Justice and Development Front.<ref>{{Citation|title=Algeria's presidential challengers|date=2004-04-09|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3511120.stm|language=en-GB|access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] lexx5ybnugj8tz9ti94o9t1dhrk8w0i 0 236188 1545273 2026-05-17T19:21:37Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545273 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mokhtar Didouche''' (amezaliwa 24 Februari 1955) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri wa Utalii na Ufundi (Tourism and Craftsmanship). Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 16 Machi 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algerian Embassy in the United States of America|url=https://algerianembassy.org/press/President%20of%20the%20Republic%20conducts%20cabinet%20reshuffle.html|work=www.algerianembassy.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 5r3ekkrdukonp78f0erbc976r0lp9an 1545397 1545273 2026-05-17T23:10:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545397 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mokhtar Didouche''' (amezaliwa 24 Februari 1955) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri wa Utalii na Ufundi (Tourism and Craftsmanship). Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 16 Machi 2023.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Algerian Embassy in the United States of America|url=https://algerianembassy.org/press/President%20of%20the%20Republic%20conducts%20cabinet%20reshuffle.html|work=www.algerianembassy.org|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] d77c0urwq81ii6wo2ayq78v572kzi22 0 236189 1545274 2026-05-17T19:24:23Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545274 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mokhtar Didouche''' (amezaliwa 24 Februari 1955) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri wa Utalii na Ufundi (Tourism and Craftsmanship). Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 16 Machi 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=President of the Republic appoints new government members {{!}} Ministry of Communication|url=https://www.ministerecommunication.gov.dz/en/node/8433|work=www.ministerecommunication.gov.dz|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} 63nmdf1ep2ubu8rukopn84ajw55ssz1 1545275 1545274 2026-05-17T19:29:17Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545275 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mokhtar Didouche''' (amezaliwa 24 Februari 1955) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri wa Utalii na Ufundi (Tourism and Craftsmanship). Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 16 Machi 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=President of the Republic appoints new government members {{!}} Ministry of Communication|url=https://www.ministerecommunication.gov.dz/en/node/8433|work=www.ministerecommunication.gov.dz|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] a5421oos0vzmq9l67fhr94jjx4zud7x 1545276 1545275 2026-05-17T19:30:58Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545276 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mokhtar Didouche''' (amezaliwa 24 Februari 1955) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri wa Utalii na Ufundi (Tourism and Craftsmanship). Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 16 Machi 2023.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=President of the Republic appoints new government members {{!}} Ministry of Communication|url=https://www.ministerecommunication.gov.dz/en/node/8433|work=www.ministerecommunication.gov.dz|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1983]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] gr8msyvdvq7wm736mc82nyim54ruxx6 0 236190 1545277 2026-05-17T19:35:04Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taha Derbal''' (amezaliwa 13 Novemba 1958) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri wa Umwagiliaji. Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 16 Machi 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/16/algerias-president-reshuffles-cabinet-replacing-foreign-minister/|work=The National|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Amr Mostafa}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] m5jn9k0in6i57yy4lpb9dvsch65p97o 1545301 1545277 2026-05-17T20:38:00Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545301 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taha Derbal''' (amezaliwa 13 Novemba 1958) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri wa Umwagiliaji. Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 16 Machi 2023.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Algerian President reshuffles cabinet, replacing foreign minister|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/16/algerias-president-reshuffles-cabinet-replacing-foreign-minister/|work=The National|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en|author=Amr Mostafa}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] pq0ec1x7owx3jgp86effmuu5fvbmb3s 0 236191 1545279 2026-05-17T19:45:15Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Salah Dembri''' (30 Januari 1938 – 2 Januari 2020) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Algeria kuanzia 1993 hadi 1996.<ref>{{Citation|title=L'ex ministre des affaires étrangères Mohamed Salah Dembri n'est plus !|date=2020-01-02|url=https://www.alg24.net/lex-ministre-affaires-etrangeres-mohamed-salah-dembri-nest-plus/|work=ALG24|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-05-17}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] 9s1zdyqv36bruu0w5eraaj3aace9zoz 0 236192 1545280 2026-05-17T19:49:59Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545280 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salah Eddine Dahmoune''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani wa Algeria kuanzia 2 Aprili 2019 hadi 19 Desemba 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algerian Minister Calls For Collaboration With National Space Agency In Managing National Disasters|url=http://spaceinafrica.com/2019/08/07/algerian-minister-calls-for-collaboration-with-national-space-agency-in-managing-national-disasters/|work=Space in Africa|date=2019-08-07|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=Space in Africa}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] tuu1bzrs2rssvlk68lf876bllyhn64i 1545290 1545280 2026-05-17T20:15:43Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salah Eddine Dahmoune''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani wa Algeria kuanzia 2 Aprili 2019 hadi 19 Desemba 2019.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Algerian Minister Calls For Collaboration With National Space Agency In Managing National Disasters|url=http://spaceinafrica.com/2019/08/07/algerian-minister-calls-for-collaboration-with-national-space-agency-in-managing-national-disasters/|work=Space in Africa|date=2019-08-07|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=en-US|author=Space in Africa}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4sn1jd7zoaqn05yfloeuaj34k5m9sno 0 236193 1545281 2026-05-17T19:58:10Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545281 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saad Dahlab''' (18 Aprili 1918 – 16 Desemba 2000) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na mwanaharakati wa utaifa wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Alishiriki katika harakati nyingi za mwanzo za kitaifa za Algeria, zikiwemo L'Étoile Nord-Africaine (ENA), Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA), na Mouvement pour la Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques (MTLD), zote zilizoongozwa na Messali Hadj.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Les_politiques_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_maghr%C3%A9bines/-KNwAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Saad+Dahlab+%221961%22+ministre+des+Affaires+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res&dq=Saad+Dahlab+%221961%22+ministre+des+Affaires+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res&printsec=frontcover|title=Les politiques étrangères maghrébines, 1962-1992: spécificités des trajectoires nationales et divergences des pratiques|last=Belgourch|first=Abderrahman|date=2001|publisher=Université Cadi Ayyad|isbn=978-9981-00-021-6|language=fr}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1918]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2000]] 96qkphgsco84ec6i8lffid1sz2tw1mk 1545288 1545281 2026-05-17T20:14:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545288 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saad Dahlab''' (18 Aprili 1918 – 16 Desemba 2000) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na mwanaharakati wa utaifa wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Alishiriki katika harakati nyingi za mwanzo za kitaifa za Algeria, zikiwemo L'Étoile Nord-Africaine (ENA), Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA), na Mouvement pour la Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques (MTLD), zote zilizoongozwa na Messali Hadj.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Les_politiques_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_maghr%C3%A9bines/-KNwAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Saad+Dahlab+%221961%22+ministre+des+Affaires+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res&dq=Saad+Dahlab+%221961%22+ministre+des+Affaires+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res&printsec=frontcover|title=Les politiques étrangères maghrébines, 1962-1992: spécificités des trajectoires nationales et divergences des pratiques|last=Belgourch|first=Abderrahman|date=2001|publisher=Université Cadi Ayyad|isbn=978-9981-00-021-6|language=fr}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1918]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2000]] fiud30pl3dqmkkfamsflon98az8bh7p 0 236194 1545284 2026-05-17T20:06:13Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chems-Eddine Chitour''' (13 Oktoba 1944 – 19 Aprili 2026) alikuwa msomi, mtafiti, mwandishi na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2026]] 1yhae5qr3qfw6s98frcwys2wb0b2jyf 0 236195 1545285 2026-05-17T20:10:30Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545285 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Slimane Chikh''' ni [[mwanahistoria]], msomi na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Yeye ni profesa wa sayansi ya siasa na amewahi kushika nyadhifa mbalimbali muhimu, ikiwemo kuwa Mkuu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Algiers, Waziri wa Elimu ya Kitaifa, na Waziri wa Utamaduni. Pia amewahi kuwa mshauri wa Rais wa Jamhuri, Seneta, Balozi wa Algeria nchini Misri, na Mwakilishi wa Kudumu wa Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiislamu (OIC) katika Umoja wa Mataifa Geneva.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2009-06-23 |title=Evolution - the Molecular Landscape Interviews with DANIEL DENNETT & EUGENIE SCOTT interviewed by John Inglis |url=http://www.scivee.tv/node/11694 |language=en |doi=10.4016/11694.01}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bpsdtdsrq06doxsdgqh7s85b0mjvds8 1545298 1545285 2026-05-17T20:29:54Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545298 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Slimane Chikh''' ni [[mwanahistoria]], msomi na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Yeye ni profesa wa sayansi ya siasa na amewahi kushika nyadhifa mbalimbali muhimu, ikiwemo kuwa Mkuu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Algiers, Waziri wa Elimu ya Kitaifa, na Waziri wa Utamaduni. Pia amewahi kuwa mshauri wa Rais wa Jamhuri, Seneta, Balozi wa Algeria nchini Misri, na Mwakilishi wa Kudumu wa Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiislamu (OIC) katika Umoja wa Mataifa Geneva.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=2009-06-23 |title=Evolution - the Molecular Landscape Interviews with DANIEL DENNETT & EUGENIE SCOTT interviewed by John Inglis |url=http://www.scivee.tv/node/11694 |language=en |doi=10.4016/11694.01}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] bcycb0prnrc8vqdznf49qj3ib5re2tz 0 236196 1545293 2026-05-17T20:19:53Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545293 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brahim Chibout''' (24 Machi 1927 – 1 Agosti 2015) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lqo/5216812|work=www.djazairess.com|accessdate=2026-05-17}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Mashujaa wa Vita (Veterans) katika serikali ya Belaid Abdessalam mwaka 1992. Alikuwa pia mmoja wa viongozi wa Jeshi la Ukombozi wa Taifa (National Liberation Army - ALN), ambalo lilikuwa tawi la kijeshi la harakati za kitaifa zilizopigania uhuru wa Algeria dhidi ya Ufaransa katika Vita vya Uhuru vya Algeria. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1927]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] d47q0mw93k0qvqjyra7ux61j3rpvd23 0 236197 1545297 2026-05-17T20:28:50Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545297 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saïd Chibane''' (2 Aprili 1925 – 4 Desemba 2022) alikuwa daktari na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=الوزير الأسبق والمفكر سعيد شيبان في ذمة الله|url=https://www.ennaharonline.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B0%D9%85/|work=النهار أونلاين|date=2022-12-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=ar-DZ|author=نسرين محفوف}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanachama wa Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema, na aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Masuala ya Kidini na Wakfu kuanzia 1989 hadi 1991. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] i4n1853p0sxpmt8zg1gbebvfft2z9ud 1545409 1545297 2026-05-18T00:30:01Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1545409 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saïd Chibane''' (2 Aprili 1925 – 4 Desemba 2022) alikuwa daktari na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=الوزير الأسبق والمفكر سعيد شيبان في ذمة الله|url=https://www.ennaharonline.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B0%D9%85/|work=النهار أونلاين|date=2022-12-04|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=ar-DZ|author=نسرين محفوف}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanachama wa Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema, na aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Masuala ya Kidini na Wakfu kuanzia 1989 hadi 1991. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2022]] 31y6z4vnb7p9e3i06evgu5cdz5ybd4s 0 236200 1545410 2026-05-18T00:32:15Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gordon Aitchison''' (14 Juni 1909 – 6 Januari 1990) alikuwa mchezaji wa Kanada wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] aliyeshiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1936. Alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 80 mwaka 1990.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ai/gord-aitchison-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ai/gord-aitchison-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive...' 1545410 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gordon Aitchison''' (14 Juni 1909 – 6 Januari 1990) alikuwa mchezaji wa Kanada wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] aliyeshiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1936. Alifariki akiwa na umri wa miaka 80 mwaka 1990.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ai/gord-aitchison-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ai/gord-aitchison-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003906/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ai/gord-aitchison-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003906/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ai/gord-aitchison-1.html) |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Gordon Aitchison Olympic Results |accessdate=9 June 2018}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1909|1990}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] rkdfkzr53pj8lql1ykge41g1a6y26l4 0 236201 1545411 2026-05-18T00:41:02Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Donald J. Aitken''' (alizaliwa takribani mwaka 1945 ni mchezaji wa curling kutoka [[Kanada]], mwenye asili ya [[Montreal]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa nafasi ya pili katika timu iliyoshinda mashindano ya Brier mwaka 1977, ikipeperusha bendera ya Quebec. Pia ni mwanachama wa Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Curling wa Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[http://www.curling.ca/hof/people/aitken-donald-j/|title](http://www.curling.ca/hof/people/aitken-donald-j/|title) = Aitken, Don...' 1545411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donald J. Aitken''' (alizaliwa takribani mwaka 1945 ni mchezaji wa curling kutoka [[Kanada]], mwenye asili ya [[Montreal]]. Alikuwa mchezaji wa nafasi ya pili katika timu iliyoshinda mashindano ya Brier mwaka 1977, ikipeperusha bendera ya Quebec. Pia ni mwanachama wa Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Curling wa Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[http://www.curling.ca/hof/people/aitken-donald-j/|title](http://www.curling.ca/hof/people/aitken-donald-j/|title) = Aitken, Don – CCA Hall of Fame | ACC Temple de la Renommée Virtuelle |archiveurl=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180101062825/https://www.curling.ca/hof/people/aitken-donald-j/](https://web.archive.org/web/20180101062825/https://www.curling.ca/hof/people/aitken-donald-j/) |archivedate=2018-01-01}}</ref><ref>Former teammates clash in curling semifinal: [Final Edition] By RANDY PHILLIPS of The Gazette. The Gazette [Montreal, Que] 05 Feb 1988: D1.</ref> Aitken alifanya kazi katika sekta ya nguo. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{sports links}} * [[https://stats.curling.io/players/aitken-don](https://stats.curling.io/players/aitken-don) Don Aitken – Curling Canada Stats Archive] {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1945|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0n6rhg14rvosv2ofisjkx8804un55z0 0 236202 1545412 2026-05-18T00:43:07Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sir Samuel Luke Fildes''' ([[Oktoba 3]], [[1843]] – [[Februari 28]], [[1927]]) alikuwa [[mchoraji]] nchini [[Uingereza]] aliyezaliwa [[Liverpool]] na alisomea katika shule za South Kensington na Royal Academy. Alikuwa mjukuu wa mwanaharakati wa kisiasa [[Mary Fildes]].<ref>''England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1837-1915''</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2002/06000/SIR_LUKE_FILDES.12.aspx|title=...' 1545412 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Samuel Luke Fildes''' ([[Oktoba 3]], [[1843]] – [[Februari 28]], [[1927]]) alikuwa [[mchoraji]] nchini [[Uingereza]] aliyezaliwa [[Liverpool]] na alisomea katika shule za South Kensington na Royal Academy. Alikuwa mjukuu wa mwanaharakati wa kisiasa [[Mary Fildes]].<ref>''England & Wales, Civil Registration Birth Index, 1837-1915''</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2002/06000/SIR_LUKE_FILDES.12.aspx|title=SIR LUKE FILDES : Academic Medicine|work=LWW|access-date=18 September 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1843]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1927]] idps758y942uesr71qxymnt4b7etfr2 0 236203 1545413 2026-05-18T00:46:18Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Henry "Hank" Åkervall''' (24 Agosti 1937 – 18 Februari 2000) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Kanada]] wa hoki ya barafu aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya defenceman na pia alikuwa mshiriki wa Olimpiki. Åkervall alishinda ubingwa wa kitaifa mwaka 1962 akiwa na timu ya Michigan Tech. Baada ya kuhitimu masomo yake, alicheza na Timu ya Taifa ya Kanada katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 1964 iliyofanyika mjini Innsbruck, [[Austria]].<ref>https://www....' 1545413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henry "Hank" Åkervall''' (24 Agosti 1937 – 18 Februari 2000) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[Kanada]] wa hoki ya barafu aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya defenceman na pia alikuwa mshiriki wa Olimpiki. Åkervall alishinda ubingwa wa kitaifa mwaka 1962 akiwa na timu ya Michigan Tech. Baada ya kuhitimu masomo yake, alicheza na Timu ya Taifa ya Kanada katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 1964 iliyofanyika mjini Innsbruck, [[Austria]].<ref>[[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ak/hank-akervall-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ak/hank-akervall-1.html) Hank Akervall Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130924152928/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ak/hank-akervall-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20130924152928/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ak/hank-akervall-1.html) |date=September 24, 2013 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1937|2000}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] di0yxi6apaaz7fb9utz50l5kdn3hlug 0 236204 1545414 2026-05-18T00:48:46Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Henry Torrens Anstruther''' ([[Novemba 27]], [[1860]] – [[Aprili 5]], [[1926]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]]nchini [[Uingereza]] mwenye asili ya [[Uskoti]] mwanachama wa chama cha Liberal Unionist.<ref name=evaanstrutherobit>{{cite news|title=Dame Eva Anstruther obituary|newspaper=The Times|location=London, England|date=20 June 1935|page=19}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1860]] Jami...' 1545414 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henry Torrens Anstruther''' ([[Novemba 27]], [[1860]] – [[Aprili 5]], [[1926]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]]nchini [[Uingereza]] mwenye asili ya [[Uskoti]] mwanachama wa chama cha Liberal Unionist.<ref name=evaanstrutherobit>{{cite news|title=Dame Eva Anstruther obituary|newspaper=The Times|location=London, England|date=20 June 1935|page=19}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1860]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1926]] t3bwjvev8hzw5go14zdqj6eaofh2eyk 0 236205 1545415 2026-05-18T00:50:42Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Roger Aldag''' (amezaliwa 6 Oktoba 1953) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa mpira wa miguu wa Kanada kutoka Kanada aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya offensive lineman. Aliichezea timu ya Saskatchewan Roughriders ya Canadian Football League (CFL) kuanzia mwaka 1976 hadi 1992.<ref name="CPFE" /> Alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya Roughriders iliyoshinda ubingwa wa Grey Cup mwaka 1989. Kwa sasa, Aldag anashikilia rekodi ya Roughriders ya kucheza michezo mingi zaidi, a...' 1545415 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roger Aldag''' (amezaliwa 6 Oktoba 1953) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa mpira wa miguu wa Kanada kutoka Kanada aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya offensive lineman. Aliichezea timu ya Saskatchewan Roughriders ya Canadian Football League (CFL) kuanzia mwaka 1976 hadi 1992.<ref name="CPFE" /> Alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya Roughriders iliyoshinda ubingwa wa Grey Cup mwaka 1989. Kwa sasa, Aldag anashikilia rekodi ya Roughriders ya kucheza michezo mingi zaidi, akiwa amecheza michezo 271 ya msimu wa kawaida na michezo 5 ya mtoano. Aldag aliichezea timu ya Regina Rams katika Canadian Junior Football League kuanzia mwaka 1972 hadi 1975. Katika kipindi hicho, Rams walishinda mara mbili ubingwa wa taifa wa vijana wa mpira wa miguu wa Kanada mwaka 1973 na 1975. Pia alitajwa mara mbili kuwa mchezaji bora zaidi wa timu hiyo.<ref name="CPFE">{{cite book|last1=Maher|first1=Tod|last2=Gill|first2=Bob|title=The Canadian Pro Football Encyclopedia: Every Player, Coach and Game, 1946–2012|date=2013|publisher=Maher Sports Media|isbn=978-0983513667|pages=141–142}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] adrctevfbzdcnfeew0st0j0o4u0t438 0 236206 1545416 2026-05-18T00:54:09Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alex Alley''' (alizaliwa [[Oktoba 23]], [[1970]]) ni [[baharia]], mzungumzaji wa hadhara, na [[mwandishi]] nchini [[Uingereza]]. Anajulikana kwa kuzunguka dunia kwa mashua akiwa peke yake na kwa kazi zake za kusaidia misaada ya kibinadamu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-05 |title=BBC Radio Solent - H2O Podcast, Alex Alley in conversation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p075mdzh |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite...' 1545416 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alex Alley''' (alizaliwa [[Oktoba 23]], [[1970]]) ni [[baharia]], mzungumzaji wa hadhara, na [[mwandishi]] nchini [[Uingereza]]. Anajulikana kwa kuzunguka dunia kwa mashua akiwa peke yake na kwa kazi zake za kusaidia misaada ya kibinadamu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-05 |title=BBC Radio Solent - H2O Podcast, Alex Alley in conversation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p075mdzh |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-04 |title=Record bid sailor's new challenge to cross the Atlantic |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-48160828 |access-date=2025-04-11 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mnawaq1qxmqq6ip06x0qjubai3wibfw 0 236207 1545417 2026-05-18T00:57:09Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Clinton Howard "The Professor" Albright''' (28 Februari 1926 – 30 Desemba 1999) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa hoki ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]] aliyecheza nafasi ya senta. Alizaliwa mjini [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], Albright alicheza michezo 59 katika National Hockey League (NHL) akiwa na timu ya New York Rangers katika msimu wa 1948–49, akivaa jezi namba 15.<ref name=NYR /> Alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wachache waliovaa miwani wakati wa kucheza kweny...' 1545417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clinton Howard "The Professor" Albright''' (28 Februari 1926 – 30 Desemba 1999) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa hoki ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]] aliyecheza nafasi ya senta. Alizaliwa mjini [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], Albright alicheza michezo 59 katika National Hockey League (NHL) akiwa na timu ya New York Rangers katika msimu wa 1948–49, akivaa jezi namba 15.<ref name=NYR /> Alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji wachache waliovaa miwani wakati wa kucheza kwenye barafu.<ref name="NYR legends" /> == Wasifu wa uchezaji == Albright alicheza hoki ya vijana kwa timu ya Winnipeg Monarchs, na aliifikia mara mbili michuano ya Memorial Cup, akishinda mashindano hayo mwaka 1946.<ref name=legends>{{cite web|title=Clint Howard Albright|url=[http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?player=11821|publisher=Legends](http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?player=11821|publisher=Legends) of Hockey|accessdate=20 Februari 2011}}</ref> Akiwa katika University of Manitoba akisomea [[mechanical engineering|uhandisi wa mitambo]], Albright aliichezea timu ya chuo hicho, na pia alishiriki katika mashindano ya Allan Cup akiwa na Winnipeg Flyers.<ref name="NYR legends">{{cite web|last=Pelletier|first=Joe|title=Clint Albright|url=[https://nyrangerslegends.blogspot.com/2010/02/clint-albright.html|publisher=New](https://nyrangerslegends.blogspot.com/2010/02/clint-albright.html|publisher=New) York Rangers Legends|accessdate=20 Februari 2011}}</ref> Baada ya msimu wake mmoja akiwa na Rangers, Albright alirejea chuoni kumalizia shahada yake,<ref name=NYR>{{cite web|title=Clint Albright|url=[http://rangers.nhl.com/club/atrplayer.htm?id=8444867|work=All-Time](http://rangers.nhl.com/club/atrplayer.htm?id=8444867|work=All-Time) Roster|publisher=New York Rangers|accessdate=20 Februari 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714180636/http://rangers.nhl.com/club/atrplayer.htm?id=8444867|archive-date=14](https://web.archive.org/web/20110714180636/http://rangers.nhl.com/club/atrplayer.htm?id=8444867|archive-date=14) Julai 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> na aliacha kabisa mchezo wa hoki kufikia mwaka 1954.