Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1191 1569219 1559213 2026-06-09T23:32:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania | lugha_rasmi = {{hlist |[[Kiswahili]]|[[Kiingereza]]}} | kaulimbiu = "Uhuru na Umoja" | wimbo = "[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]"<br>[[File:Tanzanian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]] | mji_mkubwa = [[Dar es Salaam]] | mji_mkuu = [[Dodoma]] | latd = 6 | latm = 11 | latNS = S | longd = 35 | longm = 44 | longEW = E | serikali = [[Jamhuri]] | vyeo_viongozi = | muundo_uhuru = '''Uhuru''' kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | eneo_jumla = 947 303<ref name="worldfactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Tanzania|access-date=30 Machi 2024|year=2023}}</ref> | maji = 6.4<ref name="worldfactbook"/> | watu_kadirio = 65 642 682<ref name="worldfactbook"/> | sensa = 2022 | watu_sensa = 61 741 120<ref name="sensa22"/> | pato = {{ongezeko}} USD bilioni 85.98<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/TZA|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Tanzania) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=22 Aprili 2025 |access-date=22 Aprili 2025}}</ref> | mwaka_pato = 2025 | pato_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} USD 1,280<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" /> | pato_halisi = {{ongezeko}} USD bilioni 293.59<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" /> | pato_halisi_kwa_mtu = {{ongezeko}} USD 4,370<ref name="IMFWEO.TZ" /> | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 | maendeleo = {{ongezeko}} 0.555<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TZA|language=en|publisher=[[Mradi wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]]|date=13 Machi 2024|access-date=22 Machi 2023|archive-date=22 Machi 2025}}</ref> (ya 165)</br> {{kati}} | fedha = [[Shilingi ya Tanzania]] | majira_saa = +3<br>([[Saa za Afrika Mashariki|Afrika Mashariki]]) | utaifa = Mtanzania | udereva = Kushoto | iso3166 = [[ISO 3166-2:TZ|TZ]] | tld = [[.tz]] | tukio1 = [[Tanganyika]] | tukio2 = [[Zanzibar]] | tukio3 = Muungano | tukio4 = Katiba ya sasa | tukio1_tarehe = 9 Desemba 1961 | tukio2_tarehe = 10 Desemba 1963 | tukio3_tarehe = 26 Aprili 1964 | tukio4_tarehe = 25 Aprili 1977 | jina_kawaida = Tanzania | matini_nembo = Nembo ya Tanzania | matini_bendera = Bendera ya Tanzania | dini = 63.1% [[Wakristo]]<br>34.1% [[Waislamu]]<br>1.5% [[Wasio na dini]]<br>1.2% [[Dini asilia za Kiafrika|dini asilia]]<br>0.1% wengine | msimbo_simu = [[Namba za simu Tanzania|255]] | maelezo_ramani = Mahali pa Tanzania katika Afrika ya Mashariki | maelezo_ramani2 = Ramani ya Tanzania | matini_ramani = Mahali pa Tanzania katika Afrika ya Mashariki | matini_ramani2 = Ramani ya Tanzania | jina_asili = | bendera =Flag of Tanzania.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg | ramani = File:Tanzania_(orthographic_projection).svg | ramani2 = File:Tanzania map-sw.svg | muundo_tarehe = siku/mwezi/mwaka | idadi_makabila = Kupita [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila 125]] | ukubwa_ramani2 = 250 | latd2 = 6 | latm2 = 48 | latNS2 = S | longd2 = 39 | longm2 = 17 | longEW2 = E | lugha_taifa = [[Kiswahili]] | mwaka_kadirio = 2023 | cheo_watu = 23 | cheo_kiongozi1 = [[Orodha ya Marais wa Tanzania|Rais]] | cheo_kiongozi2 = [[Orodha ya Makamu wa Rais Tanzania|Makamu wa Rais]] | cheo_kiongozi3 = [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Tanzania|Waziri Mkuu]] | cheo_kiongozi4 = [[Orodha ya Maspika wa Bunge la Tanzania|Spika]] | cheo_kiongozi5 = Jaji Mkuu | kiongozi1 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] | kiongozi2 = [[Philip Isdor Mpango]] | kiongozi3 = [[Kassim Majaliwa]] | kiongozi4 = [[Tulia Ackson]] | kiongozi5 = [[George Mcheche Masaju]] }} '''Tanzania''', rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania''', ni nchi iliyoko [[Afrika Mashariki]] ndani ya [[Nchi za Maziwa Makuu|eneo la Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika]] na kando ya pwani ya [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. <ref name="Britannica_Tanzania">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tanzania |author=Gary P. Gillum |title=Tanzania |website=Britannica |date=Machi 11, 2026 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 }}</ref> Inapakana na [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]] kaskazini, [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] magharibi, na [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]], na [[Msumbiji]] kusini. <ref name="WFB_Tanzania">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#geography |title=Tanzania - World Factbook: Geography |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 31, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#geography |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kufikia mwaka 2024, inakadiriwa kuwa na idadi ya watu takriban milioni 67 <ref name="sensa22">{{Cite report|title=Sensa ya Watu na Makazi ya Mwaka 2022: Matokeo ya Mwanzo|author=Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu – Tanzania|date=Oktoba 2022|url=https://www.nbs.go.tz/uploads/statistics/documents/sw-1705484563-matokeomwanzooktoba2022.pdf}}</ref>. , ikiwa [[Orodha ya nchi kulingana na idadi ya watu|nchi ya 20 duniani]] na ya 5 [[Afrika]] kwa idadi ya watu. [[Mji mkuu]] ni Dodoma, huku [[Dar es Salaam]] ukiwa mji wake mkubwa na kituo kikuu cha kiuchumi. <ref name="WFB_Tanzania"/> Nchi hii imegawanywa katika mikoa 31 ya kiutawala, na lugha rasmi ni Kiswahili na Kiingereza. <ref name="Britannica_Tanzania"/> Mabaki mengi muhimu ya [[zamadamu]] yaligunduliwa nchini Tanzania.<ref name="Britannica_Tanzania"/> Katika [[zama za Mawe]] na [[Zama za Shaba|Shaba]], kulikuwa na [[Uhamiaji wa binadamu|uhamaji]] wa kihistoria kutoka kaskazini kuingia Tanzania wa wazungumzaji wa [[Kikushi|Kikushi cha Kusini]] waliokuwa na sifa kama za [[Wairaqw]] wa leo, waliotoka [[Ethiopia]] ya leo; pia kulikuwepo na watu wa Kikushi cha Mashariki waliotoka kaskazini mwa [[Ziwa Turkana]] kati ya miaka 2,000 hadi 4,000 iliyopita; pamoja na [[Waniloti]] wa Kusini kama [[Wadatooga]], waliotokea katika mpaka wa [[Sudan Kusini]] na Ethiopia takribani miaka 2,900 hadi 2,400 iliyopita. Uhamiaji huo ulifanana kwa wakati na ujio wa [[Wabantu]] wa Mashariki kutoka [[Afrika Magharibi]] waliotua katika maeneo ya [[Ziwa Viktoria]] na [[Ziwa Tanganyika]].<ref name="Tanzania_Antiquities">{{cite web |url=http://www.mnrt.go.tz/ |title=Antiquities and Human Origins in Tanzania |website=mnrt.go.tz |publisher=Wizara ya Maliasili na Utalii |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609010517/http://www.mnrt.go.tz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 19]], Tanzania bara ilikuwa chini ya [[utawala]] wa [[Ujerumani|Wajerumani]] kama sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]], na baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]], [[Waingereza]] walichukua [[mamlaka]] kwa jina la [[Tanganyika]], huku [[Visiwa vya Zanzibar]] vikisalia katika usimamizi tofauti wa kikoloni.<ref name="BBC_Tanzania_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14095776 |title=Tanzania country profile |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Baada ya kupata [[uhuru]] mwaka [[1961]] (Tanganyika) na [[1963]] (Zanzibar), nchi hizo mbili ziliungana mwaka [[1964]] na kuunda [[Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]]. Tanganyika iliingia katika [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] na Tanzania kwa sasa ni mwanachama wa jumuiya hiyo kama [[taifa]] moja.<ref name="Commonwealth_Tanzania">{{cite web |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/tanzania |title=Tanzania - Member State Profile |website=thecommonwealth.org |publisher=The Commonwealth |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Leo, [[katiba|kikatiba]] Tanzania ni [[jamhuri]] ya [[Rais|urais]] inayofuata [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] lakini imekuwa chini ya [[Mfumo wa chama kimoja|chama kimoja]] kikuu ambacho kimeshikilia [[madaraka]] moja kwa moja tangu uhuru ingawa jina lake lilibadilika kutoka [[Tanganyika African National Union]] hadi [[Chama cha Mapinduzi]] mwaka [[1977]].<ref name="WFB_Tanzania_Gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#government |title=Tanzania - World Factbook: Government and Politics |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#government |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tanzania haijawahi kupitia machafuko makubwa ya ndani tangu uhuru, na inahesabiwa kuwa miongoni mwa nchi salama na tulivu zaidi kisiasa barani [[Afrika]].<ref name="BBC_Tanzania_Profile"/> Idadi ya watu wa Tanzania inajumuisha [[makabila]], [[lugha]], na [[dini]] zaidi ya 120. [[Ukristo]] ndio [[dini]] yenye wafuasi wengi, ikifuatwa na [[Uislamu]] na [[dini za jadi]].<ref name="WFB_Tanzania_People">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#people-and-society |title=Tanzania - World Factbook: People and Society |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#people-and-society |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tanzania ndiyo nchi yenye tofauti kubwa zaidi za lugha Afrika ya Mashariki. Ingawa hakuna [[lugha rasmi]] kisheria, [[Kiswahili]] hutumika kama [[lugha ya taifa]], na [[Kiingereza]] hutumika katika biashara za kimataifa, [[diplomasia]], [[mahakama]] za juu, na [[elimu]] ya [[Elimu ya sekondari|sekondari]] na [[elimu ya juu|ya juu]]. [[Kiarabu]] huzungumzwa pia visiwani Zanzibar.<ref name="Britannica_Tanzania"/> [[Jiografia|Kijiografia]], Tanzania ina [[milima]] na [[misitu]] mingi kaskazini-mashariki, ikiwemo [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], mlima mrefu zaidi Afrika na mlima pekee wa kujitegemea kwa [[kimo]] [[Dunia|duniani]].<ref name="UNESCO_Kilimanjaro">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/403 |title=Kilimanjaro National Park |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> [[Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika]] yote matatu yanapatikana kwa sehemu ndani ya Tanzania: [[Ziwa Viktoria]] ([[ziwa]] kubwa zaidi Afrika), [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] (ziwa lenye [[kina]] kirefu zaidi na [[samaki]] wa pekee), na [[Ziwa Nyasa]] upande wa kusini. Ukanda wa pwani una joto na unyevunyevu, na Visiwa vya Zanzibar vipo karibu na mwambao. [[Eneo la Hifadhi ya Menai Bay]] ni eneo kubwa zaidi la hifadhi ya baharini Zanzibar. [[Maporomoko ya Kalambo]] yaliyoko mpakani na Zambia ndiyo maporomoko ya pili kwa urefu barani Afrika. Tanzania ni moja ya nchi maarufu duniani kwa [[safari]] za [[utalii]].<ref name="WFB_Tanzania_Geo">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#geography |title=Tanzania - World Factbook: Geography |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/#geography |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Jina== [[Jina]] "Tanzania" liliundwa kama mkusanyiko wa majina ya maeneo mawili yaliyoungana kuunda nchi: [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar (Jiji)|Zanzibar]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=tanzania {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of the name tanzania by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/tanzania|work=www.etymonline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> Jina lilipatikana kwa mashindano yaliyotangazwa mwaka 1964 na serikali kutafuta jina fupi zaidi kuliko "Jamhuri ya Tanganyika na Zanzibar". Mshindi alikuwa mwenyeji wa Dar es Salaam aliyeitwa [[Mohamed Iqbal Dar]] ([[1944]] - [[2025]]) <ref>https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/aliyebuni-jina-tanzania-afariki-dunia-4950694</ref>. Alipendekeza kuunganisha [[herufi]] tatu za kwanza za [[Tanganyika|TANganyika]] na [[Zanzibar|ZANzibar]] akafikia "Tanzan". Hakuridhika bado, akaona nchi nyingi za Afrika zina majina yanayoishia na "ia" akaongeza herufi hizi. Mwenyewe alieleza baadaye chaguo lake kwamba aliamua kutumia "I" ya jina lake Iqbal na "A" ya jina la madhehebu yake aliyoyafuata katika Uislamu ya [[Ahmadiyya]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://globalpublishers.co.tz/mohammed-iqbal-dar-mbunifu-wa-jina-la-tanzania/|title=Mohammed Iqbal Dar: Mbunifu wa jina la Tanzania|date=2016-03-07|work=Global Publishers|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref> Jina "Tanganyika" linatokana na maneno ya [[Kiswahili]] "tanga" na "nyika", yakiunda msemo "tanga nyikani". Wakati fulani inaelezwa kama marejeleo ya Ziwa Tanganyika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Loading...|url=http://home.frognet.net/~jaknouse/gaz-af.html|work=home.frognet.net|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> Jina la Zanzibar linatokana na "[[zenji]]", jina la watu wa eneo hilo (inadaiwa lina maana ya "nyeusi"), na neno la Kiarabu "barr", ambalo linamaanisha pwani au ufukwe.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=zanzibar {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of the name zanzibar by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/zanzibar|work=www.etymonline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> == Historia == {{main|Historia ya Tanzania|Historia ya Zanzibar}} {{Kwa|historia ya maeneo ya Tanzania kabla ya 1964|Tanganyika (nchi)|Zanzibar|Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani}} [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-166-21.jpg|thumb|Julius Nyerere akidai Uhuru Kamili kutoka kwa Uingereza.]] [[Historia ya Tanzania]] inawakilisha historia ya eneo ambalo leo linaunda Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania, ikijumuisha Tanganyika Bara na [[visiwa vya Zanzibar]]. Ugunduzi wa [[akiolojia]] katika [[Bonde la Oltupai]] na maeneo mengine unaonyesha kuwa eneo hili limekuwa na makazi ya binadamu tangu nyakati za kale sana na lina baadhi ya ushahidi muhimu zaidi kuhusu mageuzi ya awali ya binadamu. <ref name="Olduvai">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Olduvai-Gorge |title=Olduvai Gorge: Archaeological Site, Tanzania |website=Britannica |date=April 24, 2026 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Kwa karne nyingi, eneo hili lilikaliwa na jamii mbalimbali, zikiwemo jamii zinazozungumza [[lugha za Kibantu]], huku maeneo ya pwani yakijumuishwa katika mitandao ya biashara ya [[Bahari ya Hindi]] iliyounganisha [[Afrika Mashariki]] na [[Uarabuni]], [[Uajemi]], [[Uhindi]], na baadaye [[China]]. <ref name="Swahili_Coast">{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/swahili-coast/ |title=The Swahili Coast |website=nationalgeographic.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |date=2024 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Kuanzia kipindi cha kati cha historia, [[Miji-dola ya Waswahili|miji kadhaa ya Waswahili]] ilistawi kando ya pwani, ikiwemo [[Kilwa]], ambayo ilikuja kuwa kitovu muhimu cha biashara na utamaduni. <ref name="Kilwa">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/144 |title=Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara |website=unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |date=2024 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Ushawishi wa [[Wareno]] ulijitokeza katika sehemu za pwani katika [[karne ya 16]], lakini baadaye ukachukuliwa na [[Waarabu]] wa [[Omani]], hasa [[Zanzibar]]. Katika [[karne ya 19]], Zanzibar iliibuka kama kituo muhimu cha biashara, huku upanuzi wa ukoloni wa [[Ulaya]] ukiongezeka katika maeneo ya bara. Kufikia mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 19]], sehemu kubwa ya Tanzania Bara ilikuwa imekuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. <ref name="German_East_Africa">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/German-East-Africa |title=German East Africa: Historical Colony, Africa |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Baada ya [[Ujerumani]] kushindwa katika [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]], [[Tanganyika]] iliwekwa chini ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]] kama eneo la mamlaka ya Ligi ya Mataifa na baadaye eneo la udhamini la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Harakati za uzalendo ziliongezeka baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]], zikiongozwa hasa na [[Julius Nyerere]] na Chama cha [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU). <ref name="TANU">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tanganyika-African-National-Union |title=Tanganyika African National Union |website=Britannica |date=2024 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Tanganyika ilipata uhuru kutoka kwa [[Uingereza]] tarehe 9 Desemba 1961 na kuwa jamhuri mwaka 1962, huku Nyerere akiwa rais wake wa kwanza. <ref name="Tanganyika_Independence">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14095776 |title=Tanzania country profile - Timeline |website=BBC News |date=2025 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> [[Zanzibar]], mapinduzi yaliyotokea Januari 1964 yaliuangusha utawala wa Kisultani uliotawaliwa na [[Waarabu]] na kusababisha kuundwa kwa serikali mpya. <ref name="Zanzibar_Revolution">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zanzibar/History |title=Zanzibar: History of the Archipelago |website=Britannica |date=April 15, 2026 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Baadaye mwaka huo, Tanganyika na Zanzibar ziliungana na kuunda Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania tarehe 26 Aprili 1964. Chini ya uongozi wa Nyerere, Tanzania ilifuata sera za [[ujamaa]] wa Kiafrika zilizojulikana kama Ujamaa, kabla ya mageuzi ya kiuchumi na kufunguliwa kwa mfumo wa kisiasa kuanzishwa mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 20]]. <ref name="Ujamaa">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Nyerere |author=Donald Innis Ray |title=Julius Nyerere: President of Tanzania |website=Britannica |date=October 10, 2025 |access-date=May 30, 2026 }}</ref> Tangu wakati huo, Tanzania imeendelea kuwa jamhuri huru na mwanachama muhimu wa mashirika ya kikanda kama [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] (EAC) na [[Umoja wa Afrika]] (AU). <ref name="WFB_Tanzania"/> ==Jiografia== {{main|Jiografia ya Tanzania|Maziwa ya Tanzania|Mito ya Tanzania|Orodha ya milima ya Tanzania|Funguvisiwa la Zanzibar}} Ikiwa na eneo la kilomita za mraba 947,303 (365,756 sq mi), Tanzania ni nchi ya 13 kwa ukubwa barani Afrika na ya 31 kwa ukubwa duniani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2014-02-09|accessdate=2022-06-15|archivedate=2014-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html}}</ref> Inapakana na Kenya na Uganda upande wa kaskazini; Rwanda, Burundi, na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo upande wa magharibi; na Zambia, Malawi, na Msumbiji upande wa kusini. [[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|Zana ya kukatia mawe yenye umri wa miaka milioni 1.8 iligunduliwa huko [[Olduvai Gorge]] na kuonyeshwa kwenye [[British Museum]].]] Tanzania iko kwenye pwani ya mashariki ya Afrika na ina ufuo wa [[Bahari ya Hindi]] takriban kilomita 424 (885 mi).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Review of the state of world marine capture fisheries management: Indian Ocean.|url=https://www.fao.org/3/a0477e/a0477e13.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2022-06-15}}</ref> Pia inajumuisha visiwa kadhaa vya pwani, vikiwemo [[Unguja]] (Zanzibar), [[Pemba (kisiwa)|Pemba]], na [[Kisiwa cha Mafia|Mafia]]. Tanzania ni nchi yenye sehemu za juu na za chini kabisa barani Afrika: [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]], wenye urefu wa mita 5,895 (futi 19,341) juu ya usawa wa bahari, na kina cha [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], katika mita 1,471 (futi 4,826) chini ya usawa wa bahari kwa mtiririko huo. [[File:Wildebeest Migration in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Uhamaji wa Nyumbu [[Serengeti]]]] Tanzania ina milima na misitu minene kaskazini-mashariki, ambako kuna Mlima Kilimanjaro. Nchi iko katika eneo la [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika]], hivyo [[Ziwa|maziwa]] yanafunika km² 61,500, yaani 6% za eneo lote la nchi. Upande wa kaskazini na magharibi kuna [[Ziwa Viktoria|Ziwa Victoria]], ziwa kubwa zaidi barani Afrika, na [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], ziwa lenye kina kirefu zaidi barani humo, linalojulikana kwa aina yake ya kipekee ya samaki. Upande wa kusini magharibi kuna [[Nyasa (ziwa)|Ziwa Nyasa]]. Eneo la katikati mwa Tanzania ni uwanda mkubwa, wenye tambarare na ardhi ya kilimo. Ukanda wa mashariki una joto na unyevunyevu, huku Visiwa vya Zanzibar vikiwa karibu. Maporomoko ya maji ya [[Mto Kalambo|Kalambo]] katika mkoa wa kusini-magharibi mwa [[Rukwa]] ni maporomoko ya pili kwa urefu barani Afrika, na yanapatikana karibu na ufuo wa kusini-mashariki wa Ziwa Tanganyika kwenye mpaka na Zambia. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kalambo Falls {{!}} waterfall, East Africa {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kalambo-Falls|work=www.britannica.com|accessdate=2022-06-15|language=en}}</ref> Eneo la [[Hifadhi ya Menai Bay]] visiwani Zanzibar ndilo eneo kubwa zaidi la bahari lililohifadhiwa. ===Hali ya hewa=== {{Main|Tabia ya nchi Tanzania}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map TZA present.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|Ramani ya Tanzania ya uainishaji wa hali ya hewa Köppen]] Hali ya hewa inatofautiana sana ndani ya Tanzania. Katika nyanda za juu, halijoto huanzia 10 hadi 20 °C (50 na 68 °F) wakati wa msimu wa baridi na joto kwa mtiririko huo. {{multiple image |align = right |direction = horizontal |image1 = Elephant and Kilimanjaro.jpg |caption1 = Tembo akipita karibu na [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] |width1 = 180 |image2 = Ngorongoro Crater.jpg |caption2 = [[Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro]] |width2 = 160 |header_align = centre }} Tanzania hupata [[majira ya joto]] katika [[Mwezi (wakati)|miezi]] ya [[Desemba]], [[Januari]] na [[Februari]] (25–31 °C au 77.0–87.8 °F) huku kipindi cha baridi zaidi kikitokea kati ya [[Mei]] na [[Agosti]] (15–20 °C au 59–68 °F). Halijoto ya kila mwaka ni 20 °C (68.0 °F). Hali ya hewa ni baridi katika maeneo ya milima mirefu. Tanzania ina vipindi viwili vikuu vya mvua: mvua za [[vuli]] hunyesha katika miezi ya [[Oktoba]], [[Novemba]] na [[Desemba]] na mvua za [[masika]] hunyesha katika miezi ya [[Machi]], [[Aprili]] na [[Mei]] ingawa zipo tofauti ndogo kati ya sehemu mbalimbali.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1075513535|title=Rainfall variability in Northern Tanzania in the March-May season (long rains) and its links to large-scale climate forcing.|last=Zorita|first=Eduardo|last2=Tilya|first2=Faustine|date=2002|oclc=1075513535}}</ref> Kiasi cha mvua na halijoto husababisha tofauti za aina ya [[uoto wa asili]], [[udongo]] na aina ya [[mazao]] yanayolimwa. Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa nchini Tanzania yanasababisha kuongezeka kwa joto na uwezekano mkubwa wa matukio ya mvua kubwa (kusababisha mafuriko) na vipindi vya ukame.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|work=www.climatelinks.org|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archive-date=2022-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614161023/https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Future Climate for Africa|year=2017|title=Future Climate Projections for Tanzania|url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf|website=Future Climate for Africa|accessdate=2022-06-16|archive-date=2022-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209143534/https://www.futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa tayari yanaathiri sekta za kilimo, rasilimali za maji, afya na nishati nchini Tanzania. Kupanda kwa kina cha bahari na mabadiliko ya ubora wa maji kunatarajiwa kuathiri uvuvi na ufugaji wa samaki.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania {{!}} UNDP Climate Change Adaptation|url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania|work=www.adaptation-undp.org|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archivedate=2022-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416075500/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania}}</ref>[[File:Mannetjes masaigiraffe in de Serengeti, Tanzania, -12 januari 2013 a.jpg|thumb|Twiga Masai ni mnyama wa taifa la Tanzania]] Tanzania ilitoa [[Mpango wa Kitaifa wa Kukabiliana na Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] (NAPAs) mwaka 2007 kama ilivyoagizwa na [[Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]]. Mwaka 2012, Tanzania ilitoa Mkakati wa Kitaifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi ili kukabiliana na wasiwasi unaoongezeka wa athari mbaya za mabadiliko ya tabianchi katika mazingira ya kijamii na kiuchumi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania: National climate change strategy - National Policy, Plans & Statements - PreventionWeb.net|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0|work=web.archive.org|date=2021-04-17|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2021-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211255/https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0}}</ref> ===Wanyamapori na Hifadhi=== {{Main|Wanyamapori nchini Tanzania}} {{See also|Mbuga za Taifa la Tanzania}}Tanzania ina takriban 20% ya [[spishi]] za wanyama wengi wa [[Afrika]] wenye [[damu moto]], wanapatikana kwenye mbuga zake za Taifa, hifadhi na [[bahari]]. Hifadhi za Taifa na mbuga za wanyama zimeenea katika eneo la zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 42,000 (sq. mi 16,000) na kuunda karibu 38% ya eneo la nchi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tanzania travel guide {{!}} Tanzania {{!}} Zepisa African safaris|url=https://www.zepisaafricansafaris.com/tanzania-travel-guide-everything-you-need-to-know/|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-12-01|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2020-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201202741/https://www.zepisaafricansafaris.com/tanzania-travel-guide-everything-you-need-to-know/}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZiyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|title=Indigenous People in Africa: Contestations, Empowerment and Group Rights|last=Ridwan|first=Laher|last2=Korir|first2=SingíOei|date=2014-05-05|publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa|isbn=978-0-7983-0464-1|language=en}}</ref> Tanzania ina mbuga 21 za taifa, pamoja na hifadhi mbalimbali za wanyamapori na misitu, ikijumuisha [[Hifadhi ya Ngorongoro]]. Magharibi mwa Tanzania, [[Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Gombe]] ni kitovu ya uchunguzi unaoendelea wa [[Jane Goodall]] wa tabia ya [[Sokwe (Hominidae)|sokwe]], ambao ulianza mwaka wa 1960.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The official site of the Tanzania National Parks - Gombe Stream National Park|url=http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html|work=web.archive.org|date=2014-10-04|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2014-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004004545/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|title=Nature's strongholds : the world's greatest wildlife reserves|last=Riley|first=Laura|date=2005|publisher=Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press|others=unknown library|isbn=978-0-691-12219-9}}</ref> Tanzania ina [[bioanuwai]] nyingi na ina aina mbalimbali za makazi ya wanyama.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=http://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua|title=Biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa and its islands : conservation, management, and sustainable use|last=Stuart|first=S. N.|date=1990|publisher=Gland, Switzerland : IUCN|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2}}</ref> Katika uwanda wa [[Hifadhi ya Serengeti|Serengeti]] nchini Tanzania, [[nyumbu]] (''Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi''), "[[Bovids|''bovids'']]" wengine na [[Punda milia|pundamilia]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Serengeti wildebeest migration explained with moving map|url=https://www.expertafrica.com/tanzania/info/serengeti-wildebeest-migration|work=www.expertafrica.com|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> hushiriki katika uhamaji mkubwa wa kila mwaka. Tanzania ni nyumbani kwa takriban spishi 130 za [[amfibia]] na zaidi ya spishi 275 za wanyama watambaao, wengi wao wanapatikana Tanzania tu na wamejumuishwa katika orodha ya [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].<ref>Edoarado Razzetti and Charles Andekia Msuya (2002) [http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf "Introduction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094052/http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf |date=16 July 2020 }}, ''Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Arusha National Park''. Tanzania National Parks. p. 11</ref> Tanzania ina idadi kubwa ya simba duniani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201908120146.html|title=Africa: Tanzania Has Largest Number of Lions in Africa, New Report Says|first=Edward Qorro in|last=Arusha|date=12 Agosti 2019|website=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> Tanzania ilikuwa na alama 7.13/10 kwenye [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mwaka 2019, ilishika nafasi ya 54 duniani kati ya nchi 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|display-authors=1|year=2020|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|page=5978|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|issn=2041-1723|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.}}</ref> ==Serikali na Utawala== {{main|Mikoa ya Tanzania|Wilaya za Tanzania}} [[Muundo]] wa [[uongozi]] na [[utawala]] katika kipindi cha [[ukoloni]] ulizingatia mgawanyo wa [[madaraka]] baina ya mihimili mitatu ya [[dola]] yaani [[serikali]], [[bunge]] na [[mahakama]]. Tangu [[uhuru]], mgawanyo wa madaraka na uhusiano miongoni mwa mihimili hiyo uliimarishwa kwa kuzingatia wakati, mahitaji ya [[demokrasia]] na misingi ya [[utawala bora]] na umeainishwa pia katika [[katiba]] ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania Ibara ya 4 (1). Kuwepo kwa [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] pia kulikuwa hatua ya kuendelea kuimarisha utawala wa ushiriki wa wananchi kadiri mahitaji ya upanuzi wa maono na [[falsafa]] [[duniani]]. [[Ugatuzi]], yaani mgawanyo wa kiutawala, unafuata Katiba ya nchi I 2.2. Tanzania imegawiwa kwa [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|mikoa]] 31. Kila [[mkoa]] huwa na [[wilaya]] ndani yake. Jumla ya wilaya ni 169, ambazo kati yake 34 ni miji. Ndani ya wilaya kuna ngazi za [[tarafa]] na [[kata]]. Chini ya kata kuna [[vijiji]] na wakati mwingine ngazi ya chini tena ambayo ni vitongoji. {| class="wikitable" !Mkoa !Makao Makuu !Mkoa !Makao Makuu !Ramani ya mikoa |- |[[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] |[[Arusha]] |[[Mkoa wa Mwanza|Mwanza]] |[[Mwanza]] | rowspan="15" |{{Tanzania_Regions_Labelled_Map|width=450}} |- |[[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] |[[Dar es Salaam]] |[[Mkoa wa Njombe|Njombe]] |[[Njombe]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Dodoma|Dodoma]] |[[Dodoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Pemba Kaskazini|Pemba Kaskazini]] |[[Wete]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Geita|Geita]] |[[Geita]] |[[Mkoa wa Pemba Kusini|Pemba Kusini]] |[[Chake Chake]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]] |[[Iringa]] |[[Mkoa wa Pwani|Pwani]] |[[Kibaha]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kagera|Kagera]] |[[Bukoba]] |[[Mkoa wa Rukwa|Rukwa]] |[[Sumbawanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Katavi|Katavi]] |[[Mpanda]] |[[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]] |[[Songea]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kigoma|Kigoma]] |[[Kigoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]] |[[Shinyanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] |[[Moshi]] |[[Mkoa wa Simiyu|Simiyu]] |[[Bariadi]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Lindi|Lindi]] |[[Lindi]] |[[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]] |[[Singida]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]] |[[Babati]] |[[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]] |[[Tabora]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] |[[Musoma]] |[[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]] |[[Tanga]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mbeya|Mbeya]] |[[Mbeya]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Kusini|Zanzibar Kati/Kusini]] |[[Koani]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]] |[[Morogoro]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Kaskazini|Unguja Kaskazini]] |[[Mkokotoni]] |- |[[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]] |[[Mtwara]] |[[Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi|Unguja Magharibi]] |[[Zanzibar]] |} === Miundo ya muungano === Tangu muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar kufanyika mwaka 1964 Tanzania imekuwa na miundo ifuatayo: * Nchi inatawaliwa na [[serikali ya muungano]] ikitekeleza [[sheria]] zinazotolewa na [[bunge la Tanzania]]. * [[Tanganyika]] au Tanzania bara haina [[serikali]] wala [[bunge]] la pekee. * [[Zanzibar]] (visiwa vya [[Unguja]] na [[Kisiwa cha Pemba|Pemba]]) ina serikali na bunge lake vinavyoratibu mambo yasiyo ya muungano. Mambo yafuatayo yamekubalika kuwa shughuli za muungano: * Mambo ya nje * Jeshi * Polisi * Mamlaka ya dharura * Uraia * Uhamiaji * Biashara ya nje * Utumishi wa umma * Kodi ya mapato, forodha * Bandari, Usafiri wa anga, Posta na Simu == Demografia == {{Main|Demografia ya Tanzania}} [[File:Human_population_density_Tanzania.png|thumb|Msongamano wa watu nchini mwaka 2022.|300x300px]] Watu wa Tanzania hawaenei sawasawa. Katika maeneo makavu sana, kwa wastani kuna mtu mmoja tu kwa kilomita ya mraba (1/km²), lakini sehemu zenye [[rutuba]] za [[bara]], kuna watu 51 kwa kila kilomita ya mraba. Hatimaye huku [[Unguja]] kuna watu 134 kwa kilomita ya mraba na katika [[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] ni 3,133 kwa kilomita ya mraba. Asilimia 70 hivi huishi [[kijiji|vijijini]], ingawa uhamiaji mijini unakwenda kasi.<ref>Athuman Mtulya (26 September 2013) "Report reveals rapid rural -urban migration". thecitizen.co.tz.</ref> ===Makabila=== Jamii nyingi za watu zimeishi na kushirikiana katika eneo la Tanzania bara kwa [[milenia]] nyingi. [[Picha:Sukump1.jpg|thumb|300px|Wasukuma ndio kabila kubwa zaidi nchini.]] Kati ya jamii hizo, nyingi zilikuja kutoka maeneo mengine ya Afrika. Nyingi katika jamii zilizohamia sehemu hii ziliingia katika makundi madogomadogo kwa [[amani]], ingawa ziko zilizoingia kwa njia ya [[uvamizi]] na [[vita]]. Baadhi ya jamii zilizovamiwa zilijihami na kuwazuia wahamiaji wasiendelee kuteka maeneo mengine. Kufikia mwaka [[1884]], wakati Wajerumani walipoanza harakati za kufanya sehemu hii ya Afrika kuwa [[koloni]] lao, kulikuwa na [[Kabila|makabila]] zaidi ya 120 katika eneo la Tanzania bara. Kuna [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila 125 hivi]]. Makabila yenye watu zaidi ya [[milioni]] [[moja]] ni [[Wasukuma]], [[Wanyamwezi]], [[Wachaga]], [[Waha]], [[Wagogo]], [[Wahaya]], [[Wajaluo]] na [[Wamakonde]]. Jambo la pekee kuhusu jamii zilizoishi na zinazoendelea kuishi Tanzania ni kwamba wakazi asili wanawakilisha makundi yote makuu manne ya [[lugha]] barani Afrika.<ref>Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1967–. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.</ref> 1. Idadi kubwa sana ya Watanzania ni wa jamii ya [[Wabantu]] (k.m. Wazaramo, Wapare na Wapogoro). 2. Nje ya hao, kuna [[Waniloti]], kwa mfano [[Wamasai]] na [[Wajaluo]] ambao wengi wao zaidi wanaishi [[Kenya]]. 3. Kundi lingine ni makabila ya [[Wakushi]] wanaoishi kaskazini mwa Tanzania; hao ni makabila ya [[Wairaqw]], [[Wafiome]], [[Wasi]] na [[Waburunge]]. 4. Kuna kundi la [[Wakhoisan]] wanaofanana na makabila ya [[Botswana]] na [[Namibia]]; wanaitwa [[Wasandawe]] . Hatimaye kuna [[Wahadzabe]] wachache ambao [[utafiti]] wa [[DNA]] umeonyesha hivi karibuni wana uhusiano wa asili na [[Watwa]] wa nchi za [[Afrika ya Kati]]. Pia kuna asilimia ndogo ya watu wenye asili ya nje ya bara la [[Afrika]], kwa mfano [[Wahindi]], [[Waarabu]], [[Waindochina]], [[Wafarsi]], [[Wachina]], [[Wagiriki]] na [[Waingereza]]. Hii ilisababishwa na karne za mchanganyiko wa mahitaji ya biashara yaliyofanywa na mabara ya [[Ulaya]] na [[Asia]] hapo [[Afrika]]. {{Makabila ya Tanzania}} === Lugha === {{main|Orodha ya lugha za Tanzania}} Nchini Tanzania kuna [[lugha]] za [[kabila|kikabila]] zaidi ya mia moja na ishirini, kwa kuwa kila kabila lina lugha yake. [[Kiswahili]] ndiyo [[lugha ya taifa]] na inazidi kuwa [[lugha mama]]<ref>Kadiri ya Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1967. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1 tayari Kiswahili ni lugha ya kwanza kwa asilimia 10 za wananchi</ref> kwa [[watoto]] wengi, hasa mijini.<ref>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010. pp. 1026–. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4.</ref> Walau asilimia 90 za wakazi wanakitumia walau kama [[lugha ya pili]]. Kiswahili ni mojawapo kati ya [[lugha za Kibantu]]: hii imesaidia sana kukubaliwa kwa Kiswahili nchini, kwa sababu idadi kubwa ya Watanzania ni wasemaji wa lugha za [[Kibantu]]. Kiswahili kinatumika kama lugha baina ya watu wa makabila mbalimbali na kwa mambo rasmi; kwa hiyo ni lugha rasmi ya [[dhati]]. Baada ya [[uhuru]], [[Kiingereza]] (iliyokuwa lugha ya [[ukoloni|kikoloni]] kabla ya [[uhuru]]) iliendelea kutumika kwa mambo kadhaa rasmi na kwa [[elimu]] kuanzia [[sekondari]] ingawa sera mpya inataka Kiswahili kishike nafasi yake hadi [[chuo kikuu]];<ref>"Tanzania Ditches English In Education Overhaul Plan". AFK Insider. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</ref> kwa hiyo ilichukuliwa kama lugha rasmi ya dhati pamoja na Kiswahili. Lakini utumizi rasmi wa Kiingereza umepungua katika milongo iliyopita, na sasa utumizi huu karibu umekwisha. Kwa hiyo siku hizi ni kawaida zaidi kuchukulia Kiswahili kama lugha rasmi ya dhati pekee. [[Sera]] mpya ya elimu inakusudia kufanya Kiswahili kuwa [[lugha ya kufundishia]] katika ngazi zote kufikia mwaka [[2024]]. === Dini === [[File:Cathedral of Arusha.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Kanisa kuu]] la Arusha]] {{Main|Dini nchini Tanzania}} Nchi haina [[dini rasmi]] na [[katiba]] ya Tanzania inatangaza [[uhuru wa dini]] kwa wote. Mara nyingi idadi ya wafuasi wa [[dini]] hutajwa kuwa [[theluthi]] moja [[Uislamu|Waislamu]], theluthi moja [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] na theluthi moja wafuasi wa [[dini za jadi]]. Lakini tangu [[uhuru]] swali la dini ya wananchi halijaulizwa tena katika [[sensa]], kwa hiyo kadirio la theluthi-theluthi inawezekana ni zaidi azimio la kisiasa. Kwenye funguvisiwa la [[Zanzibar]] idadi ya Waislamu huaminiwa kuwa takriban 97%. === Miji === [[Dar es Salaam]] ndilo [[jiji]] kubwa zaidi, lenye watu 5,383,728, na linaendelea kuwa makao ya [[ofisi]] nyingi za [[serikali]], [[bandari]] kuu, na [[kitovu]] cha [[biashara]]. [[Mji|Miji]] mingine ni kama vile [[Mwanza (mji)|Mwanza]] (1,004,521), [[Arusha (mji)|Arusha]] (616,631), [[Mbeya (mji)|Mbeya]] (541,603), [[Morogoro (mji)|Morogoro]] (471,409), [[Kahama (mji)|Kahama]] (453,654), [[Tanga (mji)|Tanga]] (393,429), [[Geita (mji)|Geita]] (361,671), [[Tabora (mji)|Tabora]] (308,741) na [[Sumbawanga (mji)|Sumbawanga]] (303,986).<ref>{{Cite report|title=Administrative Units Population Distribution Report|date=Desemba 2022|author=Ofisi ya Taifa ya Takwimu – Tanzania|language=en|url=https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Census2022/Administrative_units_Population_Distribution_Report_Tanzania_volume1a.pdf}}</ref> == Usafiri == {{Main|Usafiri wa Tanzania}} [[File:Magufuli Bus Terminus, Mbezi, Ubungo MC.jpg|350px|left|thumbnail| Kituo cha Mabasi cha Magufuli, Mbezi]] Usafiri nchini Tanzania ni hasa kwa njia ya [[barabara]]. Nyingine ni [[reli]] na [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]]. Kwenye [[Maziwa makubwa ya Afrika|maziwa makubwa]] na [[pwani]] ya Bahari Hindi kuna pia usafiri wa [[meli]]. Hadi sasa idadi ya barabara za [[lami]] si kubwa. Kuna hasa njia nzuri kati ya [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Mbeya]] katika kusini-magharibi, Dodoma katika kitovu cha nchi, Arusha / Tanga katika kaskazini-mashariki. Kusini-Mashariki na Magharibi ya nchi kwa jumla haina barabara nzuri na [[mawasiliano]] ni magumu. Mashirika mawili ya reli yanayohudumia Tanzania: ni TRC ([[Shirika ya Reli Tanzania]] - ''Tanzania Railways Corporation'') na [[TAZARA]] (''Tanzania-Zambia Railways Corporation''). TRC imetawala reli ya kati kuanzia Dar es Salaam hadi [[Kigoma]] halafu reli ya Tanga kati ya Tanga na Arusha. Tazara imeunganisha Dar es Salaam na kusini ya nchi hadi Zambia. Zote hazikutunzwa vizuri na usafiri unakumbwa na huduma mbaya pamoja na [[ajali]]. Huduma kwa ndege zinatumia hasa viwanja vya ndege 11 vyenye barabara ya lami kwa ajili ya ndege, hasa [[Uwanja wa ndege wa kimataifa wa Julius Nyerere|Julius Nyerere/Dar es Salaam]], [[Uwanja wa Ndege wa Kimataifa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro/Arusha-Moshi]] na [[Zanzibar]]-Kisauni. Pia kuna viwanja vingine vya ndege kama vile uwanja wa ndege wa Mwanza, Bukoba na Kigoma. Usafiri wa majini pia unafanyika hasa katika bahari ya Hindi, ingawa hakuna meli ya serikali hapo na mashirika binafsi hutoa huduma. Usafiri wa majini hufanyika pia katika maziwa ya Viktoria, Tanganyika na Nyasa. Miongoni mwa meli ni [[MV Bukoba]] iliyozama tarehe [[21 Mei]] [[1996]] pamoja na abiria karibu 1,000 na [[MV Nyerere]] iliyozama tarehe [[20 Septemba]] [[2018]] pamoja na abiria zaidi ya 200. Katika ziwa Tanganyika ipo meli ya Mv Liemba ambayo ilianza kutumika tangia kipindi cha ukoloni wa Wajerumani: inatoa huduma kati ya miji ya mwambao wa ziwa Tanganyika na nchi jirani. Mwaka 2017 ulianza ujenzi wa awamu ya kwanza ya njia ya [[geji sanifu]] nchini Tanzania inayolenga kuunganisha [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[Morogoro]].<ref>[http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Tanzania-railway-construction/2560-3801608-6plii9/index.html Turkish, Portuguese firms win bid to construct Tanzania’s SGR], tovuti ya theeastafrican.co.ke ya 6 Februari 2017, iliangaliwa Mei 2017</ref> Njia hii inatarajiwa kuendelea hadi [[Mwanza]] na hatimaye hadi [[Burundi]]. == Urithi wa Dunia == [[File:City of Kilwa, 1572.jpg|thumb|left|Mchoro wa mwaka [[1572]] ukionyesha mji wa [[Kilwa]] ulivyokuwa wakati huo.]] Mahali pafuatapo katika Tanzania pamepokewa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya "[[Urithi wa Dunia]]" (mwaka wa kukubaliwa – jina la mahali) * 1979 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Ngorongoro]]. * 1981 – [[Hifadhi ya Serengeti]]. * 1981 – Magofu ya [[Kilwa Kisiwani]] na Songo Mnara. * 1982 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Selous]]. * 1987 – Hifadhi ya Taifa [[Hifadhi ya Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]]. * 2000 – [[Mji Mkongwe]] wa [[Jiji la Zanzibar]] / [[Unguja]]. * 2006 – [[Michoro ya Kondoa]]. == Utamaduni na Sanaa == {{Main|Utamaduni wa Kitanzania}} === Muziki === {{Main|Muziki wa Tanzania}} Kuna aina zaidi ya tano za muziki nchini Tanzania, kama zilivyofafanuliwa na [[BASATA]] ni pamoja na [[Ngoma (muziki)|ngoma]] [[Ngoma za asili|(ngoma za asili]]), [[Muziki wa dansi|dansi]], [[kwaya]] (muziki wa injili), [[taarab]], na [[Bongo Flava|bongo flava]] ([[Muziki wa pop|pop]]/[[Hip hop ya Kitanzania|hip hop]]).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7riV5SvDe8C&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania|last=Askew|first=Kelly|last2=Askew|first2=Professor Kelly|date=2002-07-28|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-02981-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVxVFJRiRO8C|title=Cultured States: Youth, Gender, and Modern Style in 1960s Dar Es Salaam|last=Ivaska|first=Andrew|date=2011-01-25|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4770-5|language=en}}</ref> Ngoma ni muziki wa dansi wa kitamaduni, ngoma hutofautiana kati ya [[kabila]] na kabila.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=The Garland Handbook of African Music|last=Stone|first=Ruth M.|date=2010-04-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-90001-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EPcIVSHESEC&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage|last=Edmondson|first=Laura|date=2007-07-20|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-11705-2|language=en}}</ref> Dansi ni muziki wa bendi unatokana na muziki wa [[soukous]] kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (au "rumba ya Kikongo").<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_lWEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa|last=Njogu|first=Kimani|last2=Maupeu|first2=Herv|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-108-0|language=en}}</ref> Taarab ni muziki wa Waafrika wa [[pwani]] uliopokea athira kutoka [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] nyingi, hasa muziki wa [[Waarabu]] na [[Wahindi]]. Kimsingi ni uimbaji wa [[mashairi]] unaofuata muziki wa bendi.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_lWEAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa|last=Njogu|first=Kimani|last2=Maupeu|first2=Herv|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-108-0|language=en}}</ref> Kwaya ni muziki ambao asili yake ni [[Kanisa|kanisani]]. Bongo flava ni muziki wa pop wa Tanzania uliozaliwa na [[muziki wa kizazi kipya]], unajumuisha [[reggae]], [[R&B|RnB]], na [[Hip Hop|hip hop]], uliochanganywa na vionjo vya asili (flava) lakini tangu wakati huo umekua na kuwa muziki wa kipekee wa maeneo ya [[Maziwa Makuu ya Afrika|Maziwa Makuu]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Kerr|first=David|date=2018-01-02|title=From the margins to the mainstream: making and remaking an alternative music economy in Dar es Salaam|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies|volume=30|issue=1|pages=65–80|doi=10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|issn=1369-6815}}</ref> Asili mbalimbali za ushawishi zimesaidia kufanya bongo flava kuwa muziki maarufu zaidi Afrika Mashariki, na muziki mmojawapo kati ya ile maarufu zaidi katika bara la Afrika.<ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Suriano|first=M.|date=2011|title=Hip-Hop and Bongo Flavour Music in Contemporary Tanzania: Youths’ Experiences, Agency, Aspirations and Contradictions|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ad/article/view/74118|journal=Africa Development|language=en|volume=36|issue=3-4|pages=113–126|doi=10.4314/ad.v36i3-4|issn=0850-3907}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida|last=Perullo|first=Alex|date=2005|title=Hooligans and Heroes: Youth Identity and Hip-Hop in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187688|journal=Africa Today|volume=51|issue=4|pages=75–101|issn=0001-9887}}</ref> [[Picha:SitiBintiSaad_(cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Mwimbaji wa Tanzania [[Siti Binti Saad]] ]] Tangu kuundwa kwa Tanzania hadi 1993, kurekodi na usambazaji wote wa muziki ulisimamiwa kikamilifu na [[Baraza la Sanaa Tanzania|BASATA]], hasa kupitia [[Radio Tanzania Dar Es Salaam|Redio Tanzania Dar es Salaam]] (RTD).<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PdWEAAAQBAJ|title=Dar es Salaam. Histories from an Emerging African Metropolis|last=Brennan|first=James|last2=Burton|first2=Yus|date=2007-10-15|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-107-3|language=en}}</ref> Ni aina 4 tu za muziki za Kitanzania zilizoruhusiwa kurekodiwa au kutangazwa, ambazo wakati huo zilikuwa ngoma, taarab, kwaya na dansi. Sheria ya Huduma za Utangazaji ya 1993 iliruhusu mitandao ya kibinafsi ya matangazo na studio za kurekodi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date={{date|1994-06-11|mdy}}|type=Act|title=THE BROADCASTING SERVICES ACT, 1993|language=en|url=https://tadio.co.tz/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Tanzania-broadcasting-Act-6-of-1993-1.pdf|accessdate=2022-06-17|archive-date=2020-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927135508/https://tadio.co.tz/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Tanzania-broadcasting-Act-6-of-1993-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haya ni mojawapo ya mabadiliko muhimu zaidi katika tasnia ya muziki ya Tanzania tangu kuanzishwa kwa nchi miaka 30 kabla.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VePJDAAAQBAJ|title=Live from Dar es Salaam: Popular Music and Tanzania's Music Economy|last1=Perullo|first1=Alex|date=2011|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=978-0-253-00150-4|location=[[United States]]: [[Indiana]]|access-date=5 Juni 2022}}</ref> Miaka michache kabla ya Act ya 1993, muziki wa hip hop ulikuwa umeanza kuimarika katika miji ya Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, Arusha na Mwanza. Ilikuwa ikianza mageuzi kutoka kwenye hip hop ya Kiingereza huko Uzunguni, maeneo tajiri kama Oysterbay na Masaki pamoja na shule za kimataifa, hadi kizazi kipya [[Uswahilini]], vitongoji maskini na kutumia Kiswahili.<ref name="Saleh_J">{{cite web|last1=Nne|first1=Juma|title=Saleh J – Tanzanian Swahili rap pioneer|url=https://www.africanhiphop.com/saleh-j-tanzanian-swahili-rap-pioneer/|website=Africanhiphop.com|access-date=5 Juni 2022|language=en|date=2001-10-01}}</ref> Mara tu baada ya kufunguliwa kwa mawimbi ya redio, bongo flava ilizaliwa ikienea kwa haraka kote nchini, na katika Maziwa Makuu.<ref name="Kerr_18">{{cite journal|last1=Kerr|first1=David|date=2018-01-02|title=From the margins to the mainstream: making and remaking an alternative music economy in Dar es Salaam|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|journal=[[Journal of African Cultural Studies]]|language=en|publisher=[[Routledge]]|volume=30|issue=1|page=65-80|doi=10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776|issn=1369-6815}}</ref> === Fasihi === {{Main|Fasihi ya Tanzania}} Utamaduni wa kifasihi wa Tanzania kimsingi ni wa simulizi.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90d9pKhSjAIC|title=Culture and Customs of Tanzania|last=Otiso|first=Kefa M.|date=2013-01-24|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-08708-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|68}} Tanzu na vipera maaarufu vya [[Fasihi simulizi|fasihi simuliz]]<nowiki/>i ni pamoja na [[Ngano (hadithi)|ngano]], [[Shairi|mashairi]], [[mafumbo]], [[methali]] na [[nyimbo]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|69}}  Sehemu kubwa zaidi ya fasihi simulizi iliyorekodiwa Tanzania ni ya Kiswahili, ingawa lugha za [[Orodha ya makabila ya Tanzania|makabila ya Tanzania]] zina mapokeo yake ya simulizi.  Fasihi simulizi ya nchi imekuwa ikipungua kwa sababu ya mabadiliko ya muundo wa jamii, na kufanya uwasilishaji wa fasihi simulizi kuwa mgumu zaidi, pia teknolojia za kisasa zinachangia kushushwa kwa thamani ya fasihi simulizi.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|68-9}} Utamaduni wa kuandika na kusoma [[vitabu]] umeenea nchini Tanzania. [[Fasihi andishi]] nyingi za Kitanzania ni za [[Kiswahili]] au [[Kiingereza]].<ref name=":0" /> {{rp|75}} Watu mashuhuri katika fasihi andishi ya Tanzania ni pamoja na [[Shaaban Robert]] (anatambulika kama baba wa [[fasihi ya Kiswahili]]), [[Muhammed Saley Farsy]], [[Faraji Katalambulla]], Adam Shafi Adam, [[Muhammed Said Abdulla|Muhammed Said Abdalla]], [[Said Ahmed Mohammed Khamis]], [[Mohamed Suleiman Mohamed]], [[Euphrase Kezilahabi]], [[Gabriel Ruhumbika]], [[Ebrahim Hussein]], [[May Materru Balisidya]], [[Fadhy Mtanga]], [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]], na [[Penina O. Mlama]].<ref name=":0" />{{rp|76-8}} [[Picha:Makonde elephant.jpg|thumb|150px|Bombwe la Kimakonde: Tembo]] [[File:Amani-TT4798.jpg|Mchoro wa [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]]|thumb]] === Uchoraji na Uchongaji === Mitindo miwili ya sanaa ya Tanzania imepata kutambuliwa kimataifa.<ref name="Doling">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Tanzania Arts Directory|last=Doling|first=Tim|date=1999|publisher=Visiting Arts|isbn=9781902349114|pages=17|language=en}}</ref>   [[Uchoraji]] wa [[Tingatinga (uchoraji)|Tingatinga]] umejulikana tangu [[miaka ya 1970]]. Mtindo huo umepewa [[jina]] la [[mwanzilishi]] wake, mchoraji wa Kitanzania [[Edward Tingatinga|Edward Said Tingatinga]]. Kwa ujumla michoro ya Tingatinga inayoonyesha watu, wanyama, au maisha ya kila siku.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|13}}<ref name="Doling" /> Baada ya kifo cha Tingatinga mwaka wa 1972, wasanii wengine walikubali na kuendeleza mtindo wake, na aina hiyo sasa ndiyo mtindo muhimu zaidi unaolenga utalii katika maeneo ya Afrika Mashariki.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|113}}<ref name="Doling" /> [[Uchongaji]] wa [[mabombwe ya Kimakonde]] yamesifiwa tangu mwanzo wa [[karne ya 20]]. [[Wamakonde]] wengi wamehamia [[Dar es Salaam|Dar es salaam]] au [[Arusha]] wanapohudumia soko la [[watalii]] na soko la nje. === Michezo === {{Main|Michezo ya Tanzania}} Mchezo maarufu nchini Tanzania ni [[mpira wa miguu]]. Ingawa mpira wa miguu ([[kandanda]]) unaongoza kwa ufuasi mkubwa miongoni mwa vijana, michezo mingine kama vile [[mpira wa kikapu]], [[mchezo wa ngumi]] na [[riadha]] inazidi kuwa maarufu miongoni mwa watu.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tViQJkGh06YC&pg=PA36|title=Tanzania|last=Wairagala|first=Wakabi|date=2004|publisher=Gareth Stevens|isbn=978-0-8368-3119-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoKnbA1c1DsC&pg=PA53|title=Tanzania in Pictures|last=Pritchett|first=Bev|date=2007-12-15|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-8571-8|language=en}}</ref> Baraza la Michezo la Taifa ndicho chombo kinachosimamia michezo nchini chini ya Wizara ya Habari, Vijana, Michezo na Utamaduni.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NSC should perfect all sports categories|url=https://www.tanzaniasports.com/nsc-should-perfect-all-sports-categories/|work=Tanzania Sports|date=2011-10-01|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Faili:Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium_Aerial.jpg|thumb|[[Uwanja wa Taifa (Tanzania)|Uwanja wa Taifa]] jijini [[Dar es Salaam]].]] [[Shirikisho la Mpira wa Miguu Tanzania]] ([[TFF]]) ni chombo kinachosimamia mpira wa miguu nchini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Member Association - Tanzania - FIFA.com|url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association/tan/about|work=web.archive.org|date=2020-07-04|accessdate=2022-06-16|archivedate=2020-08-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823220736/https://www.fifa.com/associations/association/tan/about}}</ref> Vilabu maarufu vya soka la kulipwa jijini Dar es Salaam ni [[Young Africans S.C|Young Africans F.C]]. na [[Simba S.C.|Simba S.C]]. Wachezaji wa kandanda ambao wamechezea klabu kubwa za kigeni ni pamoja na [[Mbwana Samatta]], [[Kelvin John]], na [[Morice Abraham]]. Tanzania iliandaa [[Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika U-17 2019]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=U17 AFCON - Asante Sana Tanzania!!!|url=https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/u17-afcon-asante-sana-tanzania|work=CAFOnline.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|author=CAF-Confedération Africaine du Football}}</ref> Soka la wanawake ni mchezo unaokuwa kwa kasi zaidi Tanzania. Utamaduni wa wanawake kucheza mpira wa miguu umeanza kueleweka kwa wengie. [[Timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Tanzania]], Taifa Queens ni bingwa wa [[Michuano ya CECAFA kwa Wanawake]] kwa mwaka 2016 na mwaka 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Tanzania win Cecafa Women's trophy|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/37409082|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Tanzania retain Cecafa Women's Cup|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44987890|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref> Michuano hii huandaliwa na [[Shirikisho la Vyama vya Soka Afrika Mashariki na Kati]] (CECAFA). Timu ya taifa ya wanawake chini ya miaka 17 'Serengeti Girls' ilifuzu kucheza [[Michuano ya Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake]] nchini [[India]] mwaka 2022.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Serengeti Girls yatinga Kombe la Dunia|url=https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/michezo/serengeti-girls-yatinga-kombe-la-dunia-3839528|work=Mwananchi|accessdate=17 Desemba 2024|date=5 Juni 2022}}</ref> Hasheem Thabeet ni Mtanzania wa kwanza kucheza [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani|Ligi ya Mpira wa Kikapu ya Marekani]] ([[NBA]]).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hasheem Thabeet Stats|url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/thabeha01.html|work=Basketball-Reference.com|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en|archivedate=2020-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207100221/https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/t/thabeha01.html}}</ref>[[Mwanariadha]] wa zamani wa Tanzania wa mbio za kati, [[Filbert Bayi|Filbert Bayi Sanka]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Filbert BAYI {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/tanzania/filbert-bayi-14347725|work=www.worldathletics.org|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> mwaka 1974 aliboresha rekodi ya [[mbio ya mita 1500]], na mwaka wa [[1975]] aliboresha rekodi ya [[mbio ya maili moja]].<ref>{{Citation|title=1975 Miracle Mile: Filbert Bayi runs 3:51.0|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oK3d7Ckh2o|language=sw-TZ|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bayi's record may be gone but it should never be forgotten|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/13143168.bayis-record-may-gone-never-forgotten/|work=HeraldScotland|accessdate=2022-06-16|language=en}}</ref> Bado anashikilia rekodi ya Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya mita 1500. === Filamu === Tanzania ina tasnia maarufu ya [[filamu]] inayojulikana kwa jina la "[[Bongo Movie]]".<ref name="mfd">{{cite web|url=http://mfditanzania.com/swahiliwood-researching-tanzanias-film-industry/|title=Swahiliwood: Researching Tanzania's Film Industry - Media for Development International|website=mfditanzania.com|accessdate=2022-06-17|archivedate=2020-02-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206210925/http://mfditanzania.com/swahiliwood-researching-tanzanias-film-industry/}}</ref> Studio nyingi za utayarishaji filamu za Kitanzania ziko Dar es Salaam. Kabla ya uhuru wa Tanzania mwaka 1961, baadhi ya sinema za kigeni zilirekodiwa [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar (Jiji)|Zanzibar]]. [[Tamasha la Kimataifa la Filamu la Zanzibar]] huandaa maonyesho ya filamu, warsha, muziki pamoja na sanaa zingine za maigizo. == Tazama pia == * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Zanzibar]] * [[Orodha ya Magavana Wakuu wa Tanganyika]] * [[Orodha ya Masultan wa Zanzibar]] * [[Orodha ya watu maarufu wa Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Tanzania kwa eneo]] * [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Tanzania na Pato la Taifa]] * [[Orodha ya mikoa ya Tanzania na Maendeleo]] * [[Utawala wa Kijiji - Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] * [[Uchumi wa Tanzania]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Lango|Tanzania}} {{Commons}} * {{Wikiatlas|Tanzania}} * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Tanzania}} * [http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/tanzania/show-all.aspx Tanzania Corruption Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/tanzania/show-all.aspx |date=20160812033656 }} from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Ani-Corruption Portal]] {{Hoja Kuhusu Tanzania}} {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} [[Jamii:Tanzania|*]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika]] [[Jamii:nchi]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] oo4sbhro85l7acpjjzunhu175kegfa8 0 2066 1569371 1558985 2026-06-10T08:56:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_asili = {{lang|en|Republic of Zambia}} | jina_refu_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Zambia | common_name = Zambia | bendera = Flag of Zambia.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Zambia.svg | ramani = Zambia on the globe (Africa centered).svg | maelezo_ramani = Eneo la Zambia | kaulimbiu = "One Zambia, One Nation" | wimbo_wa_taifa = "Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free" | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiingereza]] | lugha_ya_kitaifa = [[Bemba]], [[Nyanja]], [[Tonga]], [[Lozi]], na nyinginezo | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Lusaka]] | serikali = Jamhuri ya rais wa umoja | cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais | cheo_kiongozi2 = Makamu wa Rais | kiongozi1 = [[Hakainde Hichilema]] | kiongozi2 = [[Mutale Nalumango]] | bunge = Bunge la Zambia | tukio1 = Uhuru kutoka Uingereza | tukio1_tarehe = 24 Oktoba 1964 | kabila = 99.2% [[Waafrika]] </br> 0.8% Wengine | mwaka_kabila = 2024 | eneo_jumla = 752,612 km² | cheo_eneo = 39 | maji = 1.55% | muundo_uhuru = '''Uhuru kutoka Uingereza''' | watu_kadirio = 20,569,737 | mwaka_kadirio = 2024 | cheo_watu = 63 | watu_sensa = 19,610,769 | mwaka_sensa = 2022 | msongamano = 27 | cheo_msongamano = 182 | mwaka_pato = 2024 | plt_ppp = {{increase}} $84.93 bilioni | cheo_plt_ppp = 108 | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $4,131 | cheo_plt_ppp_kwa_mtu = 152 | plt = {{increase}} $32.85 bilioni | plt_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $1,597 | cheo_plt_kwa_mtu = 164 | maendeleo = {{decrease}} 0.565 {{kati}} | mwaka_maendeleo = 2022 | cheo_maendeleo = 150 | gini = {{PungukoChanya}} 51.5 | mwaka_gini = 2021 | fedha = Kwacha ya Zambia (ZMW) | majira_saa = +2 [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | mfumo_tarehe = dd-mm-yyyy (AD) | upande_gari = Kushoto | tld = .zm | msimbo_simu = 260 }} '''Zambia''', rasmi '''Jamhuri ya Zambia''', ni nchi isiyo na pwani iliyoko [[Afrika ya Kusini|Kusini mwa Afrika]], ikipakana na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Tanzania]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Malawi]] upande wa mashariki, [[Msumbiji]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Botswana]], na [[Namibia]] upande wa kusini, na [[Angola]] upande wa magharibi. <ref name="Britannica_Zambia">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia|title=Zambia: Geography, History, and Government |website=Britannica |date=May 22, 2026 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Kufikia mwaka 2023, Zambia ina makadirio ya watu wapatao milioni 20.2, jambo linaloifanya kuwa mojawapo ya nchi zenye idadi ya wastani ya watu barani Afrika. <ref name="UN_Zambia_Pop">{{cite web |url=https://ourworldindata.org/profile/population-demography/zambia |title=Zambia: Population and Demography Country Profile |website=ourworldindata.org |publisher=Our World in Data |date=2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> [[Mji mkuu]] wake pamoja na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Lusaka]], ambalo hutumika kama kitovu cha kisiasa na kiuchumi cha taifa hilo. <ref name="GovUK_Zambia">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/geographical-names-and-information |title=Zambia Toponymic Factfile |website=gov.uk |publisher=Permanent Committee on Geographical Names |date=January 2024 |access-date=May 23, 2026 }} </ref> Nchi hiyo imegawanywa kiutawala katika majimbo 10, na [[lugha rasmi]] inayotumika katika serikali na elimu ni [[Kiingereza]]. <ref name="GovUK_Zambia"/> Zambia ina [[uchumi]] unaoendelea unaotegemea kwa kiasi kikubwa uchimbaji [[madini]], hasa [[shaba]], ambayo ndiyo bidhaa kuu ya [[mauzo ya nje]] na chanzo kikubwa cha mapato ya serikali. Sekta ya [[madini]] ina nafasi ya msingi katika shughuli za kiuchumi, ikiungwa mkono na sekta kama ujenzi, [[viwanda]], na [[nishati]]. [[Kilimo]] pia ni muhimu, kikiajiri sehemu kubwa ya wananchi na kuzalisha mazao kama [[mahindi]], [[tumbaku]], na [[miwa]]. Katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, [[serikali]] imekuwa ikijaribu kuleta mseto wa [[uchumi]] kwa kukuza sekta kama [[utalii]], [[kilimo]], na [[viwanda]] ili kupunguza utegemezi wa shaba. Nchi inaendeshwa kama [[jamhuri]] ya rais yenye [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] vya kisiasa. Zambia ilipata uhuru kutoka [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] mwaka 1964 na awali ilikuwa chini ya mfumo wa chama kimoja kabla ya kuhamia katika [[demokrasia]] ya vyama vingi mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990. Rais ni mkuu wa nchi na wa serikali, huku [[Bunge la taifa]] likiwa na jukumu la kutunga sheria. Zambia pia ni mwanachama wa mashirika ya kikanda na kimataifa kama [[Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Kusini mwa Afrika]] (SADC) na [[Umoja wa Afrika]], na hushiriki katika ushirikiano wa kikanda na maendeleo. ==Jina== [[Jina]] limetokana na [[mto]] [[Zambezi]]. Jina la zamani za [[ukoloni]] (hadi [[1964]]) lilikuwa "[[Northern Rhodesia]]". == Historia == {{Main|Historia ya Zambia}} [[Historia ya Zambia]] inawakilisha historia ya eneo ambalo leo linaunda Jamhuri ya Zambia. Ushahidi wa [[akiolojia]] unaonyesha kwamba eneo hilo limekuwa na makazi ya binadamu kwa mamia ya maelfu ya miaka, huku baadhi ya wakazi wa kwanza wakiwa jamii za wawindaji na wakusanyaji. <ref name="Britannica_Zambia"/> Kuanzia takribani milenia ya kwanza BK, jamii zinazozungumza [[lugha za Kibantu]] zilihamia katika eneo hilo, zikileta [[kilimo]], teknolojia ya kuyeyusha chuma, na mifumo mipya ya kijamii na kisiasa. Baadaye, falme na machifu mbalimbali yaliibuka, yakiwemo mataifa yaliyokuwa chini ya ushawishi wa falme za Luba na Lunda kaskazini mwa Zambia, ambayo yalikuwa na nafasi muhimu katika biashara na utawala wa kikanda. <ref name="Britannica_Zambia_History">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/History |author=Richard Brown |title=Zambia: History |website=Britannica |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Katika [[karne ya 18]] na [[Karne ya 19|19]], eneo hilo lilizidi kuunganishwa na mitandao ya biashara ya masafa marefu iliyounganisha [[Afrika ya Kati]] na pwani za mashariki na magharibi za bara hilo. <ref name="Britannica_Zambia_History"/> Wavumbuzi, wamisionari, na wafanyabiashara wa [[Ulaya]] walianza kuwasili katika [[karne ya 19]], akiwemo mmisionari na mvumbuzi wa Kiskoti [[David Livingstone]], ambaye alikuwa miongoni mwa [[Wazungu]] wa kwanza kuandika kuhusu sehemu za eneo hilo. <ref name="BBC_Zambia_Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14154675 |title=Zambia country profile |website=BBC News |date=Novemba 27, 2023 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Baadaye eneo hilo liliingia chini ya ushawishi wa Kampuni ya British South Africa iliyoongozwa na Cecil Rhodes, na likasimamiwa kama Rhodesia ya Kaskazini. <ref name="Britannica_Zambia_History"/> Mwanzoni mwa [[karne ya 20]], Rhodesia ya Kaskazini ikawa himaya ya ulinzi ya [[Uingereza]] na kuendeleza uchumi uliotegemea kwa kiasi kikubwa uchimbaji madini, hasa shaba katika eneo la ''Copperbelt''. Harakati za utaifa wa [[Waafrika]] zilipata nguvu baada ya [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]], zikipinga utawala wa kikoloni na kudai kujitawala. Viongozi kama Kenneth Kaunda na chama cha United National Independence Party (UNIP) walikuwa na mchango mkubwa katika harakati za uhuru. <ref name="Britannica_Zambia_History"/> Rhodesia ya Kaskazini ilipata uhuru kutoka Uingereza tarehe 24 Oktoba 1964 na kuwa Jamhuri ya Zambia, huku Kaunda akiwa rais wake wa kwanza. <ref name="BBC_Zambia_Profile"/> Baada ya uhuru, Zambia ilipitisha mfumo wa chama kimoja chini ya Kaunda kabla ya kurejea [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]] mwaka 1991. <ref name="WFB_Zambia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia/#government |title=Zambia - World Factbook: Government |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032804/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia/#government |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nchi hiyo ilikabiliwa na changamoto za kiuchumi kutokana na mabadiliko ya bei za shaba katika soko la dunia, lakini iliendelea kuwa na nafasi muhimu katika masuala ya kikanda, ikiwemo kuunga mkono harakati za ukombozi [[Kusini mwa Afrika]]. <ref name="Britannica_Zambia_History"/> Tangu kurejea kwa [[mfumo wa vyama vingi]], Zambia imepitia mabadiliko kadhaa ya madaraka kwa njia ya uchaguzi wa amani na imeendelea kuwa mojawapo ya nchi zenye utulivu wa kisiasa katika eneo hilo, huku ikiendeleza juhudi za maendeleo ya kiuchumi na utawala wa kidemokrasia. <ref name="WFB_Zambia"/> ==Jiografia== Nchi kwa sehemu kubwa ni [[nyanda za juu]] kuanzia [[mita]] 1.000 hadi 1.400 juu ya [[UB]]. [[Milima]] ya Muchinga imepanda hadi mita 2.164, [[kilele]] cha juu kabisa kiko kwenye mita 2.301 huko milima ya [[Mafinga Hills]]. ==Demografia== ===Kabila=== Wakazi wa Zambia ni wasemaji wa [[lugha]] za [[Kibantu]] katika [[Kabila|makabila]] 73. Makubwa ndio [[Wabemba]] (19%), [[Watonga]] (13.6%), [[Watumbuka]], [[Wachewa]], [[Walozi]], [[Walunda]], [[Waluvale]], [[Wakaonde]], [[Wankoya]] na [[Wanyanja]]-. Hata hivyo [[lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kiingereza]]. === Dini === Upande wa [[dini]], karibu wote ni wafuasi wa [[Ukristo]] ambao ndio [[dini rasmi]] kwa mujibu wa [[katiba]] ya nchi. 75.3% ni [[Waprotestanti]], 22% ni [[Wakatoliki]] na wengine wana dini ya aina nyingine au ni [[wakanamungu]]. == Uchumi == [[File:Lusaka, Zambia at Night.jpg|thumb|[[Lusaka]], Zambia]] Uchumi wa Zambia ni uchumi wa [[pato la taifa kwa kila mtu|kipato cha kati cha chini]] na nchi isiyo na pwani iliyopo [[Kusini mwa Afrika]], ambao unategemea sana rasilimali za asili na sekta chache kuu. <ref name="WFB_Zambia_Econ">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia/#economy |title=Zambia - World Factbook: Economy |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=Aprili 2026 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032804/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia/#economy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muundo wa uchumi wa nchi unatawaliwa na uchimbaji [[madini]], hasa uzalishaji wa [[shaba]], ambao kihistoria umekuwa uti wa mgongo wa mapato ya taifa na mapato ya [[mauzo ya nje]]. <ref name="Britannica_Zambia_Economy">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/Economy |author=Richard Brown |title=Zambia: Economy |website=Britannica |date=2025 |access-date=Mei 30, 2026 }}</ref> Zambia ni miongoni mwa wazalishaji wakubwa wa shaba duniani, na eneo la Copperbelt bado ni kitovu cha shughuli za viwanda na ajira. Uchumi huathiriwa na mabadiliko ya bei za bidhaa za dunia, hasa katika masoko ya shaba na cobalt. <ref name="WFB_Zambia_Econ"/> Uchimbaji madini unaendelea kuwa sekta muhimu zaidi ya uchumi, ukichangia sehemu kubwa ya mapato ya [[mauzo ya nje]] na fedha za kigeni. <ref name="Britannica_Zambia_Economy"/> Mbali na [[shaba]], Zambia huzalisha cobalt, zumaridi, dhahabu na madini mengine. Sekta ya madini huvutia uwekezaji wa kigeni na kusaidia sekta zinazohusiana kama usafirishaji, nishati na [[viwanda]]. Hata hivyo, utegemezi wa madini huifanya nchi kuwa hatarini kwa mishtuko ya nje kama mabadiliko ya bei na mahitaji ya kimataifa. <ref name="WFB_Zambia_Econ"/> [[Kilimo]] pia ni sekta muhimu inayowaajiri watu wengi, hasa vijijini. <ref name="Britannica_Zambia_Economy"/> Mazao makuu ya kilimo ni pamoja na mahindi, tumbaku, miwa, pamba na muhogo, pamoja na ufugaji wa mifugo. <ref name="WFB_Zambia_Econ"/> Licha ya umuhimu wake katika usalama wa chakula na ajira, kilimo nchini Zambia kinakabiliwa na changamoto kama utegemezi wa mvua, ukosefu wa miundombinu ya umwagiliaji, na mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Serikali imeweka mkazo katika kuendeleza mseto wa kilimo ili kupunguza utegemezi wa mapato ya madini. Sekta ya [[huduma]] imeendelea kukua katika miaka ya hivi karibuni na inajumuisha benki, mawasiliano, biashara ya rejareja na utalii. <ref name="Britannica_Zambia_Economy"/> [[Utalii]] unachangia uchumi kupitia vivutio kama [[Maporomoko ya Victoria]], mbuga za wanyama na hifadhi za asili, ambazo zinaendeleza utalii wa mazingira na sekta ya hoteli. Zambia pia inashiriki biashara ya kikanda na kimataifa kupitia mashirika kama [[Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Kusini mwa Afrika]] (SADC) na Soko la Pamoja la Afrika Mashariki na Kusini (COMESA), ambazo hurahisisha upatikanaji wa masoko na ushirikiano wa kiuchumi. Licha ya utajiri wa rasilimali, Zambia inakabiliwa na changamoto za kiuchumi kama deni la umma, mfumuko wa bei, ukosefu wa ajira na upungufu wa miundombinu. <ref name="WFB_Zambia_Econ"/> Marekebisho ya kiuchumi yamejikita katika mseto wa uchumi, kuvutia uwekezaji wa kigeni, kuboresha uzalishaji wa nishati na kuimarisha usimamizi wa kifedha. Nishati ya umeme wa maji ina nafasi muhimu katika uzalishaji wa umeme, ingawa sekta hii huathiriwa na ukame na mabadiliko ya viwango vya maji. <ref name="Britannica_Zambia_Economy"/> Kwa ujumla, uchumi wa Zambia unaendelea kukua kwa lengo la kusawazisha utegemezi wa madini na maendeleo mapana ya kiuchumi. == Tazama pia == * [[Miji ya Zambia]] * [[Mikoa ya Zambia]] * [[Orodha ya lugha za Zambia]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu]] * [[Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa]] * [[Demografia ya Afrika]] == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.zambia.co.zm/ Serikali ya Zambia] *[http://www.statehouse.gov.zm Tovuti ya Ikulu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/ |date=20050619081520 }} *{{CIA World Factbook link|za|Zambia}} *[http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx Zambia Corruption Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/zambia/business-corruption-in-zambia.aspx |date=20140420184253 }} from the [[Business-Anti-Corruption Portal|Business Anti-Corruption Portal]] *{{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Zambia}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14112449 Zambia profile] from the [[BBC News]] *{{wikiatlas|Zambia}} *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ZM Key Development Forecasts for Zambia] from [[International Futures]] *[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ZMB/Year/2011/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zambia] {{Commons}} {{Afrika}} {{African Union}} {{Mbegu-jio-Afrika}} [[Jamii:Zambia| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Madola]] [[Jamii:Jumuiya ya Maendeleo Kusini mwa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Kusini mwa Afrika]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 32cynl97fvteymvm7r3imfoxqbpev01 0 3088 1569156 1568998 2026-06-09T16:12:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569156 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:SelousSandRivers.jpg|right|thumb|Mto Rufiji katika Hifadhi ya [[Selous]]]] '''Rufiji''' ni [[mto]] mkubwa wa [[Tanzania]]. [[Chanzo (mto)|Chanzo]] kiko Tanzania ya [[kusini]]-[[magharibi]] katika maungano ya [[tawimto|matawimto]] ya [[mto Kilombero]] (Ulanga) na [[mto Luwegu]]. Unafikia [[Bahari Hindi]] kwa njia ya [[delta]] yake takriban [[km]] 200 kusini kwa [[Dar es Salaam]] karibu na [[kisiwa cha Mafia]]. [[Urefu]] wa Rufiji ni takriban km 600. [[Beseni]] la Rufiji linajumulisha eneo la [[Kilomita ya mraba|kilomita za mraba]] 177,000<ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rufiji River Basin|publisher=WWF|url=https://www.wwf.or.tz|access-date=2026-06-08}}</ref></ref>, ambayo ni karibu [[asilimia]] 20 ya ardhi ya Tanzania, na linajumuisha mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]], [[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]], [[Mkoa wa Njombe|Njombe]], [[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]], [[Mkoa wa Lindi|Lindi]] na [[Mkoa wa Pwani|Pwani]]. [[Tawimto]] kubwa katika beseni hilo ni [[Ruaha Mkuu]], ambao una urefu wa kilomita 480 na unajiunga na Rufiji karibu na mji wa Shughuli. Mwaka [[2005]] [[daraja]] lilikamilika linalorahisisha [[usafiri]] kati ya [[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] na [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|mikoa ya]] [[Mkoa wa Lindi|Lindi]] na [[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]]. == Matawi ya Bonde == Mto Rufiji unatokana na matawimto makubwa mawili: [[Mto Kilombero]] (pia unajulikana kama Ulanga) na [[Mto Luwegu]]. Kilombero ni mto mrefu zaidi kati ya hayo mawili, unaotiririka kutoka [[Milima ya Livingstone|Milima ya Kipengere]] na [[Milima ya Udzungwa]]. Luwegu unaotiririka kutoka [[Milima ya Matengo]] na Milima ya Kipengere. {| class="wikitable" |+Matawi makuu ya Mto Rufiji !Tawi/Mto !Urefu (km) ! ! ! |- |[[Ruaha Mkuu]] |480 | | | |- |[[Mto Kilombero]] |350 | | | |- |[[Mto Luwegu]] |300 | | | |} == Historia == [[Picha:Rufiji_River_basin_map.svg|right|thumb|Ramani ya bonde la Mto Rufiji]] [[Wataalamu]] kadhaa huamini ya kwamba [[mji]] wa kale ulioitwa [[Rhapta]] na kutajwa katika [[kitabu]] cha [[Periplus ya Bahari ya Eritrea]] ulikuwepo kwenye Delta ya Rufiji. Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] [[manowari]] ya Kijerumani [[SMS Königsberg]] ilizamishwa katika delta ya mto. Wakati wa utawala wa [[Ujerumani]] (1885-1918), [[Rufiji (mto)|Mto Rufiji]] ulitumika kama njia kuu ya kusafirisha bidhaa kutoka bara kwenda bandari ya [[Kilwa]] na [[Dar es Salaam]]. Wajerumani walianzisha mashamba ya miti, pamba, na kahawa kando ya mto<ref><ref>{{cite web|title=German Colonial Records – Schuberthof Plantation|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/search|access-date=2026-06-08}}</ref></ref>. Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]], [[Uingereza]] ilichukua udhibiti wa [[Tanganyika]]., Uingereza ilichukua udhibiti wa Tanganyika. Waingereza waliendeleza kilimo cha mazao ya biashara kama pamba, mpira, na korosho kwenye ukingo wa Rufiji.<ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cotton, colonialism, and social history in sub-Saharan Africa|author=Sunseri, Thaddeus|publisher=Heinemann|year=1995|isbn=0435089684|editor=Isaacman, Allen|pages=|chapter=Peasants and the struggle for labor in cotton regimes of the Rufiji Basin, Tanzania (1890-1918)|editor2=Roberts, Richard}}</ref></ref> [[Tanzania]] baada ya uhuru (1961) ilirithi miundombinu ya kikoloni. Mwaka 2005, Daraja la Rufiji lilikamilika kwa msaada wa [[Japani]]., likarahisisha usafiri kati ya Dar es Salaam na mikoa ya Lindi, Mtwara, na Ruvuma.<ref>Mwaka 2005, daraja la Rufiji lilikamilika kwa msaada wa Japani, likarahisisha usafiri kati ya Dar es Salaam na mikoa ya Lindi, Mtwara na Ruvuma.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mkapa Bridge|publisher=Grokipedia|url=https://grokipedia.com/page/mkapa_bridge|access-date=2026-06-08}}</ref></ref> == Delta na Misitu Ndani ya Mto Rufiji == Delta ya Rufiji ni delta kubwa zaidi ya Afrika Mashariki <ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=2020 |title=Rufiji Delta Mangroves |journal=Wetlands Ecology |volume=28 |pages=45-60}}</ref></ref>.inayochukua eneo la kilomita za mraba 1,800. Misitu ya mikoko kwenye delta ya Rufiji ni mikubwa zaidi [[Tanzania]] na ya pili kwa ukubwa [[Afrika Mashariki]]. Delta ya Rufiji ni makazi ya [[Ndovu wa Afrika|ndovu]], [[viboko]], [[mamba]], na aina zaidi ya [[ndege]] 300. Eneo hili limehifadhiwa kama Hifadhi ya Rasilimali za Delta ya Rufiji tangu mwaka 2008. Eneo hili limehifadhiwa kama Hifadhi ya Rasilimali za Delta ya Rufiji tangu mwaka 2008<ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rufiji Delta Resource Reserve|publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources Tanzania|url=https://www.mnrt.go.tz/|access-date=2026-06-08|archive-date=2023-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609010517/https://www.mnrt.go.tz/|url-status=dead}}</ref></ref>. ==Tazama pia== * [[Mito ya Tanzania]] * [[Orodha ya mito ya mkoa wa Pwani]] ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://multimedia.wri.org/watersheds_2003/af22.html Map of the Rufiji River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] {{Wayback|url=http://multimedia.wri.org/watersheds_2003/af22.html |date=20080907170359 }} * [https://eastafrica.wetlands.org/download/4687/ Rufiji Delta Landscape Strategy 2025-2050] Wetlands International Tanzania * [https://www.geonames.org/9645329/rufiji-river.html Rufiji River] kwenye tovuti ya GeoNames * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907163427/http://www.waterresources.biz/e-atlas/map_print.php?id=233 Map of the Rufiji River basin] kwenye Wayback Machine {{Mito ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-jio-TZ}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Pwani]] [[Jamii:Bahari ya Hindi]] mmzp3hnfg9grwx6s0gmo0pe3fhaczfu 0 6641 1569161 1422475 2026-06-09T16:51:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Country |native_name = Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis |conventional_long_name = <small>Shirikisho la Saint Christopher na Nevis</small> |common_name = Saint Kitts na Nevis |image_flag = Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg |symbol_type = Nembo |image_map = LocationSaintKittsAndNevis.png |national_motto = Country Above Self - Nchi mbele ya nafsi ! |national_anthem = "[[O Land of Beauty!]]"<br />[[Wimbo wa Kifalme]]: "[[God Save the King]]" |official_languages = [[Kiingereza]] |capital = [[Basseterre]] |latd=17|latm=18|latNS=N|longd=62|longm=44|longEW=W |largest_city = [[Basseterre]] |government_type = [[Demokrasia]]<br />[[Nchi ya jumuiya ya madola]] |leader_titles = <br /> [[Mfalme]] <br /> [[Gavana Mkuu]] <br /> [[Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names = [[Charles III wa Uingereza]]<br /> Dame [[Marcella Liburd]]<br />Dr. [[Terrance Drew]] |area_rank = ya 207 |area_magnitude = |area=261 |areami²=101 |percent_water = kidogo sana |population_estimate = 54,961 |population_estimate_rank = ya 209 |population_estimate_year = [[2015]] |population_census = 46,325 |population_census_year = [[2001]] |population_density = 164 |population_densitymi² =424 |population_density_rank = ya 64 |GDP_PPP = $339 million |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 213 |GDP_PPP_year= [[2002]] |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $14,649 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 47 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |sovereignty_note = kutoka [[Uingereza]] |established_events = Tarehe |established_dates = [[19 Septemba]] [[1983]] |HDI = 0.834 |HDI_rank = ya 49 |HDI_year = [[2003]] |HDI_category = <font color="green">high</font> |currency = [[East Caribbean dollar]] |currency_code = XCD |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset = -4 |time_zone_DST = |DST_note = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.kn]] |calling_code = [[Area code 869|1-869]] |footnotes = }} [[Picha:Saint Kitts and Nevis-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|left|300px|Ramani ya St. Kitts na Nevis]] '''Saint Kitts na Nevis''' ni [[nchi ya visiwani]] kwenye visiwa viwili vya [[Bahari ya Karibi]] na nchi ndogo kabisa ya [[Amerika]] yote. [[Mji mkuu]] wa [[Basseterre]] uko kwenye [[kisiwa]] cha [[Saint Kitts]]. Kisiwa kidogo cha [[Nevis]] (kutoka jina la zamani la [[Kihispania]]: Nuestra Señora de las Nieves) kipo [[km]] 3 [[kusini]]-[[mashariki]] kwa Saint Kitts. Zamani pia kisiwa cha [[Anguilla]] kiliunganishwa na visiwa hivi kuwa [[koloni]] moja la [[Uingereza]]. ==Watu== Wakazi ni 54,961: wengi wana asili ya Afrika (75.1%) au ni ma[[chotara]] Wafrika-[[Wazungu]] (12.3%). [[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kiingereza]], lakini ile ya kawaida ni [[Krioli]]. Upande wa [[dini]], 82.4% ni [[Wakristo]] wa [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali, kuanzia [[Waanglikana]] na [[Wamethodisti]]. ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} ; Serikali * [http://www.sknis.info Saint Kitts & Nevis] official government information service * [http://www.gov.kn Saint Kitts & Nevis] official government site * [http://www.ciu.gov.kn St. Kitts & Nevis Citizenship-by-Investment Program] * [http://www.investstkitts.kn Saint Kitts & Nevis] official Investment Promotion Agency * [http://www.fsrc.kn Saint Kitts & Nevis] St Kitts Financial Services Regulatory Commission ; Taarifa za jumla * {{CIA World Factbook link|sc|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/saintkitts.htm Saint Kitts and Nevis] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/saintkitts.htm |date=20081121105844 }} from OCB Libraries GovPubs * {{dmoz|Regional/Caribbean/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1202982.stm St Kitts and Nevis country profile] from the [[BBC News]] ; Ramani * [http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&params=17_18_N_62_44_W_type:country GeoHack list of street, satellite, and topographic maps] * [http://www.caribbean-on-line.com/islands/sk/skm.shtml Caribbean-On-Line, St. Kitts & Nevis Maps] {{Wayback|url=http://www.caribbean-on-line.com/islands/sk/skm.shtml |date=20120812025043 }} *{{wikiatlas|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} ; Utalii *[http://www.nevisisland.com/ Nevis Tourism Authority] – Official Site *[http://www.stkittstourism.kn/ Saint Kitts Tourism Authority] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stkittstourism.kn/ |date=20070409144226 }} – Official Site *[http://www.stkittsmusicfestival.net/ Saint Kitts Music Festival] – Official Website of the annual Music Festival ; Habari * [http://www.winnfm.com West Indies News Network (WINN FM)] * [http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer] * [http://www.sknvibes.com SKNVibes] * [http://www.miyvue.com MIYVUE] {{Wayback|url=http://www.miyvue.com/ |date=20171227192722 }} {{Amerika Kaskazini}} {{mbegu-jio-Karibi}} [[Jamii:Saint Kitts na Nevis| ]] j9sdyqtsz025a8hceuuiqhhg8gcll8s 0 6884 1569155 1179682 2026-06-09T16:11:05Z Husseyn Issa 44885 1569155 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sengerema.opus|thumb|Sengerema]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Kata ya Sengerema |picha_ya_satelite =Mwanza-Sengerema.svg |maelezo_ya_picha = |pushpin_map = Tanzania |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa Sengerema katika Tanzania |settlement_type = Kata |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Tanzania]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Mkoa wa Mwanza|Mwanza]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Wilaya za Tanzania|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Wilaya ya Sengerema|Sengerema]] |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 49,806 |latd=2 |latm=38 |lats=57 |latNS=S |longd=32 |longm=38 |longs=35 |longEW=E |website = }} [[Picha:Mwanza-Sengerema.svg |thumb|Maeneo baadhi ya sengerema Mjini mwanza]] '''Sengerema''' ni [[mji mdogo]] na [[makao makuu]] ya [[wilaya ya Sengerema]] katika [[Mkoa wa Mwanza]]. Katika [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2002]], [[idadi]] ya wakazi wa [[kata]] ya Sengerema ilihesabiwa kuwa 49,806 [https://web.archive.org/web/20031228060459/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/sengerema.htm]. Eneo la mji wa Sengerema limegawiwa kwa kata nne za [[Ibisabageni]], [[Mwabaluhi]] (Mwambului), [[Nyampulukano]] na [[Nyatukala]]. Hii kata ndogo imesheheni [[miundombinu]] tofauti ikiwemo [[hospitali]] ijulikanayo kama Mision hospital, [[shule]] zilizobobea kwa ajili ya kutoa [[elimu]], pia Telecentre Wilayani Sengerema kwenye makutano ya [[barabara]] za Kamanga na Busisi. {{Kata za Wilaya ya Sengerema}} {{mbegu-jio-mwanza}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mwanza|S]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Sengerema]] mlcpa79aduofaxrh3yxms5nra4si3sj 0 7097 1569154 1435144 2026-06-09T16:09:10Z Husseyn Issa 44885 1569154 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rufiji.flac|thumb|Rufiji]] [[Picha:Rufiji.GIF|thumb|Mkoa wa Pwani na Wilaya ya Rufiji.]] '''Wilaya ya Rufiji''' ni [[wilaya]] mojawapo ya [[Mkoa wa Pwani]] yenye [[postikodi]] [[namba]] '''61600'''. Katika [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2002]], [[idadi]] ya wakazi wa wilaya hiyo ilihesabiwa kuwa 92,602 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031228061022/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/rufiji.htm Sensa ya 2002] ilitazamiwa kwenye web.archive.org mnamo mwaka 2015</ref>, walioongezeka kuwa 217,274 wakati wa sensa ya mwaka 2012<ref>[http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf Sensa ya 2012] {{Wayback|url=http://www.meac.go.tz/sites/default/files/Statistics/Tanzania%20Population%20Census%202012.pdf |date=20160303225919 }}, tovuti ya http://www.meac.go.tz {{Wayback|url=http://www.meac.go.tz/ |date=20170619021222 }}, iliangaliwa Juni 2017</ref>. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] walihesabiwa 159,906 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Wilaya ya Rufiji imegawanyika sehemu mbili, [[Kisiwa|visiwani]] na [[bara]]: wenyeji wa visiwani ni wa [[kabila]] la [[Wanyagatwa]] na walio bara ni [[Wamatumbi]], [[Warufiji]] na [[Wandengereko]]. Wenyeji wa visiwani wanajishughulisha sana na [[uvuvi]], [[kilimo]] cha [[mnazi]] na kupika [[chumvi]], wakati wale wengine wanajishughulisha sana na [[mazao]] ya [[vyakula]] kama vile [[mpunga]], [[mahindi]] n.k. [[Makao makuu]] ya wilaya yanapatikana [[Utete]]. ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Rufiji}} {{mbegu-jio-pwani}} [[Jamii:Wilaya za Mkoa wa Pwani|R]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Rufiji| ]] 8z0yff7rd5eol2sqo4ckj7aljhht9d5 0 7601 1569237 1527901 2026-06-10T03:25:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la Shirika | jina_rasmi = Umoja wa Ulaya | jina_asili = European Union (EU) | bendera = Flag of Europe.svg | kaulimbiu = "United in diversity" ("Umoja katika utofauti") | wimbo = "Ode to Joy" | ramani = European Union map.svg | mji_mkubwa = [[Berlin]] | mji_mkuu = [[Brussels]] (de facto) | majiranukta1 = | majiranukta2 = Bahari ya Atlantiki, Bahari ya Mediterania, Bahari ya Kaskazini, Bahari ya Baltiki | lugha_rasmi = [[Kiholanzi]], [[Kiingereza]], [[Kifaransa]], [[Kijerumani]], [[Kihispania]], [[Kiitaliano]], na lugha nyingine 18 | lugha_taifa = Lugha za mataifa wanachama | serikali = Muungano wa kisiasa na kiuchumi | muundo_uhuru = '''Muungano''' | tukio1 = Mkataba wa Maastricht | tukio2 = Kuanzishwa kwa Euro | tukio3 = Brexit (Uingereza kujiondoa) | tukio1_tarehe = 1993 | tukio2_tarehe = 1999 | tukio3_tarehe = 2020 | kiongozi1 = Charles Michel | kiongozi2 = Ursula von der Leyen | cheo_kiongozi1 = Rais wa Baraza la Ulaya | cheo_kiongozi2 = Rais wa Tume ya Ulaya | eneo_jumla = 4,233,255 | cheo_eneo = 7 | maji = 3% | watu_kadirio = {{increase}} 448,400,000 | mwaka_kadirio = 2025 | pato = {{increase}} $20.287 trilioni | mwaka_pato = 2025 | pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $43,194 | pato_ppp = {{increase}} $29.005 trilioni | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $64,080 | mwaka_maendeleo = 2021 | maendeleo = {{increase}} 0.899 (HDI) | fedha = [[Euro]] | majira_saa = +1 CET / CEST (UTC+2) | udereva = Kushoto na kulia (inategemea nchi) | msimbo_simu =+3 , +4 | tovuti = https://europa.eu | gini = 29.6 | mwaka_gini = 2022 |tanbihi= Data inatokana na Jumla au wastani wa data ya mataifa ya Umoja wa Ulaya }} '''Umoja wa Ulaya''' ([[kifupisho]]: '''[[EU]]''') ni muungano wa kisiasa na wa kiuchumi wa nchi 27 za [[Ulaya]], baada ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] kujitoa [[tarehe]] [[31 Januari]] [[2020]], tukio la kwanza la namna hiyo. Ulianzishwa mwaka [[1991]] juu ya msingi wa [[Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Ulaya]]. Shabaha kuu zilikuwa kujenga [[uchumi]] wa pamoja, kuboresha maisha ya watu wa Ulaya na kuzuia [[vita]] kati ya nchi za Ulaya. Nchi 19 za Umoja huo hutumia [[pesa]] moja ya [[Euro]]. Nchi nyingi za Umoja zimepatana kufungua mipaka yao bila vizuizi kwa wakazi wote. [[File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg|thumb|right|European Commission (Brussels)]] == Historia == [[Jumuiya ya Kiuchumi ya Ulaya]] ilibadilisha jina lake mwaka [[1992]] kufuatana na [[mikataba ya Maastricht]] kuwa Umoja wa Ulaya. Nchi wanachama zilipatana kujenga [[siasa]] ya pamoja ya kiuchumi, kifedha, kisheria na katika mambo ya nje. [[Mapatano ya Schengen]] ilifungua mipaka ili wakazi wa nchi hizo waweze kusafiri bila [[pasipoti]] wala vibali. Nchi 10 tena zilijiunga na Umoja wa Ulaya mwaka [[2004]]. Mbili zaidi ziliingia [[2007]] na [[Kroatia]] mwaka [[2013]]. <gallery> Image:Quai d'Orsay.jpg|[[Quai d'Orsay]] ([[Paris]]) Image:Eurotower in Frankfurt.jpg|Euro Tower ([[Frankfurt]]) File:Donald Tusk - 2017 (35494428931) (cropped).jpg|[[Donald Tusk]] (2017) File:Cecilia Malmström (cropped).jpg|[[Cecilia Malmström]] </gallery> ==Demografia== Jumla ya wakazi ni [[milioni]] 447 (mwanzoni mwa [[2020]]), sawa na 5.8% za [[watu]] wote [[duniani]]. Kuna miji 15 yenye watu zaidi ya milioni moja kila mmojawapo, kuanzia [[Paris]] ambayo inazidi milioni 10. === Lugha === Upande wa [[lugha]], [[lugha rasmi]] ni 24, lakini lugha inayotumika zaidi ni [[Kiingereza]], kinachoweza kuzungumzwa na 51% za wakazi wote, ingawa ni lugha ya kwanza ya 1% tu. Lugha nyingine ambazo ni za kwanza kwa wananchi wengi ni: [[Kijerumani]] (18%), [[Kifaransa]] (13%) na [[Kiitalia]] (12%). Pia kuna lugha 150 hivi za kieneo. === Dini === Upande wa [[dini]], wakazi wengi ni [[Wakristo]] (71.6%), hasa [[Wakatoliki]] (45.3%), [[Waprotestanti]] 11.1% na [[Waorthodoksi]] 9.6%. [[Waislamu]] ni 1.8%. Wafuasi wa dini nyingine ni 2.6%. Wengine 24% hawana dini au ni [[Wakanamungu]]. == Uhuru wa kuhama == Kila mtu mwenye [[uraia]] wa nchi ya Umoja anaruhusiwa kuhamia nchi yoyote nyingine na kufanya [[kazi]] au [[biashara]] huko bila vibali vya pekee. Vilevile [[bidhaa]] zote zinazotengenezwa kote katika Umoja wa Ulaya zinaweza kuuzwa katika kila nchi. Hii ni sababu ya kuwa na sheria za pamoja zinazotawala masharti ya bidhaa na uzalishaji. == Utawala na Serikali == === Halmashauri ya Ulaya === Halmashauri hii ni mkutano wa viongozi wa serikali za nchi wanachama. Wanakutana mara mbili kwa mwaka na kutoa maazimo muhimu. Nafasi ya uraisi hubadilika kila baada ya miezi 6. Ufini ilishika uraisi kati ya Julai 2006 hadi Desemba 2006, ikafuatiliwa na Ujerumani tangu Januari hadi Juni 2007. === Baraza za mawaziri === Katika baraza hizi mawaziri ya Kilimo, Sheria, Mambo ya Nje hukutana na kupanga siasa ya pamoja. === Kamati ya Ulaya === Hii ni kamati ya utawala inayotekeleza maazimio ya Halmashauri na bunge. Kuna makamishna 24 na mwenyekiti. Inaelekea kuwa serikali lakini haina madaraka ya serikali bado. === Bunge la Ulaya === [[File:European-parliament-brussels-inside.JPG||thumb|Bunge la Umojwa wa Ulaya huko Brussels.]] [[File:Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (08) edited.jpg|thumb|Picha ya pamoja wakati wa kusaini mkataba wa Lisboa tarehe 13 Desemba 2007.]] Bunge la Ulaya lina wabunge 751 wanaochaguliwa na wananchi kila baada ya miaka mitano. ==Wanachama == <imagemap>File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|upright=2.5|thumb|Map showing the member states of the European Union (clickable) poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 [[Croatia]] poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[Finland]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[Sweden]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[Estonia]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[Latvia]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[Lithuania]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[Polandi]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[Slovakia]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[Hungary]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[Romania]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[Bulgaria]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[Greece]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[Cyprus]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[Czech Republic]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[Austria]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[Slovenia]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[Italy]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[Malta]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[Portugal]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[Spain]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[France]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[Germany]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[Luxembourg]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[Belgium]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[Netherlands]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[Denmark]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> ==== Wanachama tangu [[1958]] (waanzilishi) ==== * [[Ubelgiji]] * [[Ufaransa]] * [[Ujerumani]] * [[Italia]] * [[Luxemburg]] * [[Uholanzi]] ==== Wanachama tangu [[1973]] ==== * [[Denmark]] * [[Ueire]] * [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] (hadi [[2020]] [<nowiki/>[[Brexit|<nowiki>Brexit]</nowiki>]]) ==== Mwanachama tangu [[1981]] ==== * [[Ugiriki]] ==== Wanachama tangu [[1986]] ==== * [[Ureno]] * [[Hispania]] ==== Wanachama tangu [[1995]] ==== * [[Austria]] * [[Ufini]] * [[Uswidi]] ==== Wanachama tangu [[2004]] ==== * [[Kupro]] * [[Ucheki]] * [[Estonia]] * [[Hungaria]] * [[Latvia]] * [[Lithuania]] * [[Malta]] * [[Polandi]] * [[Slovakia]] * [[Slovenia]] ==== Wanachama tangu [[2007]] ==== * [[Bulgaria]] * [[Romania]] ==== Wanachama tangu [[2013]] ==== * [[Kroatia]] ==== Nchi zinazoomba uanachama ==== * [[Uturuki]] * [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] * [[Montenegro]] * [[Albania]] * [[Serbia]] ==Jeshi la Uropa/Ulaya== [[picha:EU_PESCO_map.svg|thumb]] ==Tazama pia== * [[Mkataba wa Schengen]] * [[Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]] ==Marejeo== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Berend |first= Ivan T. |title=The Contemporary Crisis of the European Union: Prospects for the Future |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarycris0000bere |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year= 2017 |isbn= 978-1-138-24419-1}} * {{cite book|editor-first1=Elizabeth |editor-last1=Bomberg |editor-first2=John |editor-last2=Peterson |editor-first3=Richard |editor-last3=Corbett |authorlink3=[[Richard Corbett]] |title=The European Union: How Does it Work? (New European Union) |url=https://archive.org/details/europeanunionhow0000unse |edition=3rd |year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-957080-5}} * {{cite book|last1=Corbett |first1=Richard|last2=Jacobs|first2=Francis|author2-link=Francis Jacobs|last3=Shackleton|first3=Michael|title=The European Parliament|url=https://archive.org/details/europeanparliame0000corb |edition=8th |publisher=[[Harper (publisher)|John Harper Publishing]]|year=2011|location=London|isbn=978-0-9564508-5-2}} * {{cite book|last1=Craig|first1=Paul|first2=Gráinne|last2=de Búrca|title=EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials|edition=4th|year=2007|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-927389-8}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Federiga |editor-first=Bindi|title=The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europe's Role in the World|url=https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyofe0000unse |publisher=[[Brookings Institution|Brookings Institution Press]]|year=2010|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-8157-2252-6|edition=2nd}} The E.U.'s foreign-policy mechanisms and foreign relations, including with its neighbours. * {{cite book |editor-last1=Gareis |editor-first1= Sven |editor-last2= Hauser |editor-first2= Gunther |editor-last3= Kernic |editor-first3=Franz |title=The European Union – A Global Actor? |location=Leverkusen, Germany|publisher= Barbara Budrich Publishers |year= 2013 |isbn= 978-3-8474-0040-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Grinin |first1=L. |last2=Korotayev |first2= A. |last3=Tausch |first3=A. |year=2016 |title=Economic Cycles, Crises, and the Global Periphery |publisher=Springer International Publishing |location= Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London |isbn=978-3-319-17780-9}} * {{cite book|first1=Erik|last1=Jones|first2=Menon|last2=Anand|first3=Stephen|last3=Weatherill|title=The Oxford Handbook of the European Union|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_a3u9|year=2012|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-954628-2}} * {{cite book|editor-first1=A.J. |editor-last1=Jordan |editor-first2= Camilla |editor-last2=Adelle|title=Environmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics|edition=3rd|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]]|isbn=978-1-84971-469-3|year=2012}} * {{cite book|last=Kaiser|first=Wolfram|title=Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union (New Studies in European History)|year=2009|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-511-49705-6}} * {{cite book |last1=Le Gales |first1= Patrick |last2= King |first2= Desmond |title= Reconfiguring European States in Crisis |location= Corby |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 2017 |isbn= 978-0-19-879337-3}} * McAuley, James, "A More Perfect Union?" (review of [[Luuk van Middelaar]], ''Alarums and Excursions: Improving Politics on the European Stage'', translated from the Dutch by Liz Waters, Agenda, 2019, 301 pp.; and Stéphanie Hennette, [[Thomas Piketty]], Guillaume Sacriste, and Antoine Vauchez, ''How to Democratize Europe'', translated from the French by Paul Dermine, Marc LePain, and Patrick Camiller, Harvard University Press, 2019, 209 pp.), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXVI, no. 13 (15 August 2019), pp.&nbsp;46–48. James McAuley writes: "There was never a single moment that marked the definitive establishment of the European Union, which... has continued to define itself since [[World War II]]. The major turning points have all been quiet steps on the way to further [[economic integration]] while preserving [[national sovereignty]]. Today there is only an incomplete [[monetary union]] without a real political contract to manage it... [Nevertheless, the Union's] various peoples have grown remarkably closer... The European Union now has open borders, a single market from Portugal to the Baltics, and more or less monthly meetings of member state leaders [the [[European Council]]]. What's more, those member states are now closer to each other than they are to the [[United States]]... [T]his transformation has occurred informally and organically... Robust supranational politics are taking root in Europe... [[Luuk van Middelaar]] writes: 'What unites us as Europeans on this continent is bigger and stronger than anything that divides us.'" (pp.&nbsp;47–48.) * {{cite book|first1=John|last1=McCormick|title=The European Union: Politics and Policies|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|location=Boulder, CO|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8133-4202-3|edition=5th|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/europeanunionpol0000mcco_d3k0}} * [[Ferdinand Mount|Mount, Ferdinand]], "Why We Go to War", ''[[London Review of Books]]'', vol. 41, no. 11 (6 June 2019), pp.&nbsp;11–14. "Historians have tended to weave their narratives around [...] high-flown themes: the struggle to maintain the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]], the struggles against [[fascism]] and [[communism]], against the [[French Revolution]] or [[Militarism#Germany|German militarism]]. In reality, most large [[war]]s have contained within them a violent and persistent economic conflict. [p. 12.] Not for one second do [the [[U.K.]]'s [[Brexit]]eers] pause to think how hard-won [Europe's economic integration and peace, within the European Union, have] been. They are the feckless children of seventy years of peace." [p.&nbsp;14.] * {{cite book|last1=Pinder|first1=John|first2=Simon|last2=Usherwood|title=The European Union: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/europeanunionver0000pind|year=2013|edition=3rd|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-968169-3}} [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0199233977 excerpt and text search] * {{cite book|title=The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream|first=Jeremy|last=Rifkin|publisher=[[Penguin Group#Imprints|TarcherPerigee]]|year=2005|location=[[City of Westminster]], London|isbn=978-1-58542-435-1|url=https://archive.org/details/europeandreamhow00rifk_0}} * {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Emrys Smith|title=International Trade and Globalisation|url=https://archive.org/details/internationaltra0000smit_k3f7|edition=3rd|publisher=Anforme Ltd|year=2007|location=[[Stocksfield]]|isbn=978-1-905504-10-7}} * {{cite book|last=Staab|first=Andreas|title=The European Union Explained: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=2011|location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=978-0-253-22303-6}} [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0253220181 excerpt and text search] * {{cite book|last1=Steiner|first1=Josephine|first2=Lorna|last2=Woods|first3=Christian|last3=Twigg-Flesner|title=EU Law|url=https://archive.org/details/eulaw0009stei|edition=9th|year=2006|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-927959-3}} * {{Rejea kitabu | last=Tausch | first=Arno | authorlink=Arno Tausch | title= Globalization, the Human Condition, and Sustainable Development in the Twenty-first Century: Cross-national Perspectives and European Implications. With Almas Heshmati and a Foreword by Ulrich Brand | url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationhum0000taus |publisher=Anthem Press, London|year=2012 | edition=1st | isbn= 978-0-85728-410-5}} * {{cite book|last1=Yesilada|first1=Birol A.|first2=David M.|last2=Wood|title=The Emerging European Union|edition=5th|year=2009|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]]|isbn=978-0-205-72380-5}} {{Refend}} == Viungo vya nje == '''Tovuti rasmi:''' * [http://europa.eu/index_en.htm EUROPA] – official web portal * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm Institutions] * [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170609145325/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/da/european-council/ European Council] * [http://www.ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm European Commission] * [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090706224730/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=242&lang=en Council] * [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/default_en.htm European Parliament] {{Wayback|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/default_en.htm |date=20080728172056 }} * [http://www.ecb.europa.eu/home/html/index.en.html European Central Bank] * [http://curia.europa.eu/ Court of Justice of the European Union] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091222231135/http://eca.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eca_main_pages/home Court of Auditors] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070716180819/http://europa.eu/agencies/index_en.htm Agencies] * [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm EUR-Lex] – Sheria * [http://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/Index.aspx Historical Archives of the European Union] '''Mandhari na data:''' * [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315151022/http://www.ckan.net/tag/read/eutransparency Datasets related to the EU on CKAN] * {{CIA World Factbook link|ee|CIA World Factbook: European Union}} * [http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=2537&display=list/ British Pathé] – Online newsreel archive of the 20th century {{Wayback|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=2537&display=list%2F |date=20120106052118 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160827225957/http://eu.data-list-search.com/ Search EU Financial Sanctions List] * [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21372.pdf {{Wayback|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21372.pdf |date=20200309092959 }} The European Union: Questions and Answers] {{Wayback|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21372.pdf |date=20200309092959 }} [[Congressional Research Service]] * {{Gutenberg author | id=European+Union | name=European Union}} '''Taarifa:''' * [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/spiegel-interview-with-helmut-schmidt-and-valery-giscard-d-estaing-a-855127.html ''Der Spiegel'' interview with Helmut Schmidt and Valery Giscard d'Estaing] '''Misaada ya kufundishia:''' * [http://hum.port.ac.uk/europeanstudieshub European Studies Hub] – interactive learning tools and resources to help students and researchers better understand and engage with the European Union and its politics. {{Wayback|url=http://hum.port.ac.uk/europeanstudieshub |date=20200201074011 }} == Viungo vya nje == {{Lango|Ulaya}} {{Commons|European Union}} * [http://europa.eu/ European Union online portal] * [http://www.eu2006.fi/en_GB/ Finland's EU Council Presidency] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eu2006.fi/en_GB/ |date=20061227035210 }} * [http://ec.europa.eu/youreurope/ Your Europe - information website] * [https://archive.today/20121205105808/http://www.europedia.moussis.eu/discus/ Europedia: Guide to European policies and legislation] [[Jamii:Siasa]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Ulaya| ]] [[Jamii:Mashirika ya kimataifa]] [[Jamii:Brussels]] abwmgnnape4efh53u4mdizsczs5sdtf 0 9835 1569210 1118633 2026-06-09T22:50:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:SUVA CITY.JPG|thumbnail|right|200px|Muonekano wa Mji wa Suva]] '''Suva''' ni mji mkuu wa [[Fiji]] [[nchi ya visiwani]] katika [[Pasifiki]]. Iko kwenye kisiwa cha [[Viti Levu]]. Imekuwa mji mkuu wa koloni ya Fiji tangu 1882 badala ya Levuka kwenye kisiwa cha Ovalau.\ 1996 mji ulikuwa na wakazi 77,366 na pamoja na rundiko la mji ni 167,975. == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.suvacity.org/ Suva City Council (tovuti rasmi)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.suvacity.org/ |date=20060703150718 }} {{mbegu-jio}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Fiji]] [[Jamii:Miji Mikuu Australia na Pasifiki]] kn7w2wao6en6fqwlguyrf17pxg3nz5b 0 9862 1569120 1448201 2026-06-09T13:04:13Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Israel in Hebrew.svg|thumb|"Jisrael" ni neno "Israeli" kwa lugha ya Kiebrania na kwa mwandiko wa Kiebrania]] '''Lugha ya Kiebrania''' (עברית ''‘Ivrit'', {{Audio|He-Ivrit-2.ogg|matamshi ya kisasa}}) ni moja ya [[lugha za kisemiti]] na moja kati ya [[lugha]] mbili [[Lugha ya taifa|za kitaifa]] nchini [[Israeli]] (pamoja na [[Kiarabu]]). Ni kati ya lugha za kale zaidi [[Dunia|duniani]] kote. Kiebrania kwa kawaida huandikwa kwa [[herufi za Kiebrania]]. [[Mwandiko]] huo ni wa [[konsonanti]] hasa, kwa kuwa mara nyingi [[vokali]] haziandikwi kutokana na mfumo wa lugha yenyewe. Kiebrania ndiyo lugha iliyotumika kuandikia [[Torati]] na sehemu kubwa ya [[Maandishi|maandiko]] mengine ya [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]]. Sehemu hiyo ya Kiebrania pamoja na sehemu ndogo ya [[Kiaramu]] huitwa "[[Tanakh]]" katika [[mapokeo]] ya Kiyahudi na imo katika [[Agano la Kale]] ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]]. == Lugha za Kisemiti == Lugha ya Kiebrania pamoja na zile za [[Kiarabu]], [[Kiaramu]], [[Kiamhari]] ([[Ethiopia]]) na nyinginezo zinatokana na [[asili]] moja ya lugha ya Kisemiti. Kuna lugha nyingine ambazo zinatokana na asili hiyohiyo kama [[Kiashuru]], [[Kifoinike]], [[Kikaldayo]] na kadhalika. == Alfabeti ya Kiebrania == ''Makala kuu: [[Mwandiko wa Kiebrania]]'' Mwandiko wa lugha hiyo hufanywa kwa mwandiko wa pekee unaojulikana tangu miaka 3,000. Mwandiko huu ni wa konsonanti hasa, kwa kuwa mara nyingi vokali haziandikwi. Tabia hii ni sawa na alfabeti nyingine za [[Kisemiti]] kama [[Kiaramu]] au [[Kiarabu]]. Mfano: Jina la Abrahamu huandikwa "'''אַבְרָהָ֛ם'''" ambazo ni herufi "aBRHM" pekee; Alef ambayo ni herufi la kwanza tena si "a" kwa hakika. Vokali zinaweza kuonyeshwa kwa [[nukta]] na mistari chini ya herufi lakini mara nyingi haziandikwi. {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable" |- |'''[[Aleph (Hebrew)|Alef]]'''||'''[[Beth (letter)|Bet/Vet]]'''||'''[[Gimel (letter)|Gimel]]'''||'''[[Daleth|Dalet]]'''||'''[[He (letter)|He]]'''||'''[[Waw (letter)|Waw]]'''||'''[[Zayin]]'''||'''[[Khet (letter)|Khet]]'''||'''[[Teth|Tet]]'''||'''[[Yodh|Yod]]'''||'''[[Kaph|Kaf/Khaf]]''' |- |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|א |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ב |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ג |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ד |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ה |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ו |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ז |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ח |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ט |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|י |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|כ |- | ||||||||||||||||||||style="font-size:300%; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman" height=40 valign=top|ך |- |'''[[Lamedh|Lamed]]'''||'''[[Mem]]'''||'''[[Nun (letter)|Nun]]'''||'''[[Samekh]]'''||'''[[Ayin]]'''||'''[[Pe (letter)|Pe/Fe]]'''||'''[[Tsade|Tsadeh]]'''||'''[[Qoph|Qof]]'''||'''[[Resh]]'''||'''[[Shin (letter)|Shin/Sin]]'''||'''[[Taw (letter)|Taw]]''' |- |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ל |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|מ |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|נ |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ס |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ע |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|פ |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|צ |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ק |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ר |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ש |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ת |- | ||style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ם |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ן |||||style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ף |style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ץ |} == Historia == Kiebrania kilikuwa lugha ya [[Israeli ya Kale]] wakati wa [[Biblia]] kuanza kuandikwa. Baada ya [[Uhamisho wa Babeli]] [[Wayahudi]] walianza kutumia Kiaramu, na polepole Kiebrania hakikuzungumzwa tena, ila kilifundishwa kama [[lugha ya kidini]]. Wayahudi wa kawaida walikitumia katika [[ibada]] na [[Mtaalamu|wataalamu]] waliandika [[Kitabu|vitabu]] kwa lugha hiyo. Katika [[karne ya 20]] Wayahudi wa [[Ulaya]] waliamua kukifufua kiwe tena [[lugha hai]]. Kimekuwa lugha ya nchi mpya ya Israeli tangu mwaka [[1948]]. Watu waliohamia Israeli kutoka mahali pengi duniani walijifunza Kiebrania na [[Mtoto|watoto]] wao wameishika kama [[Lugha ya kwanza|lugha yao ya kawaida]]. == Viungo vya nje == * [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] (2003), ''[[w:en:Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew|Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew]]''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403917232 [http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232]. {{en}} *[http://www.language-archives.org/language/heb makala za OLAC kuhusu Kiebrania] {{Wayback|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/heb |date=20150517003342 }} {{en}} *[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hebr1245 lugha ya Kiebrania katika Glottolog] {{en}} *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=heb Muhtasari kuhusu Kiebrania kwenye ''Ethnologue''] {{en}} *[http://www.hebrew.ecott.ch/ Modern Hebrew resources] {{en}} {{Modern Semitic languages}} {{mbegu-lugha}} [[Jamii:Kiebrania]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Kisemiti]] [[Jamii:Lugha za Israeli]] mxjejip8ehfmmj655ohdrryce97n15u 0 10353 1569419 1426886 2026-06-10T11:00:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Agano Jipya}} '''Agano Jipya''' ni sehemu ya pili ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]], ikifuata [[Agano la Kale]]: Agano Jipya limefichika katika lile la Kale, na Agano la Kale limedhihirika katika lile Jipya. Linakusanya vitabu ambavyo [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wote wanaviheshimu kama vitakatifu na vilivyoandikwa baada ya ujio wa [[Yesu Kristo]] hadi mwisho wa wakati wa mitume wake. Vitabu vyake 27 vinaleta habari zake, za [[Mitume wa Yesu|mitume wake]] na za mwanzo wa [[Kanisa]] lake. Vinatakiwa kusomwa kama kilele cha [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwa [[binadamu]] kadiri ya [[Historia ya Wokovu]]. Jina lilitungwa na [[nabii Yeremia]] ([[Yer]] 31:30) alipotambua kwamba kwa kiasi fulani lile la [[mlima Sinai]] lilikuwa na dosari ([[Eb]] 8), lakini Mungu kwa [[uaminifu]] wake asingeweza kukubali likome tu. Vitabu vya Agano Jipya ni kama ifuatavyo (Kwa mabano: kifupi cha kawaida kwa kutaja kitabu hiki). == Vitabu vya kihistoria == [[Injili]] nne zinasimulia habari za maisha na mafundisho ya [[Yesu]] na kutangaza hasa [[Msalaba wa Yesu|kifo]] na [[Ufufuko wa Yesu|ufufuko wake]]. * [[Injili ya Matthayo]] (Mt.) * [[Injili ya Marko]] (Mk.) * [[Injili ya Luka]] (Lk.) * [[Injili ya Yohane]] (Yn.) Kati yake, zile tatu za kwanza zinafanana hata zikaitwa [[Injili Ndugu]], kumbe ile ya Yohane ni ya pekee. Historia ya mwanzo wa kanisa iko katika mwendelezo ya Injili ya Luka, jina lake * [[Matendo ya Mitume]] (Mdo.) == Nyaraka == === [[Nyaraka za Paulo]] === Kuna maandiko 13 kati ya nyaraka yanayomtaja [[Mtume Paulo]] kama mwandishi. Wataalamu wa leo hutofautiana kama kweli nyaraka hizi zote zimeandikwa na Paulo mwenyewe. Kwa jumla saba zimetambuliwa na karibu wataalamu wote kuwa ni maandiko yake. Kuhusu mengine kuna maswali kwa sababu mbalimbali (kwa mfano tofauti za lugha, mkazo tofauti ya mafundisho), na wataalamu wengine hudai ya kuwa labda zimeandikwa na wanafunzi wake au na mwandishi kwa niaba ya Paulo. * [[Waraka kwa Waroma]] (Rum.) * [[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Wakorinto]] (1Kor.) * [[Waraka wa pili kwa Wakorinto]] (2.Kor.) * [[Waraka kwa Wagalatia]] (Gal.) * [[Waraka kwa Waefeso]] (Efe.) * [[Waraka kwa Wafilipi]] (Flp.) * [[Waraka kwa Wakolosai]] (Kol.) * [[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Wathesalonike]] (1Thes.) * [[Waraka wa pili kwa Wathesalonike]] (2Thes.) * [[Waraka wa kwanza kwa Timotheo]] (1Tim.) * [[Waraka wa pili kwa Timotheo]] (2.Tim.) * [[Waraka kwa Tito]] (Tit.) * [[Waraka kwa Filemoni]] (Flm.) === Waebrania === * [[Waraka kwa Waebrania]] (Ebr.) una tabia ya pekee; tangu zamani wengine waliulihesabu kuwa waraka wa Paulo ingawa ndani yake jina lake halitajwi. Leo karibu wote wanasema si ya kwake. === Nyaraka katoliki === Jina "[[katoliki]]" halimaanisha [[madhehebu]] [[Kanisa la Roma|ya Kiroma]], lakini maana asilia ya neno la [[Kigiriki]] "katoliki" ambayo inaweza kutafsiriwa pia "kwa watu wote", au "zilizokubaliwa na wote". * [[Waraka wa Yakobo]] (Yak.) * [[Waraka wa kwanza wa Petro]] (1Pet.) * [[Waraka wa pili wa Petro]] (2Pet.) * [[Waraka wa kwanza wa Yohane]] (1Yoh.) * [[Waraka wa pili wa Yohane]] (2.Yoh.) * [[Waraka wa tatu wa Yohane]] (3Yoh.) * [[Waraka wa Yuda]] (Yud.) == Kitabu cha kinabii == Kitabu cha mwisho kinafuata mtindo wa kiapokaliptiko, yaani kinatazama [[historia]] kwa jumla kadiri ya imani katika ushindi wa Yesu juu ya shetani na nguvu zote za uovu. Kinaitwa * [[Ufunuo wa Yohane]] (Ufu.) ==Marejeo== * [[Raymond E. Brown|Brown, Raymond E.]] (1997). ''An Introduction to the New Testament''. Anchor Bible Reference Library; New York: Doubleday. * [[Rudolf Bultmann|Bultmann, Rudolf]] (1951–1955). ''Theology of the New Testament'', English translation, 2 volumes. New York: Scribner. *{{Rejea kitabu |last = Burkett |first = Delbert | title = An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2002 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC&printsec=frontcover |isbn = 978-0-521-00720-7 |ref = harv }} * von Campenhausen, Hans (1972). ''The Formation of the Christian Bible'', English translation. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. • Clark, Gordon (1990). "Logical Criticisms of Textual Criticism", The Trinity Foundation: Jefferson, Maryland * [[Hans Conzelmann|Conzelmann, Hans]]; Lindemann, Andreas (1999). ''Interpreting the New Testament: An Introduction to the Principles and Methods of New Testament Exegesis'', English translation. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. * Dormeyer, Detlev (1998). ''The New Testament among the Writings of Antiquity'', English translation. Sheffield. * Duling, Dennis C.; [[Norman Perrin|Perrin, Norman]] (1993). ''The New Testament: Proclamation and Parenesis, Myth and History'', 3rd edition. New York: Harcourt Brace. * [[Bart D. Ehrman|Ehrman, Bart D.]] (2011). ''The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings'', 5th edition. New York: Oxford University Press. *{{Rejea kitabu |last = Ehrman |first = Bart D. |authorlink = Bart D Ehrman | title = Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2005 |url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&printsec=frontcover |ref = harv }} * [[Edgar J. Goodspeed|Goodspeed, Edgar J.]] (1937). ''An Introduction to the New Testament''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. * [[Amy-Jill Levine|Levine, Amy-Jill]]; [[Marc Zvi Brettler|Brettler, Marc Z.]] (2011). ''The Jewish Annotated New Testament''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. * [[Helmut Koester|Koester, Helmut]] (1995 and 2000). ''Introduction to the New Testament'', 2nd edition, 2 volumes. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. * Kümmel, Werner Georg (1996). ''Introduction to the New Testament'', revised and enlarged English translation. Nashville: Abingdon Press. * [[Burton L. Mack|Mack, Burton L.]] (1995). ''Who Wrote the New Testament?''. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. * [[Stephen Neill|Neill, Stephen]]; Wright, Tom (1988). ''The Interpretation of the New Testametnt, 1861–1986'', new edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. *{{Rejea kitabu |last = Perkins |first = Pheme | title = Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUZhdgmOR8C&printsec=frontcover |year = 2009 |publisher = Eerdmans |isbn = 978-0-8028-6553-3 |ref = harv }} * [[Udo Schnelle|Schnelle, Udo]] (1998). ''The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings'', English translation. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. * [[Theodor Zahn|Zahn, Theodor]] (1910). ''Introduction to the New Testament'', English translation, 3 volumes. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. == Viungo vya nje == {{commons category|New Testament}} ===Katika lugha asili ya Kigiriki=== *[http://www.greekbible.com/ Greek New Testament text (searchable only; no downloads) with lexical aids] *[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/new-testament/default.asp New Testament Koine Greek Original] Side by side with the English (King James) and [[Russian Synodal Bible|Russian (Synodal) translation]] Commentary by the Greek Fathers&nbsp;– Icons from [[Mount Athos]] *[http://users.otenet.gr/~gmcr New Testament, Greek Polytonic Text according to Ecumenical Patriarchate] {{Wayback|url=http://users.otenet.gr/~gmcr |date=20120406173350 }} ''(Greek)'' ===Tafsiri ya Kiswahili=== [http://www.htmlbible.com/sacrednamebiblecom/swahili/index.htm Toleo la Agano Jipya kwa Kiswahili] ===Maelezo ya jumla=== *[http://www.ntgateway.com/ New Testament Gateway] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ntgateway.com/ |date=20200113030003 }} Annotated guide to academic New Testament Web resources including not only other Web sites, but articles and course materials *[http://JewishStudies.eteacherbiblical.com/ Jewish Studies for Christians] {{Wayback|url=http://jewishstudies.eteacherbiblical.com/ |date=20191209024142 }} An Online Study Group exploring the Jewish setting of the early Jesus movement. (An Israeli blog led by Dr. Eliyahu Lizorkin-Eyzenberg). *[http://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/introduction-to-new-testament "Introduction to New Testament History and Literature" course materials] {{Wayback|url=http://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/introduction-to-new-testament |date=20100815203224 }} "Open Yale course" taught at Yale University by Dale B. Martin *[http://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/newt New Testament Reading Room] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/newt |date=20190813153130 }}: Extensive on-line New Testament resources (including reference works, commentaries, translations, atlases, language tools, and works on New Testament theology), Tyndale Seminary *[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/nt.php Biblicalstudies.org New Testament pages] Bibliographies on the New Testament and its individual books *[http://bible.christianity.com/Lexicons/NewTestamentGreek/ Christianity.com Bible Study Tools] {{Wayback|url=http://bible.christianity.com/Lexicons/NewTestamentGreek/ |date=20080705041058 }} For-profit, conservative religious site with links to translations, as well as to mostly out-dated and non-critical commentaries, concordances, and other reference works *[http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/N/New+Testament Pastoral articles on the New Testament for ministerial training] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/N/New+Testament |date=20120114133638 }} Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary (WELS) * [http://www.haaretz.com/culture/books/that-most-jewish-of-books-1.427292 Jewish reading of the New Testament] {{Wayback|url=http://www.haaretz.com/culture/books/that-most-jewish-of-books-1.427292 |date=20150924071004 }} Haaretz essay on reclaiming the New Testament as an integral part of Jewish literature ===Uandishi=== *[http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_ntb1.htm The Gospels] {{Wayback|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_ntb1.htm |date=20160416030531 }} in the official canon, and some that were not included in the Bible *[http://www.errantskeptics.org/DatingNT.htm Dating the New Testament] {{Wayback|url=http://www.errantskeptics.org/DatingNT.htm |date=20100210001441 }} A compilation of the dates ascribed by [[Argumentum ad populum|various scholars]] to the composition of the New Testament documents, accompanied by an odd statistical average of the dates {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Biblia]] r55v5njsjew3qfeusm3rin5zmw49lvt 0 10412 1569128 941646 2026-06-09T13:45:14Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569128 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Hebrew Tanakh.jpg|thumb|250px|Tanakh ya Kiebrania; maandishi ya nje yasema "Torah - Neviim - Ketuvim".]] '''Tanakh''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]]: '''תנ״ך''') ni [[jina]] la [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] kwa [[lugha]] [[asili]]. Tanakh ni [[kifupi]] kinachounganisha [[herufi]] tatu "T" - "N" - "Kh" ambazo ni za kwanza katika maneno matatu ya Kiebrania yanayotaja sehemu tatu zinazounda [[Biblia ya Kikristo|Biblia]] hiyo. * 1. '''Torah''' ('''תורה''') ni [[Torati]] au [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vitano vya kwanza vinavyoitwa pia "vitabu vya [[Musa]]". Mara nyingi vyaitwa pia "[[sheria]]" katika [[imani]] ya [[Uyahudi]]. Hivi ni vitabu vinavyoitwa ama Kitabu cha kwanza, cha pili, cha tatu n.k. cha Musa au kwa majina yafuatayo: ** [[Mwanzo (Biblia)|Mwanzo]], [[Kutoka (Biblia)|Kutoka]], [[Mambo ya Walawi]], [[Hesabu (Biblia)|Hesabu]] na [[Kumbukumbu la Torati]]. *** Majina ya Kiebrania ya vitabu hivyo ni maneno ya kwanza ya Kiebrania ya kila kitabu: '''Bereshit''' (בְּרֵאשִית) yaani "mwanzo" (Hapo mwanzo..); '''Shemot''' (שְמוֹת) yaani "majina" (Basi majina ya wana wa Israeli...); '''Wayikra''' (וַיִּקְרָא) yaani "akaita" (Bwana akamwita Musa...); '''Bemidbar''' (בְּמִּדְבַּר) yaani "nyikani" (Bwana akanena na Musa katika bara la Sinai = nyika ya Sinai...); Devarim (דְּבָרִים) yaani "maneno" (Haya ndiyo maneno...). * 2. '''Nevi'im''' ('''נביאים''') ni [[Manabii (Biblia)|manabii]] yaani [[Maandishi|maandiko]] ya maneno na matendo ya manabii katika Uyahudi. Humo huhesabiwa vitabu kama ** [[Kitabu cha Yoshua|Yoshua]], [[Waamuzi]], [[Kitabu cha Kwanza cha Samueli|Samweli 1]], [[Kitabu cha Pili cha Samueli|Samweli 2]], [[Kitabu cha Kwanza cha Wafalme|Wafalme 1]] na [[Kitabu cha Pili cha Wafalme|Wafalme 2]] ** [[Kitabu cha Isaya|Isaya]], [[kitabu cha Yeremia|Yeremia]], [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] na kitabu kinachohusua "[[Manabii Wadogo|manabii wadogo]]" 12 ([[kitabu cha Hosea|Hosea]], [[Kitabu cha Yoeli|Yoeli]], [[Kitabu cha Amosi|Amosi]], [[Kitabu cha Obadia|Obadia]], [[Kitabu cha Yona|Yona]], [[Kitabu cha Mika|Mika]], [[Kitabu cha Nahumu|Nahumu]], [[Kitabu cha Habakuki|Habakuki]], [[Kitabu cha Sefania|Sefania]], [[Kitabu cha Hagai|Hagai]], [[Kitabu cha Zekaria|Zekaria]], [[Kitabu cha Malaki|Malaki]]) * 3. '''Ketuvim''' ('''כתובים''') ni "maandiko" (Kiebrania "ketuv" ni sawa na [[Kiarabu]]/ [[Kiswahili]] "kitab/kitabu"). Vitabu hivyo hugawanywa katika [[Kundi|makundi]] ya: ** vitabu vya kihistoria kama vile [[kitabu cha Ezra|Ezra]], [[Kitabu cha Nehemia|Nehemia]] na [[Mambo ya Nyakati]]. ** [[vitabu vya hekima]] kama vile [[Kitabu cha Yobu|Ayubu]], [[Kitabu cha Mhubiri|Mhubiri]] na [[Kitabu cha Methali|Mithali]]. ** vitabu vya kishairi kama vile [[Kitabu cha Zaburi|Zaburi]], [[Maombolezo (Biblia)|Maombolezo]] na [[Wimbo Ulio Bora]]. ** vitabu vingine kama vile [[kitabu cha Ruthu|Ruthu]], [[Kitabu cha Esta|Estha]] na [[Kitabu cha Danieli|Danieli]]. Mgawanyo huo wa vitabu ni tofauti kiasi na namna ya kuvipanga katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] vinamopatikana katika sehemu yake ya kwanza ambayo inaitwa [[Agano la Kale]] na kufuatwa na [[Agano Jipya]] lililoandikwa baada ya [[Yesu]] ambaye [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wanaamini ndiye [[Masiya]] aliyetabiriwa tangu kale. [[Wakristo]] wanawauliza kaka zao Wayahudi: imekuwaje [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwao ulisimama tangu miaka zaidi ya 2000 ingawa wao wanamsubiri bado Masiya afike? Je, [[historia ya wokovu]] imekatika? {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] 8dw4wkv3ef6khjywbacavx5reqesiu0 1569129 1569128 2026-06-09T13:46:27Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569129 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Hebrew Tanakh.jpg|thumb|250px|Tanakh ya Kiebrania; maandishi ya nje yasema "Torah - Neviim - Ketuvim".]] '''Tanakh''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]]: '''תנ״ך''') ni [[jina]] la [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] kwa [[lugha]] [[asili]]. Tanakh ni [[kifupi]] kinachounganisha [[herufi]] tatu "T" - "N" - "Kh" ambazo ni za kwanza katika maneno matatu ya Kiebrania yanayotaja sehemu tatu zinazounda [[Biblia ya Kikristo|Biblia]] hiyo. * 1. '''Torah''' ('''תורה''') ni [[Torati]] au [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vitano vya kwanza vinavyoitwa pia "vitabu vya [[Musa]]". Mara nyingi vyaitwa pia "[[sheria]]" katika [[imani]] ya [[Uyahudi]]. Hivi ni vitabu vinavyoitwa ama Kitabu cha kwanza, cha pili, cha tatu n.k. cha Musa au kwa majina yafuatayo: ** [[Mwanzo (Biblia)|Mwanzo]], [[Kutoka (Biblia)|Kutoka]], [[Mambo ya Walawi]], [[Hesabu (Biblia)|Hesabu]] na [[Kumbukumbu la Torati]]. *** Majina ya Kiebrania ya vitabu hivyo ni maneno ya kwanza ya Kiebrania ya kila kitabu: '''Bereshit''' (בְּרֵאשִית) yaani "mwanzo" (Hapo mwanzo..); '''Shemot''' (שְמוֹת) yaani "majina" (Basi majina ya wana wa Israeli...); '''Wayikra''' (וַיִּקְרָא) yaani "akaita" (Bwana akamwita Musa...); '''Bemidbar''' (בְּמִּדְבַּר) yaani "nyikani" (Bwana akanena na Musa katika nyika ya [[Sinai (mlima)|Sinai]]...); '''Devarim''' (דְּבָרִים) yaani "maneno" (Haya ndiyo maneno...). * 2. '''Nevi'im''' ('''נביאים''') ni [[Manabii (Biblia)|manabii]] yaani [[Maandishi|maandiko]] ya maneno na matendo ya manabii katika Uyahudi. Humo huhesabiwa vitabu kama ** [[Kitabu cha Yoshua|Yoshua]], [[Waamuzi]], [[Kitabu cha Kwanza cha Samueli|Samweli 1]], [[Kitabu cha Pili cha Samueli|Samweli 2]], [[Kitabu cha Kwanza cha Wafalme|Wafalme 1]] na [[Kitabu cha Pili cha Wafalme|Wafalme 2]] ** [[Kitabu cha Isaya|Isaya]], [[kitabu cha Yeremia|Yeremia]], [[Kitabu cha Ezekieli|Ezekieli]] na kitabu kinachohusua "[[Manabii Wadogo|manabii wadogo]]" 12 ([[kitabu cha Hosea|Hosea]], [[Kitabu cha Yoeli|Yoeli]], [[Kitabu cha Amosi|Amosi]], [[Kitabu cha Obadia|Obadia]], [[Kitabu cha Yona|Yona]], [[Kitabu cha Mika|Mika]], [[Kitabu cha Nahumu|Nahumu]], [[Kitabu cha Habakuki|Habakuki]], [[Kitabu cha Sefania|Sefania]], [[Kitabu cha Hagai|Hagai]], [[Kitabu cha Zekaria|Zekaria]], [[Kitabu cha Malaki|Malaki]]) * 3. '''Ketuvim''' ('''כתובים''') ni "maandiko" (Kiebrania "ketuv" ni sawa na [[Kiarabu]]/ [[Kiswahili]] "kitab/kitabu"). Vitabu hivyo hugawanywa katika [[Kundi|makundi]] ya: ** vitabu vya kihistoria kama vile [[kitabu cha Ezra|Ezra]], [[Kitabu cha Nehemia|Nehemia]] na [[Mambo ya Nyakati]]. ** [[vitabu vya hekima]] kama vile [[Kitabu cha Yobu|Ayubu]], [[Kitabu cha Mhubiri|Mhubiri]] na [[Kitabu cha Methali|Mithali]]. ** vitabu vya kishairi kama vile [[Kitabu cha Zaburi|Zaburi]], [[Maombolezo (Biblia)|Maombolezo]] na [[Wimbo Ulio Bora]]. ** vitabu vingine kama vile [[kitabu cha Ruthu|Ruthu]], [[Kitabu cha Esta|Estha]] na [[Kitabu cha Danieli|Danieli]]. Mgawanyo huo wa vitabu ni tofauti kiasi na namna ya kuvipanga katika [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] vinamopatikana katika sehemu yake ya kwanza ambayo inaitwa [[Agano la Kale]] na kufuatwa na [[Agano Jipya]] lililoandikwa baada ya [[Yesu]] ambaye [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wanaamini ndiye [[Masiya]] aliyetabiriwa tangu kale. [[Wakristo]] wanawauliza kaka zao Wayahudi: imekuwaje [[ufunuo]] wa [[Mungu]] kwao ulisimama tangu miaka zaidi ya 2000 ingawa wao wanamsubiri bado Masiya afike? Je, [[historia ya wokovu]] imekatika? {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] f552dokegfra13x951p7qjc8x2rebff 0 15496 1569254 1434951 2026-06-10T05:36:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569254 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Korean war 1950-1953.gif|thumb|300px|Mwendo wa Vita ya Korea]] '''Vita ya Korea''' ya [[karne ya 20]] ilitokea kati ya mwaka [[1950]] na [[1953]]. Ilianzishwa na [[Korea ya Kaskazini]] iliyovamia [[Korea ya Kusini]]. Korea ya Kaskazini ilisaidiwa na [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]]. Korea ya Kusini ilisaidiwa na [[Marekani]] hasa. Lakini Marekani ilishiriki katika vita hii kwa jina la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] pamoja na wanajeshi wa nchi 16. Katika miaka mitatu ya vita hii mapigano ya maadui yalifika karibu kila sehemu ya [[rasi ya Korea]] na mateso ya wanachi raia pia ya wanajeshi kwenye pande zote yalikuwa mabaya sana. Si rahisi kutaja idada ya wahanga wote<ref>Sehemu ya watu raia waliuawa ovyo na jinai hizi hazikutolewa taarifa kamili; kila upande ulijaribu kupanusha iadi ya wafu wa wanajeshi wa upande mwingine na kupunguza idadi ya wafu wao wenyewe</ref>, lakini makadirio yanataja karibu milioni 4 watu raia na wanajeshi hadi milioni 1. <ref>linganisha hitimisho ya Xu Yan [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715215412/http://www.nyconsulate.prchina.org/eng/xw/t31430.htm Korean War: In the View of Cost-effectiveness] tovuti ya Konsuli kuu ya Jamhuri ya China New York, iliangaliwa Aprili 2017</ref> == Awamu nne za vita == === Shambulio la Kaskazini === Katika awamu ya kwanza kuanzia mwezi wa Mei [[1950]] jeshi la kaskazini lilivamia Korea ya Kusini likateka mji mkuu wa Seoul na kusukuma watetezi hadi kusini ya [[rasi ya Korea]]. Lililobaki mnamo Agosti/Septemba 1950 lilikuwa eneo la [[Pusan]] pekee. === Kuingilia kati kwa Umoja wa Mataifa na Marekani === [[30 Julai]] [[1950]] [[Baraza la Usalama la UM]] iliamua kuingilia kijeshi dhidi ya uvamizi kutoka Korea Kaskazini. Azimio hii lilipita kwa sababu Umoja wa Kisovyeti hukuhudhuria kikao hivyo ulishindwa kupiga [[veto]] yake. Jeshi lililoingia kwa niaba ya Umoja wa Mataifa liliunganisha vikosi kutoka nchi 22, jumla askari 500,000 na wengi wao kutoka Marekani. Katika awamu ya pili jeshi la Umoja wa Mataifa lilifika Pusan kuanzia Agosti 1950. Ndege za Marekani zilishambulia barabara, madaraja na jeshi la kaskazini kote kwenye rasi. Korea ya Kaskazini ilikosa ndege za kijeshi. Jeshi la Marekani na Korea Kusini lilelekea kaskazini kwa mbio na kuteka Seoul tena tar. [[21 Septemba]] 1950. Likaendelea kuwarudisha Wakorea wa Kaskazini pia kuteka mji mkuu wa kaskazini [[Pyonyang]] tar. [[19 Oktoba]] hadi kukaribia mpaka wa Korea na China kuanzia mwisho wa mwezi wa kumi 1950. [[Picha:Korean War bombing Wonsan.jpg|thumb|250px|Mashambulio ya ndege za Marekani katia Korea ya Kaskazini]] Hapa Wachina walitoa maonyo Wamarekani wasisongee mbele zaidi lakini jemadari mkuu MacArthur hakujali maonyo haya. Wachina waliandaa jeshi lao. === Kuingilia kwa China === Katika awamu ya tatu kuanzia Novemba 1950 jeshi la China likaingia kati na kuwasukuma Wamarekani kusini tena na kuteka Seoul mara ya pili tar. [[3 Januari]] 1951. Ndege za kijeshi za [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] zilisaidia zikilinda anga nyuma ya mstari wa mapigano lakini bila kuwashambulia Wamarekani juu ya eneo lao. Wakati wa Januari Wachina waliweza kusogea mbele ndani ya Korea ya Kusini lakini walikwama kwa sababu walishindwa kupata mahitaji yao kutokana na nguvu ya Marekani angani. === Kurudi kwa hali ya awali === Katika awamu ya mwisho hadi Julai 1951 mashambulio ya Kaskazini na Kusini yalibadilishana na Wachina walirudishwa polepole hadi mpaka wa 38&nbsp;°C latitudo uliowahi kuwa mpaka kabla ya vita. Marekani iliamua kutosogea mbele zaidi ikitafuta majadiliano ya kusimamisha vita. [[Picha:Panmunjeom2.jpg|thumb|250px|Mpaka kati ya Korea mbili ukilindwa na wanajeshi wa Marekani mwaka 2001]] Majadiliano haya yalianza 10 Julai 1951 yakaendelea hadi 1953. Muda wote vita iliendelea kwa njia ya mashambulizi kila upande lakini kwa shabaha ya kushika maeneo yaliyowahi kuwa upande mmoja au mwingine kabla ya vita lakini kushikwa na adui kwa sasa. Tar. [[27 Julai]] [[1953]] mapatano ya kusimamisha vita yalifikiwa. Eneo lenye upana wa kilomita nne pande zote mbili za mstari wa latitudo ya 38 lilitangazwa kuwa "Ukanda usio na jeshi". Hadi leo ni mpaka kati ya nchi zote mbili za Korea na kulindwa na wanajeshi wengi sana. ==Marejeo== <references/> ==Viungo vya Nje== ===Kihistoria=== * [http://www.shapell.org/btl.aspx?60th-anniversary-of-the-korean-war-armistice Anniversary of the Korean War Armistice: Truman on Acheson's Crucial Role in Going to War] {{Wayback|url=http://www.shapell.org/btl.aspx?60th-anniversary-of-the-korean-war-armistice |date=20150221204021 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation * [http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/korean_war.html Korean War resources, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library] {{Wayback|url=http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/korean_war.html |date=20140626024426 }} * [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/north-korea-international-documentation-project North Korea International Documentation Project] * [http://gvsu.cdmhost.com/cdm/search/collection/p4103coll2/searchterm/Korean%20War,%201950-1953/field/all/mode/exact/conn/and/cosuppress/ Grand Valley State University Veteran's History Project digital collection] {{Wayback|url=http://gvsu.cdmhost.com/cdm/search/collection/p4103coll2/searchterm/Korean%20War,%201950-1953/field/all/mode/exact/conn/and/cosuppress/ |date=20120421181722 }} * [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/25/opinion/25KoreaIntro.html The Forgotten War, Remembered] – four testimonials in ''[[The New York Times]]'' * [http://www.history.army.mil/html/bookshelves/resmat/KW.html Collection of Books and Research Materials on the Korean War] {{Wayback|url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/bookshelves/resmat/KW.html |date=20210427055750 }} an online collection of the [[United States Army Center of Military History]] * [http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p16635coll27 Korean War, US Army Signal Corps Photograph Collection] {{Wayback|url=http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p16635coll27 |date=20140405233626 }} US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania * [http://www.history.com/topics/korean-war The Korean War at History.com] * [http://www.korean-war.com/ Korean-War.com] * [http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/home.htm Koreanwar-educator.org] ===Media=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111228082712/http://www.life.com/gallery/43961/the-korean-war-you-never-knew The Korean War You Never Knew] – slideshows by ''[[Life magazine]]'' * [http://www.cotf.edu/ete/images/modules/korea/koreanw.mov QuickTime sequence of 27 maps adapted from the West Point Atlas of American Wars] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cotf.edu/ete/images/modules/korea/koreanw.mov |date=20130909162831 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172851/http://www.geocities.jp/whis_shosin/koreanwar1950english.html Animation for operations in 1950] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050908110549/http://www.geocities.jp/whis_shosin/koreanwar1951english.html Animation for operations in 1951] * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/imcomkorea/sets/72157607808414225/ US Army Korea Media Center official Korean War online image archive] * [http://www.awesomestories.com/history/korean-war/war-pictures Rare pictures of the Korean War from the U.S. Library of Congress and National Archives] * {{YouTube|id=iIobfyaiAUU|title=The Korean War in Color}} * [http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/content/collections/korea/flash/index_en.html ''Land of the Morning Calm Canadians in Korea'' – multimedia project including veteran interviews] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/content/collections/korea/flash/index_en.html |date=20130910141733 }} * [http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=32&display=listBritish Pathé] {{Wayback|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=32&display=listBritish |date=20120106060612 }} Filamu za jeshi la Kiingereza kutoka vita ya Korea * [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/korean-war/forgotten-heroes-canada-and-the-korean-war/canadas-troops-head-to-korea.html CBC Digital Archives—Forgotten Heroes: Canada and the Korean War] * [Https://archive.org/details/CrimeofK1950|thumb|The crime of Korea, filamu ya propaganda ya arekani mnamo 1950] ===Shirika na taasisi=== * [http://www.kdvamerica.org/About.html Korea Defense Veterans of America] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kdvamerica.org/About.html |date=20131102121134 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080422040026/http://www.koreanwarexpow.org/info/jpac.html Korean War Ex-POW Association] * [http://www.kwva.org/pow_mia/index.htm Korean War Veterans Association] * [http://www.koreanwararchives.com/index.html The Center for the Study of the Korean War] {{Wayback|url=http://www.koreanwararchives.com/index.html |date=20170804200943 }} * [http://www.koreanchildren.org/ Korean Children's War Memorial] * [http://www.china.org.cn/e-America/index.htm Chinese 50th Anniversary Korean War Memorial] [[Jamii:Vita]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Korea]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Marekani]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Mataifa]] crmosobrodjp65b1qrxzpkh7gha44ww 0 16096 1569291 1529343 2026-06-10T06:50:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569291 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Wikimania.svg|thumb|Alama ya Wikimania]] [[Picha:Wikimedia.png|thumb|Nembo la Wikimedia Foundation]] '''Wikimania ''' ni tukio la kila mwaka la kimataifa wa [[Wikimedia]]. Mkutano wa kwanza wa Wikimania, ulifanyika mwaka 2005 huko nchini [[Ujerumani]]. Mkutano huu ulifanyika tarehe [[4 Agosti]], [[2006]] huko Cambridge, [[Massachussetts]], [[Marekani]]. Wikimania ni mkutano wa kijamii na kisayansi ambao utajumuisha washiriki wa [[w:Wikimedia Projects|Miradi ya Wikimedia]] ili kubadilishana mawazo, kujenga mahusiano, na kutoa taarifa za tafiti na juhudi mbalimbali za miradi hiyo. Mkutano huu hutoa nafasi pia kwa washiriki wa miradi ya Wikimedia kukutana na kubadilishana mawazo na umma kuhusu miradi ya zana huria za teknolojia, maarifa huria na miradi ya wiki duniani. '''[[Wikimania 2007|Mkutano wa Wikimania 2007]]''' ulifanyika kwa mara ya tatu kuanzia tarehe 3-5 Agosti, katika mji wa [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]. Mkutano wa kwanza wa [[w:Wikimania 2005| Wikimania 2005]] ulifanyika nchini [[Ujerumani]]kuanzia tarehe 4-8 August. Mkutano wa pili wa[[Wikimania 2006|Wikimania 2006]] ulifanyika 4-6 Agosti huko [[Cambridge]], [[Massachussetts]], [[Marekani]]. Wikimania ni mkutano wa kijamii na kisayansi ambao unajumuisha washiriki wa [[w:Wikimedia Projects|Miradi ya Wikimedia]] ili kubadilishana mawazo, kujenga mahusiano, na kutoa taarifa za utafiti na juhudi mbalimbali za miradi hiyo. Mkutano huu hutoa nafasi pia kwa washiriki wa miradi ya Wikimedia kukutana na kubadilishana mawazo na umma kuhusu miradi ya zana huria za teknolojia, maarifa huria na miradi ya wiki duniani. == Overview == {| class="wikitable" |+ Mikutano ya Wikimania Tangu Kuanza kwake ! Mkutano !Tarehe !Pahala !Bara !Mahudhurio !Uwasilishaji |- | [[:wm2005:|Wikimania 2005]] | August 5–7 | {{Flag icon|Germany}} [[w:Frankfurt|Frankfurt]], [[w:Germany|Germany]] | [[File:Location of Europe.svg|100px|Europe]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=38.0px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}380 | [[:commons:Category:Wikimania 2005 presentations|slides, video]] |- | [[:wm2006:|Wikimania 2006]] | August 4–6 | {{Flag icon|United States}} [[w:Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge,Massachusetts]], [[w:United States|United States]] | [[File:Location of North America.svg|100px|North America]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=40.0px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}400<ref name=attendees2006/> | |- | [[:wm2007:|Wikimania 2007]] | August 3–4 | {{Flag icon|Republic of China}} [[Taipei]], ROC (Taiwan) | [[File:Location of Asia.svg|100px|Asia]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=44.0px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}440<ref name=NYT/> | [[:commons:Wikimania 2007|Commons gallery]] |- | [[:wm2008:|Wikimania 2008]] | July 17–19 | {{Flag icon|Egypt}} [[Alexandria]], Egypt | [[File:Location of Africa.svg|100px|Africa]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=65px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}650<ref name = WSJ-Egypt>James Gleick, [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121815517776622597.html?mod=googlewsj Wikipedians Leave Cyberspace, Meet in Egypt], [[Wall Street Journal]], August 8, 2008.</ref> | [http://corp.kaltura.com/devwiki/index.php/Wikimania_Sessions abstracts] {{Wayback|url=http://corp.kaltura.com/devwiki/index.php/Wikimania_Sessions |date=20110206173303 }} |- | [[:wm2009:|Wikimania 2009]] | August 26–28 | {{Flag icon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina | [[File:Location of South America.svg|100px|South America]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=55.9px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}559 | [[:commons:Category:Wikimania 2009 presentations|slides, video]] |- | [[:wm2010:|Wikimania 2010]] | July 9–11 | {{Flag icon|Poland}} [[w:Gdańsk|Gdańsk]], [[Polandi]] | [[File:Location of Europe.svg|100px|Europe]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=50px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}about 500 | [[:commons:Category:Wikimania 2010 presentation slides|slides]] |- | [[:wm2011:|Wikimania 2011]] | August 4–7 | {{Flag icon|Israeli}} [[w:Haifa|Haifa]], [[w:Israel|Israeli]] | [[File:Location of Asia.svg|100px|Asia]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=72px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}720 | [[:commons:Category:Wikimania 2011 presentations|presentations]], [http://www.youtube.com/user/WikimediaIL video] |- | [[:wm2012:|Wikimania 2012]] | July 12–15 | {{Flag icon|USA}} [[Washington, D.C.]], United States | [[File:Location of North America.svg|100px|North America]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=140.0px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}1,400{{fact|date=September 2012}} | [[:commons:Category:Wikimania 2012 presentations|presentations]], [http://www.youtube.com/user/wikimediadc videos] |- | [[:wm2013:|Wikimania 2013]] | August 7–11 | {{Flag icon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]], China | [[File:Location of Asia.svg|100px|Asia]] | {{Progress bar|100|width=55.9px|header=no|border=none|center=no|height=10}}700 | [[:commons:Category:Wikimania 2013 presentations|slides, video]] |- | [[:wm2014:|Wikimania 2014]] | August 6–10 | {{Flag icon|GBR}} [[London]], United Kingdom | [[File:Location of Europe.svg|100px|Europe]] | N/A | |} [[File:Wikimania locations.svg|thumb|centre|600px|Ramani ya dunia ikionyesha sehemu ya mikutano ya Wikimania, inaonyesha pia mabara na idadi ya mikutano ilikowahi kufanyika]]. == Historia == === {{Flag icon|Germany}} Wikimania 2005 === [[File:Wikimania globalvoicespanel.jpg|thumb|Global Voices Panel at the 2005 conference. Shown are [[w:Hossein Derakhshan|Hossein Derakhshan]], Ting Chen, Isam Bayazidi and Milton Ainehuranga]] Mkutano wa kwanza wa Wikimania ulifanyika katika mji wa ''Haus der Jugend'' at [[Frankfurt]], Germany, kuanzia tarehe 4–8, 2005. Ambao ulivuta kiasi cha washiriki 380. Juma la mkutano huo ulijumuisha pia siku nne za maandalizi ya awali "Hacking Days", August 1–4, ambapo kiasi cha waboreshaji 25 walijadiliana juu ya Mediawiki na namna ya uendeshaji miradi ya Wikimedia. Siku za mkutano wenyewe zilibaki kama zivyokuwa "August 4–8", yaani Ijumaa na Jumapili kwa wiki hiyo yaani tarehe 5–7.August 2005, uwasilishaji wa mada uliendelea kwa siku zote tatu. Waendeshaji wa mkutano walikuwa [[Jimmy Wales]], [[w:Ross Mayfield|Ross Mayfield]], [[Ward Cunningham]] na [[Richard Stallman]] (ambaye aliongelea masuala ya Hakimiliki na Jamii katika utandawazi wa Computer). Karibu majadiliano yote yaliendeshwa kwa lugha ya kiingereza na kidogokidog kwa lugha ya Kijerumani. Wadhamini wa tukio hilo walikuwa [[w:Answers.com|Answers.com]], [[w:Socialtext|SocialText]], [[w:Sun Microsystems|Sun Microsystems]], [[w:DocCheck|DocCheck]],<ref>[http://www.doccheck.com Doccheck.com]. Website.</ref> na [[w:Logos Group|Logos Group]]. {{-}} === {{Flag icon|USA}} Wikimania 2006 === [[File:WM2006 0018.jpg|right|thumb|Picha ya washiriki wakinywa chai wakati wa mapumziko na chakula cha mchana]] Mkutano wa Wikimania kwa mwaka 2006 ulifanyika kuanzia tarehe 6 to 8, mwezi wa nane, katika ukumbi wa [[w:Harvard Law School|Harvard Law School]]'s Berkman Center for Internet & Society in [[w:Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], Massachusetts in the [[w:United States|United States]]. It had about 400<ref name=attendees2006>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/07/technology/07wiki.html?ex=1312603200&en=c7f5a3bc5ad54239&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss The Many Voices of Wikipedia, Heard in One Place]. [[New York Times|New York Times]], August 7, 2006.</ref>–500<ref>[http://www.reason.com/news/show/36969.html ]. ''[[Reason Magazine]]''. August 15, 2006.</ref> washiriki. Wasemaji wa mkutano walikuwa ni [[Jimmy Wales]], [[w:Lawrence Lessig|Lawrence Lessig]], [[w:Brewster Kahle|Brewster Kahle]], [[w:Yochai Benkler|Yochai Benkler]], [[w:Mitch Kapor:Mitch Kapor]], [[w:Ward Cunningham|Ward Cunningham]], na [[w:David Weinberger|David Weinberger]]. [[w:Dan Gillmor|Dan Gillmor]] held a [[w:citizen journalism|citizen journalism]] [[w:unconference|unconference]] kila baada ya siku. Hotuba zote za Wales' ziliandikwa na kuchapishwa na vyombo vingi vya habari vya Kimataifa [[w:Associated Press|Associated Press]]. Alidadavua kwa namana ambavyo [[Wikimedia]] imekuwa ikishirikisha tangu katika hali yake ya uchang na hadi kukomaa kwake, alielezea namna ambavyo mradi wa Wikipedia ulivyo sambazwa katika matumizi ya Computer [[w:One Laptop per Child:One Laptop per Child]]; pamoja na [[w:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] na hata muundo wa bodi ya ushauri ya Wikipedia uliendeshwa na kusimamiwa na ; pia ikiwemo Wiki-WYG [[w:Wikia Inc|Wikia Inc]]. and [[w:Socialtext|Socialtext]].<ref>[http://www.supload.com/listen?s=SI0OG2vN04i Hotuba ya Jimmy Wales' Wikimania 2006] {{Wayback|url=http://www.supload.com/listen?s=SI0OG2vN04i |date=20131020184036 }} (MP3). supload.com.</ref> [[w:Answers.com|Answers.com]] ilikuwa ndio mdhamini mkuu wa mkutano wa [[w:Wikimania 2006|Wikimania 2006]], wakati huo makampuni ya [[w:Amazon.com|Amazon.com]], [[w:Berkman Center for Internet & Society|Berkman Center for Internet & Society]] ya [[w:Harvard Law School|Shule ya sheria ya Harvard]], [[w:Nokia|Nokia]], [[w:WikiHoww:WikiHow]] were Benefactors-level sponsors, [[w:Wetpaint|Wetpaint]], [[w:Ask.com|Ask.com]], [[w:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]], and [[w:Socialtext|Socialtext]] yote yalidhamini katika kiwango kimoja cha Udhamini, na [[w:IBM|IBM]], [[w:FAQ Farm|FAQ Farm]], [[w:Elevation Partners|Elevation Partners]], [[w:One Laptop per ChildOne Laptop per Child]], and the [[w:Sunlight Foundation|Sunlight Foundation]] Nayo yalidhamini kwa kiwango cha usaidizi wa wadhamini wakuu. Kamati andazi tatu zaid ziliwasilsha tenda zao, Majiji ya London, [[w:Milan|Milan]], Boston, na [[w:Toronto|Toronto]]; ni Toronto na Boston peke yake ndizo zilifuzu kuingia mzunguko wa pili kwa kuzingatia vigezo vya waandaji wa Wikimania. Kwa jiji la [[w:Toronto|Toronto]] wao wangefanyia katika ukumbi wa [[w:University of Toronto|University of Toronto]]'s [[w:Bahen Centre|Bahen Centre]]. {{-}} === {{Flag icon|Taiwan}} Wikimania 2007 === [[File:CHTnWikimania2007.JPG|thumb| [[w:Chunghwa Telecom|Chunghwa Telecom]] Udhamini wa mkutano kwa wanahabari kuhusiana na mkutano wa Wikimania 2007 in Taipei]] Kama ulivyotangazwa kunako mwezi wa september 25, 2006, Wikimania 2007 was held in [[Taipei]], Jamhuri ya watu wa China katika mkutano wa [[Taiwan]] kuanzia tarehe 3 – 5, August 2007. Ilikuwa ni kwa mara ya kwanza kuendesha mafunzo kwa watoa huduma. Timu tatu zingine ziliwasilisha tenda zao kuomba kuandaa katika miji ya London, [[Alexandria]], and [[w:Turin|Turin]]. Tenda kwa ajili ya Hong Kong, Singapore, [[Istanbul]], na [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] ilishindwa kuweka mpangilio. Mnamo tarehe 3, August 2007, Mwanahabari Noam Cohen wa''[[New York Times]]'' aliandika na kueleza namna ambavyo mkutano huo uliweza kuhudhuriwa na washiriki wasiopungua 440 ukiwa na washiriki wengi kutoka katika nchi ya [[Taiwan]], ambao walitaka kujifunza kuanzia siku za mwanzo ili kuwa na weledi katika masuala mbalimbali ya uandishi wa encyclopedia.<ref name=NYT>[http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/03/in-taipei-wikipedians-talk-of-fundraising-and-wikiwars/ "katika jiji la Taipei, Wikipedians Talk Wiki Fatigue, Wikiwars na Wiki Bucks"]. ''[[New York Times]]''. Noam Cohen, Saul Hansell (ed). August 3, 2007.</ref> Warsha kwa njia ya matendo uilifanyika namna ya mashirikianao kwa njia ya amani, lakini pia katika kujua nay a ushiriki wa uchangiaji katika miradi yote ya kwa wale wenye weledi na wasio na weledi".<ref name=NYT/> {{-}} === {{Flag icon|Egypt}} Wikimania 2008 === [[File:Wikimania 2008 dungodung 52.jpg|thumb|Nukta "Wikichix" mojawapo ya mikutano]] [[m:Wikimania 2008|Wikimania 2008]] Ulifanyika mjini [[Alexandria]], [[w:Misri|Misri]] (Egypt) kuanzia tarehe 17 to 19, July 2008. Ulihudhuriwa na washiriki 650 kutoka katika nchi 45 duniani.<ref name = WSJ-Egypt/> Alexandria was the location of the ancient [[w:Library of Alexandria|Library of Alexandria]]<ref name=NYT-Egypt> Noam Cohen, [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/07/17/wikipedia-goes-to-alexandria-home-of-other-great-reference-works/ Wikipedia Goes to Alexandria, Home of Other Great Reference Works], New York Times, July 17, 2008.</ref> katika ukumbi wa mikutano kulikuwa na maktaba ya kisasa kabisa ya, [[w:Bibliotheca Alexandrina|Bibliotheca Alexandrina]]. Mpaka kumwisho kulikuwa na miji mita, na miji mingine ya [[w:Atlanta|Atlanta]] na [[w:Cape Town|Cape Town]]. Andiko kwa ajili ya mji wa [[Karlsruhe]], London na [[Toronto]] pia iliwasilishwa na baadaye walijiondoa wenyewe kwenye kinyang’anyilo. Kulikuwa na mkukanganyiko, ilifikia hata watu kutaka kugomea kuhudhuria Wikimania 2008 kwa sababu ya Egypt's ikituhumiwa kuendesha zoezi la kuhakiki na kuwaweka watu magerezani kwa sababu ya kuanzisha mitandapo wakati wa utawala wa Rais Husein Mubaraka wa nchi hiyo. era.<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2008/07/boycott-wikiman.html " kuna kugomea mkutano wa Wikimania 2008?"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. July 2008.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080803063734/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/07/21/business/link21.php "In Egypt, Wikipedia is more than hobby"]. ''[[w:International Herald Tribune|International Herald Tribune]]''. July 21, 2008.</ref> Mohamed Ibrahim, mhitimu wa [[w:Alexandria University|Alexandria University]] ambaye alifanya kazi kubwa ya kupeleka mkutano huo katika jiji la Alexandria, aliongea kupitia kituo cha redio cha [[BBC]] "akisema “ nafikiri tuna haki ya kuendelea na kuwa na uhuru wa kujieleza katika kiwango cha juu." <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7519830.stm Spreading the wiki footprint], [[BBC]], July 23, 2008.</ref> moja ya lengo lake ilikuwa ni kukuza lugha ya kiarabu [[w:Arabic Wikipedia|Arabic Wikipedia]] ambapo alikuwa mchangiaji mzuri tangu mwaka 2005. Waziri wa baraza la mawazi la misri ambaye alifungua mkutano kwa niaba ya rais Husein Mubaraka.<ref name=NYT-Egypt/> {{-}} === {{Flag icon|Argentina}} Wikimania 2009 === [[File:Wikimania 2008 dungodung 60.jpg|thumb|Jukwaa la mkutano na na bango la mkutano lililoandikwa idumu Wikimania.]] [[m:Wikimania 2009|Wikimania 2009]] Mkutano ulifanyika [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina, kuanzia tarehe 26–28, August 2009. Ulihudhuriwa na washiriki 559. maamuzi ya mwisho yakuwa kati ya miji ya Buenos Aires na [[Toronto]]. [[Brisbane]] na [[Karlsruhe]] pia walipendekezwa lakini baadaye walijiondoa. {{-}} === {{Flag icon|Poland}} Wikimania 2010 === [[File:2010-07-11-gdansk-by-RalfR-001.jpg|thumb|[[Jimmy Wales]] mmojawapo ya watoa mada katika mji wa Gdańsk akisisitiza jambo]] Mkutano wa [[m:Wikimania 2010|Wikimania wa mwaka 2010]] ulifanyika kuanzia tarehe 9–11, July katika ukumbi wa [[w:Polish Baltic Philharmonic|Polish Baltic Philharmonic]] jijini [[w:Gdańsk|Gdańsk]], [[w:Poland|Polandi]]. Katika siku yake ya kwaqnza ya tarehe 9 august,mkutano huo ulilenga sana katika kuzungumzia mradi wa kitaaluma wa[[w:WikiSym|WikiSym]]. Tenda kwa [[Amsterdam]] na [[Oxford]] Wikimania 2010 lost by a small margin. [[File:2010-07-09-gdansk-by-RalfR-289.jpg|thumb|left|130 px | Polish Philharmonic Orchestra wakionyesha umahiri wao katika mkutano]] mkutano huu ulikuwa ndo wa kwanza kujikita katika masuala ya kiutamaduni , hasa onesho la bendi ya philharmonic orchestra, wakisherehekea miaka kumi tangu kufariki kwa mwanamuziki mtunzi wa Polandi [[w:Władysław Szpilman|Władysław Szpilman]] na maonyesho ya filamu ya [[w:Truth in Numbers?|Truth in Numbers?]]. Kwenye mkutano, [[w:Sue Gardner|Sue Gardner]], Mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Wikimedia Foundation, alisema kwamba lengo la foundation ni kukuza ama kuongeza namba ya watembeleaji wa tovuti ya wikimedia kutoka milioni 371 na kufikia million 680 kwa mwezi katika kipindi cha miaka mitano ijayo. {{-}} === {{Flag icon|Israeli}} Wikimania 2011 === [[File:Wikimania 2011 - Group Picture (2).jpg|thumb|Picha ya pamoja ya washiriki wa mkutano wa Haifa, Israeli]] Mkutano wa [[w:Wikimania 2011|Wikimania 2011]] Uilifanyika jijini [[w:Haifa|Haifa]], [[w:Israel|Israeli]], kuanzia tarehe 4–7, August. Ukumbi wa mikutano ulikuwa katika jumba la [[w:Haifa Auditorium|Haifa Auditorium]] Badala ya ukumbi wa [[w:Beit Hecht cultural center|Beit Hecht cultural center]] on [[w:Mount Carmel|Mount Carmel]]. Wasemaji katika mkutano walikuwa ni pamoja na [[w:Yochai Benkler|Yochai Benkler]], a fellow at the [[w:Berkman Center for Internet & Society|Berkman Center for Internet and Society]] katika [[w:Harvard University|Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]] na [[w:Joseph Reagle|Joseph M. Reagle Jr.]] wa [[w:MIT|MIT]], mtunzi wa [[w:Good Faith Collaboration|''Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia'']].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/InnovativeIsrael/Wikimania-hits-Haifa-14-JUL-2011 |title=Israel hosts Wikimania 2011|work=mfa.gov.il |publisher=[[w:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Wizara ya mambo ya nje ya Israeli]] |date=July 14, 2011 |author=Avigayil Kadesh |accessdate=October 2, 2011}}</ref> Mkuu wa kamati ya sayansi na teknologia wa [[w:Knesset|Knesset]], [[w:Meir Sheetrit|Meir Sheetrit]], pia alipata nafasi ya kuzungumza katika mkutano huo [[w:Yonah Yahav|Yonah Yahav]], ambaye ni [[w:Mayor of Haifa|Meya wa jiji la Haifa]].<ref name="themarker">{{cite news|url=http://it.themarker.com/tmit/article/16395|title=Wikimania Wakati mkutano ukiwa katika hali ya kusisimua washiriki walitangaziwa kwamba mwanzilishi wa Wikipedia atazungumza kesho yake yaani siku inayofuata|work=[[w:TheMarker|TheMarker]]|tarehe=5, August 2011|mtunzi=[[w:Levin, Verony|6=Levin, Verony|accessdate=August 12, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006082831/http://it.themarker.com/tmit/article/16395|archivedate=2011-10-06}} {{he icon}}</ref> Mmoja wapo wa wadhamini wa mkutano walikuwa ni [[w:Haifa University|Chuo Kikuu cha Haifa]].{{cite web | url=http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=5405 | title=Wikimania 2011-Haifa | publisher=University of Haifa | date=Aug 07, 2011 | accessdate=October 29, 2012 | Mtunzi=Mhariri | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331192943/http://newmedia-eng.haifa.ac.il/?p=5405 | archivedate=2012-03-31 }} zaidi ya masuala 125 yalijadiliwa katika makundi manne na mkutano uklihudhuriwa na washiriki 720 [[w:Wikimedians|Wikimedians]] kutoka katika nchi 56 duniani,<ref name="themarker" /> hii ilihusisha hata nchi ambazo hazina uhusiano wa kidipromasia na Israeli.<ref>[http://www.thej.com/news/israel-news/52805/wikimania-hits-israel-conference-opens Wikimania hits Israel as conference opens] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thej.com/news/israel-news/52805/wikimania-hits-israel-conference-opens |date=20150712194735 }}. [[w:The Jewish Chronicle|The Jewish Chronicle]] (2011-08-05). Retrieved on April 20, 2012.</ref> katika mahojiano na [[w:Haaretz|Haaretz]], Mwanzilishi waWikipedia [[w:Jimmy Wales|Jimmy Wales]] alieleza kwamba kulikuwa na mgomo ulioitishwa na dhidi ya Israeli, kama ilivyokuwa katika mkutano wa Misri 2008. Mgogoro baina ya wahariri kuhusiana na mgogoro wa kisiasa wa [[w:Israel-Palestinian conflict|Israel-Palestinian conflict]],jithada zilizokuwa zikifanywa na makundi mbalimbali ya waisraeli kwa lengo la kuongeza namba ya wahariri wa Wikipedia, alisema daima wahariri wa Wikipedia hawafungamani “alisisitiza” [[W:Neutral point of view|NPOV]] jambo hili halina mjadala.”<ref>Aliyana Traison, [https://www.haaretz.com/2011-08-05/ty-article/wikipedia-founder-israel-palestine-is-heavily-debated-but-were-vigilant-on-neutrality/0000017f-db3c-d856-a37f-fffcc0730000 Wales-Waisrael-Wapalestina-ni-mjadala-mkali-lakini-sisi-tulisimama-bila kuwa na upande-1.377207 Wikipedia founder: Israel-Palestine is heavily debated, but we're vigilant on neutrality]}}, [[w:Haaretz|Haaretz]], August 5, 2011.</ref>[[w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] Mkurugenzi mtendaji [[w:Sue Gardner|Sue Gardner]] aliueleza mkutano kuhusu mwanamume mmoja kutoka nchi za mashariki namna ambavyo yeye hakukubaliana na Wikipedia ya leo.<ref> [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/business/media/a-push-to-redefine-knowledge-at-wikipedia.html Kama weledi haujarekodiwa je utaendelea kuwepo??], [[w:New York Times|New York Times]]</ref> Katika sherehe ya kufunga mkutano tarehe 7 mwezi wa Augost bwn Jimmy wales alionyesha stampu ya kwanza ya mwaka ambayo ilitengenezwa maalum na shirika la posta la Israeli kama heshima kwa Wikipedia ikitimiza miaka 10 tangu kuanziswa kwake mwaka 2001.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://english.israelphilately.org.il/stamps/content/en/002642 |title=Israel Philatelic Federation |accessdate=2013-04-04 |archivedate=2013-10-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020200937/http://english.israelphilately.org.il/stamps/content/en/002642 }}</ref> Miongini mwa miradi ambayo ilijadiliwa ilikuwa ni pamoja na kushirikisha masuala ya utamaduni, Maktaba na maeneo ya makumbusho.<ref>Yaron, Oded. (2008-04-02) [http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/wikipedia-leaders-outline-their-vision-as-conference-opens-in-haifa-1.376967 Wikipedia leaders outline their vision as conference opens in Haifa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/wikipedia-leaders-outline-their-vision-as-conference-opens-in-haifa-1.376967 |date=20110812102154 }}. Haaretz.com. Retrieved on April 20, 2012.</ref> After the conference, participants were offered a free tour of Haifa, [[w:Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[w:Nazareth:Nazareth]] or [[w:Akko|Akko]]. mwenyenykiti Shay Yakir, aliyekuwa anamaliza muda wake kwa shirika la wikimedia la Israeli, alisema kwa waisraeli kuandaa mkutano wa wikimania mwaka 2011 kwao ilikuwa kama kuandaa michezo ya Olimpic.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4104858,00.html Haifa imeandaa Mkutano wa wikimania]. Ynetnews.com (1995-06-20). Retrieved on April 20, 2012.</ref> {{-}} === {{Flag icon|USA}} Wikimania 2012 === [[File:Wikimania 2012 banner.svg|thumb|Logo of the Wikimania 2012 conference, held in Washington DC, US]] [[File:Wikimania 2012 Group Photograph-0001a.jpg|thumb|Group photo]] Wikimania 2012 was held July 12&ndash;15 2012 at [[w:The George Washington University|The George Washington University]] in [[w:Washington, DC|Washington, DC]]. There were over 1400 attendees from 87 countries. In addition, the [[w:U.S. Department of State|U.S. Department of State]], in conjunction with [[w:Wikimania 2012|Wikimania 2012]], hosted a conference labeled ''[[w:Tech@State|Tech@State]]:Wiki.Gov'' which focused on "Collaborative knowledge and the use of wikis in the public sector".<ref>[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/07/194740.htm U.S. Department of State Hosts Tech@State:Wiki.Gov Conference], press release issued by [[U.S. Department of State]] on July 9, 2012.</ref> Maudhui ya mkutano huo yalikuwa ni "mahitaji ya kuboresha vya zamani na "dowdy" interface<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120717003255/http://www.france24.com/en/20120714-wikipedia-hits-defining-moment-social-web-era Wikipedia hits defining moment in social Web era] [[w:Agence France-Presse|Agence France-Presse]], July 14, 2012</ref> pamoja na vifaa kazi vya tolwi kwa ajili ya wikimedia katika kuwahamasisha watumiaji wa tovuti za [[:Wikimedia|Wikimedia]] kuipenda na kuwa rafiki kwa watumiaji,wakiwemo pia wanawake.<ref>Hayley Tsukayama,[http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/wikimania-hits-dc-as-wikipedia-faces-changes/2012/07/14/gJQAqRKxkW_story.html Wikimania hits D.C. as Wikipedia faces changes], [[w:Washington Post|Washington Post]], July 14, 2012.</ref> ''[[w:The Atlantic|The Atlantic]]'' featured charts displayed at the conference which showed how the number of new administrators has dropped precipitously over the last few years.<ref>Robinson Meyer, [http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829/ 3 Charts zikionyesha namna utawala wa wikipedia unavyosonga mbele], [[w:The Atlantic|The Atlantic]], July 16, 2012.</ref> Wakati wa ufunguzi wa mkutano mwanzilishi wa wikipedia ndg. Jimmy wales alizungumzia [[w:Protests against SOPA and PIPA|''Wikipedia Blackout'']] of January 2012, stating "Wakati nilipokutana viongozi wa kiserikali kidogo waliingiwa na hofu, hata hivyo alitanabaisha kwamba [[W:Wikimedia|Wikimedia]] haifungamani na siasa ila tu katika masuala muhimu ambayo matokeo yake kwa namna moja ama nyingine yana gusa kazi zetu .”<ref>Jennifer Martinez, [http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/237559-wikipedia-co-founder-officials-afraid-when-we-go-dark Wikipedia co-founder: Officials 'afraid' when our site goes dark] {{Wayback|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/hillicon-valley/technology/237559-wikipedia-co-founder-officials-afraid-when-we-go-dark |date=20121027155409 }}, [[w:The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]], July 12, 2012.</ref><ref>Jason Koebler, [http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/07/12/wikipedia-open-to-future-blackout-protests-of-sopa-like-bills [[w:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]] Open to Future Blackout Protests of SOPA-Like Bills], [[w:U.S. News and World Report|U.S. News and World Report]], July 12, 2012 .</ref> Jimmy Wales alikubaliana na mwendesha mjadala [[w:Mary Gardiner|Mary Gardiner]], ambaye ni mwanzilishi wa [[w:Ada Initiative|Ada Initiative]], kwamba Wikimedia iongeze kiwango cha wahariri wanawake. [[w:Mary Gardiner|Mary Gardiner]]aliendelea kusemaa kwamba mradi huu utaleta mabadiliko katika jamii, hata kama si mradi wa uanaharakati, jamii ya Wikipedia inao wajibu katika mipango yake yote kwa watu popote pale duniani kwa kuwa tayari kuongeza namba ya mashirika mbalimbali kama miavuli ya wikipedia duniani pote.”<ref>Amar Toor, [http://www.theverge.com/2012/7/15/3160926/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-gender-gap-kate-middleton-wedding-dress Jimmy Wales, Mary Gardiner akiwahutubia washiriki wa wikipedia juu ya pengo lililopo la kijinsia katika mikutano ya Wikimania], [[The Verge (website)|The Verge]], July 15, 2012.</ref><ref> [http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikimania_2012_tackles_diversity_issues?dpl_id=479655 Wikimania 2012 tackles diversity issues], [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]], July 14, 2012.</ref> === {{Flag icon|Hong Kong}} Wikimania 2013 === [[File:Wikimania-2013-banner.png|thumb|Logo of the Wikimania 2013 conference, to be held in Hong Kong.]] [[m:Wikimania 2013|Wikimania 2013]] itafanyika tarehe 7-11 July 2013 katika ukumbi wa [[w:The Hong Kong Polytechnic University|Chuo kikuu cha Polytechnic, Hong Kong]]. Awali kulikuwa na michuano baina ya [[London]] (UK), [[Bristol]] (UK), [[Naples]] (Italy) na [[w:Surakarta|Surakarta]] ([[w:Indonesia|Indonesia]]), ambapo Hong kong ilishinda. {{-}} ==={{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} Wikimania 2014 === For [[m:Wikimania 2014| Wikimania 2014]], bidding officially opened in December 2012. Official bids have been given for [[London]] (United Kingdom) and [[Arusha]] (Tanzania), with London being chosen the winner in May, 2013. ==={{Flag icon|Mexico}} Wikimania 2015 === ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://wikimania2012.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2012] * [http://wikimania2011.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2011] * [http://wikimania2010.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2010] * [http://wikimania2009.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2009] * [http://wikimania2008.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2008] * [http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2007] * [http://wikimania2006.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2006] * [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimania_2005:Main_Page Mkutano wa Wikimania 2005] * [http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Home/ Wikimedia Foundation] {{Wayback|url=http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Home/ |date=20090908034513 }} {{Commons category|Wikimania}} [[Jamii:Mikutano]] [[Jamii:Wikimedia]] ocs6gtsdiz25ix8a3e60sm7c2e7jqjh 0 16901 1569140 1484599 2026-06-09T14:24:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569140 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Vihkimistilaisuus Kiuruveden kirkossa.JPG|thumb|Liturujia ya [[ndoa]] katika kanisa la [[Kiuruvesi]], [[Ufini]].]] {{Ukristo}} '''Liturgia''' (pia: '''liturujia''' na '''liturugia'''; kutoka [[Kigiriki]] '''λειτουργια''', ''leiturgia'', yaani ''huduma kwa umati wa watu'') ni [[utaratibu]] maalumu unaoweka mpangilio wa [[sala]], [[nyimbo]], masomo na [[sherehe]] nyingine wakati wa [[ibada]] hasa katika [[madhehebu]] kadhaa ya [[Kanisa]] la [[Kikristo]]. Wakati mwingine [[neno]] hili linatumika pia kwa muundo au utaratibu wa [[sala]] katika [[dini]] nyingine mbalimbali. Taratibu hizo zinatofautiana kulingana na [[imani]], [[teolojia]], [[historia]] na [[utamaduni]] wa wahusika. Hivyo ndani ya [[Ukristo]] kuna taratibu mbalimbali ambazo [[tawi|matawi]] yake makuu ni: *liturgia ya [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] *liturgia ya [[Wakatoliki]] wanaofuata mapokeo ya [[Kanisa la Roma]] *liturgia ya madhehebu asili ya [[Uprotestanti]] ([[Walutheri]], [[Waanglikana]], [[Waprebiteri]] n.k.), tofauti na [[ubunifu]] unaotawala yale ya baadaye ([[Wapentekoste]] n.k.) Kiini cha liturgia ya Kikristo ni [[sakramenti]] zilizoanzishwa na [[Yesu]] mwenyewe, hasa [[ubatizo]] na [[ekaristi]]. ==Marejeo== *Baldovin, John F., SJ (2008) ''Reforming the Liturgy: a Response to the Critics''. The Liturgical Press *Bowker, John, ed. (1997) ''Oxford Dictionary of World Religions''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-213965-7. *Bugnini, Annibale, (1990) ''The Reform of the Liturgy 1948&ndash;1975''. The Liturgical Press *Dix, Dom Gregory (1945) ''The Shape of the Liturgy'' *Donghi, Antonio, (2009) ''Words and Gestures in the Liturgy''. The Liturgical Press *Johnson, Lawrence J., (2009) ''Worship in the Early Church: an Anthology of Historical Sources''. The Liturgical Press *Jones, Cheslyn, Geoffrey Wainwright, and Edward Yarnold, eds. (1978) ''The Study of Liturgy. London: SPCK. *Marini, Piero, (2007) ''A Challenging Reform: Realizing the Vision of the Liturgical Renewal''. The Liturgical Press *Scotland, N. A. D. (1989). ''Eucharistic Consecration in the First Four Centuries and Its Implications for Liturgical Reform'', in series, ''Latimer Studies'', 31. Latimer House. ISBN 0-946307-30-X *[http://www.quakerinfo.org/quakerism/beliefs.html "What Do Quakers Believe?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.quakerinfo.org/quakerism/beliefs.html |date=20110825111132 }}. Quaker Information Center, Philadelphia, PA, 2004. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09306a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article] *[http://www.saintsconstantineandelena.org/Liturgy/liturgy1.htm Orthodox Tradition and the Liturgy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saintsconstantineandelena.org/Liturgy/liturgy1.htm |date=20110119105305 }} *[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=475&letter=L&search=Liturgy Jewish Encyclopedia: Liturgy] *[http://www.liturgy.co.nz Contemporary Christian Liturgy Website] History, theory, practice *[http://www.confiteordeo.info/latin_masses.htm The Indult Tridentine Rite of Mass] {{Wayback|url=http://www.confiteordeo.info/latin_masses.htm |date=20080624231906 }} *[http://dsjliturgy.blogspot.com Work of the People] *[http://cafe.daum.net/tochak/ Yejeonhak Baeumteo: Online Community for Liturgical Resources (Korean)] *[http://www.cattoliciromani.com/forum/forumdisplay.php/dizionario_liturgico-10.html Dictionary of Catholic Liturgy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cattoliciromani.com/forum/forumdisplay.php/dizionario_liturgico-10.html |date=20161107080122 }} *[http://www.evangelische-liturgie.de/ Liturgie-Kontor "Maria Magdalena"] (Texte zu Gottesdiensten im Kirchenjahr) *[http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=manuscripts&title=Medieval%20and%20Renaissance%20Manuscripts 15th century liturgy for the deceased, written in Gothic Textualis script, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries] {{Wayback|url=http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=manuscripts&title=Medieval%20and%20Renaissance%20Manuscripts |date=20110218052112 }} *[http://www.liturgix.com Eastern Orthodox Christian Liturgy Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.liturgix.com/ |date=20160919171535 }} Liturgy *[http://www.lutheransonline.com/servlet/CpsServlet/dbpage=page&mode=display&gid=20052995655655607101111555&pg=20053264518475013601111555 A Brief Exposition of the Divine Service] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lutheransonline.com/servlet/CpsServlet/dbpage%3Dpage%26mode%3Ddisplay%26gid%3D20052995655655607101111555%26pg%3D20053264518475013601111555 |date=20160310205704 }} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Ukristo]] [[Category:Liturujia]] slo49sjhx4puw17gqsoirpllm55pe0b 1569142 1569140 2026-06-09T14:38:35Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569142 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Літургія в Церкві Покрови Пресвятої Богородиці (Пирогів)2.jpg|thumb|[[Liturujia ya Kimungu]] kadiri ya [[Liturujia ya Ugiriki|mapokeo ya Bizanti]] ikiadhimishwa na waumini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki la Kigiriki la Ukraina]].]] {{Ukristo}} '''Liturgia''' (pia: '''liturujia''' na '''liturugia'''; kutoka [[Kigiriki]] '''λειτουργια''', ''leiturgia'', yaani ''huduma kwa umati wa watu'') ni [[utaratibu]] maalumu unaoweka mpangilio wa [[sala]], [[nyimbo]], masomo na [[sherehe]] nyingine wakati wa [[ibada]] hasa katika [[madhehebu]] kadhaa ya [[Kanisa]] la [[Kikristo]]. Wakati mwingine [[neno]] hili linatumika pia kwa muundo au utaratibu wa [[sala]] katika [[dini]] nyingine mbalimbali. [[File:BenedictineVespers.