<ref name=legends /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1926|1999}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] c2p60obtttbg1x3acs6by0m7ltc9tqy 0 236208 1545418 2026-05-18T01:00:20Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sophy Antrobus, Baroness Antrobus''' (zamani Gardner) ni [[mwanahistoria]], mwanazuoni, na afisa wa kijeshi aliyestaafu wa [[Uingereza]]. Alitunukiwa daraja la MBE kwa huduma zake katika elimu na historia ya kijeshi. Aliwahi kuhudumu katika Jeshi la Uingereza na amechapisha kazi mbalimbali za kihistoria.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://labourlist.org/2013/04/gloucester-clp-select-their-ppc/|title=Gloucester CLP select their PPC |date=20 April 2013|...' 1545418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sophy Antrobus, Baroness Antrobus''' (zamani Gardner) ni [[mwanahistoria]], mwanazuoni, na afisa wa kijeshi aliyestaafu wa [[Uingereza]]. Alitunukiwa daraja la MBE kwa huduma zake katika elimu na historia ya kijeshi. Aliwahi kuhudumu katika Jeshi la Uingereza na amechapisha kazi mbalimbali za kihistoria.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://labourlist.org/2013/04/gloucester-clp-select-their-ppc/|title=Gloucester CLP select their PPC |date=20 April 2013|website=LabourList.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sophy Antrobus |url=https://www.rusi.org/people/antrobus-0 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.rusi.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=London |first=King's College |date=2025-12-02 |title=Sophy Antrobus |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/sophy-antrobus |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=King's College London |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanahistoria wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] muoqm5tdo0wmm519gs7ahdv8gz8tb5x 0 236209 1545419 2026-05-18T01:01:37Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Richard Frederick Aldridge''' (19 Januari 1941 – 26 Juni 2004) alikuwa mchezaji wa Canadian Football League (CFL) kutoka [[Kanada]]. Aldridge alicheza nafasi za linebacker na running back kwa timu za Toronto Argonaut] na Hamilton Tiger-Cats kuanzia mwaka 1965 hadi 1974.<ref name="cflapedia.com">{{cite web|url=[http://www.cflapedia.com/Players/a/aldridge_richard.htm|title=Richard](http://www.cflapedia.com/Players/a/aldridge_richard.htm|title=Richard) A...' 1545419 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Frederick Aldridge''' (19 Januari 1941 – 26 Juni 2004) alikuwa mchezaji wa Canadian Football League (CFL) kutoka [[Kanada]]. Aldridge alicheza nafasi za linebacker na running back kwa timu za Toronto Argonaut] na Hamilton Tiger-Cats kuanzia mwaka 1965 hadi 1974.<ref name="cflapedia.com">{{cite web|url=[http://www.cflapedia.com/Players/a/aldridge_richard.htm|title=Richard](http://www.cflapedia.com/Players/a/aldridge_richard.htm|title=Richard) Aldridge|work=cflapedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Maher|first1=Tod|last2=Gill|first2=Bob|title=The Canadian Pro Football Encyclopedia: Every Player, Coach and Game, 1946–2012|date=2013|publisher=Maher Sports Media|isbn=978-0983513667|page=142}}</ref> Alifariki mwaka 2004 kutokana na saratani ya kongosho.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/former-argo-aldridge-loses-cancer-fight-1.502503|title=Former](http://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/former-argo-aldridge-loses-cancer-fight-1.502503|title=Former) Argo Aldridge loses cancer fight|date=28 June 2004|work=cbc.ca}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1941|2004}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 7m075r0hib7i8j1lp0pl958t00mua7y 0 236210 1545420 2026-05-18T01:02:16Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alice Phillipot (Alice Rahon)''' (8 Juni 1904 – Septemba 1987) alikuwa mshairi na msanii wa kike mwenye asili ya [[Ufaransa]] na [[Meksiko]] ambaye kazi zake zilichangia mwanzo wa mtindo wa usanii wa kidhahania huko nchini Meksiko.<ref name="artnet">{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/alice-rahon/ |title=Wasifu na Kazi za Alice Rahon |work=Artnet |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alianza kama mshairi wa mtindo wa surrealist|usu...' 1545420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alice Phillipot (Alice Rahon)''' (8 Juni 1904 – Septemba 1987) alikuwa mshairi na msanii wa kike mwenye asili ya [[Ufaransa]] na [[Meksiko]] ambaye kazi zake zilichangia mwanzo wa mtindo wa usanii wa kidhahania huko nchini Meksiko.<ref name="artnet">{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/alice-rahon/ |title=Wasifu na Kazi za Alice Rahon |work=Artnet |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alianza kama mshairi wa mtindo wa [[surrealist|usureali]] barani [[Ulaya]] lakini alianza kujifunza na kufanya uchoraji alipohamia Meksiko. Alikuwa msanii mwenye tija kubwa tangu mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1940 hadi miaka ya 1960, akionyesha kazi zake mara kwa mara nchini Meksiko na [[Marekani]], huku akiwa na mzunguko mkubwa wa marafiki katika nchi hizo mbili. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1904|1987|Rahon, Alice}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Meksiko]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] rgt82wocmlr83dm0l06rqcvcbm0ypl9 0 236211 1545421 2026-05-18T01:05:46Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Somerville Alexander''' (7 Agosti 1922 – 7 Aprili 1993) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[baseball|besiboli]] kutoka [[Kanada]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama mpigaji wa kutupa mpira. Alisoma katika Chuo cha Bethany huko West Virginia. Alexander alisajiliwa na timu ya New York Yankees mwaka 1942. Hata hivyo, hakufanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika Ligi Kuu ya Besiboli hadi mwaka 1955 alipochezea Baltimore Orioles. Pia aliwahi kuichezea Cleveland Indians...' 1545421 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Somerville Alexander''' (7 Agosti 1922 – 7 Aprili 1993) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[baseball|besiboli]] kutoka [[Kanada]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama mpigaji wa kutupa mpira. Alisoma katika Chuo cha Bethany huko West Virginia. Alexander alisajiliwa na timu ya New York Yankees mwaka 1942. Hata hivyo, hakufanya mchezo wake wa kwanza katika Ligi Kuu ya Besiboli hadi mwaka 1955 alipochezea Baltimore Orioles. Pia aliwahi kuichezea Cleveland Indians nToei Flyers]] ya ligi ya Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). Alexander ndiye mchezaji wa kwanza kutoka Kanada kucheza katika historia ya NPB.<ref>{{ cite web | url=[https://baseballking.jp/ns/column/207357?fbclid=IwAR3QncSdt-X8r-55IQNkKBmbzvIM0g39BotazS6m3ytmXHSKOag1p2Y4My4](https://baseballking.jp/ns/column/207357?fbclid=IwAR3QncSdt-X8r-55IQNkKBmbzvIM0g39BotazS6m3ytmXHSKOag1p2Y4My4) | title=アテネ以来の日加対決！日本でプレーしたカナダ人選手を振り返る | work=Baseball King | language=Japanese | author=阿佐智 | date=30 Oktoba 2019 | accessdate=11 Aprili 2020 }}</ref> Mbali na kucheza besiboli, pia alikuwa mwanafunzi wa urubani katika United States Navy wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia.<ref>[[http://www.baseballinwartime.com/player_biographies/alexander_bob.htm](http://www.baseballinwartime.com/player_biographies/alexander_bob.htm) Bob Alexander | Baseball in Wartime]</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1922|1993}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 5uo03lt5spolvc5fghcqr1hw2xfa5yn 0 236212 1545422 2026-05-18T01:05:50Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marie Redonnet''' ni jina la kalamu la '''Martine L'hospitalier''' (alizaliwa mnamo mwaka 1948, Paris) ambaye ni mwandishi wa [[Ufaransa]] wa mashairi, riwaya, insha, hadithi fupi, na michezo ya kuigiza. Kazi zake zimetafsiriwa katika lugha kumi na moja.<ref name="Leaping Dog">{{cite web|title=Marie Redonnet|url=http://www.leapingdogpress.com/authors/marie-redonnet|publisher=Leaping Dog Press|accessdate=18 Mei 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref name="enwiki">...' 1545422 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie Redonnet''' ni jina la kalamu la '''Martine L'hospitalier''' (alizaliwa mnamo mwaka 1948, Paris) ambaye ni mwandishi wa [[Ufaransa]] wa mashairi, riwaya, insha, hadithi fupi, na michezo ya kuigiza. Kazi zake zimetafsiriwa katika lugha kumi na moja.<ref name="Leaping Dog">{{cite web|title=Marie Redonnet|url=http://www.leapingdogpress.com/authors/marie-redonnet|publisher=Leaping Dog Press|accessdate=18 Mei 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Redonnet |title=Makala ya Marie Redonnet katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1948||Redonnet, Marie}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] an6wlu5se3rn31huwzahkyksimsbuyk 0 236213 1545423 2026-05-18T01:10:51Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Shrinivas Ramchandra Kulkarni''' (alizaliwa [[Oktoba 4]], [[1956]]) ni [[mwanaastronomia]] wa [[Uhindi]] na [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni profesa wa astronomia na sayansi ya sayari katika Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya California (Caltech), na alikuwa mkurugenzi wa Caltech Optical Observatory (COO), akisimamia darubini za Palomar na Keck miongoni mwa darubini nyingine.<ref name="FRS">{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/shrinivas-kulkarni-11775/|title=Shrin...' 1545423 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shrinivas Ramchandra Kulkarni''' (alizaliwa [[Oktoba 4]], [[1956]]) ni [[mwanaastronomia]] wa [[Uhindi]] na [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni profesa wa astronomia na sayansi ya sayari katika Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya California (Caltech), na alikuwa mkurugenzi wa Caltech Optical Observatory (COO), akisimamia darubini za Palomar na Keck miongoni mwa darubini nyingine.<ref name="FRS">{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/shrinivas-kulkarni-11775/|title=Shrinivas Kulkarni|website=The Royal Society|access-date=29 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="GPS">{{cite web|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/content/shrinivas-r-shri-kulkarni|title=Shrinivas R. (Shri) Kulkarni|website=Caltech Geology and Planetary Science|accessdate=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517101648/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/content/shrinivas-r-shri-kulkarni|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanaastronomia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] lrhvtkb8y471lsar5m7hzj34t525xrj 0 236214 1545424 2026-05-18T01:11:34Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marie-Madeleine Riffaud''' (23 Agosti 1924 – 6 Novemba 2024) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa habari za vita, na mwanaharakati wa Upinzani wa Ufaransa wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia.<ref name="lemonde">{{cite web |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/11/06/madeleine-riffaud-heroine-de-la-resistance-est-morte_6379515_3382.html |title=Madeleine Riffaud, shujaa wa Harakati za Upinzani, amefariki dunia |work=Le Monde |language=fr |access...' 1545424 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie-Madeleine Riffaud''' (23 Agosti 1924 – 6 Novemba 2024) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa habari za vita, na mwanaharakati wa Upinzani wa Ufaransa wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia.<ref name="lemonde">{{cite web |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/11/06/madeleine-riffaud-heroine-de-la-resistance-est-morte_6379515_3382.html |title=Madeleine Riffaud, shujaa wa Harakati za Upinzani, amefariki dunia |work=Le Monde |language=fr |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alijulikana sana kwa kuripoti Vita vya Algeria na Vita vya Vietnam kupitia gazeti la kikomunisti la ''[[L'Humanité]]''.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Riffaud |title=Makala ya Madeleine Riffaud katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1924|2024|Riffaud, Marie-Madeleine}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] azi2727oon1ig2g24c5x124m4454dfk 0 236215 1545425 2026-05-18T01:11:48Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tom Alexander''' (17 Februari 1958 – ) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kuogelea kutoka [[Kanada]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mbio za mita 400 freestyle kwa wanaume katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1976.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/tom-alexander-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/tom-alexander-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/we...' 1545425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tom Alexander''' (17 Februari 1958 – ) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kuogelea kutoka [[Kanada]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mbio za mita 400 freestyle kwa wanaume katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1976.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/tom-alexander-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/tom-alexander-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418001829/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/tom-alexander-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200418001829/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/tom-alexander-1.html) |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Tom Alexander Olympic Results |access-date=5 Desemba 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1958|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 8sevon2bfj0uxhbful2hnuc2wnssh7g 0 236216 1545426 2026-05-18T01:13:30Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Edwin Charles Krupp''' (alizaliwa [[Novemba 18]], [[1944]]) ni [[mwanaastronomia]], mtafiti, [[mwandishi]], na mtangazaji wa sayansi nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mtaalamu anayetambulika kimataifa katika uwanja wa archaeoastronomy, uchunguzi wa jinsi tamaduni za kale zilivyotazama anga na jinsi mitazamo hiyo ilivyoathiri tamaduni zao. Yeye ni mkurugenzi wa Griffith Observatory huko [[Los Angeles]].<ref name=LATimesColeKC>{{cite web|last1=Cole|first1=K. C...' 1545426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edwin Charles Krupp''' (alizaliwa [[Novemba 18]], [[1944]]) ni [[mwanaastronomia]], mtafiti, [[mwandishi]], na mtangazaji wa sayansi nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mtaalamu anayetambulika kimataifa katika uwanja wa archaeoastronomy, uchunguzi wa jinsi tamaduni za kale zilivyotazama anga na jinsi mitazamo hiyo ilivyoathiri tamaduni zao. Yeye ni mkurugenzi wa Griffith Observatory huko [[Los Angeles]].<ref name=LATimesColeKC>{{cite web|last1=Cole|first1=K. C.|title=Ed Krupp's Star-Studded Cosmic Extravaganza|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-feb-14-tm-7902-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527133521/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/feb/14/magazine/tm-7902|archive-date=27 May 2016|date=14 February 1999|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=NautilusKevinBerger>{{cite web|last1=Berger|first1=Kevin|title=Ingenious: Edwin C. Krupp|url=http://nautil.us/issue/11/light/ingenious-edwin-c-krupp|website=[[Nautilus (science magazine)|Nautilus]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108160452/http://nautil.us/issue/11/light/ingenious-edwin-c-krupp|archive-date=8 January 2017|date=27 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanaastronomia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] d018wch80jtc70p5ibslv86jcbnjmmg 0 236217 1545427 2026-05-18T01:15:16Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jacqueline Risset''' (25 Mei 1936 – 4 Septemba 2014) alikuwa mshairi na mtaandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="lemonde">{{cite web |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2014/09/04/la-mort-de-jacqueline-risset-poete-et-traductrice-de-dante_4482226_3382.html |title=Kifo cha Jacqueline Risset, mshairi na mtafsiri wa Dante |work=Le Monde |language=fr |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alijulikana sana kwa mchango wake katika bodi ya jar...' 1545427 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacqueline Risset''' (25 Mei 1936 – 4 Septemba 2014) alikuwa mshairi na mtaandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="lemonde">{{cite web |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2014/09/04/la-mort-de-jacqueline-risset-poete-et-traductrice-de-dante_4482226_3382.html |title=Kifo cha Jacqueline Risset, mshairi na mtafsiri wa Dante |work=Le Monde |language=fr |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alijulikana sana kwa mchango wake katika bodi ya jarida la kifasihi la [[Tel Quel]] akishirikiana na [[Julia Kristeva]] na [[Philippe Sollers]], pamoja na kazi zake za kutafsiri ushairi wa Kiitaliano kwenda Kifaransa. Vitabu vyake maarufu ni pamoja na ''[[Sleep's Powers]]'' na ''[[The Translation Begins]]''.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Risset |title=Makala ya Jacqueline Risset katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1936|2014|Risset, Jacqueline}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] gce2bgpcfe82mfktes0pfpvjicd0bwd 0 236218 1545428 2026-05-18T01:16:32Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Claire Arthur Alexander'''<ref>National Hockey League Guide and Record Book 1974-75, pg. 241</ref> au '''Arthur Claire Alexander'''<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Surgent | first1 = Scott | year = 2013 | title = The Complete World Hockey Association, 9e | location = Tempe, Arizona | page = 317 | isbn = 978-1-490967400 }}</ref> (amezaliwa 16 Juni 1945) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa hoki ya barafu kutoka Kanada ambaye alicheza katika National Hockey Leag...' 1545428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Claire Arthur Alexander'''<ref>National Hockey League Guide and Record Book 1974-75, pg. 241</ref> au '''Arthur Claire Alexander'''<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Surgent | first1 = Scott | year = 2013 | title = The Complete World Hockey Association, 9e | location = Tempe, Arizona | page = 317 | isbn = 978-1-490967400 }}</ref> (amezaliwa 16 Juni 1945) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa hoki ya barafu kutoka Kanada ambaye alicheza katika National Hockey League (NHL) na World Hockey Association (WHA) katika miaka ya 1970. == Kazi ya uchezaji == Baada ya kipindi kifupi kucheza hoki ya kulipwa katika ligi za daraja la chini katikati ya miaka ya 1960, alirejea nyumbani Ontario na kufanya kazi kama muuzaji wa maziwa (milkman) akiwa na kampuni ya Silverwood Dairies, huku akiendelea kung’ara katika timu za hoki za wachezaji wasiolipwa za ngazi ya juu za eneo lake. Akiwa beki mwenye ujuzi na mpigaji mahiri wa mpira, Alexander aliiongoza timu ya Orillia Terriers kushinda Allan Cup, kombe linalotolewa kwa klabu bora ya hoki ya wachezaji wasiolipwa nchini Kanada, mwaka 1973. Baadaye, Toronto Maple Leafs walimshawishi Alexander kurudi kucheza hoki ya kulipwa, na akaungana na timu yao shirikishi ya ligi ya Central Hockey League (1963–84) (CHL), Oklahoma City Blazers. Akiwa hapo alionyesha kiwango cha juu mara moja, akifunga pointi 60 na kutajwa kama mchezaji bora mpya wa mwaka na pia beki bora wa ligi. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1945|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] kdv57hw3cefz4cwx2aej0ed0jv2drg5 0 236219 1545429 2026-05-18T01:16:56Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marian Elliott "Bunny" Koshland''' ([[Oktoba 25]], [[1921]] – [[Oktoba 28]], [[1997]]) alikuwa [[Mwanabiolojia]] nchini [[Marekani]] aliyegundua kwamba tofauti katika muundo wa asidi ya amino ya kingamwili (antibodies) zinaelezea ufanisi na ukamilifu ambao wanapambana na wavamizi wengi tofauti. Alikuwa mwanamke wa pili kujiunga na idara ya [[Mikrobiolojia]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha California,[[ Berkeley]].<ref name="memoir">{{cite web|last=Guyer|first=R...' 1545429 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marian Elliott "Bunny" Koshland''' ([[Oktoba 25]], [[1921]] – [[Oktoba 28]], [[1997]]) alikuwa [[Mwanabiolojia]] nchini [[Marekani]] aliyegundua kwamba tofauti katika muundo wa asidi ya amino ya kingamwili (antibodies) zinaelezea ufanisi na ukamilifu ambao wanapambana na wavamizi wengi tofauti. Alikuwa mwanamke wa pili kujiunga na idara ya [[Mikrobiolojia]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha California,[[ Berkeley]].<ref name="memoir">{{cite web|last=Guyer|first=Ruth Levy|title=Marian E. Koshland Biographical Memoir |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/mkoshland.pdf|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|accessdate=July 9, 2012}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1921]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1997]] 1k2jmvrxd19gzi7sljsoy0j8c9b9ygg 0 236220 1545430 2026-05-18T01:19:53Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jacqueline Risset''' (25 Mei 1936 – 4 Septemba 2014) alikuwa mshairi na mtaandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="lemonde">{{cite web |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2014/09/04/la-mort-de-jacqueline-risset-poete-et-traductrice-de-dante_4482226_3382.html |title=Kifo cha Jacqueline Risset, mshairi na mtafsiri wa Dante |work=Le Monde |language=fr |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alijulikana sana kwa mchango wake katika bodi ya jar...' 1545430 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacqueline Risset''' (25 Mei 1936 – 4 Septemba 2014) alikuwa mshairi na mtaandishi kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="lemonde">{{cite web |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2014/09/04/la-mort-de-jacqueline-risset-poete-et-traductrice-de-dante_4482226_3382.html |title=Kifo cha Jacqueline Risset, mshairi na mtafsiri wa Dante |work=Le Monde |language=fr |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alijulikana sana kwa mchango wake katika bodi ya jarida la kifasihi la [[Tel Quel]] akishirikiana na [[Julia Kristeva]] na [[Philippe Sollers]], pamoja na kazi zake za kutafsiri ushairi wa Kiitaliano kwenda Kifaransa. Vitabu vyake maarufu ni pamoja na ''[[Sleep's Powers]]'' na ''[[The Translation Begins]]''.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Risset |title=Makala ya Jacqueline Risset katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1936|2014|Risset, Jacqueline}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] gce2bgpcfe82mfktes0pfpvjicd0bwd 0 236221 1545431 2026-05-18T01:20:00Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ed Alexiuk''' (17 Mei 1952 – ) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa wavu kutoka Kanada. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya timu ya wanaume ya mpira wa wavu katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1976.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/ed-alexiuk-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/ed-alexiuk-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418104514/ht...' 1545431 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ed Alexiuk''' (17 Mei 1952 – ) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa wavu kutoka Kanada. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya timu ya wanaume ya mpira wa wavu katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1976.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/ed-alexiuk-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/ed-alexiuk-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418104514/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/ed-alexiuk-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200418104514/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/ed-alexiuk-1.html) |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Ed Alexiuk Olympic Results |access-date=31 Januari 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1952|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cphpc7dbmbj9eh6lzegf7l5yt0mt34a 0 236222 1545432 2026-05-18T01:20:39Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Cris Kobryn''' (alizaliwa [[1952]]) ni mhandisi wa mifumo na [[msanidi programu]] nchini [[Marekani]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa kuongoza timu za kimataifa za wauzaji na watumiaji katika kufafanua viwango vya Unified Modeling Language (UML) v1 na v2 kwa usanidi wa programu, pamoja na viwango vya Systems Modeling Language (SysML) v1 kwa usanidi wa mifumo. Yeye ni Mwanzilishi na Afisa Mkuu wa Teknolojia (CTO) wa PivotPoint Technology Corp., kampuni ya hudum...' 1545432 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cris Kobryn''' (alizaliwa [[1952]]) ni mhandisi wa mifumo na [[msanidi programu]] nchini [[Marekani]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa kuongoza timu za kimataifa za wauzaji na watumiaji katika kufafanua viwango vya Unified Modeling Language (UML) v1 na v2 kwa usanidi wa programu, pamoja na viwango vya Systems Modeling Language (SysML) v1 kwa usanidi wa mifumo. Yeye ni Mwanzilishi na Afisa Mkuu wa Teknolojia (CTO) wa PivotPoint Technology Corp., kampuni ya huduma za usanidi wa mifumo na programu aliyoianzisha mwaka [[2003]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SysML FAQ: Who created SysML and how did it get its name? |url=https://sysml.org/sysml-faq//sysml-faq/who-created-sysml.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=SysML.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PivotPoint: Cris Kobryn - Founder & CTO |url=https://pivotpt.com/about/people//about/people/cris-kobryn-bio.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=PivotPoint Technology™ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cris Kobryn – Bio {{!}} kobryn.com |url=https://kobryn.com/bio/index.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Cris Kobryn's Web |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 241f0b3mupvlorfa1g3hflsjhq3qe81 0 236223 1545433 2026-05-18T01:23:40Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jeff Allan''' wakati mwingine huandikwa kama '''Jeff Allen'''<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Surgent | first1 = Scott | year = 2013 | title = The Complete World Hockey Association, 9e | location = Tempe, Arizona | page = 317 | isbn = 978-1-490967400 }}</ref> (amezaliwa 17 Mei 1957) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa hoki ya barafu kutoka Kanada aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya beki. Alicheza michezo minne katika National Hockey League (NHL) akiwa na timu ya Cle...' 1545433 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jeff Allan''' wakati mwingine huandikwa kama '''Jeff Allen'''<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Surgent | first1 = Scott | year = 2013 | title = The Complete World Hockey Association, 9e | location = Tempe, Arizona | page = 317 | isbn = 978-1-490967400 }}</ref> (amezaliwa 17 Mei 1957) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa hoki ya barafu kutoka Kanada aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya beki. Alicheza michezo minne katika National Hockey League (NHL) akiwa na timu ya Cleveland Barons. Pia alicheza michezo miwili katika World Hockey Association (WHA) akiwa na Cincinnati Stingers. Akiwa kijana, alishiriki katika mashindano ya mwaka 1970 ya Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament akiwa na timu ya Toronto Young Nationals ya hoki ya vijana.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf|title=Pee-Wee](https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf|title=Pee-Wee) players who have reached NHL or WHA|year=2018|website=Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament|access-date=2019-01-10|archive-date=March 6, 2019|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf|url-status=dead}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf|url-status=dead}})</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1957|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] f5zxqc4un4q4ts5gqj39nmbrc6k15ao 0 236224 1545434 2026-05-18T01:24:58Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sabine Sicaud''' (23 Februari 1913 – 12 Julai 1928) alikuwa mshairi mwenye umri mdogo alipoanza kazi ya uandish, kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120143147 |title=Sabine Sicaud (1913-1928) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alijulikana kwa kipaji chake kikubwa cha ushairi alichokionyesha tangu akiwa mdogo sana kabla ya...' 1545434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabine Sicaud''' (23 Februari 1913 – 12 Julai 1928) alikuwa mshairi mwenye umri mdogo alipoanza kazi ya uandish, kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120143147 |title=Sabine Sicaud (1913-1928) |work=BnF Data |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |language=fr |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alijulikana kwa kipaji chake kikubwa cha ushairi alichokionyesha tangu akiwa mdogo sana kabla ya kufariki dunia mapema akiwa na umri wa miaka 15 kutokana na ugonjwa.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Sicaud |title=Makala ya Sabine Sicaud katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1913|1928|Sicaud, Sabine}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 33ve3p48juw20qyvbjmiagsli7em52z 0 236225 1545435 2026-05-18T01:26:22Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Donald Ervin Knuth''' (anayetamkwa /kəˈnuːθ/ kə-NOOTH; alizaliwa [[Januari 10]], [[1938]]) ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa kompyuta na [[mwanahisabati]] wa [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni profesa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]]. Yeye ndiye mshindi wa tuzo ya ACM Turing Award ya mwaka [[1974]], ambayo kwa utaratibu huitwa Tuzo ya Nobel ya sayansi ya kompyuta. Knuth aliitwa "baba wa uchanganuzi wa algorithimu". Anajulikana zaidi kwa mfululizo wake wa vitabu ''The A...' 1545435 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donald Ervin Knuth''' (anayetamkwa /kəˈnuːθ/ kə-NOOTH; alizaliwa [[Januari 10]], [[1938]]) ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa kompyuta na [[mwanahisabati]] wa [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni profesa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]]. Yeye ndiye mshindi wa tuzo ya ACM Turing Award ya mwaka [[1974]], ambayo kwa utaratibu huitwa Tuzo ya Nobel ya sayansi ya kompyuta. Knuth aliitwa "baba wa uchanganuzi wa algorithimu". Anajulikana zaidi kwa mfululizo wake wa vitabu ''The Art of Computer Programming'' na kwa kuunda mfumo wa uchapishaji TeX.<ref name=formemrs>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117113154/https://royalsociety.org/people/donald-knuth-11764/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/donald-knuth-11764/ |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |location=London |title=Professor Donald Knuth ForMemRS}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Karp |first=Richard M. |author-link=Richard M. Karp |date=February 1986 |doi=10.1145/5657.5658 |issue=2 |journal=Communications of the ACM |pages=98–109 |title=Combinatorics, Complexity, and Randomness |volume=29|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanahisabati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4wd55bivcq390qsa2ocv21bj01g2zts 1545436 1545435 2026-05-18T01:27:00Z Ally0111 85292 1545436 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donald Ervin Knuth''' (alizaliwa [[Januari 10]], [[1938]]) ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa kompyuta na [[mwanahisabati]] wa [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni profesa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]]. Yeye ndiye mshindi wa tuzo ya ACM Turing Award ya mwaka [[1974]], ambayo kwa utaratibu huitwa Tuzo ya Nobel ya sayansi ya kompyuta. Knuth aliitwa "baba wa uchanganuzi wa algorithimu". Anajulikana zaidi kwa mfululizo wake wa vitabu ''The Art of Computer Programming'' na kwa kuunda mfumo wa uchapishaji TeX.<ref name=formemrs>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117113154/https://royalsociety.org/people/donald-knuth-11764/ |archive-date=2015-11-17 |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/donald-knuth-11764/ |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |location=London |title=Professor Donald Knuth ForMemRS}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Karp |first=Richard M. |author-link=Richard M. Karp |date=February 1986 |doi=10.1145/5657.5658 |issue=2 |journal=Communications of the ACM |pages=98–109 |title=Combinatorics, Complexity, and Randomness |volume=29|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanahisabati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ma218525kr1yxi2yyawyvq56onhdcu1 0 236226 1545437 2026-05-18T01:28:21Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ronald Philip Allbright''' (28 Septemba 1934 – 9 Julai 2016) alikuwa mchezaji wa ligi ya Canadian Football League (CFL) kutoka Kanada aliyeichezea timu ya Calgary Stampeders kuanzia mwaka 1956 hadi 1967. Alikuwa akicheza zaidi nafasi za offensive guard na offensive tackle, lakini pia aliwahi kucheza kama defensive end na linebacker.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maher|first1=Tod|last2=Gill|first2=Bob|title=The Canadian Pro Football Encyclopedia: Every Player,...' 1545437 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronald Philip Allbright''' (28 Septemba 1934 – 9 Julai 2016) alikuwa mchezaji wa ligi ya Canadian Football League (CFL) kutoka Kanada aliyeichezea timu ya Calgary Stampeders kuanzia mwaka 1956 hadi 1967. Alikuwa akicheza zaidi nafasi za offensive guard na offensive tackle, lakini pia aliwahi kucheza kama defensive end na linebacker.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maher|first1=Tod|last2=Gill|first2=Bob|title=The Canadian Pro Football Encyclopedia: Every Player, Coach and Game, 1946–2012|date=2013|publisher=Maher Sports Media|isbn=978-0983513667|page=143}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1934|2016}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 7wkrcf873e2i1f4q134hpq58sljpz8z 0 236227 1545438 2026-05-18T01:32:40Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marie Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin''' (4 Aprili 1902 – 26 Desemba 1969), alijulikana zaidi kama '''Louise de Vilmorin''', alikuwa mwandishi wa riwaya, mshairi, na mwandishi wa habari kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louise-de-Vilmorin |title=Wasifu wa Louise de Vilmorin |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Vilmorin alifahamika zaidi kwa kuandi...' 1545438 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin''' (4 Aprili 1902 – 26 Desemba 1969), alijulikana zaidi kama '''Louise de Vilmorin''', alikuwa mwandishi wa riwaya, mshairi, na mwandishi wa habari kutoka nchini [[Ufaransa]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louise-de-Vilmorin |title=Wasifu wa Louise de Vilmorin |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Vilmorin alifahamika zaidi kwa kuandika hadithi fupi zenye lugha ya upole lakini zenye kejeli na ukosoaji mkali ([[wiktionary:en:mordant|mordant]]), ambazo mara nyingi zilihusu maisha ya watu wa tabaka la juu ([[nobility|aristocratic]]) au mazingira ya wasanii.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_de_Vilmorin |title=Makala ya Louise de Vilmorin katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1902|1969|Vilmorin, Louise de}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Washairi wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ufaransa]] 2j61s8m2y7t2785ouv9tb4z2akgaked 0 236228 1545439 2026-05-18T01:35:48Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Adolph Knopf''' ([[Desemba 2]], [[1882]] – [[Novemba 23]], [[1966]]) alikuwa mwana jiografia wa [[Marekani]]. Alisomea katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, [[Berkeley]], alishikilia nyadhifa za kitaaluma katika United States Geological Survey, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Yale]], na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]]. Alikuwa hasa mwanasayansi katika sikta ya petroli na uchimbaji madini, ingawa baadaye katika taaluma yake alichangia katika geochronology.<ref name="Eckel,...' 1545439 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adolph Knopf''' ([[Desemba 2]], [[1882]] – [[Novemba 23]], [[1966]]) alikuwa mwana jiografia wa [[Marekani]]. Alisomea katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, [[Berkeley]], alishikilia nyadhifa za kitaaluma katika United States Geological Survey, [[Chuo Kikuu cha Yale]], na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]]. Alikuwa hasa mwanasayansi katika sikta ya petroli na uchimbaji madini, ingawa baadaye katika taaluma yake alichangia katika geochronology.<ref name="Eckel, Edwin 1982">Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The Geological Society of America — Life History of a Learned Society: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 155, 168 p., {{ISBN|0-8137-1155-X}}.</ref><ref name=am>{{cite journal |first=Robert G. |last=Coleman |author-link=Robert Coleman (geologist) |title=Memorial of Adolph Knopf |journal=[[American Mineralogist]] |pages=567–76 |date=March–April 1968 |url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM53/AM53_536.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanajiografia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1882]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1966]] sqqsztktssxmhce4d0y6huv1fy6akzr 0 236229 1545440 2026-05-18T01:38:55Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Daniel Jay Klionsky''' (alizaliwa [[1958]]) ni [[mwanabiolojia]] wa viumbe hai na [[mwanakemia]] wa molekuli nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni Profesa Alexander G. Ruthven wa Sayansi ya Maisha na profesa wa biolojia ya molekuli, seli na maendeleo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan. Kama mwanabiolojia wa seli, Klionsky alianzisha uelewa wa autophagy, mchakato ambao seli huvunjika ili kuishi katika hali za dhiki kama njaa, na jukumu la autophagy katika saratani, m...' 1545440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Jay Klionsky''' (alizaliwa [[1958]]) ni [[mwanabiolojia]] wa viumbe hai na [[mwanakemia]] wa molekuli nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni Profesa Alexander G. Ruthven wa Sayansi ya Maisha na profesa wa biolojia ya molekuli, seli na maendeleo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Michigan. Kama mwanabiolojia wa seli, Klionsky alianzisha uelewa wa autophagy, mchakato ambao seli huvunjika ili kuishi katika hali za dhiki kama njaa, na jukumu la autophagy katika saratani, magonjwa ya mfumo wa neva, na maeneo mengine ya afya ya binadamu.<ref name="x">{{cite web |title=Daniel Klionsky J. |url=https://usern.tums.ac.ir/User/CV/Daniel_Klionsky |website=usern.tums.ac.ir |access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref><ref name="bio">{{cite journal |title=Daniel Klionsky: A full plate for autophagy |date=2010|pmc=2854386 |last1=Short |first1=B. |journal=The Journal of Cell Biology |volume=189 |issue=1 |pages=8–9 |doi=10.1083/jcb.1891pi |pmid=20368614 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 67ga252vdx3x1xbammw2jq8p8w97l9a 0 236230 1545441 2026-05-18T01:39:39Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ethel Campbell Louise Anderson''' (née Mason; 16 Machi 1883 – 4 Agosti 1958) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa insha, mwandishi wa riwaya, na mchoraji wa mapema karne ya ishirini kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adelaide|first=Debra|title=Waandishi wa Kike wa Australia: Mwongozo wa Kibabilonia|date=1988|publisher=Pandora|isbn=978-0-86358-148-9|location=London; Sydney}}</ref> Ingawa yeye mwenyewe alijichukulia zaidi kama mshairi, hivi sas...' 1545441 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ethel Campbell Louise Anderson''' (née Mason; 16 Machi 1883 – 4 Agosti 1958) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa insha, mwandishi wa riwaya, na mchoraji wa mapema karne ya ishirini kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adelaide|first=Debra|title=Waandishi wa Kike wa Australia: Mwongozo wa Kibabilonia|date=1988|publisher=Pandora|isbn=978-0-86358-148-9|location=London; Sydney}}</ref> Ingawa yeye mwenyewe alijichukulia zaidi kama mshairi, hivi sasa anathaminiwa sana kwa hadithi zake zenye ucheshi na kejeli. Anderson amewahi kuelezewa kama "mwandishi mashuhuri, msanii, mchambuzi wa sanaa, na mjumbe wa mtindo wa usasa".<ref name="Harding p75">{{cite book|last=Harding|first=Lesley|title=Kubism na Sanaa ya Australia|year=2010|publisher=The Miegunyah Press|location=Carlton, Victoria|isbn=978-0-522-85673-6|first2=Sue |last2=Cramer|page=75}}</ref><ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Anderson |title=Makala ya Ethel Anderson katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1883|1958|Anderson, Ethel}} [[Jamii:Washairi wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] fq6vvc7i2z1bz8m230gsgjvhwgqgbje 1545442 1545441 2026-05-18T01:40:32Z Egipa 87700 1545442 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ethel Campbell Louise Anderson''' (née Mason; 16 Machi 1883 – 4 Agosti 1958) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa insha, mwandishi wa riwaya, na mchoraji wa mapema karne ya ishirini kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adelaide|first=Debra|title=Waandishi wa Kike wa Australia: Mwongozo wa Kibabilonia|date=1988|publisher=Pandora|isbn=978-0-86358-148-9|location=London; Sydney}}</ref> Ingawa yeye mwenyewe alijichukulia zaidi kama mshairi, hivi sasa anathaminiwa sana kwa hadithi zake zenye ucheshi na kejeli. Anderson amewahi kuelezewa kama "mwandishi mashuhuri, msanii, mchambuzi wa sanaa, na mjumbe wa mtindo wa usasa".<ref name="Harding p75">{{cite book|last=Harding|first=Lesley|title=Kubism na Sanaa ya Australia|year=2010|publisher=The Miegunyah Press|location=Carlton, Victoria|isbn=978-0-522-85673-6|first2=Sue |last2=Cramer|page=75}}</ref><ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Anderson |title=Makala ya Ethel Anderson katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1883|1958|Anderson, Ethel}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] 9qj7v04aubs06lka6100j8612slhko7 0 236231 1545443 2026-05-18T01:40:36Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Amy Aiken''' ni [[mjasiriamali]] na mtengenezaji wa divai wa [[Marekani]]. Anazingatia divai za Cabernet Sauvignon na anamiliki lebo zake za divai: Meander na Conspire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webpages.scu.edu/womenwinemakers/view.php?id=2|title=Women Winemakers of California {{!}}Amy Aiken|last=Lucia and John|first=Gilbert|date=|website=Santa Clara University|access-date=2017-08-11|archive-date=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2017...' 1545443 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amy Aiken''' ni [[mjasiriamali]] na mtengenezaji wa divai wa [[Marekani]]. Anazingatia divai za Cabernet Sauvignon na anamiliki lebo zake za divai: Meander na Conspire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webpages.scu.edu/womenwinemakers/view.php?id=2|title=Women Winemakers of California {{!}}Amy Aiken|last=Lucia and John|first=Gilbert|date=|website=Santa Clara University|access-date=2017-08-11|archive-date=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811104854/https://webpages.scu.edu/womenwinemakers/view.php?id=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wajasiriamali wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 6pgi0tnj34wot5ojn8hmijawhxdztd3 0 236232 1545444 2026-05-18T01:45:01Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Wayne Allard''' ([[Septemba 3]], [[1919]] – [[Machi 25]], [[2003]]) alikuwa mfugaji wa mimea na [[mwanasayansi]] kuhusu vinasaba katika mimea nchini [[Marekani]] anayehesabiwa kuwa mmoja wa wanasayansi wakuu wa idadi ya mimea wa karne ya 20. Alikuwa profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Davis na alichapisha vitabu vya msingi kuhusu vinasaba ya idadi ya mimea.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yolo County Obituaries-A|url=http://www.cagenweb.com/yolo/yo...' 1545444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Wayne Allard''' ([[Septemba 3]], [[1919]] – [[Machi 25]], [[2003]]) alikuwa mfugaji wa mimea na [[mwanasayansi]] kuhusu vinasaba katika mimea nchini [[Marekani]] anayehesabiwa kuwa mmoja wa wanasayansi wakuu wa idadi ya mimea wa karne ya 20. Alikuwa profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Davis na alichapisha vitabu vya msingi kuhusu vinasaba ya idadi ya mimea.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yolo County Obituaries-A|url=http://www.cagenweb.com/yolo/yolobits/ald-am.htm|accessdate=22 May 2017|publisher=The California USGenWeb Project Yolo County}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Clegg|first1=Michael T.|title=Robert Wayne Allard:1919-2003|date=2006|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|location=Washington D.C.|pages=21}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2003]] qn1mtwuow4geofx5v9tx08kt5mj15z7 0 236233 1545445 2026-05-18T01:52:40Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Claudia Joan Alexander''' ([[Mei 30]], [[1959]] – [[Julai 11]], [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mwanasayansi]] wa utafiti mwenye asili ya [[Kanada]] na uraia wa [[Marekani]] aliyebobea katika [[jiofizikia]] na sayansi ya sayari. Alifanya kazi kwa United States Geological Survey na [[NASA]]'s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Alikuwa meneja wa mwisho wa mradi wa NASA's Galileo mission kwenda [[Mshtarii]] na hadi wakati wa kifo chake alikuwa amehudumu kama meneja wa mradi...' 1545445 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Claudia Joan Alexander''' ([[Mei 30]], [[1959]] – [[Julai 11]], [[2015]]) alikuwa [[mwanasayansi]] wa utafiti mwenye asili ya [[Kanada]] na uraia wa [[Marekani]] aliyebobea katika [[jiofizikia]] na sayansi ya sayari. Alifanya kazi kwa United States Geological Survey na [[NASA]]'s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Alikuwa meneja wa mwisho wa mradi wa NASA's Galileo mission kwenda [[Mshtarii]] na hadi wakati wa kifo chake alikuwa amehudumu kama meneja wa mradi na mwanasayansi wa jukumu la NASA katika misheni ya Rosetta inayoongozwa na [[Ulaya]] kusoma Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko.<ref name="Woo2">{{cite news|last1=Woo|first1=Elaine|date=17 July 2015|title=Claudia Alexander dies at 56; JPL researcher oversaw Galileo, Rosetta missions|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-0719-claudia-alexander-20150718-story.html|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Roberts2">{{cite news|last1=Roberts|first1=Sam|date=19 July 2015|title=Claudia Alexander, NASA Manager Who Led Jupiter Mission, Dies at 56|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/20/us/claudia-alexander-nasa-manager-who-led-jupiter-mission-dies-at-56.html|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaanga wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] 5kg9cs9vfkwdqore9dg1aei3gkx931y 0 236234 1545446 2026-05-18T01:59:14Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Charles Herbert Lowe, Jr.''' ([[Aprili 16]], [[1920]] – [[Septemba 13]], [[2002]]) alikuwa [[mwanabiolojia]] na mtaalamu wa wanyama watambaao nchini [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa utafiti wake juu ya wanyama watambaao na [[amfibia]] wa kusini-magharibi mwa Marekani na [[Meksiko]], hasa katika jangwa la Sonoran.<ref>[[Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[Michael Watkins (zoologist)|Watkins, Michael]]; [[Michael Grayson|Grayson, Michael]] (2011). ''The Eponym Di...' 1545446 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Herbert Lowe, Jr.''' ([[Aprili 16]], [[1920]] – [[Septemba 13]], [[2002]]) alikuwa [[mwanabiolojia]] na mtaalamu wa wanyama watambaao nchini [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa utafiti wake juu ya wanyama watambaao na [[amfibia]] wa kusini-magharibi mwa Marekani na [[Meksiko]], hasa katika jangwa la Sonoran.<ref>[[Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[Michael Watkins (zoologist)|Watkins, Michael]]; [[Michael Grayson|Grayson, Michael]] (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (Lowe, p. 161).</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1920]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2002]] 6olmplslr02dut4oxme4r09mo6uegjq 0 236235 1545447 2026-05-18T02:01:43Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marigold Linton''' (alizaliwa [[1936]]) ni [[mwanasaikolojia]] wa utambuzi nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya Wahindi wa Amerika, na raia wa Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians. Mwaka [[1964]], alikua Mwamerindi wa kwanza kupata digrii ya udaktari katika saikolojia. Utafiti wake umejikita katika kumbukumbu ya binadamu na ufundishaji wa sayansi kwa wanafunzi wenye uhitaji.<ref name="Gazette">{{Cite web|url=https://www.recordgazette.net/arts_and_ent...' 1545447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marigold Linton''' (alizaliwa [[1936]]) ni [[mwanasaikolojia]] wa utambuzi nchini [[Marekani]] mwenye asili ya Wahindi wa Amerika, na raia wa Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians. Mwaka [[1964]], alikua Mwamerindi wa kwanza kupata digrii ya udaktari katika saikolojia. Utafiti wake umejikita katika kumbukumbu ya binadamu na ufundishaji wa sayansi kwa wanafunzi wenye uhitaji.<ref name="Gazette">{{Cite web|url=https://www.recordgazette.net/arts_and_entertainment/dragonfly-gala-honors-remarkable-american-indian-women/article_1b2d1086-8373-11e7-a06c-07dbcc6d84bf.html|title=Dragonfly Gala honors remarkable American Indian women|first=JAMES FOLMER, Record|last=Gazette|website=Banning Record Gazette|date=17 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Linton Breaks Education Barrier">{{Cite web|url=http://www.planningcommunications.com/jf/linton_pr.htm|title=Linton Breaks Education Barrier|website=www.planningcommunications.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasaikolojia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1936]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] knj4renbnkd44uhg4ts8jvndsoyjtqk 0 236236 1545448 2026-05-18T02:05:39Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Frank Harlan Lewis''' ([[Januari 8]], [[1919]] – [[Desemba 12]], [[2008]]) alikuwa [[mwanabotania]] na [[mwanabiolojia]] nchini [[Marekani]] aliyefanya kazi hasa na mimea ya [[jenasi]] ya Clarkia. Anajulikana zaidi kwa nadharia zake za "catastrophic selection" na "saltational speciation", ambazo zinahusiana kwa karibu na dhana za mageuzi ya quantum na mageuzi ya kwa mwingiliano.<ref name="Cates">{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Harlan|last2=Raven|fir...' 1545448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frank Harlan Lewis''' ([[Januari 8]], [[1919]] – [[Desemba 12]], [[2008]]) alikuwa [[mwanabotania]] na [[mwanabiolojia]] nchini [[Marekani]] aliyefanya kazi hasa na mimea ya [[jenasi]] ya Clarkia. Anajulikana zaidi kwa nadharia zake za "catastrophic selection" na "saltational speciation", ambazo zinahusiana kwa karibu na dhana za mageuzi ya quantum na mageuzi ya kwa mwingiliano.<ref name="Cates">{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Harlan|last2=Raven|first2=Peter H.|title=Rapid Evolution in Clarkia|journal=Evolution|date=1958|volume=12|issue=3|pages=319–336|doi=10.2307/2405854|jstor=2405854}}</ref><ref name="select">{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Harlan|title=Catastrophic Selection as a Factor in Speciation|journal=Evolution|date=1962|volume=16|issue=3|pages=257–271|doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.1962.tb03218.x|s2cid=88311196|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="salt">{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Harlan|title=Speciation in Flowering Plants|journal=Science|date=1966|volume=152|issue=3719|pages=167–172|doi=10.1126/science.152.3719.167|pmid=17741624|bibcode=1966Sci...152..167L}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1919]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2008]] quj1ynu7ycvlxoympu2lgvljkjyec26 0 236237 1545449 2026-05-18T02:08:14Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Aldo Starker Leopold''' ([[Oktoba 22]], [[1913]] – [[Agosti 23]], [[1983]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]], mtaalamu wa misitu, [[Mwanabiolojia]], na mhifadhi nchini [[Marekani]]. Leopold alihudumu kama profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Berkeley kwa miaka thelathini katika idara za Zoolojia, Uhifadhi, na Misitu.<ref name="raitt">{{cite journal |author=Raitt, RJ |year=1984 |title=In Memoriam: A. Starker Leopold |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/fil...' 1545449 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aldo Starker Leopold''' ([[Oktoba 22]], [[1913]] – [[Agosti 23]], [[1983]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]], mtaalamu wa misitu, [[Mwanabiolojia]], na mhifadhi nchini [[Marekani]]. Leopold alihudumu kama profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Berkeley kwa miaka thelathini katika idara za Zoolojia, Uhifadhi, na Misitu.<ref name="raitt">{{cite journal |author=Raitt, RJ |year=1984 |title=In Memoriam: A. Starker Leopold |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v101n04/p0868-p0871.pdf |journal=Auk |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=868–871 |doi=10.2307/4086914 |jstor=4086914}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jordan Fisher |title=Engineering Eden: A Violent Death, a Federal Trial, and the Struggle to Restore Nature in Our National Parks |date=March 19, 2019 |publisher=The Experiment |isbn=978-1615195459 |edition=Reprint |location=New York |publication-date=March 19, 2019 |pages=102–122 |language=English}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1913]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1983]] 7iohtim0jl0y6ut630uv0nrpknovfvm 0 236238 1545450 2026-05-18T02:38:06Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bashir Saadawi''' (Kiarabu: بشير السعداوي; 1884 – 17 Januari 1957) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Libya na mwanzilishi pamoja na kiongozi wa Chama cha National Congress kilichotetea umoja wa [[taifa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About: Bashir Saadawi|url=https://dbpedia.org/page/Bashir_Saadawi|work=dbpedia.org|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Saadawi alikuwa mmoja wa viongozi muhimu waliochangia kupatikana kwa [[uhuru]] wa Libya. Hata hivyo, baada ya M...' 1545450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bashir Saadawi''' (Kiarabu: بشير السعداوي; 1884 – 17 Januari 1957) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Libya na mwanzilishi pamoja na kiongozi wa Chama cha National Congress kilichotetea umoja wa [[taifa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About: Bashir Saadawi|url=https://dbpedia.org/page/Bashir_Saadawi|work=dbpedia.org|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Saadawi alikuwa mmoja wa viongozi muhimu waliochangia kupatikana kwa [[uhuru]] wa Libya. Hata hivyo, baada ya Mfalme Idris I kutawazwa kuwa mfalme wa Libya, vyama vyote vya kisiasa vilivunjwa na Saadawi akapelekwa uhamishoni mjini Beirut, ambako aliishi hadi alipofariki tarehe 17 Januari 1957. Mwili wake ulirejeshwa Libya kwa ajili ya mazishi mwaka 1970. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1884]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1954]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Libya]] 1k7way2n98b67r4kr7tl10a80al07wb 0 236239 1545451 2026-05-18T02:40:57Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Abdul Razzaq as-Sawsa''' (Kiarabu: عبد الرزاق الصوصاع; 3 Februari 1933 – 10 Machi 2016) alikuwa [[Katibu]] Mkuu wa Kongamano Kuu la Watu la Libya, na hivyo kwa nadharia alikuwa mkuu wa nchi ya [[Libya]] kuanzia 7 Oktoba 1990 hadi 18 Novemba 1992. Hata hivyo, Muammar Gaddafi ndiye aliyeendelea kuwa na mamlaka makubwa zaidi nchini Libya kama “Kiongozi na Mwongozo wa [[Mapinduzi]].”<ref>{{Cite web|title=Libya|url=https://www.worldsta...' 