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mmonaki|Wamonaki]] [[Wabenedikto]] wakiimba [[Liturujia ya Vipindi]].]] [[Image:Vihkimistilaisuus Kiuruveden kirkossa.JPG|thumb|left|Liturujia ya [[ndoa]] katika kanisa la [[Kiuruvesi]], [[Ufini]].]] [[File:Channel 2 - Jewish prayer.webm|thumb|left|[[Video]] ya sala ya [[Wayahudi]].]] [[File:Different_postures_of_a_Muslim_service.jpg|thumb|left|Mikao mbalimbali katika [[Swalah|swalah]] ya [[Mwislamu|Waislamu]].]] [[File:Bhikku Upasampata.JPG|alt=Buddhist Liturgy|thumb|left|Liturujia ya [[Ubuddha|Kibuddha]].]] Taratibu hizo zinatofautiana kulingana na [[imani]], [[teolojia]], [[historia]] na [[utamaduni]] wa wahusika. Hivyo ndani ya [[Ukristo]] kuna taratibu mbalimbali ambazo [[tawi|matawi]] yake makuu ni: *liturgia ya [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] *liturgia ya [[Wakatoliki]] wanaofuata mapokeo ya [[Kanisa la Roma]] *liturgia ya madhehebu asili ya [[Uprotestanti]] ([[Walutheri]], [[Waanglikana]], [[Waprebiteri]] n.k.), tofauti na [[ubunifu]] unaotawala yale ya baadaye ([[Wapentekoste]] n.k.) Kiini cha liturgia ya Kikristo ni [[sakramenti]] zilizoanzishwa na [[Yesu]] mwenyewe, hasa [[ubatizo]] na [[ekaristi]]. ==Marejeo== *Baldovin, John F., SJ (2008) ''Reforming the Liturgy: a Response to the Critics''. The Liturgical Press *Bowker, John, ed. (1997) ''Oxford Dictionary of World Religions''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-213965-7. *Bugnini, Annibale, (1990) ''The Reform of the Liturgy 1948&ndash;1975''. The Liturgical Press *Dix, Dom Gregory (1945) ''The Shape of the Liturgy'' *Donghi, Antonio, (2009) ''Words and Gestures in the Liturgy''. The Liturgical Press *Johnson, Lawrence J., (2009) ''Worship in the Early Church: an Anthology of Historical Sources''. The Liturgical Press *Jones, Cheslyn, Geoffrey Wainwright, and Edward Yarnold, eds. (1978) ''The Study of Liturgy. London: SPCK. *Marini, Piero, (2007) ''A Challenging Reform: Realizing the Vision of the Liturgical Renewal''. The Liturgical Press *Scotland, N. A. D. (1989). ''Eucharistic Consecration in the First Four Centuries and Its Implications for Liturgical Reform'', in series, ''Latimer Studies'', 31. Latimer House. ISBN 0-946307-30-X *[http://www.quakerinfo.org/quakerism/beliefs.html "What Do Quakers Believe?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.quakerinfo.org/quakerism/beliefs.html |date=20110825111132 }}. Quaker Information Center, Philadelphia, PA, 2004. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09306a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article] *[http://www.saintsconstantineandelena.org/Liturgy/liturgy1.htm Orthodox Tradition and the Liturgy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saintsconstantineandelena.org/Liturgy/liturgy1.htm |date=20110119105305 }} *[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=475&letter=L&search=Liturgy Jewish Encyclopedia: Liturgy] *[http://www.liturgy.co.nz Contemporary Christian Liturgy Website] History, theory, practice *[http://www.confiteordeo.info/latin_masses.htm The Indult Tridentine Rite of Mass] {{Wayback|url=http://www.confiteordeo.info/latin_masses.htm |date=20080624231906 }} *[http://dsjliturgy.blogspot.com Work of the People] *[http://cafe.daum.net/tochak/ Yejeonhak Baeumteo: Online Community for Liturgical Resources (Korean)] *[http://www.cattoliciromani.com/forum/forumdisplay.php/dizionario_liturgico-10.html Dictionary of Catholic Liturgy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cattoliciromani.com/forum/forumdisplay.php/dizionario_liturgico-10.html |date=20161107080122 }} *[http://www.evangelische-liturgie.de/ Liturgie-Kontor "Maria Magdalena"] (Texte zu Gottesdiensten im Kirchenjahr) *[http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=manuscripts&title=Medieval%20and%20Renaissance%20Manuscripts 15th century liturgy for the deceased, written in Gothic Textualis script, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries] {{Wayback|url=http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=manuscripts&title=Medieval%20and%20Renaissance%20Manuscripts |date=20110218052112 }} *[http://www.liturgix.com Eastern Orthodox Christian Liturgy Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.liturgix.com/ |date=20160919171535 }} Liturgy *[http://www.lutheransonline.com/servlet/CpsServlet/dbpage=page&mode=display&gid=20052995655655607101111555&pg=20053264518475013601111555 A Brief Exposition of the Divine Service] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lutheransonline.com/servlet/CpsServlet/dbpage%3Dpage%26mode%3Ddisplay%26gid%3D20052995655655607101111555%26pg%3D20053264518475013601111555 |date=20160310205704 }} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Ukristo]] [[Category:Liturujia]] n4l03he72hsaq9qcl7b7lb4v0drojjw 1569143 1569142 2026-06-09T14:39:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569143 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Літургія в Церкві Покрови Пресвятої Богородиці (Пирогів)2.jpg|thumb|[[Liturujia ya Kimungu]] kadiri ya [[Liturujia ya Ugiriki|mapokeo ya Bizanti]] ikiadhimishwa na waumini wa [[Kanisa Katoliki la Kigiriki la Ukraina]].]] {{Ukristo}} '''Liturgia''' (pia: '''liturujia''' na '''liturugia'''; kutoka [[Kigiriki]] '''λειτουργια''', ''leiturgia'', yaani ''huduma kwa umati wa watu'') ni [[utaratibu]] maalumu unaoweka mpangilio wa [[sala]], [[nyimbo]], masomo na [[sherehe]] nyingine wakati wa [[ibada]] hasa katika [[madhehebu]] kadhaa ya [[Kanisa]] la [[Kikristo]]. Wakati mwingine [[neno]] hili linatumika pia kwa muundo au utaratibu wa [[sala]] katika [[dini]] nyingine mbalimbali. [[File:BenedictineVespers.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mmonaki|Wamonaki]] [[Wabenedikto]] wakiimba [[Liturujia ya Vipindi]].]] [[Image:Vihkimistilaisuus Kiuruveden kirkossa.JPG|thumb|left|Liturujia ya [[ndoa]] katika [[Kanisa (jengo)|kanisa]] la [[Kiuruvesi]], [[Ufini]].]] [[File:Channel 2 - Jewish prayer.webm|thumb|left|[[Video]] ya sala ya [[Wayahudi]].]] [[File:Different_postures_of_a_Muslim_service.jpg|thumb|left|Mikao mbalimbali katika [[Swalah|swalah]] ya [[Mwislamu|Waislamu]].]] [[File:Bhikku Upasampata.JPG|alt=Buddhist Liturgy|thumb|left|Liturujia ya [[Ubuddha|Kibuddha]].]] Taratibu hizo zinatofautiana kulingana na [[imani]], [[teolojia]], [[historia]] na [[utamaduni]] wa wahusika. Hivyo ndani ya [[Ukristo]] kuna taratibu mbalimbali ambazo [[tawi|matawi]] yake makuu ni: *liturgia ya [[Waorthodoksi]] na [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] *liturgia ya [[Wakatoliki]] wanaofuata mapokeo ya [[Kanisa la Roma]] *liturgia ya madhehebu asili ya [[Uprotestanti]] ([[Walutheri]], [[Waanglikana]], [[Waprebiteri]] n.k.), tofauti na [[ubunifu]] unaotawala yale ya baadaye ([[Wapentekoste]] n.k.) Kiini cha liturgia ya Kikristo ni [[sakramenti]] zilizoanzishwa na [[Yesu]] mwenyewe, hasa [[ubatizo]] na [[ekaristi]]. ==Marejeo== *Baldovin, John F., SJ (2008) ''Reforming the Liturgy: a Response to the Critics''. The Liturgical Press *Bowker, John, ed. (1997) ''Oxford Dictionary of World Religions''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-213965-7. *Bugnini, Annibale, (1990) ''The Reform of the Liturgy 1948&ndash;1975''. The Liturgical Press *Dix, Dom Gregory (1945) ''The Shape of the Liturgy'' *Donghi, Antonio, (2009) ''Words and Gestures in the Liturgy''. The Liturgical Press *Johnson, Lawrence J., (2009) ''Worship in the Early Church: an Anthology of Historical Sources''. The Liturgical Press *Jones, Cheslyn, Geoffrey Wainwright, and Edward Yarnold, eds. (1978) ''The Study of Liturgy. London: SPCK. *Marini, Piero, (2007) ''A Challenging Reform: Realizing the Vision of the Liturgical Renewal''. The Liturgical Press *Scotland, N. A. D. (1989). ''Eucharistic Consecration in the First Four Centuries and Its Implications for Liturgical Reform'', in series, ''Latimer Studies'', 31. Latimer House. ISBN 0-946307-30-X *[http://www.quakerinfo.org/quakerism/beliefs.html "What Do Quakers Believe?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.quakerinfo.org/quakerism/beliefs.html |date=20110825111132 }}. Quaker Information Center, Philadelphia, PA, 2004. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09306a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article] *[http://www.saintsconstantineandelena.org/Liturgy/liturgy1.htm Orthodox Tradition and the Liturgy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saintsconstantineandelena.org/Liturgy/liturgy1.htm |date=20110119105305 }} *[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=475&letter=L&search=Liturgy Jewish Encyclopedia: Liturgy] *[http://www.liturgy.co.nz Contemporary Christian Liturgy Website] History, theory, practice *[http://www.confiteordeo.info/latin_masses.htm The Indult Tridentine Rite of Mass] {{Wayback|url=http://www.confiteordeo.info/latin_masses.htm |date=20080624231906 }} *[http://dsjliturgy.blogspot.com Work of the People] *[http://cafe.daum.net/tochak/ Yejeonhak Baeumteo: Online Community for Liturgical Resources (Korean)] *[http://www.cattoliciromani.com/forum/forumdisplay.php/dizionario_liturgico-10.html Dictionary of Catholic Liturgy] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cattoliciromani.com/forum/forumdisplay.php/dizionario_liturgico-10.html |date=20161107080122 }} *[http://www.evangelische-liturgie.de/ Liturgie-Kontor "Maria Magdalena"] (Texte zu Gottesdiensten im Kirchenjahr) *[http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=manuscripts&title=Medieval%20and%20Renaissance%20Manuscripts 15th century liturgy for the deceased, written in Gothic Textualis script, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries] {{Wayback|url=http://cdi.uvm.edu/collections/getCollection.xql?pid=manuscripts&title=Medieval%20and%20Renaissance%20Manuscripts |date=20110218052112 }} *[http://www.liturgix.com Eastern Orthodox Christian Liturgy Website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.liturgix.com/ |date=20160919171535 }} Liturgy *[http://www.lutheransonline.com/servlet/CpsServlet/dbpage=page&mode=display&gid=20052995655655607101111555&pg=20053264518475013601111555 A Brief Exposition of the Divine Service] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lutheransonline.com/servlet/CpsServlet/dbpage%3Dpage%26mode%3Ddisplay%26gid%3D20052995655655607101111555%26pg%3D20053264518475013601111555 |date=20160310205704 }} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Ukristo]] [[Category:Liturujia]] 63qobt244nuye1ya8izv63p81exdz30 0 17139 1569121 1459501 2026-06-09T13:24:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569121 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Codex Vaticanus (1 Esdras 1-55 to 2-5) (The S.S. Teacher's Edition-The Holy Bible).jpg|thumb|200px|right|Ukurasa mmoja wa ''[[Codex Vaticanus]]'' ambayo ni nakala ya kale kamili zaidi ya Biblia yote kwa lugha ya Kigiriki.]] '''Septuaginta''' ([[neno]] la [[Kilatini]] lenye maana ya "[[sabini|70]]"; [[kifupi]]: '''LXX''') ni [[tafsiri]] ya [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] (au: [[Tanakh]]) kwa [[lugha]] ya [[Kiyunani|Kigiriki cha Kale]] ililofanywa [[mji|mjini]] [[Aleksandria]] ([[Misri]]) kuanzia [[karne ya 3 KK]] hadi [[karne ya 1 KK]]. [[Jina]] la toleo hilo limetokana na [[hadithi]] ya kwamba [[wataalamu]] [[Wayahudi]] 72 walitafsiri [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vya [[Torati]] katika [[muda]] wa [[siku]] 72 wakati wa [[mfalme]] [[Ptolemaio II]] ([[285 KK|285]]–[[246 KK]]). [[Idadi]] ya 72 ilitokana na [[Binadamu|watu]] sitasita kutoka kila moja kati ya [[Kabila|makabila]] [[Makabila ya Israeli|12]] ya [[Israeli]] ikafupishwa kwa kuikumbuka kirahisi kuwa "70". Jina hilo liliendelea kutumiwa kwa tafsiri ya Kigiriki ya vitabu vyote vya [[Tanakh]]. [[Historia|Wanahistoria]] huona kwamba wakati wa Ptolemaio II vitabu vitano vya [[Torati]] (vitabu vitano ya [[Musa]]) tu vilitafsiriwa, na vingine vilifuata polepole katika muda wa miaka 200 hivi. Kutokana na historia hiyo ndefu kuna tofauti katika lugha ya vitabu mbalimbali. == Tofauti kati ya Septuaginta na Tanakh == Septuaginta ina vitabu kadhaa visivyopatikana katika [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]] ya leo. Inaonekana vilitafsiriwa vitabu vyote vilivyotazamwa na Wayahudi wa Aleksandria kuwa [[Neno la Mungu]] katika [[Karne ya 3 KK|karne ya 3]] hadi [[karne ya 1 KK|ya 1 KK]], vikiwa ni pamoja na vile visivyokubaliwa katika maeneo mengine. Uelewano kamili kati ya Wayahudi juu ya vitabu vinavyostahili kukubaliwa kama sehemu ya [[Biblia]] ulitokea mnamo mwaka [[100]], ambapo vitabu vichache vilivyotafsiriwa katika Septuaginta viliondolewa na Wayahudi wa [[Mafarisayo|Kifarisayo]] wa [[shule ya Yamnia]] walioshika [[uongozi]] wa [[Uyahudi]] na kushindana na [[Wakristo]]. Azimio hilo lilisambaa polepole katika jumuiya za Wayahudi wa nchi mbalimbali. Lakini wakati huo Septuaginta ilikuwa tayari Biblia ya kawaida ya Wakristo wa kwanza, hata kabla ya kukamilika kwa [[Kanuni ya Biblia|kanuni]] ya [[Agano Jipya]]. [[Farakano]] kati ya Wakristo wa kwanza na Uyahudi lilikuwa limekamilika tayari, hivyo Wakristo hawakuona sababu ya kubadilisha orodha ya vitabu vya [[Agano la Kale]] walivyopokea katika Uyahudi. Sababu muhimu ilikuwa mwelekeo tofauti kuhusu lugha. Wakristo, walioanza kama [[kundi]] la Kiyahudi, waliendelea kupokea watu wengi kutoka [[dini]] za [[dini za jadi|kipagani]] za [[Dola la Roma]] wakatumia hasa Kigiriki kama [[lugha ya kimataifa]] kwa [[mawasiliano]]. Hata Wayahudi wengi walitumia Kigiriki kati yao lakini [[karne ya 1]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]] iliona pia mkazo mpya kwenye matumizi yao. Baada ya maangamizi ya [[hekalu ya Yerusalemu]] mwaka [[70]] wakati wa [[vita vya kwanza vya Kiyahudi]], Wayahudi wengi waliona haja ya kushikamana zaidi hivyo wakiweka [[mkazo]] kwenye [[utamaduni]] na mapokeo ya Kiebrania. == Viungo vya nje == === Kwa jumla === * [http://www.kalvesmaki.com/LXX/ The Septuagint Online] - Comprehensive site with scholarly discussion and links to texts and translations * [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1035&letter=B#3077 Jewish Encyclopedia: Bible Translations] * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13722a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Septuagint Version] * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15367a.htm#sept Catholic Encyclopedia: Versions of the Bible] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027070931/http://www.geocities.com/r_grant_jones/Rick/Septuagint/spindex.htm A thorough analysis of the Septuagint with resources] * [http://www.exc.com/JoelHoffman/Excerpts/ITB-p95.pdf Comparison of names in the LXX and Hebrew Bible] ([[PDF]]) * [http://biblical-studies.ca/lxx/lxx.html Codex: Resources and Links Relating to the Septuagint] {{Wayback|url=http://biblical-studies.ca/lxx/lxx.html |date=20060909221719 }} === Andishi la Septuaginta === * [http://www.jeffzizz.com/septuagint.php Septuagint as PDF file] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jeffzizz.com/septuagint.php |date=20081006124243 }} Lacks diacritics. * [http://www.apostoliki-diakonia.gr/bible/bible.asp?contents=old_testament/contents.asp&main=OldTes Septuagint published by the Church of Greece] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apostoliki-diakonia.gr/bible/bible.asp?contents=old_testament/contents.asp&main=OldTes |date=20190515070156 }} * [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/gopher/text/religion/biblical/lxxmorph/ Plain text of the whole LXX, including the anagignoskomena] * [http://apostolicbible.com Greek-English interlinear of OT & NT]. Lacks diacritics and anagignoskomena. * [http://www.katapi.org.uk Bible Resource Pages] {{Wayback|url=http://www.katapi.org.uk/ |date=20070524054819 }} - contains Septuagint texts (with diacritics) side-by-side with English translations * [http://www.septuagint.org/LXX/ Septuagint and New Testament] - Greek Text of the Septuagint and NT with [[parsing]] (no diacritics). Lacks anagignoskomena. * [http://www.studylight.org/isb/ Greek text] - Complete Greek text (no diacritics, needs special [[computer font|font]]) hyperlinked to Strong's concordance. Anagignoskomena do not display. * [http://www.users.dircon.co.uk/~hancock/sept.zip The Septuagint in Greek] as a [[MS Word]] document (Requires [http://www.users.dircon.co.uk/~hancock/vudown.htm Vusllius Old Face] {{Wayback|url=http://www.users.dircon.co.uk/~hancock/vudown.htm |date=20070104012249 }}. Intor and book abbreviations in Latin.) * [http://www.tricountyi.net/~randerse/Danog.htm The Book of Daniel from an Old Greek LXX] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tricountyi.net/~randerse/Danog.htm |date=20080225044608 }} (no diacritics, needs special font) * [http://www.ecmarsh.com/lxx/ Sir Lancelot C.L. Brenton's translation] * [http://www.ccel.org/bible/brenton/ The Septuagint LXX: Greek and English] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ccel.org/bible/brenton/ |date=20191004083015 }} partial version of Brenton's edition, [[wiki]] text and [[PNG]] images. (difficult navigation) * [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/ The New English Translation of the Septuagint (NETS), preliminary edition] * [http://www.lxx.org Project to produce an Orthodox Study Bible (OSB) whose Old Testament is based entirely on the Septuagint.] * [http://www.peterpapoutsis.com/ The Holy Orthodox Bible, another English translation project of the Septuagint using Greek Orthodox texts of the Septuagint] {{Wayback|url=http://www.peterpapoutsis.com/ |date=20080620204029 }} * [http://christianmedia.us/LXXE/ The Septuagint LXX in English (Online text of the entire LXX English translation by Sir Lancelot Brenton)] {{Wayback|url=http://christianmedia.us/LXXE/ |date=20110728074212 }} === LXX na Agano Jipya === * [http://www.scripturecatholic.com/septuagint.html Septuagint references in NT] by John Salza * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080204024247/http://www.geocities.com/r_grant_jones/Rick/Septuagint/splist1.htm The New Testament and the Septuagint] - Instances where the New Testament quotes the LXX against the Masoretic Hebrew * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027085425/http://www.geocities.com/r_grant_jones/Rick/Septuagint/splistMT.htm The New Testament and the Hebrew OT] - Instances where the New Testament quote agrees with the Masoretic Hebrew meaning * [http://www.christian-thinktank.com/baduseot.html A defense of the quoting of the LXX by the writers of the New Testament.] {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] 7yzrdzuhvwf027lrhqllrlbard0rvk2 0 17234 1569152 1477237 2026-06-09T15:55:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569152 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Montaje Rosario 01.jpg|thumb|right|Rosario katika picha nyingi.]] '''Rosario''' ni [[mji]] uliopo mashariki-kati mwa nchi ya [[Argentina]], takriban [[km]] 300 kutoka mji wa [[Buenos Aires]]. Ni [[makao makuu]] ya [[Wilaya ya Santa Fe]]. Kwa mwaka wa [[2008]], mji wa Rosario ulikuwa na wakazi wapatao 1,000,000, na kuufanya uwe mji wa [[tatu]] kwa ukubwa katika Argentina. Mji upo katika eneo la [[mto]] mashuhuri wa Argentina, [[mto Parana]]. == Utamaduni == === Ukumbi wa michezo === * [[El Círculo Theater|Teatro El Círculo]] * [http://www.teatrolacomedia.com.ar Teatro La Comedia] {{Wayback|url=http://www.teatrolacomedia.com.ar/ |date=20161108014133 }} * [http://www.fundacionastengo.org.ar/home.php Teatro Auditorio Fundación] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fundacionastengo.org.ar/home.php |date=20090210043901 }} * [[Sala Lavardén|Teatro Sala Lavardén]] * [http://www.elpuertodelamusica.com.ar/ Teatro Puerto de la Música] {{Wayback|url=http://www.elpuertodelamusica.com.ar/ |date=20110703095107 }} * Teatro Municipal Coliseo Podestá * Anfiteatro Martín Fierro * Teatro La Nonna * Teatro La Hermandad del Princesa * Sala 420 * Taller de Teatro de la UNLP * Complejo "El Teatro" * Teatro "La Lechuza" ===Makumbusho=== * [[Dr. Julio Marc Provincial Historical Museum]] * [[Dr. Ángel Gallardo Provincial Natural Sciences Museum]] * [[Firma y Odilo Estévez Municipal Decorative Art Museum]] * [[Juan B. Castagnino Fine Arts Museum]] * Museo de Arte "Fra. Angélico" * [[Municipal Museum of the City (Rosario)|Municipal Museum of the City]] * Museo Provincial de Bellas Artes * Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes * Museo de Arte "Fra. Angélico" * Colección Dr. Emilio Azzarini * [[Museum of Contemporary Art of Rosario|Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Rosario - Macro]] * Museo Histórico del Fuerte de la Ensenada de Barragán * Museo y Archivo Dardo Rocha * Museo Almafuerte * Museo del Teatro Argentino * Museo "José Juan Podestá" * Museo de la Catedral * Museo Internacional de Muñecos * Museo del Automóvil – Colección Rau * Museo del Tango Platense * Museo Policial "Inspector Mayor Vesiroglos" * Museo Histórico "Contralmirante Chalier" – Escuela Naval de Río Santiago * Museo Histórico Militar "Tte. Julio A. Roca" === Maktaba === * Biblioteca Central General José de San Martín * Biblioteca Municipal Francisco López Merino * Biblioteca de la Legislatura de la Provincia ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|Rosario}} * [http://www.rosario.gov.ar/ Municipality of Rosario] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rosario.gov.ar/ |date=20020525150037 }} (official website) * [http://www.rosariocyc.com.ar/ Rosario Cursos y Congresos] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rosariocyc.com.ar/ |date=20080820085910 }} Courses and Congresses in Rosario * [http://www.rosariocity.com/ RosarioCity] (commercial website of Rosario city and its region) * [http://www.rosario.com.ar/ Rosario.com.ar] (commercial guide to Greater Rosario) * {{en icon}} [http://www.rosarioturismo.com/english.html Ente de Turismo Rosario] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rosarioturismo.com/english.html |date=20110928234715 }} (tourism office) * [http://www.unr.edu.ar/ National University of Rosario] * [http://www.caravanatotal.com/ Night life and entertainment] {{Wayback|url=http://www.caravanatotal.com/ |date=20100502024921 }} * [http://www.dialogica.com.ar/rosarioalternativo/ Rosario Alternativo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dialogica.com.ar/rosarioalternativo/ |date=20080906174725 }} Short stories for the learned traveller * {{en icon}} [http://www.puertodenegocios.com/index.asp?lang=EN&idCC=47532 Administrative Entity of the Port of Rosario (ENAPRO)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.puertodenegocios.com/index.asp?lang=EN&idCC=47532 |date=20140826115029 }} * {{en icon}} [http://www.bcr.com.ar/index_english.html Rosario Board of Trade (Bolsa de Comercio de Rosario)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bcr.com.ar/index_english.html |date=20080415191206 }} * [http://www.rosariolinks.com.ar RosarioLinks] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rosariolinks.com.ar/ |date=20080730003001 }} (web directory) * [http://www.lacapital.com.ar/ La Capital] (online newspaper) * [http://www.elciudadano.net/ El Ciudadano & la Región] (online newspaper) * [http://www.rosariomapas.com Map of Rosario City] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rosariomapas.com/ |date=20210608205746 }} * [http://www.rosario3.com The First Online Newspaper In Rosario] {{mbegu-jio-Argentina}} [[Jamii:Rosario]] [[Jamii:Miji ya Argentina]] 07k9fhhnkrcbkb1slyn4kj9ri2pgwbq 0 18665 1569116 1481293 2026-06-09T12:37:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vulgata''' (kwa [[Kilatini]] ''ya umati'' yaani ''ya kawaida'') ni [[tafsiri]] maarufu zaidi ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] katika [[lugha]] ya Kilatini. Ilitolewa kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[382]] hadi [[405]] na [[Hieronimo]] kwa agizo la [[Papa Damaso I]] ili ichukue nafasi ya tafsiri mbalimbali zilizotangulia ambazo hazikuridhisha. Kuanzia [[karne ya 8]] hadi [[karne ya 9|ya 9]] ilikuwa [[Biblia]] ya kawaida katika maeneo yaliyokuwa chini ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] ikitazamwa kuwa toleo pekee lililostahili kutumiwa. [[Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti]] yalichukua [[Wajibu|jukumu]] la kusambaza Biblia katika tafsiri ya lugha yoyote yakitegemea nakala za zamani katika lugha zake asili, yaani [[Kiebrania]], [[Kiaramu]] na [[Kigiriki]]. Lakini nakala zilizojulikana wakati ule hazikuwa za zamani kuliko zile alizozitumia Hieronimo kutengenezea Vulgata; kinyume chake zilikuwa na makosa mengi ambayo yakaja kurekebishwa hasa katika [[karne ya 20]] kutokana na [[maendeleo]] ya [[Mtaalamu|utaalamu]]. Upande wa Kanisa Katoliki [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] ulitangaza Vulgata kuwa tafsiri rasmi ya Biblia na kuwa haina makosa upande wa [[imani]] na [[maadili]]. Tamko hilo halikuwa na maana ya kuwa tafsiri hiyo haiwezi kuboreshwa. Kwa kuwa [[mtaguso]] huo ulisisitiza kuwa "toleo la kale la Vulgata, lililokubaliwa na [[Kanisa]] lenyewe kwa kulitumia tangu [[karne]] nyingi, linatakiwa kutazamwa toleo rasmi kwa usomaji wa hadhara, mabishano, mahubiri na [[ufafanuzi]]" ikawa desturi kwa Wakatoliki kutoa tafsiri rasmi katika lugha mbalimbali kutokana na Vulgata badala ya kutumia lugha asili. Hivyo Wakatoliki walijikuta wanatumia tafsiri zinazolingana na nakala ya kale zaidi kuliko tafsiri za [[Uprotestanti|Waprotestanti]], ingawa hao wa pili walikuwa na utaalamu mkubwa zaidi. Mwaka [[1943]] [[Papa Pius XII]] alihimiza Wakatoliki kutoa tafsiri mpya kutoka lugha hizo asili, kama zile zilizofanywa na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wengine tangu zamani. [[Mtaguso wa Pili wa Vatikani]] uliamua tafsiri hiyo iangaliwe upya na tangu mwaka [[1979]] "Nova Vulgata" (yaani [[Vulgata Mpya]]) imetolewa kama tafsiri rasmi ya Kilatini kwa Kanisa Katoliki lote ambayo iongoze katika kutafsiri katika lugha nyingine kutoka zile asili. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://vulsearch.sourceforge.net/html/index.html The Clementine Vulgate, searchable] {{Wayback|url=http://vulsearch.sourceforge.net/html/index.html |date=20180610012037 }} – Toleo la mwaka 2005 la Michael Tweedale na wenzake. Halina [[Deuterokanoni]]. * [http://www.LatinVulgate.com Biblia Vulgata Stuttgart edition] {{Wayback|url=http://www.latinvulgate.com/ |date=20210410203719 }}, pamoja na tafsiri za Douay-Rheims na King James * [http://www.drbo.org/lvb/ Stuttgart Vulgate], pamoja na tafsiri za Douay-Rheims, Zaburi za Kigalikani na kitabu kizima cha Danieli * [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0060 Stuttgart Vulgate with Apocrypha], lakini pasipo ''Zaburi 151'' na ''Laodiceans'' * [http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_index_lt.html Nova Vulgata], katika tovuti ya Vatikani * [http://www.fourthcentury.com/old/Jerome/jeromebibletranslations.htm Timeline of Jerome's translations] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fourthcentury.com/old/Jerome/jeromebibletranslations.htm |date=20110718220434 }} * [http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/homepage.html Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/homepage.html |date=20131010145559 }} Matoleo pepe kamili ya Biblia mbili za Gutenberg katika British Library * [http://kb.se/codex-gigas/eng/ Codex Gigas] — Official Codex Gigas site at the National Library of Sweden. Complete digitized manuscript. * [http://dubitando.no.sapo.pt/qevcon.htm Quattuor Evangeliorum Consonantia] {{Wayback|url=http://dubitando.no.sapo.pt/qevcon.htm |date=20131112211101 }} – The Latin harmony of the Gospels (1) * [http://dubitando.no.sapo.pt/qevconn.htm Quattuor Evangeliorum Consonantia] {{Wayback|url=http://dubitando.no.sapo.pt/qevconn.htm |date=20131112210512 }} – The Latin harmony of the Gospels (2) * [http://librivox.org/biblia-sacra-vulgata-psalmi-xxii/ Free audio recording] of [[Psalm 23|Psalm 22(23)]] from the [[Latin Psalters#Versio juxta Hebraicum|juxta Hebraicum]] psalter by [http://www.librivox.org Librivox] * [http://vulgate.org Latin Vulgate Project] with Douay-Rheims version * [http://vulgate.net Biblia Sacra Vulgata] – Novum Testamentum Latine (Latin) * [http://www.learnlangs.com/biblelatin Learn Bible Latin] reading the Vulgate from lesson 1 * [http://www.sacredbible.org/ SacredBible.org] the Clementine Vulgate in the 1861 Vercellone, 1914 Hetzenauer, and 1822 Leander van Ess editions. * [http://www.greeklatinaudio.com/ Greek Latin Audio] downloadable audio files of almost the entire New Testatment Vulgate {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] hhvbzgz7mjx51a1ni8pq4ajm7np13sv 1569117 1569116 2026-06-09T12:38:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569117 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg|thumb|Toleo la Malmesbury.]] '''Vulgata''' (kwa [[Kilatini]] ''ya umati'' yaani ''ya kawaida'') ni [[tafsiri]] maarufu zaidi ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] katika [[lugha]] ya Kilatini. Ilitolewa kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[382]] hadi [[405]] na [[Hieronimo]] kwa agizo la [[Papa Damaso I]] ili ichukue nafasi ya tafsiri mbalimbali zilizotangulia ambazo hazikuridhisha. Kuanzia [[karne ya 8]] hadi [[karne ya 9|ya 9]] ilikuwa [[Biblia]] ya kawaida katika maeneo yaliyokuwa chini ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] ikitazamwa kuwa toleo pekee lililostahili kutumiwa. [[Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti]] yalichukua [[Wajibu|jukumu]] la kusambaza Biblia katika tafsiri ya lugha yoyote yakitegemea nakala za zamani katika lugha zake asili, yaani [[Kiebrania]], [[Kiaramu]] na [[Kigiriki]]. Lakini nakala zilizojulikana wakati ule hazikuwa za zamani kuliko zile alizozitumia Hieronimo kutengenezea Vulgata; kinyume chake zilikuwa na makosa mengi ambayo yakaja kurekebishwa hasa katika [[karne ya 20]] kutokana na [[maendeleo]] ya [[Mtaalamu|utaalamu]]. Upande wa Kanisa Katoliki [[Mtaguso wa Trento]] ulitangaza Vulgata kuwa tafsiri rasmi ya Biblia na kuwa haina makosa upande wa [[imani]] na [[maadili]]. Tamko hilo halikuwa na maana ya kuwa tafsiri hiyo haiwezi kuboreshwa. Kwa kuwa [[mtaguso]] huo ulisisitiza kuwa "toleo la kale la Vulgata, lililokubaliwa na [[Kanisa]] lenyewe kwa kulitumia tangu [[karne]] nyingi, linatakiwa kutazamwa toleo rasmi kwa usomaji wa hadhara, mabishano, mahubiri na [[ufafanuzi]]" ikawa desturi kwa Wakatoliki kutoa tafsiri rasmi katika lugha mbalimbali kutokana na Vulgata badala ya kutumia lugha asili. Hivyo Wakatoliki walijikuta wanatumia tafsiri zinazolingana na nakala ya kale zaidi kuliko tafsiri za [[Uprotestanti|Waprotestanti]], ingawa hao wa pili walikuwa na utaalamu mkubwa zaidi. Mwaka [[1943]] [[Papa Pius XII]] alihimiza Wakatoliki kutoa tafsiri mpya kutoka lugha hizo asili, kama zile zilizofanywa na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wengine tangu zamani. [[Mtaguso wa Pili wa Vatikani]] uliamua tafsiri hiyo iangaliwe upya na tangu mwaka [[1979]] "Nova Vulgata" (yaani [[Vulgata Mpya]]) imetolewa kama tafsiri rasmi ya Kilatini kwa Kanisa Katoliki lote ambayo iongoze katika kutafsiri katika lugha nyingine kutoka zile asili. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://vulsearch.sourceforge.net/html/index.html The Clementine Vulgate, searchable] {{Wayback|url=http://vulsearch.sourceforge.net/html/index.html |date=20180610012037 }} – Toleo la mwaka 2005 la Michael Tweedale na wenzake. Halina [[Deuterokanoni]]. * [http://www.LatinVulgate.com Biblia Vulgata Stuttgart edition] {{Wayback|url=http://www.latinvulgate.com/ |date=20210410203719 }}, pamoja na tafsiri za Douay-Rheims na King James * [http://www.drbo.org/lvb/ Stuttgart Vulgate], pamoja na tafsiri za Douay-Rheims, Zaburi za Kigalikani na kitabu kizima cha Danieli * [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0060 Stuttgart Vulgate with Apocrypha], lakini pasipo ''Zaburi 151'' na ''Laodiceans'' * [http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_index_lt.html Nova Vulgata], katika tovuti ya Vatikani * [http://www.fourthcentury.com/old/Jerome/jeromebibletranslations.htm Timeline of Jerome's translations] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fourthcentury.com/old/Jerome/jeromebibletranslations.htm |date=20110718220434 }} * [http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/homepage.html Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/homepage.html |date=20131010145559 }} Matoleo pepe kamili ya Biblia mbili za Gutenberg katika British Library * [http://kb.se/codex-gigas/eng/ Codex Gigas] — Official Codex Gigas site at the National Library of Sweden. Complete digitized manuscript. * [http://dubitando.no.sapo.pt/qevcon.htm Quattuor Evangeliorum Consonantia] {{Wayback|url=http://dubitando.no.sapo.pt/qevcon.htm |date=20131112211101 }} – The Latin harmony of the Gospels (1) * [http://dubitando.no.sapo.pt/qevconn.htm Quattuor Evangeliorum Consonantia] {{Wayback|url=http://dubitando.no.sapo.pt/qevconn.htm |date=20131112210512 }} – The Latin harmony of the Gospels (2) * [http://librivox.org/biblia-sacra-vulgata-psalmi-xxii/ Free audio recording] of [[Psalm 23|Psalm 22(23)]] from the [[Latin Psalters#Versio juxta Hebraicum|juxta Hebraicum]] psalter by [http://www.librivox.org Librivox] * [http://vulgate.org Latin Vulgate Project] with Douay-Rheims version * [http://vulgate.net Biblia Sacra Vulgata] – Novum Testamentum Latine (Latin) * [http://www.learnlangs.com/biblelatin Learn Bible Latin] reading the Vulgate from lesson 1 * [http://www.sacredbible.org/ SacredBible.org] the Clementine Vulgate in the 1861 Vercellone, 1914 Hetzenauer, and 1822 Leander van Ess editions. * [http://www.greeklatinaudio.com/ Greek Latin Audio] downloadable audio files of almost the entire New Testatment Vulgate {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] 4jupnloqaqodoikkuhoplde8s8zijhn 0 22604 1569157 1319033 2026-06-09T16:12:34Z Husseyn Issa 44885 1569157 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shelui.flac|thumb|Shelui]] {{Infobox Settlement |jina_rasmi = Kata ya Shelui |picha_ya_satelite = |maelezo_ya_picha = |pushpin_map = Tanzania |pushpin_map_caption = Mahali pa Shelui katika Tanzania |settlement_type = Kata |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = [[Tanzania]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Mikoa ya Tanzania|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Wilaya za Tanzania|Wilaya]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Wilaya ya Iramba|Iramba]] |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 22,021 |latd=4 |latm=21 |lats=17 |latNS=S |longd=34 |longm=12 |longs=1 |longEW=E |website = }} '''Shelui''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Iramba]] katika [[Mkoa wa Singida]], [[Tanzania]], yenye [[msimbo wa posta]] '''43310'''. Katika [[sensa]] ya mwaka [[2022]] wakazi walihesabiwa 22,021 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz</ref>. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 14,933 waishio humo.<ref>[http://www.wavuti.weebly.com/uploads/3/0/7/6/3076464/census20general20report20-202920march202013_combined_final20for20printing1.pdf Sensa ya 2012, Singida - Iramba District Council]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Iramba}} {{mbegu-jio-singida}} [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Singida]] [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Iramba]] ahq73ug4qbaw8t3okxpy3x05spcm8e9 0 32574 1569362 1543738 2026-06-10T08:27:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569362 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha: Youtube_founders.jpg|thumb| Waanzilishi wa YouTube. kulia ni Chad Hurley, Steve Chen na kushoto ni Jawed Karim]] '''YouTube''' ni [[tovuti]] ya kushirikisha [[video]] ambazo watumiaji wanaweza kuzinakili na kuzigawa kwa wengine. [[Wafanyakazi]] watatu wa zamani wa [[PayPal]] waliunda YouTube mnamo [[Februari]] [[2005]]. <ref>{{cite web | title=Surprise! There's a third YouTube co-founder|author=Hopkins, Jim| publisher = [[USA Today]]| url =http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm|accessdate= 2008-11-29 }}</ref> Mnamo [[Novemba]] [[2006]], '''YouTube, LLC''' ilununuliwa na [[Google Inc]] kwa [[Dola ya Marekani|Dola]] [[bilioni]] 1.65, na sasa huendeshwa kama shirika dogo la Google. [[Kampuni]] hii ipo [[San Bruno, California|San Bruno]], [[California]] na inatumia [[teknolojia]] ya [[Adobe Flash]] kuonyesha aina mbalimbali za video zilizotengenezwa na watumiaji, pamoja na vijisehemu vya [[sinema]], vijisehemu vya maonyesho ya [[runinga]], na video za [[nyimbo]], vilevile maudhui ambayo hayajakomaa kama vile video za kublogu na video za asili zilizo fupi. [[Faili:YouTube full-color icon (2017).svg|thumb|Ikoni kamili ya rangi ya YouTube]] Maudhui mengi yaliyomo kwenye YouTube yametumiwa na watu binafsi, ingawa [[vyombo vya habari]] pamoja na makampuni yakiwemo [[CBS]], [[BBC]], [[UMG]] na mashirika mengine hutoa baadhi ya [[habari]] zao, kama sehemu ya mpango wa [[ushirikiano]] na YouTube. <ref>{{cite web | title=BBC strikes Google-YouTube deal|author=Weber, Tim| publisher = [[BBC]]| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6411017.stm|accessdate= 2009-01-17 }}</ref> Watumiaji ambao hawajasajiliwa wanaweza kutazama video, wakati watumiaji waliosajiliwa wanaruhusiwa kutumia na kunakili [[idadi]] isiyo na kipimo ya video. Video ambazo zanaweza kuwa na maudhui yaliyo na [[ujumbe]] wenye [[lugha]] isiyoruhusiwa zinapatikana kwa watumiaji waliosajiliwa tu na wenye [[umri]] zaidi ya miaka 18. Kunakili kwa video zenye lugha ya kukashifu, mambo ya [[ngono]], ukiukwaji wa [[hakimiliki]], na habari zinazohimiza [[uhalifu]] kumepigwa marufuku katika [[mkataba]] wa masharti ya [[huduma]] ya YouTube. [[Akaunti]] za watumiaji waliosajiliwa hujulikana kama "channels". <ref name="guidelines">{{cite web |author=| url = http://youtube.com/t/community_guidelines| title = YouTube Community Guidelines | publisher = YouTube| accessdate = 2008-11-30}}</ref> == Historia ya kampuni == {{Main|Historia ya YouTube}} [[Picha:901cherryave.jpg|thumb|left|Makao makuu ya sasa ya YouTube mjini San Bruno, California.]] YouTube ilianzishwa na [[Chad Hurley]], [[Steve Chen]] na [[Jawed Karim]] ambao awali wote walikuwa wafanyakazi wa [[PayPal]]. <ref name="usatoday">{{cite web | url = http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-11-21-video-websites_x.htm | title = Video websites pop up, invite postings | work = [[USA Today]] | date = 2005-11-21 | accessdate = 2006-07-28 | last = Graham | first = Jefferson}}</ref> Hurley alisomea urasimu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Indiana ya Pennsylvania, huku Chen na Karim wakisomea kompyuta sayansi pamoja katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Illinois]] huko Urbana-Champaign.<ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube: Sharing Digital Camera Videos |publisher=[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] |url=http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/news/articles.php?id=2006Feb3-126 |accessdate=2008-11-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111223210/http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/news/articles.php?id=2006Feb3-126 |archivedate=2009-01-11 }}</ref> Kulingana na hadithi inayorudiwa mara nyingi katika vyombo vya habari, Chad Hurley na Steve Chen waliibua wazo la YouTube wakati wa miezi ya mwanzo ya 2005, baada ya kukabiliana na matatizo ya kugawa video zilizochukuliwa kweye chakula cha jioni nyumbani kwa Chen huko [[San Francisco]]. Jawed Karim hakuhudhuria sherehe hii na alikana kwamba sherehe ilikuwepo, na Chad Hurley alisema kuwa, wazo kuwa YouTube lilianzishwa baada ya chakula cha jioni" pengine lilitiwa nguvu sana na mawazo ya matangazo ili kuunda hadithi yenye kueleweka zaidi." <ref>{{cite web| title=The Gurus of YouTube| author=Cloud, John| publisher=[[Time Magazine]]| url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1570721,00.html| accessdate=2008-11-29| archivedate=2007-02-19| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219222540/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0%2C8816%2C1570721%2C00.html| =https://web.archive.org/web/20070219222540/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0%2C8816%2C1570721%2C00.html}}</ref> YouTube ilianza kama teknolojia ya kufadhiliwa, hasa kutoka kwa uwekezaji wa dola za Marekani milioni 11.5 kutoka kwa [[Sequoia Capital]] kati ya Novemba 2005 na Aprili 2006. <ref>{{cite web | title=Venture Firm Shares a YouTube Jackpot|author=Miguel Helft and Matt Richtel| publisher = [[The New York Times]] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/10/technology/10payday.html|accessdate= 2008-11-30 }}</ref> Hapo awali makao makuu ya YouTube yalikuwa upande wa juu wa [[Pizzeria]] na mkahawa wa Kijapani katika [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]], California. <ref>{{cite web | title=Ready for Its Close-Up|author=Sara Kehaulani Goo| publisher = [[Washington Post]]| url =http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/06/AR2006100600660.html|accessdate= 2008-11-29 }}</ref> Jina la kikoa chake <code>www.youtube.com</code> kilianza kutumika tarehe 15 Februari 2005, na tovuti iliundwa miezi kadhaa iliyofuata. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://whois.domaintools.com/youtube.com| title = Whois Record for <code>www.youtube.com</code> | accessdate = 2009-04-01 | work = | publisher =DomainTools }}</ref> Video ya kwanza kwenye Youtube ilikuwa ''Me at the Zoo,'' na mwanzilishi wa onyesho Jawed Karim kwenye [[San Diego Zoo]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube: Overnight success has sparked a backlash|author=Alleyne, Richard| publisher = [[Daily Telegraph]]| url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2480280/YouTube-Overnight-success-has-sparked-a-backlash.html|accessdate= 2009-01-17 }}</ref> Video hii ilipakiwa mnamo tarehe 23 Aprili 2005, na bado yaweza kutazamwa kwenye tovuti. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw|title=Me at the zoo|publisher=YouTube|date=2005-04-23|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref> YouTube iliupatia umma toleo la kwanza la tovuti Mei 2005, miezi sita kabla ya uzinduzi rasmi mnamo Novemba 2005. Tovuti ilikua haraka, na Julai 2006 kampuni ilitangaza kwamba zaidi ya video mpya 65,000 zilikuwa zikipakiwa kila siku, na kwamba tovuti ilikuwa ikipokea watazamaji wa video milioni 100 kwa siku. <ref>{{cite news |title=YouTube serves up 100 million videos a day online |url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-07-16-youtube-views_x.htm |work= |publisher= [[USA Today]]|date=2006-07-16 |accessdate=2008-11-29}}</ref> Kulingana na tarakimu zilizochapishwa na kampuni ya utafiti wa masoko comScore, YouTube inaongoza katika utoaji wa video kwenye mtandao katika [[Marekani]], ikiwa na mgawo wa soko wa karibu asilimia 43 na zaidi ya video bilioni sita zilizotazamwa mnamo Januari 2009. <ref>{{cite web| title =YouTube Surpasses 100 Million U.S. Viewers for the First Time| author =| publisher =[[comScore]]| url =http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=2741| accessdate =2009-03-05| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090305143750/http://www.comscore.com//press//release.asp?press=2741| archivedate =2009-03-05}}</ref> Inakadiriwa kuwa video mpya za jumla ya masaa 20 hupakiwa kwa tovuti kila dakika, na kwamba karibu robo tatu ya nyenzo hizi hutoka nje ya Marekani. <ref>{{cite web | title=Zoinks! 20 Hours of Video Uploaded Every Minute!|author=Junee, Ryan|date = 2009-05-20| publisher =YouTube |url = http://www.youtube.com/blog?entry=on4EmafA5MA|accessdate= 2009-05-26}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | title = Eric Schmidt, Princeton Colloquium on Public & Int'l Affairs|author=| publisher = YouTube| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nXmDxf7D_g#t=14m52s|accessdate= 2009-06-01 }}</ref> Pia inakadiriwa kwamba katika mwaka 2007 YouTube ilitumiwa kipimo data sawa na kiasi kilichotumika kwenye [[wavuti]] mzima wa mwaka 2000. <ref>{{cite web| title = Web could collapse as video demand soars| author = | publisher = [[Daily Telegraph]]| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/04/07/nweb107.xml| accessdate = 2008-04-21| archivedate = 2008-04-08| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080408010707/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2008%2F04%2F07%2Fnweb107.xml}}</ref> Mwezi Machi 2008, kipimo data cha YouTube kiligharimu dola milioni 1 za Marekani kwa siku. <ref name="Moneyclip">{{cite news|first=Yi-Wyn|last=Yen|date=2008-03-25|url=http://techland.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2008/03/25/youtube-looks-for-the-money-clip|title=YouTube Looks For the Money Clip|accessdate=2008-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117010826/http://techland.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2008/03/25/youtube-looks-for-the-money-clip/|archivedate=2010-01-17}}</ref> [[Alexa]] ameipa nafasi ya nne YouTube kama tovuti iliyotumiwa kwa wingi kwenye wavuti, nyuma ya [[Google]], [[Yahoo!]] na [[Facebook]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Alexa Traffic Rank for YouTube (three month average)| author = | publisher = [[Alexa Internet]]| url = http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/youtube.com| accessdate = 2009-08-26| archivedate = 2016-11-27| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161127004253/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/youtube.com}}</ref> Uchaguzi wa jina <code>www.youtube.com</code> ulisababisha matatizo kwa vile jina hili lilikuwa likitumika kwa tovuti, <code>www.utube.com.</code> Mmiliki wa tovuti, Universal Tube &amp; Rollform Equipment, aliandikisha kesi mahakamani dhidi YouTube Novemba 2006 baada ya kupokea idadi kubwa ya watu waliokuwa wakitafuta YouTube. Universal Tube kwa sasa imebadilisha jina la tovuti yake na kuwa <code>www.utubeonline.com.</code> <ref>{{cite web| title = Help! YouTube is killing my business!| author = Zappone, Christian| publisher = [[CNN]]| url = http://money.cnn.com/2006/10/12/news/companies/utube/index.htm| accessdate = 2008-11-29| archive-date = 2009-02-01| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090201221713/http://money.cnn.com/2006/10/12/news/companies/utube/index.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web| title = Utube sues YouTube| author = Blakely, Rhys| publisher = [[The Times]]| url = http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article623050.ece| accessdate = 2008-11-29| archive-date = 2011-08-09| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110809135859/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/media/article623050.ece| url-status = dead}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2006, [[Google Inc]] ilitangaza kwamba ilikuwa imeipata YouTube kwa [[dola]] bilioni 1.65 katika hisa za Google, agano hili lilikamilishwa tarehe 13 Novemba 2006. Google huwa haitoi tarakimu za kina za gharama ya kutunza YouTube, na mapato ya YouTube ya mwaka 2007 yalibainishwa kuwa "siyo kitu" katika uwekaji jalada. Juni 2008 nakala katika gazeti la [[Forbes]] lilitoa makadirio ya mapato ya 2008 kuwa dola milioni 200 za Kimarekani, huku likibaini mafanikio katika mauzo ya matangazo. Mnamo Novemba 2008, YouTube ilifikia makubaliano na [[MGM]], [[Lions Gate Entertainment]] na [[CBS]] ambazo ziliruhusu makampuni kutuma filamu nzima na maonyesho ya televisheni kwenye tovuti, yakiandamana na matangazo. Hatua hii imekusudiwa kutoa ushindani kwa tovuti kama [[Hulu]], ambazo huwa na nyenzo kutoka kwa [[NBC]], [[Fox]], na [[Disney]]. <ref>{{cite web | title = MGM to Post Full Films on YouTube|author=Brad Stone and Brooks Barnes| publisher = [[The New York Times]]| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/10/business/media/10mgm.html?ref=technology|accessdate= 2008-11-29}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/30/AR2009043001853.html |title=It's Official: Disney Joins News Corp., NBCU In Hulu; Deal Includes Some Cable Nets |accessdate=2009-04-30 |date=2009-04-30 |dateformat=dmy |author=Staci D. Kramer |work=paidContent.org}}</ref> Tarehe 9 Oktoba 2009, wakati wa ukumbusho wa tatu kutoka kuchukuliwa na [[Google]], Chad Hurley alitangaza katika chapisho la blogu ya kwamba YouTube ilikuwa inatumiwa na "zaidi ya watazamaji bilioni moja" duniani kote. == Athari za kijamii == {{Main|Athari za kijamii za YouTube}} Kabla ya uzinduzi wa YouTube mwaka 2005, kulikuwa na mbinu chache rahisi zilizokuwemo kwa watumiaji wa kompyuta wa kawaida ambao walitaka kuchapisha video kwenye wavuti. Pamoja na kusano lake rahisi, YouTube ilirahisisha uwezekano wa mtu yeyote aliyeunganishwa kwa wavuti kuchapisha video ambazo watazamaji duniani kote wanaweza kutazama kwa muda wa dakika chache. Mada tofauti zilizoko katika YouTube zimegeuza ugawi wa video kuwa mojawapo ya sehemu muhimu ya utamaduni wa wavuti. Mfano wa awali wa athari za kijamii za YouTube ulikuwa ufanisi wa video ya [[Bus Uncle]] mwaka 2006. Inaonyesha mazungumzo makali kati ya kijana na mzee ndani ya gari la abiria huko Hong Kong, na ilijadiliwa sana katika wasimamizi wa vyombo vya habari vilivyoimarika. <ref>{{cite web | title = Irate HK man unlikely Web hero|author=Bray, Marianne| publisher = [[CNN]]| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/06/07/hk.uncle/|accessdate = 2008-05-28 }}</ref> Video nyingine iliyopokea uwambo ni ''guitar,'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjA5faZF1A8|title=guitar|date=2005-12-20|accessdate=2009-08-03|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> ambayo ilihusisha uiigizi wa [[Pachelbel's Canon]] huku akiwa na [[gitaa]] la [[umeme]]. Jina la mwigizaji halijatolewa katika video, na baada ya kupokea mamilioni ya maoni gazeti la ''[[The New York Times]]'' lilifichua jina la mcheza gitaa kama [[Jeong-hyun Lim]], wa umri wa miaka 23 kutoka Korea ya Kusini ambaye alikuwa amerekodi traki hii ndani ya chumba chake cha malazi. <ref name="nyt-heff">{{cite news|last = Heffernand|first=Virginia|title= Web Guitar Wizard Revealed at Last |publisher =[[The New York Times]]|date = 2006-08-27 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/arts/television/27heff.html?ei=5088&en=5b993ce30a7b7039&ex=1314331200&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=all|accessdate =2007-07-02}}</ref> YouTube ilipatiwa tuzo la 2008 la [[George Foster Peabody]] na kunukuliwa kuwa " 'Uwanda wa Wasemi' " na iliyoonyesha na kukuza demokrasia." <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peabody.uga.edu/news/event.php?id=59|title=Complete List of 2008 Peabody Award Winners|date=2009-04-01|publisher=Peabody Awards, University of Georgia|accessdate=2009-04-01|archivedate=2009-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608125014/http://www.peabody.uga.edu/news/event.php?id=59}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ajc.com/services/content/printedition/2009/04/02/peabody0402.html|title=Peabody honors CNN, TMC|last=Ho|first=Rodney|date=20009-04-02|publisher=[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|accessdate=2009-04-14|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120728150636/http://www.ajc.com/services/content/printedition/2009/04/02/peabody0402.html|archivedate=2012-07-28}}</ref> == Lawama == {{Main|Lawama dhidi ya YouTube}} === Nyenzo zenye hakimiliki === YouTube imekuwa ikilaumiwa kwa kushindwa kuhakikisha kwamba video zake zina heshimu sheria ya [[hakimiliki]]. Wakati wa kupakia video,watumiaji wa YouTube huwa wanaonyesha daima kiwambo chenye ujumbe ufuatao: <blockquote>Usipakie maonyesho yoyote ya televisheni, video za nyimbo, tamasha za miziki au ujumbe wa kibiashara bila ruhusa isipokuwa iwe maudhui yote yaliyomo uliyatengeneza wewe mwenyewe. Ukurasa wa vidokezo vya hakimiliki na Mwogozo wa Jumuiya unaweza kukusaidia kuamua kama video yako inakiuka hakimiliki za mtu mwingine. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/rhodri-marsden-why-did-my-youtube-account-get-closed-down-1770618.html|title=Why did my YouTube account get closed down?|work=[[The Independent]]|first=Rhodri|last=Marsden|date=2009-08-12|accessdate=2009-08-12}}</ref></blockquote> Lisha ya ushauri huu, bado kuna vijisehemu vingi vya maonyesho ya televisheni,video za nyimbo na filamu katika YouTube. YouTube huwa haitazami video kabla ya kuzichapisha kwenye wavuti, ila hupatia jukumu wamiliki wa hakimiliki kutoa notisi ya uvunjaji chini ya sheria za [[Millennium Digital Copyright Act.]] Mashirika yakiwemo [[Viacom, Mediaset]] na [[Ligi]] kuu ya Uingereza yameandikisha kesi dhidi ya YouTube, yakidai kuwa imefanya juhudi kidogo mno kuzuia upakiaji wa nyenzo zenye hakimiliki. <ref>{{cite web | title = Viacom will sue YouTube for $1bn|author=| publisher = [[BBC News]]| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6446193.stm|accessdate= 2008-05-26 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Mediaset Files EUR500 Million Suit Vs Google's YouTube |url=http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/djf500/200807301025DOWJONESDJONLINE000654_FORTUNE5.htm |date=30 Julai 2008 |publisher=[[CNNMoney.com]] |accessdate=19 Agosti 2009 |archive-date=2012-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916215124/http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/djf500/200807301025DOWJONESDJONLINE000654_FORTUNE5.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web| title = Premier League to take action against YouTube| author = | publisher = [[Daily Telegraph]]| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2007/05/05/ufnrup05.xml| accessdate = 2008-05-24| archivedate = 2008-05-17| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517031948/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fsport%2F2007%2F05%2F05%2Fufnrup05.xml}}</ref> Viacom, wanadai dola bilioni 1 za Kimarekani kama fidia ya [[uharibifu]], huku ikisema kuwa alikuwa imepata zaidi ya vijisehemu ambavyo vinatokana na nyenzo 150,000 zake katika YouTube na ambavyo vimetazamwa zaidi ya mara bilioni 1.5. YouTube alijibu kwa kusema ya kwamba huwa "inaenda mbali zaidi ya mipaka yake kisheria katika kusaidia kulinda nyenzo za wamiliki na kazi zao". Tangu Viacom kuandikisha kesi yake, YouTube imeanizisha mfumo uitwao VideoID, ambao huangalia video zilizopakiwa dhidi ya hifadhidata ya maudhui yenye hakimiliki kwa lengo la kupunguza ukiukaji. <ref>{{cite web | title = YouTube law fight 'threatens net' |author=| publisher = [[BBC News]]| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7420955.stm|accessdate= 2008-05-28 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | title = Google seeks to turn a profit from YouTube copyright clashes|author=Allen, Katie| publisher = [[The Guardian]]| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/nov/01/google-youtube-monetise-content|accessdate= 2009-11-02 }}</ref> Mnamo Agosti 2008, mahakama ya Marekani iliamua ya kwamba wamiliki wa hakimiliki hawawezi kuagiza kuondolewa kwa faili iliyo katika wavuti bila kwanza kubainisha kuwa kupakiwa kwakwe kunaonyesha matumizi ya haki ya nyenzo hii[[]]. Kesi hii ilihusisha Stephanie Lenz kutoka [[Gallitzin, Pennsylvania]], ambaye alikuwa ameunda video ya kinyumbani ya mwanawe wa kiume wa miaka 13 huku akicheza wimbo wa [[Prince]] "[[Let's Go Crazy]]" na kupakia video hii ya sekunde 29 kwa YouTube. <ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Woman can sue over YouTube clip de-posting |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/08/20/MNU412FKRL.DTL |quote= |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=2008-08-20 |accessdate=2008-08-25 }}</ref> === Faragha === Mnamo Julai 2008, [[Viacom]] ilishinda uamuzi wa mahakama uliohitaji YouTube kutoa na kuipa data kuhusu tabia ya kila mtazamaji ambaye anatazama video kenye tovuti. Hatua hii ilisababisha wasiwasi kwamba tabia ya mtazamaji binafsi ingeweza kutambuliwa kwa [[anwani ya IP]] na majina yao ya kuingilia tovuti. Uamuzi huo ulitiliwa lawama na [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], ambayo iliita uamuzi huu wa mahakama kama "sera inayorundisha nyuma haki za ufaragha". <ref>{{cite web | title = Google must divulge YouTube log|author=| publisher = [[BBC News]]| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7488009.stm|accessdate= 2008-07-03 }}</ref> Jaji [[Louis Stanton]]wa Mahakama ya Wilaya aliutupilia mbali wasiwasi wa faragha kama "uvumi", na kuiamuru YouTube kukabidhi nyaraka zilizokaribia [[terabyte]] 12 za data. Jaji Stanton alikataa ombi la Viacom kwa YouTube kukabidhi [[chanzo kanuni]] za [[mfumo wake wa utafiti]], akisema kuwa hakuna ushahidi kuwa YouTube ilichukulia ukiukaji wa hakimiliki kwa namna tofauti. <ref>{{cite web| title = YouTube ordered to reveal its viewers| author = | publisher = [[CNN]]| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/biztech/07/03/youtubelawsuit.ap/index.html| accessdate = 2008-07-04| archivedate = 2008-07-07| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080707013321/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/biztech/07/03/youtubelawsuit.ap/index.html}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | title = Google Told to Turn Over User Data of YouTube|author=Helft, Miguel| publisher = [[The New York Times]]| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/04/technology/04youtube.html?bl&ex=1215230400&en=2144c0053de49341&ei=5087%0A|accessdate= 2008-07-04 }}</ref> === Maudhui yasiyofaa === YouTube pia imekabiliwa na upinzani juu ya maudhui ya kukera yaliyomo katika baadhi ya video zake. Ingawa [[sheria ya utumiaji]] wa YouTube hukataza kupakia kwa video ambayo ina uwezekano wa kuwa na nyenzo zisizofaa, YouTube huwa haiangali kila video kabla ya kuwekwa kwenye wavuti. Sehemu zenye utata katika video zinahusisha [[ukanaji wa Mauaji ya Holocaust na mkasa wa Hillsborough]], ambapo mashabiki 96 kutoka [[Liverpool]] waliangamizwa mwaka wa 1989, kwenye njama za kidhahania na dini. <ref>{{cite web| title = YouTube criticized in Germany over anti-Semitic Nazi videos| author = | publisher = [[Reuters]]| url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/898004.html| accessdate = 2008-05-28| archive-date = 2009-12-19| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091219111840/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/898004.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | title =Fury as YouTube carries sick Hillsboro video insult|author=| publisher = icLiverpool| url = http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100regionalnews/tm_headline=fury-as-youtube-carries-sick-hillsboro-video-insult%26method=full%26objectid=18729523%26page=1%26siteid=50061-name_page.html|accessdate= 2008-05-24 }}</ref> YouTube hutegemea watumiaji wake kuonyesha ishara kuhusu maudhui ya video kama ni yale yasiyofaa, na wafanyakazi wa YouTube watatazama video iliyoashiriwa kubaini kama inakiuka [[mkataba wa masharti ya utumizi]] wa tovuti. <ref name="guidelines"/> Mnamo Julai 2008 Kamati ya Utamaduni na Vyombo vya habari ya [[Bunge la Umoja la Uingereza]] ilisema ya kwamba ilikuwa "haijaridhishwa" na mfumo wa YouTube wa kutoa sera za video zake, na kujadili kuwa "kukabiliwa awali kwa maudhui yafaa kuwa kigezo cha sera ya tovuti kupakia [[maudhui yanayotoka kwa watumiaji|maudhui yanayotoka kwa watumiaji." YouTube alijibu kwa kusema kuwa: "Tuna sheria kali juu ya kile kinachoruhusiwa, na mfumo unaowezesha mtu yeyote ambaye anaona maudhui yasiyofaa kuripoti kwetu 24 / 7 kwa timu yetu na suala hili kushughulikiwa mara moja. Sisi huelimisha jamii yetu juu ya sheria na inahusisha kiungo cha moja kwa moja kutoka kwa kila ukurusa wa YouTube ili kurahisisha mchakato huu kama iwezekanavyo kwa watumiaji wetu. Kutokana na idadi kumbwa ya maudhui yaliyo pakiwa kwenye tovuti yetu, tunadhani kuwa hadi sasa hii ndiyo njia yenye ufanisi zaidi ili kuhakikisha kuwa video chache ambazo huvunja kanuni zinashuka haraka. <ref>{{cite web| title = YouTube attacked by MPs over sex and violence footage| author = | publisher = [[Daily Telegraph]]| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/connected/main.jhtml?xml=/connected/2008/07/31/dlyoutube131.xml| accessdate = 2008-08-21| archivedate = 2008-08-07| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080807022353/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/connected/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fconnected%2F2008%2F07%2F31%2Fdlyoutube131.xml}}</ref> == Kuziba == Nchi kadhaa zimeziba upatikanaji wa YouTube tangu kuanzishwa kwake, [[ikiwemo Jamhuri ya Uchina]], <ref>{{cite web| title =YouTube finally back online in China| author =Schwankert, Steven| publisher =PC Advisor| url =http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?newsid=11198| accessdate =2008-11-30| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20090106071228/http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?newsid=11198| archivedate =2009-01-06}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=China 'blocks YouTube video site'|author=Sommerville, Quentin|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7961069.stm|accessdate=2009-03-24}}</ref> [[Morocco]], <ref>{{cite web| title =YouTube shut down in Morocco| author =Richards, Jonathan| publisher =[[The Times]]| url =http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article1859557.ece| accessdate =2008-11-30| archive-date =2011-08-09| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110809062407/http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article1859557.ece| url-status =dead}}</ref> na [[Thailand]]. <ref>{{cite web | title =Thailand blocks access to YouTube|author=| publisher = [[BBC]]| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6528303.stm|accessdate= 2008-11-30 }}</ref> YouTube sasa imezibwa nchini [[Uturuki]] baada ya utata juu ya video iliyoonekana kuwa yenye matusi kwa [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. <ref name="gatekeepers">{{cite news |first= |last= |author= Rosen, Jeffrey|coauthors= |title=Google’s Gatekeepers |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all |quote= |publisher=[[The New York Times]] |date=2008-11-30 |accessdate=2008-12-01 }}</ref> Licha ya kuzibwa huku, [[Waziri Mkuu wa Uturuki Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] alikubali kwa waandishi wa habari kwamba angeweza kupata YouTube, kwani tovuti bado inapatikana huko Uturuki kwa kutumia mbadala wa wazi. <ref>{{cite web| title =Ban on YouTube proves virtual| author =Doğan News Agency| publisher =[[Hürriyet]]| url =http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=10441126| accessdate =2008-11-30| archivedate =2008-12-05| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20081205140251/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=10441126}}</ref> Tarehe 3 Desemba 2006, [[Iran]] iliziba kwa muda upataji wa YouTube, pamoja na tovuti zingine kadhaa, baada ya kuzitangaza kama zinazokiuka maadili ya kijamii na kanuni za vitendo. YouTube ilizibwa baada ya video iliyopakiwa kwenye wavuti kujaribu kumwonyesha Mwajemi/Mwirani anayeiigiza katika filamu za mapenzi akishiriki katika ngono. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/iran/story/0,,1963166,00.html|title=Censorship fears rise as Iran blocks access to top websites|date=[[4 Novemba]] [[2006]]|accessdate = 2006-12-17}}</ref> Kuzibwa huku baadaye kuliondolewa na kisha kukarejeshwa [[Uajemi]] baada ya uchaguzi wa rais 2009. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSPlmVgh-SfeEO9WhpOVG6Slnu0w|work=[[American Free Press]]|publisher=[[Google]]|title=Mobile phones, Facebook, YouTube cut in Iran|date=[[13 Julai]] [[2009]]|accessdate=2009-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618091843/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSPlmVgh-SfeEO9WhpOVG6Slnu0w|archivedate=2009-06-18}}</ref> Mnamo 23 Februari 2008, [[Pakistan]] iliziba YouTube kutokana na "nyenzo za kukera" kwa [[imani ya Uislamu]] , pamoja na kuonyeshwa kwa [[katuni ya Kideni]] ya nabii [[Muhammad.]] <ref>{{cite web | title =Pakistan blocks YouTube website|author=| publisher = [[BBC]]| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7261727.stm|accessdate= 2008-11-30 }}</ref> Hii ilisababisha karibu kuzimwa kimataifa kwa tovuti ya YouTube karibu masaa mawili, kwa vile kuzibwa huko kwa Pakistan kulichukuliwa na nchi nyingine. Pakistan iliondoa kizibo chake tarehe 26 Februari 2008. <ref>{{cite web | title =Pakistan lifts the ban on YouTube|author=| publisher = [[BBC]]| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7262071.stm|accessdate= 2008-11-30 }}</ref> Wapakistani walizunguka kizibo hicho cha siku tatu kwa kutumia [[programu mtandao wa kibinafsi.]] [[]]. <ref>{{cite web| title =Pakistan web users get round YouTube ban| author =| publisher =Silicon Republic| url =http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single10381| accessdate =2008-11-30| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20080629065235/http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single10381| archivedate =2008-06-29}}</ref> Shule katika baadhi ya nchi zimeziba upatikanaji wa YouTube kutokana na wanafunzi wa kupakia video zenye tabia ya uchokozi, vita vya shuleni,tabia ya ubaguzi wa rangi, na nyenzo zingine zisizofaa. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.australianit.news.com.au/story/0,24897,21330109-15306,00.html|title=States still hold out on YouTube|date=2007-03-06|author=Colley, Andrew|publisher=Australian IT|6=accessdate2007-10-11|accessdate=2009-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223201413/http://www.australianit.news.com.au/story/0,24897,21330109-15306,00.html|archivedate=2009-02-23}}</ref> == Teknolojia == [[Picha:Youtubecompfull.png|right|225px|thumb|Ulinganifu wa kawaida, juu, na HD wa ubora wa video za YouTube zikichezwa katika YouTube na uimarisho wa asili wa video hizi.]] === Muundo wa video === Teknologia ya urejeshi wa kucheza Video za YouTube kwa watumiaji wa mtandao inatokana na [[Adobe Flash Player.]] Hii inaruhusu tovuti kuonyesha video bora ikilinganishwa na teknolojia zilizoimarika za kucheza video (kama [[Windows Media Player, QuickTime]], na [[RealPlayer)]] ambazo kwa ujumla huhitaji mtumiaji kupakua na kuweka [[programu-jalizi kwa kivinjari]] ili kutazama maudhui ya video. <ref>{{cite web|title=Did YouTube Cut the Gordian Knot of Video Codecs?|author=Atwood, Jeff|publisher=Coding Horror|url=http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/archives/000755.html|accessdate=2008-12-04|archivedate=2009-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302051409/http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/archives/000755.html}}</ref> Kutazama video ya Flash pia kunahitaji plogramu-jalizi, lakini [[utafiti wa soko]] kutoka kwa [[Adobe Systems]] umegundua ya kwamba plogramu-jalizi yake imewekwa kwa Kiwango cha asilimia 95 kwenye kompyuta za kibinafsi. <ref>{{cite web | title =Adobe Flash Player Version Penetration|author=| publisher = [[Adobe Systems]]| url=http://www.adobe.com/products/player_census/flashplayer/version_penetration.html|accessdate= 2008-12-04 }}</ref> Video zilizopakiwa kwa YouTube kutoka kwa wamiliki maalum wa akaunti zafaa kuwa na urefu wa dakika kumi na faili ya kiasi cha [[GB]] <ref name="10min">{{cite news|url=http://www.searchenginejournal.com/youtube-10-minute-limit-deters-copyrighted-video-uploads/3200/|title=YouTube 10 Minute Limit Deters Copyrighted Video Uploads|date=2006-03-31|first=Loren|last=Baker|publisher=Search Engine Journal|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref> 2.<ref>{{cite web|title=YouTube doubles video file size to 2G|author=|publisher=AFP|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j7PQ2PETQQW2NgOkKsCWcE3gAZqQ|accessdate=2009-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709213659/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j7PQ2PETQQW2NgOkKsCWcE3gAZqQ|archivedate=2009-07-09}}</ref> Wakati YouTube ilipozinduliwa mwaka wa 2005 kulikuwa na uwezekano wa kupakia video ndefu, lakini upeo wa dakika kumi ulianzishwa Machi 2006 baada ya YouTube kugundua kwamba nyingi ya video zilizozidi urefu huu zilikuwa na maudhui yasiyoruhusiwa ya maonyesho ya televisheni na filamu. <ref>{{cite web | title =YouTube caps video lengths to reduce infringement|author=Fisher, Ken| publisher = [[Ars Technica]]| url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060329-6481.html|accessdate= 2008-12-04 }}</ref> <ref name="longer">{{cite web | title =Account Types: Longer videos|author=| publisher = YouTube| url=http://www.google.com/support/youtube/bin/answer.py?answer=71673&ctx=sibling|accessdate= 2008-12-04 }}</ref> Akaunti za ushirika zinaruhusiwa kupakiwa kwa video zenye urefu wa zaidi ya dakika kumi, lakini kwa kukubaliwa na YouTube. <ref>{{cite web| title =How do I upload a video longer than ten minutes?| author =| publisher =YouTube| url =http://help.youtube.com/group/youtube-howto/browse_thread/thread/acb7ce49f5109570/98e13404b0554e5d?lnk=gst&q=| accessdate =200-08-21| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20100612204639/http://help.youtube.com/group/youtube-howto/browse_thread/thread/acb7ce49f5109570/98e13404b0554e5d?lnk=gst&q=| archivedate =2010-06-12}}</ref> YouTube inapokea video zilizopakiwa katika miundo mingi, [[ikiwa pamoja na.]][[WMV,.|[[WMV,.]]]][[AVI,.|[[AVI,.]]]][[MKV,.|[[MKV,.]]]][[MOV]], [[MPEG,.|[[MPEG,.]]]][[MP4]], [[DivX,.|[[DivX,.]]]][[FLV]], [[na.]][[OGG.]] Pia inaruhusu [[3gp]], na kuruhusu video kupakiwa moja kwa moja kutoka kwa [[simu ya mkononi.]] <ref>{{cite web | title =Video Formats: File formats|author=| publisher = YouTube| url=http://www.google.com/support/youtube/bin/answer.py?answer=55744&topic=10526|accessdate= 2008-12-04 }}</ref> === Ubora wa video === YouTube awali ilitoa video katika muundo mmoja tu, lakini sasa ina miundo mikuu mitatu, vilevile muundo wa "simu za mkononi", wa kutazamwa kwenye [[simu za mkononi.]] Muundo asili, sasa una kibali cha "ubora wa wastani", huonyesha video kwa uimarisho wa [[pixel]] 320x240 kwa kutumia [[Spark Sorenson]] Codec, pamoja na [[mono MP3]] audio. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sorensonmedia.com/news/?n=379|title=Market Deamnd for Sorenson Media's Sorenson Spark Video Decoder Expands Sharply|publisher=Sorenson Media|date=2009-06-02|accessdate=2009-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827160021/http://www.sorensonmedia.com/news/?n=379|archivedate=2009-08-27}}</ref> Hii ilikuwa, kwa wakati huo, kiwango cha wastani cha kutazama video kwenye wavuti. Video za "ubora wa juu", zilizoanzishwa Machi 2008, huonyeshwa hadi kwa pixels 864x480 na sauti ya stereo [[AAC]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.youtube.com/blog?entry=W6MpIqdrtIE|title=YouTube Blog - YouTube Videos in High Quality|date=2008-03-24|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> Muundo huu huwa na umuhimu mkubwa katika kuboresha kiwango cha wastani cha ubora. Mwezi Novemba 2008 [[720p HD]] ya kuwezesha zaidi iliongezwa. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.youtube.com/blog?entry=80oHX7A6Krw|title=Bigger Isn't Always Better... But in This Case, We Believe It Is|work=YouTube Blog|date=2008-11-25|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref> Wakati huo huo, kifaa cha kucheza video cha YouTube kilibadilishwa kutoka kwa [[4:3]] [[kipengele cha uwiano]] hadi kwa [[kiwambo kipana.]] [[16:9]]Video za 720p huwa zinaonyeshwa kwa uimarisho wa pixel 1280x720, uimarisho huu ukiwa umetengenezwa na [[H.264]] video Codec. Pia hili linahusisha stereo audio ikiwa imetengenezwa na AAC. === Utazamaji wa video kwa njia ya 3D === Katika video iliyochapishwa mnamo 21 Julai 2009, <ref>{{cite web|http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ANcspdYh_U|title=YouTube in 3D|publisher=YouTube|date=2009-07-21|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref> mhandisi wa plogramu wa YouTube Peter Bradshaw alitangaza kuwa watumiaji wa YouTube sasa wangeweza kupakia video za aina ya [[3D]]. Video hizi zinaweza kutazamwa kwa njia ya kawaida, na miwani huvaliwa na watazamaji ili kupata athari ya 3D. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.physorg.com/news167575864.html|title=YouTube in 3D?|work=Physorg|date=2009-07-23|accessdate=2009-08-03|first=Miranda|last=Marquit}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://techie-buzz.com/video-tools/youtube-3d-videos.html|title=YouTube 3D Videos|date=2009-07-20|work=Techie Buzz|first=Keith|last=Dsouza|accessdate=2009-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302160034/http://techie-buzz.com/video-tools/youtube-3d-videos.html|archivedate=2010-03-02}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thinkdigit.com/Internet/YouTube-adds-a-dimension-3D-goggles-not_3219.html|title=YouTube adds a dimension, 3D goggles not included|date=2009-07-21|accessdate=2009-08-03|work=thinkdigit|first=Kshitij|last=Sobti}}</ref> == Upatikanaji wa matini == Mojawapo ya sifa za YouTube ni uwezo wa watumiaji kutazama video zake katika tovuti nje ya wavuti wake. Kila video ya YouTube huandamana pamoja na kipande cha [[HTML]], ambacho chaweza kutumika kuiweka kwenye ukurasa nje ya tovuti ya YouTube. Utendakazi huu mara nyingi hutumika kuweka video za YouTube katika kurasa [[za mitandao ya kijamii]] na [[blogu]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://youtube.com/sharing|title=Sharing YouTube Videos|author=YouTube|date=|accessdate=2009-01-17}}</ref> YouTube kawaida huwa haitoi kiungo cha kupakua video zake, na hutarajia kuwa huwa zinatazamwa kupitia kwa kusano la tovuti yake. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/t/terms|title=Terms of Use, 6.1|publisher=YouTube|date=|accessdate=2009-02-20}}</ref> Idadi ndogo ya video, kama vile hotuba ya rais [[Barack Obama]], inaweza kupakuliwa kama faili za [[MP4]]. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-10144823-2.html|title=(Some) YouTube videos get download option|author=[[CNET]]|date=2009-01-16|accessdate=2009-01-17|archivedate=2012-12-18|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6D0LpnZze?url=http://news.cnet.com/some-youtube-videos-get-download-option/}}</ref> Wavuti mbalimbali za mrengo wa tatu, na vifaa vya matumizi na [[plogramu-jalizi]] za kivinjari huruhusu watumiaji kupakua video za YouTube. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/02/---mark-milian.html?cid=149000259|title=YouTube looks out for content owners, disables video ripping|author=Milian, Mark|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2009-02-19|accessdate=2009-02-21}}</ref> Mnamo Februari 2009, YouTube ilitangaza huduma ya majaribio, ya kuruhusu baadhi ya washirika kutoa upakuaji wa video bure au kwa malipo ya ada kwa njia ya [[Google Checkout.]] <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/12/AR2009021203239.html|title=YouTube Hopes To Boost Revenue With Video Downloads|publisher=[[Washington Post]]|date=2009-02-12|accessdate=2009-02-19}}</ref> === Majukwaa === Baadhi ya [[simujanja]] zina uwezo wa kupata video za YouTube, kutegemea mtoaji na mpango wa data. Simu ya YouTube ilizinduliwa mwezi Juni 2007, na hutumia [[RTSP]] ili kutazama video. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.youtube.com/|title=YouTube Mobile}}</ref> Si video zote za YouTube zinazopatikana kwenye muundo wa tovuti ya simu. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://googlesystem.blogspot.com/2007/06/mobile-youtube.html|title=Mobile YouTube|author=Google Operating System|date=2007-06-15|accessdate=2009-01-17}}</ref> Tangu Juni 2007,video za YouTube huwa zinapatikana kwa ajili ya kutazamwa katika bidhaa mbalimbali za [[Apple]]. Hii ilihitaji matini ya YouTube kubadilishwa hadi katika kiwango wastani kinachopendelewa cha Apple, [[H.264]], mchakato uliochukua miezi kadhaa. Video za YouTube huweza kutazamwa kwa kutumia vifaa vikiwemo [[Apple TV]] na [[iPhone.]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/06/20youtube.html|title=YouTube Live on Apple TV Today; Coming to iPhone on June 29|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|date=2007-06-20|accessdate=2009-01-17}}</ref> Huduma ya [[TiVo]]iliyoboreshwa mnamo Julai 2008 iliruhusu mfumo huu kutafuta na kucheza video za YouTube. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://gizmodo.com/5026092/tivo-getting-youtube-streaming-today|title=TiVo Getting YouTube Streaming TODAY|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|date=2007-07-17|accessdate=2009-02-17|archivedate=2012-10-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012130604/http://gizmodo.com/5026092/tivo-getting-youtube-streaming-today}}</ref> Mnamo Januari 2009, YouTube ilizindua "YouTube ya TV", na ni toleo la tovuti ya inayolenga mfumo wa set-top boxes na vyombo vingine vya habari vinavyohusu vifaa vya TV vyenye vivinjari, mwanzo, zikiruhusu video zake kutazamwa katika [[PlayStation 3]] na [[Wii video game console]] s. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2009/01/youtube-wii-ps3.html|title=YouTube video comes to Wii and PlayStation 3 game consoles|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2009-01-15|accessdate=2009-01-17}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | title=Coming Up Next... YouTube on Your TV | url=http://www.youtube.com/blog?entry=sDFlZe7FwJI | publisher=YouTube Blog | date=2009-01-15 | accessdate=2009-05-10}}</ref> Mwezi Juni 2009, YouTube XL ilitolewa, ambayo ina kusano iliyorahisishwa, iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya kutazama kwenye televisheni yenye kiwamgo cha wastani. <ref>{{cite web | title=Experience YouTube XL on the Big Screen| url=http://www.youtube.com/blog?entry=ByKmsHdhra8| work=YouTube Blog | publisher=YouTube | date=2009-06-02 | accessdate=2009-06-20}}</ref> == Ujanibishaji == 19 Juni 2007, [[Msimamizi mkuu wa Google Eric E. Schmidt]] alikuwa mjini [[Paris]] kuzindua mfumo mpya wa [[ujanibishaji.]] <ref name="local"/> Kusano zima la tovuti hii sasa linapatikana kwa mifumo iliyo fanyiwa ujanibishaji katika nchi 22: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! URL ! Lugha: ! Tarehe ya Uzinduzi |- | {{AUS}} | <code>au.youtube.com</code> | [[Kiingereza (Australia)]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Oktoba|22}}<ref name="AUS-NZ">{{cite news|first=Kristen|last=Nicole|url=http://mashable.com/2007/10/22/youtube-australia-new-zealand/|title=YouTube Launches in Australia & New Zealand|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=2007-10-22|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref> |- | {{BRA}} | <code>br.youtube.com</code> | [[Kireno (Brazil)]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Juni|19}}<ref name="local"/> |- | {{CAN}} | <code>ca.youtube.com</code> | [[Kiingereza (Kanada)]] na [[Kifaransa (Kanada)]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Novemba|6}}<ref>{{cite news|first=Kristen|last=Nicole|url=http://mashable.com/2007/11/06/youtube-canada/|title=YouTube Canada Now Live|date=2007-11-06|publisher=[[Mashable]]|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref> |- | {{CZE}} | <code>cz.youtube.com</code> | [[Kicheki]] | {{dts|link=off|2008|Oktoba|9}}<ref>{{cite news|first=Petr|last=Bokuvka|url=http://czechdaily.wordpress.com/2008/10/12/czech-version-of-youtube-launched-and-its-crap-it-sucks/|title=Czech version of YouTube launched. And it’s crap. It sucks.|work=The Czech Daily Word|publisher=Wordpress.com|date=2008-10-12|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref> |- | {{FRA}} | <code>fr.youtube.com</code> | [[Kifaransa]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Juni|19}}<ref name="local">{{cite news|first=Peter|last=Sayer|url=http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=9772|title=Google launches YouTube France News|publisher=PC Advisor|date=2007-06-19|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref> |- | {{GER}} | <code>de.youtube.com</code> | [[Kijerumani]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Novemba|8}}<ref>{{cite news|first=Adam|last=Ostrow|url=http://mashable.com/2007/11/08/youtube-germany/|title=YouTube Germany Launches|publisher=[[Mashable]]|date=2007-11-08|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref> |- | {{HKG}} | <code>hk.youtube.com</code> | [[Kichina (cha Kiasili)]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Oktoba|17}}<ref name="chita.us">{{cite web|url=http://chita.us/community/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=1294|title=Chita • 檢視主題 - YouTube 台灣版推出|accessdate=2009-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205151456/http://chita.us/community/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=1294|archivedate=2008-12-05}}</ref> |- | {{ISR}} | <code>il.youtube.com</code> | [[Kiingereza]] | {{dts|link=off|2008|Septemba|16}} |- | {{IND}} | <code>in.youtube.com</code> | [[Kiingereza (Uhindi)]] na [[Kihindi]] | {{dts|link=off|2008|Mei|7}}<ref>{{cite news|first=Sandeep|last=Joshi|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm|title=YouTube now has an Indian incarnation|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2008-05-08|accessdate=2009-08-03|archivedate=2013-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128004152/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/08/stories/2008050857242200.htm}}</ref> |- | {{IRL}} | <code>ie.youtube.com</code> | [[Kiingereza (Ayalandi)]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Juni|19}}<ref name="local"/> |- | {{ITA}} | <code>it.youtube.com</code> | [[Kiitaliano]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Juni|19}}<ref name="local"/> |- | {{JPN}} | <code>jp.youtube.com</code> | [[Kijapani]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Juni|19}}<ref name="local"/> |- | {{KOR}} | <code>kr.youtube.com</code> | [[Kikorea]] | {{dts|link=off|2008|Januari|23}} |- | {{MEX}} | <code>mx.youtube.com</code> | [[Kihispania (Mexico)]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Oktoba|10}} |- | {{NLD}} | <code>nl.youtube.com</code> | [[Kidachi]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Juni|19}}<ref name="local"/> |- | {{NZL}} | <code>nz.youtube.com</code> | [[Kiingereza (Nyuzilandi)]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Oktoba|22}}<ref name="AUS-NZ"/> |- | {{POL}} | <code>pl.youtube.com</code> | [[kipolandi]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Juni|19}}<ref name="local"/> |- | {{RUS}} | <code>ru.youtube.com</code> | [[Kirusi]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Novemba|13}} |- | {{ESP}} | <code>es.youtube.com</code> | [[Kihispania]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Juni|19}}<ref name="local"/> |- | {{SWE}} | <code>se.youtube.com</code> | [[Kiswidi]] | {{dts|link=off|2008|Oktoba|22}} |- | {{ROC-TW}} | <code>tw.youtube.com</code> | [[Kichina (cha Kiasili)]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Oktoba|18}}<ref name="chita.us"/> |- | {{UK}} | <code>uk.youtube.com</code> | [[Kiingereza (Uingereza)]] | {{dts|link=off|2007|Juni|19}}<ref name="local"/> |} Hivi karibuni imeanzishwa Youtube kwa lugha ya [[Kiswahili]]. Kusano la YouTube hupendekeza mfumo ambao unapaswa kuchaguliwa kwa kuzingatia [[anwani ya IP]] ya mtumiaji. Katika baadhi ya matukio, ujumbe "Video hii haipatikani katika nchi yako" waweza kuonekana kutokana na vikwazo vya hakimiliki au maudhui yasiyofaa. <ref>{{cite web| title = Learn More: Video not available in my country|author=|publisher = YouTube Help| url = http://www.google.com/support/youtube/bin/answer.py?hl=en-uk&answer=92571|date=|accessdate= 2009-08-04}}</ref> Mipango ya YouTube ya kuunda toleo huko [[Uturuki]] imepatwa na matatizo, tangu mamlaka ya Kituruki ilipoihitaji YouTube kuanzisha ofisi huko Uturuki, ambayo ingekuwa chini ya sheria za Kituruki. YouTube anasema kwamba haina nia ya kufanya hivyo, na kwamba video zake haziko chini ya sheria za Kituruki. Mamlaka ya Kituruki yameonyesha wasiwasi kuwa YouTube imetumika kupakia video zenye matusi kwa [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] na baadhi ya nyenzo zake ni zakukera kwa [[Waislamu]] <ref>{{cite news| title = Long-standing YouTube ban lifted only for several hours| author = | publisher = Today's Zaman| url = http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=145219&bolum=101| date = 2008-06-19| accessdate = 2008-07-10| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090604021143/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=145219&bolum=101| archivedate = 2009-06-04}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news| title =Turks censor YouTube censorship|author=Danforth, Nick| publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]]| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/07/30/ED68191LKM.DTL|date=2009-07-31|accessdate= 2009-08-04}}</ref> Mwezi Machi 2009, mabishano kati ya YouTube na wakala wa ukusanyaji wa asilimia ya mapato ya muziki[[]] Uingereza [[]] [[PRSP]] walisababisha video za premia kuzibwa kwa watumiaji wa YouTube nchini [[Uingereza.]] Kuondolewa kwa video zilizopakiwa na makampuni makubwa ya kurekodi kulitokea baada ya kushindwa kufikia makubaliano juu ya mpango wa leseni. Mgogoro huu ulitatuliwa Septemba 2009. <ref>{{cite news| title = Music videos back on YouTube in multi-million pound PRS deal|author=Barnett, Emma|publisher = [[Daily Telegraph]]| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/6127624/Music-videos-back-on-YouTube-in-multi-million-pound-PRS-deal.html|date=2009-09-03|accessdate= 2009-09-03}}</ref> Mwezi Aprili 2009, mzozo kama huo ulisababisha kuondolewa kwa video za nyimbo zenye kulipiwa kwa watumiaji kutoka [[Ujerumani.]] <ref>{{cite news| title = Now YouTube stops the music in Germany|author=|publisher = [[The Guardian]]| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/pda/2009/apr/01/youtube-digital-music-and-audio|date=2009-04-01|accessdate= 2009-04-02}}</ref> == Angalia pia == * [[Vyombo vya habari mbadala]] * [[Orodha ya ishara za wavuti]] * [[Orodha ya watu mashuhuri wa YouTube]] * [[Tuzo za YouTube]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo|2}} == Kusoma zaidi == * Lacy, Sarah: ''The Stories of Facebook, YouTube and MySpace: The People, Hype and Deals behind Giants of web the 2,0'' (2008) ISBN 978-1-85458-453-3 == Viungo vya nje == {{Sisterlinks}} * [http://www.youtube.com/ YouTube] * [http://m.youtube.com YouTube mobile site] {{YouTube navigation}} {{Google Inc.}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Youtube}} [[Jamii:kampuni za intaneti]] [[Jamii:YouTube]] [[Jamii:Kampuni zenye msingi katika San Mateo County, California]] [[Jamii:Google]] [[Jamii:kampuni za Marekani]] pl2fv48z39jjzkrxb8n162x9mhv0zdp 0 33083 1569368 1438322 2026-06-10T08:49:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Historia ya matumizi ya neno "Katoliki" */ 1569368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ukristo}} '''Katoliki''' kwa [[Kiswahili]] limetokana na [[neno]] la [[Kigiriki]] καθολικός (katholikos), maana yake "kadiri ya utimilifu", "zima". <ref> (taz. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2351864 Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon)'' ]</ref> Katika [[eklesiolojia]] ya [[Ukristo]], [[jina]] hilo lina [[historia]] ndefu na matumizi tofauti kadhaa. Kwa wengine, neno "[[Kanisa Katoliki]]" linahusu [[Kanisa]] ambalo lina [[ushirika kamili]] na [[Askofu]] wa [[Roma]] (maarufu kama [[Papa]]) na linaloundwa na [[umoja]] wa [[madhehebu]] ya [[Kilatini]] na mengine 23 ya [[Makanisa Katoliki ya Mashariki]]: ndiyo matumizi ya kawaida katika nchi nyingi. Waumini wake wengi hawajibaini kama "Waroma", lakini kama "Wakatoliki" tu. Wakatoliki na vilevile [[Waorthodoksi]] wanaamini kwamba [[Kanisa]] lao ni la kwanza na ndilo Kanisa lenyewe. [[Waanglikana]], [[Walutheri]] na baadhi ya [[Wamethodisti]] huamini kuwa makanisa yao ni ya Kikatoliki kwa maana ya kwamba yako katika mwendelezo na [[asili]] ya Kanisa la kimataifa lililoanzishwa na [[Mitume wa Yesu]]. [[Waprotestanti]] wakati mwingine hutumia neno "Kanisa Katoliki" kwa kutaja waumini wote wa [[Yesu Kristo]] [[duniani]], bila kujali "madhehebu" kuyaunganisha. Katika mwelekeo wa Kikatoliki (ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Anglikana|Ushirika wa Kianglikana]]), ma[[askofu]] wanachukuliwa kuwa ndio wenye [[daraja]] ya juu ndani ya [[dini]] ya Kikristo, kama wachungaji wa umoja katika ushirika na Kanisa lote na miongoni mwao. <ref> FL Msalaba, ''Oxford Dictionary la Kanisa la kikristo,'' 1977:175.</ref> Ukatoliki hufikiriwa kuwa [[moja]] ya [[sifa za Kanisa]], nyingine zikiwa umoja, [[utakatifu]] na [[utume]]. <ref> Christliche Religion, Oskar Simmel Rudolf Stählin, 1960, 150</ref> kulingana na [[Kanuni ya Imani ya Nisea-Konstantinopoli]] ya mwaka [[381]]: "Nasadiki Kanisa moja, takatifu, katoliki, la Mitume." == Historia ya matumizi ya neno "Katoliki" == ===Katika [[Karne ya 2]]=== [[Barua]] zilizoandikwa na [[Ignas wa Antiokia]] kwa Wakristo wenzake wa sehemu mbalimbali <ref>{{cite web |title=Ignatius Epistle to the Smyrnaeans |author=J. H. Srawley |accessdate=2007-06-24 |year=1900 |url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/srawley/smyrnaeans.html }}</ref>mwaka [[106]] hivi ni [[ushahidi]] wa awali wa matumizi ya neno ''Kanisa Katoliki'' ([[Barua kwa Wasmirna]], 8). Kwa kusema ''Kanisa Katoliki'' Ignas alitaja kanisa zima katika [[ushirika]] na [[Kanisa la Roma]] "linalosimamia [[upendo]]". Ignas aliandika kwamba baadhi ya [[wazushi]] wa wakati wake, ambao hawakuamini kwamba [[Yesu]] aliteswa na kufa, wakisema badala yake kwamba "yeye alionekana tu kuteseka" (Barua kwa Wasmirna, 2), hawakuwa Wakristo wa kweli. <ref> "Kama makafiri wanakariri kwamba Yeye alionekana tu kuteseka, basi wao wenyewe wanaonekana tu kuwa Wakristo". Ignas alisema wazushi hao hawakuamini [[ukweli]] wa [[mwili wa Kristo]], ambao ulimfanya ateseke halafu akafufuka: "Wao hawakiri [[Ekaristi]] kuwa mwili wa [[Mwokozi]] wetu Yesu Kristo, ambaye aliteseka kwa ajili ya [[dhambi]] zetu, na ambayo [[Baba]], kwa wema wake, alimfufua tena" (Barua kwa Wasmirna, 7). Hivyo akawaita "wanyama katika sura ya watu, ambao lazima si kutowapokea tu, lakini, kama inawezekana, hata kutokutana nao" (Barua kwa Wasmirna, 4).</ref> Neno hili pia hutumika katika "[[Kifodini cha Polikarpo]]" mwaka [[155]], katika "[[Hati ya Muratori]]" mwaka [[177]], na katika maandishi ya [[Tertuliani]] dhidi ya wazushi. ===Katika [[Karne ya 3]]=== Neno lilitumiwa barani [[Afrika]] vilevile na [[Klemens wa Aleksandria]] ([[202]]) na [[Sipriani mfiadini|Sipriani]] wa [[Karthago]] ([[252]]). ===Sirili wa Yerusalemu=== [[Sirili wa Yerusalemu]] (kama [[315]]-[[386]]) aliwataka wale aliokuwa akiwafunza katika [[imani]] ya Kikristo: "Kama wewe saa yoyote unakaa katika [[miji]], usitafute tu mahali ambapo 'nyumba ya [[Bwana]]' ipo (kwani madhehebu mengine pia huvunja wito wao wakiita [[maabadi]] yao 'nyumba ya Bwana'), wala si kanisa, lakini ulizia Kanisa Katoliki. Kwa kuwa hilo jina ni la pekee kwa Kanisa takatifu, [[mama]] yetu sote, ambaye ni [[bibi arusi]] wa [[Bwana]] wetu [[Yesu Kristo]], [[Mwana pekee wa Mungu]]" (Katekesi, XVIII, 26). <ref>{{cite web |title=Catechetical Lecture 18 (Ezekiel xxxvii) |publisher=Trinity Consulting |accessdate=2007-06-24 |url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/310118.htm }}</ref> ===Theodosius Mkuu=== Neno ''Ukristo wa Kikatoliki'' liliingia [[sheria]] za [[Dola la Roma]] wakati [[Theodosius Mkuu]] ([[Kaisari]] miaka [[379]]-[[395]]) alipotuza jina hilo kwa ahali ya "kuwa [[dini]] ambayo ilikuwa mikononi mwa Warumi na [[Mtume Petro]], kama ilivyohifadhiwa na waamini kimapokeo na ambayo ni sasa nadhiri kwa [[Papa Damaso I|Papa Damaso]] na kwa Askofu [[Petro II wa Aleksandria|Petro wa Alexandria]]... Kuhusu wengine, ambao katika hukumu yetu ni wajinga, sisi tunaamuru wapewe jina la wazushi, wala hawatapata kuita nyumba zao kwa jina la makanisa." Sheria hii ya tarehe [[27 Februari]] [[380]], iliyoorodheshwa katika Kitabu cha 16 cha [[Codex Theodosiania]], <ref>{{cite web |title=Banning of Other Religions Theodosian Code XVI.i.2 |publisher=[[Internet History Sourcebooks Project|Internet Medieval Sourcebook]] |author=Paul Halsall |accessdate=2007-06-24 |year=1997 |month=Juni |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html |archivedate=2007-02-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227120555/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html }}</ref> iliimarisha Ukristo wa Kikatoliki kama [[dini rasmi]] ya Dola la Roma. ==[[Jeromu]]== Padri huyo alitumia neno hilo mwaka [[418]] kuhusu waamini wa Kanisa akiwaita "Wakatoliki" ===Agostino wa Hippo=== Matumizi ya neno ''Katoliki'' kwa lengo la kutofautisha Kanisa la "kweli" kutoka makundi ya [[uzushi]] hupatikana pia katika [[Agostino wa Hippo]] ([[354]]-[[430]]) aliyeandika: :"Katika Kanisa Katoliki, kuna mambo mengine mengi ambayo huniweka karibu nalo. Ridhaa ya watu na mataifa hunitunza katika Kanisa; pia [[mamlaka]] yake, ambayo ilianzishwa kwa miujiza, na kulishwa na [[tumaini]], na kuongezwa kwa [[upendo]], ulioimarishwa na umri. [[Mlolongo wa maaskofu]] huniweka mimi, mwanzo kutoka [[Ukulu mtakatifu|kiti]] cha [[Mtume Petro]], ambaye Bwana, baada ya [[ufufuko wa Yesu|kufufuka]] kwake, akampa mamlaka kulisha [[kondoo]] zake ([[Yoh]] 21:15-19), chini ya sasa Uaskofu (katika [[Roma]]: hapa Agostino anazungumza juu ya urithi wa Papa). :"Na hivyo, mwisho, je sana jina la "Katoliki", ambalo, si bila sababu, huku kukiwa na uzushi mwingi, Kanisa linabakia hivyohivyo kwamba, ingawa wazushi wote wanataka kuitwa Wakatoliki, lakini wakati ambapo mgeni anauliza wapi Kanisa Katoliki hukutana, hakuna mzushi anayethubutu kumpeleka nyumbani kwake. :"Hivyo basi idadi na umuhimu ni mahusiano ya thamani ya mali kwa jina la Kikristo ambayo humweka muumini katika Kanisa Katoliki, kama haki inavyopasa ... Pamoja nanyi, ambapo hakuna mambo haya kunivutia au kuniweka ... Hakuna mtu atakayenihamisha kutoka imani ambayo inahusu akili yangu pamoja na mahusiano ya wengi na hivyo nguvu ya dini ya kikristo ... Kwa upande wangu, singeweza kuamini [[Injili]] kama nisingeoongozwa na mamlaka ya Kanisa Katoliki." : ''Dhidi ya Waraka wa Wamani inayoitwa Msingi'', sura ya 4: kuhusu Imani Katoliki. <ref>{{cite web |title=Against the Epistle of Manichaeus called Fundamental |publisher=[[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]] |author=[[Augustine of Hippo]] |accessdate=2007-06-24 |year=397 |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf104.iv.viii.i.html }}</ref> ===Vincent wa Lerins=== Mtakatifu mwingine aliyeishi wakati wa Agostino, [[Vincent wa Lerins]], aliandika mwaka [[434]] (akitumia jina Peregrinus) [[kitabu]] kinachojulikana kama ''Commonitoria'' ("Kumbusho"). Humo alisisitiza kwamba, kama [[mwili]] wa [[binadamu]], mafundisho ya Kanisa huendeleza [[ukweli]] huku yakitunza utambulisho wake (mstari 54-59, sura XXIII): "Katika Kanisa Katoliki lenyewe, tuwe waangalifu iwezekanavyo, kwamba sisi hushikilia imani ambayo imekuwa ikiaminiwa kila mahali, daima, na wote. Kwa kuwa ni kweli na katika 'Katoliki', ambayo kama jina lenyewe na sababu ya kutangaza kitu, unaoeleweka na kila mtu. Utawala huu tutakuwa tumeuzingatia kama tutafuata umoja katika ulimwengu, muda, ridhaa. Tutafuata umoja kama tunakiri kwamba imani moja kuwa kweli, ambayo Kanisa zima duniani kote tunakiri; muda, kama sisi tusikose [[busara]] tukaondoka kutoka tafsiri ya [[Mababu wa Kanisa|mababu]] wetu; kukubali, katika namna, kama sisi wenyewe katika zamani kuambatana na ridhaa, ufafanuzi na bidii ya wote, au wa madaktari wa ma[[padri]] wote" (sehemu 6, mwisho wa sura II). ==Wakatoliki wa Magharibi na wa Mashariki == [[Madhehebu]] ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] ([[Kanisa la Kilatini]] na [[Makanisa Katoliki ya Mashariki]] [[ishirini na tatu]]) huwa na [[jukumu]] la kuhifadhi [[mapokeo]] Katoliki ya [[Mababu wa Kanisa]] la mwanzo. Makanisa Katoliki ya Mashariki ni yale makanisa ambayo yako katika [[ushirika kamili]] na [[Askofu wa Roma]] (Papa), huku wakiwa wanajitegemea (kwa lugha ya [[Kilatini]] ni ''Ecclesiae sui iuris'') kwa kulinda taratibu za [[liturujia]], za [[teolojia]] na mapokeo ya makanisa mbalimbali ya [[Ukristo]] [[Ukristo wa Mashariki|wa Mashariki]] ambayo wanahusishwa nayo. Madhehebu hayo ni kama vile yale ya [[Wagiriki]], [[Waukraina]], [[Warutheni]], [[Wamelkiti]], [[Wakopti]], [[Waethiopia]], [[Wamaroni]], [[Wasiro-Malankara]], [[Waarmenia]], [[Wakaldayo]] na [[Wasiro-Malabari]]. Chini ya [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] Kanisa Katoliki lilitoa kitabu cha mafundisho ya imani na [[maadili]] chenye [[kichwa]] [[Katekisimu ya Kanisa Katoliki]] ambacho kinasema: "Kuamini kwamba Kanisa ni 'takatifu' na 'Katoliki,' nalo ni 'moja' na 'la Mitume '(kama [[Kanuni ya Imani ya Nisea]] inavyodokeza), hakuwezi kutengwa na imani katika [[Mungu]] Baba, [[Mwana]] na [[Roho Mtakatifu]]. <ref> [http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P26.HTM Katekismi ya Kanisa Katoliki, 750]</ref> Neno ''Kanisa Katoliki'' linahusu Kanisa lote linaloongozwa na Askofu wa Roma, sasa [[Papa Fransisko]], na ambalo lina zaidi ya waumini [[bilioni]] 1.2, wakiwa nusu ya Wakristo wote duniani, wanaokadiriwa kuwa bilioni 2.4. Ingawa kawaida Kanisa Katoliki linajitofautisha na makanisa mengine kwa kujiita "Kanisa Katoliki" tu, pengine linakubali kutumia ufafanuzi "Kanisa Katoliki la Roma", hasa katika hati zilizoandaliwa pamoja na makanisa mengine, lakini pia katika Nyaraka kadhaa za Kipapa <ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri_en.html ''Divini illius Magistri'' ]</ref> <ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html ''Humani generis.'' ]</ref> Mfano mwingine ni ufafanuzi kama Kanisa Takatifu, Katoliki, la Kirumi la Kitume <ref>{{cite web |title=First Vatican Council – Session 3: Dogmatic constitution on the Catholic faith |author=Pope [[Pius IX]] |coauthors=[[Vatican City|Vatican]] |date=1870-04-24 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/V1.HTM#4 |archivedate=2006-02-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207151342/https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/V1.htm#4 }}</ref> katika Katiba Katoliki ya [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Vatikano]] ya tarehe [[24 Aprili]] [[1870]]. Kurasa hizi zote zinahusu Kanisa Katoliki na kwa majina mengine. [[Makanisa Katoliki ya Mashariki]], ingawa yana umoja na Roma katika imani, taratibu na sheria zake, yanatofautiana na [[madhehebu]] ya Kilatini na Makanisa Katoliki mengine ya Mashariki. ==Matumizi mbalimbali== Baadhi ya Makanisa ya Kikristo, hasa Makanisa ya [[Waorthodoksi]], wanajiona kuwa kweli Kanisa Katoliki ambalo, katika mtazamo wao, Wakristo wengine wote, wakiwa pamoja na wale walio katika ushirika na Papa, walijitenga mbali.<ref> Basic Principles Of The Attitude of The Russian Orthodox Church toward the Other Christian Confessions, adopted by the Jubilee Bishops’ Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, 14 Agosti 2000</ref> Mbali ya [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi]]<ref>[http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm ''Katikismi ndefu ya Orthodox, Katoliki, Kanisa la Mashariki.'' ]</ref>, [[Makanisa ya Kiorthodoksi ya Mashariki]] na [[Kanisa la Waashuru]] hujiona pia kama "[[Kanisa Katoliki moja Takatifu la kitume]]" la [[Kanuni ya imani ya Nisea]]. Waanglikana na [[Wakatoliki wa Kale]] hujiona katika ushirika katika Kanisa moja na Walutheri wenyewe kama ni "harakati ya mageuzi makubwa ndani ya Kanisa Katoliki". Wakati Wakatoliki wa Kirumi humwona Askofu wa Roma kama "Halifa wa Petro" anayepaswa kutumikia kama mchungaji wa Kanisa zima, Waanglikana na Wakatoliki wa Kale hukubali kuwa Askofu wa Roma ni ''Primus inter Pares'' kati ya [[Waprimati]] wote, lakini wao hukumbatia [[Usinodi]] ili kujikinga dhidi ya [[Ultramontanism]]. Juhudi za hivi karibuni za Kanisa Katoliki hulenga kuponya mgawanyiko kati ya makanisa ya Magharibi ("Katoliki") na Mashariki ("Orthodoksi"). [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] mara nyingi alizungumza hamu yake kubwa kwamba Kanisa Katoliki "lirudi kupumua kwa mapafu yote mawili", <ref> [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25051995_ut-unum-sint_en.html Encyciclical ''Ut unum Sint,'' ] 54</ref> <ref> [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_sacri-canones_lt.html Apostolic Succession ''Sacri Canones'' ]</ref> na hivyo kusisitiza kwamba Kanisa Katoliki linataka kurejesha ushirika kamili na Makanisa ya Mashariki yaliyotengana nalo. <ref> [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/apr/02/guardianobituaries.catholicism obituary ya Papa Yohane Paulo II]</ref> Ni kwamba, baada ya [[Farakano la mwaka 1054|utengano wa Mashariki-Magharibi]] mwaka [[1054]], muungano mfupi ulikubaliwa kati ya Papa na baadhi ya Maaskofu wa Kiorthodoksi. Hata hivyo, [[mkataba]] huu ulikataliwa na mmoja wa Maaskofu wa Mashariki, yaani [[Marko wa Efeso]], na watu wa kawaida kwa jumla walikataa mkataba huo. [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] amesema nia yake ya kurejesha umoja kamili na Waorthodoksi. Kanisa Katoliki linazingatia kwamba karibu tofauti zote zimesuluhishwa (katika kifungu cha [[Filioque]], suala la [[purgatorio]], n.k.), na alitangaza kwamba tofauti katika desturi za jadi, taratibu na nidhamu si vikwazo kwa umoja. <ref> [http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_unitatis-redintegratio_en.html Second Vatican Council Decree on Ecumenism] 16</ref> ===Wakristo wengine wa Magharibi === Makanisa mengi ya [[Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti]] hutumia neno ''la kikatoliki'' kurejea kwa imani kwamba Wakristo wote ni sehemu ya Kanisa moja bila kujali madhehebu; kwa mfano, mlango wa 25 wa [[Ukiri wa Imani wa Westminster]] unataja ''kanisa katoliki au la mahali popote (universal)''. Viongozi wa matengenezo walitumia neno ''la kikatoliki'' kwa maana asili ya "la mahali popote na wakati wowote" siyo kwa dhehebu au mamlaka fulani ndani ya Ukristo. Walijiona wanaendeleza mapokeo ya kanisa lilipokiri "Kanisa moja, takatifu, katoliki, la Mitume" katika [[Kanuni ya Imani ya Nisea]]. Hii inalingana pia na ''kanisa takatifu Katoliki'' katika [[kanuni ya Imani ya Mitume]]. Neno hili pia linaweza kumaanisha yale makanisa ya Kiprotestanti ambayo hudumisha [[Uaskofu]] wao tangu wakati wa mitume na kujiona sehemu ya Kanisa ''la kikatoliki''. Miongoni mwa wale ambao hujiona kama sehemu ya Kanisa ''la kikatoliki'', lakini si ''Katoliki'', ni [[Waanglikana]] na baadhi ya Makanisa ya kikatoliki yaliyogawanyika katika [[karne ya 19]] na [[Karne ya 20|20]], kama vile [[Kanisa Katoliki la Kale]] na [[Kanisa Katoliki huru]], hujifikiria kuwa Wakatoliki, tena Wakatoliki wa kweli wa Kirumi. Neno linaweza kurejea umoja (idadi) wa Kanisa kwamba, kulingana na [[Math]] 16:18-19 [[Yesu]] alimwambia [[Mtume Petro]]: "Na mimi nakwambia, wewe ni כיפא ''(Kepha)'' (kwa [[Kiaramu]] "mwamba"), na juu ya mwamba huu nitalijenga kanisa langu, na nguvu za kifo hazitalishinda. Nitakupa funguo za Ufalme wa mbinguni, na kila utakachofunga duniani kitafungwa mbinguni, na lolote mtakayoyafungua duniani yatakuwa yamefunguliwa mbinguni." Baadhi hutumia ''wa kikatoliki'' ili kutofautisha msimamo wao na ule wa [[Wakalvini]] au namna ya [[Uprotestanti uliorekebishwa]]. Hii ni pamoja na Waanglikana, mara nyingi pia hujulikana [[Waanglikana wa Kikatoliki]], na [[Walutheri]] kadhaa ambao husisitiza kwamba wao ni Waprotestanti na wa kikatoliki pamoja. [[Wamethodisti]] na [[Wakalvini]] hudai madhehebu yao hutokana na Mitume na kanisa la kwanza, lakini hawawezi kudai kushuka kutoka kanisa la kale katika miundo kama vile Uaskofu. Hata hivyo, makanisa hayo hukiri kwamba wao ni sehemu ya kanisa la kikatoliki (zima). Waanglikana na Wamethodisti, hasa wa [[Marekani]], wameitwa mara nyingi kwa utani ''Wakatoliki Wepesi.'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://everything2.com/title/Diet%2520Catholic |title=Diet Catholic|publisher=Everything2.com |date=2000-03-30 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://forums.catholic.com/showthread.php?t=240043 |title=Methodist vs Catholic - Catholic Answers Forums |publisher=Forums.catholic.com |date= |accessdate=2009-05-28 |archivedate=2016-03-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011253/http://forums.catholic.com/showthread.php?t=240043 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, mara nyingi makanisa ya Kiprotestanti yaliachana na neno la Kigiriki "katoliki" na kutumia tafsiri katika matoleo yao ya Kanuni za Imani ya Mitume au ya Nikea. Pamoja na nia ya kutumia lugha inayoeleweka kirahisi zaidi yaliona pia haja ya kuepukana na neno linalotazamwa na wengi kama la kidhehebu. Hivyo kwa Kiswahili Walutheri hutumia lugha "Kanisa takatifu la Kikristo lililo moja tu" wakati Wamoravian hutumia "Kanisa takatifu lililopo popote". Waanglikana hutumia umbo "kanisa katholiko", si "katoliki". ==Kuepuka matumizi== Baadhi ya makanisa ya Kiprotestanti huepuka kutumia neno hilo kabisa, kwa mfano Walutheri wengi hutumia neno ''la Kikristo'' badala ya ''la kikatoliki.'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=3356 |publisher=The Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod |title=Nicene Creed |accessdate=2007-06-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040202152155/http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=3356 |archivedate=2004-02-02 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?2617&collectionID=711&contentID=4334&shortcutID=2077#nicene |publisher=Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod |title=Nicene Creed |accessdate=2007-06-24 |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080102005622/http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?2617&collectionID=711&contentID=4334&shortcutID=2077#nicene |archivedate=2008-01-02 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilflutheran.org/page11.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110643/http://www.ilflutheran.org/page11.html |archivedate=2007-09-28 |publisher=International Lutheran Fellowship |title=Nicene Creed |accessdate=2007-06-24 }}</ref> Makanisa ya Orthodox huelewa hisia kuhusu madai kipapa Katoliki, lakini kutokubaliana na baadhi ya Waprotestanti juu ya asili ya kanisa kama mwili mmoja. ==Tazama pia== * [[Kanisa Katoliki]] * [[Katekisimu ya Kanisa Katoliki]] * [[Makanisa Katoliki ya Mashariki]] * [[Ukatoliki]] * [[Ukristo]] * [[Waanglikana wa Kikatoliki]] * [[Wakatoliki wa Kale]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Teolojia]] enval0c6elvck6mr4iza5mt9ky4no5m 1569372 1569368 2026-06-10T09:00:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Wakatoliki wa Magharibi na wa Mashariki */ 1569372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ukristo}} '''Katoliki''' kwa [[Kiswahili]] limetokana na [[neno]] la [[Kigiriki]] καθολικός (katholikos), maana yake "kadiri ya utimilifu", "zima". <ref> (taz. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2351864 Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon)'' ]</ref> Katika [[eklesiolojia]] ya [[Ukristo]], [[jina]] hilo lina [[historia]] ndefu na matumizi tofauti kadhaa. Kwa wengine, neno "[[Kanisa Katoliki]]" linahusu [[Kanisa]] ambalo lina [[ushirika kamili]] na [[Askofu]] wa [[Roma]] (maarufu kama [[Papa]]) na linaloundwa na [[umoja]] wa [[madhehebu]] ya [[Kilatini]] na mengine 23 ya [[Makanisa Katoliki ya Mashariki]]: ndiyo matumizi ya kawaida katika nchi nyingi. Waumini wake wengi hawajibaini kama "Waroma", lakini kama "Wakatoliki" tu. Wakatoliki na vilevile [[Waorthodoksi]] wanaamini kwamba [[Kanisa]] lao ni la kwanza na ndilo Kanisa lenyewe. [[Waanglikana]], [[Walutheri]] na baadhi ya [[Wamethodisti]] huamini kuwa makanisa yao ni ya Kikatoliki kwa maana ya kwamba yako katika mwendelezo na [[asili]] ya Kanisa la kimataifa lililoanzishwa na [[Mitume wa Yesu]]. [[Waprotestanti]] wakati mwingine hutumia neno "Kanisa Katoliki" kwa kutaja waumini wote wa [[Yesu Kristo]] [[duniani]], bila kujali "madhehebu" kuyaunganisha. Katika mwelekeo wa Kikatoliki (ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Anglikana|Ushirika wa Kianglikana]]), ma[[askofu]] wanachukuliwa kuwa ndio wenye [[daraja]] ya juu ndani ya [[dini]] ya Kikristo, kama wachungaji wa umoja katika ushirika na Kanisa lote na miongoni mwao. <ref> FL Msalaba, ''Oxford Dictionary la Kanisa la kikristo,'' 1977:175.</ref> Ukatoliki hufikiriwa kuwa [[moja]] ya [[sifa za Kanisa]], nyingine zikiwa umoja, [[utakatifu]] na [[utume]]. <ref> Christliche Religion, Oskar Simmel Rudolf Stählin, 1960, 150</ref> kulingana na [[Kanuni ya Imani ya Nisea-Konstantinopoli]] ya mwaka [[381]]: "Nasadiki Kanisa moja, takatifu, katoliki, la Mitume." == Historia ya matumizi ya neno "Katoliki" == ===Katika [[Karne ya 2]]=== [[Barua]] zilizoandikwa na [[Ignas wa Antiokia]] kwa Wakristo wenzake wa sehemu mbalimbali <ref>{{cite web |title=Ignatius Epistle to the Smyrnaeans |author=J. H. Srawley |accessdate=2007-06-24 |year=1900 |url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/srawley/smyrnaeans.html }}</ref>mwaka [[106]] hivi ni [[ushahidi]] wa awali wa matumizi ya neno ''Kanisa Katoliki'' ([[Barua kwa Wasmirna]], 8). Kwa kusema ''Kanisa Katoliki'' Ignas alitaja kanisa zima katika [[ushirika]] na [[Kanisa la Roma]] "linalosimamia [[upendo]]". Ignas aliandika kwamba baadhi ya [[wazushi]] wa wakati wake, ambao hawakuamini kwamba [[Yesu]] aliteswa na kufa, wakisema badala yake kwamba "yeye alionekana tu kuteseka" (Barua kwa Wasmirna, 2), hawakuwa Wakristo wa kweli. <ref> "Kama makafiri wanakariri kwamba Yeye alionekana tu kuteseka, basi wao wenyewe wanaonekana tu kuwa Wakristo". Ignas alisema wazushi hao hawakuamini [[ukweli]] wa [[mwili wa Kristo]], ambao ulimfanya ateseke halafu akafufuka: "Wao hawakiri [[Ekaristi]] kuwa mwili wa [[Mwokozi]] wetu Yesu Kristo, ambaye aliteseka kwa ajili ya [[dhambi]] zetu, na ambayo [[Baba]], kwa wema wake, alimfufua tena" (Barua kwa Wasmirna, 7). Hivyo akawaita "wanyama katika sura ya watu, ambao lazima si kutowapokea tu, lakini, kama inawezekana, hata kutokutana nao" (Barua kwa Wasmirna, 4).</ref> Neno hili pia hutumika katika "[[Kifodini cha Polikarpo]]" mwaka [[155]], katika "[[Hati ya Muratori]]" mwaka [[177]], na katika maandishi ya [[Tertuliani]] dhidi ya wazushi. ===Katika [[Karne ya 3]]=== Neno lilitumiwa barani [[Afrika]] vilevile na [[Klemens wa Aleksandria]] ([[202]]) na [[Sipriani mfiadini|Sipriani]] wa [[Karthago]] ([[252]]). ===Sirili wa Yerusalemu=== [[Sirili wa Yerusalemu]] (kama [[315]]-[[386]]) aliwataka wale aliokuwa akiwafunza katika [[imani]] ya Kikristo: "Kama wewe saa yoyote unakaa katika [[miji]], usitafute tu mahali ambapo 'nyumba ya [[Bwana]]' ipo (kwani madhehebu mengine pia huvunja wito wao wakiita [[maabadi]] yao 'nyumba ya Bwana'), wala si kanisa, lakini ulizia Kanisa Katoliki. Kwa kuwa hilo jina ni la pekee kwa Kanisa takatifu, [[mama]] yetu sote, ambaye ni [[bibi arusi]] wa [[Bwana]] wetu [[Yesu Kristo]], [[Mwana pekee wa Mungu]]" (Katekesi, XVIII, 26). <ref>{{cite web |title=Catechetical Lecture 18 (Ezekiel xxxvii) |publisher=Trinity Consulting |accessdate=2007-06-24 |url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/310118.htm }}</ref> ===Theodosius Mkuu=== Neno ''Ukristo wa Kikatoliki'' liliingia [[sheria]] za [[Dola la Roma]] wakati [[Theodosius Mkuu]] ([[Kaisari]] miaka [[379]]-[[395]]) alipotuza jina hilo kwa ahali ya "kuwa [[dini]] ambayo ilikuwa mikononi mwa Warumi na [[Mtume Petro]], kama ilivyohifadhiwa na waamini kimapokeo na ambayo ni sasa nadhiri kwa [[Papa Damaso I|Papa Damaso]] na kwa Askofu [[Petro II wa Aleksandria|Petro wa Alexandria]]... Kuhusu wengine, ambao katika hukumu yetu ni wajinga, sisi tunaamuru wapewe jina la wazushi, wala hawatapata kuita nyumba zao kwa jina la makanisa." Sheria hii ya tarehe [[27 Februari]] [[380]], iliyoorodheshwa katika Kitabu cha 16 cha [[Codex Theodosiania]], <ref>{{cite web |title=Banning of Other Religions Theodosian Code XVI.i.2 |publisher=[[Internet History Sourcebooks Project|Internet Medieval Sourcebook]] |author=Paul Halsall |accessdate=2007-06-24 |year=1997 |month=Juni |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html |archivedate=2007-02-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227120555/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html }}</ref> iliimarisha Ukristo wa Kikatoliki kama [[dini rasmi]] ya Dola la Roma. ==[[Jeromu]]== Padri huyo alitumia neno hilo mwaka [[418]] kuhusu waamini wa Kanisa akiwaita "Wakatoliki" ===Agostino wa Hippo=== Matumizi ya neno ''Katoliki'' kwa lengo la kutofautisha Kanisa la "kweli" kutoka makundi ya [[uzushi]] hupatikana pia katika [[Agostino wa Hippo]] ([[354]]-[[430]]) aliyeandika: :"Katika Kanisa Katoliki, kuna mambo mengine mengi ambayo huniweka karibu nalo. Ridhaa ya watu na mataifa hunitunza katika Kanisa; pia [[mamlaka]] yake, ambayo ilianzishwa kwa miujiza, na kulishwa na [[tumaini]], na kuongezwa kwa [[upendo]], ulioimarishwa na umri. [[Mlolongo wa maaskofu]] huniweka mimi, mwanzo kutoka [[Ukulu mtakatifu|kiti]] cha [[Mtume Petro]], ambaye Bwana, baada ya [[ufufuko wa Yesu|kufufuka]] kwake, akampa mamlaka kulisha [[kondoo]] zake ([[Yoh]] 21:15-19), chini ya sasa Uaskofu (katika [[Roma]]: hapa Agostino anazungumza juu ya urithi wa Papa). :"Na hivyo, mwisho, je sana jina la "Katoliki", ambalo, si bila sababu, huku kukiwa na uzushi mwingi, Kanisa linabakia hivyohivyo kwamba, ingawa wazushi wote wanataka kuitwa Wakatoliki, lakini wakati ambapo mgeni anauliza wapi Kanisa Katoliki hukutana, hakuna mzushi anayethubutu kumpeleka nyumbani kwake. :"Hivyo basi idadi na umuhimu ni mahusiano ya thamani ya mali kwa jina la Kikristo ambayo humweka muumini katika Kanisa Katoliki, kama haki inavyopasa ... Pamoja nanyi, ambapo hakuna mambo haya kunivutia au kuniweka ... Hakuna mtu atakayenihamisha kutoka imani ambayo inahusu akili yangu pamoja na mahusiano ya wengi na hivyo nguvu ya dini ya kikristo ... Kwa upande wangu, singeweza kuamini [[Injili]] kama nisingeoongozwa na mamlaka ya Kanisa Katoliki." : ''Dhidi ya Waraka wa Wamani inayoitwa Msingi'', sura ya 4: kuhusu Imani Katoliki. <ref>{{cite web |title=Against the Epistle of Manichaeus called Fundamental |publisher=[[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]] |author=[[Augustine of Hippo]] |accessdate=2007-06-24 |year=397 |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf104.iv.viii.i.html }}</ref> ===Vincent wa Lerins=== Mtakatifu mwingine aliyeishi wakati wa Agostino, [[Vincent wa Lerins]], aliandika mwaka [[434]] (akitumia jina Peregrinus) [[kitabu]] kinachojulikana kama ''Commonitoria'' ("Kumbusho"). Humo alisisitiza kwamba, kama [[mwili]] wa [[binadamu]], mafundisho ya Kanisa huendeleza [[ukweli]] huku yakitunza utambulisho wake (mstari 54-59, sura XXIII): "Katika Kanisa Katoliki lenyewe, tuwe waangalifu iwezekanavyo, kwamba sisi hushikilia imani ambayo imekuwa ikiaminiwa kila mahali, daima, na wote. Kwa kuwa ni kweli na katika 'Katoliki', ambayo kama jina lenyewe na sababu ya kutangaza kitu, unaoeleweka na kila mtu. Utawala huu tutakuwa tumeuzingatia kama tutafuata umoja katika ulimwengu, muda, ridhaa. Tutafuata umoja kama tunakiri kwamba imani moja kuwa kweli, ambayo Kanisa zima duniani kote tunakiri; muda, kama sisi tusikose [[busara]] tukaondoka kutoka tafsiri ya [[Mababu wa Kanisa|mababu]] wetu; kukubali, katika namna, kama sisi wenyewe katika zamani kuambatana na ridhaa, ufafanuzi na bidii ya wote, au wa madaktari wa ma[[padri]] wote" (sehemu 6, mwisho wa sura II). ==Wakatoliki wa Magharibi na wa Mashariki == [[Madhehebu]] ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] ([[Kanisa la Kilatini]] na [[Makanisa Katoliki ya Mashariki]] [[ishirini na tatu]]) huwa na [[jukumu]] la kuhifadhi [[mapokeo]] Katoliki ya [[Mababu wa Kanisa]] la mwanzo. Makanisa Katoliki ya Mashariki ni yale makanisa ambayo yako katika [[ushirika kamili]] na [[Askofu wa Roma]] (Papa), huku wakiwa wanajitegemea (kwa lugha ya [[Kilatini]] ni ''Ecclesiae sui iuris'') kwa kulinda taratibu za [[liturujia]], za [[teolojia]] na mapokeo ya makanisa mbalimbali ya [[Ukristo]] [[Ukristo wa Mashariki|wa Mashariki]] ambayo wanahusishwa nayo. Madhehebu hayo ni kama vile: [[Kanisa Katoliki la Kigiriki la Ukraina]], [[Kanisa Katoliki la Kigiriki la Kiruteni]], [[Kanisa Katoliki la Kimelkiti]], [[Kanisa Katoliki la Wakopti]], [[Kanisa Katoliki la Waethiopia]], [[Kanisa Katoliki la Waeritrea]], [[Kanisa la Wamaroni]], [[Kanisa Katoliki la Kisiria la Malabar]] [[Kanisa Katoliki la Kisiria la Malankara]], [[Kanisa Katoliki la Armenia]] na [[Kanisa la Wakaldayo]]. Chini ya [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] Kanisa Katoliki lilitoa kitabu cha mafundisho ya imani na [[maadili]] chenye [[kichwa]] [[Katekisimu ya Kanisa Katoliki]] ambacho kinasema: "Kuamini kwamba Kanisa ni 'takatifu' na 'Katoliki,' nalo ni 'moja' na 'la Mitume '(kama [[Kanuni ya Imani ya Nisea]] inavyodokeza), hakuwezi kutengwa na imani katika [[Mungu]] Baba, [[Mwana]] na [[Roho Mtakatifu]]. <ref> [http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P26.HTM Katekismi ya Kanisa Katoliki, 750]</ref> Neno ''Kanisa Katoliki'' linahusu Kanisa lote linaloongozwa na Askofu wa Roma, sasa [[Papa Leo XIV]], na ambalo lina zaidi ya waumini [[bilioni]] 1.4, wakiwa nusu ya Wakristo wote duniani, wanaokadiriwa kuwa bilioni 2.8. Ingawa kawaida Kanisa Katoliki linajitofautisha na makanisa mengine kwa kujiita "Kanisa Katoliki" tu, pengine linakubali kutumia ufafanuzi "Kanisa Katoliki la Roma", hasa katika hati zilizoandaliwa pamoja na makanisa mengine, lakini pia katika Nyaraka kadhaa za Kipapa <ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri_en.html ''Divini illius Magistri'' ]</ref> <ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html ''Humani generis.'' ]</ref> Mfano mwingine ni ufafanuzi kama Kanisa Takatifu, Katoliki, la Kirumi la Kitume <ref>{{cite web |title=First Vatican Council – Session 3: Dogmatic constitution on the Catholic faith |author=Pope [[Pius IX]] |coauthors=[[Vatican City|Vatican]] |date=1870-04-24 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/V1.HTM#4 |archivedate=2006-02-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207151342/https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/V1.htm#4 }}</ref> katika Katiba Katoliki ya [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Vatikano]] ya tarehe [[24 Aprili]] [[1870]]. Kurasa hizi zote zinahusu Kanisa Katoliki na kwa majina mengine. [[Makanisa Katoliki ya Mashariki]], ingawa yana umoja na Roma katika imani, taratibu na sheria zake, yanatofautiana na [[madhehebu]] ya Kilatini na Makanisa Katoliki mengine ya Mashariki. ==Matumizi mbalimbali== Baadhi ya Makanisa ya Kikristo, hasa Makanisa ya [[Waorthodoksi]], wanajiona kuwa kweli Kanisa Katoliki ambalo, katika mtazamo wao, Wakristo wengine wote, wakiwa pamoja na wale walio katika ushirika na Papa, walijitenga mbali.<ref> Basic Principles Of The Attitude of The Russian Orthodox Church toward the Other Christian Confessions, adopted by the Jubilee Bishops’ Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, 14 Agosti 2000</ref> Mbali ya [[Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi]]<ref>[http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.htm ''Katikismi ndefu ya Orthodox, Katoliki, Kanisa la Mashariki.'' ]</ref>, [[Makanisa ya Kiorthodoksi ya Mashariki]] na [[Kanisa la Waashuru]] hujiona pia kama "[[Kanisa Katoliki moja Takatifu la kitume]]" la [[Kanuni ya imani ya Nisea]]. Waanglikana na [[Wakatoliki wa Kale]] hujiona katika ushirika katika Kanisa moja na Walutheri wenyewe kama ni "harakati ya mageuzi makubwa ndani ya Kanisa Katoliki". Wakati Wakatoliki wa Kirumi humwona Askofu wa Roma kama "Halifa wa Petro" anayepaswa kutumikia kama mchungaji wa Kanisa zima, Waanglikana na Wakatoliki wa Kale hukubali kuwa Askofu wa Roma ni ''Primus inter Pares'' kati ya [[Waprimati]] wote, lakini wao hukumbatia [[Usinodi]] ili kujikinga dhidi ya [[Ultramontanism]]. Juhudi za hivi karibuni za Kanisa Katoliki hulenga kuponya mgawanyiko kati ya makanisa ya Magharibi ("Katoliki") na Mashariki ("Orthodoksi"). [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] mara nyingi alizungumza hamu yake kubwa kwamba Kanisa Katoliki "lirudi kupumua kwa mapafu yote mawili", <ref> [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25051995_ut-unum-sint_en.html Encyciclical ''Ut unum Sint,'' ] 54</ref> <ref> [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_sacri-canones_lt.html Apostolic Succession ''Sacri Canones'' ]</ref> na hivyo kusisitiza kwamba Kanisa Katoliki linataka kurejesha ushirika kamili na Makanisa ya Mashariki yaliyotengana nalo. <ref> [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/apr/02/guardianobituaries.catholicism obituary ya Papa Yohane Paulo II]</ref> Ni kwamba, baada ya [[Farakano la mwaka 1054|utengano wa Mashariki-Magharibi]] mwaka [[1054]], muungano mfupi ulikubaliwa kati ya Papa na baadhi ya Maaskofu wa Kiorthodoksi. Hata hivyo, [[mkataba]] huu ulikataliwa na mmoja wa Maaskofu wa Mashariki, yaani [[Marko wa Efeso]], na watu wa kawaida kwa jumla walikataa mkataba huo. [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] amesema nia yake ya kurejesha umoja kamili na Waorthodoksi. Kanisa Katoliki linazingatia kwamba karibu tofauti zote zimesuluhishwa (katika kifungu cha [[Filioque]], suala la [[purgatorio]], n.k.), na alitangaza kwamba tofauti katika desturi za jadi, taratibu na nidhamu si vikwazo kwa umoja. <ref> [http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_unitatis-redintegratio_en.html Second Vatican Council Decree on Ecumenism] 16</ref> ===Wakristo wengine wa Magharibi === Makanisa mengi ya [[Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti]] hutumia neno ''la kikatoliki'' kurejea kwa imani kwamba Wakristo wote ni sehemu ya Kanisa moja bila kujali madhehebu; kwa mfano, mlango wa 25 wa [[Ukiri wa Imani wa Westminster]] unataja ''kanisa katoliki au la mahali popote (universal)''. Viongozi wa matengenezo walitumia neno ''la kikatoliki'' kwa maana asili ya "la mahali popote na wakati wowote" siyo kwa dhehebu au mamlaka fulani ndani ya Ukristo. Walijiona wanaendeleza mapokeo ya kanisa lilipokiri "Kanisa moja, takatifu, katoliki, la Mitume" katika [[Kanuni ya Imani ya Nisea]]. Hii inalingana pia na ''kanisa takatifu Katoliki'' katika [[kanuni ya Imani ya Mitume]]. Neno hili pia linaweza kumaanisha yale makanisa ya Kiprotestanti ambayo hudumisha [[Uaskofu]] wao tangu wakati wa mitume na kujiona sehemu ya Kanisa ''la kikatoliki''. Miongoni mwa wale ambao hujiona kama sehemu ya Kanisa ''la kikatoliki'', lakini si ''Katoliki'', ni [[Waanglikana]] na baadhi ya Makanisa ya kikatoliki yaliyogawanyika katika [[karne ya 19]] na [[Karne ya 20|20]], kama vile [[Kanisa Katoliki la Kale]] na [[Kanisa Katoliki huru]], hujifikiria kuwa Wakatoliki, tena Wakatoliki wa kweli wa Kirumi. Neno linaweza kurejea umoja (idadi) wa Kanisa kwamba, kulingana na [[Math]] 16:18-19 [[Yesu]] alimwambia [[Mtume Petro]]: "Na mimi nakwambia, wewe ni כיפא ''(Kepha)'' (kwa [[Kiaramu]] "mwamba"), na juu ya mwamba huu nitalijenga kanisa langu, na nguvu za kifo hazitalishinda. Nitakupa funguo za Ufalme wa mbinguni, na kila utakachofunga duniani kitafungwa mbinguni, na lolote mtakayoyafungua duniani yatakuwa yamefunguliwa mbinguni." Baadhi hutumia ''wa kikatoliki'' ili kutofautisha msimamo wao na ule wa [[Wakalvini]] au namna ya [[Uprotestanti uliorekebishwa]]. Hii ni pamoja na Waanglikana, mara nyingi pia hujulikana [[Waanglikana wa Kikatoliki]], na [[Walutheri]] kadhaa ambao husisitiza kwamba wao ni Waprotestanti na wa kikatoliki pamoja. [[Wamethodisti]] na [[Wakalvini]] hudai madhehebu yao hutokana na Mitume na kanisa la kwanza, lakini hawawezi kudai kushuka kutoka kanisa la kale katika miundo kama vile Uaskofu. Hata hivyo, makanisa hayo hukiri kwamba wao ni sehemu ya kanisa la kikatoliki (zima). Waanglikana na Wamethodisti, hasa wa [[Marekani]], wameitwa mara nyingi kwa utani ''Wakatoliki Wepesi.'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://everything2.com/title/Diet%2520Catholic |title=Diet Catholic|publisher=Everything2.com |date=2000-03-30 |accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://forums.catholic.com/showthread.php?t=240043 |title=Methodist vs Catholic - Catholic Answers Forums |publisher=Forums.catholic.com |date= |accessdate=2009-05-28 |archivedate=2016-03-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011253/http://forums.catholic.com/showthread.php?t=240043 }}</ref> Hata hivyo, mara nyingi makanisa ya Kiprotestanti yaliachana na neno la Kigiriki "katoliki" na kutumia tafsiri katika matoleo yao ya Kanuni za Imani ya Mitume au ya Nikea. Pamoja na nia ya kutumia lugha inayoeleweka kirahisi zaidi yaliona pia haja ya kuepukana na neno linalotazamwa na wengi kama la kidhehebu. Hivyo kwa Kiswahili Walutheri hutumia lugha "Kanisa takatifu la Kikristo lililo moja tu" wakati Wamoravian hutumia "Kanisa takatifu lililopo popote". Waanglikana hutumia umbo "kanisa katholiko", si "katoliki". ==Kuepuka matumizi== Baadhi ya makanisa ya Kiprotestanti huepuka kutumia neno hilo kabisa, kwa mfano Walutheri wengi hutumia neno ''la Kikristo'' badala ya ''la kikatoliki.'' <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=3356 |publisher=The Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod |title=Nicene Creed |accessdate=2007-06-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040202152155/http://www.lcms.org/pages/internal.asp?NavID=3356 |archivedate=2004-02-02 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?2617&collectionID=711&contentID=4334&shortcutID=2077#nicene |publisher=Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod |title=Nicene Creed |accessdate=2007-06-24 |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080102005622/http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?2617&collectionID=711&contentID=4334&shortcutID=2077#nicene |archivedate=2008-01-02 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilflutheran.org/page11.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110643/http://www.ilflutheran.org/page11.html |archivedate=2007-09-28 |publisher=International Lutheran Fellowship |title=Nicene Creed |accessdate=2007-06-24 }}</ref> Makanisa ya Orthodox huelewa hisia kuhusu madai kipapa Katoliki, lakini kutokubaliana na baadhi ya Waprotestanti juu ya asili ya kanisa kama mwili mmoja. ==Tazama pia== * [[Kanisa Katoliki]] * [[Katekisimu ya Kanisa Katoliki]] * [[Makanisa Katoliki ya Mashariki]] * [[Ukatoliki]] * [[Ukristo]] * [[Waanglikana wa Kikatoliki]] * [[Wakatoliki wa Kale]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Ukristo]] [[Jamii:Teolojia]] 3yx1q21qq0x4p78e2er3505hsv2gpf5 0 33085 1569202 1526024 2026-06-09T21:49:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[File:Ballard Farmers' Market - vegetables.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Muuzaji]] [[mboga]] [[soko|sokoni]].]] '''Somo la uchumi''' ni [[sayansi ya jamii]] ambayo hutafiti [[uzalishaji]], [[usambazaji]], na matumizi ya [[bidhaa]] na [[huduma]]. [[Neno]] ''[[uchumi]]'' linatokana na [[kitenzi]] "kuchuma". [[Jina]] la [[Kiingereza]] ''economy'' linatokana na neno la [[Kigiriki cha Kale]] ''oikonomia'' lenye maana ya "usimamizi wa kaya, utawala" (kutoka oikos, "nyumba" + nomos, "desturi" au "sheria"), kwa hiyo "sheria za nyumba (kaya)".<ref name="etymology">{{cite web | last = Harper | first = Douglas | authorlink = Douglas Harper | title = Online Etymology Dictionary&nbsp;— Economy | month = Novemba | year = 2001 | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=economy | dateformat = mdy | accessdate=27 Oktoba 2007}}</ref> Aina za masomo ya kiuchumi ya kisasa zilizotokana na somo pana la uchumi wa kisiasa katika miaka ya mwisho ya karne ya 19, kutokana na matamanio ya kuchukua mwelekeo jarabati unaofaa zaidi sayansi za kiasilia.<ref name="Clark"> Clark, B. (1998). ''Kisiasa-uchumi: A Comparative strategi.'' Westport, CT: Preager.</ref> Ufafanuzi unaojumuisha mengi ya masomo ya kiuchumi ya kisasa ni ule wa [[Lionel Robbins]] katika insha yake: “Insha Juu ya Asili na Umuhimu wa Uchumi wa Kisayansi."<ref> {{cite book | last = Robbins | first = Lionel | authorlink = Lionel Robbins | title = An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science | publisher = Macmillan and Co., Limited | year = 1945 | location = London | url = http://www.mises.org/books/robbinsessay2.pdf|format=PDF}} s. 16</ref> Uhaba unamaanisha kuwa rasilimali zinazopatikana hazitoshelezi mahitaji yote. Ikiwa hakuna uhaba na kuna matumizi badala ya rasilimali zinazopatikana, basi hakuna shida ya kiuchumi. Hivyo somo lililofafanuliwa linahusu utafiti wa chaguzi kama vile zinavyobadilishwa na vishawishi na rasilimali. Somo la uchumi linalenga kufafanua vile uchumi hufanya kazi na vile viungo vya kiuchumi hufanya kazi pamoja. Uchambuzi wa kiuchumi huhusisha sehemu zote za jamii, katika biashara, fedha na serikali, na hata katika uhalifu,<ref> [[Friedman, Daudi D.]] (2002). [http://www.econlib.org/LIBRARY/Enc/Crime.html "Uhalifu,"] ''The kortfattad Encyclopedia wa Uchumi.'' Ilitumiwa 31 Oktoba 2006. </ref> [[elimu]], [[familia]], [[afya]], [[sheria]], [[siasa]], dini,<ref>Iannaccone, Laurence R. (1998). "Utangulizi wa Uchumi wa Dini," ''Journal of Economic Fasihi,'' 36 (3), [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715171833/http://www.religionomics.com/old/erel/S2-Archives/Iannaccone%20-%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Economics%20of%20Religion.pdf uk. 1465-1495..]</ref> [[taasisi za kijamii]], vita,<ref>[[Nordhaus, William D.]] (2002). "The Economic mshahara wa Vita na Iraq", katika ''Vita na Iraq: Gharama, mshahara, na Alternatives,'' [http://nordhaus.econ.yale.edu/AAAS_War_Iraq_2.pdf uk. 51-85.] {{Wayback|url=http://nordhaus.econ.yale.edu/AAAS_War_Iraq_2.pdf |date=20070202005510 }} American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Cambridge, MA. Accessed 21 Oktoba 2007.</ref> na [[sayansi.]]<ref>Arthur M. Diamond, Jr (2008). "sayansi, uchumi wa," [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,|''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,'' ]] 2nd Edition, Basingstoke na New York: [[Macmillan Palgrave.]] Pre-chapisho [https://archive.today/20120927155252/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:2626bG9qgoIJ:cba.unomaha.edu/faculty/adiamond/web/diamondpdfs/palgraveeconsci07.pdf+%22%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us cached ccpy.]</ref> Hoja inayoendelea kukua ya somo la kiuchumi katika sayansi ya kijamii imeelezwa kuwa ubeberu wa kiuchumi.<ref> [[Becker, Gary S.]] (1976). ''Approach ya Uchumi kwa Binadamu Behavior.'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=iwEOFKSKbMgC&dq=%22The+Economic+Approach+to+Human+Behavior%22+Introduction&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Links] to arrow-page viewable sura. University of Chicago Press.</ref> Tofauti za kawaida huelezwa baina ya jinsi mbalimbali za somo la kiuchumi: baina ya uchumi chanya (kueleza “kile kilichoko”) na uchumi unaozidi kuongezeka (kueleza “kile kinachostahili kuwa”) au baina ya [[uchumi]] nadharia na uchumi wa kivitendo au baina ya uchumi uliotanda (ulio “halisi” unaojihusisha na “uwiano wa fikira-ubinafsi-msawazo”) na uchumi usio asilia (“badilishi” zaidi unaoshughulika na “uwiano wa taasisi-historia-muundo wa kijamii"<ref> Davis, John B. (2006 "Heterodox Uchumi, ya marknadsfragmentering ya Mainstream, na Wikipedia Individual Analysis," katika ''Future Directions in Heterodox Uchumi.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</ref>). Hata hivyo tofauti ya kimsingi ya kiada baina ya “uchumi wa kiwango cha chini” (microeconomics), ambao unaotafiti tabia ya kiuchumi ya viungo (pamoja na watu binafsi na makampuni) na “uchumi wa kiwango cha juu” (macroeconomics), ambao hushughulikia maswala ya ukosefu wa ajira, mfumuko wa bei, sera ya fedha na hazina kwa uchumi wote. ===Kuanguka kwa soko=== [[File:Smokestack in Detroit.jpg|right|thumb|Pollution can be a simple example of market failure. If costs of production are not borne by producers but are by the environment, accident victims or others, then prices are distorted.|alt = A smokestack ikitoa moshi]] Maneno “kuanguka kwa soko” hujumuisha matatizo kadha wa kadha ambayo hudhoofisha fikira za kawaida za kiuchumi. Ingawa wanauchumi huorodhesha kuanguka kwa soko katika makundi tofauti,<ref> Rej. Barr (2004) uk. 72-79, ambao orodha ya soko kwa kushindwa ni kushindwa melded dhana ya kiuchumi, ambayo ni (1) wazalishaji kama bei takers (yaani uwepo wa oligopoly au monopol; lakini kwa nini hili si bidhaa ya yafuatayo?) (2) sawa nguvu za walaji (kile ajira wanasheria wito wa usawa wa biashara nguvu) (3) kukamilisha masoko (4) mali ya umma (5) nje ya madhara (yaani externalities?) (6) kuongeza anarudi wadogo (yaani vitendo monopol) (7) kamilifu habari.</ref> makundi yafuatayo hupatikana kutokana na nakala kuu.<ref> Stiglitz (2000) Ch.4, inasema vyanzo vya kushindwa soko inaweza enumerated kama [[asili monopol, habari de skillnader, incomplete masoko, externalities]], hali [[nzuri ya umma]] na [[uchumi]] störningar.</ref> Makundi asili yanayotawala shughuli za soko, au dhana zinazoambatana za kundi tawala “tendaji” au “la ustadi”, huhusisha ulegevu wa ushindani katika kuthibiti wazalishaji. Tatizo hili huelezwa kama hali ambapo ikiwa bidhaa itaendelea kuzalishwa zaidi, basi mapato yanakuwa ya kiwango cha juu. Hii humaanishwa kuwa hali hii humfaidi tu mzalishaji mmoja. Kutolingana kwa habari hutokea pale kikundi kimoja kina maelezo zaidi au bora zaidi kuliko kingine. Kuwepo kwa kutolingana kwa habari huzua matatizo kama shida za kimaadili, na uteuzi mbaya, ambayo hutafitiwa katika nadharia ya mkataba. Uchumi wa habari hufungamana na maswala mengi, ambayo ni pamoja na fedha, bima na sheria ya mkataba, na maamuzi chini ya hali za hatari na ukosefu wa uhakika.<ref>Lippman, SS, na JJ McCall (2001). "Habari, Uchumi wa," [[International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & Behavioral,|''International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & Behavioral,'' ]] uk. 7480-7486. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-1KS&_rdoc=16&_hierId=151000134&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000134&_fmt=summary&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=28&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=748a6fddc8a0c1b70f58f6d282af81fd Abstract.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-1KS&_rdoc=16&_hierId=151000134&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000134&_fmt=summary&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=28&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=748a6fddc8a0c1b70f58f6d282af81fd |date=20080926130228 }}</ref> Masoko yasiyokamilika ni jina ambalo hutumika katika hali ambapo wanunuzi na wauzi hawana habari ya kutosha kuhusu hali ya mwingine ilikuweza kuweka bei ya bidhaa au kutoa huduma ipasavyo. Huku kikitokana na makala ya George Akerlof ya Market for Lemons, kiolezo cha kutoa mfano ni kile cha soko yenye hila ya magari yaliyotumika. Wateja wasiokuwa na uwezo wa kujua iwapo wananunua “limau” watasukuma bei ya wastani chini zaidi kuliko ile bei inayostahili kwa ya gari nzuri iliyotumika. Kwa njia hii, bei inaweza kutoonyesha thamani ya kweli. Bidhaa za umma ni bidhaa ambazo zina uhaba katika soko la kawaida. Jinsi za kutambua hali hii ni kuwa watu wanaweza kutumia bidhaa hizi pasi na kuzilipia na kuwa zaidi ya mtu mmoja anaweza kutumia bidhaa hii kwa wakati mmoja. Vipengele vya nje huzuka pale ambapo kuna gharama au faida za juu za kijamii kutoka kwa uzalishaji au utumiaji ambavyo havidhihiriki katika bei za soko. Kwa mfano, uchafuzi wa hewa unaweza kuzua kipengele cha nje kisichofaa, na elimu inaweza kuzua kipengele cha nje kilicho na manufaa (kupungua kwa uhalifu, na kadhalika.). Serikali mara nyingi hulipisha kodi kwa na kuweka vizuizi kwa bidhaa zilizo na vepengele vya nje visivyofaa katika jitihada za kurekebisha mwenendo wa bei unaosababishwa na vipengel hivi vya nje.<ref> [[Laffont, JJ]] (1987). "Externalities", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk 263-65.</ref> Nadharia ya kimsingi ya mahitaji-na-ugavi hutabiri msawazo lakini si kasi ya urekebishaji wa mabadiliko ya msawazo kutokana na mabadiliko katika mahitaji na ugavi.<ref>[[Blaug, Marko]] (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics". ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica'' v. 27, uk 347. Chicago. ISBN 0852294239</ref> Katika sehemu nyingi, aina fulani ya utobadilikaji wa bei hukubalika ili kueleza sababu ya viwango, na wala si bei, na kurekebisha kwa muda mfupi mabadiliko katika upande wa mahitaji au ule wa ugavi. Hii hujumuisha uchambuzi wa kawaida wa maisha ya biashara katika somo la uchumi wa kiwango cha juu. Uchambuzi mara nyingi huhusisha sababu za kutobadilika huku kwa bei na athari zake katika kufikia msawazo unaokisiwa kwa muda mrefu. Mifano ya kutobadilika kwa bei katika masoko fulani ni pamoja na viwango vya marupurupu katika soko la ajira na bei zilizowekwa katika masoko ambayo hayana ushindani kamili. Ukosefu wa kuimarika kwa uchumi wa kiwango cha juu, unaozungumziwa hapa chini, ni chanzo muhimu cha kuanguka kwa soko, ambapo kupotea kwa uthabiti wa biashara kwa ujumla au mshtuko wan je unaweza kusitisha uzalishaji na usambazaji, na hivyo kudhoofisha masoko ambayo yalikuwa yameimarika hapo awali. Baadhi ya masomo yaliyochanganuliwa ya kiuchumi hushughulika na kuanguka kwa masoko kuliko mengine. Uchumi wa sekta ya umma ni mfano mmoja, kwani iwapo masoko huanguka, basi aina fulani ya uthibiti au mpango wa serikali ndilo jibu. Nyingi za chumi za kimazingira huhusisha vipengele vya nje au “mabaya ya umma". Aina za sera hujumuisha vithibiti ambavyo huonyesha uchambuzi wa gharama-faida au ufumbuzi wa masoko ambao hubadili motisha, kama vile ada za uchafuzi wa mazingira au udhihirishaji upya wa haki za kumiliki mali.<ref> Kneese, Allen K., na Clifford S. Russell (1987). "Environmental Economics", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk. 159-64.</ref><ref> Samuelson, Paulo A., na [[William D. Nordhaus]] (2004). ''Economics,'' ch. 18, "kulinda mazingira." McGraw-Hill.</ref> ===Makampuni=== [[File:Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.jpg|thumb|right| In Virtual Markets, buyer and seller are not present and trade via intermediates and electronic information. Pictured: São Paulo Stock Exchange.|alt = watu wawili kukaa saa kompyuta wachunguzi na taarifa ya fedha]] Mojawapo ya fikira kuhusu masoko yaliyo na ushindani kamili ni kuwa kunao wazalishaji wengi, hamna baina yao anayeweza kushawishi mabadiliko ya bei wala kufanya kazi pasi na kuzingatia masharti ya soko. Hata hivyo, katika hali halisi, watu hawafanyi biashara tu kwa soko, huwa wanafanya kazi na kuzalisha katika makampuni. Aina za makampuni ni mashirika, ubia na amana. Kwa mujibu wa Ronald Coase, watu huanza kupanga uzalishaji wao katika makampuni wakati gharama za kufanya biashara huwa za chini kuliko wakati wafanyapo shughuli hizi sokoni.<ref> Coase, [[asili ya Firm|''asili ya Firm'' ]] (1937)</ref> Makampuni hujumuisha kazi na mtaji, na zinaweza kupata faida nyingi zaidi za upanuzi ( wakati kuzalisha vitu viwili zaidi ni nafuu zaidi kuliko kuzalisha kitu kimoja) kuliko kufanya biashara ya kitu kimoja katika soko. Uchumi wa ajira hutafuta kuelewa utendakazi wa soko na mienendo ya ajira. Masoko ya ajira hufanya kazi kupitia kwa mwingiliano wa wafanyakazi na waajiri. Uchumi wa ajira huangalia watoaji wa huduma za kazi (wafanyakazi), wanaohitaji huduma za kazi (waajiri), na juhudi za kuelewa mifumo inayotokea ya marupurupu na mapato mengine kutokana na kazi na ya ajira na ukosefu wa ajira. Matumizi halisi ni pamoja na kusaidia katika ubuni wa utumizi kamili wa sera.<ref> [[Freeman, RB]] (1987). "Kazi Economics", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 3, uk. 72-76.</ref> Mpagilio wa viwanda hutafiti tabia za mikakati ya makampuni, miundo ya soko na maingiliano yao. Miundo ya kawaida ya masoko iliyotafitiwa ni pamoja na ushindani kamili, ushindani ulio na kundi moja lililo na sehemu kubwa ya shughuli za soko, na aina nyingi ya makundi kadhaa yanayomiliki sehemu kubwa ya soko, na kundi moja linalomiliki sehemu kubwa ya soko.<ref> Schmalensee, Richard (1987). "Viwanda Organization", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk. 803-808.</ref> Uchumi wa kifedha, huitwao mara nyingi fedha, hushughulika na ugavi wa rasilimali za kifedha katika mazingira ambayo hayana uhakika (au yaliyo na hatari fulani). Kwa hivyo, zingatio lake ni katika utendakazi wa masoko ya kifedha, uwekaji wa gharama katika vifaa vya kiuchumi, na miundo ya kifedha ya makampuni.<ref> [[Ross, Stephen A.]] (1987). "Fedha", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk. 322-26.</ref> Uchumi wa usimamizi hulinganisha uchambuzi wa uchumi wa kiwango cha chini na maamuzi maalumu katika makampuni ya biashara au vitengo vya usimamizi. Uchumi huu hutegemea sana sana na mbinu za kujumuisha wingi kama vile utafiti wa utendakazi na utaratibishaji na kutoka kwa mbinu za takwimu kama vile uchambuzi wa kuridi nyuma katika hali ya ukosefu wa uhakika na habari kamilifu. Hoja ya kuunganisha ni jaribio la kuimarisha ufanisi wa maamuzi ya kibiashara, ikiwemo kupunguza iwezekanavyo kwa bei ya kitengo na kuongeza iwezekanavyo kwa faida, kulingana na malengo ya kampuni na vikwazo vinavyotokana na teknolojia na hali ya soko.<ref> NA (2007). "usimamizi uchumi". {{cite book | title=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica| date=| pages=v. 7, p. 757| publisher=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica| location=Chicago| isbn=0852294239}}</ref><ref> Hughes, Alan (1987). "Usimamizi Capitalism", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 3, uk. 293-96.</ref> ===Sekta ya umma=== Fedha za umma ni sehemu ya uchumi ambayo hushughulika na ubuni wa bajeti ya mapato na matumizi ya kitengo cha sekta ya umma, kwa kawaida serikali. Mada hii hushughulikia maswala kama vile malipo ya ushuru (ni nani hasa analipa ushuru fulani), uchambuzi wa gharama-faida wa mipango ya serikali, athari juu ya ufanisi wa kiuchumi na ugavi wa mapato katika aina tofauti za matumizi na ushuru, na siasa za kifedha. Jambo hili la mwisho, ambalo ni kipengele cha nadharia ya chaguo ya umma, hubuni tabia ya sekta ya umma kama mfano wa uchumi wa kiwango cha chini, unaohusisha maingiliano ya wapiga kura wanaojali maslahi yao wenyewe, wanasiasa, na wafanyakazi wa serikali au mashirika mengine.<ref> [[Musgrave, RA]] (1987). "Fedha", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 3, uk. 1055-60.</ref> Wingi wa uchumi ni wa manufaa, kwani hutafuta kueleza na kutabiri matukio ya kiuchumi. Uchumi wa kuamua thamani (normative economics) hujihusisha na kubaini lililo zuri au baya kiuchumi. Uchumi wa ustawi ni tawi la uchumi wa kuamua thamani unaotumia ustadi wa uchumi wa kiwango cha chini ili kubainisha kwa wakati huo huo ufanisi wa ugavi katika uchumi na ugavi wa mapato unaohusishwa nao. Huwa unajaribu kupima ustawi wa jamii kwa kuchunguza shughuli za kiuchumi za watu wanaobuni jamii.<ref> Feldman, Allan M. (1987). "Ustawi Economics", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 4, uk. 889-95.</ref> ==Uchumi wa kiwango cha juu== [[File:Circulation in macroeconomics.svg|thumb|250px|A depiction of the circular flow of income|alt = A graph depicting "Mzunguko katika Microeconomics"]] Uchumi wa kiwango cha juu huchunguza uchumi mzima ilikueleza mikusanyiko mipana na mwingiliano wao “kutoka juu hadi chini,” yaani, kwa kutumia aina iliyorahisishwa ya nadharia ya msawazo wa ujumla.<ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "Social Sciences De: Economics," ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' v. 27, s. 345.</ref> Mikusanyiko kama hiyo ni pamoja na mapato na mazao ya kitaifa, kiwango cha ukosefu wa ajira, na mfumuko wa bei na mikusanyiko midogo kama jumla ya matumizi na matumizi ya uwekezaji na vipengele vyake. Somo hili hutafiti pia athari za sera ya hazina na sera ya kifedha. Tangu angalau miaka ya 1960, uchumi wa kiwango cha juu umekuwa na ujumuishaji zaidi na hivyo kuwa na sekta za aina ya uchumi wa kiwango cha chini, ikiwemo uwiano wa akili wa washikadau, utumiaji wa ufanisi wa habari ya soko, na ushindani usio kamilifu.<ref> [[Ng, Yew-Kwang]] (1992). "Biashara kujiamini na Kuzuia Unyogovu: A Mesoeconomic Perspective," ''American Economic Review'' 82 (2), uk. 365-371. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8282%28199205%2982%3A2%3C365%3ABCADPA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage ]</ref> Jambo hili huzungumzia wasiwasi wa muda mrefu juu ya ukosefu wa uthabiti katika maendeleo ya mada hiyo hiyo.<ref> Howitt, Peter M. (1987). "Uchumi: Uhusiano na Microeconomics". {{cite book | title=[[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]], pp. 273–76| publisher=Macmillan and Stockton| location=London and New York| isbn=0-333-37235-2 | author=edited by John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, Peter Newman. | year=1987}}</ref> Uchambuzi wa uchumi wa kiwango cha juu huzingatia vipengele vinavyoathiri kiwango cha muda mrefu na ukuaji wa mapato ya kitaifa. Vipengele kama hivyo ni pamoja na ukusanyaji wa mtaji, mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia na ukuaji idadi ya wafanyakazi.<ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics," uchumi, ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' v. 27, s. 349.</ref><ref> Blanchard, Olivier Jean (1987). "Neoclassical sammanfattande", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 3, uk. 634-36.</ref> ===Ukuaji=== [[File:Gdp real growth rate 2007 CIA Factbook.PNG|thumb|300px|World map showing GDP real growth rates for 2008|alt = A dunia ramani na nchi mwekundu katika vivuli tofauti ya machungwa]] ''Uchumi wa ukuaji '' hutafiti vipengele vinavyoeleza ukuaji wa kiuchumi – ongezeko la pembejeo kwa kila mkazo wa nchi katika muda mrefu. Vipengele hivyo hivyo hutumika kueleza tofauti katika ''kiwango'' cha mapato kwa mtu ''baina ya'' nchi, hasa kwa nini baadhi ya nchi hukua kwa kasi kuliko zingine, na ikiwa nchi hukutana katika viwango sawa vya ukuaji. Vipengele vilivyochunguzwa zaidi ni pamoja na viwango cha uwekezaji, ukuaji wa idadi ya watu, na mabadiliko ya kiteknolojia. Vipengele hivi huwakilishwa katika namna ya nadharia au ujarabati (kama ilivyo katika miundo ya urasimimpya na ukuaji wa kindani) na katika ukuaji wa uhasibu.<ref>Samuelson, Paulo A., na William D. Nordhaus (2004). [[Uchumi,|''Uchumi,'']] ch. 27, "The Mchakato wa ukuaji wa kiuchumi" McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-287205-5.</ref><ref> [[Uzawa, H.]] (1987). "Models wa Kukuza Uchumi", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 3, uk. 483-89.</ref> ===Mzunguko wa Biashara=== Uchumi wa unyogofu ndio ulikuwa kichocheo cha ubuni wa “uchumi wa kiwango cha juu” kama kitengo tofauti cha somo la uchumi. Wakati wa Unyogofu Mkuu wa miaka ya 1930, John Maynard Keynes aliandika kitabu kiitwacho ''[[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]]'' ambacho kiliorodhesha nadharia muhumu za uchumi wa Keneshia. Keynes alishikilia kuwa mahitaji ya jumla kwa bidhaa yanaweza kutotosha katika nyakati za kurudi nyuma katika ukuaji wa kiuchumi, huku matokeo yake yakiwa ni ukosefu wa ajira wa kiwango cha juu sana na ukosefu wa mapato yaliyokisiwa. Kwa hiyo alitetea kuwekwa kwa sera tendaji na sekta ya umma, kukiwemo kuwekwa kwa sera ya hazina na benki kuu na kuwekwa kwa sera ya kifedha na serikali ili kuimarisha mapato katika muda wa mzunguko wa biashara.<ref>{{cite book | last = Sullivan | first = arthur | authorlink = Arthur O' Sullivan | coauthors = Steven M. Sheffrin | title = Economics: Principles in action | publisher = Prentice Hall | date = 2003 | location = Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 | pages = 396 | url = https://www.savvas.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZu4y&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbSubSolutionId=&PMDbCategoryId=815&PMDbSubCategoryId=24843&PMDbSubjectAreaId=&PMDbProgramId=23061 | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-13-063085-3 | access-date = 2021-02-24 | archive-date = 2016-12-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220014709/https://www.savvas.com/index.cfm?locator=PSZu4y&PMDbSiteId=2781&PMDbSolutionId=6724&PMDbSubSolutionId=&PMDbCategoryId=815&PMDbSubCategoryId=24843&PMDbSubjectAreaId=&PMDbProgramId=23061 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Kwa hivyo, hitimisho muhimu la uchumi wa Keneshia ni kuwa, katika hali fulani, hakuna ustadi wa moja kwa moja unaosogeza mapato na ajira kuelekea viwango vya uwepo wa ajira kwa wafanyakazi wote. [[Muundo wa John Hicks wa IS/LM umekuwa ndiyo tafsiri yenye ushawishi mkuu zaidi wa Nadharia ya Kiujumla.|Muundo wa John Hicks wa IS/LM umekuwa ndiyo tafsiri yenye ushawishi mkuu zaidi wa ''Nadharia ya Kiujumla.'' ]] Jinsi miaka imeendelea kupita, ndivyo kueleweka kwa mzunguko wa biashara kumegawika katika matawi mbalimbali ya mawazo, yanayohusika na au kutofautiana na Ukeneshia. [[]]Muhtasari wa urasimimpya huashiria mapatano ya uchumi wa Keneshia na ule wa urasimimpya, huku ukisema kuwa Ukeneshia unafaa katika muda mfupi, huku uchumi ukifuata nadharia ya urasimimpya katika muda mrefu. Mfumo wa Mpya wa urasimi hukosoa maoni ya Keneshia juu ya mzunguko wa kibiashara. Unahitimisha kuwa dhana ya Friedman ya mapato ya kudumu juu ya matumizi, “mageuzi ya matarajio yaendayo na mawazo"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100705024756/http://www.economics.harvard.edu/files/faculty/40_Macroeconomist_as_Scientist.pdf The Statesman na Macroeconomist kama Mhandisi,] Gregory Mankiw, Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard, Mei 2006</ref> yaliyoongozwa na Robert Lucas, na nadharia ya mzunguko halisi wa biashara. Kwa kinyume, mfumo Mpya wa Keneshia hushikilia matarajio ya kimawazo, ingawa hushikilia aina mbalimbali za kuanguka kwa masoko. Ukeneshia Mpya hasa hushikilia kuwa bei na marupurupu “havibadiliki”, kumaanisha kuwa havibadiliki moja kwa moja kulingana na hali ya kiuchumi. Kwa hivyo, urasimi mpya hushikilia kuwa bei na marupurupu hufikia ajira kwa kila mtu moja kwa moja, huku Wakeneshia wapya huona ajira kwa watu wote ikifikiwa tu baada ya muda mrefu, na hivyo kuhitaji sera za serikali na benki kuu kwa sababu “muda mrefu” haupo mbali sana. ===Mfumuko wa bei na sera ya kifedha=== [[File:BMC 06.jpg|thumb|right|A 640 BCE one-third stater electrum coin from Lydia, shown larger. One of the first standardized coins.|alt = mbele na nyuma ya sarafu. A kiumbe's kichwa ni juu ya mbele.]] [[Pesa]] ni ''njia ya malipo ya mwisho '' ya bidhaa katika mingi ya mifumo ya bei na kitengo cha akaunti ambacho hutumika kwa kawaida kwa kuweka bei. Hujumuisha sarafu ambazo zinashukiliwa na umma usio benki na amana ambazo zinaweza kulipwa na pesa. Mfumo huu umeelezwa kuwa mkataba wa kijamii, kama lugha, inayofaa mmoja kwa sababu inawafaa wengine. Kama chombo cha ubadilishanaji, pesa huwezesha biashara. Kazi yake ya kiuchumi inaweza kutofautishwa na ubadilishanaji wa bidhaa (ubadilishanaji ambao hauhusishi pesa). Huku kukiwa na aina tofauti tofauti za bidhaa zilizozalishwa na wazalishaji maalum, ubadilishanaji wa bidhaa unaweza kuhitaji bahati mara dufu ambayo ni ngumu kupata kulingana na vitu vya kubadilisha, kwa mfano tufaha na kitabu. Pesa inaweza kupunguza gharama ya ubadilishanaji kwa sababu ya kukubalika kwake kwa urahisi. Hivyo, huwa ni nafuu zaidi kwa muuzaji kukubali pesa katika ubadilishanaji, kuliko mazao ambayo mnunuzi huzalisha.<ref> [[Tobin, James]] (1992). "Pesa" (Money kama Social Institution na Utawala wa Umma), ''The New Palgrave Dictionary wa Fedha na Money,'' v. 2, uk. 770-71.</ref> Katika kiwango cha uchumi, nadharia na ushahidi vinalingana sawa sawa na uhusiano wa manufaa unaotoka kwa jumla ya usambazaji wa pesa kelekea kwa bei ya siku hiyo na jumla ya mapato na kiwango cha bei ya kawaida. Kwa sababu hii, usimamizi wa usambazaji wa pesa ni kipengele muhimu cha sera ya kifedha.<ref> [[Milton Friedman]] (1987). "Quantity Nadharia ya Fedha", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 4, uk. 15-19.</ref><ref> Samuelson, Paulo A., na William D. Nordhaus (2004). ''Uchumi,'' ch. 2, "Money: The Lubroicant ya Exchange" sehemu, ch. 33, TIN. 33-3.</ref> ===Sera ya hazina na uratibishaji=== Uhasibu wa kitaifa ni mbinu ya kujumlisha mkusanyiko wa shughuli za kibiashara katika taifa. Akaunti za taifa ni mifumo ya uhasibu ya ncha mbili za kuweka hesabu ambayo hutoa hatua za kiundani zilizo na maelezo bayana kama hayo. Akaunti hizi ni pamoja na akaunti za kitaifa za mapato na bidhaa (NIPA), ambazo hutoa makadirio ya thamani ya pesa ya mazao na mapato kwa mwaka au robo. NIPA huruhusu kufuatilia kwa utendakazi wa uchumi na vipengele vyake kupitia kwa mizunguko ya kibiashara au katika vipindi virefu zaidi. Takwimu za bei zinaweza kuruhusu kutofautisha kwa bei ya siku kutoka kwa bei halisi, yaani, kurekebisha jumla ya pesa kwa mabadiliko ya bei kupitia vipindi vya nyakati.<ref> Usher, D. (1987), "Real Mapato", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 4, uk 104.</ref><ref> [[Sen, Amartya]] (1979), "The Ustawi Msingi wa Real Mapato Linganisho: A Survey," ''Journal of Economic Fasihi,'' 17 (1), p [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0515%28197903%2917%3A1%3C1%3ATWBORI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage s. 1-45.]</ref> Akaunti za kitaifa hujumuisha pia kipimo cha mitaji ya hisa, utajiri wa taifa, na mtiririko wa mtaji wa kimataifa.<ref name="Ruggles"> Ruggles, Nancy D. (1987), "Social Accounting". {{cite book | title=[[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] | pages=v. 3, 377| publisher=Macmillan and Stockton| location=London and New York| isbn=0-333-37235-2 | author=edited by John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, Peter Newman. | year=1987}}</ref> ==Uchumi wa kimataifa== Biashara ya kimataifa hutafiti vigezo vya mtiririko wa bidhaa-na-huduma kupitia mipaka ya kimataifa. Hushughulika pia ukubwa na usambazaji wa faida kutoka kwa biashara. Utendakazi wa sera hujumuisha kukisiwa kwa kubadilika kwa viwango vya ushuru na sehemu ya haki ya kibiashara. Fedha ya kimataifa ni kitengo cha uchumi wa kiwango cha juu kinachodadisi mtiririko wa mtaji kupitia mipaka ya kimataifa, na athari za mabadiliko katika viwango vya ubadilishaji. Kuongezeka biashara ya bidhaa, huduma na mtaji baina ya nchi ni athari kuu ya utandawazi wa leo.<ref> Anderson, James E. (2008). "Nadharia ya Biashara ya Kimataifa", [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.|''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition.'' ]]''[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000263&q=international%20economics&topicid=&result_number=14 Abstract.]'' </ref><ref>Venables, A. (2001), "International Trade: Economic Integration," [[International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & Behavioral,|International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & ''Behavioral,'' ]] ''uk. 7843-7848.'' ''[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-1KT&_rdoc=11&_hierId=151000136&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000136&_fmt=high&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=14&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=47bbf40341b26c67ef404dffbbba46a8. Abstract.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-1KT&_rdoc=11&_hierId=151000136&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000136&_fmt=high&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=14&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=47bbf40341b26c67ef404dffbbba46a8. |date=20080926171815 }}''</ref><ref> Obstfeld, Maurice (2008). "Kimataifa ya Fedha", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd ''Edition.'' ''[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000169&q=international%20finance&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.]'' </ref> [[File:GDP PPP Per Capita IMF 2008.png|thumb|300px|World map showing GDP (PPP) per capita.|alt = A dunia ramani na nchi mbalimbali colored colors.]] Kitengo tofauti cha ''[[uchumi wa ustawi]]'' huchunguza vipengele vya uchumi vilivyo katika mchakato wa ustawi katika nchi zilizo na mapato ya chini huku kikizingatia kwa ubadilishaji wa mifumo, ufukara, na ukuaji wa uchumi. Mielekeo katika uchumi wa ustawi mara nyingi hujumuisha vipengele vya kijamii na vya kisiasa.<ref> Kengele, Clive (1987). "Maendeleo ya Uchumi", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] V. 1, uk. 818-26.</ref><ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics," Kukuza Uchumi na maendeleo, ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' v. 27, s. 351. Chicago.</ref> Mifumo ya kiuchumi ni tawi la uchumi linalotafiti mbinu na taasisi ambazo jamii hutumia kubaini umiliki, usimamizi, na ugavi wa rasilimali za kiuchumi. ''Mfumo'' wa ''kiuchumi'' wa jamii ni kitengo cha utafiti. Katika mifumo ya kisasa katika nchi tofauti za upindi wa uratibishaji ni mifumo ya kisoshialisti na kikapitalisti, ambako wingi wa uzalishaji hutokea katika mashirika yanayosimamiwa na serikali na yale ya kibinafsi mtawalia. Baina ya makundi haya mawili kunao chumi zilizochanganyika. Jambo linalotokea katika makundi haya yote ni mwingiliano vishawishi vya kiuchumi na kisiasa, ambavyo huelezwa kwa upana kuwa uchumi wa kisiasa. ''[[Mifumo linganifu ya kiuchumi]]'' hutafiti utendakazi na tabia ya chumi au mifumo tofauti.<ref> [[Heilbroner, Robert Yale]] na Peter J. Boettke (2007). "Uchumi Systems", ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' aya ya 17, uk. 908-15.</ref><ref> NA (2007). "mfumo wa kiuchumi," ''Encyclopaedia Britannica online'' kortfattad Encyclopedia [http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9363397 entry.]</ref> ==Uchumi katika utekelezi== Uchumi wa sasa uliotanda, kama kitengo rasmi cha mifano cha hisabati, unaweza pia kuitwa uchumi wa kihisabati.<ref name="Colander2007"></ref> Uchumi huu hutegemea vifaa vya masomo ya kihisabati ya calculus, linear algebra, takwimu, nadharia ya bahati, na sayansi ya kompyuta.<ref> [[Debreu, Gerard]] (1987). "Mathematical Economics", ''The [[New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]]'' v. 3, uk. 401-03.</ref> Wanauchumi wa kitaalamu hutarajiwa kujua vifaa hivi, ingawa wanauchumi wote huwa na utaalamu, na baadhi yao huwa wataalamu wa uchumikihisabati na mbinu za kihisabati huku wengine wakiwa wataalamu katika vitengo vingine ambavyo havina hesabu nyingi. Wanauchumi wa mfumo wa heterodox hutilia hisabati msisitizo mchache, na baadhi ya wanauchumi wa kihistoria, wakiwemo Adam Smith na Joseph Schumpeter, hawajakuwa wanahisabati. Mawazo ya kiuchumi huhusisha ujuzi wa akili kuhusu dhana za kiuchumi, na wanauchumi hujaribu kuchambua hadi pale wanagundua matokeo ambayo hayakutarajiwa. ===Nadharia=== Nadharia ya uchumi iliyotanda hutegemea mifumo ya kiuchumi ya kihisabati ambayo haitegemei uzoevu, ambayo hutumia dhana kadha wa kadha. Nadharia huendelea mbele na wazo la ''[[vipengele vingine vikibaki vilivyo]],'' ambalo humaanisha kumudu vipengele vingine jinsi vilivyo ila kile kimoja kinachozingatiwa. Katika kubuni nadharia, lengo ni kupata zile ambazo kwa uchache ni rahisi kwa matakwa ya habari, sahihi zaidi katika utabiri wake, na za faida kubwa katika uzalishaji wa utafiti zaidi kuliko nadharia zilizokuwepo awali.<ref> [[Milton Friedman]] (1953). [["The Methodolojia wa Positive Uchumi,"]] ''Insha katika Positive Economics,'' University of Chicago Press, uk 10.</ref> Katika uchumi wa kiwango cha chini, dhana kuu ni pamoja na ugavi na mahitaji, upembezoni, nadharia ya chaguo la kutokana na mawazo, gharama ya fursa, vikwazo vya kibajeti, utumiaji na nadharia ya kampuni.<ref> Boland, Lawrence A. (1987). "Methodolojia", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 3, uk. 455-58.</ref><ref name="Dissension"> {{cite journal | author=Frey, Bruno S., Werner W. Pommerehne, Friedrich Schneider, and Guy Gilbert. | title=Consensus and Dissension Among Economists: An Empirical Inquiry| journal=American Economic Review| year=1984| volume=74| issue=5|pages= p[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002–8282%28198412%2974%3A5%3C986%3ACADAEA%3E2.0.CO%3B2–E&size=LARGE p. 986–994] }} Accessed on 2007/03/17.</ref> [[Mifumo ya mapema ya uchumi wa kiwango cha juu ilizinhatia kubuni uhusiano baina ya vipengele jumuishi, lakini kwa vile uhusiano ulionekana kubadilika katika wakati wanauchumi walishurutishwa kutumia wakfu za kiwango cha chini kama msingi wa mifumo yao.]] Dhana za uchumi wa kiwango cha chini ambazo zimekwishatajwa huwa na nafasi muhimu katika mifumo ya uchumi wa kiwango cha juu – kwa mfano, katika nadharia ya kifedha, nadharia ya viwango ya pesa hutabiri kuwa kuongezeka katika usambazaji wa pesa huongeza mfumuko wa bei, na mfumuko wa bei hufikiriwa kushawishika na matarajio ya kifikira. Katika uchumi wa ustawi, ukuaji wa polepole katika mataifa yanayostawi unetabiriwa mara nyingine kwa sababu ya kupungua kwa mapato ya pembezoni kutoka kwa uwekezaji na mtaji, na hali hii imeonekana katika mataifa manne ya Kiasia yajulikanayo kama Four Asian Tigers. Mara nyingine dhana ya kiuchumi huwa tu ni ya ''[[kueleza jinsi ya kitu]]'' na wala si ya ''kihisabati.'' <ref> Quirk, James (1987). "Kvalitativa Economics", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 4, uk. 1-3.</ref> Maonyesho ya kubainisha fikira za kiuchumi mara nyingi hutumia michoro ya pande mbili ili kuonyesha husiano za kinadharia. Katika kiwango cha juu cha ujumuishaji, maandishi ya Paul Samuelson ''[[Foundations of Economic Analysis]]'' (1947) yalitumia mbinu za kihisabati kueleza nadharia, hasa jinsi ya kuweka kwa kiwango cha juu zaidi uhusiano wa kitabia wa vipengele tekelezi ili kufikia msawazo. Kitabu hicho kilizingatia kuchunguza kundi la taarifa lijulikanalo kama ''semi za kinadharia zenye maana katika utekelezi'' katika uchumi, ambazo ni semi za kinadharia ambazo zinaweza kupingwa na takwimu za ujarabati.<ref name="Foundations">{{cite book | title=[[Foundations of Economic Analysis]], Enlarged Edition| last=Samuelson| first=Paul A.| authorlink=Paul Samuelson| date=1947, 1983| pages=[https://archive.org/details/foundationsofeco0000samu/page/4 4]| publisher=Harvard University Press| location=Boston| isbn=978–0674313019}}</ref> ===Utafiti wa ujarabati=== Nadharia za kiuchumi mara nyingi huchunguzwa kijarabati, sanasana kwa kutumia uchumukihisabati kutumia takwimu za kiuchumi.<ref> Hashem, M. Pesaren (1987). "Econometrics," [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 2, uk 8.</ref> Majaribio ya kuthibitiwa yanayopatikana sanasana katika sayansi za kiasili ni magumu na hayapatikana sana katika somo la kiuchumi<ref>sannolikheten, econometrics na ukweli: kwa njia ya econometrics By Hugo A. Keuzenkamp Published by Cambridge University Press, 2000 ISBN 0521553598, 9780521553599 Kurasa 312, ukurasa wa 13: "... katika uchumi, ni nadra kudhibitiwa majaribio na majaribio kudhibitiwa reproducible hata hivyo zaidi ..."</ref>,na badala yake takwimu za upana hutafitiwa kwa kufanyiwa uchunguzi; aina hii ya uchunguzi huonekana na wengi kuwa rahisi kuliko ile ya majaribio ya kuthibitiwa, na mahitimisho huwa kwa kawaida yasiyo na uhakika kamili. Idadi ya sheria zilizovumbuliwa na somo la kiuchumi ni ya chini ikilinganishwa na ile ya sayansi asilia.{{citation needed|date=Juni 2009}} Mbinu za kutumia takwimu kama vile uchambuzi wa kurudi nyuma ni za kawaida. Watekelezaji hutumia mbinu kama hizo kukisia ukubwa, umuhimu wa kiuchumi, na umuhimu wa takwimu (“nguvu za ishara”) za mahusiano yaliyokisiwa na kuratibisha kelele kutoka kwa vipengele vingine. Kwa njia hiyo, dhana inaweza kukubaliwa, ingawa kwa jinsi ya makisio na wala si uhakika. Kukubalika hutegemea dhana zinazoweza kuwekewa uongo ambazo zilimudu majaribio. Utumiaji wa mbinu zinazokubalika kwa kawaida hauna haja ya kutoa hitimisho la mwisho. Au hata makubaliano juu ya swala fulani, ikiwa lilikuwa na majaribio tofauti, takwimu tofauti, na imani za awali. Ukosoaji unaolenga viwango vya kitaalamu na ukosefu wa kufanana katika matokeo huwa ni masharti zaidi dhidi ya uonevu, upotovu, na ujumuisha wa kiwango cha juu mno,<ref name="Dissension"></ref><ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics" (Utaratibu wa inference na kupima nadharia), ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' v. 27, s. 347.</ref> ingawa wingi wa utafiti wa kiuchumi umekosolewa kwa ukosefu wa kufanana katika matokeo, na nakala za kifahari zimekosolewa kwa kutowezesha urudiaji wa matokeo yaliyofanana kwa kutoa nambari za kificho na takwimu.<ref name="McCullough2007">{{cite journal | author = McCullough, B.D. | year = 2007 | title = Got Replicability | journal = The Journal of Money, Banking and Credit Archive. Econ Journal Watch | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 326–337 | url = http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/McCulloughAbstractSeptember2007.pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-07 | format = PDF | archive-date = 2008-06-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625054132/http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/McCulloughAbstractSeptember2007.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Kama ilivyo katika nadharia, matumizi ya takwimu za majaribio huwa yamefunguka yenyewe kwa uchambuzi wa kukosolewa,<ref> Kennedy, Peter (2003). ''A Guide to Econometrics,'' 5th ed., "Amri Kumi 21.2 ya Applied Econometrics," uk. 390-96 [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=B8I5SP69e4kC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&ots=w8xiZdkYWb&sig=_YKfXmJbK4-F3H4zsMl8N-U5BGo#PRA1-PA390,M1 (Sammandrag).]</ref><ref> McCloskey, Deirdre N. na Stephen T. Ziliak (1996). "The Standard Error ya Regressions," ''Journal of Economic Fasihi,'' 34 (1), uk. [http://www.deirdremccloskey.com/docs/pdf/Article_189.pdf 97-114.] </ref><ref>Hoover, Kevin D., na Marko V. Siegler (2008). "Sauti na hasira na McCloskey Testing Maana katika Uchumi," ''Journal of Economic Methodolojia,'' 15 (1), uk. 1-37 [https://web.archive.org/web/20080527204129/http://129.3.20.41/econ-wp/em/papers/0511/0511018.pdf (2005 prepubication Programme).] Reply ya McCloskey na Ziliak na rejoinder, uk. 39-68.</ref> ingawa ufafanuzi muhimu wa nakala juu ya uchumi katika jedwali za kifahari kama vile ''[[American Economic Review]]'' umepungua kwa kiwango kikubwa katika miaka 40 iliyopita.<ref name="Coelho2005">{{cite journal | author = Coelho, P.R.P. | coauthors = De Worken-eley Iii, F.; McClure, J.E. | year = 2005 | title = Decline in Critical Commentary, 1963–2004 | journal = Econ Journal Watch | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 355–361 | url = http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/CoelhoetalAbstractAugust2005.pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-10 | format = PDF | archive-date = 2008-06-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625054129/http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/CoelhoetalAbstractAugust2005.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> .[116] Jambo hili limehusishwa na motisha ya majedwali ya kutaka kuongeza nukuu ili kuorodheshwa katika nafasi nzuri kwenye Fahirisi ya Nukuu za Sayansi ya Kijamii - Social Science Citation Index (SSCI).<ref name="Whaples2006">{{cite journal | author = Whaples, R. | year = 2006 | title = The Costs of Critical Commentary in Economics Journals | journal = Econ Journal Watch | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 275–282 | url = http://ideas.repec.org/a/ejw/volone/2006275-282.html | accessdate = 2008-06-10 | archive-date = 2008-01-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080129025046/http://ideas.repec.org/a/ejw/volone/2006275-282.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Katika uchumi tekelezi, mifumo ya pembejeo na mapato itumiayo mbinu za utaratibishaji wa kunyooka (linear programming) ni ya kawaida mno. Viwango vikubwa vya takwimu hupitishwa katika mipangilio ya kompyuta ili kuchambua matokeo ya sera fulani; IMPLAN ni mfano mmoja maarufu. Uchumi wa majaribio umeimarisha utumiaji wa majaribio ya kuthibitiwa ya kisayansi. Hali hii imepunguza tofauti ya kutoka jadi baina ya uchumi na sayansi asili wa kukubalia majaribio ya vipengele vilivyofikiriwa hapo awali kuwa dhana.<ref> [Bastable, CF] (1925). "Experimental Utaratibu katika Uchumi," ''Palgrave's Dictionary of Economics,'' reprinted katika ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'' (1987, v. 2, p. 241.</ref><ref> [[Smith, Vernon L.]] (1987), "Experimental Utaratibu katika Economics", ii. ''Palgrave Mpya: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 2, uk. 241-42.</ref> Katika visa kadhaa majaribio haya yamegundua kuwa dhana huwa si sahihi hasa; kwa mfano mchezo wa hatima ulionyesha kuwa watu hukataa matoleo ambayo hayatoshani. Katika uchumi wa kitabia, wanasaikolojia Daniel Kahneman na Amos Tversky wameshinda Matuzo ya Nobel ya kiuchumi kwa kazi ya uvumbuzi wa kijarabati wa uonevu wa kimawazo na jibu lililo karibu zaidi na jibu halisi (heuristics). Majaribio ya ujarabati yanayofanana na hayo hufanywa katika somo la uchumi wa kiubongo (neuroeconomics). Mfano mwingine ni wazo la chaguzi za kibinafsi dhidi ya mfumo ambao huchunguza chaguzi binafsi, za kutaka ustawi wa wengine na za ushirikiano.<ref>Fehr, Ernst, na Urs Fischbacher (2003). "Asili ya Binadamu Altruism," ''Nature'' 425, 23 Oktoba, [http://www.kabbalah.info/forums/arosa/engmaterials/Altruism/Ernst_Fehr___Urs_Fischbacher__The_Nature_of_Human_Altruism.pdf uk. 785-791.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kabbalah.info/forums/arosa/engmaterials/Altruism/Ernst_Fehr___Urs_Fischbacher__The_Nature_of_Human_Altruism.pdf |date=20130828121217 }}</ref><ref>Sigmund, Karl, Ernst Fehr, na Martin A. Nowak (2002), "The Economics ya Fair Play," ''kisayansi Marekani,'' 286 (1) Januari, [http://www.scribd.com/word/full/2188440?access_key=key-2ejknqyx744p0e6mcc21 uk. 82-87.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scribd.com/word/full/2188440?access_key=key-2ejknqyx744p0e6mcc21 |date=20120521062428 }}</ref> Ustadi huu umesababisha wengine kusema kuwa uchumi ni “sayansi halisi.".<ref name="Imperialism">{{cite journal| author=Lazear, Edward P.| title=Economic Imperialism| journal=American Economic Review| year=2000| volume=115| issue=1|pages= p[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033–5533%28200002%29115%3A1%3C99%3AEI%3E2.0.CO%3B2–W&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage p. 99–994]| unused_data=Quarterly Journal of Economics }}</ref> ===Nadharia ya bahati=== Nadharia ya bahati ni tawi la hisabati tekelezi ambalo hutafiti mwingiliano wa mbinu baina ya vipengele tekelezi. Katika mbinu za bahati, vipengele tekelezi huchagua mbinu ambazo zitaongeza mapato yao, ukilinganisha na mbini ambazo vipengele vingine huchagua. Nadhari hii hutoa mfumo rasmi wa mwelekeo kwa hali za kijamii ambapo wafanya maamuzi huingiliana na watendaji wengine. Nadharia ya bahati hujumuishwa mielekeo ya kuongeza yaliyobuniwa ili kutafiti soko kama vile mfumo wa ugavi na mahitaji. Somo hili lilitokana na kitabu cha urasimi cha 1944 kiitwacho ''[[Theory of Games and Economic Behavior]]'' kilichoandikwa na John von Neumann na Oskar Morgenstern. Somo hili limepata utekelezi wa kiwango kikubwa kiasi katika sehemu nyingi nje ya uchumi vile inavyofikiriwa, ambayo ni pamoja na ubuni wa ustadi wa kinyuklia, maadili, sayanzi ya kisiasa na nadharia ya mageuzi.<ref> [[Aumann, RJ]] (1987). "Game Theory", [[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]] v. 2, uk. 460-82.</ref> ===Taaluma=== Kufanywa taaluma kwa uchumi, jinsi inavyoonekana katika ongezeko la masomo ya daraja ya pili ya vyuo vikuu katika somo hilo, kumeelezwa kuwa “badiliko kuu katika somo la uchumi tangu miaka ya 1900".<ref> [[O. Ashenfelter]] (2001), "Uchumi: Overview," The Profession wa Uchumi, ''[[International Encyclopedia wa Social Sciences & Behavioral]],'' v. 6, uk 4159.</ref> Idadi kubwa ya vyuo vikuu vya kutajika na taasisi nyingi huwa na somo kuu, kitivo, au idara kuu ambapo shahada za kielimu hutolewa katika somo hili, iwe ni kwa masomo ya sanaa huria, biashara, au kwa masomo ya taaluma. Tuzo la Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (kwa usemi, Tuzo la Nobel katika Uchumi) ni tuzo ambalo hutolewa kwa mwanauchumi kila mwaka kwa mchango mkuu wa kimawazo katika somo hili. Katika sekta ya kibinafsi, wanauchumi wataalamu huajiriwa kama washauri na katika sekta, inayojumuisha uhifadhi katika benki na maswala ya kifedha. Wanauchumi pia hufanya kazi katika idara na mashirika ya serikali, kama vile Hazina ya kitaifa, Benki Kuu au Afisi ya Takwimu. ==Somo la uchumi na masomo mengine== Uchumi ni mojawapo ya sayansi za kijamii baina ya zingine kadhaa na huwa na matawi yanayopakana na masomo mengine, yakiwemo jiografia ya kiuchumi, historia ya kiuchumi, uchaguzi wa umma, uchumi na nisharti, uchumi wa utamaduni, na uchumi wa taasisi. Sheria na uchumi au utafiti wa kiuchumi wa sheria, ni mwelekeo wa nadharia ya kisheria ambao hutumia mbinu za kiuchumia katika sheria. Somo hili hujumuisha utumizi wa dhana za kiuchumi ili kueleza athari za kanuni za kisheria, kubainisha ni kanuni zipi za kisheria zilizo na ufanisi wa kiuchumi, na kutabiri ni kanuni za kisheria zinazweza kuwa.<ref> [[Friedman, Daudi]] (1987). "Sheria na Uchumi," ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics,'' v. 3, uk 144.</ref><ref>[[Posner, Richard A.]] (1972). ''Kiuchumi Uchambuzi wa sheria.'' Aspen, 7 ed., 2007) ISBN 978-0-735-56354-4.</ref> Makala ya mafundisho yaliyoandikwa na Ronald Coase na kuchapishwa mnamo 1961 yalipendekeza kuwa sheria za umiliki wa mali zilizodhihirishwa vyema hushinda matatizo yanayotokana na vipengele vua nje.<ref> [[Coase, Ronald]], "The Problem of Social Cost", ''[[The Journal wa Sheria na Uchumi]]'' Vol.3, No.1 (1960). Suala hili kwa kweli mara iliyochapishwa mwaka 1961.</ref> Uchumi wa kiasiasa ni utafiti unaojumuisha masomo mengi kwa kuchanganya uchumi, sheria, na sayansi ya kisiasa ili kueleza jinsi taasisi za kisiasa , mazingira ya kisiasa, ma mfumo wa kiuchumi (ukapitalisti, usoshialisti, mchanganyiko) hushawishiana. Unatafiti maswali kama vile jinsi makundi yanayotawala shughuli za soko, tabia ya kutafuta manufaa ya kibinafsi kwa madhara ya wengine, na vipengele vya nje vinafaa kuathiri sera ya serikali.<ref> Groenwegen (1987, p.906)</ref><ref> Anne O. Krueger, "The Political Economy ya Kodi-Kutafuta Society," ''American Economic Review,'' 64 (3), Juni 1974, pp.291-303</ref> [[Wanahistoria wametumia uchumi wa kisiasa kutafiti njia za wakati uliopita ambazo watu na makundi yaliyo na maslahi yanayofanana ya kiuchumi wametumia siasa ili kuleta mabadiliko ambayo yanafaidi maslahi yao.|Wanahistoria wametumia ''uchumi wa kisiasa '' kutafiti njia za wakati uliopita ambazo watu na makundi yaliyo na maslahi yanayofanana ya kiuchumi wametumia siasa ili kuleta mabadiliko ambayo yanafaidi maslahi yao.<ref> McCoy, Drew R. "Jamhuri ya ndoto: Siasa Ecocomy katika Jeffersonian Amerika ", Chapel Hill, Chuo Kikuu cha North Carolina, 1980.</ref>]][[Somo la Uchumi#cite note-76|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[76]</span>]] [[Uchumi wa nishati ni sehemu pana ya somo la kisayansi inayojumuisha mada zinazohusiana na ugavi wa nishati na mahitaji ya nishati.]] [[]]Georgescu-Roegen alianzisha upya dhana ya entropy aliyoihusisha na uchumi na nishati kutoka kwa somo la ubadilishaji wa nishati la thermodynamics, huku akiitofautisha na kile alichoona kuwa msingi wa kiufundi wa uchumi wa urasimimpya unaotokana na fizkia ya Newton. Kazi yake ilichangia kwa kiwango kikubwa kwa somo la uchumi wa kubadilisha nishati kuwa kazi na joto na kwa uchumi wa kiikolojia. Vilevile alifanya kazi ya kimsingi ambayo iliendelea na kuwa uchumi wa mageuzi.<ref> Cleveland, C. na Ruta, M. 1997. Wakati, ambapo, na kwa kiasi gani kufanya mipaka biophysical inverka mchakato wa kiuchumi? Utafiti wa Georgescu-Roegen's mchango kiikolojia uchumi. ''Ecological Economics'' 22: 203-223.</ref><ref> Daly, H. 1995. On Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen's kuchangia uchumi: An obituary insha. ''Ecological Economics'' 13: 149-54.</ref><ref> MAYUMI, K. 1995. Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1906-1994): en admirable epistemologist. ''Strukturella Change na Uchumi Dynamics'' 6: 115-120.</ref><ref> MAYUMI, K. na Gowdy, JM (eds.) 1999. ''Bioeconomics na Sustainability: Essays katika Heshima ya Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen.'' Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.</ref><ref> MAYUMI, K. 2001. ''Chanzo cha Ecological Economics: The Bioeconomics ya Georgescu-Roegen.'' London: Routledge.</ref> ==Ukosoaji wa somo la kiuchumi== "Sayansi duni” ni jina badala lililo la kudharau litumikalo kwa uchumi na lililobuniwa na mwanahistoria wa enzi ya Victoria Thomas Carlyle katika karne ya 19. Mara nyingi, husemekana kuwa Carlyle aliupatia uchumi jina la utani la “sayansi duni” kama jibu kwa maandishi karne ya 18 ya Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, ambaye alitabiri kwa hofu kuwa njaa ingetokea, vile matarajio ya ukuaji wa idadi ya watu yangezidi ongezeko la usambazaji wa chakula. Mafundisho ya Malthus hatimaye yalijulikana chini ya mwavuli wa maneno “Dhana Duni ya Malthus". Utabiri wake ulisitishwa na uboreshaji mkubwa ambao haukuwa umetarajiwa katika ufanisi wa uzalishaji wa vyakula katika karne ya 20; ilhali mwisho wa hatari ambao aliutabiri unabaki kuwa uwezekano ambao haukubaliki na wengine, ikiwa uzuli wa binadamu utashindwa kumudu ongezeko la idadi ya watu.<ref> {{cite book |last= Malthus |first= Thomas Robert |editor= |others= |title= An Essay on the Principle of Population, As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers |url= http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPop.html |accessdate= 2008-06-28 |edition= 1st |year= 1798 |publisher= J Johnson |location= London |chapter= Chapter II }} </ref> Baadhi ya wanauchumi kama vile John Stuart Mill au Leon Walras, wamedumisha fikira kuwa uzalishaji wa mali haufai kuunganishwa na usambazaji wake. Uzalishaji ni kitengo cha “uchumi tekelezi” huku usambazaji ukiwa ni aina ya “uchumi wa kijamii” na sana sana huwa ni swala la mamlaka na siasa.<ref> ''Mwanzo wa Kiuchumi Ideas,'' Guy Routh (1989)</ref> Katika ''The Wealth of Nations,'' [[Adam Smith]] anazungumzia masuala mengi ambayo kwa sasa ni mada ya mjadala na mabishano. Smith alishambuliwa mara kadhaa makundi ya watu waliojihusisha na siasa ambao hujaribu kutukia ushawishi wao kuishurutisha serikali kufanya vile watakavyo. Katika enzi ya Smith, haya yaliitwa makundi ya wafitini, lakini kwa sasa hujulikana sana kama maslahi maalum, jina ambalo linaweza kujumuisha wafanyakazi wa mabenki, mashirika ya makampuni, makundi yanayotawala kwa wazi shughuli za soko, kikundi kimoja kinachotawala shughuli za soko, vyama vya wafanyakazi na makundi mengine.<ref>Se Noam Chomsky ''(Kuelewa Power),'' [http://www.understandingpower.com/Chapter5.htm#f1 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.understandingpower.com/Chapter5.htm#f1 |date=20081014032025 }} katika Smith's mkazo juu ya vita katika darasa Utajiri wa Mataifa</ref> Uchumi halisi, kama sayansi ya kijamii, huwa huru kutoka kwa vitendo vya kisiasa vya serikali yoyote au mashirika mengine yanayofanya uamuzi, hata hivyo, wabuni wengi wa sera au watu binafsi walio na vyeo vikubwa sana ambavyo vinaweza kuwa na ushawishi katika maisha ya watu wengine wana sifa ya kutumia bila mpangilio wowote dhana nyingi sana za kiuchumi na maneno matupu kama chombo cha kuhalalisha ajenda na mifumo ya maadili, na huwa hawakomeshi usemi wao kwa maswala yanayohusu majukumu waliyo nayo.{{citation needed|date=Julai 2009}} wa karibu wa nadharia na utekelezi wa kiuchumi na siasa <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070611105040/http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/rps/rps2006/rp2006-148.pdf Utafiti Paper No 2006/148 Maadili, Rhetoric na Siasa ya Post-migogoro Ujenzi Jinsi Je Dhana ya Jamii ContractHelp kwetu Kuelewa jinsi ya kufanya kazi ya Amani?][http://web.archive.org/web/20070611105040/http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/rps/rps2006/rp2006-148.pdf Sirkku J. Hellsten, PG.]