1545451 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdul Razzaq as-Sawsa''' (Kiarabu: عبد الرزاق الصوصاع; 3 Februari 1933 – 10 Machi 2016) alikuwa [[Katibu]] Mkuu wa Kongamano Kuu la Watu la Libya, na hivyo kwa nadharia alikuwa mkuu wa nchi ya [[Libya]] kuanzia 7 Oktoba 1990 hadi 18 Novemba 1992. Hata hivyo, Muammar Gaddafi ndiye aliyeendelea kuwa na mamlaka makubwa zaidi nchini Libya kama “Kiongozi na Mwongozo wa [[Mapinduzi]].”<ref>{{Cite web|title=Libya|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Libya.htm|work=www.worldstatesmen.org|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Libya]] al2816ji7mhx65ghf9xyl15enyzhpbi 0 236240 1545452 2026-05-18T02:44:13Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Abdulrahman Sewehli,''' ambaye pia huandikwa Abdel Rahman al-Suwayhili (Kiarabu: عبد الرحمن السويحلي), ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Libya na kiongozi wa chama cha Union for the Homeland. Alichaguliwa kuwa mwenyekiti wa Baraza Kuu la [[Taifa]] tarehe 6 Aprili 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State Supreme Council elects Al-Sweihli as President|url=https://www.libyanexpress.com/state-supreme-council-elects-al-sweihli-as-president/|work=Libyan Express|...' 1545452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdulrahman Sewehli,''' ambaye pia huandikwa Abdel Rahman al-Suwayhili (Kiarabu: عبد الرحمن السويحلي), ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Libya na kiongozi wa chama cha Union for the Homeland. Alichaguliwa kuwa mwenyekiti wa Baraza Kuu la [[Taifa]] tarehe 6 Aprili 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State Supreme Council elects Al-Sweihli as President|url=https://www.libyanexpress.com/state-supreme-council-elects-al-sweihli-as-president/|work=Libyan Express|date=2016-04-06|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-GB|author=ex_admin}}</ref> Yeye ni mjukuu wa mwanasiasa maarufu wa kizalendo wa Tripolitania, Ramadan Asswehly, ambaye alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Jamhuri ya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hourston |first=James E. |last2=Bennett |first2=Alison E. |last3=Johnson |first3=Scott N. |last4=Gange |first4=Alan C. |date=2016-08-29 |title=Does the Slow-Growth, High-Mortality Hypothesis Apply Below Ground? |url=https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161904 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=e0161904 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0161904 |issn=1932-6203}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1946]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Libya]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 34bhb8bqil4tfx21g1e174pfdiameww 0 236241 1545453 2026-05-18T02:47:19Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mustafa Muftak Tahir Tajouri''' (Kiarabu: مصطفى تاجوري) alikuwa [[Balozi]] wa Libya nchini Urusi akiwa na hadhi ya Balozi Kamili na Mwenye Mamlaka Kamili wa Jamahiriya Kuu ya Kisoshalisti ya Kiarabu ya Libya. Tajouri alihitimu kutoka Chuo cha Kijeshi cha Jamahiriya mwaka 1982, na baada ya hapo akaanza kazi katika [[Jeshi la Magereza Tanzania Bara|jeshi]] la Libya. Baada ya kufikia cheo cha kanali, alifanya kazi za kufundisha katika taasisi m...' 1545453 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mustafa Muftak Tahir Tajouri''' (Kiarabu: مصطفى تاجوري) alikuwa [[Balozi]] wa Libya nchini Urusi akiwa na hadhi ya Balozi Kamili na Mwenye Mamlaka Kamili wa Jamahiriya Kuu ya Kisoshalisti ya Kiarabu ya Libya. Tajouri alihitimu kutoka Chuo cha Kijeshi cha Jamahiriya mwaka 1982, na baada ya hapo akaanza kazi katika [[Jeshi la Magereza Tanzania Bara|jeshi]] la Libya. Baada ya kufikia cheo cha kanali, alifanya kazi za kufundisha katika taasisi mbalimbali za elimu ya kijeshi nchini Libya. Mnamo Januari 2007, Tajouri aliteuliwa kuwa balozi mpya wa [[Libya]] nchini Urusi, na aliwasilisha hati zake za utambulisho kwa Vladimir Putin tarehe 13 Aprili 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=diplomatrus.com|url=https://www.diplomatrus.com/article.php?id=952&l=eng|work=www.diplomatrus.com|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Libya]] sxu8ja3c3p0dc7ld25sqz6j7ap9wk72 0 236242 1545454 2026-05-18T02:50:37Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mifta al-Usta Umar''' (Kiarabu: مفتاح الاسطى عمر; 1935 – 22 Machi 2010) alikuwa [[Katibu]] Mkuu wa Kongamano Kuu la Watu la Libya kuanzia 15 Februari 1984 hadi 7 Oktoba 1990. Katika nafasi hiyo, kwa nadharia alikuwa mkuu wa nchi ya [[Libya]], ingawa Muammar Gaddafi aliendelea kuwa na mamlaka makubwa zaidi kama “Kiongozi na Mwongozo wa Mapinduzi”. Umar alihitimu kutoka Kitivo cha Tiba cha Chuo Kikuu cha Ain Shams mjini Cairo mwaka 1...' 1545454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mifta al-Usta Umar''' (Kiarabu: مفتاح الاسطى عمر; 1935 – 22 Machi 2010) alikuwa [[Katibu]] Mkuu wa Kongamano Kuu la Watu la Libya kuanzia 15 Februari 1984 hadi 7 Oktoba 1990. Katika nafasi hiyo, kwa nadharia alikuwa mkuu wa nchi ya [[Libya]], ingawa Muammar Gaddafi aliendelea kuwa na mamlaka makubwa zaidi kama “Kiongozi na Mwongozo wa Mapinduzi”. Umar alihitimu kutoka Kitivo cha Tiba cha Chuo Kikuu cha Ain Shams mjini Cairo mwaka 1961. Alifanya kazi kama daktari katika [[Hospitali]] ya Massa huko Al-Bayda, na mwaka 1963 akawa Meneja Mkuu wa hospitali hiyo.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRNVYtHo63IC&q=Mifta&pg=PA198|title=Libya|last=Metz|first=Helen Chapin|date=2004-06-01|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4191-3012-0|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1935]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Libya]] qb7br5ft6yypdy4ocfn6o9edyana09d 0 236243 1545455 2026-05-18T02:54:10Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Hasan Zaglam''' (Kiarabu: حسن مختار زقلام) ni mkaguzi wa [[Hesabu (Biblia)|hesabu]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Libya aliyezaliwa mjini Tripoli mwaka 1945.<ref>{{Cite web|title=وزارة المالية|url=http://www.pm.gov.ly/ministries/item/67-ministry-of-finance.html|work=www.pm.gov.ly|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=ar-aa}}</ref> Aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa [[Fedha]] tarehe 22 Novemba 2011 na Abdurrahim El-Keib. == Marejeo == <references /> {{...' 1545455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hasan Zaglam''' (Kiarabu: حسن مختار زقلام) ni mkaguzi wa [[Hesabu (Biblia)|hesabu]] na [[mwanasiasa]] wa Libya aliyezaliwa mjini Tripoli mwaka 1945.<ref>{{Cite web|title=وزارة المالية|url=http://www.pm.gov.ly/ministries/item/67-ministry-of-finance.html|work=www.pm.gov.ly|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=ar-aa}}</ref> Aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri wa [[Fedha]] tarehe 22 Novemba 2011 na Abdurrahim El-Keib. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Libya]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kld3i0tjn7gnunplkkjp0s06jklvfz6 0 236244 1545456 2026-05-18T02:55:17Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Derek Lee''' (pia anajulikana kama '''Derek E. Lee''' au '''Derek Edward Lee''') ni mwanaikolojia na [[mwanabiolojia]] wa wanyamapori nchini [[Marekani]] aliyebobea katika biolojia ya idadi ya viumbe, biolojia ya uhifadhi, na ikolojia ya kiasi. Derek ndiye Mwanasayansi Mkuu na Afisa Mkuu Mtendaji (CEO) wa Wild Nature Institute, na ana utafiti wa muda mrefu unaoendelea kuhusu uhifadhi wa idadi ya viumbe na vinasaba wa twiga wa [[Masai]] katika mifumo ya...' 1545456 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Derek Lee''' (pia anajulikana kama '''Derek E. Lee''' au '''Derek Edward Lee''') ni mwanaikolojia na [[mwanabiolojia]] wa wanyamapori nchini [[Marekani]] aliyebobea katika biolojia ya idadi ya viumbe, biolojia ya uhifadhi, na ikolojia ya kiasi. Derek ndiye Mwanasayansi Mkuu na Afisa Mkuu Mtendaji (CEO) wa Wild Nature Institute, na ana utafiti wa muda mrefu unaoendelea kuhusu uhifadhi wa idadi ya viumbe na vinasaba wa twiga wa [[Masai]] katika mifumo ya ikolojia ya [[Tarangire]] na [[Serengeti]] nchini [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theawl.com/2013/03/quit-your-job-living-with-the-wild-things-without-compromise/|title=Quit Your Job! Living With the Wild Things, Without Compromise|work=The Awl|access-date=2018-03-07|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1042-9543|title=Derek E. Lee (0000-0002-1042-9543) - ORCID {{!}} Connecting Research and Researchers|last=ORCID|website=orcid.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 9loz4zte79d6bdc2q17h860x0jtd6dr 0 236245 1545457 2026-05-18T02:58:24Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jean-Claude Latombe''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 14]], [[1947]]) ni mbunifu wa [[roboti]] mwenye asili ya [[Ufaransa]] na uraia wa [[Marekani]], na Profesa katika Shule ya Uhandisi ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]]. Latombe ni mtafiti katika mipango ya mwendo wa roboti, na ameandika mojawapo ya vitabu vilivyonukuliwa sana katika uwanja huo.<ref name=Latombe1991>{{Citation | last = Latombe | first = J.C. | year = 1991 | title =Robot Motion Planning | url = htt...' 1545457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean-Claude Latombe''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 14]], [[1947]]) ni mbunifu wa [[roboti]] mwenye asili ya [[Ufaransa]] na uraia wa [[Marekani]], na Profesa katika Shule ya Uhandisi ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford]]. Latombe ni mtafiti katika mipango ya mwendo wa roboti, na ameandika mojawapo ya vitabu vilivyonukuliwa sana katika uwanja huo.<ref name=Latombe1991>{{Citation | last = Latombe | first = J.C. | year = 1991 | title =Robot Motion Planning | url = https://books.google.com/books?hl=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elected AAAI Fellows |url=https://aaai.org/about-aaai/aaai-awards/the-aaai-fellows-program/elected-aaai-fellows/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=AAAI |language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] pk1qtc355m9g1oc2n3ebyfxktthygj7 0 236246 1545458 2026-05-18T03:01:34Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James S. Langer''' ni profesa wa [[fizikia]] wa [[Marekani]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Santa Barbara. Anajulikana kwa kazi yake katika fizikia ya kinadharia ya hali dhabiti, mienendo ya mpito wa awamu, na nadharia ya mifumo isiyo na usawa.<ref name="langerhomepage">{{Cite web | url=http://www.physics.ucsb.edu/~langer/ | title=Professor James S. Langer, Biosketch | access-date=2010-10-15 | archive-date=2011-07-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive...' 1545458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James S. Langer''' ni profesa wa [[fizikia]] wa [[Marekani]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Santa Barbara. Anajulikana kwa kazi yake katika fizikia ya kinadharia ya hali dhabiti, mienendo ya mpito wa awamu, na nadharia ya mifumo isiyo na usawa.<ref name="langerhomepage">{{Cite web | url=http://www.physics.ucsb.edu/~langer/ | title=Professor James S. Langer, Biosketch | access-date=2010-10-15 | archive-date=2011-07-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725093723/http://www.physics.ucsb.edu/~langer/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="aps99">{{Cite web |url=http://www.apscenttalks.org/chair.cfm?sessID=33 |access-date=2010-10-15 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 62ocv9v4yqn769qxb938tmc8ve4z7y3 0 236247 1545459 2026-05-18T03:05:25Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Craig R. Allen''' ni mwanaikolojia na [[mwanasayansi]] wa uthabiti (resilience scientist) nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni Profesa wa Utafiti na Mwanasayansi wa Uthabiti katika Shule ya Maliasili ya Chuo Kikuu cha Nebraska–Lincoln (UNL) na Mkurugenzi wa Center for Resilience in Agricultural Working Landscapes (CRAWL).<ref name="UNL-PP">{{cite web |title=Craig Allen – Public Policy Center |url=https://ppc.unl.edu/staff/craig-allen |website=University of...' 1545459 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Craig R. Allen''' ni mwanaikolojia na [[mwanasayansi]] wa uthabiti (resilience scientist) nchini [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni Profesa wa Utafiti na Mwanasayansi wa Uthabiti katika Shule ya Maliasili ya Chuo Kikuu cha Nebraska–Lincoln (UNL) na Mkurugenzi wa Center for Resilience in Agricultural Working Landscapes (CRAWL).<ref name="UNL-PP">{{cite web |title=Craig Allen – Public Policy Center |url=https://ppc.unl.edu/staff/craig-allen |website=University of Nebraska Public Policy Center |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><ref name="SNR">{{cite web |title=Craig Allen |url=https://snr.unl.edu/aboutus/who/people/faculty-member.aspx?pid=647 |website=School of Natural Resources – University of Nebraska–Lincoln |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><ref name="CRAWL">{{cite web |title=Craig Allen |url=https://centerforresilience.unl.edu/person/craig-allen/ |website=Center for Resilience in Agricultural Working Landscapes (CRAWL), UNL |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] ps85aip0fm1y9ob592kdwiqmj1rp5kq 0 236248 1545460 2026-05-18T03:05:26Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'Fathallah Abd Al-Latif Al-Zani ni mwanasiasa wa Libya ambaye amehudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa muda tangu Agosti 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Libya foreign minister dismissed after meeting Israeli counterpart: Sources|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/28/libya-protests-after-foreign-minister-reportedly-met-with-israeli-official|work=Al Jazeera|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en}}</ref> Hapo awali, alikuwa Waziri wa Vijana tangu mwaka 2021. Mn...' 1545460 wikitext text/x-wiki Fathallah Abd Al-Latif Al-Zani ni mwanasiasa wa Libya ambaye amehudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa muda tangu Agosti 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Libya foreign minister dismissed after meeting Israeli counterpart: Sources|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/28/libya-protests-after-foreign-minister-reportedly-met-with-israeli-official|work=Al Jazeera|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en}}</ref> Hapo awali, alikuwa Waziri wa Vijana tangu mwaka 2021. Mnamo Septemba 2023, alihutubia mjadala mkuu wa kikao cha sabini na nane cha Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Libya]] ee7nxn9vmv2ti45vll5eoyyto2321r4 0 236249 1545461 2026-05-18T03:11:49Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Herbert James Draper''' ([[Novemba 26]], [[1863]] – [[Septemba 22]], [[1920]]) alikuwa [[mchoraji]] wa Kineoclassist nchini [[Uingereza]] ambaye kazi yake ilianza katika enzi ya Victoria na kuendelea katika miongo miwili ya kwanza ya karne ya 20. Alijulikana zaidi kwa uchoraji wake wa mada za mythological na za kihistoria, ikiwemo ''The Lament for Icarus''.<ref>1871 British census St. Paul, Covent Garden</ref><ref>Simon Toll, ''Herbert Draper, 1863–...' 1545461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Herbert James Draper''' ([[Novemba 26]], [[1863]] – [[Septemba 22]], [[1920]]) alikuwa [[mchoraji]] wa Kineoclassist nchini [[Uingereza]] ambaye kazi yake ilianza katika enzi ya Victoria na kuendelea katika miongo miwili ya kwanza ya karne ya 20. Alijulikana zaidi kwa uchoraji wake wa mada za mythological na za kihistoria, ikiwemo ''The Lament for Icarus''.<ref>1871 British census St. Paul, Covent Garden</ref><ref>Simon Toll, ''Herbert Draper, 1863–1920: A Life Study'', Woodbridge: Antique Collectors' Club, 2001, {{ISBN|9781851493784}}, p.&nbsp;49. Toll, p.&nbsp;171, notes that 1864 and 1865, both sometimes given as Draper's birth year, are incorrect.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1863]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1920]] 2xsdmc8fpwwioabcwasj66i51izuh45 0 236250 1545462 2026-05-18T03:14:24Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''David Downton''' (alizaliwa [[Februari 18]], [[1959]]) ni [[mchoraji]] picha za mitindo wa [[Uingereza]]. Alifanya kazi kwa jarida la Vogue na ana sifa ya kuwachora watu mashuhuri wa mitindo na filamu. Pia alifanya kazi na chapa kama Chanel na Dior.<ref name="birthdate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bt9Vig_H66v/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/daviddownton/1980834141970607791 |archive-date=2021-12-26 |url-access=reg...' 1545462 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Downton''' (alizaliwa [[Februari 18]], [[1959]]) ni [[mchoraji]] picha za mitindo wa [[Uingereza]]. Alifanya kazi kwa jarida la Vogue na ana sifa ya kuwachora watu mashuhuri wa mitindo na filamu. Pia alifanya kazi na chapa kama Chanel na Dior.<ref name="birthdate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bt9Vig_H66v/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/daviddownton/1980834141970607791 |archive-date=2021-12-26 |url-access=registration|title=David Downton on Instagram|website=Instagram|language=en|access-date=2019-02-17}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daviddownton.com/|title=Home - David Downton|publisher=}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 24k5s8rsvodtqfupdr2dofvii8dgi1v 0 236251 1545464 2026-05-18T03:16:36Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ali Yusuf Zikri''' (Kiarabu: علي يوسف زكري) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mhandisi wa Libya aliyewahi kuhudumu katika [[serikali]] ya Libya kama Katibu wa Kamati Kuu ya Watu ya Libya kwa Wizara ya Viwanda na Madini. Aliteuliwa katika nafasi hiyo mwezi Januari 2007 akimrithi aliyekuwa [[Waziri]] wa Viwanda na Madini, Ali Umar al-Hasnawi. Kabla ya hapo, alikuwa kaimu Katibu wa Kamati Kuu ya Watu anayesimamia Mawasiliano na Uchukuzi.<ref>{{Cite web|tit...' 1545464 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Yusuf Zikri''' (Kiarabu: علي يوسف زكري) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na mhandisi wa Libya aliyewahi kuhudumu katika [[serikali]] ya Libya kama Katibu wa Kamati Kuu ya Watu ya Libya kwa Wizara ya Viwanda na Madini. Aliteuliwa katika nafasi hiyo mwezi Januari 2007 akimrithi aliyekuwa [[Waziri]] wa Viwanda na Madini, Ali Umar al-Hasnawi. Kabla ya hapo, alikuwa kaimu Katibu wa Kamati Kuu ya Watu anayesimamia Mawasiliano na Uchukuzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ali Yusuf Zikri: Wasifu|url=https://boo.world/sw/database/profile/1062501/ali-yusuf-zikri-personality-type|work=Boo|date=2026-05-18|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=sw}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Libya]] rx22tribqhy1qtvowy4ngp1e9iwweoh 0 236252 1545465 2026-05-18T03:17:55Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''William Denis Eden''' ([[Julai 20]], [[1878]] – [[Oktoba 30]], [[1949]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] mzaliwa wa [[Liverpool]] ambaye uchoraji wake wenye nguvu na wa kipekee ulikuwa katika mtindo wa 'neo-Pre-Raphaelite'. Alisomea katika Shule ya Sanaa ya St John's Wood na Shule za Royal Academy, na akaendelea kuonyesha sanaa yake mara kwa mara kwenye Royal Academy. Alimuoa mshairi [[Helen Parry Eden]], na katika miaka ya kati ya vita waligawanya wakati wao kat...' 1545465 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Denis Eden''' ([[Julai 20]], [[1878]] – [[Oktoba 30]], [[1949]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] mzaliwa wa [[Liverpool]] ambaye uchoraji wake wenye nguvu na wa kipekee ulikuwa katika mtindo wa 'neo-Pre-Raphaelite'. Alisomea katika Shule ya Sanaa ya St John's Wood na Shule za Royal Academy, na akaendelea kuonyesha sanaa yake mara kwa mara kwenye Royal Academy. Alimuoa mshairi [[Helen Parry Eden]], na katika miaka ya kati ya vita waligawanya wakati wao kati ya Oxfordshire na [[Italia]]. Alichora michoro kwa kitabu cha watoto na alitoa michoro kwa hadithi za 'zama za kati' za mkewe.<ref>The 1881 England census (ancestry.co.uk) shows William Eden and wife, Ella (née Macgregor), with three children – Phyllis, Edgar and Denis – at 14 Sandon Street, Liverpool. London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754–1936, (ancestry.co.uk) gives Denis Eden's birth date.</ref><ref>He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1868 and more regularly in the 1880s and 1890s, when he was living in the London area – [https://chronicle250.com 'The Royal Academy Summer Exhibition: A Chronicle 1769–2018'.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305191031/https://chronicle250.com/ |date=2021-03-05 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1878]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1949]] q1q9ji9nb5occ687xsxly0l1tjdppaj 0 236253 1545466 2026-05-18T03:20:05Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ali Muhammad Miftah Al-Zinati''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Libya ambaye aliwahi kuwa [[waziri]] katika Serikali ya Umoja wa Kitaifa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Updated: Names of Libya’s newly endorsed Government of National Unity|url=https://libyaherald.com/2021/03/names-of-libyas-newly-endorsed-government-of-national-unity/|work=LibyaHerald|date=2021-03-11|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-US|author=Sami Zaptia}}</ref> Alihudumu kama Waziri wa [[Afya]] wakati...' 1545466 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Muhammad Miftah Al-Zinati''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Libya ambaye aliwahi kuwa [[waziri]] katika Serikali ya Umoja wa Kitaifa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Updated: Names of Libya’s newly endorsed Government of National Unity|url=https://libyaherald.com/2021/03/names-of-libyas-newly-endorsed-government-of-national-unity/|work=LibyaHerald|date=2021-03-11|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-US|author=Sami Zaptia}}</ref> Alihudumu kama Waziri wa [[Afya]] wakati wa janga la COVID-19 == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Libya]] fp9z1wqqiuyd37va6ai0njc7v4eox7h 0 236254 1545467 2026-05-18T03:20:07Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Clarence Mason Dobell''' ([[1836]] – [[1917]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] na mchoraji picha wa [[Uingereza]].<ref>S. M. Ellis, Sydney Dobell - The Poet of the Cotswolds, ''[[The Bookman (London)|The Bookman]]'', No. 424, Vol. LXXI (January 1927), pp. 201-10</ref><ref name="Mitchell1983">{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Sally|title=Dinah Mulock Craik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFluAAAAIAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Twayne Publishers|isbn=978-0-8057-6850-3|...' 1545467 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clarence Mason Dobell''' ([[1836]] – [[1917]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] na mchoraji picha wa [[Uingereza]].<ref>S. M. Ellis, Sydney Dobell - The Poet of the Cotswolds, ''[[The Bookman (London)|The Bookman]]'', No. 424, Vol. LXXI (January 1927), pp. 201-10</ref><ref name="Mitchell1983">{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Sally|title=Dinah Mulock Craik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFluAAAAIAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Twayne Publishers|isbn=978-0-8057-6850-3|page=12}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1836]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1917]] tqo2ylsd152tg8hbkzxtwrdgh7ca61k 0 236255 1545468 2026-05-18T03:22:27Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Roosevelt Boettiger''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 30]], [[1939]]) ni profesa aliyestaafu wa [[saikolojia]] ya maendeleo na kliniki, na mtoto wa [[Anna Roosevelt Boettiger]] na mumewe wa pili, [[Clarence John Boettiger]]. Yeye ni mjukuu wa Rais wa [[Marekani]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] na [[Eleanor Roosevelt]]. Anaishi kaskazini mwa [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reckonings.net/about.html|title=John Roosevelt Boettiger|website=www.reckon...' 1545468 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Roosevelt Boettiger''' (alizaliwa [[Machi 30]], [[1939]]) ni profesa aliyestaafu wa [[saikolojia]] ya maendeleo na kliniki, na mtoto wa [[Anna Roosevelt Boettiger]] na mumewe wa pili, [[Clarence John Boettiger]]. Yeye ni mjukuu wa Rais wa [[Marekani]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] na [[Eleanor Roosevelt]]. Anaishi kaskazini mwa [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reckonings.net/about.html|title=John Roosevelt Boettiger|website=www.reckonings.net}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasaikolojia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mpbsoozeuiwwerdqsr35e77ahhnqpk9 0 236256 1545469 2026-05-18T03:24:02Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai''' (alizaliwa 14 Mei 1952) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Libya ambaye alikuwa Katibu Mkuu wa mwisho wa Kongamano Kuu la Watu la Libya, na hivyo kuwa mkuu wa nchi kwa jina kuanzia mwaka 2010 hadi 2011. Alimrithi Imbarek Shamekh katika nafasi hiyo. Inadaiwa kuwa alikuwa rafiki wa karibu wa muda mrefu wa Muammar Gaddafi, na anatajwa kuwa mtu aliyemtambulisha Gaddafi kwa Abdessalam Jalloud, ambaye alikuwa Waziri Mkuu wa Libya katika mia...' 1545469 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai''' (alizaliwa 14 Mei 1952) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Libya ambaye alikuwa Katibu Mkuu wa mwisho wa Kongamano Kuu la Watu la Libya, na hivyo kuwa mkuu wa nchi kwa jina kuanzia mwaka 2010 hadi 2011. Alimrithi Imbarek Shamekh katika nafasi hiyo. Inadaiwa kuwa alikuwa rafiki wa karibu wa muda mrefu wa Muammar Gaddafi, na anatajwa kuwa mtu aliyemtambulisha Gaddafi kwa Abdessalam Jalloud, ambaye alikuwa Waziri Mkuu wa Libya katika miaka ya 1970. Kufikia tarehe 8 Septemba 2011, alikuwa amekamatwa na vikosi vya Baraza la Mpito la Taifa (NTC). Mnamo Juni 2013, aliondolewa mashtaka ya matumizi mabaya ya [[fedha]] za umma lakini aliendelea kushikiliwa [[gerezani]]. Julai 2015 alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka 12 jela, lakini aliachiliwa mwaka 2016 kutokana na sababu za kiafya. Aprili 2017, aliteuliwa kuwa mshauri wa masuala ya Maghreb na Spika wa Baraza la Wawakilishi, Aguila Saleh Issa. Mnamo Mei 2018, al-Zwai alikuwa miongoni mwa wafuasi wakuu wa Gaddafi waliotangaza kumuunga mkono Khalifa Haftar katika mkutano uliofanyika Benghazi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Libya has its first electoral alliance between Haftar and Gaddafi loyalists|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180515-libya-has-its-first-electoral-alliance-between-haftar-and-gaddafi-loyalists/|work=Middle East Monitor|date=2018-05-15|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Libya]] 6rqu6y4nct249xku7zxox0yvjqh9mu2 0 236257 1545470 2026-05-18T03:24:21Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alfred Mullikin Boyce''' ([[Mei 2]], [[1901]] – [[Julai 11]], [[1997]]) alikuwa mtaalamu wa wadudu (entomologist) nchini [[Marekani]] na alikuwa mkuu wa kwanza wa Chuo cha Kilimo cha Chuo Kikuu cha California, Riverside. Alijulikana kwa utafiti wake juu ya udhibiti wa wadudu na magonjwa ya mimea.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgQ5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA83|page=83|title=Register - University of California, Volume 2|publisher=Univer...' 1545470 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfred Mullikin Boyce''' ([[Mei 2]], [[1901]] – [[Julai 11]], [[1997]]) alikuwa mtaalamu wa wadudu (entomologist) nchini [[Marekani]] na alikuwa mkuu wa kwanza wa Chuo cha Kilimo cha Chuo Kikuu cha California, Riverside. Alijulikana kwa utafiti wake juu ya udhibiti wa wadudu na magonjwa ya mimea.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgQ5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA83|page=83|title=Register - University of California, Volume 2|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1927}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvE2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA55|page=55|title=Alfred M. Boyce Named Agricultural Dean on Riverside Campus|journal=University Bulletin: A Weekly Bulletin for the Staff of the University of California|volume=9|last1=(System)|first1=University of California|year=1961}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1901]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1997]] t35kqzn6usb0gje7az03fgkn3xohaa2 0 236258 1545471 2026-05-18T03:26:55Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Harold Cornelius Bradley''' ([[Novemba 25]], [[1878]] – [[Januari 4]], [[1976]]) alikuwa [[mwanasayansi]] na mwanazuoni nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye alikuwa profesa wa [[biokemia]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin. Bradley alihamia Madison mwaka [[1906]], ambapo alikuwa mmoja wa wafanyakazi watatu wa kwanza wa Shule mpya ya Tiba ya Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin.<ref name="Mrs">{{cite news|title=Mrs. Harold C. Bradley Dies at Berkeley, Calif., on Friday |url=h...' 1545471 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harold Cornelius Bradley''' ([[Novemba 25]], [[1878]] – [[Januari 4]], [[1976]]) alikuwa [[mwanasayansi]] na mwanazuoni nchini [[Marekani]] ambaye alikuwa profesa wa [[biokemia]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin. Bradley alihamia Madison mwaka [[1906]], ambapo alikuwa mmoja wa wafanyakazi watatu wa kwanza wa Shule mpya ya Tiba ya Chuo Kikuu cha Wisconsin.<ref name="Mrs">{{cite news|title=Mrs. Harold C. Bradley Dies at Berkeley, Calif., on Friday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38473612/mary_josephine_crane_bradley_18861952/ |newspaper=The Capital Times |date=January 26, 1952 |page=1 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=November 5, 2019}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref name="Obit">{{cite news|title=Hoofers Founder Dr. Bradley, 97, Dies |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38582409/harold_c_bradley_18781976/ |newspaper=Wisconsin State Journal |date=January 6, 1976 |page=1 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=November 7, 2019}} {{Open access}}</ref><ref name="Obit 2">{{cite news|title=Dr. Harold Bradley |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38634082/harold_c_bradley_18781976/ |newspaper=Wisconsin State Journal |date=January 8, 1976 |page=10 |via = [[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=November 8, 2019}} {{Open access}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1878]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1976]] 9ky3edoxu9bu7kn57agiahi48td1p9k 0 236259 1545472 2026-05-18T03:53:59Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mary Katharine Brandegee''' ([[Oktoba 28]], [[1844]] – [[Aprili 3]], [[1920]]) alikuwa [[mwanabotania]] nchini [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa tafiti zake za kina za mimea huko [[California]]. Alikuwa pia msimamizi wa kwanza mwanamke wa idara ya botania katika Chuo cha Sayansi cha California (California Academy of Sciences).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url = https://cglhs.org/resources/Documents/Eden-14.4-Fa-2011.pdf|last = Carter|first = Nancy Carol|...' 1545472 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Katharine Brandegee''' ([[Oktoba 28]], [[1844]] – [[Aprili 3]], [[1920]]) alikuwa [[mwanabotania]] nchini [[Marekani]] anayejulikana kwa tafiti zake za kina za mimea huko [[California]]. Alikuwa pia msimamizi wa kwanza mwanamke wa idara ya botania katika Chuo cha Sayansi cha California (California Academy of Sciences).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url = https://cglhs.org/resources/Documents/Eden-14.4-Fa-2011.pdf|last = Carter|first = Nancy Carol|year=2011 |title = The Brandegees: Leading Botanists in San Diego|journal=Eden: Journal of the California Garden & Landscape History Society|volume=14|number=4}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = » Katharine Brandegee: Blazing a Trail for Women in Science {{!}} NYBG|url = http://blogs.nybg.org/science-talk/2014/02/katherine-brandegee-blazing-a-trail-for-women-in-science/|website = blogs.nybg.org| date=3 February 2014 |access-date = 2015-11-19}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1844]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1920]] cokbkwxf6ktjmx2pozbipqsokserr0g 0 236260 1545473 2026-05-18T03:57:14Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Townshend Stith Brandegee''' ([[Februari 16]], [[1843]] – [[Aprili 7]], [[1925]]) alikuwa [[mwanabotania]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mamlaka juu ya mimea ya Baja California na Visiwa vya Channel vya California. Alifanya kazi pamoja na mkewe [[Mary Katharine Brandegee]] katika kukusanya na kusoma mimea ya [[California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Townshend Stith Brandegee|url=http://islapedia.com/index.php?title=BRANDEGEE,_Townshend_Stith|website=Islaped...' 1545473 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Townshend Stith Brandegee''' ([[Februari 16]], [[1843]] – [[Aprili 7]], [[1925]]) alikuwa [[mwanabotania]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mamlaka juu ya mimea ya Baja California na Visiwa vya Channel vya California. Alifanya kazi pamoja na mkewe [[Mary Katharine Brandegee]] katika kukusanya na kusoma mimea ya [[California]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Townshend Stith Brandegee|url=http://islapedia.com/index.php?title=BRANDEGEE,_Townshend_Stith|website=Islapedia.org|accessdate=October 8, 2016}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1843]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1925]] qgizflvt58tk9dqwrz18yu2mm3nlezy 0 236261 1545474 2026-05-18T04:29:02Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert K. Brinton''' ([[Januari 9]], [[1915]] – [[Desemba 9]], [[1996]]) alikuwa mpandaji miamba na mteleza kwenye theluji (ski mountaineer) nchini [[Marekani]]. Pamoja na mwenzake walipanda mara kwa mara, Glen Dawson, alifanya mapandio yake ya kwanza mengi huko [[California]], [[British Kolumbia]], na [[Utah]] katika miaka ya [[1930]] na akataja idadi ya njia maarufu.<ref>California State Board of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics, County of Los An...' 1545474 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert K. Brinton''' ([[Januari 9]], [[1915]] – [[Desemba 9]], [[1996]]) alikuwa mpandaji miamba na mteleza kwenye theluji (ski mountaineer) nchini [[Marekani]]. Pamoja na mwenzake walipanda mara kwa mara, Glen Dawson, alifanya mapandio yake ya kwanza mengi huko [[California]], [[British Kolumbia]], na [[Utah]] katika miaka ya [[1930]] na akataja idadi ya njia maarufu.<ref>California State Board of Health, Bureau of Vital Statistics, County of Los Angeles, City of Los Angeles: Certificate of Birth. State of California, Certificate of Vital Record, County of Yolo, Woodland, California 95695: Certificate of Death.</ref><ref>Blue and White Semi-Annual. Published by the Graduating Class of Los Angeles High School. Winter 1932.</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1915]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1996]] p4q0x4i8keznmanwqrqoxzujasn1280 0 236262 1545475 2026-05-18T05:08:22Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545475 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amar Makhloufi''' (amezaliwa 17 Novemba 1943) alikuwa Waziri wa Nishati na Viwanda wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] katika serikali ya Mokdad Sifi mwaka 1995. Alimrithi Ahmed Benbitour katika wadhifa huo. Pia alikuwa mhandisi wa zamani wa kampuni ya SONATRACH.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nE0fEZ9VmHEC&pg=PA167|title=Navigating New Markets Abroad: Charting a Course for the International Businessperson|last=Raddock|first=David M.|date=2001|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|isbn=978-0-7425-0206-2|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1943]] bzzuz4yo8lgqwleem2c9nyx5fqh5p6n 0 236263 1545476 2026-05-18T05:11:56Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545476 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Redha Malek''' (21 Desemba 1931 – 29 Julai 2017) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye aliwahi kuwa Waziri Mkuu wa Algeria kuanzia 21 Agosti 1993 hadi 11 Aprili 1994. Katika kipindi chake cha uongozi, kilichokuwa mwanzoni mwa Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Algeria, alifuata sera kali dhidi ya makundi ya Kiislamu. Pia alifanikiwa kujadiliana kuhusu kupunguziwa deni la Algeria na Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa (IMF) baada ya utekelezaji wa mpango wa mageuzi wa IMF.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Décès de Redha Malek, ancien chef du gouvernement|url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/reda-malek-est-decede/|work=TSA|date=2017-07-29|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=fr-FR|author=Mounir Acef}}</ref> Alijulikana kwa kuunga mkono uchumi wa soko huria. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2017]] a5bjphipo8hlcegu86f8e51nwz2x8w2 0 236264 1545477 2026-05-18T05:15:33Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545477 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hacen Mefti''' (amezaliwa 3 Julai 1937) alikuwa Waziri wa Nishati wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Yeye ni mhitimu wa Chuo Kikuu cha Dresden na pia alikuwa afisa wa zamani wa kampuni ya SONATRACH.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nE0fEZ9VmHEC&pg=PA167|title=Navigating New Markets Abroad: Charting a Course for the International Businessperson|last=Raddock|first=David M.|date=2001|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|isbn=978-0-7425-0206-2|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] 85t5mg3apyc41o8275ylpgcz9k3946r 0 236265 1545478 2026-05-18T05:19:24Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545478 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mokhtar Meherzi''' alikuwa Waziri wa Uchukuzi wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] katika serikali ya Belaid Abdessalam mwaka 1992.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=447JDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1993-94|last=Hunter|first=B.|date=2016-12-23|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-27122-7|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Algeria]] tktphax80p9mb1dhjm55l18wtg8a2qg 0 236266 1545479 2026-05-18T05:29:13Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Djilali Mehri''' ni mwenyekiti na Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Pepsi [[Aljeria|Algeria]] pamoja na holding ya Maghreb and the Middle East Investors. Pia alikuwa na mradi wa kujenga hoteli 36 kwa ushirikiano na Accor katika miji mikubwa ya Algeria kama Algiers, Constantine na Oran.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Djillali Mehri homme d'affaire algerien collection d'arts des tableaux orientalistes - site officiel|url=https://www.djillalimehri.com/|work=www.djillalimehri.com|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] mkuovupx3drpjoau5pvbdh61cphhoyd 1545480 1545479 2026-05-18T05:30:06Z Don Malya 61486 1545480 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Djilali Mehri''' ni mwenyekiti na Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Pepsi [[Aljeria|Algeria]] pamoja na holding ya Maghreb and the Middle East Investors. Pia alikuwa na mradi wa kujenga hoteli 36 kwa ushirikiano na Accor katika miji mikubwa ya Algeria kama Algiers, Constantine na Oran.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Djillali Mehri homme d'affaire algerien collection d'arts des tableaux orientalistes - site officiel|url=https://www.djillalimehri.com/|work=www.djillalimehri.com|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} oboppi6pxl4avm8zxf365ay96utcli8 0 236267 1545481 2026-05-18T05:39:20Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545481 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Salah Mentouri''' (9 Aprili 1940 – 5 Septemba 2010) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Kazi na Masuala ya Kijamii kuanzia 18 Juni 1991 hadi 16 Oktoba 1991, na baadaye kuwa Waziri wa Afya na Masuala ya Kijamii kuanzia 16 Oktoba 1991 hadi 22 Februari 1992. Pia alikuwa Rais wa Kamati ya Olimpiki ya Algeria katika vipindi viwili tofauti: 1984–1988 na 1989–1993.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hommage du CNESE à Mohamed Salah Mentouri : L’homme qui osait dire non - Économie : Liberté|url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/economie/l-homme-qui-osait-dire-non-367017|work=www.liberte-algerie.com|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=fr|author=https://www.kreo-agency.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2010]] e7zqxkp9oj8jod4u8iyxm2383d3h8q6 0 236268 1545482 2026-05-18T05:45:15Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545482 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yacine Merabi''' (amezaliwa 7 Agosti 1966) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri wa Elimu na Mafunzo ya Kitaaluma. Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 7 Julai 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://www.premier-ministre.gov.dz/fr/cv/47|work=www.premier-ministre.gov.dz|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qzlobn569ximi9u3lb3ixo1fiw592el 0 236269 1545483 2026-05-18T05:52:40Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ethel Campbell Louise Anderson''' (née Mason; 16 Machi 1883 – 4 Agosti 1958) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa insha, mwandishi wa riwaya, na mchoraji wa mapema karne ya ishirini kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adelaide|first=Debra|title=Waandishi wa Kike wa Australia: Mwongozo wa Kibabilonia|date=1988|publisher=Pandora|isbn=978-0-86358-148-9|location=London; Sydney}}</ref> Ingawa yeye mwenyewe alijichukulia zaidi kama mshairi, hivi sas...' 1545483 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ethel Campbell Louise Anderson''' (née Mason; 16 Machi 1883 – 4 Agosti 1958) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa insha, mwandishi wa riwaya, na mchoraji wa mapema karne ya ishirini kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Adelaide|first=Debra|title=Waandishi wa Kike wa Australia: Mwongozo wa Kibabilonia|date=1988|publisher=Pandora|isbn=978-0-86358-148-9|location=London; Sydney}}</ref> Ingawa yeye mwenyewe alijichukulia zaidi kama mshairi, hivi sasa anathaminiwa sana kwa hadithi zake zenye ucheshi na kejeli. Anderson amewahi kuelezewa kama "mwandishi mashuhuri, msanii, mchambuzi wa sanaa, na mjumbe wa mtindo wa usasa".<ref name="Harding p75">{{cite book|last=Harding|first=Lesley|title=Kubism na Sanaa ya Australia|year=2010|publisher=The Miegunyah Press|location=Carlton, Victoria|isbn=978-0-522-85673-6|first2=Sue |last2=Cramer|page=75}}</ref><ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Anderson |title=Makala ya Ethel Anderson katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1883|1958|Anderson, Ethel}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] gltmxyeh87ad7ozjvyb1ag7cisxhgdk 0 236270 1545484 2026-05-18T05:56:03Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gina Ballantyne''' (18 Juni 1919 – 25 Julai 1973) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Australia]], ambaye pia aliandika kazi zake kwa kutumia jina la kalamu la '''Allinga'''.<ref>{{Citation |author1=Ballantyne |first=Gina |title=Vision |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34887437 |publication-date=1942 |access-date=18 Mei 2026 |publisher=C. J. Dennis National Memorial Society|language=en}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa mhariri wa toleo la mkusanyik...' 1545484 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gina Ballantyne''' (18 Juni 1919 – 25 Julai 1973) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchini [[Australia]], ambaye pia aliandika kazi zake kwa kutumia jina la kalamu la '''Allinga'''.<ref>{{Citation |author1=Ballantyne |first=Gina |title=Vision |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34887437 |publication-date=1942 |access-date=18 Mei 2026 |publisher=C. J. Dennis National Memorial Society|language=en}}</ref> Alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa mhariri wa toleo la mkusanyiko wa mashairi wa kila mwaka wa ''Jindyworobak Anthology''.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Ballantyne |title=Makala ya Gina Ballantyne katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1919|1973|Ballantyne, Gina}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] n85ry7v41mb5z63wifb14omq2tnfzim 0 236271 1545485 2026-05-18T05:56:20Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brahim Merad''' (amezaliwa 22 Agosti 1953) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye kwa sasa anahudumu kama Waziri wa Nchi anayehusika na Ukaguzi wa Huduma za Serikali na Mamlaka za Mitaa tangu Septemba 2025. Awali aliwahi kuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani, Serikali za Mitaa na Mipango ya Taifa kuanzia 2022 hadi 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Tebboune conducts ministerial reshuffle|url=https://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/44860-president-tebboune-conducts-ministerial-reshuffle|work=www.aps.dz|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-gb|author=Algeria Press Service}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 31djz921m75j799n4ubucsnbq1vpial 0 236272 1545486 2026-05-18T06:01:49Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Barbara Baynton''' (4 Juni 1857 – 11 Februari 1929) alikuwa mwandishi wa vitabu kutoka nchini [[Australia]]. Alizaliwa katika familia ya tabaka la wafanyakazi huko [[Scone, New South Wales|Scone]] mnamo mwaka 1857, na baadaye aliolewa na daktari wa upasuaji mstaafu alikuwa tajiri, hatua iliyomsaidia kuwa mwandishi na mfanyabiashara aliyefanikiwa. Kazi yake ya kifasihi inayojulikana zaidi ni mkusanyiko wa hadithi fupi uitwao ''[[Bush Studies]]'', uli...' 1545486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara Baynton''' (4 Juni 1857 – 11 Februari 1929) alikuwa mwandishi wa vitabu kutoka nchini [[Australia]]. Alizaliwa katika familia ya tabaka la wafanyakazi huko [[Scone, New South Wales|Scone]] mnamo mwaka 1857, na baadaye aliolewa na daktari wa upasuaji mstaafu alikuwa tajiri, hatua iliyomsaidia kuwa mwandishi na mfanyabiashara aliyefanikiwa. Kazi yake ya kifasihi inayojulikana zaidi ni mkusanyiko wa hadithi fupi uitwao ''[[Bush Studies]]'', uliochapishwa mnamo mwaka 1902 na kupokelewa vizuri sana na wakosoaji wa zama hizo.<ref name="adb">{{cite web |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/baynton-barbara-janet-5162 |title=Wasifu wa Barbara Janet Baynton |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Baynton alikuja kujulikana kama Lady Headley kufuatia ndoa yake fupi ya tatu na [[Rowland Allanson-Winn, 5th Baron Headley]]. Alifariki dunia huko Melbourne mnamo mwaka 1929.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Baynton |title=Makala ya Barbara Baynton katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1857|1929|Baynton, Barbara}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Australia]] svzzxaz2khuc4wy5i7csek5tb2t5xkk 0 236273 1545487 2026-05-18T06:02:31Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''George Trenholm Allen''' (27 Julai 1914 – 27 Machi 2000) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa hoki ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]] aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya winga wa kushoto]] katika National Hockey League (NHL), hasa akiwa na timu ya Chicago Black Hawks, kati ya mwaka 1938 hadi 1947. Allen alizaliwa Bayfield, New Brunswick, lakini alikulia Kerrobert, Saskatchewan. == Wasifu wa uchezaji == Allen alianza kariya yake akicheza katika maeneo mbalimbali ya masha...' 1545487 wikitext text/x-wiki '''George Trenholm Allen''' (27 Julai 1914 – 27 Machi 2000) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa hoki ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]] aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya winga wa kushoto]] katika National Hockey League (NHL), hasa akiwa na timu ya Chicago Black Hawks, kati ya mwaka 1938 hadi 1947. Allen alizaliwa Bayfield, New Brunswick, lakini alikulia Kerrobert, Saskatchewan. == Wasifu wa uchezaji == Allen alianza kariya yake akicheza katika maeneo mbalimbali ya mashariki mwa Kanada, hadi alipojiunga na timu ya North Battleford Beavers ya Northern Saskatchewan Senior Hockey League, ambapo alifika fainali ya Allan Cup mwaka 1937, lakini wakapoteza dhidi ya Sudbury Tigers. Baada ya kucheza mechi nne na Tigers mwenyewe mwaka uliofuata, Allen alisainiwa na New York Rangers na kupelekwa kwenye timu yao ya daraja la pili ya New Haven Eagles.<ref name=NYR>{{cite web|title=George Allen|url=[http://rangers.nhl.com/club/atrplayer.htm?id=8444871|work=All-Time](http://rangers.nhl.com/club/atrplayer.htm?id=8444871|work=All-Time) Roster|publisher=New York Rangers|accessdate=21 Februari 2011|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714180700/http://rangers.nhl.com/club/atrplayer.htm?id=8444871|archive-date=14](https://web.archive.org/web/20110714180700/http://rangers.nhl.com/club/atrplayer.htm?id=8444871|archive-date=14) Julai 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1914|2000}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] pf1pc1nb59kxb5evvemnt8gppp666h6 0 236274 1545488 2026-05-18T06:06:23Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545488 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kasdi Merbah''' (16 Aprili 1938 – 21 Agosti 1993), ambaye jina lake halisi lilikuwa Abdallah Khalef, alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuwa Mkuu wa Serikali ya Algeria kuanzia 5 Novemba 1988 hadi 9 Septemba 1989 akiwa mwanachama wa chama cha National Liberation Front (FLN). Aliuawa tarehe 21 Agosti 1993.<ref>{{Citation|title=ALGERIE Kasdi Merbah, ancien premier ministre Un homme de l'ombre passé à l'opposition|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1993/08/24/algerie-kasdi-merbah-ancien-premier-ministre-un-homme-de-l-ombre-passe-a-l-opposition_3935941_1819218.html|work=Le Monde.fr|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} rqkqnpqqzi5u7zxgayszpruu2pk1q3z 1545493 1545488 2026-05-18T06:15:33Z Don Malya 61486 1545493 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kasdi Merbah''' (16 Aprili 1938 – 21 Agosti 1993), ambaye jina lake halisi lilikuwa Abdallah Khalef, alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Aliwahi kuwa Mkuu wa Serikali ya Algeria kuanzia 5 Novemba 1988 hadi 9 Septemba 1989 akiwa mwanachama wa chama cha National Liberation Front (FLN). Aliuawa tarehe 21 Agosti 1993.<ref>{{Citation|title=ALGERIE Kasdi Merbah, ancien premier ministre Un homme de l'ombre passé à l'opposition|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1993/08/24/algerie-kasdi-merbah-ancien-premier-ministre-un-homme-de-l-ombre-passe-a-l-opposition_3935941_1819218.html|work=Le Monde.fr|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1993]] l1x5cc1n37qmwb0x6iry35fxpzomor3 0 236275 1545489 2026-05-18T06:07:52Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Harold John Allen''' (23 Januari 1923 – 2 Agosti 1990) alikuwa mchezaji wa hoki ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]] aliyekuwa akiichezea timu ya Edmonton Mercurys. == Wasifu wa uchezaji == Allen alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika 1950 World Ice Hockey Championships iliyofanyika mjini [[London]], [[England]]. Timu ya Edmonton Mercurys ya mwaka 1950 iliingizwa katika Alberta Sports Hall of Fame mwaka 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url=[http://ashfm.ca/component/k2/edmo...' 1545489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harold John Allen''' (23 Januari 1923 – 2 Agosti 1990) alikuwa mchezaji wa hoki ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]] aliyekuwa akiichezea timu ya Edmonton Mercurys. == Wasifu wa uchezaji == Allen alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika 1950 World Ice Hockey Championships iliyofanyika mjini [[London]], [[England]]. Timu ya Edmonton Mercurys ya mwaka 1950 iliingizwa katika Alberta Sports Hall of Fame mwaka 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url=[http://ashfm.ca/component/k2/edmonton-waterloo-mercurys-1950|](http://ashfm.ca/component/k2/edmonton-waterloo-mercurys-1950|) title=Edmonton Waterloo Mercurys 1950| publisher=Alberta Sports Hall of Fame and Museum| accessdate=21 Mei 2013| archive-date=25 Machi 2017| archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170325054429/http://ashfm.ca/component/k2/edmonton-waterloo-mercurys-1950|](https://web.archive.org/web/20170325054429/http://ashfm.ca/component/k2/edmonton-waterloo-mercurys-1950|) url-status=dead}}</ref> Allen, ambaye alikuwa kaka yake Keith Allen , pia alicheza katika Pacific Coast Hockey League (PCHL) kwa timu za Los Angeles Monarchs na Oakland Oaks.<ref>"Harry Allen", Society for International Hockey Research Database, accessed 1 Agosti 2015.</ref> Baadaye alikuwa kocha wa Edmonton Oil Kings, na alitajwa kuwa Mwanamichezo Bora wa Mwaka wa Edmonton baada ya timu yake ya Oil Kings kufika katika michuano ya Memorial Cup ya mwaka 1959–60. Allen alifariki tarehe 2 Agosti 1990 akiwa na umri wa miaka 67.<ref>Edmonton sports personality Harry Allen dies at age 67: [Final Edition] Edmonton Journal [Edmonton, Alta] 3 Agosti 1990: B4.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1923|1990}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] bq6j6125m8bshdnagmfmx2hoo795fqc 0 236276 1545490 2026-05-18T06:09:56Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ruth Bedford''' (2 Agosti 1882 – 24 Julai 1963) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza, na mwandishi wa hadithi za kubuni (bunilizi kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref name="adb">{{cite web |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bedford-ruth-marjory-9467 |title=Wasifu wa Ruth Marjory Bedford |work=Kamusi ya Wasifu ya Australia |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alifahamika sana kwa mchango wake katika fasihi ya watoto na michezo ya ku...' 1545490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruth Bedford''' (2 Agosti 1882 – 24 Julai 1963) alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza, na mwandishi wa hadithi za kubuni (bunilizi kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref name="adb">{{cite web |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bedford-ruth-marjory-9467 |title=Wasifu wa Ruth Marjory Bedford |work=Kamusi ya Wasifu ya Australia |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alifahamika sana kwa mchango wake katika fasihi ya watoto na michezo ya kuigiza ya redioni mapema karne ya ishirini.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bedford |title=Makala ya Ruth Bedford katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1882|1963|Bedford, Ruth}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] lrs8oozmnockdz3jw9o8uj7t0q5ioq0 0 236277 1545491 2026-05-18T06:12:02Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Allen'''<ref>{{cite book |date=2015 |title=Mexico 2015 FIBA Americas Championship Guía Histórica 1980–2015 |language=es |publisher=[[FIBA]] |page=62 }}</ref> (amezaliwa 12 Mei 1969) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] kutoka [[Kanada]]. Allen alikuwa na urefu wa {{height|ft=6|in=3}} na alicheza nafasi ya point guard na shooting guard katika Morningstar Secondary School iliyopo Malton, Ontario, ambapo alikuwa akifunga wast...' 1545491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Allen'''<ref>{{cite book |date=2015 |title=Mexico 2015 FIBA Americas Championship Guía Histórica 1980–2015 |language=es |publisher=[[FIBA]] |page=62 }}</ref> (amezaliwa 12 Mei 1969) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] kutoka [[Kanada]]. Allen alikuwa na urefu wa {{height|ft=6|in=3}} na alicheza nafasi ya point guard na shooting guard katika Morningstar Secondary School iliyopo Malton, Ontario, ambapo alikuwa akifunga wastani wa karibu pointi 50 kwa kila mchezo.