</ref> [138] ni swala la utata ambalo linaweza kuingilia au kupotosha hata yale malengo ya kiuchumi yasiyo na madai hata kidogo, na huchanganyishwa mara nyingi na ajenda maalum za kijamii na mifumo ya maadili.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.stratapub.com/Hahn/preface.htm |title=Kisiasa Mawasiliano: Rhetoric, Serikali, na Wananchi, toleo la pili, Dan F. Hahn |accessdate=2009-12-08 |archive-date=2011-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126163521/http://www.stratapub.com/Hahn/preface.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Katika ''Steady State Economics'' 1977, [[Herman Daly alisema kuwa kunao maswala ambayo hayawiani kimantiki baina ya msisitizo unaowekwa kwa ongezeko la idadi ya watu na upatikanaji mdogo wa maliasilia.|Herman Daly alisema kuwa kunao maswala ambayo hayawiani kimantiki baina ya msisitizo unaowekwa kwa ongezeko la idadi ya watu na upatikanaji mdogo wa maliasilia.<ref>http://dieoff.org/page88.htm {{Wayback|url=http://dieoff.org/page88.htm |date=20070703030456 }} Steady-State Uchumi, kwa Herman Daly</ref>]][[Somo la Uchumi#cite note-87|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[87]</span>]] Masuala kama uhuru wa benki kuu, sera za benki kuu na ufasaha wa kunena katika usemi wa magavana wa benki kuu au nguzo za sera za uchumi wa kiwango cha juu<ref>Johan Scholvinck, Mkurugenzi wa Idara ya Umoja wa Mataifa kwa ajili ya Sera na Maendeleo ya Jamii katika New York, [http://www.icsw.org/publications/sdr/2002-june/un-division.htm Making ya Uchunguzi kwa Ujumuishaji wa Sera ya Kijamii na Uchumi,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.icsw.org/publications/sdr/2002-june/un-division.htm |date=20071118193838 }} The Social Development Review</ref>[[(fedha]] na [[sera ya fedha)]] ya [[Marekani]], ni mwelekeo wa msuguano na kukosolewa. <ref> Bernd Hayo (Georgetown University & [[Chuo Kikuu cha Bonn]]), [http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpma/0103006.html Je Sisi Really Need Benki Kuu ya Uhuru?][http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpma/0103006.html A Critical Re-mtihani,] mawazo katika Idara ya Uchumi, Chuo cha Sanaa na Sayansi Liberal, Chuo Kikuu cha Connecticut</ref> <ref> Gabriel Mangano (Centre Walras-Pareto, Chuo Kikuu cha Lausanne BFSH 1, 1015 Lausanne, Uswisi, na London School of Economics), Upimaji wa Benki Kuu ya Uhuru: A Tale of Subjectivity na matokeo yake, Oxford Uchumi Papers. 1998; 50: 468-492</ref> <ref> Friedrich Heinemann, [http://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/zewdip/4553.html Je Lipa kwa Watch Central Bankers 'midomo?][http://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/zewdip/4553.html Det Taarifa Content ya ECB liknande,] mawazo katika Idara ya Uchumi, Chuo cha Sanaa na Sayansi Liberal, Chuo Kikuu cha Connecticut</ref> <ref> Stephen G. Cecchetti, [http://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/6306.html Benki Kuu Policy Rules: Conceptual Masuala na Vitendo Considerations,] mawazo katika Idara ya Uchumi, Chuo cha Sanaa na Sayansi Liberal, Chuo Kikuu cha Connecticut</ref> [[Deirdre McCloskey amesema kuwa utafiti mwingi wa kijarabati wa kiuchumi huripotiwa visivyofaa, na ingawa ukosoaju wake umepokelewa vyema, yeye na Stephen Ziliak wamedai kuwa utekelezaji haujaboreshwa.|Deirdre McCloskey amesema kuwa utafiti mwingi wa kijarabati wa kiuchumi huripotiwa visivyofaa, na ingawa ukosoaju wake umepokelewa vyema, yeye na Stephen Ziliak wamedai kuwa utekelezaji haujaboreshwa.<ref name="Ziliak2004">{{cite journal | author = Ziliak, S.T. | coauthors = [[Deirdre McCloskey|McCloskey, D.N.]] | year = 2004 | title = Size Matters: The Standard Error of Regressions in the American Economic Review | journal = Econ Journal Watch | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 331–358 | url =http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/ZiliakMcCloskeyAugust2004.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/ZiliakMcCloskeyAugust2004.pdf |date=20080625054144 }} | accessdate = 2008-06-10|format=PDF}}</ref>]][[Somo la Uchumi#cite note-Ziliak2004-93|<span class="mw-reflink-text">[93]</span>]] Madai haya ya nyuma ni ya utata.<ref Name=>{{cite journal | author = | year = | title = Sound and Fury: McCloskey and Significance Testing in Economics | url = http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpem/0511018.html | accessdate = 2008-06-10}}</ref> Utafiti wa shirika la International Monetary Fund wa mwaka wa 2002 ulizingatia “utabiri wa makubaliano” (utabiri wa makundi makubwa ya wanauchumi) ambao ulifanywa awali kabla ya kurudi nyuma kwa uchumi kwa mataifa 60 tofauti katika miaka ya 90; katika 97% ya visa wanauchumia hawakutabiri mpunguo kwa mwaka mmoja kabla ya tukio. Katika visa vile vya nadra ambako wanauchumi walitabiri kwa mafanikio kurudi nyuma kwa uchumi, walikadiria makali yake kwa kiwango cha chini mno.<ref> "Jinsi Korrekta Je Sekta Binafsi Forecasts? Msalaba-Country ushahidi kutoka Consensus Forecasts wa Kukuza Uchumi Output ", kwa Prakash Loungani, Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa (IMF), Desemba 2002</ref>. ===Ukosoaji wa dhana=== Uchumi umekuwa mada ya ukosoaji hadi hutegemea dhana ambazo hazina uhakika, haziwezi kuthibitishwa na zimerahisishwa visivyofaaa, kwa wakati mwingine kwa sababu dhana hizi hutumia hisabati zinazovutia. Mifano ni pamoja na habari kamilifu, uimarishaji wa faida kwa kiwango cha juu zaidi na chaguzi za kimawazo.<ref> Rappaport, Steven (1996). "Abstraction na Unrealistic antaganden katika Uchumi," ''Journal of Economic Methodolojia,'' 3 (2), uk. 215-236. [http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a739439848~db=all Abstract,] (1998). ''Reality katika mifano na Uchumi.'' Edward Elgar, s. 6, ch. 6-8.</ref><ref> Friedman, Milton (1953), "The Methodolojia wa Positive Uchumi," ''Insha katika Positive Economics,'' University of Chicago Press, uk. 14-15, 22,, 31.</ref><ref> Boland, Lawrence A. (2008). "Antaganden Albamu alizotoa", [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition|''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition'' ]] [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000231&q=assumption&topicid=&result_number=1 Best abstract.] Accessed 30 Mei 2008.</ref> Baadhi ya nadharia za kisasa za kiuchumi zimezingatia kuzungumzia matatizo haya kupitia kwa matawi madogo ya somo hili yanayoibuka kama vile uchumi wa taarifa, uchumi wa tabia, na uchumi wa utata, huku Geoffrey Hodgson akitabiri mabadiliko makubwa katika mwelekeo uliotanda wa kiuchumi. Hata hivyo, wanauchumi maarufu wa uchumi uliotanda kama vile Keynes<ref> {{cite journal | last = Keynes | first = J. M. | authorlink = J.M. Keynes | coauthors = | title = Alfred Marshall 1842–1924 | journal = The Economic Journal | volume = 34 | issue = 135 | pages = 333,356 | publisher = | location = | month = Septemba | year = 1924 | url =http://www.jstor.org/stable/2222645 | doi =10.2307/2222645 | id = | accessdate = 2008-04-19}} </ref>na Joskow, pamoja na wanauchumi wa kiheteredoksi, wametoa maoni kuwa kiwango kikubwa cha uchumi huwa ni cha kidhana na wala si cha kihisabati, na huwa ni vigumu kuweka mifumo na kuurasmisha kwa kutumia mbinu za kihisabati. Katika majadiliano juu ya utafiti wa makundi ya kutawal shughuli za soko, Paul Joskow alionyesha mnamo 1975 kuwa katika utekelezi, wanafunzi wenye bidii wa uchumi halisi, huwa na mazoea ya kutumia “mifumo isiyo rasmi” inayotokana na vipengele vya maelezo ambavyo hutumiwa katika sekta maalum. Joskow aliamini sana kuwa kazi muhimu ya kutafiti makundi yanayotawala shughuli za soko ilifanya kupitia uchunguzi usio rasmi huku mifumo rasmi ilikuwa “ikionyeshwa kwa madaha baada yakazi ''[[kumalizika]]'' ". Alidai kuwa mifumo rasmi kwa kiasi kikubwa haikuwa na maana katika kazi ya ujarabati, vilevile, na kuwa kipengele muhimu kilicho msingi wa nadharia ya kampuni, tabia, kilipuuzwa.<ref> {{cite journal | last = Joskow | first = Paul | authorlink =Paul Joskow | coauthors = | title = Firm Decision-making Policy and Oligopoly Theory | journal = The American Economic Review | volume = 65 | issue = 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Eighty-seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association | pages = 270–279, Particularly 271 | publisher = | location = | month = Mei | year = 1975 | url =http://www.jstor.org/stable/1818864 | doi = | id = | accessdate = 2008-04-19}} </ref> Licha ya wasiwasi huu, masomo ya daraja ya pili ya vyuo vikuu yameendelea kuwa ya kiufundi na kihisabati.<ref name="Textbooks2004">{{cite journal | author = Johansson D. | year = 2004 | title = Economics without Entrepreneurship or Institutions: A Vocabulary Analysis of Graduate Textbooks | journal = Econ Journal Watch | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 515–538 | url = http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/JohanssonPractice1December2004.pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-07 | format = PDF | archive-date = 2008-06-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625054127/http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/JohanssonPractice1December2004.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Ingawa nyingi ya kazi ya kimsingi ya utafiti wa kiuchumi katika historia ulihusu dhana na wala si hisabati, kwa sasa huwa ni vigumu zaidi kupata uwezekano wa kuchapisha nakala isiyo ya kihisabati katika jedwali mashuhuri. Kuona ukweli kwa upande wa baadhi ya wanafunzi kuhusu kuzingatia kwa uchumi kwa vitu ambavyo haviwezi kushikika na vya ufundi kumesababisha kuzuka kwa kundi la uchumi wa baada ya hali ya autism, ambao ulianza Ufaransa mnamo 2000. [[David Colander]], mtetezi wa uchumi tata, amezungumzia vilevile kwa kukosoa mbinu za kihisabati za kiuchumi, ambazo anahusisha na mfumo wa chuo cha MIT kwa uchumi, kinyume cha ule wa Chicago (ingawa anasema pia kuwa mfumo wa Chicago hauwezi tena kuitwa ulio na maono ya kiakili). Anaamini kuwa mapendekezo ya sera kutokana na mfumo wa maono ya kiakili ya Chicago yalichangia kushuka kwa uchumi wa maono ya kiakili. Anasema pia kuwa amewahi kukutana na wanauchumi wenza ambao wamekataa katakata kujadiliana kuhusu uchumi wa kusisimua pasipo na mfumo rasmi, na anaamini kuwa mifumo mara nyingine huzuia maono ya mawazo.<ref> Colander, D. (1998). Confessions of an Economic Gadfly. Katika [http://books.google.com/books?id=F8zynA594DUC ''Passion na Craft.'' ] uk. 39-55.</ref> Hivi karibuni zaidi, hata hivyo, ameandikwa kuwa uchumi wa kiheterodoksi, ambao mara nyingi huchukua zaidi mwelekeo wa maono ya kimawazo, unafaa kushirikiana na wanahisabati na kuwa wa kihisabati zaidi.<ref name="Colander2007"> Colander, D. (2007). [http://ideas.repec.org/p/mdl/mdlpap/0724.html Heterodox pluralism na Uchumi: Mapendekezo kwa ajili ya "Ndani ya Kuingiza" Heterodoxy]</ref> "Uchumi uliotanda ni mfumo wa kirasmi”, anaandika, na kinachohitajika si kupungua kwa hisabati wala ni kuongezeka kwa viwango vya hisabati. Anaeleza kuwa baadhi ya mada zinazozingatiwa na wanauchumi wa kiheterodoksi, kama vile umuhimu wa taasisi au ukosefu wa uhakika, zinatafitiwa kwa sasa kupitia mifumo ya kihisabati bila kutaja kazi iliyofanya na wanauchumi wa kiheterodoksi. Uchumi mpya wa taasisi, kwa mfano, huchunguza taasisi kihisababti bila kuhusisha sana somo linatokana kwa kiasi kikubwa na kiheterodoksi la uchumi wa taasisi. Katika hotuba yake ya Tuzo la Nobel ya 1974, Friedrich Hayek, anayejulikana kwa uhusiano wake wa karibu na mfumo wa kiheterodoksi wa uchumi wa Kiaustria, alilaumu kutofaulu kwa sera za ushauri wa kiuchumi kwa maelekeo ya kuiga utaratibu wa kihisabati unaotumika kwa sayansi asilia bila kupambanua au kutumia mbinu za kisayansi. Anatoa hoja kuwa hata matukio ya kiuchumi ambayo yametafitiwa kwa kiwango kikubwa, kama vile ukosefu wa ajir akatika soko, huwa kwa kindani na utata mkubwa kuliko matukio kama hayo katika somo la sayansi asilia ambako mbinu zilibuniwa hapo awali. Vilevile, nadharia na takwimu huwa mara nyingi havidhihiriki na hushughulikwa kulingana na ''mwelekeo '' wa mabadiliko yanayohitajika, na wala si ukubwa wake.<ref name="Hayek"> {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1974/hayek-lecture.html#not1|title=The Pretence of Knowledge |accessdate=2007-09-26|publisher=Nobleprize.org|year=1974|author=[[Friedrich Hayek|Hayek, Friedrich A.]]|work=Lecture to the Memory of Alfred Nobel}} paragraphs 2, 4, 5, na 7-10.</ref> Kwa upande mmoja kwa sababu ya ukosoaji, uchumi umepatwa na uratibishaji wa hali ya juu na ufafanuzi wa dhana na mbinu tangu miaka ya 1940, ambao baadhi yake imeelekea katika utekelezaji wa mbinu ya kidhana na kimawazo (hypothetico-deductive method) katika kueleza matokeo ya dunia halisi.<ref> Blaug, Marko (2007). "The Social Sciences: Economics" (Postwar maendeleo, metoder Eusebio katika uchumi wa kisasa), ''The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' aya ya 27, uk. 346-47.</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Historia ya Uchumi]] ==Tanbihi== {{Marejeo|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== * [[Barr, Nicholas]] (2004) ''Uchumi wa Welfare State,'' 4th ed., Oxford University Press * [[Stiglitz, Joseph]] (2000) ''Uchumi wa Sekta ya Umma,'' 3rd ed., Norton Press ==Viungo vya nje== {{sisterlinks}} ;Habari za ujumla * {{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Economics/|Economics}} * [http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/journals.htm Uchumi katika Open Directory Project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/journals.htm |date=20130710110240 }} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109547/economics Uchumi] katika Encyclopædia Britannica. * [http://www.intute.ac.uk/socialsciences/economics/ Intute: Economics:] {{Wayback|url=http://www.intute.ac.uk/socialsciences/economics/ |date=20070512014346 }} Orodha ya anwani ya tovuti ya vyuo vikuu vya Uingereza. * [http://repec.org/ Nakala za Utafiti katika Somo la Uchumi (RePEc)] * [http://rfe.org/ Vifaa Kwa Wanauchumi :] {{Wayback|url=http://rfe.org/ |date=20130511055542 }} Mwongozo unaodhaminiwa na Chama cha Kiuchumi cha Marekani ulio na vifaa zaidi ya 2000 vya Tovuti kutoka "Data" to "Neat Stuff,". ;Taasisi na mashirika * [http://www.cepr.net/ Center for Economic and Policy Research (Marekani)] * [http://edirc.repec.org/ Economics Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in the World] * [http://www.oecd.org/statistics/ Organization For Co-operation and Economic Development (OECD) Statistics] * [http://unstats.un.org/unsd United Nations Statistics Division] * [http://www.worldbank.org/data/ World Bank Data] * [http://www.wto.org World Trade Organization] ;Zana za masomo * [http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/newbooks.htm Mwongozo wa vitabu vya kiada kadha wa kadha katika tovuti] {{Wayback|url=http://www.oswego.edu/~economic/newbooks.htm |date=20130812211719 }} * [http://eh.net/atp/ Sehemu ya Ask The Professor] {{Wayback|url=http://eh.net/atp/ |date=20071026005606 }} ya EH.Net Economic History Services * [http://economics.about.com/ Uchumi katika About.com] {{Wayback|url=http://economics.about.com/ |date=20070602020408 }} * [[b:Economics|Vitabu vya kiada vya kiuchumi katika Wikibooks]] * [http://www.econguru.com/introduction_to_economics/ Introduction to Economics:] Dibaji fupi ya uchumi wa kimsingi iliyopewa leseni na Creative commons * [http://www.merlot.org/merlot/materials.htm?category=2216 Zana za masomo za MERLOT: Economics:] {{Wayback|url=http://www.merlot.org/merlot/materials.htm?category=2216 |date=20130614190857 }} Hakiki iliyo Marekani ya vifaa vya masomo * [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Economics/index.htm MIT OpenCourseWare: Economics:] {{Wayback|url=http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Economics/index.htm |date=20100505004829 }} Makavazi ya zana za masomo kutoka kwa kozi za MIT * [http://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/links/othertl.htm Zana za kusoma na kufundisha zilizo katika tovuti, hakiki za] UK Economics Network, picha, maelezo ya maneno na vifaa vingine * [http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/thought.htm Mifumo ya mawazo:] {{Wayback|url=http://homepage.newschool.edu/het/thought.htm |date=20040805133647 }} Linganisha mifumo ya kiuchumi mbalimbali juu ya maswala fulani * [http://www.econlib.org/ Maktaba ya Uchumi na Uhuru (EconLib):] Vitabu vya Somo la Uchumi, Makala, Blogi (EconLog), Podcasts (EconTalk) {{sayansi}} [[Category:Uchumi]] [[Category:Elimu jamii]] [[Jamii:Sayansi]] oi0362kgl3qqk57r8nqsg07vcndp7px 0 35537 1569163 1448279 2026-06-09T18:28:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | Jina = Secrets | Type = studio | Msanii = [[Toni Braxton]] | Cover = tonibraxtonsecrets.jpg | Maelezo = Kasha ya albamu ya Secrets | Imetolewa = 18 Juni 1996 | Imerekodiwa = Oktoba 1995 - Aprili 1996 | Aina = [[contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[soul music|soul]], [[pop music|pop]] | Urefu = 54:53 | Lugha = [[Kiingereza]] | Studio = [[LaFace Records|LaFace]] | Mtayarishaji = [[Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds|Babyface]] <small>(also exec.)</small>, [[L.A. Reid|Antonio "L.A." Reid]] <small>(also exec.)</small>, [[R. Kelly]], [[David Foster]], [[Tony Rich]], [[Soulshock & Karlin]], Keith Crouch | Review = *[[Allmusic]] {{Rating|4.5|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/album/secrets-r235586 link] * ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' <small>(not rated)</small> [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/tonibraxton/albums/album/235493/review/5942450/secrets link] | Tarehe = | Albamu iliyopita = ''[[Toni Braxton (album)|Toni Braxton]]''<br />(1993) | Albamu ya sasa = '''''Secrets'''''<br />(1996) | Albamu ijayo = ''[[The Heat (Toni Braxton album)|The Heat]]''<br />(2000) | Misc = {{Singles |Jina = Secrets |Type = Studio |Single 1 = [[You're Makin' Me High]]"/"[[Let It Flow (song)|Let It Flow]] |Single 1 tarehe = 21 Mei 1996 |Single 2 = [[Un-Break My Heart]] |Single 2 tarehe = 8 Oktoba 1996 |Single 3 = [[I Don't Want To]]"/"[[I Love Me Some Him]] |Single 3 tarehe = 11 Machi 1997 |Single 4 = [[How Could an Angel Break My Heart]] |Single 4 tarehe = 4 Novemba 1997 }}}} '''''Secrets''''' ni albamu ya pili ya mwanamuziki [[Toni Braxton]], iliyotolewa nchini [[Marekani]] mnamo 18 Juni 1996. Baada ya kushinda tuzo tele kutoka kwa albamu yake ya awali, ikiwemo tuzo ya ''Grammy Award for Best New Artist''; na kuuza nakala milioni nane, kulikuwa na matumaini mengi kwa albamu hii ya pili. Albamu hii iiuza nakala milioni nane nchini [[Marekani]] na zaidi ya nakala milioni tano kote duniani. == Nyimbo zake == # "Come on Over Here" (Darrell Spencer, [[Tony Rich]], [[Marc Nelson]]) – 3:36 # "[[You're Makin' Me High]]" ([[Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds|Babyface]], [[Bryce Wilson]]) – 4:26 # "There's No Me Without You" (Babyface) – 4:19 # "[[Un-Break My Heart]]" ([[Diane Warren]]) – 4:30 # "Talking in His Sleep" (Toni Braxton, Keith Crouch) – 5:33 # "[[How Could an Angel Break My Heart]]" (with [[Kenny G]]) (Babyface, Braxton) – 4:20 # "Find Me a Man" (Babyface) – 4:27 # "[[Let It Flow (song)|Let It Flow]]" (Babyface) – 4:21 # "Why Should I Care" (Babyface) – 4:25 # "[[I Don't Want To]]" ([[R. Kelly]]) – 4:17 # "[[I Love Me Some Him]]" ([[Andrea Martin (musician)|Andrea Martin]], Gloria Stewart) – 5:09 # "In the Late of Night"/"Toni's Secrets" (Babyface, [[Jon B.|Jonathan Buck]]) – 5:33 === Toleo la Ulaya === # <li value=12>"In the Late of Night" – 5:18 # "Toni's Secrets" – 0:15 === Toleo la Latin Amerika === # <li value=13>"Regresa a Mi" ("Un-Break My Heart" Spanish Version) – 4:30 === Toleo la Ujapani === # <li value=13>"You're Makin' Me High" (T'empo Mix) – 4:13 # "Un-Break My Heart" (Classic Radio Mix) – 4:27 # "I Don't Want To" ([[Frankie Knuckles]] Radio Edit) – 3:56 == Chati == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chati (1996) !align="center"|Namba |- |align="left"|[[MegaCharts|Dutch Albums Chart]]<ref name="swiss">{{cite web |url=http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Toni+Braxton&titel=Secrets&cat=a |title=Toni Braxton – Secrets – swisscharts.com |accessdate=2008-10-05 |work=SwissCharts.com}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Oricon|Japanese Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/release/d/51611/1/ |title=Secrets – Oricon |accessdate=2009-07-24 |work=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}</ref> |align="center"|65 |- |align="left"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Albums Chart]]<ref name="swiss"/> |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/secrets-r235586 |title=Secrets > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums |accessdate=2008-10-05 |work=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]]<ref name="allmusic"/> |align="center"|1 |- !align="center"|Chart (1997) !align="center"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Albums Chart]]<ref name="swiss"/> |align="center"|11 |- |align="left"|Austrian Albums Chart<ref name="swiss"/> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[Ultratop 50|Belgian Albums Chart]] (Flanders)<ref name="swiss"/> |align="center"|4 |} {{col-2}} {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Chart (1997) !align="center"|Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|[[Ultratop 50|Belgian Albums Chart]] (Wallonia)<ref name="swiss"/> |align="center"|6 |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Albums Chart]]<ref name="allmusic"/> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|Finnish Albums Chart<ref name="swiss"/> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|French Albums Chart]]<ref name="swiss"/> |align="center"|22 |- |align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|German Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Braxton%2CToni/Secrets/longplay |title=Musicline.de – Toni Braxton – Secrets |accessdate=2008-10-05 |work=Musicline.de |language=German |archive-date=2011-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003234615/http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Braxton,Toni/Secrets/longplay |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[Mahasz|Hungarian Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahasz.hu/m/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=top40&ev=1997&het=8&submit_=Keres%C3%A9s |title=Top 40 album- és válogatáslemez-lista – 1997. 8. hét |accessdate=2008-10-05 |work=[[Mahasz]] |language=Hungarian |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201016/http://www.mahasz.hu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Albums Chart]]<ref name="swiss"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Albums Chart]]<ref name="swiss"/> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Albums Chart]]<ref name="swiss"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chartstats.com/albuminfo.php?id=12852 |title=Chart Stats – Toni Braxton – Secrets |accessdate=2008-10-05 |work=Chart Stats |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120524234822/http://www.chartstats.com/albuminfo.php?id=12852 |archivedate=2012-05-24 }}</ref> |align="center"|10 |} {{col-end}} === Certifications === {| class="wikitable" !align="center"|Nchi !align="center"|Anayetoa !align="center"|Thibitisho !align="center"|Mauzo |- |align="left"|Australia |align="center"|[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]] |align="center"|2× platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-1997.htm |title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1997 Albums |accessdate=2009-07-19 |work=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]}}</ref> |align="center"|140,000 |- |align="left"|Austria |align="center"|[[IFPI]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |title=IFPI Austria – Gold & Platin Datenbank |accessdate=2009-07-19 |date=10 Aprili 1997 |work=[[IFPI]] |language=German}}</ref> |align="center"|20,000 |- |align="left"|Canada |align="center"|[[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CRIA]] |align="center"|7× platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php |title=CRIA: Search Certification Database |accessdate=2009-07-19 |date=31 Desemba 1997 |work=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association|CRIA]] |archivedate=2016-01-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111074458/http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php }}</ref> |align="center"|700,000 |- |align="left"|Europe |align="center" rowspan="2"|IFPI |align="center"|3× platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1997.html |title=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 1997 Awards |accessdate=2009-07-19 |work=[[IFPI]] |archivedate=2012-05-22 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67qh7uJd0?url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat1997.html }}</ref> |align="center"|3,000,000 |- |align="left"|Finland |align="center"|Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/artistit/toni+braxton |title=IFPI Finland – Toni Braxton |accessdate=2009-07-19 |work=[[IFPI]] |language=Finnish |archivedate=2010-08-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818033924/http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/artistit/toni+braxton }}</ref> |align="center"|35,227 |- |align="left"|France |align="center"|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/monopage.xml?id=259165&year=1997&type=8 |title=Certifications Albums Or – année 1997 |accessdate=2009-07-19 |date=17 Juni 1997 |work=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]] |language=French |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404175716/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/monopage.xml?id=259165&year=1997&type=8 |archivedate=2012-04-04 }}</ref> |align="center"|100,000 |- |align="left"|Germany |align="center"|IFPI |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=1&strSuche=Secrets |title=Gold/Platin-Datenbank |accessdate=2009-07-19 |work=Bundesverband Musikindustrie |language=German}}</ref> |align="center"|200,000 |- |align="left"|Netherlands |align="center"|[[NVPI]] |align="center"|2× platinum |align="center"|120,000 |- |align="left"|Norway |align="center"|IFPI |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_trofe.htm |title=IFPI Norsk – Salgstrofeer |accessdate=2009-07-19 |work=[[IFPI]] |language=Norwegian |archivedate=2010-01-18 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msTleSRi?url=http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_trofe.htm }}</ref> |align="center"|30,000 |- |align="left"|Poland |align="center"|ZPAV |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zpav.pl/plyty.asp?page=platynowe&lang=en |title=ZPAV platinum certification awards – 1997 |accessdate=2009-07-19 |work=ZPAV |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525174705/http://www.zpav.pl/plyty.asp?page=platynowe&lang=en |archivedate=2008-05-25 |https://web.archive.org/web/20080525174705/http://www.zpav.pl/plyty.asp?page=platynowe&lang=en |=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525174705/http://www.zpav.pl/plyty.asp?page=platynowe&lang=en }}</ref> |align="center"|20,000 |- |align="left"|Sweden |align="center" rowspan="2"|IFPI |align="center"|Platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf |title=IFPI Sweden – Guld & Platina – År 1987–1998 |accessdate=2009-07-19 |format=PDF |date=10 Februari 1997 |work=[[IFPI]] |language=Swedish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616145338/http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf |archivedate=2011-06-16 }}</ref> |align="center"|40,000 |- |align="left"|Switzerland |align="center"|2× platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1998 |title=Swiss Certifications – Awards 1998 |accessdate=2009-07-19 |work=SwissCharts.com}}</ref> |align="center"|100,000 |- |align="left"|United Kingdom |align="center"|[[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] |align="center"|2× platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_B.HTM |title=Chart Log UK – 1994–2008 |accessdate=2009-07-19 |work=Zobbel.de}}</ref> |align="center"|600,000 |- |align="left"|United States |align="center"|[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]] |align="center"|8× platinum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&title=Secrets&artist=Toni%20Braxton&perPage=25 |title=RIAA – Gold & Platinum |accessdate=2009-07-19 |date=3 Oktoba 2000 |work=[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]}}</ref> |align="center"|8,000,000 |} == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Albamu za 1996]] kaum9nj56cytjphy39dglsov0g1xyes 0 71098 1569235 1540999 2026-06-10T03:12:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569235 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Percent of Christians by Country–Pew Research 2011.svg|thumb|600px|[[Asilimia]] ya [[Wakristo]] katika nchi zote duniani.]] {{Ukristo}} [[Ukristo]] ndio [[dini]] kubwa zaidi [[duniani]], ukikadiriwa kuwa na waumini walau [[bilioni]] 2.64 kati ya watu [[bilioni]] 8 hivi <ref name="pew2010-2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} * {{cite web |author=Hackett |first=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Religion Information Data Explorer {{!}} GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/explorer#/?subtopic=15&chartType=bar&year=2020&data_type=number&religious_affiliation=all&destination=to&countries=Worldwide&age_group=all&gender=all&pdfMode=false |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013135617/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/explorer#/?subtopic=15&chartType=bar&year=2020&data_type=number&religious_affiliation=all&destination=to&countries=Worldwide&age_group=all&gender=all&pdfMode=false |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="World">33.39% of ~7.2&nbsp;billion world population (under the section 'People') {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|title=World|date=7 October 2021|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=2025-08-23|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Major Religions Ranked by Size">{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816004118/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=August 16, 2000 |title=Major Religions Ranked by Size |publisher=Adherents.com |access-date=2009-05-05}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web |author=ANALYSIS |url=http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |title=Global Christianity |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=2011-12-19 |access-date=2012-08-17 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226061838/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>, ambao ni karibu sawa na 1/3 ([[2025]]) <ref>Hinnells, ''The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion'', p. 441.</ref>. Kinaganaga zaidi ni dini ya wakazi walio wengi (walau 50%) katika nchi 120 kati ya 201 <ref name="pew2010-2020" />. Kati ya [[madhehebu]] yake, [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linaongoza kwa kuwa na waumini bilioni 1.3,<ref>"Presentation of the Pontifical Yearbook 2019 and the Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae 2017". Holy See Press Office. 6 March 2019. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019</ref> likifuatwa na [[Uprotestanti]] (uliogawanyika sana), [[Waorthodoksi]], [[Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki]] na wengineo. Nchi inayoongoza kwa idadi ya Wakristo ni [[Marekani]], ikifuatwa na [[Brazil]], [[Meksiko]], [[Ufilipino]], [[Urusi]], [[Nigeria]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Italia]] <ref>{{cite web|last1=Diamant|first1=Jeff|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/|title=Which countries have the 10 largest Christian and Muslim Populations?|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref>. Ukristo, katika madhehebu yake mojawapo, ni [[dini rasmi]] ya nchi 14: [[Armenia]] ([[Kanisa la Kitume la Armenia]]), [[Costa Rica]] (Kanisa Katoliki),<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica-Costa Rica">{{cite web|url =http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139528/Costa-Rica| title = Costa Rica|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate = 2008-05-11}}</ref> [[Udeni|Denmark]] ([[Walutheri]]),<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica-Denmark">{{cite web|url =http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157748/Denmark| title = Denmark|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate = 2008-05-11}}</ref> [[Georgia (nchi)|Georgia]] ([[Waorthodoksi]]),<ref>The Church Triumphant: A History of Christianity Up to 1300, E. Glenn Hinson, p 223</ref><ref>Georgian Reader, George Hewitt, p. xii</ref> [[Iceland]] ([[Walutheri]]),<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica-Iceland">{{cite web|url =http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281235/Iceland|title = Iceland|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate = 2008-05-11}}</ref> [[Liechtenstein]] (Kanisa Katoliki),<ref name="U.S. Department of State-Liechtenstein">{{cite web|url =http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/24418.htm|title = Liechtenstein|publisher = U.S. Department of State|accessdate = 2008-05-11}}</ref> [[Malta]] (Kanisa Katoliki),<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica-Malta">{{cite web|url =http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360532/Malta|title = Malta|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate = 2008-05-11}}</ref> [[Monaco]] (Kanisa Katoliki),<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica-Monaco">{{cite web|url =http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/388747/Monaco|title = Monaco|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate = 2008-05-11}}</ref> [[Tuvalu]] (Kanisa la Tuvalu), [[Ugiriki]] ([[Waorthodoksi]]), [[Uingereza]] ([[Anglikana]]),<ref name="Centre for Citizenship-England">{{cite web|url = http://www.centreforcitizenship.org/church1.html|title = Church and State in Britain: The Church of privilege|publisher = Centre for Citizenship|accessdate = 2008-05-11|archivedate = 2008-05-11|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511204430/http://www.centreforcitizenship.org/church1.html}}</ref> [[Vatikani]] (Kanisa Katoliki).<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica-Vatican City">{{cite web|url =http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/623972/Vatican-City|title = Vatican|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate = 2008-05-11}}</ref> na [[Zambia]] (Ukristo). ==Takwimu nchi kwa nchi== [[File:Khor Virap Monastery and Mount Ararat, Armenia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Monasteri]] ya [[karne ya 7]] huko [[Khor Virap]] chini ya [[Mlima Ararat]]. [[Armenia]] ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza kuufanya [[Ukristo]] kuwa [[dini rasmi]] mwaka [[301]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/neareast/f/1stchristian.htm |title=Armenia&nbsp;– Which Nation First Adopted Christianity? |publisher=Ancienthistory.about.com |date=2009-10-29 |accessdate=2010-01-25 |archive-date=2012-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918080327/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/neareast/f/1stchristian.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitarmenia.org/ |title=Visit Armenia, It is Beautiful |publisher=Visitarmenia.org |date= |accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.welcomearmenia.com/main.php?page=armeniainformation&sid=104&lang=eng |title=Armenia Information&nbsp;– Welcome to Armenia |publisher=Welcomearmenia.com |date= |accessdate=2010-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206222352/http://www.welcomearmenia.com/main.php?page=armeniainformation&sid=104&lang=eng |archivedate=2010-02-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.didyouknow.it/religion/first-country-to-adopt-christianity/ |title=Blog Archive " Which is the first country to adopt Christianity? |publisher=Did You Know it |date= |accessdate=2010-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719180946/http://www.didyouknow.it/religion/first-country-to-adopt-christianity/ |archivedate=2009-07-19 }}</ref>]] [[File:Church Tolhuin.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tolhuin]], [[Argentina]].]] [[File:P1050225.JPG|thumb|right|[[Ipiales]], [[Colombia]].]] [[File:Crkva Sv Vida Rijeka 140807.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kanisa kuu]] la [[Mtakatifu Vitus]] huko [[Rijeka]], [[Croatia]].]] [[File:Valreas 3 by JM Rosier.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vaucluse]], [[France]].]] [[File:Church in mykonos 07.JPG|thumb|right|[[Mykonos]], [[Greece]].]] [[File:Iceland 4235.JPG|thumb|right|[[Mosfellsbær|Mosfell]], [[Iceland]].]] [[File:The Cathedral of Ambon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Moluccas]], [[Indonesia]].]] [[File:Cross Cherry Blossoms Kamakura Japan.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]], [[Japan]].]] [[File:Russia-Moscow-Cathedral of Christ the Saviour-3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kanisa kuu]] la [[Kristo]] [[Mwokozi]] huko [[Moscow]], [[Russia]].]] [[File:Lady Kirk, Sanday, Orkney - geograph.org.uk - 220173.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sanday, Orkney|Sanday]], [[Scotland]].]] [[File:Temple Saint Sava.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kanisa kuu]] la [[Mtakatifu Sava]], [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]].]] [[File:Graaff-Reinet GR3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Graaff-Reinet]], [[Afrika Kusini]].]] [[File:Cathedral Of Christ the King in Atlanta.jpg|thumb|right|[[Atlanta]], [[Marekani]].]] [[File:Notre dame saigon.jpg|right|thumb|[[Kanisa kuu]] la [[Bikira Maria|Bibi Yetu]] huko [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (zamani [[Saigon]]), [[Vietnam]].]] [[Takwimu]] zifuatazo zimekokotolewa hasa Marekani: [[State Department]]'s'' International Religious Freedom Report'', [[Islam by country#cite note-11|the]]'' [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]]'', [[Joshua Project]], [[Open doors]], [[Pew Forum]] and [[Adherents.com]]. <ref>Kwa takwimu mpya zaidi (2020), tazama: https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2020/?_gl=1*zck62a*_up*MQ..*_gs*MQ..&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIm629o76gjwMV-joGAB2omhV7EAAYASAAEgLinfD_BwE&gbraid=0AAAAA-ddO9GQwLuvZ7MGnUD3ShC-8XfOv</ref> ====Nchi huru==== <!-- The percentage cells in this table are colored according to the following scheme: #FFFFFF 0-1 #EEEEEE 1-5 #EECCEE 5-10 #CCCCEE 10-20 #CCAAEE 20-30 #AAAAEE 30-40 #AA88EE 40-50 #8888EE 50-60 #8866EE 60-70 #6666EE 70-80 #6644EE 80-90 #4444EE 90-100 --> {| class="wikitable sortable" id="toc" style="width:65%; font-size:100%;" cellspacing="4" |+ '''Christianity by country''' |- bgcolor="#CCCCFF" ! Country ! Christians ! % Christian ! % Catholic ! % Protestant/ Orthodox/ Other ! % GDP/Capita PPP World Bank 2012 |- | {{flag|Afghanistan}} ([[Christianity in Afghanistan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 6,250 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.02% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 1,399 |- | {{flag|Albania}} ([[Christianity in Albania|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 580,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 18.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 10% | style="text-align:right;" | 7% | style="text-align:right;" | 9,443 |- | {{flag|Algeria}} ([[Christianity in Algeria|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 270,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 2% | style="text-align:right;" | 1% | style="text-align:right;" | 1% | style="text-align:right;" | 8,515 |- | {{flag|American Samoa}} ([[Demographics of American Samoa|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 70,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 98.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 20% | style="text-align:right;" | 78% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Andorra}} ([[Religion in Andorra|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 78,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 94.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 90.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 3.9% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Angola}} ([[Christianity in Angola|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 17,094,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 90.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 50% | style="text-align:right;" | 25% | style="text-align:right;" | 6,105 |- | {{flag|Anguilla}} ([[Demographics of Anguilla|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 15,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 90.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 3% | style="text-align:right;" | 87% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} ([[Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 66,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 74.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 10% | style="text-align:right;" | 64% | style="text-align:right;" | 19,964 |- | {{flag|Argentina}} ([[Christianity in Argentina|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 37,561,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 92.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 90% | style="text-align:right;" | 2% | style="text-align:right;" | 12,034 |- | {{flag|Armenia}} ([[Christianity in Armenia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,250,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 98.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 3% | style="text-align:right;" | 95% | style="text-align:right;" | 6,645 |- | {{flag|Aruba}} ([[Demographics of Aruba|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 98,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 90.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 80.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 7.8% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Australia}} ([[Christianity in Australia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 14,000,990 | style="text-align:center;" | 61.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 25.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 37% | style="text-align:right;" | 44,462 |- | {{flag|Austria}} ([[Religion in Austria|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 6,970,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 83.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 73.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 4.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 43,324 |- | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} ([[Christianity in Azerbaijan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 450,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 4.8% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 4.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 10,624 |- | {{flag|Bahamas}} ([[Religion in the Bahamas|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 350,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 96.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 13.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 67.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 31,629 |- | {{flag|Bahrain}} ([[Christianity in Bahrain|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 77,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 9.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 9.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 23,886 |- | {{flag|Bangladesh}} ([[Christianity in Bangladesh|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 420,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.3% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 1,883 |- | {{flag|Barbados}} ([[Religion in Barbados|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 244,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 95.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 4.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 70% | style="text-align:right;" | 18,805 |- | {{flag|Belarus}} ([[Christianity in Belarus|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 5,265,109 | style="text-align:center;" | 55.4%<ref name=mfa>{{cite web|title=Religion and denominations in the Republic of Belarus|url=http://www.mfa.gov.by/upload/pdf/religion_eng.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus|accessdate=17 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014085840/http://www.mfa.gov.by/upload/pdf/religion_eng.pdf|archivedate=2017-10-14}}</ref> | style="text-align:right;" | 7.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 48.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 15,579 |- | {{flag|Belgium}} ([[Religion in Belgium|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 6,860,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 64.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 57% | style="text-align:right;" | 7% | style="text-align:right;" | 38,884 |- | {{flag|Belize}} ([[Religion in Belize|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 247,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 76.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 40% | style="text-align:right;" | 36.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 7,529 |- | {{flag|Benin}} ([[Christianity in Benin|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,943,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 42.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 27% | style="text-align:right;" | 15% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,583 |- | {{flag|Bermuda}} ([[Demographics of Bermuda|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 44,004 | style="text-align:center;" | 64.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 15% | style="text-align:right;" | 50% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Bhutan}} ([[Christianity in Bhutan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 7,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 1.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 6,699 |- | {{flag|Bolivia}} ([[Religion in Bolivia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 9,730,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 97.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 81.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 13% | style="text-align:right;" | 5,281 |- | {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} ([[Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 2,120,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 52.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 36% | style="text-align:right;" | 15% | style="text-align:right;" | 9,235 |- | {{flag|Botswana}} ([[Christianity in Botswana|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,416,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 71.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 5% | style="text-align:right;" | 66% | style="text-align:right;" | 16,986 |- | {{flag|Brazil}} ([[Religion in Brazil|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 175,770,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 90.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 63% | style="text-align:right;" | 27% | style="text-align:right;" | 11,909 |- | {{flag|British Virgin Islands}} ([[Demographics of the British Virgin Islands|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 23,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 96.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 85% | style="text-align:right;" | 9% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Brunei}} ([[Christianity in Brunei|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 45,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 11.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 53,348 |- | {{flag|Bulgaria}} ([[Religion in Bulgaria|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 6,364,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 84.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 1% | style="text-align:right;" | 83% | style="text-align:right;" | 15,933 |- | {{flag|Burkina Faso}} ([[Christianity in Burkina Faso|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,746,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 23.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 18% | style="text-align:right;" | 4% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,513 |- | {{flag|Burundi}} ([[Christianity in Burundi|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 7,662,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 75.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 60% | style="text-align:right;" | 15% | style="text-align:right;" | 560 |- | {{flag|Cambodia}} ([[Christianity in Cambodia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 148,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 1.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.15% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.85% | style="text-align:right;" | 2,494 |- | {{flag|Cameroon}} ([[Religion in Cameroon|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 13,390,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 69.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 38.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 26.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 2,324 |- | {{flag|Canada}} ([[Christianity in Canada|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 22,102,700 | style="text-align:center;" | 67.3%<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA |title=Religions in Canada—Census 2011 |publisher=Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada}}</ref> | style="text-align:right;" | 38.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 17.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 42,693 |- | {{flag|Cape Verde}} ([[Christianity in Cape Verde|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 487,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 95.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 93% | style="text-align:right;" | 4% | style="text-align:right;" | 4,430 |- | {{flag|Cayman Islands}} ([[Demographics of the Cayman Islands|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 42,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 73.8% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Central African Republic}} ([[Religion in the Central African Republic|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 2,302,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 80% | style="text-align:right;" | 29% | style="text-align:right;" | 51% | style="text-align:right;" | 857 |- | {{flag|Chad}} ([[Religion in Chad|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,833,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 34.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 20% | style="text-align:right;" | 15% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,493 |- | {{flag|Chile}} ([[Religion in Chile|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 14,930,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 87.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 67% | style="text-align:right;" | 20% | style="text-align:right;" | 22,655 |- | {{flag|People's Republic of China}} ([[Christianity in China|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 67,070,000<ref name="pewforum.org">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Christian/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-04-19 |archive-date=2013-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723134849/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Christian/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" | 5% | style="text-align:right;" | 1% | style="text-align:right;" | 4% | style="text-align:right;" | 9,233 |- | {{flag|Colombia}} ([[Christianity in Colombia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 44,502,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 97.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 90% | style="text-align:right;" | 7.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 10,587 |- | {{flag|Comoros}} ([[Christianity in Comoros|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 15,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 2.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.25% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,230 |- | {{flag|Cook Islands}} ([[Demographics of the Cook Islands|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 19,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 94.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 16.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 69.6% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Congo, Republic of}} ([[Demographics of the Republic of the Congo|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,409,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 90.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 50% | style="text-align:right;" | 40% | style="text-align:right;" | 4,426 |- | {{flag|Congo, Democratic Republic of}} ([[Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 63,150,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 95.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 50% | style="text-align:right;" | 42% | style="text-align:right;" | 422 |- | {{flag|Costa Rica}} ([[Religion in Costa Rica|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,912,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 84.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 90.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 3.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 12,943 |- | {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} ([[Demographics of Côte d'Ivoire|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 7,075,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 32.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 90.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 3.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 2,039 |- | {{flag|Croatia}} ([[Religion in Croatia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 4,107,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 92.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 70% | style="text-align:right;" | 20% | style="text-align:right;" | 20,532 |- | {{flag|Cuba}} ([[Christianity in Cuba|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 9,523,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 85.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 85% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Cyprus}} ([[Religion in Cyprus|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 863,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 79.3% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 75% | style="text-align:right;" | 30,597 |- | {{flag|Czech Republic}} ([[Religion in the Czech Republic|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,175,091 | style="text-align:center;" | 11.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 10.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 26,426 |- | {{flag|Denmark}} ([[Religion in Denmark|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 4,610,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 83.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 80% | style="text-align:right;" | 41,388 |- | {{flag|Djibouti}} ([[Christianity in Djibouti|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 53,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 6.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 1% | style="text-align:right;" | 5% | style="text-align:right;" | 2,784 |- | {{flag|Dominica}} ([[Religion in Dominica|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 59,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 88.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 61% | style="text-align:right;" | 27% | style="text-align:right;" | 12,643 |- | {{flag|Dominican Republic}} ([[Religion in Dominican Republic|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 9,734,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 95.2% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 10,204 |- | {{flag|East Timor}} ([[Religion in East Timor|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,152,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 98.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 98% | style="text-align:right;" | 1% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Ecuador}} ([[Religion in Ecuador|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 14,099,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 99.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 80% | style="text-align:right;" | 20% | style="text-align:right;" | 9,738 |- | {{flag|Egypt}} ([[Christianity in Egypt|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" |13,892,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 18.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 18% | style="text-align:right;" | 6,723 |- | {{flag|El Salvador}} ([[Religion in El Salvador|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 5,073,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 81.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 52.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 29.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 7,069 |- | {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} ([[Demographics of Equatorial Guinea|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 683,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 98.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 98% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 30,233 |- | {{flag|Eritrea}} ([[Christianity in Eritrea|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,310,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 62.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 60% | style="text-align:right;" | 2% | style="text-align:right;" | 566 |- | {{flag|Estonia}} ([[Religion in Estonia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 310,481 | style="text-align:center;" | 23.9% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 23% | style="text-align:right;" | 23,024 |- | {{flag|Ethiopia}} ([[Christianity in Ethiopia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 52,580,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 63.4% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 63.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,139 |- | {{flag|Falkland Islands}} ([[Falkland Islanders|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 94.3% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 94% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Faroe Islands}} ([[Faroese religion|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 46,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 94.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 94% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Fiji}} ([[Religion in Fiji|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 540,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 64.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 8.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 55.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 4,943 |- | {{flag|Finland}} ([[Religion in Finland|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 4,380,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 81.6% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 81% | style="text-align:right;" | 38,230 |- | {{flag|France}} ([[Religion in France|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 39,656,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 63% | style="text-align:right;" | 63% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 35,845 |- | {{flag|Gabon}} ([[Religion in Gabon|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,081,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 72.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 50% | style="text-align:right;" | 22% | style="text-align:right;" | 16,086 |- | {{flag|Gambia}} ([[Religion in the Gambia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 158,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 9.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 2% | style="text-align:right;" | 7% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,948 |- | {{flag|Georgia}} ([[Religion in Georgia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,930,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 88.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 87.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 5,902 |- | {{flag|Germany}} ([[Religion in Germany|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 58,240,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 70.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 30% | style="text-align:right;" | 40% | style="text-align:right;" | 40,394 |- | {{flag|Ghana}} ([[Religion in Ghana|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 16,741,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 68.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 13.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 55.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 2,048 |- | {{flag|Greece}} ([[Demographics of Greece|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 10,208,586 | style="text-align:center;" | 94.5% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 94% | style="text-align:right;" | 24,667 |- | {{flag|Greenland}} ([[Demographics of Greenland|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 55,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 96.6% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 96.6% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Grenada}} ([[Demographics of Grenada|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 101,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 97.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 53% | style="text-align:right;" | 45% | style="text-align:right;" | 10,827 |- | {{flag|Guatemala}} ([[Religion in Guatemala|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 14,018,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 97.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 60% | style="text-align:right;" | 40% | style="text-align:right;" | 5,100 |- | {{flag|Guinea}} ([[Demographics of Guinea|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,032,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 10.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 5% | style="text-align:right;" | 5% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,069 |- | {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} ([[Christianity in Guinea-Bissau|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 165,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 10.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 10% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,192 | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Guyana}} ([[Religion in Guyana|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 434,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 57.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 8% | style="text-align:right;" | 49% | style="text-align:right;" | 3,399 |- | {{flag|Haiti}} ([[Christianity in Haiti|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 8,527,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 83.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 68.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 15% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,228 |- | {{flag|Honduras}} ([[Religion in Honduras|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 6,660,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 87.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 47% | style="text-align:right;" | 40% | style="text-align:right;" | 4,194 |- | {{flag|Hong Kong}} ([[Christianity in Hong Kong|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 710,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 10.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 5% | style="text-align:right;" | 5% | style="text-align:right;" | 51,946 |- | {{flag|Hungary}} ([[Religion in Hungary|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 8,260,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 82.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 11.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 70.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 21,570 |- | {{flag|Iceland}} ([[Religion in Iceland|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 300,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 95.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 2.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 92.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 37,533 |- | {{flag|India}} ([[Christianity in India|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 31,850,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 2.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 2.6% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 3,876 |- | {{flag|Indonesia}}<ref name="PewDec2011" /> ([[Christianity in Indonesia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 21,160,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 8.8% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 4,956 |- | {{flag|Iran}} ([[Christianity in Iran|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 300,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.4% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 0.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 11,395 |- | {{flag|Iraq}} ([[Christianity in Iraq|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 944,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 3.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 3% | style="text-align:right;" | 4,246 |- | {{flag|Ireland}} ([[Christianity in Ireland|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 4,220,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 94.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 82% | style="text-align:right;" | 12% | style="text-align:right;" | 42,662 |- | {{flag|Israeli}} ([[Christianity in Israel|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 266,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 3.5% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 3.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 28,809 |- | {{flag|Italy}} ([[Christianity in Italy|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 53,230,000<ref>See: http://www.istat.it/it/popolazione {{Wayback|url=http://www.istat.it/it/popolazione |date=20160605065128 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" | 85.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 85.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 32,512 |- | {{flag|Jamaica}} ([[Religion in Jamaica|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,784,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 65.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 2% | style="text-align:right;" | 63.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 7,083 |- | {{flag|Japan}} ([[Christianity in Japan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,548,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 2.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 1% | style="text-align:right;" | 1% | style="text-align:right;" | 35,204 |- | {{flag|Jordan}} ([[Christianity in Jordan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 388,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 6.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 6,148 |- | {{flag|Kazakhstan}} ([[Christianity in Kazakhstan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 8,152,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 51.0% | style="text-align:right;" |0.16 | style="text-align:right;" | 50% | style="text-align:right;" | 13,892 |- | {{flag|Kenya}} ([[Religion in Kenya|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 34,774,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 85.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 23.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 61.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,761 |- | {{flag|Korea, North}} ([[Christianity in North Korea|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 480,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 4.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Korea, South}} ([[Christianity in South Korea|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 14,601,297 | style="text-align:center;" | 29.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 10.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 18.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 30,722 |- | {{flag|Kuwait}} ([[Christianity in Kuwait|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 458,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 15.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 3.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 12.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 49,001 |- | {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} ([[Demographics of Kyrgyzstan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 944,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 17.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 17% | style="text-align:right;" | 2,409 |- | {{flag|Laos}} ([[Christianity in Laos|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 145,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 2.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 1% | style="text-align:right;" | 1% | style="text-align:right;" | 2,926 |- | {{flag|Latvia}} ([[Religion in Latvia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,250,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 55.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 25% | style="text-align:right;" | 32.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 21,005 |- | {{flag|Lebanon}} ([[Christianity in Lebanon|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,647,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 39.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 25% | style="text-align:right;" | 14% | style="text-align:right;" | 14,610 |- | {{flag|Lesotho}} ([[Religion in Lesotho|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,876,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 90.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 45% | style="text-align:right;" | 45% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,963 |- | {{flag|Liberia}} ([[Religion in Liberia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,391,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 85.5%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148698.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2010: Liberia |work=United States Department of State |date=November 17, 2010 |accessdate=July 22, 2011}}</ref> | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 85.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 655 |- | {{flag|Libya}} ([[Christianity in Libya|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 131,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 2.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 1.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 17,665 |- | {{flag|Liechtenstein}} ([[Demographics of Liechtenstein|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 30,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 91.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 79.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 12.8% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Lithuania}} ([[Religion in Lithuania|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 2,827,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 84.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 77.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 7.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 23,487 |- | {{flag|Luxembourg}} ([[Religion in Luxembourg|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 360,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 70.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 70% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 88,318 |- | {{flag|Macedonia, Republic of}} ([[Christianity in the Republic of Macedonia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,334,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 65.1% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 11,710 |- | {{flag|Madagascar}} ([[Religion in Madagascar|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 8,260,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 41.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 978 |- | {{flag|Malawi}} ([[Demographics of Malawi|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 12,538,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 79.9% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 902 |- | {{flag|Malaysia}} ([[Christianity in Malaysia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,576,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 12.1% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 17,143 |- | {{flag|Maldives}} ([[Demographics of Maldives|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 300 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.08% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 9,072 |- | {{flag|Mali}} ([[Religion in Mali|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 726,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 5.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 1,214 |- | {{flag|Malta}} ([[Christianity in Malta|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 400,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 97.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 29,013 |- | {{flag|Mauritania}} ([[Christianity in Mauritania|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 5,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.14% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 2,603 |- | {{flag|Mauritius}} ([[Demographics of Mauritius|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 418,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 32.2% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 15,649 |- | {{flag|Mexico}} ([[Religion in Mexico|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 107,780,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 92% | style="text-align:right;" | 82.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 9.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 16,676 |- | {{flag|Micronesia, Federated States of}} ([[Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 106,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 95.4% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 3,824 |- | {{flag|Moldova}} ([[Religion in Moldova|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,480,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 97.53% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 93% | style="text-align:right;" | 3,424 |- | {{flag|Monaco}} ([[Demographics of Monaco|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 30,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 86.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Mongolia}} ([[Christianity in Mongolia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 58,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 2.1% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 5,462 |- | {{flag|Montenegro}} ([[Christianity in Montenegro|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 500,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 78.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 3.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 72.07% | style="text-align:right;" | 14,206 |- | {{flag|Morocco}} ([[Christianity in Morocco|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 651,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 2.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 2% | style="text-align:right;" | 5,193 |- | {{flag|Mozambique}} ([[Religion in Mozambique|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 13,120,717 | style="text-align:center;" | 56.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 28.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 27.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,024 |- | {{flag|Myanmar}} ([[Christianity in Myanmar|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,790,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 7.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 1% | style="text-align:right;" | 6.9% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Namibia}} ([[Religion in Namibia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,991,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 90.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 13.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 76.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 7,488 |- | {{flag|Nepal}} ([[Christianity in Nepal|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 269,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,484 |- | {{flag|Netherlands}} ([[Religion in the Netherlands|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 8,500,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 51.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 30% | style="text-align:right;" | 21% | style="text-align:right;" | 42,938 |- | {{flag|New Zealand}} ([[Christianity in New Zealand|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 2,475,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 55.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 28.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 24.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 31,499 |- | {{flag|Nicaragua}} ([[Religion in Nicaragua|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 5,217,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 89.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 58.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 30.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 4,072 |- | {{flag|Niger}} ([[Christianity in Niger|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 795,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 5.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 5% | style="text-align:right;" | 665 |- | {{flag|Nigeria}} ([[Christianity in Nigeria|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 80,510,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 50.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 37.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 20% | style="text-align:right;" | 2,661 |- | {{flag|Norway}} ([[Christianity in Norway|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 4,210,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 86.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 3% | style="text-align:right;" | 83.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 62,767 |- | {{flag|Oman}} ([[Christianity in Oman|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 73,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 2.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 2.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 27,015 |- | {{flag|Pakistan}} ([[Christianity in Pakistan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 5,327,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 1.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 2,891 |- | {{flag|Palau}} ([[Religion in Palau|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 16,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 77.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 65% | style="text-align:right;" | 12.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 19,031 |- | {{flag|Panama}} ([[Christianity in Panama|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,057,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 92.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 80% | style="text-align:right;" | 12% | style="text-align:right;" | 16,615 |- | {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} ([[Religion in Papua New Guinea|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 6,800,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 99.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 27% | style="text-align:right;" | 70% | style="text-align:right;" | 2,898 |- | {{flag|Paraguay}} ([[Religion in Paraguay|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 6,260,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 96.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 89% | style="text-align:right;" | 7.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 6,138 |- | {{flag|Peru}} ([[Religion in Peru|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 27,635,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 93.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 93.8% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 10,940 |- | {{flag|Philippines}} ([[Christianity in The Philippines|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 86,790,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 93.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 80.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 13% | style="text-align:right;" | 4,413 |- | {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}} ([[Demographics of the Pitcairn Islands|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 50 | style="text-align:center;" | 100.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 100% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Poland}} ([[Religion in Poland|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 36,090,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 94.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 86.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 8% | style="text-align:right;" | 21,903 |- | {{flag|Portugal}} ([[Religion in Portugal|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 10,110,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/global-christianity/map.php#/Portugal,ALL|title=Global Christianity Interactive&nbsp;– Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life|date=19 December 2011|accessdate=27 June 2012|archivedate=2014-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719204928/http://features.pewforum.org/global-christianity/map.php#/Portugal,ALL}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" | 94.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 81% | style="text-align:right;" | 14.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 25,305 |- | {{flag|Puerto Rico}} ([[Demographics of Puerto Rico|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,878,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 97.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 50% | style="text-align:right;" | 47% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Qatar}} ([[Demographics of Qatar|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 262,675 | style="text-align:center;" | 13.8% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 86,507 |- | {{flag|Romania}} ([[Religion in Romania|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 21,380,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 99.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 5.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 93.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 16,518 |- | {{flag|Russia}} ([[Christianity in Russia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 66,000,000-105,775,000<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/ Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population]. December 19, 2011 Pew Research Center</ref><ref>[http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=13365 «ВЕРИМ ЛИ МЫ В БОГА?»] {{Wayback|url=http://wciom.ru/index.php?id=268&uid=13365 |date=20200929201730 }}.2010 VTSIOM</ref> | style="text-align:center;" | 46.6%<ref name="sreda.org">[http://sreda.org/arena Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia]. 2012 National Survey of Religions in Russia. Sreda.org</ref>-76%<ref name="sreda.org"/><ref name=USgov>''US State Department Religious Freedom Report on Russia, 2006''</ref><ref>[http://www.levada.ru/17-12-2012/v-rossii-74-pravoslavnykh-i-7-musulman В России 74% православных и 7% мусульман] {{Wayback|url=http://www.levada.ru/17-12-2012/v-rossii-74-pravoslavnykh-i-7-musulman |date=20121231020830 }}. 2012 Levada Center</ref><ref>[http://fom.ru/obshchestvo/10953 Ценности: религиозность]. June 2013 Public Opinion Foundation</ref> | style="text-align:right;" | <0.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 46.6%-76% | style="text-align:right;" | 23,549 |- | {{flag|Rwanda}} ([[Religion in Rwanda|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 9,619,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 93.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 56.9 | style="text-align:right;" | 26 | style="text-align:right;" | 1,354 |- | {{flag|San Marino}} ([[Demographics of San Marino|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 31,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 97.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 97% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} ([[Christianity in Saudi Arabia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,493,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 5.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 3.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 2% | style="text-align:right;" | 24,571 |- | {{flag|Senegal}} ([[Demographics of Senegal|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 900,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 7.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 4.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 3% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,944 |- | {{flag|Serbia}} ([[Religion in Serbia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 7,260,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 93.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 4.97% | style="text-align:right;" | 79.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 11,544 |- | {{flag|Seychelles}} ([[Religion in Seychelles|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 80,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 94.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 82% | style="text-align:right;" | 15.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 27,008 |- | {{flag|Sierra Leone}} ([[Demographics of Sierra Leone|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,751,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 30.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 3% | style="text-align:right;" | 27% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,359 |- | {{flag|Singapore}} ([[Christianity in Singapore|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 900,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 18.0%[http://www.singstat.gov.sg/news/news/press12012011.pdf] {{Wayback|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/news/news/press12012011.pdf |date=20110124160522 }} | style="text-align:right;" | 5.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 12% | style="text-align:right;" | 61,803 |- | {{flag|Slovakia}} ([[Religion in Slovakia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 4,730,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 86.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 75.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 11.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 24,896 |- | {{flag|Slovenia}} ([[Religion in Slovenia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,610,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 79.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 57% | style="text-align:right;" | 22.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 26,801 |- | {{flag|Somalia}} ([[Christianity in Somalia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,000<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.anglicanplanet.net/international-news/2009/11/30/almost-expunged-somalias-embattled-christians.html|title=Almost expunged: Somalia's Embattled Christians|date=2009-10-22|accessdate=2009-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723014244/http://www.anglicanplanet.net/international-news/2009/11/30/almost-expunged-somalias-embattled-christians.html|archivedate=2011-07-23}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" | 0.0102% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.0002% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.0100% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|South Africa}} ([[Religion in South Africa|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 40,243,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 81.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 5% | style="text-align:right;" | 75% | style="text-align:right;" | 11,440 |- | {{flag|South Sudan}} ([[Religion in South Sudan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 6,010,000<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-number.php |title=2012 Pew Forum on Religion |accessdate=2014-04-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221010333/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-number.php |archivedate=2012-12-21 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" | 60.5%<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php |title=Pew Forum on Religion |accessdate=2014-04-19 |archivedate=2013-11-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116005320/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php }}</ref> | style="text-align:right;" | 30% | style="text-align:right;" | 30% | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Spain}} ([[Religion in Spain|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 36,240,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 78.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 78.6% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 32,129 |- | {{flag|Sri Lanka}} ([[Christianity in Sri Lanka|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,531,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 7.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 6.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 1.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 6,247 |- | {{flag|Sudan}} ([[Christianity in Sudan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,062,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 9.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 9.6% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Suriname}} ([[Religion in Suriname|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 308,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 50.3% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 8,858 |- | {{flag|Swaziland}} ([[Religion in Swaziland|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 994,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 82.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 25% | style="text-align:right;" | 57.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 5,246 |- | {{flag|Sweden}} ([[Religion in Sweden|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 6,320,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 67.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 2% | style="text-align:right;" | 65% | style="text-align:right;" | 42,217 |- | {{flag|Switzerland}} ([[Religion in Switzerland|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 6,350,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 82.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 37.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 36.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 5,246 |- | {{flag|Syria}} ([[Christianity in Syria|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 2,251,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 10.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 10% | style="text-align:right;" | 5,436 |- | {{flag|Tajikistan}} ([[Christianity in Tajikistan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 99,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 1.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.1% | style="text-align:right;" | 1.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 2,247 |- | {{flag|Tanzania}} ([[Christianity in Tanzania|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 27,118,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 62.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 1,601 |- | {{flag|Thailand}} ([[Christianity in Thailand|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 471,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 9,815 |- | {{flag|Togo}} ([[Demographics of Togo|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 1,966,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 29.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 1,051 |- | {{flag|Tonga}} ([[Religion in Tonga|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 84,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 81.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 16% | style="text-align:right;" | 65% | style="text-align:right;" | 5,026 |- | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} ([[Religion in Trinidad and Tobago|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 774,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 57.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 21.5% | style="text-align:right;" | 33.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 26,647 |- | {{flag|Tunisia}} ([[Christianity in Tunisia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 24,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.2% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 0.2% | style="text-align:right;" | 9,795 |- | {{flag|Turkey}} ([[Christianity in Turkey|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 120,000<ref name="Zaman">{{cite web |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=161291 |title=Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey |work=Today's Zaman |date=15 December 2008 |accessdate=16 May 2011 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520084230/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=161291 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" | 0.02% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 0.02% | style="text-align:right;" | 17,651 |- | {{flag|Turkmenistan}} ([[Christianity in Turkmenistan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 466,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 9.0% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 9% | style="text-align:right;" | 10,583 |- | {{flag|Uganda}} ([[Religion in Uganda|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 29,943,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 88.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 41.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 46.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 1,352 |- | {{flag|Ukraine}} ([[Christianity in Ukraine|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 38,080,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 83.8% | style="text-align:right;" | 5.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 76.7% | style="text-align:right;" | 7,418 |- | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} ([[Christianity in the United Arab Emirates|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 424,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 9.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 7% | style="text-align:right;" | 2% | style="text-align:right;" | 42,384 |- | {{flag|United Kingdom}} ([[Religion in the United Kingdom|details]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/index.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2014-04-19 |archive-date=2016-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206170209/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:right;" | 33,200,417 | style="text-align:center;" | 59.3% | style="text-align:right;" | 8.9% | style="text-align:right;" | 50% | style="text-align:right;" | 35,819 |- | {{flag|United States}} ([[Christianity in the United States|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 246,780,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 73% | style="text-align:right;" | 22% | style="text-align:right;" | 51% | style="text-align:right;" | 49,965 |- | {{flag|Uruguay}} ([[Religion in Uruguay|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 2,127,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 58.4% | style="text-align:right;" | 47% | style="text-align:right;" | 11% | style="text-align:right;" | 16,037 |- | {{flag|Uzbekistan}} ([[Christianity in Uzbekistan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 710,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 2.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 2.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 3,591 |- b | {{flag|Vatican City}} ([[Christianity in Vatican City|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 836 | style="text-align:center;" | 100.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 100% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Venezuela}} ([[Religion in Venezuela|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 28,340,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 98.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 92% | style="text-align:right;" | 8% | style="text-align:right;" | 13,475 |- | {{flag|Vietnam}} ([[Christianity in Vietnam|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 7,03,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 8.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 7% | style="text-align:right;" | 1% | style="text-align:right;" | 3,635 |- | {{flag|Western Sahara}} ([[Christianity in Western Sahara|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 200 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.039% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.039% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | |- | {{flag|Yemen}} ([[Christianity in Yemen|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 3,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.013% | style="text-align:right;" | 0.013% | style="text-align:right;" | | style="text-align:right;" | 2,489 |- | {{flag|Zambia}} ([[Religion in Zambia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 12,939,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 97.6% | style="text-align:right;" | 25% | style="text-align:right;" | 72% | style="text-align:right;" | 1712 |- | {{flag|Zimbabwe}} ([[Religion in Zimbabwe|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 10,747,000 | style="text-align:center;" | 85.0% | style="text-align:right;" | 7% | style="text-align:right;" | 77% | style="text-align:right;" | 559 |- bgcolor="#99FFFF" ! colspan="1" | Total<ref name="PewDec2011" /> ! 2,384,004,733 ! 32.5% ! 18% ! 14% ! - |} ====Nchi zisizokubaliwa na wote==== {| class="wikitable sortable" id="toc" style="width:65%; font-size:100%;" cellspacing="4" |- bgcolor="#CCCCFF" ! Country ! Christians ! % Christian |- | {{flag|Abkhazia}} ([[Christianity in Abkhazia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 130,000 | style="background:#8866EE; text-align:center;" | 68.0% |- | {{flag|Kosovo}} ([[Christianity in Kosovo|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 150,000 | style="background:#EECCEE; text-align:center;" | 8.3% |- | {{flag|Palestine}} ([[Palestinian Christians|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 173,000 | style="background:#EEEEEE; text-align:center;" | 11.1% |- | {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}} ([[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 200 | style="background:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;" | 0.03% |- | {{flag|South Ossetia}} ([[Demographics of South Ossetia|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 69,000 | style="background:#4444EE; text-align:center;" | 96.4% |- | {{flag|Republic of China}} ([[Religion in Taiwan|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 902,000 | style="background:#EEEEEE; text-align:center;" | 3.9% |- | {{flag|Transnistria}} ([[Religion in Transnistria|details]]) | style="text-align:right;" | 510,000 | style="background:#4444EE; text-align:center;" | 95.0% |} ====Nchi 10 zinazoongoza==== Kushoto: Orodha ya nchi zinazoongoza kwa idadi ya Wakristo. Kulia: Orodha ya nchi zinazoongoza kwa asilimia ya Wakristo kati ya wakazi wote. {| class="wikitable" ! Rank ! Country ! Christians ! % Christian ! Country ! % Christian ! Christians |- | 1 | {{flag|United States}} | 213,000,000 | 65% | {{flag|Vatican City}} | 100.0% | 800 |- | 2 | {{flag|Brazil}} | 175,700,000 | 91.4% | {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}} | 100.0% | 50 |- | 3 | {{flag|Mexico}} | 122,500,000 | 83.6% | {{flag|Greece}} | 99.7% | 11,295,178 |- | 4 | {{flag|Russia}} | 117,640,000 | 93% | {{flag|Ecuador}} | 99.0% | 14,099,000 |- | 5 | {{flag|Philippines}} | 110,644,000 | 85% | {{flag|Armenia}} | 98.7% | 3,196,000 |- | 6 | {{flag|Nigeria}} | 92,281,000 | 52.8% | {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} | 98.6% | 683,000 |- | 7 | {{flag|Congo, Democratic Republic of}} | 68,558,000 | 95.6% | {{flag|East Timor}} | 98.4% | 1,152,000 |- | 8 | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | 54,978,000 | 64.5% | {{flag|Moldova}} | 98.3% | 3,503,000 |- | 9 | {{flag|Italy}} | 54,070,000 | 91.5% | {{flag|American Samoa}} | 98.3% | 68,000 |- | 10 | {{flag|Germany}} | 47,200,000 | 57.3% | {{flag|Venezuela}} | 98.0% | 28,340,000 |- |} {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} =====Nchi zinazoongoza kwa asilimia kati ya zile zenye Wakristo walau milioni 10===== {| class="sortable" border="1" ! Rank ! Country ! % Christian ! Christians |- | 1 | {{flag|Greece}} | 99.7% | 11,295,178 |- | 2 | {{flag|Ecuador}} | 99.0% | 14,099,000 |- | 3 | {{flag|Venezuela}} | 98.0% | 28,340,000 |- | 4 | {{flag|Colombia}} | 97.6% | 44,502,000 |- | 5 | {{flag|Zambia}} | 97.6% | 12,939,000 |- | 6 | {{flag|Romania}} | 99.5% | 20,930,000 |- | 7 | {{flag|Guatemala}} | 97.5% | 14,018,000 |- | 8 | {{flag|Poland}} | 95.7% | 36,526,000 |- | 9 | {{flag|Congo, Democratic Republic of}} | 95.6% | 68,558,000 |- | 10 | {{flag|Mexico}} | 97.5% | 107,095,000 |} {{col-end}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Percent (%) Christians ! Number of countries ! Population |- | 100 | 2 | 850 |- | 90 - 99 | 50 | 824,568,000 |- | 80 - 89 | 27 | 227,790,200 |- | 70 - 79 | 20 | 599,319,000 |- | 60 - 69 | 11 | 177,608,000 |- | 50 - 59 | 16 | 132,349,929 |- | 40 - 49 | 3 | 13,594,000 |- | 30 - 39 | 6 | 15,497,000 |- | 20 - 29 | 5 | 23,657,000 |- | 10 - 19 | 10 | 43,409,000 |- | 1 - 9 | 34 | 124,755,000 |- | - 1 | 13 | 1,823,750 |} ==Tazama pia== {{commons|Churches by Country}} * [[Waprotestanti nchi kwa nchi]] * [[Wakatoliki nchi kwa nchi]] * [[Waorthodoksi nchi kwa nchi]] ==Tanbihi== {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Ukristo nchi kwa nchi| ]] c7h5tgarodmm33bj9lwhosl1tz7kxjx 0 72540 1569132 1516434 2026-06-09T13:54:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569132 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Paris - Bibl. Mazarine - ms. 0924, f 150v.jpg|thumb|[[Mchoro]] wa [[karne ya 13]] ukionyesha [[Mitume wa Yesu|Thenashara]] wakiandika [[Kanuni ya Imani]], ilivyosadikika wakati huo.]] {{Ukristo}} '''Kanuni ya Imani ya Mitume''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: ''Symbolum Apostolorum'' au ''Symbolum Apostolicum''<ref>Neno la Kilatini ''symbolum'', ishara, zawadi, linatokana na Kigiriki σύμβολον, kutoka kitenzi συμβάλλειν, kuweka pamoja, kulinganisha" [http://www.bartleby.com/61/74/S0957400.html (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language)].</ref> ) ni [[ungamo]] la [[imani]] ya [[Ukristo]] lililoanza kutumika mjini [[Roma]] katika [[karne ya 2]] kwa ajili ya [[ubatizo]], halafu likaenea hasa katika [[Kanisa la Magharibi]] huku likizidi kuboreshwa. [[Kanuni]] hiyo inaendelea kutumiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[madhehebu]] mengi ya [[Uprotestanti]] katika [[liturujia]] na [[katekesi]]. Kwa kuwa ilitokea [[Ulaya Magharibi]], ambapo elekeo la ki[[nadharia]] si kubwa kama huko [[Ugiriki]], tena ilitokea mapema kuliko mabishano mengi ya [[teolojia]] kuhusu [[umungu]] wa [[Yesu Kristo]] na wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]], haina [[ufafanuzi]] wa kina zaidi kama ule uliopo katika [[Kanuni ya Imani ya Nisea-Konstantinopoli]]. [[Maandishi]] ya zamani zaidi tuliyonayo yanayoitaja "Kanuni ya Imani ya Mitume" ni [[barua]] ya [[mwaka]] [[390]] hivi kutoka [[sinodi]] ya [[Milano]] kwa [[Papa Siricius]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=gqrEpBuBGIgC&pg=PA63&dq=Apostles%27+Creed+legend&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jlu9UaKRG8-v7AaD54HIAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Apostles'%20Creed%20legend&f=false Jack Rogers, ''Presbyterian Creeds'' (Westminster John Knox Press 1985 ISBN 978-0-664-25496-4), pp.&nbsp;62–63]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reformed.org/documents/index.html?mainframe=http://www.reformed.org/documents/apostles_creed_orr.html |title=James Orr: ''The Apostles' Creed'', in International Standard Bible Encyclopedia |publisher=Reformed.org |date= |accessdate=2011-05-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622082715/http://www.reformed.org/documents/index.html?mainframe=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformed.org%2Fdocuments%2Fapostles_creed_orr.html |archivedate=2011-06-22 |deadurl=no }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.poee.org/documents/Other_Religions/Cult_of_the_One_God/apostles.htm |title=Apostles Creed |accessdate=2014-09-21 |archivedate=2015-03-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312193410/http://www.poee.org/documents/Other_Religions/Cult_of_the_One_God/apostles.htm }}</ref> ==Matini kwa Kilatini== [[File:Credo (Creed).ogg|miniatura|''Nasadiki'' inavyotamkwa kwa Kilatini.]] :Credo in Deum Patrem omnipotentem, Creatorem caeli et terrae, :et in Iesum Christum, Filium Eius unicum, Dominum nostrum, :qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria Virgine, :passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus, et sepultus, :descendit ad inferos, tertia die resurrexit a mortuis, :ascendit ad caelos, sedet ad dexteram Patris omnipotentis, :inde venturus est iudicare vivos et mortuos. :Credo in Spiritum Sanctum, :sanctam Ecclesiam catholicam, sanctorum communionem, :remissionem peccatorum, :carnis resurrectionem, :vitam aeternam. :Amen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism_lt/p1s1c3a2_lt.htm#SYMBOLUM%20FIDEI |title=Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae |publisher=Vatican.va |date=1992-06-25 |accessdate=2014-08-05| }}</ref> ==Tafsiri ya Kiswahili== {| class="wikitable" style="width:60%; margin: 1em auto 1em auto" ! scope="col" style="width: 50%;" |Imani ya Mitume (umbo la Kanisa Katoliki)<ref>Misale ya Waamini, toleo la mwaka 2021, uk. 513</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 50%;" |Imani ya Mitume (umbo la Kanisa la Kilutheri)<ref>Matini iliyochapishwa katika kitabu cha Tumwabudu Mungu Wetu 2012, kilichotolewa na [[KKKT]], ISBN 9987-652-08-5</ref> |- |Nasadiki kwa Mungu, Baba Mwenyezi, mwumba mbingu na dunia. |Namwamini Mungu, BabaMwenyezi, Muumba wa mbingu na nchi. |- |na kwa Yesu Kristo, Mwanae pekee, Bwana wetu, aliyetungwa mimba kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu, akazaliwa na Bikira Maria, akateswa kwa mamlaka ya Ponsyo Pilato, akasulubiwa, akafa, akazikwa, akashukia kuzimu Siku ya tatu akafufuka kutoka wafu, akapaa mbinguni, ameketi kuume kwa Mungu Baba mwenyezi; kutoka huko atakuja kuwahukumu walio hai na wafu. |Namwamini Yesu Kristo, Mwana wake wa pekee, Bwana wetu, aliyechukiliwa mimba kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu, akazaliwa na Bikira Mariamu; Akateswa zamani za Pontio Pilato, akasulibiwa, akafa, akazikwa, akashuka kuzimu; Siku ya tatu akafufuka kutoka kwa wafu: Akapaa mbinguni, ameketi mkono wa kuume wa Mungu, Baba Mwenyezi. Kutoka huko atakuja kuwahukumu walio hai na wafu. |- |Nasadiki kwa Roho Mtakatifu, Kanisa takatifu katoliki, ushirika wa watakatifu, maondoleo ya dhambi, ufufuko wa miili, na uzima wa milele. Amina. |Namwamini Roho Mtakatifu: Kanisa takatifu la Kikristo lililo moja tu<ref>Wamoravian wanasema hapa: Kanisa takatifu lililopo popote</ref>; ushirika wa watakatifu. Ondoleo la dhambi, kufufuliwa kwa mwili, na uzima wa milele. Amen. |- |} ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== * {{Citation|last=Lochman|first=Jan Milič|contribution=Apostles' Creed|year=1999|title=Encyclopedia of Christianity|editor-last=Fahlbusch|editor-first=Erwin|volume=1|pages=109–110|place=Grand Rapids|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|isbn = 0-8028-2413-7}} * {{cite book |author1-last=Cannata |author1-first=Raymond F. |author2-last=Reitano |author2-first=Joshua D. |author1-link=Raymond F. Cannata|title=Rooted:The Apostles' Creed |url=https://archive.org/details/rootedapostlescr0000cann |year=2013 |publisher=Doulos Resources |location=Oro Valley, AZ |isbn=978-1-937063-92-4}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.avemariapress.com/itemdetail.cfm?nItemid=917 ''The Faith We Profess: A Catholic Guide to the Apostles' Creed''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.avemariapress.com/itemdetail.cfm?nItemid=917 |date=20110107171200 }} by Msgr. Peter J. Vaghi (2008) * [http://www.reformed.org/documents/index.html?mainframe=http://www.reformed.org/documents/apostles_creed_orr.html Extract from ''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia'' Vol. 1] {{Wayback|url=http://www.reformed.org/documents/index.html?mainframe=http://www.reformed.org/documents/apostles_creed_orr.html |date=20110622082715 }} * [http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/A/Apostles%27+Creed Scholarly articles on the Apostles' Creed from the Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/A/Apostles%27+Creed |date=20140711094725 }} * [http://www.cprf.co.uk/languages.htm A website with the Creeds in a significant number of languages] * [http://www.marysrosaries.com/Rosary_prayers_in_different_languages.html A website with prayers in many languages; a significant number of the languages also have the Apostles' Creed] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marysrosaries.com/Rosary_prayers_in_different_languages.html |date=20160116053441 }} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Ukristo]] [[Category:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Category:Teolojia]] [[Jamii:Utatu Mtakatifu]] byxen3i6t8s51vbqq94fjscmq3k0zjm 0 73362 1569344 1514295 2026-06-10T07:50:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569344 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Christiaan Huygens-painting.jpeg|thumb|140px|Labda [[Christiaan Huygens]] ndiye aliyeandika [[kitabu]] cha kwanza juu ya yamkini.]] '''Yamkini''' (kutoka [[Kiarabu]] يمكن ''yumkinu'' = inawezekana; kwa [[Kiingereza]] ''probability'') ni [[kadirio]] la [[fursa]] au uwezekano wa kutokea au kutotokea kwa [[tukio]] fulani. Kuna [[tawi]] la [[hisabati]] linaloshughulikia swali hili. Mfano: kwa kutumia hisabati ya yamkini unaweza kuonyesha ya kwamba ukirusha [[sarafu]] [[hewa]]ni mara 10 italala mara 5 kwa kuonyesha [[namba]] na mara 5 kwa kuonyesha [[nembo]] upande wa juu. [[Fomula]] ya yamkini ni P=F/C. P ni yamkini, F ni idadi ya matukio yanayopendekezwa, C ni jumla ya matukio yanayoweza kutokea. == Tanbihi == {{Reflist|30em}} ==Marejeo== * [[Olav Kallenberg|Kallenberg, O.]] (2005) ''Probabilistic Symmetries and Invariance Principles''. Springer -Verlag, New York. 510 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 0-387-25115-4 * Kallenberg, O. (2002) ''Foundations of Modern Probability,'' 2nd ed. Springer Series in Statistics. 650 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 0-387-95313-2 *Olofsson, Peter (2005) ''Probability, Statistics, and Stochastic Processes'', Wiley-Interscience. 504 pp ISBN 0-471-67969-0. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.math.uah.edu/stat/ Virtual Laboratories in Probability and Statistics (Univ. of Ala.-Huntsville)] * {{In Our Time |Probability |b00bqf61 |Probability}} * [http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/EBook Probability and Statistics EBook] {{Wayback|url=http://wiki.stat.ucla.edu/socr/index.php/EBook |date=20081216153436 }} * [[Edwin Thompson Jaynes]]. ''Probability Theory: The Logic of Science''. Preprint: Washington University, (1996). — [http://omega.albany.edu:8008/JaynesBook.html HTML index with links to PostScript files] {{Wayback|url=http://omega.albany.edu:8008/JaynesBook.html |date=20160119131820 }} and [http://bayes.wustl.edu/etj/prob/book.pdf PDF] (first three chapters) * [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Figures.htm People from the History of Probability and Statistics (Univ. of Southampton)] * [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Probability%20Earliest%20Uses.htm Probability and Statistics on the Earliest Uses Pages (Univ. of Southampton)] * [http://jeff560.tripod.com/stat.html Earliest Uses of Symbols in Probability and Statistics] {{Wayback|url=http://jeff560.tripod.com/stat.html |date=20170630173713 }} on [http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathsym.html Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols] {{Wayback|url=http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathsym.html |date=20160220073955 }} * [http://www.celiagreen.com/charlesmccreery/statistics/bayestutorial.pdf A tutorial on probability and Bayes' theorem devised for first-year Oxford University students] * [http://ubu.com/historical/young/index.html] pdf file of [[An Anthology of Chance Operations]] (1963) at [[UbuWeb]] * [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/book.html Introduction to Probability - eBook] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/book.html |date=20110727200156 }}, by Charles Grinstead, Laurie Snell [http://bitbucket.org/shabbychef/numas_text/ Source] {{Wayback|url=http://bitbucket.org/shabbychef/numas_text/ |date=20120325135243 }} ''([[GNU Free Documentation License]])'' * {{en icon}} {{it icon}} [[Bruno de Finetti]], ''[http://amshistorica.unibo.it/35 Probabilità e induzione] {{Wayback|url=http://amshistorica.unibo.it/35 |date=20130408012019 }}'', Bologna, CLUEB, 1993. ISBN 88-8091-176-7 (digital version) [[Jamii:hisabati]] 0oqhum7udn5mchj6o1wd4xcl6pufcqq 0 76869 1569134 1516435 2026-06-09T14:03:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569134 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rylands Nicene Creed papyrus.jpg|thumb|Nakala ya kale zaidi ya Kanuni ya Nisea, [[karne ya 5]].]] [[File:Creed icon (Russia, 17 c.).jpeg|thumb|200px|[[Picha takatifu]] ya [[karne ya 17]] kutoka [[Urusi]] inayoonyesha mafundisho ya [[Nasadiki]] hiyo.]] '''Kanuni ya Imani ya Nisea-Konstantinopoli''' (pia '''Imani ya Nikea''') ni [[fomula]] rasmi ambayo ilipitishwa na [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Nisea]] ([[325]])<ref name=Creed >''Readings in the History of Christian Theology'' by [[William Carl Placher]] 1988 ISBN 0-664-24057-7 pages 52–53</ref> ikakamilishwa na [[Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Konstantinopoli]] ([[381]]) ili kubainisha [[imani sahihi]] ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] dhidi ya [[uzushi]], hasa wa [[Ario]] na wafuasi wake. Katima [[mazingira]] hayo, [[lengo]] kuu lilikuwa kwanza kumkiri [[Yesu]] kama [[Mungu]] kweli sawa na [[Baba]], halafu kwamba [[Roho Mtakatifu]] anastahili [[Ibada|kuabudiwa]] pamoja na Baba na [[Mwana]] ([[Utatu Mtakatifu]]). Hadi leo hiyo [[Kanuni ya Imani|kanuni ya imani]] inatumika sana katika [[madhehebu]] mengi ya [[Ukristo]], hata kama sehemu muhimu ya [[liturujia]].<ref>http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04479a.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_1998_professio-fidei_en.html Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, "Profession of Faith"]</ref><ref>[http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P2R.HTM#A Code of Canon Law, canon 833]</ref><ref>[http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/liturgics_averky_e.htm#_Toc104768095] "Archbishop Averky Liturgics – The Small Compline", Retrieved 2013-04-14</ref><ref>[http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/liturgics_averky_e.htm#_Toc104768129] "Archbishop Averky Liturgics – The Symbol of Faith", Retrieved 2013-04-14</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Religion Facts, four of the five Protestant denominations studied agree with the Nicene Creed and the fifth may as well, they just don't do creeds in general |url = http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/charts/denominations_beliefs.htm |accessdate = October 29, 2014 |archivedate = 2015-03-19 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150319051531/http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/charts/denominations_beliefs.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Christianity Today reports on a study that shows most evangelicals believe the basic Nicene formulation |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2014/october-web-only/new-poll-finds-evangelicals-favorite-heresies.html |accessdate=October 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Encyclopedia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413955/Nicene-Creed |accessdate=June 16, 2013}}</ref> ==Tafsiri ya Kiswahili== {| class="wikitable" style="width:60%; margin: 1em auto 1em auto" ! scope="col" style="width: 53%;" |Imani ya Nisea (umbo la Kanisa Katoliki)<ref>Misale ya Waamini, toleo la mwaka 2021, uk. 513</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 47%;" |Imani ya Nikea (umbo la Kanisa la Kilutheri)<ref>Matini iliyochapishwa katika kitabu cha Tumwabudu Mungu Wetu 2012, kilichotolewa na [[KKKT]], ISBN 9987-652-08-5</ref> |- |Nasadiki kwa Mungu mmoja, Baba mwenyezi, muumba wa mbingu na dunia na vitu vyote vinavyoonekana na visivyoonekana. |Twamwamini Mungu mmoja, Baba Mwenyezi, Muumba mbingu na nchi na vitu vyote vinavyoonekana na visivyoonekana. |- |Nasadiki kwa Bwana mmoja Yesu Kristo, Mwana pekee wa Mungu, aliyezaliwa kwa Baba tangu milele yote. Mungu aliyetoka kwa Mungu, mwanga kwa mwanga, Mungu kweli kwa Mungu kweli, aliyezaliwa bila kuumbwa, mwenye umungu mmoja na Baba, ambaye vitu vyote vimeumbwa naye. Alishuka kutoka mbinguni, kwa ajili yetu sisi wanadamu, na kwa ajili ya wokovu wetu. Akapata mwili kwa uwezo wa Roho Mtakatifu kwake yeye Bikira Maria, akawa mwanadamu. Akasulubiwa kwa ajili yetu sisi, kwa mamlaka ya Ponsyo Pilato; akateswa, akafa na akazikwa. Siku ya tatu akafufuka, kadiri ya Maandiko, akapaa mbinguni, ameketi kuume kwa Baba. Atakuja tena kwa utukufu, kuwahukumu wazima na wafu, na ufalme wake hautakuwa na mwisho. |Twamwamini Bwana mmoja, Yesu Kristo, Mwana wa pekee wa Mungu, Mwana wa Azali wa Baba: yu Mungu kutoka Mungu, yu Nuru kutoka Nuru, yu Mungu kweli kutoka Mungu kweli; Mwana wa Azali asiyeumbwa, mwenye uungu mmoja na Baba: Kwa Yeye huyu vitu vyote viliumbwa. Aliyeshuka kutoka mbinguni kwa ajili yetu wanadamu na kwa wokovu wetu; akatwaa mwili kwa uweza wa Roho Mtakatifu katika Bikira Mariamu, akawa mwanadamu: Akasulibiwa kwaajili yetu zamani za Pontio Pilato; aliteswa, akafa, akazikwa. Siku ya tatu akafufuka kama yanenavyo Maandiko Matakatifu: Akapaa mbinguni; ameketi mkono wa kuume wa Baba: Naye atakuja tena kwa utukufu kuwahukumu walio hai una wafu. Na ufalme wake hauna mwisho; |- | Nasadiki kwa Roho Mtakatifu, Bwana na mleta uzima: atokaye kwa Baba na Mwana. Anayeabudiwa na kutukuzwa, pamoja na Baba na Mwana: aliyenena kwa vinywa vya manabii. Nasadiki kwa Kanisa moja, takatifu, katoliki, la Mitume. Naungama ubatizo mmoja kwa maondoleo ya dhambi. Nangojea na ufufuko wa wafu, na uzima wa milele ijayo. Amina. |Twamwamini Roho Mtakatifu Bwana mtoa uzima, atokaye katika Baba na Mwana, anayeabudiwa na kutukuzwa pamoja na Baba na Mwana, aliyenena kwa vinywa vya manabii; Twaamini Kanisa moja, takatifu, la Kikristo la ulimwengu wote na la kimitume. Twakiri ubatizo mmoja kwa ondoleo la dhambi, Twatazamia kufufuliwa kwa wafu, na uzima wa ulimwengu ujao. Amen |- |} {{Ukristo}} ==Tofauti kati ya toleo la Nisea na lile la Konstantinopoli== Tunaweza kulinganisha matoleo hayo mawili ya Kigiriki<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.creeds.net/ancient/niceneg.htm |title=Symbolum Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum – Greek |accessdate=2015-05-23 |archivedate=2006-11-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117041739/http://www.creeds.net/ancient/niceneg.htm }}</ref> kama ifuatavyo: {| class="wikitable" |- Valign=top ! Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Nisea (325) ! Mtaguso wa kwanza wa Konstantinopoli (381) |- | |Πιστεύομεν εἰς ἕνα θεὸν Πατέρα παντοκράτορα, πάντων ὁρατῶν τε και ἀοράτων ποιητήν. || Πιστεύομεν εἰς ἕνα θεὸν Πατέρα παντοκράτορα, ποιητὴν οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς, ὁρατῶν τε πάντων καὶ ἀοράτων. |- | |Πιστεύομεν εἰς ἕνα κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν, τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, γεννηθέντα ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς μονογενῆ, τοὐτέστιν ἐκ τῆς οὐσίας τοῦ Πατρός, θεὸν ἐκ θεοῦ ἀληθινοῦ, γεννηθέντα, οὐ ποιηθέντα, ὁμοούσιον τῷ Πατρί || Καὶ εἰς ἕνα κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν, τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ, τὸν ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς γεννηθέντα πρὸ πάντων τῶν αἰώνων, φῶς ἐκ φωτός, θεὸν ἀληθινὸν ἐκ θεοῦ ἀληθινοῦ, γεννηθέντα οὐ ποιηθέντα, ὁμοούσιον τῷ Πατρί· |- | |δι' οὗ τὰ πάντα ἐγένετο, τά τε ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς || |δι' οὗ τὰ πάντα ἐγένετο· |- | |τὸν δι' ἡμᾶς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ διὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν σωτηρίαν κατελθόντα καὶ σαρκωθέντα καὶ ἐνανθρωπήσαντα, || |τὸν δι' ἡμᾶς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ διὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν σωτηρίαν κατελθόντα ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν καὶ σαρκωθέντα ἐκ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου καὶ Μαρίας τῆς παρθένου καὶ ἐνανθρωπήσαντα, |- | |παθόντα, καὶ ἀναστάντα τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ, καὶ ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς, || |σταυρωθέντα τε ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου, καὶ παθόντα καὶ ταφέντα, καὶ ἀναστάντα τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρα κατὰ τὰς γραφάς, καὶ ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς, καὶ καθεζόμενον ἐκ δεξιῶν τοῦ Πατρός, |- | |καὶ ἐρχόμενον κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς. || |καὶ πάλιν ἐρχόμενον μετὰ δόξης κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς· |- | || |οὗ τῆς βασιλείας οὐκ ἔσται τέλος. |- | |Καὶ εἰς τὸ Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα. || |Καὶ εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον, τὸ κύριον, (καὶ) τὸ ζῳοποιόν, τὸ ἐκ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον, τὸ σὺν Πατρὶ καὶ Υἱῷ συμπροσκυνούμενον καὶ συνδοξαζόμενον, τὸ λαλῆσαν διὰ τῶν προφητῶν. Εἰς μίαν, ἁγίαν, καθολικὴν καὶ ἀποστολικὴν ἐκκλησίαν· ὁμολογοῦμεν ἓν βάπτισμα εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν· προσδοκοῦμεν ἀνάστασιν νεκρῶν, καὶ ζωὴν τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος. Ἀμήν. |- | |Τοὺς δὲ λέγοντας, ὅτι ἦν ποτε ὅτε οὐκ ἦν, καὶ πρὶν γεννηθῆναι οὐκ ἦν, καὶ ὅτι ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων ἐγένετο, ἢ ἐξ ἑτέρας ὑποστάσεως ἢ οὐσίας φάσκοντας εἶναι, [ἢ κτιστόν,] τρεπτὸν ἢ ἀλλοιωτὸν τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, [τούτους] ἀναθεματίζει ἡ καθολικὴ [καὶ ἀποστολικὴ] ἐκκλησία. || |- |} ==Suala la Filioque== {{Main|Filioque}} Mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 6]], baadhi ya [[kanisa|makanisa]] ya [[Kilatini]] yaliongeza neno ''[[Filioque]]'' (''na (kwa) Mwana'') yakifundisha kwamba Roho Mtakatifu anatoka kwa Mungu Baba na pia kwa Mungu Mwana. Badiliko hilo lilipingwa na [[Makanisa ya Kiorthodoksi]] kama upotoshaji wa [[imani]] juu ya mahusiano kati ya [[nafsi]] tatu za [[Mungu]] <ref>[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.x.html Canon VII]</ref><ref>Kwa mtazamo tofauti, rejea [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.xi.html Excursus on the Words πίστιν ἑτέραν]</ref> [[Idara]] husika ya Kanisa Katoliki huko [[Vatikano]] iliweka wazi mwaka [[1995]] kwamba, kama maneno ya [[Kigiriki]] ''καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ'' ("na kwa Mwana") yangeongezwa kwa ἐκπορεύομαι ("amevuviwa") yangekuwa ya kizushi kweli<ref>http://biblehub.com/greek/1607.htm</ref><ref>St. Gregory of Nazianzus, ''Oratio 39 in sancta lumina'', in ''Patrologia Graeca'', ed. by J.P. Migne, vol. 36, D’Ambroise, Paris 1858, XII, PG 36, 348 B: Πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἀληθῶς τὸ πνεῦμα, '''προϊὸν''' μὲν ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς, οὐχ ὑϊκῶς δὲ, οὐδὲ γὰρ γεννητῶς, ἀλλ’ '''ἐκπορευτῶς''' [The Holy Spirit is truly Spirit, going from (προϊὸν, a word that can correspond to the Latin ''procedens'') the Father, not as a Son (οὐχ ὑϊκῶς) nor indeed as begotten (γεννητῶς) but as originating (ἐκπορευτῶς)].</ref><ref>St. Gregory of Nazianzus, Oration 31 on the Holy Spirit, in Patrologia Graeca, ed. by J.P. Migne, vol. 36, D’Ambroise, Paris 1858, X, PG 36, 141 C: Τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον, ὃ παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς '''ἐκπορεύεται'''· ὃ καθ’ ὅσον μὲν ἐκεῖθεν ἐκπορεύεται, οὐ κτίσμα· καθ’ ὅσον δὲ οὐ γεννητόν, οὐχ υἱός· καθ’ ὅσον δὲ ἀγεννήτου καὶ γεννητοῦ μέσον θεός: [The Holy Spirit, ‘who has his origin in the Father’ [John 15:26], who inasmuch as he has his origin in him, is not a creature. Inasmuch as he is not begotten, he is not the Son; inasmuch as he is the middle of the Unbegotten and the Begotten, he is God].</ref> lakini neno ''Filioque'' si la kizushi likiongezwa kwa neno la Kilatini ''procedit'' ("ameandama") kwa kuwa hilo si sawa na ἐκπόρευμαι<ref name="Catholic Greek-Latin">[http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/PCCUFILQ.HTM Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity: The Greek and the Latin Traditions regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/PCCUFILQ.HTM |date=20040903132523 }} and [http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=1176&CFID=34190325&CFTOKEN=32054876 same document on another site]</ref><ref>Such as St. Gregory of Nazianzen, as seen in the passage from ''Oratio 39'' cited above.</ref>, bali linamaanisha tu nafasi ya Roho Mtakatifu katika Utatu: kwamba ni wa tatu baada ya Baba na Mwana, jambo ambalo Waorthodoksi wote pia wanalikubali. == Tanbihi == {{Reflist|30em}} == Marejeo == * {{Rejea kitabu| last = Ayres | first = Lewis | title = Nicaea and Its Legacy | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-19-875505-8 }} * A. E. Burn, ''The Council of Nicaea'' (1925) * G. Forell, ''Understanding the Nicene Creed'' (1965) * {{Rejea kitabu| last = Kelly | first = J. | title = Early Christian Creeds | publisher = Longman Publishing Group | location = City | year = 1982 | isbn = 0-582-49219-X }} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nicea1.txt Extensive discussion of the texts of the First Council of Nicea] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nicea1.txt |date=20130127213132 }} * [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.iv.iii.html Philip Schaff, ''Creeds of Christendom'' Volume I:] Nicene Creed * [http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/Npnf2-04-54.htm Athanasius, ''De Decretis'' or Defence of the Nicene Definition] * [http://www.ancient-future.net/nicene.html Line-by-Line Roman Catholic Explanation of the Nicene Creed] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ancient-future.net/nicene.html |date=20060218190813 }} * [http://exomni.narod.ru/credo/credoframeset.htm Nicene Creed in languages of the world] * [http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/N/Nicene+Creed Essays on the Nicene Creed from the Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/N/Nicene+Creed |date=20150509000845 }} * [http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/councils-and-creeds Modern English translations of the documents produced at Nicaea] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qykl/episodes/2007 "The Nicene Creed", run time 42 minutes, BBC "In Our Time" audio history series, moderator and historians, Episode 12-27-2007] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qykl/episodes/2007 |date=20120401014407 }} {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Category:Teolojia]] [[Jamii:Utatu Mtakatifu]] [[Category:Ukristo]] [[Category:Mababu wa Kanisa]] 7otdl50ea86vp4v5a5cnk7rpipx7lb0 0 80432 1569153 1331519 2026-06-09T16:05:17Z Husseyn Issa 44885 1569153 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nyampande n.flac|thumb|Nyampande]] '''Nyampande''' ni [[kata]] ya [[Wilaya ya Sengerema]] katika [[Mkoa wa Mwanza]], [[Tanzania]]. [[Msimbo wa posta]] ni 33330. Katika [[sensa]] ya [[mwaka]] [[2022]] wakazi wa kata walihesabiwa kuwa 11,882 <ref>https://www.nbs.go.tz, uk 184 </ref>. Kwa mujibu wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 9,571 waishio humo.<ref>[http://www.wavuti.weebly.com/uploads/3/0/7/6/3076464/census20general20report20-202920march202013_combined_final20for20printing1.pdf Sensa ya 2012, Mwanza Region - Sengerema District Council]</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Kata za Wilaya ya Sengerema}} {{mbegu-jio-mwanza}} [[Jamii:Wilaya ya Sengerema]] [[Jamii:kata za Mkoa wa Mwanza]] 5ptx0zsswjbvajjs6h0w68rnb8z3r9n 0 91057 1569115 1439084 2026-06-09T12:30:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Pol Pot''' (jina la awali: '''Saloth Sar'''; 19 Mei 1925 – 15 Aprili 1998) alikuwa mwanasiasa na mwanamapinduzi wa [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] ambaye aliongoza Khmer Rouge <ref>"Red Khmer," kutoka [[Kifaransa]] ''rouge'' "nyekundu" (ishara ya Usoshalisti) na ''Khmer,'' Wakambodia asili.</ref> kutoka 1963 hadi mwaka wa 1997. Kutoka 1963 hadi 1981, aliwahi kuwa [[Katibu Mkuu]] wa Chama cha Kikomunisti ya Kampuchea.<ref>"Vietnam Since the Fall of Saigon," by William Duiker, Updated Edition, p. 133.</ref> Kama vile, akawa kiongozi wa [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] tarehe 17 aprili 1975, wakati majeshi yake alitekwa [[Phnom Penh]]. Kutoka 1976 na 1979, yeye pia aliwahi kuwa [[Waziri mkuu|Waziri Mkuu]] wa Kidemokrasia Kampuchea (30 Waziri Mkuu wa Cambodia). Yeye katika urais wake wa [[udikteta]], ambapo serikali yake ilifanya wakazi wa mijini hoja ya nchi kufanya kazi katika mashamba ya pamoja na juu ya kazi ya kulazimishwa miradi. Madhara ya pamoja ya kunyonga, mazingira magumu ya kazi, utapiamlo na umaskini, huduma ya matibabu ukasababisha vifo vya takriban asilimia 25 ya [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] ya [[idadi]] ya watu. Katika yote, wastani wa 1 hadi 3 ya watu milioni (nje ya idadi ya watu ya zaidi kidogo ya milioni 8) walimuua kama matokeo ya sera yake ya miaka minne ya uwaziri mkuu wake. Baada ya [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] kushindwa vita vya mwaka 1979 kati ya Cambodia na Vietnam, Pol Pot alihamishwa kwa misitu ya magharibi [[Kamboja|Cambodia]], na Khmer Rouge serikali kuanguka. Kutoka 1979 -1997, yeye na mabaki ya umri wa Khmer Rouge kuendeshwa karibu na mpaka wa [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] na [[Uthai|Thailand]]. Mpaka 1993, zilizoganda kwa nguvu kama sehemu ya muungano wa serikali kwamba ilikuwa kutambuliwa kimataifa kama halali ya serikali ya [[Kamboja|Cambodia]]. Pol Pot alikufa tarehe 15 aprili 1998, wakati chini ya nyumba kukamatwa na kikundi cha Ta Mok wa Khmer Rouge. Tangu kifo chake, uvumi kwamba yeye nia ya kujiua au ilikuwa sumu ukaendelea. == Wasifu == === Maisha ya awali === [[Picha:Prek_Sbauv.JPG|right|thumb|Prek Sbauv, watani wa Pol Pot]] Saloth Sar alizaliwa tarehe 19 Mei 1925, wa nane kati ya watoto tisa na wa pili kati ya watoto watatu wa Kalamu Saloth na Sok Nem. Kaka yake Saloth Chhay alizaliwa miaka mitatu ya awali. Familia iliishi katika kijiji kidogo cha uvuvi wa Prek Sbauv, Kampong Thom Mkoa wakati kifaransa wakoloni kudhibitiwa eneo hilo. Kalamu Saloth alikuwa mchele mkulima ambaye inayomilikiwa 12 [[Hektari|hekta]] ya ardhi na kadhaa nyati; familia alikuwa na kuchukuliwa kiasi tajiri kwa viwango vya siku. Ingawa Kalamu Saloth familia ilikuwa ya Sino-Khmer asili na Saloth Sar alikuwa na jina lake ipasavyo kutokana na haki yake complexion ("Sar" njia nyeupe katika Khmer), jamaa alikuwa tayari assimilated wenyewe na tawala Khmer jamii kwa wakati Sar alizaliwa. Saloth Sar elimu katika Buddhist monasteri. Yeye ingekuwa na baadaye kutoa wake Marxism "tincture ya Ubuddha." ==== Paris ==== Baada ya kuhamia shule ya ufundi katika Russey Keo, kaskazini ya Phnom Penh, Saloth Sar wenye sifa kwa ajili ya udhamini kwa ajili ya masomo ya kiufundi katika Ufaransa. Yeye alisoma radio umeme katika EFR katika Paris kutoka 1949 hadi 1953. Yeye pia alishiriki kimataifa kazi brigade ya ujenzi wa barabara katika [[Zagreb]] katika Ujamaa Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya Yugoslavia katika miaka ya 1950. Baada ya [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] kutambuliwa Viet Minh kama serikali ya Vietnam katika miaka ya 1950, kifaransa Wakomunisti (PCF) akachukua sababu ya Vietnam uhuru. Ya PCF ya kupambana na ukoloni maoni kuwavutia vijana wengi Cambodians, ikiwa ni pamoja na Sar. Katika 1951, alijiunga na kikomunisti kiini katika siri ya shirika inayojulikana kama ''Cercle Marxiste'' (''"[[Umaksi|Marxist]] mduara"''), ambayo walikuwa wamechukua udhibiti wa Khmer Ushirika wa Wanafunzi (AER) mwaka huo huo. Ndani ya miezi michache, Sar alijiunga na PCF. ==== Kurudi ==== Kutokana na kushindwa mitihani yake katika miaka mitatu mfululizo, Sar alilazimika kurudi [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] januari 1953. Alikuwa mwanachama wa kwanza wa ''Cercle Marxiste'' kurudi [[Kamboja|Cambodia]]. Yeye alipewa kazi ya kutathmini makundi mbalimbali uasi dhidi ya serikali. Yeye alipendekeza Khmer Viet Minh, na katika agosti 1954, Sar, pamoja na Rath Samoeun, alisafiri kwa Viet Minh Mashariki Eneo la makao makuu katika kijiji cha Krabao katika Kampong Cham Jimbo/Mawindo Veng Jimbo hilo karibu na mpaka wa [[Kamboja|Cambodia]]. Saloth kujifunza kwamba Khmer na Watu wa Chama cha Mapinduzi (KPRP) alikuwa kidogo zaidi ya Kivietinamu mbele ya shirika. Kutokana na 1954 Geneva amani mkataba wanaohitaji wote Viet Minh majeshi na wapiganaji kufukuzwa, kundi la Cambodians ikifuatiwa Kivietinamu nyuma ya Vietnam ambapo walikuwa baadaye kutumika kama makada kuikomboa [[Kamboja|Cambodia]]. Wengine, ikiwa ni pamoja na Sar, akarudi [[Kamboja|Cambodia]]. Baada ya [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] ya uhuru kufuatia 1954 Geneva Mkutano huo, wote wa kushoto na kulia mrengo wa vyama vya jihadi kwa ajili ya nguvu katika serikali mpya. Khmer Mfalme Norodom Sihanouk pitted vyama dhidi ya kila mmoja wakati kwa kutumia polisi na jeshi kukandamiza uliokithiri makundi ya kisiasa. Rushwa ya uchaguzi wa mwaka 1955 imesababisha wengi leftists katika [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] na kuachana na matumaini ya kuchukua madaraka kwa njia ya kisheria. Socialist harakati, wakati kiitikadi nia ya guerrilla warfare katika hali kama hiyo, hakuwa na uzinduzi wa uasi kutokana na chama ni udhaifu. Baada ya kurudi kwake Phnom Penh, Sar kuwa kiungo kati ya juu-chini vyama vya mrengo wa kushoto (Democrats na Pracheachon) na chini ya ardhi socialist harakati. Yeye kuolewa Khieu Ponnary tarehe 14 julai 1956. Yeye akarudi Lycée Sisowath, kuwa mwalimu, wakati Sar alifundisha kifaransa fasihi na historia katika Chamraon Vichea, ulioanzishwa chuo binafsi. === Uasi === Katika januari 1962, [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] serikali mbaroni zaidi ya uongozi wa mbali-kushoto Pracheachon chama kabla ya uchaguzi wa bunge, ambao walikuwa na kuchukua nafasi hiyo ya juni. Yao ya magazeti na machapisho mengine walikuwa imefungwa. Hatua hizo alikuwa ufanisi kumalizika yoyote halali jukumu la kisiasa la harakati socialist katika Cambodia. Katika julai 1962, chini ya ardhi chama cha kikomunisti katibu Tou Samouth alikamatwa na baadaye kuuawa wakati katika chini ya ulinzi, kuruhusu Sar kuwa kaimu kiongozi. Katika 1963 chama mkutano huo, ulihudhuriwa na zaidi ya watu 18, Sar alichaguliwa kuwa katibu wa chama wa kamati kuu. Kwamba Machi, Saloth alikwenda mafichoni baada ya jina lake ilikuwa kuchapishwa katika orodha ya mrengo wa kushoto watuhumiwa kuweka pamoja na polisi kwa ajili ya Norodom Sihanouk. Yeye walikimbia kwa Kivietinamu mkoa wa mpakani na alifanya mawasiliano na Kivietinamu vitengo kupambana dhidi ya [[Vietnam Kusini|Kusini Vietnam]]. Mapema mwaka 1964, Sar wanaamini Kivietinamu kusaidia Cambodia wajamaa kuweka juu yao wenyewe kambi ya msingi. Party ya kamati kuu kukutana baadaye mwaka huo na ilitoa tamko wito kwa silaha ya mapambano, na kusisitiza "self-reliance" kwa mujibu uliokithiri Cambodians. Katika mpaka makambi, itikadi ya Khmer Rouge alikuwa hatua kwa hatua ya maendeleo. Chama, kuvunja na [[Umaksi|Marxism]], alitangaza kwamba vijijini wakulima wadogo walikuwa kweli kufanya kazi darasa proletarian na lifeblood ya mapinduzi, kamati kuu ya wanachama kuwa mzima katika [[Ukabaila|feudal]] jamii ya wakulima wadogo wadogo. Baada ya wimbi jingine la ukandamizaji na Sihanouk mwaka 1965, Khmer Rouge harakati chini ya Saloth ilikua kwa kasi. Walimu wengi na wanafunzi wa kushoto ya miji kwa ajili ya nchi kujiunga na harakati. Katika aprili 1965, Sar akaenda Kaskazini Vietnam kupata kibali kwa ajili ya mapigano katika Cambodia dhidi ya serikali. [[Vietnam Kaskazini|Kaskazini Vietnam]] alikataa msaada wowote mapigano kutokana na mazungumzo yanayoendelea na serikali ya [[Kamboja|Cambodia]]. Sihanouk aliahidi kuruhusu Kivietinamu kutumia [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] wilaya na Cambodia bandari katika vita yao dhidi ya Kusini Vietnam. Baada ya kurudi Tanzania mwaka 1966, Sar kupangwa chama mkutano ambapo idadi ya maamuzi muhimu walikuwa alifanya. Chama rasmi, lakini kwa siri, kwa jina la Chama cha Kikomunisti wa Kampuchea (CPK). Chini ya safu ya chama walikuwa si taarifa ya uamuzi. Ilikuwa pia aliamua kuanzisha amri ya kanda na kujiandaa kwa kila mkoa kwa ajili ya mapigano dhidi ya serikali. Mapema mwaka 1966, mapigano yalizuka katika nchi kati ya wakulima na serikali juu ya bei ya kulipwa kwa ajili ya mchele. Sar wa Khmer Rouge alikuwa hawakupata kwa mshangao na machafuko na hakuweza kuchukua faida halisi ya yao. Lakini kukataa kwa serikali kutafuta ufumbuzi wa amani wa tatizo kuundwa vijijini machafuko ya kwamba alicheza katika mikono ya socialist harakati. Ilikuwa hadi mapema 1967 kwamba Sar iliamua kuzindua taifa mapigano, hata ingawa Kaskazini Vietnam alikataa kusaidia katika yoyote njia ya maana. Mapigano ilizinduliwa tarehe 18 januari 1968, na uvamizi juu ya msingi jeshi kusini ya Battambang. Ya Battambang eneo alikuwa tayari kuonekana ya miaka miwili ya kubwa wadogo machafuko. Mashambulizi ilikuwa inaendeshwa mbali na jeshi, lakini Khmer Rouge alikuwa alitekwa idadi ya silaha, ambayo walikuwa kisha kutumika kuendesha vikosi vya polisi nje ya Cambodia vijiji. Kwa majira ya joto ya mwaka 1968, Sar alianza kipindi cha mpito kutoka kwa kiongozi wa chama kufanya kazi kwa pamoja ya uongozi, ndani ya absolutist kiongozi wa Khmer Rouge harakati. Ambapo kabla ya yeye alikuwa pamoja ya jumuiya ya robo na viongozi wengine, yeye sasa alikuwa na yake mwenyewe kiwanja na wafanyakazi binafsi na walinzi. Watu wa nje walikuwa tena kuruhusiwa kwa njia yake. Badala yake, watu walikuwa alimwita katika uwepo wake na wafanyakazi wake. == Uongozi == Harakati ilikuwa inakadiriwa wajumbe wa si zaidi ya 200 mara kwa mara na wanachama, lakini msingi wa harakati iliungwa mkono na idadi ya vijiji mara nyingi kwamba ukubwa. Wakati silaha walikuwa katika utoaji mfupi, waasi bado kuendeshwa katika kumi kati ya kumi na tisa wilaya ya Cambodia. Katika mwaka wa 1969, Sar kuitwa chama mkutano na aliamua kubadili chama ni propaganda mkakati. Kabla ya 1969, upinzani kwa Sihanouk ilikuwa lengo kuu ya propaganda zake. Hata hivyo, katika mwaka wa 1969, chama aliamua kubadili mwelekeo wa propaganda yake ili kupinga vyama vya mrengo wa kulia wa Cambodia na madai yao pro-American mitazamo. Wakati chama wameacha kufanya anti-Sihanouk taarifa katika umma, binafsi na chama alikuwa na si iliyopita maoni yake ya yake. Barabara ya nguvu kwa ajili ya Sar na Khmer Rouge ilikuwa kufunguliwa na matukio ya januari 1970, katika Cambodia. Wakati yeye alikuwa nje ya nchi, Sihanouk amri ya serikali kwa hatua ya kupambana na Kivietinamu maandamano katika mji mkuu. Maandamano haraka kilichomwagika nje ya kudhibiti na balozi wa wote Kaskazini na Kusini ya Vietnam walikuwa wamesababisha. Sihanouk, ambaye alikuwa kuamuru maandamano, basi denounced yao kutoka [[Paris]] na kulaumiwa unnamed watu binafsi katika asia ya magharibi kwa kuchochea yao. Hatua hizi, pamoja na siri ya shughuli na Sihanouk wafuasi katika Cambodia, wanaamini serikali kwamba yeye wanapaswa kuondolewa kama [[Mkuu wa dola|mkuu wa nchi]]. Bunge lilipiga kura ya kuondoa Sihanouk kutoka ofisi na kufungwa [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] bandari ya Kaskazini Kivietinamu silaha za barabarani, na kudai kuwa Kaskazini Kivietinamu kuondoka Cambodia. Kaskazini Kivietinamu ilijibu kwa mabadiliko ya kisiasa katika [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] na kutuma Waziri mkuu Phạm Văn Đồng kukutana Sihanouk katika China na kuwaajiri yake ndani ya muungano na Khmer Rouge. Sar pia alikuwa akiwasiliana na Kaskazini Kivietinamu, ambao kuachwa nafasi zao, sadaka yake kila rasilimali yeye alitaka yake kwa ajili ya uasi dhidi ya [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] serikali. Sar na Sihanouk walikuwa kweli katika [[Beijing]] wakati huo huo, lakini Kivietinamu na Kichina viongozi kamwe taarifa Sihanouk ya uwepo wa Sar au kuruhusiwa watu wawili kukutana. Muda mfupi baadaye, Sihanouk iliyotolewa rufaa kwa radio kwa watu wa [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] kuwataka kusimama dhidi ya serikali na kwa msaada wa Khmer Rouge. Mwezi Mei Mwaka 1970, Sar hatimaye akarudi [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] na waasi kupata traction. Hapo awali, tarehe 29 Machi 1970, Kaskazini Kivietinamu alikuwa na kuchukuliwa masuala ya ndani ya mikono yao wenyewe na kuanza mashambulizi dhidi ya [[Kamboja|Cambodia]] jeshi. Nguvu ya Kaskazini Kivietinamu haraka akaivamia sehemu kubwa ya mashariki mwa Cambodia kufikia ndani ya wa [[Phnom Penh]] kabla ya kuwa kusukuma nyuma. Katika vita hii, Khmer Rouge na Sar alicheza sana nafasi ndogo. Katika oktoba 1970, Sar ilitoa azimio kwa jina la Kamati Kuu. Azimio alisema kanuni ya uhuru-mastery (aekdreach machaskar), ambayo ilikuwa wito kwa ajili ya Cambodia kuamua yake mwenyewe baadaye huru ya ushawishi wa nchi nyingine yoyote. Azimio pia ni pamoja na kauli kuelezea usaliti wa Cambodia Socialist harakati katika miaka ya 1950 na Viet Minh. Hii ilikuwa kauli ya kwanza ya kupambana na Kivietinamu sera hiyo itakuwa sehemu kubwa ya Pol Pot serikali wakati alichukua madaraka miaka ya baadaye. === Udhibiti wa nchi === Khmer Rouge juu wakati wa 1973. Baada ya kufikiwa nje kidogo ya Phnom Penh, Sar ilitoa amri wakati wa kilele cha msimu wa mvua kwamba halmashauri ya kuchukuliwa. Amri imesababisha bure mashambulizi na kupita maisha ndani ya Khmer Rouge jeshi. Na katikati ya mwaka 1973, Khmer Rouge chini Sar kudhibitiwa karibu theluthi mbili ya nchi na nusu ya idadi ya watu. Kaskazini Vietnam waligundua kwamba hakuna tena kudhibitiwa hali na alianza kutibu Sar kama zaidi ya sawa kiongozi kuliko kama mshirika. Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1973, Sar alifanya maamuzi ya kimkakati kwamba kuamua hatma ya vita. Kwanza, yeye aliamua kukata mji mkuu mbali na kuwasiliana na vyanzo vya nje ya vifaa, kuweka chini ya kuzingirwa jiji. Pili, yeye kutekelezwa tight udhibiti wa watu kujaribu kuondoka mji kwa njia ya Khmer Rouge mistari. Yeye pia kuamuru mfululizo wa mkuu purges ya viongozi wa zamani wa serikali, na mtu yeyote na elimu. Seti ya magereza mapya ilikuwa pia yalijengwa katika Khmer Rouge kukimbia maeneo. Ya Cham wachache jaribio la mapigano ili kuzuia uharibifu wa utamaduni wao. Mapigano ilikuwa haraka aliwaangamiza: Sar kuamuru kwamba wakali kimwili mateso kutumika dhidi ya wengi wa wale wanaohusika katika uasi. Kama hapo awali, Sar majaribio nje wakali sera mpya dhidi ya Cham wachache, kabla ya kupanua yao na idadi ya jumla ya nchi. Khmer Rouge pia alikuwa na sera ya kusafirishia maeneo ya mijini na kuhamia kwa nguvu zao wakazi wa vijijini. Wakati Khmer Rouge alichukua mji wa Kratie katika 1971, Sar na wanachama wengine wa chama hicho walikuwa kutishwa kwa jinsi haraka "huru" maeneo ya mijini shook mbali ya ujamaa na kurudi kwa njia ya zamani. Mawazo mbalimbali walikuwa walijaribu ili re-kujenga mji katika picha ya chama, lakini hakuna kazi. Katika 1973, nje ya jumla ya kuchanganyikiwa, Sar aliamua kwamba suluhisho pekee ilikuwa kutuma idadi ya watu wote wa mji na mashamba katika nchi. Yeye aliandika katika wakati "kama matokeo ya wengi dhabihu ilikuwa kwamba mabepari kubaki katika udhibiti, nini ilikuwa maana ya mapinduzi?". Muda mfupi baada ya, Sar amri ya uokoaji ya 15,000 watu wa Kompong Cham kwa sababu hiyo hiyo. Khmer Rouge kisha kuhamia juu ya mwaka 1974 na kuokoa kubwa ya mji wa Oudong. Kimataifa, Sar na Khmer Rouge kupata utambuzi wa 63 nchi kama kweli serikali ya Cambodia. Hoja ilitolewa katika umoja wa MATAIFA kwa kutoa kiti kwa ajili ya Cambodia na Khmer Rouge; wao walishinda kwa kura tatu. Katika septemba 1974, Sar wamekusanyika kamati kuu ya chama kwa pamoja. Kama kampeni ya kijeshi ilikuwa kusonga kuelekea hitimisho, Sar aliamua kuhamia chama kuelekea utekelezaji wa ujamaa mabadiliko ya nchi katika mfumo wa mfululizo wa maamuzi, ya kwanza kuwa na kuokoa miji kuu, kusonga idadi ya watu na mashambani. Pili dictated kwamba wangeweza kusitisha kuweka fedha katika mzunguko na haraka awamu ya nje. Uamuzi wa mwisho ni kwamba chama bila kukubali Sar kuu ya kwanza asafishe. Katika mwaka wa 1974, Sar alikuwa zisafishwe wa juu wa chama rasmi aitwaye Prasith. Prasith ilikuwa kuchukuliwa nje katika misitu na risasi bila ya kupewa nafasi yoyote ya kujitetea. Kifo chake ilifuatiwa na asafishe ya makada ambao, kama Prasith, walikuwa makabila Thai. Sar maelezo ni kwamba darasa mapambano alikuwa na kuwa ya papo hapo, wanaohitaji nguvu kusimama dhidi ya chama adui. Khmer Rouge walikuwa na nafasi nzuri kwa ajili ya fainali mashambulizi dhidi ya serikali mwezi januari mwaka 1975. Wakati huo huo, katika tukio vyombo vya habari katika Beijing, Sihanouk kujigamba alitangaza Sar ni "kifo orodha" ya maadui ambao walikuwa kuuawa baada ya ushindi. Orodha, ambayo awali zilizomo saba majina, ilikuwa ni kupanua na 23, na ni pamoja na majina ya viongozi waandamizi wa serikali pamoja na majina ya viongozi wote ambao walikuwa katika nafasi ya uongozi ndani ya polisi na jeshi. Migogoro kati ya Vietnam na Cambodia pia alikuja nje ndani ya wazi. [[Vietnam Kaskazini|Kaskazini Vietnam]], kama mpinzani ujamaa nchi katika [[Indochina]], nilikuwa na nia ya kuchukua [[Mji wa Ho Chi Minh|Saigon]] kabla ya Khmer Rouge alichukua Phnom Penh. Katika aprili 1975, serikali iliunda Kuu ya Taifa ya Baraza na uongozi mpya, kwa lengo la kufanya mazungumzo ya kujisalimisha kwa Khmer Rouge. Ilikuwa inaongozwa na Sak Sutsakhan ambaye alikuwa alisoma katika Ufaransa na Sar, na alikuwa binamu wa Khmer Rouge Naibu Katibu Nuon Chea. Sar ilijibu kwa hii kwa kuongeza majina ya kila mtu kushiriki katika Kuu ya Taifa ya Jiji kwenye yake baada ya ushindi orodha kifo. Serikali ya upinzani hatimaye kuanguka tarehe 17 aprili 1975. == Kiongozi wa Kampuchea == [[Picha:Choeungek2.JPG|thumb|Skulls wa Khmer Rouge waathirika]] [[Picha:ChoeungEk-Darter-8.jpg|thumb|Kaburi katika Choeung Ek]] Khmer Rouge alichukua [[Phnom Penh]] tarehe 17 aprili 1975. Kama kiongozi wa Chama cha Kikomunisti, Saloth Sar akawa ''de-facto'' kiongozi wa nchi. Yeye antog jina "ndugu namba moja" na kutumika ''nom de guerre'' "Pol Pot". Philip Mfupi inayotolewa maelezo ya asili ya Pol Pot jina, na kusema kuwa Saloth Sar alitangaza kwamba alikuwa kupitisha jina katika julai 1970. Short watuhumiwa kuwa ni hupata kutoka ''pol'': "Pols walikuwa kifalme watumwa, watu wa asili", na kwamba "Pot" ilikuwa tu "euphonic monosyllable" kwamba yeye walipenda. Hii Khmer neno ''pol'', hata hivyo, imechukuliwa kutoka Sanskrit ''bala'' 'jeshi, walinzi' na Khmer herufi hutofautiana kutoka herufi ya Pol Pot jina. jina ina fulani hakuna maana katika Khmer. Cambodia ilipitisha katiba mpya tarehe 5 januari 1976, rasmi kubadilisha jina la nchi ya "Demokrasia Kampuchea". Ulioanzishwa Mwakilishi wa Mkutano uliofanyika yake ya kwanza kikao kikao cha kutoka 11 hadi 13 aprili, kumchagua serikali mpya na Pol Pot kama waziri mkuu. Mtangulizi wake, Khieu Samphan, akawa mkuu wa nchi kama ''Rais wa Nchi Presidium''. Prince Sihanouk kupokea hakuna nafasi katika serikali na alikuwa na kuwekwa kizuizini. Khmer Rouge rėgime aliona kilimo kama muhimu kwa [[Kujenga taifa|ujenzi wa taifa]] na ulinzi wa taifa. Pol Pot lengo kwa ajili ya nchi kuwa na 70-80% ya shamba mashine kukamilika ndani ya miaka 5 hadi 10, na kujenga ya kisasa ya viwanda msingi juu ya shamba mashine ndani ya miaka 15 hadi 20, na kuwa na uwezo wa kujitegemea serikali. Yeye alitaka kuchukua uchumi na kufanya ni chanzo msingi ya bidhaa kwa ajili ya taifa, kuzuia nje ya mahusiano, na kwa kiasi kikubwa kujenga upya jamii na kuongeza uzalishaji wa kilimo. Ili kuepuka utawala wa kigeni wa viwanda, Pol Pot alikataa kununua bidhaa kutoka nchi nyingine. Mara baada ya kuanguka ya Phnom Penh, Khmer Rouge alianza kutekeleza dhana yao ya Mwaka Sifuri na kuamuru kamili uokoaji wa Phnom Penh na wengine wote karibuni alitekwa kubwa ya miji na miji. Wale kuondoka waliambiwa kwamba uokoaji ni kutokana na tishio la kali Marekani mabomu na kwamba itakuwa mwisho kwa ajili ya si zaidi ya siku chache. Vyombo vya habari vya magharibi taswira ya matukio kama "kifo machi", na Marekani vyanzo vya utabiri wa kwamba Khmer Rouge sera ya uokoaji kulazimishwa bila kusababisha njaa na kifo wingi wa mamia ya maelfu. Pol Pot na Khmer Rouge alikuwa kusafirishia alitekwa maeneo ya mijini kwa ajili ya wengi miaka, lakini uokoaji wa Phnom Penh ilikuwa ya kipekee katika wadogo wake. Pol Pot alisema kwamba "...hatua ya kwanza katika maendeleo [alikuwa] kwa makusudi iliyoundwa na kuwaangamiza darasa zima". Ya kwanza ya shughuli za kuokoa maeneo ya mijini ilitokea mwaka 1968, katika Ratanakiri eneo hilo na kwa lengo la kusonga watu zaidi katika Khmer Rouge wilaya kudhibiti yao kwa urahisi zaidi. Kutoka 1971-1973, motisha iliyopita. Pol Pot na viongozi wengine waandamizi walikuwa frustrated kwamba mijini Cambodians kubakia umri wa kibepari tabia ya biashara na biashara. Wakati wote njia nyingine walishindwa, serikali ilipitisha sera ya uokoaji ya vijijini ili kutatua "tatizo". Mwaka 1976, Pol Pot wa régime reclassified Kampucheans ndani ya tatu makundi: kama full-haki (msingi) ya watu, kama wagombea na kama depositees, hivyo kuitwa kwa sababu wao ni pamoja na wengi wa watu wapya ambao alikuwa zilizoingia kutoka miji katika jumuiya. Depositees walikuwa na alama kwa ajili ya uharibifu. Mgawo wao walikuwa kupunguzwa kwa mbili bakuli ya mchele supu au ''p'baw'' kwa siku, na hivyo kusababisha kuenea kwa njaa. "Mpya watu" walikuwa na madai ya kupewa tena nafasi katika uchaguzi ambao ulifanyika tarehe 20 Machi 1976, pamoja na ukweli kwamba katiba imara kwa wote haki ya kupiga kura kwa ajili ya wote Cambodians zaidi ya umri wa miaka 18. Khmer Rouge uongozi boasted juu ya hali-kudhibitiwa radio kuwa moja au mbili tu ya watu milioni walikuwa zinahitajika kujenga mpya ya kilimo ujamaa utopia. Kama kwa ajili ya wengine, kama wao methali kuweka hayo, "kuweka wewe hakuna faida, kwa kuharibu wewe ni hakuna hasara." Mamia ya maelfu ya watu wapya, na baadaye depositees, walikuwa kuchukuliwa nje katika pingu kuchimba yao wenyewe makaburi ya halaiki. Kisha Khmer Rouge askari kuzikwa kwao hai. Na Khmer Rouge ukatili gerezani maelekezo ya amri ya "Risasi si kuwa kupita." Vile makaburi ya halaiki ni mara nyingi inajulikana kama "Mauaji Mashamba". Khmer Rouge pia classified watu kulingana na yao ya kidini na kikabila asili. Chini ya uongozi wa Pol Pot, Khmer Rouge alikuwa na sera ya serikali atheism. dini Zote walikuwa marufuku, na ukandamizaji wa wafuasi wa [[Uislamu]], [[Ukristo]], na [[Ubuddha]] ilikuwa ya kina. Karibu 25,000 Buddhist watawa walikuwa kinyama na serikali. serikali kutawanywa vikundi vya watu wachache, akipinga yao ama kusema lugha yao au mazoezi yao ya forodha. Wao hasa walengwa [[Mwislamu|Waislamu]], Wakristo, Magharibi elimu wasomi, elimu ya watu kwa ujumla, watu ambao walikuwa na mawasiliano na nchi za Magharibi au na Vietnam, watu wenye ulemavu, na kikabila Kichina, [[Laos|Laotians]], na Kivietinamu. Baadhi walikuwa kuweka katika S-21 kambi kwa ajili ya kuhojiwa kuwashirikisha mateso katika kesi ambapo kukiri ilikuwa muhimu kwa serikali. Wengine wengi walikuwa summarily kunyongwa. Kulingana na François Ponchaud's kitabu ''Cambodia: Mwaka Sifuri'': "tangu 1972, wapiganaji wa msituni alikuwa kutuma wenyeji wote wa vijiji na miji wao ulichukua katika msitu kuishi na mara nyingi moto nyumba zao, hivyo kwamba wangeweza kuwa na kitu cha kuja nyuma." Khmer Rouge hatua kwa hatua kuharibu vyanzo vya chakula ambayo inaweza kwa urahisi wanakabiliwa na kati ya kuhifadhi na kudhibiti, kukata miti ya matunda, wakikataza uvuvi, marufuku ya kupanda au kuvuna wa mlima leap mchele, marufuku dawa na hospitali, watu kulazimishwa kwa maandamano ya umbali mrefu bila ya kupata maji, nje ya chakula, na alikataa inatoa wa misaada ya kibinadamu. Kama matokeo, janga la kibinadamu kufunuliwa: mamia ya maelfu walikufa kwa njaa na ya kikatili ya serikali-yatolewayo overwork katika nchi. Kwa Khmer Rouge, nje misaada akaenda kinyume na kanuni yao ya taifa kujitegemea. Kwa mujibu wa Visiwa Bashi, Khmer Rouge nje 150,000 tani ya mchele katika 1976 peke yake. Aidha: Kulingana na Henri Locard, "sifa ya KR viongozi kwa ajili ya Spartan ukali fulani ni overdone. Baada ya yote, wao alikuwa na mali yote ya yote kufukuzwa wakazi wa mji wakati wao kamili ovyo, na wao kamwe mateso kutoka kwa [[utapiamlo]]." Mali ilikuwa collectivized, na elimu ilikuwa iligawanywa katika jumuiya ya shule. Watoto walikuwa alimfufua juu ya jumuiya na ya msingi. Hata milo walikuwa tayari na kuliwa communally. Pol Pot wa serikali ilikuwa sana paranoid. Kisiasa upinzani na upinzani ilikuwa si ruhusa. Watu walikuwa kutibiwa kama wapinzani msingi juu ya muonekano wao au background. Mateso alikuwa kuenea, maelfu ya wanasiasa na watendaji wa serikali watuhumiwa wa chama na serikali iliyopita walikuwa kunyongwa. Ya régime akageuka Phnom Penh katika roho mji, wakati watu katika nchi ya kufa ya njaa au magonjwa, au walikuwa tu kuuawa. Utafiti wa kisasa ina ziko 20,000 makaburi ya halaiki kutoka Khmer Rouge zama zote juu ya Cambodia. Tafiti mbalimbali na makadirio ya vifo katika kati ya 740,000 na 3,000,000 - kawaida ya kuwasili katika takwimu kati ya 1.7&#x20;milioni na 2.2&#x20;milioni, na labda nusu ya wale vifo kuwa kutokana na mauaji, na wengine kuwa inatokana na njaa na ugonjwa huo. Idadi ya watu uchambuzi na Patrick Heuveline unaonyesha kwamba kati ya 1.17 na 3.42 milioni Cambodians waliuawa. Demographer Marek Sliwinski alihitimisha kwamba angalau 1.8&#x20;milioni waliuawa kuanzia mwaka 1975 hadi 1979 juu ya misingi ya jumla ya idadi ya watu kupungua. Mtafiti Craig Etcheson ya Nyaraka Katikati ya Cambodia unaonyesha vifo vya kati ya 2 na 2.5 milioni, na "uwezekano mkubwa zaidi" takwimu ya 2.2 milioni. Baada ya miaka mitano ya kutafiti baadhi ya 20,000 kaburi maeneo, anahitimisha kuwa "haya makaburi ya halaiki vyenye mabaki ya 1,386,734 waathirika wa utekelezaji". Umoja wa Mataifa ya uchunguzi taarifa 2-3 milioni wafu, wakati UNICEF inakadiriwa kuwa milioni 3 walikuwa wameuawa. Khmer Rouge wenyewe alisema kuwa milioni 2 waliouawa—ingawa wao kuhusishwa wale vifo na baadae Kivietinamu uvamizi. Na mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1979, Umoja wa Mataifa na shirika la Msalaba Mwekundu viongozi walikuwa onyo kwamba mwingine 2.25 milioni Cambodians inaweza kufa kwa njaa kutokana na "karibu na uharibifu wa Cambodia jamii chini ya utawala wa ousted Waziri Mkuu Pol Pot", ambao wengi wao walikuwa kuokolewa na misaada ya kimataifa baada ya Kivietinamu uvamizi. ziada 300,000 Cambodians njaa na kifo kati ya 1979 na 1980, kwa kiasi kikubwa kama matokeo ya madhara baada ya Khmer Rouge sera. Pol Pot iliyokaa nchi diplomatically na Jamhuri ya Watu wa China na iliyopitishwa kupambana na Urusi line. Alignment hii ilikuwa ya kisiasa zaidi na vitendo kuliko ilivyokuwa kiitikadi. Vietnam ilikuwa iliyokaa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]], hivyo Cambodia iliyokaa yenyewe na Asia mpinzani wa Umoja wa Kisovyeti na Vietnam (China alikuwa hutolewa Khmer Rouge na silaha kwa ajili ya miaka kabla ya wao alichukua madaraka). Katika desemba 1976 Pol Pot ilitoa maelekezo kwa afisa mwandamizi wa Khmer Rouge uongozi kwa athari kwamba Vietnam ilikuwa sasa adui. Ulinzi mpakani walikuwa na nguvu na uhakika deportees walikuwa wakiongozwa zaidi katika Cambodia. Pol Pot matendo alikuja katika kukabiliana na Kivietinamu Chama cha Kikomunisti ya nne Congress (14 hadi 20 desemba 1976), ambayo kupitishwa azimio kuelezea Vietnam uhusiano maalum na Laos na Cambodia. Pia aliyesema ya jinsi ya Vietnam ingekuwa milele kuwa na kuhusishwa na ujenzi na ulinzi wa nchi nyingine mbili. Tofauti na wengi wa viongozi wa kikomunisti, Pol Pot kamwe kuwa kitu cha utu ibada. Hata katika nguvu, CPK iimarishwe usiri alikuwa na naendelea hadi wakati wake wa miaka katika uwanja wa vita. Kwa zaidi ya miaka miwili baada ya kuchukua madaraka, chama tu inajulikana yenyewe kama "Angkar" ("Shirika"). Haikuwa mpaka hotuba juu ya 15 aprili 1977 kwamba Pol Pot umebaini CPK kuwepo. Wakati huo waangalizi wa kimataifa alithibitisha utambulisho wa "Pol Pot" kama Saloth Sar. == Vita na Vietnam == Mwezi Mei mwaka 1975, kikosi cha Khmer Rouge askari kuvamia na alichukua kisiwa cha Phú Quốc. Kwa mwaka 1977, mahusiano na [[Vietnam]] wakaanza kuanguka mbali. Kulikuwa na ndogo mpaka mapigano katika januari. Pol Pot alijaribu kuzuia mpaka migogoro na kutuma timu ya Vietnam. Mazungumzo ya kushindwa, ambayo yalisababisha hata zaidi mpaka migogoro. Juu ya aprili 30, Cambodia jeshi, na kuungwa mkono na artillery, walivuka juu katika Vietnam. Katika kujaribu kueleza Pol Pot tabia, moja ya mkoa-mlinzi alipendekeza kwamba Cambodia alikuwa kujaribu kuwatisha Vietnam, na irrational vitendo, katika kuheshimu au angalau kuogopa Cambodia kwa uhakika wangeweza kuondoka nchi peke yake. Hata hivyo, hatua hizi tu aliwahi goad Kivietinamu watu na serikali dhidi ya Khmer Rouge. Katika Aprili 1976, Vietnam alimtuma yake ya air force katika Cambodia katika mfululizo wa mashambulizi. Katika julai, Vietnam kulazimishwa Mkataba wa Urafiki kwenye [[Laos]] kwamba alitoa Vietnam karibu jumla ya kudhibiti juu ya nchi. Katika Cambodia, Khmer Rouge makamanda katika Eneo la Mashariki alianza kuwaambia watu wao kwamba vita na Vietnam ilikuwa kuepukika na kwamba mara baada ya vita kuanza lengo lao itakuwa kuokoa sehemu ya Vietnam (Khmer Krom) kwamba walikuwa mara moja sehemu ya Cambodia, ambao watu, madai, walikuwa wanajitahidi kwa ajili ya uhuru kutoka Vietnam. Kama kauli hizi walikuwa sera rasmi ya Pol Pot haijawahi alithibitisha. Katika septemba 1977, Cambodia ilizindua mgawanyiko-kuongeza mashambulizi zaidi ya mpakani, ambayo kwa mara nyingine tena kushoto uchaguzi wa mauaji na uharibifu katika vijiji. Kivietinamu alidai kuwa karibu 1,000 watu waliouawa au kujeruhiwa. Siku tatu baada ya uvamizi, Pol Pot alitangaza rasmi uwepo wa zamani siri ya Chama cha Kikomunisti wa Kampuchea (CPK) na hatimaye alitangaza kwa ulimwengu kwamba nchi ilikuwa hali Kikomunisti. Katika desemba, baada ya nimechoka chaguzi nyingine zote, Vietnam alimtuma 50,000 askari katika jamhuri ya czech katika kile jumla ya short uvamizi. Uvamizi ilikuwa na maana kuwa siri. Kivietinamu aliondoka baada ya kutangaza kwamba wao alikuwa na mafanikio ya malengo yao, na uvamizi ilikuwa onyo tu. Juu ya kuwa kutishiwa, Kivietinamu jeshi aliahidi kurudi na msaada kutoka kwa Umoja wa Kisovyeti. Pol Pot matendo alifanya kazi gani inayoonekana zaidi kuliko Kivietinamu alikuwa na lengo na wao umba hali ambayo Vietnam alionekana kuwa dhaifu. Baada ya kufanya moja ya mwisho jaribio la kujadili makazi na Cambodia, Vietnam aliamua kwamba alikuwa na kujiandaa kwa ajili ya kamili wadogo na vita. Vietnam pia alijaribu shinikizo Cambodia kwa njia ya China. Hata hivyo, China kukataa shinikizo Cambodia na mtiririko wa silaha kutoka China katika Cambodia wote wawili walikuwa ishara kuwa China pia nia ya kutenda dhidi ya Vietnam. Wakati Cambodia wajamaa waasi katika eneo la mashariki Mei 1978, Pol Pot wa majeshi inaweza si kuponda yao haraka. Tarehe 10 Mei, wake radio matangazo ya wito si tu kwa "kuwaangamiza 50&#x20;milioni Kivietinamu" lakini pia "kusafisha raia wa watu" wa Cambodia. Ya 1.5&#x20;milioni easterners, asili kama "Khmer miili na Kivietinamu akili", angalau 100,000 walikuwa exterminated katika muda wa miezi sita. Baadaye mwaka huo, katika kukabiliana na vitisho na mipaka yake na watu Kivietinamu, Vietnam kushambuliwa Cambodia kuipindua Khmer Rouge, ambayo Vietnam haki juu ya msingi wa kujitetea mwenyewe. [[Picha:Nicolae_Ceaușescu_with_Pol_Pot.jpg|left|thumb|Nicolae Ceaușescu na Pol Pot (1978)]] Cambodia jeshi ilikuwa kushindwa, serikali alipopinduliwa na Pol Pot walikimbilia [[Uthai|Thai]] eneo la mpaka. Katika januari 1979, Vietnam imewekwa serikali mpya chini ya Khmer Rouge defector Heng Samrin, linajumuisha wa Khmer Rouge ambao walikimbia na Vietnam ili kuepuka purges. Pol Pot hatimaye regrouped na yake ya msingi wafuasi katika Thai mpaka eneo ambapo yeye alipata malazi na msaada. Katika nyakati tofauti katika kipindi hiki, yeye ilikuwa iko katika pande zote za mpaka. Serikali ya kijeshi ya Thailand kutumika Khmer Rouge kama buffer nguvu ya kuweka Kivietinamu mbali kutoka mpakani. Thai kijeshi pia alifanya fedha kutoka shehena ya silaha kutoka China na Khmer Rouge. Hatimaye, Pol Pot upya ndogo nguvu ya kijeshi katika magharibi ya nchi kwa msaada wa Jamhuri ya Watu wa China. PRC pia ulianzishwa Sino-Kivietinamu Vita duniani wakati huu. Ya [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] ilikuwa kuu ya kimataifa msaidizi wa Khmer Rouge na kiongozi wake Pol Pot. Kichina fedha zinazotolewa na msaada wa kijeshi kwa chama hata baada ya kuangushwa mwaka 1979. Ya umoja wa MATAIFA pia kutambuliwa na Serikali ya Umoja wa Kidemokrasia Kampuchea, ambayo ni pamoja na Khmer Rouge, badala ya Jamhuri ya Watu wa Kampuchea. Pol Pot aliishi katika Phnom Jukumu eneo hilo, kutoa mahojiano katika miaka ya 1980 na accusing yote ya wale ambao wanapinga yake ya kuwa wasaliti na "vibaraka" wa [[Vietnam|Kivietinamu]] mpaka yeye kutoweka kutoka mtazamo wa umma. Mwaka 1985, wake "kustaafu" ilikuwa alitangaza, lakini yeye kubakia ushawishi wake juu ya chama. Na kada akihojiwa katika kipindi hiki ilivyoelezwa Pol Pot ya maoni juu ya vifo chini ya serikali yake: == Kifo == [[Picha:Graf_pol_pot.JPG|thumb|Kaburi ya Pol Pot katika Anlong Veng Wilaya ya Oddar Meanchey Mkoa]] Usiku wa aprili 15, 1998, siku mbili kabla ya maadhimisho ya miaka 23 ya Khmer Rouge takeover ya Phnom Penh, Sauti ya Amerika, ambayo Pol Pot alikuwa kujitoa msikilizaji, alitangaza kwamba Khmer Rouge alikuwa alikubali kugeuka yake juu ya mahakama ya kimataifa. Kulingana na mke wake, yeye alikufa katika kitanda yake ya baadaye usiku wakati wakisubiri kwa kuwa wakiongozwa na eneo jingine. Ta Mok alidai kuwa kifo chake ni kutokana na kushindwa kwa moyo. Ta Mok baadaye ilivyoelezwa njia ya kufa: "Yeye alikuwa ameketi katika kiti chake kusubiri kwa ajili ya gari kuja. Lakini alijisikia uchovu. Mke wake aliuliza yake na kuchukua mapumziko. Yeye kuweka chini ya kitanda yake. Mke wake kusikia gasp ya hewa. Ilikuwa ni sauti ya kufa. Wakati yeye kuguswa yake alikuwa tayari kufa. Ilikuwa ni saa 10:15 jana usiku." Licha ya serikali ya maombi ya kukagua mwili, ilikuwa cremated katika Anlong Veng katika Khmer Rouge ukanda siku chache baadaye, kuongeza tuhuma kwamba alikuwa na nia ya kujiua kwa kuchukua overdose ya dawa ambayo yeye alikuwa eda. Mwandishi wa habari Nate Thayer, ambaye alikuwa sasa, uliofanyika mtazamo kwamba Pol Pot kuuawa mwenyewe wakati yeye akawa na ufahamu wa Ta Mok mpango wa mkono yake juu Kusini. Yeye alihitimisha kuwa "Pol Pot alikufa ya lethal dozi ya mchanganyiko wa Valium na chloroquine." Ta Mok madai kwamba "hakuna mtu sumu yake" moyo uvumi kwamba hii ilikuwa nini hasa kilichotokea. Hivyo baadhi ya vyanzo vya hali ya kwamba alikuwa aliuawa na wake wenzake. == Kazi == * ''[[iarchive:LongLiveThe17thAnniversaryOfTheCommunistPartyOfKampucheaSpeech|Long live maadhimisho ya miaka 17 ya Chama cha Kikomunisti wa Kampuchea]]'' (hotuba), New York: Kundi la Kampuchean Wakazi katika Amerika, 1977 * ''[[iarchive:SpeechMadeByComradePolPotSecretaryOfTheCentralCommitteeOfThe|Hotuba yaliyotolewa na comrade Pol Pot, Katibu wa Kamati Kuu ya Chama cha Kikomunisti wa Kampuchea "Katika karamu kupewa kwa heshima ya ujumbe wa chama cha Kikomunisti cha China na serikali ya Jamhuri ya Watu wa China.Phnom Penh, Novemba 5, 1978."]]'' [Phnom Penh]: Wizara. ya vyombo vya Habari na Taarifa, Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje, ya Kidemokrasia Kampuchea, 1978 * ''[[iarchive:InterviewToTheRepresentativesOfTheHongKongsNewspapersWenWeiPoAnd|Mahojiano na wawakilishi wa Hong Kong wa magazeti Wen wei po na Ta kun pao, Phnom Penh, septemba 21, 1978]]'' [Phnom Penh]: Wizara. ya vyombo vya Habari na Taarifa, Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje, ya Kidemokrasia Kampuchea, 1978 * ''[[iarchive:InterviewOfComradePolPotSecretaryOfTheCentralCommitteeOfThe|Mahojiano ya Comrade Pol Pot, Katibu wa Kamati Kuu ya Chama cha Kikomunisti wa Kampuchea, Waziri Mkuu wa Serikali ya Kidemokrasia Kampuchea ya ujumbe wa Yugoslavia waandishi wa habari katika ziara ya Kidemokrasia Kampuchea, Machi 17, Mwaka 1978]]'' [Phnom Penh]: Wizara. ya vyombo vya Habari na Taarifa, Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje, ya Kidemokrasia Kampuchea, 1978 * ''[[iarchive:TalksWithTheDelegationOfTheSweden-kampucheaFriendshipAssociation|Mazungumzo na ujumbe wa Sweden-Kampuchea Urafiki Chama [agosti 1978<nowiki>]</nowiki>]]'' [Phnom Penh]: Wizara. ya vyombo vya Habari na Taarifa, Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje, ya Kidemokrasia Kampuchea, 1978 * ''Hebu kuendelea kushikilia imara juujuu bendera ya ushindi wa utukufu Chama cha Kikomunisti wa Kampuchea ili kutetea Demokrasia Kampuchea, kubeba juu ya ujamaa mapinduzi na kujenga ujamaa: hotuba yaliyotolewa na Comrade Pol Sufuria juu ya tukio la maadhimisho ya miaka 18 ya mwanzilishi wa Chama cha Kikomunisti ya Kampuchea, Phnom Penh, septemba 27, mwaka 1978'' [Phnom Penh]: Wizara. ya vyombo vya Habari na Taarifa, Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje, ya Kidemokrasia Kampuchea, 1978 * ''[[iarchive:TalksWithTheDelegationOfTheAssociationBelgium-kampucheaPhnomPenh|Mazungumzo na ujumbe wa Chama cha Ubelgiji-Kampuchea, Phnom Penh, agosti 5, mwaka 1978]]'' [Phnom Penh]: Wizara. ya vyombo vya Habari na Taarifa, Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje, ya Kidemokrasia Kampuchea, 1978 == Angalia pia == * [[Vita ya Vietnam]] == Marejeo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/81048.stm Mkutano na Pol Pot] Elizabeth Becker ya ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' * [http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/cambodia.htm]: nyenzo ulioandaliwa na Dr Stuart D Stein * [http://www.yale.edu/cgp/ Cambodia Mauaji Ya Kimbari Ya Mpango, 1994-2008] * [http://www.cambodiatribunal.org/ Mahakama Ya Cambodia Kufuatilia] * [http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/diary.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/diary.pdf |date=20180414220112 }}] {{Wayback|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/cambodia/diary.pdf |date=20180414220112 }} * [[iarchive:BiographyOfComradePolPotSecretaryOfTheCentralCommitteeOfThe|Wasifu wa jamaa Pol Pot, katibu wa Kamati Kuu ya Chama cha Kikomunisti wa Kampuchea.]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1925]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1998]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Kamboja]] pgjtpcotrvyt19z2q0je90y3o90u87m 0 91788 1569221 1526902 2026-06-10T00:00:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569221 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:TB Joshua (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|T. B. Joshua]] '''Temitope Balogun Joshua''' (aliyefahamika zaidi kwa [[jina]] la '''T. B. Joshua'''; [[12 Juni]] [[1963]] - [[5 Juni]] [[2021]]) alikuwa [[mchungaji]] na [[nabii]] kutoka nchi ya [[Nigeria]] ambaye hujulikana kwa kusaidia [[watu]] wenye matatizo kwa njia mbalimbali, yakiwemo maombezi ya papo kwa papo na kwa njia ya [[televisheni]]. Alikuwa [[mwanzilishi]] na [[kiongozi]] wa ''Sinagogi na Kanisa la Mataifa yote'' (The Synagogue, Church Of All Nations)<ref>[https://www.scoan.org www.scoan.org]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scoan.org/about/prophet-tb-joshua/ |title=Prophet TB Joshua |publisher=Scoan.org |date= |accessdate=2015-07-16 |archive-date=2011-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007104518/http://www.scoan.org/about/prophet-tb-joshua/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ambalo pia ni [[shirika]] la [[Ukristo|Kikristo]] linaloendesha kituo cha [[televisheni]] kiitwacho ''Emmanuel TV'' kilichopo katika [[mji]] wa [[Lagos]] nchini [[Nigeria]]. T. B. Joshua alikuwa na umaarufu [[bara]]ni [[Afrika]] na zaidi katika [[mitandao ya kijamii]], akiwa na wafuasi wapatao 2,500,000 katika [[mtandao]] wa [[Facebook]]<ref>{{Rejea habari | title = T.B. Joshua Passes Million Milestone On Facebook | url = http://news.peacefmonline.com/pages/religion/201405/201583.php | work = Peace FM (Ghana) | date = 2014-05-29 | accessdate = 2017-08-04 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140701173450/http://news.peacefmonline.com/pages/religion/201405/201583.php | archivedate = 2014-07-01 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari| first = Segun| last = Adebowale| title = T.B. Joshua Reaches 2 Million Facebook Fans| url = http://theeagleonline.com.ng/tb-joshua-reaches-2m-facebook-fans/| work = The Eagle Online (Nigeria)| date = 2016-03-20}}</ref> na takribani wafuasi 500,000 kwenye mtandao wa [[YouTube]] <ref>{{Rejea habari| first = Ihechukwu| last = Njoku| title = Emmanuel TV Trumps P-Square, Nollywood To Youtube Milestone| url = http://www.herald.ng/emmanuel-tv-trumps-p-square-nollywood-to-youtube-milestone/| work = Herald (Nigeria)| date = 2016-09-02}}</ref> huku akielezwa kuwa ''[[mhubiri]] mkubwa wa [[Injili]]''<ref>{{Rejea habari| first = Laura| last = Palet| title = The Millionaire On God's Payroll| url = http://www.ozy.com/provocateurs/the-millionaire-on-gods-payroll/69198| work = OZY| date = 2016-09-18| accessdate = 2017-08-04| archivedate = 2017-08-22| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170822013113/http://www.ozy.com/provocateurs/the-millionaire-on-gods-payroll/69198}}</ref> na ''mchungaji maarufu zaidi katika mtandao wa [[YouTube]]''<ref>{{Rejea habari| first = Tope| last = Oshin| title = TB Joshua Honoured In Peru After Crusade In South America's Largest Stadium| url = http://www.signalng.com/t-b-joshua-honoured-peru-crusade-south-americas-largest-stadium/| work = Signal (Nigeria)| date = 2016-09-27| accessdate = 2017-08-04| archivedate = 2017-08-22| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170822061712/http://www.signalng.com/t-b-joshua-honoured-peru-crusade-south-americas-largest-stadium/}}</ref> Pia ''Emmanuel TV'' inadaiwa kuwa [[televisheni]] ya Kikristo kubwa na ya [[kwanza]] [[bara]]ni [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Rejea habari| first = Harriet| last = Mallinson| title = Bizarre moment pastor is EXORCISED in desperate bid to save his church | url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3759839/Bizarre-moment-pastor-EXORCISED-witch-doctor-desperate-bid-magic-save-church.html | work = Daily Mail (UK) | date = 2016-08-26}}</ref>. Emmanuel TV ni [[chaneli]] ya Kikristo inayoongoza kwa kuwa na watazamaji wengi wanaojiunga kuitazama katika mtandao wa YouTube, ikiwa na [[video]] zenye watazamaji zaidi ya [[milioni]] [[mia]] [[tatu]].<ref>{{Rejea habari| first = James | last = Bruce | title = Skewed Stats | url = http://www.worldmag.com/2015/04/skewed_stats | work = WORLD Magazine (USA)| date = 2015-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari| first = Athena| last = Yenko| title = Malaysian Flight MH370: Prophecy Video Emerges Dated July 28| url = http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/542956/20140312/malaysian-flight-mh370-prophecy-missing.htm#.U2JDaYFdWSo| work = International Business Times| date = 2014-03-12| accessdate = 2017-08-04| archivedate = 2014-10-06| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141006151525/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/542956/20140312/malaysian-flight-mh370-prophecy-missing.htm#.U2JDaYFdWSo}}</ref> T. B. Joshua alipewa [[tuzo]] mbalimbali za heshima kama vile tuzo ya ''Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic (OFR)'' ambayo alipewa na [[Serikali]] ya [[Nigeria]] [[mwaka]] [[2008]]<ref name="allafrica1">{{Rejea habari| first = James| last = Umem| title = Adeboye, TB Joshua Absent At National Awards| url = http://allafrica.com/stories/200812230193.html | work = Vanguard| date = 2008-12-23}}</ref> na aliwahi kupigwa [[kura]] na watu waongeao [[lugha]] ya [[Kiyoruba]] na kutangazwa na [[Vyombo vya habari|chombo cha habari]] cha jamii ya Kiyoruba kuwa mtu wa pekee wa [[karne]].<ref>{{Rejea habari| title = Awo, Soyinka, TB Joshua listed as Yoruba icons| url = http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/30003-awo-soyinka-tb-joshua-listed-as-yoruba-icons/30003-awo-soyinka-tb-joshua-listed-as-yoruba-icons| work = Nigerian Tribune| date = 2015-02-20| accessdate = 2017-08-04| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150228012907/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/30003-awo-soyinka-tb-joshua-listed-as-yoruba-icons/30003-awo-soyinka-tb-joshua-listed-as-yoruba-icons| archivedate = 2015-02-28}}</ref>. Aliwahi kuandikwa pia na [[gazeti|magazeti]] ya [[Afrika|Kiafrika]] ''The Africa Report'' na ''New African Magazine'' kuwa mmojawapo kati ya [[watu]] [[hamsini]] wenye kuvuta [[hisia]] za watu (watu wenye ushawishi mkubwa) zaidi barani Afrika. <ref>{{Rejea habari| title = The 50 Most Influential Africans| url = http://www.theafricareport.com/west-africa/the-50-most-influential-africans-t-b-joshua.html| work = The Africa Report| date = 2012-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari| title = 2012: 100 Most Influential Africans| url = http://www.newafricanmagazine.com/special-reports/other-reports/2012-100-most-influential-africans/religion-traditional| work = New African Magazine| date = 2012-12-26}}</ref> Kwa mujibu wa gazeti maarufu kutoka nchini [[Marekani]] liitwalo [[Forbes]], linaloangazia zaidi mambo ya [[biashara]], [[uwekezaji]], [[teknolojia]], [[ujasiriamali]], [[uongozi]] na [[mitindo]] ya [[maisha]], T. B. Joshua alitajwa kuwa mchungaji wa tatu kwa [[utajiri]] nchini Nigeria<ref>{{cite news|title=Pentecostalism in Africa: Of prophets and profits|url=http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21621885-collapsed-building-highlights-international-reach-nigerias|accessdate=3 October 2014|work=[[The Economist]]|date=Oct 4, 2014}}</ref> ingawa jambo hilo lilipingwa haraka na [[kanisa]] lake.<ref>{{Rejea habari| first = Trudi| last = Makhaya| title = Malaysian Flight MH370: Prophecy Video Emerges Dated July 28| url = https://www.enca.com/evangelical-wealth| work = ENCA (South Africa)| date = 2014-09-17| accessdate = 2017-08-04| archivedate = 2021-06-08| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20210608134123/https://www.enca.com/evangelical-wealth}}</ref> Hata hivyo baada ya kifo chake taarifa nyingine zikaja kujulikana zilizopindua kabisa sura yake katika jamii <ref>[https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/the-dark-secrets-of-televangelist-tb-joshua-s-cult-4520122 nation.africa]</ref>. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] [[Jamii:Wachungaji wa Nigeria]] 11thshsy797271y2md0mvqpqmtn3n8v 0 94164 1569253 1202651 2026-06-10T05:35:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569253 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Galilee to Judea.gif|thumb|300px|[[Ramani]] ya Palestina katika [[karne ya 1]].]] '''Vita vya tatu vya Kiyahudi''' dhidi ya [[Warumi]] ([[132]]–[[136]] [[BK]]) vilifanyika hasa katika [[Yudea]], sehemu ya [[Dola la Roma]]. Vilifuata vile [[Vita vya kwanza vya Kiyahudi|vya kwanza]] ([[66]]-[[73]]) vilivyotokea katika Yudea na [[vita vya pili vya Kiyahudi|vya pili]] ([[115]]–[[117]]), hasa nje ya [[Palestina]] ([[Libya]], [[Misri]], [[Kupro]] na [[Mesopotamia]]). Pamoja na [[ushujaa]] wa [[Wayahudi]] waliopigania [[uhuru]] wa nchi yao chini ya [[Simoni Bar Kokhba]], hatimaye Warumi walipata [[ushindi]], waliangamiza Wayahudi wengi, walifuta [[mamlaka]] yao ya ndani na kuwafukuza moja kwa moja kutoka [[Yerusalemu]] iliyojengwa upya kama [[mji]] wa [[Roma ya Kale|Kiroma]] uliotwa "Aelia Capitolina". Wayahudi waliruhusiwa kuutembelea lakini waliweza kurudi tu baada ya [[uvamizi]] wa [[Kiislamu]] mnamo [[mwaka]] [[638]]. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Marejeo== * {{cite book|last=Eshel|first=Hanan|authorlink=Hanan Eshel|editor=Peter Schäfer|title=The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TA-Fg4wBnUC&pg=PA95|year=2003|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-148076-8|pages=95–96|chapter=The Dates used during the Bar Kokhba Revolt|ref=harv}} * Yohannan Aharoni & Michael Avi-Yonah, ''The MacMillan Bible Atlas'', Revised Edition, pp.&nbsp;164–65 (1968 & 1977 by Carta Ltd.) * ''The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters (Judean Desert studies)''. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1963–2002. ** Vol.