<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://www.bobbyallenskillsacademy.com/bio.php](http://www.bobbyallenskillsacademy.com/bio.php) |title=Bobby Allen Skills Academy - Basketball Training Mississauga, Mississauga Basketball Training |access-date=2013-08-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130808075343/http://www.bobbyallenskillsacademy.com/bio.php](https://web.archive.org/web/20130808075343/http://www.bobbyallenskillsacademy.com/bio.php) |archive-date=2013-08-08 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1969|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [ fnlxtw80xnqumqb774knjzpg2jnv77e 0 236278 1545492 2026-05-18T06:14:03Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jenny Boult''' (8 Oktoba 1951 – 1 Novemba 2005), alijulikana pia kwa jina la kalamu la '''MML Bliss''', alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza, na mhariri kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref name="austlit">{{cite web |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A4384 |title=Wasifu wa Jenny Boult |work=AustLit |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mmoja wa wanachama hai na wenye ushawishi mkubwa katika harakati za ushairi na fasi...' 1545492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jenny Boult''' (8 Oktoba 1951 – 1 Novemba 2005), alijulikana pia kwa jina la kalamu la '''MML Bliss''', alikuwa mshairi, mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza, na mhariri kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref name="austlit">{{cite web |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A4384 |title=Wasifu wa Jenny Boult |work=AustLit |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alikuwa mmoja wa wanachama hai na wenye ushawishi mkubwa katika harakati za ushairi na fasihi za jamii nchini humo kuanzia miaka ya 1970.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Boult |title=Makala ya Jenny Boult katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1951|2005|Boult, Jenny}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] jiomwva4z35ev5d4fxwqnt61ajo0g3q 0 236279 1545494 2026-05-18T06:17:04Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Courtney Keith "Bingo" Allen'''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Diamond|first1=Dan|last2=Duplacey|first2=James|last3=Dinger|first3=Ralph|last4=Zweig|first4=Eric|last5=Kuperman|first5=Igor|title=Total Hockey|page=[[https://archive.org/details/totalhockeyoffic0000unse/page/649](https://archive.org/details/totalhockeyoffic0000unse/page/649) 649]|publisher=Total Sports|location=New York City|year=1998|isbn=0-8362-7114-9|display-authors=1|url-access=registration|url=[...' 1545494 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Courtney Keith "Bingo" Allen'''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Diamond|first1=Dan|last2=Duplacey|first2=James|last3=Dinger|first3=Ralph|last4=Zweig|first4=Eric|last5=Kuperman|first5=Igor|title=Total Hockey|page=[[https://archive.org/details/totalhockeyoffic0000unse/page/649](https://archive.org/details/totalhockeyoffic0000unse/page/649) 649]|publisher=Total Sports|location=New York City|year=1998|isbn=0-8362-7114-9|display-authors=1|url-access=registration|url=[https://archive.org/details/totalhockeyoffic0000unse/page/649}}](https://archive.org/details/totalhockeyoffic0000unse/page/649}})</ref> (21 Agosti 1923 – 4 Februari 2014) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa hoki ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]], aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya beki, pamoja na kuwa kocha mkuu na meneja mkuu katika National Hockey League (NHL). Alicheza mechi 28 katika NHL akiwa na Detroit Red Wings katika misimu ya 1953–54 na 1954–55. Sehemu kubwa ya kariya yake, iliyodumu kuanzia mwaka 1941 hadi 1957, aliitumia katika ligi mbalimbali ndogo. Baada ya kuhitimisha uchezaji wake, Allen aligeukia ukocha na usimamizi wa timu, kwanza katika Western Hockey League ya ligi ndogo, kabla ya kurejea NHL mwaka 1967 kama kocha wa kwanza na meneja mkuu wa Philadelphia Flyers. Aliifundisha Flyers kuanzia mwaka 1967 hadi 1969, huku akiendelea kuwa meneja mkuu hadi mwaka 1983. Pia alikuwa makamu wa rais mtendaji wa Philadelphia Flyers, nafasi aliyoshika kuanzia mwaka 1980 hadi alipofariki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[http://flyers.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=35745|title=Bio](http://flyers.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=35745|title=Bio) - Allen - Philadelphia Flyers - Team|accessdate=2011-02-05|publisher=Philadelphia Flyers}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1923|2014}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] d7r0td7qs6jwfe8juik7l38fydelyqn 0 236280 1545495 2026-05-18T06:19:40Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545495 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohamed Elias Mesli''' alikuwa Waziri wa Kilimo wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] katika serikali ya Belaid Abdessalam mwaka 1992.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=447JDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1993-94|last=Hunter|first=B.|date=2016-12-23|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-27122-7|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Algeria]] cqk6q65capcm8wcwfhmmfo3go0ha1zv 0 236281 1545496 2026-05-18T06:24:44Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Bertha Southey Brammall''' (née Adams; 10 Desemba 1877 – 10 Februari 1957) alikuwa mwandishi wa vitabu na mshairi kutoka nchini [[Australia]]. Akiwa mzawa wa moja kwa moja wa mshairi mashuhuri wa [[Uingereza]] [[Robert Southey]], Brammall aliandika maudhui ya vipindi vya watoto vya redioni, pamoja na mashairi, riwaya, na hadithi fupi za watu wazima.<ref name="austlit">{{cite web |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A17316 |title=Wasifu wa Ber...' 1545496 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bertha Southey Brammall''' (née Adams; 10 Desemba 1877 – 10 Februari 1957) alikuwa mwandishi wa vitabu na mshairi kutoka nchini [[Australia]]. Akiwa mzawa wa moja kwa moja wa mshairi mashuhuri wa [[Uingereza]] [[Robert Southey]], Brammall aliandika maudhui ya vipindi vya watoto vya redioni, pamoja na mashairi, riwaya, na hadithi fupi za watu wazima.<ref name="austlit">{{cite web |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A17316 |title=Wasifu wa Bertha Southey Brammall |work=AustLit |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alichukuliwa na wengi kama mshairi na mwandishi wa kipekee wa jimbo la [[Tasmania]].<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Southey_Brammall |title=Makala ya Bertha Southey Brammall katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1877|1957|Brammall, Bertha Southey}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] 411tdf6g29icyhvx8xzkda89vl66cmz 0 236282 1545497 2026-05-18T06:26:51Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545497 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdelkader Messahel''' (amezaliwa 11 Julai 1949) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] na aliyewahi kuwa mwandishi wa habari.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdelkader Messahel {{!}} Profile {{!}} Africa Confidential|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/3834/abdelkader-messahel|work=www.africa-confidential.com|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Algeria kuanzia 2017 hadi 2019. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} d0hev35nxtts437nb3v3qw2gxdich30 1545498 1545497 2026-05-18T06:27:34Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdelkader Messahel''' (amezaliwa 11 Julai 1949) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] na aliyewahi kuwa mwandishi wa habari.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abdelkader Messahel {{!}} Profile {{!}} Africa Confidential|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/3834/abdelkader-messahel|work=www.africa-confidential.com|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Algeria kuanzia 2017 hadi 2019. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 4c1zm3pjtldvxait1oy3znpqs9yq01o 0 236283 1545499 2026-05-18T06:29:35Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jeffrey Alleyne''' (amezaliwa tarehe 25 Juni 1938) ni [[bondia]] wa [[Kanada]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya uzani wa light middleweight kwa wanaume kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya joto ya 1960, ambapo alipoteza pambano lake la kwanza dhidi ya Celedonio Lima wa Argentina baada ya kupita raundi ya kwanza bila kupigana.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/jeffrey-alleyne-1.htm...' 1545499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jeffrey Alleyne''' (amezaliwa tarehe 25 Juni 1938) ni [[bondia]] wa [[Kanada]]. Alishiriki katika mashindano ya uzani wa light middleweight kwa wanaume kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya joto ya 1960, ambapo alipoteza pambano lake la kwanza dhidi ya Celedonio Lima wa Argentina baada ya kupita raundi ya kwanza bila kupigana.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/jeffrey-alleyne-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/jeffrey-alleyne-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418104419/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/jeffrey-alleyne-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200418104419/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/jeffrey-alleyne-1.html) |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 Aprili 2020 |title=Jeffrey Alleyne Olympic Results |access-date=1 Desemba 2018}}</ref> Alleyne alizaliwa huko St. Philip, Barbados, na alihamia Kanada mwaka 1955. Aliishi mjini Montreal.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Fighting Chance: A Boxer From Barbados Fights For Canada |url=[http://jasonaltidor.com/ncc/pdf/NCC-Newsletter-oct-nov-2011.pdf](http://jasonaltidor.com/ncc/pdf/NCC-Newsletter-oct-nov-2011.pdf) |publisher=jasonaltidor.com |access-date=1 Mei 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1938|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] q6opr3k9iii5hrcxb55akolw5roscsq 0 236284 1545500 2026-05-18T06:31:00Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mona Brand''' (22 Oktoba 1915 – 1 Agosti 2007) alikuwa mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza, mshairi, na mwandishi wa kujitegemea wa karne ya ishirini kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref name="adb">{{cite web |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brand-mona-alexis-18 |title=Wasifu wa Mona Alexis Brand |work=Kamusi ya Wasifu ya Australia |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Pia aliandika kazi zake kwa kutumia jina la kalamu la '''Alexis Fox'''. Alijul...' 1545500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mona Brand''' (22 Oktoba 1915 – 1 Agosti 2007) alikuwa mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza, mshairi, na mwandishi wa kujitegemea wa karne ya ishirini kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref name="adb">{{cite web |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brand-mona-alexis-18 |title=Wasifu wa Mona Alexis Brand |work=Kamusi ya Wasifu ya Australia |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Pia aliandika kazi zake kwa kutumia jina la kalamu la '''Alexis Fox'''. Alijulikana sana kwa kuandika michezo ya kuigiza yenye mada za kijamii na kisiasa zilizogusa masuala ya haki za binadamu.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Brand |title=Makala ya Mona Brand katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1915|2007|Brand, Mona}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] dxbkh39ckzol5ja3paba6lafxcuboe3 0 236285 1545501 2026-05-18T06:33:17Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ian Alistar Allison''' (26 Julai 1909<ref>Vyanzo vingine vinaonyesha mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa kuwa 1907.</ref> – 4 Agosti 1990) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] kutoka Kanada ambaye alishiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya joto ya 1936.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/ian-allison-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/ian-allison-1.html) |arc...' 1545501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ian Alistar Allison''' (26 Julai 1909<ref>Vyanzo vingine vinaonyesha mwaka wake wa kuzaliwa kuwa 1907.</ref> – 4 Agosti 1990) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] kutoka Kanada ambaye alishiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya joto ya 1936.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/ian-allison-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/ian-allison-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003902/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/ian-allison-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003902/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/al/ian-allison-1.html) |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 Aprili 2020 |title=Ian Allison Olympic Results |accessdate=9 Juni 2018}}</ref> Timu yake ndiyo timu pekee ya mpira wa kikapu ya Kanada kuwahi kushinda medali katika Michezo ya Olimpiki, medali ya fedha, na pia ilikuwa timu ya mwisho ya Kanada kushinda medali katika mchezo wa timu kwenye Olimpiki. Allison alicheza mechi zote sita ikiwemo fainali. Alikuwa mfungaji bora wa Kanada akiwa na pointi 4 katika kipigo cha 19–8 dhidi ya Wamarekani. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1909|1990}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] j3kz26yv37boludx5iit9h9lgvycm8h 0 236286 1545502 2026-05-18T06:35:00Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Doris Brett''' (alizaliwa 1950) ni mwandishi wa vitabu na mwanasaikolojia wa tiba kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref name="austlit">{{cite web |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A4315 |title=Wasifu wa Doris Brett |work=AustLit |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Ameandika kazi katika tanzu mbalimbali za kifasihi, zikiwemo ushairi, kumbukumbu za maisha (memoir), na hadithi za kweli (nonfiction).<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https:/...' 1545502 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Doris Brett''' (alizaliwa 1950) ni mwandishi wa vitabu na mwanasaikolojia wa tiba kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref name="austlit">{{cite web |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A4315 |title=Wasifu wa Doris Brett |work=AustLit |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Ameandika kazi katika tanzu mbalimbali za kifasihi, zikiwemo ushairi, kumbukumbu za maisha (memoir), na hadithi za kweli (nonfiction).<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Brett |title=Makala ya Doris Brett katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1950||Brett, Doris}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanasaikolojia wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 87oigx9ptkxqkk35g53r5clar3hlk09 0 236287 1545503 2026-05-18T06:39:36Z Egipa 87700 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Emily Hemans Bulcock''' (née Palmer) (1877–1969) alikuwa mshairi na mwandishi wa habari kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref name="adb">{{cite web |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bulcock-emily-hemans-5419 |title=Wasifu wa Emily Hemans Bulcock |work=Kamusi ya Wasifu ya Australia |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alitunukiwa nishani ya OBE (Afisa wa Amri ya Milki ya [[Uingereza|Uingereza)]] kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika fasihi na jamii...' 1545503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emily Hemans Bulcock''' (née Palmer) (1877–1969) alikuwa mshairi na mwandishi wa habari kutoka nchini [[Australia]].<ref name="adb">{{cite web |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bulcock-emily-hemans-5419 |title=Wasifu wa Emily Hemans Bulcock |work=Kamusi ya Wasifu ya Australia |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> Alitunukiwa nishani ya OBE (Afisa wa Amri ya Milki ya [[Uingereza|Uingereza)]] kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika fasihi na jamii ya Australia kupitia mashairi yake yaliyohusu amani, uzalendo, na maisha ya vijijini.<ref name="enwiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Hemans_Bulcock |title=Makala ya Emily Hemans Bulcock katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza |language=en |access-date=18 Mei 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1877|1969|Bulcock, Emily Hemans}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Australia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Australia]] rdir539i90fujhgbtw3daxe058ris8s 0 236288 1545504 2026-05-18T06:42:22Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdelkader Messahel''' (amezaliwa 11 Julai 1949) ni mwanasiasa wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] na aliyewahi kuwa mwandishi wa habari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://algerianembassy.no/8-articles-en-francais/402-president-tebboune-appoints-new-government-members|work=algerianembassy.no|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> Aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Algeria kuanzia 2017 hadi 2019. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] aot53eaj9gyaiwh1xkytln9bsgg9why 0 236289 1545505 2026-05-18T06:49:20Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545505 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sofiane Mimouni''' (amezaliwa 1957, Algiers) ni [[mwanadiplomasia]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Tangu Oktoba 2019 amekuwa Mwakilishi wa Kudumu wa Algeria katika Umoja wa Mataifa. Kabla ya hapo, alihudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Afrika katika Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje (2015–2019), Balozi wa Algeria nchini Iran (2009–2014), Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa Idara ya Asia-Oceania katika Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje (2005–2009), na pia Balozi wa Algeria nchini Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam na Vanuatu (1996–2004).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algeria: Mimouni to head UN GA Conference Committee|url=http://www.elmoudjahid.com:80/en/actualites/6423|work=www.elmoudjahid.com|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] n4gjlwx8b81uvarttpanhf5px22e189 0 236290 1545506 2026-05-18T06:51:56Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545506 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Draoui Mohamed''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Tangu mwaka 2004, amekuwa mwanachama wa Bunge la Afrika (Pan-African Parliament) akiwakilisha Algeria, na pia ni mjumbe wa Kamati ya Elimu, Utamaduni, Utalii na Rasilimali Watu ndani ya bunge hilo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=pan_african_parliament_org|url=https://pan-african-parliament.org/AboutPAP_PAPMemberCountries.aspx/|date=2026-05-06|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Algeria]] oyclbou2qr6ta5h7h7witg3l1m4c81i 0 236291 1545507 2026-05-18T06:52:00Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Angela Brooks''' ni Profesa Msaidizi wa Uhandisi wa Biomolekuli katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Santa Cruz. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Taasisi ya Genomics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucscgenomics.soe.ucsc.edu/angela-brooks-splicing-specialist/|title=Angela Brooks: Splicing Specialist|date=2017-04-01|website=Genomics Institute|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/scientist-to-watch/angela-b...' 1545507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Angela Brooks''' ni Profesa Msaidizi wa Uhandisi wa Biomolekuli katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Santa Cruz. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Taasisi ya Genomics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucscgenomics.soe.ucsc.edu/angela-brooks-splicing-specialist/|title=Angela Brooks: Splicing Specialist|date=2017-04-01|website=Genomics Institute|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/scientist-to-watch/angela-brooks-splicing-specialist-31725|title=Angela Brooks: Splicing Specialist|website=The Scientist Magazine®|language=en|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://compbio.berkeley.edu/proj/juncbase/Home.html|title=JuncBASE|website=compbio.berkeley.edu|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 824yimkyj381lxihdlyf183gg9a33iq 0 236292 1545508 2026-05-18T06:54:51Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Brother Alfred Brousseau, F.S.C.''' ([[Februari 17]], [[1907]] – [[Mei 31]], [[1988]]), alikuwa mwalimu, mpiga picha na [[mwanahisabati]] nchini [[Marekani]] na alijulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi wa Chama cha Fibonacci na kama mwalimu. Alikuwa mtawa wa shirika la Brothers of the Christian Schools (De La Salle).<ref>{{citation|url=http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/brousseau.html|title= Brother Alfred Brousseau, F.S.C. |work=CalPhotos |access-date=4 March 2...' 1545508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brother Alfred Brousseau, F.S.C.''' ([[Februari 17]], [[1907]] – [[Mei 31]], [[1988]]), alikuwa mwalimu, mpiga picha na [[mwanahisabati]] nchini [[Marekani]] na alijulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi wa Chama cha Fibonacci na kama mwalimu. Alikuwa mtawa wa shirika la Brothers of the Christian Schools (De La Salle).<ref>{{citation|url=http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/brousseau.html|title= Brother Alfred Brousseau, F.S.C. |work=CalPhotos |access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanahisabati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1907]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1988]] q4tbjcdt2w1n9t0rfduptt97dvxnpg4 0 236293 1545509 2026-05-18T06:57:30Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ardeshir Ratan "Adi" Bulsara''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 15]], [[1951]]) ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[India]] na [[Marekani]] katika eneo la mienendo isiyo na mstari (nonlinear dynamics). Mkutano wa Kimataifa wa [[2007]] kuhusu Mienendo Isiyo na Mstari iliyotumika (ICAND), uliofanyika Kauai, [[Hawaii]], ulikuwa festschrift uliofanyika kwa heshima ya siku yake ya kuzaliwa ya 55.<ref name="ReferenceA">Adi Ratan Bulsara, ''Entropy, Stability and Fluctuations in Lasing...' 1545509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ardeshir Ratan "Adi" Bulsara''' (alizaliwa [[Mei 15]], [[1951]]) ni [[mwanasayansi]] wa [[India]] na [[Marekani]] katika eneo la mienendo isiyo na mstari (nonlinear dynamics). Mkutano wa Kimataifa wa [[2007]] kuhusu Mienendo Isiyo na Mstari iliyotumika (ICAND), uliofanyika Kauai, [[Hawaii]], ulikuwa festschrift uliofanyika kwa heshima ya siku yake ya kuzaliwa ya 55.<ref name="ReferenceA">Adi Ratan Bulsara, ''Entropy, Stability and Fluctuations in Lasing Systems,'' PhD Thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 1978</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanasayansi wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] juu327tfcsnff7vuc4v1cm88q44qosd 0 236294 1545510 2026-05-18T06:58:51Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545510 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Boudina Mustapha''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]]. Tangu mwaka 2004, amekuwa mwanachama wa Bunge la Afrika (Pan-African Parliament) akiwakilisha Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=pan_african_parliament_org|url=https://pan-african-parliament.org/AboutPAP_PAPMemberCountries.aspx/|date=2026-05-06|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qkcs9inc9f4lgpa6v3df8dadetosx1w 0 236295 1545511 2026-05-18T06:59:56Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Louis Byer''' ni [[mwanafizikia]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa rais wa Optical Society of America mwaka [[1994]] na rais wa American Physical Society mwaka [[2012]]. Alijulikana kwa kazi yake katika leza na optics.<ref>{{cite news | title = Past Presidents of the Optical Society of America| publisher =Optical Society of America | url =http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/leadership/pastpresidents/default.aspx }}</ref><ref>[http://www.aps.org/about/governa...' 1545511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Louis Byer''' ni [[mwanafizikia]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa rais wa Optical Society of America mwaka [[1994]] na rais wa American Physical Society mwaka [[2012]]. Alijulikana kwa kazi yake katika leza na optics.<ref>{{cite news | title = Past Presidents of the Optical Society of America| publisher =Optical Society of America | url =http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/leadership/pastpresidents/default.aspx }}</ref><ref>[http://www.aps.org/about/governance/presidents.cfm Past and Present Presidents], aps.org</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanafizikia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] l31mer2vmn8aww4y5f73u14wxzq2uo5 0 236296 1545512 2026-05-18T07:05:32Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soraya Mouloudji''' (amezaliwa 8 Oktoba 1977) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] ambaye aliwahi kuhudumu kama Waziri wa Utamaduni na Sanaa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soraya Mouloudji takes office as minister of Culture, Arts|url=https://www.aps.dz/en/culture/42862-soraya-mouloudji-takes-office-as-minister-of-culture-arts|work=www.aps.dz|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-gb|author=Samira Sidhoum}}</ref> Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 19 Februari 2022, na baadaye alirithiwa na Zouhir Ballalou. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] q94cnbqgkzb9top596dxh8i65w1por2 0 236297 1545514 2026-05-18T07:06:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni moved page [[United States of America]] to [[Marekani]] over redirect: jina la Kiswahili 1545514 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Marekani]] t9bo61ndd9f58v1sgdn3got3djgv1p4 1 236298 1545516 2026-05-18T07:06:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni moved page [[Majadiliano:United States of America]] to [[Majadiliano:Marekani]] over redirect: jina la Kiswahili 1545516 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Majadiliano:Marekani]] a6kchyia2eksdqtfbgtbe80xgxkl31q 0 236299 1545520 2026-05-18T07:15:03Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1545520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Azouz Nasri ('''amezaliwa 1945) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Azouz Nasri Elected President of Algeria's Council of the Nation|date=2025-05-19|url=https://www.algerianewsgate.com/post/azouz-nasri-elected-president-of-algeria-s-council-of-the-nation|work=Algeria News Gate|language=en|access-date=2026-05-18}}</ref> Aliwahi kuwa Mbunge wa chama cha National Liberation Front (FLN) kuanzia 2002 hadi 2007, na kwa sasa ni mwanachama wa Baraza la Taifa (Council of the Nation), akiwa sehemu ya kundi la theluthi ya rais (2022–2028). Alichaguliwa kuwa Rais wa Baraza la Taifa tarehe 19 Mei 2025, akimrithi Salah Goudjil. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mtyezfqv37nps6ln67nspc6dpoilbii 0 236300 1545523 2026-05-18T07:16:57Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Tembo mweupe (mnyama)]] hadi [[Tembo mweupe]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1545523 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tembo mweupe]] dski8d93vvl3ao8yn0xx0la1ocffsxa 0 236301 1545541 2026-05-18T09:08:32Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''David John Andreychuk''' (amezaliwa Septemba 29, 1963)<ref name=CHATLAS>{{Cite book|title=The Canadian Hockey Atlas|first=Stephen|last=Cole|publisher=Doubleday Canada|year=2006|isbn=978-0-385-66093-8|url-access=registration|url=[https://archive.org/details/canadianhockeyat0000cole}}](https://archive.org/details/canadianhockeyat0000cole}})</ref> ni [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa zamani mtaalamu wa hoki ya barafu aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji pembeni k...' 1545541 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David John Andreychuk''' (amezaliwa Septemba 29, 1963)<ref name=CHATLAS>{{Cite book|title=The Canadian Hockey Atlas|first=Stephen|last=Cole|publisher=Doubleday Canada|year=2006|isbn=978-0-385-66093-8|url-access=registration|url=[https://archive.org/details/canadianhockeyat0000cole}}](https://archive.org/details/canadianhockeyat0000cole}})</ref> ni [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa zamani mtaalamu wa hoki ya barafu aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji pembeni katika NHL akiwa na timu za Buffalo Sabres, Toronto Maple Leafs, New Jersey Devils, Boston Bruins, Colorado Avalanche na Tampa Bay Lightning. Akiwa mmoja wa wachezaji wa kiwango cha juu zaidi waliowahi kucheza kama winga wa kushoto katika historia ya NHL, Andreychuk alifikia misimu kumi na tisa (19) ya kufunga magoli 20 au zaidi, rekodi iliyofikiwa na wachezaji wengine watano pekee katika historia ya NHL.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://records.nhl.com/records/skater-records/scoring-plateaus/most-consecutive-20-or-more-goal-season|website=NHL](https://records.nhl.com/records/skater-records/scoring-plateaus/most-consecutive-20-or-more-goal-season|website=NHL) Records|title=Skater Records: Most 20-Goal Seasons, Consecutive - Regular Season {{!}} NHL Records|access-date=April 16, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://records.nhl.com/records/skater-records/scoring-plateaus/most-20-or-more-goal-season|website=NHL](https://records.nhl.com/records/skater-records/scoring-plateaus/most-20-or-more-goal-season|website=NHL) Records|access-date=April 16, 2026|title=Skater Records: Most 20-Goal Seasons, Career - Regular Season {{!}} NHL Records}}</ref> Alistaafu akiwa kinara wa muda wote katika mabao ya mipira ya adhabu ya faulo (power-play goals) akiwa na mabao 274 kabla ya kuvukwa baadaye na Alexander Ovechkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://records.nhl.com/records/skater-records/special-teams-since-1933-34/most-power-play-goals-career|access-date=April](https://records.nhl.com/records/skater-records/special-teams-since-1933-34/most-power-play-goals-career|access-date=April) 16, 2026|title=Skater Records: Most Power-Play Goals, Career - Regular Season {{!}} NHL Records}}</ref> Alijumuishwa katika Hockey Hall of Fame mwaka 2017. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1963|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] ofbpgwu4i41l7gowbz8kw4g4qsvlx6g 0 236302 1545542 2026-05-18T09:10:01Z Jolvin Joel 68047 nimeunda kurasa mpya 1545542 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (alizaliwa mwezi Julai, [[1977]]), ni mkurugenzi wa filamu na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka [[Nigeria]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian movie director, Agunloye changing the narrative in Canada|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/02/nigerian-movie-director-agunloye-changing-the-narrative-in-canada/|work=Vanguard News|date=2024-02-08|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-GB|author=Urowayino Jeremiah}}</ref> anayeishii [[Kanada]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 movie producers in Nollywood|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/12/05/top-10-movie-producers-in-nollywood/|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Anajulikana kwa filamu yake ya ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' ambayo ilimpatia tuzo ya filamu fupi bora ya kimataifa katika tuzo za Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Nollywood la Toronto.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Babatunde Agunloye Wins Big At Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival|url=https://guardian.ng/life/babatunde-agunloye-wins-big-at-toronto-international-nollywood-film-festival/|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=2022-10-30|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-GB|author=Dennis Erezi}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali == Babatunde anatoka Jimbo la Ogun, na alizaliwa na kukulia jiji la Lagos. Alihudhuria shule ya msingi ya Ire-Akari Estate katika eneo la Isolo na shule ya sekondari ya Jeshi la Anga katika eneo la Ikeja kisha akaendelea na Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo la Lagos Ojo na kuendeleza elimu yake katika Shule ya Filamu ya Toronto iliopo [[Toronto]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=10 interesting facts you didn’t know about movie director Babatunde Agunloye|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/01/03/10-interesting-facts-you-didnt-know-about-movie-director-babatunde-agunloye/|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi == Mnamo mwaka [[2022]], Babatunde Agunloye alishinda tuzo ya kategoria ya filamu fupi bora ya kimataifa katika tuzo za Tamasha la Filamu la Kimataifa la Nollywood la Toronto kwa filamu yake inayoitwa ''<nowiki/>'Aajule keji Realm 2''<nowiki/>'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Babatunde Agunloye Wins Big At Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival|url=https://guardian.ng/life/babatunde-agunloye-wins-big-at-toronto-international-nollywood-film-festival/|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=2022-10-30|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-GB|author=Dennis Erezi}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka [[2024]], Babatunde alitajwa miongoni mwa watengenezaji filamu wa kiafrika wa ughaibuni wanaoongoza njia mpya katika sekta ya filamu na uongozi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Filmmakers In Diaspora Charting A New Path In The Movie Industry|url=https://leadership.ng/african-filmmakers-in-diaspora-charting-a-new-path-in-the-movie-industry/|date=2024-02-20|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Katika mwaka huo huo, alitayarisha filamu ya kwanza kabisa yenye waigizaji wa rangi nyeusi kwenye televisheni ya Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Babatunde Agunloye returns with first ever largely black cast production on Canadian TV|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/babatunde-agunloye-returns-with-first-ever-largely-black-cast-production-on-canadian-tv/|work=The Nation Newspaper|date=2024-01-17|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-US|author=Our Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian-Canadian collaboration, Realm 2, makes historic debut, celebrates black voices on international stage|url=https://guardian.ng/art/nigerian-canadian-collaboration-realm-2-makes-historic-debut-celebrates-black-voices-on-international-stage/|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=2024-03-02|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-GB|author=Kobor Amos}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] eq4wgji772fmbug7q1wpijmm520qbp1 0 236303 1545543 2026-05-18T09:27:25Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''John Andru''' (20 Novemba 1932 – 15 Machi 2003) alikuwa mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa uzio . Alishiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1964 na 1968.<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web|url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/john-andru-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/john-andru-1.html) |title=John Andru Olympic Results |access-date=11 December 2010 |work...' 1545543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Andru''' (20 Novemba 1932 – 15 Machi 2003) alikuwa mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa uzio . Alishiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1964 na 1968.<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web|url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/john-andru-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/john-andru-1.html) |title=John Andru Olympic Results |access-date=11 December 2010 |work=sports-reference.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101112051809/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/john-andru-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20101112051809/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/john-andru-1.html) |archive-date=12 November 2010 }}</ref> Baadaye alitunukiwa heshima ya kuingizwa katika Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame.<ref name="olympic.ca">{{cite web |url=[http://www.olympic.ca/en/athletes/john-andru/](http://www.olympic.ca/en/athletes/john-andru/) |title=Canadian Olympic Committee: John Andru |access-date=11 December 2010 |work=Canadian Olympic Committee}}</ref><ref>{{Olympedia|21381}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1932|2003}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 0bwpb5mcxaojbanu0wv12ppdym88lb5 0 236304 1545544 2026-05-18T09:32:40Z Jolvin Joel 68047 nimeunda kurasa mpya 1545544 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anis Lassoued''' (alizaliwa [[1972]] huko [[Nabeul]], [[Tunisia]]) ni mkurugenzi wa filamu, mwandishi wa filamu na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka [[Tunisia]]. Filamu zake nyingi zinawaangazia waigizaji wachanga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3445648/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anis Lassoued|url=https://www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com/en/PastEditions/2017/JuryMember/Anis%20Lassoued|work=www.luxorafricanfilmfestival.com|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Africiné - Anis Lassoued|url=https://www.africine.org/personne/anis-lassoued/9059|work=Africiné|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=fr}}</ref> == Wasifu == Lassoued alimaliza masomo yake ya uongozaji wa filamu katika Institut Maghrébin de Cinéma (Taasisi ya Maghreb ya Sinema, Tunis) na kuendelea na masomo yake ya upigaji sinema katika Chuo Kikuu cha Rome Tor Vergata. Kisha akafanya mafunzo katika La Fémis, shule ya filamu na televisheni ya Chuo Kikuu cha Paris Sciences et Lettres, na katika Groupe socialiste d'action et de réflexion sur l'audiovisuel huko [[Liège]] nchini [[Ubelgiji]].<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] 72yv9ebxezsqygvbzq94ytxyk93eisn 0 236305 1545545 2026-05-18T09:39:10Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ronald Nicholas Andruff''' (amezaliwa 10 Julai 1953) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa ice hockey. == Maisha ya uchezaji == Andruff alichaguliwa kama chaguo la kwanza la drafti na timu ya Winnipeg Jets ya ligi ya waasi ya World Hockey Association. Pia alichaguliwa katika nafasi ya 32 kwa ujumla (raundi ya pili) katika drafti ya mwaka 1973 ya NHL (1973 NHL Amateur Draft).<ref>{{Cite web|url=[http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb...' 1545545 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronald Nicholas Andruff''' (amezaliwa 10 Julai 1953) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa ice hockey. == Maisha ya uchezaji == Andruff alichaguliwa kama chaguo la kwanza la drafti na timu ya Winnipeg Jets ya ligi ya waasi ya World Hockey Association. Pia alichaguliwa katika nafasi ya 32 kwa ujumla (raundi ya pili) katika drafti ya mwaka 1973 ya NHL (1973 NHL Amateur Draft).<ref>{{Cite web|url=[http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/draft/nhl1973a.html|title=1973](http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/draft/nhl1973a.html|title=1973) NHL Amateur Draft Picks at hockeydb.com|website=[www.hockeydb.com](http://www.hockeydb.com)}}</ref> Andruff alichagua kujiunga na mabingwa wa Stanley Cup, Montreal Canadiens. Katika kipindi chake cha miaka tisa kama mchezaji wa kulipwa,<ref>{{Cite web|url=[http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?player=11851|title=Legends](http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?player=11851|title=Legends) of Hockey -- NHL Player Search -- Player -- Ron Andruff|website=[www.legendsofhockey.net](http://www.legendsofhockey.net)}}</ref> alifanikiwa kupata medali ya shaba akiwa na Timu ya Kanada katika mashindano ya Moscow Izvestia Tournament. Pia alishiriki katika ushindi wa Stanley Cup, akashinda ubingwa wa ligi ya American Hockey League (AHL), taji la ufungaji bora wa mabao (scoring title) na tuzo ya Les Cunningham Award ya mchezaji bora wa ligi (kama ilivyopigiwa kura na waandishi wa habari na wachezaji). Baadaye alicheza misimu yake miwili ya mwisho nchini Ujerumani na klabu ya Mannheim Eis- und Rollsport Club (MERC),<ref>[[:de:Adler Mannheim]]</ref> ambako alishinda ubingwa wa taifa wa Ujerumani (Deutsche Meisterschaft) pamoja na tuzo ya mchezaji kipenzi (Lieblingsspieler), iliyochaguliwa na mashabiki. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1953|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] f5hr5d3ab89he1jm6ec17zm6m78c1j4 0 236306 1545546 2026-05-18T09:47:03Z Jolvin Joel 68047 nimeunda kurasa mpya 1545546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nina Khada''' ni mkurugenzi, mwandishi na mhariri wa filamu aliyezaliwa [[Ufaransa]] na wazazi wa [[Aljeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7231360/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nina Khada - About|url=https://entertainment.ie/person/nina-khada-1159749/|work=Entertainment.ie|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en|author=Entertainment.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Khada Nina|url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=50406|work=Africultures|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Africiné - Nina Khada|url=https://www.africine.org/personne/nina-khada/50406|work=Africiné|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=fr}}</ref> == Wasifu == Alizaliwa mwaka [[1991]] na wazazi wa Aljeria huko [[Nancy]] nchini [[Ufaransa]], Khada alisomea uhariri na uandishi wa habari za utangazaji, na akahitimu na [[Uzamili|shahada ya Uzamili]] katika utengenezaji wa filamu za makala kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Aix-Marseille mwaka [[2014]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] ai05pm4tsgmbp5qv5atqpjsb10imxa1 3 236307 1545547 2026-05-18T09:48:14Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1545547 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) 3sp3nff6u423mz6eib3i5ifm73wwuaf 3 236308 1545548 2026-05-18T09:48:24Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1545548 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) 3sp3nff6u423mz6eib3i5ifm73wwuaf 3 236309 1545549 2026-05-18T09:48:34Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1545549 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) 3sp3nff6u423mz6eib3i5ifm73wwuaf 3 236310 1545550 2026-05-18T09:48:44Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1545550 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) 3sp3nff6u423mz6eib3i5ifm73wwuaf 3 236311 1545551 2026-05-18T09:48:54Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1545551 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) 3sp3nff6u423mz6eib3i5ifm73wwuaf 3 236312 1545552 2026-05-18T09:49:04Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1545552 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) jqa1r51m4wyxjm5zrq0hpva4meru6w6 1545567 1545552 2026-05-18T10:18:12Z Manasesande 89408 /* */ Jibu 1545567 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] thanks '''[[Mtumiaji:Manasesande|Manasesande]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Manasesande#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:18, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) 47zrq8e7h9fvl9uiy4c6i9e65dl4khl 3 236313 1545553 2026-05-18T09:49:14Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1545553 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) jqa1r51m4wyxjm5zrq0hpva4meru6w6 3 236314 1545554 2026-05-18T09:49:24Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1545554 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) jqa1r51m4wyxjm5zrq0hpva4meru6w6 3 236315 1545555 2026-05-18T09:49:34Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1545555 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) jqa1r51m4wyxjm5zrq0hpva4meru6w6 3 236316 1545556 2026-05-18T09:49:44Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1545556 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) jqa1r51m4wyxjm5zrq0hpva4meru6w6 3 236317 1545557 2026-05-18T09:49:54Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1545557 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) jqa1r51m4wyxjm5zrq0hpva4meru6w6 3 236318 1545558 2026-05-18T09:50:04Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1545558 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) mwevzxma956jessayoetuuo8rgeqvdn 3 236319 1545559 2026-05-18T09:50:14Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1545559 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 18 Mei 2026 (UTC) mwevzxma956jessayoetuuo8rgeqvdn 0 236320 1545560 2026-05-18T09:58:54Z Jolvin Joel 68047 nimeunda kurasa mpya 1545560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adam Garba''' ni mwigizaji kutoka [[Nigeria]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Adam Garba made me who I am today, BBNaija's Yousef hails actor brother on birthday|url=https://punchng.com/adam-garba-made-me-who-i-am-today-bbnaijas-yousef-hails-actor-brother-on-birthday/|work=Punch Newspapers|date=2021-12-22|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-US|author=Victoria Edeme}}</ref> Ameonekana katika filamu za [[Kihausa]] na [[Kiingereza]] na mara nyingi hujulikana kama "Raba Gardama" kwa jukumu lake kubwa katika kipindi cha televisheni cha Arewa24 "''Labarina''". Anachukuliwa sana kama mmoja wa waigizaji wa kaskazini wanaoigiza katika filamu za Nollywood na Kihausa Cinema, the Kannywood. Aliigiza katika filamu za Nollywood zikiweemo; ''Voiceless'',<ref name=":0" /> ''To Adaego with Love''<ref>{{Cite web|title=“To Adaego With Love” Blends Post-Civil War Tension With Romance - Nollywood Reporter|url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/to-adaego-with-love-set-for-february-6-release/|date=2026-01-28|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en}}</ref> na ''The Herd''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=“The Herd” Unveils First Look Featuring Daniel Etim, Genoveva Umeh, Adam Garba, Blessing Jessica Obasi, Hitting Cinemas October 17, 2025|url=https://shockng.com/daniel-etim-genoveva-umeh-adam-garba-blessing-jessica-effiong-the-herd-2025/|work=ShockNG|date=2025-09-19|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-US|author=Ibukunoluwa Ayeni}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=‘The Herd’ movie spotlights Nigeria’s highway terrors amid ethnic backlash|url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/the-herd-movie-spotlights-nigerias-highway-terrors-amid-ethnic-backlash/|work=Businessday NG|date=2025-11-25|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-US|author=Azeez Moyinoluwa}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] 96i9ax2mya3qjzfseklj6cbj22b7rkf 0 236321 1545561 2026-05-18T10:00:11Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Stephen Angers''' (amezaliwa 29 Aprili 1965) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa uzio (fencing). Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mtu mmoja na ya timu ya silaha aina ya foil katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1988.<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/stephen-angers-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/stephen-angers-1.html) |archive-url=[https:/...' 1545561 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stephen Angers''' (amezaliwa 29 Aprili 1965) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa uzio (fencing). Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mtu mmoja na ya timu ya silaha aina ya foil katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1988.<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/stephen-angers-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/stephen-angers-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418052005/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/stephen-angers-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200418052005/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/stephen-angers-1.html) |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Stephen Angers Olympic Results |access-date=16 July 2011 |work=sports-reference.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1965|}} [ [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] gc0clhgjnwzkozbpnfmkoobk2e7vaus 1545562 1545561 2026-05-18T10:00:29Z Valuegirl 87699 1545562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stephen Angers''' (amezaliwa 29 Aprili 1965) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa uzio (fencing). Alishiriki katika mashindano ya mtu mmoja na ya timu ya silaha aina ya foil katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1988.<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/stephen-angers-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/stephen-angers-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418052005/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/stephen-angers-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200418052005/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/stephen-angers-1.html) |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Stephen Angers Olympic Results |access-date=16 July 2011 |work=sports-reference.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1965|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] q063izb8onntt569gusmc3j1ca9m4vl 0 236322 1545563 2026-05-18T10:06:51Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Louis Frederick Angotti''' (16 Januari 1938 – 15 Septemba 2021) alikuwa mchezaji na kocha wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa ice hockey, ambaye alicheza misimu kumi katika National Hockey League (NHL). Alichezea timu za New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins na St. Louis Blues kuanzia mwaka 1964 hadi 1974. == Maisha ya awali == Angotti alizaliwa [[Toronto]] tarehe 16 Januari 1938.<ref name=Meltzer>{...' 1545563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Louis Frederick Angotti''' (16 Januari 1938 – 15 Septemba 2021) alikuwa mchezaji na kocha wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa ice hockey, ambaye alicheza misimu kumi katika National Hockey League (NHL). Alichezea timu za New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins na St. Louis Blues kuanzia mwaka 1964 hadi 1974. == Maisha ya awali == Angotti alizaliwa [[Toronto]] tarehe 16 Januari 1938.<ref name=Meltzer>{{cite news|title=Flyers Family Mourns Lou Angotti|url=[https://www.nhl.com/flyers/news/flyers-family-mourns-lou-angotti/c-326172936|first=Bill|last=Meltzer|date=September](https://www.nhl.com/flyers/news/flyers-family-mourns-lou-angotti/c-326172936|first=Bill|last=Meltzer|date=September) 16, 2021|accessdate=September 18, 2021|publisher=Philadelphia Flyers}}</ref> Alicheza hoki ya vijana (junior hockey) katika timu ya Toronto St. Michael's Majors. Baadaye alijiunga na Michigan Tech University ambako alisoma shahada ya uhandisi huku pia akichezea timu zao zenye ushindani mkubwa wa chuo kikuu.<ref name=Peterson>{{cite news|title=Legends: Angotti never forgot his C.C. roots|url=[https://www.mininggazette.com/sports/local-sports/2020/12/legends-angotti-never-forgot-his-c-c-roots/|first=Paul|last=Peterson|date=December](https://www.mininggazette.com/sports/local-sports/2020/12/legends-angotti-never-forgot-his-c-c-roots/|first=Paul|last=Peterson|date=December) 26, 2020|access-date=September 18, 2021|newspaper=The Daily Mining Gazette|location=Houghton, Michigan}}</ref> Alishiriki katika fainali mbili za mashindano ya NCAA, akipoteza fainali ya mwaka 1960 lakini kushinda ya mwaka 1962. Alikuwa Mchezaji Bora (MVP) katika mashindano yote mawili na alichaguliwa katika Timu Bora ya Kwanza ya WCHA kwa msimu wa 1961–62 wa hoki ya wanaume ya NCAA.<ref>{{Cite book|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ObS3yFF0nAYC&dq=lou+angotti+engineering&pg=PA88|title=Hockey](https://books.google.com/books?id=ObS3yFF0nAYC&dq=lou+angotti+engineering&pg=PA88|title=Hockey) in Rochester: The Americans' Tradition|first=Blaise M.|last=Lamphier|date=September 17, 2004|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=9780738536941|via=Google Books}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1938|2021}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] m7fyd8uybxb0f3r5cr6baed0vjjztpc 0 236323 1545564 2026-05-18T10:11:14Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Darrel Anholt'''<ref>{{cite book |author=National Hockey League |title=National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book/2014 |page=[[https://archive.org/details/nationalhockeyle0000unse/page/616](https://archive.org/details/nationalhockeyle0000unse/page/616) 616] |location=Toronto |publisher=Diamond Sports Data, Inc. |date=2013 |isbn=9781894801263 |url=[https://archive.org/details/nationalhockeyle0000unse/page/616](https://archive.org/details/nationa...' 1545564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Darrel Anholt'''<ref>{{cite book |author=National Hockey League |title=National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book/2014 |page=[[https://archive.org/details/nationalhockeyle0000unse/page/616](https://archive.org/details/nationalhockeyle0000unse/page/616) 616] |location=Toronto |publisher=Diamond Sports Data, Inc. |date=2013 |isbn=9781894801263 |url=[https://archive.org/details/nationalhockeyle0000unse/page/616](https://archive.org/details/nationalhockeyle0000unse/page/616) }}</ref> (amezaliwa Novemba 23, 1962) ni mchezaji mstaafu wa kulipwa wa hoki ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]], aliyecheza kama defensa. Alicheza mchezo mmoja katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Hoki ya Barafu (NHL) akiwa na timu ya Chicago Blackhawks wakati wa msimu wa 1983–84 , tarehe 6 Novemba 1983, katika mchezo dhidi ya New Jersey Devils. Sehemu kubwa ya maisha yake ya soka ya kulipwa, yaliyodumu kuanzia mwaka 1982 hadi 1985, alicheza katika ligi za chini (minor leagues). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] h7rk1lc55ywwxhcnkyczuzoaeq0uwgi 0 236324 1545565 2026-05-18T10:15:36Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''James Anseeuw''' (amezaliwa 16 Septemba 1959) ni mchezaji wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa curling ya viti vya magurudumu. Akiwa miongoni mwa wanariadha wakongwe zaidi wa Kanada kushiriki katika Michezo ya Paralimpiki, alisaidia Kanada kushinda medali ya shaba katika Paralimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 2018 iliyofanyika Korea Kusini. == Maisha ya awali == Anseeuw alizaliwa tarehe 16 Septemba 1959 huko Oak Bluff, Manitoba, Kanada.<ref>{{cite web |title...' 1545565 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Anseeuw''' (amezaliwa 16 Septemba 1959) ni mchezaji wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa curling ya viti vya magurudumu. Akiwa miongoni mwa wanariadha wakongwe zaidi wa Kanada kushiriki katika Michezo ya Paralimpiki, alisaidia Kanada kushinda medali ya shaba katika Paralimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 2018 iliyofanyika Korea Kusini. == Maisha ya awali == Anseeuw alizaliwa tarehe 16 Septemba 1959 huko Oak Bluff, Manitoba, Kanada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jamie Anseeuw |url=[https://www.curling.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/58/files/2017/12/Jamie-Anseeuw.pdf](https://www.curling.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/58/files/2017/12/Jamie-Anseeuw.pdf) |website=curling.ca |accessdate=February 5, 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1959|}} [ [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 70hl5b4moccsa1395xca0201pqsjcln 1545566 1545565 2026-05-18T10:16:13Z Valuegirl 87699 1545566 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Anseeuw''' (amezaliwa 16 Septemba 1959) ni mchezaji wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa curling ya viti vya magurudumu. Akiwa miongoni mwa wanariadha wakongwe zaidi wa Kanada kushiriki katika Michezo ya Paralimpiki, alisaidia Kanada kushinda medali ya shaba katika Paralimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 2018 iliyofanyika Korea Kusini. == Maisha ya awali == Anseeuw alizaliwa tarehe 16 Septemba 1959 huko Oak Bluff, Manitoba, Kanada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jamie Anseeuw |url=[https://www.curling.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/58/files/2017/12/Jamie-Anseeuw.pdf](https://www.curling.