&nbsp;2, "Greek Papyri", edited by Naphtali Lewis; "Aramaic and Nabatean Signatures and Subscriptions", edited by [[Yigael Yadin]] and [[Jonas C. Greenfield]]. ({{ISBN|9652210099}}). ** Vol.&nbsp;3, "Hebrew, Aramaic and Nabatean–Aramaic Papyri", edited Yigael Yadin, Jonas&nbsp;C. Greenfield, Ada Yardeni, [[BaruchA. Levine]] ({{ISBN|9652210463}}). * W. Eck, 'The Bar Kokhba Revolt: the Roman point of view' in the ''Journal of Roman Studies'' 89 (1999) 76ff. * Peter Schäfer (editor), ''Bar Kokhba reconsidered'', Tübingen: Mohr: 2003 * Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Ban of Circumcision as a Cause of the Revolt: A Reconsideration', in ''Bar Kokhba reconsidered'', Peter Schäfer (editor), Tübingen: Mohr: 2003 * Faulkner, Neil. ''Apocalypse: The Great Jewish Revolt Against Rome''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing, 2004 (hardcover, {{ISBN|0-7524-2573-0}}). * Goodman, Martin. ''The Ruling Class of Judaea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome, A.D.&nbsp;66–70''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987 (hardcover, {{ISBN|0-521-33401-2}}); 1993 (paperback, {{ISBN|0-521-44782-8}}). * Richard Marks: ''The Image of Bar Kokhba in Traditional Jewish Literature: False Messiah and National Hero'': University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press: 1994: {{ISBN|0-271-00939-X}} * David Ussishkin: "Archaeological Soundings at Betar, Bar-Kochba's Last Stronghold", in: ''Tel Aviv. Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University'' 20 (1993) 66ff. * Yadin, Yigael. ''Bar-Kokhba: The Rediscovery of the Legendary Hero of the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome''. New York: Random House, 1971 (hardcover, {{ISBN|0-394-47184-9}}); London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971 (hardcover, {{ISBN|0-297-00345-3}}). * Mildenberg, Leo. ''The Coinage of the Bar Kokhba War''. Switzerland: Schweizerische Numismatische Gesellschaft, Zurich, 1984 (hardcover, {{ISBN|3-7941-2634-3}}). ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/jwar07.html Wars between the Jews and Romans: Simon ben Kosiba (130-136 CE)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/jwar07.html |date=20070630195626 }}, with English translations of sources. * [http://www.yadinproductions.com/yadin_archeology.html Photographs from Yadin's book ''Bar Kokhba''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.yadinproductions.com/yadin_archeology.html |date=20080117142713 }} * [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=693699 Archaeologists find tunnels from Jewish revolt against Romans] {{Wayback|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=693699 |date=20060830174055 }} by the Associated Press. ''[[Haaretz]]'' March 14, 2006 * [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=237&letter=B&search=Bar%20Kokba Bar Kokba and Bar Kokba War] ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' {{mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Israeli]] [[Jamii:Vita vya dini]] [[Jamii:Karne ya 2]] [[Jamii:Dola la Roma]] 8ucc5w4utyiek2pkkjus3v8i16h3rxx 0 100580 1569405 1556371 2026-06-10T09:53:15Z Fauzia98 83623 AWC 2026 1569405 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{PAGENAME}}''' Ziwa Mweru ni ziwa kubwa la maji baridi lililopo katika [[Afrika ya Kati]] kwenye mpaka wa [[Zambia]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Ni moja ya maziwa muhimu katika mfumo wa [[Bonde la Mto Congo]] na lina mchango mkubwa katika [[uvuvi]] na maisha ya jamii zinazolizunguka. Linapokea maji yake kutoka [[Mto Luapula]] na hutiririsha maji kupitia [[Mto Luvua]] kuelekea kwenye [[Mto Congo]]. == Jiografia == Ziwa Mweru liko katika eneo la [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki na Kati]], likiwa kwenye mpaka wa [[Zambia]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Ziwa hili ni sehemu ya mfumo wa maji wa [[Bonde la Mto Congo]]. Ziwa hupokea maji yake kutoka [[Mto Luapula]], ambao unatoka [[Ziwa Bangweulu]], na hutiririsha maji yake kupitia [[Mto Luvua]] unaoelekea kwenye [[Mto Congo]]. Mfumo huu wa mito unaifanya Ziwa Mweru kuwa sehemu muhimu ya mzunguko wa maji katika eneo hilo. Eneo linalolizunguka ziwa lina tambarare, mabonde na maeneo yenye uoto wa asili unaosaidia shughuli za uvuvi na makazi ya viumbe wa majini. == Umuhimu wa kiuchumi. == Ziwa Mweru lina mchango mkubwa katika uchumi wa jamii zinazolizunguka, hasa kupitia shughuli za [[uvuvi]]. Samaki wanaovuliwa katika ziwa hili hutumika kwa chakula na biashara katika maeneo ya ndani na nje ya nchi. Biashara ya samaki na bidhaa nyingine za maji huchangia kipato cha kaya nyingi zinazotegemea ziwa hilo. Aidha, maeneo yanayozunguka ziwa hutumika kwa shughuli za kilimo kidogo na biashara ya mipakani kati ya [[Zambia]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Ziwa hili pia linaweza kuwa na mchango katika usafirishaji wa ndani kupitia mitumbwi na vyombo vidogo vya majini vinavyotumika kuunganisha vijiji vilivyo kandokando ya ziwa. == Mazingira na ikolojia. == Ziwa Mweru lina mfumo wa ikolojia wenye viumbe mbalimbali wa majini na nchi kavu. Mazingira ya ziwa hili yanasaidia kuwepo kwa aina tofauti za samaki, ndege wa majini na mimea inayostawi katika maeneo yenye maji. [[Uvuvi]] kupita kiasi na mabadiliko ya mazingira vinaweza kuathiri uwiano wa ikolojia ya ziwa. Uchafuzi wa maji unaotokana na shughuli za binadamu pia unaweza kupunguza ubora wa maji na kuathiri viumbe wanaoishi ndani ya ziwa. Uhifadhi wa mazingira ya ziwa ni muhimu ili kuhakikisha uendelevu wa rasilimali za maji na viumbe hai wanaotegemea mfumo huo. ==Tazama pia== ** [[Orodha ya maziwa ya Afrika]] ** [[Mto Congo]] ** [[Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki na Kati]] ** [[Zambia]] ** [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] == Marejeo == <ref>{{cite web|title=Lake Mweru|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Mweru|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Geography of the Congo Basin Lakes|url=https://www.fao.org|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Freshwater ecosystems in Africa|url=https://www.unep.org|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Hydrology of the Congo River system|url=https://www.usgs.gov|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref> ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.geonames.org Geonames.org] {{Maziwa ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu-jio-TZ}} [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mtwara]] [[Jamii:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] rqjdaic5wzsmk9fda722nrtfqxaagbh 3 105398 1569412 1549573 2026-06-10T10:15:17Z Masatu Baraza 90121 /* Question from Masatu Baraza on Mtumiaji:Masatu Baraza (10:15, 10 Juni 2026) */ mjadala mpya 1569412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{karibu}} == Sigma Octantis == Ndugu, ulibadilisha nyota kadhaa kutoka ngeli ya "i-zi" kwenda "li-ma" ambayo si Kiswahili sahihi. Mfano "[[Thumni (kundinyota)|Sigma Octantis iko karibu]]" ulipeleka "Sigma Octantis liko karibu". Nimerudisha mara kadhaa sijapata muda kuangalia yote. Ilhali wewe bado mgeni heri utumie kwanza ukurasa wa majadiliano kabla ya kubadilisha! '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 14:05, 20 Julai 2019 (UTC) :Ndugu, hongera kwa michango yako. Hata hivyo angalia nilivyoboresha namna moja michango ya mwisho ili ufanye mwenyewe katika makala zijazo. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 06:59, 6 Novemba 2019 (UTC) ::Naona unazidi kukamilika. Sasa uzoee kuunganisha ukurasa wa Kiswahili na zile za lugha nyingine. Kiungo kinapatikana pembeni kushoto, ilipoandikwa "Add link". --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:29, 11 Novemba 2019 (UTC) ==Interwiki== Asante kwa makala za wanariadha. Lakini naomba upitilie tena zote. Umesahau "interwiki", yaani kuunganisha makala yako na lugha zingine. Hii unafanya mwishoni -kama mada ina makala katika enwiki au wikipedia nyingine- kwa kubofya kushoto-chini <small>(nje ya sehemu ya kuhariri)</small> kwa "Lugha- Add links", halafu ingiza "enwiki" dirisha la juu na jina la makala husika dirisha la chini, hakikisha ni sawa, halafu uthibitishe. [[Maalum:Michango/197.250.225.2|197.250.225.2]] 20:43, 7 Desemba 2019 (UTC) ==Mashindano ya picha== Ndugu, usijidanganye kwamba utashinda tuzo kwa kubadilisha maneno ya kuelezea picha zilizomo tayari katika makala za Wikipedia... Ni lazima uongeze picha pale ambapo hazipo. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:02, 15 Agosti 2020 (UTC) :Ndugu [[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]], mimi sishiriki katika mashindano ila najaribu kuangalia sehemu ambazo washiriki wa mashindano wamefanya nakujaribu kuongeza ubora na kusahihisha sehemu ambazo naona zinaweza zikawa bora zaidi. Je ni vibaya kufanya hivi? Amani kwako pia! Nashukuru sana. ::Hiyo si mbaya, lakini kama ni hivyo hutakiwi kuandika katika muhtasari #WPWP #WPWPTZ, la sivyo unaonekana tapeli... Basi, endelea na juhudi zako. Tupo pamoja. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 10:25, 15 Agosti 2020 (UTC) ::: Asante == Uteuzi kuwa mkabidhi == Salaam! Ulipendekezwa na kukubaliwa kupata haki za mkabidhi. Je, uko tayari kupokea uteuzi huu na kushiriki katika kazi mara kwa mara kama jinsi ilivyoelezwa katika ukurasa wa wakabidhi? Tunaomba jibu lako kwa baruapepe katika wiki hii. Tumia zana za Wikipedia kutuma barua pepe. --[[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_{''''Muddyb Mwanaharakati''''}</font>]]</span> <font face="Comic Sans MS">[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|<font color="black">^{''''Longa''''}</font>]] 07:44, 13 Septemba 2020 (UTC)</font> ==Hongera== Napenda kukupongeza kwa juhudi zako katika Wikipedia, ila hakikisha kwamba makala zako zieleweke kwa Kiswahili. Unavyojua, tafsiri ya kompyuta haisaidii sana. Endelea kuangalia kama pengine ninarekebisha michango yako ili uzidi kukomaa. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:36, 16 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ::Asante sana --'''[[Mtumiaji:Ebenezer Mlay|Ebenezer Mlay]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ebenezer Mlay#top|majadiliano]])''' 12:07, 16 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ==Mbegu== Ndugu, kigezo mbegu-mtu kinatumika ikiwa tu hakuna kingine cha pekee zaidi kama mbegu-mwandishi, mbegu-igiza-filamu n.k. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:09, 18 Aprili 2021 (UTC) :Asante kwa kunielewesha. --'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:24, 19 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ==Zuio== Umefanya vizuri, kwa kuwa amefuta matini sahihi na ameingiza upuuzi wa Kiingereza: yote hayo ni makosa makubwa! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:46, 19 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ==Kigezo cha Vyanzo== Siku hizi unaweka mara nyingi kigezo hicho. Badala ya kuridhika kuweka vigezo vinavyoagiza kazi fulani, tunashauriwa kufanya wenyewe kazi hiyo, yaani tuboreshe makala, si kuilaumu tu. Pia zingatia kwamba makala nyingi za zamani hazina vyanzo kwa sababu ya kutovisisitiza mwanzoni mwa Wiki yetu. Hatimaye makala nyingine haziwezi kuwa ndefu wala kuwa na vyanzo vingi kutokana na mada yenyewe. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 13:36, 21 Aprili 2021 (UTC) :Mpendwa [[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] asante sana kwa muongozo huu, mara nyingi nikiwa nina muda mchache wa kupitia makala baadhi nikikuta hazina vyanzo vya kutosha naweka kigezo cha vyanzo. Ila nikiwa na muda najaribu kupitia makala na kuifanya iwe bora. Nina mpango nikipata muda mwingi zaidi kuzipitia zote ambazo nimeziwekea kigezo hicho. Je ni sawa? Je naweza nikaweka kigezo cha citation needed badala ya kigezo cha vyanzo? Asante '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' ::Kama lengo ni kuzipitia baadaye ni sawa kabisa. La sivyo njia ya pili ni afadhali. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 08:14, 23 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ==Jamii== Habari naona unafaya kazi kubwa kupitilia jamii za makala. Asante! NImeona jambo moja ambalo halisaidii machoni pangu., ukiongeza "Jamii:Watu wa NCHIXX" pia pale ambako makala imeshapangwa katika "Jamii:Wanawake wa NCHIXXX". Unaona faida gani? Mi mi naona si kitu kwa nchi penye watu wachache walio na makala, lakini kama idadi yao inaongezeka, haisaidii tena ninavyoona. Mfano kama watu wa TZ wako wote chini "watu wa Tanzania", tuanapata hapa orodha ndefu kupita kiasi ambacho halivuti kulipitilia. Tukiwapanga zaidi katika jamii ndogo, ni rahisi zaidi kutafuta. Kutafuta jina, linapatikana popote kupitia dirisha. Unaonaje? '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 06:40, 28 Aprili 2021 (UTC) :Habari [[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]], Asante kwa mchango huu naona inaleta maana, ila vipi kama kungekua jamii ndogo ya "Jamii:Wanaume wa NCHI XXX" kwa sababu kama kwenye jamii ya watu wa nchi fulani kukawa na makala ya wanaume tu halafu kukawa na jamii ndogo ya wanawake pekee hii naona haileti picha nzuri kwangu. Unaonaje? --'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:51, 28 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ::Hiyo hoja ina mashiko: kuwa na jamii kwa wanawake, si kwa wanaume, ni kutokana na hali ya wanawake kukosa usawa. Lakini siku hizi? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 09:42, 28 Aprili 2021 (UTC) :::Kwa kawaida naona vema kama mtu anapangwa kwanza katika jamii ya fani au kazi , kama "Jamii:Wanasheria wa NCHI XXX", tukiwa na wengi inawezakana pia "Jamii:Watu kutoka MKOA YYY"; kwa wanawake tumeanzisha pia jamii kama "Wanawaka wa NCHI XXX" au "Wanasheria wa kike wa XXX". Hapa tumefuata mfano wa lugha nyingine; sijui kama yeyote alianzisha jamii za wanaume. Tunaweza kufanya.... - Sababu ya jamii ya pekee kwa wanawake ni kwamba hao ni wachache (bado) katika fani nyingi.Kwa hiyo sipingi kuanzisha jamii za wanaume, ila sitegemei italeta mafanikio. Tulikuwa na wahariri (nadhani Baba Tabita) aliyeongeza mara nyingi "Watu walio hai" (ambayo mimi sioni faida yake, siku hizi sijaiona tena sana...). '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 15:29, 30 Aprili 2021 (UTC) ==[[Pregs Govender]]== Naona tumeingiliana. Nilikuwa nikiongeza kufungu cha mwisho, naona umehamisha yote kwenda lemma sahihi, asante. Hivyo nilifungua makala kwa jina jipya na kumwaga mle matini yote kutoka ukurasa wangu, pamoja na yale niyokuwa nayo ya juu. Ila sikujua kwamba ulihariri mengine pia. Sasa inawezekana nimeweka matini yangu juu ya sehemu ulizoboresha, kama ni vile, nisamehe. Tafadhali pitilia tena kifupi na uone kama nimefuta maboresho kadhaa. '''[[Mtumiaji:Kipala|Kipala]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kipala|majadiliano]])''' 09:39, 6 Mei 2021 (UTC) :Hakuna shida kabisa nitaipitia makala hiyo tena. Asante --'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:33, 6 Mei 2021 (UTC) ==Tafsiri ya Wikimedia== Naona umemuuliza Kipala pia. Tupo pamoja. Mimi sipendi kutumia kifaa hicho, ila nakubali kinaweza kusaidia ikiwa watumiaji wanachukua muda kupitia kwa makini tafsiri ya mashine hadi ieleweke. Shida kubwa ni kwamba wanataka makala ndefu, halafu wanachoka kuipitia, hivyo wanatuachia sisi kazi kubwa mno! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:03, 17 Mei 2021 (UTC) ::Kwa kweli naona unafuatilia masahihisho yangu na kujifunza vizuri. Pia nakupongeza kwa juhudi za kueneza Wiki yetu. Michango sasa ni mingi, kiasi kwamba sitaweza tena kuipitia yote, hasa ukizingatia kwamba watumiaji wapya wanafanya makosa mengi. Tena kwa kutumia tafsiri ya kompyuta wanatunga kurasa ndefu. Kazi hiyo nakuachieni nyinyi vijana... Ndiyo sababu tuliwachagua kuwa wakabidhi wenzetu! Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 14:42, 29 Mei 2021 (UTC) :::Asante sana [[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]]. Makala zote zilizoundwa hivi karibuni na wahariri wapy kutokea Arusha tutazipitia kwa takribani siku mbili tukiwa pamoja na wahariri hawa wote ili kufanya masahihisho. Kwa kutumia hii njia nadhani wahariri hawa watajifunza kutokana na makosa amabayo wameyafanya kwenye makala hizi. Pia tutajitahidi kuwa watumiaji wote wapya hawatopata nafasi ya kutunga makala ndefu wakati wanaanza kujifunza kuandika. Vivyo hivyo tutatilia msistizo wa kutokutumia tafsiri ya kompyuta katika kuhariri. Asante -- --'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:33, 31 Mei 2021 (UTC) ::::Vizuri sana. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 12:57, 31 Mei 2021 (UTC) == How to supply my email == I am a local researcher, and I have written about handful of communities whose details and not found in Wikipedia. I love to supply this first-hand information in Wikipedia. Thank you for welcoming me. Please I want to know also, how I can supply my email. More so, is their chances for monetization? '''[[Mtumiaji:Hilspress|Hilspress]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Hilspress|majadiliano]])''' 07:39, 30 Mei 2021 (UTC) ==Makala ya Haki za Binadamu== Salamu, sijajua ufafanuzi unasemaj zaidi e hadi sasa kuhusu shindano la makala ya haki za binadamu, lakini unaweza kupitia makala ya ''Mauaji ya Maalbino'', labda inawezekana jamii hiyo ni kwa ajili ya kutrack makala zote mpya zitakazohusu haki za binadamu, naona imeunganishwa katika jamii ya Makala ya haki za binadamu,ila bado nasubiri ufafanuzi zaidi ,Asante '''[[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Idd ninga|majadiliano]])''' :Habari [[Mtumiaji:Idd ninga|Idd ninga]], nadhani niliona maelekezo ya kwamba mtu yoyote anaeshiriki katika hili shindano akichapisha kurasa yoyote kuhusiana na haki za binadamu inapaswa kuweka hiyo jamii. Katika makala ya ''Mauaji ya Maalbino'' jamii hii haikuwepo hivyo nikaona niiongeze. Ila [[Mtumiaji:Czeus25 Masele|Czeus25 Masele]] anaweza kutupa mwonggozo zaidi. Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:40, 3 Juni 2021 (UTC) :::Ahsanteni kwa michango, tumeweka jamii hiyo ili kurahisisha kupata makala zote zitakazo andikwa wakati wa mradi. Maelekezo zaidi juu ya ushiriki wa mradi yatatolewa hivi karibuni na [[user:Jadnapac]]. Karibuni tuendeleee kushirikiana. == Campaigns Product Update #1 == Hello Campaigns Newsletter recipients. We are ready to share our first updates: * '''We will be hosting our first Campaigns Product Office hour''' with the Product team on '''September 9, 2021 at 3 PM UTC''' (join us on Zoom: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87427100681) . The Office hour will focus on the introduction of the Product team and its choice of of a first feature focused on Event Registration. For more information see: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Programs_Team#Office_Hours * '''We have published our first document about the first feature''': '''event registration'''.  You can find the document on Meta: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration . We provided first responses to initial feedback last week. If you responded before, consider reviewing the talk page and adding to the conversation. * '''We had several presentations at Wikimania:''' ** Ilana Fried presented the Campaign Product team as part of a larger conversation about Wikimedia Foundation Product Strategy. Campaigns product start at 18:12 time:[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&t=1103s&ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57GzJ4GEvCQ&t=1103] ** Alex Stinson facilitated a session on the role of partners in International Campaigns:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OS1k8_6QWPY '''What is next?''' At the office hours, we will share our first version of the designs for the Registration feature, and be asking for feedback. Additionally we will be onboarding our engineering team who will be building the registration feature. Please invite  other organizers to subscribe to this newsletter or unsubscribe at: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers   The Campaign Product Team <!-- Message sent by User:Astinson (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=21958270 --> == Campaigns Product Update #2 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *'''Request for Feedback''': We have shared our project principles, wireframes for the desktop version, and open questions for you about the team’s event registration project. See the latest status updates [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates '''here'''.] :Wireframes are design tools that imagine the future interface of the software. We haven’t built anything yet. We need your feedback on these designs so that we can make better product decisions. You can give feedback on the talk page regarding the design and features of the wireframes. We would love to hear your comments to help us establish the next necessary steps for the project. :[[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&_wireframes_(October_2021)|'''''Please share with us your feedback!''''']] *'''Presentations''': The Campaign Product team participated in [[m:WikiArabia/2021|WikiArabia 2021]] and [[m:WikiConference North America/2021|WikiConference North America 2021]] to give a brief introduction on how the team works. Senior Program Strategist [[User:Astinson (WMF)|Alex Stinson]] gave an overview about campaigns and how we can scale the organizing experience within the Movement. Senior Product Manager [[User:IFried (WMF)|Ilana Fried]] gave an introduction about the Product Team and the project wireframes of the first campaign software solution: the on-wiki registration tool. View the recorded presentation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AYknkmHGyI&t=751s '''here'''.] *'''Team update''': We have hired our first team engineer, [[User:JCarvalho (WMF)|JCarvalho]] and our campaign organizing fellow, [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]]. Newsletter updates will be done by [[User:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal]] and she will be coordinating with you! We hope to have the rest of the engineering team onboard soon! For those of who missed the last Campaign Office Hour, you may [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI watch the recording] to know more about the Campaign Product Team. '''What is next?''' :'''Testers Needed'''! We will be partnering with [https://yux.design/ '''YUX'''], a design research agency, to learn how our team can improve the experience of Wikimedia campaign organizers and participants in Africa. For this reason, we are looking for community members who are willing to be part of the rapid testing sessions. Preferably, we want organizers and editors who have worked in an African context. If you would like to participate in testing, please email {{email|ibrazal-ctr|wikimedia.org}}. :'''Upcoming Conferences'''. [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|'''Wiki Indaba 2021''']]. This year, the conference will be held virtually on November 5-7, 2021 with the theme "'''''Rethink + Reset : Visions of the future'''''". Read more about the conference [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021|here]] or [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2021/Registration Information| register]] to join the event. We will be presenting the registration features on Sunday November 7. :We will also be attending [[m:Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021/Programme/Submissions/Building Organizer Tools for the Future of Campaigns|'''Wikimedia CEE Online Meeting 2021''']], which will be held virtually again this year on November 5-7, 2021. We will be presenting the registration tool on November 6 as part of our communication and sharing process. :'''Translation Support'''. We are also beginning to translate the updates on Registration. If you think your language community would benefit from updates, please translate [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#Status_Updates|here]]. ''Invite other organizers to [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers| subscribe]] to this newsletter for updates!'' The Campaign Product Team </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 16:26, 28 Oktoba 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=22200025 --> == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 18:19, 4 Januari 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(7)&oldid=22532681 --> == Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? == Hi! {{ping|User:CaliBen}} The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. Please vote and encourage other editors of Swahili Wikipedia to also vote. Regards, '''[[Mtumiaji:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Zuz (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 12:28, 11 Machi 2022 (UTC) == Campaigns Product Update #3 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *'''Proposal to create new namespaces''': We have proposed to create two namespaces, which are “'''Event'''” and “'''Event talk'''.” This way, we can easily create an Event Center that pulls data from event pages. This Event Center may include tools to create event pages with registration support, a calendar of events, and event statistics, among other features. More importantly, the Event Center will highlight organizing as an essential part of the Wikimedia movement. Please give us feedback on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296280 Phabricator] or [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_March_2022_update|Meta]] about our proposal to create two new namespaces. *'''Engineering updates''': We are excited that we have finished hiring for our engineering team! Three engineers and an engineering manager have joined our team since our last update. In the last few months, they have conducted technical planning and launched the building phase of the project. They are now building the registration tool. You can see the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|updated team on meta]]. *'''Design updates''': We conducted usability tests with a small group of testers for early feedback on the desktop wireframes. After collecting this feedback, we have developed a new version for desktop wireframes, which will be ready to share in the next few weeks. These desktop wireframes display the user flow of two experiences: one for organizers who want to add registration to their event pages, and another for participants who want to register for an event. Additionally, the design team is also currently working on the first version of mobile wireframes, which will be shared during the next office hour. ::1. View the latest desktop wireframes in '''Figma''' for [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1899%3A44995&scaling=min-zoom&page-id=1472%3A36710&starting-point-node-id=1899%3A44995&show-proto-sidebar=1&hide-ui=1 Campaign Organizer Prototype] and [https://www.figma.com/proto/h0iZo5Tj6LHpsFDsInWiG0/Pilot---Event-Registration?node-id=1998%3A49612&scaling=min-zoom&page-id=1472%3A36710&starting-point-node-id=1998%3A49612&show-proto-sidebar=1&hide-ui=1 Participant Registration Prototype]. ::2. [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration#Feedback_on_project_principles_&_wireframes_(October_2021)|Leave us some feedback]] on the desktop wireframes. Note that we haven’t posted the newest version of the desktop wireframes on the project page yet, but we will soon (and you can feel free to add feedback on any version you have seen). *'''Ambassador updates''': Three product ambassadors for the Arabic, French and Swahili communities have now joined our team! They will help us collect feedback from Wikimedia communities about the project and understand the needs of organizers, through gathering first-hand information. These ambassadors are immersed as actual members of these communities, so they will also help us identify the needs of the organizers in our pilot communities. The ambassadors are: [[m:User:Bachounda (WMF)|'''M. Bachounda''']] for Arabic communities, [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|'''Georges Fodouop''']] for French communities, and [[m:User:AMtavangu (WMF)|'''Antoni Mtavangu''']] for Swahili communities. '''What is next?''' :'''Next Office Hour''': We will be holding an office hour on '''March 31, 2022''' at 15:00 UTC, which will be conducted via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320 '''Zoom''']. We invite everyone to attend, and we really hope to see you! The focus will be on the Registration Tool. The team will also be providing community updates on the usability test findings and design highlights for the wireframes. We will also share our current Project timeline and answer any questions you may have. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 03|Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!]] :In a few months, we are expecting to have the early testable version of the tool. By then, the team will be doing the first round of general testing and gathering feedback. We are looking forward to adding more features on the tool such as communication support, potentially by the end of this year. If you know other organizers that might be interested in following these developments, please recommend that they [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|subscribe to the newsletter]]. We want to receive as much feedback as we can. Thank you! '''The Campaign Product Team''' </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 17:26, 22 Machi 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23033286 --> == Campaign Product Team Office Hour - March 31, 2022 == Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The Campaign Product Team will be hosting the next office hour to share exciting updates on the Registration Tool and new proposed namespaces for events. We will also be sharing community updates on the usability tests and design highlights of the latest mobile and desktop wireframes. Join us and share your thoughts on these developments! :Date: '''March 31, 2022''' :Time: 15:00 UTC :Zoom Link: https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/82046580320 You may also watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jT8fRUWjfI Campaigns Office Hour: Introducing the Campaigns Product Team] to learn more about the Team and the previous wireframes. Feel free to send a message to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you want to receive an email reminder for this meeting. Thank you. '''The Campaign Product Team''' '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 17:37, 30 Machi 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23066888 --> == Event Registration Tool: Demo and Invitation to Test == Hello Subscribers! [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''The Campaigns Product  Team''']] from the Wikimedia Foundation will be hosting two office hours to  demo the new [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], and train organizers how to  use it. In these office hours, you will learn how to: * Create an event page in the new event namespace (as an event organizer) * Enable registration on your event page (as an event organizer) * Collect data on who registered for your event (as an event organizer) * Register for an event on the event page (as an event participant) You can attend one office hour or both, depending on your availability on the following dates: * Session 1: '''Thursday, July 21, 2022 at 5:00 PM UTC''' * Session 2: '''Saturday, July 23, 2022 at 12:00 PM UTC''' These events will be multilingual, with live interpretations in '''Arabic''', '''English''', '''French''', '''Italian''', and '''Portuguese''', and '''Swahili'''. Note that Portuguese will be available on the 21st, but not the 23rd. We strongly encourage you to join and share your feedback on the tool. Your feedback will help us improve the tool so that Wikimedians can have a better event experience. To register, please reply to this email or [[metawiki:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 07|'''''sign-up to our page''''']], by adding your signature. Thank you! <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> '''[[Mtumiaji:IBrazal (WMF)|IBrazal (WMF)]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:IBrazal (WMF)|majadiliano]])''' 06:34, 18 Julai 2022 (UTC) == Campaign Product Team Office Hour - July 21, 2022 == Hello '''Campaign Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] will be having an office hour today, '''July 21, 2022 at 17:00 UTC''' via '''Zoom''' to demo the first release of the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']]. You may join the office hour using this [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/83538569035 '''meeting link''']. We look forward to your participation. Thank you. Best, The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|'''Campaign Product Team''']] '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 14:46, 21 Julai 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23512297 --> == Campaigns Product Update #4 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! We are excited to share our updates: *<div style = "text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;>'''Event Registration v0'''</div> :We have successfully launched '''Event Registration tool V0''' on beta cluster and collected feedback from the first batch of testers. This tool is part of a more comprehensive organizing solution, the '''Event Center''', which hopes to support movement organizers. Through this registration solution, organizers can collect useful data on campaign participants and their needs while respecting participant privacy. :'''Testing update'''. In our first round of feedback collection, testers were composed of different types of organizers around the movement with a language focus on Arabic, French, English, and Swahili communities. Most of the testers successfully created their test event registrations and signed up for a test event registration created by other organizers. '''''Simple''''', '''''easy to use''''', and '''''aids in managing event participants''''' were the common feedback we received from first-time users. In contrast, access and proper localization of the tool were the points for improvement identified. We are working on V1, which will include '''communication support''' and integration with the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ '''Programs and Event Dashboard''']. This will be released on Meta-Wiki soon. We hope to address accessibility during this launch and improve localization problems once the tool has been deployed in local wikiprojects. :[https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Main_Page ''The tool is still available for testing on the beta cluster'']. Feel free to leave feedback on our project talk page or this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe53MNV9CKVBAF3SV2q97baufizH7b_2QJ47H1w0Upvoh4QFQ/viewform form]. *<div style = "text-align:left; color: #192980; font-size: 1em;>'''Organizer Lab'''</div> Looking for a way to learn how to effectively organize around sustainability? Join the beta version of the Organizer Lab on WikiLearn to understand how to effectively organize a global campaign around sustainability and climate change! Applications are open from '''September 22 - October 19, 2022'''. The Organizer Lab will be a '''9-week online learning experience from the end of October until mid December''' that prepares participants to obtain knowledge about the topics that they wish to create, a call to action for strategic knowledge gaps, as well as more generalized Wikimedia organizing and campaign/event design skills. :[[m:Campaigns/Organizer_Lab|'''Read more about the program''']]! <br> '''What's Next''': *'''Organizer Lab Information Session'''. We invite you to join our information session for the Organizer Lab on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1664546421 '''September 30, 2022 at 14:00 UTC'''] via '''Zoom'''. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89032870014 ''Join this session!'']<br> *'''Organizer User Rights'''. We are reaching out to a pool of administrators from Arabic, French and Swahili communities to collect feedback on what is the best way to define organizer user rights, what privileges to give to community organizers, and what are the limitations of these privileges. Feel free to reach out to our [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|product ambassadors]] or send an email to '''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org''' if you are interested to be part of these conversations. <br> ---- '''Community Feedback''': <center>''"Participants have been always asking the organizers are asked by participants whether they are registered, now participants will just look directly if they are registered, Thank you for creating the system"'' <br> - French Organizer <br><br> ''“I think that the platform will facilitate the process of promoting events and searching for participants”''<br> - Arabic Organizer </center><br> ---- <br> Thank you! '''The Campaigns Product Team''' </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 06:30, 21 Septemba 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=23684552 --> == Campaigns Product Team Office Hour - December 2022 == Hello '''Campaigns Product Newsletter''' subscribers! The [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team|Wikimedia Foundation Campaigns Team]] invites you to join our upcoming office hours. In each session, we will introduce V1 of [[m:Event Center/Registration|'''Event Registration Tool''']], so you can begin '''using it for real events on Meta-wiki'''. <br> In V1, the following new features will be includedː * Support for the organizer to specify an event timezone * Automatic confirmation emails after participants have registered * Private registration: the option for participants to register and only display their registered username to organizers of the event and we will teach you how you can use it yourself. <br> <u>'''Office Hour Sessions''':</u> * '''1st Session''': '''December 5, 2022''' @ '''18:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom] * '''2nd Session''': '''December 10, 2022''' @ '''12:00 UTC''' via [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/87853269514 Zoom] :[[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''''Join us and share your thoughts on these developments!''''']] <br> These office hours will be multilingual, with live interpretations in Arabic, English, French, and Swahili. Email us @ ''ibrazal-ctr@wikimedia.org'' or [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Programs Team/Office Hours/2022 12|'''sign-up here''']] if you want to receive a reminder for this meeting. <br><br> Thank you. '''The Campaigns Product Team''' <!-- Message sent by User:IBrazal (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=24091515 --> ==Jamii== Ndugu, naona leo watu wanaongezea makala mbalimbali jamii ya editathon wakati hawajazichangia hata kidogo. Vipi? Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|majadiliano]])''' 11:44, 25 Februari 2023 (UTC) :Ndugu, Watu wapo katika kuboresha makala ambazo tumezifanyia kazi huko nyuma. Hivyo wanafanya kuhakikisha kwamba makala hizi zinakua bora zaidi. Zinawekwa katika jamii hiyo ili wengine waweze kuzipitia zaidi na kuboresha pale wanapoona kuna fursa hiyo. Natumaini hii haina tatizo lolote. Asante --'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:49, 25 Februari 2023 (UTC) ::Hawaishii katika kuziweka kwenye jamii tu ila pia wanaongeza au kupunguza vitu vingine pia '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:51, 25 Februari 2023 (UTC) == Organizer Tools Office Hours & Event Discovery Project == ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/fr|Lire ce message en français]])'''; ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/es|Ver este mensaje en español]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/sw|Angalia ujumbe huu kwa Kiswahili]]'''); ('''[[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Update 5/ar|إقرأ هذه الرسالة بالعربي]]''') <small> {{int:please-translate}} </small>. [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team|The Campaigns team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation has some updates to share with you, which are: We invite you to attend our upcoming community office hours to learn about organizer tools, including the [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration|Event registration tool]] (which has [[m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Registration#September 18, 2023: October office hours & upcoming features|new and upcoming features]]). '''The office hours are on the following dates, and you can join one or both of them:''' *'''Saturday, October 7 at 12:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session A|Register here]]''') **Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Swahili *'''Tuesday, October 10 at 18:00 UTC''' ('''[[m:Event:Organizer Tools Office Hour 5/Session B|Register here]]'''). **Languages available: Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili '''We have launched a new project: [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|Event Discovery]]'''. This project aims to make it easier for editors to learn about campaign events. '''We need your help to understand how you would like to discover events on the wikis, so that we can create a useful solution. Please share your feedback on our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event Discovery|project talk page]]'''. ; Thank you, and we hope to see you at the upcoming office hours! [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 19:54, 24 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <small>You are receiving this message because you subscribed to this [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Subscribers|list]]</small> <!-- Message sent by User:EUwandu-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Subscribers&oldid=25632558 --> == Question from [[User:Nemence|Nemence]] on [[Algorithm]] (18:40, 7 Desemba 2023) == Hello,explain types of algorithms --'''[[Mtumiaji:Nemence|Nemence]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Nemence|majadiliano]])''' 18:40, 7 Desemba 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Tremor np|Tremor np]] on [[Akili bandia]] (17:43, 13 Desemba 2023) == Refute the claim that religious terrorism exists --'''[[Mtumiaji:Tremor np|Tremor np]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Tremor np|majadiliano]])''' 17:43, 13 Desemba 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Tremor np|Tremor np]] on [[Akili bandia]] (17:45, 13 Desemba 2023) == Refute the claim that religious terrorism exists --'''[[Mtumiaji:Tremor np|Tremor np]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Tremor np|majadiliano]])''' 17:45, 13 Desemba 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Kidawish Daniel|Kidawish Daniel]] (00:57, 16 Desemba 2023) == There is a page named "Messi" on Wikipedia. See also the other search results found. View (previous 20 | next 20) (20 | 50 | 100 | 250 | 500) Lionel Messi Lionel Andrés Messi (matamshi ya Kihispania: [ljonel andɾes mesi]; alizaliwa 24 Juni 1987) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa Argentina anayecheza katika... 14 KB (1,658 words) - 09:43, 16 December 2022 Mchezaji kikapu Mchezaji wa mpira wa mikono Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu maarufu kwa jina la Lionel Messi Mchezaji maarufu wa mpira wa miguu, Cristiano Ronaldo... 675 bytes (63 words) - 14:13, 10 November 2019 La Masia wachezaji bora wa dunia (Ballon d'Or) wachezaji hao ni Andres Iniesta, Lionel Messi na Xavi. La Masia pia ni jina la mafunzo ya soka ya FC Barcelona, Awali... 1 KB (139 words) - 13:35, 27 May 2018 24 Juni 1983 - John Lloyd Cruz, mwigizaji wa filamu kutoka Ufilipino 1987 - Lionel Messi, mchezaji wa mpira kutoka Argentina 238 - Maximinus Thrax, Kaisari wa Dola... 2 KB (213 words) - 13:25, 1 October 2023 1987 Juni - Semra Kebede, mwigizaji wa filamu kutoka Ethiopia 24 Juni - Lionel Messi, mchezaji wa mpira kutoka Argentina 26 Juni - Samir Nasri, mchezaji mpira... 3 KB (364 words) - 20:14, 3 July 2016 Timu ya Taifa ya Kandanda ya Argentina adhabu ya utata katika dakika ya 87. Argentina, iliyoongozwa na Lionel Messi ilifanya mechi yao ya tano katika fainali ya Kombe la Dunia mwaka 2014,... 1 KB (174 words) - 00:32, 9 June 2020 Mshambuliaji nyingi zilitumia mfumo unaohusisha nafasi hii kwa kiasi kikubwa. Lionel Messi wa klabu ya Barcelona amekua mchezaji mwenyemafanikio sana katika miaka... 13 KB (1,469 words) - 10:55, 28 August 2022 Manuel Neuer Mnamo 2014, Neuer alimaliza wa tatu katika upigaji kura, nyuma ya Lionel Messi na Cristiano Ronaldo, kwa tuzo ya FIFA Ballon d'Or. Alipewa Kipa wa UEFA... 1 KB (122 words) - 13:14, 27 September 2020 Olubayo Adefemi ambayo ilimaliza ya pili nyuma ya timu ya Argentina iliyoongozwa na Lionel Messi katika Mashindano ya Vijana ya Kombe la Dunia ya FIFA 2005 huko Uholanzi. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Kidawish Daniel|Kidawish Daniel]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kidawish Daniel|majadiliano]])''' 00:57, 16 Desemba 2023 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Songoni|Songoni]] on [[Netiboli]] (04:07, 9 Machi 2024) == The rule of netball How to play netball --'''[[Mtumiaji:Songoni|Songoni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Songoni|majadiliano]])''' 04:07, 9 Machi 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo|Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo]] on [[Poecilagenia]] (19:14, 17 Machi 2024) == hellow --'''[[Mtumiaji:Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo|Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo|majadiliano]])''' 19:14, 17 Machi 2024 (UTC) == tutu njia zipi rahisi zinazoleta tijakwenye uzalishaji wa mazao!shambani? 1.zao la bishara2.zao la chakila3.zao la kulisha eanya pia == tutumie njia zipi rahisi  zinazoleta tijakwenye uzalishaji wa mazao!shambani?  1.zao la bishara2.zao la chakula3.zao la kulisha wanyama pia '''[[Mtumiaji:Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo|Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mr.goodluckyunambweakyoo|majadiliano]])''' 19:24, 17 Machi 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Graham mashinji|Graham mashinji]] (14:53, 24 Machi 2024) == Hello, how can I use wikipedia in my studies? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Graham mashinji|Graham mashinji]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Graham mashinji|majadiliano]])''' 14:53, 24 Machi 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Ibrahim hamis kilawe|Ibrahim hamis kilawe]] on [[Sensa]] (12:30, 13 Aprili 2024) == ibrahimhamis@705lime.com --'''[[Mtumiaji:Ibrahim hamis kilawe|Ibrahim hamis kilawe]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ibrahim hamis kilawe|majadiliano]])''' 12:30, 13 Aprili 2024 (UTC) == Ukumbusho kuhusu kupiga kura sasa ili kuchagua washiriki wa U4C ya awamu ya kwanza == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Unaweza kupata ujumbe huu ukiwa umetafsiriwa katika lugha za ziada kwenye Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Ndugu Mwanawikimedia, Unapokea ujumbe huu kwa sababu hapo kabla uliwahi kushiriki katika mchakato wa UCoC. Huu ni ukumbusho kwamba kipindi cha kupiga kura kwa Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C) kitamalizika tarehe 9 Mei 2024. Soma maelezo kwenye [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|ukurasa wa kupiga kura kwenye Meta- wiki]] ili kupata maelezo zaidi kuhusu upigaji kura na ustahiki wa mpiga kura. Kamati ya Kuratibu Mwongozo wa Kimataifa wa Mwenendo na Maadili (U4C) ni kikundi cha kimataifa kilichojitolea kutoa utekelezaji sawa na thabiti wa UCoC. Wanajamii walialikwa kutuma maombi yao kwa U4C. Kwa maelezo zaidi na majukumu ya U4C, tafadhali [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|pitia Mkataba wa U4C]]. Tafadhali washirikishe ujumbe wanajumuiya wenzako ili nao waweze kushiriki. Kwa niaba ya timu ya mradi wa UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 22:54, 2 Mei 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_3&oldid=26721208 --> == Question from [[User:Helmina Mapunda|Helmina Mapunda]] (14:03, 16 Mei 2024) == Good evening , incase to get a typo error on the heading , how to edit that please. thanks --'''[[Mtumiaji:Helmina Mapunda|Helmina Mapunda]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Helmina Mapunda|majadiliano]])''' 14:03, 16 Mei 2024 (UTC) :Good evening, I hope it is a page on Kiswahili Wikipedia. If so click on the down arrow near the edit button then click Hamisha Ukurasa the change the name then click save - '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:14, 16 Mei 2024 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:14, 16 Mei 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Haulechristina|Haulechristina]] (09:18, 17 Mei 2024) == Asante --'''[[Mtumiaji:Haulechristina|Haulechristina]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Haulechristina|majadiliano]])''' 09:18, 17 Mei 2024 (UTC) :Karibu '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:27, 27 Mei 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:First Vision T Limited|First Vision T Limited]] (14:18, 17 Mei 2024) == Hello, why i can't see the article i created,it says has been deleted --'''[[Mtumiaji:First Vision T Limited|First Vision T Limited]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:First Vision T Limited|majadiliano]])''' 14:18, 17 Mei 2024 (UTC) :It might be that you did not follow all the guidelines for writing a wikipedia article. Please take this course to learn more about creating good articles on Wikipedia. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBCxb9oaz5s Click here] '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:27, 27 Mei 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:LeonelLenty|LeonelLenty]] on [[American British Academy]] (17:09, 23 Mei 2024) == Hello my name is leonelLenty how can I join that school without money --'''[[Mtumiaji:LeonelLenty|LeonelLenty]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:LeonelLenty|majadiliano]])''' 17:09, 23 Mei 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:ABDULAZIZI JUMA JUMANNE MNYAMPANDA|ABDULAZIZI JUMA JUMANNE MNYAMPANDA]] (13:19, 27 Mei 2024) == how to add photo or image on wikipedia --'''[[Mtumiaji:ABDULAZIZI JUMA JUMANNE MNYAMPANDA|ABDULAZIZI JUMA JUMANNE MNYAMPANDA]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:ABDULAZIZI JUMA JUMANNE MNYAMPANDA|majadiliano]])''' 13:19, 27 Mei 2024 (UTC) :Please visit this link to learn more. [[wikiedudashboard:training/students/images-and-media/add-an-image-to-wikipedia|CLICK HERE]] -'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:22, 27 Mei 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:HAGAI HUBERT TEMU|HAGAI HUBERT TEMU]] (12:53, 9 Juni 2024) == Hello --'''[[Mtumiaji:HAGAI HUBERT TEMU|HAGAI HUBERT TEMU]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:HAGAI HUBERT TEMU|majadiliano]])''' 12:53, 9 Juni 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:HAGAI HUBERT TEMU|HAGAI HUBERT TEMU]] (12:53, 9 Juni 2024) (2) == how do the challenge works --'''[[Mtumiaji:HAGAI HUBERT TEMU|HAGAI HUBERT TEMU]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:HAGAI HUBERT TEMU|majadiliano]])''' 12:53, 9 Juni 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Mweta juma|Mweta juma]] on [[Google Play]] (05:29, 29 Juni 2024) == Mweta juma family --'''[[Mtumiaji:Mweta juma|Mweta juma]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mweta juma|majadiliano]])''' 05:29, 29 Juni 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Mfurahivu|Mfurahivu]] (10:54, 18 Julai 2024) == Hey Eben! I need your assistance. I'd like to ask you how do I categorize article? Recently I've translated an article, added a link to other languages, but I didn't found a way to attach it to "jamiis". Thank you in advance! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Mfurahivu|Mfurahivu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mfurahivu|majadiliano]])''' 10:54, 18 Julai 2024 (UTC) :Hello Mfurahivu, :Please reach out via my email where we can schedule a quick call to help you out. :—'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:59, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:59, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Noel200|Noel200]] (16:38, 12 Agosti 2024) == hello mr --'''[[Mtumiaji:Noel200|Noel200]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Noel200|majadiliano]])''' 16:38, 12 Agosti 2024 (UTC) :Hello —'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:57, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:57, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Selemani Husein Kibago|Selemani Husein Kibago]] (06:41, 14 Agosti 2024) == Hello Eben Naitaji kujitolea kufanya uhariri katika kazi mbali mbali nifuate utaratibu upi? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Selemani Husein Kibago|Selemani Husein Kibago]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Selemani Husein Kibago|majadiliano]])''' 06:41, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) :Habari Selemani, :Karibu sana. Je upo mkoa gani? Nikifahamu upo sehemu itakua ni rahisi kukukutanisha na jamii ya wahariri ili iwe rahisi kwako. :—'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:57, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 06:57, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) == Ndugu == Habari yako? Usharudi nchini? Nimeona kimya kabisa! [[User:Muddybr|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 10:41, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) :Salama, habari? :Bado sijarudi, nitakujulisha nikirudi :'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:30, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:30, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) ::Poa. Shukrani! [[User:Muddybr|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 11:37, 14 Agosti 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Ester Gasper Kimario|Ester Gasper Kimario]] (14:11, 31 Oktoba 2024) == HABARI UANWEZA KUNISAIDIA --'''[[Mtumiaji:Ester Gasper Kimario|Ester Gasper Kimario]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ester Gasper Kimario|majadiliano]])''' 14:11, 31 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) :Ndio, karibu sana Ester —'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:35, 31 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 15:35, 31 Oktoba 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:YOA MEDIA|YOA MEDIA]] (14:11, 16 Novemba 2024) == Nawazeje kuchapisha makala zangu Wikipedia? --'''[[Mtumiaji:YOA MEDIA|YOA MEDIA]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:YOA MEDIA|majadiliano]])''' 14:11, 16 Novemba 2024 (UTC) :Habari@[[Mtumiaji:YOA MEDIA|YOA MEDIA]] Uhahitaji kuchapisha makala kuhusu nini? Tafadhali tizama ukurasa wako wa [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:YOA MEDIA|majadiliano]] kuna maelezo baadhi ya namna na nini unaweza kufanya. Usisite kunirudia kama hautoelewa chochote. Asante -'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 05:09, 12 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Ahabu|Ahabu]] (09:15, 26 Desemba 2024) == Ahabu Godfrey Ng'umbi --'''[[Mtumiaji:Ahabu|Ahabu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ahabu|majadiliano]])''' 09:15, 26 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:EmmyTsd|EmmyTsd]] (17:21, 30 Desemba 2024) == Hello Eben nawekaje picha ninapoedit makala --'''[[Mtumiaji:EmmyTsd|EmmyTsd]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EmmyTsd|majadiliano]])''' 17:21, 30 Desemba 2024 (UTC) :Habari EmmyTSD :Tafadhali bonyeza kiungo hapa uweze kujifunza namna ya kuongeza picha. [[wikiedudashboard:training/students/images-and-media/add-an-image-to-wikipedia|KIUNGO]] '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 20:01, 30 Desemba 2024 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Kamilius Ambrose terenzi|Kamilius Ambrose terenzi]] on [[Wikipedia:Request an account]] (13:42, 28 Januari 2025) == maana ya Avieta prdecten --'''[[Mtumiaji:Kamilius Ambrose terenzi|Kamilius Ambrose terenzi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kamilius Ambrose terenzi|majadiliano]])''' 13:42, 28 Januari 2025 (UTC) == Tungependa kusikia kuhusu uzoefu wako kuhusu Akaunti za Muda == <section begin="body"/> [[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]] '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo Utafiti huu hautachukua zaidi ya dakika 5 kukamilisha.]''' Timu ya Trust & Safety Product hivi karibuni iliunda [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akaunti za muda]] zinapatikana kwenye miradi ya wiki 12. Kuna mipango ya kupanua hili kwa seti kubwa ya miradi ya wiki katika wiki na miezi ijayo, kisha kufuata mchakato wa kutekeleza kikamilifu baadaye mwaka huu. Ushiriki wako katika utafiti huu utakuwa na manufaa makubwa katika kutusaidia kuelewa jinsi Akaunti za Muda zinavyofanya kazi na kile tunachoweza kuboresha mbele. Sera ya faragha ya utafiti huu inaweza kuonwa [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|kupitia kiungo hiki]]. Kwa kumaliza utafiti huu, unakubali masharti yaliyoainishwa katika sera ya faragha. Asante!<section end="body"/> [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">majadiliano</span>]]) 02:50, 27 Februari 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/8&oldid=28315571 --> == Question from [[User:Amosi Jonas Stefano|Amosi Jonas Stefano]] on [[1994]] (09:43, 1 Machi 2025) == National events took place during 1994 in Tanzania --'''[[Mtumiaji:Amosi Jonas Stefano|Amosi Jonas Stefano]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Amosi Jonas Stefano|majadiliano]])''' 09:43, 1 Machi 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Thobias mgimwa|Thobias mgimwa]] on [[Majadiliano:Januari 2025]] (18:47, 13 Aprili 2025) == Habari ,nahitaji kuweka picha katika chapisho langu nawekaje --'''[[Mtumiaji:Thobias mgimwa|Thobias mgimwa]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Thobias mgimwa|majadiliano]])''' 18:47, 13 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :Habari @[[Mtumiaji:Thobias mgimwa|Thobias mgimwa]], :Tafadhali bonyeza kiungo hapa uweze kujifunza namna ya kuongeza picha. [[https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msaada:Picha|KIUNGO]] '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 17:43, 14 Aprili 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:EmmyTsd|EmmyTsd]] (18:56, 22 Aprili 2025) == How do i add a picture on an article --'''[[Mtumiaji:EmmyTsd|EmmyTsd]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EmmyTsd|majadiliano]])''' 18:56, 22 Aprili 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Bigchance designer|Bigchance designer]] on [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bigchance designer]] (07:50, 25 Aprili 2025) == habari nahitaji msaada --'''[[Mtumiaji:Bigchance designer|Bigchance designer]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Bigchance designer|majadiliano]])''' 07:50, 25 Aprili 2025 (UTC) :@[[Mtumiaji:Bigchance designer|Bigchance designer]] Karibu. Tukusaidie nini? [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 07:55, 25 Aprili 2025 (UTC) == Join the 6th Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign – 2025 Edition == Dear Wikimedia affiliate community leader, Thanks for organizing the previous editions of the [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos]] Campaign in your community. We invite your community again to participate in the 6th edition of the [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Campaign]], a global campaign taking place from July 1 to August 31, 2025. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photos, then add a suitable photo from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests ([[:m:Wiki Loves Africa|Wiki Loves Africa]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Earth|Wiki Loves Earth]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]], [[:m:Wiki Loves Monuments|Wiki Loves Monuments]], etc.) over the years. More than 80 Wikimedia affiliates have participated since the campaign was launched in 2020 and have added images to more than 400,000 Wikipedia articles in over 245 Wikipedia languages. Thanks to the volunteer contributors! We now invite your affiliate to organize and lead the campaign within your community. As a local organizer, you may: *Encourage individual members to take part by adding images to Wikipedia articles. *Host edit-a-thons focused on improving visual content. *Organize training workshops to teach contributors how to correctly integrate images into Wikipedia. These activities will help build local capacity and increase visual content across Wikipedia. Please note that for participants to be eligible to participate in the campaign, they need to have registered an account for at least a year before the official start date of the contest. That is, for the 2025 edition, they must have registered an account on or before July 1, 2025. The account can be from any Wikimedia project wikis. The organizing team is looking for a contact person to coordinate WPWP participation at the Wikimedia user group or chapter level (geographically or thematically) or for a language Wikipedia. We would be glad for you to [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025/Participating Communities|sign up directly]] at [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2025/Participating Communities|WPWP Participating Communities]]. With kind regards, [[User:Reading Beans]] On behalf of the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos campaign 2025. '''[[Mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MediaWiki message delivery|majadiliano]])''' 13:43, 17 Mei 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:T Cells@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos_2025/Call_for_participation_letter/Targets_past_organizers&oldid=28745740 --> == Question from [[User:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA|EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA]] on [[Mtumiaji:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA/ukurasa wa majaribio]] (20:32, 10 Juni 2025) == Hujambo. --'''[[Mtumiaji:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA|EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA|majadiliano]])''' 20:32, 10 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA|EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA]] on [[Mtumiaji:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA/ukurasa wa majaribio]] (20:32, 10 Juni 2025) (2) == Hujambo. --'''[[Mtumiaji:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA|EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EORCENBEHRT MATIAS NDEWA|majadiliano]])''' 20:32, 10 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:KIRISITOHP KINYATA|KIRISITOHP KINYATA]] on [[Wikipedia:About]] (16:06, 2 Julai 2025) == shikamo mmeshindaje --'''[[Mtumiaji:KIRISITOHP KINYATA|KIRISITOHP KINYATA]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:KIRISITOHP KINYATA|majadiliano]])''' 16:06, 2 Julai 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Ostaz Juma|Ostaz Juma]] on [[Mtumiaji:Ostaz Juma Namusoma/Urasimu]] (21:32, 10 Julai 2025) == Habari za jioni je naonekana kwnye wikipedia? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Ostaz Juma|Ostaz Juma]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Ostaz Juma|majadiliano]])''' 21:32, 10 Julai 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Tumaini Mwenda Ruleju|Tumaini Mwenda Ruleju]] on [[Wakongo]] (06:55, 26 Julai 2025) == Habari, Samahani nimeshindwa kuweka hio sehemu ya juu katika Kiswahili lakini pia nimejaribu kuondoa imekuwa changamoto. Naomba nisaidie katika hili. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Tumaini Mwenda Ruleju|Tumaini Mwenda Ruleju]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Tumaini Mwenda Ruleju|majadiliano]])''' 06:55, 26 Julai 2025 (UTC) == Wito wa kupiga kura kwa ajili ya [[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]] - awe msimamizi wa kusano == Ndugu @[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]], unaombwa kupiga kura juu ya kumpatia uwezo wa ukabidhi/usimamizi wa kusano katika ukurasa wa [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi#Msimaizi wa KUSANO - Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu]]. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 07:58, 7 Agosti 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Micwolrd|Micwolrd]] on [[Rostam Abdulrasul Aziz]] (18:26, 2 Septemba 2025) == Hlw, nahitaji kujua zaidi kuhusu chama cha mapinduzi na mihimili yake. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Micwolrd|Micwolrd]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Micwolrd|majadiliano]])''' 18:26, 2 Septemba 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Simbamtata|Simbamtata]] (19:53, 8 Oktoba 2025) == Hi ,Nataka kuandika kitu kuhusu mziki wa Singeri --'''[[Mtumiaji:Simbamtata|Simbamtata]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Simbamtata|majadiliano]])''' 19:53, 8 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Habari @[[Mtumiaji:Simbamtata|Simbamtata]], Je tayari unajua misingi ya uandishi ya makala kwenye Wikipedia? '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:08, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Mimi Prowess|Mimi Prowess]] (10:01, 9 Oktoba 2025) == Habari, Napenda ukuuliza swali mentor, je kwanini wikipedia ya kiswahili ina infobox chache sana ? napenda kuwa mtu ambaye anatengeneza infobox nimejifunza ila je nawezaje kuwa admin ili niweze kuzisakinisha zifanye kazi katika wikipedia ya kiswahili? mentee, Mimi Prowess --'''[[Mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|Mimi Prowess]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|majadiliano]])''' 10:01, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :Habari @[[Mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|Mimi Prowess]], Hongera sana kwa kujifunza namna ya kutengeneza infobox kwenye Wikipedia yetu ya Kiswahili. Kuhusu namna ya kua admin, hufanyika kwa uchaguzi kutoka kwa wachangiaji kwenye Wikipedia yetu. Sina uhakika kwamba uchaguzi unaofuata wa wakabidhi utakua ni lini, wacha niulize wakabidhi wenzangu halafu nitakurudia -'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 10:13, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) ::Salaam @[[Mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|Mimi Prowess]], Nimewashirikisha wakabidhi wengine kuhusu kazi nzuri unayoifanya. Baada ya kujadiliana wamesema kwamba infobox ulizozitengeneza zinaweza kutumika bila kusanikisha hivyo hauhitaji kua mkabidhi ili kutengeneza infobox na zikatumika. Hivyo basi endelea na kazi nzuri unayoifanya ya kukuza Wikipedia yetu ya Kiswahili. Asante -'''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 11:37, 9 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) :::Asante sana mentor @[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|Mimi Prowess]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mimi Prowess|majadiliano]])''' 16:13, 12 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Habari ndugu @CaliBen, Nimeona umeweka taarifa juu ya makala tajwa kuwa ni kuhusu sehemu isiyojulikana. Bahati mbaya hizi ni shule chache zenye historia kubwa japo hazijulikani. Kuna haja ya kuziangazia kwa kina zaidi. Amani kwako. '''[[Mtumiaji:Mikroworld|Mikroworld]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Mikroworld|majadiliano]])''' 21:08, 21 Novemba 2025 (UTC) == Karibu mjini == Babu, kheri ya mwaka mpya. Naona mambo mapya. Matendo yanasadifu maana ya mwanzoni mwa mwaka. Kongole. [[Evangelina Oyo Ebule]] kuchele chee! Hakuna kitu kizuri kama kuacha kuwa supervisor na kuifanya kazi mwenyewe huku team yako ikikufuata kwa nyuma. Ni fahari! Nimefurahi mno. Tena sana! Unyampara si mzuri. Leading by example. Uendelee kufanya kazi nzuri. Najua fika dunia yako kuu ni Wikidata, sisi usitutenge (ombi). [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 13:34, 11 Januari 2026 (UTC) :Babu, asante! Kheri ya mwaka mpya kwako na uwapendao! :Shukrani sana, najaribu kufuata nyayo za wakongwe nyinyi katika fani. Naahidi kwamba tupo bega kwa bega kusukuma gurudumu hili mwaka huu. Pamoja sana '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 14:31, 11 Januari 2026 (UTC) ::@[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] Pamoja sana! [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:47, 13 Januari 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Beatrice Mushi|Beatrice Mushi]] (08:47, 21 Januari 2026) == nimefanya mabadiliko kwenye mahala ya Hannah Momoh --'''[[Mtumiaji:Beatrice Mushi|Beatrice Mushi]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Beatrice Mushi|majadiliano]])''' 08:47, 21 Januari 2026 (UTC) :Hongera @[[Mtumiaji:Beatrice Mushi|Beatrice Mushi]], Tafadhali ukitumia tafsiri ya kompyuta kumbuka kusoma makala kama inaleta maana. Kila la heri, '''[[Mtumiaji:CaliBen|CaliBen]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:CaliBen#top|majadiliano]])''' 08:49, 21 Januari 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Christian Andrew Maziki|Christian Andrew Maziki]] (06:36, 1 Februari 2026) == Habari nawezaje kuhariri jina langu hapa wikipedia? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Christian Andrew Maziki|Christian Andrew Maziki]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Christian Andrew Maziki|majadiliano]])''' 06:36, 1 Februari 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Baddisam|Baddisam]] on [[Mtumiaji:Baddisam]] (19:47, 26 Aprili 2026) == Habari nawezaje kubadili page nane --'''[[Mtumiaji:Baddisam|Baddisam]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Baddisam|majadiliano]])''' 19:47, 26 Aprili 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Aprili 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> == Visual editor katika miradi ya wiki == Habari ndugu {{PAGENAME}}, Natumai u mzima. Naomba nafasi yako kidogo utupe mkono katika kuboresha mifumo yetu ya kiufundi hapa Swahili Wikipedia. Nimeanzisha ombi kule Phabricator ili watuwezeshe kutumia VisualEditor (Mhariri Unaoonekana) kwenye kurasa za miradi na kampeni zetu (`Wikipedia:Namespace`), jambo ambalo litatupunguzia sana mzigo wa kutumia Wiki markup ngumu wakati wa kuandaa warsha, mashindano, au majedwali ya miradi. Ili mafundi wa Wikimedia Foundation wawishe mfumo huu, wanahitaji kuona maridhiano na kura za wanajumuia wetu. Tafadhali naomba upitie hapa katika ukurasa wa Jumuiya kutoa kura yako ya Kuunga Mkono au maoni yako: 👉 [[Wikipedia:Jumuiya#Ombi la kuwezesha VisualEditor kwenye kurasa za mradi (Wikipedia Namespace)|Bofya hapa kushiriki na kupiga kura]] Mchango wako wa sekunde chache utasaidia sana kurahisisha kazi ya waratibu na wahariri wote wa jumuia yetu. Shukrani sana. [[User:Muddyb|<font color="blue">_'''Muddyb'''</font>]]<font face="Verdana">[[User talk:Muddyb|<font color="gray">^'''Longa'''</font>]]</font> 09:15, 24 Mei 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Masatu Baraza|Masatu Baraza]] on [[Mtumiaji:Masatu Baraza]] (10:15, 10 Juni 2026) == Nataka kuweka wasifu wangu kwa wikipedia nafanyaje? --'''[[Mtumiaji:Masatu Baraza|Masatu Baraza]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Masatu Baraza|majadiliano]])''' 10:15, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) f0kog8znqqlljzpppi5gzkkhvwsswnq 0 121926 1569126 1555078 2026-06-09T13:35:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569126 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |<big>Rafiki</big> |- |'''Imeongozwa na''' |Wanuri Kahiu<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kenyan Director Wanuri Kahiu Is Fun, Fierce, Frivolous and Timely|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> |- |'''Imetayarishwa na''' |Steven Markovitz |- |'''Wasanii''' |Wanuri Kahiu Jena Cato Bass |- |'''Nyota''' |[https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Samantha Mugatsia] {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} [https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki Sheila Munyiva]{{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} 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|date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 |- |'''Sinematografi''' |Christopher Wessels |- |'''Imehaririwa na''' |Isabelle Dedieu |- |'''Imetolewa tar.''' |9 May 2018 ([[Cannes]]) 23 September 2018 (Kenya) |- |'''Ina muda wa dakika''' |82 |- |'''Nchi''' |Kenya |- |'''Lugha''' |Kiingereza Kiswahili |- |'''Mauzo ya Ofisi''' |$176,513<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rafiki (2018) - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|work=The Numbers|accessdate=2020-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203144814/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} [[Picha:Wanuri Kahiu at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|162x162px]] '''Rafiki'''<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=RAFIKI|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki|work=Festival de Cannes 2019|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> ni [[filamu]] kutoka nchi ya [[Kenya]] iliyotengenezwa katika [[mwaka]] [[2018]]. Filamu imeongozwa na [http://www.wanurikahiu.com/bio Wanuri Kahiu] ambaye ni Mkenya. Yeye aliandika “Rafiki” na Jenna Bass, [[meneja]] wa cinema kutoka [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. == Hadithi == “Rafiki” inahusu wanawake wawili, Kena na Ziki, ambao walianza kupendana. Kena alitoka jiji la Nairobi na alikaa katika nyumba ya mama yake, lakini husaidia katika duka la baba yake. Baba ya Kena alifanya kampeni katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Wakati wa kufanya kazi, Kena alianza kuonyesha mapenzi na Ziki, mwanamke wa mtaa. Lakini, Ziki ni binti la Peter Okemi, mshindani wa baba ya Kena katika uchaguzi wa serekali ya mtaa. Hata hevyo, Ziki na Kena waliendelea mchezo wa datsi nyingi na walikuwa karibukaribu sana. Lakini hawaweza kuonyesha uhusiano wao kwa sababu usenge ni haramu katika nchi ya Kenya. Marafiki wa Ziki walikasirika kwa sababu yeye hutumia wakati mwingi na Kena kwa hivyo walimpiga Kena. Kisha, Ziki alisaidia kupona Kena katika nyumba ya Ziki lakini mama ya Ziki aliona, wakati alienda chumbani, wakibusu. Walijaribu kukimbia lakini kundi la watu wenye waliwapata. Wamekamatwa, kisha wazazi wao walikuja kuwachukua. Baddaye, wazazi wa Ziki wanampeleka jiji la London na wazazi wa Kena walificha hali hiyo yote. Mwisho wa filamu, miaka kadhaa baadaye, Ziki alirudi mtaa na alikutana na Kena tena. Kena alimaliza shule wakaanza tena uhusiano wao. == Washiriki == • Samantha Mugatsia ni Kena<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=What I Learnt from My Lesbian Role in "Rafiki"- Samantha Mugatsia|url=https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/|work=Eelive|date=2019-03-13|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> • Sheila Munyiva ni Ziki • Neville Misati ni Blacksta • Nini Wacera ni Mercy • Jimmy Gathu ni John Mwaura • Charlie Karumi ni Waireri • Muthoni Gathecha ni Mama Atim • Dennis Musyoka ni Peter Okemi • Patricia Amira ni Rose Okemi • Nice Githinji ni Nduta • Patricia Kihoro ni Josephine • Mellen Aura ni Elizabeth == Mapokezi == Wakati filamu "Rafiki" ilitolewa watu hawakuruhusiwa kuitazama katika nchi ya Kenya kwa sababu Bodi ya Uainishaji Filamu Nchini Kenya (KFCB) walipiga marufuku filamu<ref>{{Citation|title=Lesbian film banned ahead of Cannes debut|date=2018-04-27|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780|work=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>. KFCB walisema ni marufuku kwa sababu ya mada yake ya [[ushoga]] na dhamira ya wazi ya kukuza [[usagaji]] nchini Kenya kinyume na [[sheria]]. Bodi waliomba Wanuri Kahiu abadilishe mwisho wa filamu usiwe tumaini lakini Kahiu alisema hapana. Kwa hiyo, KFCB walionya watu kwamba wakinunua filamu wanaweza kuenda jela. Wapigania haki za ushoga wa kimataifa walikasirika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ban of Kenyan film over lesbianism criticised|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en}}</ref> Kisha, Wanuri Kahiu alidai [[serikali]] ya Kenya kwa sababu alitaka kuingia Tuzo la Chuo (Academy Award) cha Filamu Bora ya Lugha ya Kigeni kwa mwaka tisini na moja za maadhimisho<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Govt Sued for Preventing Kenyan Movie From Winning Oscars|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars|work=Kenyans.co.ke|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=EN|author=Mumbi Mutuko on 11 September 2018-6:45 pm}}</ref>. Mnamo [[21 Septemba]] 2018, [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Wakenya iliondoa marufuku ya filamu kwa siku saba<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High Court lifts ban on lesbian movie, dismisses moral police Ezekiel Mutua|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|date=2018-09-21|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Tuko.co.ke}}</ref>.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=High court lifts ban on lesbian themed movie 'Rafiki'|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/|work=The Star|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en-KE}}</ref> Baada ya marufuku kutolewa, “Rafiki” iliuzwa kabisa kutoka sinema katika jiji la Nairobi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Lesbian film Rafiki sells out after Kenyan court lifts ban|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=2018-09-23|accessdate=2020-03-05|language=en|author=Cecilie Kallestrup}}</ref>. Lakini, hata hivyo, “Rafiki” haikuenda Tuzo la Chuo. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary {{Wayback|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Rafiki-(Kenya)-(2018)#tab=summary |date=20240203144814 }} *https://twitter.com/InfoKfcb/status/989837096251781120 *https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Ban-of-Kenyan-film-over-lesbianism-criticised/1056-4535138-iuvqlo/index.html *https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43922780 *https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/rafiki *https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/33039-government-sued-preventing-kenyan-movie-winning-oscars *https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-09-21-high-court-lifts-ban-on-lesbian-themed-movie-rafiki/ *https://www.tuko.co.ke/286608-high-court-lifts-ban-controversial-lesbian-movie-dismisses-moral-police-ezekiel-mutua.html#286608 *https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/lesbian-film-rafiki-sells-out-after-kenyan-court-lifts-ban-20180924-p505k2.html *https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/kenyan-director-wanuri-kahiu-is-fun-fierce-frivolous-timely-1145485 *https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki {{Wayback|url=https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/zm8eaj/meet-the-stars-of-kenyas-banned-lesbian-drama-rafiki |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} |date=20201028033653 }} *https://www.eelive.ng/what-i-learnt-from-my-lesbian-role-in-rafiki-samantha-mugatsia/ {{mbegu-filamu}} [[Jamii:Filamu za Kenya]] [[Jamii:filamu za 2018]] gz65wv29ww3chfkyzlsk7auie42crzb 0 140727 1569236 1527881 2026-06-10T03:19:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umanji''' ([[1968]] - [[26 Februari]] [[2008]]), aliyezaliwa '' Maruti Johannes Nkuna '', alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] na [[mwandishi]] wa [[nyimbo]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Wasifu == Umanji alizaliwa katika mkoa wa Zebediela wa [[Limpopo]], [[Afrika Kusini]]. Baada ya kuhudumia miaka 8 katika Jeshi la Polisi la [[Afrika Kusini]], alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa Moloi, mnamo mwaka [[1999]], iliyomfanya kuiotwa mwanamuziki mgeni bora kwenye Tuzo za Muziki za [[Afrika Kusini]] (SAMA).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.music.org.za/artist.asp?id=141 |title=South African Music<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2021-08-07 |archivedate=2021-08-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807062404/http://www.music.org.za/artist.asp?id=141 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.take2.co.za/product.php?id=9722 |title={{Wayback|url= |date=20041105193238 }} Take 2 – &#91;Umanji – Ndlala&#93;<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2021-08-07 |archive-date=2004-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105193238/http://www.take2.co.za/product.php?id=9722 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Albamu za Umanji zilizofuata zilikuwa Wantolobela ([[2001]]) na Ndlala ([[2003]]). Wimbo kutoka kwa albamu ya mwisho ulimshinda Mtunzi Bora wa Kiume katika SAMA mnamo mwaka [[2005]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.southafrica.info/what_happening/arts_entertainment/sama2005.htm |title=South African Music Awards 2005 – SouthAfrica.info<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2021-08-07 |archivedate=2007-12-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229054755/http://www.southafrica.info/what_happening/arts_entertainment/sama2005.htm }}</ref> Mwaka [[2006]] Umanji aliugua [[kifua kikuu]]. Baada ya kukana awali, mwaka uliofuata alikiri kuwa na [[VVU]]. Alishutumu lebo yake ya kurekodi, ''Sony BMG'', kwa kumshusha wakati aliugua, na akasema alikuwa amewekwa pembeni kama mwigizaji wa jukwaani.<ref>[http://www.sowetan.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=714946 Sowetan – News<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301222131/http://www.sowetan.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=714946 |date=1 March 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sowetan.co.za/Columnists/JusticeMalala/Article.aspx?id=512997 |title=Sowetan – Columnists<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2021-08-07 |archivedate=2008-02-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208235923/http://www.sowetan.co.za/Columnists/JusticeMalala/Article.aspx?id=512997 }}</ref> Umanji alikufa kutokana na UKIMWI mnamo [[Februari]] [[2008]]. Waziri Mkuu wa [[Limpopo]] Sello Moloto alisema wakati huo, "Alikuwa mwanamuziki hodari na maarufu hapa nyumbani na nje ya nchi. Hakuna shaka kuwa mtindo na sauti yake itabaki kuwa ya kipekee kati ya wenzao. Umanji atakumbukwa sana na serikali yetu na watu wa mkoa wetu. "<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2008/08022715451002.htm |title=S Moloto extends condolences on death of Umanji<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2021-08-07 |archivedate=2011-06-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604092835/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2008/08022715451002.htm }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1968|2008}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] n693xivkulhy3sjj0gnw1auv7e6hhcs 1569383 1569236 2026-06-10T09:40:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1569383 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umanji''' ([[1968]] - [[26 Februari]] [[2008]]), aliyezaliwa '' Maruti Johannes Nkuna '', alikuwa [[mwanamuziki]] na [[mwandishi]] wa [[nyimbo]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Wasifu == Umanji alizaliwa katika mkoa wa Zebediela wa [[Limpopo]], [[Afrika Kusini]]. Baada ya kuhudumia miaka 8 katika Jeshi la Polisi la [[Afrika Kusini]], alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa Moloi, mnamo mwaka [[1999]], iliyomfanya kuiotwa mwanamuziki mgeni bora kwenye Tuzo za Muziki za [[Afrika Kusini]] (SAMA).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.music.org.za/artist.asp?id=141 |title=South African Music<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2021-08-07 |archivedate=2021-08-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807062404/http://www.music.org.za/artist.asp?id=141 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.take2.co.za/product.php?id=9722 |title={{Wayback|url= |date=20041105193238 }} Take 2 – &#91;Umanji – Ndlala&#93;<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2021-08-07 |archive-date=2004-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105193238/http://www.take2.co.za/product.php?id=9722 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Albamu za Umanji zilizofuata zilikuwa Wantolobela ([[2001]]) na Ndlala ([[2003]]). Wimbo kutoka kwa albamu ya mwisho ulimshinda Mtunzi Bora wa Kiume katika SAMA mnamo mwaka [[2005]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.southafrica.info/what_happening/arts_entertainment/sama2005.htm |title=South African Music Awards 2005 – SouthAfrica.info<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2021-08-07 |archivedate=2007-12-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229054755/http://www.southafrica.info/what_happening/arts_entertainment/sama2005.htm }}</ref> Mwaka [[2006]] Umanji aliugua [[kifua kikuu]]. Baada ya kukana awali, mwaka uliofuata alikiri kuwa na [[VVU]]. Alishutumu lebo yake ya kurekodi, ''Sony BMG'', kwa kumshusha wakati aliugua, na akasema alikuwa amewekwa pembeni kama mwigizaji wa jukwaani.<ref>[http://www.sowetan.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=714946 Sowetan – News<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301222131/http://www.sowetan.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=714946 |date=1 March 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sowetan.co.za/Columnists/JusticeMalala/Article.aspx?id=512997 |title=Sowetan – Columnists<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2021-08-07 |archivedate=2008-02-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208235923/http://www.sowetan.co.za/Columnists/JusticeMalala/Article.aspx?id=512997 }}</ref> Umanji alikufa kutokana na UKIMWI mnamo [[Februari]] [[2008]]. Waziri Mkuu wa [[Limpopo]] Sello Moloto alisema wakati huo, "Alikuwa mwanamuziki hodari na maarufu hapa nyumbani na nje ya nchi. Hakuna shaka kuwa mtindo na sauti yake itabaki kuwa ya kipekee kati ya wenzao. Umanji atakumbukwa sana na serikali yetu na watu wa mkoa wetu. "<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2008/08022715451002.htm |title=S Moloto extends condolences on death of Umanji<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2021-08-07 |archivedate=2011-06-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604092835/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2008/08022715451002.htm }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1968|2008}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Afrika Kusini]] sg4dcfypb4998ytd9ohgvpupfhjlniq 0 145132 1569260 1529146 2026-06-10T06:06:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569260 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Khazar Empire.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Milki ya Wakhazari mnamo 650 - 850]] '''Wakhazari''' ''(kwa [[Kiing.]] Khazars)'' walikuwa [[kabila]] la [[Ufugaji|wafugaji]] wa [[Waturuki|Kituruki]] lililofika katika maeneo ya [[Urusi]] ya kusini, upande wa kaskazini mwa [[Kaukazi|Milima ya Kaukazi]] kati ya [[Bahari Nyeusi]] na [[Bahari ya Kaspi|Ziwa la Kaspi]] mnamo [[Karne ya 6|karne ya 6 BK]]. Hapa walianza kutawala [[Dola|milki]] kubwa iliyounganisha makabila na [[Taifa|mataifa]] mbalimbali<ref>[https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC&pg=PA75&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Erdal, Marcel (2007). "The Khazar Language". In Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (eds.). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. 17. BRILL. pp. 75–108. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2</nowiki>.</ref>. Ilhali walidhibiti sehemu ya [[barabara ya hariri]] walishiriki katika [[biashara]] ya kimataifa kati ya [[Ulaya]], Urusi, [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]] wakatajirika<ref>Golden, Peter Benjamin (2006). "The Khazar Sacral Kingship". In Reyerson, Kathryn Von; Stavrou, Theofanis George; Tracy, James Donald (eds.). Pre-modern Russia and its world: Essays in Honour of Thomas S. Noonan. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 79–102. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-447-05425-6</nowiki>.</ref>. Kwa takriban [[karne]] tatu ([[650]]–[[965]] hivi) Wakhazari walitawala milki yao wakipakana na [[Ufalme wa Byzanti|Bizanti]] kwenye kusini-magharibi, Urusi kwenye magharibi na kaskazini, [[Ukhalifa wa Waabassi|Ukhalifa wa Waarabu]] kwenye kusini na makabila ya porini kwenye mashariki. Mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1000]] milki yao iliporomoka kutokana na mashambulio kutoka Milki ya Urusi. Hakuna uhakika kuhusu mwisho wao lakini inawezekana maeneo madogo yaliendelea kuwa chini ya [[utawala]] wa Kikhazari hadi [[karne ya 12]]. Milki ya Khazaria ilishirikiana mwanzoni na Bizanti dhidi ya [[Milki ya Wasasani]] ya [[Uajemi|Iran]] na baadaye dhidi ya [[Waarabu]] na wahamiaji wa pori. Mnamo mwaka [[800]] [[Mfalme|wafalme]] wa Khazaria waligeukia [[Uyahudi]]; [[Mtaalamu|wataalamu]] kadhaa wanaamini kwamba waliona wanadharauliwa na [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] na pia [[Uislamu|Waislamu]] wakiendelea kufuata [[dini za jadi|dini zao za jadi]], na kuwa Uyahudi unatambuliwa na pande zote mbili kwa namna fulani na hivyo waliweza kutunza [[uhuru]] wao bila kujiunga kabisa na upande mmoja. Inajulikana kwamba wafalme na wakubwa walikuwa Wayahudi lakini hakuna uhakika kiasi gani cha wakazi wa milki walijiunga pia na Uyahudi<ref>Golden, Peter Benjamin (2007b). "The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism". In Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (eds.). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbook of Oriental Studies. 17. BRILL. pp. 123–161. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2</nowiki>.</ref>. Haijulikani Wakhazari walienda wapi au waliingia katika makabila gani baada ya mwisho wa milki yao. Maana hawako tena na kuna [[nadharia]] mbalimbali kwamba waliendelea kwa majina tofauti katika [[kundi]] hilo au lingine lakini hakuna uhakika. == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} == Kujisomea == *{{cite book| title = The Genealogical Science: The Search for Jewish Origins and the Politics of Epistemology | last = Abu El-Haj | first = Nadia | year = 2012 | author-link = Nadia Abu El-Haj | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location = Chicago, IL | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8DDXi4kWW4cC&pg=26 | isbn = 978-0-226-20142-9 }} *{{cite book| chapter = Asia, Africa and the Trade of Medieval Europe | last = Abulafia | first = David | year = 1987 | author-link = David Abulafia | orig-year = First published 1952 | title = The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages | editor1-last = Postan | editor1-first = Michael Moïssey | editor1-link = Michael Postan | editor2-last = Habakkuk | editor2-first = H.J. | editor2-link = John Habakkuk | editor3-last = Miller | editor3-first = Edward | editor3-link = Edward Miller (historian) | publisher = Cambridge University Press | volume = 2 | pages = 402–473 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cHRvtwTLcMAC&pg=PA421 | isbn = 978-0-521-08709-4 }} *{{cite book| title = Geheimbericht aus der Grossen Steppe. Die Wahrheit über das Reich der Russen | last = Altschüler | first = Boris | year = 1994 | publisher = Altschüler | location = Saarbrücken | language = de | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=G2DZAQAACAAJ&q=Altsch%C3%BCler%2BGeheimbericht+auf+der+Grossen+Steppe | isbn = 978-3-9803917-0-2 }} *{{cite journal | title = A Khotanese text concerning the Turks in Kanṭṣou | last = Bailey | first = H.W. | journal = [[Asia Major (journal)|Asia Major]] | year = 1949 | pages = 28–52 | series = New Series 1.1 | url = https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1335WFtDneU.pdf | access-date = 2021-12-23 | archive-date = 2021-01-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210126063237/https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1335WFtDneU.pdf | url-status = dead }} *{{cite journal | title = The Staël-Holstein Miscellany | last = Bailey | first = H.W. | journal = [[Asia Major (journal)|Asia Major]] | year = 1951 | pages = 1–45 | series = New Series 2.1 | url = https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1355ixUQunJ.pdf | access-date = 2021-12-23 | archive-date = 2021-01-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210126060310/https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1355ixUQunJ.pdf | url-status = dead }} *{{cite book| title = Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement | last = Barkun | first = Michael | year = 1997 | author-link = Michael Barkun | publisher = UNC Press | url = https://archive.org/details/religionracistri0000bark | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] | page = [https://archive.org/details/religionracistri0000bark/page/141 141] | isbn = 978-0-8078-4638-4 }} *{{cite book| chapter = Anti-Semitism from Outer Space: The Protocols in the UFO Subculture | last = Barkun | first = Michael | year = 2012 | author-link = Michael Barkun | title = The Paranoid Apocalypse: A Hundred-year Retrospective on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion | editor1-last = Landes | editor1-first = Richard Allen | editor1-link = Richard Landes | editor2-last = Katz | editor2-first = Steven T. | editor2-link = Steven T. Katz | publisher = NYU Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DV1S9dpW2aQC&pg=PA163 | pages = 163–171 | isbn = 978-0-8147-4945-6 }} *{{cite book| title = A Social and Religious History of the Jews | last = Baron | first = Salo Wittmayer | year = 1957 | author-link = Salo Wittmayer Baron | publisher = Columbia University Press | volume = 3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwuH_KLAScC }} *{{cite book| title = The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade | last = Bauer | first = Susan Wise | year = 2010 | author-link = Susan Wise Bauer | publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]] | location = New York, NY | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA341 | isbn = 978-0-393-07817-6 }} *{{cite book| title = Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present | last = Beckwith | first = Christopher I. | year = 2011 | author-link = Christopher I. Beckwith | orig-year = First published 2009 | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | location = Princeton, NJ | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC&pg=PA149 | isbn = 978-0-691-15034-5 }} *{{cite book| title = Jewish Communities in Exotic Places | last = Blady | first = Ken | year = 2000 | publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yY0KQUVXw2MC&pg=PA124 | isbn = 978-0-765-76112-5 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Memoirs of an Obscure Professor: And Other Essays | last = Boller | first = Paul F. | year = 1992 | publisher = [[TCU Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ycS5O-p4EzAC&pg=PA6 | isbn = 978-0-87565-097-5 }} *{{cite book| title = The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam | last = Bowersock | first = G.W. | year = 2013 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X4BoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 | isbn = 978-0-199-33384-4 }} *{{cite book| title = The Jews of Byzantium 1204–1453 | last1 = Bowman | first1 = Stephen B. | last2 = Ankori | first2 = Zvi | year = 2001 | publisher = Bloch Publishing Company | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UnRGPQAACAAJ | isbn = 978-0-8197-0703-1 }} *{{cite book| title = The Jews of Khazaria | last = Brook | first = Kevin Alan | year = 2006 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, Maryland | page = 192 | isbn = 978-144220302-0 }} *{{cite book| title = The Jews of Khazaria | edition = 2nd | last = Brook | first = Kevin Alan | year = 2010 | orig-year = First published 1999 | publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hEuIveNl9kcC | isbn = 978-0-7425-4982-1 }} *{{cite book| title = The Jews of Khazaria | url = https://archive.org/details/jewsofkhazaria0000broo | edition = 3rd | last = Brook | first = Kevin Alan | year = 2018 | publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]] | isbn = 978-1-5381-0342-5 }} *{{cite book| title = The Byzantine Empire | edition = 2nd | last = Browning | first = Robert | year = 1992 | author-link = Robert Browning (Byzantinist) # | orig-year = First published 1980 | publisher = [[The Catholic University of America|Catholic University of America Press]] | url = https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire0000brow | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] | page = [https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire0000brow/page/53 53] | isbn = 978-0-8132-0754-4 }} *{{cite book| title = L'Islam, des origines au début de l'Empire ottoman | edition = 2nd | last = Cahen | first = Claude | year = 2011 | author-link = Claude Cahen | orig-year = First published 1997 | publisher = [[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OnRrzgAACAAJ&q=claude+cahen%2Bl'islam+des+origines | isbn = 978-2-8185-0155-9 }} *{{cite book| title = Constantinople in the Early Eighth Century: The Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary | last1 = Cameron | first1 = Averil | last2 = Herrin | first2 = Judith | author1-link = Averil Cameron | year = 1984 | publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill Archive]] | volume = 10 | series = Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZM3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA212 | isbn = 978-90-04-07010-3 }} *{{cite book| title = The Voice of the Poor in the Middle Ages: An Anthology of Documents from the Cairo Geniza | last = Cohen | first = Mark R. | year = 2005 | author-link = Douglas Morton Dunlop | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | series = Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World Series | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Voice_Of_The_Poor_In_The_Middle_Ages.html | isbn = 978-0-691-09271-3 }} *{{cite news| title = Jews With Swords | last = Cokal | first = Susann | author-link = Susann Cokal | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/books/review/Cokal-t.html | date = 28 October 2007 | access-date = 5 August 2013 }} *{{cite book| title = The Russian Primary Chronicle (Laurentian text) | translator1-last = Cross | translator1-first = Samuel Hazzard | translator2-last = Sherbowitz-Wetzor | translator2-first = Olgerd P. | editor1-last = Cross | editor1-first = Samuel Hazzard | editor2-last = Sherbowitz-Wetzor | editor2-first = Olgerd P. | year = 1953 | publisher = The Mediaeval Academy of America | location = Cambridge, MA | url = http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131016005423/http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf | archive-date = 16 October 2013 | ref = {{harvid|''Russian Primary Chronicle''}} }} *{{cite book| chapter = The Keegstra Affair | last = Davies | first = Alan | year = 1992 | title = Antisemitism in Canada: History and Interpretation | editor-last = Davies | editor-first = Alan | publisher = Wilfrid Laurier University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3kLgn7dIEwIC&pg=PA242 | pages = 227–248 | isbn = 978-0-889-20216-0 }} *{{cite book| title = Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition | last = DeWeese | first = Devin A. | year = 1994 | publisher = [[Penn State Press]] | series = Hermeneutics, Studies in the History of Religions | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ut77eAbMUHoC | isbn = 978-0-271-04445-3 }} *{{cite book| title = Yisrael ba-gola | edition = 3rd | last = Dinur | first = Ben-Zion | year = 1961 | author-link = Ben-Zion Dinur | publisher = Bialik Institute | volume = 1 }} *{{cite book| title = History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period | last = Dubnov | first = Simon | year = 1980 | author-link = Simon Dubnov | publisher = [[Associated University Presses]] | volume = 2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ2MwNzB69IC&pg=PA792 | isbn = 978-0-8453-6659-2 }} *{{cite book| title = History of the Jewish Khazars | last = Dunlop | first = Douglas Morton | year = 1954 | author-link = Douglas Morton Dunlop | publisher = [[Schocken Books]] | location = New York, NY | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_YdAAAAAIAAJ&q=Dunlop%2BHistory+of+the+Jewish+Khazars }} *{{cite book| chapter = Early History | title = A Country Study: Hungary | publisher = Federal Research Division, [[Library of Congress]] | series = Library of Congress Country Studies | chapter-url = http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+hu0013) | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041029114728/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+hu0013%29 | date = September 1989 | archive-date = 29 October 2004 | ref = {{harvid|Country Study: Hungary|1989}} }} *{{cite book| chapter = The Khazar Language | last = Erdal | first = Marcel | year = 2007 | title = The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives | editor1-last = Golden | editor1-first = Peter B. | editor1-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | editor2-last = Ben-Shammai | editor2-first = Haggai | editor3-last = Róna-Tas | editor3-first = András | editor3-link = András Róna-Tas | publisher = BRILL | volume = 17 | series = Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies | pages = 75–108 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC&pg=PA75 | isbn = 978-90-04-16042-2 }} *{{cite book| title = Zionism and the Biology of Jews | last = Falk | first = Raphael | year = 2017 | author-link = Raphael Falk (academic) | publisher = [[Springer Publishing|Springer]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s4otDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 | isbn = 978-3-319-57345-8 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World: Attitudes and Interactions from Alexander to Justinian | last = Feldman | first = Louis H. | year = 1996 | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uuJasOSDTW0C&pg=PA413 | isbn = 978-1-4008-2080-1 }} *{{cite book| title = The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment | last = Fishberg | first = Maurice | year = 1911 | publisher = Scribner's | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3aB5AAAAMAAJ }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen through Contemporary Eyes | edition = 2nd | last = Geanakoplos | first = Deno John | year = 1984 | publisher = [[University of Chicago|University Of Chicago Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bAfFzCT36ekC&q=Geanakoplos | isbn = 978-0-226-28461-3 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century | last1 = Golb | first1 = Norman | last2 = Pritsak | first2 = Omeljan | author1-link = Norman Golb | author2-link = Omeljan Pritsak | year = 1982 | publisher = [[Cornell University|Cornell University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h-toAAAAMAAJ | isbn = 978-080141221-9 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Khazar Studies: An Historio-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars | last = Golden | first = Peter Benjamin | year = 1980 | author-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | publisher = Akademia Kiado | location = Budapest | volume = 1,2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bAfFzCT36ekC&q=Geanakoplos | isbn = 978-0-226-28461-3 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis And State Formation in the Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East | last = Golden | first = Peter Benjamin | year = 1992 | author-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | publisher = O. Harrassowitz | location = Wiesbaden | volume = 9 | series = Turcologica | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/An_Introduction_to_the_History_of_the_Tu.html%3Fid%3D5B6xMQEACAAJ&sa | isbn = 978-3-447-03274-2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = The peoples of the South Russian steppes | last = Golden | first = Peter Benjamin | year = 1994a | author-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | orig-year = First published 1990 | title = The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia | editor-last = Sinor | editor-first = Denis | editor-link = Denis Sinor | publisher = Cambridge University Press | volume = 1 | pages = 256–283 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=PA264 | isbn = 978-0-521-24304-9 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = The peoples of the Russian forest belt | last = Golden | first = Peter Benjamin | year = 1994b | orig-year = First published 1990 | title = The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia | editor-last = Sinor | editor-first = Denis | editor-link = Denis Sinor | publisher = Cambridge University Press | volume = 1 | pages = 230–255 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=PA247 | isbn = 978-0-521-24304-9 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = Nomads in the Sedentary World: The Case of Pre-Chinggisid Rus' and Georgia | last = Golden | first = Peter Benjamin | year = 2001a | author-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | title = Nomads in the Sedentary World | editor1-last = Khazanov | editor1-first = Anatoly M. | editor1-link = Anatoly Khazanov | editor2-last = Wink | editor2-first = Andre | publisher = [[Routledge]] | series = Curzon-IIAS Asian studies series | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z96HrZh4_N4C&pg=PA24 | pages = 24–74 | isbn = 978-0-7007-1369-1 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = Nomad and Sedentary societies in Eurasia | last = Golden | first = Peter Benjamin | year = 2001b | author-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | title = Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History | editor-last = Adas | editor-first = Michael | publisher = Temple University Press | volume = 2 | series = Critical Perspectives on the Past Series. American Historical Association | pages = 71–115 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qcSsoJ0IXawC&pg=PA86 | isbn = 978-1-56639-832-9 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs | last = Golden | first = Peter Benjamin | year = 2003 | author-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | publisher = [[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate]] | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/Nomads_and_their_neighbours_in_the_Russi.htm | isbn = 978-0-86078-885-0 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = The Khazar Sacral Kingship | last = Golden | first = Peter Benjamin | year = 2006 | author-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | title = Pre-modern Russia and its world: Essays in Honour of Thomas S. Noonan | editor1-last = Reyerson | editor1-first = Kathryn Von | editor2-last = Stavrou | editor2-first = Theofanis George | editor3-last = Tracy | editor3-first = James Donald | publisher = [[Otto Harrassowitz|Otto Harrassowitz Verlag]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LMwmcqwZUGcC&pg=PA79 | pages = 79–102 | isbn = 978-3-447-05425-6 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Turks and Khazars: Origins, Institutions, and Interactions in Pre-Mongol Eurasia | last = Golden | first = Peter Benjamin | year = 2010 | author-link = Peter B. Golden | publisher = [[Ashgate Publishing]] | volume = 952 | series = Variorum Collected Studies Series | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AOhIAQAAIAAJ | isbn = 978-1-4094-0003-5 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Central Asia in World History | last = Golden | first = Peter Benjamin | year = 2011a | author-link = Peter B. Golden | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | series = New Oxford World History | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PtT5p-6V5FcC&pg=PA65 | isbn = 978-0-19-979317-4 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes | last = Golden | first = Peter Benjamin | year = 2011b | author-link = Peter B. Golden | publisher = Editura Academiei Române | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227466942 | via = [[ResearchGate]] | isbn = 978-973-27-2152-0 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity | last = Goldstein | first = Eric L. | year = 2006 | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qsvlFZ6rgpkC&pg=PA131 | isbn = 978-069112105-5 }} *{{cite book| title = Karaite Exegesis in Medieval Jerusalem | last = Goldstein | first = Miriam | year = 2011 | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F9pu1RJKbdkC&q=Abraham+Firkovich+1839&pg=PA9 | page = 9 | isbn = 978-316150972-8 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype | last1 = Goodman | first1 = David G. | last2 = Miyazawa | first2 = Masanori | year = 2000 | orig-year = First published 1995 | publisher = [[Lexington Books]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R_PQLj2D1DQC&pg=PA263 | isbn = 978-0-7391-0167-4 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Black Sun: Aryan cults, esoteric nazism, and the politics of identity | last = Goodrick-Clarke | first = Nicholas | year = 2003 | orig-year = First published 2001 | publisher = [[NYU Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xaiaM77s6N4C&pg=PA237 | isbn = 978-0-8147-3155-0 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The " Red Jews": Antisemitism in the Apocalyptic Age 1200–1600 | last = Gow | first = Andrew Colin | year = 1995 | publisher = [[Brill Publishers]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Yp5O_rPI7nsC&pg=PA31 | isbn = 978-90-04-10255-2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Kuzari: In Defense of the Despised Faith | last = Halevi | first = Judah | year = 1998 | author-link = Judah Halevi | editor-last = Korobkin | editor-first = Nissam Daniel | publisher = Jason Aronson | location = Northvale, New Jersey-Jerusalem | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QKzXAAAAMAAJ | isbn = 978-076579970-8 | ref = {{harvid|Korobkin|1998}} }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Kuzari. In defense of the Despised Faith | last = Halevy | first = Yehuda | year = 1998 | author-link = Judah Halevi | editor-last = Korobkin | editor-first = N. Daniel | publisher = Jason Aronson | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QKzXAAAAMAAJ | isbn = 978-0-7657-9970-8 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = Contemporary Arab Anti-Semitism: its Causes and Roots | last = Harkabi | first = Yehoshafat | year = 1987 | author-link = Yehoshafat Harkabi | orig-year = First published 1968 | title = The Persisting Question: Sociological Perspectives and Social Contexts of Modern Antisemitism | editor-last = Fein | editor-first = Helen | editor-link = Helen Fein | publisher = [[Walter de Gruyter]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uHWG1pDCtNgC&pg=PA424 | pages = 412–427 | isbn = 978-3-11-010170-6 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Byzantine Armies 886-1118 | last = Heath | first = Ian | year = 1979 | publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]] | isbn = 978-0-85045306-5 }} *{{Rejea jarida | title = On the Westerly Drifting of Nomades, from the Fifth to the Nineteenth Century. Part IV. The Circassians and White Khazars | last = Howorth | first = H. H. | author-link = Henry Hoyle Howorth | journal = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London]] | year = 1870 | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 182–192 | jstor = 3014425 }} *{{cite book| chapter = The legend of Xinnie in the seventh and eighth centuries | last1 = Inaba | first1 = Minoru | last2 = Balogh | first2 = Dániel | year = 2020 | title = Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History | editor-last = Balogh | editor-first = Dániel | publisher = Barkhuis | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=frnVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 | pages = 103–107 | isbn = 978-9-493-19401-4 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium | edition = 2nd | last = Kaegi | first = Walter Emil | year = 2003 | author-link = Walter Kaegi | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC&pg=PA142 | isbn = 978-0-521-81459-1 }} *{{Cite encyclopedia| title = Khazar | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia Britannica | url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khazar | date = 29 March 2020 | ref = {{harvid|Encyclopedia Britannica: Khazar|2020}} }} *{{cite book| title = The Huns | last = Kim | first = Hyun Jin | year = 2016 | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 | isbn = 978-1-317-34090-4 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Karaites of Galicia: An Ethnoreligious Minority Among the Ashkenazim, the Turks, and the Slavs, 1772–1945 | last = Kizilov | first = Mikhail | year = 2009 | publisher = BRILL | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hGILHIgEl7cC&pg=PA335 | isbn = 978-90-04-16602-8 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = National Inventions: The Imperial Emancipation of the Karaites from Jewishness | last = Kizilov | first = Mikhail | year = 2014 | title = An Empire of Others: Creating Ethnographic Knowledge in Imperial Russia and the USSR | editor1-last = Cvetkovski | editor1-first = Roland | editor2-last = Hofmeister | editor2-first = Alexis | publisher = [[Central European University]] Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=36t_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA388 | pages = 369–393 | isbn = 978-6-155-22576-5 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire | last = Kohen | first = Elli | year = 2007 | publisher = [[University Press of America]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=r-9qJRP20MIC&pg=PA103 | isbn = 978-0-7618-3623-0 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = Barbarian Emperors? Aspects of the Byzantine Perception of the qaghan (chaganos) in the Earlier Middle Ages | last = Kolditz | first = Sebastian | year = 2017 | title = Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages | editor1-last = Scholl | editor1-first = Christian | editor2-last = Gebhardt | editor2-first = Torben R. | editor3-last = Clauß | editor3-first = Jan | publisher = [[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] | chapter-url = https://www.peterlang.com/view/9783631706244/chapter-003.xhtml | pages = 41–76 | isbn = 978-3-631-70624-4 }} *{{Rejea jarida | title = The Tibetan Title Dru gu Gesar (Turk Caesar / Caesar of the Turks) in the Northern Branch of the Silk Route and the Role of the Khazars | last = Kordosis | first = Stefanos | journal = ΘΗΣΑΥΡΙΣΜΑΤΑ | year = 2017 | issue = 47 | pages = 183–192 | url = https://www.academia.edu/39530827 }} *{{cite book| chapter = Creating Khazar Identity through Coins: the Special Issue Dirhams of 837/838 | last = Kovalev | first = R.K. | year = 2005 | title = East Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages | url = https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleaste00curt_993 | editor-last = Curta | editor-first = Florin | location = Ann Arbor | pages = [https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleaste00curt_993/page/n227 220]–251 }} *{{cite book| title = Die Chasaren; historische Studie | last = von Kutschera | first = Hugo | year = 1909 | publisher = A. Holzhauen | language = de | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=G_zEugEACAAJ | isbn = 978-027447307-6 }} *{{cite book| title = Masterpieces of Hebrew Literature: Selections from 2000 Years of Jewish Creativity | last = Leviant | first = Curt | year = 2008 | author-link = Curt Leviant | orig-year = First published 1969 | publisher = [[Jewish Publication Society]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1jT7jD1t8jAC&pg=PA159 | isbn = 978-0-8276-0954-9 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice | last = Lewis | first = Bernard | year = 1987 | author-link = Bernard Lewis | orig-year = First published 1986 | publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]] | location = New York | url = https://archive.org/details/semitesantisemit00bern | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] | isbn = 978-0-393-30420-6 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Jews of Islam | last = Lewis | first = Bernard | year = 2013 | author-link = Bernard Lewis | publisher = [[Routledge]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nmBUKnFfgvcC&pg=PP61 | isbn = 978-1-135-03021-6 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Economic Role of Jews in Medieval Poland: The Contribution of Yitzhak Schipper | last = Litman | first = Jacob | year = 1984 | publisher = [[University Press of America]] | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/The_economic_role_of_Jews_in_Medieval_Po.html%3Fid%3DIJ9tAAAAMAAJ }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Between Mysticism and Philosophy: Sufi Language of Religious Experience in Experience in Judah Ha-Levi's Kuzari | last = Lobel | first = Diana | year = 2000 | publisher = SUNY Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V8DbnUcf6QUC&pg=PA3 | isbn = 978-079144451-1 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Vikings in History | edition = 2nd | last = Logan | first = F. Donald | year = 1992 | orig-year = First published 1983 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jsp-whocldIC&pg=PA201 | isbn = 978-0-415-08396-6 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire | last = Luttwak | first = Edward N. | year = 2009 | author-link = Edward N. Luttwak | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cUVJKJejPY8C&pg=PA448 | isbn = 978-0-674-03519-5 }} *{{cite web| title = Magyars | website = WebChron: The Web Chronology Project | url = http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/EastEurope/Magyars.html | access-date = 22 August 2013 | ref = {{harvid|WebChron: Magyars}} }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = The Hungarians' Prehistory, Their Conquest of Hungary and their raids to the West | last = Makkai | first = Lásló | year = 1994 | title = A History of Hungary | editor1-last = Sugar | editor1-first = Peter F. | editor2-last = Hanák | editor2-first = Péter | editor3-last = Frank | editor3-first = Tibor | editor3-link = Tibor Frank | publisher = Indiana University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&q=Hungarian+conquest&pg=PA1 | page = 11 | isbn = 0-253-35578-8 }} *{{Rejea jarida | title = The Possible Reasons for the Arab-Khazar Wars | last = Mako | first = Gerald | journal = Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi | year = 2010 | volume = 17 | pages = 45–57 | url = https://www.academia.edu/638371 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Reconstructing Ashkenaz: The Human Face of Franco-German Jewry, 1000–1250 | last = Malkiel | first = David | year = 2008 | publisher = [[Stanford University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XNJRKSk6gS4C&pg=PA263 | isbn = 978-0-8047-8684-3 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Oxford History of Byzantium | editor-last = Mango | editor-first = Cyril | editor-link = Cyril Mango | year = 2002 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Oxford_History_of_Byzantium.html | isbn = 978-0-19-814098-6 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = Conversion to Judaism: a tale of the good, the bad and the ungrateful | last = Mariner | first = Rodney | year = 1999 | title = Religious Conversion: Contemporary Practices and Controversies | editor1-last = Lamb | editor1-first = Christopher | editor2-last = Bryant | editor2-first = M. Darroll | publisher = A&C Black | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=shdQ-QSZMdIC&pg=PA95 | pages = 89–101 | isbn = 978-0-826-43713-6 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Other Zions: The Lost Histories of Jewish Nations | last = Maroney | first = Eric | year = 2010 | publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]] | url = https://archive.org/details/otherzionslosthi0000maro | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] | page = [https://archive.org/details/otherzionslosthi0000maro/page/55 55] | isbn = 978-1-4422-0045-6 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Philosopher-King in Medieval and Renaissance Jewish Political Thought | last = Melamed | first = Avraham | year = 2003 | editor-last = Goodman | editor-first = Lenn Evan | publisher = [[SUNY Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CarNyTThFqYC&pg=PA24 | isbn = 978-0-7914-8770-9 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought | last = Meserve | first = Margaret | year = 2009 | publisher = Harvard University Press | volume = 158 | series = Harvard Historical Series | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XDmZXIDiZG8C&pg=PA295 | isbn = 978-0-674-02656-8 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Karaite Separatism in Nineteenth-Century Russia: Joseph Solomon Lutski's Epistle of Israel's Deliverance | last = Miller | first = Philip E. | year = 1993 | publisher = [[Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion|Hebrew Union College Press]] | location = Cincinnati | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WPaKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 | isbn = 978-0-878-20137-2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews | last = Morris | first = Benny | year = 2003 | author-link = Benny Morris | orig-year = First published 2002 | publisher = [[I. B. Tauris]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zL_1icJwNP0C&pg=PA22 | isbn = 978-1-86064-989-9 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = A History of Russia: To 1917 | last = Moss | first = Walter | year = 2002 | orig-year = First published 1997 | publisher = Anthem Press | volume = 1 | series = Anthem Russian and Slavonic studies | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BXgNSFIEJ2QC&pg=PA16 | isbn = 978-0-85728-752-6 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = European Russia c500-c1050 | last = Noonan | first = Thomas S. | year = 1999 | author-link = Thomas S. Noonan | title = The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024 | editor1-last = Reuter | editor1-first = Timothy | editor1-link = Timothy Reuter | editor2-last = McKitterick | editor2-first = Rosamond | editor2-link = Rosamond McKitterick | publisher = Cambridge University Press | volume = 3 | pages = 485–534 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u-SsbHs5zTAC&pg=PA508 | isbn = 978-0-521-36447-8 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = The Khazar Qaghanate and its impact on the early Rus' state: the Translatio Imperii from Itil to Kiev | last = Noonan | first = Thomas S. | year = 2001 | author-link = Thomas S. Noonan | title = Nomads in the Sedentary World | editor1-last = Khazanov | editor1-first = Anatoly M. | editor1-link = Anatoly Khazanov | editor2-last = Wink | editor2-first = André | publisher = [[Routledge]] | series = Curzon-IIAS Asian studies series | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z96HrZh4_N4C&pg=PA76 | pages = 76–102 | isbn = 978-0-7007-1369-1 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = The Economy of the Khazar Khaganate | last = Noonan | first = Thomas S. | year = 2007 | author-link = Thomas S. Noonan | title = The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives | editor1-last = Golden | editor1-first = Peter B. | editor1-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | editor2-last = Ben-Shammai | editor2-first = Haggai | editor3-last = Róna-Tas | editor3-first = András | editor3-link = András Róna-Tas | publisher = BRILL | volume = 17 | series = Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies | pages = 207–244 | chapter-url = https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_of_the_Khazars/3ZzXjdyK-CEC?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Noonan%2BThe+Economy+of+the+Khazar+Khaganate&pg=PA207 | isbn = 978-90-04-16042-2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People | last = Ostrer | first = Harry | year = 2012 | author-link = Harry Ostrer | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RayZR3V1SFwC&pg=PA26 | isbn = 978-0-19-997638-6 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = History of the Byzantine State | last = Ostrogorski | first = George | year = 1969 | author-link = George Ostrogorski | publisher = [[Rutgers University Press]] | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] | isbn = 978-0-8135-0599-2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Myth of the Jewish Race | last1 = Patai | first1 = Raphael | last2 = Patai | first2 = Jennifer | author1-link = Raphael Patai | year = 1989 | orig-year = First published 1975 | publisher = [[Wayne State University|Wayne State University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt7f6WBEP0EC&pg=PA71 | isbn = 978-0-8143-1948-2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation | last = Peacock | first = Andrew C.S. | year = 2010 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xj9haotAapcC&pg=PA27 | isbn = 978-0-415-54853-3 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = Khazaria and Rus': An Examination of their Historical Relations | last = Petrukhin | first = Vladimir | year = 2007 | author-link = Vladimir Petrukhin | title = The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives | editor1-last = Golden | editor1-first = Peter B. | editor1-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | editor2-last = Ben-Shammai | editor2-first = Haggai | editor3-last = Róna-Tas | editor3-first = András | editor3-link = András Róna-Tas | publisher = BRILL | volume = 17 | series = Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies | pages = 245–268 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books/about/The_World_of_the_Khazars.html%3Fid%3D3ZzXjdyK-CEC | isbn = 978-90-04-16042-2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = Judaism in Khazaria according to Archaeological Data (Иудаизм в Хазарии по данным археологии) | last1 = Petrukhin | first1 = Vladimir | last2 = Flyorov | first2 = Valeriy | author1-link = Vladimir Petrukhin | year = 2010 | script-title = ru:История еврейского народа в России. От древности до раннего Нового времени | trans-title = History of Jewish People in Russia. From Antiquity to the Early Modern Period | editor1-last = Bartal | editor1-first = Israel | editor2-last = Kulik | editor2-first = Alexander | publisher = Bridges of Culture; Gerashim | location = Moscow; Jerusalem | volume = 1 | pages = 149–161 | language = ru }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = Middle Byzantine Court Costume | last = Piltz | first = Elisabeth | year = 2004 | orig-year = First published 1997 | title = Byzantine Court Culture from 829 To 1204 | editor-last = Maguire | editor-first = Henry | editor-link = Martijn Theodoor Houtsma | publisher = Dumbarton Oaks | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qjy2d8ExpTAC&pg=PA42 | pages = 39–52 | isbn = 978-0-88402-308-1 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The History of Anti-semitism: From the time of Christ to the court Jews | last = Poliakov | first = Léon | year = 2005 | author-link = Léon Poliakov | orig-year = 1955/1975 | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9uyoN09ZsHEC&pg=PA285 | isbn = 978-0-8122-1863-3 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Jews in Old Poland: 1000–1795 | editor1-last = Polonsky | editor1-first = Antony | editor1-link = Antony Polonsky | editor2-last = Basista | editor2-first = Jakub | editor3-last = Link-Lenczowski | editor3-first = Andrzej | year = 1993 | publisher = [[I. B. Tauris]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-LltAAAAMAAJ&q=Maksymilian+Gumplowicz+khazars | isbn = 978-1-85043-342-2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity | last = Rezakhani | first = Khodadad | year = 2017 | publisher = [[Edinburgh University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VjVYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT233 | isbn = 978-1-474-40031-2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Hungarians & Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History | last = Róna-Tas | first = András | year = 1999 | author-link = András Róna-Tas | publisher = [[Central European University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RTt0Q6AcYC | isbn = 978-963-9116-48-1 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Russian Intellectual Antisemitism in the Post-Communist Era | last = Rossman | first = Vadim Joseph | year = 2002 | publisher = [[University of Nebraska Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pF-I25OC5ugC&pg=PA98 | isbn = 978-0-8032-3948-7 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = Anti-Semitism in Eurasian Historiography: The Caser of Lev Gumilev | last = Rossman | first = Vadim Joseph | year = 2007 | title = Russia Between East and West: Scholarly Debates on Eurasianism | editor-last = Shlapentokh | editor-first = Dmitry | publisher = BRILL | volume = 102 | series = International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology | pages = 121–188 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EnsHyxPZfOIC&pg=PA134 | isbn = 978-90-04-15415-5 }} *{{Rejea habari| title = 'Jews a Race' Genetic Theory Comes Under Fierce Attack by DNA Expert | last = Rubin | first = Rita | magazine = [[The Forward]] | url = http://forward.com/articles/175912/jews-a-race-genetic-theory-comes-under-fierce-atta/?p=all | date = 7 May 2013 | access-date = 9 June 2014 }} *{{Rejea kitabu | chapter = The Population in Europe | last = Russell | first = Josiah C. | year = 1972 | title = The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Middle Ages | editor-last = Cipolla | editor-first = Carlo M. | editor-link = Carlo M. Cipolla | publisher = Collins/Fontana | volume = 1 | pages = 25–71 | chapter-url = http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pop-in-eur.html | access-date = 2021-12-23 | archive-date = 2014-10-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141029063430/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pop-in-eur.html | dead-url = yes }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Invention of the Jewish People | last = Sand | first = Shlomo | year = 2010 | author-link = Shlomo Sand | orig-year = First published 2009 | publisher = [[Verso Books]] | location = London | url = https://archive.org/details/inventionofjewi00sand | url-access = registration | via = [[Internet Archive]] | isbn = 978-1-84467-623-1 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words (1000 BCE – 1492) | last = Schama | first = Simon | year = 2013 | author-link = Simon Schama | publisher = [[Random House]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yLdkwBPMLaQC&pg=PA266 | isbn = 978-1-409-04004-0 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Collapse and Recovery of Europe, AD 476-1648 | last = Schwartzwald | first = Jack L. | year = 2015 | publisher = [[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] | url = https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Collapse_and_Recovery_of_Europe_AD_4/bqgHCwAAQBAJ?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=Constantine+VI%2Bdowager%2Bunpopular&pg=PA26 | isbn = 978-1-476-66230-5 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = The Khazar motif in Judah Halevi's ''Sefer ha-Kuzari'' | last = Schweid | first = Eliezer | year = 2007 | author-link = Eliezer Schweid | title = The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives | editor1-last = Golden | editor1-first = Peter B. | editor1-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | editor2-last = Ben-Shammai | editor2-first = Haggai | editor3-last = Róna-Tas | editor3-first = András | editor3-link = András Róna-Tas | publisher = BRILL | volume = 17 | series = Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies | pages = 279–290 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yO-vCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 | isbn = 978-90-04-16042-2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = Closer Encounters with the Byzantine World: The Rus at the Straits of Kerch | last = Shepard | first = Jonathan | year = 2006 | title = Pre-modern Russia and its world: Essays in Honour of Thomas S. Noonan | editor1-last = Reyerson | editor1-first = Kathryn Von | editor2-last = Stavrou | editor2-first = Theofanis George | editor3-last = Tracy | editor3-first = James Donald | publisher = [[Otto Harrassowitz|Otto Harrassowitz Verlag]] | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LMwmcqwZUGcC&pg=PA35 | pages = 15–77 | isbn = 978-3-447-05425-6 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = Ethos, Materiality and Paradigms of Political Action in Early Medieval Communities of the Northwestern Caspian Region | last = Shingiray | first = Irina Lita | year = 2012 | title = The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions | editor1-last = Hartley | editor1-first = Charles W. | editor2-last = Yazicioğlu | editor2-first = G. Bike | editor3-last = Smith | editor3-first = Adam T. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UstGrkGNNQcC&pg=PA208 | pages = 188–216 | isbn = 978-1-107-01652-1 }} *{{Rejea jarida | title = The Chinese Chroniclers of the Khazars: Notes on Khazaria in Tang Period Texts | last = Shirota | first = Shun (城田俊) | editor1-last = Woods | editor1-first = John E. | editor2-last = Pfeiffer | editor2-first = Judith | editor3-last = Tucker | editor3-first = Ernest | journal = Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi | year = 2005 | volume = 14 | pages = 231–261 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = The Story of an Euphemism: The Khazars in Russian Nationalist Literature | last = Shnirelman | first = Victor A | year = 2007 | title = The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives | editor1-last = Golden | editor1-first = Peter B. | editor1-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | editor2-last = Ben-Shammai | editor2-first = Haggai | editor3-last = Róna-Tas | editor3-first = András | editor3-link = András Róna-Tas | publisher = BRILL | volume = 17 | series = Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies | pages = 353–372 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC&pg=PA360 | isbn = 978-90-04-16042-2 }} *{{Rejea tovuti | title = Contemporary Racist and Judeophobic Ideology Discovers the Khazars, or, Who Really Are the Jews? | last = Singerman | first = Robert | year = 2004 | series = Rosaline and Myer Feinstein Lecture Series | url = http://www.jewishlibraries.org/main/Portals/0/AJL_Assets/documents/Feinstein/Robert%20Singerman.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305220540/http://www.jewishlibraries.org/main/Portals/0/AJL_Assets/documents/Feinstein/Robert%20Singerman.pdf | access-date = 1 March 2014 | archive-date = 5 March 2014 | accessdate = 2021-12-23 | archivedate = 2014-03-05 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305220540/http://www.jewishlibraries.org/main/Portals/0/AJL_Assets/documents/Feinstein/Robert%20Singerman.pdf }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia | last = Sneath | first = David | year = 2007 | publisher = [[Columbia University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OR14qaApQbgC&pg=PA25 | isbn = 978-0-231-51167-4 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = New remarks on the flow of Byzantine coins in Avaria and Walachia during the second half of the seventh century | last = Somogyi | first = Péter | year = 2008 | title = The "Other" Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans | editor1-last = Curta | editor1-first = Florin | editor2-last = Kovalev | editor2-first = Roman | publisher = BRILL | volume = 2 | series = East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 | pages = 83–149 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C&pg=PA125 | isbn = 978-90-04-16389-8 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century | last = Spinei | first = Victor | year = 2009 | publisher = [[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9KwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 | isbn = 978-9-004-17536-5 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History | last = Spolsky | first = Bernard | year = 2014 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nl72AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 | isbn = 978-1-107-05544-5 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Making a Nation, Breaking a Nation: Literature and Cultural Politics in Yugoslavia | last = Wachtel | first = Andrew | year = 1998 | publisher = [[Stanford University Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cnISZNM6X6EC&pg=PA210 | pages = 210–215 | isbn = 978-0-8047-3181-2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = The Khazars and the World of Islam | last = Wasserstein | first = David | year = 2007 | title = The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives | editor1-last = Golden | editor1-first = Peter B. | editor1-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | editor2-last = Ben-Shammai | editor2-first = Haggai | editor3-last = Róna-Tas | editor3-first = András | editor3-link = András Róna-Tas | publisher = BRILL | volume = 17 | series = Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies | pages = 373–386 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books/about/The_World_of_the_Khazars.html%3Fid%3D3ZzXjdyK-CEC | isbn = 978-90-04-16042-2 }} *{{cite book| title = The Jews of Poland: A Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100 to 1800 | last = Weinryb | first = Bernard Dov | year = 1973a | publisher = Jewish Publication Society | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K2DgBdSCQnsC&q=Abraham+Firkovich+khazars&pg=PA21 | pages = 21–22 | isbn = 978-082760016-4 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Jews of Poland: A Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100 to 1800 he non-Jewish origins of the Sephardic Jews | last = Weinryb | first = Bernard Dov | year = 1973b | publisher = [[Jewish Publication Society]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K2DgBdSCQnsC&pg=PA20 | isbn = 978-0-8276-0016-4 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind | last = Wells | first = H. G. | year = 1920 | author-link = Herbert George Wells | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] | volume = 1 | url = https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Outline_of_History_Vol_1.djvu/594 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Explorations in Judeo-Slavic Linguistics | last = Wexler | first = Paul | year = 1987 | publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill Archive]] | volume = 2 | series = Contributions to the sociology of Jewish languages | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FfYUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA72 | isbn = 978-90-04-07656-3 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The non-Jewish origins of the Sephardic Jews | last = Wexler | first = Paul | year = 1996 | publisher = [[State University of New York|SUNY]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XZwO2TX8EOcC&pg=PA25 | isbn = 978-1-4384-2393-7 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Two-Tiered Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect | last = Wexler | first = Paul | year = 2002 | publisher = [[Walter de Gruyter]] | volume = 136 | series = Trends in linguistics / Studies and monographs: Studies and monographs | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JL7CY2MW63gC&pg=PA537 | isbn = 978-3-11-017258-4 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| chapter = Yiddish Evidence for the Khazar Component in the Ashkenazic ethnogenesis | last = Wexler | first = Paul | year = 2007 | title = The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives | editor1-last = Golden | editor1-first = Peter B. | editor1-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | editor2-last = Ben-Shammai | editor2-first = Haggai | editor3-last = Róna-Tas | editor3-first = András | editor3-link = András Róna-Tas | publisher = BRILL | volume = 17 | series = Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies | pages = 387–398 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC&pg=PA387 | isbn = 978-90-04-16042-2 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025 | last = Whittow | first = David | year = 1996 | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=22NNIjrpd20C&pg=PA226 | isbn = 978-0-520-20496-6 }} *{{Rejea kitabu| title = Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries | last = Zhivkov | first = Boris | year = 2015 | publisher = [[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7Du2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173 | isbn = 978-9-004-29448-6 }} *{{cite book| title = The Origins of the Volga Bulghars | last = Zimonyi | first = István | year = 1990 | editor-last = Szõnyi-Sándor | editor-first = Klára | series = Studia Uralo-Altaica, 32 }} *{{cite book| chapter = On the date of the Khazars' Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus' Oleg and Igor | last = Zuckerman | first = Constantine | year = 1995 | title = Revue des Études Byzantines | volume = 53 | pages = 237–270 }} *{{cite book| chapter = The Khazars and Byzantium –The First Encounter | last = Zuckerman | first = Constantine | year = 2007 | title = The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives | editor1-last = Golden | editor1-first = Peter B. | editor1-link = Peter Benjamin Golden | editor2-last = Ben-Shammai | editor2-first = Haggai | editor3-last = Róna-Tas | editor3-first = András | editor3-link = András Róna-Tas | publisher = BRILL | volume = 17 | series = Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies | pages = 399–431 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books/about/The_World_of_the_Khazars.html%3Fid%3D3ZzXjdyK-CEC | isbn = 978-90-04-16042-2 }} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/GOLD/thumbs?class_mark=T-S_12.122 The Kievan Letter scan] in the [[:en:Cambridge_University_Library|Cambridge University Library]] collection. * [http://www.khazaria.com/ Khazaria.com] * [https://archive.today/20061003195338/http://www.dinur.org/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryid=457&rsid=478 Resources – Medieval Jewish History – The Khazars] The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026233731/http://geocities.com/ayatoles/|date=26 October 2009|title=Khazar Historic Maps}} * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/khz/index.htm The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, full English translation at sacred-texts.com] * [http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2.209/ancient-lost-capital-of-the-jewish-khazar-kingdom-found-1.254377 Ancient lost capital of the Khazar kingdom found] {{Wayback|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2.209/ancient-lost-capital-of-the-jewish-khazar-kingdom-found-1.254377 |date=20170810091901 }} [[Jamii:Historia ya Urusi]] anfz3ye7z5oofm2ksi63xowhvbv6z5u 0 178589 1569180 1320352 2026-06-09T20:11:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mtu Mashuhuri |jina = Shukria Asil |picha = Shukria Asil.jpg |caption = Shukria Asil mnamo 2010 |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufa = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anajulikana_kwa_ajili_ya = |kazi_yake = Mwanaharakati wa haki za watoto |utaifa = [[Afghanistan]] }} '''Shukria Asil''' (Kiarabu: شكرية أصيل) ni [[mwanaharakati]] wa [[haki za wanawake]] kutoka nchi ya [[Afghanistan]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140423045134/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/ 2014-04-23. Imehifadhiwa kutoka ya asili mnamo 2014-04-23. Ilirejeshwa 2022-08-09.</ref>. Mwaka 2009, alifanikiwa kubatilisha kufutwa kazi kwa walimu watatu wanawake huko Baghlan, ambao walikuwa wamefukuzwa kazi kutokana na habari mbaya zilizochapishwa kuwahusu na Wizara ya Elimu<ref>https://archive.today/20140827173119/http://www.awiu.org/2010/12/22/afghanistan-shukria-asil/ kumbukumbu.ph. 2014-08-27. Ilirejeshwa 2022-08-09.</ref>. Kuanzia mwaka 2010, yeye ni mmoja kati ya wanachama wanne wa kike wa Baraza la Mkoa la Baghlan, na kuanzia mwaka 2012 ni mkuu wa Idara ya Utamaduni na [[Habari]] ya Mkoa wa Baghlan.<ref>https://unama.unmissions.org/woman-leaders-baghlan-province-speak-about-successes-and-challenges-afghan-women-face {{Wayback|url=https://unama.unmissions.org/woman-leaders-baghlan-province-speak-about-successes-and-challenges-afghan-women-face |date=20230405184947 }} UNAMA. 2012-11-01. Ilirejeshwa 2022-08-09.</ref> Asil pia aliingilia kati katika kesi ya [[msichana]] aliyeachwa na [[familia]] yake baada ya kubakwa na kikundi cha watu, na akafanikiwa kuunganisha familia hiyo tena, ingawa [[gavana]] wa mkoa alimshawishi asifanye hivyo. Kazi yake nyingine kwa ajili ya haki za wanawake ni pamoja na kuanzisha vikundi vya mtandao kwa ajili ya wanawake, kuongoza harakati za shule za kuendesha [[gari]] kwa wanawake, na kupanua fursa za elimu kwa wasichana wadogo.<ref>https://www.rferl.org/a/US_Recognizes_Afghans_Iranian_As_Among_International_Women_Of_Courage/1980370.html Radio Bure Ulaya/Radio Uhuru. Ilirejeshwa 2022-08-09.</ref> Amekumbana na vitisho vya utekaji nyara na kifo kwa kazi yake, na alilazimika kubadili anwani yake angalau mara moja. Alitunukiwa [[Tuzo]] ya Kimataifa ya Wanawake wa Ujasiri mwaka 2010. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afghanistan]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Afghanistan]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] icux438hos9hfy5if0pyxb3lodm5c6f 0 187174 1569211 1470967 2026-06-09T23:02:08Z Ollin Masa 89330 File 1569211 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Agre Bernard.jpg|thumb|Bernard Agré (1994)]] '''Bernard Agré''' ([[2 Machi]] [[1926]] – [[9 Juni]] [[2014]]) alikuwa [[Askofu mkuu|Askofu Mkuu]] wa [[Abidjan]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]], na [[kardinali]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]].<ref name="FIU">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios2001.htm|title=Biographical Dictionary of John Paul II (1978-2005), Consistory of February 21, 2001 (VIII)|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=|website=Florida International University website, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church section|publisher=|access-date=|quote=|archive-date=2024-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925204025/https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios2001.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasifu == Alizaliwa Monga, Côte d'Ivoire<ref name="CNA">[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55088/agre-bernard Catholic News Agency website, ''Agre, Bernard'']</ref>. Alisoma katika Seminari ya Bingerville ambako alisomea falsafa, kisha akaendelea katika Seminari Kuu ya Quidah, Dahomey (sasa Benin), ambako alisomea theolojia. Hatimaye, kati ya mwaka 1957 hadi 1960, alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kipapa cha Urbaniana huko Roma, ambako alipata shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika theolojia kwa heshima ya juu zaidi, ''summa cum laude''. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1926]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]] [[Jamii:maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Jamii:Makardinali]] [[Jamii:watu wa Cote d'Ivoire]] 4l77tr9cx7cfkk5hfy13zcmkvq7yeyq 0 193290 1569151 1371666 2026-06-09T15:53:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maria Rosalina Madroñal Abejo''', RVM ([[13 Julai]] [[1922]] – [[5 Juni]] [[1991]]) alikuwa [[sista]] [[mtunzi]] wa [[muziki]], mpiga [[piano]], na kiongozi wa muziki wa [[Ufilipino]].<ref>Lucrecia R. Kasilag. "Rosalina Abejo", ''[[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|Grove Music Online]]'', ed. L. Macy (accessed September 12, 2006), [http://www.grovemusic.com/ grovemusic.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.grovemusic.com/ |date=20080516041031 }} (subscription access).</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1922]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1991]] [[Jamii:wanamuziki wa Ufilipino]] hzvv877mz80xxug2zwrjy8lre503mrh 0 198628 1569299 1442260 2026-06-10T06:57:24Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 AWC 2026 1569299 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mabadiliko ya tabianchi''' yanarejelea mabadiliko ya muda mrefu katika [[joto]] na mifumo ya hali ya [[hewa]]. Mabadiliko haya yanaweza kuwa ya [[asili]], kutokana na mabadiliko katika shughuli za jua au milipuko mikubwa ya [[volkeno]]. <ref>{{Cite Web|title=What is Climate change|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change|accessdate=2025-02-05}}</ref> == Sababu za mabadiliko ya tabianchi == ===Sababu za asili=== # '''Milipuko ya volkeno''' – milipuko mikubwa ya volkeno hutoa majivu, vumbi, na gesi kama dioksidi ya sulfuri angani, ambayo inaweza kupunguza joto la dunia kwa muda kwa kuzuia mwangaza wa jua. Hata hivyo, gesi zingine huchangia ongezeko la joto kwa muda mrefu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # '''Mabadiliko ya shughuli za jua''' – kiwango cha nishati kinachotolewa na jua hubadilika kwa muda, na kusababisha ongezeko au upungufu wa joto duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # '''Mabadiliko ya mikondo ya bahari'''– mikondo ya bahari kama El Niño na La Niña huathiri joto la dunia na mifumo ya hali ya hewa. Mikondo ya joto huongeza halijoto ya anga, wakati mikondo ya baridi inaweza kusababisha baridi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # '''Mabadiliko ya mzunguko wa dunia''' – mabadiliko ya mwelekeo na mzunguko wa dunia kuzunguka jua yanaweza kuathiri usambazaji wa mwangaza wa jua na kusababisha vipindi vya baridi au joto kwa maelfu ya miaka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # '''Uzalishaji wa asili wa gesi za joto''' – michakato ya asili kama kuoza kwa mimea kwenye maeneo ya vinamasi na kuyeyuka kwa permafrost hutoa gesi kama methane na dioksidi kaboni, ambazo huchangia ongezeko la joto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> ===Sababu za kibinadamu=== # Uchomaji wa mafuta ya kawaida – kuchoma makaa ya mawe, mafuta, na gesi asilia hutoa dioksidi kaboni (CO₂) na gesi zingine za joto, ambazo huzuia joto kuondoka angani na kusababisha ongezeko la joto duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Sababu za Mabadiliko ya Binadamu|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Ukataji wa misitu – kukata miti hupunguza uwezo wa misitu kunyonya CO₂, na hivyo kuongeza kiwango cha gesi hizi kwenye anga.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Athari za Binadamu|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Uzalishaji wa viwandani – viwanda hutoa uchafuzi wa hewa, ikiwa ni pamoja na CO₂ na methane, kutoka kwa shughuli za uzalishaji, hali inayochochea mabadiliko ya tabianchi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Sababu za Mabadiliko|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kilimo – mifugo hutoa methane wakati wa mmeng’enyo wa chakula, na mbolea zenye nitrojeni hutoa oksidi ya nitrojeni, zote zikiwa gesi zenye nguvu za joto zinazochangia ongezeko la joto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Athari za Kilimo|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Miji mikubwa na mabadiliko ya matumizi ya ardhi – upanuzi wa miji, barabara, na majengo hubadilisha ardhi ya asili, huongeza ufyonzaji wa joto, na kuathiri udhibiti wa halijoto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Mabadiliko ya Matumizi ya Ardhi|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Utupaji wa taka na uzalishaji wa gesi kutoka kwa madampo – taka zinazooza kwenye madampo hutoa methane, gesi inayochangia kwa kiasi kikubwa ongezeko la joto duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Uchafuzi wa Taka|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Matumizi kupita kiasi na unyonyaji wa rasilimali – uhitaji mkubwa wa rasilimali husababisha matumizi makubwa ya nishati, ukataji wa misitu, na uchafuzi wa mazingira, hali zinazochangia mabadiliko ya tabianchi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Matumizi ya Rasilimali|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Athari za Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi == # Kupanda kwa Joto la Dunia - Kiwango cha joto duniani kimeongezeka kwa kasi. Tangu mwaka 1880, wastani wa joto la dunia umeongezeka kwa nyuzi 1.1 °C. Wanasayansi wanatabiri kwamba kama hatutachukua hatua, joto linaweza kuongezeka hadi nyuzi 2.5 °C ifikapo mwisho wa karne hii.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kuyeyuka kwa Barafu na Kupanda kwa Kiwango cha Bahari - Barafu kwenye ncha za [[Aktiki]] na [[Antaktika]] inayeyuka kwa kasi. Pia, [[barafu]] ya [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] inapotea mwaka baada ya mwaka. Hii inachangia [[kupanda kwa kina cha bahari]] ambako kunatishia miji ya pwani na visiwa vya [[Bahari Hindi]]. # Mabadiliko ya Msimu wa Mvua na Ukame - Sehemu nyingi za [[Tanzania]] zimeathirika na mabadiliko ya tabianchi. [[Mikoa]] ya [[Dodoma]], [[Arusha]], [[Manyara]], [[Shinyanga]], [[Simiyu]], [[Kagera]], [[Songwe]] na [[Mbeya]] imeanza kuonja athari za mabadiliko haya kwa kupata ukame mkali au mafuriko yasiyotarajiwa. # Kuongezeka kwa Magonjwa - Mabadiliko ya tabianchi yanachangia kuenea kwa [[magonjwa]] ya kuambukiza kama [[malaria]] na [[dengue fever]]. Kwa sababu [[mbu]] wanaoeneza magonjwa haya wanazaliana kwa wingi katika maeneo yenye joto la wastani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Papa Francisko: Athari za Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|publisher=Vatican News|date=2023-07-25|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/sw/pope/news/2023-07/papa-francisko-athari-mabadiliko-tabia-nchi-duniani-2023.html|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Athari kwa Kilimo na Chakula - [[Ukame]] na mafuriko yanaharibu [[mazao]] na kupunguza [[usawa wa chakula]] (food security) nchini [[Tanzania]]. Wakulima wengi wanapoteza mazao yao na kukosa chakula cha kutosha kwa familia zao.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pawar V. K.|title=Climate Change and Its Impact on Ecosystems and Human Societies|publisher=Zenodo|year=2024|url=https://zenodo.org/records/14217748|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Jinsi ya Kupambana na Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi == Licha ya changamoto kubwa, kuna hatua mbalimbali zinazochukuliwa duniani na nchini [[Tanzania]] kulinda mazingira na kupunguza athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi. # Upandaji Miti - [[Miti]] ni muhimu sana katika kupambana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi kwa sababu hufyonza [[kaboni dioksidi]] na kutoa [[oksijeni]]. Hapa [[Tanzania]], kampeni ya Kitaifa ya Upandaji Miti inaagiza kila Halmashauri kupanda miti 1,500,000 kila mwaka. Wakati huo huo, inakadiriwa kuwa kati ya hekta 130,000 hadi 500,000 za [[misitu]] hupotea kila mwaka kutokana na [[ukataji miti]] hovyo. # Matumizi ya Nishati Safi - Kuchoma [[makaa ya mawe]], [[mafuta ya petroliamu]], na [[gesi asilia]] ndio chanzo kikuu cha [[gesi chafuzi]]. Kwa hiyo, nchi duniani zinahamia kwenye matumizi ya [[nishati mbadala]] kama [[nishati ya jua]], [[nishati ya upepo]], na [[nishati ya maji]]. Hii inapunguza kwa kiasi kikubwa utoaji wa hewa chafu angani. # Kuhifadhi Misitu na Vyanzo vya Maji - Kuhifadhi [[misitu]] na [[vyanzo vya maji]] ni muhimu kwa ajili ya [[wanyamapori]] na [[binadamu]]. Meneja wa mradi wa USAID Tuhifadhi Maliasili, Elikana Kalumanga, amesema kuwa [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] yanachangia [[migogoro]] kati ya wanyamapori na binadamu kwa sababu ya uhaba wa maji na malisho. # Makubaliano ya Kimataifa - [[Tanzania]] iliridhia [[Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] mwaka 1996 na Itifaki yake ya Kyoto mwaka 2002. Pia, Tanzania ni miongoni mwa nchi zilizoridhia [[Makubaliano ya Paris]] ya mwaka 2015, ambayo yanalenga kuhakikisha kwamba joto la dunia haliingii zaidi ya nyuzi 2 °C kabla ya mwisho wa karne hii.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Hotuba ya Bunge|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|date=2018-04-03|url=http://parliament.go.tz/polis/uploads/documents/1523461271-3%20APRILI%202018.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kilimo Endelevu - Wakulima wanahimizwa kutumia mbinu za [[kilimo endelevu]] kama vile [[mbolea za kikaboni]] badala ya kemikali kali, [[mzunguko wa mazao]], na [[umwagiliaji]] wa kisasa unaotumia maji kidogo. Mbinu hizi zinasaidia kupunguza utoaji wa [[methane]] na [[oksidi ya nitrojeni]] angani. == Gesi Chafuzi na Vyanzo Vyake == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Gesi chafu !Chanzo kikuu !Athari ! |- |[[Dioksidi kaboni]] (CO₂) |Uchomaji wa [[mafuta]], [[ukataji miti]], [[viwanda]] |Hufyonza joto angani na kusababisha [[ongezeko la joto duniani]] | |- |[[Methane]] (CH₄) |[[Mifugo]] ([[ng'ombe]], [[mbuzi]]), [[mashamba ya mpunga]], [[taka]] za madampo |Yenye nguvu mara 25 zaidi ya CO₂ katika kuhifadhi joto | |- |[[Oksidi ya nitrojeni]] (N₂O) |[[Mbolea]] za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]] | Yenye nguvu mara 298 zaidi ya CO₂ | |} == Tazama pia == * [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani]]. * [[Tabianchi]]. * [[Tofauti za hali ya hewa na mabadiliko yake]]. * [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani]]. * [[Uhifadhi wa mazingira]]. * [[Mkataba wa Paris]]. == Marejeo== {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:ekolojia]] tjksar8gz6uwql959u26asw9dkmkep4 1569303 1569299 2026-06-10T07:00:37Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tazama pia */ 1569303 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mabadiliko ya tabianchi''' yanarejelea mabadiliko ya muda mrefu katika [[joto]] na mifumo ya hali ya [[hewa]]. Mabadiliko haya yanaweza kuwa ya [[asili]], kutokana na mabadiliko katika shughuli za jua au milipuko mikubwa ya [[volkeno]]. <ref>{{Cite Web|title=What is Climate change|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change|accessdate=2025-02-05}}</ref> == Sababu za mabadiliko ya tabianchi == ===Sababu za asili=== # '''Milipuko ya volkeno''' – milipuko mikubwa ya volkeno hutoa majivu, vumbi, na gesi kama dioksidi ya sulfuri angani, ambayo inaweza kupunguza joto la dunia kwa muda kwa kuzuia mwangaza wa jua. Hata hivyo, gesi zingine huchangia ongezeko la joto kwa muda mrefu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # '''Mabadiliko ya shughuli za jua''' – kiwango cha nishati kinachotolewa na jua hubadilika kwa muda, na kusababisha ongezeko au upungufu wa joto duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # '''Mabadiliko ya mikondo ya bahari'''– mikondo ya bahari kama El Niño na La Niña huathiri joto la dunia na mifumo ya hali ya hewa. Mikondo ya joto huongeza halijoto ya anga, wakati mikondo ya baridi inaweza kusababisha baridi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # '''Mabadiliko ya mzunguko wa dunia''' – mabadiliko ya mwelekeo na mzunguko wa dunia kuzunguka jua yanaweza kuathiri usambazaji wa mwangaza wa jua na kusababisha vipindi vya baridi au joto kwa maelfu ya miaka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # '''Uzalishaji wa asili wa gesi za joto''' – michakato ya asili kama kuoza kwa mimea kwenye maeneo ya vinamasi na kuyeyuka kwa permafrost hutoa gesi kama methane na dioksidi kaboni, ambazo huchangia ongezeko la joto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> ===Sababu za kibinadamu=== # Uchomaji wa mafuta ya kawaida – kuchoma makaa ya mawe, mafuta, na gesi asilia hutoa dioksidi kaboni (CO₂) na gesi zingine za joto, ambazo huzuia joto kuondoka angani na kusababisha ongezeko la joto duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Sababu za Mabadiliko ya Binadamu|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Ukataji wa misitu – kukata miti hupunguza uwezo wa misitu kunyonya CO₂, na hivyo kuongeza kiwango cha gesi hizi kwenye anga.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Athari za Binadamu|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Uzalishaji wa viwandani – viwanda hutoa uchafuzi wa hewa, ikiwa ni pamoja na CO₂ na methane, kutoka kwa shughuli za uzalishaji, hali inayochochea mabadiliko ya tabianchi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Sababu za Mabadiliko|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kilimo – mifugo hutoa methane wakati wa mmeng’enyo wa chakula, na mbolea zenye nitrojeni hutoa oksidi ya nitrojeni, zote zikiwa gesi zenye nguvu za joto zinazochangia ongezeko la joto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Athari za Kilimo|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Miji mikubwa na mabadiliko ya matumizi ya ardhi – upanuzi wa miji, barabara, na majengo hubadilisha ardhi ya asili, huongeza ufyonzaji wa joto, na kuathiri udhibiti wa halijoto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Mabadiliko ya Matumizi ya Ardhi|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Utupaji wa taka na uzalishaji wa gesi kutoka kwa madampo – taka zinazooza kwenye madampo hutoa methane, gesi inayochangia kwa kiasi kikubwa ongezeko la joto duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Uchafuzi wa Taka|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Matumizi kupita kiasi na unyonyaji wa rasilimali – uhitaji mkubwa wa rasilimali husababisha matumizi makubwa ya nishati, ukataji wa misitu, na uchafuzi wa mazingira, hali zinazochangia mabadiliko ya tabianchi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Matumizi ya Rasilimali|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Athari za Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi == # Kupanda kwa Joto la Dunia - Kiwango cha joto duniani kimeongezeka kwa kasi. Tangu mwaka 1880, wastani wa joto la dunia umeongezeka kwa nyuzi 1.1 °C. Wanasayansi wanatabiri kwamba kama hatutachukua hatua, joto linaweza kuongezeka hadi nyuzi 2.5 °C ifikapo mwisho wa karne hii.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kuyeyuka kwa Barafu na Kupanda kwa Kiwango cha Bahari - Barafu kwenye ncha za [[Aktiki]] na [[Antaktika]] inayeyuka kwa kasi. Pia, [[barafu]] ya [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] inapotea mwaka baada ya mwaka. Hii inachangia [[kupanda kwa kina cha bahari]] ambako kunatishia miji ya pwani na visiwa vya [[Bahari Hindi]]. # Mabadiliko ya Msimu wa Mvua na Ukame - Sehemu nyingi za [[Tanzania]] zimeathirika na mabadiliko ya tabianchi. [[Mikoa]] ya [[Dodoma]], [[Arusha]], [[Manyara]], [[Shinyanga]], [[Simiyu]], [[Kagera]], [[Songwe]] na [[Mbeya]] imeanza kuonja athari za mabadiliko haya kwa kupata ukame mkali au mafuriko yasiyotarajiwa. # Kuongezeka kwa Magonjwa - Mabadiliko ya tabianchi yanachangia kuenea kwa [[magonjwa]] ya kuambukiza kama [[malaria]] na [[dengue fever]]. Kwa sababu [[mbu]] wanaoeneza magonjwa haya wanazaliana kwa wingi katika maeneo yenye joto la wastani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Papa Francisko: Athari za Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|publisher=Vatican News|date=2023-07-25|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/sw/pope/news/2023-07/papa-francisko-athari-mabadiliko-tabia-nchi-duniani-2023.html|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Athari kwa Kilimo na Chakula - [[Ukame]] na mafuriko yanaharibu [[mazao]] na kupunguza [[usawa wa chakula]] (food security) nchini [[Tanzania]]. Wakulima wengi wanapoteza mazao yao na kukosa chakula cha kutosha kwa familia zao.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pawar V. K.|title=Climate Change and Its Impact on Ecosystems and Human Societies|publisher=Zenodo|year=2024|url=https://zenodo.org/records/14217748|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Jinsi ya Kupambana na Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi == Licha ya changamoto kubwa, kuna hatua mbalimbali zinazochukuliwa duniani na nchini [[Tanzania]] kulinda mazingira na kupunguza athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi. # Upandaji Miti - [[Miti]] ni muhimu sana katika kupambana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi kwa sababu hufyonza [[kaboni dioksidi]] na kutoa [[oksijeni]]. Hapa [[Tanzania]], kampeni ya Kitaifa ya Upandaji Miti inaagiza kila Halmashauri kupanda miti 1,500,000 kila mwaka. Wakati huo huo, inakadiriwa kuwa kati ya hekta 130,000 hadi 500,000 za [[misitu]] hupotea kila mwaka kutokana na [[ukataji miti]] hovyo. # Matumizi ya Nishati Safi - Kuchoma [[makaa ya mawe]], [[mafuta ya petroliamu]], na [[gesi asilia]] ndio chanzo kikuu cha [[gesi chafuzi]]. Kwa hiyo, nchi duniani zinahamia kwenye matumizi ya [[nishati mbadala]] kama [[nishati ya jua]], [[nishati ya upepo]], na [[nishati ya maji]]. Hii inapunguza kwa kiasi kikubwa utoaji wa hewa chafu angani. # Kuhifadhi Misitu na Vyanzo vya Maji - Kuhifadhi [[misitu]] na [[vyanzo vya maji]] ni muhimu kwa ajili ya [[wanyamapori]] na [[binadamu]]. Meneja wa mradi wa USAID Tuhifadhi Maliasili, Elikana Kalumanga, amesema kuwa [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] yanachangia [[migogoro]] kati ya wanyamapori na binadamu kwa sababu ya uhaba wa maji na malisho. # Makubaliano ya Kimataifa - [[Tanzania]] iliridhia [[Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] mwaka 1996 na Itifaki yake ya Kyoto mwaka 2002. Pia, Tanzania ni miongoni mwa nchi zilizoridhia [[Makubaliano ya Paris]] ya mwaka 2015, ambayo yanalenga kuhakikisha kwamba joto la dunia haliingii zaidi ya nyuzi 2 °C kabla ya mwisho wa karne hii.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Hotuba ya Bunge|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|date=2018-04-03|url=http://parliament.go.tz/polis/uploads/documents/1523461271-3%20APRILI%202018.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kilimo Endelevu - Wakulima wanahimizwa kutumia mbinu za [[kilimo endelevu]] kama vile [[mbolea za kikaboni]] badala ya kemikali kali, [[mzunguko wa mazao]], na [[umwagiliaji]] wa kisasa unaotumia maji kidogo. Mbinu hizi zinasaidia kupunguza utoaji wa [[methane]] na [[oksidi ya nitrojeni]] angani. == Gesi Chafuzi na Vyanzo Vyake == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Gesi chafu !Chanzo kikuu !Athari ! |- |[[Dioksidi kaboni]] (CO₂) |Uchomaji wa [[mafuta]], [[ukataji miti]], [[viwanda]] |Hufyonza joto angani na kusababisha [[ongezeko la joto duniani]] | |- |[[Methane]] (CH₄) |[[Mifugo]] ([[ng'ombe]], [[mbuzi]]), [[mashamba ya mpunga]], [[taka]] za madampo |Yenye nguvu mara 25 zaidi ya CO₂ katika kuhifadhi joto | |- |[[Oksidi ya nitrojeni]] (N₂O) |[[Mbolea]] za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]] | Yenye nguvu mara 298 zaidi ya CO₂ | |} == Tazama pia == * [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani]] * [[Tabianchi]] * [[Tofauti za hali ya hewa na mabadiliko yake]] * [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani]] * [[Hifadhi ya mazingira]] * [[Mkataba wa Paris]] == Marejeo== {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:ekolojia]] 8zznugotzjej64q45tqjdjuk7cz74hn 1569304 1569303 2026-06-10T07:01:01Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1569304 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mabadiliko ya tabianchi''' yanarejelea mabadiliko ya muda mrefu katika [[joto]] na mifumo ya hali ya [[hewa]]. Mabadiliko haya yanaweza kuwa ya [[asili]], kutokana na mabadiliko katika shughuli za jua au milipuko mikubwa ya [[volkeno]]. <ref>{{Cite Web|title=What is Climate change|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change|accessdate=2025-02-05}}</ref> == Sababu za mabadiliko ya tabianchi == ===Sababu za asili=== # '''Milipuko ya volkeno''' – milipuko mikubwa ya volkeno hutoa majivu, vumbi, na gesi kama dioksidi ya sulfuri angani, ambayo inaweza kupunguza joto la dunia kwa muda kwa kuzuia mwangaza wa jua. Hata hivyo, gesi zingine huchangia ongezeko la joto kwa muda mrefu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # '''Mabadiliko ya shughuli za jua''' – kiwango cha nishati kinachotolewa na jua hubadilika kwa muda, na kusababisha ongezeko au upungufu wa joto duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # '''Mabadiliko ya mikondo ya bahari'''– mikondo ya bahari kama El Niño na La Niña huathiri joto la dunia na mifumo ya hali ya hewa. Mikondo ya joto huongeza halijoto ya anga, wakati mikondo ya baridi inaweza kusababisha baridi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # '''Mabadiliko ya mzunguko wa dunia''' – mabadiliko ya mwelekeo na mzunguko wa dunia kuzunguka jua yanaweza kuathiri usambazaji wa mwangaza wa jua na kusababisha vipindi vya baridi au joto kwa maelfu ya miaka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # '''Uzalishaji wa asili wa gesi za joto''' – michakato ya asili kama kuoza kwa mimea kwenye maeneo ya vinamasi na kuyeyuka kwa permafrost hutoa gesi kama methane na dioksidi kaboni, ambazo huchangia ongezeko la joto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Sababu za Asili|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> ===Sababu za kibinadamu=== # Uchomaji wa mafuta ya kawaida – kuchoma makaa ya mawe, mafuta, na gesi asilia hutoa dioksidi kaboni (CO₂) na gesi zingine za joto, ambazo huzuia joto kuondoka angani na kusababisha ongezeko la joto duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Sababu za Mabadiliko ya Binadamu|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Ukataji wa misitu – kukata miti hupunguza uwezo wa misitu kunyonya CO₂, na hivyo kuongeza kiwango cha gesi hizi kwenye anga.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Athari za Binadamu|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Uzalishaji wa viwandani – viwanda hutoa uchafuzi wa hewa, ikiwa ni pamoja na CO₂ na methane, kutoka kwa shughuli za uzalishaji, hali inayochochea mabadiliko ya tabianchi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Sababu za Mabadiliko|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kilimo – mifugo hutoa methane wakati wa mmeng’enyo wa chakula, na mbolea zenye nitrojeni hutoa oksidi ya nitrojeni, zote zikiwa gesi zenye nguvu za joto zinazochangia ongezeko la joto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Athari za Kilimo|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Miji mikubwa na mabadiliko ya matumizi ya ardhi – upanuzi wa miji, barabara, na majengo hubadilisha ardhi ya asili, huongeza ufyonzaji wa joto, na kuathiri udhibiti wa halijoto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Mabadiliko ya Matumizi ya Ardhi|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Utupaji wa taka na uzalishaji wa gesi kutoka kwa madampo – taka zinazooza kwenye madampo hutoa methane, gesi inayochangia kwa kiasi kikubwa ongezeko la joto duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Uchafuzi wa Taka|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Matumizi kupita kiasi na unyonyaji wa rasilimali – uhitaji mkubwa wa rasilimali husababisha matumizi makubwa ya nishati, ukataji wa misitu, na uchafuzi wa mazingira, hali zinazochangia mabadiliko ya tabianchi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historia ya Uendelevu – Matumizi ya Rasilimali|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/@api/deki/pages/166233/pdf/22.2%253A%2bHistoria%2bya%2bUendelevu.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Athari za Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi == # Kupanda kwa Joto la Dunia - Kiwango cha joto duniani kimeongezeka kwa kasi. Tangu mwaka 1880, wastani wa joto la dunia umeongezeka kwa nyuzi 1.1 °C. Wanasayansi wanatabiri kwamba kama hatutachukua hatua, joto linaweza kuongezeka hadi nyuzi 2.5 °C ifikapo mwisho wa karne hii.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|publisher=LibreTexts|url=https://query.libretexts.org/Kiswahili/Sayansi_ya_Mazingira_(Ha_na_Schleiger)/06%3A_Athari_za_mazingira/6.03%3A_Mabadiliko_ya_Tabianchi|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kuyeyuka kwa Barafu na Kupanda kwa Kiwango cha Bahari - Barafu kwenye ncha za [[Aktiki]] na [[Antaktika]] inayeyuka kwa kasi. Pia, [[barafu]] ya [[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] inapotea mwaka baada ya mwaka. Hii inachangia [[kupanda kwa kina cha bahari]] ambako kunatishia miji ya pwani na visiwa vya [[Bahari Hindi]]. # Mabadiliko ya Msimu wa Mvua na Ukame - Sehemu nyingi za [[Tanzania]] zimeathirika na mabadiliko ya tabianchi. [[Mikoa]] ya [[Dodoma]], [[Arusha]], [[Manyara]], [[Shinyanga]], [[Simiyu]], [[Kagera]], [[Songwe]] na [[Mbeya]] imeanza kuonja athari za mabadiliko haya kwa kupata ukame mkali au mafuriko yasiyotarajiwa. # Kuongezeka kwa Magonjwa - Mabadiliko ya tabianchi yanachangia kuenea kwa [[magonjwa]] ya kuambukiza kama [[malaria]] na [[dengue fever]]. Kwa sababu [[mbu]] wanaoeneza magonjwa haya wanazaliana kwa wingi katika maeneo yenye joto la wastani.<ref>{{cite web|title=Papa Francisko: Athari za Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi|publisher=Vatican News|date=2023-07-25|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/sw/pope/news/2023-07/papa-francisko-athari-mabadiliko-tabia-nchi-duniani-2023.html|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Athari kwa Kilimo na Chakula - [[Ukame]] na mafuriko yanaharibu [[mazao]] na kupunguza [[usawa wa chakula]] (food security) nchini [[Tanzania]]. Wakulima wengi wanapoteza mazao yao na kukosa chakula cha kutosha kwa familia zao.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pawar V. K.|title=Climate Change and Its Impact on Ecosystems and Human Societies|publisher=Zenodo|year=2024|url=https://zenodo.org/records/14217748|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Jinsi ya Kupambana na Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi == Licha ya changamoto kubwa, kuna hatua mbalimbali zinazochukuliwa duniani na nchini [[Tanzania]] kulinda mazingira na kupunguza athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi. # Upandaji Miti - [[Miti]] ni muhimu sana katika kupambana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi kwa sababu hufyonza [[kaboni dioksidi]] na kutoa [[oksijeni]]. Hapa [[Tanzania]], kampeni ya Kitaifa ya Upandaji Miti inaagiza kila Halmashauri kupanda miti 1,500,000 kila mwaka. Wakati huo huo, inakadiriwa kuwa kati ya hekta 130,000 hadi 500,000 za [[misitu]] hupotea kila mwaka kutokana na [[ukataji miti]] hovyo. # Matumizi ya Nishati Safi - Kuchoma [[makaa ya mawe]], [[mafuta ya petroliamu]], na [[gesi asilia]] ndio chanzo kikuu cha [[gesi chafuzi]]. Kwa hiyo, nchi duniani zinahamia kwenye matumizi ya [[nishati mbadala]] kama [[nishati ya jua]], [[nishati ya upepo]], na [[nishati ya maji]]. Hii inapunguza kwa kiasi kikubwa utoaji wa hewa chafu angani. # Kuhifadhi Misitu na Vyanzo vya Maji - Kuhifadhi [[misitu]] na [[vyanzo vya maji]] ni muhimu kwa ajili ya [[wanyamapori]] na [[binadamu]]. Meneja wa mradi wa USAID Tuhifadhi Maliasili, Elikana Kalumanga, amesema kuwa [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] yanachangia [[migogoro]] kati ya wanyamapori na binadamu kwa sababu ya uhaba wa maji na malisho. # Makubaliano ya Kimataifa - [[Tanzania]] iliridhia [[Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi]] mwaka 1996 na Itifaki yake ya Kyoto mwaka 2002. Pia, Tanzania ni miongoni mwa nchi zilizoridhia [[Makubaliano ya Paris]] ya mwaka 2015, ambayo yanalenga kuhakikisha kwamba joto la dunia haliingii zaidi ya nyuzi 2 °C kabla ya mwisho wa karne hii.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi – Hotuba ya Bunge|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|date=2018-04-03|url=http://parliament.go.tz/polis/uploads/documents/1523461271-3%20APRILI%202018.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kilimo Endelevu - Wakulima wanahimizwa kutumia mbinu za [[kilimo endelevu]] kama vile [[mbolea za kikaboni]] badala ya kemikali kali, [[mzunguko wa mazao]], na [[umwagiliaji]] wa kisasa unaotumia maji kidogo. Mbinu hizi zinasaidia kupunguza utoaji wa [[methane]] na [[oksidi ya nitrojeni]] angani. == Gesi Chafuzi na Vyanzo Vyake == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Gesi chafu !Chanzo kikuu !Athari ! |- |[[Dioksidi kaboni]] (CO₂) |Uchomaji wa [[mafuta]], [[ukataji miti]], [[viwanda]] |Hufyonza joto angani na kusababisha [[ongezeko la joto duniani]] | |- |[[Methane]] (CH₄) |[[Mifugo]] ([[ng'ombe]], [[mbuzi]]), [[mashamba ya mpunga]], [[taka]] za madampo |Yenye nguvu mara 25 zaidi ya CO₂ katika kuhifadhi joto | |- |[[Oksidi ya nitrojeni]] (N₂O) |[[Mbolea]] za [[kilimo]], [[viwanda]] | Yenye nguvu mara 298 zaidi ya CO₂ | |} == Tazama pia == * [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani]] * [[Tabianchi]] * [[Tofauti za hali ya hewa na mabadiliko yake]] * [[Kupanda kwa halijoto duniani]] * [[Hifadhi ya mazingira]] * [[Mkataba wa Paris]] == Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:ekolojia]] djek7pm6s9b88gxstuhja2u1paibhk5 0 204384 1569249 1528821 2026-06-10T05:16:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Victoria Claflin Woodhull''' (alizaliwa Victoria California Claflin, baadaye Victoria Woodhull Martin; [[Septemba 23]], [[1838]] – [[9 Juni]] [[1927]]) alikuwa [[kiongozi]] wa [[Kimarekani]] wa harakati ya haki za wanawake kupiga kura ambaye aligombea urais wa Marekani katika uchaguzi wa [[1872]]. Ingawa [[Wanahistoria|wananistoria]] na [[Mwandishi|waandishi]] wengi wanakubali kwamba Woodhull alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kugombea urais, wengine hawakubaliani na kuainisha hilo kama ugombea wa kweli kwa sababu kulingana na Katiba angekuwa mdogo sana kuwa [[Rais]] ikiwa angechaguliwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victoria-woodhull.com/images/VictoriaWoodhullDeath.jpg |title=Victoria Woodhull Martin certified death certificate |date=June 17, 2015 |website=victoria-woodhull.com |publisher=Obtained from the General Register Office, UK |access-date=November 9, 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110044008/http://www.victoria-woodhull.com/images/VictoriaWoodhullDeath.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mwanaharakati wa haki za wanawake na marekebisho ya [[kazi]], Woodhull pia alikuwa mtetezi wa "upendo huru", ambapo alimaanisha uhuru wa kuoa, kutaliki na kuzaa watoto bila vizuizi vya kijamii au kuingiliwa na [[serikali]]. "Hawawezi kurudisha nyuma [[wimbi]] linalopanda la mageuzi," mara nyingi alisema. "Ulimwengu unaendelea."<ref>{{cite book |last=Finan |first=Christopher |date=2022 |title=How Free Speech Saved Democracy |url=https://archive.org/details/howfreespeechsav0000fina|location=Lebanon, NH |publisher=Truth To Power |pages=[https://archive.org/details/howfreespeechsav0000fina/page/n53 38]–39 |isbn=9781586422981}}</ref> Woodhull alipitia mara mbili kutoka umaskini hadi utajiri, utajiri wake wa kwanza ulipatikana barabarani kama mponyaji wa sumaku kabla ya kujiunga na [[harakati]] ya kiroho katika miaka ya [[1870]]. [[Uandishi]] wa makala zake nyingi unapingwa (hotuba zake nyingi juu ya mada hizi zilikuwa ushirikiano kati ya Woodhull, wafadhili wake, na mume wake wa pili, Kanali James Blood). Pamoja na dada yake, Tennessee Claflin, alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuendesha [[kampuni]] ya udalali kwenye Wall Street, akipata utajiri wa pili. Walikuwa miongoni mwa wanawake wa kwanza kuanzisha gazeti nchini Marekani, Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, ambalo lilianza kuchapishwa mwaka 1870. Woodhull alikuwa na shughuli za kisiasa katika miaka ya mapema ya [[1870]] alipoteuliwa kama mgombea mwanamke wa kwanza wa urais wa Marekani. Woodhull alikuwa mgombea mwaka [[1872]] kutoka Chama cha Haki za Usawa, akiunga mkono haki za wanawake kupiga kura na haki za usawa; mshirika wake wa kugombea (bila yeye kujua) alikuwa kiongozi wa kumudu ukoloni Frederick Douglass. Kampeni yake ilimudu angalau mwanamke mmoja mwingine mbali na dada yake kugombea Congress. Ukaguzi wa shughuli zake ulitokea alipokamatwa kwa mashtaka ya uchafu siku chache kabla ya uchaguzi. [[Gazeti]] lake lilikuwa limechapisha akaunti ya madai ya uchumba kati ya mhubiri mashuhuri Henry Ward Beecher na Elizabeth Richards Tilton ambayo ilikuwa na maelezo zaidi ya yale yaliyochukuliwa kuwa ya heshima wakati huo. Hata hivyo, yote haya yaliongeza [[habari]] za kusisimua za ugombea wake.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2016/10/18/victoria-woodhull-hillary-clinton-first-woman/92051476/|title=First woman to run for president — 'Mrs. Satan' — was no Hillary Clinton|first=Rick|last=Hampson|website=USA TODAY}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/free-love-advocate-victoria-woodhull-excited-bloomington/article_2c2cb275-b36e-5a6a-bc6a-dd4821121900.html |title='Free love' advocate Victoria Woodhull excited Bloomington |newspaper= [[The Pantagraph]] |date= November 15, 2016 |access-date= April 13, 2016 |last= Kemp |first= Bill}}</ref> == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Victoria California Claflin alizaliwa akiwa wa saba kati ya [[watoto]] kumi (sita kati yao waliobakia hadi kukomaa), katika mji wa vijijini wa Homer, Kaunti ya Licking, Ohio. Mama yake, Bi Roxanna "Roxy" Hummel Claflin, alizaliwa na wazazi wasiooa na hakuwa na elimu ya kusoma na kuandika. Alikuwa amekuwa mfuasi wa mwanamistikali wa Austria Franz Mesmer na harakati mpya ya [[kiroho]]. Baba yake, Reuben Buckman "Buck" Claflin, Esq., alikuwa mlaghai, wakili na muuzaji wa mafuta ya nyoka. Alitoka katika tawi maskini la familia ya Claflin ya Scots-American yenye makao yake [[Massachusetts]], binamu wa mbali wa Gavana wa [[Massachusetts]] William Claflin.<ref name="FD-VP">{{Rejea kitabu |last=Trotman |first=C. James |title=Frederick Douglass: A Biography |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-313-35036-8 |pages=118–119}}</ref> Woodhull alichapwa na [[baba]] yake, kulingana na [[mwandishi]] wa [[wasifu]] Theodore Tilton. Mwandishi wa wasifu Barbara Goldsmith alidai pia alinyimwa chakula na kunyanyaswa kingono na baba yake alipokuwa bado mdogo sana. Aliegemeza madai yake ya uchukizo kwenye [[taarifa]] katika wasifu wa Theodore Tilton: "Lakini wazazi, kana kwamba hawakutaka kuachana na binti ambaye huzuni yake ilikuwa ikimudu kuwa [[mwanamke]] kabla ya wakati wake, walifurahi na pendekezo lisilotarajiwa." [[Mwandishi]] wa wasifu Myra MacPherson anapinga madai ya Goldsmith kwamba "Vickie mara nyingi alidokeza kwamba alimnyanyasa kingono" pamoja na usahihi wa Goldsmith kusema kwamba "Miaka baadaye, Vickie angesema kwamba Buck alimfanya 'mwanamke kabla ya wakati wangu.'" Macpherson aliandika, "''Sio tu kwamba Victoria hakusema hivi, hakukuwa na 'mara nyingi' iliyohusika, wala haikuwa kuhusu uchukizo''." Woodhull aliamini katika kiroho alirejelea "''Roho ya Banquo''" kutoka Macbeth ya Shakespeare kwa sababu ilimpa imani ya maisha bora zaidi. Alisema kwamba mwaka [[1868]] aliongozwa na Demosthenes juu ya ishara gani za kutumia kuunga mkono nadharia zake za Upendo Huru.<ref>For an account of the arrest, see "[https://www.nytimes.com/1872/11/03/archives/the-claflin-family-arrest-of-victoria-woodhull-tennie-c-claflin-and.html The Claflin Family: Arrest of Victoria Woodhull, Tennie C. Claflin and Col. Blood – They are Charged with Publishing an Obscene Newspaper]," ''The New York Times''. November 3, 1872, page 1.</ref> Walipokua wakubwa, Victoria alikua karibu na [[dada]] yake [[Tennessee]] Celeste Claflin (aliyeitwa Tennie), mdogo wake kwa miaka saba na mtoto wa mwisho kuzaliwa katika familia hiyo. Wakiwa watu wazima, walishirikiana katika kuanzisha kampuni ya udalali na gazeti huko [[New York City]]. Kufikia umri wa miaka [[11]], Woodhull alikuwa na miaka [[mitatu]] tu ya elimu rasmi, lakini walimu wake walimwona kuwa mwenye akili sana. Alilazimika kuacha [[shule]] na nyumba pamoja na [[familia]] yake wakati baba yake, baada ya "kuiweka bima kwa kiwango kikubwa," alichoma kinu cha nafaka cha [[familia]] kilichokuwa kimeoza. Alipojaribu kulipwa na bima, uchomaji wake na ulaghai uligunduliwa; alifukuzwa na kikundi cha walinzi wa mji. Mji ulifanya "faida" ya kukusanya [[pesa]] za kulipia [[gharama]] za kuondoka kwa familia hiyo kutoka Ohio.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/victoria-woodhull-first-woman-to-run-for-president|title=Move Over, Hillary! Victoria Woodhull Was the First Woman to Run for U.S. President|website=Vogue|date=April 13, 2015|language=en|access-date=September 12, 2019}}</ref><ref>1850 federal census, Licking, Ohio; Series M432, Roll 703, p. 437; father listed as Buckman, brothers incorrectly transcribed as Hubern (Hubert) and Malven (Melvin).</ref><ref name="Wight">Wight, Charles Henry, ''Genealogy of the Claflin Family, 1661–1898''. New York: Press of William Green. 1903. ''passim'' (use index)</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1838]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1927]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] qa8cf7smashhmsfohyvv8gpms3n9ews 0 207820 1569234 1527675 2026-06-10T02:33:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569234 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ubaguzi dhidi ya Wayahudi''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: '''Antisemitism''') ni [[chuki]], [[ubaguzi]] au [[upendeleo]] wa aina yoyote dhidi ya [[Wayahudi]].<br>'''Maelezo ya IHRA kuhusu ubaguzi dhidi ya Wayahudi''': * Kuita au kusaidia kuua au kuumiza Wayahudi kwa jina la [[itikadi kali]] au [[dini]]. * Kutunga hadithi za uongo, chuki au kejeli kuhusu Wayahudi au nguvu zao, kama vile kusema Wayahudi wanadhibiti dunia, vyombo vya habari au serikali. * Kuwalaumu Wayahudi wote kwa kosa la mtu mmoja au kundi dogo, au hata kosa lililofanywa na mtu asiye Myahudi. * Kukana mauaji ya [[Maangamizi makuu dhidi ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya]], kama vile kusema hayakutokea, au kupunguza ukubwa wake. * Kusema Wayahudi au Israeli walitunga au walikithirisha hadithi ya [[Maangamizi makuu dhidi ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya]]. * Kusema raia Wayahudi ni waaminifu zaidi kwa Israeli kuliko kwa nchi zao. * Kukataa haki ya Wayahudi ya kuwa na taifa lao wenyewe, mfano kusema kuwa [[Israeli]] ni mradi wa kibaguzi. * Kuitaka Israeli kufuata viwango ambavyo mataifa mengine ya [[demokrasia]] hayatakiwi. * Kutumia picha au maneno ya zamani ya chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi kuelezea Israeli au Waisraeli. * Kufananisha sera za Israeli na zile za Wanazi. * Kuwalaumu Wayahudi wote kwa matendo ya serikali ya [[Israeli]].<ref name="Analyses">*{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=AJC's glossary of antisemitic terms, phrases, conspiracies, cartoons, themes, and memes. |url=https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2021-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2021.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} *{{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/ihra-misconceptions |title=Magnifying glass<br>Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Those who hate Jews can no longer hide behind empty rhetoric}} *{{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=500 years of antisemitic propaganda |url=https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/collections-highlights/500-years-of-antisemitic-propaganda |access-date=December 4, 2024}} *{{cite magazine |magazine=Fathom Journal |url=https://fathomjournal.org/holocaust-inversion-and-contemporary-antisemitism |title=Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism |last=Klaff |first=Lesley |year=2014 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} *{{cite journal |journal=The Christian Century |title=From hateful murmurs to blood libel |url=https://www.christiancentury.org/review/books/hateful-murmurs-blood-libel |last=Sweeney |first=Jon |year=2023 |access-date=December 4, 2024 |quote=Heather Blurton explains the origins and legacy of an outrageous antisemitic lie: the fable of William of Norwich.}} *{{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-inversion-is-going-mainstream |title=Holocaust inversion is going mainstream |date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=The point, of course, is to legitimize violence against Jews.}}</ref> Neno lingine linalotumika badala ya "antisemitism" ni '''Judeophobia'''.<ref name="J"> * {{cite book |title=Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674487789 |last=Schäfer |first=Peter |publisher=[[Harvard University]] Press |date=October 1, 1998 |isbn=9780674487789 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Studies Quarterly |title=Judeophobia: Peter Schäfer on the Origins of Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40753239 |last=Hayes |first=Christine |volume=6 |issue=3 |year=1999 |pages=261–273 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG |jstor=stable/40753239 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Demonizing the other: Antisemitism, racism and xenophobia |last=Wistrich |first=Robert S. |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.routledge.com/Demonizing-the-Other-Antisemitism-Racism-and-Xenophobia/Wistrich/p/book/9780415516198?srsltid=AfmBOorY99Ri7050fJeXI_aVojJOJ6Cgs9H9BzucjIJaNJ0g1VHmWr2v |isbn=978-0-415-51619-8 |year=1999 |access-date=December 7, 2024 }} * {{cite news |work=Haaretz |title=Opinion {{!}} Antisemitism? Better Call It Judeophobia |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2020-11-24/ty-article-opinion/.premium/antisemitism-better-call-it-judeophobia/0000017f-e187-d75c-a7ff-fd8fb67f0000 |last=Sand |first=Shlomo |date=November 24, 2020 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Israel Today |title=It’s Not Antisemitism, It’s Judeophobia. What’s the Difference and Why You Should Know |url=https://www.israeltoday.co.il/read/its-not-antisemitism-its-judeophobia-whats-the-difference-and-why-you-should-know |date=July 1, 2021 |last=Sadan |first=Tsvi |access-date=December 3, 2024 }}</ref> Baadhi ya watu hupendelea jina hili kwa sababu "antisemitism" linaweza kueleweka kwa njia tofauti.<ref name="J" /> ==Muhtasari== [[Historia ya binadamu]] imejawa na chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi (antisemitism),<ref name="J" /> ambapo mfano mbaya zaidi ni [[Maangamizi Makuu (Holocaust)]],<ref name="Holocaust introductions">* {{cite book |chapter=Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church |title=Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust |last=Shapiro |first=P.A. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/monograph/book/4016 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780253116741 |oclc=191071016 |access-date=November 4, 2024 }} * {{cite book |chapter=Towards the Holocaust |title=The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195341218?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |date=July 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press, USA |isbn=9780195341218 |access-date=November 3, 2024 }} * {{cite web |title=Deportation of Hungarian Jews |url=https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |work=Timeline of Events |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=October 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125004028/https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/deportation-of-hungarian-jews |archive-date=25 November 2017 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last1=Brosnan |first1=Matt |title=What Was The Holocaust? |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |publisher=Imperial War Museum |date=June 12, 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190302062958/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-the-holocaust |archive-date=March 2, 2019 |access-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} * {{Rejea tovuti|title=36 Questions About the Holocaust|url=https://www.museumoftolerance.com/education/teacher-resources/holocaust-resources/36-questions-about-the-holocaust.html|access-date=2024-10-14|website=Museum of Tolerance, [[Los Angeles]]}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> huku aina ya kawaida ya chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi ikiwa ni [[Nadharia ya njama|nadharia za njama]].<ref> * {{cite web |website=University of Edinburgh Research Archive |title=Metaphysical conspiracism: UFOs as discursive object between popular millennial and conspiracist fields |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/10586 |last=Robertson |first=David George |date=November 25, 2014 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Antisemitism Studies |title=Conspiracy Fetishism, Community, and the Antisemitic Imaginary |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/767680 |last=Bronner |first=Stephen Eric |pages=371–387 |volume=4 |issue=2 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |year=2020 |doi=10.2979/antistud.4.2.06 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |title=What breeds conspiracy antisemitism? The role of political uncontrollability and uncertainty in the belief in Jewish conspiracy |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2020-00767-001 |last1=Kofta |first1=Mirosław |last2=Soral |first2=Wiktor |last3=Bilewicz |first3=Michał |pages=900–918 |volume=118 |issue=5 |doi=10.1037/pspa0000183 |year=2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Handbook of UFO Religions |chapter=Chapter 7 They Knew Too Much: The Entangled History of Conspiracy Theories, UFOs and New Religions |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004435537/BP000017.xml |last=Robertson |first=David G. |pages=178–196 |doi=10.1163/9789004435537_009 |year=2021 |access-date=December 14, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Secrecy |chapter=Conspiracy Theories about Secret Religions: Imagining the Other |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003014751-33/conspiracy-teories-secret-religions-imagining-david-robertson |last=Robertson |first=David G. |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003014751 |year=2022 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref><ref>* {{cite journal |journal=New German Critique |title=Outrageous Conspiracy Theories: Popular and Official Responses to 9/11 in Germany and the United States |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27669225 |last=Knight |first=Peter |issue=103 |pages=165–193 |publisher=[[Duke University]] Press |year=2008 |access-date=December 14, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism |title=Antisemitic Conspiracy Theories and Violent Extremism on the Far Right: a Public Health Approach to Counter-Radicalization |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.26613/jca/2.1.19/pdf |last=Byington |first=Bradley |doi=10.26613/jca/2.1.19 |date=December 19, 2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics |title=Antisemitic conspiracy fantasy in the age of digital media: Three ‘conspiracy theorists’ and their YouTube audiences |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0963947020971997 |last1=Allington |first1=Daniel |last2=Buarque |first2=Beatriz L |last3=Flores |first3=Daniel Barker |volume=30 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/0963947020971997 |date=December 27, 2020 |access-date=December 14, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Polyphony |title=Does Antisemitism Provide the Blueprint for Nearly All Conspiracy Theories? |url=https://www.polyphonyjournal.com/_files/ugd/110a40_815d58f1316344cb8a302a1e972e483d.pdf#page=35 |last=Dye |first=Isobel |volume=5 |issue=2 |publisher=American Studies Press |date=June 24, 2023 |access-date=December 14, 2024 |archive-date=2024-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329155155/https://www.polyphonyjournal.com/_files/ugd/110a40_815d58f1316344cb8a302a1e972e483d.pdf#page=35 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |title=Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination |chapter=The Psychology of Contemporary Antisemitism |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003399162-14/psychology-contemporary-antisemitism-neil-kressel |last=Kressel |first=Neil J. |edition=3 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003399162 |year=2024 |access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref> [[Kivumishi]] cha chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi ni '''-enye chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi'''. Wale wenye maoni ya chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi wanaitwa '''wachukia Wayahudi'''.<ref> * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet magazine |title=Intersectional Antisemitism in America |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/intersectional-antisemitism-america |last=Vidino |first=Lorenzo |date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=More often, left-wing antisemites claim to be acting in the name of [[Progressivism|progressive]] principles while espousing the same [[#Lies about Jews|trite tropes]] that depict [[#Modern|Jews as embodiments of soulless capitalism]], [[colonialism]] (Israel is cast as the last colonial state), and white privilege.}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Anti-Zionism’ has become the new Antisemitism in Ireland |url=https://fathomjournal.org/anti-zionism-has-become-the-new-antisemitism-in-ireland |last=Sears |first=Oliver |year=2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=The language I hear denouncing Zionism is identical to the language deployed by antisemites, historical and current.}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Spiked |title=Who is the Guardian to call spiked ‘hard right’? |url=https://www.spiked-online.com/2024/12/09/who-is-the-guardian-to-call-spiked-hard-right |last=Slater |first=Tom |date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=While it [[Smear campaign|smears]] us as [[Far-right politics|right-wing extremists]], it stands accused of harbouring [[Misogyny|misogynists]] and anti-Semites.}} * {{cite news |work=The Free Press |title=The Explosion of Jew-Hate in Trudeau’s Canada |url=https://www.thefp.com/p/explosion-of-jew-hate-in-canada-trudeau-israel-palestine |last=Glavin |first=Terry |date=December 11, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=Almost none of these verbal or physical assaults are coming from [[White supremacy|white supremacists]] or antisemites of the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing variety]]. They are being carried out by self-described [[Progressivism|progressives]], Arabs [... .]}} * {{cite journal |journal=Jewish Journal |title=Pity the Poor Antisemite |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/377749/pity-the-poor-antisemite |last=Socken |first=Paul |date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=December 16, 2024 |quote=The antisemite is the most extreme and enduring symptom of a society in crisis.}}</ref> ===Mwenendo wa hivi karibuni=== [[File:This is the Devil Black Jesus sign protest by Black Hebrew Israelites at San Diego.jpg|thumb|[[Black Hebrew Israelites]], ambao wanakataa kuamini kwamba [[Yesu]] alikuwa [[Myahudi|Myahudi]], walipinga huko [[San Diego, California]] dhidi ya [[Uchoraji|taswira]] ya muda mrefu ya Yesu kama "[[Wazungu|Mzungu]]" badala ya [[Watu weusi|Mweusi]].]][[File:12 Lost Tribes of Israel.jpg|thumb|[[Bango]] la [[propaganda]] lililotengenezwa na Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI) likimaanisha kuwa [[Waamerika Weusi|Weusi]] na [[Wenyeji wa Amerika]] ndio "warithi halisi" wa [[Makabila ya Israeli|Makabila Kumi Yaliyopotea]] ya [[Waisraeli|Israeli]]. BHI wanadai kwamba watu hao wameainishwa "kimakosa" na [[Ubeberu|waheberu]] weupe katika makundi tofauti ya kikabila kote katika Dunia ya Magharibi.]] Mnamo Januari 14, 2025, kikundi cha [[haki za kiraia]] cha Marekani [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) kilitangaza matokeo ya utafiti wao mpya wa kimataifa (washiriki 58,000) kwamba 46% ya watu wazima duniani (takriban watu 2,200,000,000) walikuwa na maoni yaliyokita mizizi ya chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi.<ref name="Jan2025I">{{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=Nearly Half of World’s Adults Hold Antisemitic Views, ADL Survey Finds |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2025/01/14/nearly-half-worlds-adults-hold-antisemitic-views-adl-survey-finds |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025}}</ref> Miongoni mwa washiriki, 56% walifikiri kwamba Wayahudi walikuwa "waaminifu kwa Israeli pekee" huku 46% wakiamini kwamba "Wayahudi walikuwa na nguvu nyingi juu ya masuala ya kimataifa".<ref name="Jan2025I" /> 76% ya wale walio katika [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na [[Afrika Kaskazini]] (MENA) walionekana kukubaliana na [[Kasumba|dhana potofu]] 11 hasi kuhusu Wayahudi,<ref name="Jan2025I" /> asilimia ya juu zaidi kuliko maeneo mengine yote.<ref name="Jan2025I" /> Wakati huo huo, [[Kuwait]] na [[Indonesia]] zilipatikana kuwa na asilimia kubwa zaidi ya dhana hizo.<ref name="Jan2025II">{{cite news |work=Haaretz |title='Deeply Alarming' {{!}} Kuwait and Indonesia Top List of World's Most Antisemitic Countries, Global Survey Shows |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2025-01-14/ty-article/.premium/kuwait-and-indonesia-top-list-of-worlds-most-antisemitic-countries-global-survey-shows/00000194-5f7d-df8d-abbd-dfffe5250000 |last=Maltz |first=Judy |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025}}</ref> Kuhusu [[Maangamizi Makuu (Holocaust)]], ni 48% tu ya washiriki walitambua usahihi wake wa kihistoria, huku asilimia ikiwa ya chini kabisa (39%) miongoni mwa kundi la umri wa miaka 18–34,<ref name="Jan2025II" /> kinyume na imani ya kawaida ya wasomi wa kushoto kwamba vijana wana uwezekano mdogo wa kuelewa juu ya [[Ubaguzi wa rangi|wabaguzi wa rangi]].<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] (WSJ) |title=Nearly Half of Adults Worldwide Hold Antisemitic Views, Survey Finds |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/nearly-half-of-adults-worldwide-hold-antisemitic-views-survey-finds-574a1766 |last=Pancevski |first=Bojan |date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2025 |quote=Antisemitism has surged, especially among the young, as the Holocaust fades from collective memory}}</ref> ==Asili ya jina== [[Mwanahistoria]] wa Marekani [[Deborah Lipstadt]] na wataalamu kadhaa wa chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi walisema kwamba neno ''antisemitism'' lilibuniwa na mwanaharakati wa [[Ujerumani|Kijerumani]] mwenye chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wilhelm-Marr Wilhelm Marr] katika [[kitabu]] chake ''Path to Victory of Germanism Over Judaism'' kurejelea [[chuki]] dhidi ya Wayahudi, ambayo aliona ni muhimu kwa [[Jamii (sosholojia)|mbari]] ya Kijerumani kuwazuia Wayahudi (kikundi kikuu cha ''[[Wasemiti]]'' Ulaya wakati huo) kuharibu [[Ujerumani#Utamaduni|utamaduni wa Kijerumani]].<ref name="O">{{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |title=Anti-Semitism or Antisemitism? |last=Bard |first=Mitchell |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/anti-semitism-or-antisemitism |access-date=November 4, 2024}}</ref> Licha ya ''Wasemiti'' kujumuisha makundi mengine ya kikabila ya [[Mashariki ya Kati]],<ref name="Semite"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Semite {{!}} #TranslateHate {{!}} AJC |url=https://www.ajc.org/translatehate/Semite |access-date=January 16, 2025 |quote=Given the term’s [[Linguistics|linguistic]] origins [...] some Arabic speakers say they cannot be antisemitic because they are “Semites” too [...] these claims are actually a [[Example|manifestation]] of turn of the [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century|century European]] [[racism]] [. ...] the [[Black Hebrew Israelites]], have said they cannot be antisemitic because they “are the Semitic people.” [[Celebrity]] [[Kanye West|Kanye (Ye) West]] echoed this [[Delusion|belief]] [. ...which] is an example of the [[#Lies about Jews|antisemitic claim]] that [[Jewish diaspora|today’s Jews]] are not [[Descendant|descended]] from the [[Israelites|Jews of the Bible]].}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=Encyclopedia Britannica: Arab, Semitic people can't be called antisemitic |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-695378 |last=Starr |first=Michael |date=February 4, 2022 |access-date=January 16, 2025 |quote=Excluding Arabs and Semitic people from being labeled antisemitic because of their "Semitism" is what is called a "etymological fallacy" -- When the archaic root words or original meaning of a term are used to make an argument about the current meaning or even the generally accepted definition.}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Origins and concept of anti-Semitism |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/anti-Semitism |access-date=January 16, 2025}}</ref> wanaharakati wa Ujerumani kama Wilhelm Marr waliwarejelea Wayahudi kama ''Wasemiti'' hasa.<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> Kutokana na [[Semantiki|maana]], ''antisemitism'' haiwezi kuchukuliwa kama chuki dhidi ya makundi yote ya ''Kisemitiki'', au ingesababisha makosa ya kiisimu (kutumia maana ya zamani ya neno kufanya hoja kuhusu maana yake ya sasa).<ref name="Semite" /> Zaidi ya hayo, neno hilo linajumuisha Wayahudi wanaofanya [[Uyahudi]], Wayahudi walio badili dini na kuwa [[Ukristo]] na wale wenye [[asili]] ya Kiyahudi inayoweza kufuatiliwa,<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> ambao wote wanaweza kuwa waathirika wa chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi.<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> ===Tahajia=== Neno hili huandikwa na wengine kama ''anti-Semitism'', lakini [[tahajia]] kama hiyo ina utata. Wanahistoria wameeleza kuwa ''anti-Semitism'' inapotosha kwani hakuna [[itikadi]] kama "Semitism" inayoweza kupingwa,<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> huku [[dhana]] ya ''[[Wasemiti]]'' [[Kinasaba|ikichimbuka]] kutoka sayansi-bandia ya karne ya 19 ubaguzi wa rangi wa kisayansi.<ref name="O" /><ref name="Semite" /> ==Uongo kuhusu Wayahudi== ===Kale=== # Wayahudi walimuua Yesu # Wayahudi waliwasaliti [[Nabii|manabii]] wao<ref name="A1" /><ref name="A2">* {{cite journal|journal=HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory|title=The Roman Catholic Church, the Holocaust, and the demonization of the Jews. Response to “Benjamin and us: Christanity, its Jews, and history” by Jeanne Favret-Saada|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.14318/hau4.3.020|last=Kertzer|first=David I.|pages=329–333|volume=4|issue=3|publisher=The [[University of Chicago]] Press|location=[[Brown University]], [[Providence, Rhode Island]], [[United States]]|access-date=December 23, 2024|quote=OPEN ACCESS}} * {{cite web|website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]|title=Antisemitism in History: From the Early Church to 1400|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-from-the-early-church-to-1400|access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news|work=The Jerusalem Post|url=https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/the-resurrection-of-christian-antisemitism-631109|title=The resurrection of Christian antisemitism|date=18 June 2020|access-date=6 October 2024}} * {{cite news|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2024/02/15/tory-mayor-salisbury-atiqul-hoque-expelled-antisemitism|title=Expelled Tory mayor 'said Jews were responsible for Jesus's death'|date=February 15, 2024|access-date=October 15, 2024}} * {{cite web|website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/radical-traditional-catholicism|title=Radical Traditional Catholicism|access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> # Wayahudi wanapanga njama dhidi ya Ukristo<ref name="A3">{{cite book |url=http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/the_talmud.pdf |title=The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |year=2003 |access-date=15 August 2014 |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815143023/http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/the_talmud.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> ===Zama za Kati=== # Wayahudi huchukua [[damu]] kutoka kwa [[Mtoto|watoto wachanga]] Wakristo kwa ajili ya [[Uyahudi|ibada]] ('''mashtaka ya damu''')<ref name="A3" /><ref> * {{cite book |first=Gane S. |last=Gerber |date=1986 |title=History and hate: the dimensions of anti-Semitism |url=https://archive.org/details/historyhatedimen0000unse |publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America |isbn=0827602677 |page=88}} * {{cite book |first=John |last=Kelly |date=2005 |title=The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time |url=https://archive.org/details/greatmortality00kell |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0060006921 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greatmortality00kell/page/242 242]}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/177/1561.htm |title=Iranian TV Blood Libel: Jewish Rabbis Killed Hundreds of European Children to use Their Blood for Passover Holiday & Discussion on Holocaust Denial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604135837/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/177/1561.htm |archive-date=4 June 2011 |date=22 December 2005}}</ref> # Wayahudi kuabudu [[Shetani]]<ref name="A1" /><ref name="A2" /> # Wayahudi hutia [[sumu]] [[Kisima|visima]] kusababisha [[Mlipuko wa ugonjwa|milipuko ya magonjwa]], ikiwemo [[karne ya 14]] Kifo Cheusi<ref name="A3" /><ref> * Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, ''Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union''. London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|0-7146-4619-9}}, pp. 103–6. * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/this-week-in-jewish-history--six-jewish-doctor-arrested-jumpstarting-doctors-plot-1-4-2021 |title=Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot'}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/culture/575235/zionist-doctors-plot-soviet-antisemitic-conspiracy |title=A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/american-anti-racism-activist-condemned-over-terrified-about-zionist-doctors-claim |title=American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim}}</ref> ===Siku hizi=== # Wayahudi wanadhibiti vyombo vya habari<ref name="A3" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Láníček |first1=Jan |title=Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-1-137-31747-6 |language=en}}</ref> # Wayahudi wanadhibiti [[Benki|benki]]<ref name="A3" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish 'Control' of the Federal Reserve: A Classic Anti-Semitic Myth |url=http://archive.adl.org/special_reports/control_of_fed/print.html |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |access-date=25 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112040544/http://archive.adl.org/special_reports/control_of_fed/print.html |archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> # Wayahudi wanadhibiti serikali duniani kote<ref> * {{cite journal |first=Svetlana |last=Boym |title=Conspiracy theories and literary ethics: Umberto Eco, Danilo Kis and ''The Protocols of Zion'' |journal=Comparative Literature |date=Spring 1999 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=97–122 |doi=10.2307/1771244 |jstor=1771244}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/conspiracy-myths/the-myth-that-jews-control-the-world |title=The Myth that Jews Control the World |access-date=October 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Center on Terrorism, Extremism, and Counterterrorism |title=The Violent Impact of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories: Examining the Jewish World Domination Narratives and History |url=https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/violent-impact-anti-semitic-conspiracy |last=S. Broschowitz |first=Michael |publisher=Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey |date=May 6, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |last1=Alderman |first1=G. |title=The Jewish Community in British Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/jewishcommunityi0000alde |date=1983 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=[[Oxford]] |page=102}}</ref><ref> * {{cite journal |last1=Herf |first1=Jeffrey |title=The 'Jewish War': Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |year=2005 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=51–80 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dci003 |s2cid=143944355}} * {{cite web |website=domino.un.org |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4eb2f5f2a5956cfb85256e59006dd050?OpenDocument |publisher=[[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] |title=Dissemination of racist and antisemitic hate material on television programs |access-date=30 September 2005 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121228183944/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4eb2f5f2a5956cfb85256e59006dd050?OpenDocument |archive-date=28 December 2012}} * {{cite book |first=Sidney |last=Schwarz |year=2006 |title=Judaism and Justice: The Jewish Passion to Repair the World |publisher=Jewish Lights Publishing |isbn=1-58023-312-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/judaismjusticeje00schw/page/96 96] |url=https://archive.org/details/judaismjusticeje00schw}} * {{cite book |last1=Mendes |first1=Philip |title=Debunking the myth of Jewish communism |date=2010}}</ref> # Wayahudi wanazua [[Vita|vita]] na mapinduzi duniani [[dunia]]<ref name="A3" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karsh |first1=Efraim |date=July 2012 |title=The war against the Jews |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241713271 |journal=Israel Affairs |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=319–343 |doi=10.1080/13537121.2012.689514 |s2cid=144144725}}</ref> ===Sasa hivi=== # Wayahudi ni walimwengu wasio na asili<ref> * {{cite book |title=The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day |chapter=Contemporary Antisemitism |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-changing-face-of-anti-semitism-9780195304299?cc=gb&lang=en& |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |isbn=9780195304299 |date=September 21, 2006 |access-date=February 9, 2025}} * {{cite book |last=Figes |first=Orlando |title=The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia |year=2007 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-8050-7461-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/whisperersprivat00fige/page/494 494]}} * Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, ''Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union''. London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|0-7146-4619-9}}, pp. 103–6. * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/this-week-in-jewish-history--six-jewish-doctor-arrested-jumpstarting-doctors-plot-1-4-2021 |title=Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot' |year=2021}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/american-anti-racism-activist-condemned-over-terrified-about-zionist-doctors-claim |title=American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim |date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Forward]] |url=https://forward.com/culture/575235/zionist-doctors-plot-soviet-antisemitic-conspiracy |title=A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory |date=January 4, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref><ref> * {{cite book |last=Brook |first=Vincent |year=2006 |title=You Should See Yourself: Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8 |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/youshouldseeyour0000unse_e5i8/page/n179 166] |isbn=0813538440 |quote=This outlook can be viewed positively as a condition that enhances Jews' and adaptability and empathy for others, or it can have a negative connotation, as in the recurring trope of the rootless cosmopolitan}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/no-direction-home-tragedy-jewish-left| title=No direction home: the tragedy of the Jewish left |last=Glasman |first=Maurice |date=22 May 2019 |website=New Statesman |quote=I knew that the phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" was minted by Stalin and his executioners in the show trials to exterminate Jews, particularly [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]], for whom this became the standard expression. I cannot hear it without the dread fear of the knock on the door by the [[Cheka]] in the early hours.}} * {{cite hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=Anti-Semitism |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2018-04-17/debates/9D70B2B4-39D7-4241-ACF8-13F7DFD8AEB2/Anti-Semitism |house=House of Commons |date=16 April 2014 |column=255 |speaker=Andrew Gwynne}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish News |title=Union official told to ‘cease’ social media after ‘rootless cosmopolitans’ tweet |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/union-official-told-to-cease-social-media-after-rootless-cosmopolitans-tweet |date=April 8, 2019 |access-date=February 8, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Slate |title=Fox News Analyst Recently Said “Rootless Cosmopolitans”—Also Known as Jews—Are the Cause of America’s Problems |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/03/fox-news-analyst-rootless-cosmopolitans-jews-russia.html |last=Mathis-Lilley |first=Ben |date=March 17, 2022 |access-date=February 8, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Anti-Zionist speaker uses Stalinist slogan about Jews at Holocaust Memorial Day event |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/anti-zionist-speaker-uses-stalinist-slogan-about-jews-at-holocaust-memorial-day-event-jh72eci7 |date=January 26, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref> # Wayahudi ni waongofu wa Ulaya wa [[Uyahudi]] [[Kizazi|waliozaliwa]] kutoka kwa [[Khazars]]<ref>* {{Rejea kitabu |chapter= Contemporary Arab Anti-Semitism: its Causes and Roots |title= The Persisting Question: Sociological Perspectives and Social Contexts of Modern Antisemitism |last= Harkabi |first= Yehoshafat |editor-last= Fein |editor-first= Helen |publisher= Walter de Gruyter |year= 1987 |orig-year= 1968 |pages= 412–427 |isbn= 978-3-11-010170-6 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uHWG1pDCtNgC&pg=PA424 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |title = The story of a euphemism: The Khazars in Russian Nationalist Literature 353-372 |last = Schnirelmann |first = Victor A. |editor1-last = Golden |editor1-first = Peter B. |editor2-last = Ben-Shammai |editor2-first = Haggai |editor3-last = Róna-Tas |editor3-first = András |encyclopedia = The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives |series = Handbook of Oriental Studies |volume = 17 |publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year = 2007a |pages = 353–372 |isbn = 978-90-04-16042-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yO-vCQAAQBAJ }} * {{cite news |title= Contemporary Racist and Judeophobic Ideology Discovers the Khazars, or, Who Really Are the Jews? |last= Singerman |first= Robert |newspaper= Rosaline and Myer Feinstein Lecture Series 2004 |year= 2004 |url= https://www.academia.edu/5289705 |access-date= 1 March 2014 |archive-date= 23 November 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231123064422/https://www.academia.edu/5289705 |url-status= dead }} * {{cite book |chapter = Anti-Semitism in Eurasian Historiography: The Case of Lev Gumilev |last = Rossman |first = Vadim Joseph |title = Russia Between East and West: Scholarly Debates on Eurasianism |editor-last = Shlapentokh |editor-first = Dmitry |publisher = [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year = 2007 |isbn = 978-9-004-15415-5 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EnsHyxPZfOIC&pg=PA134 }} * Rory Miller(2020) [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429026034-2/anti-zionist-jewish-khazar-syndrome-official-british-mind-rory-miller The anti-Zionist ‘Jewish Khazar’ syndrome in the official British mind]</ref><ref name="BHI"> * {{cite book |title=Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qg5gs |last=Faber |first=Eli |year=1998 |publisher=[[New York University|NYU]] Press |edition=1 |jstor=j.ctt9qg5gs |isbn=978-0814726396 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |title=Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |date=December 2022}} * {{cite web |website=[[UC Davis]] |url=https://www.ucdavis.edu/blog/curiosity/what-are-myths-facts-about-hebrew-israelites |title=What are the Myths, Facts, About Hebrew Israelites? Two Experts Discuss Jews of African Descent |date=4 January 2023}} * {{cite web |website=Campaign Against Antisemitism |url=https://antisemitism.org/caa-launches-four-part-debunked-black-hebrew-israelites-instagram-series |title=CAA Launched Four-part "Debunked: Black Hebrew Israelites" Instagram Series |date=14 March 2023}}</ref> # Wayahudi waliendesha [[Biashara ya utumwa kupitia Atlantiki|Biashara ya utumwa ya Atlantiki]]<ref name="BHI" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=Is Jewish Control Over the Slave Trade a Nation of Islam Lie or Scholarly Truth? |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/slave-trade-black-muslim |last=Ungar-Sargon |first=Batya |date=August 5, 2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Workers’ Liberty |title=Scapegoating Jews for the slave trade? |url=https://workersliberty.org/story/2017-07-26/scapegoating-jews-slave-trade |last=Katz |first=Dan |date=September 11, 2016 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |last=Hughes |first=Coleman |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |quote=Antisemitism runs deeper in the black radical tradition than many realize}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Insider |title=Paul Coates, father of journalist Ta-Nehisi Coates, republishing antisemitic screed 'The Jewish Onslaught' |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2024/09/paul-coates-antisemitic-conspiracy-theory-slave-trade-the-jewish-onslaught |date=September 27, 2024 |access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> # Wayahudi walisababisha [[UKIMWI]] na [[COVID-19]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=Fathom Journal |url=https://fathomjournal.org/covid-19-blaming-the-jews-for-the-plague-again |title=COVID-19: Blaming the Jews for the Plague, Again |last=Topor |first=Lev |year=2020 |access-date=13 October 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |url=https://besacenter.org/coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-jews |title=Anti-Jewish Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories in Historical Context |author=Dr. Manfred Gerstenfeld |date=31 March 2020 |access-date=13 October 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-771415 |title='Jewish Space Lasers': Rothschild antisemitic canards that refuse to die - review |date=3 November 2023 |access-date=13 October 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Scientific Reports |title=Correlation between coronavirus conspiracism and antisemitism: a cross-sectional study in the United Kingdom |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-41794-y |last1=Allington |first1=Daniel |last2=Hirsh |first2=David |last3=Katz |first3=Louise |volume=13 |issue=21104 |date=December 5, 2023 |access-date=December 15, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=How Antisemites, Extremists and Conspiracy Theorists are Exploiting the Anti-Vax Movement |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/article/how-antisemites-extremists-and-conspiracy-theorists-are-exploiting-anti-vax |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=December 15, 2024}}</ref> ==Mashariki ya Kati na Afrika ya Kaskazini (MENA)== ===Historia=== [[File:Banu Qurayza.png|thumb|[[Mauaji ya halaiki|Mauaji]] ya Banu Qurayza, [[kabila]] la Kiyahudi huko [[Madina]], 627 [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]].]] Wayahudi walianza kuishi katika [[Rasi ya Uarabuni]] katika karne ya 6 [[Kabla ya Kristo|KK]], wakati uvamizi wa [[Babilonia|Ufalme wa Babeli]] wa [[Yuda|Ufalme wa Yuda]] ulipowalazimisha Wayahudi kuondoka [[Yudea]]. [[Uhamiaji|Mawimbi]] mfululizo ya kuhamisha Wayahudi – yaliyosababishwa na uvamizi wa Yudea kwa vipindi tofauti – yaliwafanya Wayahudi kuwa kundi kuu la kikabila-kidini<ref>{{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Who Are the Jews? {{!}} AJC - American Jewish Committee |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/who-are-the-jews |access-date=January 13, 2025}}</ref> katika Rasi ya Uarabuni, ambapo [[Uyahudi]] ulikuwa tofauti na dini ya miungu mingi ya [[Upagani|upagani]] wa Waarabu wa kale,<ref name="A">{{cite book |title=The origin of the Jews of Yathrib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vTTCwG0nKIC&pg=PA4 |last=Gil |first=Moshe |pages=4–5 |year=1997 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004138827}}</ref> wengi wao walikuwa wamefika baadaye kuliko Wayahudi kutokana na asili yao ya kuhamahama.<ref name="A" /> ===Zama za Kati=== Wayahudi walifanikiwa katika Rasi ya Uarabuni hadi Waislamu [[Uvamizi wa Kiislamu|waliposhinda Rasi hiyo]], ambapo wao, pamoja na watu wa asili wengine waliotekwa, walitakiwa kulipa ''[[Kodi ya kichwa|jizya]]'' (kodi ya kichwa) kwa kubadilishana na uwepo wao uvumiliwe.<ref name="A" /><ref> * {{cite book |title=Jewish Life under Islam: Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674283589/html |last=Cohen |first=Amnon |publisher=Harvard University Press |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674283589 |year=1984 |isbn=9780674283572 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=Islam: State And Society |chapter=Administration In The Islamic State: An Interpretation Of The Terms “Dhimma” And “Jizya” |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203060957-9/administration-islamic-state-interpretation-terms-dhimma-jizya-j%C3%B8rgen-b%C3%A6k-simonsen |last=Simonsen |first=Jørgen Bæk |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203060957 |year=2004 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies |title=What Do You Know? Dhimmi, Jewish Legal Status under Muslim Rule |url=https://katz.sas.upenn.edu/resources/blog/what-do-you-know-dhimmi-jewish-legal-status-under-muslim-rule |last=Wagner |first=Mark |date=November 30, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2025}}</ref> Malipo ya ''jizya'' yaliwapa Wayahudi hadhi ya ''dhimmi'' ambapo walikatazwa – chini ya tishio la [[Mauaji|kunyongwa]] – kukosoa nyanja yoyote ya Uislamu, kushiriki mawazo ya [[Uyahudi#Imani za msingi|Kiyahudi]] kwa Waislamu au kumgusa mwanamke wa Kiislamu.<ref name="B"> * {{cite book |title=La Cité Musulmane. Vie Sociale et Politique |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Cit%C3%A9-Musulmane-Vie-Sociale-Politique-Gardet/14971474082/bd |last=Gardet |first=Louis |page=348 |publisher=Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin |edition=2 |year=1954 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |location=[[Paris]], [[Ufaransa]] |lang=fr}} * {{cite book |title=The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/the-dhimmi-jews-christians-under-islam/author/ye%27or-bat |last=Ye'or |first=Bat |pages=43–44; 56–57 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=9781611470796 |year=1985 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |lang=en-us}} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=The Qur’an: Israel Is Not for the Jews |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/the-quran-israel-not-for-jews#_ftn9 |last=Spencer |first=Robert |volume=16 |issue=4 |year=2009 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=San Diego Jewish World |title=Israeli Scholar Explains Religious Conflicts Between Jews and Muslims |url=https://www.sdjewishworld.com/2024/11/21/israeli-scholar-explains-religious-conflicts-between-jews-and-muslims |last=Gershenson |first=Miriam |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |title=Jews in Islamic Countries: The Treatment of Jews |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-treatment-of-jews-in-arab-islamic-countries#N_4_ |access-date=January 11, 2025}}</ref> Wayahudi pia hawakuruhusiwa<ref name="B" /> * kunywa divai hadharani * kupanda [[Farasi|farasi]] au [[Ngamia|ngamia]] * [[Sala|kusali]] au kuomboleza kwa sauti kubwa * kujenga [[Sinagogi|masinagogi]] marefu kuliko misikiti * kujenga [[Nyumba|nyumba]] ndefu kuliko nyumba za Kiislamu ===Karne ya 21=== ====Miaka ya 2010==== Chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi ni jambo la kawaida sana Mashariki ya Kati na Afrika Kaskazini (MENA).<ref name="Analyses" /> Mnamo mwaka 2011, [[Pew Research Center]] ilifanya utafiti kwa idadi kubwa ya wananchi wa nchi za [[Mashariki ya Kati]], ambapo [[Waislamu]] ndio wengi. Wengi wa waliohojiwa walikuwa na chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi. Ni 2% tu ya [[Wamisri]], 3% ya Waislamu wa [[Lebanon]] na 2% ya [[Jordan|Wajordan]] waliripoti kujisikia vizuri kuhusu Wayahudi.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 July 2011|title=Muslim-Western Tensions Persist - Pew Research Center|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2011/07/21/muslim-western-tensions-persist|location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Baadhi ya [[Chuo kikuu|wanazuoni]] wanaamini kwamba [[vyombo vya habari]] vimecheza jukumu muhimu katika jambo hilo.<ref> * {{cite web |website=Washington Institute |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/western-media-misguided-narrative-about-al-jazeera |title=The Western Media Misguided Narrative about Al Jazeera |date=March 22, 2018 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/05/20/qatari-funded-al-jazeera-arabic-channel-fires-journalists-holocaust |title=Qatari-funded Al Jazeera Arabic channel suspends journalists over 'Holocaust denial' video |date=May 20, 2019 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[BBC News (TV channel)|BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-48335169 |title=Al Jazeera suspends journalists for Holocaust denial video |date=May 20, 2019 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2023/11/24/al-jazeera-must-register-as-a-foreign-agent-of-qatar |title=Al Jazeera Must Register as a Foreign Agent |date=November 24, 2023 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://m.jpost.com/middle-east/al-jazeeras-holocaust-legacy-justification-alongside-outright-denial-800079 |title=Al-Jazeera’s Holocaust legacy: Justification alongside outright denial |date=May 6, 2024 |access-date=November 1, 2024}} * {{cite web |work=[[Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Jazeera |title=Al Jazeera {{!}} News Channel, History, & Qatar {{!}} Britannica |date=October 25, 2024 |access-date=November 1, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=Media Bias / Fact Check |title=Al Jazeera – Bias and Credibility |url=https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/al-jazeera |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Honest Reporting |url=https://honestreporting.com/tag/middle-east-eye |title=Middle East Eye |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Ad Fontes Media |title=Al Jazeera Website Bias and Reliability |url=https://adfontesmedia.com/al-jazeera-bias-and-reliability |access-date=November 9, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Enterprise Institute |url=https://www.aei.org/foreign-and-defense-policy/middle-east/qatars-other-covert-media-arm |title=Qatar’s Other Covert Media Arm |date=July 25, 2017 |access-date=November 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Scottish Daily Express |url=https://www.scottishdailyexpress.co.uk/comment/what-middle-east-eye-shadowy-32241918 |title=What is 'Middle East Eye' - the shadowy Qatar-linked news outlet that interviewed Humza Yousaf |date=February 29, 2024 |access-date=November 3, 2024}}</ref> Data zaidi yamewasilishwa kama ifuatavyo. {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi katika MENA (Shirika la Utafiti: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Nchi ! colspan="2"|% ya idadi ya watu wenye [[Upendeleo|chuki]] dhidi ya Wayahudi<br />(kiwango cha uhakika 95%)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- |'''Palestina''' |align=right| {{bartable|93||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Iraq''' |align=right| {{bartable|92||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Yemen''' |align=right| {{bartable|88||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Algeria''' |align=right| {{bartable|87||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Libya''' |align=right| {{bartable|87||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Tunisia''' |align=right| {{bartable|86||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Kuwait''' |align=right| {{bartable|82||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Jordan''' |align=right| {{bartable|81||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Bahrain''' |align=right| {{bartable|81||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Qatar''' |align=right| {{bartable|80||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Moroko''' |align=right| {{bartable|80||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Falme za Kiarabu''' |align=right| {{bartable|80||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Lebanon''' |align=right| {{bartable|78||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Oman''' |align=right| {{bartable|76||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Misri''' |align=right| {{bartable|75||2||background:#7B3F00}} |- | '''Saudi Arabia''' |align=right| {{bartable|74||2||background:#7B3F00}} |} ==Afrika Kusini mwa Sahara== {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara (Shirika la Utafiti: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Nchi ! colspan="2"|% ya idadi ya watu wenye [[Upendeleo|chuki]] dhidi ya Wayahudi<br />(kiwango cha uhakika 95%)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- | '''Senegal''' |align=right| {{bartable|53||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Mauritius''' |align=right| {{bartable|44||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Afrika Kusini''' |align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Kamerun''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Kenya''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Botswana''' |align=right| {{bartable|33||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Côte D'Ivoire''' |align=right| {{bartable|22||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Nigeria''' |align=right| {{bartable|16||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Uganda''' |align=right| {{bartable|16||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Ghana''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#7FFF00}} |- | '''Tanzania''' |align=right| {{bartable|12||2||background:#7FFF00}} |} Asilimia ya wakazi wa [[Afrika Kusini]] wenye chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi iliongezeka hadi 47% mwaka 2019 kutoka 38% mwaka 2014.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=The ADL GLOBAL 100: An Index of Antisemitism – South Africa |url=https://global100.adl.org/country/south-africa/2019 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |archive-date=2025-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218120116/https://global100.adl.org/country/south-africa/2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tangu [[Vita vya Israeli na Hamas]] vilipoanza Oktoba 7, 2023, kumekuwa na ongezeko kubwa la unyanyasaji na vurugu dhidi ya Wayahudi nchini Afrika Kusini.<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=South Africa’s antisemitic firestorm |url=https://www.jns.org/south-africas-antisemitic-firestorm |last=Mascarini |first=Saadia |date=January 11, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Financial Times]] (FT) |title=South African Jewish community unnerved by Israel genocide case |url=https://www.ft.com/content/59acd176-1034-43c6-ac8a-ba9959520057 |date=January 24, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=Row over young [[cricket]] captain exposes social rift as [[Pretoria]] pursues landmark International Court of Justice lawsuit}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |title=In Washington Mission, WJC and South African Jewish Board of Deputies Highlight Surge in Antisemitism |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/wjc-and-sajbd-highlight-antisemitism-in-washington-dc |date=April 26, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=New Lines Magazine |title=South Africa’s Stance on Palestine Opens Questions About Apartheid and History |url=https://newlinesmag.com/argument/south-africas-stance-on-palestine-opens-questions-about-apartheid-and-history |last=Dana |first=Joseph |date=September 30, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=HonestReporting |title=Exposing the Corruption Behind South Africa’s ICJ Case: An Interview With ISGAP Executive Director, Dr. Charles Asher Small |url=https://honestreporting.com/exposing-the-corruption-behind-south-africas-icj-case-an-interview-with-isgap-executive-director-dr-charles-asher-small |date=December 12, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite news |work=Daily Express |title=South Africa accused of 'plain antisemitism' after 'sacking' Jewish cricket captain |url=https://www.express.co.uk/sport/cricket/1856730/South-Africa-antisemitism-David-Teeger-cricket-news |date=January 17, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=South African politician accuses rivals of selling Cape Town to Jews |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/south-african-politician-accuses-rivals-of-selling-cape-town-to-jews-b12rnl0m |date=February 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024 |quote=National Freedom Party figure says 'we will not allow you to [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|make this a Jewish state]]'}} * {{cite news |work=South African Jewish Report (SAJR) |title=UCT prof targeted for exam depicting antisemitism |url=https://www.sajr.co.za/uct-prof-targeted-for-exam-depicting-antisemitism |date=May 30, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=South African Jewish Report (SAJR) |title=Nothing to be gained from silence about antisemitism |url=https://www.sajr.co.za/nothing-to-be-gained-from-silence-about-antisemitism |date=October 31, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=South African Jewish community condemns president for silence after explosive thrown at JCC |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-833971 |date=December 18, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> Kati ya Oktoba 7 na Desemba 31, 2023, mashambulizi dhidi ya Wayahudi yaliongezeka kwa 631% nchini Afrika Kusini ikilinganishwa na kipindi kama hicho mwaka 2022.<ref>{{cite news |work=Algemeiner |title=‘There is No Antisemitism Here,’ South African Justice Minister Claims, Despite 631 Percent Increase in Attacks on Jews |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2024/01/31/there-is-no-antisemitism-here-south-african-justice-minister-claims-despite-631-percent-increase-in-attacks-on-jews |date=January 31, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> ==Ulaya== [[File:Expulsion judios-en selection.svg|thumb|[[Ramani]] ya kufukuzwa kwa [[Myahudi#Zama za Kati|Wayahudi]] kutoka mikoa mbalimbali ya Ulaya, [[Takriban|takriban.]] [[Karne ya 12|1100]]–[[Karne ya 16|1600]] [[Baada ya Kristo|BK]].]] ===Kabla ya Karne ya 20=== ===Karne ya 20=== {{Main|Pogrom|Ujerumani ya Nazi}} [[Image:Haus der Deutschen Kunst, Nazi Germany Grundsteinlegung 15.10.1933 House of German Art foundation stone. Hilter, Esser, Nuntius Vasallo di Torregrossa. Heute versteh ich Sie. NSDAP Propaganda Reichstagswahl 12 Nov Election poster xx1990.tif|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]] (1889–1945) akisalimiana na Alberto Vassallo-Torregrossa (1865–1959), [[makasisi]] wa cheo cha juu wa [[Vatikani]] huko [[Bavaria]], [[Ujerumani ya Nazi]].]] ====Maangamizi Makuu (Holokausti)==== {{Main|Maangamizi Makuu (Holokausti)|Orodha ya kambi za mateso za Nazi|Ustaše|Dola Huru ya Kroatia|Jamhuri ya Kislovakia (1939–1945)}}{{Further|Kristallnacht|Babi Yar|Ante Pavelić|Kanisa Katoliki na Dola Huru ya Kroatia}} [[File:"Nebuď služobníkom žida"—Slovak propaganda poster.jpg|thumb|Bango kutoka [[Ujerumani ya Nazi|dola bandia]] ya [[Jamhuri ya Kislovakia (1939–1945)]] ya Wanazi: ''"Usiwe [[mtumishi]] wa Myahudi: yeye ajiunganaye na Myahudi atazama hadi kiwango chake."'']][[File:Jože Beranek - V usodnem trenutku nož v hrbet.jpeg|thumb|Bango la kupinga Wayahudi huko Slovenia iliyokaliwa na Wanazi likisema "Kisu mgongoni wakati muhimu", likirejelea hadithi ya kuchomwa kisu mgongoni iliyokuwa maarufu miongoni mwa Wajerumani wakati huo.]] Maangamizi Makuu yalikuwa mauaji ya halaiki<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=What is Genocide? |url=https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/learn-about-genocide-and-other-mass-atrocities/what-is-genocide |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Holocaust Memorial Day Trust |title=The ten stages of genocide |url=https://hmd.org.uk/learn-about-the-holocaust-and-genocides/what-is-genocide/the-ten-stages-of-genocide |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=What is Genocide? {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/what-is-genocide |date=September 25, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=5 Reasons Why the Events in Gaza Are Not “Genocide” |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-reasons-why-the-events-in-gaza-are-not-genocide |date=December 5, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=Genocide {{!}} Definition, Examples, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/genocide |date=December 16, 2024 |access-date=December 18, 2024}}</ref> yaliyofanywa na [[Ujerumani ya Nazi]] kuanzia 1933 hadi 1945 wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]. Yalijulikana kama ''[[Suluhisho la Mwisho]]''. Mpango wa [[Chama cha Nazi|Wanazi]] ulikuwa kuwaondoa Wayahudi wote Ulaya. Walifanikiwa kuwaua angalau Wayahudi 6,000,000 – 67% ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya wakati huo.<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /> [[Mein Kampf|Mpango wa Maangamizi Makuu ulikuwa na mizizi katika chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi]].<ref name="Holocaust introductions" /><ref> * {{cite web |website=Anne Frank House |title=Adolf Hitler publishes ‘Mein Kampf’ |url=https://www.annefrank.org/en/timeline/6/adolf-hitler-publishes-mein-kampf |date=July 18, 1925 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Mein Kampf: Hitler's Manifesto {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/mein-kampf |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Washington Post]] |title='Mein Kampf': A historical tool, or Hitler's voice from beyond the grave? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/mein-kampf-a-historical-tool-or-hitlers-voice-from-beyond-the-grave/2015/02/24/f7a3110e-b950-11e4-bc30-a4e75503948a_story.html |last=Faiola |first=Anthony |date=February 24, 2015}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fascism |title=Latvia’s ''Pērkonkrusts'': Anti-German National Socialism in a Fascistogenic Milieu |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S2211624915000066#fn8 |last=Kott |first=Matthew |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=169–193 |date=November 23, 2015 |doi=10.1163/22116257-00402007 |access-date=October 28, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=German History |title=Hitler’s Mein Kampf and the Holocaust: A Prelude to Genocide |url=https://academic.oup.com/gh/article-abstract/41/1/134/6847778?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last1=Michalczyk |first1=John J. |last2=Michalczyk |first2=Susan A. |last3=Bryant |first3=Michael S. |date=November 26, 2022 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=134–137 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> ===Karne ya 21=== Katika utafiti wa mwaka 2013 wa Wayahudi 5,847 huko [[Ulaya]], 76% walifikiri kwamba chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi iliongezeka katika miaka mitano iliyopita, huku 29% walikuwa wamefikiria [[Uhamiaji|kuhamia]] nchi nyingine kwa sababu [[Hisia|walijisikia]] [[Hatari|kutokuwa salama]].<ref>{{cite web |website=[[European Union]] Agency for Fundamental [[Haki za binadamu|Haki]] |title=Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of antisemitism |url=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013-discrimination-hate-crime-against-jews-eu-member-states_en.pdf |year=2013 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> Utafiti wa [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]] wa mwaka 2023 uligundua kuwa theluthi moja ya [[Ulaya Magharibi|Wazungu wa Magharibi]] waliamini [[#Uongo Kuhusu Wayahudi|chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi]]. Hali hii iliripotiwa kuwa mbaya zaidi katika nchi zingine za Ulaya Mashariki, hasa [[Hungary]] (37%), Poland (35%) na Urusi (26%).<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=ADL Survey Finds Harmful Antisemitic Stereotypes Remain Deeply Entrenched Across Europe |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/press-release/adl-survey-finds-harmful-antisemitic-stereotypes-remain-deeply-entrenched |date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> Katika [[Ulaya Mashariki]], kiwango cha chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi kimeonekana kuwa kikubwa.<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=The State of Antisemitism in Eastern Europe |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/the-state-of-antisemitism-in-eastern-europe |date=December 17, 2020 |access-date=December 2, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Times of Israel |title=Jewish group’s report finds rise in antisemitic incidents in Poland |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-groups-report-finds-rise-in-antisemitic-incidents-in-poland |date=April 25, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=First survey of its kind counts 488 anti-Jewish [[Uhalifu wa chuki|matendo]] nchini [[Ubaguzi wa rangi nchini Poland#Wayahudi|Poland]] mwaka 2022, zaidi ya mara 4 ya jumla [[Takwimu|iliyotajwa]] na [[European Union]] [[2021|mwaka uliopita]]}} * {{cite news |work=Balkan Insight |title=Middle-East Conflict Sparks Uptick in Anti-Semitic Incidents in South-East Europe |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2023/10/23/middle-east-conflict-sparks-uptick-in-anti-semitic-incidents-in-south-east-europe |date=October 23, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=[[Vita vya Israeli na Hamas|Ghasia zinazoendelea]] nchini [[Mzozo wa Israeli na Palestina|Israeli-Palestina]] [[Uhusiano|zinaunganishwa]] na ongezeko la matukio ya kupinga Wayahudi [...] [[Uharibifu wa mali|uharibifu]] wa [[Maangamizi Makuu|maeneo ya ukumbusho wa Maangamizi Makuu]] katika [[Ulaya Mashariki|Ulaya Mashariki]] na [[Balkan|Kusini-Mashariki mwa Ulaya]].}} * {{cite news |work=[[The Guardian]] |title=Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official |url=https://theguardian.com/news/2023/oct/30/antisemitism-deeply-ingrained-in-european-society-says-eu-official |date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=December 2, 2024 |quote=[[Maoni|Maelezo]] ya mkuu wa haki yanakuja wakati makundi ya kiraia [[Utetezi|yakionya kuhusu]] ongezeko la chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi huku [[Vita vya Israeli na Hamas]]}} * {{cite web |website=[[European Union]] Agency for Fundamental [[Haki za binadamu|Haki]] (FRA) |title=Jews in Europe still face high levels of antisemitism |url=https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2024/jews-europe-still-face-high-levels-antisemitism |date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> Chanzo cha kuendelea kwa chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi Ulaya kinajadiliwa.<ref> * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |title=How Jewish journalist Ruth Elkrief wound up in the middle of France’s debate over antisemitism and Islamophobia |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/02/21/global/how-jewish-journalist-ruth-elkrief-wound-up-in-the-middle-of-frances-debate-over-antisemitism-and-islamophobia |date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=An Inconvenient Truth |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/inconvenient-truth-germany-antisemitism-august-hanning |last=Hanning |first=August |date=March 19, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former German Intelligence head blames far-left and Muslim migrants for growing antisemitism |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/former-german-intelligence-head-blames-muslim-migrants-for-growing-antisemitism-dzram88h |date=March 26, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |title=German MPs to name Muslim Jew-hatred as antisemitism vector |url=https://www.jns.org/german-mps-to-name-muslim-jew-hatred-as-antisemitism-vector |date=November 3, 2024 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Ynetnews |title=From Nazis to Jihadists: Antisemitism, the cancer of the West |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hkbkamcz1x |last=Yemini |first=Ben-Dror |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=Antisemitism Among Migrant Populations in Europe |url=https://www.ajc.org/antisemitism-among-migrant-populations-in-europe |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=European Muslim Antisemitism: Why Young Urban Males Say They Don't Like Jews |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gzdvm |last=Jikeli |first=Günther |publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press |jstor=j.ctt16gzdvm |year=2015 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Pop Islam: How Germany is tackling the new Islamic antisemitism |url=https://fathomjournal.org/pop-islam-how-germany-is-tackling-the-new-islamic-antisemitism |last=Rickenbacher |first=Daniel |year=2018 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=Wall Street Journal (WSJ) |title=Antisemitism Among Muslim Migrants Unsettles a Germany Haunted by the Holocaust |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/antisemitism-among-muslim-migrants-unsettles-a-germany-haunted-by-the-holocaust-ff359e73 |last=Pancevski |first=Bojan |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=National Review |title=How Mass Immigration Makes Antisemitism Worse |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2023/12/how-mass-immigration-makes-antisemitism-worse |last=Murray |first=Douglas |date=November 9, 2023 |access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" |+style="font-size:100%" | Chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi huko Ulaya (Shirika la Utafiti: [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]])<ref name="S(A)" /> |- ! Nchi ! colspan="2"|% ya idadi ya watu wenye [[Upendeleo|chuki]] dhidi ya Wayahudi<br />(kiwango cha uhakika 95%)<ref name="S(A)" /> |- | '''Ugiriki''' |align=right| {{bartable|69||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Armenia''' |align=right| {{bartable|58||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Poland''' |align=right| {{bartable|45||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Bulgaria''' |align=right| {{bartable|44||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Serbia''' |align=right| {{bartable|42||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Hungary''' |align=right| {{bartable|41||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Belarus''' |align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Ufaransa''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Azerbaijan''' |align=right| {{bartable|37||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Lithuania''' |align=right| {{bartable|36||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Romania''' |align=right| {{bartable|35||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Kroatia''' |align=right| {{bartable|33||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Bosnia na Herzegovina''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Georgia''' |align=right| {{bartable|32||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Urusi''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Moldova''' |align=right| {{bartable|30||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Hispania''' |align=right| {{bartable|29||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Montenegro''' |align=right| {{bartable|29||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Latvia''' |align=right| {{bartable|28||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Austria''' |align=right| {{bartable|28||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Slovenia''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Ubelgiji''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Ujerumani''' |align=right| {{bartable|27||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Uswisi''' |align=right| {{bartable|26||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Estonia''' |align=right| {{bartable|22||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Ureno''' |align=right| {{bartable|21||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Ireland''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Italia''' |align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Iceland''' |align=right| {{bartable|16||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Norway''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Finland''' |align=right| {{bartable|15||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Jamhuri ya Czech''' |align=right| {{bartable|13||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Denmark''' |align=right| {{bartable|9||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Ufalme wa Muungano''' |align=right| {{bartable|8||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Uholanzi''' |align=right| {{bartable|5||2||background:#8000FF}} |- | '''Uswidi''' |align=right| {{bartable|4||2||background:#8000FF}} |} ===Ireland=== {{Main|Chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi nchini Ireland}} [[File:Banner of the Blueshirts.svg|thumb|Bendera ya kikundi cha Wakatoliki wa Ireland waliokuwa wakipendelea Wanazi na kupinga Wayahudi<ref name="IRB"> * {{cite news |work=The Irish Times |title=Eoin O'Duffy, the Blueshirts and fascism |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/eoin-o-duffy-the-blueshirts-and-fascism-1.413587 |date=February 9, 2005 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=The Jew at the centre of Irish nationalism |url=https://www.thejc.com/life-and-culture/books/the-jew-at-the-centre-of-irish-nationalism-cfdvxcyw |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=March 31, 2016 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Ireland Israel Alliance |title=Anti-Semitism in Ireland along the history |url=https://www.irelandisrael.ie/blog/anti-semitism-in-ireland |date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=Fascist Lit and Hungary’s Future |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/hungary-viktor-orban-anti-semitism |last=Goldman |first=David P. |date=April 17, 2020 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=TPQ |title=Fine Gael's Historical Flirtations With Fascism |url=https://www.thepensivequill.com/2021/09/fine-gaels-historical-flirtations-with.html |date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref> iitwayo ''Blueshirts''.]][[File:Blueshirts leadership, circa 1934.jpg|thumb|Wakatoliki wa Ireland waliokuwa wakipendelea Wanazi na kupinga Wayahudi<ref name="IRB" /> wa kikundi cha ''Blueshirts'' wakiandamana barabarani.]] ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Wayahudi]] [[Jamii:Uyahudi]] [[Jamii:Ubaguzi]] arak0w6221fcaclirku4ce42309g0l2 4 208508 1569146 1569064 2026-06-09T15:16:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1569146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-09) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-09)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 634 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 720 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2767 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1124 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1901 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1038 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 423 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 740 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 513 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 287 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 363 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 729 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 851 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 372 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 506 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 212 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.01 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34919 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28678 || ↓ -15.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.0 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 166.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2767 || ↓ -14.7% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1124 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1024 || ↑ +22.3% |- | 4 || [[Uingereza]] || 837 || ↑ +66.1% |- | 5 || [[Urusi]] || 740 || ↑ +60.2% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 724 || ↑ +58.8% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 709 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 634 || ↑ +1.6% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 513 || ↓ -4.3% |- | 10 || [[San Marino]] || 504 || ↑ +1838.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 672 || 45.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 107 || 7.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} qq37kc2zcnfxhw9f4n0d3bjjf4uyjuk 1569147 1569146 2026-06-09T15:19:14Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1569147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-09) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-09)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 634 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 720 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2767 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1124 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1901 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1038 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 423 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 740 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 513 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 287 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 363 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 729 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 851 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 372 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 506 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 175 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 278 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 212 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.01 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34919 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28678 || ↓ -15.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.0 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 166.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2767 || ↓ -14.7% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1124 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1024 || ↑ +22.3% |- | 4 || [[Uingereza]] || 837 || ↑ +66.1% |- | 5 || [[Urusi]] || 740 || ↑ +60.2% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 724 || ↑ +58.8% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 709 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 634 || ↑ +1.6% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 513 || ↓ -4.3% |- | 10 || [[San Marino]] || 504 || ↑ +1838.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 672 || 45.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 107 || 7.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} lxrrghp0ekggdg7vr60qa3lqxoambr4 1569181 1569147 2026-06-09T20:13:57Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1569181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-09) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-09)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 634 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 709 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2767 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1124 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1901 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1024 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 423 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 740 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 513 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 287 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 363 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 724 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 837 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 372 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 504 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 166 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 212 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.01 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34919 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28678 || ↓ -15.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.0 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 166.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2767 || ↓ -14.7% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1124 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1024 || ↑ +22.3% |- | 4 || [[Uingereza]] || 837 || ↑ +66.1% |- | 5 || [[Urusi]] || 740 || ↑ +60.2% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 724 || ↑ +58.8% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 709 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 634 || ↑ +1.6% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 513 || ↓ -4.3% |- | 10 || [[San Marino]] || 504 || ↑ +1838.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 672 || 45.6% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 107 || 7.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 760htgojha5gfix4w8u9zpjbu5r3ld5 1569182 1569181 2026-06-09T20:14:33Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1569182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-09) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-09)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 634 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 709 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2767 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1124 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1901 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 459 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 304 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1024 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 423 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 740 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 513 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 287 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 363 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 724 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 235 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 150 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 837 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 463 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 222 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 170 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 138 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 405 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 372 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 267 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 296 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 504 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 131 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 217 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 142 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 166 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 173 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 274 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 434 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 212 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 182 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 146 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 127 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 84 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 60 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 95 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.01 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34919 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28678 || ↓ -15.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.0 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 166.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2767 || ↓ -14.7% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1124 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1024 || ↑ +22.3% |- | 4 || [[Uingereza]] || 837 || ↑ +66.1% |- | 5 || [[Urusi]] || 740 || ↑ +60.2% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 724 || ↑ +58.8% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 709 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 634 || ↑ +1.6% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 513 || ↓ -4.3% |- | 10 || [[San Marino]] || 504 || ↑ +1838.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 669 || 45.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 24.6% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 107 || 7.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 0b00mkvvr3hqppl66u4gpjnhvirl9sp 1569239 1569182 2026-06-10T04:08:47Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1569239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-10) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-10)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 645 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 701 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2785 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1131 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1870 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 468 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1011 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 766 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 512 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 287 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 365 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 727 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 838 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 468 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 408 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 503 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.01 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34919 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28678 || ↓ -15.4% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.0 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 166.7 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2767 || ↓ -14.7% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1124 || ↑ +0.8% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1024 || ↑ +22.3% |- | 4 || [[Uingereza]] || 837 || ↑ +66.1% |- | 5 || [[Urusi]] || 740 || ↑ +60.2% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 724 || ↑ +58.8% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 709 || ↑ +0.7% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 634 || ↑ +1.6% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 513 || ↓ -4.3% |- | 10 || [[San Marino]] || 504 || ↑ +1838.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 669 || 45.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 24.6% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 107 || 7.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} rcov0r2489er2us9b9yjw48rdlp9g9g 1569241 1569239 2026-06-10T04:19:11Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1569241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-10) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-10)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 645 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 701 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2785 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1131 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1870 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 468 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1011 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 766 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 512 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 287 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 365 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 727 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 838 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 468 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 408 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 503 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.01 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34920 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28071 || ↓ -13.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.0 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 163.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2785 || ↓ -13.9% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1131 || ↑ +2.6% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1011 || ↑ +22.7% |- | 4 || [[Uingereza]] || 838 || ↑ +67.6% |- | 5 || [[Urusi]] || 766 || ↑ +69.8% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 727 || ↑ +61.6% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 701 || ↓ -0.8% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 645 || ↑ +5.4% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 512 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 10 || [[San Marino]] || 503 || ↑ +1763.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 669 || 45.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 108 || 7.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} 1xrip3t6l1lncnkzygmylv7hopb4ysi 1569410 1569241 2026-06-10T10:12:44Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1569410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-10) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-10)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 645 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 701 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2785 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1131 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1902 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 468 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1011 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 766 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 512 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 287 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 365 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 727 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 838 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 468 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 408 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 503 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.01 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34920 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28071 || ↓ -13.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.0 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 163.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2785 || ↓ -13.9% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1131 || ↑ +2.6% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1011 || ↑ +22.7% |- | 4 || [[Uingereza]] || 838 || ↑ +67.6% |- | 5 || [[Urusi]] || 766 || ↑ +69.8% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 727 || ↑ +61.6% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 701 || ↓ -0.8% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 645 || ↑ +5.4% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 512 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 10 || [[San Marino]] || 503 || ↑ +1763.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 669 || 45.5% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 108 || 7.3% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} mi98gtxo2j3xrlgkqywtosg7e239vxk 1569411 1569410 2026-06-10T10:15:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1569411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-06-10) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 59 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 74 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-06-10)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 645 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 701 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2785 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1131 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1902 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.09 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 468 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 1011 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.58 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 432 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 766 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.36 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 512 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 287 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 365 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 160 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 727 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 237 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 5.93 | style="background-color:#228B22; color:white" | 838 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 5.59 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 468 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 231 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.34 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 168 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 408 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 370 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 273 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 276 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 442 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 151 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 299 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 503 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 133 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.47 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.43 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 147 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 174 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 114 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 167 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.08 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 183 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 90 |- | [[Udeni]] | 3.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 257 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 271 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 117 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 268 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 433 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Bhutan]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.45 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 214 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 189 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 111 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 106 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.20 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 155 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 145 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 99 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 120 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 180 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 121 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 134 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 202 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 2.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 97 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 88 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 62 |- | [[Norwei]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 141 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Nepal]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 31 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 128 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 198 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.01 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 110 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.97 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 1.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 14 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 29 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 16 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 172 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34921 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 28981 || ↓ -13.7% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 203.0 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 168.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2785 || ↓ -13.9% |- | 2 || [[Marekani]] || 1131 || ↑ +2.6% |- | 3 || [[Irani]] || 1011 || ↑ +22.7% |- | 4 || [[Uingereza]] || 838 || ↑ +67.6% |- | 5 || [[Urusi]] || 766 || ↑ +69.8% |- | 6 || [[Ufaransa]] || 727 || ↑ +61.6% |- | 7 || [[Kenya]] || 701 || ↓ -0.8% |- | 8 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 645 || ↑ +5.4% |- | 9 || [[Burundi]] || 512 || ↓ -3.2% |- | 10 || [[San Marino]] || 503 || ↑ +1763.0% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 669 || 45.4% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 361 || 24.5% |- | 3 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 130 || 8.8% |- | 4 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 109 || 7.4% |- | 5 || [[User:~2025-60637-6|~2025-60637-6]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 6 || [[User:~2025-61248-5|~2025-61248-5]] || 12 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 8 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.5% |- | 9 || [[User:Jojaruba|Jojaruba]] || 5 || 0.3% |- | 10 || [[User:~2025-43584-58|~2025-43584-58]] || 5 || 0.3% |- |} debuypj75jt9j5xnqlip12ob3dq2qgh 0 209338 1569429 1439451 2026-06-10T11:32:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569429 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 350px; font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold; background-color:#f2f2f2; padding: 0.6em;" | Akogo (ngoma ya Wateso) |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 0.3em;" | [[File:Akogo Dance.jpg|300px]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%; padding: 0.3em;" | '''Watu wa Teso wakitumbuiza ngoma ya Akogo ''' |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Jina | style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Akogo |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Jamii inayocheza | style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Wateso |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Eneo | style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Mashariki mwa Uganda {{flagicon|Uganda}} |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Aina | style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Ngoma ya kitamaduni |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Dhumuni | style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Harusi, mazishi, sherehe, kutoa heshima kwa mababu |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Vyombo vya muziki | style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Akogo (piano ya vidole), ngoma, vijiti |- ! style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Mitindo ya kucheza | style="text-align: left; padding: 0.3em 0.6em;" | Miduara, mwendo wa kasi, harakati za pamoja, mchezaji mmoja katikati |- |} '''Akogo''' ni aina ya ngoma ya kitamaduni ya [[Wateso]] wa [[Mkoa wa Mashariki (Uganda)|Mashariki mwa]] [[Uganda]]. Onyesho hili la kitamaduni huchezwa na wanaume na wanawake, ambao hucheza kwa ustadi miili yao kwa mdundo wa ala ya muziki ya ''akogo'', chombo cha upigaji sauti kilichotengenezwa kwa mirija ya mianzi yenye urefu tofauti.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=paresh |date=2015-11-06 |title=Akogo Dance – Inside The Studio |url=https://www.globalsoundmovement.com/blog/akogo-dance-inside-the-studio/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Global Sound Movement |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Inaaminika kuwa ngoma ya Akogo imechezwa na watu wa Teso kwa karne nyingi, na imeendelea kubadilika kadri ya muda na kuathiriwa pia na mitindo ya ngoma kutoka maeneo jirani.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2022-12-30 |title=Akogo: making the thumb piano to keep Teso culture alive |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/12/30/akogo-making-the-thumb-piano-to-keep-teso-culture-alive/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-09 |title=Fun As Iteso, Others Embrace Akogo Festival 2nd Edition |url=https://chimpreports.com/fun-as-itesoothers-embrace-akogo-festival-2nd-edition/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teso revelers celebrate culture and Akogo Festival |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Hatua na Harakati za Kitamaduni == Akogo, inayojulikana pia kama Kinanda cha vidole, ndicho chombo kikuu kinachotumika katika ngoma ya kitamaduni ya Akogo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Lance |date=2015-02-05 |title=The Agogô: Yoruban "Double Bell" |url=https://centerforworldmusic.org/2015/02/world-music-instruments-agogo/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Center for World Music |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwetu fest unites diverse cultures |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Inatengenezwa kwa mirija ya mianzi ya urefu tofauti na hupigwa kwa vijiti. Sauti yake ya kuvutia ina nafasi muhimu sana katika ngoma hii, ikitoa midundo inayowaongoza wachezaji kwa harakati za neema na uthabiti. Ngoma ya Akogo inajulikana kwa mwendo wake wa kasi na midundo ya nguvu. Huchezwa na wanaume na wanawake, na mara nyingi huambatana na uimbaji. Wachezaji hujipanga kwa mzunguko, huku kila mmoja akichukua nafasi katikati ya duara kwa zamu kuonyesha uchezaji wake.<ref name=":0" /> == Umuhimu wa Kitamaduni == Maonyesho ya ngoma ya Akogo katika tamaduni za watu wa Teso huambatana na mavazi ya kuvutia yenye mapambo ya kuvutia na rangi angavu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHAT IS ON |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Wanaume huvaa suruali pana na mashati mepesi, huku wanawake wakivaa sketi ndefu pamoja na blauzi. Ngoma ya Akogo ina thamani kubwa ya kitamaduni, na huchezwa katika hafla mbalimbali kama vile harusi, mazishi, na sherehe. Aina hii ya ngoma ya kitamaduni hutumika kama njia ya watu wa Teso kuenzi urithi wao na kuimarisha uhusiano wao na mababu zao.<ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == <references /> {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:utamaduni wa Uganda]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:Ngoma]] o8gw3ihbb7cpym2thxyt5sg0t5un6hm 0 210768 1569183 1444067 2026-06-09T20:26:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox siasa ya nchi | jina_la_nchi = Jamhuri ya Kiarabu ya Sahrawi | picha_ya_nembo = Coat of arms of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg | maelezo_ya_nembo = Nembo ya Taifa ya Jamhuri ya Kiarabu ya Sahrawi | aina_ya_serikali = Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kiushirika ya Nusu-Urais | rais_wa_nchi = [[Brahim Ghali]] | makamu_wa_rais = Hakuna nafasi rasmi | chama_tawala = Front Polisario | vyama_vikuu = Front Polisario (chama pekee kinachotambulika) | uchaguzi_wa_mwisho = Januari 2023 (Bunge) | uchaguzi_ujao = Mnamo 2027 (Bunge) | katiba = Katiba ya 1991 (marekebisho ya 1995, 2016) }} '''Siasa ya [[Jamhuri ya Kiarabu ya Sahrawi]]''' zinaendeshwa chini ya mfumo wa serikali ya nje ya nchi yenye chama kimoja, Poli­sario Front, ambacho pia kinafanya kazi kama chama tawala na kinachodhibiti serikali ya taifa isiyo rasmi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Government structure |url=https://ujamaalive.africa/encyclomedia/sahrawi-arab-democratic-republic/ |access-date=24 Julai 2025 |archive-date=2025-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711025404/https://ujamaalive.africa/encyclomedia/sahrawi-arab-democratic-republic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tangu mwaka 1982, katiba inasema kwamba Katibu Mkuu wa Polisario Front ni ​[[Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kiarabu ya Sahrawi]]. Hivi sasa ni Brahim Ghali, aliyechaguliwa tena kwa muhula mwingine mwaka 2023 na kuongoza serikali isiyo rasmi yenye Baraza la Mawaziri chini ya Waziri Mkuu Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun. Madaraka ya kutunga sheria yamewekwa kwa Baraza la Taifa la Sahrawi (Sahrawi National Council), Bunge lenye viti 51, likijumuisha wajumbe waliochaguliwa kupitia mawakala wa vikundi vya kihistoria kama wanachama wa kampeni za uungaji mkono wa uhuru. Kila mgombea ana uungwaji mkono wa ​​Polisario, na vyama vingine haviruhusiwi kushindana. Licha ya kuwepo kwa Katiba ya SADR yenye kipengele cha demokrasia ya vyama vingi, mfumo halifanyi kazi wazi kwa sababu ya udhibiti mkali wa Polisario Front juu ya vyombo vya dola na uchaguzi. Upinzani haupo rasmi wala haki za kisiasa haziheshimiwi, hasa maeneo yaliyodhibitiwa kwa Morocco ambapo serikali ya Morocco inapinga uhuru wa Sahrawi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom in Western Sahara report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/western-sahara/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=24 Julai 2025}}</ref> Mahusiano ya kimataifa pia ni changamoto: Morocco inadai eneo hilo kama sehemu ya jumla ya ufalme wake na imepata msaada kutoka nchi kama Ufaransa, Uhispania, na Uingereza kwa pendekezo la mpango wa "autonomia" wa kuendeleza sheria za ndani bado chini ya Morocco. Hii inapingana na utawala wa SADR unaoingia Amnesty ya Umoja wa Mataifa na Umoja wa Afrika kwa uhuru wa kuamuliwa na kujitawala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Portugal supports Morocco autonomy plan |work=Reuters |date=22 Julai 2025 |access-date=24 Julai 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Britannica: Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sahrawi-Arab-Democratic-Republic |access-date=24 Julai 2025}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Africa in topic|Siasa ya}} {{mbegu‑siasa}} [[Jamii:Afrocrowd 2025]] [[Jamii:Sahara ya Magharibi]] 2zqodfs7elckb77b77h3ij7hmmu8ydw 0 214756 1569176 1525642 2026-06-09T19:48:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oluwasina Oluwagbemiga'''<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Orodare |first=Michael |date=2021-04-15 |title=Shina Rambo - The robbery kingpin who vanished in 1992 |url=https://features.neusroom.com/shina-rambo/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Neusroom Features |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817173045/https://features.neusroom.com/shina-rambo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Sherifat |first=Lawal |title=Nigeria: Robbery Kingpin, Shina Rambo Resurfaces, Says He Is Born Again |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202011090691.html |website=allAfrica}}</ref> (alizaliwa '''Olusegun Adeshina Adisa Kuye''',<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2021-08-09 |title=Gun smoke from the east |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/gun-smoke-from-the-east/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> takriban [[1958]]), anayejulikana pia kama '''Shina Rambo''', ni jambazi wa zamani na kiongozi wa wizi wa [[silaha]] aliyefanya shughuli zake Kusini Magharibi mwa [[Nigeria]] katika miaka ya [[1990]]. == Maisha ya Awali == Shina Rambo alizaliwa kama Olusegun Adeshina Adisa Kuye mnamo takriban 1958 katika Abeokuta, [[Jimbo la Ogun]], kusini magharibi mwa Nigeria. Inaripotiwa kwamba alikulia katika Jiji la [[Benin]]. Kuye hakuwa na elimu rasmi.<ref name=":0" /> == Shughuli za Kijinamizi == Mapema miaka ya [[1990]], Shina Rambo alijulikana kwa wizi wa silaha wa hadhi ya juu, hasa katika jiji la [[Lagos]], [[Ogun]], na sehemu nyingine za kusini magharibi mwa Nigeria. Shughuli zake zilihusisha mara nyingi usafirishaji wa [[magari]] waliyokuwa wameiba kutoka Lagos hadi [[Cotonou]], Benin. Alijulikana pia kwa kutumia wanawake warembo kuwachomekea waliokuwa wahanga wake.<ref name=":0" /> Alikuwa mfuatiliaji wa mila za kienyeji na aliamini katika masharti na michango ya binadamu. [[Polisi]] wengine walihoji uwepo wake kabisa, wakimchukulia kama hadithi. == Baada ya maisha ya uhalifu == Kuye baadaye alikua mchungaji baada ya kutoka [[gerezani]] katika enzi ya [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na kisha alihubiri Injili.<ref>{{cite web |last=Musa |first=Abubakar |date=August 16, 2008 |title=Day Okiro dropped the gun for a dance |url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/living/2008/aug/16/living-16-08-2008-004.htm |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120132933/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/living/2008/aug/16/living-16-08-2008-004.htm |archivedate=2010-11-20 |accessdate=2009-04-19 |work=The Sun}}</ref> Katika mahojiano ya mwaka 2020, alifunua utambulisho wake mpya kama Oluwasina Oluwagbemiga na akakiri kuwa yeye ndiye huyo aliyekuwa akitesa jimbo la Lagos na Ogun.<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1958]] [[Jamii: Watu wa Nigeria]] k0owfwqutod7cx5svn95l5ygzdx68ac 0 215924 1569122 1560039 2026-06-09T13:29:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569122 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ptolemaio Eupator''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]] ''Ptolemaios Eupatōr'', likimaanisha ''“Ptolemaio aliyezaliwa katika [[familia]] bora”'') alikuwa [[Mtoto|mwana]] wa [[Ptolemaio VI]] Philometor na [[Kleopatra II]]. Kwa kipindi kifupi mnamo mwaka [[152 KK]], alikuwa mtawala mwenza wa [[Kupro]] pamoja na baba yake. Inasadikiwa kwamba Ptolemaio Eupator alifariki mwezi Agosti mwaka huohuo. Utambulisho wa Ptolemaio Eupator unatokana na idadi ndogo ya hati na maandiko yaliyobaki. Ametajwa katika hati ya lugha ya Kidemotiki inayohifadhiwa katika Makumbusho ya Uingereza, na pia kama kuhani wa ibada ya kifalme ya Ptolemaio ya [[Aleksander Mashuhuri|Aleksanda Mkuu]] kati ya miaka [[158 KK]]–[[157 KK]]. Aidha, kumbukumbu zinaonyesha kwamba alikuwa mtawala mwenza na baba yake mnamo mwaka 152 KK. Ptolemaio Eupator alikadiriwa kuwa na umri wa miaka 12 au 13 alipofariki dunia. Jina lake liliingizwa kwenye orodha ya ibada ya kifalme ya kifamilia ya Waptolemaio waliotukuzwa, kabla ya lile la baba yake, ambaye baadaye alimfuata kwa kifo.<ref name="DodsonAndHilton 280">[[Ptolemy Eupator#DodsonAndHilton2004|Dodson and Hilton (2004)]] uk.&nbsp;280</ref><ref name="Ager 180">[[Ptolemy Eupator#Ager2004|Ager (2004)]] uk.&nbsp;180</ref><ref name="DodsonAndHilton 281">[[Ptolemy Eupator#DodsonAndHilton|Dodson and Hilton (2004)]] uk.&nbsp;281</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|164 KK|152 KK}} [[Jamii:watu wa Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Misri]] t08584hzd7fv2rb3dm017qe5r437vu0 1569123 1569122 2026-06-09T13:29:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ptolemy Eupator]] hadi [[Ptolemaio Eupator]]: jina la Kiswahili 1569122 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ptolemaio Eupator''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]] ''Ptolemaios Eupatōr'', likimaanisha ''“Ptolemaio aliyezaliwa katika [[familia]] bora”'') alikuwa [[Mtoto|mwana]] wa [[Ptolemaio VI]] Philometor na [[Kleopatra II]]. Kwa kipindi kifupi mnamo mwaka [[152 KK]], alikuwa mtawala mwenza wa [[Kupro]] pamoja na baba yake. Inasadikiwa kwamba Ptolemaio Eupator alifariki mwezi Agosti mwaka huohuo. Utambulisho wa Ptolemaio Eupator unatokana na idadi ndogo ya hati na maandiko yaliyobaki. Ametajwa katika hati ya lugha ya Kidemotiki inayohifadhiwa katika Makumbusho ya Uingereza, na pia kama kuhani wa ibada ya kifalme ya Ptolemaio ya [[Aleksander Mashuhuri|Aleksanda Mkuu]] kati ya miaka [[158 KK]]–[[157 KK]]. Aidha, kumbukumbu zinaonyesha kwamba alikuwa mtawala mwenza na baba yake mnamo mwaka 152 KK. Ptolemaio Eupator alikadiriwa kuwa na umri wa miaka 12 au 13 alipofariki dunia. Jina lake liliingizwa kwenye orodha ya ibada ya kifalme ya kifamilia ya Waptolemaio waliotukuzwa, kabla ya lile la baba yake, ambaye baadaye alimfuata kwa kifo.<ref name="DodsonAndHilton 280">[[Ptolemy Eupator#DodsonAndHilton2004|Dodson and Hilton (2004)]] uk.&nbsp;280</ref><ref name="Ager 180">[[Ptolemy Eupator#Ager2004|Ager (2004)]] uk.&nbsp;180</ref><ref name="DodsonAndHilton 281">[[Ptolemy Eupator#DodsonAndHilton|Dodson and Hilton (2004)]] uk.&nbsp;281</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|164 KK|152 KK}} [[Jamii:watu wa Ugiriki ya Kale]] [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Misri]] t08584hzd7fv2rb3dm017qe5r437vu0 0 216946 1569125 1471541 2026-06-09T13:35:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569125 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rafiatou Karimou''' ([[2 Mei]] [[1946]] – [[4 Januari]] [[2018]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.acotonou.com/h/104825.html|title=Décès de Karim Rafiatou hier à Paris La première femme ministre du Bénin n'est plus|access-date=1 May 2018}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwalimu]] wa kitaaluma kutoka [[Benin]]. Karimou alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza kuteuliwa kushika wadhifa wa uwaziri katika [[nchi]] yake. == Wasifu == Rafiatou Karimou alizaliwa mwaka 1946 huko Sakété, [[kusini]] mwa eneo la Benin ya sasa, wakati huo likijulikana kama Koloni ya Dahomey. Akiwa bado kijana, alianza kushiriki katika shughuli za kijamii kupitia Umoja Mkuu wa Wanafunzi wa Dahomey (UGEED) kabla ya kujiingiza katika siasa. Mwaka 1975, alikuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuteuliwa kuwa mkuu wa wilaya nchini Benin, na mwaka 1989 akawa mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa waziri nchini humo baada ya kuteuliwa na Rais Mathieu Kérékou kuwa Waziri wa [[Afya]] ya [[Umma]]. Alishikilia wadhifa huu hadi mwaka 1990. Baadaye aliteuliwa tena kuwa waziri kuanzia mwaka 2003 hadi 2006, safari hii akiongoza wizara ya Elimu ya Msingi na Sekondari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beninwebtv.com/2018/01/benin-lancienne-ministre-rafiatou-karimou-decedee-de-suite-dune-longue-maladie/|title=Bénin : l'ancienne ministre Rafiatou Karimou est décédée de suite d'une longue maladie|date=5 January 2018|access-date=1 May 2018|archive-date=2018-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611031137/https://beninwebtv.com/2018/01/benin-lancienne-ministre-rafiatou-karimou-decedee-de-suite-dune-longue-maladie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1946|2018}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Benin]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Benin]] nbp8w62fmnd26nhd7in0i05giq79gnb 3 220467 1569114 1481935 2026-06-09T12:29:10Z ~2026-33929-90 90101 /* calistisimba */ mjadala mpya 1569114 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 15 Januari 2026 (UTC) == calistisimba == Calisti Simba ni Mwandishi Habari wa Tanzania, na mtunzi wa maudhui anayejulikana kwa kuandika habari zinazochipuka, siasa, michezo na burudani. Kulingana na uwepo wake mtandaoni, Ameorodheshwa kama Afisa Mkuu Mtendaji katika Simba TV. Mitandao ya Kijamii: Anaendesha kurasa maarufu za Facebook na akaunti za instagram, akitoa taarifa za habari za saa 24.: Anaangazia habari na masuala ya kijamii, mara nyingi akijadili matukio ya sasa nchini Tanzania. Ni mtu anayetambulika katika vyombo vya habari vya kidijitali vya Tanzania, akiangazia sasisho za habari na maoni ya kijamii. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-33929-90|&#126;2026-33929-90]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-33929-90|talk]]) 12:29, 9 Juni 2026 (UTC) 2b4gpnthgrke579j8mg34ped0xluify 1569118 1569114 2026-06-09T12:44:31Z ~2026-33929-90 90101 /* Calisti Simba */ mjadala mpya 1569118 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 15 Januari 2026 (UTC) == calistisimba == Calisti Simba ni Mwandishi Habari wa Tanzania, na mtunzi wa maudhui anayejulikana kwa kuandika habari zinazochipuka, siasa, michezo na burudani. Kulingana na uwepo wake mtandaoni, Ameorodheshwa kama Afisa Mkuu Mtendaji katika Simba TV. Mitandao ya Kijamii: Anaendesha kurasa maarufu za Facebook na akaunti za instagram, akitoa taarifa za habari za saa 24.: Anaangazia habari na masuala ya kijamii, mara nyingi akijadili matukio ya sasa nchini Tanzania. Ni mtu anayetambulika katika vyombo vya habari vya kidijitali vya Tanzania, akiangazia sasisho za habari na maoni ya kijamii. [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-33929-90|&#126;2026-33929-90]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-33929-90|talk]]) 12:29, 9 Juni 2026 (UTC) == Calisti Simba == Calisti Simba alizaliwa mwaka 2005 katika kijiji cha Sembeti, Tanzania. Akikulia katika mazingira ya kijijini, Calisti alionyesha bidii katika masomo na ndoto za kuja kuwa mtu mwenye mchango chanya katika jamii yake. Alihitimu elimu yake ya Sekondari mnamo mwaka 2022, hatua iliyofungua milango ya ndoto zake za kikazi. Calisti ameanzisha na kumiliki vyombo vya habari vinavyofahamika kama Calisti Simba (SIMBA TV). Kupitia jukwaa hili, amekuwa akihabarisha jamii, kutoa burudani, na kutumia sanaa kama nyenzo ya kuelimisha umma. simbatv inatajwa kuwa moja ya majukwaa yanayokua kwa kasi chini ya usimamizi wa kijana huyo. Calisti Simba ni mfano wa kuigwa kwa vijana wa Kitanzania. Kutoka kijiji cha Sembeti hadi kuwa mmiliki wa media online na kiongozi wa taasisi ya kutoa misaada [[Maalum:Michango/&#126;2026-33929-90|&#126;2026-33929-90]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&#126;2026-33929-90|talk]]) 12:44, 9 Juni 2026 (UTC) pwy9jnycccm6xg8iaxuzcq83fxyo3y5 0 221284 1569160 1524907 2026-06-09T16:47:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569160 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Safiatu Salifu''' (alizaliwa [[3 Machi]] [[2002]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa wanawake kutoka nchini [[Ghana]] anayecheza kama mlinda mlango kwa klabu ya [[Yanga Princess]] inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Tanzania, pamoja na [[timu ya taifa]] ya wanawake ya Ghana.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Salifu Safiatu |url=https://www.soccerdonna.de/en/salifu-safiatu/profil/spieler_92424.html |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=soccerdonna.de}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Safiatu Salifu Stats, Height, Age & Profile |url=https://elitefootball.com/profile/safiatu-salifu/36110 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=elitefootball.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330144124/https://elitefootball.com/profile/safiatu-salifu/36110 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Salifu aliwahi kucheza kama mlinda mlango kwa klabu ya Ampem Darkoa Ladies, ambapo aliisaidia kushinda Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Ghana mwaka [[2023]]. Katika msimu huo, alimaliza mechi kumi bila kufungwa (clean sheets) na aliruhusu mabao manne pekee katika mechi 14. Pia alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora Zaidi (MVP) mara moja katika msimu huo. Kwa sasa, anakipiga katika klabu ya Yanga Princess ya [[Tanzania]]. == Kazi ya Klabu == Salifu ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa wanawake kutoka Ghana ambaye anacheza kama kipa. Alicheza kwa Ampem Darkoa Ladies, akisaidia timu kushinda Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake ya Ghana mwaka wa 2023, akiwa amepunguza mabao yaliyopokewa na kuruhusu mabao manne pekee katika mechi 14 na kufunga mabao kumi. Mnamo msimu huo, alipewa tuzo ya Mchezaji Mwenye Thamani Zaidi (MVP). Kwa sasa, anachezea Yanga Princess ya Tanzania.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yanga Princess - Klabu ya mpira wa miguu|url=https://www.soccerdonna.de/en/yanga-princess/startseite/verein_8271.html|access-date=2024-03-30|website=Soccerdonna}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=|title=Safiatu Salifu asaini mkataba wa miaka miwili na Yanga Princess|url=https://www.faapa.info/en/safiatu-salifu-signs-two-year-contract-with-yanga-princess/|access-date=2024-03-30|website=FAAPA|language=en|archive-date=30 Machi 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330152217/https://www.faapa.info/en/safiatu-salifu-signs-two-year-contract-with-yanga-princess/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=|date=2022-12-27|title=Safiatu Salifu asaini mkataba wa miaka miwili na Yanga Princess|url=https://gna.org.gh/2022/12/safiatu-salifu-signs-two-year-contract-with-yanga-princess/|access-date=2024-03-30|website=Ghana News Agency|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha ya Kibinafsi == Salifu ni [[Mwislamu|Muislamu]]. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Ghana]] 19bwphltsr3quoabs0njfo34cwtvbkl 0 225526 1569200 1496056 2026-06-09T21:47:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569200 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Solange Mabignath''' (alizaliwa [[23 Machi]], [[1958]]) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na msimamizi wa utawala wa [[umma]] kutoka [[Gabon]]. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Mabignath alizaliwa tarehe 23 Machi 1958 katika mji wa Franceville. Baba yake alikuwa Georges Mabignath, [[mwalimu]] ambaye baadaye alikua meya wa [[wilaya]] ya tatu ya Libreville, na mama yake alikuwa Marie-Antoinette Mabignath, ambaye pia alikuwa mwalimu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.au&sl=fr&sp=nmt4&u=http://www.afrik.com/article17011.html&usg=ALkJrhioKVRN3bylHC65f1XgTpnkSmnM_w|title=Gabon: list of members of the new government|work=Afrique|first=PIerre Eric|last=Mbog Batassi|date=20 June 2009|accessdate=3 February 2017}}</ref> Kuhusu elimu, Mabignath alihitimu katika École Nationale d’Administration (Gabon), taasisi ya juu inayotoa mafunzo kwa viongozi na watumishi waandamizi wa serikali nchini Gabon. Taasisi hii imezalisha viongozi wengi wa utawala wa umma katika nchi hiyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.alibreville.com/v/29576.html|title=Solange Mabignath nommée présidente du bureau de global business Gabon|date=31 March 2015|language=French|accessdate=3 February 2017|publisher=News a Libreville}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1958|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Gabon]] ilsir220v5nxy7m5tqf1v5kboa9jizk 0 226729 1569248 1501494 2026-06-10T05:05:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569248 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Verna Barbara Robertson Vels''' (13 Juni 1933 - 21 Agosti 2014) alikuwa mwandishi na mtangazaji wa redio na televisheni kutoka nchini Afrika Kusini. Alikuwa na kazi ya programu za sanaa na programu zinazohusu vijana. Alihusika kwa karibu katika kupanga programu za televisheni kwa ajili ya kuanzisha huduma ya Kiafrikana na akaanzisha jarida la watoto. Kazi yake maarufu zaidi ilikuwa ''Liewe Heksie'' ; hadithi hizo ziliandikwa awali kwa ajili ya redio na baadaye kuchapishwa na kuhaririwa kwa ajili ya televisheni na video. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Verna Vels {{!}} Who's Who SA|url=http://whoswho.co.za/verna-vels-27096|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317103139/https://whoswho.co.za/verna-vels-27096|archivedate=2018-03-17|accessdate=2018-01-11|work=whoswho.co.za|language=en}}</ref> == Wasifu == Verna Vels alizaliwa Reitz, Orange Free State, nchini Afrika Kusini. <ref name="storiewerfVVCV">{{Rejea tovuti|title=StorieWerf biography of Verna Vels|url=http://www.storiewerf.co.za/cv%27s/cv_vernavels.htm|language=Afrikaans|accessdate=2026-04-01|archive-date=2025-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104213712/https://storiewerf.co.za/cv%27s/cv_vernavels.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alisoma [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria]], na mwaka wa 1954 alimaliza shahada ya BA, alisomea Kiafrikana na Kiholanzi, Kiingereza, na Historia ya Sanaa. Mnamo Desemba mwaka1954, alianza kufanya kazi kama mtangazaji wa redio katika SABC huko Durban, ambapo alivutiwa na vipindi vya watoto. Mnamo mwaka 1963, alihamia Johannesburg. Mnamo mwaka 1968 alifanya kazi kwa kipindi cha mwaka mmoja katika Radio Netherlands huko Hilversum Wereldomroep . Mnamo mwaka 1973 alihamia Durban na kuwa mratibu wa Vipindi vya Kiafrikana huko Natal na kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza kuteuliwa kama mratibu katika eneo hilo. Mnamo 1mwaka 974, Vels alirudi [[Johannesburg]], ambapo aliteuliwa na Televisheni kama mratibu wa jarida la ''Kiafrikana'' lililokuwa vipindi vya watoto. Vipindi kama vile ''Kraaines'' na ''Wielie Walie'' vilitengenezwa chini ya mwongozo wake. Kwa miaka yote ya uwepo wake, alitoa sauti ya Bennie ''Wielie Walie'' kama msomaji wa vitabu. Katika miaka miwili kabla ya Televisheni kurushwa rasmi (tarehe 5 Januari mwaka 1976), Vels alihusika katika uzalishaji na upangaji wa vipindi na hatimaye katika ununuzi wa vipindi katika nchi za kigeni. Alianza kuandika kwa ajili ya redio mapema katika taaluma yake, na sehemu kubwa ya kazi hii hatimaye ilichapishwa. Hadithi ya kwanza ya ''Liewe Heksie'' (Mpenzi mchawi mdogo) zilitangazwa kwenye redio mwaka wa 1961. Mfululizo kadhaa wa ''Liewe Heksie'' ulirushwa hewani. Vitabu vya kwanza vya "Liewe Heksie" vilichapishwa mwaka wa 1965 na wachapishaji Human & Rousseau. Kwa miaka mingi, jumla ya vitabu 10, makala nane, na CD, video, na DVD nyingi zilitolewa. Kitabu cha hivi karibuni kilikuwa kinaitwa "Liewe Heksie en die rekenaar" (Mpenzi mchawi mdogo na kompyuta) ambacho kilisomwa mwaka wa 1999 (kilichochorwa na Piet Grobler). ''Liewe Heksie'' kilianza kuchapishwa kwenye televisheni mwaka wa 1978 na katika mfululizo wa vipindi 26. Mfululizo wa pili uliofuata wa mwaka wa 1981. Kwa mfululizo wa jumla ya vipindi 52 vya televisheni, alihariri hadithi za zamani na kuandika hadithi mpya. Mfululizo huo pia ulisababisha idadi ya vitabu vyenye vielelezo kutoka kwenye televisheni. ''Liewe Heksie'' pia alionekana katika tasni ya uigizaji kwa watoto katika kumbi kama vile ukumbi wa michezo wa Nico Malan huko Cape Town, Ukumbi wa michezo wa Sand du Plessis huko Bloemfontein na Ukumbi wa michezo wa State huko Pretoria. Vels pia aliandika tamthilia za ''Liewe Heksie'' za "Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees" na Idara ya Maigizo ya Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria kuadhimisha kumbukumbu ya miaka thelathini. Vels aliandika riwaya ianayohusu vijana, ''Alet'', mwaka wa 1965 kwa ajili redio; ilichapishwa mwaka wa 1978 na Perskor-Publishers. Alipanga tamthilia kadhaa za redio, na alifanya uandishi wa mwanzo kwa ajili ya vipindi vya redio. Tamthilia ya asili kama ile ya Little-Theatre ya zamani pamoja na Helen wa Troy Clemens na Uncle Bob na hadithi ya mwisho. Ilitangazwa mara mbili. Mnamo Februari mwaka 1983, alichaguliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi wa Programu ya TV1 ya (Kiafrikana) nafasi ya juu zaidi kuwahi kushikiliwa na mwanamke katika miaka hiyo. Baada ya marekebisho kadhaa ndani ya SABC, ilishikilia nafasi zingine kadhaa na kustaafu mwaka wa 1993 baada ya kazi ya karibu miaka minne katika redio na televisheni. == Tuzo == Alipokea tuzo kadhaa kutoka Taasisi za Utamaduni, ikiwa ni pamoja na: * Die Federasie van Rapportryerskorpse kwa machapisho ya Liewe Heksie-Family (1985). * Nishani ya Heshima kwa Maendeleo ya Utamaduni ya Wanawake (1993). * Artes wa SABC kwa michango yake katika Utangazaji. * FAK kwa ajili ya kukuza Sanaa za Maonyesho (1996). * Tuzo ya CP Hoogenhout kwa Watoto wa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Kusini|UNISA]] (2002). == Kifo == Verna Vels alifariki kwa ugonjwa wa saratani Alhamisi, Agosti 21, 2014, akiwa na umri wa miaka 81. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=|url=http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/tv-radio/liewe-heksie-creator-verna-vels-dies-1.1739414#.U_prqKMlrzY|title=Liewe Heksie creator Verna Vels dies from cancer|publisher=IOL.co.za|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> == Vitabu == * ''Die Groot Liewe Heksie-Storieboek'' (miaka ya 1970), iliyochorwa na Dorothy Hill, * ''Hadithi za Lekker Liewe Heksie'' (miaka ya 1970), zilizochorwa na Dorothy Hill, * ''Liewe Heksie en die rugbywedstryd'' (1988), iliyochorwa na Nikki Jones, * ''Liewe Heksie en die rekenaar'' (1999), iliyochorwa na Piet Grobler, * ''Liewe Heksie Omnibus'' (2002), kwa picha na Piet Grobler, <ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Liewe Heksie Omnibus|last=Vels|first=Verna|date=2002|publisher=Human & Rousseau (Pty) Ltd|isbn=9780798142212|edition=1st|location=Kaapstad|language=Af}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2014]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1933]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] 3difw3beg2o9m4et00bgj6cm75z3xb5 0 229253 1569345 1507619 2026-06-10T07:59:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569345 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yejide Kilanko''' (alizaliwa [[1975]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa [[hadithi]] za kubuni na mfanyakazi wa kijamii mwenye asili ya Kanada na Nigeria . Anajulikana kwa kushughulikia ukatili dhidi ya wanawake katika kazi yake. Riwaya yake ya kwanza, ''Daughters Who Walk This Path'', ilikuwa kitabu kilichouzwa zaidi cha hadithi za kubuni za Kanada mwaka wa 2012. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yejide Kilanko {{!}} Penguin Random House|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/246934/yejide-kilanko/|accessdate=2025-01-21|work=PenguinRandomhouse.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Kilanko alizaliwa mwaka wa 1975 huko [[Ibadan]], [[Nigeria]], ambapo baba yake alifanya kazi kama [[profesa]] wa chuo kikuu. Alianza kuandika mashairi akiwa na umri mdogo. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-06-18|title=Newcomer Stories: Yejide Kilanko|url=https://www.chatham-kent.ca/Newcomers/choose-chatham-kent/newcomer-stories/yejide-kilanko|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Chatham-Kent|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Mbaye|first=Ndeye Sene|date=2013-04-22|title=Daughters who walk the path by Yejide Kilanko|url=https://afrobooks.org/2013/04/22/daughters-who-walk-the-path-by-yejide-kilanko/|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Afrobooks|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yejide Kilanko|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/246934/yejide-kilanko|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Penguin Random House|language=en-US}}</ref> Alisoma sayansi ya siasa katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] . <ref name=":3">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2012|title=Yejide Kilanko|url=https://writersfestival.org/authors/earlier/yejide-kilanko|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Ottawa International Writers Festival|archive-date=2025-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123210801/https://writersfestival.org/authors/earlier/yejide-kilanko|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo 2000, Kilanko aliondoka Nigeria, na kuhamia Laurel, Maryland, nchini Marekani. Kisha akahamia Kanada mwaka 2004, ambapo sasa anaishi [[Chatham-Kent, Ontario|Chatham-Kent]], [[Ontario]] . <ref name=":02">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-06-18|title=Newcomer Stories: Yejide Kilanko|url=https://www.chatham-kent.ca/Newcomers/choose-chatham-kent/newcomer-stories/yejide-kilanko|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Chatham-Kent|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":32">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2012|title=Yejide Kilanko|url=https://writersfestival.org/authors/earlier/yejide-kilanko|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Ottawa International Writers Festival|archive-date=2025-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123210801/https://writersfestival.org/authors/earlier/yejide-kilanko|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Carlucci|first=Paul|date=2012-09-10|title=Africa: Review - Daughters Who Walk This Path|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201209100928.html|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=AllAfrica|language=en}}</ref> Huko Kanada, alisomea kazi ya kijamii katika Chuo Kikuu cha Victoria na Chuo Kikuu cha Windsor . <ref name=":12">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Mbaye|first=Ndeye Sene|date=2013-04-22|title=Daughters who walk the path by Yejide Kilanko|url=https://afrobooks.org/2013/04/22/daughters-who-walk-the-path-by-yejide-kilanko/|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Afrobooks|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":33">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2012|title=Yejide Kilanko|url=https://writersfestival.org/authors/earlier/yejide-kilanko|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Ottawa International Writers Festival|archive-date=2025-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123210801/https://writersfestival.org/authors/earlier/yejide-kilanko|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anafanya kazi kama mtaalamu wa afya ya akili ya watoto. <ref name=":03">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-06-18|title=Newcomer Stories: Yejide Kilanko|url=https://www.chatham-kent.ca/Newcomers/choose-chatham-kent/newcomer-stories/yejide-kilanko|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Chatham-Kent|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":22">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Yejide Kilanko|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/246934/yejide-kilanko|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Penguin Random House|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kazi ya uandishi == Kilanko mwanzoni alijikita katika ushairi, baadaye akageukia hadithi za kubuni. Alichochewa kuandika riwaya yake ya kwanza baada ya kukabiliana na majeraha ya ziada kutokana na kusikia kuhusu uzoefu wa watoto aliofanya nao kazi kama mshauri wa afya ya akili. <ref name=":4">''Mordi, Melissa (2019-06-03).'' "Yejide Kilanko: Shattering The Shackles Of Silence Through Writing"''. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2020-11-14.''</ref> Kitabu chake cha kwanza, ''Daughters Who Walk This Path'', kilichapishwa mwaka wa 2012. Kikiwa katika mji wake wa Ibadan, kinashughulikia unyanyasaji wa kijinsia na ukatili dhidi ya wanawake na watoto nchini Nigeria, kikisimuliwa kupitia macho ya msimulizi wa mtoto. <ref name=":04">{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-06-18|title=Newcomer Stories: Yejide Kilanko|url=https://www.chatham-kent.ca/Newcomers/choose-chatham-kent/newcomer-stories/yejide-kilanko|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Chatham-Kent|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ullery|first=Sarah|date=2018-05-17|title=10 Books by Nigerian Authors with Feminist Themes|url=https://bookriot.com/feminist-books-by-nigerian-authors/|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Book Riot|language=en-US}}</ref> Kilielezewa na wakaguzi kama kinachovunja mipaka ya [[mwiko]] wa kujadili ukatili wa kijinsia, hasa nchini Nigeria. <ref name=":42">''Mordi, Melissa (2019-06-03).'' "Yejide Kilanko: Shattering The Shackles Of Silence Through Writing"''. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2020-11-14.''</ref> Riwaya yake pia iliorodheshwa kwa Tuzo ya Fasihi ya Nigeria mnamo 2016, baada ya kutolewa huko na mchapishaji wa Nigeria. <ref>"11 Authors Shortlisted for the Nigerian Prize for Literature 2016"''. AllAfrica. 2016-07-17.''</ref> <ref>''Lasisi, Akeem (2016-07-15).'' "Women writers dominate shortlist of $100,000 literature prize"''. The Punch. Retrieved 2020-11-14.''</ref> Zawadi hatimaye ilimwendea Abubakar Adam Ibrahim kwa kitabu chake ''Msimu wa Maua ya Crimson .'' <ref>''Sam-Duru, Prisca (2016-10-13).'' "2016 Winner of $100,000 Nigeria prize for Literature emerges"''. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2020-11-14.''</ref> Kazi ya kubuni iliyofuata ya Kilanko, riwaya ya ''Chasing Butterflies'', ilichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 2015 kama mchango wa kuchangisha fedha kwa ajili ya Worldreader . Pia inajadili ukatili dhidi ya wanawake, ikizingatia ukatili wa majumbani. <ref name=":43">''Mordi, Melissa (2019-06-03).'' "Yejide Kilanko: Shattering The Shackles Of Silence Through Writing"''. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2020-11-14.''</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2018-05-01|title=BN Prose – Book Excerpt: Chasing Butterflies by Yejide Kilanko|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/05/bn-prose-book-excerpt-chasing-butterflies-yejide-kilanko/|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> Muswada wake wa riwaya yake inayofuata, ambayo "inasimulia hadithi za wauguzi wa kike wa Nigeria wanaoishi Marekani ambao waliuawa na waume zao wazee zaidi," uliorodheshwa kwa Tuzo ya Guernica ya Kanada ya Hadithi za Fasihi mnamo 2019 chini ya kichwa cha kazi ''"Moldable Women'' ". Ilichapishwa mnamo 2021 kama ''Jina Jema'' . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2022-04-25|title=Yejide Kilanko On the Making of "A Good Name"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/04/yejide-kilanko-on-the-making-of-a-good-name/|accessdate=2022-07-20|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> Kilanko anajitambulisha kama [[Ufeministi|mtetezi wa haki za wanawake]]. <ref name=":44">''Mordi, Melissa (2019-06-03).'' "Yejide Kilanko: Shattering The Shackles Of Silence Through Writing"''. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 2020-11-14.''</ref> Anasema anaahamasishwa hasa na waandishi wanawake wa Kiafrika na Kiafrika wa Marekani kama vile [[Buchi Emecheta]], [[Chika Unigwe]], [[Toni Morrison]] na [[Alice Walker]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Fantoni|first=Beatrice|date=2012-10-27|title=Chatham social worker's debut novel explores young women, abuse in Nigeria|url=https://windsorstar.com/life/chatham-social-workers-debut-novel-explores-young-women-abuse-in-nigeria|accessdate=2020-11-14|work=Windsor Star|language=en-CA}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Kanada]] fvt8d016qmt96gpagovr1r9drzc7e4t 0 229722 1569427 1565302 2026-06-10T11:24:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569427 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:The First Lady of Nigeria Her Excellency Aisha Buhari.jpg|thumb|Mke wa Rais wa Nigeria]] '''Aisha Halilu Buhari''' (alizaliwa [[17 Februari]] [[1971]]) ni mtaalamu wa [[urembo]] kutoka [[Nigeria]] ambaye alihudumu kama Mke wa Rais wa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] kuanzia mwaka [[2015]] hadi [[2023]]. Kabla na wakati wa nafasi yake ya Mke wa Rais, alijulikana sana kwa kazi zake za kijamii na uhisani, hasa katika maeneo ya afya, elimu na ustawi wa wanawake na watoto. Alijikita katika kampeni zinazolenga kupunguza ukatili wa kijinsia, kuboresha afya ya mama na mtoto, na kuimarisha elimu ya mtoto wa kike nchini Nigeria. Mwaka [[2014]] alianzisha Aisha Buhari Foundation, shirika lisilo la kiserikali linalolenga miradi ya kijamii na misaada ya kibinadamu kwa makundi yaliyo hatarini. Kupitia mpango wake mkuu unaoitwa ''Future Assured'', alitekeleza miradi ya afya ya jamii, lishe, elimu na uwezeshaji wa kiuchumi kwa wanawake na watoto. Aisha Halilu Buhari pia ametumia nafasi yake kuhamasisha mabadiliko ya sera na sheria zinazolinda wanawake na watoto dhidi ya ndoa za utotoni, unyanyasaji na unyonyaji wa kijinsia. Juhudi zake zimefanya aonekane kama miongoni mwa sauti muhimu za utetezi wa wanawake nchini Nigeria katika kipindi chake cha umma. == Maisha ya awali na familia == Aisha Halilu alizaliwa tarehe 17 Februari 1971 katika Jimbo la [[Adamawa (jimbo)|Adamawa]], lililopo kaskazini mashariki mwa Nigeria. Babu yake, Alhaji Muhammadu Ribadu, alikuwa waziri wa kwanza wa ulinzi nchini Nigeria. Baba yake alikuwa mhandisi wa ujenzi, huku mama yake akitoka katika familia ya Ankali, familia inayojulikana kwa shughuli za kilimo.<ref name="ibtimes.com">{{cite news|last=Windsor|first=Morgan|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/nigerias-new-first-lady-aisha-buhari-8-things-know-about-president-elects-wife-1892079|title=Nigeria's New First Lady, Aisha Buhari: 8 Things To Know About The President-Elect's Wife|date=22 April 2015|work=International Business Times|access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="dailymail.com.ng">{{cite web|url=http://dailymail.com.ng/biographyprofilecurriculum-vitae-of-mrs-aisha-buhari/|title="Biography/Profile/Curriculum Vitae Of MRS AISHA BUHARI"|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531085921/http://dailymail.com.ng/biographyprofilecurriculum-vitae-of-mrs-aisha-buhari/|archive-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aisha alipata elimu yake ya msingi na sekondari ndani ya Jimbo la Adamawa. Baadaye, tarehe 2 Desemba 1989, alifunga ndoa na Muhammadu Buhari, ambaye kabla ya ndoa hiyo alikuwa tayari na watoto watano kutoka ndoa yake ya awali na Safinatu Yusuf. Aisha na Muhammadu Buhari wamebarikiwa kupata watoto watano pamoja, pamoja na mjukuu mmoja.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.punchng.com/politics/inauguration-special/patience-jonathans-mistake-lesson-for-aisha-buhari-women/|title=Patience Jonathan's mistake, lesson for Aisha Buhari – Women|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530044257/http://www.punchng.com/politics/inauguration-special/patience-jonathans-mistake-lesson-for-aisha-buhari-women/|archive-date=30 May 2015|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Elimu == Aisha Buhari alipata shahada ya kwanza katika utawala wa umma kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ambrose Alli (AAU). Baadaye, aliendeleza masomo yake na kupata shahada ya uzamili katika masuala ya kimataifa na masomo ya kimkakati kutoka Chuo cha Ulinzi cha Nigeria kilichopo Kaduna.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.naij.com/321598-5-facts-you-need-to-know-about-aisha-buhari.html|work=[[The Punch]]|title=5 Facts You Need to Know About Aisha Buhari|access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> Katika safari yake ya kitaaluma, pia alipata shahada ya uzamili katika tiba ya urembo kutoka Taasisi ya Carlton ya Tiba ya Urembo iliyopo Windsor, [[Uingereza]]. Vilevile, alihitimu shahada nyingine ya uzamili katika urembo na masuala ya urembo kutoka Taasisi ya Urembo ya Academy Esthetique ya nchini Ufaransa.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news|url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/people/aisha-muhammadu-buhari/|publisher=The Presidency|title=Aisha Muhammadu Buhari Wife of the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria|access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref> Mbali na elimu yake ya kitaaluma, Aisha Buhari ni mwanachama wa Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Ufundi na Hisani ya Uingereza pamoja na Baraza la Kimataifa la Afya na Urembo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailymedia.com.ng/biographyprofilecurriculum-vitae-of-mrs-aisha-buhari/|title=Biography/Profile/Curriculum Vitae Of MRS AISHA BUHARI|author=Sean|work=dailymedia.com.ng|accessdate=2026-04-21|archive-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019005151/http://dailymedia.com.ng/biographyprofilecurriculum-vitae-of-mrs-aisha-buhari/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Nigeria]] 046psbbdojlw3sev2wok7pdk8oflvnq 0 231774 1569193 1531619 2026-06-09T21:01:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simplice Guedet Manzela''' (alifariki tarehe 9 Aprili 2020)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Gabon-Nécrologie : Simplice Guédet Manzela n’est plus, est mort à 71 ans|url=https://www.journaldugabon.com/gabon-necrologie-simplice-guedet-manzela-nest-plus-est-mort-a-71-ans/|work=Journal du Gabon|date=2020-04-09|accessdate=2026-05-05|language=fr}}</ref> alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] wa Gabon. Alikuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia cha [[Gabon]] (Parti démocratique gabonais – PDG), na alikuwa [[mbunge]] katika Bunge la Kitaifa la Gabon <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=La 8ème Législature|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.ga/658-deputes/981-anciennes-legislatures/1369-la-8eme-legislature/|work=Assemblée Nationale|accessdate=2026-05-05|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>akiwakilisha mkoa wa Ogooué-Lolo. Alikuwa Katibu Mkuu wa PDG kuanzia mwaka 1994 hadi Septemba 2008. Pia alimuunga mkono Jean Ping katika uchaguzi wa [[urais]] wa Gabon wa mwaka 2016. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2020]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Gabon]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za wanasiasa]] iuxmvvigqy4mnxr5yc14cyx2rsc5luc 0 232134 1569223 1534020 2026-06-10T00:48:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569223 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thelma D. Burns''' alikuwa mwanaharakati wa jamii huko Boston.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2020-02-18 |title=Black History Boston: Thelma Burns {{!}} Boston.gov |url=https://www.boston.gov/news/black-history-boston-thelma-burns |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.boston.gov |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613170849/https://www.boston.gov/news/black-history-boston-thelma-burns |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alihudumu kama mkurugenzi wa shirika lisilo la kiserikali la Action for Boston Community Development (ABCD) kwa miaka 35.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Thelma D. Burns – The Bay State Banner |url=https://www.baystatebanner.com/2016/05/19/thelma-d-burns/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.baystatebanner.com}}</ref> Pia aliwahi kuwa kiongozi katika bodi mbalimbali za jamii, ikiwemo Baraza la Ushauri la Wazee la Meya na Roxbury YMCA.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Thelma D. Burns obituary |url=https://www.dolanfuneral.com/obituaries/thelma-d-burns/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.dolanfuneral.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Burns alizaliwa [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. Alipata shahada ya kwanza ya elimu kutoka Boston University na shahada ya uzamili katika usimamizi wa elimu kutoka [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Thelma D. Burns |url=https://www.abcdheroes.org/thelma-burns |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=ABCD CHC |language=en}}</ref> Mwaka 1968, aliteuliwa kuwa mshiriki wa Robert F. Kennedy Fellow. Pia aliwahi kuwa mkurugenzi wa METCO kwa Belmont Public Schools kwa miaka 28.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Thelma Burns leaves enduring, rich legacy - ABCD Action for Boston Community Development |url=https://bostonabcd.org/2022/12/08/thelma-burns-leaves-enduring-rich-legacy/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=bostonabcd.org}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 8yjv2muu4sqa0hnclcncx66gmvhza5y 0 233463 1569366 1539877 2026-06-10T08:47:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569366 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zabir Saeed''' (Kiuurdu: زابر سعید; alizaliwa [[22 Mei]] 1972) ni [[mwanahabari]] na mhariri kutoka Pakistan, anayejulikana kwa makala zake katika magazeti ya Kiurdu na Kiingereza. Pia ni mwandishi na mtaalamu wa mahusiano ya umma (public relations practitioner). Ameandika zaidi ya vitabu 50 vinavyohusu mawasiliano ya umma (mass communication) na uandishi wa habari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-5-235879-Book-published|title=The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News|website=www.thenews.com.pk|accessdate=2026-05-10|archive-date=2014-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104011/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-5-235879-Book-published|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Journalist awarded">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://nation.com.pk/24-May-2019/journalist-awarded|title=Journalist awarded|date=2019-05-24|website=The Nation|language=en|access-date=2019-09-08}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] 3q8zr7jmm5hk17fwpm58iwmjo2oan90 0 236831 1569421 1546659 2026-06-10T11:03:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569421 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agi Mishol''' (alizaliwa 20 Oktoba 1947) ni mshairi kutoka nchi ya [[Israeli]].<ref name="haaretz1">{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Vered |url=https://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/poet-agi-mishol-is-surprised-she-s-become-hot-stuff-1.431120 |title=Poet Agi Mishol is surprised she's become hot stuff |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=May 17, 2012 |accessdate=2012-12-28 |archive-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925000135/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/poet-agi-mishol-is-surprised-she-s-become-hot-stuff-1.431120 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kazi za Mishol zimechapishwa katika lugha mbalimbali, na ameshinda tuzo mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Zbigniew Herbert International Literary Award]], [[Horst Bienek Prize for Poetry]], na [[The Yehuda Amichai Prize]] ya fasihi. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1947||}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Israeli]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Israeli]] 3lfnx88in0ik63aiaim36yd3xpoqzay 0 237268 1569149 1547625 2026-06-09T15:37:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569149 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roel Mannaart''' (amezaliwa 10 Februari 1994) ni mkimbiza ngumi wa kickboxing kutoka [[Uholanzi]]. Alikuwa bingwa wa zamani wa uzito wa juu wa mashindano ya dunia ya K-1 (K-1 WORLD GP Heavyweight Champion). Pia ameshiriki katika mashindano ya GLORY Kickboxing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Roel Mannaart |url=[https://www.k-1.co.jp/k-1wgp/fighter/826/](https://www.k-1.co.jp/k-1wgp/fighter/826/) |website=k-1.co.jp |access-date=25 Desemba 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roel Mannaart |url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roel_Mannaart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roel_Mannaart) |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 Mei 2026}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali na taaluma== Mannaart alizaliwa Krommenie, Uholanzi. Akiwa na umri mdogo alijiunga na klabu ya Mejiro Gym Amsterdam chini ya kocha André Mannaart, ambaye pia ni baba yake. Alianza kupata umaarufu katika mashindano ya ndani ya Uholanzi kabla ya kupanda ngazi hadi mashindano ya kimataifa. ==Kazi ya mapambano== Mwaka 2018, Mannaart alishinda taji la K-1 WORLD GP Heavyweight baada ya kumshinda Antonio Plazibat na kuwa bingwa mpya wa uzito wa juu wa K-1. Aliendelea kulinda ubingwa wake dhidi ya wapinzani mbalimbali na baadaye akashiriki pia katika GLORY Kickboxing.<ref>{{cite web |title=K-1 World GP Heavyweight Championship |url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_K-1_champions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_K-1_champions) |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 Mei 2026}}</ref> ==Tuzo na mafanikio== * Bingwa wa K-1 WORLD GP Heavyweight (2018) * Mshiriki na mshindani wa GLORY Kickboxing * Bingwa wa zamani wa mashindano ya kimataifa ya uzito wa juu == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1994|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uholanzi]] rwhhtagfkxqijnjjo83c51xynpcbr50 0 237281 1569135 1547749 2026-06-09T14:05:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raymond Anthony Mercer''' (amezaliwa Aprili 4, 1961) ni Raymond Anthony Mercer wa zamani, mkata mateke (kickboxer), na mpiganaji wa sanaa mchanganyiko za mapigano (MMA) kutoka [[Marekani]] ambaye alishindana kuanzia mwaka 1989 hadi 2009. Akiwa katika ngazi ya wachezaji wasio wataalamu (amateur), alishinda medali ya dhahabu ya uzani wa juu (heavyweight) katika Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya 1988.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Herrholz |first=Eric J. |date=2023-08-20 |title=Remembering Ray Mercer |url=[https://www.fight.tv/post/remembering-ray-mercer](https://www.fight.tv/post/remembering-ray-mercer) |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=FIGHT.TV }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1961|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] isunsy6fpd6l73bjqktvli57wmauwhz 0 237415 1569110 1548424 2026-06-09T12:09:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pierre Ernest Rouamba''' ([[1951]] - [[2023]]) alikuwa mkurugenzi na mtayarishaji wa filamu kutoka [[Burkina Faso]]. Anajulikana sana kwa filamu yake ya ''Tasuma'' ya ,mwaka [[2003]] . == Maisha ya Awali na Elimu == Pierre Ernest Rouamba alizaliwa katika mji wa Bobo-Dioulasso nchini Burkina Faso, mwezi Juni, 1951.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africiné - Pierre Ernest Rouamba|url=https://www.africine.org/index.php/personne/pierre-ernest-rouamba/10887|work=Africiné|accessdate=2026-05-22|language=fr|archive-date=2025-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012043945/https://www.africine.org/index.php/personne/pierre-ernest-rouamba/10887|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alisoma katika Taasisi ya Afrika ya Elimu ya Sinema huko Ouagadougou.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Rouamba Pierre Ernest|url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=10887|work=Africultures|accessdate=2026-05-22|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Kazi == Rouamba alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa kampuni ya utengenezaji wa filamu ya ClapAfrik. Alikuwa mkurugenzi msaidizi wa filamu kadhaa, kabla ya kuongoza filamu nyingi fupi mwenyewe, ikiwa ni pamoja na zile za televisheni.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Kifo == Rouamba alifariki mjini Ouagadougou mnamo mwezi Mei, 2023.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:watayarishaji filamu wa Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] helfxx3toeci6lam5qgips29trp5w7i 0 237416 1569177 1547978 2026-06-09T20:01:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569177 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirin Sultana''' ni mwanasiasa wa [[Bangladesh]] kutoka chama cha [[Chama cha Kitaifa cha Bangladesh]] (Bangladesh Nationalist Party) na alikuwa mbunge.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shirin, Papiya quit BNP executive committee |url=https://theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/58506 |accessdate=10 May 2020 |work=The Independent |location=Dhaka |agency=UNB |date=1 September 2016}}</ref> Ameolewa na Khairul Kabir Khokon. Yeye ni katibu mkuu wa Jatiyatabadi Mohila Dal.<ref>{{cite news |title=BNP leader Khokon gets bail |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/court/2019/02/11/bnp-leader-khokon-gets-bail |accessdate=10 May 2020 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=11 February 2019}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka 2008, aligombea katika uchaguzi mkuu kutoka jimbo la Dhaka-9 kama mgombea wa Chama cha Kitaifa cha Bangladesh lakini alishindwa na Saber Hossain Chowdhury, aliyekuwa mgombea wa chama cha Awami League.<ref>{{cite web |title=Electoral Area Result Statistics |url=https://amarmp.com/election/result/electoral?seat_id=217 |website=Amarmp |accessdate=10 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207085823/https://www.amarmp.com/election/result/electoral?seat_id=217 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1960||Sultana, Shirin}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Bangladesh]] dk2l8j53zfe9j7b9a1cdjgzgj2gjupp 0 237430 1569228 1558660 2026-06-10T01:52:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569228 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tony Fisher''' ni mbunifu wa mafumbo (puzzle designer) kutoka [[Uingereza]] ambaye amebobea katika kuunda mafumbo ya mzunguko (rotational puzzles) yaliyobinafsishwa. Anahesabiwa na wapenzi wa “cubing” kama mmoja wa waanzilishi katika kubuni aina mpya za mafumbo na mbinu mpya za utengenezaji. Fisher amefahamika kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika maendeleo ya mafumbo ya aina ya Rubik’s Cube na miundo mingine ya kipekee, ambapo amesaidia kusukuma mbele ubunifu katika muundo wa mafumbo na njia za kuyatengeneza.<ref name=Slocum> {{cite book |last=Slocum |first=Jerry |year=2009 |title=The Cube. The Ultimate Guide to the World's Best Selling Puzzles |publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal |isbn=978-1-57912-805-0 |url-access=registration |url=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781579128050](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781579128050) }}</ref><ref name=Twisty>{{cite web |url=[http://twistypuzzles.com/articles/building-2x2x6/](http://twistypuzzles.com/articles/building-2x2x6/) |title=A Fully Operational 2x2x4 Cube with Uniform Cubies |accessdate=19 July 2014 |publisher=TwistyPuzzles.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=speed>{{cite web |url=[http://www.speedcubing.com/ton/cube_day_2003.htm](http://www.speedcubing.com/ton/cube_day_2003.htm) |title=Dutch Cube Day |accessdate=19 July 2014 |publisher=SpeedCubing.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mwaka wa 2017, Guinness World Records ilimtambua Fisher kama mtengenezaji wa Rubik's Cube kubwa zaidi duniani.<ref name=Guinness> {{cite book |year=2018 |title=Guinness World Records 2018 |isbn=978-1-910561-71-3 |last1=Guinness World Records }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] c7p03yyuxr9fxgd70aftmk2lqi8n080 0 237436 1569203 1548002 2026-06-09T22:15:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569203 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stanley J. Fudro''' (6 Mei 1918 – 30 Desemba 2008) alikuwa Stanley J. Fudro mfanyabiashara wa [[Marekani]], mtengenezaji wa vifaa vya kuchezea, na mwanasiasa. Fudro alizaliwa [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]] na alihitimu kutoka Edison High School mwaka 1939. Alitumikia katika United States Coast Guard wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia. Baadaye alisoma katika University of St. Thomas na University of Minnesota. Fudro alikuwa mmiliki wa kampuni ya Marla Toy Company na pia alikuwa mvumbuzi wa vifaa vya kuchezea. Mbali na kazi ya biashara, alihusika pia katika ujenzi wa nyumba na alikuwa mshiriki katika chama cha wafanyakazi wa useremala (carpenters labor union). Pia aliwahi kuhudumu katika Minnesota House of Representatives kuanzia mwaka 1957 hadi 1980 akiwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia.<ref>[[https://www.startribune.com/furdo-was-a-colorful-toymaker-and-politician/37070559/?refresh=true](https://www.startribune.com/furdo-was-a-colorful-toymaker-and-politician/37070559/?refresh=true){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Furdo was a colorful toymaker and politician], startribune.com. Accessed March 23, 2024.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1918|2008}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] f4zq6s8zb9lbuvtnzxeqkc0q7fgqmul 0 237569 1569141 1564388 2026-06-09T14:31:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569141 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Remo J. Saraceni''' (15 Januari 1935 – 3 Juni 2024) alikuwa mvumbuzi wa vinyago kutoka [[Italia]] na [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana zaidi kwa uvumbuzi wake wa Walking Piano, kifaa cha muziki cha sakafuni kinachotoa sauti kinapokanyagwa, ambacho kilitumika katika filamu ya mwaka 1988 ''Big '' iliyoigizwa na [[Tom Hanks]]. == Maisha na kazi == Saraceni alizaliwa katika Fossacesia, akiwa mtoto wa Giuseppe Saraceni, seremala wa viatu, na Filomena Carulli, mama wa nyumbani. Alisoma katika Taasisi ya Ufundi ya Milano, ambapo alihitimu shahada ya uzamili katika elektroniki mwaka 1958.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.chestnuthilllocal.com/stories/local-rocket-scientist-became-piano-man-for-tom-hanks,11432|title=Local](https://www.chestnuthilllocal.com/stories/local-rocket-scientist-became-piano-man-for-tom-hanks,11432|title=Local) rocket scientist became 'Piano Man' for Tom Hanks|work=Chestnut Hill Local|first=Len|last=Lear|date=22 Juni 2018|access-date=19 Juni 2025}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1935|2024}} [[Jamii:Wavumbuzi wa Italia]] [[Jamii:Wavumbuzi wa Marekani]] 6chcsg4z1ly74aac6ftyjaq61dsvjdk 0 237601 1569208 1548305 2026-06-09T22:45:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569208 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Susan Grant Lewin''' ni mkusanyaji wa sanaa, mwandishi wa habari, mtendaji wa mawasiliano, na mtetezi wa ubunifu wa kisasa kutoka [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana zaidi kwa mkusanyiko wake wenye ushawishi mkubwa wa mapambo ya kisasa ya sanaa (contemporary art jewelry) pamoja na mkusanyiko wake wa michoro ya usanifu majengo. Kazi kutoka katika makusanyo yake zimeonyeshwa kimataifa na kutolewa kwa taasisi mbalimbali zikiwemo Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, Yale University Art Gallery, SCAD Museum of Art, na Lowe Art Museum.<ref name="CH">{{cite web |title=Jewelry of Ideas: Gifts from the Susan Grant Lewin Collection |url=[https://www.cooperhewitt.org/channel/jewelry-of-ideas/](https://www.cooperhewitt.org/channel/jewelry-of-ideas/) |website=Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum |access-date=19 Novemba 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] ncrgioz2cp0vzzewstmtewb6luvfsax 0 237641 1569150 1548413 2026-06-09T15:38:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roger Mpanano Ntamwenge''' (21 Oktoba 1962 – 19 Juni 2021) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya [[Kongo]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa chama cha Union for the Congolese Nation (UNC) na aliwahi kuwa mbunge wa Bunge la Taifa la DRC.<ref>{{Citation|title=MPANANO NTAMWENGE Roger|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.cd/v2/?team=mpanano-ntamwenge-roger|work=RDC - Assemblée Nationale|language=fr-FR|access-date=2026-05-22|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175511/http://www.assemblee-nationale.cd/v2/?team=mpanano-ntamwenge-roger|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2021]] 1jd3udxpms4j6gh410jt8023lj5a4cq 0 237644 1569133 1548431 2026-06-09T14:02:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569133 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ravi S. Rajan''' ni [[mwanamuziki]], [http://msanii msanii]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, na msimamizi wa kitaaluma nchini [[Marekani]] anayefanya kazi kama rais wa nne wa California Institute of the Arts.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-ravi-rajan-calarts-20161213-story.html|title=CalArts names Ravi Rajan president, the first Asian American to be named to the post|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=14 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |date=2019-09-15 |title=Ravi Rajan: California Institute of the Arts president |url=https://signalscv.com/2019/09/ravi-rajan-california-institute-of-the-arts-president/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Santa Clarita Valley Signal |language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] m7lcogmhrdgz4cs2dtgfmcykaaqbrph 0 237672 1569185 1548482 2026-06-09T20:33:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569185 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sidney Geist''' ([[Aprili 11]], [[1914]] – [[Oktoba 18]], [[2005]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa uchongaji wake na sanaa yake ya ukosoaji.<ref name="Art In Embassies">{{cite web |title=Sidney Geist – U.S. Department of State |url=https://art.state.gov/personnel/sidney_geist/ |website=Art In Embassies |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625162834/http://www.art.state.gov/personnel/sidney_geist/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BnF Services">{{cite web |title=Sidney Geist (1914-2005) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/en/12741221/sidney_geist/ |website=BnF Services |access-date=25 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1914]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2005]] m1xuwyw1jogbbhgf4645h1sk5d9o6qf 0 237701 1569424 1548524 2026-06-10T11:16:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569424 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed Mahmoud Abdelkarim Al-Zuway''', anayejulikana zaidi kama Kabila, ni [[mwanasoka]] wa zamani wa kulipwa wa [[Libya]] aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi ya mshambuliaji. == Kazi ya klabu == Alichezea klabu mbalimbali katika maisha yake ya soka, zikiwemo: * Al Naser * Al Ahly Benghazi * Al Qadisiya * Al Ittihad Tripoli * CA Bizertin (Tunisia) * Al Sharjah (UAE) * Zakho FC (Iraq) == Timu ya taifa == Alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa timu ya taifa ya Libya. Ni miongoni mwa washambuliaji wa Libya waliocheza katika [[ligi]] tofauti za ndani na nje ya nchi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=نادي الشارقة الرياضي الثقافي|url=http://sharjahclub.org.ae/Read.File.aspx?news=2880|work=sharjahclub.org.ae|accessdate=2026-05-22|archive-date=2012-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213042724/http://sharjahclub.org.ae/Read.File.aspx?news=2880|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Libya]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7cg6dxaqm7afztzljahfhe6nccvrxck 0 237727 1569416 1548590 2026-06-10T10:21:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569416 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdullahi Abdi Omar Jawaan''' (Kisomali: ''Cabdullaahi Cabdi Cumar Jawaan'', alizaliwa 1949) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Somaliland. Alijulikana kwa kuanzisha nembo ya [[taifa]] ya Somaliland mwaka 1996.<ref>{{Citation|title=Daawo:-Cabdilaahi Jawaan Oo Xukumada Ku Canaantay In Astaanta Qaranka Ee Uu Isagu Sameeyay magaciisa Lagu Xusi Waayo|date=2015-04-05|url=https://barkulannews.com/articles/10348/Daawo-Cabdilaahi-Jawaan-Oo-Xukumada-Ku-Canaantay-In-Astaanta-Qaranka-Ee-Uu-Isagu-Sameeyay-magaciisa-Lagu-Xusi-Waayo|work=barkulannews.com|access-date=2026-05-22}}</ref> Pia aliwahi kuwa mmoja wa makamishna wa awali wa Tume ya [[Taifa]] ya [[Uchaguzi]] ya Somaliland.<ref>{{Citation|title=NEC Commissioners|url=http://slnec.org/nec-commissionaires/|work=Somaliland National Electoral Commission ( NEC )|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-22|archive-date=2022-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012193134/http://slnec.org/nec-commissionaires/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Somalia]] 8a0mwpkf8w5k8io7xrp5h0bgj3clevz 0 237748 1569423 1548644 2026-06-10T11:14:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569423 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahmed Osman Hassan''' (Kisomali: ''Axmed Cismaan Xasan'') ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Somalia]] ambaye kwa sasa anahudumu kama Gavana wa mkoa wa Sahil wa Somaliland tangu [[Aprili]] 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Somaliland:Minister of Transport holds meeting with Sahil governor and Berbera mayor {{!}} Somaliland Current|date=2020-01-30|url=https://www.somalilandcurrent.com/2020/01/30/somalilandminister-of-transport-holds-meeting-with-sahil-governor-and-berbera-mayor/|work=Somaliland Current|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-22|archive-date=2020-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214142157/https://www.somalilandcurrent.com/2020/01/30/somalilandminister-of-transport-holds-meeting-with-sahil-governor-and-berbera-mayor/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Badhasaabka Saaxil oo Sheegay in la soo Qabtay Dad Dhibaato u Gaystay Shaqaale Ajaanib ah {{!}} Wargeyska Dawan|url=https://wargeyskadawan.com/2019/11/02/badhasaabka-saaxil-oo-sheegay-in-la-soo-qabtay-dad-dhibaato-u-gaystay-shaqaale-ajaanib-ah/|date=2019-11-02|accessdate=2026-05-22|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Somalia]] tmntet611td01uqnekdhugacdg4syi0 0 237790 1569406 1549067 2026-06-10T10:08:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569406 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abderrahim Mettour''' ni mtengenezaji wa filamu na mhariri kutoka [[Ufaransa]] na [[Moroko]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Mettour Abderrahim|url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=14288|work=Africultures|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Africiné - Abderrahim Mettour|url=https://www.africine.org/personne/abderrahim-mettour/14288|work=Africiné|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=fr|archive-date=2025-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124081447/http://www.africine.org/personne/abderrahim-mettour/14288|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ardèche Images – Lussas – États généraux du film documentaire & École documentaire de Lussas|url=https://ardecheimages.org/|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Télérama - Actus et critiques culturelles en France et dans le monde|url=https://www.telerama.fr/|work=www.telerama.fr|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=fr}}</ref> == Filamu == * Filamu ya Casanayda! (with Farida Benlyazid) ya mwaka 2007.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=bdnEEew4qhcC&dq=Abderrahim+METTOUR&pg=PA67&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Abderrahim%20METTOUR&f=false|title=Screens and Veils: Maghrebi Women's Cinema|last=Martin|first=Florence|date=2011-10-13|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00565-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ournées de l’Afrique méditerranéenne à Montréal: Projection du documentaire « Casanayda »|url=https://www.atlasmedias.com/2012/04/ournees-de-lafrique-mediterraneenne-a-montreal-projection-du-documentaire-casanayda/|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.tz/books?id=WMsTiP8rTsUC&dq=Abderrahim+METTOUR&pg=PA175&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Abderrahim%20METTOUR&f=false|title=Contemporary Morocco: State, Politics and Society Under Mohammmed VI|last=Maddy-Weitzman|first=Bruce|last2=Zisenwine|first2=Daniel|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-69546-6|language=en}}</ref> * Filamu ya Nuba of Gold and Light ya mwaka 2007. == Marejeo == [[Jamii:watengenezaji filamu wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:watengenezaji filamu wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] 2t86up0d23pj76gukfuu75p65pr3bsq 0 237796 1569363 1549752 2026-06-10T08:31:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569363 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Younes Reggab''' (alizaliwa [[1975]]) ni mtengenezaji wa filamu na mwandishi wa filamu kutoka [[Moroko]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Younes Reggab : Une passion nommée cinéma|url=https://aujourdhui.ma/culture/younes-reggab-une-passion-nommee-cinema-89920|work=Aujourd'hui le Maroc|date=2008-11-20|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=fr-FR|author=Amine Harmach}}</ref><ref>https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=10156</ref> Yeye ni mtoto wa mtengenezaji wa filamu anayeitwa Mohamed Reggab. Filamu zake zimeonyeshwa katika sherehe nyingi za filamu za [[Moroko]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Africiné - La 10ème édition du festival national du film (Tanger 2008)|url=https://africine.org/reportage/la-10eme-edition-du-festival-national-du-film-tanger-2008/8292|work=Africiné|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=fr|archive-date=2025-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220174741/https://www.africine.org/reportage/la-10eme-edition-du-festival-national-du-film-tanger-2008/8292|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=M.O|title=Younes Reggab remporte le Grand prix du Festival du cinéma en plein air de Taza|url=https://www.libe.ma/Younes-Reggab-remporte-le-Grand-prix-du-Festival-du-cinema-en-plein-air-de-Taza_a104765.html|work=Libération|language=fr|access-date=2026-05-23|archive-date=2025-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123200711/https://www.libe.ma/Younes-Reggab-remporte-le-Grand-prix-du-Festival-du-cinema-en-plein-air-de-Taza_a104765.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=filmnat14|url=https://www.ccm.ma/fnf16/feuilles.html|work=www.ccm.ma|accessdate=2026-05-23}}</ref> na amekuwa sehemu ya majaji wa baadhi yao.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=11è édition du festival Ciné-Université : Younès Reggab préside le jury de la compétition officielle des ciné-clubs :|url=https://fr.le7tv.ma/2021/09/23/11e-edition-du-festival-cine-universite-younes-reggab-preside-le-jury-de-la-competition-officielle-des-cine-clubs/|work=Le7tv.ma|date=2021-09-23|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1975]] [[Jamii:Africa Film Cinema Tanzania 2026]] p98lj7ofgu7fbmohgeraigetjmny44v 0 237798 1569408 1548731 2026-06-10T10:11:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569408 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdishakur Mohamoud Hassan Iddin''' (Kisomali: ''Cabdishakuur Maxamuud Xasan Ciddin'') ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Somaliland ambaye kwa sasa ni [[Meya]] wa Berbera, Somaliland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Redirecting...|url=http://somalilandhorta.com/?p=48211|work=somalilandhorta.com|accessdate=2026-05-23|archive-date=2025-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808124234/https://www.somalilandhorta.com/?p=48211|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Somalia]] d26ibihb8103oa14kp7udpnv4u4511c 0 237841 1569407 1548796 2026-06-10T10:11:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569407 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdirisaq Waberi Roble''' (Kisomali: ''Cabdirisaaq Waaberi Rooble'') ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Somalia. Aliwahi kuhudumu kama [[Waziri]] wa Vijana na [[Michezo]] wa Somaliland kuanzia Desemba 2016 hadi Desemba 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wasiirka Ciyaaraha Jabuuti oo Imanaya Somaliland iyo Guddiyo Labada Dal Samaysanayaan {{!}} Wargeyska Dawan|url=https://wargeyskadawan.com/2017/08/31/wasiirka-ciyaaraha-jabuuti-oo-imanaya-somaliland-iyo-guddiyo-labada-dal-samaysanayaan/|date=2017-08-31|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Somaliland:Minister of Sports and Youth and Save the Children’s area representative jointly open a football pitch in Digale Village of Hargeisa – News Africa|url=https://news.africa/somalilandminister-of-sports-and-youth-and-save-the-childrens-area-representative-jointly-open-a-football-pitch-in-digale-village-of-hargeisa/|work=news.africa|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122045550/https://news.africa/somalilandminister-of-sports-and-youth-and-save-the-childrens-area-representative-jointly-open-a-football-pitch-in-digale-village-of-hargeisa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Somalia]] rs6ojj9dx7zmx34r505rz58thyccf6c 0 237855 1569327 1548823 2026-06-10T07:23:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569327 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William P. Atkinson''' (14 Mei 1901 – Novemba 1980)<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.fold3.com/record/48026230-william-atkinson|title=William](https://www.fold3.com/record/48026230-william-atkinson|title=William) Atkinson|publisher=Fold3|accessdate=June 4, 2020}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> alikuwa mwanachama wa Wisconsin State Assembly. == Wasifu == Atkinson alizaliwa tarehe 14 Mei 1901 katika Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania. Alisoma shule ya sekondari katika San Antonio, Texas na Erie, Pennsylvania kabla ya kuhitimu kutoka Pennsylvania State University. Wakati wa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia, alihudumu katikaUnited States Navy.