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/58/files/2017/12/Jamie-Anseeuw.pdf) |website=curling.ca |accessdate=February 5, 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1959|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 7fi8tfipvjn92uguaqr5xqwoas6rv8l 0 236325 1545568 2026-05-18T10:19:03Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ronald Michael (Mathias) Anton''' (Agosti 7, 1941 – Novemba 11, 2023) alikuwa mchezaji wa curling kutoka [[Kanada]], akiwa na asili ya [[Medicine Hat, Alberta]].<ref name="Wood">{{Cite news|title=Larry Wood|url=[https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/135180079/](https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/135180079/) |date=Oktoba 11, 1961 |last=Wood |first=Larry |newspaper=[[Calgary Herald]] |page=18 |url-status=live |archive-url=[htt...' 1545568 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronald Michael (Mathias) Anton''' (Agosti 7, 1941 – Novemba 11, 2023) alikuwa mchezaji wa curling kutoka [[Kanada]], akiwa na asili ya [[Medicine Hat, Alberta]].<ref name="Wood">{{Cite news|title=Larry Wood|url=[https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/135180079/](https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/135180079/) |date=Oktoba 11, 1961 |last=Wood |first=Larry |newspaper=[[Calgary Herald]] |page=18 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231114144228/https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/135180079/](https://web.archive.org/web/20231114144228/https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/135180079/) |archive-date=Novemba 14, 2023 |access-date=Novemba 20, 2023}}</ref> Alikuwa akicheza kama mchezaji wa nafasi ya tatu (third) katika kikosi cha Hec Gervais kilichoshinda mashindano ya Brier ya mwaka 1961 na 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[http://www.curling.ca/blog/2011/09/20/classic-curler-hector-gervais/](http://www.curling.ca/blog/2011/09/20/classic-curler-hector-gervais/) |title=Classic Curler: Hector Gervais |website=[[Curling Canada]] |date=Septemba 20, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230321174633/https://www.curling.ca/blog/2011/09/20/classic-curler-hector-gervais/](https://web.archive.org/web/20230321174633/https://www.curling.ca/blog/2011/09/20/classic-curler-hector-gervais/) |archive-date=Machi 21, 2023 |access-date=Novemba 20, 2023}}</ref> Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa curling kutumia “slider” kwenye kisigino chake wakati wa kurusha jiwe.<ref name="cc"/> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1941|2023}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] rzpgcbjl8xoca8l7z5hxm1bauahlejj 1545569 1545568 2026-05-18T10:19:32Z Valuegirl 87699 1545569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronald Michael (Mathias) Anton''' (Agosti 7, 1941 – Novemba 11, 2023) alikuwa mchezaji wa curling kutoka [[Kanada]], akiwa na asili ya [[Medicine Hat, Alberta]].<ref name="Wood">{{Cite news|title=Larry Wood|url=[https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/135180079/](https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/135180079/) |date=Oktoba 11, 1961 |last=Wood |first=Larry |newspaper=[[Calgary Herald]] |page=18 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231114144228/https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/135180079/](https://web.archive.org/web/20231114144228/https://www.newspapers.com/article/calgary-herald/135180079/) |archive-date=Novemba 14, 2023 |access-date=Novemba 20, 2023}}</ref> Alikuwa akicheza kama mchezaji wa nafasi ya tatu (third) katika kikosi cha Hec Gervais kilichoshinda mashindano ya Brier ya mwaka 1961 na 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[http://www.curling.ca/blog/2011/09/20/classic-curler-hector-gervais/](http://www.curling.ca/blog/2011/09/20/classic-curler-hector-gervais/) |title=Classic Curler: Hector Gervais |website=[[Curling Canada]] |date=Septemba 20, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230321174633/https://www.curling.ca/blog/2011/09/20/classic-curler-hector-gervais/](https://web.archive.org/web/20230321174633/https://www.curling.ca/blog/2011/09/20/classic-curler-hector-gervais/) |archive-date=Machi 21, 2023 |access-date=Novemba 20, 2023}}</ref> Alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa curling kutumia “slider” kwenye kisigino chake wakati wa kurusha jiwe. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1941|2023}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] nn2q12n1vofmt526rpf8z57z8y4ippo 0 236326 1545570 2026-05-18T10:27:50Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Marcello Aravena''' (amezaliwa 11 Aprili 1976) ni mchezaji wa [[Kanada]] wa sanaa ya mapigano ya mchanganyiko (MMA), mpanda pikipiki haramu na mwanachama wa genge la kihalifu anayehudumia kifungo cha maisha gerezani baada ya kutiwa hatiani kwa makosa saba ya mauaji ya daraja la kwanza na kosa moja la mauaji bila kukusudia kutokana na mchango wake katika tukio la mauaji ya Shedden massacre la mwaka 2006. == MMA == Aravena alizaliwa Chile, lakini alikuli...' 1545570 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marcello Aravena''' (amezaliwa 11 Aprili 1976) ni mchezaji wa [[Kanada]] wa sanaa ya mapigano ya mchanganyiko (MMA), mpanda pikipiki haramu na mwanachama wa genge la kihalifu anayehudumia kifungo cha maisha gerezani baada ya kutiwa hatiani kwa makosa saba ya mauaji ya daraja la kwanza na kosa moja la mauaji bila kukusudia kutokana na mchango wake katika tukio la mauaji ya Shedden massacre la mwaka 2006. == MMA == Aravena alizaliwa Chile, lakini alikulia [[Winnipeg]].{{sfn|Edwards|2010|p=211}} Alikuwa na IQ ya chini sana, ambapo vipimo vilivyofanywa na wanasaikolojia wa polisi baada ya kukamatwa kwake mwaka 2006 vilionyesha kuwa alikuwa na msamiati unaolingana na ule wa mtoto wa miaka minane.{{sfn|Arvast|2012|p=87}} Mwandishi wa habari Anita Arvast alimuelezea kama “mnyanyasaji kwa asili”.{{sfn|Arvast|2012|p=86}} Kipengele chake kinachojulikana zaidi ni sura yake ya usoni iliyofananishwa na ya nyani, jambo lililosababisha akiwa mtoto na hata akiwa mtu mzima kupewa majina ya utani kama “the Great White Chilean Ape” na “Mountain Gorilla”.{{sfn|Arvast|2012|p=86}} Baada ya kuacha shule ya sekondari, Aravena alijipatia kipato kama mchezaji wa MMA, mlinzi katika mgahawa wa Winnipeg uitwao Phat Daddy’s, na pia kama bondia wa kulipwa.{{sfn|Arvast|2012|p=86}} Mara nyingi Aravena alipoteza mapambano yake ya MMA na ndondi.{{sfn|Edwards|2010|p=211}} Mwandishi Jerry Langton alibainisha kuwa “alikuwa na rekodi ya kukatisha tamaa ya 7-31-1 kama mtaalamu”.{{sfn|Langton|2010|p=180}} Aravena alisema kuhusu kazi yake ya mapigano: “Niliwapa watu onyesho zuri. Ndiyo maana walinipenda. Nilikuwa nikiinuka na kupigana tena na tena”.{{sfn|Edwards|2010|p=212}} Baada ya mgahawa wa Phat Daddy’s kufungwa, Aravena alianza kufanya kazi kwa Dwight “Big Dee” Mushey.{{sfn|Arvast|2012|p=87}} Katika majira ya kiangazi ya 2005, binamu yake, mwenzake wa nyumba na rafiki yake wa karibu aliuawa katika ugomvi wa baa, na baadaye, akiwa anateseka na uraibu wa kokaini, alihamia kuishi na mwajiri wake Mushey, akilipa dola 100 kama kodi ya kuishi katika basement yake.{{sfn|Edwards|2010|pp=410–411}} == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 0rdkuhm6gg1lnyqnwr8vid8kzlvbune 0 236327 1545571 2026-05-18T10:32:14Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Charles Joseph Sylvanus Apps''' (18 Januari 1915 – 24 Desemba 1998)<ref name=CHATLAS>{{cite book|title=The Canadian Hockey Atlas|url=[https://archive.org/details/canadianhockeyat0000cole|url-access=registration|first=Stephen|last=Cole|publisher=Doubleday](https://archive.org/details/canadianhockeyat0000cole|url-access=registration|first=Stephen|last=Cole|publisher=Doubleday) Canada|year=2006|isbn=978-0-385-66093-8 }}</ref> alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa...' 1545571 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Joseph Sylvanus Apps''' (18 Januari 1915 – 24 Desemba 1998)<ref name=CHATLAS>{{cite book|title=The Canadian Hockey Atlas|url=[https://archive.org/details/canadianhockeyat0000cole|url-access=registration|first=Stephen|last=Cole|publisher=Doubleday](https://archive.org/details/canadianhockeyat0000cole|url-access=registration|first=Stephen|last=Cole|publisher=Doubleday) Canada|year=2006|isbn=978-0-385-66093-8 }}</ref> alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa hoki ya barafu aliyekichezea timu ya Toronto Maple Leafs kuanzia mwaka 1936 hadi 1948. Pia alikuwa mwanariadha wa Olimpiki katika mchezo wa pole vault]] (kuruka kwa ufito) na baadaye mwanasiasa wa chama cha Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario aliyewahi kuwa Mbunge wa Mkoa wa Ontario. Mwaka 2017, Apps alitajwa miongoni mwa orodha ya wachezaji 100 bora zaidi katika historia ya National Hockey League (100 Greatest NHL Players).<ref name="100 Greatest NHL Players">{{cite web|title=100 Greatest NHL Players|url=[https://www.nhl.com/fans/nhl-centennial/100-greatest-nhl-players|publisher=National](https://www.nhl.com/fans/nhl-centennial/100-greatest-nhl-players|publisher=National) Hockey League|access-date=January 1, 2017|date=January 1, 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1915|1998}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] r1bgem0j20od3m7dgluqrf4shoq29hu 0 236328 1545572 2026-05-18T10:35:00Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Alger Joseph Arbour''' (Novemba 1, 1932 – Agosti 28, 2015) alikuwa mchezaji, kocha, na mtendaji wa Kanada katika hoki ya barafu. Ameshika nafasi ya saba kwa idadi ya michezo aliyofundisha katika historia ya Ligi ya Taifa ya Hoki ya Barafu(National Hockey League)<ref name="HHOF">{{cite web|title=Legends of Hockey: Al Arbour|url=[http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=b199601&type=Builder&page=bio&list=|publisher=Hock...' 1545572 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alger Joseph Arbour''' (Novemba 1, 1932 – Agosti 28, 2015) alikuwa mchezaji, kocha, na mtendaji wa Kanada katika hoki ya barafu. Ameshika nafasi ya saba kwa idadi ya michezo aliyofundisha katika historia ya Ligi ya Taifa ya Hoki ya Barafu(National Hockey League)<ref name="HHOF">{{cite web|title=Legends of Hockey: Al Arbour|url=[http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=b199601&type=Builder&page=bio&list=|publisher=[[Hockey](http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=b199601&type=Builder&page=bio&list=|publisher=[[Hockey) Hall of Fame]]|access-date=Machi 30, 2015}}</ref> na nafasi ya nane kwa ushindi wa jumla wa muda wote. Chini ya Arbour, timu ya New York Islanders ilishinda mataji manne mfululizo ya Stanley Cup kuanzia 1980 hadi 1983, na kuweka rekodi ya kushinda mfululizo wa mizunguko ya mchujo 19 hadi mwaka 1984. Ushindi wake wa michezo 740 akiwa na Islanders ndio rekodi kubwa zaidi kwa kocha mmoja katika historia ya NHL. Alizaliwa [[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]], [[Ontario]], Arbour alianza kucheza hoki ya kiwango cha amateur kama mchezaji wa nafasi ya ulinzi (defenceman) akiwa na timu ya Windsor Spitfires ya Ontario Hockey League (Ontario Hockey League). Alicheza michezo yake ya kwanza ya kulipwa na Detroit Red Wings mwaka 1953. Baada ya kuchukuliwa na Chicago Blackhawks mwaka 1958, Arbour alisaidia timu hiyo kushinda ubingwa mwaka 1961. Baadaye alicheza na Toronto Maple Leafs kwa miaka mitano iliyofuata, akishinda Kombe la Stanley mwaka 1962. Mwaka 1967 alichaguliwa na St. Louis Blues katika rasimu ya upanuzi (expansion draft) ya ligi hiyo, na alicheza misimu yake minne ya mwisho akiwa na timu hiyo. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1932|2015}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] jgh4qcnabf58etgrpsz8735nvaught3 0 236329 1545573 2026-05-18T10:38:35Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joseph Amos Hermas "Butch" Arbour''' (26 Januari 1895 – 1 Novemba 1943) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa hoki ya barafu. Akiwa mshambuliaji wa upande wa kushoto (left winger), Arbour alicheza misimu miwili katika National Hockey Association na misimu sita katika National Hockey League akiwa na timu za Montreal Canadiens, Hamilton Tigers na Toronto St. Patricks. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Montreal Canadiens kilichoshinda...' 1545573 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Amos Hermas "Butch" Arbour''' (26 Januari 1895 – 1 Novemba 1943) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mchezo wa hoki ya barafu. Akiwa mshambuliaji wa upande wa kushoto (left winger), Arbour alicheza misimu miwili katika National Hockey Association na misimu sita katika National Hockey League akiwa na timu za Montreal Canadiens, Hamilton Tigers na Toronto St. Patricks. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi cha Montreal Canadiens kilichoshinda Kombe la Stanley mwaka 1916. Kwenye nyaraka zake za kujiandikisha kwa ajili ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]], kazi yake iliorodheshwa kuwa ni ya mchinjaji.<ref>[[https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item/?op=pdf&app=CEF&id=B0205-S029](https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.item/?op=pdf&app=CEF&id=B0205-S029) ARBOUR, ARMOS AMOS] Library and Archives Canada – Personnel Records of the First World War. Retrieved 2021-06-12.</ref> Alifariki dunia huko Orillia, Ontario.<ref>''La Presse'' (Montreal, Quebec). Nov. 3, 1943.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1895|1943}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] oucvcv4hch6sgpswqrdqdvr2sus6ixk 0 236330 1545575 2026-05-18T10:54:44Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Joseph Merille Ernest "Ty" Arbour''' (29 Juni 1896 – 11 Februari 1979) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa hoki ya barafu aliyeshiriki katika ligi ya National Hockey League (NHL) na Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). Alizaliwa huko Waubaushene, Ontario. Alikuwa kaka mkubwa wa mchezaji Jack Arbour. Ty Arbour alianza taaluma yake katika maeneo ya magharibi mwa Kanada baada ya kuhudumu katika Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia. Baadaye alic...' 1545575 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Merille Ernest "Ty" Arbour''' (29 Juni 1896 – 11 Februari 1979) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa hoki ya barafu aliyeshiriki katika ligi ya National Hockey League (NHL) na Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). Alizaliwa huko Waubaushene, Ontario. Alikuwa kaka mkubwa wa mchezaji Jack Arbour. Ty Arbour alianza taaluma yake katika maeneo ya magharibi mwa Kanada baada ya kuhudumu katika Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia. Baadaye alichezea timu ya Pittsburgh Pirates na pia alikuwa nahodha wa Chicago Black Hawks katika NHL.<ref>{{Cite web|url=[http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=46621|title=Blackhawks](http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=46621|title=Blackhawks) Historic Leadership}}</ref> Baada ya hapo alimaliza maisha yake ya soka la kulipwa akicheza katika ligi za madaraja ya chini (minors).<ref>{{cite web |title=Legends of Hockey -- NHL Player Search -- Player -- Ty Arbour |url=[http://www.hhof.com/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?player=11862](http://www.hhof.com/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?player=11862) |website=HHOF.com |access-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170801081830/http://www.hhof.com/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?player=11862](https://web.archive.org/web/20170801081830/http://www.hhof.com/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?player=11862) |archive-date=August 1, 2017}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1896|1979}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 9z03nb9w9xyhyjupfcgrfvgi13wr76p 0 236331 1545576 2026-05-18T10:57:47Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Larry Arbuthnot''' (amezaliwa 9 Mei 1947) ni mchezaji wa [[Kanada]] wa mchezo wa luge. Aliiwakilisha Kanada katika mashindano ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 1968, Olimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 1972 na Olimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 1976. Baadaye alihudumu kama kocha wa timu ya luge ya Kanada katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 1980.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ar/larry-...' 1545576 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larry Arbuthnot''' (amezaliwa 9 Mei 1947) ni mchezaji wa [[Kanada]] wa mchezo wa luge. Aliiwakilisha Kanada katika mashindano ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 1968, Olimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 1972 na Olimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 1976. Baadaye alihudumu kama kocha wa timu ya luge ya Kanada katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Baridi ya 1980.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=[https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ar/larry-arbuthnot-1.html](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ar/larry-arbuthnot-1.html) |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418110118/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ar/larry-arbuthnot-1.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20200418110118/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ar/larry-arbuthnot-1.html) |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 Aprili 2020 |title=Matokeo ya Olimpiki ya Larry Arbuthnot |access-date=2 Aprili 2020}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1947|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 0pogerp8i8lv6rb65vc37lmy6fhirux 0 236332 1545577 2026-05-18T11:00:48Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gilles Archambault''' (9 Machi 1934 – 25 Oktoba 2009) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mpira wa miguu wa Kanada. Alichezea timu za Calgary Stampeders na Ottawa Rough Riders. Kabla ya kuingia katika soka la kulipwa, alicheza soka ya vijana (junior football) huko Ottawa na pia katika Verdun, Quebec.<ref>{{cite web | title=Gilles Archambault football statistics | website=StatsCrew.com | url=[https://www.statscrew.com/football/stats/p...' 1545577 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gilles Archambault''' (9 Machi 1934 – 25 Oktoba 2009) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mpira wa miguu wa Kanada. Alichezea timu za Calgary Stampeders na Ottawa Rough Riders. Kabla ya kuingia katika soka la kulipwa, alicheza soka ya vijana (junior football) huko Ottawa na pia katika Verdun, Quebec.<ref>{{cite web | title=Gilles Archambault football statistics | website=StatsCrew.com | url=[https://www.statscrew.com/football/stats/p-archagil001](https://www.statscrew.com/football/stats/p-archagil001) | access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/ottawacitizen/obituary.aspx?n=gilles-archambault&pid=135117716|title](http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/ottawacitizen/obituary.aspx?n=gilles-archambault&pid=135117716|title) = Gilles Archambault Obituary (2009) - Ottawa Citizen| website=[[Legacy.com]] }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1934|2009}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 1uk3on9o9rvlosohfx7huxrd1ikf2xt 1545578 1545577 2026-05-18T11:03:14Z Valuegirl 87699 1545578 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gilles Archambault''' (alizaliwa 9 Machi 1934 – alifariki25 Oktoba 2009) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa mpira wa miguu wa Kanada. Alichezea timu za Calgary Stampeders na Ottawa Rough Riders. Kabla ya kuingia katika soka la kulipwa, alicheza soka ya vijana (junior football) huko Ottawa na pia katika Verdun, Quebec.<ref>{{cite web | title=Gilles Archambault football statistics | website=StatsCrew.com | url=[https://www.statscrew.com/football/stats/p-archagil001](https://www.statscrew.com/football/stats/p-archagil001) | access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/ottawacitizen/obituary.aspx?n=gilles-archambault&pid=135117716|title](http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/ottawacitizen/obituary.aspx?n=gilles-archambault&pid=135117716|title) = Gilles Archambault Obituary (2009) - Ottawa Citizen| website=[[Legacy.com]] }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1934|2009}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 5mi7m8bw220vh9p66qw1kt5wipc2s7s 0 236333 1545579 2026-05-18T11:07:14Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Larry Andrew Archambeault''' (22 Februari 1919 – 6 Mei 1981)<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=(SSDI) Death Record|url=[http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/ssdi/doc/ssdi/v1:112D89F338B26D24|publisher=Genealogy](http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/ssdi/doc/ssdi/v1:112D89F338B26D24|publisher=Genealogy) Bank|accessdate=14 August 2013}}</ref> alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa hiki ya barafu. Kati ya mwaka 1938 na 1953, Archambeault alicheza k...' 1545579 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larry Andrew Archambeault''' (22 Februari 1919 – 6 Mei 1981)<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=(SSDI) Death Record|url=[http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/ssdi/doc/ssdi/v1:112D89F338B26D24|publisher=Genealogy](http://www.genealogybank.com/gbnk/ssdi/doc/ssdi/v1:112D89F338B26D24|publisher=Genealogy) Bank|accessdate=14 August 2013}}</ref> alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa [[Canada|Mkanada]] wa hiki ya barafu. Kati ya mwaka 1938 na 1953, Archambeault alicheza kwa timu mbalimbali katika Eastern Hockey League, American Hockey League, Pacific Coast Hockey League na United States Hockey League. Jina lake halisi lilikuwa '''Laurier André Archambeault''', lakini lilibadilishwa kuwa la Kiingereza alipohamia nchini Marekani.<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1919|1981}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 1vcu5mc8lipctvnmpxmnt0pznd0zkp5 0 236334 1545580 2026-05-18T11:09:52Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Yves Archambault''' (amezaliwa Juni 22, 1952, mjini [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]) ni mchezaji mstaafu wa kulipwa wa Kanada wa hoki ya barafu aliyekuwa akicheza kama golikipa. == Maisha ya awali == Archambault alizaliwa Montreal. Akiwa kijana, alishiriki katika mashindano ya 1965 ya Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament akiwa na timu ya hoki ya vijana kutoka Montreal.<ref>{{cite web |year=2018 |title=Orodha ya wachezaji wa Pee-Wee waliowahi kufika...' 1545580 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yves Archambault''' (amezaliwa Juni 22, 1952, mjini [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]) ni mchezaji mstaafu wa kulipwa wa Kanada wa hoki ya barafu aliyekuwa akicheza kama golikipa. == Maisha ya awali == Archambault alizaliwa Montreal. Akiwa kijana, alishiriki katika mashindano ya 1965 ya Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament akiwa na timu ya hoki ya vijana kutoka Montreal.<ref>{{cite web |year=2018 |title=Orodha ya wachezaji wa Pee-Wee waliowahi kufika NHL au WHA |url=[https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf](https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf) |access-date=2019-01-04 |website=Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf](https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf) |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1952|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] kyoc3i5ymwhxopp73tix21rorwqslso 0 236335 1545581 2026-05-18T11:29:25Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Gerald Bruce Archibald''' (Agosti 22, 1907 – Novemba 25, 1990) alikuwa mchezaji na kocha wa kulipwa wa [[basketball|mpira wa kikapu]] kutoka Kanada.<ref name=peach>{{cite web| title =Gerald Archibald| work =Peach Basket Society| publisher =| date =Agosti 12, 2015 | url =[http://peachbasketsociety.blogspot.com/2015/08/gerald-archibald.html|](http://peachbasketsociety.blogspot.com/2015/08/gerald-archibald.html|) accessdate = Februari 18, 2019}}</ref><re...' 1545581 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gerald Bruce Archibald''' (Agosti 22, 1907 – Novemba 25, 1990) alikuwa mchezaji na kocha wa kulipwa wa [[basketball|mpira wa kikapu]] kutoka Kanada.<ref name=peach>{{cite web| title =Gerald Archibald| work =Peach Basket Society| publisher =| date =Agosti 12, 2015 | url =[http://peachbasketsociety.blogspot.com/2015/08/gerald-archibald.html|](http://peachbasketsociety.blogspot.com/2015/08/gerald-archibald.html|) accessdate = Februari 18, 2019}}</ref><ref name=bbr>{{cite web| title =Takwimu za Gerald Archibald katika NBL| work =basketball-reference.com| publisher =Sports Reference LLC| date = | url =[https://www.basketball-reference.com/nbl/players/a/archige01n.html|](https://www.basketball-reference.com/nbl/players/a/archige01n.html|) accessdate = Februari 18, 2019}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1907|1990}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] 7i05pphjg4c5f1v2j9ny5pyt6wwvq5d 0 236336 1545582 2026-05-18T11:34:48Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Barry Ardern''' (amezaliwa 12 Mei 1946) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa nafasi ya defensive back katika Canadian Football League (CFL), ambako alicheza kwa muda wa miaka kumi. Ardern alishinda Grey Cup mara tatu: mwaka 1968 na 1969 akiwa na timu ya Ottawa Rough Riders, na mwaka 1977 akiwa na Montreal Alouettes.<ref name="cfl">{{cite web | url=[http://cflapedia.com/Players/a/ardern_barry.htm](http://cflapedia.com/Players/a/ardern_barry.htm) | title=Barry Arder...' 1545582 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barry Ardern''' (amezaliwa 12 Mei 1946) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa nafasi ya defensive back katika Canadian Football League (CFL), ambako alicheza kwa muda wa miaka kumi. Ardern alishinda Grey Cup mara tatu: mwaka 1968 na 1969 akiwa na timu ya Ottawa Rough Riders, na mwaka 1977 akiwa na Montreal Alouettes.<ref name="cfl">{{cite web | url=[http://cflapedia.com/Players/a/ardern_barry.htm](http://cflapedia.com/Players/a/ardern_barry.htm) | title=Barry Ardern | accessdate=29 December 2010 | publisher=CFLapedia}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1946|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] dk1a57hx3kl99n4el33i0pdqp1lfclb 0 236337 1545583 2026-05-18T11:48:29Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ronald Areshenkoff''' (Juni 13, 1957 – Desemba 15, 2019) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa hoki ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]] aliyekuwa akicheza katika nafasi ya sentaa. Alichaguliwa katika raundi ya pili akiwa mchezaji wa 32 kwa ujumla na timu ya Buffalo Sabres katika 1977 NHL amateur draft. Baadaye alicheza michezo minne katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Hoki ya Barafu (NHL) akiwa na timu ya Edmonton Oilers, bila kufunga pointi yoyote. Alifariki mwaka 2019 katik...' 1545583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronald Areshenkoff''' (Juni 13, 1957 – Desemba 15, 2019) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa hoki ya barafu kutoka [[Kanada]] aliyekuwa akicheza katika nafasi ya sentaa. Alichaguliwa katika raundi ya pili akiwa mchezaji wa 32 kwa ujumla na timu ya Buffalo Sabres katika 1977 NHL amateur draft. Baadaye alicheza michezo minne katika Ligi ya Taifa ya Hoki ya Barafu (NHL) akiwa na timu ya Edmonton Oilers, bila kufunga pointi yoyote. Alifariki mwaka 2019 katika mji wake wa Grand Forks baada ya kuugua kwa muda mrefu.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.estevanmercury.ca/news/local-news/areshenkoff-was-a-big-part-of-the-community-1.24038053](https://www.estevanmercury.ca/news/local-news/areshenkoff-was-a-big-part-of-the-community-1.24038053) |title=Areshenkoff was a big part of the community | Estevan Mercury |work=Estevan Mercury |publisher=Estevanmercury.ca |date=19 Desemba 2019|accessdate=2019-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tonin |first=John |url=[https://www.whitehorsestar.com/Sports/we-lost-a-good-one-ron-areshenkoff-dies](https://www.whitehorsestar.com/Sports/we-lost-a-good-one-ron-areshenkoff-dies) |title=Whitehorse Daily Star: 'We lost a good one': Ron Areshenkoff dies |publisher=Whitehorsestar.com |date= |accessdate=2019-12-19}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamichezo}} {{BD|1957|2019}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Kanada]] h82slgzonjyawwhc952x8byovg1xzw5