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2194&term_type_id=1&term_type_text=People&letter=A|title=Atkinson](http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2194&term_type_id=1&term_type_text=People&letter=A|title=Atkinson), William P. 1901|publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society|accessdate=2012-01-11}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1901|1980}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] iiynjn2opvk2iy31cgyrvb0ccpkby7p 0 237937 1569318 1549745 2026-06-10T07:14:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569318 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Badders''' (Septemba 15, 1901 – Novemba 23, 1986) alikuwa mpiga mbizi katika Jeshi la Wanamaji la [[Marekani]] na alikuwa miongoni mwa waliotunukiwa tuzo ya juu kabisa ya kijeshi ya [[Marekani]], Medali ya Heshima, pamoja na Navy Cross.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=[https://www.war.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/1837705/medal-of-honor-monday-navy-chief-petty-officer-william-badders/|title=Medal](https://www.war.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/1837705/medal-of-honor-monday-navy-chief-petty-officer-william-badders/|title=Medal) of Honor Monday: Navy Chief Petty Officer William Badders}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1901|1986}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 5b2o26dh649lujksvb3lglqh0fd0sto 0 237998 1569145 1549100 2026-06-09T15:14:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569145 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert August Barth''' (Agosti 28, 1930 – Machi 26, 2020) alikuwa Chief Quartermaster wa Jeshi la Wanamaji la Marekani, pamoja na kuwa mtaalamu wa kupiga mbizi na mmoja wa waanzilishi wa shughuli za kina kirefu za baharini (aquanaut). Alijulikana pia kama mpiga mbizi wa kitaalamu. Alikuwa mpiga mbizi pekee kushiriki katika misheni zote za SEALAB za Jeshi la Wanamaji la [[Marekani]] zilizoongozwa na Dkt. George F. Bond.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news |url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/science/robert-barth-dead.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/science/robert-barth-dead.html) |last=Schwartz |first=John |title=Robert Barth, a Pioneer of Deep-Sea Diving, Dies at 89 |date=April 13, 2020 |access-date=2 Februari 2021 |journal=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Barth anachukuliwa kuwa baba wa dhana ya saa ya Rolex Sea Dweller. Mwaka 1967, alibuni wazo la helium release valve (valvu ya kutoa heliamu), ambayo baadaye ilipata hati miliki na kampuni ya Rolex tarehe 6 Novemba 1967.<ref name=perezcope>{{cite web|url= [https://perezcope.com/2020/05/27/the-sea-dweller-chronicles-genesis-of-the-decompressing-watch/](https://perezcope.com/2020/05/27/the-sea-dweller-chronicles-genesis-of-the-decompressing-watch/) |title=The Sea-Dweller Chronicles: Genesis Of The Decompressing Watch|website=Perezcope}}</ref><ref name=hodinkee>{{cite web |url= [https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/hodinkee-exclusive-and-in-depth-bob-barths-historic-sealab-r](https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/hodinkee-exclusive-and-in-depth-bob-barths-historic-sealab-r) |title= Bob Barth's Historic SEALAB Rolex Submariner |website= Hodinkee }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1930|2020}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] dtw8r748027mgd8q9xjd4rl5gywep0k 0 238001 1569220 1549109 2026-06-09T23:54:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569220 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ted Bates''' (30 Septemba 1926 – 20 Februari 2011) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka jimbo la Michigan nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa meya aliyedumu kwa muda mrefu zaidi wa mji wa Warren, Michigan.<ref name="TMD-NF">{{cite web |url=[https://www.macombdaily.com/news/former-warren-mayor-ted-bates-dies/article_6038b8c0-9fe5-5411-ac0c-53f2ac792a2b.html|title=Former](https://www.macombdaily.com/news/former-warren-mayor-ted-bates-dies/article_6038b8c0-9fe5-5411-ac0c-53f2ac792a2b.html |title=Former) Warren mayor Ted Bates dies |last=Franz |first=Norb |website=[[The Macomb Daily]] |date=February 22, 2011 |access-date=January 15, 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.candgnews.com/news/former-warren-mayor-dies|title=Former](https://www.candgnews.com/news/former-warren-mayor-dies|title=Former) Warren mayor dies |website=C&G Newspapers}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026}}</ref> Warren, Michigan ni jiji kubwa zaidi katika Kaunti ya Macomb County, jiji la tatu kwa ukubwa katika jimbo la Michigan, na pia ni kitongoji kikubwa zaidi cha eneo la Metro Detroit.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.mapquest.com/us/michigan/warren-mi-282040120|title=Warren](http://www.mapquest.com/us/michigan/warren-mi-282040120|title=Warren), MI Map & Directions |website=MapQuest}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2026}}<ref>{{cite press release|url=[https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn106.html|title=U.S](https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn106.html|title=U.S). Census Bureau Delivers Michigan's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting |publisher=US Census Bureau |date=March 22, 2011}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1926|2011}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] citdjt4h0upe77ip9upkt965spamyyz 0 238006 1569148 1549117 2026-06-09T15:27:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Nason Beck''' (26 Machi 1928 – 6 Agosti 2008) alikuwa mwanasayansi wa [[Marekani]] na miongoni mwa waanzilishi katika uwanja wa tiba ya nyuklia (Nuclear medicine). Alizaliwa katika San Angelo, Texas na baadaye alifariki katika Chicago, Illinois. Akiwa sehemu ya timu ya University of Chicago, mwaka 1961 alikuwa wa kwanza kupendekeza matumizi ya radioisotopu ya Technetium-99m kwa ajili ya kugundua magonjwa kwa kutumia teknolojia ya Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), mbinu ambayo leo inatumika takribani mara milioni 20 kila mwaka duniani kote.<ref name="UofC">University of Chicago, "[[http://news.uchicago.edu/news.php?asset_id=1422](http://news.uchicago.edu/news.php?asset_id=1422){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}Nuclear medicine pioneer Robert Beck, 1928–2008]", press release, August 13, 2008, accessed August 2008.</ref> Beck pia alisaidia kutengeneza vifaa vya Collimator vilivyosaidia kuboresha uwazi wa picha zinazotolewa na skana za mionzi ya gamma. Kwa mchango huo, alijulikana na wenzake kama “Mr. Collimator”.<ref name="nytobit">Pearce, Jeremy (August 17, 2008). [[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/health/research/18beck.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/health/research/18beck.html) Robert N. Beck, 80, Leader in Advancing Scanning for Medical Diagnoses, Dies.] ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 18, 2008</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1928|2008}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] d5cicm3urq63yb0bqsl6oyim8boyvoj 0 238037 1569194 1549354 2026-06-09T21:10:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569194 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sipho Mahlangu''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Afrika Kusini ambaye amekuwa [[Mbunge]] katika Bunge la Kitaifa kwa [[tiketi]] ya chama cha African National Congress (ANC) tangu mwaka 2024.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sipho Mahlangu|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/sipho-mahlangu/|work=People's Assembly|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=en|author=Contact us People's Assembly Tel:465 8885 Fax:465 8887 2nd Floor 9 Church Square Parliament Street Cape Town 8001 South Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mr Sipho Mahlangu - Parliament of South Africa|url=https://parliament.gov.za/person-details/6015|work=parliament.gov.za|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=en|archive-date=2024-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106084354/https://parliament.gov.za/person-details/6015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] ij7x514p50rstssqlyabikujxiq9g2q 0 238095 1569222 1549488 2026-06-10T00:34:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thalente Thuthukani Sakhike Khubeka''' (alizaliwa 21 Novemba 1982) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Afrika]] Kusini na mbunge katika Bunge la Kitaifa kwa [[tiketi]] ya chama cha uMkhonto weSizwe (MK Party) tangu tarehe 15 Juni 2024.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Mr Thalente Thuthukani Sakhile Kubheka - Parliament of South Africa|url=https://parliament.gov.za/person-details/6127|work=parliament.gov.za|accessdate=2026-05-23|language=en|archive-date=2026-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260523193228/https://parliament.gov.za/person-details/6127|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] 6rx7iavfgf4pg5kj1k8p2q7qmr34w7l 0 238132 1569245 1549732 2026-06-10T04:48:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kristjan Valdimar Bjornson''', anayejulikana zaidi kama '''Val Bjornson''', (29 Agosti 1906 – 10 Machi 1987) alikuwa mwandishi, mhariri wa gazeti, na mwanasiasa wa [[Marekani]] ambaye alihudumu kama Mweka Hazina wa Jimbo la Minnesota (Minnesota State Treasurer) kwa zaidi ya miongo miwili.<ref>{{cite news| url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/12/obituaries/val-bjornson.html?sec=&spon=](https://www.nytimes.com/1987/03/12/obituaries/val-bjornson.html?sec=&spon=) | work=The New York Times | title=Val Bjornson | date=March 12, 1987 | access-date=May 27, 2010}}</ref> Bjornson alizaliwa katika Minneota, (Minneota) akiwa na asili ya Waamerika wenye asili ya Iceland (Icelandic Americans).<ref>''CQ Weekly Report'', Volume 12, page 1040. Congressional Quarterly, 1954</ref> Wakati wa [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]] (World War II), alihudumu katika Idara ya Ujasusi ya Jeshi la Wanamaji la Marekani (Office of Naval Intelligence), akiwa amepangiwa nchini [[Iceland]] (Iceland).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=[http://www.icelandminnesota.com/scholarship.htm](http://www.icelandminnesota.com/scholarship.htm) |title=Iceland Minnesota |access-date=2009-11-20 |archive-date=2010-06-21 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100621060857/http://www.icelandminnesota.com/scholarship.htm](https://web.archive.org/web/20100621060857/http://www.icelandminnesota.com/scholarship.htm) |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mbali na Kiingereza, alikuwa pia anazungumza kwa ufasaha lugha za Kiaislandi, Kifini, Kideni, Kiswidi na Kinorwei.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=|first=|date=September 27, 1954|title=National Affairs: Who Won|magazine=Time|url=[https://time.com/vault/issue/1954-09-27/page/18/|access-date=January](https://time.com/vault/issue/1954-09-27/page/18/|access-date=January) 7, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1906|1987}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] m83eci7j061urpggstyj3ppnbeen4xg 0 238152 1569227 1549427 2026-06-10T01:47:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569227 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anthony J. Bova''' (21 Agosti 1917 – 15 Oktoba 1973) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa soka ya Marekani (American football) kutoka [[Marekani]] aliyewahi kuchezea timu ya (Pittsburgh Steelers) katika miaka ya 1940. Alisoma katika (The Kiski School) kisha akaendelea katika (Saint Francis University), iliyoko (Loretto), ambapo alihitimu mwaka 1943. Akiwa na urefu wa futi 6 na inchi 1 na uzito wa takribani pauni 190, Bova alicheza wakati wa [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]] (World War II), kipindi ambacho Steelers waliungana kwa muda na timu nyingine kama (Philadelphia Eagles) na (Chicago Cardinals), na kuunda timu zilizojulikana kama “Steagles” na “Card-Pitt”. Katika maisha yake ya soka, alicheza nafasi mbalimbali kama end, halfback, na quarterback kati ya 1942 hadi 1947. Mnamo 1943, aliongoza ligi ya NFL kwa wastani wa umbali kwa kila pasi iliyokamilika, akiwa na yadi 419 kutokana na pasi 19 zilizokamilika. Alikuwa pia kipofu katika jicho moja na alikuwa na uoni hafifu katika jicho lingine.<ref>{{cite web |url=[http://www.behindthesteelcurtain.com/2008/9/17/616457/steagles-when-the-steelers](http://www.behindthesteelcurtain.com/2008/9/17/616457/steagles-when-the-steelers) |title=Steagles: When the Steelers and Eagles were One in [sic] the Same |author=maryrose |date=September 17, 2008 |access-date=January 31, 2018 |website=SB Nation: Behind the Steel Curtain }}</ref> Baadaye alijiunga na Jeshi la Wanamaji la Marekani (United States Navy) wakati wa [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]] (World War II) na aliripoti kazini Februari 1943 akiwa kama (Seabees).<ref>Sell, Jack. [[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15732210/football-players-serve-in-the-military/](https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15732210/football-players-serve-in-the-military/) "Stars Serving Uncle Sam"], ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'', February 18, 1943, page 15. Retrieved August 27, 2020.</ref> Hata hivyo, alifukuzwa muda mfupi baadaye kutoka jeshi la wanamaji kutokana na matatizo ya uoni wake.<ref>[[https://sfuathletics.com/honors/saint-francis-university-athletics-hall-of-fame/tony-bova/33](https://sfuathletics.com/honors/saint-francis-university-athletics-hall-of-fame/tony-bova/33){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} "Tony Bova"], ''Saint Francis University Athletics Hall of Fame''. Retrieved August 27, 2020.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1917|1973}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 0v9m4rsbzlbgeoawv8jtbx7yao0p89l 0 238155 1569312 1549432 2026-06-10T07:09:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Willard Lee Boyd''' (29 Machi 1927 – 13 Desemba 2022) alikuwa msomi wa sheria, msimamizi wa taasisi za elimu ya juu na kiongozi wa vyuo vikuu nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa rais wa University of Iowa na pia rais wa Field Museum of Natural History mjini Chicago, Illinois. Baadaye alihudumu katika kitivo cha University of Iowa College of Law akiwa Profesa wa Sheria wa Rawlings/Miller na Rais Mstaafu (President Emeritus). Willard Lee Boyd alizaliwa tarehe 29 Machi 1927.<ref>{{cite web |title=Papers of Willard L. Boyd |url=[https://www.lib.uiowa.edu/scua/archives/guides/rg05/rg05.01.13.htm](https://www.lib.uiowa.edu/scua/archives/guides/rg05/rg05.01.13.htm) |website=University of Iowa Libraries |publisher=University of Iowa |access-date=16 Oktoba 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alikulia katika Commonwealth Avenue mjini St. Paul, Minnesota, na alisoma Murray High School huko St. Paul, ambako alihitimu mwaka 1944. Akiwa kijana, alihudumu katika Jeshi la Wanamaji la Marekani kama Hospital Corpsman kati ya 1945 hadi 1947. Baadaye alijiunga na University of Minnesota, ambako alipata shahada ya B.S.L mwaka 1949, na kisha akapata shahada ya sheria kutoka University of Minnesota Law School mwaka 1951. Alisajiliwa kama wakili katika Jimbo la Minnesota mwaka huo huo. Baadaye aliendelea na masomo katika University of Michigan Law School ambako alipata shahada ya sheria mwaka 1952. Kisha alifanya kazi kama wakili mshirika (associate attorney) katika kampuni ya sheria ya Dorsey & Whitney mjini Minneapolis kuanzia 1952 hadi 1954.<ref name=BoydCV>{{cite web|url=[http://www.law.uiowa.edu/documents/faculty_cvs/boyd.pdf|title=Willard](http://www.law.uiowa.edu/documents/faculty_cvs/boyd.pdf|title=Willard) L(ee) Boyd CV|publisher=University of Iowa College of Law|access-date=13 Oktoba 2008}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1927|2022}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] qrbjb58k41pvlkpe4l6zveyulj11ih4 0 238165 1569431 1549444 2026-06-10T11:42:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569431 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Albert Brancato''' (29 Mei 1919 – 14 Juni 2012) alikuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa wa besiboli katika (Major League Baseball) kutoka [[Marekani]], aliyekuwa akicheza nafasi za shortstop na third baseman. Alichezea timu ya (Philadelphia Athletics) kuanzia mwaka 1939 hadi 1941, na tena mwaka 1945.<ref name="Philly">{{cite web |url=[http://www.philly.com/philly/obituaries/20120616_Al_Brancato__93__shortstop_for_the_Philadelphia_A_s.html](http://www.philly.com/philly/obituaries/20120616_Al_Brancato__93__shortstop_for_the_Philadelphia_A_s.html) |title=Al Brancato, 93, shortstop for the Philadelphia A's |publisher=Philly.com |accessdate=2012-06-17 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1919|2012}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 1eo2k7s4gao9wngv10mogpiynbabty7 0 238182 1569136 1549468 2026-06-09T14:09:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raymond Broshears''' (14 Februari 1935 – 10 Januari 1982) alikuwa mhubiri wa [[Pentekoste]] na mwanaharakati wa haki za LGBT nchini [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana zaidi kwa kuanzisha kundi la ulinzi wa kujihami lijulikanalo kama (Lavender Panthers), ambalo lilikuwa likitetea jamii ya [[LGBT]] katika [[San Francisco]] (San Francisco) kati ya majira ya joto ya 1973 hadi masika ya 1974. Pia alisaidia kuandaa maandamano ya kwanza ya (San Francisco Pride) mjini San Francisco mwezi Juni 1972.<ref name="newsweek2018">{{cite news|url=[http://www.newsweek.com/2018/02/02/most-dangerous-gay-man-america-fought-violence-with-violence.html|title=The](http://www.newsweek.com/2018/02/02/most-dangerous-gay-man-america-fought-violence-with-violence.html|title=The) most dangerous gay man in America fought violence with violence|first=Eric|last=Markowitz|date=January 25, 2018|work=Newsweek}}</ref><ref name="time1973">{{cite magazine|url=[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908008,00.html|title=The](http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908008,00.html|title=The) Sexes: The Lavender Panthers|magazine=Time|date=October 8, 1973}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="sfweekly2016">{{cite news|url=[https://archives.sfweekly.com/thesnitch/2016/06/16/yesterdays-crimes-the-lavender-panthers-san-franciscos-lgbt-vigilantes|title=Yesterday's](https://archives.sfweekly.com/thesnitch/2016/06/16/yesterdays-crimes-the-lavender-panthers-san-franciscos-lgbt-vigilantes|title=Yesterday's) Crimes: The Lavender Panthers, San Francisco's LGBT Vigilantes|first=Bob|last=Calhoun|date=June 16, 2016|work=SFWeekly}}</ref> Aidha, alianzisha Kanisa la Orthodox Episcopal la Mungu (Orthodox Episcopal Church of God) (Orthodox Episcopal Church of God).<ref>{{cite book | url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MJhMDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22orthodox+episcopal+church+of+god%22+%22gay%22&pg=PA152](https://books.google.com/books?id=MJhMDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22orthodox+episcopal+church+of+god%22+%22gay%22&pg=PA152) | title=New Approaches in History and Theology to Same-Sex Love and Desire | isbn=9783319702117 | last1=Chapman | first1=Mark D. | last2=Janes | first2=Dominic | date=15 February 2018 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1935|1982}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 21izyk4wzly1ei7pp9nz7mtskj1icit 0 238220 1569226 1549541 2026-06-10T01:37:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tom Long''' (alifariki 15 Desemba 1908) alikuwa mnyongaji wa serikali ya [[New Zealand]] (New Zealand) mwishoni mwa karne ya 19 na mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20, ingawa kazi hiyo haikuwa ya muda wote.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.library.mstn.govt.nz/history/russianjack.html|title=Russian](http://www.library.mstn.govt.nz/history/russianjack.html|title=Russian) Jack|publisher=Masterton District Library and Wairarapa Archive|accessdate=13 August 2008}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=HNS19050320.2.43|title=Tom](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=HNS19050320.2.43|title=Tom) Long|work=Hawera & Normanby Star|date=20 March 1905|page=4}}</ref> Alimnyonga muuaji wa watoto Minnie Dean, mwanamke pekee kuwahi kunyongwa nchini New Zealand. Long alikuwa mwenye asili ya Ireland na alidai kuwa aliwahi kufanya kazi ya unyongaji nchini [[Australia]] (Australia). Aliteuliwa mwaka 1877 kuwa mnyongaji rasmi wa kwanza wa New Zealand. Katika mahojiano ya gazeti mwaka 1905, alisema kuwa alikuwa ametekeleza hukumu za kunyonga watu “kumi na watano katika nchi hii lakini mamia nchini India”. Alifariki mwaka 1908 alipokuwa akikata miti huko Kauangaroa, mashariki mwa (Whanganui).<ref>{{cite news|url=[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=HNS19081216.2.25.1.3&cl=&srpos=0&st=0|title=Tom](http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=HNS19081216.2.25.1.3&cl=&srpos=0&st=0|title=Tom) Long Killed|work=Hawera & Normanby Star|date=16 December 1908|page=5}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD||1908}} [[Jamii:Watu wa New Zealand]] rjqviz0xn21b2z83xjnheicd5ck0nkt 0 238284 1569231 1549724 2026-06-10T01:57:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569231 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Toshitada Doi''' (土井 利忠; amezaliwa 2 Februari 1943) ni mhandisi wa umeme kutoka [[Japani]] (Japan), aliyekuwa na mchango mkubwa katika mapinduzi ya teknolojia ya sauti ya kidijitali. Alipata shahada ya uhandisi wa umeme kutoka (Tokyo Institute of Technology) mwaka 1964, na shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) kutoka (Tohoku University) mwaka 1972. Alijiunga na kampuni ya [[Sony]] (Sony) mwaka 1964 na kuanzisha mradi wa kwanza wa sauti ya kidijitali ndani ya kampuni hiyo. Alikuwa mmoja wa watu muhimu nyuma ya maendeleo ya PCM adaptor, na alikuwa mwanachama mashuhuri wa kikosi kazi cha Sony na Philips kilichohusika na kubuni Compact Disc (CD).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Appetite for Self-Destruction: The Rise and Fall of the Record Industry in the Digital Age |year=2009 |url=[https://archive.org/details/appetiteforselfd00knop_0](https://archive.org/details/appetiteforselfd00knop_0) |url-access=registration |author=Steve Knopper |publisher=Free Press/Simon & Schuster }}</ref> Pia alibuni mfumo wa kurekebisha hitilafu unaojulikana kama CIRC.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.seeeach.com/doc/199857_PRESS_INFORMATION|title=The](http://www.seeeach.com/doc/199857_PRESS_INFORMATION|title=The) Compact Disc Turns 25 by Robert Harley|accessdate=2009-08-18}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yeye pamoja na Kees Schouhamer Immink walikanusha dhana kwamba muda wa kucheza wa Compact Disc uliamuliwa na Symphony ya Tisa ya Beethoven.<ref name="Imminknature">{{Rejea jarida |journal=Nature Electronics |volume=1 |date=2018 |title=How we made the compact disc |author=K.A. Schouhamer Immink |authorlink=Kees Schouhamer Immink |url=[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324571504](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324571504) |accessdate=2018-04-16 |quote=An international collaboration between Philips and the Sony Corporation lead to the creation of the compact disc. The author explains how it came about }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1943|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] ned48mtq9qrbvnbbbiwcbj7rn88s8or 0 238285 1569175 1549655 2026-06-09T19:45:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569175 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shigeo Hirose''' ({{lang|ja|広瀬 茂男}}; Hirose Shigeo, alizaliwa mwaka 1947 mjini [[Tokyo]]) ni mmoja wa waanzilishi wa teknolojia ya robotics na profesa katika Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Tokyo. Shigeo Hirose anajulikana kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika maendeleo ya teknolojia za roboti, hasa roboti zinazotembea na zile zinazofanana na viumbe hai kama nyoka na wadudu. Kazi zake zimechangia maendeleo ya roboti zinazotumika katika mazingira magumu na shughuli za uokoaji.<ref>[[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/06/technology_robot_menagerie/html/1.stm](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/06/technology_robot_menagerie/html/1.stm){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} BBC NEWS | In pictures: Robot menagerie, Robot lab]</ref><ref>{{in lang|ja}} [[http://www.japaninc.com/article.php?articleID=963](http://www.japaninc.com/article.php?articleID=963){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Technology for the Front Lines]</ref> Pia amefundisha na kufanya utafiti katika Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Tokyo, mojawapo ya vyuo vikuu vikuu vya teknolojia nchini [[Japani]].<ref>{{in lang|ja}} [[http://www-robot.mes.titech.ac.jp/staff/professor/hirose_e.html](http://www-robot.mes.titech.ac.jp/staff/professor/hirose_e.html) H∞RL] {{webarchive|url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070403051120/http://www-robot.mes.titech.ac.jp/staff/professor/hirose_e.html](https://web.archive.org/web/20070403051120/http://www-robot.mes.titech.ac.jp/staff/professor/hirose_e.html) |date=2007-04-03 }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1947|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] 8fav7atsq0906twcagvl1uxwon6p712 0 238289 1569225 1549723 2026-06-10T01:29:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tohru Kino''' ({{lang|ja|木野 亨}}; Kino Tōru) ni mwanakemia na mwanafamasia wa [[Japani]] anayejulikana zaidi kwa kugundua dawa ya tacrolimus. Tohru Kino alipokuwa akifanya kazi katika Kampuni ya Fujisawa Pharmaceutical katika miaka ya 1980 (sasa Astellas Pharma), yeye pamoja na wenzake waligundua kwamba FK-506, ambayo sasa inajulikana kama ''tacrolimus'', inayozalishwa na bakteria wa ardhini aitwaye ''Streptomyces tsukubaensis'', ingeweza kutumika kama dawa ya immunosuppressive, yaani dawa ya kupunguza nguvu ya mfumo wa kinga ya mwili.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | pmid = 2445721 | year = 1987 | last1 = Kino | first1 = T | title = FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces. I. Fermentation, isolation, and physico-chemical and biological characteristics | journal = The Journal of Antibiotics | volume = 40 | issue = 9 | pages = 1249–1255 | last2 = Hatanaka | first2 = H | last3 = Hashimoto | first3 = M | last4 = Nishiyama | first4 = M | last5 = Goto | first5 = T | last6 = Okuhara | first6 = M | last7 = Kohsaka | first7 = M | last8 = Aoki | first8 = H | last9 = Imanaka | first9 = H | doi=10.7164/antibiotics.40.1249 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Ugunduzi huo ulikuwa muhimu sana katika tiba za upandikizaji wa viungo vya mwili, kwani dawa hiyo husaidia kuzuia mwili kukataa kiungo kilichopandikizwa. Kutokana na mafanikio hayo, mwaka 2004 Kino alipokea Tuzo ya Waziri Mkuu wa Japani kutoka Taasisi ya Japani ya Ubunifu na Uvumbuzi.<ref>[[http://koueki.jiii.or.jp/hyosho/zenkoku/pastichiran_pdf/h16zenkoku.pdf](http://koueki.jiii.or.jp/hyosho/zenkoku/pastichiran_pdf/h16zenkoku.pdf){{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 全国発明表彰 平成16年受賞者一覧 第一表彰区分] {{in lang|ja}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] kym0d1pukxy68qc95vijiziq2bth71x 0 238301 1569158 1549702 2026-06-09T16:31:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569158 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ryōhei Mori''' ({{lang|ja|森 良平}}; alizaliwa Novemba 1973) ni mwanasayansi, mvumbuzi, na mjasiriamali wa [[Japani]]. Yeye ni Mkurugenzi Mtendaji (CEO) wa Green Science Alliance Co., Ltd. na Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd., pamoja na kuwa Rais wa Quantum Materials Technology na e-Gle Tech Co., Ltd. Ryōhei Mori anajulikana kwa kazi zake katika teknolojia rafiki kwa mazingira (eco-friendly green technologies). Utafiti na ubunifu wake unahusisha maendeleo ya betri za alumini zinazoweza kuchajiwa upya, urejelezaji wa betri za lithiamu-ioni kutoka “black mass”, pamoja na mbinu za kubadili kaboni dioksidi (CO₂). Pia amehusika katika utafiti wa quantum dots, metal–organic frameworks, deep eutectic solvents, na solid acid catalysts. Aidha, anashughulikia maendeleo ya plastiki zinazooza (biodegradable plastics) zisizo na petroli na vifaa vinavyotokana na mimea na biomasi. == Elimu == Ryōhei Mori alipata shahada yake ya kwanza (undergraduate) katika Applied Biology kutoka Kyoto Institute of Technology mwaka 1997.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Corporate Profile – Fuji Pigment Co., Ltd. |url=[http://www.fuji-pigment.co.jp/en/company/profile_en.html](http://www.fuji-pigment.co.jp/en/company/profile_en.html) |access-date=10 Oktoba 2023}}</ref> Baadaye alipata Shahada ya Uzamili (M.Sc.) mwaka 1999 na Shahada ya Uzamivu (Ph.D.) katika uhandisi mwaka 2005 kutoka Kyoto University. Pia mwaka 2021 alikamilisha Programu ya Usimamizi wa Kitaalamu (General Management Program) katika Harvard Business School.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=New Venture Competition 2022: Business and Environment Ventures |url=[https://www.hbs.edu/environment/blog/post/NVC2022](https://www.hbs.edu/environment/blog/post/NVC2022) |website=Harvard Business School |access-date=10 Oktoba 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=admin |date=10 Januari 2024 |title=Ryohei Mori: Pioneering Green Technology for a Sustainable Future |url=[https://thebusinessfame.com/ryohei-mori-pioneering-green-technology-for-a-sustainable-future/](https://thebusinessfame.com/ryohei-mori-pioneering-green-technology-for-a-sustainable-future/) |website=The Business Fame |access-date=22 Aprili 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Mori |first=Ryohei |date=2023-03-09 |title=Replacing all petroleum-based chemical products with natural biomass-based chemical products: a tutorial review |journal=RSC Sustainability |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=179–212 |doi=10.1039/D2SU00014H |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] k2ufjbwab08pmd8p615svtinjavl09c 0 238305 1569214 1549689 2026-06-09T23:13:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tadashi Sasaki''' (Kijapani: 佐々木 正; 12 Mei 1915 – 31 Januari 2018) alikuwa mhandisi wa [[Kijapani]] aliyekuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika maendeleo ya teknolojia ya elektroniki. Alijulikana kwa mchango wake katika kuanzishwa kwa kampuni ya Busicom, na kwa kuchochea maendeleo ya Intel 4004—mojawapo ya mikroprosesa za mwanzo kabisa duniani. Baadaye alihusika pia katika kuiongoza Sharp kuingia na kuimarika katika soko la kalkuleta za LCD. Sasaki alichukuliwa kama mmoja wa watu muhimu waliochangia mageuzi ya teknolojia ya kompyuta na vifaa vya kielektroniki vya kisasa, hasa kupitia ushirikiano kati ya uhandisi wa Kijapani na maendeleo ya kimataifa ya mikroelektroniki.<ref name="sasaki">{{cite web |url = [https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Tadashi_Sasaki](https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Tadashi_Sasaki) |title = Oral-History: Tadashi Sasaki |last = Aspray |first = William |date = 1994-05-25 |work = Interview #211 for the Center for the History of Electrical Engineering |publisher = IEEE |accessdate = 2013-01-02 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1915|2018}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] 5qbmrfm1zfauudzcre9u3q70j06mlni 0 238313 1569159 1550025 2026-06-09T16:42:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sadegh Sadrieh''' ([[Kiajemi]]: میرصادق صدریه; 2 Februari 1925 – 5 Novemba 2009) alikuwa mwanasiasa na mwanadiplomasia mashuhuri wa [[Iran]] alihudumu kama mshauri wa Ofisi ya Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje na kama balozi wakati wa [[Enzi ya Pahlavi]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=گفت‌وگو با مهدی بشارت، کاردار پیشین ایران در بغداد|url=http://tarikhirani.ir/fa/news/5107/%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DB%B4%DB%B0-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA|accessdate=2026-05-24|archive-date=2023-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406185902/http://tarikhirani.ir/fa/news/5107/%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DB%B4%DB%B0-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alikuwa balozi wa mwisho wa Iran nchini [[Ujerumani]] kabla ya [[Mapinduzi ya Iran]]. Pia alihudumu kama balozi wa Iran na mshauri wa mambo ya nje nchini [[Romania]], [[Iraki|Iraq]], [[Israeli|Israel]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Kuwait]], [[Pakistani|Pakistan]], na [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida|date=1928-02-24|title=RADIO BROADCASTS OF TWICE-DAILY WEATHER REPORTS- page 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hwaLe6gIAAC&q=sadeq+sadrieh&pg=RA2-PA3|journal=Science|volume=67|issue=1730|pages=210–211|doi=10.1126/science.67.1730.210-a|issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1925|2009}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Iran]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Iran]] 2qdovn44oteeupnecr7xhxheejs6dnw 0 238314 1569162 1550026 2026-06-09T16:57:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569162 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sakizō Yai''' (屋井 先蔵; 13 Januari 1864 – 1 Juni 1927) alikuwa mfanyabiashara wa [[Japani]] na mvumbuzi wa aina ya betri kavu (dry cell battery). == Maisha == Sakizō Yai alizaliwa tarehe 13 Januari 1864 katika familia ya Yai, ambayo ilikuwa ya tabaka la samurai katika eneo la Nagaoka Domain (sasa Nagaoka), katika mkoa wa Niigata Prefecture. Familia ya Yai ilikuwa ya hadhi ya juu ya samurai iliyomiliki zaidi ya 300 [[koku]] kwa vizazi kadhaa, lakini alipokuwa na umri wa miaka sita baba yake alifariki dunia na familia ikaanguka kiuchumi. Baada ya hapo, alilelewa na mama yake pamoja na mjomba wake.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=電池の歴史１ 屋井乾電池 {{!}} 一般社団法人 電池工業会|url=[https://www.baj.or.jp/battery/history/history01.html|access-date=2021-04-17|website=Battery](https://www.baj.or.jp/battery/history/history01.html|access-date=2021-04-17|website=Battery) Association of Japan}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Takeda|first=Tomohiro|title=大日本帝国の発明|publisher=Saizusha|year=2015|location=Japan|at=Page of 乾電池の発明}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1864|1927}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] mv6cby1flt7es4z7uowjg30asxfynjq 0 238315 1569364 1550089 2026-06-10T08:37:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569364 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuko Yamashita''' (山下 裕子) ni mtaalamu wa [[Kijapani]] wa kutengeneza na kunyoosha nywele (straight hair specialist). Yeye ndiye muanzilishi wa mfumo wa **YUKO Hair Straightening System**, unaotumika kubadilisha na kunyoosha nywele kwa muda mrefu kwa kutumia mbinu maalum za kitaalamu. Yamashita amejulikana kimataifa kama mmoja wa wataalamu bora wa nywele duniani kutokana na mbinu zake za kitaalamu za urembo na matunzo ya nywele.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yuko Yamashita: El secreto del lacio perfecto|url=[http://www.lostiempos.com/oh/entrevista/entrevista/20100214/yuko-yamashita-el-secreto-del-lacio-perfecto_57689_103286.html|website=Los](http://www.lostiempos.com/oh/entrevista/entrevista/20100214/yuko-yamashita-el-secreto-del-lacio-perfecto_57689_103286.html|website=Los) Tiempos|access-date=10 February 2015}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=[http://yuko-usa.com/beauty/about-us/|website=YUKO](http://yuko-usa.com/beauty/about-us/|website=YUKO) USA|access-date=10 February 2015}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=STYLING & STRAIGHTENING EXPERT: Yuko Yamashita|url=[http://www.sunsilk.com.my/article/detail/1186782/styling-straightening-expert|website=SunSilk}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}](http://www.sunsilk.com.my/article/detail/1186782/styling-straightening-expert|website=SunSilk}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]] 5ap490aquyvwapkcq1xyrpftrsrqs3p 0 238645 1569379 1550257 2026-06-10T09:24:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569379 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Øystein Hauge''' (amezaliwa 10 Desemba 1956 mjini Vegårshei, Aust-Agder) ni mwandishi wa [[Norwei|Norway]]. Anatokea Vegårshei. Alianza kazi yake ya fasihi mwaka 1989 kwa kuchapisha mkusanyiko wa mashairi uitwao ''Messe og maskespel''.<ref>{{cite news|url=[http://www.dagbladet.no/2009/02/25/kultur/litteratur/bibliotek/bibliotekk/oystein_hauge/5029841/|title=–](http://www.dagbladet.no/2009/02/25/kultur/litteratur/bibliotek/bibliotekk/oystein_hauge/5029841/|title=–) Det finnes skapdrikkere, og hyllelesere|last=Fotland|first=Maiken Nøtsund|date=25 Februari 2009|work=Dagbladet|language=Norwegian|accessdate=24 Mei 2009}}</ref> Nje ya kazi ya fasihi, amewahi kufanya kazi kama mtumishi wa umma katika Wizara ya Sheria na pia katika Mamlaka ya Huduma ya Lazima ya Kiraia ya Taifa.<ref>{{cite web|url=[http://www.dagbladet.no/forfatter/oystein_hauge.html|title=Hauge](http://www.dagbladet.no/forfatter/oystein_hauge.html|title=Hauge), Øystein|year=2003|publisher=Dagbladet|language=Norwegian|accessdate=24 Mei 2009}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1956|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Norwei]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] nbyykc0xb1m0as07q8i5dqala1z4img 0 239431 1569322 1553844 2026-06-10T07:16:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Biscombe Gardner''' ([[1847]] – [[Februari 23]], [[1919]]) alikuwa [[mchoraji]] na [[mchongaji]] wa mbao wa [[Uingereza]]. Akifanya kazi kwa rangi za maji na mafuta, alionyesha sana jijini [[London]] mwishoni mwa karne ya 19 katika maeneo kama Royal Academy na Grosvenor Gallery. Hata hivyo, alijulikana zaidi kama mchongaji mkuu wa mbao, akichonga picha nyingi za Uingereza za wakati wake (baadhi zikiwa kubwa) zilizochapishwa katika majarida ya Uingereza kama ''The Pall Mall Gazette'', ''The Illustrated London News'', ''The English Illustrated Magazine'', na ''The Magazine of Art''. Kuanzia [[1896]] aliishi Thirlestane Court.<ref>See [http://www.cinoa.org/index.pl?isa=Metadot::SystemApp::ArtistSearch;op=detail;artist=5123 CINOA] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cinoa.org/index.pl?isa=Metadot::SystemApp::ArtistSearch;op=detail;artist=5123 |date=20120225163713 }} (retrieved 7 Sep 2009).</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachoraji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachongaji wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1847]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1919]] biqz3ox2en8nsdgp6rdv9lchhswzbge 0 239716 1569414 1555341 2026-06-10T10:16:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569414 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdou Tchousso''' ni jaji na [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Niger]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historique|url=http://www.justice.gouv.ne/index.php/le-ministere/historique|work=www.justice.gouv.ne|accessdate=2026-05-28|language=fr-fr|author=Super User|archive-date=2026-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118043948/https://justice.gouv.ne/index.php/le-ministere/historique|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alihudumu kama Waziri wa Sheria (Keeper of the Seals) katika serikali ya mpito ya Awamu ya Kwanza ya Jamhuri ya Tatu ya Niger kuanzia 27 Machi 1992 hadi 22 Aprili 1993. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Niger]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] fj8952hv2nnheiodhqeje960sll032q 0 239757 1569167 1555783 2026-06-09T18:50:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Serge Théophile Balima''' (amezaliwa 1 Februari 1949) ni [[mwanahabari]], mwanadiplomasia na profesa wa [[Burkina Faso]]. Yeye ni profesa katika University of Ouagadougou.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Recherche de personnalités du Burkina|url=http://www.petiteacademie.gov.bf/Personnalite/Personnalite.asp?CodePersonnalite=19|work=www.petiteacademie.gov.bf|accessdate=2026-05-28|archive-date=2011-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928175412/http://www.petiteacademie.gov.bf/Personnalite/Personnalite.asp?CodePersonnalite=19|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] td6zdg4rxfg2rfw1ajrx45ocqisktoh 0 239952 1569144 1558680 2026-06-09T14:49:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Richard Lassey Agbenyefia''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ghana]]. Aliwahi kuwa Mbunge wa eneo bunge la Keta kuanzia mwaka 2005 hadi 2017.<ref>{{Citation|title=Repayment of misappropriated state funds must meet international best practices - Court - MyJoyOnline.com|date=2020-06-09|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/national/repayment-of-misappropriated-state-funds-must-meet-international-best-practices-court/|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-29|archive-date=2020-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703032705/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/national/repayment-of-misappropriated-state-funds-must-meet-international-best-practices-court/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] s63arlsegywx0dde89pjqkssrlb1f5l 0 239969 1569201 1558812 2026-06-09T21:48:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569201 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Solomon Kodjoe Akwetey''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Parliament - Suhum Constituency Election 1996 Results|url=https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/parliament/eastern/107/index.php|work=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|accessdate=2026-05-29|author=Peace FM|archive-date=2022-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121033221/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/parliament/eastern/107/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aliwahi kuwa Mbunge katika Bunge la Pili la Jamhuri ya Nne ya Ghana, akiwakilisha eneo bunge la Suhum katika Mkoa wa Mashariki wa Ghana. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ghana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] k35iz5k1dz1rxf8fbamv2th5kathfw7 0 239973 1569206 1558719 2026-06-09T22:34:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569206 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sulemana Alhassan''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Ghana]] na mwanachama wa chama cha New Patriotic Party.<ref>{{Citation|title=List of Nana Addo's 10 Regional Minister-nominees - citifmonline.com|date=2017-01-24|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/01/24/list-of-nana-addos-10-regional-minister-nominees/|work=citifmonline.com|language=en-US|access-date=2026-05-29|archive-date=2017-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126070903/http://citifmonline.com/2017/01/24/list-of-nana-addos-10-regional-minister-nominees/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yeye ni Waziri wa Mkoa wa Upper West Region nchini Ghana. Aliteuliwa na Rais Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo Januari 2017 na kuthibitishwa na Bunge la Ghana Februari 2017. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Ghana]] 9wl31wdb9roha17u1aodbo6ni5iplir 0 240409 1569173 1567011 2026-06-09T19:23:58Z Don Malya 61486 1569173 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Africa Watsan 7 (10665637964).jpg|thumb|259x259px|Msichana anachota maji safi kutoka kwenye mfumo wa upatikanaji wa maji wa jamii huko Kawempe, Uganda.]] '''Upatikanaji wa maji''' ni utoaji wa [[maji]] unaofanywa na huduma za [[umma]], mashirika ya kibiashara, juhudi za jamii au na watu binafsi, kwa kawaida kupitia mfumo wa [[pampu]] na mabomba. Mifumo ya umma ya upatikanaji wa maji ni ni muhimu kwa jamii zinazofanya kazi ipasavyo. Mifumo hii ndiyo inayosambaza maji ya kunywa kwa watu kote ulimwenguni.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Public Supply Water Use {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/water-science-school/science/public-supply-water-use|work=www.usgs.gov|date=2018-08-30|accessdate=2026-06-06|language=en}}</ref> Vipengele vya ubora wa huduma ni pamoja na mwendelezo wa usambazaji, ubora wa maji, na [[shinikizo]] la maji. Wajibu wa kitaasisi wa upatikanaji wa maji hupangwa tofauti katika nchi na maeneo tofauti (mijini dhidi ya vijijini). Kwa kawaida hujumuisha masuala yanayohusu sera na udhibiti, utoaji wa huduma na usanifishaji. Gharama ya upatikanaji wa maji inajumuisha, kwa kiasi kikubwa, gharama zisizobadilika (gharama za [[mtaji]] na gharama za wafanyakazi) na kwa kiasi kidogo tu [[gharama]] zinazobadilika ambazo hutegemea kiasi cha maji kinachotumiwa (hasa [[nishati]] na [[kemikali]]). Karibu watoa huduma wote duniani hutoza ushuru ili kurejesha sehemu ya gharama zao. Upatikanaji wa maji ni mada tofauti na [[umwagiliaji]], ambao ni utendaji na mifumo ya upatikanaji wa maji kwa kiwango kikubwa zaidi, kwa madhumuni mbalimbali, hasa [[kilimo]]. == Muhtasari wa kiufundi == [[Faili:Engine room at water works; Toledo-O - DPLA - 03776e461315e063546dc401d72e022c (page 1).jpg|thumb|253x253px|Chumba cha mashine cha mfumo wa maji wa manispaa huko Toledo, Ohio, mwaka 1908.]] Mifumo ya upatikanaji wa maji hupata maji kutoka maeneo mbalimbali baada ya kutibiwa ipasavyo, ikiwemo maji ya ardhini (tabaka la maji chini ya ardhi), maji ya juu ya ardhi ([[ziwa|maziwa]] na [[mito]]), na bahari kupitia usafishaji wa [[maji ya chumvi]]. Hatua za utibaji wa maji hujumuisha, katika hali nyingi, usafishaji, uua-viini kupitia [[klorini]] na wakati mwingine uongezaji wa floridi. Maji yaliyotibiwa kisha hutiririka kwa msaada wa uvutano au husukumwa kwa pampu kuelekea kwenye hifadhi, ambazo zinaweza kuwa zimeinuliwa kama vile [[Mnara wa maji]] au ziko kwenye ardhi (kwa viashiria vinavyohusiana na ufanisi wa usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa tazama maji yasiyoingizia [[mapato]]). Maji yakishatumika, maji machafu kwa kawaida hutolewa kwenye mfumo wa maji taka na kutibiwa katika kiwanda cha kusafisha maji taka kabla ya kutolewa [[mtoni]], ziwani, au [[Bahari|baharini]] au kutumiwa tena kwa ajili ya kupamba [[mandhari]] au [[umwagiliaji]]. === Mtandao wa Usambazaji wa Maji === Mtandao wa usambazaji wa maji ni mfumo wa miundombinu ya kihandisi ya kihidrologia na kihidrauliki unaotumika kusambaza maji kwa watumiaji mbalimbali.<ref name=":0" /> Mfumo wa usambazaji wa maji kwa kawaida hujumuisha vipengele vifuatavyo: * Bonde la maji (drainage basin), ambalo ni eneo linalokusanya maji yanayoelekezwa kwenye chanzo cha maji.<ref name=":0" /> * Eneo la ukusanyaji wa maji ghafi, ambalo linaweza kuwa ziwa, mto au maji ya chini ya ardhi kutoka kwenye akiferi. Maji haya yanaweza kusafirishwa kwa mifereji wazi, handaki zilizofunikwa au mabomba ya chini ya ardhi hadi kwenye vituo vya kusafisha maji.<ref name=":0" /> * Vituo vya kusafisha maji, ambapo maji hutibiwa ili yawe salama kwa matumizi ya [[binadamu]].<ref name=":0" /> * Miundombinu ya kuhifadhi maji kama mabwawa, matangi ya maji na minara ya maji. Mifumo midogo inaweza kutumia matenki au vyombo vya kuhifadhi maji vyenye shinikizo.<ref name=":0" /> * Vituo vya kusukuma maji na vifaa vingine vya kuongeza shinikizo la maji pale ambapo mtiririko wa maji kwa kutumia [[nguvu]] ya uvutano hauwezekani.<ref name=":0" /> * Mtandao wa mabomba ya kusambaza maji kwa watumiaji wa majumbani, viwandani, kibiashara na taasisi mbalimbali, pamoja na sehemu nyingine za matumizi kama vile vizima vya kuzimia moto.<ref name=":0" /> Ingawa mifumo ya maji taka mara nyingi huunganishwa na maeneo yanayotumia maji, mfumo wa maji taka kwa kawaida hutazamwa kuwa mfumo tofauti na mtandao wa usambazaji wa maji.<ref name=":0" /> Mitandao mingi ya usambazaji wa maji huendeshwa na mashirika ya umma yanayohusika na huduma za maji. === Matumizi ya Maji === Matumizi ya maji hutofautiana kulingana na eneo na mtindo wa maisha. Nchini Marekani, nyumba ya kawaida ya familia moja hutumia wastani wa lita 520 za maji kwa siku, sawa na takribani lita 222 kwa mtu mmoja kwa siku.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2|url=https://www.waterrf.org/research/projects/residential-end-uses-water-version-2|work=The Water Research Foundation|date=2026-06-18|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Matumizi hayo yanajumuisha shughuli mbalimbali za nyumbani kama matumizi ya choo, kuoga, matumizi ya mabomba ya maji, kufua nguo, kuosha vyombo na matumizi mengine ya kila siku.<ref name=":1" /> '''Mahitaji ya msingi ya maji kwa mtu mmoja kwa siku yanakadiriwa kuwa:''' {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shughuli !Kiwango cha chini (Lita/Siku) !Kiwango cha kawaida (Lita/Siku) |- |Maji ya kunywa |2 |2-5 |- |Huduma za usafi wa mazingira |20 |20–75 |- |Kuoga |15 |5–70 |- |Kupika na matumizi ya jikoni |10 |10–50 |} Mwanzoni mwa karne ya 21, ongezeko la watu katika maeneo ya mijini na pembezoni mwa miji limeongeza mahitaji ya maji kiasi kwamba mifumo mingi ya jadi ya usambazaji wa maji imeshindwa kukidhi mahitaji hayo.<ref name=":1" /> Miongoni mwa suluhisho zilizopendekezwa ni matumizi makubwa ya teknolojia ya kuondoa chumvi kwenye maji ya bahari (desalination), hasa katika maeneo ya pwani na nchi zenye ukame.<ref name=":1" /> Aidha, matumizi ya mifumo iliyogatuliwa ya usambazaji wa maji yameongezeka, ikiwemo uvunaji wa maji ya mvua na ukusanyaji wa maji ya dhoruba (stormwater harvesting).<ref name=":1" /> Mbinu za kisasa za usimamizi wa maji zinahimiza matumizi ya kanuni ya ''fit for purpose'', ambayo inahakikisha kuwa maji yanatumika kulingana na ubora unaohitajika kwa matumizi husika, hivyo kusaidia matumizi endelevu ya rasilimali za maji.<ref name=":1" /> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] sby4twatq1xr4j1i6pktexdxcig14cw 1569232 1569173 2026-06-10T01:58:18Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1569232 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Africa Watsan 7 (10665637964).jpg|thumb|259x259px|Msichana anachota maji safi kutoka kwenye mfumo wa upatikanaji wa maji wa jamii huko Kawempe, Uganda.]] '''Upatikanaji wa maji''' ni utoaji wa [[maji]] unaofanywa na huduma za [[umma]], mashirika ya kibiashara, juhudi za jamii au na watu binafsi, kwa kawaida kupitia mfumo wa [[pampu]] na mabomba. Mifumo ya umma ya upatikanaji wa maji ni ni muhimu kwa jamii zinazofanya kazi ipasavyo. Mifumo hii ndiyo inayosambaza maji ya kunywa kwa watu kote ulimwenguni.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Public Supply Water Use {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/water-science-school/science/public-supply-water-use|work=www.usgs.gov|date=2018-08-30|accessdate=2026-06-06|language=en}}</ref> Vipengele vya ubora wa huduma ni pamoja na mwendelezo wa usambazaji, ubora wa maji, na [[shinikizo]] la maji. Wajibu wa kitaasisi wa upatikanaji wa maji hupangwa tofauti katika nchi na maeneo tofauti (mijini dhidi ya vijijini). Kwa kawaida hujumuisha masuala yanayohusu sera na udhibiti, utoaji wa huduma na usanifishaji. Gharama ya upatikanaji wa maji inajumuisha, kwa kiasi kikubwa, gharama zisizobadilika (gharama za [[mtaji]] na gharama za wafanyakazi) na kwa kiasi kidogo tu [[gharama]] zinazobadilika ambazo hutegemea kiasi cha maji kinachotumiwa (hasa [[nishati]] na [[kemikali]]). Karibu watoa huduma wote duniani hutoza ushuru ili kurejesha sehemu ya gharama zao. Upatikanaji wa maji ni mada tofauti na [[umwagiliaji]], ambao ni utendaji na mifumo ya upatikanaji wa maji kwa kiwango kikubwa zaidi, kwa madhumuni mbalimbali, hasa [[kilimo]]. == Muhtasari wa kiufundi == [[Faili:Engine room at water works; Toledo-O - DPLA - 03776e461315e063546dc401d72e022c (page 1).jpg|thumb|253x253px|Chumba cha mashine cha mfumo wa maji wa manispaa huko Toledo, Ohio, mwaka 1908.]] Mifumo ya upatikanaji wa maji hupata maji kutoka maeneo mbalimbali baada ya kutibiwa ipasavyo, ikiwemo maji ya ardhini (tabaka la maji chini ya ardhi), maji ya juu ya ardhi ([[ziwa|maziwa]] na [[mito]]), na bahari kupitia usafishaji wa [[maji ya chumvi]]. Hatua za utibaji wa maji hujumuisha, katika hali nyingi, usafishaji, uua-viini kupitia [[klorini]] na wakati mwingine uongezaji wa floridi. Maji yaliyotibiwa kisha hutiririka kwa msaada wa uvutano au husukumwa kwa pampu kuelekea kwenye hifadhi, ambazo zinaweza kuwa zimeinuliwa kama vile [[Mnara wa maji]] au ziko kwenye ardhi (kwa viashiria vinavyohusiana na ufanisi wa usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa tazama maji yasiyoingizia [[mapato]]). Maji yakishatumika, maji machafu kwa kawaida hutolewa kwenye mfumo wa maji taka na kutibiwa katika kiwanda cha kusafisha maji taka kabla ya kutolewa [[mtoni]], ziwani, au [[Bahari|baharini]] au kutumiwa tena kwa ajili ya kupamba [[mandhari]] au [[umwagiliaji]]. === Mtandao wa Usambazaji wa Maji === Mtandao wa usambazaji wa maji ni mfumo wa miundombinu ya kihandisi ya kihidrologia na kihidrauliki unaotumika kusambaza maji kwa watumiaji mbalimbali.<ref name=":0" /> Mfumo wa usambazaji wa maji kwa kawaida hujumuisha vipengele vifuatavyo: * Bonde la maji (drainage basin), ambalo ni eneo linalokusanya maji yanayoelekezwa kwenye chanzo cha maji.<ref name=":0" /> * Eneo la ukusanyaji wa maji ghafi, ambalo linaweza kuwa ziwa, mto au maji ya chini ya ardhi kutoka kwenye akiferi. Maji haya yanaweza kusafirishwa kwa mifereji wazi, handaki zilizofunikwa au mabomba ya chini ya ardhi hadi kwenye vituo vya kusafisha maji.<ref name=":0" /> * Vituo vya kusafisha maji, ambapo maji hutibiwa ili yawe salama kwa matumizi ya [[binadamu]].<ref name=":0" /> * Miundombinu ya kuhifadhi maji kama mabwawa, matangi ya maji na minara ya maji. Mifumo midogo inaweza kutumia matenki au vyombo vya kuhifadhi maji vyenye shinikizo.<ref name=":0" /> * Vituo vya kusukuma maji na vifaa vingine vya kuongeza shinikizo la maji pale ambapo mtiririko wa maji kwa kutumia [[nguvu]] ya uvutano hauwezekani.<ref name=":0" /> * Mtandao wa mabomba ya kusambaza maji kwa watumiaji wa majumbani, viwandani, kibiashara na taasisi mbalimbali, pamoja na sehemu nyingine za matumizi kama vile vizima vya kuzimia moto.<ref name=":0" /> Ingawa mifumo ya maji taka mara nyingi huunganishwa na maeneo yanayotumia maji, mfumo wa maji taka kwa kawaida hutazamwa kuwa mfumo tofauti na mtandao wa usambazaji wa maji.<ref name=":0" /> Mitandao mingi ya usambazaji wa maji huendeshwa na mashirika ya umma yanayohusika na huduma za maji. === Matumizi ya Maji === Matumizi ya maji hutofautiana kulingana na eneo na mtindo wa maisha. Nchini Marekani, nyumba ya kawaida ya familia moja hutumia wastani wa lita 520 za maji kwa siku, sawa na takribani lita 222 kwa mtu mmoja kwa siku.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2|url=https://www.waterrf.org/research/projects/residential-end-uses-water-version-2|work=The Water Research Foundation|date=2026-06-18|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Matumizi hayo yanajumuisha shughuli mbalimbali za nyumbani kama matumizi ya choo, kuoga, matumizi ya mabomba ya maji, kufua nguo, kuosha vyombo na matumizi mengine ya kila siku.<ref name=":1" /> '''Mahitaji ya msingi ya maji kwa mtu mmoja kwa siku yanakadiriwa kuwa:''' {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shughuli !Kiwango cha chini (Lita/Siku) !Kiwango cha kawaida (Lita/Siku) |- |Maji ya kunywa |2 |2-5 |- |Huduma za usafi wa mazingira |20 |20–75 |- |Kuoga |15 |5–70 |- |Kupika na matumizi ya jikoni |10 |10–50 |} Mwanzoni mwa karne ya 21, ongezeko la watu katika maeneo ya mijini na pembezoni mwa miji limeongeza mahitaji ya maji kiasi kwamba mifumo mingi ya jadi ya usambazaji wa maji imeshindwa kukidhi mahitaji hayo.<ref name=":1" /> Miongoni mwa suluhisho zilizopendekezwa ni matumizi makubwa ya teknolojia ya kuondoa chumvi kwenye maji ya bahari (desalination), hasa katika maeneo ya pwani na nchi zenye ukame.<ref name=":1" /> Aidha, matumizi ya mifumo iliyogatuliwa ya usambazaji wa maji yameongezeka, ikiwemo uvunaji wa maji ya mvua na ukusanyaji wa maji ya dhoruba (stormwater harvesting).<ref name=":1" /> Mbinu za kisasa za usimamizi wa maji zinahimiza matumizi ya kanuni ya ''fit for purpose'', ambayo inahakikisha kuwa maji yanatumika kulingana na ubora unaohitajika kwa matumizi husika, hivyo kusaidia matumizi endelevu ya rasilimali za maji.<ref name=":1" /> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] ecg4rbk21j5hx7ttarsauv3jovcspc1 0 240480 1569174 1568957 2026-06-09T19:40:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1569174 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sheria za maji''' (katika [[mamlaka]] nyingine, inatajwa kama "sheria za rasilimali ya maji") ni nyanja ya [[sheria]] inayoshughulikia umiliki, udhibiti, na matumizi ya [[maji]] kama [[rasilimali]]. Inahusiana kwa karibu zaidi na sheria ya [[Mali (uchumi)|mali]], na ni tofauti na sheria zinazosimamia [[ubora]] wa maji. == Maji yanayodhibitiwa kisheria == Maji yanapatikana kila mahali na hayaheshimu mipaka ya kisiasa. Sheria za rasilimali za maji zinaweza kutumika kwa sehemu yoyote ya [[angahewa]] ya maji ambapo madai yanaweza kutolewa ili kumiliki au kuhifadhi maji kwa ajili ya kutimiza lengo fulani. Maji hayo yanajumuisha, lakini hayazuiliwi na: * Maji ya juu ya ardhi — maziwa, mito, vijito, bahari, na ardhioevu; * Maji ya mtiririko wa juu — kwa ujumla maji yanayotiririka ardhini kutokana na mvua, mafuriko, na theluji inayoyeyuka kabla maji hayo hayajafika kwenye njia za maji, maziwa, ardhioevu, au bahari; * Maji ya chini ya ardhi — hasa maji yaliyopo kwenye vyanzo vya maji vya chini ya [[ardhi]]. == Historia == [[Faili:P1050763 Louvre code Hammurabi face rwk.JPG|thumb|Kanuni za Hammurabi, zikiwa na mojawapo ya sheria za kwanza za kisheria zinazohusiana na rasilimali za maji.]] Historia ya uhusiano wa watu na maji inaonyesha mbinu mbalimbali za usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji. "Lipit Ishtar na Ur Nammu zote zina vifungu kuhusu maji, zinatangulia Kanuni za Hammurabi kwa angalau miaka 250, na waziwazi zinatoa misingi ya kisheria ambayo juu yake Kanuni za [[Hammurabi]] zilijengwa." Kanuni za Hammurabi zilikuwa miongoni mwasheria za kwanza kabisa zilizoandikwa kushughulikia masuala ya maji, na kanuni hizi zilijumuisha usimamizi wa matumizi ya maji. Wakati kanuni hizo zilipoandikwa katika Mesopotamia ya kale, ustaarabu wa maeneo yaliyozunguka ulitegemea mito ya Tigris na Euphrates ili kuishi. Matokeo yake, viongozi walihitaji kutengeneza mifumo tata ya mifereji na umwagiliaji ili kukidhi mahitaji yao ya maji.<ref>{{Citation|last=Kornfeld|first=Itzchak E.|title=Mesopotamia: A History of Water and Law|date=2009|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9867-3_2|work=The Evolution of the Law and Politics of Water|pages=21–36|editor-last=Dellapenna|editor-first=Joseph W.|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9867-3_2|isbn=978-1-4020-9867-3|access-date=2026-06-07|editor2-last=Gupta|editor2-first=Joyeeta}}</ref> Kanuni hizo zilitengenezwa takriban miaka 3,800 iliyopita na Mfalme Hammurabi wa [[Babeli]]. == Ugumu wa haki za maji == Maji yana utata wa kipekee katika kudhibitiwa, kwa sababu sheria nyingi zimebuniwa hasa kwa ajili ya ardhi. Maji ni rasilimali inayotembea, usambazaji wake hutofautiana kulingana na mwaka, msimu, na eneo, na yanaweza kutumiwa kwa wakati mmoja na watu au taasisi nyingi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Water Law Overview – National Agricultural Law Center|url=https://nationalaglawcenter.org/overview/water-law/|accessdate=2026-06-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Kama ilivyo katika sheria ya mali, haki za maji zinaweza kuelezewa kama "kifungu cha vijiti" chenye shughuli nyingi zinazoweza kutenganishwa, ambazo zinaweza kuwa na viwango tofauti vya udhibiti. Kwa mfano, matumizi fulani ya maji huyaelekeza kutoka kwenye mkondo wake wa asili lakini hurudisha sehemu kubwa au yote (k.m. mitambo ya [[Umememaji|umeme wa maji]]), wakati matumizi mengine hutumia kiasi kikubwa cha kile wanachokichukua (kama vile utengenezaji wa barafu, [[kilimo]]), na mengine hutumia maji bila kuyachepusha hata kidogo (k.m. usafirishaji kwa [[mashua]]). Kila aina ya shughuli ina mahitaji yake enyewe na kithiolojia inaweza kudhibitiwa kivyake. Kuna aina kadhaa za migogoro inayoweza kujitokeza: uhaba wa jumla; uhaba katika wakati au mahali mahususi, uchepushaji wa maji unaopunguza mtiririko unaopatikana kwa wengine, vichafuzi au mabadiliko mengine (kama vile joto au utando) yanayofanya maji kutofaa kwa matumizi ya wengine, na uhitaji wa kudumisha "mtiririko wa asili" wa maji ili kulinda mfumo wa [[Ekolojia|ikolojia]] wa [[asili]]. Nadharia moja ya historia, iliyotolewa katika kitabu cha Karl August Wittfogel<ref>https://moodle2.units.it/pluginfile.php/174130/mod_resource/content/3/Wittfogel_Oriental_Despotism_1957.pdf</ref> kiitwacho ''Oriental Despotism: A Comparative'' ''Study of Total Power''<ref>https://arxiujosepserradell.cat/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/ORIENTAL-DESPOTISM-A-COMPARATIVE-STUDY-OF-TOTAL-POWER-by-KARL-AUGUST-WITTFOGEL-z-lib.org_.pdf</ref>'','' inashikilia kuwa himaya nyingi ziliundwa kuzunguka mamlaka kuu iliyodhibiti watu kwa ukiritimba wa usambazaji wa maji. Himaya ya aina hii ya majimaji hutengeneza uwezekano wa [[udikteta]], na hutumika kama onyo katika kubuni kanuni za maji. Sheria ya maji inahusisha utata katika sehemu nyingine za dunia ambapo idadi ya watu inayokua inakabiliwa na ushindani unaoongezeka juu ya rasilimali ndogo ya asili. Migogoro juu ya [[Mto|mito]], [[Maziwa ya Afrika|maziwa]], na vyanzo vya maji vya chini ya ardhi huvuka mipaka ya kitaifa. Ingawa sheria ya maji bado inadhibitiwa zaidi na nchi binafsi, kuna seti za kimataifa za sheria zilizopendekezwa kama vile Sheria za Helsinki juu ya Matumizi ya Maji ya Mito ya kimataifa na Tamko la The Hague juu ya Usalama wa Maji katika [[Karne ya 21]]. Masuala ya muda mrefu katika sheria ya maji yanajumuisha athari zinazoweza kutokea za ongezeko la [[joto]] duniani kwenye mifumo ya mvua na uvukizi; upatikanaji na gharama ya teknolojia ya kuondoa chumvi kwenye maji ; udhibiti wa uchafuzi; na ukuaji wa [[ufugaji]] wa viumbe vya majini. == Mifano ya kisheria == Haki ya kisheria ya kutumia vyanzo maalum vya maji inajulikana kama haki ya [[maji]]. Kuna mifano miwili mikuu inayotumiwa kwa haki za maji. Wa kwanza ni haki za riparian, ambapo mmiliki wa ardhi iliyo karibu ana haki ya kutumia maji yaliyo kwenye mkondo ulio karibu nayo. Mfano mwingine mkuu ni ule wa ugawaji wa awali, ambapo chama cha kwanza kutumia vyanzo vya maji kina haki za kwanza juu yake, bila kujali kama mali hiyo iko karibu na chanzo cha maji.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Chennat |date=1973 |title=The Doctrine of Prior Appropriation and Its Impact on Water Development: A Critical Survey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3485791 |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=61–72 |issn=0002-9246}}</ref> Mifumo ya riparian kwa ujumla ni ya kawaida zaidi katika maeneo yenye maji mengi, wakati mifumo ya ugawaji wa awali ni ya kawaida zaidi katika hali ya hewa kavu. Kwa kuwa sheria ya rasilimali za maji ni tata, maeneo mengi yana mchanganyiko wa mifano hiyo miwili. == Sheria ya maji kwa nchi == === Sheria ya kimataifa === ''Makala kuu: Haki ya maji<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/FactSheet35en.pdf</ref>'' Haki ya kutumia maji ili kukidhi mahitaji ya msingi ya binadamu kwa matumizi ya kibinafsi na ya nyumbani imelindwa chini ya sheria za kimataifa za [[Haki za binadamu|haki za]] [[Haki za binadamu|binadamu]]. Inapojumuishwa katika mifumo ya kisheria ya kitaifa, haki hii huunganishwa na haki nyingine za maji ndani ya sheria pana ya maji. Haki ya binadamu ya kupata maji imetambuliwa binadamu ya kupata maji imetambuliwa katika sheria za kimataifa kupitia aina mbalimbali za nyaraka za kimataifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na mikataba ya kimataifa ya haki za binadamu, matamko na viwango vingine. Aidha, Umoja wa Mataifa ulipitisha azimio likisema kuwa nchi wanachama "inatambua haki ya kupata maji safi na salama ya kunywa na usafi wa mazingira kama haki ya binadamu ambayo ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kufurahia kikamilifu maisha na haki zote za binadamu."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Document Viewer|url=https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/64/292|work=docs.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-08}}</ref> Haki ya binadamu ya kupata maji inaziwekea serikali majukumu makuu ya kuhakikisha kuwa watu wanaweza kufurahia "maji ya kutosha, salama, yanayopatikana kwa urahisi, na yanayomudu gharama, bila ubaguzi". Hasa zaidi, serikali zinatarajiwa kuchukua hatua zinazofaa ili kuepuka [[Usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Kenya|usambazaji]] [[Usambazaji wa maji na usafi wa mazingira nchini Kenya|wa maji]] yaliyochafuliwa na kuhakikisha kuwa hakuna tofauti katika upatikanaji wa maji miongoni mwa raia. Leo hii, nchi zote zimeridhia angalau mkataba mmoja wa haki za binadamu ambao unatambua haki hiyo kwa uwazi au kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja, na zote zimetia saini angalau tamko moja la kisiasa linalotambua haki hii. === Canada === Chini ya Sheria ya Katiba ya mwaka 1867, amlaka juu ya njia za maji imegawanywa kati ya serikali ya shirikisho na serikali za mikoa. Mamlaka ya shirikisho yanatokana na nguvu za kusimamia usafiri wa majini na meli, uvuvi, na usimamizi wa maeneo ya kaskazini, jambo ambalo limesababisha kupitishwa kwa: * Sheria ya Uvuvi, * Sheria ya Ulinzi wa Usafiri wa Majini, * Sheria ya Kuzuia Uchafuzi wa Maji ya Aktiki, * Sheria ya Bahari. Mamlaka ya mikoa yanatokana na nguvu juu ya [[mali]] na haki za kiraia, masuala ya asili ya ndani na ya kibinafsi, na usimamizi wa ardhi za Serikali. Katika Ontario, [[Quebec]], na mikoa mingine, vitanda vya maji yote yanayopitika vinamilikiwa na Serikali, kinyume na sheria ya Uingereza. Serikali zote za mikoa pia hudhibiti ubora wa maji kupitia sheria za ulinzi wa mazingira na maji ya kunywa, kama vile Sheria ya [[Maji salama|Maji Safi]] katika [[Ontario]]. === Australia === Sheria za maji nchini Australia hutofautiana kulingana na kila jimbo. Katika jimbo la New South Wales, sheria za maji husimamiwa na chombo huru cha udhibiti; ''[[Natural Resources Access Regulator]]''. === Tasmania === ''Tasmanian Water Corporation'' ilimiliki kwa lazima miundombinu yote ya usambazaji wa maji ya kunywa ambayo hapo awali ilikuwa ikisimamiwa na mabaraza ya mitaa. Sera hii haikupendwa na madiwani wote wa mitaa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Flora Fox {{!}} Water & Sewer governance, Tasmania|url=https://florafox.tumblr.com/post/3418412236/water-sewer-governance-tasmania|work=florafox.tumblr.com|accessdate=2026-06-08|language=en|archive-date=2011-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816121658/https://florafox.tumblr.com/post/3418412236/water-sewer-governance-tasmania|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Iran === Programu ya saba ya serikali ya Iran mnamo 2023-22 iliagiza kuandaa na kuanzisha ofisi mpya ya mfumo wa utawala wa rasilimali za maji uliounganishwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://dolat.ir/detail/395982|work=dolat.ir|accessdate=2026-06-08}}</ref> === Sheria ya maji nchini Marekani === ''Makala kuu'': Sheria ya maji nchini Marekani<ref>https://www.online-pdh.com/pluginfile.php/79891/mod_resource/content/1/Water%20Law%20in%20the%20United%20States%20Rights%2C%20Regulation%2C%20and%20Reform.pdf</ref> Nchini [[Marekani|Marekani,]] kuna mifumo tata ya kisheria ya kugawanya haki za [[maji]] inayotofautiana kulingana na kanda.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Thompson |first=Olivia N. |date=2009-10 |title=Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10877/3758 |language=en}}</ref> Mifumo hii tofauti ipo kwa sababu za kihistoria na kijiografia. Sheria ya maji inahusisha safu pana ya mada au kategoria zilizoundwa ili kutoa mfumo wa kutatua migogoro na masuala ya sera yanayohusiana na maji: * Maji ya umma: Ikiwa ni pamoja na maji ya mawimbi na njia za maji zinazopitika kwa meli. * Maji mengine ya juu ya ardhi: Kwa ujumla maji yanayotiririka katika ardhi isiyo ya umma kutokana na mvua, maji ya mafuriko, na theluji inayeyuka kabla ya maji hayo kufika kwenye njia za maji za umma. * Maji ya chini ya ardhi: Wakati mwingine huitwa maji ya chini ya ardhi. * Udhibiti wa umma wa maji: Ikiwa ni pamoja na udhibiti wa mafuriko, udhibiti wa mazingira (wa ngazi ya jimbo na shirikisho), udhibiti wa afya ya umma, na udhibiti wa uvuvi. * Mwingiliano wa haki za umma na binafsi katika maji: Hili linahusiana na yote hapo juu, na linatumia vipengele vya sheria ya utwaaji wa mali kwa manufaa ya umma na mamlaka ya kikatiba ya shirikisho ya biashara. * Sheria ya miradi ya maji: Sheria iliyoendelezwa sana kuhusu uundaji, uendeshaji, na ufadhili wa taasisi za umma na zile zinazokaribia kuwa za umma, ambazo huendesha kazi za umma za ndani za udhibiti wa mafuriko, udhibiti wa usafiri wa majini, umwagiliaji, na kuepusha [[uharibifu wa mazingira]]. * Haki za mikataba za Wamarekani Wenyeji Sheria inayosimamia mada hizi inatokana na tabaka zote za kisheria. Baadhi hutokana na kanuni za sheria za kimila ambazo zimejengeka kwa karne nyingi, na ambazo hubadilika kadiri asili ya migogoro inayowasilishwa mahakamani inavyobadilika. Kwa mfano, mbinu ya mahakama katika kushughulikia haki za wamiliki wa ardhi za kugeuza mtiririko wa maji ya juu ya ardhi imebadilika kwa kiasi kikubwa katika karne iliyopita kadiri mitazamo ya umma kuhusu ardhi na maji ilivyobadilika. Baadhi hutokana na sheria za kikanuni za majimbo. Baadhi hutokana na ruzuku za awali za umma za ardhi kwa Majimbo na kutoka katika nyaraka za uanzilishi wake. Baadhi hutokana na udhibiti wa maji wa ngazi ya jimbo, shirikisho, na mitaa kupitia mipango ya matumizi ya ardhi, afya ya umma, na kanuni nyinginezo. Makabila ya Wahindi ambao hayajatambuliwa na shirikisho hayana haki za maji. Majimbo mengi katika eneo la Midwest nchini Marekani, kama vile Wisconsin, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, na Kansas, hutumia mfumo wa sheria wa ''riparian'' linapokuja suala la rasilimali za maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Login - HeinOnline.org|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/login-hol?redirect_url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/mojo?%252Fmojo=&auth_token=7IXr7fypYoeEs%252BFzphEVqz8Ouf3BIpEdCWas9GV1SeY%253D&casa_token=&paywall_url=&referrer=https%253A%252F%252Fen.wikipedia.org%252F&timestamp=1780926864&url=%252FHOL%252FPage%253Flname%253DGlesner%2526public%253Dfalse%2526collection%253Djournals%2526handle%253Dhein.journals%252Fwlr1966%2526men_hide%253Dfalse%2526men_tab%253Dtoc%2526kind%253D%2526page%253D172|work=heinonline.org|accessdate=2026-06-08}}</ref> === Sheria ya maji nchini Uingereza na Wales === Makampuni binafsi yanalazimika kuchapisha kila mwaka ripoti yenye ukubwa wa kuridhisha inayotoa kiasi kinachofaa cha takwimu zinazoweza kulinganishwa kitaifa kuhusu gharama, mapato, faida, na viwango vya utendaji. Mamlaka huru ya udhibiti wa sekta ya viwanda vya maji huchanganua matokeo ya makampuni binafsi na kuweka kiwango cha [[mapato]] kinachoruhusiwa, ambacho si cha kudumu na kinachotegemea motisha. Ubinafsishaji nchini Uingereza ulichochewa na ukosefu wa uwekezaji wa kihistoria katika sekta inayohitaji rasilimali nyingi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Waste water {{!}} Water UK|url=https://www.water.org.uk/waste-water|work=www.water.org.uk|accessdate=2026-06-08}}</ref> === Sheria ya maji katika Umoja wa Ulaya === Kwa nchi zilizo ndani ya [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], maelekezo yanayohusiana na maji ni muhimu kwa usimamizi wa [[Rasilimali za maji|rasilimali za]] [[Rasilimali za maji|maji]] na viwango vya [[mazingira]] na ubora wa maji. Maelekezo muhimu yanajumuisha Maelekezo ya Maji Taka ya Mijini ya [[1992]]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Urban wastewater - Environment - European Commission|url=https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/water/urban-wastewater_en|work=environment.ec.europa.eu|date=2026-05-27|accessdate=2026-06-08|language=en}}</ref> (yanayohitaji miji na manispaa nyingi kusafisha maji yao taka kufikia viwango maalum), na Maelekezo ya Mfumo wa Maji 2000/60/EC, ambayo yanahitaji mipango ya [[Rasilimali za maji|rasilimali]] [[Rasilimali za maji|za maji]] kulingana na mabonde ya mito, ikiwa ni pamoja na ushiriki wa umma kwa kuzingatia kanuni za Mkataba wa [[Aarhus]]. Tazama Watertime — muktadha wa kimataifa, Sehemu ya 2. == Tazama pia == * Sheria ya Maji Safi * Sheria ya Maji Safi [[Ontario]] * Sheria ya Ulinzi wa Maji Safi * Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States * Sheria ya mifereji ya maji * Sheria ya Mazingira * Usalama wa chakula * Utumishi wa njia zinazopitika * Haki ya kupata maji * Haki ya maji == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-sheria}} == Kusoma zaidi == == Viungo vya nje == [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Sheria]] [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] nxvwyrlyrflhcfea7ibkxwe1dofjac4 0 240539 1569367 1569008 2026-06-10T08:48:18Z Fauzia98 83623 AWC 2026 1569367 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Aerial view of Grand Prismatic (23428929375).jpg|thumb|Chemchemi joto.]] '''Chemchemi joto''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Hot spring'' au ''Thermal spring'') ni aina ya [[chemchemi]] ambapo [[maji]] yanayotoka ardhini yanakuwa na [[joto]] la juu kuliko joto la [[mazingira]] yanayoizunguka. Maji hayo hupata joto yanapopenya chini sana kwenye [[ukoko]] wa [[dunia]] na kukutana na [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] yenye joto kali la [[jiolojia|kijiolojia]], au kutokana na ukaribu wake na maeneo yenye [[volkano]] na [[magma]] chini ya ardhi. Chemchemi joto zinapatikana katika sehemu mbalimbali duniani, lakini ni za kawaida zaidi katika maeneo yenye mtandao wa [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] [[bara|barani]] [[Afrika]], ambapo ardhi imepasuka na kuruhusu joto la ndani ya dunia kusafiri kwa urahisi kuelekea juu.<ref>https://britannica.com – Makala ya kijiografia kutoka Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua sayansi na asili ya chemchemi joto.</ref> == Jiografia na hidrolojia == [[Jiografia|Kijiografia]] na [[hidrolojia|kihidrolojia]], chemchemi joto zina sifa za pekee za [[kemia|kikemia]] na [[fizikia|kifizikia]] kutokana na joto lake la juu linalozisaidia kuyeyusha [[madini]] mengi yaliyopo kwenye miamba ya chini ya ardhi. Maji yanapotoka nje, mara nyingi yanakuwa yamejaa madini kama vile [[Sulfuri|kiberiti]], [[kalsiamu]], na [[silika]]. Wakati mwingine madini hayo hutengeneza [[mandhari]] ya [[rangi]] za kupendeza kando ya chemchemi hizo kutokana na uwepo wa [[bakteria]] maalum wanaostahimili joto kali. [[Uhifadhi wa maji|Uhifadhi]] wa vyanzo hivi vya [[maji]] ni muhimu kwani [[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi|mabadiliko ya mazingira]] na [[uchimbaji]] holela wa [[Kisima|visima]] karibu na maeneo hayo unaweza kubadilisha mwelekeo wa maji na kusababisha chemchemi hizo kukauka kabisa.<ref name=":0">https://usgs.gov – Idara ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea jinsi mifumo ya hidolojia ya chemchemi joto inavyofanya kazi.</ref> == Umuhimu wa kijamii na wa kiuchumi == Kijamii na [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], chemchemi joto zina umuhimu mkubwa wa [[ekolojia|kiekolojia]], [[utalii|kitalii]], na hata kishughuli za [[nishati mbadala]]. [[utamaduni|Kiutamaduni]] na kijamii, jamii nyingi barani Afrika zimekuwa zikitumia maji hayo kwa ajili ya [[tiba]] asilia ya [[Ugonjwa|magonjwa]] ya [[ngozi]] na viungo kutokana na madini yaliyomo. Kiuchumi, maeneo haya (kama vile chemchemi joto za [[mapango ya Amboni]] nchini [[Tanzania]] au chemchemi za [[Bogoria]] nchini [[Kenya]]) ni vivutio vikubwa vya [[utalii]] na vyanzo vya [[nishati ya jotoardhi]] inayoweza kuzalisha [[umeme]] safi.<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu matumizi ya chemchemi joto na nishati ya jotoardhi katika Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki.</ref> Pamoja na faida hizo, changamoto kubwa inayokabili chemchemi joto ni uharibifu wa miundombinu ya mazingira inayozunguka na usimamizi duni wa [[usafi wa mazingira]], jambo linaloweza kuhatarisha [[Maji salama|usalama wa maji]] hayo kwa watumiaji. == Historia ya ChemiChemi joto. == Chemchemi joto zimekuwa zikitumiwa na binadamu tangu nyakati za kale kwa ajili ya kuoga, tiba za asili na shughuli za kijamii. Jamii nyingi duniani zilihusisha maji ya chemchemi joto na afya njema kutokana na madini yaliyomo ndani yake. Katika ustaarabu wa kale wa Ugiriki na Roma, mabafu ya maji ya moto yalikuwa sehemu muhimu ya maisha ya kila siku na yalitumika kwa starehe pamoja na matibabu.<ref /> == Viumbe Hai. == Licha ya joto lake kubwa, chemchemi joto ni makazi ya viumbe maalumu wanaoweza kuishi katika mazingira yenye joto kali sana. Viumbe hao hujulikana kama thermophiles na ni pamoja na baadhi ya bakteria na archaea. Viumbe hawa huchangia kutokea kwa rangi mbalimbali zinazoweza kuonekana kandokando ya chemchemi joto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thermophile|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/thermophile|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Uhusiano na nishati ya jotoardhi. == Chemchemi joto ni mojawapo ya viashiria vya uwepo wa nishati ya jotoardhi chini ya ardhi. Nishati hii hutokana na joto la ndani ya Dunia na inaweza kutumika kuzalisha umeme pamoja na matumizi mengine ya kiuchumi. Nchi kadhaa duniani hutegemea nishati ya jotoardhi kama chanzo safi na endelevu cha nishati.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geothermal Energy|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/geothermal-energy|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Geothermal Power|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/geothermal-power|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Athari za kimazingira. == Chemchemi joto zinaweza kuathiriwa na shughuli za binadamu kama vile uchimbaji mkubwa wa maji chini ya ardhi, ujenzi holela na uchafuzi wa mazingira. Mabadiliko hayo yanaweza kupunguza mtiririko wa maji au hata kusababisha chemchemi kukauka kabisa. Hivyo, uhifadhi wa mazingira yanayozizunguka ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kulinda rasilimali hii ya asili.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geothermal Energy: Environmental Effects and Economic Costs|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/geothermal-energy/Environmental-effects-and-economic-costs|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Marejeo == https://www.britannica.com/science/geothermal-energy<nowiki/>-Nishati ya Jotoardhi. https://www.britannica.com/science/hot-spring<nowiki/>-Chemchemi Joto (Hot Spring). https://www.britannica.com/science/thermophile<nowiki/>-Viumbe Wanaostahimili Joto Kali (Thermophile). * [[Volkano]] * [[Mto]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia]] [[Jamii:maji]] ssh7sc4b8op0z4jfbonf6ovdubbne0i 1569376 1569367 2026-06-10T09:22:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Aerial view of Grand Prismatic (23428929375).jpg|thumb|Chemchemi joto.]] '''Chemchemi joto''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Hot spring'' au ''Thermal spring'') ni aina ya [[chemchemi]] ambapo [[maji]] yanayotoka ardhini yanakuwa na [[joto]] la juu kuliko joto la [[mazingira]] yanayoizunguka. Maji hayo hupata joto yanapopenya chini sana kwenye [[ukoko]] wa [[dunia]] na kukutana na [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] yenye joto kali la [[jiolojia|kijiolojia]], au kutokana na ukaribu wake na maeneo yenye [[volkano]] na [[magma]] chini ya ardhi. Chemchemi joto zinapatikana katika sehemu mbalimbali duniani, lakini ni za kawaida zaidi katika maeneo yenye mtandao wa [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] [[bara|barani]] [[Afrika]], ambapo ardhi imepasuka na kuruhusu joto la ndani ya dunia kusafiri kwa urahisi kuelekea juu.<ref>https://britannica.com – Makala ya kijiografia kutoka Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua sayansi na asili ya chemchemi joto.</ref> == Jiografia na hidrolojia == [[Jiografia|Kijiografia]] na [[hidrolojia|kihidrolojia]], chemchemi joto zina sifa za pekee za [[kemia|kikemia]] na [[fizikia|kifizikia]] kutokana na joto lake la juu linalozisaidia kuyeyusha [[madini]] mengi yaliyopo kwenye miamba ya chini ya ardhi. Maji yanapotoka nje, mara nyingi yanakuwa yamejaa madini kama vile [[Sulfuri|kiberiti]], [[kalsiamu]], na [[silika]]. Wakati mwingine madini hayo hutengeneza [[mandhari]] ya [[rangi]] za kupendeza kando ya chemchemi hizo kutokana na uwepo wa [[bakteria]] maalum wanaostahimili joto kali. [[Uhifadhi wa maji|Uhifadhi]] wa vyanzo hivi vya [[maji]] ni muhimu kwani [[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi|mabadiliko ya mazingira]] na [[uchimbaji]] holela wa [[Kisima|visima]] karibu na maeneo hayo unaweza kubadilisha mwelekeo wa maji na kusababisha chemchemi hizo kukauka kabisa.<ref name=":0">https://usgs.gov – Idara ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea jinsi mifumo ya hidolojia ya chemchemi joto inavyofanya kazi.</ref> == Umuhimu wa kijamii na wa kiuchumi == Kijamii na [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], chemchemi joto zina umuhimu mkubwa wa [[ekolojia|kiekolojia]], [[utalii|kitalii]], na hata kishughuli za [[nishati mbadala]]. [[utamaduni|Kiutamaduni]] na kijamii, jamii nyingi barani Afrika zimekuwa zikitumia maji hayo kwa ajili ya [[tiba]] asilia ya [[Ugonjwa|magonjwa]] ya [[ngozi]] na viungo kutokana na madini yaliyomo. Kiuchumi, maeneo haya (kama vile chemchemi joto za [[mapango ya Amboni]] nchini [[Tanzania]] au chemchemi za [[Bogoria]] nchini [[Kenya]]) ni vivutio vikubwa vya [[utalii]] na vyanzo vya [[nishati ya jotoardhi]] inayoweza kuzalisha [[umeme]] safi.<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu matumizi ya chemchemi joto na nishati ya jotoardhi katika Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki.</ref> Pamoja na faida hizo, changamoto kubwa inayokabili chemchemi joto ni uharibifu wa miundombinu ya mazingira inayozunguka na usimamizi duni wa [[usafi wa mazingira]], jambo linaloweza kuhatarisha [[Maji salama|usalama wa maji]] hayo kwa watumiaji. == Historia ya Chemichemi joto == Chemchemi joto zimekuwa zikitumiwa na binadamu tangu nyakati za kale kwa ajili ya kuoga, tiba za asili na shughuli za kijamii. Jamii nyingi duniani zilihusisha maji ya chemchemi joto na afya njema kutokana na madini yaliyomo ndani yake. Katika ustaarabu wa kale wa Ugiriki na Roma, mabafu ya maji ya moto yalikuwa sehemu muhimu ya maisha ya kila siku na yalitumika kwa starehe pamoja na matibabu.<ref /> == Viumbehai == Licha ya joto lake kubwa, chemchemi joto ni makazi ya viumbe maalumu wanaoweza kuishi katika mazingira yenye joto kali sana. Viumbe hao hujulikana kama thermophiles na ni pamoja na baadhi ya bakteria na archaea. Viumbe hawa huchangia kutokea kwa rangi mbalimbali zinazoweza kuonekana kandokando ya chemchemi joto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thermophile|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/thermophile|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Uhusiano na nishati ya jotoardhi == Chemchemi joto ni mojawapo ya viashiria vya uwepo wa nishati ya jotoardhi chini ya ardhi. Nishati hii hutokana na joto la ndani ya Dunia na inaweza kutumika kuzalisha umeme pamoja na matumizi mengine ya kiuchumi. Nchi kadhaa duniani hutegemea nishati ya jotoardhi kama chanzo safi na endelevu cha nishati.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geothermal Energy|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/geothermal-energy|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Geothermal Power|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/geothermal-power|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Athari za kimazingira == Chemchemi joto zinaweza kuathiriwa na shughuli za binadamu kama vile uchimbaji mkubwa wa maji chini ya ardhi, ujenzi holela na uchafuzi wa mazingira. Mabadiliko hayo yanaweza kupunguza mtiririko wa maji au hata kusababisha chemchemi kukauka kabisa. Hivyo, uhifadhi wa mazingira yanayozizunguka ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kulinda rasilimali hii ya asili.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geothermal Energy: Environmental Effects and Economic Costs|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/geothermal-energy/Environmental-effects-and-economic-costs|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Volkano]] * [[Mto]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://www.britannica.com/science/geothermal-energy<nowiki/>-Nishati ya Jotoardhi. *https://www.britannica.com/science/hot-spring<nowiki/>-Chemchemi Joto (Hot Spring). *https://www.britannica.com/science/thermophile<nowiki/>-Viumbe Wanaostahimili Joto Kali (Thermophile). {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Jiografia]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] cfldflrdlajz8mmvtdcm1vruqfj1muc 1569377 1569376 2026-06-10T09:23:12Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Historia ya Chemichemi joto */ 1569377 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Aerial view of Grand Prismatic (23428929375).jpg|thumb|Chemchemi joto.]] '''Chemchemi joto''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Hot spring'' au ''Thermal spring'') ni aina ya [[chemchemi]] ambapo [[maji]] yanayotoka ardhini yanakuwa na [[joto]] la juu kuliko joto la [[mazingira]] yanayoizunguka. Maji hayo hupata joto yanapopenya chini sana kwenye [[ukoko]] wa [[dunia]] na kukutana na [[Mwamba (jiolojia)|miamba]] yenye joto kali la [[jiolojia|kijiolojia]], au kutokana na ukaribu wake na maeneo yenye [[volkano]] na [[magma]] chini ya ardhi. Chemchemi joto zinapatikana katika sehemu mbalimbali duniani, lakini ni za kawaida zaidi katika maeneo yenye mtandao wa [[Bonde Kuu la Ufa]] [[bara|barani]] [[Afrika]], ambapo ardhi imepasuka na kuruhusu joto la ndani ya dunia kusafiri kwa urahisi kuelekea juu.<ref>https://britannica.com – Makala ya kijiografia kutoka Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua sayansi na asili ya chemchemi joto.</ref> == Jiografia na hidrolojia == [[Jiografia|Kijiografia]] na [[hidrolojia|kihidrolojia]], chemchemi joto zina sifa za pekee za [[kemia|kikemia]] na [[fizikia|kifizikia]] kutokana na joto lake la juu linalozisaidia kuyeyusha [[madini]] mengi yaliyopo kwenye miamba ya chini ya ardhi. Maji yanapotoka nje, mara nyingi yanakuwa yamejaa madini kama vile [[Sulfuri|kiberiti]], [[kalsiamu]], na [[silika]]. Wakati mwingine madini hayo hutengeneza [[mandhari]] ya [[rangi]] za kupendeza kando ya chemchemi hizo kutokana na uwepo wa [[bakteria]] maalum wanaostahimili joto kali. [[Uhifadhi wa maji|Uhifadhi]] wa vyanzo hivi vya [[maji]] ni muhimu kwani [[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi|mabadiliko ya mazingira]] na [[uchimbaji]] holela wa [[Kisima|visima]] karibu na maeneo hayo unaweza kubadilisha mwelekeo wa maji na kusababisha chemchemi hizo kukauka kabisa.<ref name=":0">https://usgs.gov – Idara ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea jinsi mifumo ya hidolojia ya chemchemi joto inavyofanya kazi.</ref> == Umuhimu wa kijamii na wa kiuchumi == Kijamii na [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], chemchemi joto zina umuhimu mkubwa wa [[ekolojia|kiekolojia]], [[utalii|kitalii]], na hata kishughuli za [[nishati mbadala]]. [[utamaduni|Kiutamaduni]] na kijamii, jamii nyingi barani Afrika zimekuwa zikitumia maji hayo kwa ajili ya [[tiba]] asilia ya [[Ugonjwa|magonjwa]] ya [[ngozi]] na viungo kutokana na madini yaliyomo. Kiuchumi, maeneo haya (kama vile chemchemi joto za [[mapango ya Amboni]] nchini [[Tanzania]] au chemchemi za [[Bogoria]] nchini [[Kenya]]) ni vivutio vikubwa vya [[utalii]] na vyanzo vya [[nishati ya jotoardhi]] inayoweza kuzalisha [[umeme]] safi.<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu matumizi ya chemchemi joto na nishati ya jotoardhi katika Bonde la Ufa la Afrika Mashariki.</ref> Pamoja na faida hizo, changamoto kubwa inayokabili chemchemi joto ni uharibifu wa miundombinu ya mazingira inayozunguka na usimamizi duni wa [[usafi wa mazingira]], jambo linaloweza kuhatarisha [[Maji salama|usalama wa maji]] hayo kwa watumiaji. == Historia ya Chemichemi joto == Chemchemi joto zimekuwa zikitumiwa na binadamu tangu nyakati za kale kwa ajili ya kuoga, tiba za asili na shughuli za kijamii. Jamii nyingi duniani zilihusisha maji ya chemchemi joto na afya njema kutokana na madini yaliyomo ndani yake. Katika ustaarabu wa kale wa Ugiriki na Roma, mabafu ya maji ya moto yalikuwa sehemu muhimu ya maisha ya kila siku na yalitumika kwa starehe pamoja na matibabu. == Viumbehai == Licha ya joto lake kubwa, chemchemi joto ni makazi ya viumbe maalumu wanaoweza kuishi katika mazingira yenye joto kali sana. Viumbe hao hujulikana kama thermophiles na ni pamoja na baadhi ya bakteria na archaea. Viumbe hawa huchangia kutokea kwa rangi mbalimbali zinazoweza kuonekana kandokando ya chemchemi joto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thermophile|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/thermophile|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Uhusiano na nishati ya jotoardhi == Chemchemi joto ni mojawapo ya viashiria vya uwepo wa nishati ya jotoardhi chini ya ardhi. Nishati hii hutokana na joto la ndani ya Dunia na inaweza kutumika kuzalisha umeme pamoja na matumizi mengine ya kiuchumi. Nchi kadhaa duniani hutegemea nishati ya jotoardhi kama chanzo safi na endelevu cha nishati.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geothermal Energy|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/geothermal-energy|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Geothermal Power|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/geothermal-power|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Athari za kimazingira == Chemchemi joto zinaweza kuathiriwa na shughuli za binadamu kama vile uchimbaji mkubwa wa maji chini ya ardhi, ujenzi holela na uchafuzi wa mazingira. Mabadiliko hayo yanaweza kupunguza mtiririko wa maji au hata kusababisha chemchemi kukauka kabisa. Hivyo, uhifadhi wa mazingira yanayozizunguka ni muhimu kwa ajili ya kulinda rasilimali hii ya asili.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geothermal Energy: Environmental Effects and Economic Costs|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/geothermal-energy/Environmental-effects-and-economic-costs|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=10 Juni 2026}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Volkano]] * [[Mto]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} ==Viungo vya nje== *https://www.britannica.com/science/geothermal-energy<nowiki/>-Nishati ya Jotoardhi. *https://www.britannica.com/science/hot-spring<nowiki/>-Chemchemi Joto (Hot Spring). *https://www.britannica.com/science/thermophile<nowiki/>-Viumbe Wanaostahimili Joto Kali (Thermophile). {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Jiografia]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 72fjyzvtk262mzz7wyvaf06tzvixon2 0 240583 1569109 1569103 2026-06-09T12:00:21Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harold W. Winston''' (2 Septemba 1887 – 12 Mei 1960) alikuwa mwoneshaji na mkufunzi wa [[Otariidae|simba bahari]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. ==Maisha== Alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Grand Rapids]], jimbo la [[North Dakota]], Marekani. Alijulikana kwa maonesho yake ya simba bahari katika vaudeville, sarakasi na filamu mbalimbali.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Winston|first1=Harold Wallace|title=U.S. Passport Application October 30, 1920|website=ancestry.com}}</ref> === Maisha ya kitaaluma === Mwaka 1909, Winston alifanya ziara nchini Australia akiwa na maonesho yaliyoitwa '''Captain Winston's Seals'''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Winston|first1=Harold|title=Opera House-Captain Winston's Seals|journal=The Argus|date=25 Oktoba 1909|page=11|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10742982}}</ref> Jarida la ''Vaudeville News'' la tarehe 12 Novemba 1920 lilieleza kwamba: {{nukuu|"H.W. Winston, wa Winston's Water Lions and Diving Nymphs, alifika usiku wa Ijumaa, akalipa ada ya mwaka mzima mapema na kuomba kadi yake mpya itumwe kwenye meli ya S.S. Celtic. Alikuwa akisafiri siku iliyofuata kwenda Uingereza kwa ziara ya maonesho ya Moss & Stoll."}} <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Winston|first1=H.W.|title=Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections|journal=Vaudeville News|date=12 Novemba 1920|page=8|url=http://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/illinois?a=d&d=VVN19201112.2.32|archive-date=29 Desemba 2014|access-date=18 Novemba 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229004716/http://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/illinois?a=d&d=VVN19201112.2.32|url-status=dead}}</ref> Moss & Stoll pia ilijulikana kwa jina la '''Moss Empires'''. Katika kitabu chake ''The London Palladium: The Story of the Theatre and Its Stars'', Chris Woodward alieleza kuhusu ziara hiyo: {{nukuu|"Winston's Water Lions and Diving Nymphs walionekana tarehe 24 Januari 1921 na kuwafurahisha watazamaji kwa maonesho yaliyoitwa 'Maajabu ya Majini ya Karne ya Ishirini'. Wakati wa maonesho yao, simba bahari hao walifanya vitendo vilivyofanywa na mabingwa wa kuogelea na kupiga mbizi, Miss Farry na Miss Wood. Hata kuruka kutoka urefu wa futi ishirini na tano kulifanikiwa."}} <ref>{{cite book|last1=Woodward|first1=Chris|title=The London Palladium: The Story of the Theatre and Its Stars|date=3 Aprili 2009|publisher=Jeremy Mills Publishing|location=Huddersfield|isbn=978-1906600396|page=223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEag6ycPAsQC&q=Winston+dive+act+1920&pg=PA223}}</ref> Simba bahari waliofunzwa na Winston walionekana katika filamu mbalimbali za miaka ya 1930 na 1940, zikiwemo ''Spawn of the North'' na ''Fisherman's Wharf''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Circus Sea Lion Group|first1=H. W. Winston|title=Slicker, Movie Seal, is Star Feature at Circus|journal=Berkeley Daily Gazette|date=11 Juni 1943|page=1|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1970&dat=19430612&id=MyMxAAAAIBAJ&pg=4632,5202257}}</ref> === Maisha binafsi === Wakati wa safari zake barani Ulaya, Winston alikutana na Daisy ambaye baadaye alimwoa. Wawili hao walipata watoto watatu: Jacqueline, Joyce na Peter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Winston|first1=Harold, Daisy, Jacqueline, Joyce, Peter|title=1940 U.S. Census|website=ancestry.com}}</ref> Harold W. Winston alifariki tarehe 12 Mei 1960 mjini [[Riverside, California]], Marekani. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1887|1960}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 86gqfo999o4kv4nxu7dc6idxf2rsk59 0 240585 1569111 2026-06-09T12:11:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ufasaha''' (pia: '''ufasihi''') ni sifa za maneno zinazofanya yakubalike kimatumizi kwa jamii pana ya watu, hasa wasomi, kwa sababu yana udhati na usahihi wa maana, yaingiliani na matamshi na matumizi ya maneno mengine yasiyokubalika (kwa sababu ni ya kikabila, ya kilahaja, ya mitaani, ya kigeni n.k.). Ufasaha huo ni [[msingi]] wa [[sanaa]] kama [[fasihi simulizi]] na [[fasihi andishi]]. {{mbegu-isimu}} [[Jamii:Lugha]]' 1569111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ufasaha''' (pia: '''ufasihi''') ni sifa za maneno zinazofanya yakubalike kimatumizi kwa jamii pana ya watu, hasa wasomi, kwa sababu yana udhati na usahihi wa maana, yaingiliani na matamshi na matumizi ya maneno mengine yasiyokubalika (kwa sababu ni ya kikabila, ya kilahaja, ya mitaani, ya kigeni n.k.). Ufasaha huo ni [[msingi]] wa [[sanaa]] kama [[fasihi simulizi]] na [[fasihi andishi]]. {{mbegu-isimu}} [[Jamii:Lugha]] nkvph9aff91spmrumd9534flewsouyd 1569112 1569111 2026-06-09T12:16:38Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ufasaha''' (pia: '''ufasihi'''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''fluency, volubility, eloquency'') ni [[sifa]] za [[Neno|maneno]] zinazofanya yakubalike kimatumizi kwa jamii pana ya [[Binadamu|watu]], hasa wasomi, kwa sababu yana udhati na usahihi wa maana, yaingiliani na [[matamshi]] na matumizi ya maneno mengine yasiyokubalika (kwa sababu ni ya [[kabila|kikabila]], ya [[lahaja|kilahaja]], ya [[Mtaa|mitaani]], [[Lugha ya kigeni|ya kigeni]] n.k.). Ufasaha huo ni [[msingi]] wa [[sanaa]] kama [[fasihi simulizi]] na [[fasihi andishi]]. {{mbegu-lugha}} [[Jamii:Lugha]] [[Jamii:fasihi]] 7q67f151ncm4doeixih2jeybu2pufu2 0 240586 1569113 2026-06-09T12:27:29Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[File:Gutenberg Bible, Lenox Copy, New York Public Library, 2009. Pic 01.jpg|340px|thumb|Biblia ya Gutenberg, ya kwanza kuchapishwa.]] '''Biblia ya Gutenberg''' ni [[Biblia]] ya kwanza, tena ni [[kitabu]] cha kwanza kabisa [[Uchapaji|kuchapishwa]]. Ni toleo la [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] katika [[tafsiri]] ya [[Kilatini]] lililo maarufu kwa [[jina]] la [[Vulgata]]. Ilichapishwa na [[Johannes Gutenberg]] huko [[Mainz]], [[Ujerumani]], katika [[miaka ya 1450]],...' 1569113 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gutenberg Bible, Lenox Copy, New York Public Library, 2009. Pic 01.jpg|340px|thumb|Biblia ya Gutenberg, ya kwanza kuchapishwa.]] '''Biblia ya Gutenberg''' ni [[Biblia]] ya kwanza, tena ni [[kitabu]] cha kwanza kabisa [[Uchapaji|kuchapishwa]]. Ni toleo la [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] katika [[tafsiri]] ya [[Kilatini]] lililo maarufu kwa [[jina]] la [[Vulgata]]. Ilichapishwa na [[Johannes Gutenberg]] huko [[Mainz]], [[Ujerumani]], katika [[miaka ya 1450]], ikiwa na nakala 158 au 180. {{mbegu-Ukristo}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:vitabu]] [[Jamii:teknolojia]] jbqyd7vpylr9ttxs96a8xoygp2332ss 0 240587 1569119 2026-06-09T12:50:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[picha:Nova Vulgata 1986.jpg|thumb|''Nova Vulgata'' (toleo la pili, mwaka [[1986]]).]] '''Vulgata Mpya''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: '''''Nova Vulgata'''''; [[jina]] kamili: '''''Nova Vulgata Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio''''') ni toleo jipya la [[Vulgata]] lililokamilika na kupitishwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] [[mwaka]] [[1979]] kama [[tafsiri]] rasmi ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] kwa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Kabla ya hapo [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vyake vilitolewa kimojakimoja m...' 1569119 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Nova Vulgata 1986.jpg|thumb|''Nova Vulgata'' (toleo la pili, mwaka [[1986]]).]] '''Vulgata Mpya''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: '''''Nova Vulgata'''''; [[jina]] kamili: '''''Nova Vulgata Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio''''') ni toleo jipya la [[Vulgata]] lililokamilika na kupitishwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] [[mwaka]] [[1979]] kama [[tafsiri]] rasmi ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] kwa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Kabla ya hapo [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vyake vilitolewa kimojakimoja miaka [[1969]]-[[1977]]. [[Msingi]] wa tafsiri hiyo ni [[Vulgata]] ya [[Jeromu]] iliyorekebishwa kwa kuzingatia nakala za zamani zaidi za vitabu vya Biblia pamoja na [[Mtaalamu|utaalamu]] ulioongezeka tangu wakati ule. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15515b.htm|date=1913|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Revision of Vulgate|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=2020-02-26}} *{{Cite journal|last=Clifford|first=Richard J.|date=2001|title=The Authority of the "Nova Vulgata": A Note on a Recent Roman Document|journal=The Catholic Biblical Quarterly|volume=63|issue=2|pages=197–202|jstor=43724418|issn=0008-7912}} *{{Cite journal|last=Dy|first=Oliver G.|date=2016|title=The Latin Vulgate as an 'Auxiliary Tool' of Translation: Historical Perspectives on ''Liturgiam Authenticam''|url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?id=3197403&url=article|journal=Studies in Liturgy|volume=97|issue=3–4|pages=141–170|doi=10.2143/QL.97.3.3197403}} *{{Cite journal|last=Zilverberg|first=Kevin|date=2017|editor-last=Briody|editor-first=Joseph|title=The Neo-Vulgate as Official Liturgical Translation|url=https://www.academia.edu/33939780|journal=Verbum Domini: Liturgy and Scripture - Proceedings of the Ninth Fota International Liturgical Conference, 2016|language=en|publisher=SMENOS|volume=|pages=93–125|via=}} == Viungo vya nje == * ''[http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_index_lt.html Nova Vulgata Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio]'' {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] fr3s3myotev2xhp9tp6f8f6wcg37u39 1569166 1569119 2026-06-09T18:48:50Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 4 template(s) replaced. 1569166 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Nova Vulgata 1986.jpg|thumb|''Nova Vulgata'' (toleo la pili, mwaka [[1986]]).]] '''Vulgata Mpya''' (kwa [[Kilatini]]: '''''Nova Vulgata'''''; [[jina]] kamili: '''''Nova Vulgata Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio''''') ni toleo jipya la [[Vulgata]] lililokamilika na kupitishwa na [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] [[mwaka]] [[1979]] kama [[tafsiri]] rasmi ya [[Biblia ya Kikristo]] kwa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Kabla ya hapo [[Kitabu|vitabu]] vyake vilitolewa kimojakimoja miaka [[1969]]-[[1977]]. [[Msingi]] wa tafsiri hiyo ni [[Vulgata]] ya [[Jeromu]] iliyorekebishwa kwa kuzingatia nakala za zamani zaidi za vitabu vya Biblia pamoja na [[Mtaalamu|utaalamu]] ulioongezeka tangu wakati ule. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Marejeo== * {{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15515b.htm|date=1913|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Revision of Vulgate|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=2020-02-26}} *{{Rejea jarida|last=Clifford|first=Richard J.|date=2001|title=The Authority of the "Nova Vulgata": A Note on a Recent Roman Document|journal=The Catholic Biblical Quarterly|volume=63|issue=2|pages=197–202|jstor=43724418|issn=0008-7912}} *{{Rejea jarida|last=Dy|first=Oliver G.|date=2016|title=The Latin Vulgate as an 'Auxiliary Tool' of Translation: Historical Perspectives on ''Liturgiam Authenticam''|url=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?id=3197403&url=article|journal=Studies in Liturgy|volume=97|issue=3–4|pages=141–170|doi=10.2143/QL.97.3.3197403}} *{{Rejea jarida|last=Zilverberg|first=Kevin|date=2017|editor-last=Briody|editor-first=Joseph|title=The Neo-Vulgate as Official Liturgical Translation|url=https://www.academia.edu/33939780|journal=Verbum Domini: Liturgy and Scripture - Proceedings of the Ninth Fota International Liturgical Conference, 2016|language=en|publisher=SMENOS|volume=|pages=93–125|via=}} == Viungo vya nje == * ''[http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_index_lt.html Nova Vulgata Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio]'' {{mbegu-Biblia}} [[Jamii:Biblia]] [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] 2u7j1mi2rbg7ormj2n0yv99pxqv3py0 0 240588 1569124 2026-06-09T13:29:55Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ptolemy Eupator]] hadi [[Ptolemaio Eupator]]: jina la Kiswahili 1569124 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ptolemaio Eupator]] 2hrflk2122kmdalwptyhnw7im7xcf81 0 240589 1569127 2026-06-09T13:37:57Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Morelle McCane | jina_halisi = Morelle McCane | jina_la_utani = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | utaifa = Marekani | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1995|01|30|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Cleveland, Ohio, Marekani | urefu = futi 5 inchi 7 | mikono = inchi 68 | uzito = Uzani wa Welter | mtindo...' 1569127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Morelle McCane | jina_halisi = Morelle McCane | jina_la_utani = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | utaifa = Marekani | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1995|01|30|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Cleveland, Ohio, Marekani | urefu = futi 5 inchi 7 | mikono = inchi 68 | uzito = Uzani wa Welter | mtindo = Mtindo wa kawaida | boxrec = 987654 | jumla = 20 | ushindi = 15 | KO = 5 | kupoteza = 5 | sare = 0 | hakuna mashindano = 0 }} {{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalSport|Ngumi za wanawake za ridhaa}} {{MedalCountry|{{USA}}}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Pan American}} {{MedalSilver| 2023 Santiago | Uzani wa kilo 66 za wanawake}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Morelle McCane''' (alizaliwa Januari 30, 1995)<ref>[https://www.usaboxing.org/profiles/morelle-mccane-1147546 Morelle McCane]</ref> ni bondia kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda medali ya fedha katika Michezo ya "[[Pan American]]" ya mwaka 2023 katika mchezo wa ngumi kwenye uzito wa ya kilo 66 ya wanawake, na baadaye alishiriki katika Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 2024.<ref name="Binner 2023 s281">{{cite web | last=Binner | first=Andrew | title=USA boxer Morelle McCane: "Discipline is self-love and I’m the captain of my ship" | website=Olympics.com | date=Novemba 7, 2023 | url=https://olympics.com/en/news/usa-boxing-morelle-mccane-discipline-self-love | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Team USA 2023 o699">{{cite web | title=Morelle McCane 1147546 | website=Team USA | date=Desemba 13, 2023 | url=https://www.teamusa.com/profiles/morelle-mccane-1147546 | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Meyer 2023 f168">{{cite web | last=Meyer | first=Anna | title=Cleveland native boxer Morelle McCane qualifies for 2024 Paris Olympics | website=wkyc.com | date=Oktoba 26, 2023 | url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/sports/olympics/cleveland-boxer-morelle-mccane-qualifies-for-2024-paris-olympics/95-19627ceb-3d10-4aae-9f00-56ad4d39219b | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1995]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] k0jz1zfyhqywzwix55698kgrsb5yb1t 0 240590 1569130 2026-06-09T13:47:39Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Jajaira Gonzalez | jina_halisi = Jajaira Gonzalez | jina_la_utani = | picha = PFC Jajaira Gonzalez (44027301082).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Gonzalez mwaka 2018 | utaifa = Marekani | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1997|02|13|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Glendora, California, Marekani | urefu = sentimita 163 | mikono...' 1569130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Jajaira Gonzalez | jina_halisi = Jajaira Gonzalez | jina_la_utani = | picha = PFC Jajaira Gonzalez (44027301082).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Gonzalez mwaka 2018 | utaifa = Marekani | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1997|02|13|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Glendora, California, Marekani | urefu = sentimita 163 | mikono = | uzito = Kilo 60 / Pauni 132 | mtindo = Mtindo wa kawaida | boxrec = 866625 | jumla = 68 | ushindi = 58 | KO = 19 | kupoteza = 10 | sare = 0 | hakuna mashindano = 0 }} {{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalSport|Ngumi za wanawake za ridhaa}} {{MedalCountry|{{USA}}}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Pan American}} {{MedalBronze| 2023 Santiago | Uzani wa kilo 60 za wanawake}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Vijana ya Olimpiki}} {{MedalGold| 2014 Nanjing | Uzani wa kilo 60 za wanawake}} {{MedalCompetition|Mashindano ya Dunia ya Vijana na Junior}} {{MedalGold| 2014 Sofia | Uzani wa kilo 60 za wanawake}} {{MedalGold| 2013 Albena | Uzani wa kilo 57 za wanawake}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Jajaira Gonzalez''' (alizaliwa Februari 13, 1997)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/jajaira-gonzalez_1955639|title=GONZALEZ Jajaira |date=2024 |website=Olympics.com |access-date=Agosti 8, 2024}}</ref><ref name="solis-jeong">{{cite news |last1=Solis |first1=Mario |last2=Jeong |first2=Helen |title=Jajaira Gonzalez of Glendora aims for gold medal at Paris Olympics |url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/paris-2024-summer-olympics/glendora-native-jajaira-gonzalez-coming-out-swinging-for-gold-at-paris-olympics/3470443/ |access-date=Julai 27, 2024 |work=NBC Los Angeles |date=Julai 26, 2024}}</ref> ni bondia kutoka nchini [[Marekani|Marekan]]<nowiki/>i mwenye asili ya nchi ya [[Meksiko]]. Alishinda medali ya shaba katika Michezo ya [[Pan American]] ya mwaka 2023 kwenye mashindano ya ngumi ya uzito wa kilo 60 ya wanawake,<ref name="Binner 2023 u184">{{cite web | last=Binner | first=Andrew | title=Santiago 2023: US boxer Jajaira Gonzalez to return to Olympic stage: "I can't mess up this second chance" | website=Olympics.com | date=Oktoba 26, 2023 | url=https://olympics.com/en/news/jajaira-gonzalez-boxing-usa-second-chance-interview | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Rotich 2023 r202">{{cite web | last=Rotich | first=Judy J. | title=American Boxer Jajaira Gonzalez Secures Spot In Paris Olympics After Pan American Games Win | website=Sports Illustrated | date=Oktoba 27, 2023 | url=https://www.si.com/fannation/boxing/american-boxer-jajaira-gonzalez-secures-spot-in-paris-olympics-after-pan-american-games-win | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Sharma 2023 u716">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Muskan | title=Jajaira Gonzalez becomes first USA boxer to qualify for 2024 Paris Olympics | website=Sportskeeda | date=Oktoba 26, 2023 | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pro-boxing/news-jajaira-gonzalez-becomes-first-usa-boxer-qualify-2024-paris-olympics | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref> na aliiwakilisha Marekani katika kategoria hiyo kwenye Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 2024.<ref name="Peter" /> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] rec3ykmmxs4hvl6y8xxrtz9vki3bnj1 1569131 1569130 2026-06-09T13:49:06Z Bycashtz 81318 1569131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Jajaira Gonzalez | jina_halisi = Jajaira Gonzalez | jina_la_utani = | picha = PFC Jajaira Gonzalez (44027301082).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Gonzalez mwaka 2018 | utaifa = Marekani | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1997|02|13|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Glendora, California, Marekani | urefu = sentimita 163 | mikono = | uzito = Kilo 60 / Pauni 132 | mtindo = Mtindo wa kawaida | boxrec = 866625 | jumla = 68 | ushindi = 58 | KO = 19 | kupoteza = 10 | sare = 0 | hakuna mashindano = 0 }} {{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalSport|Ngumi za wanawake za ridhaa}} {{MedalCountry|{{USA}}}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Pan American}} {{MedalBronze| 2023 Santiago | Uzani wa kilo 60 za wanawake}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Vijana ya Olimpiki}} {{MedalGold| 2014 Nanjing | Uzani wa kilo 60 za wanawake}} {{MedalCompetition|Mashindano ya Dunia ya Vijana na Junior}} {{MedalGold| 2014 Sofia | Uzani wa kilo 60 za wanawake}} {{MedalGold| 2013 Albena | Uzani wa kilo 57 za wanawake}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Jajaira Gonzalez''' (alizaliwa Februari 13, 1997)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/jajaira-gonzalez_1955639|title=GONZALEZ Jajaira |date=2024 |website=Olympics.com |access-date=Agosti 8, 2024}}</ref><ref name="solis-jeong">{{cite news |last1=Solis |first1=Mario |last2=Jeong |first2=Helen |title=Jajaira Gonzalez of Glendora aims for gold medal at Paris Olympics |url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/paris-2024-summer-olympics/glendora-native-jajaira-gonzalez-coming-out-swinging-for-gold-at-paris-olympics/3470443/ |access-date=Julai 27, 2024 |work=NBC Los Angeles |date=Julai 26, 2024}}</ref> ni bondia kutoka nchini [[Marekani|Marekan]]<nowiki/>i mwenye asili ya nchi ya [[Meksiko]]. Alishinda medali ya shaba katika Michezo ya [[Pan American]] ya mwaka 2023 kwenye mashindano ya ngumi ya uzito wa kilo 60 ya wanawake,<ref name="Binner 2023 u184">{{cite web | last=Binner | first=Andrew | title=Santiago 2023: US boxer Jajaira Gonzalez to return to Olympic stage: "I can't mess up this second chance" | website=Olympics.com | date=Oktoba 26, 2023 | url=https://olympics.com/en/news/jajaira-gonzalez-boxing-usa-second-chance-interview | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Rotich 2023 r202">{{cite web | last=Rotich | first=Judy J. | title=American Boxer Jajaira Gonzalez Secures Spot In Paris Olympics After Pan American Games Win | website=Sports Illustrated | date=Oktoba 27, 2023 | url=https://www.si.com/fannation/boxing/american-boxer-jajaira-gonzalez-secures-spot-in-paris-olympics-after-pan-american-games-win | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Sharma 2023 u716">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Muskan | title=Jajaira Gonzalez becomes first USA boxer to qualify for 2024 Paris Olympics | website=Sportskeeda | date=Oktoba 26, 2023 | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pro-boxing/news-jajaira-gonzalez-becomes-first-usa-boxer-qualify-2024-paris-olympics | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref> na aliiwakilisha Marekani katika kategoria hiyo kwenye Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 2024. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] cl6p5p5wr1h15gf2m47434aqv6buvob 1569170 1569131 2026-06-09T19:02:14Z Muddyb 379 1569170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Jajaira Gonzalez | jina_halisi = Jajaira Gonzalez | jina_la_utani = | picha = PFC Jajaira Gonzalez (44027301082).jpg | ukubwawapicha = 200px | maelezo_ya_picha = Gonzalez mwaka 2018 | utaifa = Marekani | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|1997|02|13|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Glendora, California, Marekani | urefu = sentimita 163 | mikono = | uzito = Kilo 60 / Pauni 132 | mtindo = Mtindo wa kawaida | boxrec = 866625 | jumla = 68 | ushindi = 58 | KO = 19 | kupoteza = 10 | sare = 0 | hakuna mashindano = 0 }} {{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalSport|Ngumi za wanawake za ridhaa}} {{MedalCountry|{{USA}}}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Pan American}} {{MedalBronze| 2023 Santiago | Uzani wa kilo 60 za wanawake}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Vijana ya Olimpiki}} {{MedalGold| 2014 Nanjing | Uzani wa kilo 60 za wanawake}} {{MedalCompetition|Mashindano ya Dunia ya Vijana na Junior}} {{MedalGold| 2014 Sofia | Uzani wa kilo 60 za wanawake}} {{MedalGold| 2013 Albena | Uzani wa kilo 57 za wanawake}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Jajaira Gonzalez''' (alizaliwa Februari 13, 1997)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/jajaira-gonzalez_1955639|title=GONZALEZ Jajaira |date=2024 |website=Olympics.com |access-date=Agosti 8, 2024}}</ref><ref name="solis-jeong">{{cite news |last1=Solis |first1=Mario |last2=Jeong |first2=Helen |title=Jajaira Gonzalez of Glendora aims for gold medal at Paris Olympics |url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/paris-2024-summer-olympics/glendora-native-jajaira-gonzalez-coming-out-swinging-for-gold-at-paris-olympics/3470443/ |access-date=Julai 27, 2024 |work=NBC Los Angeles |date=Julai 26, 2024}}</ref> ni bondia kutoka nchini [[Marekani|Marekan]]<nowiki/>i mwenye asili ya nchi ya [[Meksiko]]. Alishinda medali ya shaba katika Michezo ya [[Pan American]] ya mwaka 2023 kwenye mashindano ya ngumi ya uzito wa kilo 60 ya wanawake,<ref name="Binner 2023 u184">{{cite web | last=Binner | first=Andrew | title=Santiago 2023: US boxer Jajaira Gonzalez to return to Olympic stage: "I can't mess up this second chance" | website=Olympics.com | date=Oktoba 26, 2023 | url=https://olympics.com/en/news/jajaira-gonzalez-boxing-usa-second-chance-interview | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Rotich 2023 r202">{{cite web | last=Rotich | first=Judy J. | title=American Boxer Jajaira Gonzalez Secures Spot In Paris Olympics After Pan American Games Win | website=Sports Illustrated | date=Oktoba 27, 2023 | url=https://www.si.com/fannation/boxing/american-boxer-jajaira-gonzalez-secures-spot-in-paris-olympics-after-pan-american-games-win | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Sharma 2023 u716">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Muskan | title=Jajaira Gonzalez becomes first USA boxer to qualify for 2024 Paris Olympics | website=Sportskeeda | date=Oktoba 26, 2023 | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/pro-boxing/news-jajaira-gonzalez-becomes-first-usa-boxer-qualify-2024-paris-olympics | access-date=Desemba 19, 2023}}</ref> na aliiwakilisha Marekani katika kategoria hiyo kwenye Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 2024. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wiki for Refugees 2026]] idvn3gckzv8zcqtuxt21b45sn7feznz 0 240591 1569137 2026-06-09T14:11:27Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Infobox_Person | jina = Angie Valdés | jina_halisi = | jina_la_utani = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | utaifa = Kolombia | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|2000|7|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Barranquilla, Kolombia | urefu = futi 5 inchi 5 | mikono = inchi 65 | uzito = Uzani wa Kati Mwepesi | mtindo = Mtindo wa...' 1569137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person | jina = Angie Valdés | jina_halisi = | jina_la_utani = | picha = | ukubwawapicha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | utaifa = Kolombia | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{Birth date and age|2000|7|14|df=y}} | mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = Barranquilla, Kolombia | urefu = futi 5 inchi 5 | mikono = inchi 65 | uzito = Uzani wa Kati Mwepesi | mtindo = Mtindo wa kawaida | boxrec = 112233 | jumla = 40 | ushindi = 32 | KO = 10 | kupoteza = 8 | sare = 0 | hakuna mashindano = 0 }} {{MedalTableTop}} {{MedalCountry|{{COL}}}} {{MedalSport|Ngumi za wanawake za ridhaa}} {{MedalCompetition|Mashindano ya Dunia ya IBA}} {{MedalSilver| 2023 New Delhi | Uzani wa Kati Mwepesi}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Pan American}} {{MedalSilver| 2023 Santiago | Uzani wa kilo 60 za wanawake}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Amerika ya Kati na Karibiani}} {{MedalGold| 2023 San Salvador | Uzani wa Kati Mwepesi}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Amerika Kusini}} {{MedalGold| 2022 Asunción | Uzani wa Kati Mwepesi}} {{MedalCompetition|Michezo ya Bolivarian}} {{MedalGold| 2022 Valledupar | Uzani wa Kati Mwepesi}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Angie Paola Valdés Pana''' (alizaliwa Julai 14, 2000) ni bondia kutoka nchini [[Kolombia]]. Alishinda medali ya fedha katika daraja la uzito wa mwepesi (lightweight) kwenye Mashindano ya Ngumi ya Dunia ya Wanawake ya IBA ya mwaka 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wradio.com.co/2023/03/27/jenny-arias-y-angie-valdez-subcampeonas-mundiales-de-boxeo/ |title=Jenny Arias y Angie Valdez, subcampeonas mundiales de boxeo |work=W Radio (kwa Kihispania)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.noticiascaracol.com/golcaracol/mundial-de-boxeo-femenino-angie-valdez-dejo-todo-en-el-ring-y-se-quedo-con-la-medalla-de-plata-rg10 |title=Mundial de Boxeo femenino: Angie Valdez dejó todo en el ring y se quedó con la medalla de plata |work=noticiascaracol.com (kwa Kihispania)}}</ref> Akishiriki katika kategoria ya uzito wa kilo 60, Valdés alishinda [[medali]] za dhahabu katika Michezo ya Amerika ya Kati na Karibiani ya mwaka 2023,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publimetro.co/barranquilla/2023/07/19/angie-paola-valdes-la-boxeadora-que-hace-patria-trayendo-medallas-de-oro-a-colombia/ |title=Angie Paola Valdés: la boxeadora que hace patria trayendo medallas de oro a Colombia |work=Publi Metro (kwa Kihispania)}}</ref> Michezo ya Amerika Kusini ya mwaka 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elheraldo.co/deportes/2022/10/13/angie-valdes-gano-oro-en-los-juegos-sudamericanos/ |title=Angie Valdés ganó oro en los Juegos Sudamericanos |work=El Heraldo (kwa Kihispania)}}</ref> na Michezo ya [[Bolivarian]] ya mwaka 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cvnoticias.com.co/colombia-campeon-del-boxeo-de-juegos-bolivarianos-valledupar-2022/ |title=Colombia campeón del boxeo de Juegos Bolivarianos Valledupar 2022 |work=CV Noticias (kwa Kihispania)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/colombia-domina-en-boxeo-con-siete-oros-r-dominicana-obtiene-tres/47718692 |title=Colombia domina en boxeo con siete oros, R. Dominicana obtiene tres |work=Swiss Info (kwa Kihispania)}}</ref> pamoja na medali ya fedha katika Michezo ya [[Pan American]] ya mwaka 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://transmisoraquindio.com/la-colombiana-angie-valdes-clasificada-a-juegos-olimpico-paris-2024-logro-medalla-de-plata-en-los-panamericanos/ |title=La colombiana Angie Valdés, clasificada a Juegos Olímpicos París 2024, logró medalla de plata en los Panamericanos |work=transmisoraquindio.com (kwa Kihispania)}}</ref> Pia, aliiwakilisha nchi yake katika Michezo ya [[Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 2024, ambapo alipoteza katika hatua ya robo fainali dhidi ya mshindi wa medali ya dhahabu wa [[Ireland]], [[Kellie Harrington]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/deportes/ciclo-olimpico/angie-valdes-segunda-ronda-60-kilos-del-boxeo-de-los-juegos-olimpicos-2024-3367633 |title=Angie Valdés, adiós a los Juegos Olímpicos 2024, perdió en los 60 kilos del boxeo |work=eltiempo.com (kwa Kihispania)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elespectador.com/deportes/mas-deportes/la-boxeadora-angie-valdes-le-dijo-adios-a-los-juegos-olimpicos-de-paris-2024/ |title=La boxeadora Angie Valdés le dijo adiós a los Juegos Olímpicos de París 2024 |work=elespectador.com (kwa Kihispania)}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Kolombia]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] b71c52lokqcz900li992dow58drxujl 14 240592 1569138 2026-06-09T14:12:09Z Bycashtz 81318 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Mabondia]]' 1569138 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Mabondia]] 1rocx8ifmp0arhl1xtno8kockr3ey38 1569139 1569138 2026-06-09T14:18:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569139 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:wapiga ngumi nchi kwa nchi|K]] [[Jamii:watu wa Kolombia|B]] m8nittc0u3o14ju2b7xnba4u6m5qcu9 0 240593 1569164 2026-06-09T18:46:21Z Don Malya 61486 kuanzisha makala 1569164 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto wa kuvuka mipaka''' (Transboundary River) ni [[mto]] unaovuka angalau mpaka mmoja wa kisiasa, iwe ni mpaka wa ndani ya nchi au mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya nchi mbili au zaidi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transboundary Waters|url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/transboundary-waters|work=UN-Water|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Bangladesh ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya mito ya aina hii, ikiwa na angalau mito mikuu 58 inayoingia nchini humo kutoka Jamhuri ya India, ikiwemo mito miwili mikubwa zaidi duniani, yaani mto Brahmaputra na mto Ganges. Mto Naf ndio mto pekee unaotiririka kupitia Bangladesh kuelekea Myanmar. Athari za kihidrologia na kisiasa za mito inayovuka mipaka mikubwa ni kubwa sana. Mito hiyo ina manufaa kwa kuwa hubeba kiasi kikubwa cha mashapo (sediment), ambayo husaidia kuunda na kuongeza ardhi katika maeneo ya delta na vinywa vya mito. Hata hivyo, mashapo hayo pia huongeza kimo cha vitanda vya mito, jambo linaloweza kusababisha mafuriko. Mikataba ya kimataifa inayosimamia ugawaji na matumizi ya [[Majira ya mvua|maji]] ya mito ya kuvuka mipaka mara nyingi imekuwa chanzo cha migogoro tata ya kisiasa kati ya nchi zinazoshiriki rasilimali hizo za maji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Trans-boundary Rivers - Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Trans-boundary_Rivers?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=en.banglapedia.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Umuhimu wa Maji yanayovuka Mipaka == Maji ya kuvuka mipaka yana mchango mkubwa katika maendeleo ya kijamii, kiuchumi na kimazingira. Mito ya inayovukamipaka hubeba mashapo yanayosaidia kujenga ardhi katika maeneo ya vinywa vya mito. Aidha, rasilimali hizi hutoa maji kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, kilimo, viwanda, uzalishaji wa nishati na huduma za usafi wa mazingira. Mabonde ya mito na akiferi zinazoshirikishwa huunda uhusiano wa kihidrologia, kiuchumi na kijamii kati ya [[jamii]] zinazopakana na hata zile zilizo mbali zaidi. Ushirikiano mzuri katika usimamizi wa rasilimali hizi unaweza kuongeza uzalishaji wa chakula na nishati, kupunguza umaskini na kudhibiti uhamiaji kutoka vijijini kwenda mijini. == Changamoto za Usimamizi == Nchi nyingi bado hazina mifumo madhubuti ya ushirikiano katika usimamizi wa maji ya kuvuka mipaka. Maamuzi yanayofanywa katika nchi moja mara nyingi huwa na athari kwa nchi nyingine. Kwa mfano, ujenzi wa bwawa katika nchi moja unaweza kupunguza kwa kiasi kikubwa mtiririko wa maji katika nchi za chini ya mkondo. Kadhalika, uchafuzi wa mito, maziwa na akiferi au matumizi kupita kiasi ya rasilimali hizo yanaweza kuhatarisha huduma za kiikolojia katika maeneo yanayovuka mipaka. Kupungua kwa maji ya chini ya [[ardhi]] kunaweza kusababisha maji ya chumvi kuingia katika maeneo ya pwani na kuongeza mkusanyiko wa kemikali hatari. == Migogoro ya Maji yanayovuka Mipaka == Migogoro ya maji ya kuvuka mipaka hutokea pale ambapo mahitaji ya maji yanashirikiwa na makundi mbalimbali yenye maslahi tofauti, yawe ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, kimazingira au kisheria. Migogoro kuhusu [[rasilimali]] za maji zinazoshirikiwa hutokea katika ngazi mbalimbali, kuanzia kati ya vikundi vya wakulima wanaotumia umwagiliaji, matumizi ya mijini dhidi ya matumizi ya vijijini, hadi kati ya mataifa yanayoshiriki njia za maji za kimataifa. Usimamizi wa mito ya kimataifa ungekuwa rahisi zaidi kama kungekuwa na serikali ya kimataifa au mamlaka kuu yenye uwezo wa kusimamia jukumu hilo. Hata hivyo, mfumo wa kimataifa bado una sifa za kutokuwa na mamlaka ya juu yanayoyasimamia mataifa yote, na hivyo kukosekana kwa mfumo mmoja wazi wa sheria ambao kila taifa linaweza kulazimika kuufuata. Kanuni za [[sheria]] za kimataifa zinazohusu matumizi ya rasilimali za kuvuka mipaka kama mito ni nyingi na wakati mwingine huonekana kukinzana.<ref name=":0" /> Migogoro kuhusu matumizi ya rasilimali za maji inaongezeka kadiri shinikizo la ongezeko la watu na ushindani wa mahitaji ya rasilimali hizo unavyoongezeka. Hata hivyo, tafiti zimeendelea kufanywa na watafiti mbalimbali duniani ili kubaini asili ya migogoro hiyo na kutafuta njia zinazowezekana za kuitatua.<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] [[Jamii:Maji]] 4iri4udl8z900t5g02nrowqg77thw0w 1569165 1569164 2026-06-09T18:48:01Z Don Malya 61486 1569165 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto unaovuka mipaka''' (Transboundary River) ni [[mto]] unaovuka angalau mpaka mmoja wa kisiasa, iwe ni mpaka wa ndani ya nchi au mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya nchi mbili au zaidi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transboundary Waters|url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/transboundary-waters|work=UN-Water|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Bangladesh ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya mito ya aina hii, ikiwa na angalau mito mikuu 58 inayoingia nchini humo kutoka Jamhuri ya India, ikiwemo mito miwili mikubwa zaidi duniani, yaani mto Brahmaputra na mto Ganges. Mto Naf ndio mto pekee unaotiririka kupitia Bangladesh kuelekea Myanmar. Athari za kihidrologia na kisiasa za mito inayovuka mipaka mikubwa ni kubwa sana. Mito hiyo ina manufaa kwa kuwa hubeba kiasi kikubwa cha mashapo (sediment), ambayo husaidia kuunda na kuongeza ardhi katika maeneo ya delta na vinywa vya mito. Hata hivyo, mashapo hayo pia huongeza kimo cha vitanda vya mito, jambo linaloweza kusababisha mafuriko. Mikataba ya kimataifa inayosimamia ugawaji na matumizi ya [[Majira ya mvua|maji]] ya mito ya kuvuka mipaka mara nyingi imekuwa chanzo cha migogoro tata ya kisiasa kati ya nchi zinazoshiriki rasilimali hizo za maji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Trans-boundary Rivers - Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Trans-boundary_Rivers?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=en.banglapedia.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Umuhimu wa Maji yanayovuka Mipaka == Maji ya kuvuka mipaka yana mchango mkubwa katika maendeleo ya kijamii, kiuchumi na kimazingira. Mito ya inayovukamipaka hubeba mashapo yanayosaidia kujenga ardhi katika maeneo ya vinywa vya mito. Aidha, rasilimali hizi hutoa maji kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, kilimo, viwanda, uzalishaji wa nishati na huduma za usafi wa mazingira. Mabonde ya mito na akiferi zinazoshirikishwa huunda uhusiano wa kihidrologia, kiuchumi na kijamii kati ya [[jamii]] zinazopakana na hata zile zilizo mbali zaidi. Ushirikiano mzuri katika usimamizi wa rasilimali hizi unaweza kuongeza uzalishaji wa chakula na nishati, kupunguza umaskini na kudhibiti uhamiaji kutoka vijijini kwenda mijini. == Changamoto za Usimamizi == Nchi nyingi bado hazina mifumo madhubuti ya ushirikiano katika usimamizi wa maji ya kuvuka mipaka. Maamuzi yanayofanywa katika nchi moja mara nyingi huwa na athari kwa nchi nyingine. Kwa mfano, ujenzi wa bwawa katika nchi moja unaweza kupunguza kwa kiasi kikubwa mtiririko wa maji katika nchi za chini ya mkondo. Kadhalika, uchafuzi wa mito, maziwa na akiferi au matumizi kupita kiasi ya rasilimali hizo yanaweza kuhatarisha huduma za kiikolojia katika maeneo yanayovuka mipaka. Kupungua kwa maji ya chini ya [[ardhi]] kunaweza kusababisha maji ya chumvi kuingia katika maeneo ya pwani na kuongeza mkusanyiko wa kemikali hatari. == Migogoro ya Maji yanayovuka Mipaka == Migogoro ya maji ya kuvuka mipaka hutokea pale ambapo mahitaji ya maji yanashirikiwa na makundi mbalimbali yenye maslahi tofauti, yawe ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, kimazingira au kisheria. Migogoro kuhusu [[rasilimali]] za maji zinazoshirikiwa hutokea katika ngazi mbalimbali, kuanzia kati ya vikundi vya wakulima wanaotumia umwagiliaji, matumizi ya mijini dhidi ya matumizi ya vijijini, hadi kati ya mataifa yanayoshiriki njia za maji za kimataifa. Usimamizi wa mito ya kimataifa ungekuwa rahisi zaidi kama kungekuwa na serikali ya kimataifa au mamlaka kuu yenye uwezo wa kusimamia jukumu hilo. Hata hivyo, mfumo wa kimataifa bado una sifa za kutokuwa na mamlaka ya juu yanayoyasimamia mataifa yote, na hivyo kukosekana kwa mfumo mmoja wazi wa sheria ambao kila taifa linaweza kulazimika kuufuata. Kanuni za [[sheria]] za kimataifa zinazohusu matumizi ya rasilimali za kuvuka mipaka kama mito ni nyingi na wakati mwingine huonekana kukinzana.<ref name=":0" /> Migogoro kuhusu matumizi ya rasilimali za maji inaongezeka kadiri shinikizo la ongezeko la watu na ushindani wa mahitaji ya rasilimali hizo unavyoongezeka. Hata hivyo, tafiti zimeendelea kufanywa na watafiti mbalimbali duniani ili kubaini asili ya migogoro hiyo na kutafuta njia zinazowezekana za kuitatua.<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] [[Jamii:Maji]] k63jgpd41zh0i1ljea763ajkuhwiouv 1569168 1569165 2026-06-09T18:50:52Z Don Malya 61486 1569168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto unaovuka mipaka''' (Transboundary River) ni [[mto]] unaovuka angalau mpaka mmoja wa kisiasa, iwe ni mpaka wa ndani ya nchi au mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya nchi mbili au zaidi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transboundary Waters|url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/transboundary-waters|work=UN-Water|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Bangladesh ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya mito ya aina hii, ikiwa na angalau mito mikuu 58 inayoingia nchini humo kutoka Jamhuri ya India, ikiwemo mito miwili mikubwa zaidi duniani, yaani mto Brahmaputra na mto Ganges. Mto Naf ndio mto pekee unaotiririka kupitia Bangladesh kuelekea Myanmar. Athari za kihidrologia na kisiasa za mito inayovuka mipaka mikubwa ni kubwa sana. Mito hiyo ina manufaa kwa kuwa hubeba kiasi kikubwa cha mashapo (sediment), ambayo husaidia kuunda na kuongeza ardhi katika maeneo ya delta na vinywa vya mito. Hata hivyo, mashapo hayo pia huongeza kimo cha vitanda vya mito, jambo linaloweza kusababisha mafuriko. Mikataba ya kimataifa inayosimamia ugawaji na matumizi ya [[Majira ya mvua|maji]] ya mito inayovuka mipaka mara nyingi imekuwa chanzo cha migogoro tata ya kisiasa kati ya nchi zinazoshiriki rasilimali hizo za maji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Trans-boundary Rivers - Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Trans-boundary_Rivers?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=en.banglapedia.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Umuhimu wa Maji yanayovuka Mipaka == maji yanayovuka mipaka yana mchango mkubwa katika maendeleo ya kijamii, kiuchumi na kimazingira. Mito ya inayovukamipaka hubeba mashapo yanayosaidia kujenga ardhi katika maeneo ya vinywa vya mito. Aidha, rasilimali hizi hutoa maji kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, kilimo, viwanda, uzalishaji wa nishati na huduma za usafi wa mazingira. Mabonde ya mito na akiferi zinazoshirikishwa huunda uhusiano wa kihidrologia, kiuchumi na kijamii kati ya [[jamii]] zinazopakana na hata zile zilizo mbali zaidi. Ushirikiano mzuri katika usimamizi wa rasilimali hizi unaweza kuongeza uzalishaji wa chakula na nishati, kupunguza umaskini na kudhibiti uhamiaji kutoka vijijini kwenda mijini. == Changamoto za Usimamizi == Nchi nyingi bado hazina mifumo madhubuti ya ushirikiano katika usimamizi wa maji yanayovuka mipaka. Maamuzi yanayofanywa katika nchi moja mara nyingi huwa na athari kwa nchi nyingine. Kwa mfano, ujenzi wa bwawa katika nchi moja unaweza kupunguza kwa kiasi kikubwa mtiririko wa maji katika nchi za chini ya mkondo. Kadhalika, uchafuzi wa mito, maziwa na akiferi au matumizi kupita kiasi ya rasilimali hizo yanaweza kuhatarisha huduma za kiikolojia katika maeneo yanayovuka mipaka. Kupungua kwa maji ya chini ya [[ardhi]] kunaweza kusababisha maji ya chumvi kuingia katika maeneo ya pwani na kuongeza mkusanyiko wa kemikali hatari. == Migogoro ya Maji yanayovuka Mipaka == Migogoro ya maji yanayovuka mipaka hutokea pale ambapo mahitaji ya maji yanashirikiwa na makundi mbalimbali yenye maslahi tofauti, yawe ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, kimazingira au kisheria. Migogoro kuhusu [[rasilimali]] za maji zinazoshirikiwa hutokea katika ngazi mbalimbali, kuanzia kati ya vikundi vya wakulima wanaotumia umwagiliaji, matumizi ya mijini dhidi ya matumizi ya vijijini, hadi kati ya mataifa yanayoshiriki njia za maji za kimataifa. Usimamizi wa mito ya kimataifa ungekuwa rahisi zaidi kama kungekuwa na serikali ya kimataifa au mamlaka kuu yenye uwezo wa kusimamia jukumu hilo. Hata hivyo, mfumo wa kimataifa bado una sifa za kutokuwa na mamlaka ya juu yanayoyasimamia mataifa yote, na hivyo kukosekana kwa mfumo mmoja wazi wa sheria ambao kila taifa linaweza kulazimika kuufuata. Kanuni za [[sheria]] za kimataifa zinazohusu matumizi ya rasilimali za kuvuka mipaka kama mito ni nyingi na wakati mwingine huonekana kukinzana.<ref name=":0" /> Migogoro kuhusu matumizi ya rasilimali za maji inaongezeka kadiri shinikizo la ongezeko la watu na ushindani wa mahitaji ya rasilimali hizo unavyoongezeka. Hata hivyo, tafiti zimeendelea kufanywa na watafiti mbalimbali duniani ili kubaini asili ya migogoro hiyo na kutafuta njia zinazowezekana za kuitatua.<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] [[Jamii:Maji]] s564cb7qnxqw6won7apyvu1kmyg4aav 1569172 1569168 2026-06-09T19:05:55Z Don Malya 61486 1569172 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:White and Blue Nile-es.svg|thumb|Ramani ikionyesha jinsi mto Nile ulivyovuka mipaka ya nchi mbalimbali]] '''Mto unaovuka mipaka''' (Transboundary River) ni [[mto]] unaovuka angalau mpaka mmoja wa kisiasa, iwe ni mpaka wa ndani ya nchi au mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya nchi mbili au zaidi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transboundary Waters|url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/transboundary-waters|work=UN-Water|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Bangladesh ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya mito ya aina hii, ikiwa na angalau mito mikuu 58 inayoingia nchini humo kutoka Jamhuri ya India, ikiwemo mito miwili mikubwa zaidi duniani, yaani mto Brahmaputra na mto Ganges. Mto Naf ndio mto pekee unaotiririka kupitia Bangladesh kuelekea Myanmar. Athari za kihidrologia na kisiasa za mito inayovuka mipaka mikubwa ni kubwa sana. Mito hiyo ina manufaa kwa kuwa hubeba kiasi kikubwa cha mashapo (sediment), ambayo husaidia kuunda na kuongeza ardhi katika maeneo ya delta na vinywa vya mito. Hata hivyo, mashapo hayo pia huongeza kimo cha vitanda vya mito, jambo linaloweza kusababisha mafuriko. Mikataba ya kimataifa inayosimamia ugawaji na matumizi ya [[Majira ya mvua|maji]] ya mito inayovuka mipaka mara nyingi imekuwa chanzo cha migogoro tata ya kisiasa kati ya nchi zinazoshiriki rasilimali hizo za maji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Trans-boundary Rivers - Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Trans-boundary_Rivers?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=en.banglapedia.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Umuhimu wa Maji yanayovuka Mipaka == maji yanayovuka mipaka yana mchango mkubwa katika maendeleo ya kijamii, kiuchumi na kimazingira. Mito ya inayovukamipaka hubeba mashapo yanayosaidia kujenga ardhi katika maeneo ya vinywa vya mito. Aidha, rasilimali hizi hutoa maji kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, kilimo, viwanda, uzalishaji wa nishati na huduma za usafi wa mazingira. Mabonde ya mito na akiferi zinazoshirikishwa huunda uhusiano wa kihidrologia, kiuchumi na kijamii kati ya [[jamii]] zinazopakana na hata zile zilizo mbali zaidi. Ushirikiano mzuri katika usimamizi wa rasilimali hizi unaweza kuongeza uzalishaji wa chakula na nishati, kupunguza umaskini na kudhibiti uhamiaji kutoka vijijini kwenda mijini. == Changamoto za Usimamizi == Nchi nyingi bado hazina mifumo madhubuti ya ushirikiano katika usimamizi wa maji yanayovuka mipaka. Maamuzi yanayofanywa katika nchi moja mara nyingi huwa na athari kwa nchi nyingine. Kwa mfano, ujenzi wa bwawa katika nchi moja unaweza kupunguza kwa kiasi kikubwa mtiririko wa maji katika nchi za chini ya mkondo. Kadhalika, uchafuzi wa mito, maziwa na akiferi au matumizi kupita kiasi ya rasilimali hizo yanaweza kuhatarisha huduma za kiikolojia katika maeneo yanayovuka mipaka. Kupungua kwa maji ya chini ya [[ardhi]] kunaweza kusababisha maji ya chumvi kuingia katika maeneo ya pwani na kuongeza mkusanyiko wa kemikali hatari. == Migogoro ya Maji yanayovuka Mipaka == Migogoro ya maji yanayovuka mipaka hutokea pale ambapo mahitaji ya maji yanashirikiwa na makundi mbalimbali yenye maslahi tofauti, yawe ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, kimazingira au kisheria. Migogoro kuhusu [[rasilimali]] za maji zinazoshirikiwa hutokea katika ngazi mbalimbali, kuanzia kati ya vikundi vya wakulima wanaotumia umwagiliaji, matumizi ya mijini dhidi ya matumizi ya vijijini, hadi kati ya mataifa yanayoshiriki njia za maji za kimataifa. Usimamizi wa mito ya kimataifa ungekuwa rahisi zaidi kama kungekuwa na serikali ya kimataifa au mamlaka kuu yenye uwezo wa kusimamia jukumu hilo. Hata hivyo, mfumo wa kimataifa bado una sifa za kutokuwa na mamlaka ya juu yanayoyasimamia mataifa yote, na hivyo kukosekana kwa mfumo mmoja wazi wa sheria ambao kila taifa linaweza kulazimika kuufuata. Kanuni za [[sheria]] za kimataifa zinazohusu matumizi ya rasilimali za kuvuka mipaka kama mito ni nyingi na wakati mwingine huonekana kukinzana.<ref name=":0" /> Migogoro kuhusu matumizi ya rasilimali za maji inaongezeka kadiri shinikizo la ongezeko la watu na ushindani wa mahitaji ya rasilimali hizo unavyoongezeka. Hata hivyo, tafiti zimeendelea kufanywa na watafiti mbalimbali duniani ili kubaini asili ya migogoro hiyo na kutafuta njia zinazowezekana za kuitatua.<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] [[Jamii:Maji]] 3kddt4osw4lnf4q0zs95pa1xavur1ns 1569233 1569172 2026-06-10T01:59:23Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1569233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:White and Blue Nile-es.svg|thumb|Ramani ikionyesha jinsi mto Nile ulivyovuka mipaka ya nchi mbalimbali]] '''Mto unaovuka mipaka''' (Transboundary River) ni [[mto]] unaovuka angalau mpaka mmoja wa kisiasa, iwe ni mpaka wa ndani ya nchi au mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya nchi mbili au zaidi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Transboundary Waters|url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/transboundary-waters|work=UN-Water|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Bangladesh ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya mito ya aina hii, ikiwa na angalau mito mikuu 58 inayoingia nchini humo kutoka Jamhuri ya India, ikiwemo mito miwili mikubwa zaidi duniani, yaani mto Brahmaputra na mto Ganges. Mto Naf ndio mto pekee unaotiririka kupitia Bangladesh kuelekea Myanmar. Athari za kihidrologia na kisiasa za mito inayovuka mipaka mikubwa ni kubwa sana. Mito hiyo ina manufaa kwa kuwa hubeba kiasi kikubwa cha mashapo (sediment), ambayo husaidia kuunda na kuongeza ardhi katika maeneo ya delta na vinywa vya mito. Hata hivyo, mashapo hayo pia huongeza kimo cha vitanda vya mito, jambo linaloweza kusababisha mafuriko. Mikataba ya kimataifa inayosimamia ugawaji na matumizi ya [[Majira ya mvua|maji]] ya mito inayovuka mipaka mara nyingi imekuwa chanzo cha migogoro tata ya kisiasa kati ya nchi zinazoshiriki rasilimali hizo za maji.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trans-boundary Rivers - Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Trans-boundary_Rivers?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=en.banglapedia.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Umuhimu wa Maji yanayovuka Mipaka == maji yanayovuka mipaka yana mchango mkubwa katika maendeleo ya kijamii, kiuchumi na kimazingira. Mito ya inayovukamipaka hubeba mashapo yanayosaidia kujenga ardhi katika maeneo ya vinywa vya mito. Aidha, rasilimali hizi hutoa maji kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, kilimo, viwanda, uzalishaji wa nishati na huduma za usafi wa mazingira. Mabonde ya mito na akiferi zinazoshirikishwa huunda uhusiano wa kihidrologia, kiuchumi na kijamii kati ya [[jamii]] zinazopakana na hata zile zilizo mbali zaidi. Ushirikiano mzuri katika usimamizi wa rasilimali hizi unaweza kuongeza uzalishaji wa chakula na nishati, kupunguza umaskini na kudhibiti uhamiaji kutoka vijijini kwenda mijini. == Changamoto za Usimamizi == Nchi nyingi bado hazina mifumo madhubuti ya ushirikiano katika usimamizi wa maji yanayovuka mipaka. Maamuzi yanayofanywa katika nchi moja mara nyingi huwa na athari kwa nchi nyingine. Kwa mfano, ujenzi wa bwawa katika nchi moja unaweza kupunguza kwa kiasi kikubwa mtiririko wa maji katika nchi za chini ya mkondo. Kadhalika, uchafuzi wa mito, maziwa na akiferi au matumizi kupita kiasi ya rasilimali hizo yanaweza kuhatarisha huduma za kiikolojia katika maeneo yanayovuka mipaka. Kupungua kwa maji ya chini ya [[ardhi]] kunaweza kusababisha maji ya chumvi kuingia katika maeneo ya pwani na kuongeza mkusanyiko wa kemikali hatari. == Migogoro ya Maji yanayovuka Mipaka == Migogoro ya maji yanayovuka mipaka hutokea pale ambapo mahitaji ya maji yanashirikiwa na makundi mbalimbali yenye maslahi tofauti, yawe ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, kimazingira au kisheria. Migogoro kuhusu [[rasilimali]] za maji zinazoshirikiwa hutokea katika ngazi mbalimbali, kuanzia kati ya vikundi vya wakulima wanaotumia umwagiliaji, matumizi ya mijini dhidi ya matumizi ya vijijini, hadi kati ya mataifa yanayoshiriki njia za maji za kimataifa. Usimamizi wa mito ya kimataifa ungekuwa rahisi zaidi kama kungekuwa na serikali ya kimataifa au mamlaka kuu yenye uwezo wa kusimamia jukumu hilo. Hata hivyo, mfumo wa kimataifa bado una sifa za kutokuwa na mamlaka ya juu yanayoyasimamia mataifa yote, na hivyo kukosekana kwa mfumo mmoja wazi wa sheria ambao kila taifa linaweza kulazimika kuufuata. Kanuni za [[sheria]] za kimataifa zinazohusu matumizi ya rasilimali za kuvuka mipaka kama mito ni nyingi na wakati mwingine huonekana kukinzana.<ref name=":0" /> Migogoro kuhusu matumizi ya rasilimali za maji inaongezeka kadiri shinikizo la ongezeko la watu na ushindani wa mahitaji ya rasilimali hizo unavyoongezeka. Hata hivyo, tafiti zimeendelea kufanywa na watafiti mbalimbali duniani ili kubaini asili ya migogoro hiyo na kutafuta njia zinazowezekana za kuitatua.<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] [[Jamii:Maji]] 4fvssnfn3ayv9gsay13603pode07zti 1569262 1569233 2026-06-10T06:22:15Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569262 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:White and Blue Nile-es.svg|thumb|Ramani ikionyesha jinsi mto Nile ulivyovuka mipaka ya nchi mbalimbali.]] '''Usimamizi wa mito inayovuka mipaka''' unahusu kila [[mto]] unaovuka angalau mpaka mmoja wa kisiasa, iwe ni mpaka wa ndani ya nchi au mpaka wa kimataifa kati ya nchi mbili au zaidi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Transboundary Waters|url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/transboundary-waters|work=UN-Water|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Bangladesh ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya mito ya aina hii, ikiwa na angalau mito mikuu 58 inayoingia nchini humo kutoka Jamhuri ya India, ikiwemo mito miwili mikubwa zaidi duniani, yaani mto Brahmaputra na mto Ganges. Mto Naf ndio mto pekee unaotiririka kupitia Bangladesh kuelekea Myanmar. Athari za kihidrologia na kisiasa za mito inayovuka mipaka mikubwa ni kubwa sana. Mito hiyo ina manufaa kwa kuwa hubeba kiasi kikubwa cha mashapo (sediment), ambayo husaidia kuunda na kuongeza ardhi katika maeneo ya delta na vinywa vya mito. Hata hivyo, mashapo hayo pia huongeza kimo cha vitanda vya mito, jambo linaloweza kusababisha mafuriko. Mikataba ya kimataifa inayosimamia ugawaji na matumizi ya [[Majira ya mvua|maji]] ya mito inayovuka mipaka mara nyingi imekuwa chanzo cha migogoro tata ya kisiasa kati ya nchi zinazoshiriki rasilimali hizo za maji.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Trans-boundary Rivers - Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Trans-boundary_Rivers?utm_source=chatgpt.com|work=en.banglapedia.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Umuhimu wa maji yanayovuka mipaka == Maji yanayovuka mipaka yana mchango mkubwa katika maendeleo ya kijamii, kiuchumi na kimazingira. Mito ya inayovukamipaka hubeba mashapo yanayosaidia kujenga ardhi katika maeneo ya vinywa vya mito. Aidha, rasilimali hizi hutoa maji kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, kilimo, viwanda, uzalishaji wa nishati na huduma za usafi wa mazingira. Mabonde ya mito na akiferi zinazoshirikishwa huunda uhusiano wa kihidrologia, kiuchumi na kijamii kati ya [[jamii]] zinazopakana na hata zile zilizo mbali zaidi. Ushirikiano mzuri katika usimamizi wa rasilimali hizi unaweza kuongeza uzalishaji wa chakula na nishati, kupunguza umaskini na kudhibiti uhamiaji kutoka vijijini kwenda mijini. == Changamoto za usimamizi == Nchi nyingi bado hazina mifumo madhubuti ya ushirikiano katika usimamizi wa maji yanayovuka mipaka. Maamuzi yanayofanywa katika nchi moja mara nyingi huwa na athari kwa nchi nyingine. Kwa mfano, ujenzi wa bwawa katika nchi moja unaweza kupunguza kwa kiasi kikubwa mtiririko wa maji katika nchi za chini ya mkondo. Kadhalika, uchafuzi wa mito, maziwa na akiferi au matumizi kupita kiasi ya rasilimali hizo yanaweza kuhatarisha huduma za kiikolojia katika maeneo yanayovuka mipaka. Kupungua kwa maji ya chini ya [[ardhi]] kunaweza kusababisha maji ya chumvi kuingia katika maeneo ya pwani na kuongeza mkusanyiko wa kemikali hatari. == Migogoro ya maji yanayovuka mipaka == Migogoro ya maji yanayovuka mipaka hutokea pale ambapo mahitaji ya maji yanashirikiwa na makundi mbalimbali yenye maslahi tofauti, yawe ya kisiasa, kiuchumi, kimazingira au kisheria. Migogoro kuhusu [[rasilimali]] za maji zinazoshirikiwa hutokea katika ngazi mbalimbali, kuanzia kati ya vikundi vya wakulima wanaotumia umwagiliaji, matumizi ya mijini dhidi ya matumizi ya vijijini, hadi kati ya mataifa yanayoshiriki njia za maji za kimataifa. Usimamizi wa mito ya kimataifa ungekuwa rahisi zaidi kama kungekuwa na serikali ya kimataifa au mamlaka kuu yenye uwezo wa kusimamia jukumu hilo. Hata hivyo, mfumo wa kimataifa bado una sifa za kutokuwa na mamlaka ya juu yanayoyasimamia mataifa yote, na hivyo kukosekana kwa mfumo mmoja wazi wa sheria ambao kila taifa linaweza kulazimika kuufuata. Kanuni za [[sheria]] za kimataifa zinazohusu matumizi ya rasilimali za kuvuka mipaka kama mito ni nyingi na wakati mwingine huonekana kukinzana.<ref name=":0" /> Migogoro kuhusu matumizi ya rasilimali za maji inaongezeka kadiri shinikizo la ongezeko la watu na ushindani wa mahitaji ya rasilimali hizo unavyoongezeka. Hata hivyo, tafiti zimeendelea kufanywa na watafiti mbalimbali duniani ili kubaini asili ya migogoro hiyo na kutafuta njia zinazowezekana za kuitatua.<ref name=":0" /> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:mito]] 9w4brh0hr40c5o621246d1kn3qvc3k0 0 240594 1569169 2026-06-09T18:59:48Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Africando''' ni mradi wa muziki ulioanzishwa mnamo mwaka 1992<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rfimusique.com/musique/siteen/biographie/biographie_7894.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201235251/http://rfimusique.com/musique/siteen/biographie/biographie_7894.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-01|title=RFI Music bio: Africando|accessdate=2012-06-12|date=March 2007|publisher=[[Radio France Internationale|RFI Musique]]}}</ref> kwa lengo la kuungan...' 1569169 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Africando''' ni mradi wa muziki ulioanzishwa mnamo mwaka 1992<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rfimusique.com/musique/siteen/biographie/biographie_7894.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201235251/http://rfimusique.com/musique/siteen/biographie/biographie_7894.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-01|title=RFI Music bio: Africando|accessdate=2012-06-12|date=March 2007|publisher=[[Radio France Internationale|RFI Musique]]}}</ref> kwa lengo la kuunganisha wanamuziki wa [[Salsa (muziki)|salsa]] waliopo [[New York City|New York]] na waimbaji kutoka [[Senegal]]. Baadaye, wanamuziki kutoka nchi nyingine za Afrika walijumuishwa chini ya jina la '''Africando All Stars'''. Muziki wa Salsa umekuwa mtindo maarufu sana katika maeneo ya [[Afrika ya Kati]] na [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] tangu miaka ya 1940 hadi 1950, na lengo la Africando lilikuwa kuchanganya miondoko ya salsa kutoka pande zote mbili za Bahari ya Atlantiki, ikijikita zaidi katika mapokeo ya salsa ya Kiafrika. Africando iliasisiwa na mtayarishaji [[Ibrahima Sylla]] kutoka [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] pamoja na mpangaji wa muziki kutoka [[Mali]], Boncana Maiga wa kundi la [[Fania All-Stars]]. Baadhi ya wanamuziki waliohusika mwanzoni walikuwa: Ronnie Baro (wa [[Orquesta Broadway]]), Pape Seck (aliyekuwa mwanachama wa [[Star Band]]), Nicholas Menheim (mshirika wa [[Youssou N'Dour]]), na Medoune Diallo (aliyekuwa zamani na kundi la [[Orchestre Baobab]]). Albamu mbili za kwanza zilipata mafanikio makubwa barani Afrika na katika tasnia ya Muziki wa Dunia (World Music). Mwimbaji Pape Seck alifariki dunia mnamo mwaka 1995, na nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na [[Gnonnas Pedro]] kutoka Benin (alifariki Agosti 2005) pamoja na Ronnie Baró wa [[Orquestra Broadway]]. Katika albamu ya ''Mandali'' (2000), wanamuziki mashuhuri wa Kiafrika kama vile [[Tabu Ley Rochereau]], [[Koffi Olomide|Koffi Olomidé]], [[Salif Keita]], [[Sekouba Bambino]], [[Amadou Balaké]], na [[Thione Seck]] walialikwa. Muunganiko huu mpya ulisababisha kundi kuitwa jina jipya la ''Africando All Stars''. Wakati mwanzoni nyimbo zao zilikuwa kazi za zamani za mtindo wa Kilatino zilizoimbwa kwa [[Kiwolof]] au mchanganyiko wa Kiwolof na [[Kihispania]], nyimbo mpya zaidi zilikuwa kazi za zamani za [[Muziki wa pop wa Afrika]], zilizorudiwa upya kwa miondoko na ala za Kilatino. Kupitia njia zote mbili, Africando ilifanikiwa kwa kiasi kikubwa. Kwa ajili ya albamu ya ''Martina'' (2003), jina la kikundi lilirudi tena kuwa Africando. Waimbaji katika albamu hii iliyotolewa kama pongezi kwa akina mama, dada, wake, na marafiki wa kike, walijumuisha [[Ismaël Lô]] kutoka Senegal, pamoja na [[Nyboma]] na [[King Kester Emeneya]] waliorudia wimbo wa [[Papa Wemba]] uitwao "La Référence". Kazi ya mwisho ya kurekodi ya Gnonnas Pedro ni wimbo uliobeba jina la albamu ya ''Ketukuba'' (2006) &ndash; alifariki dunia kabla ya CD hiyo kutoka. Hatma hiyo hiyo ilimkuta na [[Alfredo Rodriguez]] aliyepanga nyimbo 3 kwenye albamu hiyo. Ikiweka mkazo katika uhusiano kati ya Cuba na Afrika, ''Ketukuba'' inajumuisha toleo la Kilatino la wimbo wa "Mario" wa [[Franco Luambo Makiadi|Franco]], ulioimbwa na [[Madilu System]], na Joe King akiimba "Nina Nina", wimbo uliowahi kupata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia Fania All Stars. Mnamo mwaka 1998, kundi hili lilirudia wimbo wa [[Aïcha]], ambao hapo awali ulirekodiwa na [[Khaled (mwanamuziki)|Khaled]]. == Diskografia == ;Albamu * ''Volume 1: Trovador'' (Stern's Africa STCD1045, 1993) * ''Volume 2: Tierra Tradicional'' (Stern's Africa STCD1054, 1994) Ilitolewa nchini Ufaransa kama Sabador * ''[[Gombo Salsa]]'' (Stern's Africa STCD1071, 1996) * ''Baloba'' (Stern's Africa STCD1082, 1998) * ''Mandali'' (Stern's Africa STCD1092, 2000) Inatambulika chini ya Africando All Stars. Ilitolewa nchini Ufaransa kama Betece * ''Live!'' (Sono CDS8907, double CD, 2001) Hazizalishwi tena * ''Martina'' (Stern's Africa STCD1096, 2003) * ''Ketukuba'' (Stern's Africa STCD1103, 2006) * ''Viva Africando'' (Stern's Music STCD1120, 2013) ;Msanii mchangiaji * ''[[The Rough Guide to World Music]]'' ([[World Music Network]] RGNET1001, 1994) * ''[[The Rough Guide to the Music of Senegal]]'' (World Music Network RGNET 1284, 2013) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://archive.today/20130201235251/http://rfimusique.com/musique/siteen/biographie/biographie_7894.asp RFI Music bio: Africando] (2007) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223200/http://www.rfimusique.com/musiqueen/articles/060/article_6559.asp Mahojiano ya mwaka 2001 na Ibrahim Sylla] [[Jamii:Bendi za muziki wa Salsa]] [[Jamii:Bendi za muziki kutoka Senegal]] mpdf8g9t37k43oof4hsn6e7a7o0t2gw 1569263 1569169 2026-06-10T06:23:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569263 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Africando''' ni mradi wa muziki ulioanzishwa mnamo mwaka 1992<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rfimusique.com/musique/siteen/biographie/biographie_7894.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201235251/http://rfimusique.com/musique/siteen/biographie/biographie_7894.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-01|title=RFI Music bio: Africando|accessdate=2012-06-12|date=March 2007|publisher=[[Radio France Internationale|RFI Musique]]}}</ref> kwa lengo la kuunganisha wanamuziki wa [[Salsa (muziki)|salsa]] waliopo [[New York City|New York]] na waimbaji kutoka [[Senegal]]. Baadaye, wanamuziki kutoka nchi nyingine za Afrika walijumuishwa chini ya jina la '''Africando All Stars'''. Muziki wa Salsa umekuwa mtindo maarufu sana katika maeneo ya [[Afrika ya Kati]] na [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] tangu miaka ya 1940 hadi 1950, na lengo la Africando lilikuwa kuchanganya miondoko ya salsa kutoka pande zote mbili za Bahari ya Atlantiki, ikijikita zaidi katika mapokeo ya salsa ya Kiafrika. Africando iliasisiwa na mtayarishaji [[Ibrahima Sylla]] kutoka [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] pamoja na mpangaji wa muziki kutoka [[Mali]], Boncana Maiga wa kundi la [[Fania All-Stars]]. Baadhi ya wanamuziki waliohusika mwanzoni walikuwa: Ronnie Baro (wa [[Orquesta Broadway]]), Pape Seck (aliyekuwa mwanachama wa [[Star Band]]), Nicholas Menheim (mshirika wa [[Youssou N'Dour]]), na Medoune Diallo (aliyekuwa zamani na kundi la [[Orchestre Baobab]]). Albamu mbili za kwanza zilipata mafanikio makubwa barani Afrika na katika tasnia ya Muziki wa Dunia (World Music). Mwimbaji Pape Seck alifariki dunia mnamo mwaka 1995, na nafasi yake ilichukuliwa na [[Gnonnas Pedro]] kutoka Benin (alifariki Agosti 2005) pamoja na Ronnie Baró wa [[Orquestra Broadway]]. Katika albamu ya ''Mandali'' (2000), wanamuziki mashuhuri wa Kiafrika kama vile [[Tabu Ley Rochereau]], [[Koffi Olomide|Koffi Olomidé]], [[Salif Keita]], [[Sekouba Bambino]], [[Amadou Balaké]], na [[Thione Seck]] walialikwa. Muunganiko huu mpya ulisababisha kundi kuitwa jina jipya la ''Africando All Stars''. Wakati mwanzoni nyimbo zao zilikuwa kazi za zamani za mtindo wa Kilatino zilizoimbwa kwa [[Kiwolof]] au mchanganyiko wa Kiwolof na [[Kihispania]], nyimbo mpya zaidi zilikuwa kazi za zamani za [[Muziki wa pop wa Afrika]], zilizorudiwa upya kwa miondoko na ala za Kilatino. Kupitia njia zote mbili, Africando ilifanikiwa kwa kiasi kikubwa. Kwa ajili ya albamu ya ''Martina'' (2003), jina la kikundi lilirudi tena kuwa Africando. Waimbaji katika albamu hii iliyotolewa kama pongezi kwa akina mama, dada, wake, na marafiki wa kike, walijumuisha [[Ismaël Lô]] kutoka Senegal, pamoja na [[Nyboma]] na [[King Kester Emeneya]] waliorudia wimbo wa [[Papa Wemba]] uitwao "La Référence". Kazi ya mwisho ya kurekodi ya Gnonnas Pedro ni wimbo uliobeba jina la albamu ya ''Ketukuba'' (2006) &ndash; alifariki dunia kabla ya CD hiyo kutoka. Hatma hiyo hiyo ilimkuta na [[Alfredo Rodriguez]] aliyepanga nyimbo 3 kwenye albamu hiyo. Ikiweka mkazo katika uhusiano kati ya Cuba na Afrika, ''Ketukuba'' inajumuisha toleo la Kilatino la wimbo wa "Mario" wa [[Franco Luambo Makiadi|Franco]], ulioimbwa na [[Madilu System]], na Joe King akiimba "Nina Nina", wimbo uliowahi kupata umaarufu mkubwa kupitia Fania All Stars. Mnamo mwaka 1998, kundi hili lilirudia wimbo wa [[Aïcha]], ambao hapo awali ulirekodiwa na [[Khaled (mwanamuziki)|Khaled]]. == Diskografia == ;Albamu * ''Volume 1: Trovador'' (Stern's Africa STCD1045, 1993) * ''Volume 2: Tierra Tradicional'' (Stern's Africa STCD1054, 1994) Ilitolewa nchini Ufaransa kama Sabador * ''[[Gombo Salsa]]'' (Stern's Africa STCD1071, 1996) * ''Baloba'' (Stern's Africa STCD1082, 1998) * ''Mandali'' (Stern's Africa STCD1092, 2000) Inatambulika chini ya Africando All Stars. Ilitolewa nchini Ufaransa kama Betece * ''Live!'' (Sono CDS8907, double CD, 2001) Hazizalishwi tena * ''Martina'' (Stern's Africa STCD1096, 2003) * ''Ketukuba'' (Stern's Africa STCD1103, 2006) * ''Viva Africando'' (Stern's Music STCD1120, 2013) ;Msanii mchangiaji * ''[[The Rough Guide to World Music]]'' ([[World Music Network]] RGNET1001, 1994) * ''[[The Rough Guide to the Music of Senegal]]'' (World Music Network RGNET 1284, 2013) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://archive.today/20130201235251/http://rfimusique.com/musique/siteen/biographie/biographie_7894.asp RFI Music bio: Africando] (2007) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223200/http://www.rfimusique.com/musiqueen/articles/060/article_6559.asp Mahojiano ya mwaka 2001 na Ibrahim Sylla] {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Bendi za muziki wa Salsa]] [[Jamii:muziki wa Senegal]] e4cgdlinu4hi4ido248svon89sn290c 14 240595 1569171 2026-06-09T19:02:57Z Muddyb 379 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Editathons swwiki]]' 1569171 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Jamii:Editathons swwiki]] t301qevlumgttmrfepa2pay44whxwci 0 240596 1569178 2026-06-09T20:03:38Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Uendelevu wa maji''' ni dhana ya usimamizi, matumizi na uhifadhi wa rasilimali za maji kwa namna inayohakikisha upatikanaji wa maji ya kutosha, safi na salama kwa vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo bila kuharibu mifumo ya asili inayozalisha na kusambaza maji. Maji ni rasilimali ya msingi inayotegemeza uhai wa binadamu, maendeleo ya kiuchumi na utendaji wa mifumo ya ikolojia duniani, hivyo uendelevu wake ni jambo la msingi katika kufanikisha maendeleo endelevu....' 1569178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uendelevu wa maji''' ni dhana ya usimamizi, matumizi na uhifadhi wa rasilimali za maji kwa namna inayohakikisha upatikanaji wa maji ya kutosha, safi na salama kwa vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo bila kuharibu mifumo ya asili inayozalisha na kusambaza maji. Maji ni rasilimali ya msingi inayotegemeza uhai wa binadamu, maendeleo ya kiuchumi na utendaji wa mifumo ya ikolojia duniani, hivyo uendelevu wake ni jambo la msingi katika kufanikisha maendeleo endelevu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Katika dunia ya sasa, ongezeko la idadi ya watu, mabadiliko ya tabianchi na uchafuzi wa mazingira vimeongeza shinikizo kubwa katika rasilimali za maji. Hali hii imefanya maji kuwa rasilimali adimu katika baadhi ya maeneo, licha ya kuwa yanahitajika kila siku kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, kilimo na viwanda. Kwa sababu hiyo, usimamizi bora wa maji unahitajika ili kuhakikisha kuwa rasilimali hii muhimu haipungui wala kuharibiwa kwa vizazi vijavyo. Kwa mujibu wa Umoja wa Mataifa kupitia Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu (Namba 6), dunia inalenga kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji safi na usafi kwa wote ifikapo mwaka 2030. Hii inaonyesha wazi kuwa maji si tu rasilimali ya kiuchumi, bali pia ni haki ya msingi ya binadamu na nguzo muhimu ya afya, usalama wa chakula na maendeleo ya kijamii<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goal 6 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|work=sdgs.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] mdzsnrg36zxamcwddzg44jinpibgev2 1569179 1569178 2026-06-09T20:04:39Z Don Malya 61486 1569179 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uendelevu wa maji''' ni dhana ya usimamizi, matumizi na uhifadhi wa rasilimali za [[maji]] kwa namna inayohakikisha upatikanaji wa maji ya kutosha, safi na salama kwa vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo bila kuharibu mifumo ya asili inayozalisha na kusambaza maji. Maji ni [[rasilimali]] ya msingi inayotegemeza uhai wa binadamu, maendeleo ya kiuchumi na utendaji wa mifumo ya ikolojia duniani, hivyo uendelevu wake ni jambo la msingi katika kufanikisha maendeleo endelevu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Katika dunia ya sasa, ongezeko la idadi ya watu, mabadiliko ya tabianchi na uchafuzi wa mazingira vimeongeza shinikizo kubwa katika rasilimali za maji. Hali hii imefanya maji kuwa rasilimali adimu katika baadhi ya maeneo, licha ya kuwa yanahitajika kila siku kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, [[kilimo]] na [[viwanda]]. Kwa sababu hiyo, usimamizi bora wa maji unahitajika ili kuhakikisha kuwa rasilimali hii muhimu haipungui wala kuharibiwa kwa vizazi vijavyo. Kwa mujibu wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kupitia Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu (Namba 6), dunia inalenga kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji safi na usafi kwa wote ifikapo mwaka 2030. Hii inaonyesha wazi kuwa maji si tu rasilimali ya kiuchumi, bali pia ni haki ya msingi ya [[binadamu]] na nguzo muhimu ya afya, usalama wa chakula na maendeleo ya kijamii<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goal 6 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|work=sdgs.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] 94148kse8olrct4ln7zi2kyca5jm00q 1569230 1569179 2026-06-10T01:54:56Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1569230 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uendelevu wa maji''' ni dhana ya usimamizi, matumizi na uhifadhi wa rasilimali za [[maji]] kwa namna inayohakikisha upatikanaji wa maji ya kutosha, safi na salama kwa vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo bila kuharibu mifumo ya asili inayozalisha na kusambaza maji. Maji ni [[rasilimali]] ya msingi inayotegemeza uhai wa binadamu, maendeleo ya kiuchumi na utendaji wa mifumo ya ikolojia duniani, hivyo uendelevu wake ni jambo la msingi katika kufanikisha maendeleo endelevu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Katika dunia ya sasa, ongezeko la idadi ya watu, mabadiliko ya tabianchi na uchafuzi wa mazingira vimeongeza shinikizo kubwa katika rasilimali za maji. Hali hii imefanya maji kuwa rasilimali adimu katika baadhi ya maeneo, licha ya kuwa yanahitajika kila siku kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, [[kilimo]] na [[viwanda]]. Kwa sababu hiyo, usimamizi bora wa maji unahitajika ili kuhakikisha kuwa rasilimali hii muhimu haipungui wala kuharibiwa kwa vizazi vijavyo. Kwa mujibu wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kupitia Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu (Namba 6), dunia inalenga kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji safi na usafi kwa wote ifikapo mwaka 2030. Hii inaonyesha wazi kuwa maji si tu rasilimali ya kiuchumi, bali pia ni haki ya msingi ya [[binadamu]] na nguzo muhimu ya afya, usalama wa chakula na maendeleo ya kijamii<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Goal 6 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|work=sdgs.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] spuxjgb1abohxx1duwupi8vnkdyqf9m 1569269 1569230 2026-06-10T06:27:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uendelevu wa maji''' ni dhana ya usimamizi, matumizi na uhifadhi wa rasilimali za [[maji]] kwa namna inayohakikisha upatikanaji wa maji ya kutosha, safi na salama kwa vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo bila kuharibu mifumo ya asili inayozalisha na kusambaza maji. Maji ni [[rasilimali]] ya msingi inayotegemeza uhai wa binadamu, maendeleo ya kiuchumi na utendaji wa mifumo ya ikolojia duniani, hivyo uendelevu wake ni jambo la msingi katika kufanikisha maendeleo endelevu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Katika dunia ya sasa, ongezeko la idadi ya watu, mabadiliko ya tabianchi na uchafuzi wa mazingira vimeongeza shinikizo kubwa katika rasilimali za maji. Hali hii imefanya maji kuwa rasilimali adimu katika baadhi ya maeneo, licha ya kuwa yanahitajika kila siku kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, [[kilimo]] na [[viwanda]]. Kwa sababu hiyo, usimamizi bora wa maji unahitajika ili kuhakikisha kuwa rasilimali hii muhimu haipungui wala kuharibiwa kwa vizazi vijavyo. Kwa mujibu wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kupitia Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu (Namba 6), dunia inalenga kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji safi na usafi kwa wote ifikapo mwaka 2030. Hii inaonyesha wazi kuwa maji si tu rasilimali ya kiuchumi, bali pia ni haki ya msingi ya [[binadamu]] na nguzo muhimu ya afya, usalama wa chakula na maendeleo ya kijamii<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Goal 6 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|work=sdgs.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:ekolojia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] 118amwtb7n2oezc1hp29lbhkhmgk6pn 1569375 1569269 2026-06-10T09:21:41Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 AWC 2026 1569375 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uendelevu wa maji''' ni dhana ya usimamizi, matumizi na uhifadhi wa rasilimali za [[maji]] kwa namna inayohakikisha upatikanaji wa maji ya kutosha, safi na salama kwa vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo bila kuharibu mifumo ya asili inayozalisha na kusambaza maji. Maji ni [[rasilimali]] ya msingi inayotegemeza uhai wa binadamu, maendeleo ya kiuchumi na utendaji wa mifumo ya ikolojia duniani, hivyo uendelevu wake ni jambo la msingi katika kufanikisha maendeleo endelevu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Katika dunia ya sasa, ongezeko la idadi ya watu, mabadiliko ya tabianchi na uchafuzi wa mazingira vimeongeza shinikizo kubwa katika rasilimali za maji. Hali hii imefanya maji kuwa rasilimali adimu katika baadhi ya maeneo, licha ya kuwa yanahitajika kila siku kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, [[kilimo]] na [[viwanda]]. Kwa sababu hiyo, usimamizi bora wa maji unahitajika ili kuhakikisha kuwa rasilimali hii muhimu haipungui wala kuharibiwa kwa vizazi vijavyo. Kwa mujibu wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kupitia Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu (Namba 6), dunia inalenga kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji safi na usafi kwa wote ifikapo mwaka 2030. Hii inaonyesha wazi kuwa maji si tu rasilimali ya kiuchumi, bali pia ni haki ya msingi ya [[binadamu]] na nguzo muhimu ya afya, usalama wa chakula na maendeleo ya kijamii<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Goal 6 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|work=sdgs.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Changamoto za Uendelevu wa Maji Duniani == # Uhaba wa Maji - Takriban watu [[bilioni]] 4 duniani – karibu nusu ya idadi ya watu duniani – wanaishi na uhaba mkubwa wa [[maji]] kwa angalau mwezi mmoja kila mwaka. Hii inamaanisha hawana [[maji]] ya kutosha kukidhi mahitaji yao yote.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Ufilisika wa Maji (Water Bankruptcy) - Dunia sasa imeingia katika enzi ya "ufilisika wa [[maji]]". Hali hii hutokea mahali ambapo matumizi ya [[maji]] yanazidi kiasi cha [[maji]] kinachoweza kubadilishwa na [[asili]], na wakati uharibifu wa [[mazingira]] unaohifadhi na kuchuja [[maji]] (kama [[vyanzo vya maji chini ya ardhi]] na [[ardhi oevu]]) unakuwa mgumu kurudishwa. Ishara za ufilisika wa [[maji]] zinaonekana kila mahali: [[maziwa]] yanapungua, [[visima]] vinahitaji kuchimbwa kwa kina kirefu, [[mito]] ambayo hapo awali ilikuwa na maji mwaka mzima inakuwa ya msimu tu, na [[ardhi]] yenyewe inaanza kuzama (subsidence).<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Athari za Kilimo - [[Kilimo]] ndicho mtumiaji mkubwa wa [[maji]] duniani, kikiwajibika kwa takriban asilimia 70 ya uchukuaji wa [[maji]] safi duniani. Takriban watu bilioni 3 na zaidi ya nusu ya uzalishaji wa [[chakula]] duniani umejikita katika maeneo ambako uhifadhi wa [[maji]] unapungua. Zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 650,000 za [[ardhi]] ya kilimo yenye umwagiliaji ziko chini ya mkazo mkubwa wa [[maji]]. Hii inatishia utulivu wa usambazaji wa [[chakula]] duniani kote.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> Maneno ya bluu: maji, maisha, bilioni, asili, vyanzo vya maji chini ya ardhi, ardhi oevu, maziwa, visima, mito, ardhi, Kilimo, chakula. == Pengo la Maji (Water Gap) == Pengo la [[maji]] ni hali ambayo matumizi ya [[maji]] yanazidi upatikanaji wa [[maji]] asilia katika muda wowote ndani ya mwezi. Kwa muda, aina hii ya matumizi yasiyo endelevu ya [[maji]] inasababisha kupungua kwa [[maji]] chini ya ardhi, [[mito]], [[maziwa]], [[vyanzo vya maji chini ya ardhi]], na hifadhi nyingine za asili za [[maji]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gap between water supply and demand will increase as climate shifts|publisher=Carnegie Science|url=https://carnegiescience.edu/news/gap-between-water-supply-and-demand-will-increase-climate-shifts|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> Utafiti wa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kuwa pengo la [[maji]] duniani tayari ni kubwa kiasi cha [[mita za ujazo]] bilioni 458 kwa mwaka. Pengo hili linatarajiwa kuongezeka kwa asilimia 6 chini ya hali ya [[kupanda kwa joto la dunia]] kwa nyuzi 1.5 °C, na kwa asilimia 15 chini ya hali ya kupanda kwa nyuzi 3 °C.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gap between water supply and demand will increase as climate shifts|publisher=Carnegie Science|url=https://carnegiescience.edu/news/gap-between-water-supply-and-demand-will-increase-climate-shifts|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Uendelevu wa Maji Tanzania == Serikali ya [[Tanzania]] imejitolea kuhakikisha uendelevu wa [[maji]] kwa wananchi wake kupitia misingi mitatu mikuu: usawa na ujumuishi, uendelevu na uwajibikaji, na diplomasia ya [[maji]] na ushirikiano wa kikanda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania yasisitiza dhamira kuendeleza diplomasia ya maji|publisher=Wizara ya Maji Tanzania|url=https://maji.go.tz/index.php/news/tanzania-reaffirms-commitment-to-advancing-water-diplomacy|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Programu za Uendelevu wa Maji Vijijini == [[Tanzania]], kwa kushirikiana na [[Benki ya Dunia]], inatekeleza Programu ya Uendelevu wa Huduma ya [[Maji]] na Usafi wa Mazingira Vijijini. Kupitia programu hii, jumla ya miradi 540 imetekelezwa yenye vituo vya kuchotea [[maji]] 4,569 na kunufaisha wananchi wapatao milioni 4.1 katika vijiji 1,118. Kwa mafanikio haya, [[Benki ya Dunia]] imeiitambua [[Tanzania]] kuwa kinara katika utekelezaji wa programu hii barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Wizara ya Maji 2024/2025|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/uploads/budgetspeeches/1715262624-Hotuba_ya_Bajeti_ya_Wizara_ya_Maji_kwa_Mwaka_wa_Fedha_2024_2025.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Matumizi ya Nishati Jadidifu == Katika kupunguza gharama za uendeshaji na kuhakikisha uendelevu wa huduma ya [[maji]] vijijini, Wizara ya [[Maji]] [[Tanzania]] kwa kushirikiana na [[Benki ya Dunia]] inatekeleza mradi wa kuondoa matumizi ya [[nishati]] ya dizeli na kufunga mifumo ya [[umeme]] wa [[jua]] kwenye skimu 332 za [[maji]] vijijini. Hadi Aprili 2024, jumla ya skimu 65 zimebadilishiwa mifumo ya dizeli na kuwekewa mifumo inayowezesha matumizi ya [[umeme]] wa gridi pamoja na [[umeme]] wa [[jua]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Wizara ya Maji 2024/2025|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/uploads/budgetspeeches/1715262624-Hotuba_ya_Bajeti_ya_Wizara_ya_Maji_kwa_Mwaka_wa_Fedha_2024_2025.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Suluhisho na Mikakati ya Kukabiliana na Changamoto == # Kukoma kwa Uchukuaji wa Maji Kupita Kiasi - Hatua ya kwanza ni kukiri kuwa usawa wa [[maji]] umevunjika. Hii inamaanisha kuweka mipaka ya matumizi ya [[maji]] inayoakisi kiasi cha [[maji]] kinachopatikana kwa hakika, badala ya kuchimba visima kwa kina kirefu na kuhamisha mzigo kwa vizazi vijavyo.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kulinda Rasilimali Asili - Kulinda [[ardhi oevu]], kurejesha [[mito]], kujenga upya afya ya [[udongo]], na kusimamia uchaji wa [[maji]] chini ya ardhi si jambo la nyongeza – ni muhimu kwa kudumisha [[maji]] safi. Pia, [[hali ya hewa]] imara ni muhimu kwa upatikanaji wa [[maji]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kupunguza Matumizi - Kudhibiti mahitaji ya [[maji]] kumekuwa jambo lisiloepukika katika maeneo mengi. Mipango ya upunguzaji wa [[maji]] inayokata [[maji]] kwa maskini huku ikilinda wenye mamlaka itashindwa. Mikakati mizuri inajumuisha ulinzi wa kijamii, usaidizi kwa [[wakulima]] kubadilisha [[mazao]] yanayotumia [[maji]] kidogo, na uwekezaji katika ufanisi wa [[maji]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kuongeza Uwekezaji - Uwekezaji wa kutosha katika [[miundombinu]] ya [[maji]] na mifumo endelevu ya kufadhili ni muhimu. Mazingira ya kuwezesha uwekezaji bora na matumizi ya fedha kwa ufanisi yanahitajika. Wataalamu wanakadiria kuwa ili kufikia SDG 6 ifikapo 2030, dunia inahitaji kuongeza kasi ya maendeleo kwa nyakati 6 kwa [[maji]] ya kunywa, nyakati 5 kwa usafi wa [[mazingira]], na nyakati 3 kwa usafi wa [[mikono]].<ref>{{cite web|title=SDG 6 Synthesis Report on Water and Sanitation 2023|publisher=UN Water|url=https://hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023/2023%20UN%20Water%20SDG%206%20Synthesis%20Report.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Malengo ya SDG 6 na Maendeleo Yake == [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kupitia [[Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu]] (SDG 6) umeweka malengo ya kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa [[maji]] safi na usafi wa [[mazingira]] kwa wote ifikapo mwaka 2030. Hata hivyo, dunia bado iko nyuma katika kufikia malengo haya;<ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Goal 6 - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all|publisher=UN Sustainable Development|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref></ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lengo !Lengo la 2030 !Hali ya Sasa ! |- |Upatikanaji wa [[maji]] safi ya kunywa |Watu wote wapate [[maji]] safi |[[Bilioni]] 2.1 bado hawana huduma (2024) | |- |Usafi wa [[mazingira]] na usafi wa [[mikono]] |Watu wote wapate usafi |Bilioni 3.4 bado hawana usafi wa kutosha (2024) | |- |Kuongeza ufanisi wa matumizi ya [[maji]] |Kupunguza watu wenye uhaba wa [[maji]] |Asilimia 57 ya nchi bado zina changamoto | |} <ref>{{cite web|title=Goal 6 - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all|publisher=UN Sustainable Development|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Tazama pia == [[Elimumaji]] [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] [[Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu]] [[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:ekolojia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] l921ssqj6x0nucnnibikmhquswoopaj 1569380 1569375 2026-06-10T09:26:22Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Tazama pia */ 1569380 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uendelevu wa maji''' ni dhana ya usimamizi, matumizi na uhifadhi wa rasilimali za [[maji]] kwa namna inayohakikisha upatikanaji wa maji ya kutosha, safi na salama kwa vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo bila kuharibu mifumo ya asili inayozalisha na kusambaza maji. Maji ni [[rasilimali]] ya msingi inayotegemeza uhai wa binadamu, maendeleo ya kiuchumi na utendaji wa mifumo ya ikolojia duniani, hivyo uendelevu wake ni jambo la msingi katika kufanikisha maendeleo endelevu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Katika dunia ya sasa, ongezeko la idadi ya watu, mabadiliko ya tabianchi na uchafuzi wa mazingira vimeongeza shinikizo kubwa katika rasilimali za maji. Hali hii imefanya maji kuwa rasilimali adimu katika baadhi ya maeneo, licha ya kuwa yanahitajika kila siku kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, [[kilimo]] na [[viwanda]]. Kwa sababu hiyo, usimamizi bora wa maji unahitajika ili kuhakikisha kuwa rasilimali hii muhimu haipungui wala kuharibiwa kwa vizazi vijavyo. Kwa mujibu wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kupitia Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu (Namba 6), dunia inalenga kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji safi na usafi kwa wote ifikapo mwaka 2030. Hii inaonyesha wazi kuwa maji si tu rasilimali ya kiuchumi, bali pia ni haki ya msingi ya [[binadamu]] na nguzo muhimu ya afya, usalama wa chakula na maendeleo ya kijamii<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Goal 6 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|work=sdgs.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Changamoto za Uendelevu wa Maji Duniani == # Uhaba wa Maji - Takriban watu [[bilioni]] 4 duniani – karibu nusu ya idadi ya watu duniani – wanaishi na uhaba mkubwa wa [[maji]] kwa angalau mwezi mmoja kila mwaka. Hii inamaanisha hawana [[maji]] ya kutosha kukidhi mahitaji yao yote.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Ufilisika wa Maji (Water Bankruptcy) - Dunia sasa imeingia katika enzi ya "ufilisika wa [[maji]]". Hali hii hutokea mahali ambapo matumizi ya [[maji]] yanazidi kiasi cha [[maji]] kinachoweza kubadilishwa na [[asili]], na wakati uharibifu wa [[mazingira]] unaohifadhi na kuchuja [[maji]] (kama [[vyanzo vya maji chini ya ardhi]] na [[ardhi oevu]]) unakuwa mgumu kurudishwa. Ishara za ufilisika wa [[maji]] zinaonekana kila mahali: [[maziwa]] yanapungua, [[visima]] vinahitaji kuchimbwa kwa kina kirefu, [[mito]] ambayo hapo awali ilikuwa na maji mwaka mzima inakuwa ya msimu tu, na [[ardhi]] yenyewe inaanza kuzama (subsidence).<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Athari za Kilimo - [[Kilimo]] ndicho mtumiaji mkubwa wa [[maji]] duniani, kikiwajibika kwa takriban asilimia 70 ya uchukuaji wa [[maji]] safi duniani. Takriban watu bilioni 3 na zaidi ya nusu ya uzalishaji wa [[chakula]] duniani umejikita katika maeneo ambako uhifadhi wa [[maji]] unapungua. Zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 650,000 za [[ardhi]] ya kilimo yenye umwagiliaji ziko chini ya mkazo mkubwa wa [[maji]]. Hii inatishia utulivu wa usambazaji wa [[chakula]] duniani kote.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> Maneno ya bluu: maji, maisha, bilioni, asili, vyanzo vya maji chini ya ardhi, ardhi oevu, maziwa, visima, mito, ardhi, Kilimo, chakula. == Pengo la Maji (Water Gap) == Pengo la [[maji]] ni hali ambayo matumizi ya [[maji]] yanazidi upatikanaji wa [[maji]] asilia katika muda wowote ndani ya mwezi. Kwa muda, aina hii ya matumizi yasiyo endelevu ya [[maji]] inasababisha kupungua kwa [[maji]] chini ya ardhi, [[mito]], [[maziwa]], [[vyanzo vya maji chini ya ardhi]], na hifadhi nyingine za asili za [[maji]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gap between water supply and demand will increase as climate shifts|publisher=Carnegie Science|url=https://carnegiescience.edu/news/gap-between-water-supply-and-demand-will-increase-climate-shifts|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> Utafiti wa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kuwa pengo la [[maji]] duniani tayari ni kubwa kiasi cha [[mita za ujazo]] bilioni 458 kwa mwaka. Pengo hili linatarajiwa kuongezeka kwa asilimia 6 chini ya hali ya [[kupanda kwa joto la dunia]] kwa nyuzi 1.5 °C, na kwa asilimia 15 chini ya hali ya kupanda kwa nyuzi 3 °C.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gap between water supply and demand will increase as climate shifts|publisher=Carnegie Science|url=https://carnegiescience.edu/news/gap-between-water-supply-and-demand-will-increase-climate-shifts|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Uendelevu wa Maji Tanzania == Serikali ya [[Tanzania]] imejitolea kuhakikisha uendelevu wa [[maji]] kwa wananchi wake kupitia misingi mitatu mikuu: usawa na ujumuishi, uendelevu na uwajibikaji, na diplomasia ya [[maji]] na ushirikiano wa kikanda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania yasisitiza dhamira kuendeleza diplomasia ya maji|publisher=Wizara ya Maji Tanzania|url=https://maji.go.tz/index.php/news/tanzania-reaffirms-commitment-to-advancing-water-diplomacy|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Programu za Uendelevu wa Maji Vijijini == [[Tanzania]], kwa kushirikiana na [[Benki ya Dunia]], inatekeleza Programu ya Uendelevu wa Huduma ya [[Maji]] na Usafi wa Mazingira Vijijini. Kupitia programu hii, jumla ya miradi 540 imetekelezwa yenye vituo vya kuchotea [[maji]] 4,569 na kunufaisha wananchi wapatao milioni 4.1 katika vijiji 1,118. Kwa mafanikio haya, [[Benki ya Dunia]] imeiitambua [[Tanzania]] kuwa kinara katika utekelezaji wa programu hii barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Wizara ya Maji 2024/2025|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/uploads/budgetspeeches/1715262624-Hotuba_ya_Bajeti_ya_Wizara_ya_Maji_kwa_Mwaka_wa_Fedha_2024_2025.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Matumizi ya Nishati Jadidifu == Katika kupunguza gharama za uendeshaji na kuhakikisha uendelevu wa huduma ya [[maji]] vijijini, Wizara ya [[Maji]] [[Tanzania]] kwa kushirikiana na [[Benki ya Dunia]] inatekeleza mradi wa kuondoa matumizi ya [[nishati]] ya dizeli na kufunga mifumo ya [[umeme]] wa [[jua]] kwenye skimu 332 za [[maji]] vijijini. Hadi Aprili 2024, jumla ya skimu 65 zimebadilishiwa mifumo ya dizeli na kuwekewa mifumo inayowezesha matumizi ya [[umeme]] wa gridi pamoja na [[umeme]] wa [[jua]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Wizara ya Maji 2024/2025|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/uploads/budgetspeeches/1715262624-Hotuba_ya_Bajeti_ya_Wizara_ya_Maji_kwa_Mwaka_wa_Fedha_2024_2025.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Suluhisho na Mikakati ya Kukabiliana na Changamoto == # Kukoma kwa Uchukuaji wa Maji Kupita Kiasi - Hatua ya kwanza ni kukiri kuwa usawa wa [[maji]] umevunjika. Hii inamaanisha kuweka mipaka ya matumizi ya [[maji]] inayoakisi kiasi cha [[maji]] kinachopatikana kwa hakika, badala ya kuchimba visima kwa kina kirefu na kuhamisha mzigo kwa vizazi vijavyo.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kulinda Rasilimali Asili - Kulinda [[ardhi oevu]], kurejesha [[mito]], kujenga upya afya ya [[udongo]], na kusimamia uchaji wa [[maji]] chini ya ardhi si jambo la nyongeza – ni muhimu kwa kudumisha [[maji]] safi. Pia, [[hali ya hewa]] imara ni muhimu kwa upatikanaji wa [[maji]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kupunguza Matumizi - Kudhibiti mahitaji ya [[maji]] kumekuwa jambo lisiloepukika katika maeneo mengi. Mipango ya upunguzaji wa [[maji]] inayokata [[maji]] kwa maskini huku ikilinda wenye mamlaka itashindwa. Mikakati mizuri inajumuisha ulinzi wa kijamii, usaidizi kwa [[wakulima]] kubadilisha [[mazao]] yanayotumia [[maji]] kidogo, na uwekezaji katika ufanisi wa [[maji]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kuongeza Uwekezaji - Uwekezaji wa kutosha katika [[miundombinu]] ya [[maji]] na mifumo endelevu ya kufadhili ni muhimu. Mazingira ya kuwezesha uwekezaji bora na matumizi ya fedha kwa ufanisi yanahitajika. Wataalamu wanakadiria kuwa ili kufikia SDG 6 ifikapo 2030, dunia inahitaji kuongeza kasi ya maendeleo kwa nyakati 6 kwa [[maji]] ya kunywa, nyakati 5 kwa usafi wa [[mazingira]], na nyakati 3 kwa usafi wa [[mikono]].<ref>{{cite web|title=SDG 6 Synthesis Report on Water and Sanitation 2023|publisher=UN Water|url=https://hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023/2023%20UN%20Water%20SDG%206%20Synthesis%20Report.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Malengo ya SDG 6 na Maendeleo Yake == [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kupitia [[Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu]] (SDG 6) umeweka malengo ya kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa [[maji]] safi na usafi wa [[mazingira]] kwa wote ifikapo mwaka 2030. Hata hivyo, dunia bado iko nyuma katika kufikia malengo haya;<ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Goal 6 - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all|publisher=UN Sustainable Development|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref></ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lengo !Lengo la 2030 !Hali ya Sasa ! |- |Upatikanaji wa [[maji]] safi ya kunywa |Watu wote wapate [[maji]] safi |[[Bilioni]] 2.1 bado hawana huduma (2024) | |- |Usafi wa [[mazingira]] na usafi wa [[mikono]] |Watu wote wapate usafi |Bilioni 3.4 bado hawana usafi wa kutosha (2024) | |- |Kuongeza ufanisi wa matumizi ya [[maji]] |Kupunguza watu wenye uhaba wa [[maji]] |Asilimia 57 ya nchi bado zina changamoto | |} <ref>{{cite web|title=Goal 6 - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all|publisher=UN Sustainable Development|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Tazama pia == *[[Elimumaji]] *[[Uchafuzi wa maji]] *[[Maendeleo endelevu]] *[[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:ekolojia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] il6pigvjrm8krm9wmkbc7hb35hbijfn 1569382 1569380 2026-06-10T09:33:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569382 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uendelevu wa maji''' ni dhana ya usimamizi, matumizi na uhifadhi wa rasilimali za [[maji]] kwa namna inayohakikisha upatikanaji wa maji ya kutosha, safi na salama kwa vizazi vya sasa na vijavyo bila kuharibu mifumo ya asili inayozalisha na kusambaza maji. Maji ni [[rasilimali]] ya msingi inayotegemeza uhai wa binadamu, maendeleo ya kiuchumi na utendaji wa mifumo ya ikolojia duniani, hivyo uendelevu wake ni jambo la msingi katika kufanikisha maendeleo endelevu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|work=www.who.int|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en}}</ref> Katika dunia ya sasa, ongezeko la idadi ya watu, mabadiliko ya tabianchi na uchafuzi wa mazingira vimeongeza shinikizo kubwa katika rasilimali za maji. Hali hii imefanya maji kuwa rasilimali adimu katika baadhi ya maeneo, licha ya kuwa yanahitajika kila siku kwa matumizi ya nyumbani, [[kilimo]] na [[viwanda]]. Kwa sababu hiyo, usimamizi bora wa maji unahitajika ili kuhakikisha kuwa rasilimali hii muhimu haipungui wala kuharibiwa kwa vizazi vijavyo. Kwa mujibu wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kupitia Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu (Namba 6), dunia inalenga kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji safi na usafi kwa wote ifikapo mwaka 2030. Hii inaonyesha wazi kuwa maji si tu rasilimali ya kiuchumi, bali pia ni haki ya msingi ya [[binadamu]] na nguzo muhimu ya afya, usalama wa chakula na maendeleo ya kijamii<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Goal 6 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|work=sdgs.un.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Changamoto za Uendelevu wa Maji Duniani == # Uhaba wa Maji - Takriban watu [[bilioni]] 4 duniani – karibu nusu ya idadi ya watu duniani – wanaishi na uhaba mkubwa wa [[maji]] kwa angalau mwezi mmoja kila mwaka. Hii inamaanisha hawana [[maji]] ya kutosha kukidhi mahitaji yao yote.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Ufilisika wa Maji (Water Bankruptcy) - Dunia sasa imeingia katika enzi ya "ufilisika wa [[maji]]". Hali hii hutokea mahali ambapo matumizi ya [[maji]] yanazidi kiasi cha [[maji]] kinachoweza kubadilishwa na [[asili]], na wakati uharibifu wa [[mazingira]] unaohifadhi na kuchuja [[maji]] (kama [[vyanzo vya maji chini ya ardhi]] na [[ardhi oevu]]) unakuwa mgumu kurudishwa. Ishara za ufilisika wa [[maji]] zinaonekana kila mahali: [[maziwa]] yanapungua, [[visima]] vinahitaji kuchimbwa kwa kina kirefu, [[mito]] ambayo hapo awali ilikuwa na maji mwaka mzima inakuwa ya msimu tu, na [[ardhi]] yenyewe inaanza kuzama (subsidence).<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Athari za Kilimo - [[Kilimo]] ndicho mtumiaji mkubwa wa [[maji]] duniani, kikiwajibika kwa takriban asilimia 70 ya uchukuaji wa [[maji]] safi duniani. Takriban watu bilioni 3 na zaidi ya nusu ya uzalishaji wa [[chakula]] duniani umejikita katika maeneo ambako uhifadhi wa [[maji]] unapungua. Zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 650,000 za [[ardhi]] ya kilimo yenye umwagiliaji ziko chini ya mkazo mkubwa wa [[maji]]. Hii inatishia utulivu wa usambazaji wa [[chakula]] duniani kote.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> Maneno ya bluu: maji, maisha, bilioni, asili, vyanzo vya maji chini ya ardhi, ardhi oevu, maziwa, visima, mito, ardhi, Kilimo, chakula. == Pengo la Maji == Pengo la [[maji]] ni hali ambayo matumizi ya [[maji]] yanazidi upatikanaji wa [[maji]] asilia katika muda wowote ndani ya mwezi. Kwa muda, aina hii ya matumizi yasiyo endelevu ya [[maji]] inasababisha kupungua kwa [[maji]] chini ya ardhi, [[mito]], [[maziwa]], [[vyanzo vya maji chini ya ardhi]], na hifadhi nyingine za asili za [[maji]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gap between water supply and demand will increase as climate shifts|publisher=Carnegie Science|url=https://carnegiescience.edu/news/gap-between-water-supply-and-demand-will-increase-climate-shifts|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> Utafiti wa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kuwa pengo la [[maji]] duniani tayari ni kubwa kiasi cha [[mita za ujazo]] bilioni 458 kwa mwaka. Pengo hili linatarajiwa kuongezeka kwa asilimia 6 chini ya hali ya [[kupanda kwa joto la dunia]] kwa nyuzi 1.5 °C, na kwa asilimia 15 chini ya hali ya kupanda kwa nyuzi 3 °C.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gap between water supply and demand will increase as climate shifts|publisher=Carnegie Science|url=https://carnegiescience.edu/news/gap-between-water-supply-and-demand-will-increase-climate-shifts|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Suluhisho na Mikakati ya Kukabiliana na Changamoto == # Kukoma kwa Uchukuaji wa Maji Kupita Kiasi - Hatua ya kwanza ni kukiri kuwa usawa wa [[maji]] umevunjika. Hii inamaanisha kuweka mipaka ya matumizi ya [[maji]] inayoakisi kiasi cha [[maji]] kinachopatikana kwa hakika, badala ya kuchimba visima kwa kina kirefu na kuhamisha mzigo kwa vizazi vijavyo.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kulinda Rasilimali Asili - Kulinda [[ardhi oevu]], kurejesha [[mito]], kujenga upya afya ya [[udongo]], na kusimamia uchaji wa [[maji]] chini ya ardhi si jambo la nyongeza – ni muhimu kwa kudumisha [[maji]] safi. Pia, [[hali ya hewa]] imara ni muhimu kwa upatikanaji wa [[maji]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kupunguza Matumizi - Kudhibiti mahitaji ya [[maji]] kumekuwa jambo lisiloepukika katika maeneo mengi. Mipango ya upunguzaji wa [[maji]] inayokata [[maji]] kwa maskini huku ikilinda wenye mamlaka itashindwa. Mikakati mizuri inajumuisha ulinzi wa kijamii, usaidizi kwa [[wakulima]] kubadilisha [[mazao]] yanayotumia [[maji]] kidogo, na uwekezaji katika ufanisi wa [[maji]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The world is in the 'era of water bankruptcy'|publisher=UNU|url=https://unu.edu/inweh/article/world-era-water-bankruptcy-heres-what-means|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> # Kuongeza Uwekezaji - Uwekezaji wa kutosha katika [[miundombinu]] ya [[maji]] na mifumo endelevu ya kufadhili ni muhimu. Mazingira ya kuwezesha uwekezaji bora na matumizi ya fedha kwa ufanisi yanahitajika. Wataalamu wanakadiria kuwa ili kufikia SDG 6 ifikapo 2030, dunia inahitaji kuongeza kasi ya maendeleo kwa nyakati 6 kwa [[maji]] ya kunywa, nyakati 5 kwa usafi wa [[mazingira]], na nyakati 3 kwa usafi wa [[mikono]].<ref>{{cite web|title=SDG 6 Synthesis Report on Water and Sanitation 2023|publisher=UN Water|url=https://hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023/2023%20UN%20Water%20SDG%206%20Synthesis%20Report.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Malengo ya SDG 6 na Maendeleo Yake == [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kupitia [[Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu]] (SDG 6) umeweka malengo ya kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa [[maji]] safi na usafi wa [[mazingira]] kwa wote ifikapo mwaka 2030. Hata hivyo, dunia bado iko nyuma katika kufikia malengo haya;<ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Goal 6 - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all|publisher=UN Sustainable Development|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lengo !Lengo la 2030 !Hali ya Sasa ! |- |Upatikanaji wa [[maji]] safi ya kunywa |Watu wote wapate [[maji]] safi |[[Bilioni]] 2.1 bado hawana huduma (2024) | |- |Usafi wa [[mazingira]] na usafi wa [[mikono]] |Watu wote wapate usafi |Bilioni 3.4 bado hawana usafi wa kutosha (2024) | |- |Kuongeza ufanisi wa matumizi ya [[maji]] |Kupunguza watu wenye uhaba wa [[maji]] |Asilimia 57 ya nchi bado zina changamoto | |} <ref>{{cite web|title=Goal 6 - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all|publisher=UN Sustainable Development|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Uendelevu wa Maji Tanzania == Serikali ya [[Tanzania]] imejitolea kuhakikisha uendelevu wa [[maji]] kwa wananchi wake kupitia misingi mitatu mikuu: usawa na ujumuishi, uendelevu na uwajibikaji, na diplomasia ya [[maji]] na ushirikiano wa kikanda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania yasisitiza dhamira kuendeleza diplomasia ya maji|publisher=Wizara ya Maji Tanzania|url=https://maji.go.tz/index.php/news/tanzania-reaffirms-commitment-to-advancing-water-diplomacy|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> === Programu za Uendelevu wa Maji Vijijini === [[Tanzania]], kwa kushirikiana na [[Benki ya Dunia]], inatekeleza Programu ya Uendelevu wa Huduma ya [[Maji]] na Usafi wa Mazingira Vijijini. Kupitia programu hii, jumla ya miradi 540 imetekelezwa yenye vituo vya kuchotea [[maji]] 4,569 na kunufaisha wananchi wapatao milioni 4.1 katika vijiji 1,118. Kwa mafanikio haya, [[Benki ya Dunia]] imeiitambua [[Tanzania]] kuwa kinara katika utekelezaji wa programu hii barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Wizara ya Maji 2024/2025|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/uploads/budgetspeeches/1715262624-Hotuba_ya_Bajeti_ya_Wizara_ya_Maji_kwa_Mwaka_wa_Fedha_2024_2025.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> === Matumizi ya Nishati Jadidifu === Katika kupunguza gharama za uendeshaji na kuhakikisha uendelevu wa huduma ya [[maji]] vijijini, Wizara ya [[Maji]] [[Tanzania]] kwa kushirikiana na [[Benki ya Dunia]] inatekeleza mradi wa kuondoa matumizi ya [[nishati]] ya dizeli na kufunga mifumo ya [[umeme]] wa [[jua]] kwenye skimu 332 za [[maji]] vijijini. Hadi Aprili 2024, jumla ya skimu 65 zimebadilishiwa mifumo ya dizeli na kuwekewa mifumo inayowezesha matumizi ya [[umeme]] wa gridi pamoja na [[umeme]] wa [[jua]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Wizara ya Maji 2024/2025|publisher=Parliament of Tanzania|url=https://www.parliament.go.tz/uploads/budgetspeeches/1715262624-Hotuba_ya_Bajeti_ya_Wizara_ya_Maji_kwa_Mwaka_wa_Fedha_2024_2025.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Tazama pia == *[[Elimumaji]] *[[Uchafuzi wa maji]] *[[Maendeleo endelevu]] *[[Mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:ekolojia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] mc1dz5h5b0vbq52ilxmdmg1ormc1kn8 0 240597 1569184 2026-06-09T20:26:56Z Maryam Saleh Abeid 79870 Anzisha Makala 1569184 wikitext text/x-wiki "Sera ya maji" inaelekezwa hapa; isichanganywe na sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]]. [[Faili:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg|thumb|269x269px|Watu wakisubiri kwenye foleni kukusanya maji wakati wa Kuzingirwa kwa Sarajevo]] '''Siasa za maji''', wakati mwingine zikijulikana kama hidropolitiki, ni [[siasa]] zinazoathiriwa na upatikanaji wa [[maji]] na [[rasilimali za maji]], ambayo ni hitaji muhimu kwa viumbe vyote hai na maendeleo ya binadamu. Ufafanuzi wa Arun P. Elhance kuhusu hidropolitiki ni "utafiti wa kimfumo wa migogoro na ushirikiano kati ya [[mataifa]] kuhusu rasilimali za maji zinazovuka mipaka ya kimataifa". Mollinga, P. P. anagawa siasa za maji katika kategoria nne: "siasa za kila siku za usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji", "siasa za sera ya maji katika muktadha wa [[Maarifa huria|mataifa huru]]", "hidropolitiki kati ya mataifa", na "siasa za kimataifa za maji". Upatikanaji wa maji ya kunywa kwa kila mtu hautoshelezi na unapungua duniani kote.<ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/world-s-supply-of-fresh-water-shrinking-dramatically-report-1.384437</ref> Sababu zake, zinazohusiana na kiasi na ubora, ni nyingi na tofauti; zinajumuisha uhaba wa ndani, upatikanaji mdogo na shinikizo la idadi ya watu,[https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Coming Wars for Water!|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|work=Report Syndication|date=2019-10-12|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OpEd Column Network}}</ref> lakini pia shughuli za binadamu za matumizi makubwa, matumizi mabaya, [[Uharibifu wa mazingira|uharibifu]] [[Uharibifu wa mazingira|wa mazingira]] na [[uchafuzi wa maji]], pamoja na mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]]. Maji ni [[rasilimali]] ya kimkakati ya asili, na [[uhaba wa maji]] ya kunywa ni mchangiaji wa mara kwa mara wa migogoro ya kisiasa kote ulimwenguni. kwa kupungua kwa upatikanaji na kuongezeka kwa mahitaji ya maji, wengine wametabiri kuwa maji safi yatakuwa "mafuta ya pili"; hali inayozifanya nchi kama [[Kanada]], [[Chile]], [[Norwe]], [[Kolombia]] na Peru, zilizo na rasilimali hii kwa wingi, kuwa nchi tajiri kwa maji duniani.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080516055735/http://worldwater.org/data20062007/Table1.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.keele.ac.uk/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Water|url=https://www.worldwater.org/|work=World Water|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ripoti ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ya Maendeleo ya Maji Duniani (WWDR, [[2003]]) kutoka kwa Programu ya Tathmini ya Maji Duniani inaonyesha kuwa, katika miaka 20 ijayo, kiasi cha maji kinachopatikana kwa kila mtu kinatabiriwa kupungua kwa 30%. Kwa sasa, 40% ya wakazi wa dunia hawana maji safi ya kutosha kwa ajili ya usafi wa msingi. Zaidi ya watu milioni 2.2 walifariki mwaka 2000 kutokana na [[magonjwa]] yanayohusiana na matumizi ya maji yaliyochafuliwa au [[ukame]]. Mnamo 2004, shirika la misaada la [[Uingereza]] la WaterAid liliripoti kuwa mtoto mmoja hufariki kila baada ya sekunde 15 kutokana na magonjwa yanayotokana na maji ambayo yanaweza kuzuilika kwa urahisi; mara nyingi hii inamaanisha ukosefu wa utupaji wa maji taka; tazama [[choo]]. Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa unahitimisha usambazaji wa maji duniani katika ripoti ya maendeleo ya [[2006]]: "Sehemu moja ya dunia, inategemeza soko la maji ya chupa la kifahari ambalo halitoi faida zozote za kiafya zinazoonekana, sehemu nyingine inakabiliwa na hatari kubwa za kiafya kwa sababu watu wanalazimika kunywa maji kutoka kwenye [[mifereji]] au kutoka kwenye [[maziwa]] na [[mito]]."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Development Report 2006|url=http://hdr.undp.org:80/hdr2006/report.cfm|work=hdr.undp.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Maji safi— sasa ya thamani zaidi kuliko wakati mwingine wowote katika historia yetu kwa matumizi yake mapana katika [[kilimo]], utengenezaji wa [[teknolojia]] ya hali ya juu, na uzalishaji wa nishati—yanazidi kupata umakini kama [[rasilimali]] inayohitaji usimamizi bora na matumizi endelevu. Haki za maji za ''riparian'' zimekuwa masuala ya diplomasia ya kimataifa, kando na haki za maji na siasa za ndani na kikanda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research|url=http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php|work=www.inderscience.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Makamu wa Rais wa Benki ya [[Dunia]], Ismail Serageldin, alitabiri, "Vita vingi vya [[karne ya 20]] vilikuwa kuhusu mafuta, lakini vita vya karne ya 21 vitakuwa kuhusu maji isipokuwa tukibadilisha njia tunayosimamia maji."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Serageldin |first=Ismail |date=2009-05 |title=Water: conflicts set to arise within as well as between states |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/459163b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=459 |issue=7244 |pages=163–163 |doi=10.1038/459163b |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Where Oil And Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity And Future Conflict In The Middle East And North Africa - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LzvKQT9QJpyrMBm5G3VrTtYfFGfbQlRT9LK7nv5Kn7zym7CZG2VG!-331657331?docId=5008625832|work=www.questia.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Hata hivyo, hili linabishaniwa na baadhi ya watu, ambao wanahoji kuwa migogoro kuhusu maji kwa kawaida hutatuliwa kwa [[diplomasia]] na haigeuki kuwa [[vita]]. Shule nyingine mpya ya mawazo inahoji kuwa "hofu zinazoonekana za kupoteza udhibiti wa maji ya pamoja inaweza kuchangia katika utayari wa mara kwa mara wa kwenda vitani miongoni mwa mataifa ya ''riparian'', kwa ajili tu ya tahadhari ikitokea vita".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research|url=https://www.inderscience.com/login.php?op=&yo=&aid=|work=www.inderscience.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Sera ya maji == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Historia]] [[Jamii:Maisha]] [[Jamii:Hali ya hewa]] [[Jamii:Vita]] [[Jamii:Haki]] [[Jamii:Maji]] 7l0q072cn3zc9pmcladbvqv7vz7euki 1569224 1569184 2026-06-10T01:25:44Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 7 template(s) replaced. 1569224 wikitext text/x-wiki "Sera ya maji" inaelekezwa hapa; isichanganywe na sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]]. [[Faili:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg|thumb|269x269px|Watu wakisubiri kwenye foleni kukusanya maji wakati wa Kuzingirwa kwa Sarajevo]] '''Siasa za maji''', wakati mwingine zikijulikana kama hidropolitiki, ni [[siasa]] zinazoathiriwa na upatikanaji wa [[maji]] na [[rasilimali za maji]], ambayo ni hitaji muhimu kwa viumbe vyote hai na maendeleo ya binadamu. Ufafanuzi wa Arun P. Elhance kuhusu hidropolitiki ni "utafiti wa kimfumo wa migogoro na ushirikiano kati ya [[mataifa]] kuhusu rasilimali za maji zinazovuka mipaka ya kimataifa". Mollinga, P. P. anagawa siasa za maji katika kategoria nne: "siasa za kila siku za usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji", "siasa za sera ya maji katika muktadha wa [[Maarifa huria|mataifa huru]]", "hidropolitiki kati ya mataifa", na "siasa za kimataifa za maji". Upatikanaji wa maji ya kunywa kwa kila mtu hautoshelezi na unapungua duniani kote.<ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/world-s-supply-of-fresh-water-shrinking-dramatically-report-1.384437</ref> Sababu zake, zinazohusiana na kiasi na ubora, ni nyingi na tofauti; zinajumuisha uhaba wa ndani, upatikanaji mdogo na shinikizo la idadi ya watu,[https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Coming Wars for Water!|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|work=Report Syndication|date=2019-10-12|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OpEd Column Network}}</ref> lakini pia shughuli za binadamu za matumizi makubwa, matumizi mabaya, [[Uharibifu wa mazingira|uharibifu]] [[Uharibifu wa mazingira|wa mazingira]] na [[uchafuzi wa maji]], pamoja na mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]]. Maji ni [[rasilimali]] ya kimkakati ya asili, na [[uhaba wa maji]] ya kunywa ni mchangiaji wa mara kwa mara wa migogoro ya kisiasa kote ulimwenguni. kwa kupungua kwa upatikanaji na kuongezeka kwa mahitaji ya maji, wengine wametabiri kuwa maji safi yatakuwa "mafuta ya pili"; hali inayozifanya nchi kama [[Kanada]], [[Chile]], [[Norwe]], [[Kolombia]] na Peru, zilizo na rasilimali hii kwa wingi, kuwa nchi tajiri kwa maji duniani.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080516055735/http://worldwater.org/data20062007/Table1.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.keele.ac.uk/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=World Water|url=https://www.worldwater.org/|work=World Water|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ripoti ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ya Maendeleo ya Maji Duniani (WWDR, [[2003]]) kutoka kwa Programu ya Tathmini ya Maji Duniani inaonyesha kuwa, katika miaka 20 ijayo, kiasi cha maji kinachopatikana kwa kila mtu kinatabiriwa kupungua kwa 30%. Kwa sasa, 40% ya wakazi wa dunia hawana maji safi ya kutosha kwa ajili ya usafi wa msingi. Zaidi ya watu milioni 2.2 walifariki mwaka 2000 kutokana na [[magonjwa]] yanayohusiana na matumizi ya maji yaliyochafuliwa au [[ukame]]. Mnamo 2004, shirika la misaada la [[Uingereza]] la WaterAid liliripoti kuwa mtoto mmoja hufariki kila baada ya sekunde 15 kutokana na magonjwa yanayotokana na maji ambayo yanaweza kuzuilika kwa urahisi; mara nyingi hii inamaanisha ukosefu wa utupaji wa maji taka; tazama [[choo]]. Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa unahitimisha usambazaji wa maji duniani katika ripoti ya maendeleo ya [[2006]]: "Sehemu moja ya dunia, inategemeza soko la maji ya chupa la kifahari ambalo halitoi faida zozote za kiafya zinazoonekana, sehemu nyingine inakabiliwa na hatari kubwa za kiafya kwa sababu watu wanalazimika kunywa maji kutoka kwenye [[mifereji]] au kutoka kwenye [[maziwa]] na [[mito]]."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Human Development Report 2006|url=http://hdr.undp.org:80/hdr2006/report.cfm|work=hdr.undp.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Maji safi— sasa ya thamani zaidi kuliko wakati mwingine wowote katika historia yetu kwa matumizi yake mapana katika [[kilimo]], utengenezaji wa [[teknolojia]] ya hali ya juu, na uzalishaji wa nishati—yanazidi kupata umakini kama [[rasilimali]] inayohitaji usimamizi bora na matumizi endelevu. Haki za maji za ''riparian'' zimekuwa masuala ya diplomasia ya kimataifa, kando na haki za maji na siasa za ndani na kikanda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research|url=http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php|work=www.inderscience.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Makamu wa Rais wa Benki ya [[Dunia]], Ismail Serageldin, alitabiri, "Vita vingi vya [[karne ya 20]] vilikuwa kuhusu mafuta, lakini vita vya karne ya 21 vitakuwa kuhusu maji isipokuwa tukibadilisha njia tunayosimamia maji."<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Serageldin |first=Ismail |date=2009-05 |title=Water: conflicts set to arise within as well as between states |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/459163b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=459 |issue=7244 |pages=163–163 |doi=10.1038/459163b |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Where Oil And Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity And Future Conflict In The Middle East And North Africa - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LzvKQT9QJpyrMBm5G3VrTtYfFGfbQlRT9LK7nv5Kn7zym7CZG2VG!-331657331?docId=5008625832|work=www.questia.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Hata hivyo, hili linabishaniwa na baadhi ya watu, ambao wanahoji kuwa migogoro kuhusu maji kwa kawaida hutatuliwa kwa [[diplomasia]] na haigeuki kuwa [[vita]]. Shule nyingine mpya ya mawazo inahoji kuwa "hofu zinazoonekana za kupoteza udhibiti wa maji ya pamoja inaweza kuchangia katika utayari wa mara kwa mara wa kwenda vitani miongoni mwa mataifa ya ''riparian'', kwa ajili tu ya tahadhari ikitokea vita".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research|url=https://www.inderscience.com/login.php?op=&yo=&aid=|work=www.inderscience.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Sera ya maji == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Historia]] [[Jamii:Maisha]] [[Jamii:Hali ya hewa]] [[Jamii:Vita]] [[Jamii:Haki]] [[Jamii:Maji]] 06dda76hg9zkuxvrcl9a4anvqpyxq4h 1569251 1569224 2026-06-10T05:20:27Z Maryam Saleh Abeid 79870 Nimeendelea kuhariri 1569251 wikitext text/x-wiki "Sera ya maji" inaelekezwa hapa; isichanganywe na sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]]. [[Faili:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg|thumb|269x269px|Watu wakisubiri kwenye foleni kukusanya maji wakati wa Kuzingirwa kwa Sarajevo]] '''Siasa za maji''', wakati mwingine zikijulikana kama hidropolitiki, ni [[siasa]] zinazoathiriwa na upatikanaji wa [[maji]] na [[rasilimali za maji]], ambayo ni hitaji muhimu kwa viumbe vyote hai na maendeleo ya binadamu. Ufafanuzi wa Arun P. Elhance kuhusu hidropolitiki ni "utafiti wa kimfumo wa migogoro na ushirikiano kati ya [[mataifa]] kuhusu rasilimali za maji zinazovuka mipaka ya kimataifa". Mollinga, P. P. anagawa siasa za maji katika kategoria nne: "siasa za kila siku za usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji", "siasa za sera ya maji katika muktadha wa [[Maarifa huria|mataifa huru]]", "hidropolitiki kati ya mataifa", na "siasa za kimataifa za maji". Upatikanaji wa maji ya kunywa kwa kila mtu hautoshelezi na unapungua duniani kote.<ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/world-s-supply-of-fresh-water-shrinking-dramatically-report-1.384437</ref> Sababu zake, zinazohusiana na kiasi na ubora, ni nyingi na tofauti; zinajumuisha uhaba wa ndani, upatikanaji mdogo na shinikizo la idadi ya watu,[https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Coming Wars for Water!|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|work=Report Syndication|date=2019-10-12|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OpEd Column Network}}</ref> lakini pia shughuli za binadamu za matumizi makubwa, matumizi mabaya, [[Uharibifu wa mazingira|uharibifu]] [[Uharibifu wa mazingira|wa mazingira]] na [[uchafuzi wa maji]], pamoja na mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]]. Maji ni [[rasilimali]] ya kimkakati ya asili, na [[uhaba wa maji]] ya kunywa ni mchangiaji wa mara kwa mara wa migogoro ya kisiasa kote ulimwenguni. kwa kupungua kwa upatikanaji na kuongezeka kwa mahitaji ya maji, wengine wametabiri kuwa maji safi yatakuwa "mafuta ya pili"; hali inayozifanya nchi kama [[Kanada]], [[Chile]], [[Norwe]], [[Kolombia]] na Peru, zilizo na rasilimali hii kwa wingi, kuwa nchi tajiri kwa maji duniani.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080516055735/http://worldwater.org/data20062007/Table1.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.keele.ac.uk/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=World Water|url=https://www.worldwater.org/|work=World Water|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ripoti ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ya Maendeleo ya Maji Duniani (WWDR, [[2003]]) kutoka kwa Programu ya Tathmini ya Maji Duniani inaonyesha kuwa, katika miaka 20 ijayo, kiasi cha maji kinachopatikana kwa kila mtu kinatabiriwa kupungua kwa 30%. Kwa sasa, 40% ya wakazi wa dunia hawana maji safi ya kutosha kwa ajili ya usafi wa msingi. Zaidi ya watu milioni 2.2 walifariki mwaka 2000 kutokana na [[magonjwa]] yanayohusiana na matumizi ya maji yaliyochafuliwa au [[ukame]]. Mnamo 2004, shirika la misaada la [[Uingereza]] la WaterAid liliripoti kuwa mtoto mmoja hufariki kila baada ya sekunde 15 kutokana na magonjwa yanayotokana na maji ambayo yanaweza kuzuilika kwa urahisi; mara nyingi hii inamaanisha ukosefu wa utupaji wa maji taka; tazama [[choo]]. Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa unahitimisha usambazaji wa maji duniani katika ripoti ya maendeleo ya [[2006]]: "Sehemu moja ya dunia, inategemeza soko la maji ya chupa la kifahari ambalo halitoi faida zozote za kiafya zinazoonekana, sehemu nyingine inakabiliwa na hatari kubwa za kiafya kwa sababu watu wanalazimika kunywa maji kutoka kwenye [[mifereji]] au kutoka kwenye [[maziwa]] na [[mito]]."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Human Development Report 2006|url=http://hdr.undp.org:80/hdr2006/report.cfm|work=hdr.undp.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Maji safi— sasa ya thamani zaidi kuliko wakati mwingine wowote katika historia yetu kwa matumizi yake mapana katika [[kilimo]], utengenezaji wa [[teknolojia]] ya hali ya juu, na uzalishaji wa nishati—yanazidi kupata umakini kama [[rasilimali]] inayohitaji usimamizi bora na matumizi endelevu. Haki za maji za ''riparian'' zimekuwa masuala ya diplomasia ya kimataifa, kando na haki za maji na siasa za ndani na kikanda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research|url=http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php|work=www.inderscience.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Makamu wa Rais wa Benki ya [[Dunia]], Ismail Serageldin, alitabiri, "Vita vingi vya [[karne ya 20]] vilikuwa kuhusu mafuta, lakini vita vya karne ya 21 vitakuwa kuhusu maji isipokuwa tukibadilisha njia tunayosimamia maji."<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Serageldin |first=Ismail |date=2009-05 |title=Water: conflicts set to arise within as well as between states |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/459163b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=459 |issue=7244 |pages=163–163 |doi=10.1038/459163b |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Where Oil And Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity And Future Conflict In The Middle East And North Africa - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LzvKQT9QJpyrMBm5G3VrTtYfFGfbQlRT9LK7nv5Kn7zym7CZG2VG!-331657331?docId=5008625832|work=www.questia.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Hata hivyo, hili linabishaniwa na baadhi ya watu, ambao wanahoji kuwa migogoro kuhusu maji kwa kawaida hutatuliwa kwa [[diplomasia]] na haigeuki kuwa [[vita]]. Shule nyingine mpya ya mawazo inahoji kuwa "hofu zinazoonekana za kupoteza udhibiti wa maji ya pamoja inaweza kuchangia katika utayari wa mara kwa mara wa kwenda vitani miongoni mwa mataifa ya ''riparian'', kwa ajili tu ya tahadhari ikitokea vita".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research|url=https://www.inderscience.com/login.php?op=&yo=&aid=|work=www.inderscience.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Sera ya maji == Sehemu hii ni dondoo kutoka kwa Sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]]. Sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]], wakati mwingine ikijulikana kama usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji au usimamizi wa maji, inajumuisha michakato ya kutunga sera na sheria zinazoathiri ukusanyaji, maandalizi, matumizi, utupaji, na ulinzi wa rasilimali za maji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Login - HeinOnline.org|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/login-hol?redirect_url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/mojo?%252Fmojo=&auth_token=nh7CDkH1a1c43TvY2k6rCxu8zGCxXTLOKNcHXWGApzM%253D&casa_token=&paywall_url=&referrer=https%253A%252F%252Fheinonline.org%252F&timestamp=1781064883&url=%252FHOL%252FPage%253Fhandle%253Dhein.journals%252Fhjl14%2526id%253D229|work=heinonline.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref> Uendelevu wa muda mrefu wa mifumo ya usambazaji wa maji unaleta changamoto kubwa kutokana na kupungua kwa rasilimali za maji, mabadiliko ya tabianchi, na kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Momeni |first=Marzieh |last2=Behzadian |first2=Kourosh |last3=Yousefi |first3=Hossein |last4=Zahedi |first4=Sina |date=2021-09-01 |title=A Scenario-Based Management of Water Resources and Supply Systems Using a Combined System Dynamics and Compromise Programming Approach |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=4233–4250 |doi=10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |issn=1573-1650}}</ref> Maji ni hitaji muhimu kwa viumbe vyote hai pamoja na viwanda ambavyo binadamu anavitegemea, kama vile maendeleo ya [[teknolojia]] na [[kilimo]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2004-08-02 |title=Environmental impacts of microchip manufacture |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040609004002755 |journal=Thin Solid Films |language=en-US |volume=461 |issue=1 |pages=2–6 |doi=10.1016/j.tsf.2004.02.049 |issn=0040-6090}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rost |first=Stefanie |last2=Gerten |first2=Dieter |last3=Bondeau |first3=Alberte |last4=Lucht |first4=Wolfgang |last5=Rohwer |first5=Janine |last6=Schaphoff |first6=Sibyll |date=2008 |title=Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2007WR006331 |journal=Water Resources Research |language=en |volume=44 |issue=9 |doi=10.1029/2007WR006331 |issn=1944-7973}}</ref> Hitaji hili la kimataifa la upatikanaji wa maji safi linahitaji sera ya rasilimali za maji ili kuamua njia za kusambaza na kulinda rasilimali za maji. Sera ya rasilimali za maji inatofautiana kulingana na kanda na inategemea upatikanaji au [[uhaba wa maji]], hali ya mifumo ya majini, na mahitaji ya kikanda ya maji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Momeni |first=Marzieh |last2=Behzadian |first2=Kourosh |last3=Yousefi |first3=Hossein |last4=Zahedi |first4=Sina |date=2021-09-01 |title=A Scenario-Based Management of Water Resources and Supply Systems Using a Combined System Dynamics and Compromise Programming Approach |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=4233–4250 |doi=10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |issn=1573-1650}}</ref> Kwa kuwa mabonde ya maji hayalandani na mipaka ya kitaifa, sera ya rasilimali za maji pia huamuliwa na mikataba ya kimataifa, ambayo pia inajulikana kama hidropolitiki.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61750/chapter-abstract/542846554?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false#542846554</ref> Ulinzi wa ubora wa maji pia huangukia chini ya mwamvuli wa sera ya rasilimali za maji; sheria zinazolinda [[kemia]], [[biolojia]], na [[ekolojia]] ya mifumo ya majini kwa kupunguza na kuondoa uchafuzi, kudhibiti matumizi yake, na kuboresha ubora huhesabiwa kuwa sera ya rasilimali za maji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Login - HeinOnline.org|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/login-hol?redirect_url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/mojo?%252Fmojo=&auth_token=p1MjdXqyAjP8pMs0ts9Hht2VjUbmAPL23Qg0XPfipOo%253D&casa_token=&paywall_url=&referrer=https%253A%252F%252Fheinonline.org%252F&timestamp=1781066114&url=%252FHOL%252FPage%253Fhandle%253Dhein.journals%252Fhjl14%2526id%253D229|work=heinonline.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref> Wakati wa kuandaa sera za rasilimali za maji, wadau wengi tofauti, vigezo vya mazingira, na mazingatio lazima yazingatiwe ili kuhakikisha afya ya watu na mifumo ya ikolojia inadumishwa au kuboreshwa. Hatimaye, upangaji wa maeneo ya [[bahari]], [[Usimamizi wa Pwani|usimamizi wa pwani]], na rasilimali za mazingira pia yanajumuishwa na usimamizi wa [[rasilimali za maji]], kama katika kisa cha ukodishaji wa ardhi kwa ajili ya upepo wa baharini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Söderholm |first=Patrik |last2=Pettersson |first2=Maria |date=2011-02-01 |title=Offshore wind power policy and planning in Sweden |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142151000457X |journal=Energy Policy |series=Special Section on Offshore wind power planning, economics and environment |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=518–525 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.065 |issn=0301-4215}}</ref>Kadiri uhaba wa maji unavyoongezeka kutokana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi, hitaji la sera madhubuti za rasilimali za maji litazidi kuwa la kawaida. Inakadiriwa kuwa 57% ya idadi ya watu duniani watapata uzoefu wa uhaba wa maji kwa angalau mwezi mmoja kwa mwaka ifikapo mwaka 2050.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boretti |first=Alberto |last2=Rosa |first2=Lorenzo |date=2019-07-31 |title=Reassessing the projections of the World Water Development Report |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-019-0039-9 |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.1038/s41545-019-0039-9 |issn=2059-7037}}</ref> Hatua za kukabiliana na sera zilizosasishwa za rasilimali za maji zitahitaji ushirikiano wa taaluma mbalimbali na wa kimataifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maafisa wa serikali, wanasayansi wa mazingira, wataalamu wa jamii, wachumi, wachambuzi wa mifano ya hali ya hewa, na wanaharakati.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cosgrove |first=William J. |last2=Loucks |first2=Daniel P. |date=2015 |title=Water management: Current and future challenges and research directions |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014WR016869 |journal=Water Resources Research |language=en |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=4823–4839 |doi=10.1002/2014WR016869 |issn=1944-7973}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The politics of the environment : ideas, activism, policy {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/76141452|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> == Dhana za siasa za maji == === Hydro-hegemony === Mfumo wa ''hydro-hegemony'' ''uliwekwa na wasomi Mark Zeitoun na Jeroen'' F. Warner mnamo mwaka 2006 kama dhana muhimu ya uchanganuzi inayofaa kuchunguza machaguo ya mataifa yenye nguvu au yale yaliyo chini ya utawala wa maji na jinsi yanavyoweza kuondoka katika utawala wa mabavu kuelekea ushirikiano.<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf </ref> Mfumo wa ''hydro-hegemony'' ni wa thamani hasa katika kushughulikia matukio ambapo uhusiano wa nguvu huangukia kati ya ncha mbili za ushirikiano na [[Vita ya Maji Maji|vita vya maji]] vinavyojadiliwa mara kwa mara.<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf</ref> ''Hydro-hegemony'' (hegemonia ya maji) inarejelea "hegemonia katika ngazi ya bonde la mto, inayopatikana kupitia mikakati ya udhibiti wa rasilimali za maji kama vile unyakuzi wa rasilimali, ujumuishaji, na uzuiaji. Mikakati hiyo hutekelezwa kupitia safu ya mbinu (mfano: shinikizo la kulazimisha, mikataba, ujenzi wa maarifa, n.k.) ambazo huwezeshwa na unyonyaji wa ukosefu wa usawa wa nguvu uliopo ndani ya muktadha dhaifu wa kitaasisi wa kimataifa."<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf</ref> Nguzo mbili za ''hydro-hegemony'' ni nafasi ya mto na uwezo wa unyonyaji. Ingawa kunaweza kuwa na vighairi, kama kanuni ya jumla "wale wa juu ya mto hutumia maji kupata nguvu zaidi, wale wa chini ya mto hutumia nguvu kupata maji zaidi."<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf </ref> Mhusika anayeshinda udhibiti wa rasilimali huamuliwa kupitia mfumo wa ''hydro-hegemony'' ulioanzishwa, kwa kumpendelea mhusika mwenye nguvu zaidi ('wa kwanza miongoni mwa walio sawa'). Mnamo 2010, Mark Zeitoun na Ana Elisa Cascão walirekebisha mfumo huo ili uundwe na nguzo nne kuu za nguvu—nguvu ya kijiografia, nguvu ya kimwili, nguvu ya majadiliano, na nguvu ya kiitikadi. wa hivyo, ''hydro-hegemony'' inaweza kueleweka kama hegemonia katika ngazi ya bonde la mto inayotokea ambapo udhibiti wa mtiririko wa maji yanayovuka mipaka huimarishwa na mhusika mwenye nguvu zaidi. Ingawa Zeitoun na Warner wanahoji kuwa ''hydro-hegemony'' kwa ujumla ni chanzo cha utulivu, katika baadhi ya matukio mataifa dhaifu yanaweza kushiriki katika ''counter-hydro-hegemony'' (kupinga hegemonia ya maji). Katika hali hii, kunakuwa na jaribio la kufanya mazungumzo upya na hatimaye pia kubadilisha mgawanyo wa nguvu. Mikakati inayoweza kutumika katika hili ni majaribio ya kubadilisha mjadala ili kuupendelea upande usio na hegemonia.<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf</ref> == Maji kama rasilimali muhimu == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Historia]] [[Jamii:Maisha]] [[Jamii:Hali ya hewa]] [[Jamii:Vita]] [[Jamii:Haki]] [[Jamii:Maji]] j1bry23o8vhd6aphqokgpe4uug71hse 1569374 1569251 2026-06-10T09:06:28Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 10 template(s) replaced. 1569374 wikitext text/x-wiki "Sera ya maji" inaelekezwa hapa; isichanganywe na sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]]. [[Faili:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg|thumb|269x269px|Watu wakisubiri kwenye foleni kukusanya maji wakati wa Kuzingirwa kwa Sarajevo]] '''Siasa za maji''', wakati mwingine zikijulikana kama hidropolitiki, ni [[siasa]] zinazoathiriwa na upatikanaji wa [[maji]] na [[rasilimali za maji]], ambayo ni hitaji muhimu kwa viumbe vyote hai na maendeleo ya binadamu. Ufafanuzi wa Arun P. Elhance kuhusu hidropolitiki ni "utafiti wa kimfumo wa migogoro na ushirikiano kati ya [[mataifa]] kuhusu rasilimali za maji zinazovuka mipaka ya kimataifa". Mollinga, P. P. anagawa siasa za maji katika kategoria nne: "siasa za kila siku za usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji", "siasa za sera ya maji katika muktadha wa [[Maarifa huria|mataifa huru]]", "hidropolitiki kati ya mataifa", na "siasa za kimataifa za maji". Upatikanaji wa maji ya kunywa kwa kila mtu hautoshelezi na unapungua duniani kote.<ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/world-s-supply-of-fresh-water-shrinking-dramatically-report-1.384437</ref> Sababu zake, zinazohusiana na kiasi na ubora, ni nyingi na tofauti; zinajumuisha uhaba wa ndani, upatikanaji mdogo na shinikizo la idadi ya watu,[https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Coming Wars for Water!|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|work=Report Syndication|date=2019-10-12|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OpEd Column Network}}</ref> lakini pia shughuli za binadamu za matumizi makubwa, matumizi mabaya, [[Uharibifu wa mazingira|uharibifu]] [[Uharibifu wa mazingira|wa mazingira]] na [[uchafuzi wa maji]], pamoja na mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]]. Maji ni [[rasilimali]] ya kimkakati ya asili, na [[uhaba wa maji]] ya kunywa ni mchangiaji wa mara kwa mara wa migogoro ya kisiasa kote ulimwenguni. kwa kupungua kwa upatikanaji na kuongezeka kwa mahitaji ya maji, wengine wametabiri kuwa maji safi yatakuwa "mafuta ya pili"; hali inayozifanya nchi kama [[Kanada]], [[Chile]], [[Norwe]], [[Kolombia]] na Peru, zilizo na rasilimali hii kwa wingi, kuwa nchi tajiri kwa maji duniani.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080516055735/http://worldwater.org/data20062007/Table1.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.keele.ac.uk/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=World Water|url=https://www.worldwater.org/|work=World Water|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ripoti ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ya Maendeleo ya Maji Duniani (WWDR, [[2003]]) kutoka kwa Programu ya Tathmini ya Maji Duniani inaonyesha kuwa, katika miaka 20 ijayo, kiasi cha maji kinachopatikana kwa kila mtu kinatabiriwa kupungua kwa 30%. Kwa sasa, 40% ya wakazi wa dunia hawana maji safi ya kutosha kwa ajili ya usafi wa msingi. Zaidi ya watu milioni 2.2 walifariki mwaka 2000 kutokana na [[magonjwa]] yanayohusiana na matumizi ya maji yaliyochafuliwa au [[ukame]]. Mnamo 2004, shirika la misaada la [[Uingereza]] la WaterAid liliripoti kuwa mtoto mmoja hufariki kila baada ya sekunde 15 kutokana na magonjwa yanayotokana na maji ambayo yanaweza kuzuilika kwa urahisi; mara nyingi hii inamaanisha ukosefu wa utupaji wa maji taka; tazama [[choo]]. Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa unahitimisha usambazaji wa maji duniani katika ripoti ya maendeleo ya [[2006]]: "Sehemu moja ya dunia, inategemeza soko la maji ya chupa la kifahari ambalo halitoi faida zozote za kiafya zinazoonekana, sehemu nyingine inakabiliwa na hatari kubwa za kiafya kwa sababu watu wanalazimika kunywa maji kutoka kwenye [[mifereji]] au kutoka kwenye [[maziwa]] na [[mito]]."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Human Development Report 2006|url=http://hdr.undp.org:80/hdr2006/report.cfm|work=hdr.undp.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Maji safi— sasa ya thamani zaidi kuliko wakati mwingine wowote katika historia yetu kwa matumizi yake mapana katika [[kilimo]], utengenezaji wa [[teknolojia]] ya hali ya juu, na uzalishaji wa nishati—yanazidi kupata umakini kama [[rasilimali]] inayohitaji usimamizi bora na matumizi endelevu. Haki za maji za ''riparian'' zimekuwa masuala ya diplomasia ya kimataifa, kando na haki za maji na siasa za ndani na kikanda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research|url=http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php|work=www.inderscience.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Makamu wa Rais wa Benki ya [[Dunia]], Ismail Serageldin, alitabiri, "Vita vingi vya [[karne ya 20]] vilikuwa kuhusu mafuta, lakini vita vya karne ya 21 vitakuwa kuhusu maji isipokuwa tukibadilisha njia tunayosimamia maji."<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Serageldin |first=Ismail |date=2009-05 |title=Water: conflicts set to arise within as well as between states |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/459163b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=459 |issue=7244 |pages=163–163 |doi=10.1038/459163b |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Where Oil And Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity And Future Conflict In The Middle East And North Africa - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LzvKQT9QJpyrMBm5G3VrTtYfFGfbQlRT9LK7nv5Kn7zym7CZG2VG!-331657331?docId=5008625832|work=www.questia.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Hata hivyo, hili linabishaniwa na baadhi ya watu, ambao wanahoji kuwa migogoro kuhusu maji kwa kawaida hutatuliwa kwa [[diplomasia]] na haigeuki kuwa [[vita]]. Shule nyingine mpya ya mawazo inahoji kuwa "hofu zinazoonekana za kupoteza udhibiti wa maji ya pamoja inaweza kuchangia katika utayari wa mara kwa mara wa kwenda vitani miongoni mwa mataifa ya ''riparian'', kwa ajili tu ya tahadhari ikitokea vita".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research|url=https://www.inderscience.com/login.php?op=&yo=&aid=|work=www.inderscience.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Sera ya maji == Sehemu hii ni dondoo kutoka kwa Sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]]. Sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]], wakati mwingine ikijulikana kama usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji au usimamizi wa maji, inajumuisha michakato ya kutunga sera na sheria zinazoathiri ukusanyaji, maandalizi, matumizi, utupaji, na ulinzi wa rasilimali za maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Login - HeinOnline.org|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/login-hol?redirect_url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/mojo?%252Fmojo=&auth_token=nh7CDkH1a1c43TvY2k6rCxu8zGCxXTLOKNcHXWGApzM%253D&casa_token=&paywall_url=&referrer=https%253A%252F%252Fheinonline.org%252F&timestamp=1781064883&url=%252FHOL%252FPage%253Fhandle%253Dhein.journals%252Fhjl14%2526id%253D229|work=heinonline.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref> Uendelevu wa muda mrefu wa mifumo ya usambazaji wa maji unaleta changamoto kubwa kutokana na kupungua kwa rasilimali za maji, mabadiliko ya tabianchi, na kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Momeni |first=Marzieh |last2=Behzadian |first2=Kourosh |last3=Yousefi |first3=Hossein |last4=Zahedi |first4=Sina |date=2021-09-01 |title=A Scenario-Based Management of Water Resources and Supply Systems Using a Combined System Dynamics and Compromise Programming Approach |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=4233–4250 |doi=10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |issn=1573-1650}}</ref> Maji ni hitaji muhimu kwa viumbe vyote hai pamoja na viwanda ambavyo binadamu anavitegemea, kama vile maendeleo ya [[teknolojia]] na [[kilimo]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=2004-08-02 |title=Environmental impacts of microchip manufacture |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040609004002755 |journal=Thin Solid Films |language=en-US |volume=461 |issue=1 |pages=2–6 |doi=10.1016/j.tsf.2004.02.049 |issn=0040-6090}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Rost |first=Stefanie |last2=Gerten |first2=Dieter |last3=Bondeau |first3=Alberte |last4=Lucht |first4=Wolfgang |last5=Rohwer |first5=Janine |last6=Schaphoff |first6=Sibyll |date=2008 |title=Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2007WR006331 |journal=Water Resources Research |language=en |volume=44 |issue=9 |doi=10.1029/2007WR006331 |issn=1944-7973}}</ref> Hitaji hili la kimataifa la upatikanaji wa maji safi linahitaji sera ya rasilimali za maji ili kuamua njia za kusambaza na kulinda rasilimali za maji. Sera ya rasilimali za maji inatofautiana kulingana na kanda na inategemea upatikanaji au [[uhaba wa maji]], hali ya mifumo ya majini, na mahitaji ya kikanda ya maji.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Momeni |first=Marzieh |last2=Behzadian |first2=Kourosh |last3=Yousefi |first3=Hossein |last4=Zahedi |first4=Sina |date=2021-09-01 |title=A Scenario-Based Management of Water Resources and Supply Systems Using a Combined System Dynamics and Compromise Programming Approach |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=4233–4250 |doi=10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |issn=1573-1650}}</ref> Kwa kuwa mabonde ya maji hayalandani na mipaka ya kitaifa, sera ya rasilimali za maji pia huamuliwa na mikataba ya kimataifa, ambayo pia inajulikana kama hidropolitiki.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61750/chapter-abstract/542846554?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false#542846554</ref> Ulinzi wa ubora wa maji pia huangukia chini ya mwamvuli wa sera ya rasilimali za maji; sheria zinazolinda [[kemia]], [[biolojia]], na [[ekolojia]] ya mifumo ya majini kwa kupunguza na kuondoa uchafuzi, kudhibiti matumizi yake, na kuboresha ubora huhesabiwa kuwa sera ya rasilimali za maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Login - HeinOnline.org|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/login-hol?redirect_url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/mojo?%252Fmojo=&auth_token=p1MjdXqyAjP8pMs0ts9Hht2VjUbmAPL23Qg0XPfipOo%253D&casa_token=&paywall_url=&referrer=https%253A%252F%252Fheinonline.org%252F&timestamp=1781066114&url=%252FHOL%252FPage%253Fhandle%253Dhein.journals%252Fhjl14%2526id%253D229|work=heinonline.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref> Wakati wa kuandaa sera za rasilimali za maji, wadau wengi tofauti, vigezo vya mazingira, na mazingatio lazima yazingatiwe ili kuhakikisha afya ya watu na mifumo ya ikolojia inadumishwa au kuboreshwa. Hatimaye, upangaji wa maeneo ya [[bahari]], [[Usimamizi wa Pwani|usimamizi wa pwani]], na rasilimali za mazingira pia yanajumuishwa na usimamizi wa [[rasilimali za maji]], kama katika kisa cha ukodishaji wa ardhi kwa ajili ya upepo wa baharini.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Söderholm |first=Patrik |last2=Pettersson |first2=Maria |date=2011-02-01 |title=Offshore wind power policy and planning in Sweden |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142151000457X |journal=Energy Policy |series=Special Section on Offshore wind power planning, economics and environment |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=518–525 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.065 |issn=0301-4215}}</ref>Kadiri uhaba wa maji unavyoongezeka kutokana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi, hitaji la sera madhubuti za rasilimali za maji litazidi kuwa la kawaida. Inakadiriwa kuwa 57% ya idadi ya watu duniani watapata uzoefu wa uhaba wa maji kwa angalau mwezi mmoja kwa mwaka ifikapo mwaka 2050.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Boretti |first=Alberto |last2=Rosa |first2=Lorenzo |date=2019-07-31 |title=Reassessing the projections of the World Water Development Report |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-019-0039-9 |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.1038/s41545-019-0039-9 |issn=2059-7037}}</ref> Hatua za kukabiliana na sera zilizosasishwa za rasilimali za maji zitahitaji ushirikiano wa taaluma mbalimbali na wa kimataifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maafisa wa serikali, wanasayansi wa mazingira, wataalamu wa jamii, wachumi, wachambuzi wa mifano ya hali ya hewa, na wanaharakati.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Cosgrove |first=William J. |last2=Loucks |first2=Daniel P. |date=2015 |title=Water management: Current and future challenges and research directions |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014WR016869 |journal=Water Resources Research |language=en |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=4823–4839 |doi=10.1002/2014WR016869 |issn=1944-7973}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The politics of the environment : ideas, activism, policy {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/76141452|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> == Dhana za siasa za maji == === Hydro-hegemony === Mfumo wa ''hydro-hegemony'' ''uliwekwa na wasomi Mark Zeitoun na Jeroen'' F. Warner mnamo mwaka 2006 kama dhana muhimu ya uchanganuzi inayofaa kuchunguza machaguo ya mataifa yenye nguvu au yale yaliyo chini ya utawala wa maji na jinsi yanavyoweza kuondoka katika utawala wa mabavu kuelekea ushirikiano.<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf </ref> Mfumo wa ''hydro-hegemony'' ni wa thamani hasa katika kushughulikia matukio ambapo uhusiano wa nguvu huangukia kati ya ncha mbili za ushirikiano na [[Vita ya Maji Maji|vita vya maji]] vinavyojadiliwa mara kwa mara.<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf</ref> ''Hydro-hegemony'' (hegemonia ya maji) inarejelea "hegemonia katika ngazi ya bonde la mto, inayopatikana kupitia mikakati ya udhibiti wa rasilimali za maji kama vile unyakuzi wa rasilimali, ujumuishaji, na uzuiaji. Mikakati hiyo hutekelezwa kupitia safu ya mbinu (mfano: shinikizo la kulazimisha, mikataba, ujenzi wa maarifa, n.k.) ambazo huwezeshwa na unyonyaji wa ukosefu wa usawa wa nguvu uliopo ndani ya muktadha dhaifu wa kitaasisi wa kimataifa."<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf</ref> Nguzo mbili za ''hydro-hegemony'' ni nafasi ya mto na uwezo wa unyonyaji. Ingawa kunaweza kuwa na vighairi, kama kanuni ya jumla "wale wa juu ya mto hutumia maji kupata nguvu zaidi, wale wa chini ya mto hutumia nguvu kupata maji zaidi."<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf </ref> Mhusika anayeshinda udhibiti wa rasilimali huamuliwa kupitia mfumo wa ''hydro-hegemony'' ulioanzishwa, kwa kumpendelea mhusika mwenye nguvu zaidi ('wa kwanza miongoni mwa walio sawa'). Mnamo 2010, Mark Zeitoun na Ana Elisa Cascão walirekebisha mfumo huo ili uundwe na nguzo nne kuu za nguvu—nguvu ya kijiografia, nguvu ya kimwili, nguvu ya majadiliano, na nguvu ya kiitikadi. wa hivyo, ''hydro-hegemony'' inaweza kueleweka kama hegemonia katika ngazi ya bonde la mto inayotokea ambapo udhibiti wa mtiririko wa maji yanayovuka mipaka huimarishwa na mhusika mwenye nguvu zaidi. Ingawa Zeitoun na Warner wanahoji kuwa ''hydro-hegemony'' kwa ujumla ni chanzo cha utulivu, katika baadhi ya matukio mataifa dhaifu yanaweza kushiriki katika ''counter-hydro-hegemony'' (kupinga hegemonia ya maji). Katika hali hii, kunakuwa na jaribio la kufanya mazungumzo upya na hatimaye pia kubadilisha mgawanyo wa nguvu. Mikakati inayoweza kutumika katika hili ni majaribio ya kubadilisha mjadala ili kuupendelea upande usio na hegemonia.<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf</ref> == Maji kama rasilimali muhimu == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Historia]] [[Jamii:Maisha]] [[Jamii:Hali ya hewa]] [[Jamii:Vita]] [[Jamii:Haki]] [[Jamii:Maji]] qy27bqpobzbv1kmn9lpwyh8u5zxlkhu 1569409 1569374 2026-06-10T10:12:34Z Maryam Saleh Abeid 79870 Nimeendelea kuhariri 1569409 wikitext text/x-wiki "Sera ya maji" inaelekezwa hapa; isichanganywe na sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]]. [[Faili:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg|thumb|269x269px|Watu wakisubiri kwenye foleni kukusanya maji wakati wa Kuzingirwa kwa Sarajevo]] '''Siasa za maji''', wakati mwingine zikijulikana kama hidropolitiki, ni [[siasa]] zinazoathiriwa na upatikanaji wa [[maji]] na [[rasilimali za maji]], ambayo ni hitaji muhimu kwa viumbe vyote hai na maendeleo ya binadamu. Ufafanuzi wa Arun P. Elhance kuhusu hidropolitiki ni "utafiti wa kimfumo wa migogoro na ushirikiano kati ya [[mataifa]] kuhusu rasilimali za maji zinazovuka mipaka ya kimataifa". Mollinga, P. P. anagawa siasa za maji katika kategoria nne: "siasa za kila siku za usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji", "siasa za sera ya maji katika muktadha wa [[Maarifa huria|mataifa huru]]", "hidropolitiki kati ya mataifa", na "siasa za kimataifa za maji". Upatikanaji wa maji ya kunywa kwa kila mtu hautoshelezi na unapungua duniani kote.<ref>https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/world-s-supply-of-fresh-water-shrinking-dramatically-report-1.384437</ref> Sababu zake, zinazohusiana na kiasi na ubora, ni nyingi na tofauti; zinajumuisha uhaba wa ndani, upatikanaji mdogo na shinikizo la idadi ya watu,[https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/]<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The Coming Wars for Water!|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|work=Report Syndication|date=2019-10-12|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OpEd Column Network}}</ref> lakini pia shughuli za binadamu za matumizi makubwa, matumizi mabaya, [[Uharibifu wa mazingira|uharibifu]] [[Uharibifu wa mazingira|wa mazingira]] na [[uchafuzi wa maji]], pamoja na mabadiliko ya [[tabianchi]]. Maji ni [[rasilimali]] ya kimkakati ya asili, na [[uhaba wa maji]] ya kunywa ni mchangiaji wa mara kwa mara wa migogoro ya kisiasa kote ulimwenguni. kwa kupungua kwa upatikanaji na kuongezeka kwa mahitaji ya maji, wengine wametabiri kuwa maji safi yatakuwa "mafuta ya pili"; hali inayozifanya nchi kama [[Kanada]], [[Chile]], [[Norwe]], [[Kolombia]] na Peru, zilizo na rasilimali hii kwa wingi, kuwa nchi tajiri kwa maji duniani.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080516055735/http://worldwater.org/data20062007/Table1.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.keele.ac.uk/</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=World Water|url=https://www.worldwater.org/|work=World Water|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ripoti ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] ya Maendeleo ya Maji Duniani (WWDR, [[2003]]) kutoka kwa Programu ya Tathmini ya Maji Duniani inaonyesha kuwa, katika miaka 20 ijayo, kiasi cha maji kinachopatikana kwa kila mtu kinatabiriwa kupungua kwa 30%. Kwa sasa, 40% ya wakazi wa dunia hawana maji safi ya kutosha kwa ajili ya usafi wa msingi. Zaidi ya watu milioni 2.2 walifariki mwaka 2000 kutokana na [[magonjwa]] yanayohusiana na matumizi ya maji yaliyochafuliwa au [[ukame]]. Mnamo 2004, shirika la misaada la [[Uingereza]] la WaterAid liliripoti kuwa mtoto mmoja hufariki kila baada ya sekunde 15 kutokana na magonjwa yanayotokana na maji ambayo yanaweza kuzuilika kwa urahisi; mara nyingi hii inamaanisha ukosefu wa utupaji wa maji taka; tazama [[choo]]. Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa unahitimisha usambazaji wa maji duniani katika ripoti ya maendeleo ya [[2006]]: "Sehemu moja ya dunia, inategemeza soko la maji ya chupa la kifahari ambalo halitoi faida zozote za kiafya zinazoonekana, sehemu nyingine inakabiliwa na hatari kubwa za kiafya kwa sababu watu wanalazimika kunywa maji kutoka kwenye [[mifereji]] au kutoka kwenye [[maziwa]] na [[mito]]."<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Human Development Report 2006|url=http://hdr.undp.org:80/hdr2006/report.cfm|work=hdr.undp.org|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Maji safi— sasa ya thamani zaidi kuliko wakati mwingine wowote katika historia yetu kwa matumizi yake mapana katika [[kilimo]], utengenezaji wa [[teknolojia]] ya hali ya juu, na uzalishaji wa nishati—yanazidi kupata umakini kama [[rasilimali]] inayohitaji usimamizi bora na matumizi endelevu. Haki za maji za ''riparian'' zimekuwa masuala ya diplomasia ya kimataifa, kando na haki za maji na siasa za ndani na kikanda.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research|url=http://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php|work=www.inderscience.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Makamu wa Rais wa Benki ya [[Dunia]], Ismail Serageldin, alitabiri, "Vita vingi vya [[karne ya 20]] vilikuwa kuhusu mafuta, lakini vita vya karne ya 21 vitakuwa kuhusu maji isipokuwa tukibadilisha njia tunayosimamia maji."<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Serageldin |first=Ismail |date=2009-05 |title=Water: conflicts set to arise within as well as between states |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/459163b |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=459 |issue=7244 |pages=163–163 |doi=10.1038/459163b |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Where Oil And Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity And Future Conflict In The Middle East And North Africa - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LzvKQT9QJpyrMBm5G3VrTtYfFGfbQlRT9LK7nv5Kn7zym7CZG2VG!-331657331?docId=5008625832|work=www.questia.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> Hata hivyo, hili linabishaniwa na baadhi ya watu, ambao wanahoji kuwa migogoro kuhusu maji kwa kawaida hutatuliwa kwa [[diplomasia]] na haigeuki kuwa [[vita]]. Shule nyingine mpya ya mawazo inahoji kuwa "hofu zinazoonekana za kupoteza udhibiti wa maji ya pamoja inaweza kuchangia katika utayari wa mara kwa mara wa kwenda vitani miongoni mwa mataifa ya ''riparian'', kwa ajili tu ya tahadhari ikitokea vita".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Inderscience Publishers - linking academia, business and industry through research|url=https://www.inderscience.com/login.php?op=&yo=&aid=|work=www.inderscience.com|accessdate=2026-06-09}}</ref> == Sera ya maji == Sehemu hii ni dondoo kutoka kwa Sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]]. Sera ya [[rasilimali za maji]], wakati mwingine ikijulikana kama usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji au usimamizi wa maji, inajumuisha michakato ya kutunga sera na sheria zinazoathiri ukusanyaji, maandalizi, matumizi, utupaji, na ulinzi wa rasilimali za maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Login - HeinOnline.org|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/login-hol?redirect_url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/mojo?%252Fmojo=&auth_token=nh7CDkH1a1c43TvY2k6rCxu8zGCxXTLOKNcHXWGApzM%253D&casa_token=&paywall_url=&referrer=https%253A%252F%252Fheinonline.org%252F&timestamp=1781064883&url=%252FHOL%252FPage%253Fhandle%253Dhein.journals%252Fhjl14%2526id%253D229|work=heinonline.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref> Uendelevu wa muda mrefu wa mifumo ya usambazaji wa maji unaleta changamoto kubwa kutokana na kupungua kwa rasilimali za maji, mabadiliko ya tabianchi, na kuongezeka kwa idadi ya watu.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Momeni |first=Marzieh |last2=Behzadian |first2=Kourosh |last3=Yousefi |first3=Hossein |last4=Zahedi |first4=Sina |date=2021-09-01 |title=A Scenario-Based Management of Water Resources and Supply Systems Using a Combined System Dynamics and Compromise Programming Approach |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=4233–4250 |doi=10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |issn=1573-1650}}</ref> Maji ni hitaji muhimu kwa viumbe vyote hai pamoja na viwanda ambavyo binadamu anavitegemea, kama vile maendeleo ya [[teknolojia]] na [[kilimo]].<ref>{{Rejea jarida |date=2004-08-02 |title=Environmental impacts of microchip manufacture |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040609004002755 |journal=Thin Solid Films |language=en-US |volume=461 |issue=1 |pages=2–6 |doi=10.1016/j.tsf.2004.02.049 |issn=0040-6090}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Rost |first=Stefanie |last2=Gerten |first2=Dieter |last3=Bondeau |first3=Alberte |last4=Lucht |first4=Wolfgang |last5=Rohwer |first5=Janine |last6=Schaphoff |first6=Sibyll |date=2008 |title=Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2007WR006331 |journal=Water Resources Research |language=en |volume=44 |issue=9 |doi=10.1029/2007WR006331 |issn=1944-7973}}</ref> Hitaji hili la kimataifa la upatikanaji wa maji safi linahitaji sera ya rasilimali za maji ili kuamua njia za kusambaza na kulinda rasilimali za maji. Sera ya rasilimali za maji inatofautiana kulingana na kanda na inategemea upatikanaji au [[uhaba wa maji]], hali ya mifumo ya majini, na mahitaji ya kikanda ya maji.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Momeni |first=Marzieh |last2=Behzadian |first2=Kourosh |last3=Yousefi |first3=Hossein |last4=Zahedi |first4=Sina |date=2021-09-01 |title=A Scenario-Based Management of Water Resources and Supply Systems Using a Combined System Dynamics and Compromise Programming Approach |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=4233–4250 |doi=10.1007/s11269-021-02942-z |issn=1573-1650}}</ref> Kwa kuwa mabonde ya maji hayalandani na mipaka ya kitaifa, sera ya rasilimali za maji pia huamuliwa na mikataba ya kimataifa, ambayo pia inajulikana kama hidropolitiki.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61750/chapter-abstract/542846554?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false#542846554</ref> Ulinzi wa ubora wa maji pia huangukia chini ya mwamvuli wa sera ya rasilimali za maji; sheria zinazolinda [[kemia]], [[biolojia]], na [[ekolojia]] ya mifumo ya majini kwa kupunguza na kuondoa uchafuzi, kudhibiti matumizi yake, na kuboresha ubora huhesabiwa kuwa sera ya rasilimali za maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Login - HeinOnline.org|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/login-hol?redirect_url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/mojo?%252Fmojo=&auth_token=p1MjdXqyAjP8pMs0ts9Hht2VjUbmAPL23Qg0XPfipOo%253D&casa_token=&paywall_url=&referrer=https%253A%252F%252Fheinonline.org%252F&timestamp=1781066114&url=%252FHOL%252FPage%253Fhandle%253Dhein.journals%252Fhjl14%2526id%253D229|work=heinonline.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref> Wakati wa kuandaa sera za rasilimali za maji, wadau wengi tofauti, vigezo vya mazingira, na mazingatio lazima yazingatiwe ili kuhakikisha afya ya watu na mifumo ya ikolojia inadumishwa au kuboreshwa. Hatimaye, upangaji wa maeneo ya [[bahari]], [[Usimamizi wa Pwani|usimamizi wa pwani]], na rasilimali za mazingira pia yanajumuishwa na usimamizi wa [[rasilimali za maji]], kama katika kisa cha ukodishaji wa ardhi kwa ajili ya upepo wa baharini.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Söderholm |first=Patrik |last2=Pettersson |first2=Maria |date=2011-02-01 |title=Offshore wind power policy and planning in Sweden |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142151000457X |journal=Energy Policy |series=Special Section on Offshore wind power planning, economics and environment |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=518–525 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.065 |issn=0301-4215}}</ref>Kadiri uhaba wa maji unavyoongezeka kutokana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi, hitaji la sera madhubuti za rasilimali za maji litazidi kuwa la kawaida. Inakadiriwa kuwa 57% ya idadi ya watu duniani watapata uzoefu wa uhaba wa maji kwa angalau mwezi mmoja kwa mwaka ifikapo mwaka 2050.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Boretti |first=Alberto |last2=Rosa |first2=Lorenzo |date=2019-07-31 |title=Reassessing the projections of the World Water Development Report |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-019-0039-9 |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.1038/s41545-019-0039-9 |issn=2059-7037}}</ref> Hatua za kukabiliana na sera zilizosasishwa za rasilimali za maji zitahitaji ushirikiano wa taaluma mbalimbali na wa kimataifa, ikiwa ni pamoja na maafisa wa serikali, wanasayansi wa mazingira, wataalamu wa jamii, wachumi, wachambuzi wa mifano ya hali ya hewa, na wanaharakati.<ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Cosgrove |first=William J. |last2=Loucks |first2=Daniel P. |date=2015 |title=Water management: Current and future challenges and research directions |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014WR016869 |journal=Water Resources Research |language=en |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=4823–4839 |doi=10.1002/2014WR016869 |issn=1944-7973}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=The politics of the environment : ideas, activism, policy {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/76141452|work=search.worldcat.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> == Dhana za siasa za maji == === Hydro-hegemony === Mfumo wa ''hydro-hegemony'' ''uliwekwa na wasomi Mark Zeitoun na Jeroen'' F. Warner mnamo mwaka 2006 kama dhana muhimu ya uchanganuzi inayofaa kuchunguza machaguo ya mataifa yenye nguvu au yale yaliyo chini ya utawala wa maji na jinsi yanavyoweza kuondoka katika utawala wa mabavu kuelekea ushirikiano.<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf </ref> Mfumo wa ''hydro-hegemony'' ni wa thamani hasa katika kushughulikia matukio ambapo uhusiano wa nguvu huangukia kati ya ncha mbili za ushirikiano na [[Vita ya Maji Maji|vita vya maji]] vinavyojadiliwa mara kwa mara.<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf</ref> ''Hydro-hegemony'' (hegemonia ya maji) inarejelea "hegemonia katika ngazi ya bonde la mto, inayopatikana kupitia mikakati ya udhibiti wa rasilimali za maji kama vile unyakuzi wa rasilimali, ujumuishaji, na uzuiaji. Mikakati hiyo hutekelezwa kupitia safu ya mbinu (mfano: shinikizo la kulazimisha, mikataba, ujenzi wa maarifa, n.k.) ambazo huwezeshwa na unyonyaji wa ukosefu wa usawa wa nguvu uliopo ndani ya muktadha dhaifu wa kitaasisi wa kimataifa."<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf</ref> Nguzo mbili za ''hydro-hegemony'' ni nafasi ya mto na uwezo wa unyonyaji. Ingawa kunaweza kuwa na vighairi, kama kanuni ya jumla "wale wa juu ya mto hutumia maji kupata nguvu zaidi, wale wa chini ya mto hutumia nguvu kupata maji zaidi."<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf </ref> Mhusika anayeshinda udhibiti wa rasilimali huamuliwa kupitia mfumo wa ''hydro-hegemony'' ulioanzishwa, kwa kumpendelea mhusika mwenye nguvu zaidi ('wa kwanza miongoni mwa walio sawa'). Mnamo 2010, Mark Zeitoun na Ana Elisa Cascão walirekebisha mfumo huo ili uundwe na nguzo nne kuu za nguvu—nguvu ya kijiografia, nguvu ya kimwili, nguvu ya majadiliano, na nguvu ya kiitikadi. wa hivyo, ''hydro-hegemony'' inaweza kueleweka kama hegemonia katika ngazi ya bonde la mto inayotokea ambapo udhibiti wa mtiririko wa maji yanayovuka mipaka huimarishwa na mhusika mwenye nguvu zaidi. Ingawa Zeitoun na Warner wanahoji kuwa ''hydro-hegemony'' kwa ujumla ni chanzo cha utulivu, katika baadhi ya matukio mataifa dhaifu yanaweza kushiriki katika ''counter-hydro-hegemony'' (kupinga hegemonia ya maji). Katika hali hii, kunakuwa na jaribio la kufanya mazungumzo upya na hatimaye pia kubadilisha mgawanyo wa nguvu. Mikakati inayoweza kutumika katika hili ni majaribio ya kubadilisha mjadala ili kuupendelea upande usio na hegemonia.<ref>https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/29466/1/ZeitounWarner_-_HydroHegemony_%28as_published%29.pdf</ref> == Maji kama rasilimali muhimu == Tazama pia: ''Mgogoro wa maji'' La muhimu zaidi, [[Maji salama|maji safi]] ni hitaji la msingi kwa viumbe vyote hai, ikijumuisha [[mazao]], [[mifugo]], na [[binadamu]]. [[UNDP]] inachukulia upatikanaji wa maji kama [[Haki za binadamu|haki]] [[Haki za binadamu|ya msingi ya binadamu]] na sharti la amani. Aliyeonekana kuwa [[Katibu Mkuu wa UM|Katibu Mkuu wa]] [[Katibu Mkuu wa UM|Umoja wa Mataifa]], [[Kofi Annan]], alisema mwaka [[2001]], "Upatikanaji wa maji safi ni hitaji la msingi la binadamu na, kwa hivyo, ni haki ya msingi ya binadamu. Maji yaliyochafuliwa yanahatarisha afya ya kimwili na kijamii ya watu wote. Ni tusi kwa utu wa binadamu." Pamoja na maendeleo yaliyoongezeka, [[viwanda]] vingi, ikiwemo [[misitu]], [[kilimo]], [[Uchimbaji madini|uchimbaji]] [[Uchimbaji madini|madini]], [[utengenezaji]], na [[burudani]] vinahitaji kiasi kikubwa cha ziada cha maji safi ili kufanya kazi. Hata hivyo, hali hii imesababisha ongezeko la uchafuzi wa hewa na maji, ambayo nayo yamepunguza ubora wa usambazaji wa maji. Mbinu endelevu zaidi za [[maendeleo]] ni za manufaa na muhimu. Kulingana na [[WHO]], kila mwanadamu anahitaji kima cha chini kabisa cha [[lita]] 20 za maji safi kwa siku kwa ajili ya [[usafi]] wa msingi;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Rights and Wrongs|url=http://hdr.undp.org/external/hdr2006/water/10.htm|work=hdr.undp.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref> hii ni sawa na mita za ujazo 7.3 (takriban futi za ujazo 255) kwa kila mtu, kwa mwaka. Kulingana na upatikanaji, ufikiaji na maendeleo ya usambazaji wa maji, [[takwimu]] mahususi za matumizi hutofautiana sana kutoka nchi moja hadi nyingine, huku mataifa yaliyoendelea yakiwa na mifumo iliyopo ya kutibu maji kwa ajili ya matumizi ya binadamu, na kuyafikisha katika kila nyumba. Wakati huo huo hata hivyo, baadhi ya mataifa kote [[Amerika ya Kusini]], sehemu za [[Asia]], [[Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki|Asia]] [[Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki|ya Kusini-Mashariki]], [[Afrika]] na [[Mashariki ya Kati|Mashariki ya]] [[Mashariki ya Kati|Kati]] aidha hayana rasilimali za kutosha za maji au hayajaendeleza haya au [[miundombinu]] hiyo kufikia viwango vinavyohitajika. Hali hii hutokea kwa sababu nyingi tofauti. Imesababisha migogoro na mara nyingi husababisha kupungua kwa kiwango au kiasi cha matumizi ya maji safi kwa kila mtu; hali hii inaelekea kwenye [[magonjwa]], na wakati mwingine, kwenye [[njaa]] na [[kifo]]. Chanzo cha takriban [[Maji salama|maji yote safi]] ni unyeshaji kutoka kwenye [[angahewa]], kwa njia ya [[ukungu]], [[mvua]], na [[theluji]], kama sehemu ya mzunguko wa maji kwa enzi, [[milenia]], na hadi leo. Maji safi yanajumuisha asilimia 3 tu ya maji yote duniani, na kati ya hayo, zaidi ya theluthi mbili zimehifadhiwa zikiwa zimeganda kwenye [[barafu]] na kofia za barafu za ncha za [[dunia]].<ref>https://water.usgs.gov/edu/index.htmlwaterdistribution.html</ref> Maji safi yaliyobaki ambayo hayajaganda hupatikana zaidi kama maji ya chini ya ardhi, huku sehemu ndogo tu ikiwa [[Anga|angani]], au kwenye uso wa ardhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Resources|url=http://www.greenfacts.org/en/water-resources/index.htm#2|work=www.greenfacts.org|accessdate=2026-06-10}}</ref> Maji ya juu ya ardhi huhifadhiwa kwenye maeneo oevu au maziwa au hutiririka mtoni au [[Mto Mkuu|mto mkuu]], na ndiyo rasilimali inayotumiwa zaidi kwa ajili ya maji. Katika maeneo mengine, maji ya juu ya ardhi yanaweza kuhifadhiwa kwenye [[bwawa]] nyuma ya kuta za uzuizi, na kisha kutumiwa kwa usambazaji wa maji ya [[manispaa]] na [[viwanda]], kwa ajili ya [[umwagiliaji]], na kuzalisha [[nishati]] kwa njia ya [[Umememaji|umeme wa maji]]. Maji ya chini ya ardhi, ingawa yamehifadhiwa kwenye nafasi za matundu ya [[udongo]] na [[miamba]]; yanatumiwa zaidi kama maji yanayotiririka ndani ya vyanzo vya maji ya chini ya ardhi chini ya meza ya maji. Maji ya chini ya ardhi yanaweza kuwepo kama mfumo wa maji unaoweza kufanywa upya unaohusishwa kwa karibu na maji ya juu ya ardhi na kama mfumo tofauti wa maji ya kina kirefu chini ya ardhi ndani ya ''aquifer''. Kisa hiki cha mwisho wakati mwingine huitwa "maji ya visukuku", na kwa uhalisia hayawezi kufanywa upya. Kwa kawaida, maji ya chini ya ardhi hutumiwa pale ambapo vyanzo vya juu ya ardhi havipatikani au wakati usambazaji wa maji ya juu ya ardhi ni mdogo. Mito wakati mwingine hutiririka kupitia nchi kadhaa na mara nyingi hutumika kama mpaka au mstari wa utengano kati yao. Pamoja na [[mito]] hii, usambazaji, mgao, udhibiti, na matumizi ya maji ni ya matokeo makubwa kwa ajili ya maisha, ubora wa maisha, na mafanikio ya kiuchumi. Udhibiti wa rasilimali za maji ya taifa unachukuliwa kuwa muhimu kwa maisha ya dola. Mtiririko kama huo wa maji ya chini ya ardhi unaovuka mipaka pia hutokea. Ushindani kwa rasilimali hizi, hasa pale zinapokuwa chache, umesababisha au kuongeza migogoro hapo awali. Nyanda za juu za [[Ethiopia]] zinaweza kuchukuliwa kama eneo la mnara wa maji katika Afrika Mashariki. Udhibiti wa kimamlaka wa usambazaji wa maji ya nyanda za juu una uwezekano wa kuongoza siasa za nchi za chini ya mto kwa miaka mingi ijayo. == Uchafuzi kutoka kwa shughuli za binadamu == == Marejeo == [[Jamii:AWC Zanzibar]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:WCZ Culture]] [[Jamii:Historia]] [[Jamii:Maisha]] [[Jamii:Hali ya hewa]] [[Jamii:Vita]] [[Jamii:Haki]] [[Jamii:Maji]] 3zytf9elschll78p9twyzdsppkrkedn 0 240598 1569186 2026-06-09T20:46:01Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352047290|Water quality]]" 1569186 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[Maziwa makuu ya Amerika Kaskazini|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibaoolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji. cedde7xv463dalkpfu6krcc76kuqqzz 1569187 1569186 2026-06-09T20:47:16Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1569187 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[Maziwa makuu ya Amerika Kaskazini|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibaoolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} gurhm83k4abvmh79miqzg2oldxanjja 1569188 1569187 2026-06-09T20:49:52Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1569188 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[Maziwa makuu ya Amerika Kaskazini|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibaoolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] 8mz3nupfhnaqqmw03xuporua1ejk1om 1569189 1569188 2026-06-09T20:55:31Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1569189 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[Maziwa makuu ya Amerika Kaskazini|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibaoolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji. ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto. Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] il75u5bt7pi8z1t1pabrrqz64c4mcld 1569190 1569189 2026-06-09T20:58:33Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Madhara katika Afya ya Umma */ 1569190 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[Maziwa makuu ya Amerika Kaskazini|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibaoolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji. ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] kko3wkwz9lhlw5kvv8r5bcj28nn76ya 1569191 1569190 2026-06-09T20:59:15Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Madhara katika Afya ya Umma */ 1569191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[Maziwa makuu ya Amerika Kaskazini|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibaoolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji. ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] tslmsgpyqx9hoviuzo4eiftoru3asor 1569192 1569191 2026-06-09T21:01:03Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* */ 1569192 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[Maziwa makuu ya Amerika Kaskazini|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibaoolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] azw1vrj6p4wq93w677v71bd4l335f4d 1569195 1569192 2026-06-09T21:10:24Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 1569195 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[Maziwa makuu ya Amerika Kaskazini|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibaoolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] 57hyhccr6fxdnsekamqo0fqaodpi5fq 1569196 1569195 2026-06-09T21:16:10Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Aina za Ubora wa maji */ 1569196 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[Maziwa makuu ya Amerika Kaskazini|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibaoolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|caption]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] anfsachnxhx8vnu7w55nmql0yckrw8k 1569197 1569196 2026-06-09T21:18:17Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1569197 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[Maziwa makuu ya Amerika Kaskazini|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibaoolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]] ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] bznz66ah9a8huxxo06x517tk5ra8cx4 1569198 1569197 2026-06-09T21:22:42Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1569198 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[Maziwa makuu ya Amerika Kaskazini|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibaoolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji). Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani. ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] hn2vnh0ioyqpm6tq8fv5n5ay0rp3qr0 1569199 1569198 2026-06-09T21:26:13Z Elizabeth Samwel 75873 /* Matumizi ya Binadamu */ 1569199 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[Maziwa makuu ya Amerika Kaskazini|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibaoolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji). Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] a15d91hs4eh5egb0eghh3944b5pa0cl 1569229 1569199 2026-06-10T01:54:20Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1569229 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[Maziwa makuu ya Amerika Kaskazini|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibaoolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji). Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] arwq4taeo65sg8hgkocihhbwkq2beop 1569267 1569229 2026-06-10T06:26:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569267 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|right|thumb|Sampuli ya rosette ambayo hutumika kukusanya sampuli za maji katika maji ya kina kirefu, kama vile [[ziwa|Maziwa Makuu]] au bahari, kwa ajili ya kupima ubora wa maji.]] '''Ubora wa maji''' hurejelea sifa za kikemikali, kifizikia na kibiolojia za [[maji]] kulingana na viwango vya matumizi yake. <ref name="water quality">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea jarida |last=Johnson |first=D. L. |last2=Ambrose |first2=S. H. |last3=Bassett |first3=T. J. |last4=Bowen |first4=M. L. |last5=Crummey |first5=D. E. |last6=Isaacson |first6=J. S. |last7=Johnson |first7=D. N. |last8=Lamb |first8=P. |last9=Saul |first9=M. |last10=Winter-Nelson |first10=A. E. |year=1997 |title=Meanings of Environmental Terms |journal=Journal of Environmental Quality |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=581–589 |bibcode=1997JEnvQ..26..581J |doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x}}</ref> Hutumika mara nyingi kwa kurejelea seti ya viwango ambavyo kufuata sheria, kwa ujumla kunapatikana kupitia matibabu ya maji, kunaweza kutathminiwa. Viwango vya kawaida vinavyotumika kufuatilia na kutathmini ubora wa maji vinaonyesha afya ya mifumo ikolojia, usalama wa mgusano wa binadamu, kiwango cha uchafuzi wa maji na hali ya [[Maji salama|maji ya kunywa]]. Ubora wa maji una athari kubwa kwenye usambazaji wa maji na mara nyingi huamua chaguzi za usambazaji.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/254637|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating first addendum|last=Organization|first=World Health|date=2017-02-20|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154995-0|language=English}}</ref> ==Madhara katika Afya ya Umma== Baada ya muda, kumekuwa na ongezeko la utambuzi wa umuhimu wa ubora wa maji ya kunywa na athari zake kwa afya ya umma. Hii imesababisha kuongezeka kwa ulinzi na usimamizi wa ubora wa maji. Uelewa wa uhusiano kati ya ubora wa maji na afya unaendelea kukua na kuangazia majanga mapya ya kiafya: kutoka kwa athari sugu za magonjwa ya kuambukiza katika ukuaji wa mtoto kupitia kudumaa hadi ushahidi mpya juu ya madhara kutoka kwa uchafu unaojulikana, kama vile manganese na ushahidi unaoongezeka wa sumu ya neuro kwa watoto.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea jarida |last=Khan |first=Nameerah |last2=Charles |first2=Katrina J. |date=2022-09-29 |title=When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9522453/ |journal=Exposure and Health |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 |issn=2451-9766 |pmc=9522453 |pmid=36196073}}</ref> Zaidi ya hayo, kuna masuala mengi yanayojitokeza ya ubora wa maji-kama vile plastiki ndogo, misombo ya perfluorinated, na upinzani wa antimicrobial.<ref name=":0" /> ==Aina za Ubora wa maji== Vigezo vya ubora wa maji vinatambuliwa kulingana na matumizi yaliyokusudiwa. Kazi katika eneo la ubora wa maji inaelekea kulenga maji ambayo yanatibiwa kwa uwezo wa kuota, matumizi ya viwandani/nyumbani, au kurejesha (mazingira/mfumo wa ikolojia, kwa ujumla kwa ajili ya afya ya viumbe vya binadamu na vya majini) ===Matumizi ya Binadamu=== [[File:Chemical contamination of drinking water.jpg|thumb|Uchafuzi wa kikanda na kitaifa wa maji ya kunywa kwa aina ya kemikali na ukubwa wa idadi ya watu katika hatari ya kuambukizwa]]Vichafu ambavyo vinaweza kuwa katika maji ambayo hayajatibiwa ni pamoja na vijidudu kama vile virusi, protozoa na bakteria; uchafuzi wa isokaboni kama vile chumvi na metali; uchafuzi wa kemikali za kikaboni kutoka kwa michakato ya viwanda na matumizi ya petroli; dawa na dawa za kuua wadudu; na vichafuzi vya mionzi. Ubora wa maji unategemea jiolojia na mfumo ikolojia wa mahali hapo, pamoja na matumizi ya binadamu kama vile mtawanyiko wa maji taka, uchafuzi wa viwandani, matumizi ya vyanzo vya maji kama sehemu ya kupitishia joto, na matumizi kupita kiasi (ambayo yanaweza kupunguza kiwango cha maji). Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira wa Marekani (EPA) huweka kikomo kiasi cha uchafuzi fulani katika maji ya bomba unaotolewa na mifumo ya maji ya umma ya Marekani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Common Considerations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/common-considerations|work=www.epa.gov|date=2020-01-06|accessdate=2026-06-09|language=en|author=OW US EPA}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:AWC GWEI]] nsp8mgwd11yo08rl436jdqwifm271ex 0 240599 1569204 2026-06-09T22:17:31Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569204 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elimumaji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''hydrology'', kutoka maneno ya [[Kigiriki]]: ''hydor'', maana yake "maji", na ''logos'', maana yake "elimu") ni [[sayansi]] inayoshughulika na [[utafiti]] wa mzunguko, usambazaji, na sifa za kifizikia na kikemikali za [[maji]] yaliyopo juu na chini ya uso wa dunia. Fani hii inachunguza jinsi maji yanavyosonga katika mazingira mbalimbali, mahusiano yake na [[viumbehai]], na athari zake katika mabadiliko ya kijiolojia ya [[sayari]] yetu.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica ikifafanua maana, matawi, na historia ya sayansi ya elimumaji.</ref> == Mzunguko wa maji na matawi ya Elimumaji == Utafiti wa elimumaji unajikita katika [[mzunguko wa maji]] (hydrological cycle), ambao unahusisha michakato kama vile uvukizaji wa maji kutoka [[bahari|baharini]] na mitoni (evaporation), urubani wa hewa (transpiration) kutoka kwenye [[mimea]], uundaji wa [[wingu|mawingu]] (condensation), na utoneshaji au unyeshi (precipitation) kama vile [[mvua]] au [[theluji]]. Elimumaji inagawanyika katika matawi kadhaa kulingana na maeneo ya utafiti: * '''Elimumaji ya maji ya chini ya ardhi''' (''hydrogeology''): inayochunguza maji yaliyopo kwenye miamba na [[udongo]]. * '''Elimumaji ya maji ya juu ya ardhi''' (''surface hydrology''): inayoshughulika na [[mto|mito]], [[ziwa|maziwa]], na [[uwanda wa mafuriko|nyanda za mafuriko]].<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea mzunguko wa maji na kazi za wataalamu wa elimumaji.</ref> == Umuhimu wa kijamii na kiuchumi == Katika jamii ya kisasa, elimumaji ina mchango mkubwa katika mipango ya maendeleo, uhandisi wa kiraia, na utunzaji wa mazingira. Wataalamu wa fani hii (hydrologists) hutumia mifano ya hisabati na mifumo ya kompyuta kukadiria viwango vya maji, kutabiri matukio ya asili kama vile ukame na [[mafuriko]], na kubuni mifumo endelevu ya usambazaji wa maji safi kwa ajili ya matumizi ya majumbani na [[kilimo]] cha umwagiliaji. Vilevile, fani hii inasaidia katika kupambana na [[uchafuzi wa maji|uchafuzi wa vyanzo vya maji]] na kusimamia miundombinu ya kuzuia mmomonyoko wa udongo kando ya mito na [[bwawa|mabwawa]]. Ushahidi wa kielimumaji ni nguzo kuu katika kukabiliana na [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] ili kuhakikisha usalama wa maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji safi na ukame duniani.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Jiografia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] aj41bs779auol4jwda27vg7qa6meg05 1569205 1569204 2026-06-09T22:26:21Z Laylah26 89982 1569205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Rain over Beinn Eich, Luss Hills, Scotland.jpg|thumb|[[Mvua]] juu ya beseni la maji nchini [[Uskoti]]; mzunguko wa maji katika mabeseni haya ni msingi mkuu wa elimumaji]] '''Elimumaji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''hydrology'', kutoka maneno ya [[Kigiriki]]: ''hydor'', maana yake "maji", na ''logos'', maana yake "elimu") ni [[sayansi]] inayoshughulika na [[utafiti]] wa mzunguko, usambazaji, na sifa za kifizikia na kikemikali za [[maji]] yaliyopo juu na chini ya uso wa dunia. Fani hii inachunguza jinsi maji yanavyosonga katika mazingira mbalimbali, mahusiano yake na [[viumbehai]], na athari zake katika mabadiliko ya kijiolojia ya [[sayari]] yetu.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica ikifafanua maana, matawi, na historia ya sayansi ya elimumaji.</ref> == Mzunguko wa maji na matawi ya Elimumaji == Utafiti wa elimumaji unajikita katika [[mzunguko wa maji]] (hydrological cycle), ambao unahusisha michakato kama vile uvukizaji wa maji kutoka [[bahari|baharini]] na mitoni (evaporation), urubani wa hewa (transpiration) kutoka kwenye [[mimea]], uundaji wa [[wingu|mawingu]] (condensation), na utoneshaji au unyeshi (precipitation) kama vile [[mvua]] au [[theluji]]. Elimumaji inagawanyika katika matawi kadhaa kulingana na maeneo ya utafiti: * '''Elimumaji ya maji ya chini ya ardhi''' (''hydrogeology''): inayochunguza maji yaliyopo kwenye miamba na [[udongo]]. * '''Elimumaji ya maji ya juu ya ardhi''' (''surface hydrology''): inayoshughulika na [[mto|mito]], [[ziwa|maziwa]], na [[uwanda wa mafuriko|nyanda za mafuriko]].<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea mzunguko wa maji na kazi za wataalamu wa elimumaji.</ref> == Umuhimu wa kijamii na kiuchumi == Katika jamii ya kisasa, elimumaji ina mchango mkubwa katika mipango ya maendeleo, uhandisi wa kiraia, na utunzaji wa mazingira. Wataalamu wa fani hii (hydrologists) hutumia mifano ya hisabati na mifumo ya kompyuta kukadiria viwango vya maji, kutabiri matukio ya asili kama vile ukame na [[mafuriko]], na kubuni mifumo endelevu ya usambazaji wa maji safi kwa ajili ya matumizi ya majumbani na [[kilimo]] cha umwagiliaji. Vilevile, fani hii inasaidia katika kupambana na [[uchafuzi wa maji|uchafuzi wa vyanzo vya maji]] na kusimamia miundombinu ya kuzuia mmomonyoko wa udongo kando ya mito na [[bwawa|mabwawa]]. Ushahidi wa kielimumaji ni nguzo kuu katika kukabiliana na [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] ili kuhakikisha usalama wa maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji safi na ukame duniani.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Jiografia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] fj2z7pzw75c3vpqrym9weqk3hpawsp0 1569274 1569205 2026-06-10T06:29:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569274 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Rain over Beinn Eich, Luss Hills, Scotland.jpg|thumb|[[Mvua]] juu ya beseni la maji nchini [[Uskoti]]; mzunguko wa maji katika mabeseni haya ni msingi mkuu wa elimumaji]] '''Elimumaji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''hydrology'', kutoka maneno ya [[Kigiriki]]: ''hydor'', maana yake "maji", na ''logos'', maana yake "elimu") ni [[sayansi]] inayoshughulika na [[utafiti]] wa mzunguko, usambazaji, na sifa za kifizikia na kikemikali za [[maji]] yaliyopo juu na chini ya uso wa dunia. Fani hii inachunguza jinsi maji yanavyosonga katika mazingira mbalimbali, mahusiano yake na [[viumbehai]], na athari zake katika mabadiliko ya kijiolojia ya [[sayari]] yetu.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica ikifafanua maana, matawi, na historia ya sayansi ya elimumaji.</ref> == Mzunguko wa maji na matawi ya Elimumaji == Utafiti wa elimumaji unajikita katika [[mzunguko wa maji]] (hydrological cycle), ambao unahusisha michakato kama vile uvukizaji wa maji kutoka [[bahari|baharini]] na mitoni (evaporation), urubani wa hewa (transpiration) kutoka kwenye [[mimea]], uundaji wa [[wingu|mawingu]] (condensation), na utoneshaji au unyeshi (precipitation) kama vile [[mvua]] au [[theluji]]. Elimumaji inagawanyika katika matawi kadhaa kulingana na maeneo ya utafiti: * '''Elimumaji ya maji ya chini ya ardhi''' (''hydrogeology''): inayochunguza maji yaliyopo kwenye miamba na [[udongo]]. * '''Elimumaji ya maji ya juu ya ardhi''' (''surface hydrology''): inayoshughulika na [[mto|mito]], [[ziwa|maziwa]], na [[uwanda wa mafuriko|nyanda za mafuriko]].<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea mzunguko wa maji na kazi za wataalamu wa elimumaji.</ref> == Umuhimu wa kijamii na kiuchumi == Katika jamii ya kisasa, elimumaji ina mchango mkubwa katika mipango ya maendeleo, uhandisi wa kiraia, na utunzaji wa mazingira. Wataalamu wa fani hii (hydrologists) hutumia mifano ya hisabati na mifumo ya kompyuta kukadiria viwango vya maji, kutabiri matukio ya asili kama vile ukame na [[mafuriko]], na kubuni mifumo endelevu ya usambazaji wa maji safi kwa ajili ya matumizi ya majumbani na [[kilimo]] cha umwagiliaji. Vilevile, fani hii inasaidia katika kupambana na [[uchafuzi wa maji|uchafuzi wa vyanzo vya maji]] na kusimamia miundombinu ya kuzuia mmomonyoko wa udongo kando ya mito na [[bwawa|mabwawa]]. Ushahidi wa kielimumaji ni nguzo kuu katika kukabiliana na [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] ili kuhakikisha usalama wa maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji safi na ukame duniani.</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:sayansi]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] rigbmerthlkyk0mlby760tiiyudjokk 0 240600 1569207 2026-06-09T22:42:23Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hidrojiolojia''' (Kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Hydrogeology'', kutoka maneno ya [[Kigiriki]]: ''hydro'', maana yake "maji", na ''geologia'', maana yake "elimu ya miamba") ni tawi la [[sayansi]] ya [[jiolojia]] linaloshughulika na [[utafiti]] wa usambazaji, mtiririko, na tabia za kikemikali na kifizikia za maji yaliyopo chini ya uso wa [[dunia]]. Fani hii inachunguza jinsi maji yanavyosafiri na kuingiliana na matabaka ya [[miamba]], [[udongo]], na [[mchanga]] chini ya ardhi. Inatofautiana na [[elimumaji]] (hydrology) ambayo inaangazia mzunguko wa maji yote kwa ujumla ikiwemo yale ya juu ya ardhi na angani.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua misingi, sifa, na utafiti wa sayansi ya hidrojiolojia.</ref> == Mifumo na Tabia za Miamba == Utafiti wa hidrojiolojia unajikita kwa kiasi kikubwa katika mifumo ya aquifers, ambayo ni matabaka ya miamba au masimbi yaliyopo chini ya ardhi yenye uwezo wa kuhifadhi na kuruhusu maji kupita kwa urahisi. Kupitia vipimo vya kifizikia na kemia ya maji (hydrochemistry), hidrojiolojia inasaidia kuelewa jinsi maji ya chini ya ardhi yanavyorutubishwa kutoka juu (recharge) na jinsi yanavyotoka kama [[chemchemi]] au kuingia [[mto|mitoni]] na [[bahari|baharini]] (discharge).<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea mifumo ya aquifers na harakati za maji chini ya ardhi.</ref> == Umuhimu wa kijamii na mazingira == Katika muktadha wa maendeleo ya mwanadamu na utunzaji wa mazingira, hidrojiolojia ina mchango mkubwa katika utafiti na ugunduzi wa vyanzo vya maji safi kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa visima vya majumbani, viwandani, na [[kilimo]] cha umwagiliaji. Pia, fani hii ni muhimu katika uhandisi wa kiraia kwa ajili ya kutathmini uimara wa ardhi kabla ya ujenzi wa miundombinu mikubwa kama vile maghorofa, reli za chini ya ardhi, na [[bwawa|mabwawa]]. Kutokana na kuongezeka kwa shughuli za kibinadamu, wataalamu wa hidrojiolojia hujikita pia katika kudhibiti [[uchafuzi wa maji|uchafuzi wa maji ya chini ya ardhi]] unaotokana na taka za viwandani, kemikali za kilimo, na madampo. Wataalamu hawa wanapanga mikakati ya uvunaji endelevu wa maji ili kuzuia kukauka kwa aquifers na kushuka kwa uso wa ardhi (subsidence), jambo ambalo ni nguzo muhimu katika kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji salama barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu umuhimu wa usimamizi wa maji ya chini ya ardhi ili kufikia Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu.</ref> == Angalia pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Jiografia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] i466buyghw6n33db16jstyk6ti4yeah 1569209 1569207 2026-06-09T22:47:27Z Laylah26 89982 1569209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:EVA- Lanxmeer piézomètre Piezometer 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Piezometa]] ni kifaa kinachotumiwa kupima kimo cha shinikizo la maji (hydraulic head) chini ya ardhi.]] '''Hidrojiolojia''' (Kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Hydrogeology'', kutoka maneno ya [[Kigiriki]]: ''hydro'', maana yake "maji", na ''geologia'', maana yake "elimu ya miamba") ni tawi la [[sayansi]] ya [[jiolojia]] linaloshughulika na [[utafiti]] wa usambazaji, mtiririko, na tabia za kikemikali na kifizikia za maji yaliyopo chini ya uso wa [[dunia]]. Fani hii inachunguza jinsi maji yanavyosafiri na kuingiliana na matabaka ya [[miamba]], [[udongo]], na [[mchanga]] chini ya ardhi. Inatofautiana na [[elimumaji]] (hydrology) ambayo inaangazia mzunguko wa maji yote kwa ujumla ikiwemo yale ya juu ya ardhi na angani.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua misingi, sifa, na utafiti wa sayansi ya hidrojiolojia.</ref> == Mifumo na Tabia za Miamba == Utafiti wa hidrojiolojia unajikita kwa kiasi kikubwa katika mifumo ya aquifers, ambayo ni matabaka ya miamba au masimbi yaliyopo chini ya ardhi yenye uwezo wa kuhifadhi na kuruhusu maji kupita kwa urahisi. Kupitia vipimo vya kifizikia na kemia ya maji (hydrochemistry), hidrojiolojia inasaidia kuelewa jinsi maji ya chini ya ardhi yanavyorutubishwa kutoka juu (recharge) na jinsi yanavyotoka kama [[chemchemi]] au kuingia [[mto|mitoni]] na [[bahari|baharini]] (discharge).<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea mifumo ya aquifers na harakati za maji chini ya ardhi.</ref> == Umuhimu wa kijamii na mazingira == Katika muktadha wa maendeleo ya mwanadamu na utunzaji wa mazingira, hidrojiolojia ina mchango mkubwa katika utafiti na ugunduzi wa vyanzo vya maji safi kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa visima vya majumbani, viwandani, na [[kilimo]] cha umwagiliaji. Pia, fani hii ni muhimu katika uhandisi wa kiraia kwa ajili ya kutathmini uimara wa ardhi kabla ya ujenzi wa miundombinu mikubwa kama vile maghorofa, reli za chini ya ardhi, na [[bwawa|mabwawa]]. Kutokana na kuongezeka kwa shughuli za kibinadamu, wataalamu wa hidrojiolojia hujikita pia katika kudhibiti [[uchafuzi wa maji|uchafuzi wa maji ya chini ya ardhi]] unaotokana na taka za viwandani, kemikali za kilimo, na madampo. Wataalamu hawa wanapanga mikakati ya uvunaji endelevu wa maji ili kuzuia kukauka kwa aquifers na kushuka kwa uso wa ardhi (subsidence), jambo ambalo ni nguzo muhimu katika kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji salama barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu umuhimu wa usimamizi wa maji ya chini ya ardhi ili kufikia Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu.</ref> == Angalia pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Jiografia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ir6vpa9rbxut10ti4gjckafp336kirr 1569276 1569209 2026-06-10T06:30:50Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569276 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:EVA- Lanxmeer piézomètre Piezometer 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Piezometa]] ni kifaa kinachotumiwa kupima kimo cha shinikizo la maji (hydraulic head) chini ya ardhi.]] '''Hidrojiolojia''' (Kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''Hydrogeology'', kutoka maneno ya [[Kigiriki]]: ''hydro'', maana yake "maji", na ''geologia'', maana yake "elimu ya miamba") ni tawi la [[sayansi]] ya [[jiolojia]] linaloshughulika na [[utafiti]] wa usambazaji, mtiririko, na tabia za kikemikali na kifizikia za maji yaliyopo chini ya uso wa [[dunia]]. Fani hii inachunguza jinsi maji yanavyosafiri na kuingiliana na matabaka ya [[miamba]], [[udongo]], na [[mchanga]] chini ya ardhi. Inatofautiana na [[elimumaji]] (hydrology) ambayo inaangazia mzunguko wa maji yote kwa ujumla ikiwemo yale ya juu ya ardhi na angani.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua misingi, sifa, na utafiti wa sayansi ya hidrojiolojia.</ref> == Mifumo na Tabia za Miamba == Utafiti wa hidrojiolojia unajikita kwa kiasi kikubwa katika mifumo ya aquifers, ambayo ni matabaka ya miamba au masimbi yaliyopo chini ya ardhi yenye uwezo wa kuhifadhi na kuruhusu maji kupita kwa urahisi. Kupitia vipimo vya kifizikia na kemia ya maji (hydrochemistry), hidrojiolojia inasaidia kuelewa jinsi maji ya chini ya ardhi yanavyorutubishwa kutoka juu (recharge) na jinsi yanavyotoka kama [[chemchemi]] au kuingia [[mto|mitoni]] na [[bahari|baharini]] (discharge).<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea mifumo ya aquifers na harakati za maji chini ya ardhi.</ref> == Umuhimu wa kijamii na mazingira == Katika muktadha wa maendeleo ya mwanadamu na utunzaji wa mazingira, hidrojiolojia ina mchango mkubwa katika utafiti na ugunduzi wa vyanzo vya maji safi kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa visima vya majumbani, viwandani, na [[kilimo]] cha umwagiliaji. Pia, fani hii ni muhimu katika uhandisi wa kiraia kwa ajili ya kutathmini uimara wa ardhi kabla ya ujenzi wa miundombinu mikubwa kama vile maghorofa, reli za chini ya ardhi, na [[bwawa|mabwawa]]. Kutokana na kuongezeka kwa shughuli za kibinadamu, wataalamu wa hidrojiolojia hujikita pia katika kudhibiti [[uchafuzi wa maji|uchafuzi wa maji ya chini ya ardhi]] unaotokana na taka za viwandani, kemikali za kilimo, na madampo. Wataalamu hawa wanapanga mikakati ya uvunaji endelevu wa maji ili kuzuia kukauka kwa aquifers na kushuka kwa uso wa ardhi (subsidence), jambo ambalo ni nguzo muhimu katika kuhakikisha upatikanaji wa maji salama barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu umuhimu wa usimamizi wa maji ya chini ya ardhi ili kufikia Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu.</ref> == Angalia pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:sayansi]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 0hhz83j2o77enojnjjwboi4xrnmh4k9 0 240601 1569212 2026-06-09T23:03:20Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569212 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Usafishaji wa maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''water purification'' au ''water treatment'') ni mchakato wa kuondoa [[kemikali]] zisizohitajika, vichafuzi vya kibayolojia, masimbi ya yabisi, na gesi kutoka kwenye maji ghafi ili kuyafanya yafae kwa ajili ya matumizi maalum. Njia zinazotumiwa kusafisha maji zinajumuisha michakato ya kifizikia kama vile kuchuja na kuweka masimbi chini, michakato ya kibayolojia, na michakato ya kikemikali kama vile kuweka [[klorini]] na kutumia mionzi ya [[urujuani]] (UV).<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua misingi, hatua, na teknolojia za usafishaji wa maji.</ref> == Hatua za usafishaji == Mchakato wa kawaida wa usafishaji wa maji katika mamlaka za mijini unajumuisha hatua kuu kadhaa za kimfumo ili kuhakikisha usalama wa maji: * Uchujaji wa awali (screening): ambapo vitu vikubwa kama majani, matawi, na takataka nyinginezo huondolewa. * Ugandishaji na upuishaji (coagulation and flocculation): ambapo kemikali kama vile alum (alumini ya salfeti) huongezwa kwenye [[maji]] ili kufanya chembechembe ndogo za uchafu kushikana na kuunda madonge makubwa (flocs). * Mchujo wa masimbi (sedimentation): ambapo madonge hayo mazito hushuka na kutulia chini ya tangi, na kuacha maji safi juu.<ref>https://cdc.gov – Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa cha Marekani (CDC) kikielezea hatua nne kuu za kusafisha maji ya jamii.</ref> == Kuchuja na kutakasa == Hatua zinazofuata hujikita katika uondoaji wa vijidudu na chembechembe ndogo zilizobaki. Maji hupitishwa kwenye vichungi vya [[mchanga]], kokoto, na mkaa uliorutubishwa (activated carbon) ili kuondoa masimbi yote yaliyosalia pamoja na ladha au harufu mbaya. Hatua ya mwisho na ya muhimu zaidi ni usafishaji wa kikemikali au utakasaji (disinfection). Katika hatua hii, viwango salama vya kikemikali vya klorini, ozoni, au mionzi ya urujuani hutumiwa kuua [[bakteria]], virusi, na vimelea vingine vya magonjwa kabla ya maji hayo kusambazwa kwenye mifumo ya mabomba kwenda kwa walaji. Katika maeneo yasiyo na mifumo hii ya viwanda, hasa vijijini barani [[Afrika]], mbinu za nyumbani kama vile kuchemsha maji, kutumia vichungi vya kauri, na kuhifadhi maji kwenye jua (SODIS) hutumika kama njia mbadala za kuzuia [[magonjwa]] yanayosababishwa na maji machafu.<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu changamoto na umuhimu wa usambazaji wa maji safi barani Afrika.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Hidrojiolojia]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] b6h3qf5mrpz7xv0c0rtgkllvg6r89c3 1569213 1569212 2026-06-09T23:05:42Z Laylah26 89982 1569213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.png|thumb|Mchakato wa usafishaji wa Maji kwa ajili ya kunywa]] '''Usafishaji wa maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''water purification'' au ''water treatment'') ni mchakato wa kuondoa [[kemikali]] zisizohitajika, vichafuzi vya kibayolojia, masimbi ya yabisi, na gesi kutoka kwenye maji ghafi ili kuyafanya yafae kwa ajili ya matumizi maalum. Njia zinazotumiwa kusafisha maji zinajumuisha michakato ya kifizikia kama vile kuchuja na kuweka masimbi chini, michakato ya kibayolojia, na michakato ya kikemikali kama vile kuweka [[klorini]] na kutumia mionzi ya [[urujuani]] (UV).<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua misingi, hatua, na teknolojia za usafishaji wa maji.</ref> == Hatua za usafishaji == Mchakato wa kawaida wa usafishaji wa maji katika mamlaka za mijini unajumuisha hatua kuu kadhaa za kimfumo ili kuhakikisha usalama wa maji: * Uchujaji wa awali (screening): ambapo vitu vikubwa kama majani, matawi, na takataka nyinginezo huondolewa. * Ugandishaji na upuishaji (coagulation and flocculation): ambapo kemikali kama vile alum (alumini ya salfeti) huongezwa kwenye [[maji]] ili kufanya chembechembe ndogo za uchafu kushikana na kuunda madonge makubwa (flocs). * Mchujo wa masimbi (sedimentation): ambapo madonge hayo mazito hushuka na kutulia chini ya tangi, na kuacha maji safi juu.<ref>https://cdc.gov – Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa cha Marekani (CDC) kikielezea hatua nne kuu za kusafisha maji ya jamii.</ref> == Kuchuja na kutakasa == Hatua zinazofuata hujikita katika uondoaji wa vijidudu na chembechembe ndogo zilizobaki. Maji hupitishwa kwenye vichungi vya [[mchanga]], kokoto, na mkaa uliorutubishwa (activated carbon) ili kuondoa masimbi yote yaliyosalia pamoja na ladha au harufu mbaya. Hatua ya mwisho na ya muhimu zaidi ni usafishaji wa kikemikali au utakasaji (disinfection). Katika hatua hii, viwango salama vya kikemikali vya klorini, ozoni, au mionzi ya urujuani hutumiwa kuua [[bakteria]], virusi, na vimelea vingine vya magonjwa kabla ya maji hayo kusambazwa kwenye mifumo ya mabomba kwenda kwa walaji. Katika maeneo yasiyo na mifumo hii ya viwanda, hasa vijijini barani [[Afrika]], mbinu za nyumbani kama vile kuchemsha maji, kutumia vichungi vya kauri, na kuhifadhi maji kwenye jua (SODIS) hutumika kama njia mbadala za kuzuia [[magonjwa]] yanayosababishwa na maji machafu.<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu changamoto na umuhimu wa usambazaji wa maji safi barani Afrika.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Hidrojiolojia]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] olv3idwzyzwe99lt1pcbogrmtxtnj9w 1569277 1569213 2026-06-10T06:32:45Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569277 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.png|thumb|Mchakato wa usafishaji wa Maji kwa ajili ya kunywa]] '''Usafishaji wa maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''water purification'' au ''water treatment'') ni mchakato wa kuondoa [[kemikali]] zisizohitajika, vichafuzi vya kibiolojia, masimbi ya yabisi, na gesi kutoka kwenye maji ghafi ili kuyafanya yafae kwa ajili ya matumizi maalum. Njia zinazotumiwa kusafisha maji zinajumuisha michakato ya kifizikia kama vile kuchuja na kuweka masimbi chini, michakato ya kibayolojia, na michakato ya kikemikali kama vile kuweka [[klorini]] na kutumia mionzi ya [[urujuani]] (UV).<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua misingi, hatua, na teknolojia za usafishaji wa maji.</ref> == Hatua za usafishaji == Mchakato wa kawaida wa usafishaji wa maji katika mamlaka za mijini unajumuisha hatua kuu kadhaa za kimfumo ili kuhakikisha usalama wa maji: * Uchujaji wa awali (screening): ambapo vitu vikubwa kama majani, matawi, na takataka nyinginezo huondolewa. * Ugandishaji na upuishaji (coagulation and flocculation): ambapo kemikali kama vile alum (alumini ya salfeti) huongezwa kwenye [[maji]] ili kufanya chembechembe ndogo za uchafu kushikana na kuunda madonge makubwa (flocs). * Mchujo wa masimbi (sedimentation): ambapo madonge hayo mazito hushuka na kutulia chini ya tangi, na kuacha maji safi juu.<ref>https://cdc.gov – Kituo cha Kudhibiti na Kuzuia Magonjwa cha Marekani (CDC) kikielezea hatua nne kuu za kusafisha maji ya jamii.</ref> == Kuchuja na kutakasa == Hatua zinazofuata hujikita katika uondoaji wa vijidudu na chembechembe ndogo zilizobaki. Maji hupitishwa kwenye vichungi vya [[mchanga]], kokoto, na mkaa uliorutubishwa (activated carbon) ili kuondoa masimbi yote yaliyosalia pamoja na ladha au harufu mbaya. Hatua ya mwisho na ya muhimu zaidi ni usafishaji wa kikemikali au utakasaji (disinfection). Katika hatua hii, viwango salama vya kikemikali vya klorini, ozoni, au mionzi ya urujuani hutumiwa kuua [[bakteria]], virusi, na vimelea vingine vya magonjwa kabla ya maji hayo kusambazwa kwenye mifumo ya mabomba kwenda kwa walaji. Katika maeneo yasiyo na mifumo hii ya viwanda, hasa vijijini barani [[Afrika]], mbinu za nyumbani kama vile kuchemsha maji, kutumia vichungi vya kauri, na kuhifadhi maji kwenye jua (SODIS) hutumika kama njia mbadala za kuzuia [[magonjwa]] yanayosababishwa na maji machafu.<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu changamoto na umuhimu wa usambazaji wa maji safi barani Afrika.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Hidrojiolojia]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Afya]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 93oqaew6z6jvlafovpvirlc55awlaqd 0 240602 1569215 2026-06-09T23:16:05Z Laylah26 89982 Kua 1569215 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uondoaji wa chumvi''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''desalination'' au ''desalting'') ni mchakato wa kiteknolojia unaotenganisha [[chumvi]] na [[madini]] mengine ya ziada kutoka kwenye maji ya chumvi (kama maji ya bahari au maji ya chumvi ya chini ya ardhi) ili kuyabadilisha kuwa [[Maji salama|maji safi]] yanayofaa kwa matumizi ya binadamu, viwanda, au [[kilimo]] cha umwagiliaji. Mchakato huu hutoa chanzo mbadala cha maji katika maeneo yenye uhaba mkubwa wa maji safi ya juu ya ardhi lakini yaliyo karibu na [[bahari]] au vyanzo vya maji ya chumvi.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua misingi, hatua, na teknolojia za uondoaji wa chumvi kutoka kwenye maji.</ref> == Mchakato == Mbinu kuu mbili zinazotumiwa zaidi duniani katika uondoaji wa chumvi ni mifumo ya usafishaji wa joto (thermal desalination) na mifumo ya utando (membrane desalination): * Mifumo ya joto: mbinu kama vile ukaushaji wa hatua nyingi (Multi-Stage Flash - MSF) hutumiwa ambapo maji ya bahari huchemshwa ili yatengeneze [[wingu|mvuke]], na mvuke huo unapopozwa unakusanywa kama maji safi huku chumvi ikibaki chini. * Mifumo ya utando: hutumia mbinu ya mabadiliko ya mtepeto (Reverse Osmosis - RO), ambapo maji ya chumvi husukumwa kwa nguvu kubwa kupitia kichungi maalum cha utando kinachoruhusu molekuli za [[maji]] tu kupita na kuzuia madini ya chumvi na uchafu mwingine.<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea mifumo na mbinu za kisasa za kutoa chumvi kwenye maji.</ref> == Changamoto za kiuchumi na kimazingira == Pamoja na kutoa suluhisho la uhaba wa maji, uondoaji wa chumvi unakabiliwa na changamoto kadhaa za kiuchumi na kimazingira. Kitaalamu, mitambo ya uondoaji chumvi inahitaji [[nishati]] kubwa sana ya [[umeme]] ili kuendesha pampu na mitambo ya joto, jambo linalofanya gharama ya uzalishaji wa maji haya kuwa juu ikilinganishwa na vyanzo vya asili vya maji safi. Kimazingira, mchakato huu hutoa mabaki ya maji yenye mkolezo mkubwa sana wa chumvi na kemikali (brine). Utupaji wa maji haya ya mabaki kurudi baharini unahitaji mifumo ya uhandisi ya usambazaji ili kuzuia madhara kwa mifumo ya ikolojia ya viumbe vya baharini kutokana na kuongezeka kwa viwango vya chumvi katika eneo husika. Katika muktadha wa [[Afrika]], matumizi ya teknolojia hii yanaendelea kukua katika nchi kame zilizo kando ya pwani, ikihitaji uangalizi mkubwa wa kimazingira ili kulinda ustawi wa bahari.<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) likielezea changamoto za mazingira na suluhisho endelevu katika uondoaji wa chumvi kwenye maji.</ref> == Angalia pia == * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Teknolojia ya Mazingira]] [[Jamii:Usimamizi wa Maji]] [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge 2026]] hgqc69f0hrmcnqsxs42pp9shdur2mpa 1569216 1569215 2026-06-09T23:17:44Z Laylah26 89982 1569216 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uondoaji wa chumvi''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''desalination'' au ''desalting'') ni mchakato wa kiteknolojia unaotenganisha [[chumvi]] na [[madini]] mengine ya ziada kutoka kwenye maji ya chumvi (kama maji ya bahari au maji ya chumvi ya chini ya ardhi) ili kuyabadilisha kuwa [[Maji salama|maji safi]] yanayofaa kwa matumizi ya binadamu, viwanda, au [[kilimo]] cha umwagiliaji. Mchakato huu hutoa chanzo mbadala cha maji katika maeneo yenye uhaba mkubwa wa maji safi ya juu ya ardhi lakini yaliyo karibu na [[bahari]] au vyanzo vya maji ya chumvi.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua misingi, hatua, na teknolojia za uondoaji wa chumvi kutoka kwenye maji.</ref> == Mchakato == Mbinu kuu mbili zinazotumiwa zaidi duniani katika uondoaji wa chumvi ni mifumo ya usafishaji wa joto (thermal desalination) na mifumo ya utando (membrane desalination): * Mifumo ya joto: mbinu kama vile ukaushaji wa hatua nyingi (Multi-Stage Flash - MSF) hutumiwa ambapo maji ya bahari huchemshwa ili yatengeneze [[wingu|mvuke]], na mvuke huo unapopozwa unakusanywa kama maji safi huku chumvi ikibaki chini. * Mifumo ya utando: hutumia mbinu ya mabadiliko ya mtepeto (Reverse Osmosis - RO), ambapo maji ya chumvi husukumwa kwa nguvu kubwa kupitia kichungi maalum cha utando kinachoruhusu molekuli za [[maji]] tu kupita na kuzuia madini ya chumvi na uchafu mwingine.<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea mifumo na mbinu za kisasa za kutoa chumvi kwenye maji.</ref> == Changamoto za kiuchumi na kimazingira == Pamoja na kutoa suluhisho la uhaba wa maji, uondoaji wa chumvi unakabiliwa na changamoto kadhaa za kiuchumi na kimazingira. Kitaalamu, mitambo ya uondoaji chumvi inahitaji [[nishati]] kubwa sana ya [[umeme]] ili kuendesha pampu na mitambo ya joto, jambo linalofanya gharama ya uzalishaji wa maji haya kuwa juu ikilinganishwa na vyanzo vya asili vya maji safi. Kimazingira, mchakato huu hutoa mabaki ya maji yenye mkolezo mkubwa sana wa chumvi na kemikali (brine). Utupaji wa maji haya ya mabaki kurudi baharini unahitaji mifumo ya uhandisi ya usambazaji ili kuzuia madhara kwa mifumo ya ikolojia ya viumbe vya baharini kutokana na kuongezeka kwa viwango vya chumvi katika eneo husika. Katika muktadha wa [[Afrika]], matumizi ya teknolojia hii yanaendelea kukua katika nchi kame zilizo kando ya pwani, ikihitaji uangalizi mkubwa wa kimazingira ili kulinda ustawi wa bahari.<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) likielezea changamoto za mazingira na suluhisho endelevu katika uondoaji wa chumvi kwenye maji.</ref> == Angalia pia == * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] cpnoqcgjc7lvgio6epx9i1tdfxwqz3a 0 240603 1569217 2026-06-09T23:25:42Z Laylah26 89982 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ikolojia ya maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''aquatic ecology'') ni tawi la [[sayansi]] ya [[ikolojia]] linalochunguza uhusiano na mwingiliano kati ya [[viumbehai]] wa majini (kama vile samaki, mimea ya majini, vijidudu, na wadudu) na mazingira yao ya kifizikia na kikemikali (kama vile halijoto ya maji, viwango vya [[oksijeni]], mwanga wa jua, na virutubisho). Fani hii inajumuisha utafiti wa mifumo yote ya ikolojia inayopatikana kwenye maji, ikigawanyika...' 1569217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikolojia ya maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''aquatic ecology'') ni tawi la [[sayansi]] ya [[ikolojia]] linalochunguza uhusiano na mwingiliano kati ya [[viumbehai]] wa majini (kama vile samaki, mimea ya majini, vijidudu, na wadudu) na mazingira yao ya kifizikia na kikemikali (kama vile halijoto ya maji, viwango vya [[oksijeni]], mwanga wa jua, na virutubisho). Fani hii inajumuisha utafiti wa mifumo yote ya ikolojia inayopatikana kwenye maji, ikigawanyika katika maeneo makuu mawili: ikolojia ya maji baridi (limnology) na ikolojia ya maji ya chumvi au bahari (marine ecology).<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua muundo, sifa, na aina za mifumo ya ikolojia ya majini.</ref> == Muundo == Mifumo ya ikolojia ya maji inatawaliwa na michakato ya mtiririko wa nishati na mzunguko wa virutubisho kupitia mnyororo wa chakula. Wazalishaji wa msingi (primary producers) kama vile [[mwani]] (algae) na mimea ya majini hutumia mwanga wa jua kutengeneza nishati kupitia usanishaji mwanga (photosynthesis), na hivyo kuwa msingi wa chakula kwa viumbe wengine. Sifa za kifizikia za maji, kama vile kiwango cha chumvi (salinity), msukumo wa mawimbi, na kina cha maji kinachoamua kiwango cha mwanga wa jua kinachopenya (photic zone), ni mambo makuu yanayopanga jinsi viumbehai walivyosambazwa katika maeneo mbalimbali ya maji. [[Uwanda wa mafuriko|Nyanda za mafuriko]], mabwawa ya asili, na [[delta ya mto|delta za mito]] ni mifano ya maeneo ambapo mifumo ya nchi kavu na ya majini hukutana na kutengeneza [[bioanuwai]] kubwa.<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea jinsi ubora wa maji unavyoathiri viumbe na ikolojia ya majini.</ref> == Changamoto za mazingira na uhifadhi == Katika nyakati za sasa, ikolojia ya maji inakabiliwa na changamoto kubwa zinazotokana na shughuli za mwanadamu na [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]]. Uchafuzi wa maji kupitia uingizaji wa mbolea na kemikali za kilimo husababisha jambo linaloitwa eutrophication, ambapo mwani huongezeka kupita kiasi na kutumia oksijeni yote iliyoyeyuka kwenye maji, hali inayopelekea vifo vya [[samaki]] na viumbe wengine. Wataalamu wa ikolojia ya maji hufanya kazi ya kutathmini afya ya mifumo hii, kusimamia [[uvuvi]] endelevu, kulinda spishi zilizo hatarini kutoweka, na kurejesha maeneo ya ardhi-nyevu ([[luteka]]) yaliyoharibiwa ili kuhifadhi uwezo wa asili wa mazingira wa kusafisha maji na kudhibiti [[mafuriko]]. Uhifadhi wa mifumo hii ni nguzo kuu katika kulinda rasilimali za maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu mikakati ya kulinda na kurejesha mifumo ikolojia ya maji safi.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Uwanda wa mafuriko]] * [[Delta ya mto]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] dsr7tasw1ccmwz1pk0mb7qixbalo6jt 1569218 1569217 2026-06-09T23:27:49Z Laylah26 89982 1569218 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Maldivesfish2.jpg|thumb|Ikolojia ya Baharini]] '''Ikolojia ya maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''aquatic ecology'') ni tawi la [[sayansi]] ya [[ikolojia]] linalochunguza uhusiano na mwingiliano kati ya [[viumbehai]] wa majini (kama vile samaki, mimea ya majini, vijidudu, na wadudu) na mazingira yao ya kifizikia na kikemikali (kama vile halijoto ya maji, viwango vya [[oksijeni]], mwanga wa jua, na virutubisho). Fani hii inajumuisha utafiti wa mifumo yote ya ikolojia inayopatikana kwenye maji, ikigawanyika katika maeneo makuu mawili: ikolojia ya maji baridi (limnology) na ikolojia ya maji ya chumvi au bahari (marine ecology).<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua muundo, sifa, na aina za mifumo ya ikolojia ya majini.</ref> == Muundo == Mifumo ya ikolojia ya maji inatawaliwa na michakato ya mtiririko wa nishati na mzunguko wa virutubisho kupitia mnyororo wa chakula. Wazalishaji wa msingi (primary producers) kama vile [[mwani]] (algae) na mimea ya majini hutumia mwanga wa jua kutengeneza nishati kupitia usanishaji mwanga (photosynthesis), na hivyo kuwa msingi wa chakula kwa viumbe wengine. Sifa za kifizikia za maji, kama vile kiwango cha chumvi (salinity), msukumo wa mawimbi, na kina cha maji kinachoamua kiwango cha mwanga wa jua kinachopenya (photic zone), ni mambo makuu yanayopanga jinsi viumbehai walivyosambazwa katika maeneo mbalimbali ya maji. [[Uwanda wa mafuriko|Nyanda za mafuriko]], mabwawa ya asili, na [[delta ya mto|delta za mito]] ni mifano ya maeneo ambapo mifumo ya nchi kavu na ya majini hukutana na kutengeneza [[bioanuwai]] kubwa.<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea jinsi ubora wa maji unavyoathiri viumbe na ikolojia ya majini.</ref> == Changamoto za mazingira na uhifadhi == Katika nyakati za sasa, ikolojia ya maji inakabiliwa na changamoto kubwa zinazotokana na shughuli za mwanadamu na [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]]. Uchafuzi wa maji kupitia uingizaji wa mbolea na kemikali za kilimo husababisha jambo linaloitwa eutrophication, ambapo mwani huongezeka kupita kiasi na kutumia oksijeni yote iliyoyeyuka kwenye maji, hali inayopelekea vifo vya [[samaki]] na viumbe wengine. Wataalamu wa ikolojia ya maji hufanya kazi ya kutathmini afya ya mifumo hii, kusimamia [[uvuvi]] endelevu, kulinda spishi zilizo hatarini kutoweka, na kurejesha maeneo ya ardhi-nyevu ([[luteka]]) yaliyoharibiwa ili kuhifadhi uwezo wa asili wa mazingira wa kusafisha maji na kudhibiti [[mafuriko]]. Uhifadhi wa mifumo hii ni nguzo kuu katika kulinda rasilimali za maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu mikakati ya kulinda na kurejesha mifumo ikolojia ya maji safi.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Uwanda wa mafuriko]] * [[Delta ya mto]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] efslhdncywoimg2e4th478zt3b06xtu 1569278 1569218 2026-06-10T06:33:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ikolojia ya maji]] hadi [[Ekolojia ya maji]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1569218 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Maldivesfish2.jpg|thumb|Ikolojia ya Baharini]] '''Ikolojia ya maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''aquatic ecology'') ni tawi la [[sayansi]] ya [[ikolojia]] linalochunguza uhusiano na mwingiliano kati ya [[viumbehai]] wa majini (kama vile samaki, mimea ya majini, vijidudu, na wadudu) na mazingira yao ya kifizikia na kikemikali (kama vile halijoto ya maji, viwango vya [[oksijeni]], mwanga wa jua, na virutubisho). Fani hii inajumuisha utafiti wa mifumo yote ya ikolojia inayopatikana kwenye maji, ikigawanyika katika maeneo makuu mawili: ikolojia ya maji baridi (limnology) na ikolojia ya maji ya chumvi au bahari (marine ecology).<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua muundo, sifa, na aina za mifumo ya ikolojia ya majini.</ref> == Muundo == Mifumo ya ikolojia ya maji inatawaliwa na michakato ya mtiririko wa nishati na mzunguko wa virutubisho kupitia mnyororo wa chakula. Wazalishaji wa msingi (primary producers) kama vile [[mwani]] (algae) na mimea ya majini hutumia mwanga wa jua kutengeneza nishati kupitia usanishaji mwanga (photosynthesis), na hivyo kuwa msingi wa chakula kwa viumbe wengine. Sifa za kifizikia za maji, kama vile kiwango cha chumvi (salinity), msukumo wa mawimbi, na kina cha maji kinachoamua kiwango cha mwanga wa jua kinachopenya (photic zone), ni mambo makuu yanayopanga jinsi viumbehai walivyosambazwa katika maeneo mbalimbali ya maji. [[Uwanda wa mafuriko|Nyanda za mafuriko]], mabwawa ya asili, na [[delta ya mto|delta za mito]] ni mifano ya maeneo ambapo mifumo ya nchi kavu na ya majini hukutana na kutengeneza [[bioanuwai]] kubwa.<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea jinsi ubora wa maji unavyoathiri viumbe na ikolojia ya majini.</ref> == Changamoto za mazingira na uhifadhi == Katika nyakati za sasa, ikolojia ya maji inakabiliwa na changamoto kubwa zinazotokana na shughuli za mwanadamu na [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]]. Uchafuzi wa maji kupitia uingizaji wa mbolea na kemikali za kilimo husababisha jambo linaloitwa eutrophication, ambapo mwani huongezeka kupita kiasi na kutumia oksijeni yote iliyoyeyuka kwenye maji, hali inayopelekea vifo vya [[samaki]] na viumbe wengine. Wataalamu wa ikolojia ya maji hufanya kazi ya kutathmini afya ya mifumo hii, kusimamia [[uvuvi]] endelevu, kulinda spishi zilizo hatarini kutoweka, na kurejesha maeneo ya ardhi-nyevu ([[luteka]]) yaliyoharibiwa ili kuhifadhi uwezo wa asili wa mazingira wa kusafisha maji na kudhibiti [[mafuriko]]. Uhifadhi wa mifumo hii ni nguzo kuu katika kulinda rasilimali za maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu mikakati ya kulinda na kurejesha mifumo ikolojia ya maji safi.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Uwanda wa mafuriko]] * [[Delta ya mto]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] efslhdncywoimg2e4th478zt3b06xtu 1569280 1569278 2026-06-10T06:37:42Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569280 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Maldivesfish2.jpg|thumb|Ekolojia ya Baharini]] '''Ekolojia ya maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''aquatic ecology'') ni [[tawi]] la [[sayansi]] ya [[ekolojia]] linalochunguza uhusiano na mwingiliano kati ya [[viumbehai]] wa [[maji|majini]] (kama vile [[samaki]], [[Mmea|mimea]] ya majini, vijidudu, na [[wadudu]]) na [[mazingira]] yao ya kifizikia na YA kikemikali (kama vile [[halijoto]] ya maji, viwango vya [[oksijeni]], [[Mwanga wa Jua|mwanga wa Jua]], na virutubisho). Fani hiYO inajumuisha utafiti wa mifumo yote ya Ekolojia inayopatikana kwenye maji, ikigawanyika katika maeneo makuu mawili: Ekolojia ya maji baridi (limnology) na Ekolojia ya maji ya chumvi au bahari (marine ecology).<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua muundo, sifa, na aina za mifumo ya Ekolojia ya majini.</ref> == Muundo == Mifumo ya ekolojia ya maji inatawaliwa na michakato ya mtiririko wa nishati na mzunguko wa virutubisho kupitia mnyororo wa chakula. Wazalishaji wa msingi (primary producers) kama vile [[mwani]] (algae) na mimea ya majini hutumia mwanga wa jua kutengeneza nishati kupitia [[usanisinuru]], na hivyo kuwa msingi wa chakula kwa viumbe wengine. Sifa za kifizikia za maji, kama vile kiwango cha chumvi (salinity), msukumo wa mawimbi, na kina cha maji kinachoamua kiwango cha mwanga wa jua kinachopenya (photic zone), ni mambo makuu yanayopanga jinsi viumbehai walivyosambazwa katika maeneo mbalimbali ya maji. [[Uwanda wa mafuriko|Nyanda za mafuriko]], mabwawa ya asili, na [[delta]] za [[mito]] ni mifano ya maeneo ambapo mifumo ya nchi kavu na ya majini hukutana na kutengeneza [[bioanuwai]] kubwa.<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea jinsi ubora wa maji unavyoathiri viumbe na ikolojia ya majini.</ref> == Changamoto za mazingira na uhifadhi == Katika nyakati za sasa, ekolojia ya maji inakabiliwa na changamoto kubwa zinazotokana na shughuli za mwanadamu na [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]]. Uchafuzi wa maji kupitia uingizaji wa mbolea na kemikali za kilimo husababisha jambo linaloitwa eutrophication, ambapo mwani huongezeka kupita kiasi na kutumia oksijeni yote iliyoyeyuka kwenye maji, hali inayopelekea vifo vya [[samaki]] na viumbe wengine. Wataalamu wa ekolojia ya maji hufanya kazi ya kutathmini afya ya mifumo hii, kusimamia [[uvuvi]] endelevu, kulinda spishi zilizo hatarini kutoweka, na kurejesha maeneo ya ardhi-nyevu ([[luteka]]) yaliyoharibiwa ili kuhifadhi uwezo wa asili wa mazingira wa kusafisha maji na kudhibiti [[mafuriko]]. Uhifadhi wa mifumo hii ni nguzo kuu katika kulinda rasilimali za maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu mikakati ya kulinda na kurejesha mifumo ikolojia ya maji safi.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Uwanda wa mafuriko]] * [[Delta ya mto]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:ekolojia]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] b7k2nkzpj9hway2ot1k9vcyouwjo1sm 1569328 1569280 2026-06-10T07:24:10Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1569328 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Maldivesfish2.jpg|thumb|Ekolojia ya Baharini]] '''Ekolojia ya maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''aquatic ecology'') ni [[tawi]] la [[sayansi]] ya [[ekolojia]] linalochunguza uhusiano na mwingiliano kati ya [[viumbehai]] wa [[maji|majini]] (kama vile [[samaki]], [[Mmea|mimea]] ya majini, vijidudu, na [[wadudu]]) na [[mazingira]] yao ya kifizikia na YA kikemikali (kama vile [[halijoto]] ya maji, viwango vya [[oksijeni]], [[Mwanga wa Jua|mwanga wa Jua]], na virutubisho). Fani hiYO inajumuisha utafiti wa mifumo yote ya Ekolojia inayopatikana kwenye maji, ikigawanyika katika maeneo makuu mawili: Ekolojia ya maji baridi (limnology) na Ekolojia ya maji ya chumvi au bahari (marine ecology).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Encyclopedia Britannica {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com:443/|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> == Muundo == Mifumo ya ekolojia ya maji inatawaliwa na michakato ya mtiririko wa nishati na mzunguko wa virutubisho kupitia mnyororo wa chakula. Wazalishaji wa msingi (primary producers) kama vile [[mwani]] (algae) na mimea ya majini hutumia mwanga wa jua kutengeneza nishati kupitia [[usanisinuru]], na hivyo kuwa msingi wa chakula kwa viumbe wengine. Sifa za kifizikia za maji, kama vile kiwango cha chumvi (salinity), msukumo wa mawimbi, na kina cha maji kinachoamua kiwango cha mwanga wa jua kinachopenya (photic zone), ni mambo makuu yanayopanga jinsi viumbehai walivyosambazwa katika maeneo mbalimbali ya maji. [[Uwanda wa mafuriko|Nyanda za mafuriko]], mabwawa ya asili, na [[delta]] za [[mito]] ni mifano ya maeneo ambapo mifumo ya nchi kavu na ya majini hukutana na kutengeneza [[bioanuwai]] kubwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=USGS.gov {{!}} Science for a changing world|url=https://www.usgs.gov/home|work=www.usgs.gov|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> == Changamoto za mazingira na uhifadhi == Katika nyakati za sasa, ekolojia ya maji inakabiliwa na changamoto kubwa zinazotokana na shughuli za mwanadamu na [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]]. Uchafuzi wa maji kupitia uingizaji wa mbolea na kemikali za kilimo husababisha jambo linaloitwa eutrophication, ambapo mwani huongezeka kupita kiasi na kutumia oksijeni yote iliyoyeyuka kwenye maji, hali inayopelekea vifo vya [[samaki]] na viumbe wengine. Wataalamu wa ekolojia ya maji hufanya kazi ya kutathmini afya ya mifumo hii, kusimamia [[uvuvi]] endelevu, kulinda spishi zilizo hatarini kutoweka, na kurejesha maeneo ya ardhi-nyevu ([[luteka]]) yaliyoharibiwa ili kuhifadhi uwezo wa asili wa mazingira wa kusafisha maji na kudhibiti [[mafuriko]]. Uhifadhi wa mifumo hii ni nguzo kuu katika kulinda rasilimali za maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|url=https://www.unep.org/node|work=www.unep.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=U. N. Environment}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Uwanda wa mafuriko]] * [[Delta ya mto]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:ekolojia]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] fa1rc48b5viueqimnzzk74cselksmtv 1569417 1569328 2026-06-10T10:32:38Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1569417 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Maldivesfish2.jpg|thumb|Ekolojia ya Baharini]] '''Ekolojia ya maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''aquatic ecology'') ni [[tawi]] la [[sayansi]] ya [[ekolojia]] linalochunguza uhusiano na mwingiliano kati ya [[viumbehai]] wa [[maji|majini]] (kama vile [[samaki]], [[Mmea|mimea]] ya majini, vijidudu, na [[wadudu]]) na [[mazingira]] yao ya kifizikia na YA kikemikali (kama vile [[halijoto]] ya maji, viwango vya [[oksijeni]], [[Mwanga wa Jua|mwanga wa Jua]], na virutubisho). Fani hiYO inajumuisha utafiti wa mifumo yote ya Ekolojia inayopatikana kwenye maji, ikigawanyika katika maeneo makuu mawili: Ekolojia ya maji baridi (limnology) na Ekolojia ya maji ya chumvi au bahari (marine ecology).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Encyclopedia Britannica {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com:443/|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> == Muundo == Mifumo ya ekolojia ya maji inatawaliwa na michakato ya mtiririko wa nishati na mzunguko wa virutubisho kupitia mnyororo wa chakula. Wazalishaji wa msingi (primary producers) kama vile [[mwani]] (algae) na mimea ya majini hutumia mwanga wa jua kutengeneza nishati kupitia [[usanisinuru]], na hivyo kuwa msingi wa chakula kwa viumbe wengine. Sifa za kifizikia za maji, kama vile kiwango cha chumvi (salinity), msukumo wa mawimbi, na kina cha maji kinachoamua kiwango cha mwanga wa jua kinachopenya (photic zone), ni mambo makuu yanayopanga jinsi viumbehai walivyosambazwa katika maeneo mbalimbali ya maji. [[Uwanda wa mafuriko|Nyanda za mafuriko]], mabwawa ya asili, na [[delta]] za [[mito]] ni mifano ya maeneo ambapo mifumo ya nchi kavu na ya majini hukutana na kutengeneza [[bioanuwai]] kubwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=USGS.gov {{!}} Science for a changing world|url=https://www.usgs.gov/home|work=www.usgs.gov|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> == Changamoto za mazingira na uhifadhi == Katika nyakati za sasa, ekolojia ya maji inakabiliwa na changamoto kubwa zinazotokana na shughuli za mwanadamu na [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]]. Uchafuzi wa maji kupitia uingizaji wa mbolea na kemikali za kilimo husababisha jambo linaloitwa eutrophication, ambapo mwani huongezeka kupita kiasi na kutumia oksijeni yote iliyoyeyuka kwenye maji, hali inayopelekea vifo vya [[samaki]] na viumbe wengine. Wataalamu wa ekolojia ya maji hufanya kazi ya kutathmini afya ya mifumo hii, kusimamia [[uvuvi]] endelevu, kulinda spishi zilizo hatarini kutoweka, na kurejesha maeneo ya ardhi-nyevu ([[luteka]]) yaliyoharibiwa ili kuhifadhi uwezo wa asili wa mazingira wa kusafisha maji na kudhibiti [[mafuriko]]. Uhifadhi wa mifumo hii ni nguzo kuu katika kulinda rasilimali za maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|url=https://www.unep.org/node|work=www.unep.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=U. N. Environment}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Uwanda wa mafuriko]] * [[Delta ya mto]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:ekolojia]] [[Jamii:maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] sxoh8zlcgx7ghibdnfa6nexkwmtu4jx 0 240604 1569238 2026-06-10T04:07:17Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569238 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uhandisi wa maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''hydraulic engineering'' au ''water resources engineering'') ni tawi maalum la [[uhandisi wa kiraia]] linaloshughulika na mtiririko, usafirishaji, na udhibiti wa [[maji]] kama [[kiowevu]]. Fani hii inatumia misingi ya makanika ya maji (fluid mechanics) na [[elimumaji]] (hydrology) au [[hidrojiolojia]] ili kubuni na kujenga miundombinu inayowezesha binadamu kuvuna, kusambaza, na kutumia maji kwa usalama, pamoja na kuzuia madhara yanayotokana na nguvu ya maji kama vile [[mafuriko]] na [[mmomonyoko]] wa [[udongo]].<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua misingi ya kihandisi ya kudhibiti na kusafirisha maji ya kiowevu.</ref> Wahandisi wa maji wanawajibika kubuni miundo mbalimbali ya kihandisi ikiwemo [[bwawa|mabwawa]] kwa ajili ya kuzalisha [[umeme]] na kuhifadhi maji, kuta za kuzuia mafuriko (levees), milango ya kudhibiti maji (sluice gates), na mifumo ya usambazaji maji mijini. Katika ukanda wa pwani, tawi hili linapanuka na kujumuisha uhandisi wa pwani unaoshughulika na ujenzi wa [[bandari]] na ulinzi wa [[fukwe]] dhidi ya nguvu ya mawimbi ya [[bahari]].<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea mifumo ya miundombinu ya asili na ya kibinadamu ya kusimamia maji juu ya ardhi.</ref> == Changamoto na mabadiliko ya tabianchi == Katika nyakati za sasa, uhandisi wa maji unakabiliwa na changamoto ya kubuni miundombinu inayohimili [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] na ongezeko la watu mijini. Mifumo ya zamani ya mifereji ya dhoruba inalazimika kufanyiwa maboresho ili kuzuia maafa katika [[uwanda wa mafuriko|nyanda za mafuriko]] ambazo zimejengwa makazi. Vilevile, fani hii inafanya kazi kwa karibu na mifumo ya [[usafishaji wa maji]] na [[ikolojia ya maji]] ili kuhakikisha kuwa miundo ya kihandisi (kama vile mabwawa au mifereji inayochepusha mito) haiharibu mifumo ya ikolojia ya viumbehai wa majini. Inasaidia pia kupunguza [[uchafuzi wa maji]] na inazingatia uendelevu wa mazingira barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu changamoto za miundombinu ya maji katika zama za mabadiliko ya tabianchi.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Uhandisi]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] tr12nv9fu43cwzvelc1w1qk2lmp5d71 1569240 1569238 2026-06-10T04:12:20Z Laylah26 89982 1569240 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Hydraulic Flood Retention Basin.jpg|thumb|Beseni iliyojengwa kwa kuhifadhia maji ya [[mafuriko]]]] '''Uhandisi wa maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''hydraulic engineering'' au ''water resources engineering'') ni tawi maalum la [[uhandisi wa kiraia]] linaloshughulika na mtiririko, usafirishaji, na udhibiti wa [[maji]] kama [[kiowevu]]. Fani hii inatumia misingi ya makanika ya maji (fluid mechanics) na [[elimumaji]] (hydrology) au [[hidrojiolojia]] ili kubuni na kujenga miundombinu inayowezesha binadamu kuvuna, kusambaza, na kutumia maji kwa usalama, pamoja na kuzuia madhara yanayotokana na nguvu ya maji kama vile [[mafuriko]] na [[mmomonyoko]] wa [[udongo]].<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua misingi ya kihandisi ya kudhibiti na kusafirisha maji ya kiowevu.</ref> Wahandisi wa maji wanawajibika kubuni miundo mbalimbali ya kihandisi ikiwemo [[bwawa|mabwawa]] kwa ajili ya kuzalisha [[umeme]] na kuhifadhi maji, kuta za kuzuia mafuriko (levees), milango ya kudhibiti maji (sluice gates), na mifumo ya usambazaji maji mijini. Katika ukanda wa pwani, tawi hili linapanuka na kujumuisha uhandisi wa pwani unaoshughulika na ujenzi wa [[bandari]] na ulinzi wa [[fukwe]] dhidi ya nguvu ya mawimbi ya [[bahari]].<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea mifumo ya miundombinu ya asili na ya kibinadamu ya kusimamia maji juu ya ardhi.</ref> == Changamoto na mabadiliko ya tabianchi == Katika nyakati za sasa, uhandisi wa maji unakabiliwa na changamoto ya kubuni miundombinu inayohimili [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] na ongezeko la watu mijini. Mifumo ya zamani ya mifereji ya dhoruba inalazimika kufanyiwa maboresho ili kuzuia maafa katika [[uwanda wa mafuriko|nyanda za mafuriko]] ambazo zimejengwa makazi. Vilevile, fani hii inafanya kazi kwa karibu na mifumo ya [[usafishaji wa maji]] na [[ikolojia ya maji]] ili kuhakikisha kuwa miundo ya kihandisi (kama vile mabwawa au mifereji inayochepusha mito) haiharibu mifumo ya ikolojia ya viumbehai wa majini. Inasaidia pia kupunguza [[uchafuzi wa maji]] na inazingatia uendelevu wa mazingira barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu changamoto za miundombinu ya maji katika zama za mabadiliko ya tabianchi.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Uhandisi]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 8npyft7zg61fisd668tkije267s42x7 1569281 1569240 2026-06-10T06:39:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569281 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Hydraulic Flood Retention Basin.jpg|thumb|Lambo lililojengwa kwa kuhifadhia maji ya [[mafuriko]].]] '''Uhandisi wa maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''hydraulic engineering'' au ''water resources engineering'') ni [[tawi]] maalum la [[uhandisi wa kiraia]] linaloshughulika na mtiririko, usafirishaji, na udhibiti wa [[maji]] kama [[kiowevu]]. Fani hiyo inatumia misingi ya makanika ya maji (fluid mechanics) na [[elimumaji]] au [[hidrojiolojia]] ili kubuni na kujenga miundombinu inayowezesha binadamu kuvuna, kusambaza, na kutumia maji kwa usalama, pamoja na kuzuia madhara yanayotokana na nguvu ya maji kama vile [[mafuriko]] na [[mmomonyoko]] wa [[udongo]].<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua misingi ya kihandisi ya kudhibiti na kusafirisha maji ya kiowevu.</ref> Wahandisi wa maji wanawajibika kubuni miundo mbalimbali ya kihandisi ikiwemo [[bwawa|mabwawa]] kwa ajili ya kuzalisha [[umeme]] na kuhifadhi maji, kuta za kuzuia mafuriko (levees), milango ya kudhibiti maji (sluice gates), na mifumo ya usambazaji maji mijini. Katika ukanda wa pwani, tawi hili linapanuka na kujumuisha uhandisi wa pwani unaoshughulika na ujenzi wa [[bandari]] na ulinzi wa [[fukwe]] dhidi ya nguvu ya mawimbi ya [[bahari]].<ref>https://usgs.gov – Mamlaka ya Utafiti wa Kijiolojia ya Marekani (USGS) ikielezea mifumo ya miundombinu ya asili na ya kibinadamu ya kusimamia maji juu ya ardhi.</ref> == Changamoto na mabadiliko ya tabianchi == Katika nyakati za sasa, uhandisi wa maji unakabiliwa na changamoto ya kubuni miundombinu inayohimili [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] na ongezeko la watu mijini. Mifumo ya zamani ya mifereji ya dhoruba inalazimika kufanyiwa maboresho ili kuzuia maafa katika [[uwanda wa mafuriko|nyanda za mafuriko]] ambazo zimejengwa makazi. Vilevile, fani hii inafanya kazi kwa karibu na mifumo ya [[usafishaji wa maji]] na [[ikolojia ya maji]] ili kuhakikisha kuwa miundo ya kihandisi (kama vile mabwawa au mifereji inayochepusha mito) haiharibu mifumo ya ikolojia ya viumbehai wa majini. Inasaidia pia kupunguza [[uchafuzi wa maji]] na inazingatia uendelevu wa mazingira barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) kuhusu changamoto za miundombinu ya maji katika zama za mabadiliko ya tabianchi.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Elimumaji]] * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Uhandisi]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] dv817bsizv9quo7f535ommifmkoir9w 0 240605 1569242 2026-06-10T04:21:20Z Don Malya 61486 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mto Aketi''' ni [[mto]] unaopatikana kaskazini mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Mto huu unapita katika Wilaya ya [[Aketi]], iliyoko katika Mkoa wa Bas-Uele. Mto Aketi ni sehemu ya mtandao wa mito inayochangia mifumo ya [[maji]] ya eneo hilo na una umuhimu kwa shughuli za kijamii na kiuchumi za wakazi wanaouzunguka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aketi Territory|url=https://mapcarta.com/12786570|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> ==...' 1569242 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Aketi''' ni [[mto]] unaopatikana kaskazini mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Mto huu unapita katika Wilaya ya [[Aketi]], iliyoko katika Mkoa wa Bas-Uele. Mto Aketi ni sehemu ya mtandao wa mito inayochangia mifumo ya [[maji]] ya eneo hilo na una umuhimu kwa shughuli za kijamii na kiuchumi za wakazi wanaouzunguka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aketi Territory|url=https://mapcarta.com/12786570|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] dkfm9ynwn60szwwm42y16bf89aqx52v 1569284 1569242 2026-06-10T06:42:05Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Aketi''' ni [[mto]] unaopatikana [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Mto huo unapita katika Wilaya ya [[Aketi]], iliyoko katika [[Mkoa wa Uele Chini]]. Mto Aketi ni sehemu ya mtandao wa mito inayochangia mifumo ya [[maji]] ya eneo hilo na una umuhimu kwa shughuli za kijamii na za kiuchumi za wakazi wanaouzunguka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aketi Territory|url=https://mapcarta.com/12786570|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * Orodha ya mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:mkoa wa Uele Chini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ctpoorb3udhiz9p0pvfm0l6hzxzvl78 1569285 1569284 2026-06-10T06:43:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569285 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Aketi''' ni [[mto]] unaopatikana [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Mto huo unapita katika [[Wilaya ya Aketi]], iliyoko katika [[Mkoa wa Uele Chini]]. Mto Aketi ni sehemu ya mtandao wa mito inayochangia mifumo ya [[maji]] ya eneo hilo na una umuhimu kwa shughuli za kijamii na za kiuchumi za wakazi wanaouzunguka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aketi Territory|url=https://mapcarta.com/12786570|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:mkoa wa Uele Chini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 5uopqm4ylmnb32kg3rfjewr7drobsr2 1569338 1569285 2026-06-10T07:33:36Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1569338 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Aketi''' ni [[mto]] unaopatikana [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Mto huo unapita katika [[Wilaya ya Aketi]], iliyoko katika [[Mkoa wa Uele Chini]]. Mto Aketi ni sehemu ya mtandao wa mito inayochangia mifumo ya [[maji]] ya eneo hilo na una umuhimu kwa shughuli za kijamii na za kiuchumi za wakazi wanaouzunguka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Aketi Territory|url=https://mapcarta.com/12786570|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> ==Tazama pia== * [[Orodha ya mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:mkoa wa Uele Chini]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] iausph91mf7d7b8wrsa9xmkjmlg2c26 0 240606 1569243 2026-06-10T04:32:52Z Laylah26 89982 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Mtambo wa kusafisha maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''water treatment plant'' au ''water purification plant'') ni miundombinu ya kihandisi na kiviwanda iliyoundwa mahususi kwa ajili ya kuchuja, kutibu, na kusafisha maji ghafi yanayotoka kwenye vyanzo vya asili (kama vile [[mito]], [[Ziwa|maziwa]], au visima vya chini ya ardhi) ili kuyafanya yafae kwa ajili ya matumizi ya binadamu, viwanda, au mifumo ya kijamii. Mitambo hii inajumuisha mfululizo wa matang...' 1569243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mtambo wa kusafisha maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''water treatment plant'' au ''water purification plant'') ni miundombinu ya kihandisi na kiviwanda iliyoundwa mahususi kwa ajili ya kuchuja, kutibu, na kusafisha maji ghafi yanayotoka kwenye vyanzo vya asili (kama vile [[mito]], [[Ziwa|maziwa]], au visima vya chini ya ardhi) ili kuyafanya yafae kwa ajili ya matumizi ya binadamu, viwanda, au mifumo ya kijamii. Mitambo hii inajumuisha mfululizo wa matangi makubwa, mifumo ya mabomba, na mashine za kikemikali zinazofanya kazi kwa pamoja ili kuondoa vijidudu, kemikali zenye sumu, na masimbi ya udongo kulingana na viwango vya ubora vilivyowekwa na mamlaka za afya na mazingira.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua miundombinu na uendeshaji wa mitambo ya kusafisha na kusambaza maji.</ref> == Utakasaji na changamoto == Inapofika hatua ya mwisho, mtambo huo unafanya utakasaji (disinfection) kwa kuongeza viwango maalum vya [[klorini]], [[ozoni]], au kwa kutumia mionzi ya [[urujuani]] (UV) ili kuangamiza vimelea vyote vya magonjwa kama vile [[bakteria]] na [[virusi]] kabla ya maji kuruhusiwa kuingia kwenye matangi ya kuhifadhia na mifumo ya mabomba ya usambazaji. Mitambo ya kisasa hutumia mifumo ya kompyuta ya usimamizi na udhibiti wa data (SCADA) ili kufuatilia kiotomatiki viwango vya asidi (pH) na mabaki ya klorini katika kila hatua ya usafishaji. Changamoto kuu za uendeshaji wa mitambo hii, hasa barani [[Afrika]], ni pamoja na gharama kubwa za [[nishati]] ya [[umeme]], upatikanaji wa kemikali za matibabu ya maji, na kushughulikia matope ya mabaki (sludge) yanayokusanywa chini ya matangi bila kuharibu mazingira yanayozunguka.<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) likielezea changamoto za mitambo na miundombinu ya kusafisha maji safi barani Afrika.</ref> == Tanzama pia == * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uhandisi wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 2snkyxw78mb4whj3nmzl6kn4mbusrgm 1569244 1569243 2026-06-10T04:35:23Z Laylah26 89982 1569244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant.jpg|thumb|Mtambo wa kusafisha maji, [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Marekani]]]] '''Mtambo wa kusafisha maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''water treatment plant'' au ''water purification plant'') ni miundombinu ya kihandisi na kiviwanda iliyoundwa mahususi kwa ajili ya kuchuja, kutibu, na kusafisha maji ghafi yanayotoka kwenye vyanzo vya asili (kama vile [[mito]], [[Ziwa|maziwa]], au visima vya chini ya ardhi) ili kuyafanya yafae kwa ajili ya matumizi ya binadamu, viwanda, au mifumo ya kijamii. Mitambo hii inajumuisha mfululizo wa matangi makubwa, mifumo ya mabomba, na mashine za kikemikali zinazofanya kazi kwa pamoja ili kuondoa vijidudu, kemikali zenye sumu, na masimbi ya udongo kulingana na viwango vya ubora vilivyowekwa na mamlaka za afya na mazingira.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua miundombinu na uendeshaji wa mitambo ya kusafisha na kusambaza maji.</ref> == Utakasaji na changamoto == Inapofika hatua ya mwisho, mtambo huo unafanya utakasaji (disinfection) kwa kuongeza viwango maalum vya [[klorini]], [[ozoni]], au kwa kutumia mionzi ya [[urujuani]] (UV) ili kuangamiza vimelea vyote vya magonjwa kama vile [[bakteria]] na [[virusi]] kabla ya maji kuruhusiwa kuingia kwenye matangi ya kuhifadhia na mifumo ya mabomba ya usambazaji. Mitambo ya kisasa hutumia mifumo ya kompyuta ya usimamizi na udhibiti wa data (SCADA) ili kufuatilia kiotomatiki viwango vya asidi (pH) na mabaki ya klorini katika kila hatua ya usafishaji. Changamoto kuu za uendeshaji wa mitambo hii, hasa barani [[Afrika]], ni pamoja na gharama kubwa za [[nishati]] ya [[umeme]], upatikanaji wa kemikali za matibabu ya maji, na kushughulikia matope ya mabaki (sludge) yanayokusanywa chini ya matangi bila kuharibu mazingira yanayozunguka.<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) likielezea changamoto za mitambo na miundombinu ya kusafisha maji safi barani Afrika.</ref> == Tanzama pia == * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uhandisi wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] lxm0zoam15h8gx0v0kpad5zeeog3w3b 1569286 1569244 2026-06-10T06:44:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant.jpg|thumb|Mtambo wa kusafisha maji, [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Marekani]]]] '''Mtambo wa kusafisha maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''water treatment plant'' au ''water purification plant'') ni miundombinu ya kihandisi na kiviwanda iliyoundwa mahususi kwa ajili ya kuchuja, kutibu, na kusafisha maji ghafi yanayotoka kwenye vyanzo vya asili (kama vile [[mito]], [[Ziwa|maziwa]], au visima vya chini ya ardhi) ili kuyafanya yafae kwa ajili ya matumizi ya binadamu, viwanda, au mifumo ya kijamii. Mitambo hii inajumuisha mfululizo wa matangi makubwa, mifumo ya mabomba, na mashine za kikemikali zinazofanya kazi kwa pamoja ili kuondoa vijidudu, kemikali zenye sumu, na masimbi ya udongo kulingana na viwango vya ubora vilivyowekwa na mamlaka za afya na mazingira.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua miundombinu na uendeshaji wa mitambo ya kusafisha na kusambaza maji.</ref> == Utakasaji na changamoto == Inapofika hatua ya mwisho, mtambo huo unafanya utakasaji (disinfection) kwa kuongeza viwango maalum vya [[klorini]], [[ozoni]], au kwa kutumia mionzi ya [[urujuani]] (UV) ili kuangamiza vimelea vyote vya magonjwa kama vile [[bakteria]] na [[virusi]] kabla ya maji kuruhusiwa kuingia kwenye matangi ya kuhifadhia na mifumo ya mabomba ya usambazaji. Mitambo ya kisasa hutumia mifumo ya kompyuta ya usimamizi na udhibiti wa data (SCADA) ili kufuatilia kiotomatiki viwango vya asidi (pH) na mabaki ya klorini katika kila hatua ya usafishaji. Changamoto kuu za uendeshaji wa mitambo hii, hasa barani [[Afrika]], ni pamoja na gharama kubwa za [[nishati]] ya [[umeme]], upatikanaji wa kemikali za matibabu ya maji, na kushughulikia matope ya mabaki (sludge) yanayokusanywa chini ya matangi bila kuharibu mazingira yanayozunguka.<ref>https://unep.org – Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Mazingira (UNEP) likielezea changamoto za mitambo na miundombinu ya kusafisha maji safi barani Afrika.</ref> == Tanzama pia == * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uhandisi wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Teknolojia]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 3chq9xq866vtczglphgnwb1t3y8lzoi 0 240607 1569246 2026-06-10T04:58:27Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569246 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miundombinu ya maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''water infrastructure'') ni mfumo mpana wa miundo ya kihandisi, vifaa, na mitambo inayojengwa kwa ajili ya kukusanya, kusafisha, kuhifadhi, kusafirisha, na kusambaza maji kwa jamii, pamoja na kukusanya na kutibu majitaka. Mfumo huu ni nguzo muhimu katika maendeleo ya kiuchumi na afya ya jamii, ukihusisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji kuanzia kwenye vyanzo vya asili hadi yanapomfikia mlaji na hatimaye yanaporudishwa mazingirani baada ya matumizi.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua vipengele na mifumo yote ya miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji.</ref> == Changamoto na miundombinu ya Kijani == Katika mipango ya miji ya kisasa na utunzaji wa mazingira, changamoto kubwa inayokabili miundombinu ya maji ni uchakavu wa mifumo ya zamani, ongezeko la haraka la idadi ya watu mijini, na athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] zinazosababisha ukame wa muda mrefu au mafuriko makubwa. Wahandisi na serikali hujikita katika kubadili mifumo ya zamani na kuweka miundombinu thabiti (resilient infrastructure) inayotumia teknolojia ya kidijitali, kama vile sensa za kubaini uvujaji wa maji (smart water grids) na mifumo ya uvunaji wa maji ya mvua. Vilevile, kuna msisitizo unaoongezeka wa kutumia miundombinu ya kijani (green infrastructure) kama vile kurejesha ardhi-nyevu ya asili (luteka) na [[Uwanda wa mafuriko|nyanda za mafuriko]] ili kusaidia mifumo ya kihandisi ya zege katika kuchuja na kudhibiti mtiririko wa maji kwa njia endelevu. Juhudi hizi ni nguzo muhimu katika kuhakikisha usalama wa muda mrefu wa rasilimali za maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu changamoto na suluhisho endelevu za miundombinu ya maji duniani kote.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] * [[Uhandisi wa maji]] * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] r8f7ynmjje2ncjlsrkfh4ufkekz67iz 1569247 1569246 2026-06-10T05:05:32Z Laylah26 89982 1569247 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Grand Coulee Dam spillway.jpg|thumb|Njia ya kutolea maji ya ziada kwenye Bwawa la Grand Coulee]] '''Miundombinu ya maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''water infrastructure'') ni mfumo mpana wa miundo ya kihandisi, vifaa, na mitambo inayojengwa kwa ajili ya kukusanya, kusafisha, kuhifadhi, kusafirisha, na kusambaza maji kwa jamii, pamoja na kukusanya na kutibu majitaka. Mfumo huu ni nguzo muhimu katika maendeleo ya kiuchumi na afya ya jamii, ukihusisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji kuanzia kwenye vyanzo vya asili hadi yanapomfikia mlaji na hatimaye yanaporudishwa mazingirani baada ya matumizi.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua vipengele na mifumo yote ya miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji.</ref> == Changamoto na miundombinu ya Kijani == Katika mipango ya miji ya kisasa na utunzaji wa mazingira, changamoto kubwa inayokabili miundombinu ya maji ni uchakavu wa mifumo ya zamani, ongezeko la haraka la idadi ya watu mijini, na athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] zinazosababisha ukame wa muda mrefu au mafuriko makubwa. Wahandisi na serikali hujikita katika kubadili mifumo ya zamani na kuweka miundombinu thabiti (resilient infrastructure) inayotumia teknolojia ya kidijitali, kama vile sensa za kubaini uvujaji wa maji (smart water grids) na mifumo ya uvunaji wa maji ya mvua. Vilevile, kuna msisitizo unaoongezeka wa kutumia miundombinu ya kijani (green infrastructure) kama vile kurejesha ardhi-nyevu ya asili (luteka) na [[Uwanda wa mafuriko|nyanda za mafuriko]] ili kusaidia mifumo ya kihandisi ya zege katika kuchuja na kudhibiti mtiririko wa maji kwa njia endelevu. Juhudi hizi ni nguzo muhimu katika kuhakikisha usalama wa muda mrefu wa rasilimali za maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu changamoto na suluhisho endelevu za miundombinu ya maji duniani kote.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] * [[Uhandisi wa maji]] * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] tmjs5dpdpcnx3vvhcg3qbmyiuw2s4ni 1569287 1569247 2026-06-10T06:46:17Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569287 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Grand Coulee Dam spillway.jpg|thumb|Njia ya kutolea maji ya ziada kwenye Bwawa la Grand Coulee]] '''Miundombinu ya maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''water infrastructure'') ni mfumo mpana wa miundo ya kihandisi, vifaa, na mitambo inayojengwa kwa ajili ya kukusanya, kusafisha, kuhifadhi, kusafirisha, na kusambaza maji kwa jamii, pamoja na kukusanya na kutibu majitaka. Mfumo huu ni nguzo muhimu katika maendeleo ya kiuchumi na afya ya jamii, ukihusisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji kuanzia kwenye vyanzo vya asili hadi yanapomfikia mlaji na hatimaye yanaporudishwa mazingirani baada ya matumizi.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua vipengele na mifumo yote ya miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji.</ref> == Changamoto na miundombinu ya kijani == Katika mipango ya miji ya kisasa na utunzaji wa mazingira, changamoto kubwa inayokabili miundombinu ya maji ni uchakavu wa mifumo ya zamani, ongezeko la haraka la idadi ya watu mijini, na athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] zinazosababisha ukame wa muda mrefu au mafuriko makubwa. Wahandisi na serikali hujikita katika kubadili mifumo ya zamani na kuweka miundombinu thabiti (resilient infrastructure) inayotumia teknolojia ya kidijitali, kama vile sensa za kubaini uvujaji wa maji (smart water grids) na mifumo ya uvunaji wa maji ya mvua. Vilevile, kuna msisitizo unaoongezeka wa kutumia miundombinu ya kijani kama vile kurejesha ardhi-nyevu ya asili (luteka) na [[Uwanda wa mafuriko|nyanda za mafuriko]] ili kusaidia mifumo ya kihandisi ya zege katika kuchuja na kudhibiti mtiririko wa maji kwa njia endelevu. Juhudi hizi ni nguzo muhimu katika kuhakikisha usalama wa muda mrefu wa rasilimali za maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu changamoto na suluhisho endelevu za miundombinu ya maji duniani kote.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] * [[Uhandisi wa maji]] * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:teknolojia]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] bf2y1qhrn8b5biiwy68he95dyohnpjd 1569398 1569287 2026-06-10T09:50:28Z AlwiyaGhareeb 83622 AWC 2026 1569398 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Grand Coulee Dam spillway.jpg|thumb|Njia ya kutolea maji ya ziada kwenye Bwawa la Grand Coulee]] '''Miundombinu ya maji''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''water infrastructure'') ni mfumo mpana wa miundo ya kihandisi, vifaa, na mitambo inayojengwa kwa ajili ya kukusanya, kusafisha, kuhifadhi, kusafirisha, na kusambaza maji kwa jamii, pamoja na kukusanya na kutibu majitaka. Mfumo huu ni nguzo muhimu katika maendeleo ya kiuchumi na afya ya jamii, ukihusisha usimamizi wa rasilimali za maji kuanzia kwenye vyanzo vya asili hadi yanapomfikia mlaji na hatimaye yanaporudishwa mazingirani baada ya matumizi.<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua vipengele na mifumo yote ya miundombinu ya usambazaji wa maji.</ref> == Historia ya Miundombinu ya Maji == Miundombinu ya maji imekuwepo tangu zamani za kale. [[Roma ya Kale]] ilijenga mifumo ya mabomba ya kupeleka [[maji]] kwenye [[miji]] yake kupitia njia za maji zinazoitwa aqueducts. Baadaye, [[Uingereza]] na [[Ufaransa]] zilijenga mifumo ya kwanza ya kisasa ya kusafirisha maji katika karne ya 19.<ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1344&context=thesesdissertations|title=Hydro-infrastructure History|publisher=University of Nevada|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref></ref> Mwaka 1804, kiwanda cha kwanza cha kusafisha [[maji]] kilijengwa [[Scotland]] na kilisaidia sana katika kuupatia umma [[maji]] safi. Mwaka 1972, [[Marekani]] ilipitisha Sheria ya Maji Safi (Clean Water Act) iliyowataka [[miji]] yote kuwa na vituo vya kusafisha [[maji]]. Mwaka 1974, Sheria ya Maji Salama (Safe Water Act) iliweka kanuni za kwanza za kutoa [[maji]] safi kwa kila mtu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1344&context=thesesdissertations|title=Hydro-infrastructure History|publisher=University of Nevada|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Usambazaji wa Maji [[Tanzania]] == Serikali ya [[Tanzania]] imefanya juhudi kubwa katika kuimarisha miundombinu ya maji nchini. # Maendeleo ya Upatikanaji wa Maji - Hali ya upatikanaji wa huduma ya [[maji]] safi na salama imeongezeka kutoka asilimia 53 mwaka 2015 hadi kufikia asilimia 70 mwaka 2024. Kwa upande wa [[mjini]], upatikanaji wa [[maji]] uko kati ya asilimia 82 hadi 95, inatofautiana kati ya [[mji]] mmoja na mwingine. Kwa upande wa [[vijijini]], jumla ya [[vijiji]] 560 kati ya vijiji 651 vinavyosimamiwa na Wakala wa Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira Vijijini (RUWASA) vina [[miradi]] ya [[maji]] ya [[bomba]] inayohudumia wakazi wapatao 1,844,097 kati ya 2,634,423 sawa na asilimia 70 ya wakazi wote wa [[Mkoa wa Kagera]] wanaoishi maeneo ya [[vijijini]]. # Uwekezaji katika Miundombinu ya Maji - Kwa kipindi cha miaka minne (2020 hadi 2024), Serikali ya [[Tanzania]] imetoa Tsh. 69,370,644,767.82 (zaidi ya bilioni 69) kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa miundombinu ya maji. Pia, juhudi mbalimbali zimeendelea kuchukuliwa za kukarabati na kuboresha [[miradi]] chakavu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Huduma za Maji - Mkoa wa Kagera|publisher=Ofisi ya Rais TAMISEMI|url=https://kagera.go.tz/en/huduma-za-maji|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref>Mifumo ya Usambazaji na Uhifadhi wa Maji - == Changamoto na miundombinu ya kijani == Kuna mifumo miwili mikuu ya usambazaji wa [[maji]]: * Mfumo wa matawi (Branched system) - Mifumo hii hufanana na [[tawi]] la [[mti]], ambapo [[mabomba]] madogo hujitokeza kutoka [[mabomba]] makubwa. Mfumo huu hutumika zaidi katika maeneo ya [[vijijini]]. * Mfumo wa matundu (Grid/Loop system) - Mifumo hii ina [[mabomba]] yaliyounganishwa kwa namna ya [[matundu]] (loops) katika eneo lote. Mfumo huu hutumika zaidi katika maeneo ya [[miji]] mikubwa kwani unatoa uhakika zaidi iwapo [[bomba]] moja litavunjika. == Mifumo ya Uhifadhi == [[Mabwawa]] ya kuhifadhi [[maji]] (reservoirs) ni sehemu muhimu ya miundombinu ya maji. [[Mabwawa]] haya hutoa [[maji]] wakati wa mahitaji makubwa (kama wakati wa kiangazi), husaidia katika kuzima [[moto]], na hudhibiti shinikizo katika mfumo wa usambazaji. [[Mabwawa]] yanaweza kujengwa [[chini ya ardhi]] (kwa kutumia [[tangi]] chini ya [[nyumba]]) au [[juu ya ardhi]] (kwenye minara).<ref>{{cite web|title=Distribution Systems|publisher=Water.mecc.edu|url=https://water.mecc.edu/courses/ENV115/Distribution_print.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Changamoto za Miundombinu ya Maji Duniani == Kwa mujibu wa ripoti ya [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] (UN-Water), miundombinu ya maji katika nchi nyingi bado ni duni.<ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Miundombinu ya maji katika nchi nyingi bado ni duni|publisher=UN News|date=2019-08-27|url=https://news.un.org/sw/audio/2019/08/1066251|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref></ref> # Ukosefu wa Uwekezaji - Utafiti uliofanyika mwaka 2019 katika [[nchi]] 115 ukijumuisha [[watu]] bilioni 4.5 umeonesha udhaifu mkubwa katika ufadhili na uwekezaji kwenye sekta ya maji. [[Nchi]] 19 ziliripoti kasoro ya asilimia 60 ya ufadhili, ilhali ni chini ya asilimia 15 ya [[nchi]] zilizo na fedha zinazoweza kufadhili mipango yao. # Athari za Uhaba wa Miundombinu - Dkt. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Mkurugenzi Mkuu wa WHO, amesema kuwa watu wengi sana hawapati [[maji]] safi ya kunywa na huduma za kujisafi, hali inayowaweka katika hatari ya [[maambukizi]] na pia kuhujumu maendeleo katika sekta ya [[afya]] ya umma. Kwa upande mwingine, [[maji taka]] yasiyotibiwa vizuri hutiririka kwenye [[mito]] na [[maziwa]], na kusababisha magonjwa kama [[kibofu]] na [[kuhara]]. Watu wengi hata hivyo hawawezi kumudu gharama za kuunganisha [[nyumba]] zao kwenye mtandao wa [[maji]] safi kutokana na umaskini.<ref>{{cite web|title=Miundombinu ya maji katika nchi nyingi bado ni duni|publisher=UN News|date=2019-08-27|url=https://news.un.org/sw/audio/2019/08/1066251|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == SDG 6 na Malengo ya 2030 == Ripoti hiyo imebaini kuwa uwepo wa [[Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu]] (SDGs), hususan Lengo namba 6, umesaidia kuimarisha huduma za [[maji]] safi na kujisafi. Takribani asilimia 50 ya [[nchi]] zilizofanyiwa utafiti kwa sasa zimeweka malengo ya [[maji]] safi na salama ya kunywa yanayolenga kufikia viwango vya juu ifikapo mwaka 2030.<ref>{{cite web|title=SDG 6 Synthesis Report on Water and Sanitation|publisher=UN Water|url=https://hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/documents/2023/2023%20UN%20Water%20SDG%206%20Synthesis%20Report.pdf|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref> == Zingatia == Kwa mujibu wa ripoti ya [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] (UN-Water), miundombinu ya maji katika nchi nyingi bado ni duni.ipango ya miji ya kisasa na utunzaji wa mazingira, changamoto kubwa inayokabili miundombinu ya maji ni uchakavu wa mifumo ya zamani, ongezeko la haraka la idadi ya watu mijini, na athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] zinazosababisha ukame wa muda mrefu au mafuriko makubwa. Wahandisi na serikali hujikita katika kubadili mifumo ya zamani na kuweka miundombinu thabiti (resilient infrastructure) inayotumia teknolojia ya kidijitali, kama vile sensa za kubaini uvujaji wa maji (smart water grids) na mifumo ya uvunaji wa maji ya mvua. Vilevile, kuna msisitizo unaoongezeka wa kutumia miundombinu ya kijani kama vile kurejesha ardhi-nyevu ya asili (luteka) na [[Uwanda wa mafuriko|nyanda za mafuriko]] ili kusaidia mifumo ya kihandisi ya zege katika kuchuja na kudhibiti mtiririko wa maji kwa njia endelevu. Juhudi hizi ni nguzo muhimu katika kuhakikisha usalama wa muda mrefu wa rasilimali za maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu changamoto na suluhisho endelevu za miundombinu ya maji duniani kote.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] * [[Uhandisi wa maji]] * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] * [[Malengo ya Maendeleo Endelevu]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:teknolojia]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] kbeul35582ygfaw3dhp0ohfwc3ymrui 0 240608 1569250 2026-06-10T05:19:53Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mfumo wa majitaka''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''sewerage system'') ni mtandao wa miundombinu ya chini ya [[ardhi]] inayojumuisha mabomba, [[pampu]], na viunganishio vilivyoundwa mahususi kwa ajili ya kukusanya na kusafirisha majitaka kutoka kwenye makazi ya watu, majengo ya biashara, na viwanda hadi kwenye mitambo ya kusafishia majitaka. Mfumo huu ni sehemu muhimu sana ya [[miundombinu ya maji|miundombinu ya usafi wa mazingira]] mijini, ukiwa na jukumu la kuzuia milipuko ya [[magonjwa]] yanayoenezwa na maji na kulinda vyanzo vya asili vya [[maji]] dhidi ya [[uchafuzi wa maji|uchafuzi]].<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua muundo na kazi za mifumo ya kukusanya na kusafirisha majitaka.</ref> == Mifumo ya majitaka == Mifumo ya majitaka imegawanyika katika makundi makuu mawili kulingana na muundo wa uendeshaji wake: * Mfumo wa majitaka uliotengana (''sanitary sewer system''): hubeba majitaka ya majumbani na viwandani pekee (kama vile maji ya vyooni, bafuni, na jikoni) ili yapelekwe moja kwa moja mtamboni kufanyiwa matibabu ya kikemikali na kibayolojia. * Mfumo mchanganyiko (''combined sewer system''): hubeba majitaka ya majumbani pamoja na maji ya dhoruba yanayotokana na [[mvua]] kubwa kwenye mifereji ya barabarani. <ref>https://epa.gov – Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira la Marekani (EPA) likielezea mifumo mchanganyiko ya majitaka na changamoto za kufurika kwake wakati wa dhoruba.</ref> == Uendeshaji na changamoto == Maji yanayopita kwenye mfumo wa majitaka husukumwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na nguvu ya mvutano wa dunia (gravity flow) kupitia mabomba yaliyolazwa kwa mteremko maalum. Katika maeneo ya tambarare au yaliyoinuka ambapo nguvu ya mvutano haitoshi, pampu maalum (lift stations) hutumiwa kusukuma maji hayo kwenda maeneo ya juu ili yaendelee na safari. Ili kuruhusu ukaguzi, usafishaji, na uondoaji wa vizuizi vinavyoweza kutokea ndani ya mabomba, mfumo huu unajumuisha matundu ya ukaguzi juu ya ardhi yanayojulikana kama vyumba vya ukaguzi au mianzi ya majitaka (manholes). Changamoto kubwa za mifumo hii, hasa katika miji inayokua kwa kasi barani [[Afrika]], ni pamoja na uchakavu wa mabomba unaosababisha kuvuja kwa majitaka chini ya ardhi, uingiaji wa maji ya mvua yasiyohitajika (infiltration), na kuziba kwa mabomba kutokana na utupaji wa mafuta na taka ngumu zisizooza.<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu mifumo ya usafi wa mazingira na usimamizi wa majitaka katika miji ya Afrika.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 7g5u9upeeymswtod9q054rej7u5dg82 1569252 1569250 2026-06-10T05:22:55Z Laylah26 89982 1569252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Avlopp - Ystad-2018.jpg|thumb|Ujenzi wa mfumo wa majitaka]] '''Mfumo wa majitaka''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''sewerage system'') ni mtandao wa miundombinu ya chini ya [[ardhi]] inayojumuisha mabomba, [[pampu]], na viunganishio vilivyoundwa mahususi kwa ajili ya kukusanya na kusafirisha majitaka kutoka kwenye makazi ya watu, majengo ya biashara, na viwanda hadi kwenye mitambo ya kusafishia majitaka. Mfumo huu ni sehemu muhimu sana ya [[miundombinu ya maji|miundombinu ya usafi wa mazingira]] mijini, ukiwa na jukumu la kuzuia milipuko ya [[magonjwa]] yanayoenezwa na maji na kulinda vyanzo vya asili vya [[maji]] dhidi ya [[uchafuzi wa maji|uchafuzi]].<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua muundo na kazi za mifumo ya kukusanya na kusafirisha majitaka.</ref> == Mifumo ya majitaka == Mifumo ya majitaka imegawanyika katika makundi makuu mawili kulingana na muundo wa uendeshaji wake: * Mfumo wa majitaka uliotengana (''sanitary sewer system''): hubeba majitaka ya majumbani na viwandani pekee (kama vile maji ya vyooni, bafuni, na jikoni) ili yapelekwe moja kwa moja mtamboni kufanyiwa matibabu ya kikemikali na kibayolojia. * Mfumo mchanganyiko (''combined sewer system''): hubeba majitaka ya majumbani pamoja na maji ya dhoruba yanayotokana na [[mvua]] kubwa kwenye mifereji ya barabarani. <ref>https://epa.gov – Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira la Marekani (EPA) likielezea mifumo mchanganyiko ya majitaka na changamoto za kufurika kwake wakati wa dhoruba.</ref> == Uendeshaji na changamoto == Maji yanayopita kwenye mfumo wa majitaka husukumwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na nguvu ya mvutano wa dunia (gravity flow) kupitia mabomba yaliyolazwa kwa mteremko maalum. Katika maeneo ya tambarare au yaliyoinuka ambapo nguvu ya mvutano haitoshi, pampu maalum (lift stations) hutumiwa kusukuma maji hayo kwenda maeneo ya juu ili yaendelee na safari. Ili kuruhusu ukaguzi, usafishaji, na uondoaji wa vizuizi vinavyoweza kutokea ndani ya mabomba, mfumo huu unajumuisha matundu ya ukaguzi juu ya ardhi yanayojulikana kama vyumba vya ukaguzi au mianzi ya majitaka (manholes). Changamoto kubwa za mifumo hii, hasa katika miji inayokua kwa kasi barani [[Afrika]], ni pamoja na uchakavu wa mabomba unaosababisha kuvuja kwa majitaka chini ya ardhi, uingiaji wa maji ya mvua yasiyohitajika (infiltration), na kuziba kwa mabomba kutokana na utupaji wa mafuta na taka ngumu zisizooza.<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu mifumo ya usafi wa mazingira na usimamizi wa majitaka katika miji ya Afrika.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] dfnomtujlcx1xwg2d9nq9bnzfrj9dtu 1569288 1569252 2026-06-10T06:47:26Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569288 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Avlopp - Ystad-2018.jpg|thumb|Ujenzi wa mfumo wa majitaka]] '''Mfumo wa majitaka''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''sewerage system'') ni mtandao wa miundombinu ya chini ya [[ardhi]] inayojumuisha mabomba, [[pampu]], na viunganishio vilivyoundwa mahususi kwa ajili ya kukusanya na kusafirisha majitaka kutoka kwenye makazi ya watu, majengo ya biashara, na viwanda hadi kwenye mitambo ya kusafishia majitaka. Mfumo huu ni sehemu muhimu sana ya [[miundombinu ya maji|miundombinu ya usafi wa mazingira]] mijini, ukiwa na jukumu la kuzuia milipuko ya [[magonjwa]] yanayoenezwa na maji na kulinda vyanzo vya asili vya [[maji]] dhidi ya [[uchafuzi wa maji|uchafuzi]].<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua muundo na kazi za mifumo ya kukusanya na kusafirisha majitaka.</ref> == Mifumo ya majitaka == Mifumo ya majitaka imegawanyika katika makundi makuu mawili kulingana na muundo wa uendeshaji wake: * Mfumo wa majitaka uliotengana (''sanitary sewer system''): hubeba majitaka ya majumbani na viwandani pekee (kama vile maji ya vyooni, bafuni, na jikoni) ili yapelekwe moja kwa moja mtamboni kufanyiwa matibabu ya kikemikali na kibayolojia. * Mfumo mchanganyiko (''combined sewer system''): hubeba majitaka ya majumbani pamoja na maji ya dhoruba yanayotokana na [[mvua]] kubwa kwenye mifereji ya barabarani. <ref>https://epa.gov – Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira la Marekani (EPA) likielezea mifumo mchanganyiko ya majitaka na changamoto za kufurika kwake wakati wa dhoruba.</ref> == Uendeshaji na changamoto == Maji yanayopita kwenye mfumo wa majitaka husukumwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na nguvu ya mvutano wa dunia (gravity flow) kupitia mabomba yaliyolazwa kwa mteremko maalum. Katika maeneo ya tambarare au yaliyoinuka ambapo nguvu ya mvutano haitoshi, pampu maalum (lift stations) hutumiwa kusukuma maji hayo kwenda maeneo ya juu ili yaendelee na safari. Ili kuruhusu ukaguzi, usafishaji, na uondoaji wa vizuizi vinavyoweza kutokea ndani ya mabomba, mfumo huu unajumuisha matundu ya ukaguzi juu ya ardhi yanayojulikana kama vyumba vya ukaguzi au mianzi ya majitaka (manholes). Changamoto kubwa za mifumo hii, hasa katika miji inayokua kwa kasi barani [[Afrika]], ni pamoja na uchakavu wa mabomba unaosababisha kuvuja kwa majitaka chini ya ardhi, uingiaji wa maji ya mvua yasiyohitajika (infiltration), na kuziba kwa mabomba kutokana na utupaji wa mafuta na taka ngumu zisizooza.<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu mifumo ya usafi wa mazingira na usimamizi wa majitaka katika miji ya Afrika.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:afya]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] fs8yl89uztjvf6f01tdrqvzcgz7nep4 1569324 1569288 2026-06-10T07:22:13Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1569324 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Avlopp - Ystad-2018.jpg|thumb|Ujenzi wa mfumo wa majitaka]] '''Mfumo wa majitaka''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''sewerage system'') ni mtandao wa miundombinu ya chini ya [[ardhi]] inayojumuisha mabomba, [[pampu]], na viunganishio vilivyoundwa mahususi kwa ajili ya kukusanya na kusafirisha majitaka kutoka kwenye makazi ya watu, majengo ya biashara, na viwanda hadi kwenye mitambo ya kusafishia majitaka. Mfumo huu ni sehemu muhimu sana ya [[miundombinu ya maji|miundombinu ya usafi wa mazingira]] mijini, ukiwa na jukumu la kuzuia milipuko ya [[magonjwa]] yanayoenezwa na maji na kulinda vyanzo vya asili vya [[maji]] dhidi ya [[uchafuzi wa maji|uchafuzi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Encyclopedia Britannica {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com:443/|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> == Mifumo ya majitaka == Mifumo ya majitaka imegawanyika katika makundi makuu mawili kulingana na muundo wa uendeshaji wake: * Mfumo wa majitaka uliotengana (''sanitary sewer system''): hubeba majitaka ya majumbani na viwandani pekee (kama vile maji ya vyooni, bafuni, na jikoni) ili yapelekwe moja kwa moja mtamboni kufanyiwa matibabu ya kikemikali na kibayolojia. * Mfumo mchanganyiko (''combined sewer system''): hubeba majitaka ya majumbani pamoja na maji ya dhoruba yanayotokana na [[mvua]] kubwa kwenye mifereji ya barabarani. <ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|url=https://www.epa.gov/home|work=www.epa.gov|date=2013-03-20|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=OA US EPA}}</ref> == Uendeshaji na changamoto == Maji yanayopita kwenye mfumo wa majitaka husukumwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na nguvu ya mvutano wa dunia (gravity flow) kupitia mabomba yaliyolazwa kwa mteremko maalum. Katika maeneo ya tambarare au yaliyoinuka ambapo nguvu ya mvutano haitoshi, pampu maalum (lift stations) hutumiwa kusukuma maji hayo kwenda maeneo ya juu ili yaendelee na safari. Ili kuruhusu ukaguzi, usafishaji, na uondoaji wa vizuizi vinavyoweza kutokea ndani ya mabomba, mfumo huu unajumuisha matundu ya ukaguzi juu ya ardhi yanayojulikana kama vyumba vya ukaguzi au mianzi ya majitaka (manholes). Changamoto kubwa za mifumo hii, hasa katika miji inayokua kwa kasi barani [[Afrika]], ni pamoja na uchakavu wa mabomba unaosababisha kuvuja kwa majitaka chini ya ardhi, uingiaji wa maji ya mvua yasiyohitajika (infiltration), na kuziba kwa mabomba kutokana na utupaji wa mafuta na taka ngumu zisizooza.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|url=https://www.unep.org/node|work=www.unep.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=U. N. Environment}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] * [[Usafishaji wa maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-teknolojia}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:afya]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] erpvjsnwv21svjcz1ect3gp4tfj4mvt 0 240609 1569255 2026-06-10T05:39:30Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569255 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miundombinu ya kijani''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''green infrastructure'') ni mtandao uliopangwa kimkakati wa maeneo ya asili na nusu-asili, pamoja na vipengele vingine vya mazingira, ulioundwa na kusimamiwa ili kutoa huduma mbalimbali za kiikolojia na kulinda [[bioanuwai]] katika maeneo ya vijijini na mijini. Tofauti na miundombinu ya kijivu (gray infrastructure) ambayo inajumuisha miundo ya zege na chuma kama vile mabomba na kuta za [[saruji]], miundombinu ya kijani inatumia mifumo ya ikolojia ya asili ili kutatua changamoto za kibinadamu na kimazingira. Inasaidia sana katika usimamizi wa maji ya dhoruba na kupunguza athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]].<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua dhana, mifumo, na faida za miundombinu ya kijani katika mazingira.</ref> Katika muktadha wa [[uhandisi wa maji]] na mipango ya miji, miundombinu hii inajumuisha mifumo mbalimbali inayoruhusu maji ya mvua kunyonywa ardhini badala ya kutiririka juu ya nyuso ngumu za ardhi.<ref>https://epa.gov – Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira la Marekani (EPA) likielezea mifumo na mifano ya kiteknolojia ya miundombinu ya kijani kwa ajili ya usimamizi wa maji.</ref> == Faida za kijamii na mazingira == Mbali na kudhibiti [[mafuriko]] na kuboresha ubora wa maji, miundombinu ya kijani inatoa faida nyingi za kiuchumi na kijamii kwa wakazi wa mijini. Inasaidia kupunguza joto kali mijini linalosababishwa na wingi wa zege na lami (urban heat island effect), inasafisha hewa kwa kunyonya kaboni, na inatengeneza maeneo ya burudani na mapumziko kwa jamii. Katika nyanja ya uendelevu, hasa kwa miji inayokua kwa kasi barani [[Afrika]], mifumo hii inachukuliwa kuwa suluhisho la gharama nafuu kwa muda mrefu. Inapunguza mzigo mkubwa unaoenda kwenye [[mfumo wa majitaka]] na [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo ya kusafisha maji]] ya viwanda, huku ikisaidia kurutubisha maji ya chini ya ardhi (aquifer recharge) kupitia mchakato wa asili wa upenyezaji.<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu jinsi mifumo na miundombinu ya kijani inavyosaidia miji ya Afrika kukabiliana na changamoto za mazingira.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Mfumo wa majitaka]] * [[Ikolojia ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mazingira]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] pduzd22em5oe0hulmq3gltlkc3zi9w3 1569256 1569255 2026-06-10T05:46:22Z Laylah26 89982 1569256 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Rain Garden (14418205110).jpg|thumb|Mfano wa Miundombinu ya kijana, ikiwa ni ujenzi wa bustani za maua katika moja ya mtaa nchini [[Marekani]]]] '''Miundombinu ya kijani''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''green infrastructure'') ni mtandao uliopangwa kimkakati wa maeneo ya asili na nusu-asili, pamoja na vipengele vingine vya mazingira, ulioundwa na kusimamiwa ili kutoa huduma mbalimbali za kiikolojia na kulinda [[bioanuwai]] katika maeneo ya vijijini na mijini. Tofauti na miundombinu ya kijivu (gray infrastructure) ambayo inajumuisha miundo ya zege na chuma kama vile mabomba na kuta za [[saruji]], miundombinu ya kijani inatumia mifumo ya ikolojia ya asili ili kutatua changamoto za kibinadamu na kimazingira. Inasaidia sana katika usimamizi wa maji ya dhoruba na kupunguza athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]].<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua dhana, mifumo, na faida za miundombinu ya kijani katika mazingira.</ref> Katika muktadha wa [[uhandisi wa maji]] na mipango ya miji, miundombinu hii inajumuisha mifumo mbalimbali inayoruhusu maji ya mvua kunyonywa ardhini badala ya kutiririka juu ya nyuso ngumu za ardhi.<ref>https://epa.gov – Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira la Marekani (EPA) likielezea mifumo na mifano ya kiteknolojia ya miundombinu ya kijani kwa ajili ya usimamizi wa maji.</ref> == Faida za kijamii na mazingira == Mbali na kudhibiti [[mafuriko]] na kuboresha ubora wa maji, miundombinu ya kijani inatoa faida nyingi za kiuchumi na kijamii kwa wakazi wa mijini. Inasaidia kupunguza joto kali mijini linalosababishwa na wingi wa zege na lami (urban heat island effect), inasafisha hewa kwa kunyonya kaboni, na inatengeneza maeneo ya burudani na mapumziko kwa jamii. Katika nyanja ya uendelevu, hasa kwa miji inayokua kwa kasi barani [[Afrika]], mifumo hii inachukuliwa kuwa suluhisho la gharama nafuu kwa muda mrefu. Inapunguza mzigo mkubwa unaoenda kwenye [[mfumo wa majitaka]] na [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo ya kusafisha maji]] ya viwanda, huku ikisaidia kurutubisha maji ya chini ya ardhi (aquifer recharge) kupitia mchakato wa asili wa upenyezaji.<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu jinsi mifumo na miundombinu ya kijani inavyosaidia miji ya Afrika kukabiliana na changamoto za mazingira.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Mfumo wa majitaka]] * [[Ikolojia ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mazingira]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 3h3tlvqs8b28cuoj91bt3tt0rmfnljh 1569257 1569256 2026-06-10T05:47:55Z Laylah26 89982 1569257 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Rain Garden (14418205110).jpg|thumb|Mfano wa Miundombinu ya kijana, ikiwa ni ujenzi wa bustani za maua katika moja ya mtaa nchini [[Marekani]]]] '''Miundombinu ya kijani''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''green infrastructure'') ni mtandao uliopangwa kimkakati wa maeneo ya asili na nusu-asili, pamoja na vipengele vingine vya mazingira, ulioundwa na kusimamiwa ili kutoa huduma mbalimbali za kiikolojia na kulinda [[bioanuwai]] katika maeneo ya vijijini na mijini. Tofauti na miundombinu ya kijivu (gray infrastructure) ambayo inajumuisha miundo ya zege na chuma kama vile mabomba na kuta za [[saruji]], miundombinu ya kijani inatumia mifumo ya ikolojia ya asili ili kutatua changamoto za kibinadamu na kimazingira. Inasaidia sana katika usimamizi wa maji ya dhoruba na kupunguza athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]].<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua dhana, mifumo, na faida za miundombinu ya kijani katika mazingira.</ref> Katika muktadha wa [[uhandisi wa maji]] na mipango ya miji, miundombinu hii inajumuisha mifumo mbalimbali inayoruhusu maji ya mvua kunyonywa ardhini badala ya kutiririka juu ya nyuso ngumu za ardhi.<ref>https://epa.gov – Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira la Marekani (EPA) likielezea mifumo na mifano ya kiteknolojia ya miundombinu ya kijani kwa ajili ya usimamizi wa maji.</ref> == Faida za kijamii na mazingira == Mbali na kudhibiti [[mafuriko]] na kuboresha ubora wa maji, miundombinu ya kijani inatoa faida nyingi za kiuchumi na kijamii kwa wakazi wa mijini. Inasaidia kupunguza joto kali mijini linalosababishwa na wingi wa zege na lami (urban heat island effect), inasafisha hewa kwa kunyonya kaboni, na inatengeneza maeneo ya burudani na mapumziko kwa jamii. Katika nyanja ya uendelevu, hasa kwa miji inayokua kwa kasi barani [[Afrika]], mifumo hii inachukuliwa kuwa suluhisho la gharama nafuu kwa muda mrefu. Inapunguza mzigo mkubwa unaoenda kwenye [[mfumo wa majitaka]] na [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo ya kusafisha maji]] ya viwanda, huku ikisaidia kurutubisha maji ya chini ya ardhi (aquifer recharge) kupitia mchakato wa asili wa upenyezaji.<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu jinsi mifumo na miundombinu ya kijani inavyosaidia miji ya Afrika kukabiliana na changamoto za mazingira.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Mfumo wa majitaka]] * [[Ikolojia ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mazingira]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] qptwsfu0q0yzjc8u809vmo5t6gg7f9p 1569289 1569257 2026-06-10T06:49:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569289 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Rain Garden (14418205110).jpg|thumb|Mfano wa miundombinu ya kijani, ikiwa ni ujenzi wa bustani za maua katika moja ya mtaa nchini [[Marekani]].]] '''Miundombinu ya kijani''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''green infrastructure'') ni mtandao uliopangwa kimkakati wa maeneo ya asili na nusu-asili, pamoja na vipengele vingine vya mazingira, ulioundwa na kusimamiwa ili kutoa huduma mbalimbali za kiekolojia na kulinda [[bioanuwai]] katika maeneo ya vijijini na mijini. Tofauti na miundombinu ya kijivu (gray infrastructure) ambayo inajumuisha miundo ya zege na chuma kama vile mabomba na kuta za [[saruji]], miundombinu ya kijani inatumia mifumo ya [[ekolojia]] ya asili ili kutatua changamoto za kibinadamu na kimazingira. Inasaidia sana katika usimamizi wa maji ya dhoruba na kupunguza athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]].<ref>https://britannica.com – Ensaiklopidia ya Britannica inayofafanua dhana, mifumo, na faida za miundombinu ya kijani katika mazingira.</ref> Katika muktadha wa [[uhandisi wa maji]] na mipango ya miji, miundombinu hii inajumuisha mifumo mbalimbali inayoruhusu maji ya mvua kunyonywa ardhini badala ya kutiririka juu ya nyuso ngumu za ardhi.<ref>https://epa.gov – Shirika la Kulinda Mazingira la Marekani (EPA) likielezea mifumo na mifano ya kiteknolojia ya miundombinu ya kijani kwa ajili ya usimamizi wa maji.</ref> == Faida za kijamii na mazingira == Mbali na kudhibiti [[mafuriko]] na kuboresha ubora wa maji, miundombinu ya kijani inatoa faida nyingi za kiuchumi na kijamii kwa wakazi wa mijini. Inasaidia kupunguza joto kali mijini linalosababishwa na wingi wa zege na lami (urban heat island effect), inasafisha hewa kwa kunyonya kaboni, na inatengeneza maeneo ya burudani na mapumziko kwa jamii. Katika nyanja ya uendelevu, hasa kwa miji inayokua kwa kasi barani [[Afrika]], mifumo hii inachukuliwa kuwa suluhisho la gharama nafuu kwa muda mrefu. Inapunguza mzigo mkubwa unaoenda kwenye [[mfumo wa majitaka]] na [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo ya kusafisha maji]] ya viwanda, huku ikisaidia kurutubisha maji ya chini ya ardhi (aquifer recharge) kupitia mchakato wa asili wa upenyezaji.<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu jinsi mifumo na miundombinu ya kijani inavyosaidia miji ya Afrika kukabiliana na changamoto za mazingira.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Mfumo wa majitaka]] * [[Ikolojia ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mazingira]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] c5bjnlbfokif1swu2ejv8qeggkhd3kl 1569337 1569289 2026-06-10T07:33:33Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1569337 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Rain Garden (14418205110).jpg|thumb|Mfano wa miundombinu ya kijani, ikiwa ni ujenzi wa bustani za maua katika moja ya mtaa nchini [[Marekani]].]] '''Miundombinu ya kijani''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''green infrastructure'') ni mtandao uliopangwa kimkakati wa maeneo ya asili na nusu-asili, pamoja na vipengele vingine vya mazingira, ulioundwa na kusimamiwa ili kutoa huduma mbalimbali za kiekolojia na kulinda [[bioanuwai]] katika maeneo ya vijijini na mijini. Tofauti na miundombinu ya kijivu (gray infrastructure) ambayo inajumuisha miundo ya zege na chuma kama vile mabomba na kuta za [[saruji]], miundombinu ya kijani inatumia mifumo ya [[ekolojia]] ya asili ili kutatua changamoto za kibinadamu na kimazingira. Inasaidia sana katika usimamizi wa maji ya dhoruba na kupunguza athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Encyclopedia Britannica {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com:443/|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> Katika muktadha wa [[uhandisi wa maji]] na mipango ya miji, miundombinu hii inajumuisha mifumo mbalimbali inayoruhusu maji ya mvua kunyonywa ardhini badala ya kutiririka juu ya nyuso ngumu za ardhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|url=https://www.epa.gov/home|work=www.epa.gov|date=2013-03-20|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=OA US EPA}}</ref> == Faida za kijamii na mazingira == Mbali na kudhibiti [[mafuriko]] na kuboresha ubora wa maji, miundombinu ya kijani inatoa faida nyingi za kiuchumi na kijamii kwa wakazi wa mijini. Inasaidia kupunguza joto kali mijini linalosababishwa na wingi wa zege na lami (urban heat island effect), inasafisha hewa kwa kunyonya kaboni, na inatengeneza maeneo ya burudani na mapumziko kwa jamii. Katika nyanja ya uendelevu, hasa kwa miji inayokua kwa kasi barani [[Afrika]], mifumo hii inachukuliwa kuwa suluhisho la gharama nafuu kwa muda mrefu. Inapunguza mzigo mkubwa unaoenda kwenye [[mfumo wa majitaka]] na [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo ya kusafisha maji]] ya viwanda, huku ikisaidia kurutubisha maji ya chini ya ardhi (aquifer recharge) kupitia mchakato wa asili wa upenyezaji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|url=https://www.unep.org/node|work=www.unep.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=U. N. Environment}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Mfumo wa majitaka]] * [[Ikolojia ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Mazingira]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] l7z27hsood5bkdoncuy9kwfeius9fjb 0 240610 1569258 2026-06-10T05:48:40Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Lucia Zora''' (aliyezaliwa '''Lucia Zora Card'''; 28 Mei 1877 – 10 Novemba 1936) alikuwa mkufunzi wa wanyama na msanii wa sarakasi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa mafunzo yake ya tembo, simba na chui, na alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa wanawake mashuhuri zaidi katika historia ya sarakasi za Marekani. Mwaka 1962 aliingizwa katika Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Sarakasi wa Kimataifa (International Circus Hall of Fame). == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Lucia Zora Card...' 1569258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucia Zora''' (aliyezaliwa '''Lucia Zora Card'''; 28 Mei 1877 – 10 Novemba 1936) alikuwa mkufunzi wa wanyama na msanii wa sarakasi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa mafunzo yake ya tembo, simba na chui, na alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa wanawake mashuhuri zaidi katika historia ya sarakasi za Marekani. Mwaka 1962 aliingizwa katika Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Sarakasi wa Kimataifa (International Circus Hall of Fame). == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Lucia Zora Card alizaliwa tarehe 28 Mei 1877 mjini Cazenovia, New York, Marekani.<ref name="CraigDailyPress">{{cite web|url=https://www.craigdailypress.com/news/history-in-focus-the-bravest-woman-in-the-world/|title=History in Focus: The Bravest Woman in the World|author=James Neton|date=14 Septemba 2023|website=craigdailypress.com|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Alikuwa mtoto pekee wa Milton na Myra Card.<ref name="TCP">{{cite web|url=https://www.tcpalm.com/story/opinion/columnists/anthony-westbury/2017/04/25/anthony-westbury-circus-stars-unmarked-grave-discovered/100757780/|title=Circus star's unmarked grave discovered|author=Anthony Westbury|date=25 Aprili 2017|website=tcpalm.com|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Jina lake lilitokana na jina la meli ya mizigo aliyoiiona baba yake katika Bandari ya Boston.<ref name="FortPierce1936">{{cite news|title=Death Ends Career Of Mrs. Alispaw|newspaper=Fort Pierce Tribune|date=11 Novemba 1936|page=1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/885129804/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Alisoma katika Seminari ya Cazenovia. Mwaka 1882 wazazi wake walihamia Fort Pierce, Florida, ambapo walianzisha shamba la mananasi kando ya Mto Indian River.<ref name="CraigDailyPress" /> Baba yake alikuja kuwa mmoja wa wakulima mashuhuri wa mananasi katika eneo hilo.<ref name="TCP" /> == Kazi == Malezi na elimu yake yalielekezwa kumwandaa kuwa mwimbaji wa opera.<ref name="FortPierce1936" /> Akiwa safarini kuelekea kaskazini pamoja na mama yake, alifika Jacksonville na kufanya majaribio ya kujiunga na Wilbur Opera Company. Alibaki katika kampuni hiyo hadi mwaka 1902.<ref name="IndianRiver">{{cite web|url=https://indianrivermagazine.com/zora/|title=Zora|author1=Anthony Westbury|author2=Catherine Enns Grigas|website=indianrivermagazine.com|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Mwaka 1903, akiwa na umri wa miaka 19, aliacha opera na kujiunga na sarakasi ambayo ilivunjika mwaka uliofuata.<ref name="Tampa1962">{{cite news|title=4 'Greats' Enter Circus Hall Of Fame|newspaper=Tampa Bay Times|date=8 Januari 1962|page=8|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/318067544/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Ili kujikimu, alifanya kazi ya kupika pancakes katika mgahawa hadi alipopata nafasi ya kujiunga na sarakasi nyingine.<ref name="KCStar1928">{{cite news|title=A Woman's Feats In the Circus and On a Homestead|newspaper=The Kansas City Star|date=28 Aprili 1928|page=6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/655123350/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> == Maisha ya sarakasi == Mwaka 1904 aliajiriwa na Sells Floto Circus iliyokuwa na makao yake Denver, Colorado. Awali alishiriki katika maonesho ya ballet, maandamano ya sarakasi na kuwahudumia farasi waliotumika kufundishia.<ref name="Tampa1962" /> Baada ya mwaka mmoja alipata fursa ya kushughulikia wanyama wa porini kupitia Fred Alispaw, msimamizi wa menagerie ya sarakasi hiyo.<ref name="KCStar1928" /> Fred alikuwa mkufunzi wa tembo kutoka Bustani za Hagenbeck barani Ulaya.<ref name="Indy1917">{{cite news|title=Head of Circus Animal Department "Married" Job as Elephant Trainer|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star|date=14 Mei 1917|page=13|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1046995900/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Baadaye Lucia na Fred walifunga ndoa, na Fred akamfundisha mbinu za kushughulikia wanyama. Alianza kushiriki katika maonesho ya tembo ambapo aliongoza kundi la tembo wakubwa kucheza na kufanya mazoezi mbalimbali ndani ya ulingo wa futi arobaini.<ref>{{cite news|title=Big Beasts Fear Little Woman|newspaper=The Sacramento Bee|date=7 Aprili 1912|page=2|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/616736571/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Ndani ya miaka miwili alijulikana kwa uwezo wake wa kudhibiti wanyama wakali. Alipopewa jukumu la kuwafunza simba na chui, aliingia kwenye kizimba akiwa na kiti, mjeledi na bastola iliyokuwa na risasi zisizo na uwezo wa kuua. Ingawa alijeruhiwa mara kadhaa, alifanikiwa kuwadhibiti wanyama hao.<ref name="DailyHerald">{{cite news|title=Payson Animal Trainer and His Wife Gained Fame Under 'Big Top'|newspaper=The Daily Herald|date=14 Mei 1964|page=17|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/467967481/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Kutokana na ujasiri wake, alipewa jina la '''"Mwanamke Jasiri Zaidi Duniani"'''.<ref name="IndianRiver" /> Wakati Sells Floto Circus ilipounganishwa na Buffalo Bill's Wild West mwaka 1915, Lucia aliendelea kuwa mkufunzi wa tembo na mfunzaji wa simba. Alifundisha simba, chui na makundi matatu ya tembo kwa wakati mmoja, jambo lililomfanya kuwa kivutio kikubwa katika maonesho hayo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wears Farm On Fingers|newspaper=St. Joseph News-Press|date=26 Juni 1915|page=8|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/559022102/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Mwaka 1917 alikuwa tayari ametambuliwa kama mkufunzi mkuu wa wanyama wa sarakasi hiyo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lucia Zora, Foremost Animal Trainer, Talks Of Foibles of Women|newspaper=The Atlanta Journal|date=21 Septemba 1917|page=5|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/970897764/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Mwisho wa mwaka 1917, yeye na mumewe waliamua kustaafu kutoka shughuli za sarakasi.<ref name="CraigDailyPress" /> Baadaye waliishi Colorado kabla ya kuhamia Fort Pierce, Florida mwaka 1926 ili kumtunza mama yake aliyekuwa mgonjwa.<ref name="TCP" /> == Maisha binafsi == Lucia Zora aliolewa na Fred Alispaw (au Alispach), mkufunzi wa tembo wa sarakasi kutoka Payson, Utah.<ref name="DailyHerald" /> Baada ya kustaafu waliishi katika nyumba iliyokuwa kusini mwa Fort Pierce, Florida.<ref name="FortPierce1936" /> == Kifo == Lucia Zora Alispaw alifariki mjini Fort Pierce tarehe 10 Novemba 1936 akiwa na umri wa miaka 59.<ref name="FortPierce1936" /> Alizikwa pamoja na wazazi wake katika makaburi ya familia ya Card yaliyopo Riverview Memorial Park, Fort Pierce. Kaburi lake halikuwa na alama yoyote kutoka mwaka wa kifo chake hadi tarehe 24 Aprili 2017, wakati jiwe jipya la kumbukumbu lilipowekwa.<ref name="TCP" /> == Urithi == Maonesho yake ya wanyama wakali yaliburudisha mamia ya maelfu ya watazamaji.<ref>{{cite news|title="Bravest Woman in the World," Lucia Zora, Trainer of Wild Animals, Visiting Her Parents in This City|newspaper=Fort Pierce Tribune|date=16 Septemba 1927|page=1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/885006127/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Alijulikana kama mwanamke pekee duniani aliyekuwa mkufunzi wa tembo katika kipindi chake.<ref>{{cite news|title=World's Only Woman Elephant Trainer Gives Secret of Work|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star|date=23 Mei 1916|page=6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1046982771/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Pia alitajwa kuwa mtu wa kwanza kuwaweka simba na chui wa Bengal pamoja ndani ya kizimba kimoja kwa mafanikio.<ref name="TCP" /> Mwaka 1928 alichapisha wasifu wake binafsi ulioitwa ''Sawdust and Solitude'', ulihaririwa na Courtney Ryley Cooper.<ref name="KCStar1928" /> Mwaka 1962 aliingizwa katika Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Sarakasi wa Kimataifa (International Circus Hall of Fame).<ref name="HallOfFame">{{cite web|url=https://circushalloffame.com/circus-hall-of-fame-inductees/|title=Circus Hall of Fame Inductees|website=circushalloffame.com|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1877|1936}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] 1cw9xuhhulasz3fq8izaq1j8xr0r5eo 1569290 1569258 2026-06-10T06:49:58Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 /* Marejeo */ 1569290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucia Zora''' (aliyezaliwa '''Lucia Zora Card'''; 28 Mei 1877 – 10 Novemba 1936) alikuwa mkufunzi wa wanyama na msanii wa sarakasi kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa mafunzo yake ya tembo, simba na chui, na alitajwa kuwa mmoja wa wanawake mashuhuri zaidi katika historia ya sarakasi za Marekani. Mwaka 1962 aliingizwa katika Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Sarakasi wa Kimataifa (International Circus Hall of Fame). == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Lucia Zora Card alizaliwa tarehe 28 Mei 1877 mjini Cazenovia, New York, Marekani.<ref name="CraigDailyPress">{{cite web|url=https://www.craigdailypress.com/news/history-in-focus-the-bravest-woman-in-the-world/|title=History in Focus: The Bravest Woman in the World|author=James Neton|date=14 Septemba 2023|website=craigdailypress.com|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Alikuwa mtoto pekee wa Milton na Myra Card.<ref name="TCP">{{cite web|url=https://www.tcpalm.com/story/opinion/columnists/anthony-westbury/2017/04/25/anthony-westbury-circus-stars-unmarked-grave-discovered/100757780/|title=Circus star's unmarked grave discovered|author=Anthony Westbury|date=25 Aprili 2017|website=tcpalm.com|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Jina lake lilitokana na jina la meli ya mizigo aliyoiiona baba yake katika Bandari ya Boston.<ref name="FortPierce1936">{{cite news|title=Death Ends Career Of Mrs. Alispaw|newspaper=Fort Pierce Tribune|date=11 Novemba 1936|page=1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/885129804/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Alisoma katika Seminari ya Cazenovia. Mwaka 1882 wazazi wake walihamia Fort Pierce, Florida, ambapo walianzisha shamba la mananasi kando ya Mto Indian River.<ref name="CraigDailyPress" /> Baba yake alikuja kuwa mmoja wa wakulima mashuhuri wa mananasi katika eneo hilo.<ref name="TCP" /> == Kazi == Malezi na elimu yake yalielekezwa kumwandaa kuwa mwimbaji wa opera.<ref name="FortPierce1936" /> Akiwa safarini kuelekea kaskazini pamoja na mama yake, alifika Jacksonville na kufanya majaribio ya kujiunga na Wilbur Opera Company. Alibaki katika kampuni hiyo hadi mwaka 1902.<ref name="IndianRiver">{{cite web|url=https://indianrivermagazine.com/zora/|title=Zora|author1=Anthony Westbury|author2=Catherine Enns Grigas|website=indianrivermagazine.com|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Mwaka 1903, akiwa na umri wa miaka 19, aliacha opera na kujiunga na sarakasi ambayo ilivunjika mwaka uliofuata.<ref name="Tampa1962">{{cite news|title=4 'Greats' Enter Circus Hall Of Fame|newspaper=Tampa Bay Times|date=8 Januari 1962|page=8|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/318067544/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Ili kujikimu, alifanya kazi ya kupika pancakes katika mgahawa hadi alipopata nafasi ya kujiunga na sarakasi nyingine.<ref name="KCStar1928">{{cite news|title=A Woman's Feats In the Circus and On a Homestead|newspaper=The Kansas City Star|date=28 Aprili 1928|page=6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/655123350/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> == Maisha ya sarakasi == Mwaka 1904 aliajiriwa na Sells Floto Circus iliyokuwa na makao yake Denver, Colorado. Awali alishiriki katika maonesho ya ballet, maandamano ya sarakasi na kuwahudumia farasi waliotumika kufundishia.<ref name="Tampa1962" /> Baada ya mwaka mmoja alipata fursa ya kushughulikia wanyama wa porini kupitia Fred Alispaw, msimamizi wa menagerie ya sarakasi hiyo.<ref name="KCStar1928" /> Fred alikuwa mkufunzi wa tembo kutoka Bustani za Hagenbeck barani Ulaya.<ref name="Indy1917">{{cite news|title=Head of Circus Animal Department "Married" Job as Elephant Trainer|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star|date=14 Mei 1917|page=13|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1046995900/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Baadaye Lucia na Fred walifunga ndoa, na Fred akamfundisha mbinu za kushughulikia wanyama. Alianza kushiriki katika maonesho ya tembo ambapo aliongoza kundi la tembo wakubwa kucheza na kufanya mazoezi mbalimbali ndani ya ulingo wa futi arobaini.<ref>{{cite news|title=Big Beasts Fear Little Woman|newspaper=The Sacramento Bee|date=7 Aprili 1912|page=2|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/616736571/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Ndani ya miaka miwili alijulikana kwa uwezo wake wa kudhibiti wanyama wakali. Alipopewa jukumu la kuwafunza simba na chui, aliingia kwenye kizimba akiwa na kiti, mjeledi na bastola iliyokuwa na risasi zisizo na uwezo wa kuua. Ingawa alijeruhiwa mara kadhaa, alifanikiwa kuwadhibiti wanyama hao.<ref name="DailyHerald">{{cite news|title=Payson Animal Trainer and His Wife Gained Fame Under 'Big Top'|newspaper=The Daily Herald|date=14 Mei 1964|page=17|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/467967481/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Kutokana na ujasiri wake, alipewa jina la '''"Mwanamke Jasiri Zaidi Duniani"'''.<ref name="IndianRiver" /> Wakati Sells Floto Circus ilipounganishwa na Buffalo Bill's Wild West mwaka 1915, Lucia aliendelea kuwa mkufunzi wa tembo na mfunzaji wa simba. Alifundisha simba, chui na makundi matatu ya tembo kwa wakati mmoja, jambo lililomfanya kuwa kivutio kikubwa katika maonesho hayo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wears Farm On Fingers|newspaper=St. Joseph News-Press|date=26 Juni 1915|page=8|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/559022102/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Mwaka 1917 alikuwa tayari ametambuliwa kama mkufunzi mkuu wa wanyama wa sarakasi hiyo.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lucia Zora, Foremost Animal Trainer, Talks Of Foibles of Women|newspaper=The Atlanta Journal|date=21 Septemba 1917|page=5|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/970897764/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Mwisho wa mwaka 1917, yeye na mumewe waliamua kustaafu kutoka shughuli za sarakasi.<ref name="CraigDailyPress" /> Baadaye waliishi Colorado kabla ya kuhamia Fort Pierce, Florida mwaka 1926 ili kumtunza mama yake aliyekuwa mgonjwa.<ref name="TCP" /> == Maisha binafsi == Lucia Zora aliolewa na Fred Alispaw (au Alispach), mkufunzi wa tembo wa sarakasi kutoka Payson, Utah.<ref name="DailyHerald" /> Baada ya kustaafu waliishi katika nyumba iliyokuwa kusini mwa Fort Pierce, Florida.<ref name="FortPierce1936" /> == Kifo == Lucia Zora Alispaw alifariki mjini Fort Pierce tarehe 10 Novemba 1936 akiwa na umri wa miaka 59.<ref name="FortPierce1936" /> Alizikwa pamoja na wazazi wake katika makaburi ya familia ya Card yaliyopo Riverview Memorial Park, Fort Pierce. Kaburi lake halikuwa na alama yoyote kutoka mwaka wa kifo chake hadi tarehe 24 Aprili 2017, wakati jiwe jipya la kumbukumbu lilipowekwa.<ref name="TCP" /> == Urithi == Maonesho yake ya wanyama wakali yaliburudisha mamia ya maelfu ya watazamaji.<ref>{{cite news|title="Bravest Woman in the World," Lucia Zora, Trainer of Wild Animals, Visiting Her Parents in This City|newspaper=Fort Pierce Tribune|date=16 Septemba 1927|page=1|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/885006127/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Alijulikana kama mwanamke pekee duniani aliyekuwa mkufunzi wa tembo katika kipindi chake.<ref>{{cite news|title=World's Only Woman Elephant Trainer Gives Secret of Work|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star|date=23 Mei 1916|page=6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1046982771/?match=1&terms=lucia%20zora|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> Pia alitajwa kuwa mtu wa kwanza kuwaweka simba na chui wa Bengal pamoja ndani ya kizimba kimoja kwa mafanikio.<ref name="TCP" /> Mwaka 1928 alichapisha wasifu wake binafsi ulioitwa ''Sawdust and Solitude'', ulihaririwa na Courtney Ryley Cooper.<ref name="KCStar1928" /> Mwaka 1962 aliingizwa katika Ukumbi wa Umaarufu wa Sarakasi wa Kimataifa (International Circus Hall of Fame).<ref name="HallOfFame">{{cite web|url=https://circushalloffame.com/circus-hall-of-fame-inductees/|title=Circus Hall of Fame Inductees|website=circushalloffame.com|access-date=2025-06-24}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1877|1936}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] 03gygyytfctiwkfjfprrttuzdvxuk34 0 240611 1569259 2026-06-10T05:55:37Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Sophia Yin''' (5 Februari 1966 – 28 Septemba 2014) alikuwa daktari wa mifugo, mtaalamu wa tabia za wanyama (etholojia tumizi), mwandishi na mhadhiri kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa matumizi ya mbinu za uimarishaji chanya (''positive reinforcement'') katika kufundisha mbwa,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grossman |first1=Anna Jane |title=The Legacy and Tragedy of the Life of Dr. Sophia Yin |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-legacy-and...' 1569259 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sophia Yin''' (5 Februari 1966 – 28 Septemba 2014) alikuwa daktari wa mifugo, mtaalamu wa tabia za wanyama (etholojia tumizi), mwandishi na mhadhiri kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa matumizi ya mbinu za uimarishaji chanya (''positive reinforcement'') katika kufundisha mbwa,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grossman |first1=Anna Jane |title=The Legacy and Tragedy of the Life of Dr. Sophia Yin |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-legacy-and-tragedy-of_b_5927396 |work=HuffPost |date=6 Oktoba 2014}}</ref> na alitambulika sana kama mtaalamu wa mafunzo na tabia za wanyama wa kufugwa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimlich |first1=Rachael |title=A farewell to Dr. Sophia Yin |url=https://www.dvm360.com/view/farewell-dr-sophia-yin |work=DVM360 |date=1 Novemba 2014}}</ref> == Elimu na kazi == Yin alihitimu kutoka Chuo cha California, Davis mwaka 1993 akiwa na Shahada ya Udaktari wa Tiba ya Wanyama (DVM). Baada ya kuhitimu, alifanya kazi katika kliniki binafsi za mifugo, ambapo aligundua kuwa wanyama wengi wa kufugwa waliuawa kutokana na matatizo ya kitabia kuliko magonjwa ya kimwili.<ref name="Larkin">{{cite web |last1=Larkin |first1=Melinda |title=Behavior pioneer inspired many to learn humane, positive techniques |url=https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2015-01-15/behavior-pioneer-inspired-many-learn-humane-positive-techniques |website=American Veterinary Medical Association |date=30 Desemba 2014}}</ref> Ugunduzi huo ulimhamasisha kurudi chuoni kusomea etholojia, yaani sayansi ya tabia za wanyama.<ref name="Larkin" /> Mwaka 2001 alipata shahada ya uzamili katika Sayansi ya Wanyama katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Davis, chini ya usimamizi wa Dk. Edward Price. Tasnifu yake ilihusu mawasiliano ya sauti kwa mbwa.<ref name="Larkin" /> Baada ya kupata shahada hiyo, aliendelea kubaki UC Davis kwa miaka mitano akifundisha na kusimamia tafiti za wanafunzi.<ref name="Larkin" /> Kuanzia mwaka 2007 hadi 2008, Yin alikuwa rais wa American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior.<ref name="Larkin" /> Pia alikuwa mwanachama wa kamati ya mwongozo wa namna ya kuwashika paka kwa usalama ya American Association of Feline Practitioners.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obituaries: Sophia A. Yin |url=https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2015-01-15/obituaries |work=American Veterinary Medical Association |date=30 Desemba 2014}}</ref> Alitoa mihadhara katika nchi mbalimbali duniani kwa madaktari wa mifugo na wataalamu wa wanyama, akifundisha kuhusu tabia za wanyama na mbinu za kuwashughulikia mbwa na paka kwa utulivu na bila msongo wa mawazo. == Mbinu za mafunzo ya wanyama == Programu zake za kurekebisha tabia za wanyama zilitegemea sayansi ya ujifunzaji. Alisisitiza matumizi ya kuondoa mwitikio wa hofu kwa hatua, pamoja na ufundishaji wa kimasharti wa kawaida na ufundishaji wa kimasharti wa kitabia. Mbinu yake ilijikita katika matumizi ya uimarishaji chanya, adhabu hasi (kuondoa zawadi kwa tabia zisizotakiwa), na umuhimu wa kuangalia kwa makini lugha ya mwili ya mnyama pamoja na ya mkufunzi ili kuelewa athari zake katika tabia ya mnyama. Yin pia alivumbua mfumo wa mafunzo wa mbali unaoitwa ''Treat & Train'', ambao ulitumia zawadi na uimarishaji chanya katika kufundisha mbwa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niedziela |first1=Ken |title=Animal Behaviorist Sophia Yin Dies at 48 |url=https://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/animal-behaviorist-sophia-yin-dies-at-48/ |work=Veterinary Practice News |date=30 Septemba 2014}}</ref> == Uandishi na vyombo vya habari == Kitabu chake cha kwanza kilikuwa ''The Small Animal Veterinary Nerdbook'', ambacho alianza kukiandaa akiwa mwanafunzi wa shahada ya kwanza.<ref name="Larkin" /> Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa mwaka 2000 liliuza nakala 4,500, na baada ya toleo la tatu kuchapishwa mauzo yalizidi nakala 40,000.<ref name="Larkin" /> Mwaka 1999 alianza kuandika safu ya makala katika gazeti la ''San Francisco Chronicle'', iliyochapishwa kila baada ya wiki mbili.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agronis |first1=Amy |title=BREAKTIME — Sophia Yin: Helping animals' voices and needs be heard |url=https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/breaktime-%E2%80%94-sophia-yin-helping-animals%E2%80%99-voices-and-needs-be-heard/ |website=UC Davis |date=22 Oktoba 2004}}</ref> Mwaka 2008 alionekana katika vipindi vya televisheni vya Animal Planet kama ''Dogs 101'' na ''Weird, True & Freaky''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weird True and Freaky |url=https://www.episodate.com/tv-show/weird-true-and-freaky?season=2 |date=7 Septemba 2008}}</ref> Aliunda pia video nyingi za YouTube zilizolenga kuwasaidia wamiliki wa wanyama kutatua matatizo ya kitabia ya wanyama wao na kuwafundisha wataalamu wa mifugo namna ya kuwashughulikia wanyama bila kuwasababishia msongo wa mawazo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Warren |first1=George |title=Grief, tributes follow death of renowned UC Davis animal behaviorist |url=https://www.abc10.com/article/news/local/davis/grief-tributes-follow-death-of-renowned-uc-davis-animal-behaviorist/103-277587372 |work=ABC10 |date=30 Septemba 2014}}</ref> Mwaka 2010 alitajwa katika orodha ya ''100 Best and Brightest in the World of Dogs'' ya jarida la ''The Bark'', kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika elimu kuhusu mbwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Best & Brightest in the World of Dogs|url=http://thebark.com/content/best-brightest-world-dogs?page=7|work=The Bark}}</ref> Vitabu vingine alivyoandika ni pamoja na: * ''Low Stress Handling, Restraint and Behavior Modification of Dogs & Cats'' * ''How to Behave So Your Dog Behaves'' * ''Perfect Puppy in 7 Days'' Pia alikuwa mmiliki wa kampuni ya uchapishaji iitwayo ''CattleDog Publishing''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kawczynska |first1=Claudia |title=Remembering Dr. Sophia Yin |url=https://thebark.com/content/remembering-dr-sophia-yin |website=The Bark |date=Januari 2015}}</ref> == Kifo == Katika siku zake za mwisho, Yin aliwaeleza marafiki na wafanyakazi wenzake kuwa alikuwa akihisi mzigo mkubwa wa kazi na wasiwasi kuhusu uwezo wake wa kusimamia shughuli za kampuni yake huku akidumisha maono yake ya kitaaluma.<ref>{{cite web |title=A farewell to Dr. Sophia Yin |url=https://www.dvm360.com/view/farewell-dr-sophia-yin |website=DVM360 |date=1 Novemba 2014}}</ref> Alifariki tarehe 28 Septemba 2014 nyumbani kwake huko Davis, California akiwa na umri wa miaka 48.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dávila |first1=Robert D. |title=Obituary: Dr. Sophia Yin, 48, renowned pioneer in humane training for pets |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/obituaries/article2616643.html |work=The Sacramento Bee |date=30 Septemba 2014}}</ref> == Machapisho teule == === Tafiti === * ''A New Perspective on Barking in Dogs (Canis familiaris)'' (2002) * ''Barking in Domestic Dogs: Context Specificity and Individual Identification'' (2004) * ''Efficacy of a Remote-Controlled, Positive-Reinforcement Dog-Training System'' (2008) * ''2015 AAHA Canine and Feline Behavior Management Guidelines'' (2015) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1966|2014}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] cgqddc28od3hrtacrdwzyzn5r3gc71b 1569292 1569259 2026-06-10T06:51:08Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569292 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sophia Yin''' (5 Februari 1966 – 28 Septemba 2014) alikuwa daktari wa mifugo, mtaalamu wa tabia za wanyama (etholojia tumizi), mwandishi na mhadhiri kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa matumizi ya mbinu za uimarishaji chanya (''positive reinforcement'') katika kufundisha mbwa,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grossman |first1=Anna Jane |title=The Legacy and Tragedy of the Life of Dr. Sophia Yin |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-legacy-and-tragedy-of_b_5927396 |work=HuffPost |date=6 Oktoba 2014}}</ref> na alitambulika sana kama mtaalamu wa mafunzo na tabia za wanyama wa kufugwa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimlich |first1=Rachael |title=A farewell to Dr. Sophia Yin |url=https://www.dvm360.com/view/farewell-dr-sophia-yin |work=DVM360 |date=1 Novemba 2014}}</ref> == Elimu na kazi == Yin alihitimu kutoka Chuo cha California, Davis mwaka 1993 akiwa na Shahada ya Udaktari wa Tiba ya Wanyama (DVM). Baada ya kuhitimu, alifanya kazi katika kliniki binafsi za mifugo, ambapo aligundua kuwa wanyama wengi wa kufugwa waliuawa kutokana na matatizo ya kitabia kuliko magonjwa ya kimwili.<ref name="Larkin">{{cite web |last1=Larkin |first1=Melinda |title=Behavior pioneer inspired many to learn humane, positive techniques |url=https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2015-01-15/behavior-pioneer-inspired-many-learn-humane-positive-techniques |website=American Veterinary Medical Association |date=30 Desemba 2014}}</ref> Ugunduzi huo ulimhamasisha kurudi chuoni kusomea etholojia, yaani sayansi ya tabia za wanyama.<ref name="Larkin" /> Mwaka 2001 alipata shahada ya uzamili katika Sayansi ya Wanyama katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Davis, chini ya usimamizi wa Dk. Edward Price. Tasnifu yake ilihusu mawasiliano ya sauti kwa mbwa.<ref name="Larkin" /> Baada ya kupata shahada hiyo, aliendelea kubaki UC Davis kwa miaka mitano akifundisha na kusimamia tafiti za wanafunzi.<ref name="Larkin" /> Kuanzia mwaka 2007 hadi 2008, Yin alikuwa rais wa American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior.<ref name="Larkin" /> Pia alikuwa mwanachama wa kamati ya mwongozo wa namna ya kuwashika paka kwa usalama ya American Association of Feline Practitioners.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obituaries: Sophia A. Yin |url=https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2015-01-15/obituaries |work=American Veterinary Medical Association |date=30 Desemba 2014}}</ref> Alitoa mihadhara katika nchi mbalimbali duniani kwa madaktari wa mifugo na wataalamu wa wanyama, akifundisha kuhusu tabia za wanyama na mbinu za kuwashughulikia mbwa na paka kwa utulivu na bila msongo wa mawazo. == Mbinu za mafunzo ya wanyama == Programu zake za kurekebisha tabia za wanyama zilitegemea sayansi ya ujifunzaji. Alisisitiza matumizi ya kuondoa mwitikio wa hofu kwa hatua, pamoja na ufundishaji wa kimasharti wa kawaida na ufundishaji wa kimasharti wa kitabia. Mbinu yake ilijikita katika matumizi ya uimarishaji chanya, adhabu hasi (kuondoa zawadi kwa tabia zisizotakiwa), na umuhimu wa kuangalia kwa makini lugha ya mwili ya mnyama pamoja na ya mkufunzi ili kuelewa athari zake katika tabia ya mnyama. Yin pia alivumbua mfumo wa mafunzo wa mbali unaoitwa ''Treat & Train'', ambao ulitumia zawadi na uimarishaji chanya katika kufundisha mbwa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niedziela |first1=Ken |title=Animal Behaviorist Sophia Yin Dies at 48 |url=https://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/animal-behaviorist-sophia-yin-dies-at-48/ |work=Veterinary Practice News |date=30 Septemba 2014}}</ref> == Uandishi na vyombo vya habari == Kitabu chake cha kwanza kilikuwa ''The Small Animal Veterinary Nerdbook'', ambacho alianza kukiandaa akiwa mwanafunzi wa shahada ya kwanza.<ref name="Larkin" /> Toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa mwaka 2000 liliuza nakala 4,500, na baada ya toleo la tatu kuchapishwa mauzo yalizidi nakala 40,000.<ref name="Larkin" /> Mwaka 1999 alianza kuandika safu ya makala katika gazeti la ''San Francisco Chronicle'', iliyochapishwa kila baada ya wiki mbili.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agronis |first1=Amy |title=BREAKTIME — Sophia Yin: Helping animals' voices and needs be heard |url=https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/breaktime-%E2%80%94-sophia-yin-helping-animals%E2%80%99-voices-and-needs-be-heard/ |website=UC Davis |date=22 Oktoba 2004}}</ref> Mwaka 2008 alionekana katika vipindi vya televisheni vya Animal Planet kama ''Dogs 101'' na ''Weird, True & Freaky''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weird True and Freaky |url=https://www.episodate.com/tv-show/weird-true-and-freaky?season=2 |date=7 Septemba 2008}}</ref> Aliunda pia video nyingi za YouTube zilizolenga kuwasaidia wamiliki wa wanyama kutatua matatizo ya kitabia ya wanyama wao na kuwafundisha wataalamu wa mifugo namna ya kuwashughulikia wanyama bila kuwasababishia msongo wa mawazo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Warren |first1=George |title=Grief, tributes follow death of renowned UC Davis animal behaviorist |url=https://www.abc10.com/article/news/local/davis/grief-tributes-follow-death-of-renowned-uc-davis-animal-behaviorist/103-277587372 |work=ABC10 |date=30 Septemba 2014}}</ref> Mwaka 2010 alitajwa katika orodha ya ''100 Best and Brightest in the World of Dogs'' ya jarida la ''The Bark'', kwa mchango wake mkubwa katika elimu kuhusu mbwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Best & Brightest in the World of Dogs|url=http://thebark.com/content/best-brightest-world-dogs?page=7|work=The Bark}}</ref> Vitabu vingine alivyoandika ni pamoja na: * ''Low Stress Handling, Restraint and Behavior Modification of Dogs & Cats'' * ''How to Behave So Your Dog Behaves'' * ''Perfect Puppy in 7 Days'' Pia alikuwa mmiliki wa kampuni ya uchapishaji iitwayo ''CattleDog Publishing''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kawczynska |first1=Claudia |title=Remembering Dr. Sophia Yin |url=https://thebark.com/content/remembering-dr-sophia-yin |website=The Bark |date=Januari 2015}}</ref> == Kifo == Katika siku zake za mwisho, Yin aliwaeleza marafiki na wafanyakazi wenzake kuwa alikuwa akihisi mzigo mkubwa wa kazi na wasiwasi kuhusu uwezo wake wa kusimamia shughuli za kampuni yake huku akidumisha maono yake ya kitaaluma.<ref>{{cite web |title=A farewell to Dr. Sophia Yin |url=https://www.dvm360.com/view/farewell-dr-sophia-yin |website=DVM360 |date=1 Novemba 2014}}</ref> Alifariki tarehe 28 Septemba 2014 nyumbani kwake huko Davis, California akiwa na umri wa miaka 48.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dávila |first1=Robert D. |title=Obituary: Dr. Sophia Yin, 48, renowned pioneer in humane training for pets |url=https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/obituaries/article2616643.html |work=The Sacramento Bee |date=30 Septemba 2014}}</ref> == Machapisho teule == === Tafiti === * ''A New Perspective on Barking in Dogs (Canis familiaris)'' (2002) * ''Barking in Domestic Dogs: Context Specificity and Individual Identification'' (2004) * ''Efficacy of a Remote-Controlled, Positive-Reinforcement Dog-Training System'' (2008) * ''2015 AAHA Canine and Feline Behavior Management Guidelines'' (2015) == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1966|2014}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] 8p7p4uzhb6f81m67y6sy97tyjjudhw2 0 240612 1569261 2026-06-10T06:09:03Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Yuseph Williams "Boela" Abrahams''' (amezaliwa 23 Julai 1988) ni mchezaji wa mchezo wa raga (rugby union) kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye aliichezea timu ya Leopards katika mashindano ya Currie Cup na Rugby Challenge .<ref name="SARU Player Profile Boela Abrahams">{{SA Rugby Player Profile | id=37509 | name=Boela Abrahams | date=29 May 2016}}</ref> == Wasifu == Abrahams alianza kucheza raga katika ngazi za vijana akiwa na timu ya Griffons , kabla ya...' 1569261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuseph Williams "Boela" Abrahams''' (amezaliwa 23 Julai 1988) ni mchezaji wa mchezo wa raga (rugby union) kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye aliichezea timu ya Leopards katika mashindano ya Currie Cup na Rugby Challenge .<ref name="SARU Player Profile Boela Abrahams">{{SA Rugby Player Profile | id=37509 | name=Boela Abrahams | date=29 May 2016}}</ref> == Wasifu == Abrahams alianza kucheza raga katika ngazi za vijana akiwa na timu ya Griffons , kabla ya kujumuishwa katika kikosi chao mwaka 2007. Mwaka 2009 alijiunga na Eastern Province Kings na baadaye akatajwa katika kikosi cha timu hiyo kwa msimu wa Kombe la Vodacom 2011. Mwishoni mwa mwaka 2011 aliachwa na timu hiyo na kujiunga na Maties kwa ajili ya mashindano ya Kombe la Varsity Cup 2012. Hata hivyo, miezi michache baadaye alirejea Eastern Province Kings kwa mkataba wa miaka miwili.<ref name="Boela terug by Kings">{{cite web|url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/17/GO/24/spt-eepee.html|title=Boela terug by Kings|date=17 Aprili 2012|publisher=Die Son|language=Afrikaans|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023711/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/17/GO/24/spt-eepee.html|archive-date=4 Machi 2016}}</ref> Mwaka 2014 alijiunga tena na Griffons, timu yenye makao yake mjini [[Welkom]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu katika kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa 2014 Currie Cup First Division. Katika mchezo wa fainali, Abrahams alifunga ''try'' moja na pia alipiga ''drop goal'' muhimu katika dakika za mwisho za mchezo, jambo lililosaidia Griffons kushinda kwa mabao 23–21 dhidi ya Valke.<ref name="Down Touch Griffons 23-21 Valke">{{SA Rugby Match Centre | id=133384 | homeid=23034 | awayid=23054 | leagueid=2154 | hometeam=Down Touch Griffons | homescore=23 | awayscore=21 | awayteam=Valke | matchdate=17 October 2014 | date=29 June 2016}}</ref> Ushindi huo uliiwezesha Griffons kutwaa kombe lao la kwanza baada ya miaka sita.<ref name="Currie Cup Griffons win First Division title">{{cite web|url=http://www.sport24.co.za/Rugby/CurrieCup/Griffons-win-First-Division-title-20141017|title=Currie Cup Griffons win First Division title|publisher=Sport24|date=17 Oktoba 2014|access-date=21 Oktoba 2014}}</ref> Siku chache baada ya ushindi huo, Abrahams alialikwa kushiriki katika kambi ya mazoezi ya timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini ya raga, Springboks, kabla ya ziara yao ya mwisho wa mwaka ya Ulaya mwaka 2014.<ref name="More players join Bok training camp">{{cite web|url=http://www.supersport.com/rugby/springboks/news/141019/More_players_join_Bok_training_camp|title=More players join Bok training camp|publisher=SuperSport|date=19 Oktoba 2014|access-date=21 Oktoba 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1988|}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] 5i04ak43aaqc4r15glgyqmnxmtzigwt 1569293 1569261 2026-06-10T06:52:36Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569293 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yuseph Williams "Boela" Abrahams''' (amezaliwa 23 Julai 1988) ni mchezaji wa mchezo wa raga (rugby union) kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye aliichezea timu ya Leopards katika mashindano ya Currie Cup na Rugby Challenge. == Wasifu == Abrahams alianza kucheza raga katika ngazi za vijana akiwa na timu ya Griffons , kabla ya kujumuishwa katika kikosi chao mwaka 2007. Mwaka 2009 alijiunga na Eastern Province Kings na baadaye akatajwa katika kikosi cha timu hiyo kwa msimu wa Kombe la Vodacom 2011. Mwishoni mwa mwaka 2011 aliachwa na timu hiyo na kujiunga na Maties kwa ajili ya mashindano ya Kombe la Varsity Cup 2012. Hata hivyo, miezi michache baadaye alirejea Eastern Province Kings kwa mkataba wa miaka miwili.<ref name="Boela terug by Kings">{{cite web|url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/17/GO/24/spt-eepee.html|title=Boela terug by Kings|date=17 Aprili 2012|publisher=Die Son|language=Afrikaans|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023711/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2012/04/17/GO/24/spt-eepee.html|archive-date=4 Machi 2016}}</ref> Mwaka 2014 alijiunga tena na Griffons, timu yenye makao yake mjini [[Welkom]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa wachezaji muhimu katika kikosi kilichotwaa ubingwa wa 2014 Currie Cup First Division. Katika mchezo wa fainali, Abrahams alifunga ''try'' moja na pia alipiga ''drop goal'' muhimu katika dakika za mwisho za mchezo, jambo lililosaidia Griffons kushinda kwa mabao 23–21 dhidi ya Valke. Ushindi huo uliiwezesha Griffons kutwaa kombe lao la kwanza baada ya miaka sita.<ref name="Currie Cup Griffons win First Division title">{{cite web|url=http://www.sport24.co.za/Rugby/CurrieCup/Griffons-win-First-Division-title-20141017|title=Currie Cup Griffons win First Division title|publisher=Sport24|date=17 Oktoba 2014|access-date=21 Oktoba 2014}}</ref> Siku chache baada ya ushindi huo, Abrahams alialikwa kushiriki katika kambi ya mazoezi ya timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini ya raga, Springboks, kabla ya ziara yao ya mwisho wa mwaka ya Ulaya mwaka 2014.<ref name="More players join Bok training camp">{{cite web|url=http://www.supersport.com/rugby/springboks/news/141019/More_players_join_Bok_training_camp|title=More players join Bok training camp|publisher=SuperSport|date=19 Oktoba 2014|access-date=21 Oktoba 2014}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1988|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] ag90onkfwl1pcu25zvxkjc5ad45aueb 0 240613 1569264 2026-06-10T06:24:03Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu na nane''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1301''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCVIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu na saba|1307]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu na tisa|1309]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1308 KK]] na [[1308]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569264 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu na nane''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1301''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCVIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu na saba|1307]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu na tisa|1309]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1308 KK]] na [[1308]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] gy4p2bzo3umrmszafadj5mr5i79rt0y 1569294 1569264 2026-06-10T06:53:04Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569294 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu na nane''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1308''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCVIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu na saba|1307]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu na tisa|1309]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1308 KK]] na [[1308]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] cbp4onk8n0357ltzlys0cii87jd2els 0 240614 1569265 2026-06-10T06:24:56Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu na tisa''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1309''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCIX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu na nane|1308]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu na kumi|1310]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1309 KK]] na [[1309]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569265 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu na tisa''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1309''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCIX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu na nane|1308]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu na kumi|1310]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1309 KK]] na [[1309]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 8rvkc5ky0u05g6f0loy833lneexhoau 0 240615 1569266 2026-06-10T06:26:22Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu na kumi''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1301''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu na tisa|1309]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na moja|1311]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1310 KK]] na [[1311]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569266 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu na kumi''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1301''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu na tisa|1309]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na moja|1311]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1310 KK]] na [[1311]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] s60as7hh03fj4j3lx34z6w7xjtm1txp 1569295 1569266 2026-06-10T06:53:41Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569295 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu na kumi''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1310''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu na tisa|1309]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na moja|1311]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1310 KK]] na [[1310]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 4x1ce1jwl40wyk5p6dqpzakolrhtkvx 0 240616 1569268 2026-06-10T06:27:25Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1311''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu na kumi|1310]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na mbili|1312]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1311 KK]] na [[1311]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569268 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1311''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu na kumi|1310]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na mbili|1312]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1311 KK]] na [[1311]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 4o8lncczngac7qe274rwmv3zyfzk1o4 0 240617 1569270 2026-06-10T06:27:41Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569270 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania''' (kwa kifupi: ''WSSAs'' kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities'') ni mashirika na taasisi za kiserikali zilizoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]] kwa ajili ya kusimamia rasilimali, uendeshaji wa [[miundombinu ya maji]], na utoaji wa huduma za majisafi na mifumo ya uondoaji wa majitaka. Taasisi hizi hufanya kazi chini ya usimamizi mkuu wa Wizara ya Maji, zikiongozwa na sheria mbalimbali ikiwemo Sheria ya Ugawaji wa Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira ya mwaka 2019. Mamlaka hizi zinadhibitiwa na Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Huduma za Nishati na Maji ([[EWURA]]) ili kuhakikisha ubora, viwango salama vya afya, na haki katika utoaji huduma na upangaji wa bei.<ref>https://ewura.go.tz – Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Huduma za Nishati na Maji (EWURA) kuhusu usajili, madaraja, na udhibiti wa mamlaka za maji Tanzania.</ref> == Madaraja na orodha ya Mamlaka za maji == Mamlaka hizi zimegawanywa katika madaraja tofauti kulingana na ukubwa wa kijiografia, uwezo wa kifedha wa kujiendesha, na idadi ya watu wanaohudumiwa: === Mamlaka Kuu ya Jiji la Kibiashara === * [[Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dar es Salaam|DAWASA]] – Dar es Salaam Supply and Sanitation Authority (Inahudumia [[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] na sehemu ya [[Mkoa wa Pwani]]).<ref>https://dawasa.go.tz – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dar es Salaam (DAWASA).</ref> === Mamlaka za Miji Mikuu ya Mikoa === Mamlaka hizi zinasimamia huduma katika makao makuu ya mikoa ya kimkakati ya Tanzania Bara: * [[AUWSA]] – Arusha Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]]) * [[BUWASA]] – Bukoba Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Kagera|Kagera]]) * [[DUWASA]] – Dodoma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Dodoma|Dodoma]]) * [[GEUWASA]] – Geita Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Geita|Geita]]) * [[IRUWASA]] – Iringa Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]]) * [[KASHWASA]] – Kahama Shinyanga Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (Inahudumia miji ya [[Kahama]] na [[Shinyanga]] kutoka chanzo cha [[Ziwa Victoria]]) * [[KUWASA]] – Kigoma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Kigoma|Kigoma]]) * [[MAUWASA]] – Musoma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]]) * [[MBUWASA]] – Mbeya Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Mbeya|Mbeya]]) * [[MOWASA]] – Morogoro Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]]) * [[MTUWASA]] – Mtwara Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]]) * [[MUWASA]] – Moshi Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]]) * [[MWAUWASA]] – Mwanza Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Mwanza|Mwanza]]) * [[NJUWASA]] – Njombe Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Njombe|Njombe]]) * [[SHIYWASA]] – Shinyanga Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]]) * [[SHUWASA]] – Singida Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]]) * [[SOUWASA]] – Songea Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]]) * [[SUWASA]] – Sumbawanga Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Rukwa|Rukwa]]) * [[TUWASA]] – Tanga Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]]) * [[TUWASA (Tabora)]] – Tabora Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]]) === Mamlaka za miji ya kitaifa na miradi maalum === Hizi ni mamlaka katika miji mikubwa ambayo si makao makuu ya mikoa lakini ina mchango mkubwa wa kiuchumi: * [[KUWASA (Kahama)]] – Kahama Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority * [[TOUWASA]] – Tunduma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Songwe|Songwe]]) * [[IFUWASA]] – Ifakara Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]]) === Mamlaka za Wilaya na miji midogo === Kuna zaidi ya mamlaka 80 za ngazi ya wilaya na miji midogo nchini kote zinazosaidia kusogeza huduma karibu na jamii, zikiwemo: * [[BABUWASA]] – Babati ([[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]]) * [[KILUWASA]] – Kilosa ([[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]]) * [[KORUWASA]] – Korogwe ([[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]]) * [[MASUWASA]] – Masasi ([[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]]) * [[MUWSA]] – Muheza ([[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]]) * [[NZEWASA]] – Nzega ([[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]]) Usimamizi wa maeneo yote ya vijijini ambayo hayapo chini ya mamlaka hizi za mijini unaratibiwa na Wakala wa Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira Vijijini ([[RUWASA]]) ikishirikiana na Jumuiya za Watumia Maji Ngazi ya Jamii (CBWSOs). == Tazama pia == * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] * [[Mfumo wa majitaka]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Mazingira]] [[Jamii:Tanzania]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] je29ddzuwjelilz8t5h75k043efhf3u 1569331 1569270 2026-06-10T07:28:22Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1569331 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania''' (kwa kifupi: ''WSSAs'' kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities'') ni mashirika na taasisi za kiserikali zilizoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]] kwa ajili ya kusimamia rasilimali, uendeshaji wa [[miundombinu ya maji]], na utoaji wa huduma za majisafi na mifumo ya uondoaji wa majitaka. Taasisi hizi hufanya kazi chini ya usimamizi mkuu wa Wizara ya Maji, zikiongozwa na sheria mbalimbali ikiwemo Sheria ya Ugawaji wa Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira ya mwaka 2019. Mamlaka hizi zinadhibitiwa na Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Huduma za Nishati na Maji ([[EWURA]]) ili kuhakikisha ubora, viwango salama vya afya, na haki katika utoaji huduma na upangaji wa bei.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EWURA {{!}} Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA) - Home|url=https://ewura.go.tz/|work=ewura.go.tz|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en}}</ref> == Madaraja na orodha ya Mamlaka za maji == Mamlaka hizi zimegawanywa katika madaraja tofauti kulingana na ukubwa wa kijiografia, uwezo wa kifedha wa kujiendesha, na idadi ya watu wanaohudumiwa: === Mamlaka Kuu ya Jiji la Kibiashara === * [[DAWASA]] – Dar es Salaam Supply and Sanitation Authority (Inahudumia [[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]] na sehemu ya [[Mkoa wa Pwani]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=DAWASA {{!}} Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dar es Salaam (DAWASA) - Mwanzo|url=https://www.dawasa.go.tz/|work=dawasa.go.tz|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=sw}}</ref> === Mamlaka za Miji Mikuu ya Mikoa === Mamlaka hizi zinasimamia huduma katika makao makuu ya mikoa ya kimkakati ya Tanzania Bara: * [[AUWSA]] – Arusha Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]]) * [[BUWASA]] – Bukoba Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Kagera|Kagera]]) * [[DUWASA]] – Dodoma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Dodoma|Dodoma]]) * [[GEUWASA]] – Geita Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Geita|Geita]]) * [[IRUWASA]] – Iringa Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]]) * [[KASHWASA]] – Kahama Shinyanga Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (Inahudumia miji ya [[Kahama]] na [[Shinyanga]] kutoka chanzo cha [[Ziwa Victoria]]) * [[KUWASA]] – Kigoma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Kigoma|Kigoma]]) * [[MAUWASA]] – Musoma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]]) * [[MBUWASA]] – Mbeya Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Mbeya|Mbeya]]) * [[MOWASA]] – Morogoro Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]]) * [[MTUWASA]] – Mtwara Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]]) * [[MUWASA]] – Moshi Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]]) * [[MWAUWASA]] – Mwanza Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Mwanza|Mwanza]]) * [[NJUWASA]] – Njombe Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Njombe|Njombe]]) * [[SHIYWASA]] – Shinyanga Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]]) * [[SHUWASA]] – Singida Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]]) * [[SOUWASA]] – Songea Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]]) * [[SUWASA]] – Sumbawanga Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Rukwa|Rukwa]]) * [[TUWASA]] – Tanga Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]]) * [[TUWASA (Tabora)]] – Tabora Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]]) === Mamlaka za miji ya kitaifa na miradi maalum === Hizi ni mamlaka katika miji mikubwa ambayo si makao makuu ya mikoa lakini ina mchango mkubwa wa kiuchumi: * [[KUWASA (Kahama)]] – Kahama Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority * [[TOUWASA]] – Tunduma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Songwe|Songwe]]) * [[IFUWASA]] – Ifakara Water Supply and Sanitation Authority ([[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]]) === Mamlaka za Wilaya na miji midogo === Kuna zaidi ya mamlaka 80 za ngazi ya wilaya na miji midogo nchini kote zinazosaidia kusogeza huduma karibu na jamii, zikiwemo: * [[BABUWASA]] – Babati ([[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]]) * [[KILUWASA]] – Kilosa ([[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]]) * [[KORUWASA]] – Korogwe ([[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]]) * [[MASUWASA]] – Masasi ([[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]]) * [[MUWSA]] – Muheza ([[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]]) * [[NZEWASA]] – Nzega ([[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]]) Usimamizi wa maeneo yote ya vijijini ambayo hayapo chini ya mamlaka hizi za mijini unaratibiwa na Wakala wa Maji na Usafi wa Mazingira Vijijini ([[RUWASA]]) ikishirikiana na Jumuiya za Watumia Maji Ngazi ya Jamii (CBWSOs). == Tazama pia == * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Mtambo wa kusafisha maji]] * [[Mfumo wa majitaka]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:Mazingira]] [[Jamii:Tanzania]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] shzg8wo0ehsepmzn142mnzclfguo2cy 0 240618 1569271 2026-06-10T06:28:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Elimumaji]] 1569271 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[elimumaji]] romv9b25kilytasb8el2wcs7dnu5zrd 0 240619 1569272 2026-06-10T06:28:32Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na mbili''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1311''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu na kumi na moja|1311]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tatu|1313]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1312 KK]] na [[1312]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569272 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na mbili''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1311''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu na kumi na moja|1311]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tatu|1313]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1312 KK]] na [[1312]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 008al8jgwf1x509zqlazr2fkghmscyz 1569273 1569272 2026-06-10T06:29:00Z "futemcdonald" 78453 1569273 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na mbili''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1311''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na moja|1311]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tatu|1313]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1312 KK]] na [[1312]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] ktmxgri3vrkie8t258r6g88tulugzdu 1569297 1569273 2026-06-10T06:54:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569297 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na mbili''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1312''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na moja|1311]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tatu|1313]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1312 KK]] na [[1312]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] e3beyxw75y1slkvdfg1gdhym0nadzm5 0 240620 1569275 2026-06-10T06:30:49Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tatu''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1313''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na mbili|1312]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nne|1314]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1313 KK]] na [[1313]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569275 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tatu''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1313''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na mbili|1312]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nne|1314]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1313 KK]] na [[1313]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] mytxeujcjtxphmc95pceqb6oa1ta541 0 240621 1569279 2026-06-10T06:33:47Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Ikolojia ya maji]] hadi [[Ekolojia ya maji]]: urahisi wa kuupata 1569279 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ekolojia ya maji]] hiq3wvt9os3jyxpdimu4dao7nsd1hjk 0 240622 1569282 2026-06-10T06:41:02Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Huduma za Nishati na Maji''' (kwa kifupi: '''EWURA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kwa mujibu wa Sheria ya EWURA, Sura ya 414 ya Sheria za [[Tanzania]]. Mamlaka hii ina jukumu la kisheria la kudhibiti sekta nne kuu za miundombinu hapa nchini, ambazo ni [[umeme]], [[mafuta ya petroli]], [[gesi asilia]], na huduma za [[maji]] safi pamoja na uondoaji wa majitaka. EWURA inafanya kazi kuhakikisha kuwa huduma hizi zinatolewa kwa ufanisi, usalama, na kwa bei zenye ushindani wa haki kwa walaji na watoa huduma.<ref>https://ewura.go.tz – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Huduma za Nishati na Maji (EWURA).</ref> == Majisafi na usafi wa mazingira == Katika sekta ya majisafi na usafi wa mazingira, EWURA inashirikiana kwa karibu na Wizara ya Maji ili kusimamai [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] (WSSAs). Majukumu yake makuu katika sekta hii ni pamoja na: * Kutoa leseni za uendeshaji wa huduma za maji nchini kote. * Kupitia na kuidhinisha viwango vya ushuru na bei za maji (tariffs). * Kuweka viwango vya ubora wa huduma vinavyopaswa kufuatwa na mamlaka zote za mijini na kitaifa. Udhibiti huu unahakikisha kuwa [[miundombinu ya maji]] na [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo ya kusafisha maji]] inaendeshwa kwa kufuata miongozo ya kiufundi inayolinda viwango vya afya vya watumiaji na kuzuia upotevu usio wa kibiashara wa rasilimali hiyo. == Tathmini ya Kiutendaji== Kutokana na changamoto za kiikolojia na ukuaji wa miji, EWURA inafanya kazi ya kutathmini utendaji kazi wa kila mwaka wa mamlaka za maji kupitia ripoti maalumu za tathmini (performance benchmarking). Ripoti hizi huangazia vigezo kama vile ubora wa maji yanayosambazwa, upatikanaji wa huduma kwa masaa 24, na ufanisi katika uendeshaji wa [[mfumo wa majitaka]]. Kupitia udhibiti huo, taasisi inahimiza mamlaka kuwekeza kwenye mifumo thabiti ya kihandisi ikijumuisha [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kulinda vyanzo vya maji ghafi kutokana na [[uchafuzi wa maji]]. Inasimamia pia utatuzi wa migogoro kati ya watumiaji wa huduma na mashirika ya ugawaji maji nchini kote ili kuhakikisha uendelevu wa rasilimali barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://ewura.go.tzwater-utilities/ – Ripoti na taarifa za EWURA kuhusu udhibiti na tathmini ya utendaji wa mamlaka za maji Tanzania.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] gfrw957f79pyreg4b8lrmah33qa8eee 1569283 1569282 2026-06-10T06:41:33Z Laylah26 89982 1569283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Huduma za Nishati na Maji''' (kwa kifupi: '''EWURA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kwa mujibu wa Sheria ya EWURA, Sura ya 414 ya Sheria za [[Tanzania]]. Mamlaka hii ina jukumu la kisheria la kudhibiti sekta nne kuu za miundombinu hapa nchini, ambazo ni [[umeme]], [[mafuta ya petroli]], [[gesi asilia]], na huduma za [[maji]] safi pamoja na uondoaji wa majitaka. EWURA inafanya kazi kuhakikisha kuwa huduma hizi zinatolewa kwa ufanisi, usalama, na kwa bei zenye ushindani wa haki kwa walaji na watoa huduma.<ref>https://ewura.go.tz – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Huduma za Nishati na Maji (EWURA).</ref> == Majisafi na usafi wa mazingira == Katika sekta ya majisafi na usafi wa mazingira, EWURA inashirikiana kwa karibu na Wizara ya Maji ili kusimamai [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] (WSSAs). Majukumu yake makuu katika sekta hii ni pamoja na: * Kutoa leseni za uendeshaji wa huduma za maji nchini kote. * Kupitia na kuidhinisha viwango vya ushuru na bei za maji (tariffs). * Kuweka viwango vya ubora wa huduma vinavyopaswa kufuatwa na mamlaka zote za mijini na kitaifa. Udhibiti huu unahakikisha kuwa [[miundombinu ya maji]] na [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo ya kusafisha maji]] inaendeshwa kwa kufuata miongozo ya kiufundi inayolinda viwango vya afya vya watumiaji na kuzuia upotevu usio wa kibiashara wa rasilimali hiyo. == Tathmini ya Kiutendaji== Kutokana na changamoto za kiikolojia na ukuaji wa miji, EWURA inafanya kazi ya kutathmini utendaji kazi wa kila mwaka wa mamlaka za maji kupitia ripoti maalumu za tathmini (performance benchmarking). Ripoti hizi huangazia vigezo kama vile ubora wa maji yanayosambazwa, upatikanaji wa huduma kwa masaa 24, na ufanisi katika uendeshaji wa [[mfumo wa majitaka]]. Kupitia udhibiti huo, taasisi inahimiza mamlaka kuwekeza kwenye mifumo thabiti ya kihandisi ikijumuisha [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kulinda vyanzo vya maji ghafi kutokana na [[uchafuzi wa maji]]. Inasimamia pia utatuzi wa migogoro kati ya watumiaji wa huduma na mashirika ya ugawaji maji nchini kote ili kuhakikisha uendelevu wa rasilimali barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://ewura.go.tzwater-utilities/ – Ripoti na taarifa za EWURA kuhusu udhibiti na tathmini ya utendaji wa mamlaka za maji Tanzania.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu}} [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] l5u8qkras7w4md42ijujmuel94i5dvp 1569298 1569283 2026-06-10T06:57:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569298 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Huduma za Nishati na Maji''' ([[kifupi]]: '''EWURA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali ya Tanzania iliyoundwa kwa mujibu wa Sheria ya EWURA, Sura ya 414 ya Sheria za [[Tanzania]]. Mamlaka hii ina jukumu la kisheria la kudhibiti sekta nne kuu za miundombinu hapa nchini, ambazo ni [[umeme]], [[mafuta ya petroli]], [[gesi asilia]], na huduma za [[maji]] safi pamoja na uondoaji wa majitaka. EWURA inafanya kazi kuhakikisha kuwa huduma hizi zinatolewa kwa ufanisi, usalama, na kwa bei zenye ushindani wa haki kwa walaji na watoa huduma.<ref>https://ewura.go.tz – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Udhibiti wa Huduma za Nishati na Maji (EWURA).</ref> == Majisafi na usafi wa mazingira == Katika sekta ya majisafi na usafi wa mazingira, EWURA inashirikiana kwa karibu na Wizara ya Maji ili kusimamai [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] (WSSAs). Majukumu yake makuu katika sekta hii ni pamoja na: * Kutoa leseni za uendeshaji wa huduma za maji nchini kote. * Kupitia na kuidhinisha viwango vya ushuru na bei za maji (tariffs). * Kuweka viwango vya ubora wa huduma vinavyopaswa kufuatwa na mamlaka zote za mijini na kitaifa. Udhibiti huu unahakikisha kuwa [[miundombinu ya maji]] na [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo ya kusafisha maji]] inaendeshwa kwa kufuata miongozo ya kiufundi inayolinda viwango vya afya vya watumiaji na kuzuia upotevu usio wa kibiashara wa rasilimali hiyo. == Tathmini ya Kiutendaji== Kutokana na changamoto za kiikolojia na ukuaji wa miji, EWURA inafanya kazi ya kutathmini utendaji kazi wa kila mwaka wa mamlaka za maji kupitia ripoti maalumu za tathmini (performance benchmarking). Ripoti hizi huangazia vigezo kama vile ubora wa maji yanayosambazwa, upatikanaji wa huduma kwa masaa 24, na ufanisi katika uendeshaji wa [[mfumo wa majitaka]]. Kupitia udhibiti huo, taasisi inahimiza mamlaka kuwekeza kwenye mifumo thabiti ya kihandisi ikijumuisha [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kulinda vyanzo vya maji ghafi kutokana na [[uchafuzi wa maji]]. Inasimamia pia utatuzi wa migogoro kati ya watumiaji wa huduma na mashirika ya ugawaji maji nchini kote ili kuhakikisha uendelevu wa rasilimali barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://ewura.go.tzwater-utilities/ – Ripoti na taarifa za EWURA kuhusu udhibiti na tathmini ya utendaji wa mamlaka za maji Tanzania.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:kifupi]] [[Jamii:mashirika ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Maji]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] tkfz70j2omztilcppyytedeycr3yz2n 0 240623 1569296 2026-06-10T06:54:25Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569296 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dar es Salaam''' (kwa kifupi: '''DAWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika Jiji la [[Dar es Salaam]] na miji ya mikoani inayozunguka ikiwemo [[Mkoa wa Pwani]]. Mamlaka hii inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi mkuu wa Wizara ya Maji. Pia inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma inatolewa kwa kufuata viwango bora vya [[afya]] na usalama wa jamii.<ref>https://dawasa.go.tz – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dar es Salaam (DAWASA).</ref> == Miundombinu == Kama mamlaka kubwa zaidi ya maji nchini, DAWASA inamiliki na kuendesha [[miundombinu ya maji]] ya kimkakati inayotegemea vyanzo vikuu vya asili kama vile [[Mto Ruvu]] pamoja na [[Mto Kizinga]]. Pia inatumia visima vikubwa vya chini ya ardhi huko [[Kigamboni]] na Mpera. Maji ghafi kutoka vyanzo hivyo huchujwa na kutibiwa kupitia [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo mikubwa ya kusafisha maji]] ya Ruvu kabla ya kusafirishwa kwenda kwenye matangi ya kuhifadhia kikanda na kusambazwa kwa walaji. Mbali na usambazaji wa majisafi, mamlaka inasimamia [[mfumo wa majitaka]] wa jiji ambao unajumuisha: * Mtandao wa mabomba ya chini ya ardhi. * Mabwawa ya kusafishia majitaka (wastewater stabilization ponds) yaliyopo maeneo kama Vingunguti, Mikocheni, na Kurasini. == Changamoto na Uhifadhi == Katika kukabiliana na changamoto ya ukuaji wa haraka wa idadi ya watu na upanuzi wa jiji la Dar es Salaam, DAWASA inalazimika kufanya maboresho ya mara kwa mara. Hatua hizi zinasaidia kupunguza kiwango cha maji yasiyofanya biashara (Non-Revenue Water) yanayopotea kutokana na uvujaji au miunganisho haramu. Mamlaka inatekeleza mikakati endelevu ikiwemo matumizi ya mifumo ya kidijitali ya usimamizi na ufungaji wa mita za malipo ya kabla (pre-paid meters) kwa wateja wake. Vilevile, ya kulinda uendelevu wa mazingira na kukabiliana na athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi, taasisi inashirikiana na wadau mbalimbali kuhimiza utunzaji wa [[ikolojia ya maji]] katika bonde la mto Ruvu. Inajumuisha pia mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kuhifadhi vyanzo vya maji vya asili dhidi ya uharibifu, uingiaji wa masimbi, na [[uchafuzi wa maji]] barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP inayoelezea umuhimu wa miundombinu ya kijani na uhifadhi wa vyanzo vya maji katika miji ya Afrika.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ag2emhdhiselln39up8o383va2zma4e 1569300 1569296 2026-06-10T06:58:44Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 1569300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dar es Salaam''' (kwa kifupi: '''DAWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika Jiji la [[Dar es Salaam]] na miji ya mikoani inayozunguka ikiwemo [[Mkoa wa Pwani]]. Mamlaka hii inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi mkuu wa Wizara ya Maji. Pia inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma inatolewa kwa kufuata viwango bora vya [[afya]] na usalama wa jamii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DAWASA {{!}} Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dar es Salaam (DAWASA) - Mwanzo|url=https://www.dawasa.go.tz/|work=dawasa.go.tz|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=sw}}</ref> == Miundombinu == Kama mamlaka kubwa zaidi ya maji nchini, DAWASA inamiliki na kuendesha [[miundombinu ya maji]] ya kimkakati inayotegemea vyanzo vikuu vya asili kama vile [[Mto Ruvu]] pamoja na [[Mto Kizinga]]. Pia inatumia visima vikubwa vya chini ya ardhi huko [[Kigamboni]] na Mpera. Maji ghafi kutoka vyanzo hivyo huchujwa na kutibiwa kupitia [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo mikubwa ya kusafisha maji]] ya Ruvu kabla ya kusafirishwa kwenda kwenye matangi ya kuhifadhia kikanda na kusambazwa kwa walaji. Mbali na usambazaji wa majisafi, mamlaka inasimamia [[mfumo wa majitaka]] wa jiji ambao unajumuisha: * Mtandao wa mabomba ya chini ya ardhi. * Mabwawa ya kusafishia majitaka (wastewater stabilization ponds) yaliyopo maeneo kama Vingunguti, Mikocheni, na Kurasini. == Changamoto na Uhifadhi == Katika kukabiliana na changamoto ya ukuaji wa haraka wa idadi ya watu na upanuzi wa jiji la Dar es Salaam, DAWASA inalazimika kufanya maboresho ya mara kwa mara. Hatua hizi zinasaidia kupunguza kiwango cha maji yasiyofanya biashara (Non-Revenue Water) yanayopotea kutokana na uvujaji au miunganisho haramu. Mamlaka inatekeleza mikakati endelevu ikiwemo matumizi ya mifumo ya kidijitali ya usimamizi na ufungaji wa mita za malipo ya kabla (pre-paid meters) kwa wateja wake. Vilevile, ya kulinda uendelevu wa mazingira na kukabiliana na athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi, taasisi inashirikiana na wadau mbalimbali kuhimiza utunzaji wa [[ikolojia ya maji]] katika bonde la mto Ruvu. Inajumuisha pia mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kuhifadhi vyanzo vya maji vya asili dhidi ya uharibifu, uingiaji wa masimbi, na [[uchafuzi wa maji]] barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|url=https://www.unep.org/node|work=www.unep.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=U. N. Environment}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 72mfrj32n6gokjvi462lbpri28i0r63 1569301 1569300 2026-06-10T06:59:30Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569301 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dar es Salaam''' (kifupi: '''DAWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika Jiji la [[Dar es Salaam]] na miji ya mikoani inayozunguka ikiwemo [[Mkoa wa Pwani]]. Mamlaka hii inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi mkuu wa Wizara ya Maji. Pia inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma inatolewa kwa kufuata viwango bora vya [[afya]] na usalama wa jamii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DAWASA {{!}} Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dar es Salaam (DAWASA) - Mwanzo|url=https://www.dawasa.go.tz/|work=dawasa.go.tz|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=sw}}</ref> == Miundombinu == Kama mamlaka kubwa zaidi ya maji nchini, DAWASA inamiliki na kuendesha [[miundombinu ya maji]] ya kimkakati inayotegemea vyanzo vikuu vya asili kama vile [[Mto Ruvu]] pamoja na [[Mto Kizinga]]. Pia inatumia visima vikubwa vya chini ya ardhi huko [[Kigamboni]] na Mpera. Maji ghafi kutoka vyanzo hivyo huchujwa na kutibiwa kupitia [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo mikubwa ya kusafisha maji]] ya Ruvu kabla ya kusafirishwa kwenda kwenye matangi ya kuhifadhia kikanda na kusambazwa kwa walaji. Mbali na usambazaji wa majisafi, mamlaka inasimamia [[mfumo wa majitaka]] wa jiji ambao unajumuisha: * Mtandao wa mabomba ya chini ya ardhi. * Mabwawa ya kusafishia majitaka (wastewater stabilization ponds) yaliyopo maeneo kama Vingunguti, Mikocheni, na Kurasini. == Changamoto na Uhifadhi == Katika kukabiliana na changamoto ya ukuaji wa haraka wa idadi ya watu na upanuzi wa jiji la Dar es Salaam, DAWASA inalazimika kufanya maboresho ya mara kwa mara. Hatua hizi zinasaidia kupunguza kiwango cha maji yasiyofanya biashara (Non-Revenue Water) yanayopotea kutokana na uvujaji au miunganisho haramu. Mamlaka inatekeleza mikakati endelevu ikiwemo matumizi ya mifumo ya kidijitali ya usimamizi na ufungaji wa mita za malipo ya kabla (pre-paid meters) kwa wateja wake. Vilevile, ya kulinda uendelevu wa mazingira na kukabiliana na athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi, taasisi inashirikiana na wadau mbalimbali kuhimiza utunzaji wa [[ikolojia ya maji]] katika bonde la mto Ruvu. Inajumuisha pia mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kuhifadhi vyanzo vya maji vya asili dhidi ya uharibifu, uingiaji wa masimbi, na [[uchafuzi wa maji]] barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|url=https://www.unep.org/node|work=www.unep.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=U. N. Environment}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] pqxjxo2xlif5f3d0j9ha9re9s9fjxf8 1569309 1569301 2026-06-10T07:06:04Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 Jamii 1569309 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dar es Salaam''' (kifupi: '''DAWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika Jiji la [[Dar es Salaam]] na miji ya mikoani inayozunguka ikiwemo [[Mkoa wa Pwani]]. Mamlaka hii inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi mkuu wa Wizara ya Maji. Pia inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma inatolewa kwa kufuata viwango bora vya [[afya]] na usalama wa jamii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DAWASA {{!}} Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dar es Salaam (DAWASA) - Mwanzo|url=https://www.dawasa.go.tz/|work=dawasa.go.tz|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=sw}}</ref> == Miundombinu == Kama mamlaka kubwa zaidi ya maji nchini, DAWASA inamiliki na kuendesha [[miundombinu ya maji]] ya kimkakati inayotegemea vyanzo vikuu vya asili kama vile [[Mto Ruvu]] pamoja na [[Mto Kizinga]]. Pia inatumia visima vikubwa vya chini ya ardhi huko [[Kigamboni]] na Mpera. Maji ghafi kutoka vyanzo hivyo huchujwa na kutibiwa kupitia [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo mikubwa ya kusafisha maji]] ya Ruvu kabla ya kusafirishwa kwenda kwenye matangi ya kuhifadhia kikanda na kusambazwa kwa walaji. Mbali na usambazaji wa majisafi, mamlaka inasimamia [[mfumo wa majitaka]] wa jiji ambao unajumuisha: * Mtandao wa mabomba ya chini ya ardhi. * Mabwawa ya kusafishia majitaka (wastewater stabilization ponds) yaliyopo maeneo kama Vingunguti, Mikocheni, na Kurasini. == Changamoto na Uhifadhi == Katika kukabiliana na changamoto ya ukuaji wa haraka wa idadi ya watu na upanuzi wa jiji la Dar es Salaam, DAWASA inalazimika kufanya maboresho ya mara kwa mara. Hatua hizi zinasaidia kupunguza kiwango cha maji yasiyofanya biashara (Non-Revenue Water) yanayopotea kutokana na uvujaji au miunganisho haramu. Mamlaka inatekeleza mikakati endelevu ikiwemo matumizi ya mifumo ya kidijitali ya usimamizi na ufungaji wa mita za malipo ya kabla (pre-paid meters) kwa wateja wake. Vilevile, ya kulinda uendelevu wa mazingira na kukabiliana na athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi, taasisi inashirikiana na wadau mbalimbali kuhimiza utunzaji wa [[ikolojia ya maji]] katika bonde la mto Ruvu. Inajumuisha pia mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kuhifadhi vyanzo vya maji vya asili dhidi ya uharibifu, uingiaji wa masimbi, na [[uchafuzi wa maji]] barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|url=https://www.unep.org/node|work=www.unep.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=U. N. Environment}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 11lbhi56b1zm260p2c6ytvhl6dxpzu5 1569413 1569309 2026-06-10T10:16:40Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1569413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dar es Salaam''' (kifupi: '''DAWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Dar es Salaam Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika Jiji la [[Dar es Salaam]] na miji ya mikoani inayozunguka ikiwemo [[Mkoa wa Pwani]]. Mamlaka hii inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi mkuu wa Wizara ya Maji. Pia inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma inatolewa kwa kufuata viwango bora vya [[afya]] na usalama wa jamii.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=DAWASA {{!}} Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dar es Salaam (DAWASA) - Mwanzo|url=https://www.dawasa.go.tz/|work=dawasa.go.tz|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=sw}}</ref> == Miundombinu == Kama mamlaka kubwa zaidi ya maji nchini, DAWASA inamiliki na kuendesha [[miundombinu ya maji]] ya kimkakati inayotegemea vyanzo vikuu vya asili kama vile [[Mto Ruvu]] pamoja na [[Mto Kizinga]]. Pia inatumia visima vikubwa vya chini ya ardhi huko [[Kigamboni]] na Mpera. Maji ghafi kutoka vyanzo hivyo huchujwa na kutibiwa kupitia [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo mikubwa ya kusafisha maji]] ya Ruvu kabla ya kusafirishwa kwenda kwenye matangi ya kuhifadhia kikanda na kusambazwa kwa walaji. Mbali na usambazaji wa majisafi, mamlaka inasimamia [[mfumo wa majitaka]] wa jiji ambao unajumuisha: * Mtandao wa mabomba ya chini ya ardhi. * Mabwawa ya kusafishia majitaka (wastewater stabilization ponds) yaliyopo maeneo kama Vingunguti, Mikocheni, na Kurasini. == Changamoto na Uhifadhi == Katika kukabiliana na changamoto ya ukuaji wa haraka wa idadi ya watu na upanuzi wa jiji la Dar es Salaam, DAWASA inalazimika kufanya maboresho ya mara kwa mara. Hatua hizi zinasaidia kupunguza kiwango cha maji yasiyofanya biashara (Non-Revenue Water) yanayopotea kutokana na uvujaji au miunganisho haramu. Mamlaka inatekeleza mikakati endelevu ikiwemo matumizi ya mifumo ya kidijitali ya usimamizi na ufungaji wa mita za malipo ya kabla (pre-paid meters) kwa wateja wake. Vilevile, ya kulinda uendelevu wa mazingira na kukabiliana na athari za mabadiliko ya tabianchi, taasisi inashirikiana na wadau mbalimbali kuhimiza utunzaji wa [[ikolojia ya maji]] katika bonde la mto Ruvu. Inajumuisha pia mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kuhifadhi vyanzo vya maji vya asili dhidi ya uharibifu, uingiaji wa masimbi, na [[uchafuzi wa maji]] barani [[Afrika]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|url=https://www.unep.org/node|work=www.unep.org|accessdate=2026-06-10|language=en|author=U. N. Environment}}</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} {{mbegu-siasa}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] ihjl260r1zh4jkb7sda6uglegtkt2ze 14 240624 1569302 2026-06-10T06:59:50Z Anuary Rajabu 45588 Jamii 1569302 wikitext text/x-wiki Mamlaka za maji nchini Tanzania katika jamii 0eqt3bb142yirsnptqi7kwrm360gy4p 0 240625 1569305 2026-06-10T07:01:18Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nne''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1314''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXIV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tatu|1313]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tano|1315]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1314 KK]] na [[1314]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569305 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nne''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1314''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXIV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tatu|1313]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tano|1315]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1314 KK]] na [[1314]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] e17dr85b849mhtt1ts91hf2eu48x9ph 0 240626 1569306 2026-06-10T07:04:00Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tano''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1315''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nne|1314]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na mbili|1316]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1315 KK]] na [[1315]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569306 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tano''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1315''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nne|1314]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na mbili|1316]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1315 KK]] na [[1315]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 3z3smjv3g7gm4bm3bo7g3sx5omwaykh 1569307 1569306 2026-06-10T07:04:38Z "futemcdonald" 78453 1569307 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tano''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1315''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nne|1314]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na sita|1316]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1315 KK]] na [[1315]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 661g9ufibcqfxinmji3gyu6rqey8u5q 0 240627 1569308 2026-06-10T07:05:43Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na sita''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1316''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXVI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tano|1315]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na saba|1317]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1316 KK]] na [[1316]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na sita''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1316''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXVI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tano|1315]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na saba|1317]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1316 KK]] na [[1316]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] o9das2if8fui2c75yhvefhs7dk04401 0 240628 1569310 2026-06-10T07:07:03Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na saba''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1317''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXVII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na sita|1316]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nane|1318]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1317 KK]] na [[1317]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na saba''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1317''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXVII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na sita|1316]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nane|1318]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1317 KK]] na [[1317]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] li6xpzhi16a9uilz4x69vtgnz7nuu02 0 240629 1569311 2026-06-10T07:08:03Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nane''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1318''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXVII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na sita|1316]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tisa|1319]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1318 KK]] na [[1318]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nane''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1318''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXVII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na sita|1316]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tisa|1319]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1318 KK]] na [[1318]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 1c2eus0tjll5s0swkavyc4o4hotfv7e 1569346 1569311 2026-06-10T08:13:59Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569346 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nane''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1318''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXVIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na saba|1317]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tisa|1319]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1318 KK]] na [[1318]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 2p012zgtje3v1j0jow7geq3m1gukgu3 0 240630 1569313 2026-06-10T07:09:22Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tisa''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1319''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXIX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nane|1318]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi ishirini|1320]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1318 KK]] na [[1318]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569313 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tisa''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1319''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXIX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nane|1318]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi ishirini|1320]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1318 KK]] na [[1318]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 7bcg123qrb0gtz7u38c2s6zep0idlcl 1569314 1569313 2026-06-10T07:09:51Z "futemcdonald" 78453 1569314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tisa''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1319''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXIX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nane|1318]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini|1320]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1318 KK]] na [[1318]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 74mfxsq0ax17xlnd75h4bsbzl89vqcx 1569347 1569314 2026-06-10T08:14:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569347 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tisa''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1319''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXIX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na nane|1318]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini|1320]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1319 KK]] na [[1319]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] pb05w2p0vl98fo0sxmbmioil3jrorgj 0 240631 1569315 2026-06-10T07:11:08Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1320''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tisa|1319]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na moja|1321]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1320 KK]] na [[1320]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569315 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1320''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tisa|1319]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na moja|1321]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1320 KK]] na [[1320]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] osut7oa6nh539taty6fx7bbridrtw2x 1569348 1569315 2026-06-10T08:14:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini]] hadi [[Elfu moja mia tatu na ishirini]]: usahihi wa jina 1569315 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1320''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tisa|1319]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na moja|1321]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1320 KK]] na [[1320]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] osut7oa6nh539taty6fx7bbridrtw2x 1569350 1569348 2026-06-10T08:15:02Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569350 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu na ishirini''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1320''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu kumi na tisa|1319]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na moja|1321]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1320 KK]] na [[1320]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] lgbwstq2vjolr627j85rj4xbfm5sm80 0 240632 1569316 2026-06-10T07:12:30Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1321''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini|1320]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishiri na mbili|1322]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1320 KK]] na [[1320]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569316 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1321''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini|1320]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishiri na mbili|1322]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1320 KK]] na [[1320]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] sgis650cxap4m4c97sj0x4mtch8plj7 1569326 1569316 2026-06-10T07:22:58Z "futemcdonald" 78453 1569326 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1321''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini|1320]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na mbili|1322]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1320 KK]] na [[1320]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] k9ad1iafbrwyg0a3sstpnseworpmo7r 1569351 1569326 2026-06-10T08:15:25Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569351 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1321''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini|1320]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na mbili|1322]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1321 KK]] na [[1321]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] rli1u0l48h3ohtlajyxneczxutizbhj 0 240636 1569329 2026-06-10T07:26:08Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na mbili''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1322''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na moja|1321]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nne|1324]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1322 KK]] na [[1322]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na mbili''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1322''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na moja|1321]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nne|1324]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1322 KK]] na [[1322]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] sqasw9ldgzl6kaxjuo42ouyf3ufn8g4 1569330 1569329 2026-06-10T07:26:35Z "futemcdonald" 78453 1569330 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na mbili''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1322''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na moja|1321]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tatu|1323]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1322 KK]] na [[1322]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] p569mrki9l121lgna2ujgnes5ndwlmw 0 240637 1569332 2026-06-10T07:28:56Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tatu''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1324''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na mbili|1322]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nne|1324]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1323 KK]] na [[1323]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569332 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tatu''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1324''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na mbili|1322]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nne|1324]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1323 KK]] na [[1323]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] p9zwgsm9z8thhbqiumarhxmmfkkp6g6 1569352 1569332 2026-06-10T08:15:49Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tatu''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1323''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na mbili|1322]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nne|1324]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1323 KK]] na [[1323]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] kzsvby1n4uxpye9ahxmd27qetv2xr5e 0 240638 1569333 2026-06-10T07:30:01Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nne''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1321''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXIV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tatu|1323]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tano|1325]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1324 KK]] na [[1324]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569333 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nne''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1321''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXIV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tatu|1323]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tano|1325]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1324 KK]] na [[1324]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 6zbxbxuq3copb0tnibch0qnudqbf3aa 1569353 1569333 2026-06-10T08:16:11Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569353 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nne''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1324''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXIV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tatu|1323]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tano|1325]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1324 KK]] na [[1324]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] prbk5f9s5xct34rovbzuyv4e1xyx44q 0 240639 1569334 2026-06-10T07:31:15Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tano''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1325''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nne|1324]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na sita|1326]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1325 KK]] na [[1325]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569334 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tano''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1325''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXV kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nne|1324]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na sita|1326]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1325 KK]] na [[1325]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 8feteg7w1c5u3dutpy3ad0sodsfv26c 0 240640 1569335 2026-06-10T07:32:13Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na sita''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1326''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXVI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tano|1325]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na saba|1327]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1326 KK]] na [[1326]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na sita''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1326''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXVI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tano|1325]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na saba|1327]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1326 KK]] na [[1326]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] i6dzhusn9am7h3kewtn56cb48k3sbsg 0 240641 1569336 2026-06-10T07:33:25Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na saba''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1327''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXVI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na sita|1326]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nane|1328]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1327 KK]] na [[1327]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569336 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na saba''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1327''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXVI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na sita|1326]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nane|1328]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1327 KK]] na [[1327]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 2ig7dzskay7kwddqdtn3j257majpckb 1569354 1569336 2026-06-10T08:16:44Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569354 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na saba''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1327''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXVII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na sita|1326]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nane|1328]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1327 KK]] na [[1327]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] akq9v44wzcr5gpl06v6qe9vv2ujck5r 0 240642 1569339 2026-06-10T07:34:46Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nane''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1328''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXIX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na saba|1327]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tisa|1329]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1328 KK]] na [[1328]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569339 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nane''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1328''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXIX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na saba|1327]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tisa|1329]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1328 KK]] na [[1328]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] d4ucoky4d3osmpoan4v7wu8qigksvgj 1569355 1569339 2026-06-10T08:17:06Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569355 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nane''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1328''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXVIII kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na saba|1327]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tisa|1329]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1328 KK]] na [[1328]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] r1y99orvcn66sbb8lcn0jn4642v3snm 0 240643 1569340 2026-06-10T07:36:39Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tisa''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1329''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXIX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nane|1328]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini|1330]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1329 KK]] na [[1329]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tisa''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1329''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXIX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na nane|1328]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini|1330]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1329 KK]] na [[1329]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] che0fl14x7chhnt87vzpj7zhgrsdoos 0 240644 1569341 2026-06-10T07:38:10Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu therathini''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1330''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tisa|1329]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini na moja|1330]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1330 KK]] na [[1330]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569341 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu therathini''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1330''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tisa|1329]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini na moja|1330]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1330 KK]] na [[1330]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] moi3nq3nzsott6im3mor2xfchd7mrjb 1569342 1569341 2026-06-10T07:38:45Z "futemcdonald" 78453 1569342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu therathini''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1330''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tisa|1329]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini na moja|1331]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1330 KK]] na [[1330]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] q7514v9ghwxdf50hjzbj02x5dzu1h95 1569356 1569342 2026-06-10T08:17:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini]] hadi [[Elfu moja mia tatu na thelathini]]: usahihi wa jina 1569342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu therathini''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1330''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tisa|1329]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini na moja|1331]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1330 KK]] na [[1330]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] q7514v9ghwxdf50hjzbj02x5dzu1h95 1569358 1569356 2026-06-10T08:17:56Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569358 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu na thelathini''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1330''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXX kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini na tisa|1329]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu thelathini na moja|1331]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1330 KK]] na [[1330]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] rvj3r7216cp13fkyaj601o1500nltj1 0 240645 1569343 2026-06-10T07:40:37Z "futemcdonald" 78453 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Elfu moja mia tatu therathini na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1331''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXXI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini|1330]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini na mbili|1332]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1331 KK]] na [[1331]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]]' 1569343 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu therathini na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1331''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXXI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini|1330]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini na mbili|1332]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1331 KK]] na [[1331]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 2nt16703f6va5ry0rosuusskhdy06os 1569359 1569343 2026-06-10T08:18:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini na moja]] hadi [[Elfu moja mia tatu thelathini na moja]]: usahihi wa jina 1569343 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu therathini na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1331''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXXI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini|1330]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini na mbili|1332]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1331 KK]] na [[1331]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] 2nt16703f6va5ry0rosuusskhdy06os 1569361 1569359 2026-06-10T08:19:00Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569361 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elfu moja mia tatu thelathini na moja''' ni [[namba]] inayoandikwa '''1331''' kwa [[tarakimu]] za kawaida na MCCCXXXI kwa [[namba za Kiroma|zile za Kirumi]]. Ni [[namba asilia]] inayofuata [[Elfu moja mia tatu na thelathini|1330]] na kutangulia [[Elfu moja mia tatu thelathini na mbili|1332]]. ==Matumizi== * Namba hurejea miaka [[1331 KK]] na [[1331]] [[BK]]. ==Tanbihi== {{marejeo}} {{mbegu-hisabati}} [[Jamii:Namba asilia]] m4lgwe6i32hkzgfl8nlotydtposa8mx 0 240646 1569349 2026-06-10T08:14:40Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Elfu moja mia tatu ishirini]] hadi [[Elfu moja mia tatu na ishirini]]: usahihi wa jina 1569349 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Elfu moja mia tatu na ishirini]] iq5xv59r530kpy5pkcj25v3g5tet6pf 0 240647 1569357 2026-06-10T08:17:34Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini]] hadi [[Elfu moja mia tatu na thelathini]]: usahihi wa jina 1569357 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Elfu moja mia tatu na thelathini]] j1qnupevec6ky1h8as092x544evyxw2 0 240648 1569360 2026-06-10T08:18:32Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Riccardo Riccioni alihamisha ukurasa wa [[Elfu moja mia tatu therathini na moja]] hadi [[Elfu moja mia tatu thelathini na moja]]: usahihi wa jina 1569360 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Elfu moja mia tatu thelathini na moja]] bbr59ij6hp5sk6ytomtuvliryrryrkw 0 240649 1569365 2026-06-10T08:39:18Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Mwana wa Mungu]] 1569365 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Mwana wa Mungu]] mm5mmzrbcvxpddr3w5jeg929e2ur4ln 0 240650 1569369 2026-06-10T08:50:46Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Mlolongo wa Kitume]] 1569369 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[mlolongo wa Kitume]] ca3zsaahrvzc68cu1ownc8xgomzqf8j 0 240651 1569370 2026-06-10T08:54:20Z Valuegirl 87699 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Thaakir Abrahams''' (amezaliwa tarehe 10 Januari 2000) ni mchezaji wa mchezo wa raga (rugby union) kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] anayekichezea klabu ya Munster Rugby. Nafasi zake za kawaida ni winga na beki wa nyuma (fullback). == Sharks == Abrahams aliteuliwa katika kikosi cha Sharks kwa msimu wa 2020 Super Rugby na pia kwa mashindano ya Super Rugby Unlocked.<ref name="Cell C Sharks Captain and Squad Announcement">{{cite press release | url=https://sharksr...' 1569370 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thaakir Abrahams''' (amezaliwa tarehe 10 Januari 2000) ni mchezaji wa mchezo wa raga (rugby union) kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] anayekichezea klabu ya Munster Rugby. Nafasi zake za kawaida ni winga na beki wa nyuma (fullback). == Sharks == Abrahams aliteuliwa katika kikosi cha Sharks kwa msimu wa 2020 Super Rugby na pia kwa mashindano ya Super Rugby Unlocked.<ref name="Cell C Sharks Captain and Squad Announcement">{{cite press release | url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/2020/01/21/cell-c-sharks-captain-and-squad-announcement/ | title=Cell C Sharks Captain and Squad Announcement | publisher=Sharks | date=21 Januari 2020 | accessdate=21 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Vodacom Super Rugby Unlocked Squad">{{cite web | url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/vodacom-super-rugby-unlocked-squad-2/ | title=Vodacom Super Rugby Unlocked Squad | publisher=Sharks | accessdate=6 Oktoba 2020 | archive-date=10 Oktoba 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010071143/https://sharksrugby.co.za/vodacom-super-rugby-unlocked-squad-2/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza akiwa na Sharks katika raundi ya kwanza ya Super Rugby Unlocked dhidi ya Lions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/2020/10/07/strong-line-up-for-opener/|title=Strong Line-up for Opener|work=Sharks|date=7 Oktoba 2020|accessdate=9 Oktoba 2020}}</ref> == Lyon == Abrahams alijiunga na klabu ya Lyon kabla ya kuanza kwa msimu wa 2023–24 wa Top 14. Pia alishiriki katika kampeni ya Lyon kwenye European Rugby Champions Cup, akicheza mechi nne kati ya tano za timu hiyo na kufunga majaribio (tries) matano. == Munster == Tarehe 29 Mei 2024 ilitangazwa kuwa Abrahams alikuwa amesaini mkataba wa miaka miwili kujiunga na Munster kuanzia msimu wa 2024–25.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/2024/05/29/thaakir-abrahams-to-join-munster-on-two-year-deal/|title=Thaakir Abrahams To Join Munster On Two-Year Deal|work=Munster Rugby|date=29 Mei 2024}}</ref> Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza ya ushindani akiwa na Munster katika ushindi dhidi ya Connacht kwenye raundi ya kwanza ya 2024–25 United Rugby Championship. Baadaye alipata jeraha la paja katika mechi dhidi ya Zebre, lililomuweka nje ya uwanja kwa wiki kadhaa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaakir Abrahams |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/squad/thaakir-abrahams/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Baada ya kurejea kutoka majeraha, alifunga jaribio lake la kwanza akiwa na Munster katika ushindi wa 17–10 dhidi ya Lions tarehe 30 Novemba 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report {{!}} Munster Beat Lions At Thomond Park |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/report-munster-beat-lions-at-thomond-park/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Abrahams pia alifunga jaribio katika mechi yake ya kwanza ya European Rugby Champions Cup dhidi ya Stade Français tarehe 7 Desemba 2024, ambapo Munster ilishinda kwa mabao 33–7. Katika mechi hiyo alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora wa Mechi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report {{!}} Munster Secure Bonus-Point Win Over Stade Francais |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/report-munster-secure-bonus-point-win-over-stade-francais/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Katika ushindi wa Munster dhidi ya La Rochelle katika hatua ya 16 bora tarehe 7 Aprili 2025, Abrahams alichangia kwa kuvunja safu ya ulinzi, hatua iliyosababisha Craig Casey kufunga jaribio muhimu. Pia alifunga jaribio pekee la Munster katika kipigo cha 16–13 dhidi ya Bulls katika raundi ya 15 ya 2024–25 United Rugby Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munster Lose Narrowly To Bulls At Thomond Park |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/munster-lose-narrowly-to-bulls-at-thomond-park/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Abrahams aliisaidia Munster kufuzu hatua ya mtoano kwa kufunga jaribio katika ushindi wa pointi za bonasi wa 30–21 dhidi ya Benetton kwenye[Musgrave Park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Re port {{!}} Munster Secure Bonus-Point Win Over Benetton |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/report-munster-secure-bonus-point-win-over-benetton/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * {{sport links}} {{Munster Rugby squad}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|2000|}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Afrika Kusini]] pvn84616ha7096g7zo6v63goxdej6cn 1569378 1569370 2026-06-10T09:24:20Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 1569378 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thaakir Abrahams''' (amezaliwa 10 Januari 2000) ni mchezaji wa raga (rugby union) kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] anayekichezea klabu ya Munster Rugby. Nafasi zake za kawaida ni winga na beki wa nyuma (fullback). == Sharks == Abrahams aliteuliwa katika kikosi cha Sharks kwa msimu wa 2020 Super Rugby na pia kwa mashindano ya Super Rugby Unlocked.<ref name="Cell C Sharks Captain and Squad Announcement">{{cite press release | url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/2020/01/21/cell-c-sharks-captain-and-squad-announcement/ | title=Cell C Sharks Captain and Squad Announcement | publisher=Sharks | date=21 Januari 2020 | accessdate=21 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Vodacom Super Rugby Unlocked Squad">{{cite web | url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/vodacom-super-rugby-unlocked-squad-2/ | title=Vodacom Super Rugby Unlocked Squad | publisher=Sharks | accessdate=6 Oktoba 2020 | archive-date=10 Oktoba 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010071143/https://sharksrugby.co.za/vodacom-super-rugby-unlocked-squad-2/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza akiwa na Sharks katika raundi ya kwanza ya Super Rugby Unlocked dhidi ya Lions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/2020/10/07/strong-line-up-for-opener/|title=Strong Line-up for Opener|work=Sharks|date=7 Oktoba 2020|accessdate=9 Oktoba 2020}}</ref> == Lyon == Abrahams alijiunga na klabu ya Lyon kabla ya kuanza kwa msimu wa 2023–24 wa Top 14. Pia alishiriki katika kampeni ya Lyon kwenye European Rugby Champions Cup, akicheza mechi nne kati ya tano za timu hiyo na kufunga majaribio (tries) matano. == Munster == Tarehe 29 Mei 2024 ilitangazwa kuwa Abrahams alikuwa amesaini mkataba wa miaka miwili kujiunga na Munster kuanzia msimu wa 2024–25.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/2024/05/29/thaakir-abrahams-to-join-munster-on-two-year-deal/|title=Thaakir Abrahams To Join Munster On Two-Year Deal|work=Munster Rugby|date=29 Mei 2024}}</ref> Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza ya ushindani akiwa na Munster katika ushindi dhidi ya Connacht kwenye raundi ya kwanza ya 2024–25 United Rugby Championship. Baadaye alipata jeraha la paja katika mechi dhidi ya Zebre, lililomuweka nje ya uwanja kwa wiki kadhaa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaakir Abrahams |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/squad/thaakir-abrahams/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Baada ya kurejea kutoka majeraha, alifunga jaribio lake la kwanza akiwa na Munster katika ushindi wa 17–10 dhidi ya Lions tarehe 30 Novemba 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report {{!}} Munster Beat Lions At Thomond Park |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/report-munster-beat-lions-at-thomond-park/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Abrahams pia alifunga jaribio katika mechi yake ya kwanza ya European Rugby Champions Cup dhidi ya Stade Français tarehe 7 Desemba 2024, ambapo Munster ilishinda kwa mabao 33–7. Katika mechi hiyo alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora wa Mechi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report {{!}} Munster Secure Bonus-Point Win Over Stade Francais |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/report-munster-secure-bonus-point-win-over-stade-francais/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Katika ushindi wa Munster dhidi ya La Rochelle katika hatua ya 16 bora tarehe 7 Aprili 2025, Abrahams alichangia kwa kuvunja safu ya ulinzi, hatua iliyosababisha Craig Casey kufunga jaribio muhimu. Pia alifunga jaribio pekee la Munster katika kipigo cha 16–13 dhidi ya Bulls katika raundi ya 15 ya 2024–25 United Rugby Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munster Lose Narrowly To Bulls At Thomond Park |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/munster-lose-narrowly-to-bulls-at-thomond-park/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Abrahams aliisaidia Munster kufuzu hatua ya mtoano kwa kufunga jaribio katika ushindi wa pointi za bonasi wa 30–21 dhidi ya Benetton kwenye[Musgrave Park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Re port {{!}} Munster Secure Bonus-Point Win Over Benetton |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/report-munster-secure-bonus-point-win-over-benetton/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|2000|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] 3q5n4imnqc5wt2n3mjy8w0kj7mlkrhu 1569381 1569378 2026-06-10T09:28:08Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 5 template(s) replaced. 1569381 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thaakir Abrahams''' (amezaliwa 10 Januari 2000) ni mchezaji wa raga (rugby union) kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] anayekichezea klabu ya Munster Rugby. Nafasi zake za kawaida ni winga na beki wa nyuma (fullback). == Sharks == Abrahams aliteuliwa katika kikosi cha Sharks kwa msimu wa 2020 Super Rugby na pia kwa mashindano ya Super Rugby Unlocked.<ref name="Cell C Sharks Captain and Squad Announcement">{{cite press release | url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/2020/01/21/cell-c-sharks-captain-and-squad-announcement/ | title=Cell C Sharks Captain and Squad Announcement | publisher=Sharks | date=21 Januari 2020 | accessdate=21 Januari 2020}}</ref><ref name="Vodacom Super Rugby Unlocked Squad">{{cite web | url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/vodacom-super-rugby-unlocked-squad-2/ | title=Vodacom Super Rugby Unlocked Squad | publisher=Sharks | accessdate=6 Oktoba 2020 | archive-date=10 Oktoba 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010071143/https://sharksrugby.co.za/vodacom-super-rugby-unlocked-squad-2/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza akiwa na Sharks katika raundi ya kwanza ya Super Rugby Unlocked dhidi ya Lions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sharksrugby.co.za/2020/10/07/strong-line-up-for-opener/|title=Strong Line-up for Opener|work=Sharks|date=7 Oktoba 2020|accessdate=9 Oktoba 2020}}</ref> == Lyon == Abrahams alijiunga na klabu ya Lyon kabla ya kuanza kwa msimu wa 2023–24 wa Top 14. Pia alishiriki katika kampeni ya Lyon kwenye European Rugby Champions Cup, akicheza mechi nne kati ya tano za timu hiyo na kufunga majaribio (tries) matano. == Munster == Tarehe 29 Mei 2024 ilitangazwa kuwa Abrahams alikuwa amesaini mkataba wa miaka miwili kujiunga na Munster kuanzia msimu wa 2024–25.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/2024/05/29/thaakir-abrahams-to-join-munster-on-two-year-deal/|title=Thaakir Abrahams To Join Munster On Two-Year Deal|work=Munster Rugby|date=29 Mei 2024}}</ref> Alifanya mechi yake ya kwanza ya ushindani akiwa na Munster katika ushindi dhidi ya Connacht kwenye raundi ya kwanza ya 2024–25 United Rugby Championship. Baadaye alipata jeraha la paja katika mechi dhidi ya Zebre, lililomuweka nje ya uwanja kwa wiki kadhaa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Thaakir Abrahams |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/squad/thaakir-abrahams/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Baada ya kurejea kutoka majeraha, alifunga jaribio lake la kwanza akiwa na Munster katika ushindi wa 17–10 dhidi ya Lions tarehe 30 Novemba 2024.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Report {{!}} Munster Beat Lions At Thomond Park |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/report-munster-beat-lions-at-thomond-park/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Abrahams pia alifunga jaribio katika mechi yake ya kwanza ya European Rugby Champions Cup dhidi ya Stade Français tarehe 7 Desemba 2024, ambapo Munster ilishinda kwa mabao 33–7. Katika mechi hiyo alitunukiwa tuzo ya Mchezaji Bora wa Mechi.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Report {{!}} Munster Secure Bonus-Point Win Over Stade Francais |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/report-munster-secure-bonus-point-win-over-stade-francais/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Katika ushindi wa Munster dhidi ya La Rochelle katika hatua ya 16 bora tarehe 7 Aprili 2025, Abrahams alichangia kwa kuvunja safu ya ulinzi, hatua iliyosababisha Craig Casey kufunga jaribio muhimu. Pia alifunga jaribio pekee la Munster katika kipigo cha 16–13 dhidi ya Bulls katika raundi ya 15 ya 2024–25 United Rugby Championship.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Munster Lose Narrowly To Bulls At Thomond Park |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/munster-lose-narrowly-to-bulls-at-thomond-park/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> Abrahams aliisaidia Munster kufuzu hatua ya mtoano kwa kufunga jaribio katika ushindi wa pointi za bonasi wa 30–21 dhidi ya Benetton kwenye[Musgrave Park.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Re port {{!}} Munster Secure Bonus-Point Win Over Benetton |url=https://www.munsterrugby.ie/report/report-munster-secure-bonus-point-win-over-benetton/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Munster Rugby |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|2000|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] trlxq16y2auvsljufwmnl2j2ch237ll 0 240652 1569373 2026-06-10T09:01:19Z Riccardo Riccioni 452 Ukurasa umeelekezwa kwenda [[Kanisa la Asiria]] 1569373 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Kanisa la Asiria]] 90tzdpa9bawp986btbfyagp5dc1kb1y 3 240653 1569384 2026-06-10T09:48:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569384 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) inp9fu9qey3b4j5mfj8uny4mn78wg4d 3 240654 1569385 2026-06-10T09:48:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569385 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) inp9fu9qey3b4j5mfj8uny4mn78wg4d 3 240655 1569386 2026-06-10T09:48:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569386 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) inp9fu9qey3b4j5mfj8uny4mn78wg4d 3 240656 1569387 2026-06-10T09:48:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569387 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) inp9fu9qey3b4j5mfj8uny4mn78wg4d 3 240657 1569388 2026-06-10T09:48:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569388 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) inp9fu9qey3b4j5mfj8uny4mn78wg4d 3 240658 1569389 2026-06-10T09:49:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569389 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) 37z5rkwik1wg60tbxfnehpyhyfduoia 3 240659 1569390 2026-06-10T09:49:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569390 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) 37z5rkwik1wg60tbxfnehpyhyfduoia 3 240660 1569391 2026-06-10T09:49:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569391 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) 37z5rkwik1wg60tbxfnehpyhyfduoia 3 240661 1569392 2026-06-10T09:49:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569392 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) 37z5rkwik1wg60tbxfnehpyhyfduoia 3 240662 1569393 2026-06-10T09:49:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569393 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) 37z5rkwik1wg60tbxfnehpyhyfduoia 3 240663 1569394 2026-06-10T09:49:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569394 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) 37z5rkwik1wg60tbxfnehpyhyfduoia 3 240664 1569395 2026-06-10T09:50:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569395 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) hpv76rqsxn6f519w17wvd23hmrlcx9u 3 240665 1569396 2026-06-10T09:50:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569396 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) hpv76rqsxn6f519w17wvd23hmrlcx9u 3 240666 1569397 2026-06-10T09:50:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569397 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) hpv76rqsxn6f519w17wvd23hmrlcx9u 3 240667 1569399 2026-06-10T09:50:35Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569399 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) hpv76rqsxn6f519w17wvd23hmrlcx9u 3 240668 1569400 2026-06-10T09:50:45Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569400 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) hpv76rqsxn6f519w17wvd23hmrlcx9u 3 240669 1569401 2026-06-10T09:50:55Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569401 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) hpv76rqsxn6f519w17wvd23hmrlcx9u 3 240670 1569402 2026-06-10T09:51:05Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569402 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) 89qetplx7hsq4sz3hdajpttpvda2dlh 3 240671 1569403 2026-06-10T09:51:15Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569403 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) 89qetplx7hsq4sz3hdajpttpvda2dlh 3 240672 1569404 2026-06-10T09:51:25Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1569404 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 10 Juni 2026 (UTC) 89qetplx7hsq4sz3hdajpttpvda2dlh 2 240673 1569415 2026-06-10T10:16:46Z Masatu Baraza 90121 /* */ 1569415 wikitext text/x-wiki = Masatu Baraza Masare = '''Masatu Baraza Masare''' (amezaliwa mkoani Mara, Tanzania) ni mtaalamu wa Teknolojia ya Habari na Mawasiliano (TEHAMA), mtaalamu wa Ufuatiliaji na Tathmini ya Miradi (M&E), na kiongozi wa kisiasa wa kijana nchini Tanzania. Kwa sasa (2026), anahudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Shirika la Maendeleo ya Jamii la Mwanga (''Mwanga Social Development Organization - Mwanga SDO''). Pia ni kada na kiongozi thabiti ndani ya Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) na Jumuiya ya Vijana ya Chama Cha Mapinduzi (UVCCM) katika Mkoa wa Mara na Wilaya ya Rorya. == Chimbuko na Maisha ya Awali == Masatu alizaliwa na kukulia mkoani Mara. Anatoka katika '''Ukoo wa Busanwa''', wa '''Kabila la Suba (Wasurwa)''', jamii yenye chimbuko na utamaduni wa kipekee ndani ya Wilaya ya Rorya. Ni mtoto wa Mzee Othuman Baraza Masare, na ni Muislamu kwa kuzaliwa. Katika ukuaji wake, alipata malezi ya kiroho na elimu ya dini ya Kiislamu kupitia madrasa za mtaani, vipindi vya dini akiwa shule za sekondari na chuo, pamoja na kuhudhuria madarasa ya dini katika Madrasa mashuhuri ya Ibn Taymiyya iliyopo Pongwe, mkoani Tanga, pamoja na madarasa ya dini yaliyopo Moshi Mjini. == Elimu na Tuzo za Kitaaluma == Masatu ana historia ndefu na thabiti ya kitaaluma katika nyanja za ufundi na TEHAMA: * '''Elimu ya Awali na Sekondari:''' Alianza masomo yake ya msingi katika Shule ya Msingi Marshi (Musoma), kabla ya kuendelea na masomo ya sekondari katika shule za Malikia wa Shirati, Nyakato, na Marshi. Baadaye alijiunga na Shule ya Ufundi Bwiru (Bwiru Boys Technical Secondary School) na Kalangalala kwa masomo ya juu ya sekondari. * '''Elimu ya Juu:''' Alitunukiwa Shahada ya Sayansi ya Teknolojia ya Habari na Mawasiliano katika Biashara ('''Bachelor of Science in Business Information and Communication Technology - BSc BICT''') kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ushirika Moshi (MoCU). * '''Tuzo za Kitaaluma:''' Wakati wa masomo yake ya chuo kikuu, Masatu alionyesha umahiri mkubwa wa kitaaluma na kutunukiwa Vyeti vya '''Mwanafunzi Bora wa Mwaka''' (''Best Student of the Year'') katika kozi yake kutoka taasisi tatu tofauti: *# Chuo Kikuu cha Ushirika Moshi (MoCU). *# Kampuni ya Bonite Bottlers Limited (kama watambuzi wa vipaji vya kitaaluma mkoani Kilimanjaro). *# Shirikisho la Serikali za Wanafunzi wa Vyuo Vikuu Tanzania (TAHLISO), kutokana na uwezo wake wa kusawazisha uongozi na ufaulu wa juu darasani. == Uzoefu wa Kitaalamu na Kazi == Masatu amejenga uzoefu mkubwa katika mifumo ya data, usimamizi wa TEHAMA, na maendeleo ya jamii: * '''Mafunzo ya Uwandani (Field Attachment):''' Alianza utendaji wake kama mtaalamu kwa kufanya mafunzo ya uwandani ya chuo kama ''ICT Officer'' katika Halmashauri ya Manispaa ya Musoma (Musoma Municipal Council). * '''Ukufunzi wa TEHAMA:''' Alihudumu kama Mkufunzi (Tutor) wa matumizi ya kompyuta katika Chuo cha Ufundi Mwibara (Mwibara Technical College) kilichopo Bunda, ambapo alisaidia kutoa mafunzo ya kidijitali kwa vijana. * '''Sekta ya Mashirika Yasiya ya Kiserikali (NGOs):''' Alifanya kazi ya kujitolea na baadae kuajiriwa katika Mashirika ya Maendeleo ikiwemo ''Rafiki Social Development Organization (Rafiki SDO)'' na miradi mikubwa inayofadhiliwa na USAID kama ''ACHIEVE'' (2022–2024) na ''Kizazi Hodari'' (2024–2025) mkoani Mara, akihudumu kama Data Clerk na Mtaalamu wa Ufuatiliaji na Tathmini (M&E Specialist). Kwa sasa ni Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa ''Mwanga SDO''. * '''Utumishi wa Kitaifa:''' Mwaka 2022, aliteuliwa na Serikali kuwa Msimamizi wa TEHAMA (ICT Officer) katika zoezi la Sensa ya Watu na Makazi katika Wilaya ya Rorya. Pia amefanya kazi kwa nyakati tofauti (2019, 2020, 2024, na 2025) kama mwendeshaji wa mashine za usajili wa wapiga kura (BVR Operator). == Harakati za Kisiasa na Uongozi == Safari ya uongozi wa Masatu ilianza tangu akiwa chuo kikuu na kuendelea hadi ngazi za kitaifa na chama: === Uongozi wa Wanafunzi (2015–2017) === Akiwa Chuo Kikuu cha MoCU, alichaguliwa na wanafunzi wenzake kuwa '''Mbunge wa Kozi ya BSc BICT''' katika Bunge la Serikali ya Wanafunzi (MoCUSO), nafasi aliyohudumu kuanzia mwaka 2015 hadi 2017. === Uongozi Ndani ya CCM na UVCCM (2022–2025) === Masatu ni kiongozi na mwanaharakati mashuhuri wa chama nyanjani mkoani Mara: * '''Mjumbe wa Baraza la Vijana (UVCCM) Mkoa wa Mara''' (2022–2025). * '''Mjumbe wa Mkutano Mkuu wa CCM Wilaya ya Rorya''' (2022–2025). * Akiwa kiongozi, ametekeleza wajibu wake kikatiba kwa kuhudhuria na kushiriki vikao rasmi vya kimaamuzi na kimkakati vya chama katika ngazi zote. === Usimamizi wa Uchaguzi na Usajili wa Chama === * Alisimamia Uchaguzi wa Ndani wa CCM katika Kata ya Nyamunga (2025) na Uchaguzi wa CCM Chipukizi ngazi ya Wilaya ya Rorya (2023). * Aliratibu na kusimamia zoezi la usajili wa kidijitali wa wanachama wa CCM katika kata za Nyathorogo, Nyaburongo, Rabuor, na Kisumwa (2025). === Uhamasishaji na Ushiriki wa Kampeni === * '''Matembezi ya Uhamasishaji (2024):''' Alishiriki kikamilifu katika matembezi ya hamasa ya kumuenzi Baba wa Taifa, Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, kutoka Butiama hadi Mwanza. * '''Kampeni za Uchaguzi:''' Amekuwa mnadi sera na mshiriki mkuu katika kampeni mbalimbali za wagombea udiwani na ubunge wa CCM, ikiwemo Uchaguzi Mkuu wa mwaka 2020 (Bunda) na uchaguzi wa mwaka 2025 (Rorya). * Amehudhuria na kushiriki uratibu wa mikutano mikubwa ya viongozi wa kitaifa mkoani Mara, ikiwemo ya Rais Dkt. Samia Suluhu Hassan (Musoma na Serengeti), Makamu wa Rais/Katibu Mkuu Dkt. Emmanuel Nchimbi (Shirati), Ndugu Stephen Wasira, na aliyekuwa Mwenezi Paul Makonda (Tarime). === Kazi za Kijamii na Uwakilishi === Amesimamia mahusiano mema ya Mbunge wa Vijana katika kata mbalimbali za mkoa wa Mara. Miongoni mwa matukio hayo ni kuliwakilisha jimbo katika Kata ya Goribe, ambapo alikabidhi mchango wa mifuko 10 ya saruji kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa Shule ya Sekondari ya Tatwe. == Maisha ya Binafsi na Michezo == === Uhusiano na Familia === Masatu ni mume na ni baba wa watoto watatu wanaozaliwa kwa nafasi ya miaka mitatu mitatu. Ana dada yake wa karibu anayejulikana kama Zainab Baraza. === Urithi wa Michezo (Soka) === Mpira wa miguu (soka) ni sehemu muhimu sana ya maisha ya Masatu tangu utotoni. Alilelewa kisoka mitaani kwenda Musoma na kijijini kwao Nyang'ombe. Wakati akisoma Shule ya Msingi Marshi, alichezea timu za watoto za '''Musoma United''' (chini ya Kocha Ize) na '''Mukendo Boys'''. Mapenzi yake kwenye soka ni urithi wa kifamilia: * Baba yake mzazi, Mzee Othuman Baraza, alikuwa mchezaji maarufu aliyetumikia timu za '''Mara Sekondari''' na '''Vijana Mara'''. * Baba yake mkubwa, '''Thomas Bela''', alikuwa golikipa mahiri tangu akiwa Shule ya Nyarigamba na amezichezea timu nyingi za Wilaya ya Rorya na Mkoa wa Mara. == Falsafa ya Uongozi == Masatu anajulikana kwa kusimamia falsafa ya '''uongozi wa hekima kubwa''' katika kutatua changamoto za kijamii. Anaamini katika kufikia mafanikio ya kudumu kwa kufuata misingi ya hatua kwa hatua, akiamini katika utulivu, kufanya maamuzi ya kimkakati, na ushirikishwaji wa jamii badala ya papara. k40mkca25e7keygz5lhjmdukx25o2cc 0 240674 1569418 2026-06-10T10:48:23Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Arusha''' (kwa kifupi: '''AUWSA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Arusha Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na usafi wa mazingira katika Jiji la [[Arusha]] na maeneo ya pembezoni mwa mji huo. Kama ilivyo kwa [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] nyingine, AUWSA inajitegemea kifedha katika uendeshaji wake. Inafanya kazi chini ya Wizara ya Maji na inadhibitiwa na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha ubora wa kiufundi na usalama wa [[afya]] kwa jamii.<ref>https://auwsa.go.tz – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Arusha (AUWSA).</ref> == Miundombinu == Uzalishaji wa maji wa AUWSA unategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa vyanzo vya asili vya kijiografia vilivyopo chini ya Milima ya Meru. Maji hayo huchakatwa kupitia [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mitambo na mifumo ya usafishaji]] ili kuondoa masimbi na kuzuia vimelea vya [[magonjwa]] kabla ya kuingizwa kwenye mitandao ya [[miundombinu ya maji]] na kusambazwa kwa wateja. Pamoja na hayo, AUWSA inasimamia [[mfumo wa majitaka]] wa jiji la Arusha unaojumuisha mitandao ya mabomba ya chini ya ardhi na mabwawa ya kibayolojia ya kutibu majitaka kabla hayajarudishwa kwenye mazingira ya asili. == Changamoto na Uhifadhi == Kutokana na ukuaji wa haraka wa sekta ya [[utalii]] na ongezeko la watu katika jiji la Arusha, AUWSA inakabiliwa na changamoto ya kuongeza uwezo wa uzalishaji ili kukidhi mahitaji. Mamlaka imekuwa ikitekeleza miradi mikubwa ya kimkakati, ikiwa ni pamoja na ujenzi wa miundombinu mipya ya kutoa maji kutoka vyanzo vya mbali na kupunguza upotevu wa maji yasiyofanya biashara (Non-Revenue Water). Ili kukabiliana na athari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]] yanayosababisha kupungua kwa mtiririko wa maji kutoka mlimani, AUWSA inashirikiana na wadau wa mazingira kulinda [[ikolojia ya maji]] katika vyanzo vyake. Pia inahamasisha matumizi ya mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kuhifadhi uwezo wa asili wa ardhi wa kunyonya na kutunza maji, jambo linalosaidia kuzuia [[uchafuzi wa maji]] barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://unep.org – Ripoti ya UNEP kuhusu umuhimu wa suluhisho za asili na miundombinu ya kijani katika miji ya Afrika.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mkoa wa Arusha]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 3805hyjaabbvk4h769q037zt84rribd 0 240675 1569420 2026-06-10T11:01:58Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dodoma''' (kwa kifupi: '''DUWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Dodoma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni taasisi ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika maeneo ya mijini ya Jiji la [[Dodoma]], ambalo ndilo jiji kuu la kitaifa la Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. Kama ilivyo kwa mamlaka nyingine za maji nchini, DUWASA inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Maji na inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma zinakidhi viwango vya ubora wa [[afya]] na upangaji wa bei wa haki.<ref>https://www.duwasa.go.tz/ – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dodoma (DUWASA).</ref> == Vyanzo vya maji na uzalishaji == Uzalishaji wa maji wa DUWASA unategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa vyanzo vya maji ya chini ya ardhi. Chanzo kikuu cha asili cha jiji la Dodoma ni bonde la Makutupora lililopo umbali wa takriban kilomita 35 kutoka katikati ya mji, ambapo mamlaka inavuta maji kupitia visima virefu vilivyochimbwa chini sana. Maji hayo husafirishwa kwa kutumia mabomba makubwa kwenda kwenye mitandao ya [[miundombinu ya maji]] ya jiji. Kutokana na upanuzi wa jiji na uhaba wa maji, DUWASA inatekeleza miradi ya muda mfupi na wa kati kwa kuchimba visima vipya katika maeneo kama Nzuguni, Mkonze, Nala, Kisasa, na Nkuhungu ili kuongeza uzalishaji wa maji kutoka lita milioni 88 hadi lita milioni 121 kwa siku. Kwa mipango ya muda mrefu, mamlaka inasubiri utekelezaji wa miradi mikubwa ya kitaifa ya kutoa maji kutoka [[Ziwa Victoria]] na ujenzi wa Bwawa la Farkwa. == Changamoto na uhifadhi == Mbali na usambazaji wa majisafi, DUWASA ina jukumu la kusimamia na kuendesha [[mfumo wa majitaka]] wa jiji la Dodoma ili kulinda usafi wa mazingira mijini. DUWASA hufanya ukaguzi wa mara kwa mara, huchukua hatua kali za kisheria dhidi ya wezi wa maji, na inatekeleza mifumo ya kidijitali kuzuia upotevu wa maji yasiyofanya biashara. Vilevile, mamlaka inashirikiana na wadau kuingiza mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kulinda uendelevu wa ikolojia na vyanzo vyake vya maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://www.ewura.go.tz/uploads/documents/en-1747031545-DUWASA%20CSC.pdf – Mkataba wa Huduma kwa Mteja wa DUWASA kupitia EWURA unaoainisha haki, majukumu, na utendaji wa mamlaka.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Dodoma]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] c0fbanydhbgmbs14e3rh218emyg13q4 1569422 1569420 2026-06-10T11:06:00Z Laylah26 89982 1569422 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dodoma''' (kwa kifupi: '''DUWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Dodoma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika maeneo ya mijini katika mkoa wa [[Dodoma]], ambao ndiyo [[Mji mkuu|Mjii mkuu]] wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. Kama ilivyo kwa mamlaka nyingine za maji nchini, DUWASA inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Maji na inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma zinakidhi viwango vya ubora wa [[afya]] na upangaji wa bei wa haki.<ref>https://www.duwasa.go.tz/ – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Dodoma (DUWASA).</ref> == Vyanzo vya maji na uzalishaji == Uzalishaji wa maji wa DUWASA unategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa vyanzo vya maji ya chini ya ardhi. Chanzo kikuu cha asili cha jiji la Dodoma ni bonde la Makutupora lililopo umbali wa takriban kilomita 35 kutoka katikati ya mji, ambapo mamlaka inavuta maji kupitia visima virefu vilivyochimbwa chini sana. Maji hayo husafirishwa kwa kutumia mabomba makubwa kwenda kwenye mitandao ya [[miundombinu ya maji]] ya jiji. Kutokana na upanuzi wa jiji na uhaba wa maji, DUWASA inatekeleza miradi ya muda mfupi na wa kati kwa kuchimba visima vipya katika maeneo kama Nzuguni, Mkonze, Nala, Kisasa, na Nkuhungu ili kuongeza uzalishaji wa maji kutoka lita milioni 88 hadi lita milioni 121 kwa siku. Kwa mipango ya muda mrefu, mamlaka inasubiri utekelezaji wa miradi mikubwa ya kitaifa ya kutoa maji kutoka [[Ziwa Victoria]] na ujenzi wa Bwawa la Farkwa. == Changamoto na uhifadhi == Mbali na usambazaji wa majisafi, DUWASA ina jukumu la kusimamia na kuendesha [[mfumo wa majitaka]] wa jiji la Dodoma ili kulinda usafi wa mazingira mijini. DUWASA hufanya ukaguzi wa mara kwa mara, huchukua hatua kali za kisheria dhidi ya wezi wa maji, na inatekeleza mifumo ya kidijitali kuzuia upotevu wa maji yasiyofanya biashara. Vilevile, mamlaka inashirikiana na wadau kuingiza mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kulinda uendelevu wa ikolojia na vyanzo vyake vya maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://www.ewura.go.tz/uploads/documents/en-1747031545-DUWASA%20CSC.pdf – Mkataba wa Huduma kwa Mteja wa DUWASA kupitia EWURA unaoainisha haki, majukumu, na utendaji wa mamlaka.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Dodoma]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] lhscny9k0s5xvdg6mhdcujnbxz7k2fp 0 240676 1569425 2026-06-10T11:18:59Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Bukoba''' (kwa kifupi: '''BUWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Bukoba Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni taasisi ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika maeneo ya mijini katika mji wa [[Bukoba]], ambao ndiyo makao makuu ya Mkoa wa [[Kagera]], uliopo upande wa kaskazini-magharibi mwa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. Kama ilivyo kwa mamlaka nyingine za maji nchini, BUWASA inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Maji na inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma zinakidhi viwango vya ubora wa [[afya]] na upangaji wa bei wa haki.<ref>https://www.buwasa.go.tz/ – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Bukoba (BUWASA).</ref> == Vyanzo vya maji na Uzalishaji == Uzalishaji wa maji wa BUWASA unategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa vyanzo vya maji ya juu ya ardhi, ambapo chanzo kikuu cha asili cha mji wa Bukoba ni [[Ziwa Victoria]]. Mamlaka inavuta maji ghafi kutoka ziwani na kuyasafisha kupitia mtambo mkuu wa kusafishia maji uliopo eneo la Bunena ili kuhakikisha yanakidhi viwango vya usalama kabla ya kusambazwa kwa watumiaji. Maji hayo husafirishwa kwa kutumia mabomba makubwa kwenda kwenye matanki makuu ya kuhifadhia maji yaliyopo kwenye maeneo ya juu kama vile tanki la Magoti ambalo hupokea pia maji kutoka chanzo cha Kagemu, kabla ya kusambazwa kwenye mitandao ya [[miundombinu ya maji]] ya mji. Kutokana na ukuaji wa kasi wa idadi ya watu na upanuzi wa mji, BUWASA inatekeleza miradi ya ukarabati na upanuzi wa mitandao ya mabomba. Miundombinu hii inalenga kuongeza uwezo wa uzalishaji wa mamlaka kufikia lita milioni 18 kwa siku ili kukidhi mahitaji ya sasa ya manispaa yanayokadiriwa kuwa lita milioni 13 hadi 14.5 kwa siku.<ref>https://www.buwasa.go.tz/sitemap – Muundo wa miundombinu na ramani ya vyanzo vya maji ikiwemo Kituo cha Bunena na Nyanga kutoka BUWASA.</ref> == Usafi wa mazingira na Uhifadhi == Mbali na usambazaji wa majisafi, BUWASA ina jukumu la kusimamia na kuendesha [[mfumo wa majitaka]] wa mji wa Bukoba kupitia kituo chake maalum cha utibuji wa majitaka cha Nyanga ili kulinda usafi wa mazingira na kuzuia magonjwa ya mlipuko mijini. Changamoto kubwa inayokabili mamlaka hii ni uchafuzi wa vyanzo vya maji kando ya fukwe za Ziwa Victoria unaotokana na shughuli za kibinadamu na mmomonyoko wa udongo wakati wa msimu wa mvua, hali inayoongeza gharama za usafishaji wa maji. BUWASA hufanya ukaguzi wa mara kwa mara wa ubora wa maji, inahimiza utunzaji wa mazingira ya pwani ya ziwa, na inatekeleza mifumo ya kidijitali kuzuia upotevu wa maji yasiyofanya biashara (Non-Revenue Water). Vilevile, mamlaka inashirikiana na wadau wa ndani na wa kikanda chini ya mpango wa Bonde la Ziwa Victoria ili kuingiza mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] zinazosaidia kulinda uendelevu wa ikolojia na vyanzo vyake vya maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://www.ewura.go.tz/uploads/documents/en-1747043906-MKATABA%20WA%20HUDUMA%20MTEJA-BUKOBA%20WSSA.pdf – Mkataba wa Huduma kwa Mteja wa BUWASA kupitia EWURA unaoonyesha maeneo ya usambazaji na mifumo ya majitaka.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Ziwa Victoria]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Bukoba]] [[Jamii:Kagera]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] iedcnfxygxrkjxlpvx3pn4tj979zbhf 1569426 1569425 2026-06-10T11:21:06Z Laylah26 89982 1569426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Bukoba''' (kwa kifupi: '''BUWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Bukoba Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika maeneo ya mijini katika mji wa [[Bukoba]], ambao ndiyo makao makuu ya Mkoa wa [[Kagera]], uliopo upande wa kaskazini-magharibi mwa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. Kama ilivyo kwa mamlaka nyingine za maji nchini, BUWASA inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Maji na inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma zinakidhi viwango vya ubora wa [[afya]] na upangaji wa bei wa haki.<ref>https://www.buwasa.go.tz/ – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Bukoba (BUWASA).</ref> == Vyanzo vya maji na Uzalishaji == Uzalishaji wa maji wa BUWASA unategemea kwa kiasi kikubwa vyanzo vya maji ya juu ya ardhi, ambapo chanzo kikuu cha asili cha mji wa Bukoba ni [[Ziwa Victoria]]. Mamlaka inavuta maji ghafi kutoka ziwani na kuyasafisha kupitia mtambo mkuu wa kusafishia maji uliopo eneo la Bunena ili kuhakikisha yanakidhi viwango vya usalama kabla ya kusambazwa kwa watumiaji. Maji hayo husafirishwa kwa kutumia mabomba makubwa kwenda kwenye matanki makuu ya kuhifadhia maji yaliyopo kwenye maeneo ya juu kama vile tanki la Magoti ambalo hupokea pia maji kutoka chanzo cha Kagemu, kabla ya kusambazwa kwenye mitandao ya [[miundombinu ya maji]] ya mji. Kutokana na ukuaji wa kasi wa idadi ya watu na upanuzi wa mji, BUWASA inatekeleza miradi ya ukarabati na upanuzi wa mitandao ya mabomba. Miundombinu hii inalenga kuongeza uwezo wa uzalishaji wa mamlaka kufikia lita milioni 18 kwa siku ili kukidhi mahitaji ya sasa ya manispaa yanayokadiriwa kuwa lita milioni 13 hadi 14.5 kwa siku.<ref>https://www.buwasa.go.tz/sitemap – Muundo wa miundombinu na ramani ya vyanzo vya maji ikiwemo Kituo cha Bunena na Nyanga kutoka BUWASA.</ref> == Usafi wa mazingira na Uhifadhi == Mbali na usambazaji wa majisafi, BUWASA ina jukumu la kusimamia na kuendesha [[mfumo wa majitaka]] wa mji wa Bukoba kupitia kituo chake maalum cha utibuji wa majitaka cha Nyanga ili kulinda usafi wa mazingira na kuzuia magonjwa ya mlipuko mijini. Changamoto kubwa inayokabili mamlaka hii ni uchafuzi wa vyanzo vya maji kando ya fukwe za Ziwa Victoria unaotokana na shughuli za kibinadamu na mmomonyoko wa udongo wakati wa msimu wa mvua, hali inayoongeza gharama za usafishaji wa maji. BUWASA hufanya ukaguzi wa mara kwa mara wa ubora wa maji, inahimiza utunzaji wa mazingira ya pwani ya ziwa, na inatekeleza mifumo ya kidijitali kuzuia upotevu wa maji yasiyofanya biashara (Non-Revenue Water). Vilevile, mamlaka inashirikiana na wadau wa ndani na wa kikanda chini ya mpango wa Bonde la Ziwa Victoria ili kuingiza mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] zinazosaidia kulinda uendelevu wa ikolojia na vyanzo vyake vya maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://www.ewura.go.tz/uploads/documents/en-1747043906-MKATABA%20WA%20HUDUMA%20MTEJA-BUKOBA%20WSSA.pdf – Mkataba wa Huduma kwa Mteja wa BUWASA kupitia EWURA unaoonyesha maeneo ya usambazaji na mifumo ya majitaka.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Ziwa Victoria]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Bukoba]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] sidkpzc1cy2rhdc7jdr0mncm07m71rg 0 240677 1569428 2026-06-10T11:32:15Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Geita''' (kwa kifupi: '''GEUWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Geita Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kisheria la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na usafi wa mazingira katika maeneo ya mijini ya Mji wa [[Geita]], ambao ndio makao makuu ya Mkoa wa [[Geita]]. Kama ilivyo kwa [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] nyingine, GEUWASA lilianza kazi rasmi mnamo 1 Julai 2012. Shirika hili linatekeleza majukumu yake chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Maji, likiongozwa na sheria namba 5 ya mwaka 2019, chini ya [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma zenye ubora, ufanisi, na bei zenye usawa.<ref>https://www.geuwasa.go.tz/pages/history – Historia rasmi na muundo wa kisheria wa Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Geita (GEUWASA).</ref> == Vyanzo vya maji na Uzalishaji == Kwa kipindi kirefu, uzalishaji wa maji wa GEUWASA umekuwa ukitegemea vyanzo vya asili vya ndani vikiwemo visima vya chini ya ardhi na chemchemi za asili. Maji hayo huhifadhiwa katika matangi makubwa ya kikanda yaliyopo maeneo kama Kibilani, Lukilini, Waja, na Buhalahala kabla ya kusambazwa kwa watumiaji kupitia mitandao ya [[miundombinu ya maji]]. Kutokana na ukuaji wa kasi wa idadi ya watu unaochochewa na shughuli za uzalishaji wa dhahabu mkoani Geita, mahitaji ya maji yaliongezeka kwa kiwango kikubwa. Ili kutatua changamoto hii ya kihidolojia, serikali kupitia GEUWASA inatekeleza mradi mkubwa wa kimkakati wa "Miji 28". Mradi huu unahusisha ujenzi wa miundombinu mipya ya kuvuta maji ghafi moja kwa moja kutoka [[Ziwa Victoria]]. Unajumuisha ujenzi wa chujio la kuvuta maji (intake) lenye uwezo wa lita milioni 46 kwa siku, [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mtambo mkuu wa kutibu maji]] wa lita milioni 45 kwa siku, na matangi makubwa matano ya kuhifadhia maji ili kuondoa kabisa uhaba wa maji mjini Geita. == Usafi wa mazingira na Uhifadhi == Kuhusu usafi wa mazingira, GEUWASA haina mfumo mchanganyiko wa mabomba ya majitaka ya chini ya ardhi (sewerage grid network). Badala yake, mamlaka inadhibiti usafi wa mazingira kupitia mfumo wa utupaji salama wa taka za kioevu (Faecal Sludge Management). Mamlaka inaendesha mtambo maalum wa kusafisha majitaka na taka za vyooni (Feacal Sludge Treatment Plant) uliopo eneo la Usindakwe Magogo (kilomita 10 mashariki mwa mji) wenye uwezo wa kupokea na kutibu lita 50,000 za taka kwa siku kutoka kwenye magari ya majitaka. Changamoto kuu zinazoikabili GEUWASA ni pamoja na ulinzi wa vyanzo vya maji dhidi ya uvamizi wa kibinadamu na upotevu wa maji yasiyofanya biashara (Non-Revenue Water) unaotokana na hitilafu za miundombinu. Ili kukabiliana na changamoto hizi, mamlaka inafanya ukaguzi wa kisayansi wa ubora wa maji mara kwa mara kwa kuweka mifumo ya [[klorini]] kwenye vyanzo na matangi yake.<ref>https://www.geuwasa.go.tz/services/sewerage – Taarifa za mifumo ya usafi wa mazingira na uendeshaji wa mtambo wa utakasaji taka wa Usindakwe kutoka GEUWASA.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Geita]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] kzwbmrpgheppxgzb1rl2kqvra04i0rr 1569430 1569428 2026-06-10T11:34:45Z Laylah26 89982 1569430 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Geita''' (kwa kifupi: '''GEUWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Geita Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kisheria la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na usafi wa mazingira katika maeneo ya mijini ya Mji wa [[Geita]], ambao ndio makao makuu ya Mkoa wa [[Geita]]. Kama ilivyo kwa [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] nyingine, GEUWASA lilianza kazi rasmi mnamo 1 Julai 2012. Shirika hili linatekeleza majukumu yake chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Maji, likiongozwa na sheria namba 5 ya mwaka 2019, chini ya [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma zenye ubora, ufanisi, na bei zenye usawa.<ref>https://www.geuwasa.go.tz/pages/history – Historia rasmi na muundo wa kisheria wa Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Geita (GEUWASA).</ref> == Vyanzo vya maji na Uzalishaji == Kwa kipindi kirefu, uzalishaji wa maji wa GEUWASA umekuwa ukitegemea vyanzo vya asili vya ndani vikiwemo visima vya chini ya ardhi na chemchemi za asili. Maji hayo huhifadhiwa katika matangi makubwa ya kikanda yaliyopo maeneo kama Kibilani, Lukilini, Waja, na Buhalahala kabla ya kusambazwa kwa watumiaji kupitia mitandao ya [[miundombinu ya maji]]. Kutokana na ukuaji wa kasi wa idadi ya watu unaochochewa na shughuli za uzalishaji wa dhahabu mkoani Geita, mahitaji ya maji yaliongezeka kwa kiwango kikubwa. Ili kutatua changamoto hii ya kihidolojia, serikali kupitia GEUWASA inatekeleza mradi mkubwa wa kimkakati wa "Miji 28". Mradi huu unahusisha ujenzi wa miundombinu mipya ya kuvuta maji ghafi moja kwa moja kutoka [[Ziwa Victoria]]. Unajumuisha ujenzi wa chujio la kuvuta maji (intake) lenye uwezo wa lita milioni 46 kwa siku, [[mtambo wa kusafisha maji|mtambo mkuu wa kutibu maji]] wa lita milioni 45 kwa siku, na matangi makubwa matano ya kuhifadhia maji ili kuondoa kabisa uhaba wa maji mjini Geita. == Usafi wa mazingira na Uhifadhi == Kuhusu usafi wa mazingira, GEUWASA haina mfumo mchanganyiko wa mabomba ya majitaka ya chini ya ardhi (sewerage grid network). Badala yake, mamlaka inadhibiti usafi wa mazingira kupitia mfumo wa utupaji salama wa taka za kioevu (Faecal Sludge Management). Mamlaka inaendesha mtambo maalum wa kusafisha majitaka na taka za vyooni (Feacal Sludge Treatment Plant) uliopo eneo la Usindakwe Magogo (kilomita 10 mashariki mwa mji) wenye uwezo wa kupokea na kutibu lita 50,000 za taka kwa siku kutoka kwenye magari ya majitaka. Changamoto kuu zinazoikabili GEUWASA ni pamoja na ulinzi wa vyanzo vya maji dhidi ya uvamizi wa kibinadamu na upotevu wa maji yasiyofanya biashara (Non-Revenue Water) unaotokana na hitilafu za miundombinu. Ili kukabiliana na changamoto hizi, mamlaka inafanya ukaguzi wa kisayansi wa ubora wa maji mara kwa mara kwa kuweka mifumo ya [[klorini]] kwenye vyanzo na matangi yake.<ref>https://www.geuwasa.go.tz/services/sewerage – Taarifa za mifumo ya usafi wa mazingira na uendeshaji wa mtambo wa utakasaji taka wa Usindakwe kutoka GEUWASA.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] 3hlzt9bmkkhbiz5c8aqh8znz7e7lxnq 0 240678 1569432 2026-06-10T11:53:48Z Laylah26 89982 Kuanzisha makala 1569432 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Iringa''' (kwa kifupi: '''IRUWASA''', kutoka [[Kiingereza]]: ''Iringa Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority'') ni [[taasisi]] ya kiserikali iliyoundwa kisheria nchini [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ina jukumu la kutoa huduma ya majisafi na uondoaji wa majitaka katika maeneo ya mijini katika mji wa Iringa, ambao ndiyo makao makuu ya Mkoa wa [[Iringa]], uliopo kwenye nyanda za juu kusini mwa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. Kama ilivyo kwa mamlaka nyingine za maji nchini, IRUWASA inafanya kazi chini ya usimamizi wa Wizara ya Maji na inadhibitiwa kisheria na [[EWURA]] ili kuhakikisha huduma zinakidhi viwango vya ubora wa [[afya]] na upangaji wa bei wa haki.<ref>https://www.iruwasa.go.tz/ – Tovuti Rasmi ya Mamlaka ya Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Iringa (IRUWASA).</ref> == Vyanzo vya maji na uzalishaji == Uzalishaji wa maji wa IRUWASA unategemea kwa kiasi kijubwa vyanzo vya maji ya juu ya ardhi, ambapo chanzo kikuu na cha kihistoria cha mji wa Iringa ni Mto Ruaha Mdogo (Little Ruaha River). Mamlaka inavuta maji ghafi kutoka kwenye mto huo na kuyapitisha kwenye mtambo mkuu wa kusafishia maji uliopo eneo la Ndiuka (Ndiuka Water Works) ili kuondoa tope na viini vya magonjwa kabla ya kuyasambaza kwa watumiaji. Kutokana na topografia ya milima na mabonde inayochora mkoa wa Iringa, maji hayo husafirishwa kwa kutumia pampu kubwa kuelekea kwenye matanki makuu yaliyopo kwenye miinuko ya juu ya mji ili kuruhusu maji kushuka kwa nguvu ya mvutano wa dunia (gravity system) kwenda kwenye mitandao ya [[miundombinu ya maji]]. Ili kukabiliana na ongezeko la mahitaji linalotokana na ukuaji wa mji na mabadiliko ya tabianchi yanayoathiri mtiririko wa Mto Ruaha Mdogo, IRUWASA inatekeleza miradi ya kimkakati ikiwemo uandaji wa vyanzo vipya vya maji ya chini ya ardhi kupitia visima virefu na ujenzi wa miundombinu mipya ya usambazaji ili kuongeza kiasi cha lita zinazozalishwa kwa siku na kufanikisha upanuzi mkubwa wa huduma kuelekea maeneo ya Kilolo na Ilula. == Changamoto na uhifadhi == Mbali na usambazaji wa majisafi, IRUWASA ina jukumu la kusimamia na kuendesha [[mfumo wa majitaka]] wa mji wa Iringa, ikiwa ni pamoja na mabwawa ya kusafishia majitaka ili kulinda afya ya jamii na kuzuia uchafuzi wa mazingira mijini. Changamoto kubwa inayokabili mamlaka hii ni kupungua kwa viwango vya maji katika Mto Ruaha Mdogo wakati wa msimu wa kiangazi, kutosha kwa miundombinu ya zamani ya mabomba kunakosababisha upotevu mkubwa wa maji (Non-Revenue Water), na uharibifu wa vyanzo vya maji unaotokana na shughuli za kilimo kando ya mito. IRUWASA inapambana na changamoto hizi kwa kufanya ukaguzi wa mara kwa mara, kuhimiza utunzaji wa mazingira ya vyanzo vya maji kwa kushirikiana na Bodi ya Bonde la Mto Rufiji, na kuweka mifumo ya kisasa ya kidijitali ya usimamizi wa mtandao wa maji. Vilevile, mamlaka inashirikiana na wadau mbalimbali kuingiza mbinu za [[miundombinu ya kijani]] ili kulinda uendelevu wa ikolojia na vyanzo vyake vya maji barani [[Afrika]].<ref>https://www.ewura.go.tz/ – Ripoti za Mwaka za Utendaji wa Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira nchini kutoka EWURA.</ref> == Tazama pia == * [[Mamlaka za Majisafi na Usafi wa Mazingira Tanzania]] * [[EWURA]] * [[Miundombinu ya maji]] * [[Uchafuzi wa maji]] == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Mamlaka za Maji Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Iringa]] [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] o8uwog5sslej7cp5nb4ohflhuvq4bvy